BIOLOGY LIBRARY G CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY: BEINO OtTTLWES OF THE STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATION OP PLANTS; WITH of ijje ®nM $Mts anb (tator BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M. \\ " HE SPAKE OF TREES, FROK THE CEDAR OF LEBANON EYE* B«O THE HYSSOP THAT SPRIMGETH OUT OF THE WALL."— 1 Kinfff, ir. 33. " CONMDER THE LIUES OF THE FIELD EVEJT SOLOKOK, IS AU, HIS OLOBT, WAS HOT 4RUAYED UEK ONE 07 THESE."— Jf«tt/<««, Ti. 23, 26. NEW YOEK: A. S. BARNES & CO., Ill & 113 WILLIAM STREET. TEOY: MOORE & NIMS 1809. BIOLOGY LIBRARY PREFACE TO THE EDITIONS OF 1869. IN the present edition the Flora has been extensively revised, and numerous changes have been made, in accordance with recent discoveries and the general progress of the science of Phytology. These changes consist especially of the addition of species hitherto unknown to our Flora, of new and corrected names for the old species, of new localities of species and corrected dates of flower- ing. In these improvements we have received valuable aid from Mr. E. L. Hankenson, of Newark, Wayne Co., N". Y. ; Messrs. W. E. Gerard, and G. M. Wilbur, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Mr J. Wolf, Canton, Fulton Co., 111., and others whose names appear in the proper place. BOTANICAL APPAKATUS. The publishers (Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co.) have recently pro- vided and have on sale, suitable apparatus for the use of the student in Botany, made according to directions in this work (page 15). It consists of a 'knife-trowel for digging and cutting specimens ; a microscope and tiveezers for the examination of them ; a tin-box for collecting and preserving them fresh, and a press for drying them. The set is securely packed and sent by express to order, at a moderate price. IN PEESS, and will be published during the ensuing summer, The Botanical Index, a text-book for schools altogether new and peculiar, in which the study of the plants of the whole country is reduced to the last degree of precision and dispatch. Its use will lighten the labors of the teacher and add still new pleasures to botanical studies. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by A. S. BAENES & Co., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. Electrotyped by Printed by SMiTir&McDouoAL, GEOKGEW. WOOD, 82 & 84 Beekman St. 2 Dutch S*t., N. Y. PREFACE. THE Class-Book of Botany was first offered to tlio student in 1845. It was originally prepared with immediate reference to the wants of the author's own pupils, with scarcely a hope of approval from the community beyond. The event, however, proved that the wants of his own pupils were precisely the same as those of myriads of others j and the use of the book, notwithstanding its numerous imperfections, soon became general. The lapse of fifteen years has done much to develop not only the knowledge of our native Flora, but of the science of Botany in general; and materials for the revision of our whole work have indefinitely accumulated. In this revision, which seems to be demanded not less by the growing appreciation of scientific studies as a means of intel- lectual and moral discipline, than by the progress of the science itself we have still confined ourselves to the limits of a single volume, and sternly resolved against any essential enlargement, except such as the increased territory of our Flora requires. This we have done with direct reference to the convenience and the means of the thousands of youths who will still enter upon this delightful pursuit, and make their text-book their vade-mecum. The labor expended in this condensation will be appreciated by few, and those few, while they justify the mo- tives, will regret the necessity. The limit of our Flora in this new series has been much extended. It now embraces the territory lying East of 'the Mississippi River with the exception of the Southern Peninsula of Florida, and South of the Great Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The States bordering upon the western shores of the Mississippi, although not strictly included, are essentially so, as well as those provinces of Cawada upon the north- ern shore of the St. Lawrence. This Class-Book is, therefore, now professedly adapted to the student's use from Quebec to New Orleans and from St. Paul to St. Augustine. The southern peninsula of Florida is neglected in consequence of the author's inability to visit that region hitherto. During his extended tour southward in 1857, the Seminole war rendered the route to the IV PREFACE. Everglades unsafe, or at least undesirable. The species omitted are generally unknown northward of Key West. Students at Micanopy, Ocala, to St. Augustine, will scarcely miss them; but should they do so, they will confer a grateful favor by contributing specimens of such to the author. That every species of native plant in this extensive region is accu- rately defined, or even noticed, we cannot presume ; yet this has been our aim ; and as in the former series, so here, we have distrusted every source of information except that of our own personal inspection. Therefore, into nearly every section of this territory, from the St. Lawrence and the Lakes to the Gulf, and from the Sea-Coast to the Great Eiver, the author has made repeated excursions in delighted con- verse with the vegetable world. Together -with the plants of spontaneous growth which constitute our proper Flora, we have included in our sketches also our exotic Flora ; that is, all those plants which seem to us to have attained a general cultivation in this country, either as useful, curious, or orna- mental. By this accession, learners in the city, as well as in the coun- try, may be supplied with subjects for illustration and for practice in botanical analysis ; and all with the means of acquainting themselves with the beautiful tenants of their own fields, gardens, and conserva- tories. From the multiplication of species and genera we have studiously refrained, believing that our books already contain more than Nature will warrant. In the case of any doubtful specimen, which might have served as the basis- of a new species, or possibly genus, (had this been our aim), we have always inclined rather to the extension of the limits of some kindred group for its reception, having less apprehension of error in this direction than in the opposite, with all due regard for the permanence of true species. The same principle has compelled us to disallow the claims of many reputed species of the best authors. In the sequence of the Natural Orders, we have, in common with all recent American authors, mainly adopted the arrangement of De Can- dolle, — an arrangement seen, in part, in the * Flora of the State of New York,' by Dr. Torrey. It commences with those Orders supposed to be of the higher rank in organization, and proceeds gradually to the lower, regarding the completeness of the flower and the distinctness of its parts as the general criterion of rank. Tables of analysis by the dichotomal method were first in the Class- Book applied to the genera of plants, and introduced into general use. They are now regarded as indispensable, and have been adopted into their Floras by nearly every subsequent author. In the present new PREFACE. V series, wo have greatly modified, extended, and improved tin's system, adapting it to the analysis of Species as well as of Orders and Genera. By means of this addition, our Flora is now adapted to class exercises in analysis throughout, from the Grand division to the Species — an im- improvement which will be duly appreciated by the practical teacher. An analytical Key to the Orders, mainly artificial, more simple than any hitherto constructed by us, founded, as in the previous edition, almost solely upon characters taken from the flowers and leaves (not fruit), will readily conduct the student to that Order where any given flowering specimen may belong. Next, under the Order, a table of the utmost simplicity, analyzes the Genera, mostly in such a way as to do but little violence to their natural affinities. Lastly, under the Genus (when large enough to require it) another table conducts to the species in groups of twos or threes, which groups are instantly resolved by a brief diagnosis in italics catching the eye in some part of the descrip- tion which follows. The limited space allowed us in the Flora compels us to use very sparingly illustrative engravings in this part of our work, which occa- sions us less regret considering the copiousness of illustration in the scientific treatise in the former part. Those engravings arc designed partly with reference to the Flora, where frequent references will bo found. The few which we have adopted in the Flora, are prepared with reference to the deficiencies of the former part. In other words those which have no illustrative figure in the former treatise are gen- erally furnished with one or more in the Flora. Throughout the work, these are mostly from original sketches and drawings on wood by the author's own hand. Others are- copied from Lindley, ilenfrey, Payer, (fee. In addition to those colaborers in Botany, whose invaluable aid is acknowledged in former editions, namely Dr. Edward E. Phelps, Dfc James W. Bobbins, Dr. Joseph Barratt, Dr. Albert G. Skinner, Mr. I. A. Lapham, Dr. Truman Ricard, Dr. II. P. Sartwell, Dr. John Plum- mer, Dr. S. B. Mead, Mr. S. S. Olney, &c., we have now to mention with grateful acknowledgments other names of equal merit. Dr. Josiah Hale of Alexandria, La., has sent us a suit of specimens, well nigh representing the entire Flora of that State. Dr. A. W. Chapman of Apalachicola, Fla., presented us with many of the more rare plants of Florida, on the occasion of our recent visit to his own familiar walks. Dr. II. A. Mettauer of Macon, Ga., has made contributions of great value from that district, and from the vicinity of Tallahassee and St. Marks, Fla., with many critical notices and observations on the Flora of those States. VI PREFACE. Prof. William T. Feay, M.D., and Prof. Thomas G. Pond, both of Savannah, Ga., have sent almost the entire Flora of that State, with copious original notes and observations, such as result only from the most extensive and accurate investigation. Miss Sarah Keen of Bainbridge, Ga. (now of Mariana, Fla.), has also sent an herbarium of beautiful specimens prepared by her own and her sister's hands. To her, as well as to the gentlemen last mentioned, the author is also indebted for every kind hospitality and encouragement during a protracted herborizing tour along our southern coasts. Mr. William Wright of Bainbridge, and Prof. N. II. Stuart of Quincy, Florida (since deceased), also contributed to the consummation of our work by many facilities afforded us in our laborious researches in their respective precincts, and by the shelter of their hospitable mansions. To Rev. Dr. Curtis of Hillsborough, N. C., and to Rev. Dr. Bach- man of Charleston, S. C., we are indebted for the free use of their very complete herbaria, during our sojourn in their respective cities ; and Mr. S. B. Buckley, recently of Yellow Springs, Ohio, has afforded us similar facilities through his rich collection. Dr. Cousens generously supplied us with the plants of the State of Iowa. His name often appears in our pages. Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, has also favored us with tho free use of his admirable monograph of the genus Cuscuta, and with many important notes in MS. on other difficult genera in our Flora, especially on the Euphorbiaccae. Our entire collection of specimens belonging to this Order was, by his kind permission, submitted to his inspection and determination. The Rev. Chester Dewey, D.D., of Rochester, N. Y., the venerable pioneer in American Cartography, has placed us and our readers un- der renewed obligations by additional contributions to the genus Ca- rex, rendering it complete for the extended territory of our present Flora. Communications containing specimens, critical notices or corrections, or soliciting information, will always, as heretofore, be acceptable. WEST FARMS, N. T. CONTENTS. PACK PREFACE. . . , 3 INTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER I—THE LEADING PRINCIPLES OP SCIENCE ;— MENTAL AND MORAL DISCIPLINE ITS Am AND END 9 CHAPTER II.— THE DEPARTMENTS OP BOTANY 12 CHAPTER III.— APPARATUS.— METHODS OF STUDY 15 PART FIRST. — STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGKAPIIY 17 CHAPTER I. — PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM 17 CHAPTER II. — THE TERM OF PLANT LIFE 19 CHAPTER III.— THE PH^NOGAMIA ;— How DEVELOPED 22 CHAPTER IV. — THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING Axis 24 CHAPTER V. — THE STEM, OR ASCENDING Axis 30 CHAPTER VI. — THE LEAF-BUD. — VERNATION 41 CHAPTER VII.— THE LEAF 4G § PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF- ARRANGEMENT 4fi § MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF.^ 50 § OF THE STIPULES V. 51 § OP THE VEINS 52 § FORM OP THE LEAF, OR FIGURE. 54 § MARGIN.... 59 § APEX 59 § COMPOUND LEAVES GO CHAPTER VIII. — TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF G3 CHAPTER IX. — INFLORESCENCE ." 67 § FLOWERING 75 CHAPTER X. — MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER 77 § ^ESTIVATION '. 79 § THE FLORAL ORGANS 81 § THE PLAN OP THE FLOWER ~ 83 CHAPTER XI. — THE FLORAL ENVELOPES. — PERIANTH 91 CHAPTER XII.— THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS 99 § THE STAMENS, OR ANDRCECIUM. 99 § THE PISTILS, OR GYNCECIUM 104 § THE OVULES 108 viii CONTENTS. PAGB CHAPTER XIIL— THE FRUIT ;— PERICARP HO CHAPTER XIV. — THE FRUIT; — SEED 117 § GERMINATION 121 CHAPTER XV.— THE CBYPTOGAMIA.— ORGANS 124 PART SECOND. — PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY 130 CHAPTER I. — THE VEGETABLE CELL 130 CHAPTER II. — THE TISSUES 134 CHAPTER III. — THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM 137 CHAPTER IV. — THE LIGNHOUS SYSTEM 139 § STRUCTURE or LEAVES. 145 CHAPTER V. — OF VEGETATION, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE 146 § FERTILIZATION 148 § RIPENING OF FRUITS 151 CHAPTER VI.— OF ABSORPTION „ , 152 § CIRCULATION 153 § TRANSPIRATION 156 § RESPIRATION 156 CHAPTER VII. — REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION 158 PART THI-RD. — SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 164 CHAPTER I. — OF THE CLASSIFICATION OP PLANTS 164 CHAPTER IL — OF THB AUTIFICIAL SYSTEM 166 CHAPTER III.— OF THB NATURAL SYSTEM 160 CHAPTER IV. — NOMENCLATURE. — ANALYSIS 174 § INDEX AND GLOSSARY .' 180 § KEY ANALYTICAL TO THE NATURAL ORDERS 191 PART FOURTH. — DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY ; — THE FLORA 199 ORDERS OF TUB POLYPETAL^E 200 ORDERS OF THB GAMOPETALJS 393 ORDERS OF THE APETAL^: 601 ORDERS OF THB CONOIDEJE 659 ORDERS OF THE SPADICIFLORJE 666 ORDERS OF THE FLORIDE^: 676 ORDERS OF THE GRAMINOIDEJE T31 ORDERS OF THE CRYPTOGAMIA , 810 INTRODUCTION, CHAPTER I. LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE I MENTAL AND MORAL DISCIPLTBrB ITS AIM ANP END. 1. PLANTS AS RELATED TO MAN. The vegetable kingdom maintains towards man several important relations. Besides its obvious utility as the source of his food, shelter, clothing and medicine, it furnishes an eihaustless field for interesting and disciplinary study. 2. PROOF THAT NATURE is RELATED TO MIND. This remark is commonplace. Eut the fact stated is neither a necessity nor accident. Since the phenomena of Nature are ordained subject to the cognizance of the human understanding while yet then1 depths are unfathomable by it, it is evident that God made them for each other. It is certainly conceivable that Ho might have ordained otherwise. 3. ILLUSTRATION. The phenomena of vegetation, or of nature in general, might have been all simple and uniform, thus awakening no curiosity, presenting no motive for study. Or on the other hand, they might hare involved plans so intri- cate as to defy all efforts of the mind in their investigation. In this ease, as in the former, the mind and nature would have remained for ever estranged. 4. THE STUDY OF NATURE SUCCESSFUL. But an intermediate course hath seemed good to an All-wise and. Beneficent Creator. The works of His Hand are commensurate with the powers of the understanding. We study them not in vain. Step by step His plans are unfolded ; and research, although never reaching the goal, yet never wearies, nor fails of its appropriate reward. 5. — PLEASURABLE. Hence the study of nature, through this beautifully adjusted relation, becomes a source of the purest pleasure, being ever accompanied by fresh discoveries of truth in the plans and operations of a sublime Intelligence. 6. — DISCIPLINARY. But a higher purpose than present pleasure is accomplished by this means, namely, discipline. Entering life as a mere germ, the soul expands into intelligence and virtue through the teachings of surrounding objects and influ- ences. In this good work the beauty, purity and wisdom displayed in the vegeta- ble world bear a full share. These invite to investigation ; and their tendency is to impress upon their votaries the characteristics of their own sincerity and loveliness, 7. CREATIVE WISDOM NEVER WORKS IN VAIN, nor merely in sport. Even the flying cloud which now passes over the sun has its mission ; the forms which it assumes, and the colors, were each necessary and divinely appointed for that special purpose. The hills and valleys, which seem scattered in accidental confusion, have received each their contour and position by design, according to the ends foreseen. Consequently, each stone or mineral composing those hills \raa also the work of special design, as to its magnitude, form and place. 10 INTRODUCTION. 8. No ACCIDENT OB CAPRICE IN NATURE. Much more in the living kingdoms of nature may we look for an. adequate purpose and end accomplished by every movement and in every creature of the Divine hand. Each species is created and sustained to answer some worthy end in the vast plan ; and hence no individual, animal or plant is to be regarded in science as insignificant, inasmuch as the indi- vidual constitutes the species. Nor is accident or caprice to be found in the form of the leaf or the color of the flower. There is for each a special reason or adaptation worthy of unerring wisdom. 9. OBJECT OP NATURAL SCIENCE. In the study of nature we are therefore concerned in reasons and ends as well as in forms and appearances. That investi- gation which ceases contented with the latter only is puerile. It may amuse, but can scarcely instruct, and can never conduct to that purest source of the student's enjoyment, namely, the recognition of Intelligence by intelligence. 10. DESIGN, A SETTLED PRINCIPLE IN SCIENCE. The end or purpose, it is true, is not always as easily discerned as the form and fashion are. In a thousand inr etances the end is yet inscrutable. Nevertheless it is now a settled principle of science that there is an end — a purpose — a reason, for every form which we contem- plate ; and the adaptation to that end is as beautiful as the form itself. That the tendril of the vine and the runner of the strawberry were happily adapted to a special purpose is readily admitted ; for that purpose is immediate and obvious to all. Let us not then say that the spine, the stipule, or the varying tints of the rose, were made merely in caprice, their uses being less obvious in the present state of our knowledge. 11. DESIGN, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM "TYPICAL FORMS." In addition to this sequence of cause and effect in nature, disclosing the Infinite Designer in all tilings, as early taught by Paley in his " Natural Theology," another class of prin- ciples more recently developed are shown by the author of "Typical Forms" (McCosn), to indicate with a still clearer light the thoughts of the Omniscient Mind in the operations of nature. A single observation often suffices for the discovery of design, as in the down of the thistle, by means of which the seed is wafted on the winds to flourish in distant lands. But a typical form or plan requires a long series of observations for its discernment. • 12. TYPICAL FORMS ILLUSTRATED. The scientific world were slow to learn that the numerous organs of plants so diversified in form and use are all modeled from a single type, one radical form, and that form, the leaf! 13. RESULTS. This interesting doctrine, now universally admitted, sheds a new light upon nature, making it all luminous with the Divine Presence. It brings the operations of the Great Architect almost within the grasp of human intelligence, revealing the conceptions which occupied His mind before they were embodied in actual existence by His word. 14. GRADUATED FORMS. Again, by continued observation, the principle of graduated forms, allied to the last, appeared as another grand characteristic of na- ture. This principle implies that while natural objects vary to wide and seemingly irreconcilable extremes, their differences are never abrupt, but they pass by insen- sible gradations and shades from species to species in a continuous series. 15. ILLUSTRATION. Thus in magnitude, although the tiny moss is far removed from the gigantic oak, yet a series connects them representing every imaginable in- termediate grade in size. So in number, from the one-stamened saltwort to the hundred-stamened rose, there is a connecting series, representing every intervening number. Moreover, in form and figure, we pass from the thread-leafed pine to the broad-leafed poplar through a series of every intermediate degree of leaf-expansion ; LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE. 11 and from the regular-flowered crowfoot to tho distorted monks-hood by a series graduated in like manner. 16. NATURA NON SALTUS FACIT, said Linnasus, in evident allusion to this beau- tiful principle, which will constitute one of the most interesting themes of botanical study. IT. ACCOMODATED FORMS or organs is a phrase applied to another principle in the Divine plan, the reverse of the first. This principle appears in the adaptation of different organs in different species to one common use ; of which there are many familiar 18. EXAMPLES. Thus, the slender vine requires support. Now it throws out a tendril for this very purpose, grasping whatever object it may reach, as in the grape. Again, the prolonged leaf-stalk answers the same end, as in Clematis. Again, tho supple stem itself, by its own coils supports itself, as in the hop ; and, lastly, ad- ventitious rootlets in the ivy. 19. ANOTHER ILLUSTRATION. Reproduction is the general office of the seed ; but this end is also accomplished, in different species, by nearly every other organ, by buds, bulblets, bulbs, tubers, cuttings, scions, and even leaves. 20. ANOTHER. This principle is also traced in the nutritious deposits of plants, which are generally made in the fruit ; but often the root serves as the reservoir in- stead, or even the stem. And in case of the fruit, the rich deposit is now found in tho pericarp of the peach, the calyx of the apple, the receptacle of the strawberry, the cotyledons of the almond, the bracts, flower-stalks, &c., of the pine-apple. Thus God's boundless resources of skill can accomplish either one purpose in a thousand different ways, or a thousand different purposes by a single organ. 21. ARRESTED FORMS. This principle, demanding a wider range of generaliza- tion than either of the foregoing, we state rather as a hypothesis, that the student may hereafter test its probability by his own observations. The flowering plants which clothe the earth in such numbers, constituting the apparent vegetable world, are in truth but a minor part of it in respect to numbers. Numerous tribes, of lower rank, embracing thousands of species, reach far down the scale, beyond the utmost limits of the microscope. Now a principle of analogy seems to pervade these ranks, called the principle of arrested forms, binding all together in one consistent whole, proving that for the vast realm of vegetation there was but one plan and one origin. 22. THE HYPOTHESIS STATED. The successive tribes of vegetation, beginning with the lowest, have each their type or analogue in tho successive stages of em- bryonic growth in the highest tribe. 23. MORE EXPLICITLY : the flowering plant, in the course of its growth from the pollen grain to the completed embryo, passes necessarily through a series of transient forms. Now, suppose the development of the plant arrested at each of these stages, so that these transient forms become permanent, we should have a series of organisms analogous to the various tribes of Flowerless Plants ; the Pro- tococcus, e. g., an arrested pollen grain ; the Oscillaria, an arrested pollen tube ; and so on up to the Marsillea, whose organization answers to that of the full-formed embryo of the flowering plant. Thus we might truly say of the lower plants that they are the arrested forms of the higher. 24. INDIVIDUALITY OP THE PLANT. The plant is both material and immaterial. Its form and substance is the material, its life the immaterial The material com- mences existence as a single cell, and is ever changing. The immaterial gives to that cell its individuality, and fixes inevitably its law of development, so that it must grow up to become such a plant as it is, and by no possibility any other. 25. ILLUSTRATION. The embryonic cell of arose may not differ materially, in the 1 2 INTRODUCTION. least, from that of the grape : but the individuality of each is widely different This principle in the one will make it a rose ; in the other, a grape. Individuality can not be predicated of a stone. 26. LIFE AND DEATH ABE EQUALLY PREDICATED OP THE PLANT. The latter fol- lows close upon the former, with unequal, inevitable step, and soon disputes posses- sion in the same living fabric. The plant both lives and dies at once. Life passes on from cell to cell, and in the parts which it has abandoned dissolution and decay are soon manifest. Thus the whole existence of the individual is a contest. Life advances, death pursues, and ultimately triumphs. But not go in the species. Se- curely transferred to the seed, the living immaterial plant mocks the destroyer, and begins its career anew, multiplied a hundred fold. 27. TUB SEED OP THE PLANT is ITS REDEMPTION. Through this appointment, the conquest of death is apparent, while the triumph of life is real. In the " grain of mustard" there is literally & faith — an energy which will raise it from the dust, " a tree." Yet, as in the wheat and all other seed, " it shall not be quickened except it die." Hence, 28. PLANTS MAY TEACH us LESSONS IN SACRED THINGS. "While we study the facts and the forms of the vegetable world, we should also aim to learn the purposes accomplished, and the great principles adopted in its creation. TVe should also learn to recognize here the tokens (too long overlooked) which declare that nature sym- pathizes with humanity in the circumstances of the Fall, the Eedemption, and the Life. Such study alone is adapted to acquaint us with the thoughts of the intelli- gent Creator, and to discipline aright the mind which was created in His image. 29. BOTANY COMBINES PLEASURE WITH IMPROVEMENT. It conducts the student into the fields and forests amidst the verdure of spring and the bloom of summer ; to the charming retreats of Nature in her wild luxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. CHAPTEK II. THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE STUDY. 30. THREE GREAT DEPARTMENTS IN NATURE are universally re- cognized, commonly called the mineral, vegetable, and animal king- doms. The first constitutes the Inorganic, the other two the Organic World. 31. A MINERAL is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without dis- tinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain all the essential characteristics of the original body, so that each fragment will still be a stone, 32. A PLANT is an organized body, endowed with vitality but not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is essential to THK DEPARTMENTS OF THE STUDT. 13 the completeness of its being. A tulip is composed of organs which may be separated and subdivided indefinitely, but no one of the frag- ments alone will be a complete plant. 33. ANIMALS, like plants, are organized bodies endowed with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is complete in itself, but they are elevated above either plants or minerals by their power of per- ception. 34. THESE DISTINCTIONS, long since suggested by Linnaeus, the founder of botani- cal science, are perfectly obvious and definite in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. But in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual approach, in both, to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other, so that in the lowest forms of life all traces of organization are lost to our perception, and the three kingdoms of nature, like converging radii, apparent- ly meet and blend hi a com- mon centre. 35. THE POSITION OF THE PLANT- WORLD IN RANK and office is intermediate. While inferior to the animal in re- spect to perception and in- stinct, it is superior to the mineral in its vitality. In office it constitutes the food and nourishment of the ani- mal, the vesture and orna- ment of the mineral world, whence alone itself is fed. In other words, plants feed on minerals, animals feed on plants. FIGURE 1. A diagram illustrating these views of the three 36. PHYSICS is the kingdoms of nature— how related to each other. general name of the science which treats of the mineral or inorganic world. 37. ZOOLOGY relates to tho animal kingdom. 38. BOTANY is the science of the vegetable kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the forme, organs, structure, growth, and uses of plants, together with their history and classification. Its several de- partments correspond to the various subjects to which they relate. Thus 39. STRUCTURAL BOTAITY, or Organography, treats of the special or- gans of plants as compared with each other, answering to Comparative Anatomy in the science of Zoology. Morphology is a term often used in a similar sense ; but it especially relates to the mutual or typical transformations which the organs undergo in the course of development 40. ELEMENTARY BOTANY treats of the elementary tissues — the or- ganic elements out of which the vegetable fabric is constructed. 14 INTRODUCTION. 41. PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY is that department which relates to the vital action of the several organs and tissues, including both the vital and chemical phenomena in the germination, growth, and reproduction of plants. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing upon the labors of husbandry in the propagation and culture of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 42. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY arises from the consideration of plants in relation to each other. It aims to arrange and classify plants into groups and families, according to their mutual affinities and relative rank, so as to constitute of them all one unbroken series or system. 43. DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, or PHYTOLOGY, is the art of expressing the distinctive characters of species and groups of plants with accuracy and precision, in order to their complete recognition. A flora is a descriptive work of this kind, embracing the plants of some particular country or district. 44. BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE, which is the art of properly apply- ing names to the species and groups, is intimately associated with the above department. Terminology relates to the explanation and appli- cation of botanical terms whereby the organs of plants, with their nu- merous modifications, are accurately designated. This is, therefore, inseparable from Structural Botany. 45. ULTIMATE AIM OP BOTANY. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany com- prehends also the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other departments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is the develop- ment of the boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance and protection as well as education ; for the healing of our diseases and the alleviation of our wants and woes. This branch of botanical science is called 46. APPLIED BOTANY. It includes also several departments, as Medical Botany, or Pharmacy, Agricultural Botany, or Chemistry, Pomology, &c. 47. PLAN OF THE WORK. In the following pages, designed as a complete although compendious treatise for the special convenience of the learner, we shall commence with Structural Botany, whose subjects (the constituent organs of plants) are conspicuous and most readily com- prehended. 48. SECONDLY, the cell and the elementary tissues will claim our at- tention. THIRDLY, we shall inquire into the vital activities of all these organs, and endeavor to explain the phenomena of vegetable life. FOURTHLY, the principles of vegetable nutrition which constitute the foundation of agricultural science. 49. IN THE FIFTH PLACE we shall treat of Systematic Botany, the principles of arrangement adopted in the Natural System, and the methods of Botanical Analysis. 50. LASTLY, the Natural Orders will be defined, and illustrated by our flora, both native and cultivated. INTRODUCTION. 15 51. NOTWITHSTANDING the extreme brevity of Itiis work, the author believes that no principle of the science essential to a liberal course in Botany is omitted. The brevity is attained by a studied conciseness of expression, and by the omission of all needless illustrations, theoretical views and wordy discussions. In the flora those multitudinous repetitions which are liable to encumber the descriptions of allied groups are avoided, without the sacrifice of minuteness by means of copious tables of analysis. CHAPTER III. APPARATUS — METHODS OF STUDY. 52. THE PROPER SEASON FOR THE COMMENCEMENT OP THE STUDY of Botany in schools is in late winter, at the opening of the first session or term after New-Years. The class will thus be prepared before hand by a degree of acquaintance with first principles, for the analysis of the earliest spring flowers — the sweet Epigsea, Anemone, Erigenia or spring beauty, of the North, the yellow jessamine, Chaptalia, or Cryso- gonum of the South, the blood-root and violet every where. 53. SPECIMENS of leaves, stems, roots, fruit, flowers, &c., in unlimited supply are re- quisite during the whole course. In the absence of the living, let the dried specimens of the herbarium be consulted. Crayon sketches upon the black-board, if truthful, are always good for displaying minute or obscure forms. In the city, classes in Botany may employ, at small expense, a collector to supply them daily with fresh specimens from the country. Moreover, the gardens and conservatories will furnish to such an abundant supply of cultivated species for study and analysis, with almost equal advantage ; since the present work embraces, together with the native flora, all exotics which are in any degree common in cultivation. 54. AN HERBARIUM (h. s., hortus siccus, dry garden), is a collection of botanic specimens, artificially dried, protected in papers and systematically arranged. Her- baria are useful in many ways ; (a.) for preserving the knowledge of rare, or inacces- sible, or lost species ; (&.) for exchanges, enabling one to possess the flora of other countries ; (c.) for refreshing one's memory of early scenes and studies ; (d.) for aid- ing in more exact researches at leisure ; (e.) for the comparison of species with species, genus with genus, &c. ; 55. FOR COLLECTING BOTANIC SPECIMEN'S, a strong knife for digging and cutting is needed, and a close tin box eighteen inches in length, of a portable form. Enclosed in such a box, with a little moisture, specimens will remain fresh for a week. 56. SPECIMENS FOR THE HERBARIUM should represent the leaves, flowers and fruit, and, if herbaceous, the root also. Much care is requisite in so drying them as to preserve the natural appearance, form and color. The true secret of this art con- sists in extracting the moisture from them by pressure in an abundance of dry, bibulous paper, before decomposition can take place. 57. THE DRYING PRESS, to be most efficient and convenient, should consist of a dozen quires of ordinary blotting paper, at least 1 1 x 14 inches, two sheets of wiro gauze, (same size) as covers, stiffened by folded edges, and three or four leather straps a yard in length, with buckles. "When in use suspend it in the wind and sun- shine. In such a press, the specimens dry well in fair weather without once changing. If boards be used for covers instead of wire-gauze, the papers must be changed and dried daily. 16 INTRODUCTION". 58. SUCCULENT PLANTS may be immersed in. boiling water before pressing, to hasten their desiccation. 59. THE LENS, either single, double, or triple, is almost indispensable in the or- dinary pursuits of Morphology or Phy tography. In viewing minute flowers or parts of flowers the use of the lens can not be too highly appreciated. For dissection with the lens, a needle inserted in a handle, a penknife and tweezers are required. The dried flowers of the herbarium need to be thrown into boiling water before dissection. 60. THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE is undoubtedly a higher aid in scientific inves- tigation than any other instrument of human invention. It is like the bestowmeat of a new sense, or the opening of a new world. Through this, almost solely, all our knowledge of the cells, the tissues, growth, fertilization, &c., is derived. The skillful use of this noble instrument is. itself an art which it is no part of our plan to explain. For such information the student is referred to the works of Carpenter and Quekett 61. ON THE PREPARATION OP BOTANICAL SUBJECTS for examination we remark briefly. The field of view is necessarily small, and only minute portions of objects can be seen at oace. The parts of it are to be brought under inspection success- ively by the movements of the stage. 62. THE TISSUES OP LEAVES, &c., are best seen by transmitted light. They are to be divided by the razor or scalpel into extremely thin parings or cuttings. Such cuttings may be made by holding the leaf between the two halves of a split cork. They are then made wet and viewed upon glass. The stomata are best seen in the epidermis stripped off; but in the sorrel leaf (Oxalis Yiolacea) they appear beauti- fully distinct (§678, Fig. 585,) upon the entire leaf. 63. WOODY TISSUES, &c., may be viewed either as opaque or transparent. Sec- tions and cuttings should be made in all directions, and attached to the glass by water, white of egg, Canada balsam. To obtain the elementary cells separately for inspection, the fragment of wood may be macerated in a few drops of nitric acid added to a grain of chlorate of potassa. Softer structures may be macerated sim- ply in boiling water. 64. CERTAIN REAGENTS are applied to the softer and more recent tissues to ef- fect such changes in the cell contents, of either color or form, as shall render them visible. Thus sulphuric acid coagulates the primordial utricle (§ 645) ; a solution of iodine turns it blue j sugar and nitric acid change it to red. QUESTIONS. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. What ia the snbject treated of in this chapter? What is the " end and aim " of all science ? J&OTB.— The class may use this chapter as a Leeson In Reading, or for Becitation, aa preferred, but ohoald by no means omit it.) CHAPTER II. 30. Name the three kingdoms of Nature. 31. What is a mineral ? A stone ? 32. What is a plant ? A tulip ? 33. What is an animal ? 34. Are the three kingdoms perfectly distinct ? Explain the diagram. 85. How is the Vegetable kingdom related to the Animal? How is it related to the Mineral kingdom ? 36. Define the science of Physics. 37. Define the science of Zoology. 38. Repeat the full definition of the science of Botany. 39. Of what does Structural Botany treat ? 40. Of what does Elementary Botany treat ? 41. Of what does Physiological Botany treat ? 42. What is the aim of Systematic Botany ? 43. What of the art Phy tology ? What is a Flora ? 45. Some of the uses of Botany. CHAPTER III. What ia the subject of this chapter ? 52. Why should the study of Botany be commenced early in Spring ? 53. What specimens are wanted ? Use of the black-board. How may classes in cities be supplied with specimens ? 54. What is an herbarium ? Mention some of its uses ? 55. What apparatus is required for collecting specimens ? 50. What sort of specimens are wanted for the herbarium ? What is the true secret of the art of preparing the specimens ? 57. Describe the drying press. How often should the specimens be turned? 59. What apparatus needed in examining flowers ? (The remainder of this chapter may be read aloud or recited by the pupils as the teacher may prefer.) QUESTIONS ON PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. STATE the title of this chapter. ' 65. Name the two Natural Grand Divisions of the Vegetable kingdom. 66. What of the Organs, or Organic System of the Phsenogamia? How do the Cryptogamia differ from this? 67. How does the Fern differ from the Rose ? How does the Lichen differ from a Violet ? G8. Name the two subdivisions of the Phsenogamia. 69. What plants are comprehended among the Exogens ? Explain the meaning of the word. 70. What plants are comprehended among the Endogens ? Explain the import of the word. 71. Why are the Exogens called also Dicotyledons? Why are the Endogens called also Monocotyledons? 72. How may these two subdivisions be known by their leaves? How may they be distinguished by their flowers ? 73. What is said about the two-fold name of a plant ? Which name is provincial, and which universal ? 75. Show by example how the Latin name is double* 76. Recite verbatim the definition of a species. 77. Notice an example of a species. 78. How may we define a variety ? Give an example. 80. Recite verbatim the definition of a genus. 81. Please illustrate by two good examples :— Clover ; Pine. CHAPTER II. REPEAT the title of this chapter. 83. Wherein does animal life differ from plant life ? 84. Name the several stages of plant life. 85. Notice the five picture sketches of its biography. 86. How much does the " term of plant life " vary ? Strange exception of the castor-oil bean. 87. What of flowering and fruiting? When do they prove fatal? How does the florist's " tree mignonette " bear on this question ? 89. State the definition of u Annual herb," " Biennial herb." 91. Also define "Monocarpic herb /' " Perennial plant." 93. What is the herbaceous perennial ? The woody perennial ? What three distinctions among woody perennials ? 94. What the stature of a bush ? Of an undershrub ? 96. What is the form and stature of a tree ? Of a shrub ? 97. What is remarked of the age of trees ? 98. How may the age of a tree be estimated? 99. Can you instance some trees remarkable for age ? 101. Please instance some trees remarkable for grandeur. 102. Now give the distinction of trees relative to their verdure. WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY CHAPTER III. 103. WHAT is the earliest stage of the plant ? 104. In growing, whither does the radicle direct itself? What is the tendency of the plumule ? 105. Explain the structure of the bud. How does it grow ? Why is the original bud called also terminal ? 106. What sort of axis does the terminal bud alone develop ? 107. What other buds are also found ? Whence arise the branches ? 110. Whence does the flower originate ? 111. What then is the nature of the flower? 112. From what organ does the fruit originate? 113. Explain these views by the figure of the paeony and its parts. CHAPTER IV. OF what does this chapter treat ? 114. Define the root. How distinguish root from stem? 116. Please state the two-fold office of the root. 117. What is the leading propensity of the root? What are the only proper appendages of the root ? What end or purpose is answered by the -multiplication of these ex- tremities ? 118. What is the part designated by the term collum ? What are the spongioles, or spongelets f 119. What are the fibrillae? Their office and use ? 120. Why should a tree or shrub be transplanted in Spring ? 121. Name the two definite modes of root-development. 122. Define accurately the axial mode. The inaxial. Give instances of them both. 124. Name the four varieties of the axial, or tap-root. 125. Define the ramous tap-root. The tuberous. 127. Define the fusiform tap-root. The conical. Napiform. How are all these thickened roots reservoirs ? 130. Name the six forms of inaxial roots. 131. Describe, with example?, the fibrous root. 132. Describe the fibre-tuberous root. Moniliform. Tubercular. 133. What is the thickening matter in all these cases ? 134. What roots are said to be adventitious? 135. What roots are said to be cirrhous? 136. What curious style of root has the screw-pine ? 137. Describe the adventitious roots of the banyan. 138. Describe the curious habit of the mangrove tree. 139. How may the growth of adventitious roots be favored? 140. Mention a method of raising dwarf trees. 141. Axial and inaxial — which requires deep tillage ? If two crops are sown together- — what should they be ? 143. What is the nature of those plants called Epiphytes ? 144. What are Parasites ? Give examples of these classes. 145. Read the paragraph on subterranean stems. OJS" CHAPTER V. WHAT is the title of this chapter ? Define this phrase. 147. What is the general idea of the term "axis?" 148. Does the ascending axis always continue to grow erect ? What is the idea of the procumbent stem ? Of the decumbent ? What the idea of the ascending stem? Of the subterranean? 149. How may this last be distinguished from roots? 150. Explain the development of the simple stem. Where may the original plumule bud be always found ? 151. Explain the development of a branching stem. If the axillary buds grow, what do they then become ? 153. Is there any apparent plan in the arrangement of the branches ? Please define the alternate arrangement. The opposite. Define the verticillate. Give examples of each mode. 154. What varieties in the " angle of divergence" in branches ? What is noticeable in the beech ? The oak ? elin ? 155. What are some of the distinctions made by nurserymen? 156. What is a Sucker ? A Stolon, or Layer ? A Cion ? 158. How are the grape-vine and hop propagated ? 159. Define an Offset. Define the Runner. 161. What is a Node ? An Interaode ? 162. Why does the stem diminish upwards? 163. Can you describe the process of the growth of the stem. ? 164. State briefly, one great exception to this rule. 166. Give the precise definition to the " leaf-stem." 167. Give the precise definition of the " scale-stem." 166. Name the five principal forms of the leaf-stems. 167. Name the six principal forms of the scale-stems. 168. Distinguish between the herbaceous and woody leaf-stems. 169. What is the caulis ? Define caulescent. Acaulescent. 170. What is the culm ? What stems are called trunks ? 172. What forms of trunk have you noticed ? 173. Distinguish the " cxcurrent " from the " solvent " axis. Instance some examples of each. 176. What term is applicable to the stem of the palm tree ? 177. Describe the singular stock of the Cactus tribe. 178. Describe the vine and its two varieties. Which is furnished with tendrils, the climbers or twiners ? 179. What is the law in regard to the course of the twiners ? 181. How is the creeper defined ? Its two classes please mention. How is the witch grass best cultivated? 182. What can be said of the utility of such repent stems ? What prevents our sandy or clayey hills from washing ? 183. What is the proper description of the root-stock ? 184. Show, by figure 52, the manner of its growth. 185. Describe the premorse root-stock. 186. The stem of clover, asparagus, etc., in winter, is what ? 187. What is a tuber? Show by fig. 54, etc., how it grows. 189. What is a corm ? Show how it grows. 191. Describe the bulb. Show, by fig. 60, how it multiplies. 193. Varieties in bulbs — describe some. Finally, notice the gradation in tuber, corm, and bulb. WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. CHAPTER VI. WHAT is the topic of this chapter ? 195. What two kinds of buds are mentioned ? 196. Repeat the definition of the leaf-bud. 197. What is the nature of the scales ? Show this by figs. 67, 6& 198. Where are bud-scales needed and found ? 199. How are the buds protected in rain or cold ? 200. Which is the parent bud ? What the axillary bud ? 202. Distinguish the two kinds of axillary buds. 203. When may the axillary become terminal ? 204. What if a part of them be suppressed ? What if all ? 205. When is the axis said to be brachiate? How in the pink? (Fig. 70.) 207. What are adventitious buds ? How are they caused ? 209. Vernation is what ? Best method of displaying it ? 213. Considering each leaf alone, when is it said to be reclined? When conduplicate f Plaited ? Circinate ? When is it convolute ? Involute ? Revolute ? Which variety is seen in oak (fig. 71,) ? In the tulip-tree? Fern? Birch? Cherry? Dock? Balm-of-Gilead ? Sycamore? 214. Considering the leaves in respect to each other, when are they obvolute ? When triquetrous ? Equitant ? 215. State the principle of " budding." What are bulblets ? CHAPTER VII. WHAT is the subject of this chapter ? 217. How does the leaf figure in landscape scenery ? 218. What is the general characteristic of the leaf? 219. What variations in the color of the leaf? 220. What is the etymology of the word Phyllotaxy ? 221. Explain "leaves radical." Leaves cauline. Leaves ramial. 222. What is the alternate arrangement of leaves ? Scattered ? Rosu- late? Fasciculate? Opposite? Verticillate ? 223. If you reduce all these to two types, what are the two ? 224. What experiment reveals the true nature of the alternate type ? 226. Can you show that the opposite leaved type may be spiral ? 227. Decussate leaves — what are they ? 228. State an established law in plant-development 229. Will you carefully define the elm cycle ? 230. Calling this the £ cycle, what does the numerator denote ? What the denominator ? 231. How is the alder cycle ? Calling this the ^ cycle, what does the 1 denote ? The 3 ? 232. Describe the cherry cycle. Why call this the f cycle ? 233. Describe the Osage orange cycle. Why denominate this the $ cycle ? 234. Show how these cycles are related to each other. If the third is f and the fourth f , what will the fifth be ? 235. In what plants is this (the y5^) cycle realized ? 236. What cycle is next in order ? What its numerical sign ? 237. You may read the remarks on the higher cycles. VI QUESTIONS ON MOKPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 239. What is the blade ? What is the petiole ? Explain the meaning of the word sessile. Petiolate. 240. What are stipules ? How many to each leaf, if any ? Explain the meaning of the word exstipulate. Stipulate. 241. Name the three distinct parts of a complete leaf. 242. To what transformations are they liable ? OF THE PETIOLE. 243. What is the more common form of the petiole ? What is peculiar in the petiole of the aspen ? 244. What is there peculiar in the petioles of the Asters, etc. ? "What peculiarity in the leaves of the mullein ? 245. How is the amplexicaul petiole, or leaf, described ? What constitutes a sheath ? (See figs. 102, 104.) 246. In what sort of leaves do we find compound petioles ? OF THE STIPULES. 247. What is the location of the stipules? Appearance ? What is remarked of their presence or absence ? 248. What of the stipules of rose (fifc. 100) ? Of pansy (fig. 102)? 249. What plants exhibit ochrece ? What their nature ? 250. When the leaves are opposite, what are their stipules called ? 251. The ligule of grasses, what is it? What are stipels? Explain fig. 102. 103. 104. 105. OF THE VEINS. 253. How do you distinguish a simple leaf? A compound? 254. Of what is the frame-work of the leaf composed ? 255. Why are they called veins rather than ribs ? What is denoted by the term venation ? Name the four organs of venation. 256. Please describe the mid-vein. What leaf has such? If there be several such, as in maple, what are they called? 257. What branches shall we call the veinlets ? The veinulets ? 258. The venation of the Exogens — name and describe it. The venation of the Endogens — name and describe. The venation of the Cryptogamia — name and describe. Name the three forms of the reticulate venation. Now please describe them — the feather-veined. 260. The palmi-veined. The tripli-veined. 262. What varieties in the parallel venation ? What venation in fig. 106? 107? 108? 109? 110? FORM, OR FIGURE. 263. Can you show the connection between the figure of the leaf and its venation? 264. On what principle shall we arrange or classify leaf-forms? 265. The first class, or feather- veined leaf-forms, define it. Name and describe the three forms belonging to it. a. Define the second class of feather- veined leaf-forms. Name and describe the four forms belonging to this class. WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. VU 266. In the third class, where are the longest veinlets ? Name and describe the four forms of this class. 267. In the fourth class, how are the lowest veinlets ? Note the form of the cordate leaf. The auriculate. The sagittate. The hastate. Observe fig. 110— what is its form? Also of 111? 112? 113? 114? 115? 116? 117? Observe fig. 130— what is its form ? What of 131 ? 136? 137 ? 268. On what do the pinnatifid forms depend ? The term pinnated contrasts with what other term? 269. Describe the pinnatifid leaf. The runcinate. Lyrate. 270. What is pinately parted? Sinuate? 271. What figures on page 56 have palmate venation? Which two are renifbrm ? Which is peltate ? Which trilobate ? 272. Observe the figures on page 58, — which is palmately cleft ? Which pal ma tely parted? Which merely lobed ? 273. What form is pedate ? Find an example. 274. What is remarked of the parallel-veined leaves? 275. What is the linear leaf? Give examples. Define the ensiform leaf. What good example is here ? 276. By what term is the palm leaf denoted ? 277. What two forms of leaf are peculiar to the fir tribe ? MARGIN. 278. Speaking of merely the margin, when is it entire ? 279. When is the margin dentate? When serrate? Crenate? What if the teeth are very fine ? What is doubly dentate? 280. Define an undulate margin. 281. What terms apply to irregularly divided margins? 282. What does the term crisped denote ? APEX. 283. Name and define an acuminate apex. An acute. An obtuse. Other terms. 284. The truncate leaf. The emarginate, etc. OF THE COMPOUND LEAF. 285. Were a simple leaf to become compound, how might it become so? Please illustrate this by cutting a simple leaf. 286. What are the leaflets ? The petiolules? The rachis? 287. Can you describe a pinnate leaf? What modification of pinnate is fig. 161? 160? 159? 288. As to the number of leaflets in the pinnate leaf— how many ? How many in the trifoliate ? Binate ? What reason to say that the lemon leaf (167) is compound? 289. How may a pinnate leaf become lipinnate ? Tripinnate ? What is a decompound leaf? 290. What are transition leaves? Describe fig. 165. 291. Define a biternate leaf. A triternate. 292. Please distinguish the palmately and pinnately teraate. Vlll QUESTIONS ON Fig. 162 represents what kind of leaf? 163 ? 164 ? Describe fig. 168. 166. 169. 293. How are amplexicaul leaves inserted? Describe 170. 294. Define perforate leaves. Connate. Point out the figures. TEXTURE AND SURFACE. 295. Name five varieties in the texture of leaves. 296. As to the surface, what is glabrous ? Scabrous ? 297. Define carefully a pubescent surface. A villous. Sericeous. Lanu- ginous. Tomentous. Floccose. 298. Define, also, hirsute. Pilous. Hispid. 299. Also setous. Spinous. Stinging. 300. What covers the pruinous surface, as of grapes ? 301. Explain, finally, such terms as ovate-lanceolate. 802. Can you show the use of the preposition sub ? CHAPTER VIII. WHAT is the title of this chapter ? 303. What is one of the first aims of the botanist? 304. How does it appear that scales are transformed leaves ? 305. What is the nature of the brown scales of buds ? S06. What is the nature of the cotyledons ? Proof? What is the cause of their deformity ? 307. Can you tell what phyllodla are ? Examples ? 308. Explain how ascidia may be transformed leaves. 309. Mention three curious examples. 311. What are air-bladders ? What their uses ? 312. How is the leaf of "Venus' fly-trap" constructed? 313. What is the use of the tendril ? Is it a new organ ? How does the tendril of the pea originate ? What its origin in Gloriosa superba ? In Lathyrus ? 314. In Clematis, what organs serve as tendrils ? In green-briar, what organs become tendrils ? 315. Whence come the tendrils of the grape-vine ? 316. How are some plants armed ? From what organs do the spines of Berberis originate ? Whence the spines of goat's-thorn ? Of locust ? 317. How do thorns differ from spines ? What the origin of the thorns in Osage orange ? Whence the thorns of honey-locust ? 3lS. What are prickles ? Examples ? 319. What are bracts? What is their nature? CHAPTER IX. 321. WHAT is the title of this chapter ? Define the term, 333. Whence do the flower-buds originate ? 323. What proof of this theory is given ? 324. As to arrangement — what two varieties of flower-buds? 325. What may a single bud develop ? 326. What is said of the axis of the flower-bud ? 327. What is a peduncle ? May it bear leaves? WOODS CLASS-BOOiv OF BOTANY. JX 328. What are pedicels? When is a flower sessile? 329. How does a scape differ from a peduncle ? 330. What is the rachis of an inflorescence ? 331. What is the torus? 332. Mention some odd varieties of the Deduncle Describe fig. 115. 116. 117. 118. " 333. What are bracteoles? 331 How are the bracts in Aster ? How in the Crucifers ? 335. What is said of the color of bracts ? 336. What is a spathe ? Examples in figures 189, 190, 191 337. How may an involucre be formed ? 338. Describe a compound flower of the Composite. What is the chaf on the torus ? Describe fig. 193. 339. In the grasses, what are the glumes ? The pales ? (Fig. 195.) 340. In the oak, etc., what is the nature of the cup ?• (Fig. 194.) 342, Why is axillary inflorescence called indefinite? Why is it called centripetal ? Where is the centre of a lengthened inflorescence ? 343, Why is terminal inflorescence definite? Centrifugal? 344. Are both terminal and axillary inflorescence ever combined ? 345, Name the nine varieties of axillary inflorescence. 346. How Is the inflorescence of the mullein, and how named ? In Timothy grass, what are the spikes and spikelets? 347, What is a spadix ? Give examples. What inflorescence In figs. 200 ? 201? 202? 348. What is a catkin ? Examples ? 349. How does the raceme differ from the spike ? 350, How does the corymb differ from the raceme ? 351, How does the umbel differ from the corymb ? What the compound umbel ? The rays ? The umbellets ? 352. What is a panicle ? Give common examples. 353. What is a thyrse ? What is a head ? 355. In a head, or compound flower of Compositse, what answers to calyx? What to corolla? What are the florets of the ray? What the florets of the disk ? Describe each of the following figures, viz. : 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215. 356. Name three varieties of terminal inflorescence. 357. What is a cyme ? What is a scorpoid cyme ? 359. Show the evolution of a cymo in chick weed (fig. 219). 360. Show the evolution of a scorpoid cyme by figs. 220, 221. 361. What is a fascicle ? A glomerule ? What does fig. 216 represent ? Fig. 217 ? Fig. 218 ? Fig. 221 ? 363. How may a spike become a raceme (fig. 222) ? How a raceme a corymb (223) ? An umbel (224) ? A head (227) ? What is fig. 225? 226? 228? Into what is the entire inflorescence transformed in grapes ? FLOWERING. 364. What is the meaning of the word ? 365. What is said of the date of flowering for each species? 366. How would you make & floral calendar ? How is this related to the climate ? : QUESTIONS ON 367. Example as to the red maple in different climes. Example as to different plants in New England. 368. How would you construct a floral clock? What plant opens its flowers at 2 o'clock, A. M. ? What plant at 12, M. ? At 4, p. M., etc. ? 369. As to the colors of flowers — are they subject to art at all ? Why not depend on the color of the flower in descriptions ? 370. Describe the Xanthic series of colors. The Cyanic series. CHAPTER X. "WHAT is the title of this chapter ? Meaning of morphology ? 373. Flowers have what relation to man ? 373. How do flowers improve in the light of science ? 374. How is the flower related to a leafy branch ? 375. Is the flower a ypw organ ? Whence is it ? 378. What evidence of the transformation of leaves into flowers is seen in the Calycanthus ? In the water lily ? (Fig. 240, etc.) 379. What is remarked of the early bud of irregular flowers ? 380. What evidence of this doctrine in teratology ? Illustrate this by the double rose. Flowering almond, etc.. Illustrate by figs. 241, 242, 243. 383. What fact renders aestivation important ? Define the term. 386. Name the four general modes of aestivation ? 387. Describe the valvate. Describe its two varieties. 389. Describe the contorted. Describe the imbricate. 391. What two varieties of the imbricate are mentioned? Define carefully the quincuntial. The triquetrous. The convolute. The vexillary. The plicate. The supervolute. 397. What is the torus ? 399. What are. the floral envelopes ? Which of them is the calyx ? Which the corolla ? Do both calyx and corolla always exist ? If but one be present, which is it? 400. Define carefully the calyx. What are the sepals ? 401. Carefully define the corolla. What do we call its leaves? 402. What is the use of the word perianth ? 403. The essential organs — what two kinds ? 404. Define the stamens. What of their number ? Collectively, what are they called ? 405. Define the pistils. By what other names called. 406. Now recapitulate these four sets of organs in order. 407. What is said of appendages ? 408. The pupil may read or rehearse Sec. 408. 410. In respect to symmetry — what of the number in each set? 411. In relative position — how are the petals with sepals, etc. ? 412. Define, then, the typical flower. Why is it perfect ? Complete ? Regular ? Symmetrical 7 413. Is this type often realized ? Whence the endless variety in the floral world ? 414. What flower in our flora approaches nearest the type ? 415. Mention a perfect example. 416. How do the flowers of Sedum deviate from it ? 417. Can you mention some of the modes of deviation? 418. What do you understand by the radical number? 419. What is the most common radical of the Exogens ? What most common in the Endogens ? What is the radical number of the flower in your hand? 420. What do incomplete flowers lack ? What is an apetalous flower ? What example ? What is an achlamydeous flower? Examples, (Figs. 264, 265.) WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. XJ 421. What do imperfect flowers lack ? Describe a sterile flower. Describe a fertile flower. Give the emblem of each. ( $ , 5 .) Use of the word diclinous? Explain figures 266, 267, 208, 269, 270. 423. What is a neutral flower ? (Fig. 271.) 423. What constitutes an unsymmetrical flower ? Examples. 434. Describe the flower of mustard. 4!35. Describe the flowers of the Mint family, as Monarda, etc. 426. In what respect are the flowers of poppy unsymmetrical ? Of lark-spur? Of Monk's-hood ? Describe figs. 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285. 427. What is meant by " organs opposite?" 428. How is this anomaly explained ? Explain figs. 272, 273, 274, 275. 429. By what law do " organs increase in number?" 430. Illustrate this in the lilies. The roseworts. Blood-root. 432. Illustrate the law of cTwrisis by figs. 276, 277, 278. 433. Mention some appendicular organs. 434. What are spurs in various examples? 435. What are scales in the various examples cited ? What is the corona in Narcissus V In catchfly? 436. Describe the " glandular bodies " in grass-Parnassus. 437. What is said of the frequency of " union of organs ?" How may this union be detected ? 438. Explain the difference between cohesion and adhesion. 440. Explain the proper use of the words free and distinct. 441. What is said of regularity in the early buds of flowers ? Mention certain modes of irregularity in flowers. 443. Describe a lengthened receptacle. How is this in figs. 288, 287, 286? 444. Describe the excavated receptacle, as in rose, (fig. 289.) 446. What is the disk? Describe it in figs. 291, 292, 293. 447. What is said of "combined deviations?" 448. Give an example, in any flower at hand. CHAPTER XI. 449. Can you define, once more, the true idea of the typical flower? 450. What is the only true distinction between calyx and corolla ? 451. How are sepals and petals as to number? 451. How do sepals resemble leaves? How do petals? 453. What corresponds to blade ? What to petiole ? 454. In the sepals, what appears to be the analogy? (See fig. 11, a. 5. c.) 455. In outline, what are the forms of petals ? Arc they always entire ? State the peculiarity in the petal form of the Umbilifers (297). In the petal of duckweed (299). Of campion (296). Of Monk's- hood. Mitrewort (298). 456. What of the nectary ? 457. Are the floral organs more likely to be distinct, or united? 458. What do we call a calyx with united sepals? What do we call a corolla with united petals ? What terms are opposed to these two ? 459. What do we understand by the limb ? The tube ? 460. What varieties in the degree of cohesion (figs. 300, 301, 302, 303) ? 461. What sort of cohesion in calyx of Eschscholtzia, or grape? 463. Why are the outer organs of butter-cup hypogynous ? 464. In the flower of cherry, why are the stamens perigynous ? Explain the term epigynous ? What two phrases are of the same import? 466. Please mention two other phrases of the same meaning. Describe figs. 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, especially as to the ovary. Also describe figs. 309, 310, 311, as to ovary, etc. li QUESTIONS ON 467. In the rose, (289) are the ovaries in a hollow receptacle, or in a tubular calyx? How is this in cherry and pear (308, 307) ? 468. What two phrases are synonymous with ''calyx hypogynous?" How is the calyx in saxifrage (fig. 310) and in mock-orange ? 469. Of regular polypetalous flowers, what four forms are named ? Of irregular polypetalous, what two forms ? Of regular monopetalous flowers, what seven forms? Of irregular monopetalous, what two forms ? 470-484. Describe each and all these forms in order. To which of these classes belongs the tulip ? The rose ? The mus' tard? Pea? Elder? Kalmia? Harebell? Whortleberry? Morn- ing-glory ? Petunia ? Honey-suckle ? The florets of dandelion ? The sage? Cypripedium? 485. What is pappus? Its etymology? Give examples. Describe figs. 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333. 487. In the flower of bog-rush, what represents the calyx (fig. 334) ? 488. In Carex, what represents the perianth (fig. 335) ? 489. In the grasses, what organs replace the perianth ? In fig. 195, show the spikelet ? The glumes ? The pales ? 490. Define the term caducous. Deciduous. Mareseent. Persistent. CHAPTER XII. 491. In what position are the essential organs found ? How may they be known from the envelopes ? 492. Mention and describe each of the three parts of the stamen. Which of these parts is not essential ? WThat is the collective name of the stamens? (Fig. 336.) In fig. 336, which is the andrcecium ? Which the gynceeium ? In fig. 338, which is filament? Anther? Pollen? Connectile? 493. Describe the filament. 494. Please describe the anther. Connectile. Dehiscence. 495. When is the anther versatile ? Adnate ? Innate ? 496. When is the dehiscence valvular ? Porous ? Opercular ? 497. When is the anther introrse ? Extrorse ? Describe figs. 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344. 498. At what points may the anther he appendaged ? Describe figs. 849, 350, 499. When is the anther dimidiate ? Describe figs. 354, 351. Point out the stamens and pistils in figs. 355, 356, 357, 358, 359 Describe figs. 360, 361. 502. What are staminodia ? Where do we find them ? Describe fig. 372, and show the staminodia. 503. As to number — what is definite? Indefinite? Monandrous? Dian- drous? Triandrous? Pentandrous, etc. ? 504 As to position — what is hypogynous ? Perigynous, etc. 505. As to comparative length, what is didynamous? Tetradynamous? 506. As to the union of stamens, what is monadelphous ? DiadelphousZ Polyadelphous ? Syngenesious ? 507. As to absence, how is a plant rendered monoecious? Dioecious? How are the flowers in a polygamous species? (§ 421.) 508. What is the pollen ? Its microscopic appearance ? Describe figs. 362, 363, 364, 365, 366. 509. Describe particularly a grain of pollen. 510. How does pollinia differ from pollen ? 511. Position of the gynoecium ? How is the gynceeium regularly constituted ? Xlll 512. Are its pistils always distinct as in columbine ? Is the gynoecium always free and superior as in columbine? 513. What is said of the number of the pistils ? What is the meaning of the terms rnonogynous ? Trigynous ? 514. How may a simple pistil be known ? 515. Name the three parts of the pistil? Which is non-essential? 516. How is this carpellary leaf folded in becoming a pistil? What forms the two sutures ? 517. Explain figs. 378 bis, 379 bis, and illustrate this view. Also compare these with figs. 380, 381. 519. What is therefore the full expression of the doctrine ? 520. What are the placenta? ? When is it double ? 521. Illustrate a simple carpel by a pea-pod. 522. What is the stigma ? 523. Of what does a compound pistil consist? Describe the various degrees of cohesion, as in different plants. Describe figs. 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392. Also here describe figs. 384, 385, 386 and 371 to 379. 524. Mention carefully the five methods of determining the number of carpels. 525. In the first mode of cohesion, how are the carpels conditioned ? 1. In this case, how many cells will there be ? 2. How will the dissepiments be conditioned ? 3. Why is the partition in the flax cell called spurious ? 4. Where will the placentas be located? 526. In the second mode of cohesion, how are the carpels? 1. In this case, how many cells will there be ? 2. How will the placentaa be located ? 527. Can you meation any intermediate conditions ? 528. Can you describe the free axile placentas ? How many methods of explaining this singularity ? In which figures is such a placenta seen ? (394, 398.) Describe figs. 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405. 529. Here notice forms of style and stigma in fig. 385, and in 371 to 379. 532. What is the nature of the ovule ? What evidence of this theory can you mention ? 533. As to number, what is definite ? Indefinite? 534. As to position, what is erect ? Ascending, etc. ? Illustrate by figs. 414, 415, 416, 417. 535. As to its parts," what is the funiculus ? Chalaza ? Tegmen ? Testa ? Micropyle ? 536. As to turns, what does orthotropous mean ? Anatropous ? Describe fig. 406. Describe figs. 413, 407, 408, 409. In fig. 409, point out the funiculus, chalaza, tegmen, testa, micropyle, and nucleus. Describe figs. 410, 411, the same six parts, and the raphe and hilum. 539. What of the embryo sac ? CHAPTER XIII. 541. What short definition of fruit is given ? 542. What becomes of the corolla and stamens after flowering? What of the calyx ? What of the style ? 543. What is remarked of consolidated fruit ? 544. Why is an early examination of the ovary safer than a late ? XIV QUESTIONS ON 645. Illustrate this by the acorn. By the fruit of birch. 546. What other change occurs ? Illustrate by thorn-apple. What is shown in figs. 418, 419, 420? 547. Name the two parts of the fruit, and describe. Name the various textures of the pericarp. 548. Can you name instances of open pericarps ? Describe figs. 491, 492. How are the seeds of fleshy fruits liberated ? How are those of the dry fruits usually liberated ? '550. Can you name the modes of dehijcence? 1. What is sutural dehiscence ? In what fruits seen ? 2. What kind of dehiscence is seen in diagram 429 ? 430 ? 431 ? 551. What kind of dehiscence in poppy ? In henbane, etc. ? (Fig. 444.) 553. What singular organ is seen in caraway? (Fig. 433.) 555. Explain the synopsis of the fruits, how fruits may be defined by it. 556. What is an achenium ? A creinocarp ? A cypsela ? 558. How distinguished from seeds? Show figures of each kind. 559. What is a utricle ? Show us one, or the figure. 560. A caryopsis ? The figure. A samara ? The figure. 561-581. (The same questions on each kind, showing the figure, or if poa« sible, the very fruit.) CHAPTER XIV. 582. Define the seed. What does it consist of? 583. What is the name of the outer covering? Of the inner? 584. What are the various textures of the testa ? Of its surface ? 585. How distinguish the coma from the pappus ? Which of these, properly, is cotton ? Explain fig. 465. 586. What occasional covering is named ? Examples. Show it in nutmeg (fig. 461). In staff-tree (fig. 460). What is the aril called in the seed of Polygala ? (Fig. 641.) 588. What is the eye of the seed properly called ? 589. When is the seed said to be albuminous ? When exalbuminous ? 590. De'scribe the albumen. Its quantity compared with the embryo. What its varieties of texture ? Show examples. 591. What three parts of the embryo are mentioned ? 592. Define the radicle. The plumule. The cotyledons. 594. How do these alternate with the albumen? 596. How are the monocotyledons characterized? The dicotyledons? How are these great classes distinguished by their leaves? 598. Have any plants more than two cotyledons ? What of fig. 466 ? Of fig. 467 ? 468 ? 469 ? 599. What varieties in position are mentioned ? 601. When does the seed sleep? What is then its condition, or state ? 602. Give examples of the great longevity of the seed. 603. How may seeds longest retain their vitality ? 604. How are thistle seeds dispersed ? 605. How are tick-seeds, etc., dispersed? The touch-me-not? 606. How the seeds of the squirting-cucumbcr ? 607. What the agency of rivers ? Squirrels ? Birds 608. What is germination ? Where may we observe the process? 610. How and why is the seed to be planted? 611. What changes take place in the material of the seed? WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OP BOTANY. XV Show the coiled embryo in fig. 475. Show the bursting embryo in fig. 476. Show the liberated embryo in tigs. 477, 478, 479, 480. 612. What becomes of the radicle? Of the cotyledons? How does the plumule develop ? Show by the figures. 613. In what plants do the cotyledons remain below ? 614. Show by figs. 481, 482, how the monocotyledon germinates. 615. What the three conditions requisite for germination? 616. Why is moisture requisite ? 61 7. Why air ? Whence comes the sugar ? 618. What degrees of warmth ? Give some strange exceptions. 620. What good explanation of the downward tendency of the root can you give ? CHAPTER XV. 621. In the lowest Cryptogams, are the parts distinct ? In the higher, how is it ? 622. How are they distinguished from the Phaenogams ? 623. What is said of the root, stem, and leaves in Fungi, etc. ? (NOTE.— This chapter may be as well reviewed by the topics as by questions.) PAET SECOND. CHAPTER I. 638. Of what is all vegetable structure composed ? 639. How is the cell denned ? What is the primary form of the cell? 641. Mention three general types. 642. Whence do the casual forms result ? Name some of them. 043. What is the size of vegetable cells ? C44. Of what length are some wood-cells and bark-cells ? 645. Describe the two layers of the cell-wall. 646. How may we bring the primordial utricle to view as in fig. 568? 647. How does it appear that the cell- wall is porous? 648. What appearance does a third layer make ? 649. What fills up the wood-cells ? Show them by fig. 560. 650. What the appearance of pitted cells ? Illustrate these cells in figs. 569 and 570. 651. What is the wonderful structure of spiral cells ? Show them in figs. 571, 572, 573, 577, and in petioles. 652. Show an annular cell in fig. 574, and where else? 653. Show a scalariform cell in fig. 575, and where else ? 654. What is the material of the outer cell- wall ? What are its chemical elements ? What are the chemical elements of the inner cell- wall? 655. What do the cells contain? What is cytoblast? Protoplasm? 656. What is the condition of the coloring matter ? 657. What is the structure and color of chlorophylle ? Describe fig. 567. 658. What is the composition of the starch granules ? (Figs. 579, 580.) 660. What are raphides ? Show figs. 582, 583. 661. Show how the cells arc multiplied. XV'i QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER II. 662. What is the simplest possible form of vegetation ? 663. What constitutes a tissue ? Name the four tissues. 664. What the form of the cells of Parenchyma ? Classify them. G66. What the form of the cells of Pleurenchyma ? Two varieties. 667. In what trees do we find the pitted cells ? What is fig. 579 ? Explain this beautiful appearance by fig. 579 bis. 668. What is trachenchyma ? How are these tubes made ? Show the structure of clotted-ducts in figs. 566, 576. • 671. Office of cienchyma ? What their nature ? 673. What is said of the intercellular passages ? 674. Give, finally, the import of the cell. 675. How is elevation of rank in plants indicated ? CHAPTER III. WHAT does the " epidermal system " include ? 676. What is the office of the epidermis ? What its cells? 678. What are the stomata ? When are they open, and when closed? 679. How many are found in the space of one square inch ? Point out the stomata in the figs. 582-586. 681. What is said of the structure of hairs ? 682. What is the office of glands ? What varieties are there ? 683. Describe the mechanism of the sting, in fig. 591. 684. How do prick]es differ from spines? Describe the figures. CHAPTER IV. 685. What does the " ligneous system" include ? 686. Of what kind of tissue does the young rootlet consist, ? 687. What is the early tissue of all new growths ? ) 688. What changes occur in the rootlet ? 689. How is the increasing demand for moisture met ? 690. Name the four grand divisions of plants. 691. Describe a cross-section of the stem of an Exogen. 692. Describe the pith; its composition, contents, etc. 693. Where do we find the medullary sheath ? What are its vessels? Its connections ? Its office ? 694. Of what does the wood consist? How much, grew the first year? How much each successive year ? 695. Whence is the distinction between the annual wood-circles ? 697. The alburnum and duramen — how distinguished ? 698. Which is the living wood ? How does it become duramen ? Which is valuable as timber ? % 699. What has perished in a hollow tree ? 700. Name the three layers of the bark. 701. The liber — of what tissues ? Whence is its toughness ? 702. What is the green bark ? What its structure ? 703. The brown bark — what are its varying colors? What is its tissue? How is it in the cork oak ? 705. Define the medullary rays. What is their structure ? 707. Why are they called the silver grain ? Show it in figs. 597, 598. 708. What good purpose do they serve ? WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. IVU 709. Where is the cambium layer found ? What is it ? 710. Why is it called the generative layer ? 711. Why is the growth of Exogens unlimited? 712. Why is the bark most sought in medicine, etc. ? 713. What of a cross-section of an endogenous stem ? 714. Explain particularly its structure. 715. As to these bundles — of what does each consist? 717. Has the Endogen a true bark ? Why does it split with difficulty ? 718. Why are these plants called inside-growers, or Endogens? 719. Why is the caudex of the palmetto, etc., often smaller at base? 720. In what plants is the acrogenous structure found ? Why are they so called, i. e., point growers ? 721. How does a cross-section of one of them appear? (Fig. 600.) Here describe the figures 595 and 596. 722. What is the rank of the mass-growers ? What is their only tissue? What semblance of stems have they ? 724. What can you say of the fibrillae of the root ? (See the fig.) 725. What may be said of the pileorhiza ? Show it in the figures. 726. How does the root grow, and penetrate the soil ? 729. What is the substance of the veins ? 730. How many layers of the parenchyma are there ? When are the two alike, and when unlike ? 732. What is the normal place of the stomata? How in floating leaves? 733. What is the condition of the chlorophylle ? 734. The vessels of cienchyma — where, and of what use ? Explain fig. 604, and show the parts, as the epidermis, the two layers, chlorophylle, spiral vessels, stomata, etc. CHAPTER V. 736. What inquiries are we now to start? 738. What problem remains unsolved? What phenomena do we refer to the vitality of the plant ? 739. What is the lowest form of life? Whence does it spring? 740. How prove that the vegetable kingdom is subordinate ? 742. In what steps does the process of vegetation consist ? What are the vital phenomena included in vegetation? 744. What two kinds of organic matter make up the cell ? Write out the symbols of these two. Which resembles animal matter ? 745. What does the cell imbibe ? From what fluid ? 746. What chemical decomposition ensues ? What becomes of the water formed ? What of the cellulose ? 747. How is chlorophylle formed ? What becomes of the excess of the cellulose ? What globule within a globule ? 749. What becomes of the excess of protoplasm ? 750. What per cent, of gluten and starch in wheat ? Why is extra flour deficient in gluten ? 751. Can a plant consist of a single cell? Give an example. 752. Describe the two modes of cell growth. 753. How is growth distinguished from reproduction ? 754. What is the embryonic vesicle ? Its origin? Its destination? 755. How does it receive its impulse in this direction ? 756. Trace the growth of the pollen grain after it falls on the stigma. 757. Trace the course of the pollen tube, and in fig. 607. 758. Show the process of growth in the fertilized cell, and in fig. 608. 759. How does Schleiden's view difier from the above ? Explain fig. 609. XV111 QUESTIONS ON 760. In the Coniferae, where does the pollen fall ? 761. What is the state of the embryo in the mature seed ? What store is laid up for it? 762. What chemical changes ensue ? What is diastase ? Dextrine ? Whence is the yeast? The heat ? The sugar? 766. In the process of ripening fruits, what material is formed? 767. Whence is the honey in the flower ? What the use of the sugar ? 768. Of what use is the honey to the plant ? CHAPTER VI. 770. WHAT the subject ? What is the most important office of the root ? 771. Illustration, by a plant of spearmint, hydrangea, etc. 772. What organs absorb the water in these cases? 773. Illustrate this by a radish plant. 774. In transplanting trees, what special care must be used ? 775. What of the force of this absorption ? How may it be shown ? 777. Name the two causes of the ascent of the sap. 778. Illustrate capillary attraction by glass tubes. By a napkin. 780. Illustrate endosmose by dried prunes. 781. Illustrate by a bladder and long glass tube. 784. Of what use to the vegetable is absorption ? Have the roots the power of choice ? Give examples. 785. What other organs absorb ? What illustrations are given ? 787. In what direction is the flowing of the sap ? 788. How does it advance in the tissue of a Cryptogam ? 789. In higher plants, what is noticed in the different tissues ? 790. What vessels and passages convey air only ? 791. What seems to be the moving force which raises the sap ? 792. Through what tissue does the sap chiefly ascend ? 793. Through which layers, and why ? 794. What is the composition of the crude sap? 795. How do you account for the issue of sap from the sugar maple in early- Spring? What causes the flow to cease? 796. How does the crude sap become the true sap ? 797. Trace the distribution of this fluid as it returns from the leaves. 798. Specify the places where this sap makes deposits. 799. In what direction is the growth, from above or from below ? 800. Illustrate this by the girdling process. Why does the tree die? •801. Illustrate by a ligature. Illustrate by a wound in the trunk. 803. What the effect of cutting a branch just below a node ? 804. What of girdling a potato plant ? Fruit tree ? Why ? 806. Where does the flow called rotation occur ? Describe it. 808. What is the process called transpiration ? It occurs where and when ? 809. What other process depends upon it ? Does it convey away puro water only ? 810. How much water did a sunflower transpire per day ? A cabbage ? 811. Describe an arrangement for showing the quantity of transpiration. 812. What do we understand by respiration in plants ? 813. What experiment with an air-pump shows its importance ? 814. Why does the tree suffer when its roots have been buried too deep ? 815. Define respiration in plants. Where does it occur? 816. What does the vast extent of the respiratory apparatus show? 817. State in order the six facts given in relation to respiration. 818. State carefully the two opposite phases of respiration. WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OP BOTANY. xlx 819. When does the former phase become visible ? When the latter ? 830. Explain the phenomena of blanched plants. 821. Describe the interesting experiment of Saussure. 822. Why is no oxygen obtained when boiled or distilled water is used ? 824. What are the results of transpiration and respiration on the sap ? 825. What proportion of carbonic acid in the air? Whence is it derived? How much is added to the atmosphere annually ? 826. Why does the carbonic acid not accumulate in the air? 827. How might the air become poisonous for animals? 828. Now show how the animal and vegetable kingdoms mutually aid each other. CHAPTER VII. 829. Name the four organ ogens, i. e., organic elements. 830. In what proportion does each exist ? In what proportion all ? lidity and stren gen and hydrogen form in pl Give some examples of its quantity from the table. What the per cent, of carbon ? What gives solidity and strength? 831. What do the oxygen and hydrogen form in plants ? 832. Name some earthy elements found in plants. 833. Give from the table some examples of the proportion of ashes and other elements in vegetables. 834. What is the object of inquiry in Agricultural Chemistry? 834. What is the food of plants? Whence comes their nourishment? Whence their carbon ? Their oxygen? Hydrogen? Nitrogen? 835. What the whole quantity of carbon in the air ? 837. Of what does soil consist ? Its organic materials. 838. Of what is water composed ? Whence the ammonia in rain? 839. What is the composition of ammonia ? 840. What source of nitric acid in the air ? 841. What are air-plants ? Give some examples. 842. Name three requisite conditions of healthy vegetation. 843. What of the supply of the first ? Of the second ? 844. What is the object of tillage ? What of sub-soiling ? 845. What the object of manuring ? What the use of amendments? 846. What is the good of bone-manure ? What of guano ? 848. What is fallow ground ? What its benefit ? 849. What gives efficiency to all these materials ? 850. Can you here state the outlines of digestion ? 851. What are the constituents of the proper juice f 852. From this vital fluid what is first formed ? Next ? Thirdly? 853. Where are gum, starch, and sugar deposited ? 854. How does sugar differ in composition from starch ? 855. How may starch become cellulose ? How become sugar ? 856. Can you distinguish the vegetable products into two classes ? 857. On what principle is the table constructed ? Illustrate. PART THIRD. CHAPTER I. 858. What is the object and aim of Systematic Botany ? 860. What is the higher purpose accomplished by it? XX WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 861. How does it appear that the subject is yast ? 862. Mention a wrong way to study. 863. What causes the limits of species ? How may the student become acquainted with all the individuals of a species ? 864. Give an example of this mode of study. 865. Define a genus. Give an example of a genus. 868. How are the Genera associated into Orders ? 869. For example, how is the Order CRUCIFEB^B made up ? The Coniferset 870. Into what groups are the Orders themselves associated ? CHAPTER II. 873. Subject of this chapter ? Illustrate an artificial classification. 874. Who was Carl von Linne ? What system did he invent ? 875. What are its defects as a system ? 876. Are these defects objections to it as a key ? Is it now in use? 877. How many classes in the Linnsean system ? (Further examination at the teacher's option.) CHAPTER III. 886. THE subject ? What is the aim of this system ? 887. How does it differ from the Artificial System ? 888. What the principle of the species and genera ? 889. What rule is given as to the relative value of characters ? 891. As to history, who may be regarded as the founder ? What did he ? What did Linnaeus? Jussieu? Robert Brown? DeCandolle? 892. What uncertainty in the system yet remains ? 893. Whence is the difficulty in settling these divisions ? 894. Is there more than one true Natural System? 895. What is the first and highest division of the Natural System ? Define the Phaenogamia. The Cryptogamia. 896. What of the indenniteness of natural groups ? 897. Into what two provinces are the Pheenogamia next resolved ? State the diagnosis of the Exogens. Of the Endogens. 898. What divisions next follow ? Define the Angiospermaa. Define the Gymnospermae. Name the two classes formed by the Endogens Describe each. 899. Into what two provinces is the sub-kingdom Cryptogamia divided ? Define the Acrogens. Define the Thallogens. 900. What two classes correspond with these two provinces ? Define the Angiosporae. Define the Gymnosporae. 901. What name is given to the fourth set of groups ? Are the cohorts quite natural groups ? Why not ? 903. Whose plan is generally adopted in this country ? Into what three cohorts are the Angiospermae divided ? Define the Dialypetalae. The Gamopetalae. The Apetalae. 904. How is the class Petaliferse divided ? Define the Spadiciflorse. De- fine the Florideae. 905. The class Glumiferae is equivalent to what cohort? 906. Name the three cohorts of the class Angiosporae. 907. Name the three cohorts of the class Gymnosporas. 908. Write on the black-board the synopsis of the Natural System. PART FIRST, STRUCTURAL BOTANY; OR, ORGANOGRAP1IY. CHAPTER I. PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 65. TWO NATURAL GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KlNGDOM have long been recognized by botanists, viz., the Phsenogamia or Flowering Plants ; the Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence and absence of the flower, Bose (flowers double)— an Exosren. 3, Lily— an Endosr'en. 4, Torn— an acrogeB "aldermanic" proportions. 47. ff, An eld willow (Salix Babylonica) with gnarled and misshapen trtmfc. 7>, Caudew of a cactus (Echinocactus Ottonis). c, Bombax, of Brazilian forests, with distended trunk, ef, Pal- metto (Sabal, Adns), the caudex rough with the persistent bases of the petioles. 176. CAUDEX is a term now applied to the peculiar trunk of the palms and tree- ferns, simple, branchless columns; or rarely dividing in advanced age. It is pro- duced by the growth of the terminal bud alone, and its sides are marked by the scars of the fallen leaf-stalks of former years, or are- yet covered by their persistent bases. 177. THE STOCK or CATJDEX of the cactus tribe is extraordinary in form and sub- stance. It is often jointed, prismatic, branched, always greenish, fleshy, and full of a watery juice. Instead of leaves, its lateral buds develop spines only, the stem itself performing the functions of leaves. These plants abound in the warm regions of tropical America, and afford a cooling, acid beverage to the thirsty traveler when springs dry up under the torrid sun. 178. THE VINE is cither herbaceous or woody. It is a stem too slen- der and weak to stand erect, but trails along the ground or any conve- nient support. Sometimes, by means of special organs for this purpose, THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 37 called tendrils, it ascends trees and other objects to a great height, as the grape, gourd, and other climbing vines. Vines. 48, Passion-flower (Passiflora'Iutea) climbing by tendrils. 49, Morning-glory, twining from right to left 50, Hop, twining from left to right. 179. THE TWINING VINE, having also a length greatly disproportioned to its dia- meter, supports itself on other plants or objects by entwining it-self around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious facfc that the direction of its winding is always the same, viz., with the sun, from left to right ; nor can any artificial training induce it to reverse its course. This is a general law among twining stems. Every individual plant of the same species revolves in the same direction, although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus tho morning glory revolves always against the sun 180. THE FORMS OP SCALE-STEMS are singular, often distorted in consequence of their underground growth and the unequal development of the internodes. They commonly belong to perennial herbs, and the principal forms are described as follows ; but intermediate connecting forms are very numerous and often perplexing. 181. THE CREEPER is either subaerial or subterranean. In the former case it is prostrate, running and rooting at every joint, and hardly dis- tinguishable otherwise from leaf-stems, as the twin-flower (Linnaea), the partridge-berry (Mitchella). In the latter case it is more commonly clothed with scales, often branching extensively, rooting at the nodes, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions be- neath the soil, annually sending up from its terminal buds erect stems 38 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. into the air. The witch -grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultiva- tion than to be torn and cut to pieces by the spade of the angry gar- dener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. & 6 Fig. 51. Creeper of " Nimble Will," or witch-graas ; a, Bud ; Z>&, Bases of culms. 182. UTILITY. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They frequently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind and secure against the inroads of the water and even the sea itself! Holland is said to owe its very existence to the repent stems of such plants as the mat-grass (Arundo arenaria), Carex arenarius and ElymuS arenarius, which overrun the artificial dykes upon its shores, and by their innumerable roots and creepers apparently bind the loose sand into a firm barrier against the washing of the waves. So the turf, chiefly composed of repent grass- stems, forms the only security of our own sandy or clayey hills against the washing rains. 183. THE RHIZOME OR ROOT-STOCK differs from the creeper only in being shorter and thicker, having its internodes but partially developed. It is a prostrate, fleshy, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subter- ranean, often scaly with the bases of undeveloped leaves, or marked •with the scars of former leaves, and yearly producing new shoots and roots. Such is the fleshy, horizontal portion of the bloods-root, sweet- flag, water-lily, bramble (the latter hardly different from the creeper). 184. THE GROWTH OP THE RHIZOME is instructive, marking its peculiar character. Each joint marks the growth of a year. la spring the terminal bud unfolds into 53 52 « Fig. 52. Rhizoma of Solomon's-seal (Polygonatum multiflora) a, Fragment of the first yoar's growth ; &, the second year's growth ; c, growth of the third year ; d, growth of the present (fourth) year, bearing the stem which, on decaying, will leave a scar (seal) like the rest. 53. Pro* morse stem of Trillium. THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 39 leaves and flowers to perish in autumn— a new bud to open the following spring — and a new internode with its roots to abide several years. The number of joints in- dicates, not the age of the plant, but the destined age of each internode. Thus if there are three joints, we infer that they are triennial, perishing after the third sea- son, while the plant still grows on. 185. THE PREMORSE ROOT-STOCK, formerly described as a root, is a short, erect rhizome, ending abruptly below as if bitten square off (prsemorsus). This is owing to the death of the earlier and lower in- ternodes in succession, as in the horizontal rhizome. Scabious, Viola pedata, benjamin-root (Trillium) are examples. 186. CROWN OF THE ROOT designates a short stem with condensed Internodes, remaining upon some perennial roots, at or beneath the sur- face soil after the leaves and annual stems have perished. 187. THE TUBER is an annual thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with latent buds called eyes, from which new plants ensue the succeeding year. It is the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, and the production of buds that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The potato and artichoke are examples. 55 54 Tubers as they grow. 54, The common potato (Solanum). 55, Artichoke (Ilelianthus) 5C, Sweet potato (Convolvulus). 188. How THE POTATO GROWS. The stem of the potato- plant sends out roots from its base, and branches above like other plants ; but we observe that its branches have two distinct modes of development. Those branches which arise into the air, whether issuing from the above-ground or the under-ground portion of the stern, expand regularly into leaves, &c , while those lower branches which continue to grope in the dark, damp ground, cease at length to elongate, swell up at the ends into tubers with developed buds and abundance of nutritious matter in reserve for renewed growth the following year. 40 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 189. THE CORM is an under-ground, solid, fleshy stem, with con- densed internodes, never extending, but remaining of a rounded form covered with thin scales. It is distinguished from roots by its leaf-bud, which is either borne at the summit, as in the crocus, or at the side, as in the colchicum and putty-root (Aplectrum). >/*/. 190. How THE CORM GROWS. The conn usually accomplishes its part in vegeta- tion in one or two seasons, and then gradually yields up its substance and life for the nourishment of the new progeny formed from the axils of its upper scales in case of the Crocus and Gladiolus, or the single new corm from the axil of a lateral scale, as in Colchicum. 57, Corma of putty-root (Aplectrum) ; a, of last year, 5, of the present year. 58, Scale bulb of •white lily. 59, Scale bulb of Osalis violacea. 191. THE BULB partakes largely of the nature of the bud. It con- sists of a short, dilated axis, bearing an oval mass of thick, fleshy scales closely packed above, a circle of adventitious roots around its base, and a flowering stem from the terminal, or a lateral bud. 192. How MULTIPLIED. Bulbs are renewed or multiplied annually at the ap- proach of winter by the development of bulbs from the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the old, and ulti- mately become detached. Bulbs which flow- er from the terminal bud are necessarily either annual or biennial : those flowering from an. axillary bud may be perennial, as the termi- nal bud may in this case continue to develop new scales indefinitely. 193. BULBS are said to be tunicatcd when they consist of concentric layers, each entire and enclosing all within it, go. Bulb of Lilium snperbum, with habit as in the onion. But the more com- of a rLizome ? a> ™i-g™wn bulb sending up a terminal stem c, and two offsets oo, for mon variety is the scaly bulb — consist- the bulbs of next y«ar. ing of fleshy, concave scales arranged spirally upon the axis, as in the lily. THE LEAF-BUD. 01, Corm of Crocus, with new ones forming above ; 62, Vertical section of the same ; 63, Sec- tion of bulb of Hyacinth with terminal s«ape and axillary bulblet ; 04, Section of bulb of Oxalis violacea, with axillary scapes. 194. THE TUBER, CORM AND BULB ARE ANALOGOUS FORMS approaching by dogreea to the character of the bud, -which consists of a little axis bearing a covering of scales. In the tuber the axis is excessively developed while the scales are reduced to mere linear points. In the corra the analogy is far more 65 evident, for the axis is less excessive and the scales more manifest, and lastly in the bulb the analogy is complete, or overdone, the scales often becoming excessive. CHAPTER VI. THE LEAF-BUD. 195. It is but a step from the study of the bulb to that of the leaf-bud. Buds are of two kinds in respect to their contents; the leaf-bud containing the rudiments of a leafy stem or branch, the flower- bud containing the same elements transformed into the nascent organs of a flower for the purpose of reproduction. 196. THE LEAF-BUD consists of a brief, cone- shaped axis with a tender growing point, bearing a protecting covering of imbricated scales and incip- ient leaves. 65. Branch- of pear tree. The terminal bud a, having been de- stroyed, an axillary bud supplied its place, and formed the axis &. c. Thickened branch with flower-buds, Leaves of Vcnus, fly.trap (Diona>a). Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some ob- ject, when it immediately coils itfelf about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacea3 and grape, above cited ; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosse), when it is appended to the leaves. It is not a new organ, but some old one transformed and adapted to a new pur- pose. In Gloriosa superba the midvein of the leaf is prolonged beyond the blade into a coiling tendril. In the pea, vetch, etc., the tendrils represent the attenuated leaf blades themselves. Again, the entire leaf sometimes becomes a tendril in Lathyrus, while the stipules act as leaves. 5 66 TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 314. THE PETIOLE OF THE LEAF OF CLEMATIS, otherwise unchanged, coils like a tendril for the support of the vine. In the greenbriar, the stipules are changed to tendrils, which thus arise in pairs from the base of the petioles. So probably in the gourd tribe. 315. BUT THE TENDRILS OF THE GRAPE-VINE are of a different nature. From their position opposite the leaves, and the tubercles occasionally seen upon them, representing flower buds, they are inferred to be abortive, or transformed flower- stalks. 179 180 1S1 182 Thorns. 1T9, Crategus parvifolia (thorns axillary.) 180, Honey -locust. 181, Common locust 1S2. Berberis, a, a, its thorns. 316. SPINES. Many plants arc armed, as if for self-defense, with hard, sharp-pointed, woody processes, called spines or thorns. Those which are properly called spines originate from leaves. In Berberis the spines are evidently transformed leaves, as the same plant exhibits leaves in every stage of the metamorphosis. In goat's-thorn (Astraga- lus tragacanthus) of S. Europe, the petioles change to spines after the leaflets fall off. In the locust (Robinia), there is a pair of spines at the base of the petiole, in place of stipules. 3 IT. THORNS originate from axillary buds, and are abortive branches. This is evident from their position in the hawthorn and Osago orange. The apple and pear tree in their wild state produce thorns, but by cultivation become thornless, that is, the axillary buds, through better tillage, develop branches instead of thorns. The terrible branching thorns of the honey-locust originate just above the axil, from accessory buds. 318. PRICKLES differ from either spines or thorns, growing from the epidermis upon stems or leaves, at no determinate point, and consisting of hardened cellular tissue, as in the rose, bramble. 319. BRACTS. By a more gentle transformation, leaves pass into bracts, which are those smaller, reduced leaf-forms situated near and among the flowers. So gradual is the transition from leaves to bracts INFLORESCENCE. 67 in the peony, £• $••> that no absolute limits can be assigned. Equally gradual is the transition from bracts to sepals of the flower — affording a beautiful illustration of the doctrine of metamorphosis. (374.) Bracts will be further considered under the head of Inflorescence. Bracts. 1S3, Pinckneya pubens; b, colored bracts (radiate sepals). 184, Zornia tetraphylla ; CHAPTEK INFLORESCENCE. I 320. THE FUNCTIONS OF PLANT-LIFE ARE TWO- FOLD, namely, vegetation and re- production : the former looking to the preservation of the individual plant itself, the latter to the species. Corresponding with this view, there are also two classes of organs. Having considered the former class, that is, the organs of vegetation, we come now to the organs of reproduction, including the flower, the fruit, and the seed. 321. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of the flowers, and their position upon the plant. 322. ORIGIN OF FLOWER BUDS. All the buds of a plant are supposed to be originally of one and the same nature, looking to the production of vegetative organs only. But at a certain period, a portion of the buds of the living plant, by an unerring instinct little understood, are converted from their ordinary intention into flower buds. 323. PROOF OF THIS THEORY. That this is the origin of the flower bud is evident from the known effects of cultivation, causing it to revert partly or wholly to its former intention, as in the green rose, when the petals, &c., all return tp leaves ; in 68 INFLORESCENCE. the proliferous rose when the axis grows on through the flower bearing leaves above it. In some instances the skillful gardener learns how to effect this interchange of nature in the buds at pleasure. 324. HENCE IN POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT flower buds can not differ from leaf buds, and both are settled by the same unerring law which determines the arrangement of the leaves. Accordingly the flower bud is always found either terminal or axillary. 325. A single bud, whether terminal or axillary, may develop either a compound inflorescence, consisting of several flowers with their stalks and bracts, or a solitary inflorescence, consisting of a single flower. 326. THE FLOWER-BUD is INCAPABLE OF EXTENSION. While the leaf- bud may unfold leaf after leaf and node after node to an indefinite ex- tent, the flower-bud blooms, dies, and arrests for ever the extension of the axil which bore it. 327. THE PEDUNCLE is the flower-stalk. It bears no leaves, or at least only such as are reduced in size and changed in form, called bracts. If the peduncle is wanting the flower is said to be sessile. 328. THE SIMPLE PEDUNCLE bears a single flower ; but if the pedun- cle be divided into branches, it bears several flowers, and the final divis- ions bearing each a single flower, are called pedicels. 329. THE SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subterranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless or acaulescent, as the prim- rose, tulip, blood-root. Like the peduncle it is leafless or with bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 330. THE RACHIS (pa^, spine) is the axis of the inflorescence, or the main stem of the compound peduncle along which the pedicels are arranged. 331. THE TORUS OR RECEPTACLE is the end or summit of the flower- stalk. 1ST 186 1S5 188 Anomalous peduncles. 186, Linden-tree. 1S6, ButcherVbroom. 1ST, Xylophylla. 188,Cockscomb. INFLORESCENCE. 69 332. THE peduncle is subject to endless modifications. "We find it sometimes excessively lengthened, again very short or wholly wanting ; very slender or very thick. In. cockscomb its branches are blended into a thick, fan-shaped mass; in butcher' s-broom it expands into the form of a green leaf, arid in the linden-tree into a seal-like bract In Xylophylla it is foliaceous, bearing flowers along its margins. 333. BRACTS. The branches of the inflorescence arise from the axils of reduced leaves, called bracts. These leaves, still smaller, grow- ing upon the pedicels, are called bracteoles. 334. The bracts are usually simple in outline and smaller than the leaf, often gradually diminishing to mere points, as in Aster, or even totally suppressed, as in the Cruciferse. 335. IN COLOR they are usually green, often colored, sometimes bril- liantly, as in painted-cup. Sometimes they are scale-like, and again they are evanescent membranes. 336. THE SPATHE is a large bract formed in some of the monocotyle- dons, enveloping the inflorescence, and often colored as in the Arum, Calla, or membranous as in the onion and daffodil. Bracts also con- stitute an 191 190 1S9 Bracts (5, Z», I,}. ISO, Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of 4 colored bracts. 190, Hepatica triloba,with an involucre of 3 green bracts. 191, Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract 337. INVOLUCRE when they are collected into a whorl or spiral group. In the Phlox, Dodecatheon, and generally, the involucre is green, but sometimes colored and petaloid, as in dogwood and Euphor- ,bia. Situated at the base of a compound umbel, it is called a general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel it is a partial involucre or in- volucel, both of which are seen in the umbelliferse. 338. IN THE COMPOSITE, where the flowers are crowded upon a com- mon torus, forming what is called a compound flower, an involucre com- posed of many imbricated scales (bracts) surrounds them as a calyx surrounds a simple flower. The chaff also upon the torus are bracts to which each floret is axillary. INFLORESCENCE. 195 194 192 102, Ilelianthus grosse-serratus. Z, involucre ; r, rays, or ligulate flowers ; 193, one of the Diagrams; 216 of a cyme; flowers numbered in the order of their development. 217, Cyme fas- tigiate. 218, Cyme half developed— a scorpoid raceme. 357. CYME is a general term denoting any inflorescence with centri- INFLORESCENCE. fugal evolutions, but is properly applied to that level-topped or fastigiate form which resembles the corymb, as in the elder. If it is loosely spreading, not fastigiate, it is called a cymose panicle, as in the chick- weed, spergula, etc. If it be rounded, as in the snowball, it is a globous cyme. 220 219 221 220, Myosotis palustris ; scorpoid racemes. 219, Stellaria media ; a regular cyme. 358. A SCORPOID CYME, as seen in the sundew, Sedum, and borrage family, is a kind of coiled raceme, unrolling as it blossoms. It is un- derstood to be a half-developed cyme, as illustrated in the cut. 359. THE PECULIAR EVOLUTION OF THE CYME is well illustrated in the chick-weed (Alsine media). The first opening flower terminates the axis and stops its growth. Then from the pair of axils next below issuo two opposite branches, each bearing a pair of leaves and a terminal flower. Next, the same process is repeated with each of theso two branches, and so on indefinitely. Thus the stem becomes repeatedly forked, .each fork having an older flower in its angle. 360. EVOLUTION OF THE SCORPOID RA- CEME. But let only one branch be developed at the node next below the flower, and that always on the same side, and we have a scorpoid raceme or cyme. Other irregulari- ties occasioned by partial development may also variously disguise the cyme. 361. FASCICLE. This is a modifi- cation of the cyme, with crowded and nearly sessile flowers, as in sweet-william (Dianthus). 362. GLOMERULE, an axillary tufted cluster, with a centrifugal evolu- tion, frequent in the Labiatae, etc. When they occur in the axils of 221, Bpigelia Marilandica ; a scorpoid raceme. FLOWERING. I «> opposite leaves and meet around the stem, each pair constitutes a ver- ticilaster or verticil, as in catmint, hoarhound. 363. How THESE MODES ARE MUTUALLY RELATED. All the forms of inflorescence above described may, after all, be shown to be but modifications of a single type, as follows : Let us commence with the spike, a slender rachis with sessile flowers. Conceive that pedicels be developed for the flowers, — a raceme ; let the pedicels branch, =- 22S 22T 226 225 224 223 222 221 Diagrams illustrating the forms of inflorescence ; graduated from the spike to the compound umbel, showing how related to each other. a panicle ; or let them all be lengthened to the height of the rachis, =• a corymb. Now suppress the rachis to a point, making all the pedicels equal, — an umbel. Once more, suppress all the pedicels, = a head. Now, if in each case we suppose the evolutions of the flowers to be reversed, we have a cymose inflorescence. Fi- nally, by a metamorphosis still more remarkable, The entire inflorescence is sometimes transformed into attenuated tendrils, as in the grape. FLOWERING. 364. DEFINITION. In the bud the floral leaves (sepals and petals) infold the floral organs (stamens and pistils) and conceal them from view. Flowering consists of the opening or expansion of these envel- ops1, displaying every organ now perfected in growth and beauty, an$ ready for the exercise of its function. 365. PERIOD OP FLOWERING. Each species of plant has its own special season for flowering, uniform in the same climate, but varying in different climates according to the general temperature. Hence each month and each day of the month mark the date of flowering for somo one or more species, and these facts, when duly observed and recorded in their proper order, constitute the floral calender for that locality. 366. THE FLORAL CALENDAR is an index of climate, and may vary to a considerable degree in different years for the same locality or for different localities in the same year. Such a calendar is prepared by the botanical student when he carefully journalizes his discoveries from day to day throughout the season. FLOWERING. 367. EXAMPLES. At Savannah the red maple, shad-bush, blood-root, flower in February ; in the District of Columbia in March ; at Concord, N. H., in April. In New England the witch-hazel flowers in February ; Hepatica in April ; dogwood in May ; elder in June ; lilies in July ; boneset in August ; asters and Solidagos in September and October ; and chrysanthemum in November. 368. THE FLORAL CLOCK. Each plant has also its definite hours in the day for opening its flowers and for closing them — for waking and sleeping ; and a careful record of these facts (as once made by Linnaeus) may seem to indicate the hour of the day. Thus, The morning glory opens at (about) 2 A. M., and closes about 10 A. M. Eutland beauty " " 3 " " "11 Vegetable oyster " " 4 " <*V " 12 Poppy " Bitter-sweet " "Water-lily " Scarlet pimpernel " Calendula arvensis " Arenaria rubra " Ornithogalum umbellatum ; Passiflora coerulea " Pyrethrum " Marvel of Peru " Silene noctiflora " Evening primrose ''• Lychnis vespertina Cereus grandiflora " 369. THE COLORS OF FLOWERS constitute one of their chief attrac- tions, and are of special interest to the florist. By various modes of culture he may often change at will those colors, thus producing nu- merous varieties, as in the tulip and dahlia. But in scientific descrip- tions the colors are seldom employed as characteristics on account of their variableness. 370. CLASSIFICATION OF COLORS. De Candolle divides the colors of flowers into two series ; 1, those having yellow for their type and capable of varying to red and white, but never to blue ; 2, those having blue for their type, and capable of varying to red and white, but not to yellow. The first series is called Xanthic, the second, the Cyanic. Both series commence with green (which is composed of blue and yel- low) and end in red, thus : GREEN. « 3 u u 4 (( u 5 u a 6 (( c 7 (C u 8 u K 9 (1 a 10 It ti 11 11 u 12 M. it 2 P. M. l 4 a i 5 u • 6 it I 7 n i 8 it Blue-green. Blue. Blue-violet. Yiolet. Violet-red. RED. Yellow-green. Yellow. Yellow-orange. Orange. Orange-red. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 77 371. EXAMPLES. The tulip was originally yellow. All its numerous varieties are of the xanthic series. So also the rose and Dahlia. Florists have never yet ob- tained a blue tulip, rose, or dahlia. The geranium varies throughout the cyanic series, and a yellow geranium is unknown. Different species of the same genus may belong to different series, so also different parts of the same flower. CHAPTEK X. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 372. THE FLOWER AS THE STANDARD OP BEAUTY. So it has ever been regarded. Through this attribute, so evidently divine in its origin, it breathes on the heart an influence which is essentially spiritual, always pleasing, elevating, and pure. The benevolent Thought which first conceived o£ this crowning glory of the vegetable world had evidently in view the education of man's moral nature as well as the reproduction and permanence of vegetable nature. 373. THE FLOWER IN THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE. The pleasure of the florist in contemplating the flower as merely an object of taste is not diminished when he comes to view it in the light of science. Parts which he before regarded as embel- lishments only, now assume new value as indispensable agents in fulfilling a great design ; every organ takes form according to the sphere of its office, and the beau- ful flower no longer appears as the possible accident of a chance- world. 374. ITS NATURE AND ORIGIN. We have before observed that the flower-bud is, in nature and origin, one and the same with the leaf-bud. Now a leaf-bud is regularly unfolded into a leafy branch. A flower- bud is unfolded into a flower. Hence the flower, in its nature and origin, is one and the same with a leafy branch. 375. THEORETICAL VIEW. "When, therefore, this new necessity arises in the life of a plant, viz., the perpetuation of its species, no new principle or organ is evoked, but the leaf, that same protean form which we have already detected in shapes so numerous and diverse, THE LEAF, is yet once more in nature's hand molded into a series of forms of superior elegance, touched with colors more brilliant, and adapted to a higher sphere as the organs of reproduction. 376. THE EVIDENCE ON WHICH THIS THEORY RESTS may bo referred to two sources ; namely, natural and artificial development. "We mention a few instances of each kind, earnestly recommending the student to study for himself the many facts which will fall under his own observation bearing upon this deeply interesting theory. 377. CASE OF THE POPPY. The ordinary complete flower, e. g., the poppy, con- sists of four kinds or sets of organs, viz., the sepals (outside), petals next, stamens and pistils, and each kind is quite different and distinct from the others. The meta- morphosis of the leaf, first into the sepal then the petal, etc., is so abrupt that it seems to lose its identity at once. But there are some 378. CASES IN THE NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS where the transition of the leaf is gradual, changing insensibly, first to bracts then to sepals, thus appa- rently making the metamorphosis in question visible before our eyos. Such cases 78 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 281 229, Papaver (poppy) ; s, stamens ; p, stigmas. 230, Sepal. 231, Petal— all very different. 232 Petals of the water-lily (Nyrnpksea) gradually passing into (240) stamens. are exactly in point. The leaves of the paeony, large and much divided below, become smaller and more simple above, gradually passing into bracts and thence into sepals. In Calycanthus the sepal passes into the petal by gradations so gentle that we can not mark the limit between them. In the lilies these two organs are almost identical. In the water-lily, where the sepal, petal, and stamen are all thus graduated, the transition from petal to stamen is particularly instructive. These two forms meet half way by a perfect series, of gradations, when a narrowed petal is capped slightly with the semblance of an anther. And finally, cases of a close resemblance between stamen and pistil, so unlike in the poppy, are not wanting, as in the tulip-tree. 379. FLOWERS ALWAYS REGULAR IN THE EARLY BUD. An early examination of flower-buds often exhibits the several kinds of organs much less diverse than they subsequently become. See the early bud of columbine. Those flowers which are 243 242 241 241, Ranunculus acrls ; a single flower. 242, R. acris, /3. plena, a double llower. 243, Epacris impressa; the flowers changing to leafy branches (Lindley). AESTIVATION. 79 called irregular, as the pea, catmint, violet, are regular, like other flowers, in the early bud ; that is, the several petals are at first seen to be precisely similar, becom- ing dissimilar and distorted in their after growth ; so in the stamens and other or- gans. 380. CASES IN ARTIFICIAL DEVELOPMENT or TERATOLOGY (ripa, a monstrosity, /loyor), where organs of one kind are converted into those of another kind by cul- tivation, afford undeniable evidence of the doctrine in question the homology of all the floral organs with the leaf. Such cases are frequent in the garden, and how- ever much admired, they are monstrous, because unnatural. In all double flowers, as rose, poeony, Camillia, the stamens have been reconverted into petals, either wholly or partially, some yet remaining in every conceivable stage of the transition. In the double butter-cup (242) the pistils as well as stamens revert to petals, and in the garden cherry, flowering almond, a pair of green leaves occupy the place of the pistils. By still farther changes all parts of the flower manifest their foliage affini- ties, and the entire flower-bud, after having given clear indications of its floral char- acter, is at last developed into a leafy branch. (Figr. 243.) 381. IN CLARKIA, CELASTRUS, damask rose, and other garden plants, cases have been noted wherein the petal asserts its foliar nature by producing a secondary flower-bud in its axil 1 Thus in a thousand instances of abnormal growth, we find evidence proving the leaf to be the type whence all other forms of appendages are derived, and whither all tend to return. 382. FURTHER EVIDENCE of this view, equally conclusive, is found in the essen- tial agreement of the aestivation of the flower-bud with the phyllotaxy of the branch. ESTIVATION. 383. DEFINITION — IMPORTANCE. This term (from cestivus, of sum- mer) refers to the arrangement of the floral envelops while yet in the bud. It is an important subject, since in general the same mode of aestivation regularly characterizes whole tribes or orders. It is to the flower-bud what vernation (yernus, spring) is to the leaf-bud. 384. THE VARIOUS MODES OP ESTIVATION ARE BEST OBSERVED in sections of the bud made by cutting it through horizontally when just ready to open. From such sections our diagrams are copied. 385. SEPARATELY CONSIDERED, we find each organ here folded in ways similar to those of the leaf-bud ; that is, the sepal or the petal may be convolute, involute, revolute., etc, terms already defined. 386. COLLECTIVELY CONSIDERED, the aestivation of the flower occurs in four general modes with their variations ; the valvate, the contorted, imbricate, and plicate. 387. IN VALVATE AESTIVATION the pieces meet by their margins with- out any overlapping ; as in the sepals of the mallow, petals of Hydran- gea, valves of a capsule. The following varieties of the valvate occur : 388. INDUPLICATE, where each piece is involute ; i. e., has its two margins bent or rolled inwards, as in Clematis ; or reduplicate, when each piece is revolute — having its margins bent or rolled outwards, as in the sepals of Althea rosea. (Figs. 245, 246.) 80 AESTIVATION. t 245 246 244 251 250 249 244-251, Modes of aestivation. 250, Petals of the wall-flower. 389. CONTORTED ./ESTIVATION, where each piece overlaps its neigh- bor, all in the same direction, appearing as if twisted together, as in Phlox, flax, oleander. (247, 252.) 390. IMBRICATED ESTIVATION (imbrex, a tile) is a term restricted to those modes in which one or more of the petals or sepals is wholly outside, overlapping two others by both its margins. This kind of aestivation naturally results from the spiral arrangements so common in phyllotaxy, while the valvate and contorted seem identified with the opposite or whorled arrange- ment. The principal varieties are 391. THE QUINCUNCIAL, consisting of five leaves, two of which are wholly without, two wholly within, and one partly both, or one margin out, the other in, as in the rose family (248). This accompa- nies the two-fifths plan in phyllotaxy, and corresponds precisely with it, each quin- cunx being in fact a cycle with its internodes suppress- ed. (§ 232.) 392. THE TRIQUETROUS, consisting of three leaves in each set, one of which is out- side, one inside, and the third partly both, as in tulip, Erythronium, according to the one-third plan in phyllotaxy. 252, Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton plant. Petals contorted. THE FLORAL ORGANS. 81 393. CONVOLUTE, when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia ; and vexillary, when one piece larger than the rest is folded over them, as in the pea (251). 394. PLICATE or folded aestivation occurs in tubular or monopetalous flowers, and has many varieties, of which the most remarkable is the supervolute, where the projecting folds all turn obliquely in the same direction, as in morning-glory, thorn-apple (Datura). 256 Diagrams of flowers (as seen by cross-sections). 253, Jeffersonia diphylla : o, ovary ; », sta- mens ; d, inner row of petals, aestivation triquetrous; 5, outer row of petals, aestivation contorted ; c, sepals, aestivation quincuncial. 254, Lily. 255, Strawberry. 256, Mustard. The pupil will designate the modes of aestivation. The testivation of the sepals often differs from that of the petals in the same flower. Thus, in the pink the sepals are imbricated and the petals contorted. 395. THE POSITION ON THE PARTS OF THE FLOWER, with respect to the main axis and the bract whence it arises, is often important in description. That part which is adjacent to the axis is the posterior or upper, while that which looks to- ward the bract is the anterior or lower part. THE FLORAL ORGANS. 396. TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF THE FLOWER. The flower is an as- semblage of leaves more delicately and variously formed, borne at the upper nodes of the axis where the internodes are undeveloped. This portion of the axis is called 397. THE RECEPTACLE or TORUS. It is the axis of the flower situ- ated at the summit of the flower-stalk. Its form above is commonly that of a flattened or somewhat conical disk, the center of which cor- responds with the apex of the axis. 398. THE FLOWER MAY CONSIST of the following members : 1, the floral envelops ; 2, the essential floral organs. 399". THE FLORAL ENVELOPS consist of one or more circles or whorls of leaves surrounding the essential organs. The outer of these whorls is called the calyx and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the corolla can not exist without 400. THE CALYX. This is a Greek word signifying a cup. It is ap- plied to the external envelop of the flower, consisting of a whorl of G 82 THE FLORAL ORGANS, 157 257, Flower of the strawberry. 253, Flower of the pink. 259, Flower of the lily (Lilium su- perbuin). The pupil will point out the parts. leaves with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. The calyx leaves are called sepals. 401. COROLLA is a Latin word signifying a little crown, applied to the interior envelop of the flower. It consists of one or more circles of leaves, either distinct or united by their edges, usually of some other color than green, and of a more delicate texture than the calyx. Its leaves are called petals. 402. PERIANTH (nsqi, around, avOog, flower) is a word in common use to designate the floral envelops, as a whole, without distinction of calyx and corolla. It is used in description, especially when these two envelops are so similar as not to be readily distinguished, as in the tulip, lily, and the endogens generally ; also where only one envelop exists, as in Phytolacca, elm, etc. (259, per.) 403. THE ESSENTIAL FLORAL ORGANS stand within the circles of the perianth, and are so called because they are the immediate instruments in perfecting the seed and thus accomplishing the final purposes of the flower. These organs are of two kinds, perfectly distinct in position and office ; viz., the stamens and the pistils. 404. THE STAMENS are those thread-like organs situated just within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to a hundred or more ; but the most common number is Jive. Collec- tively they are called theandroecium(dvdpe(;,* stamens, olitoc;, a house). 405. THE PISTILS (called also carpels) occupy the center of the flower at the absolute terminus of the flowering axis. They are some- times numerous, often apparently but one, always destined to bear the seed. Collectively they are called the gynacium (yuw), pistil, outog). * The plural of ai>ijp, a man, a term applied to the stamen by Linnaeus in accordance with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term yvvrj, woman, is, on the same ground, applied to the pistil. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 83 406. RECAPITULATION. Thus we have noticed the members of the flower in the order of their succession from the outer to the inner cir- cle. Now, in regard to the receptacle on which they stand in concen- tric whorls, we find (reversing the order) the gynoecium in the midst, the center of the flower, the androecium encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx embracing the whole. 407. APPENDAGES. These are the four proper members or sets of organs composing the flower. Occasionally we meet with a fifth be- tween the corolla and stamens, not easily referrible to either, like the scales in the throat of the Borrageworts, or the crown of the Narcissus and jonquils. Such are regarded as appendages, not necessary to the completeness of the flower. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 4.08. ESSENTIAL UNITY COMBINED WITH ENDLESS DIVERSITY is every where a characteristic of nature. Herein consists the perpetual charm of her presence and the perpetual reward of her diligent study. There is no better example of this happy combination than is found in the structure of the flower. Unity or uniform- ity, when often repeated, becomes monotony. Diversity without unity is confusion. Hence, in our study of the thousand forms in which God has attired the flower we shall arrive at no satisfactory result until we come to discern that unity of plan, that simple idea of the flower in which all its diversities harmonize. There is such an idea. It originated in the Infinite Mind. Let us search for it. 409. THE FLORAL ORGANS. "We have already seen that the flower may consist of four sets of organs — calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium ; or of four kinds of or- gans— sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, each arranged circularly around a common center. 410. SYMMETRY OP THE FLOWER. Kow as the leaves of a branch are definitely apportioned into equal cycles, we naturally look for a corresponding symmetry in the flower. Each set of organs should consist of at least one cycle. And as the cycle itself may vary numerically, being 2-leaved, 3-leaved, 5-leaved, etc., in differ- ent species, so in the flower each cycle or set may bo 2 -parted, 3-parted, 5-parted, etc. That is, the sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, may each be two in number, or three, or four, or five in number, etc. 411. AGAIN, IN RELATIVE POSITION the organs of each set, as a rule, alternate with the organs of each adjaceat set; the petals alternate with the sepals and sta- mens, the stamens with the petals and pistils. This alternation accords with the op- posite and verticillate arrangement of leaves, where (§ 226) the leaves of any given circle do not stand exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over tho intervals between them. In a word, 412. THE TYPICAL FLOWER, one that exemplifies the full idea of the floral structure, consists of four different circles of organs, each circle having the same number of separate, alternating parts. Such a flower is not only Perfect, having both the essential organs, but also Complete, having the four kinds of organs. 84 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. Regular , the organs of the same kind similar, and Symmetrical, the same number of organs in each whorl. 413. SELDOM REALIZED. Happily, this our conception of the typical flower is not often realized in nature, although the tendency toward it is universal Devia- tions occur in every imaginable mode and degree, causing that endless variety in the floral world which we never cease to admire. 414- EXAMPLES. In our cut (Pink, 258) illustrating the organization of the flower the tendency in this direction is evident, but the stamens are too. many and the pis- tils seem too few. Among the Flaxworts and the Houseleek tribe, however, are some good examples. The flower of the flax combines very nearly all the condi- tions above specified. It is complete, regular, symmetrical. Its organs are alter- nate and all separate, and (disregarding the slight cohesion of the pistils at their base) this flower well realizes our type. But 261 262 260, H&, Flower of Crassula lactea, regular, symmetrical, organs distinct. 261, Diagram showing its plan. 262, Flower of th« Scarlet Flax. 263, Diagram of its plan. 415. THE FLOWERS OP CRASSULA, an African genus sometimes cultivated, afford unexceptionable examples, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils each being five in number, regularly alternating and perfectly separate. 416. FLOWERS OF SEDUM. Admitting two whorls of stamens instead of one, we have a good example of our type in stone-crop (Sedum ternatum), a little fleshy herb of our woods. Its flowers are both 4-parted and 5-parted in the same plant. See also the 12-parted flowers of the common houseleek. 41 7. How TO STUDY THE FLOWER. If, with thistype as our adopted standard of the floral structure, we compare any of the myriads of different forms which occur, we shall be able to trace out the features of the general plan even among the widest deviations. The more important of them are included in the following sy- nopsis:— 1. Variations in the radical number of the flower. 2. Deficiencies rendering the flower a, Incomplete, 5, Imperfect, c, Unsymmetrical, c?, Organs opposite. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 85 3. Redundancies, a, In the multiplication of organs, 5, In appendicular organs. 4. Union of parts. c, By cohesions, 5, By adhesions. 5. Irregularities of development, a, In homogeneous parts, £>, In the receptacle. 6. Combined deviations. "We shall consider these several topics in their order. 418. THE RADICAL NUMBER OF THE FLOWER is that which enumerates the parts composing each whorl. It varies from one to twenty, and is expressed thus : 1/, V» V> \f i etc., which mathematical expressions are to be read by the words, dimerous (di?, two, pfyoc, part), or 2-parted ; trimerous, or 3-parted ; 4-merous, or 4-parted ; pentamerous, or 5-parted ; 6-merous, or 6-parted, etc. 419. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS DISTINGUISHED. Pentamerous (V) flowers, liko the rose, flax, when each whorl is (naturally) 5-parted, are more generally charac- teristic of the exogenous plants, V flowers of the endogens, as the lily, Trillium. The flowers of Fuchsia are V, of Circasa V, and of Hippuris 1 V. 420. DEFICIENCIES. Incomplete flowers often occur. They lack some one or more entire sets of organs. When only one of the floral envelops, the calyx, ex- ists, the flower is said to be apetalous or monochlamydeous (x%o/*ve, a cloak), as in elm, Phytolacca. These terms are also loosely applied to such plants as rhubarb, Anemone, liverwort, where the pieces of the perianth are all similar, although in two or three whorls. When the perianth is wholly wanting, the flower is said to be achla?nydeous or naked, as in lizard-tail. (264.) 267 265 265 264 264, Flower of Saururus (lizard-tail) ; achlamydeous. 265, Flower of Fraxinus (ash). 266, Flower of Salix (willow), staminate. 267, pistillate. 421. IMPERFECT FLOWERS are also of frequent occurrence. They are deficient in respect to the essential organs. A sterile or staminate flower (denoted thus $ ) has stamens without pistils. A fertile or pistillate flower (?) has pistils without sta- mens. Such flowers being counterparts of each other, and both necessary to tho perfection of the seed, must exist either together upon the same plant or upon sep- arate plants of the same species. In the former case the species is monoecious ($ ) as in oak ; in the latter case dioecious ( $ $ ) as in willow. The term diclinous, de- noting either <9 or # ? without distinction, is in common use. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 270 2T1 268, Pistillate flower of Balm-of-Gilead. 269, Staminate. 270, Diploclinium Evansianurn. «, staminate ; &, pistillate. 422. A NEUTRAL FLOWER is a perianth or calyx only, having neither stamens nor pistils. Such are the ray-flowers of many of the Composite, and of the cymes of Hydrangea, high cranberry, etc., which in cultivation may all become neutral, as in the snow-ball. 423. UNSYMMETRICAL FLOW- ERS. The term symmetry, as used in botany, refers to number only. A flower becomes unsymmetrical by the partial development of any set or circle in respect to the num- ber of its organs. The mustard family affords a good example. 424. FLOWERS OF THE CRUCI- FERS. The flowers of mustard, cress, etc , are understood to bo 4-merous (V). The sepals aro four, petals four, but the stamens are six and the styles but two. The stamens are arranged in two circles, having two of those in tho outer circle suppressed or reduced to mere glands. Two of the car- pels are also suppressed. (256.) 425. IN THE MINT FAMILY and the figworts one or three of tho stamens is generally abortive. Here, while the flowers aro V, the stamens are four in some spe- cies and only two in others. Tho missing stamens, however, often appear in the guise cf slender processes — the rudiments of sta- mens— proving in an interesting 271, " Radiant" panicle of Hydrangea quercifoliura ; manner tlie natural tendency to the larger flowers neutral. symmetry. 426. OTHER EXAMPLES. In the V flowers of poppy, the sepals are but two ; in V spring-beauty they are but two ; in both cases too few for symmetry. In lark- THE PLAX OF THE FLOWER. 8T spur the V flowers have but four petals, and in monk's-hood, also v/> the petals are apparently but two strangely deformed bodies. A careful inspection, however, generally reveals the other three, very minute, in their proper places, as displayed in the cut. (283.) 427. " ORGANS OPPOSITE" is a condition much less frequent than " organs alter- nate," but is highly interesting, as being sometimes characteristic of whole families. Thus in the primrose, thrift, and buckthorn families, the stamens always stand op- posite to the petals ! 428. How HAPPENS THIS ? Among the primworts this question is solved in tho flowers of Lysimachia and Samolus, where wo find a circle of five teeth (abortive filaments) between the petals and stamens, alternating with both sets, thus restoring the lost symmetry. Hence we infer that in such cases generally a circle of alter- nating organs has been either partially or wholly suppressed. In tho buckthorn, however, a different explanation has been given. Diagrams. 272, Flower of Samolus, showing the rudimentary stamens alternating with the perfect. 273, Flower of a Labiate plant, showing the place of the deficient stamen. 274, Flower of Asarum ; three sepals, twelve stamens, etc. 275, Flower of Saxifrage ; two pistils, ten sta- mens, etc. 429. THE MULTIPLICATION OF ORGANS is exceedingly common, and usually ac- cording to a definite plan. The increase takes place, as a rule, by circles, and con- sequently by multiples. That is, e. g.t the stamens of a V flower, if increased, will be so by 3s ; of a V flower by 5s, etc., sometimes to the extent of twenty such circles. 430. CROWFOOTS AND ROSEWORTS. In tho crowfoot family the stamens aro al- most always multiplied. The carpels are also generally multiplied, yet often, on the contrary, diminished, as in the pseony. In Rosaceas, also, the stamens are generally multiplied, while the carpels exist in all conditions as to number. Thus in straw- berry they are multiplied, in the apple they are regularly five, in agrimony reduced to two, and in tho cherry to one. 431. OTHER CASES. In Magnolia the V flowers have three sepals in one circle, six or nine petals in two or three circles, numerous stamens and carpels in many circles of each. In tho V flowers or blood-root there are two sepals, eight petals, twenty-four stamens, and two carpels. 432. INCREMENT BY CLUSTERS (CHORISIS). In other cases the organs seem to be increased in number by clusters rather than by circles, as when in the same circle several stamens stand in tho place of one, e. g., in squirrel-corn, st. johnswort, lin- den. Such cases afford wide scope for conjecture. Perhaps each cluster originates by division, as the compound from the simple leaf; or as a tuft of axillary leaves : or thirdly, by a partial union of organs. 433. APPENDICULAR ORGANS (§ 407) consist of spurs, scales, crown, glands, etc., and often afford excellent distinctive marks. The old term 88 279 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 276 277 278 276, Flower of Aurantium Limeta (Lime-tree) ; sta- mens in five sets. 277, One of the sets. 278, Flower of Hypericum ^Egypticum ; stamens in three sets. 279, Flower of Tecoma radicans ; petals cohering into a tube, free only at top. Sepals also coherent. nectary was indiscriminately applied to all such organs, because some of them produced honey. 434. SPURS are singular processes of the flower, tubular and pro- jecting from behind it. In columbine each petal is thus spurred ; in violet, one petal only. In larkspur, a petal and a sepal, the spur of the latter inclosing that of the former. The curved spur of the jewel-weed belongs to a sepal. (280, 281.) 435. SCALES are attached to the inner side of the corolla, usually upon the claw of the petals, as in butter-cups, or within the throat of the corolla tube, as in the Borrageworts. Similar appendages, when enlarged and conspicuous, constitute a crown in catchfly, corn-cockle The flowers of Narcissus are distinguished by an excessively large crown or corona, with its parts all blended into a tube or rim. 230 2S1 Flower of Delphinium Consolida (common larkspur), displaying, s, s, s, s, $, the five sepals, «, the upper one spurred ; c, the corolla of four petals here united into one and produced into a spur. 281, Flower of Impatiens fulva (touch-me-not). 232, Displaying, #, «, s, y, the four se- pals, 5, the anterior one, being probably double, and y, saccate and spurred ; p, p, the two petals-, both double. THE PLAN OP THE FLOWER. 89 436. GLANDULAR BODIES are often found upon the receptable in the places of missing stamens or carpels, or as abortive organs of some kind. Examples are seen in the Crucifers and grape. In grass-Parnassus they are stalked and resemble stamens. 437. UNION OF ORGANS. This condition in some way occurs in almost every flower, and more perhaps than any other cause tends to disguise its plan and origin. The separate pieces which stood each as the representative of a leaf, now, by a gra- dual fusion, lose themselves in the common mass. Nevertheless, marks of this pro- cess are always discernible either in parts yet remaining free, or in the seams where the edges were conjoined. The floral organs may unite by cohesion or adhesion. 438. COHESION, when the parts of the same whorl are joined to- gether, as the sepals of the pink, the petals of morning-glory, the sta- mens of mallows, the carpels of poppy. 439. ADHESION, when the parts of different whorls are conjoined, as the stamens with the corolla in phlox, with the pistils in milkweed, ladies' slipper ; or calyx with ovary in apple or wintergreen (Gaultheria). 440. THE ADJECTIVE FREE is used in a sense opposite to adhesion, implying that the organ is inserted on (or grows out of) the receptacle, and otherwise separated from any other kind of organ. The adjective distinct is opposed to cohesion, implying that like organs are separate from each other. This subject and also the next will be more particularly noticed in another chap- ter. 283, Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed ; s, s, s, 8, ,9, the five sepals, the upper one hooded ; PtP^Pi the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute. 284, Flower of Catalpa, 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 2S5, Corolla laid open, showing the two perfect stamens and the three rudimentary. 441. IRREGULAR DEVELOPMENT. Our typical flower, it will be re- membered, is regular ; and observation proves that all flowers are ac- tually alike regular in the early bud. These inequalities or "one- sided" forms, therefore, which characterize certain flowers are occasioned by subsequent irregular growth from a regular type. The irregularity of flowers may consist 90 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 1. In the unequal size of like organs (petals of mullein). 2. In their dissimilar forms or positions (petals of the pea). 3. In the unequal cohesion of like parts (petals of Lobelia). 4. In unequal suppressions (stamens of the Labiate flowers, where, indeed, as in many other flowers, all these phases of irregularity are combined). 286 2S7 286, Flower (magnified) of Myosurus ; a vertical section showing its elongated receptacle, etc. 287, The same, natural size. 288, Flower of Isopyrum biternatum ; vertical section, showing the convex or globular receptacle, etc. 2S9, Flower of rose, showing its excavated torus. 442. THE REGULAR RECEPTACLE has no internodes. It bears the several whorls of the flower in close contact with each other, and is usually short and depressed. 443. LENGTHENED RECEPTACLE. "When these whorls are numerous, as in buttercups, tulip-tree, the receptacle is necessarily elongated. So in Myosurus, blackberry, strawberry. In the two latter it imbibes the nutritious juices of the plant and becomes a part of the fruit. 444. EXCAVATED RECEPTA- CLE. On the contrary, the to- rus instead- of lengthening may be hollowed out in the center. The carpels of the rose are sit- uated in such a cavity, while the other organs are borne upou its elevated rim. In Nelumbium the carpels are immersed in as many separate excavations in a large, fleshy receptacle. 445. BUT THE INTERNODES OF THE TORUS ARE SOMETIMES DEVELOPED, e. g., in noble liverwort a short inter- node between the corolla and calyx 290, Flower of Cleome pungens, showing its ovary, o, mounted on a long stypc. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS. 91 has changed the latter (technically) to an involucre. In the pink a similar inter- node renders the ovary stipitate. In the Caper family the torus is developed into long internodes, sometimes raising the ovary upon a long stipe, sometimes the sta- mens and ovary. 446. THE DISK is a portion of the receptacle raised into a rim some- where in the midst of the whorls. It is found between the ovary and stamens in pseony and buckthorn. It bears the stamens in maple, mignionette, and crowns the ovary in the Umbelliferse. Finally 291 291, Pseonia Moutan, showing its very large disk (d) sheathing the ovaries (p). 292, Pistil of the lemon, with its base surrounded by the disk, d. 293, Section of flower of Alchemilla, show- ing its single simple pistil, large disk, etc. 44 Y. COMBINED DEVIATIONS are quite frequent, and sometimes ob- scure the typical character of the flower to such a degree as to require close observation in tracing it out. The study of such cases is full of both amusement and improvement. 448. FOR EXAMPLE, the \/ poppy has suppression in the calyx, multiplication in the stamens and carpels, and in the latter cohesion also. The V sage has cohesion and irregularity in the calyx, every kind of irregularity in the corolla, suppression and irregularity in the stamens, suppression and cohesion in the pistils. The V Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical, yet has irregular cohesion in the calyx, great inequality in the petals, cohesion, adhesion, and metamorphosis in the stamens, and cohesion in the carpels. (In this way let the pupil analyze the deviations in the flower of Geranium, holly- hock,- moth mullein, larkspur, sweetbriar, touch-me-not, Petunia, snapdragon, violet, Polygala, squirrel-corn, Orchis; henbit, monk's-hood, Calceolaria, etc.) CHAPTEK XI. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OB PERIANTH. 449. IDEA OF THE TYPICAL FLOWER. In our idea of the typical flower, the perianth consists of two whorls of expanded floral leaves encircling and protecting the more delicate essential organs in their midst. The outer circle, calyx, is ordinarily green and far less conspic- uous than the inner circle of highly colored leaves — the corolla. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 450. EXCEPTIONS. But to this, as to all other general rules, there are many ex- ceptions. Strictly speaking, the calyx and corolla are in no way distinguishable except by position. The outer circle is the calyx, whatever be its form or color, and the inner, if there be more than one, is the corolla, 451. RULES. The sepals of the calyx and petals of the corolla are, according to rule, equal in number and severally disconnected save "by the torus on which they stand. 452. RESEMBLANCES. The sepals more nearly resemble true leaves in texture and color ; but the petals in form. Both have veins and re- tain more or less the same venation which characterizes the grand di- vision to which the plant belongs (§ 258). 453. PARTS. Both blade and petiole are distinguishable in the floral leaves, especially in the petals. The blade or expanded part is here called limb or lamina ; the petiolar part, when narrowed into a stalk, is called the claw. 454. NATURE OF THE SEPALS. The sepals are more generally sessile, like bud-scales, and appear to represent the leaf-stalk only, with margins dilated like a sheathing petiole. In confirmation of this view, we find in some flowers, as the pseony and rose, the lamina also developed, but smaller than the petiolar part. 455. FORMS OF PETALS. In form or out- line there is a general resemblance between the limb and the leaf. It is ovate, oval, lanceolate, obcordate, orbicular, etc. In margin it is generally entire. Some peculiar forms, however, should be noticed, as the bilobate petal of the chickweed, the pinna- tifid petal of mitrewort, the inflected petal of the Umbelifera3, the fan-shaped petal of pink, the fringed (fimbriate) petal of cam- pion (silene stellata), the hooded sepal of Napellus, the saccate petal of Calceolaria, Cypripedium. 456. NECTARY. The limb is, moreover, often distorted into a true nectary, spurred, as already shown (§ 434), or otherwise de- formed, as in Napellus, Coptis, etc. 293 23T 295 294 Forms of petals. 294, Butter- cup, showing the scale at base. 295. Mignonette, fringed at top. 296, Silene stellata, fringed and unguicnlato. 297, Flower of Osmorhiza longistylis, petals in- flected. 298, Flower of Mitella diphylla, petals pectinate-pinna- tifid. 299, Petal of Ccrastium mitans, 2-cleft. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 93 457. UNION. We have seen that the floral organs arc often in va- rious ways united. Considering their crowded state in the flower, we rather wonder that they do not always coalesce in their growth. 458. The calyx with united sepals was called by the early botanists monosepalous ; the corolla with united petals was called monopetalous (povos, one — from the false idea that such an organ consisted of a sin- gle piece or leaf!). Opposed to these terms were polypetal&us (irokv?, many), petals distinct, and polysepalous, sepals distinct. 459. THE MONOSEPALOUS CALYX, OR MONOPETALOUS COROLLA, al- though thus compounded of several pieces, is usually described as a simple organ, wheel-shaped, cup-shaped, tubular, according to the de- gree of cohesion. The lower part of it, formed by the united claws, whether long or short, is the tube ; the upper part, composed of the confluent lamina?, is the border or limb ; the opening of the tube above is the throat. 460. THE BORDER is either lobed, toothed, crenate, etc., by the dis- tinct ends of the pieces composing it, as in the calyx of pink, the calyx and corolla of Primula, Phlox, and bellwort, or it may becomo by a complete lateral cohesion, entire, as in morning-glory. Here the pound nature of the organ is shown by the seams alone. 300, Flower of Saponaria (bouncing bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct. 301, Phlox; clawf united, with lamina distinct. 302, Spigelia (pink-root), petals still further united. 308, Quaroo- clit ooccinea, petals united throughout. 461. A TERMINAL COHESION, where summit as well as sides are joined forming a cap rather than cup, rarely occurs, as in the calyx of the garden Escholtzia and the corolla of the grape. 462. THE MODCS OF ADHESION are various and important, furnishing some of the most valuable distinctive characters. An organ is said to be adherent when it is conjoined with some dissimilar organ, as stamen with pistil. All the organs of our typical flower are described as/ree. 94 THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 463. HYPOGYNOUS (VTTOJ, under, yvvfi, pistil) is an adjective term in frequent use, denoting that the organs are inserted into the receptacle under or at the base of the free pistil or ovary. It is, therefore, not applicable to the pistil itself. Thus the outer organs of butter- cups are hypogynous. 304 807 Section of flowers. 304, Jeffersonia diphylla, hypogynous. 305, Viola rotunclifolia. 808 Phaseolus multiflonis (bean, organs spirally twisted). 307, Pyrus (Pear), perigynous ; ovaries nearly inclosed. 308, Prunus (plum) ; ovary not inclosed. 464. PERIGYNOUS (-rrept, around) denotes that the organ is inserted on the calyx-tube around the free ovary. Thus in Phlox the stamens are inserted on the tube of the corolla. In cherry both stamens and petals are (apparently) inserted on the calyx-tube. The calyx .can never be perigynous. 465. EPIGYNOUS (enl, upon) denotes that all the organs are appa- rently inserted upon the ovary, as seen in the apple, caraway, sunflower. The common phrases " calyx superior," " ovary inferior," have the same signification as calyx epigynous, all implying the apparent insertion of the organs upon or above the ovary. 466. THERE is ALSO ANOTHER SET OP TERMS in uso, of tlie eame application, founded upon a more modern view of the floral structure, viz., " calyx adherent," " ovary adherent." Which is the better form of expression will depend upon our location of the receptacle- THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 95 810 811 309, Ribes aureum (Missouri Currant) ; stamens and petals perig. ; ovary inferior. 310, Saxi- fraga Virginiensis ; half superior. 811, Fuchsia gracilis (Ear-drop); inferior; stamens epipe- talous. 467. In the cases above cited, it is commonly taught that the receptacle is lo- cated at the base of the ovary, and that all the organs thence arising are adherent to its sides. Another doctrine is also taught, viz., that the receptacle itself may be elevated and become perigynous or epigynous, or, in other words, the ovary may bo imbedded in the foot-stalk. That it is so in the rose ( 289 ) we can hardly doubt. The so-called calyx-tube of the cherry, peach, is certainly an analogous structure, more expanded, and so is the more contracted " calyx tube" of the apple, pome- granate. The analogy extends throughout the Roseworts, and perhaps still further. 468. CALYX HALF-SUPERIOR. Calyx superior or free, ovary inferior or free, are all phrases of the same import as calyx hypogynous. Be- tween the two conditions, calyx superior and calyx inferior, there are numerous gradations, of which one only is defined, to wit, calyx half- superior, as exemplified in the mock orange (and 310.) 469. SPECIAL FORMS OP THE PERIANTH, whether calyx, corolla, or both, have been named and described. "We may arrange them thus : — POLYPETALOUS, regular — Cruciform, rosaceous, caryophyllaceous, liliaceous. Ir- regular— papilionaceous, orchidaceous. MONOPETALOUS, regular mostly — rotate, cup-shaped, campanulate, urceolate, fun- nel-form, salver-form, tubular. Irregular — ligulate, labiate. 470. CRUCIFORM (crux, a cross) or cross-shaped, implies that four long clawed, spreading petals stand at right angles to each other, as in the flowers of the mustard family (Crucifer^) in general. 471. ROSACEOUS, rose-like ; a flower with five short-clawed, spread- ing petals. 472. CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, pink-like ; a five-petaled corolla, with long, erect claws and spreading laminae. 473. LILIACEOUS, like the lily ; a flower with a six-leaved perianth, each leaf gradually spreading so as to resemble, as a whole, the funnel* form. 96 THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 813 314 315 Forms of corollas. 812, Cheiranthus (stock). 313, Sileno regia (scarlot catchfly). 314, Pyrus coronaria. 315, Amaryllis (Atamasco lily). 474. PAPILIONACEOUS, butterfly-shaped ; a corolla consisting of five dissimilar petals, designated thus : the upper, largest, and exterior pe- tal is the banner (vexillum) ; the two lateral, half-exterior, are the wings (alee) ; the two lower, interior petals, often united at their lower mar- gin, are the keel (carina). The flowers of the pea, locust, clover, and of the great family of the Leguminosse in general are examples. 31G 316, Papilionaceous flower of the Pea. 317, Displayed ; •», the vexillum ; a, a, the ahe; c, c, the carinae. 318, Section of flower of Dicentra Cucullaria. 475. ROTATE, wheel-shaped or star-shaped, is a monpetalous form, with tube very short, if any, and a flat, spreading border, as the calyx of chickweed, corolla of Trientalis, elder. It is sometimes a little ir- regular, as in mullein. 476. CUP-SHAPED, with pieces cohering into a concave border, as in the calyx of mallows, corolla of Kalmia, etc. 477. CAMPANULATE or bell-shaped ; when the tube widens abruptly at base and gradually in the border, as in the harebell, Canterbury bell. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 97 478. URCEOLATE, urn-shaped ; an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow opening, as the whortleberry, heath. 479. FUNNEL-FORM (infundibuliform), narrow tubular below, gradu- ally enlarging to the border, as morning-glory. 480. SALVER-FORM (hypocrateriform), the tube ending abruptly in a horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia, both of which are slightly ir- regular. 481. TUBULAR, a cylindraceous form spreading little or none at the border, as the calyx of the pink, corolla of the honeysuckle. It is often a little curved. Tubular flowers are common in the Composite, as the thistle, sunflower, when they are often associated with 482. LIGULATE (ligula, a little tongue), apparently formed by the splitting of the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate the number of united petals composing it, as also do the paral- lel, longitudinal seams. 483. LABIATE, bilabiate, lip-shaped, resembling the mouth of an ani- mal. This very common form results from the unequal union of the parts, accompanied with other irregularities. In the labiate corolla three petals unite more or less to form the lower lip, and two to form the upper. In the calyx, when bilabiate, this rule is reversed, accord- 021 82G Forms of corollas. 318, Campanula Americana ; rotate. 319, Campanula divaricata. 320 Andromeda, urceolate, 321, Convolvulus (morning-glory). 322. Petunia. 823, Lonicera sem- pervirens (honeysuckle). 324, Dandelion ; ligulate corolla (c), 5-toothed ; e; •• ovar^ <*, stamens ; 104 THE PISTILS, OR GYNCECIUM. tribe, the pollen grains do not separate as into a dust or powder, but all cohere into masses called pollinia, accompanied by a viscid fluid. THE PISTILS, OR GYNGECIUM. 511. POSITION. The Gynrecium occupies the center of the flower at the termination of the axis. It consists regularly of a circle of distinct pistils, (§ 405), symmetrical in number with the other circles. It is subject to great variation. The pistil may be distinct and simple, as in columbine, or coherent in various degrees into a compound body, as in St. John's wort. 376 377 878 Pistils. 372, Symphytum, basilar style, ovary 4-partccl. 371, ? Fl. of Kmblic.i (Enphorbia- cese), branching styles. 373, Mirabiiis Jalapa, globular stig. 877, Fl. of Luzula, stigmas linear. 374, Feathery stigmas of a grass. 379, Stigmas of Aster. 375. Euuiex. 876, Poppy. 378, Filiform stigma of Zea Mays, (Corn). 512. EXCEPTION. Also instead of being free and superior, as it regu- larly should be, it may adhere to the other circles, as already explained (§ 462), and become inferior, that is, apparently placed below the flower, as in the currant. 513. THE NUMBER of the pistils is by no means confined to the ra- dical of the flower. They may be increased by multiples, becoming a spiral on a lengthened receptacle, as in tulip-tree, or still remaining a circle, as in poppy. On the other hand they may be reduced in num- ber often to one, as in cherry, pea. Certain terms are employed to denote the number of pistils in the flower, such as monogynous, with one pistil, trigynous, with three, polygynous, with many, etc. 514. THE SIMPLE PISTIL may usually be known from the compound, by its one-sided forms — having two sides similar and two dissimilar. If the pistils appear distinct, they are all simple, never being united into more than one set, as the stamens often are. THE PISTILS, OR GYNOECIUM. 105 515. THE PARTS of a simple pistil arc three, the ovary at base, the stigma at the summit, and the style, intervening. Like the filament the style is not essential, and when it is wanting, the stigma is sessile upon the ovary, as in crowfoot. In order to understand the relation of these parts we must needs first study 516. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PISTIL. As before stated, (§ 380), the pistil consists of a modified leaf called a carpel (icapTrbg, fruit), or carpel- lary leaf. This leaf is folded together (induplicate) toward the axis, so that the upper surface becomes the inner, while the lower becomes the outer surface of the ovary. By this arrangement two sutures or seams will be formed, the dorsal, at the back by the midvein, the ventral, in front by the joined margins of the leaf. 883 878 bis 884 583 385, Simple pistil of Strawberry, the stylo lateral. 8SG, Simple pistil of Crowfoot, cut to show the ovule. 380, Simple pistil of the Cherry. 3S1, Vertical section showing the ovule (o), style (,s), stigma («). 382, Cross-section of the same. 334, Compound pistil of Spring-beauty. 383, Cross-section of the same showing the 3 cells of the ovary. 378, Expanded carpellary leaf of the double cherry. 379, The same partly folded as if to form a pistil. « 517. ILLUSTRATION. This view of tho pistil is remarkably confirmed and illus- trated by the flowers of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, revesting toward the form of a leaf. This carpellary leaf stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded toward each other, tho midvein prolonged and dilated at the apex. 518. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry seen in the figure (378, 379), no doubt can bo entertained thar the two sides of the leaf correspond to tho walls of the ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal su- ture, and the lengthened apex to the style and stigma. Sometimes the flower con- tains two such leaves, which always present their faces toward each other. This corresponds to the position of the true carpels, in which tho ventral sutures of both are contiguous. 519. THE DOCTRIXE DEDUCED. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Ranun- culus, flowering almond, exhibit similar transformations of the pistil, making it prob- able that it is formed upon the same plan in all plants. T!i3 ovary, therefore, is tho blade of a leaf, folded into a sack : the style is the length nied apex folded into a tube ; the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of tha upper margin of tho leaf. 106 THE PISTILS, OR GYNOSCIUM. 520. THE PLACENTAE are usually prominent lines or ridges extending along the ventral suture -within the cell of the ovary, and bearing the ovules. They are developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary leaf, and are consequently closely parallel -when those edges are united, forming one double placenta in the cell of each ovary. 521. THE SIMPLE CARPEL, with all its parts, is completely exemplified in the pea- pod. When this is laid open at the ventral suture, the leaf form becomes manifest, with the peas (ovules) arranged in an alternate order along each margin, so as to farm but one row when the pod is closed. In the pod of columbine the ovules form two distinct rows ; in the simple plum carpel each margin bears a single ovule, and in the one-ovuled cherry only one of the margins is fruitful. 522. THE STIGMA is the glandular orifice of the ovary, communicat- ing with it either directly or through the tubiform style. It is usually globular and terminal, often linear and lateral, but subject to great va- riations in form. It is sometimes double or halved, or 2-lobed, even when belonging to a single carpel or to a simple style, as in Linden, where these carpels are surmounted by three pairs of stigmas. 523. THE COMPOUND PISTIL consists of the united circle of pistils, just as the monopetalous corolla consists of the united circle of petals. The union occurs in every degree, always commencing at the base of the ovary and proceeding upward. Thus in columbine we see the car- pels (pistils) quite distinct ; in early saxifrage cohering just at base; in pink as far as the top of the ovaries, with styles distinct ; in evening primrose to the top of the styles, with stigmas distinct ;_ and in Bhodo- dcndron the union is complete throughout. 3ST 888 8S9 390 391 392 8S7, Ovary (follicle) of Larkspur, composed of single carpcllary leaf. 883, Ovaries of the Col- umbine, five, contiguous but distinct 389, Compound ovary of Hypericum, of carpels united below with distinct styles. 390, Ovary of another Hypericum of three carpels completely united. 391, Ovary of Flax; carpels five, united below, distinct above. 392, Dianthus (Pink). 893, Saxifraga. 524. To DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF CARPELS in a compound ovary is an important matter. It may be known, 1, by the number of styles ; 2, by the number of free stigmas (remembering that these organs are liable to be halved, § 522) ; 3, by the lobes, angles, or seams of the ovary ; 4, by the cells ; 5, by the placenta. THE PISTILS, OR GYNECIUM. 107 525, Two MODES OF COHESION in the carpellary circle greatly affect the structure of the ovary and fruit. First and regularly, the carpels may be closed as when simple, and conjoined by their sides and fronts, as in lily and marsh mallow. In this case, 1, .The compound ovary will have as many cells as carpels. 2, The partitions between the cells, i. c., the dissepiments (dlssepio, to separate) will each be double, will meet in the center, will be verti- cal and alternate with the stigmas. 3, The single carpel can have no true dissepiment. If any ever occur it is regarded as spurious, being a membranous expansion of the dorsal suture or the placentae, as in flax. 4, The placentas as well as the ventral suture will be axial, and the dorsal suture on the outer wall, opposite the stigmas. 526. AGAIN, the carpels may each be open and conjoined by their edges, as the petals in a monopetalous corolla. So it is in the com- pound ovary of the violet, rock-rose. In this case, 1, There will be no dissepiment (unless spurious, as in the Cruciferae), and but one cell. 2, The placentae of each carpel will be separated "and carried back to the wail of the ovary, i. ry-like in the ivory-palm (Phytolephas), fibrous in cocoa-nut, where it is also hollow, enclosing the milk. 591. THE EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiment of the future plant, consisting of . root (radicle], stem-bud (plumule), and leaves (cotyledons}. But these parts are sometimes quite undistinguishable until germination, as in the Orchis tribe. 592. THE RADICLE is the descending part-%f the embryo, almost al- ways directed towards the micropylc, the true axis of the seed. 593. THE PLUMULE is the rudimentary ascending axis, the terminal bud, located at the base of, or between 594. THE COTYLEDONS. These, the seed-lobes, are the bulky, fari- naceous part of the embryo, destined to form the first or seminal leaves THE SEED. 119 of the young plant. The nutritive matter deposited in the seed for the early sustenance of the germinating embryo is found more abundant in the cotyledons in proportion as there is less of it in the albumen, — often wholly in the albumen (wheat), again all absorbed in the bulky cotyledons (squash). 595. THE NUMBER OF THE COTYLEDONS is variable, and upon this circumstance is founded the most important subdivision of the Phseno- gamia, or Flowering-plants. 596. THE MONOCOTYLEDONS are plants bearing seeds with one coty- ledon, or if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called Endogens, because their stems grow by internal accre- tions (§ 716). Such are the grasses, the palms, Liliacese, whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 597. THE DICOTYLEDONS are plants bearing seeds with two cotyle- dons. These are also called Exogens, because their stems grow by ex- ternal accretions, including the Bean tribe, Melon tribe, all our forest trees, etc. These are also distinguished at a glance by the structure of their leaves, which are net-veined (§ 258). 598. MORE THAN TWO COTYLEDONS. The Pine and Fir have seeds with several cotyledons, while the dodder is almost the only known example of an embryo with no cotyledon. 466 467 463 469 466, Dicotyledonous (Bean). 467, Monocotyledonous (Wheat). 4C3, Polycotyledonous (Pme). 469, Acotyledonous (zoospore of one of the Confervae). (r, r, r, radicle ; p, p, p, plumule ; e, c, c, cotyledon ; a, albumen). 599. THE POSITION OF THE EMBRYO, whether with or without albu- men, is singularly varied and interesting to study. It may be straight, as in cat-tail, violet, or curved in various degrees (moon-seed, pink), or coiled (hop), or rolled (spice-bush), or bent angularly (buckwheat), or folded (Cruciferse). In the last case two modes are to be specially noticed. 1, Incumbent, when the cotyledons fold over so as to bring the back of one against the radicle (shepherd's purse) ; 2, accumbent, when the edges touch the radicle (Arabis). 120 OFFICE OF THE SEED. 600. THE LEAFY NATURE of the cotyledons is often distinctly manifest in their form and structure, as in Convolvulus (455). A few plants, as the onion, orange, Coniferse, occasionally have two or even sev- eral embryos in a seed, while all the Cryptogamia or flowerless plants have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from spores, bodies analogous to' the pollen grains of flowering plants (469). OFFICE OF THE SEED. 601. ITS NATURE AXD USE. After the embryo lias reached its wonted growth in the ripened seed, it becomes suddenly inactive and torpid, yet still alive. In this condition it is, in fact, a living plant, safely packed and sealed up for transportation. This is the distinctive and wonderful nature of the seed. 602. LONGEVITY OF THE SEED. This suspended vitality of the seed may endure for years, or even, in some species, for ages. The seeds of maize and rye have been known to grow when 30 to 40 years old; kidney -beans when 100; the rasp- berry after 1700 years (Lindley), and kernels of wheat found in a mummy-case, and therefore 3000 years old, were a few years ago successfully cultivated in Ger- many and England (Schleiden). Seeds of Mountain Potentilla (P. tridentata) were known to us to germinate at Meriden, N. II., after a slumber of 60 years. On the other hand the seeds of some species are short-lived, retaining vitality hardly a year (Coffee, Magnolia). 603. IN ORDER THAT SEEDS MAY LONG RETAIN THEIR VITALITY they must be kept dry. But an even temperature is by no means neces- sary, as they are generally able to resist all^the changes of our climate from many degrees below zero to 110° above, provided no moisture is present. 604. THE DISPERSION OF SEEDS over wide, and often to distant regions is ef- fected by special agencies, in which the highest intelligence and wisdom are clearly seen. Some seeds made buoyant by means of the coma, or pappus, already men- tioned, are wafted afar by the winds, beyond rivers, lakes and seas ; as the thistle, dandelion, silkgrass. 605. SEEDS ARE ALSO FURNISHED WITH WINGS for the same purpose. Others are provided with hooks or barbs, by which they lay hold of men and animals, and are thus, by unwilling agents, scattered far and wide (burr-seed, tick-seed). 606. OTHER SEEDS, destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to a distance by the sudden coiling of the elastic carpels (touch-me-not). The squirting cucumber becomes distended with water by absorption, and at length, when ripe, bursts an aperture at base and projects the mingled seeds and water with amazing force. 607. TRANSPORTATION. Rivers, streams, and ocean currents are all means of transporting seeds from country to country. Thus the cocoa and the cashew-nut and the seeds of mahogany have been known to perform long voyages without in- jury to their vitality. Squirrels laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same important end. GERMINATION. GERMINATION. 608. DEFINITION. The recommencement of growth in the seed is called germination. It is the awakening of the embryo from its tor- por, and the beginning of development in its parts already formed, so as to become a plant like its parent. 474 471 Germination of the Beach-nut. 470, Cross-section, showing the folded cotyledons. 471, The radicle only, 472, The ascending axis, above c, appears. 473, The cotyledons expand into the primordial leaves. 474, The first true leaves. G09. EXPERIMENT. All the stages of this interesting process may be conveni- ently observed, at any season, by an experiment. Let a few seeds, as of flax, cotton, wheat, pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton resting upon water in a bulb- glass, and kept constantly at a proper temperature. Or, in spring, the garden soil will give us examples of all kinds everywhere. 610. THAT THE SEED MAY BEGIN TO GROW, or germinate, it is first planted, or, at least, placed in contact with warm, moist soil. Con- cerning the proper depth of the planted seed agriculturalists are not agreed ; but nature seems to indicate that no covering is needed beyond what will secure the requisite moisture and shade. 611. THE PROCESS COMMENCED. Thus situated the integuments gradually absorb water, soften and expand. The insoluble, starchy matter deposited in the cotyledons, or in the albumen, or in both, un- dergoes a certain chemical change, becoming sweet and soluble, capable of affording nourishment to the embryo now beginning to dilate and develop its parts. First (in the winged seed of the maple, scattered everywhere) the radicle is seen protruding from the micropyle, or the 122 GERMINATION. bursting integument. A section of this seed would now show the folded embryo impatient of confinement. 475 481 479 478 477 476 Germination of the Maple. 475, Samara ; section showing the folded cotyledons at c. 476 — iSO, Progressive stages. 612. THE PROCESS CONCLUDED. Soon the radicle has extended, and, pale in color, has hidden itself in the bosom of the dark, damp earth. Now the cotyledons, unfolding and grad- ually freed from the seed coats, display themselves at length as a pair of green leaves. Lastly the plumule appears in open air, a green bud, already showing a lengthening base, its first internode, and soon a pair of regular leaves, lobed as all maple leaves. The embryo is now an embryo no longer, but a grow- ing plant descending by its lower axis, ascending and expanding by its upper. 613. WHAT BECOMES OF THE COTYLEDONS. The germination of the tulip-tree, oak, pea, squash, and other Dicotyledons may be watched with equal advantage, and the chief difference observed among them will be in the disposal of the cotyledons. In general, these arise with the ascending axis, as in the maple and bean, and act as the first pair of leaves ; but some- times, when they are very thick, as in the pea, . buck-eye, oak (6 — 9), they remain as first Germination of Wheat; o the grain containing the cotyledon ; r, plumule; r, f radicle; «, rootlets (adventitious). ing nor descending. GERMINATION. 123 614. THE GERMINATION OP MONOCOTYLEDONS, as seen in Indian corn, wheat, tulip, is in this wise. The cotyledon is not disengaged from the seed, but remains stationary with it. The radicle (r) protrudes 483 484 slightly and one or more rootlets (s) break out from it and descend. The plumule (c) shoots, at first parallel with the cotyledon along the face of the seed, but soon as- cends, pushing out leaf from with- in leaf. 615. THE CONDITIONS REQUISITE for germination are moisture, air, and warmth. 616. MOISTURE is necessary for softening the integuments, dis- solving the nutritive matter, and facilitating its circulation. This is supplied in the rain and dew. 617. AIR, or rather its oxygen, is required for the conversion of the starch into sugar — a process always depending upon oxydation. The oxygen absorbed unites with a portion of the carbon of the starch, producing heat, evolving carbonic acid, and thus converting the re- mainder into grape sugar, soluble and nutritive. 618. WARMTH is a requisite condition of all vital action, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg. The proper de- gree of temperature for our own climate may be stated at 60° to 80°. Extremes of heat and of cold are not, however, fatal to all germination. In one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of Chara was found in a growing and fruitful state. A hot spring in the island of Luzon, which raises the thermo- meter to 187°, has plants growing in it and on its borders. Many species of plants also seem well adapted to growth in the Arctic regions. 619. DARKNESS is favorable to germination, as proved by experiment, but not an indispensable condition. Hence, while the seed should be covered for the sake of the moisture and shade, the covering should be very thin and light, for the sako of a free access to air. 483, 484, Germination of Indian Corn. 124 THE CTYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWKELESS PLANTS. 485 620. THE CAUSE OF THE DOWNWARD TENDENCY OP THE ROOT is a, theme of much discussion. Some have referred it to the principle of gravitation : others to its supposed aversion to light. But it is a simple and satis- factory explanation that its growth or cell-development takes place most readily on the moist side of its growing point, and consequently in a downward direction, so long as the soil in contact with its lower surface is more moist than that above. Hence also the well-known tendency of roots toward springs and water-courses. CHAPTER XV. THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 621. DISTINCTION OF PARTS. In the lowest of the Cryptogamic tribes the organs of vege- tation and of reproduction are the same. Each cell in the structure grows, nourishes, multiplies. Higher in the scale we find a gradual specializa- 4S5 A Tree Fern (of the Island . - , . ,, , . &. of Java), 40 feet in height, tion of organs, and in the higher tribes, as m A Fern, Polypodium vulgare. 4S6, Its frond. 4S7, Lobe of the frond en- larged, showing the sori, 4SS, One of the sori (mag- nified) consisting of ninny sporangi. 489, One spor- ange (further magnified) bursting and discharging the spores. 490, A spore. 491, Spores beginning to germinate ; and 492, 493, producing the prothallus •with rootlets. At a ap- pear the untheridia and at & thenrchegones on the surface of the prothallns. 494, Antheridium. 495, One of its cells. 496, The same burst ; and 497, tho spennatozoid escaped. These float about, and some of them at length enter, 498, the archegone, fertilizing, and at length producing, 499, the young Fern. 500, Sorus of As- pidiummarginale, covered with the indusitan. 501, Same, side view. 492 493 THE CRrPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLES3 PLANTS. 125 505 the Phaenogamia, one portion is devoted to the preservation of the in- dividual, the other to the preservation of the species ; in other words, the organs, of vegetation and of reproduction become separate and dis- tinct. 622. DISTINGUISHED FROM PHAENOGAMIA. But the reproductive or- gans, although distinct from the nutritive, are never seen combined into flowers, nor producing seeds marked by the presence of an embryo. Hence in the scale of rank the cryptogams are inferior to the flowering plants and easily distinguished from them. 623. VEGETATIVE ORGANS. Again in the lower tribes, viz., the seaweeds, Fungi and Lichens, there is no distinc- tion of root, stem and leaves ; but the entire plant grows into an expansion of substance more or less uniform and in- definite, called a thallus. But the higher Hepaticse, mosses, club-mosses,Equisetacea3, ferns and marsileads, possess stems, roots and leaves like the 502 506 Phaenogamia. 502, Equisetum arvense. 503, E. sylvaticum. 504. Section of the spike. 505, A sporange. 506, A sporo with its elators coiled. 507 507, Lycopodium dendroideum. 503, A single spike. 509, a scale with its sporango bursting. 510, Spores. 624. CLASSES. The tribe last mentioned are embraced in the class Acrogens, so named by Lindley from their manner of growth (dtcpov, point or-summit), lengthening into an axis. The remaining three tribes first named above constitute the lowest class of the vegetable kingdom, called Thallogens, and named from their manner of growth. 625. THE STEMS OP THE MARSI- LEADS and ferns are mostly rhizomes, but in tropical countries some species of the latter arise on firm aerial trunks like palms. The club mosses have slender, woody stems much in- clined to bifurcate. Those of the Equisetaceae,*Characeae are jointed, 126 THE CRYPTOOAMIA OB FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 511, Chara fceticla. 512, Portion of a branch ; the two reproductive organs- a, Globule; 6, nucule. bearing slender, whorled, leafless branches. The mosses and Hepaticse have filiform stems and branches, erect and creeping. Fern leaves and mushrooms arise on stipes. 626. LEAVES. The ferns are characterized by their great development of leaves called fronds. They are rarely simple, often pinnatifid, or pin- nate, simply, doubly or triply. Their venation is fork-veined and their vernation circinate. The leaves of the mosses and Hepaticaj are veinless and delicate, mostly ovate and entire, numerously covering the axis. Those of the latter are often garnished with stipule-like processes called am- phigastrla. 627. THALLUS. The vegetative system of the Thallogens consists cither of delicate filaments or of flattened membranes, varying in color through every shade and hue. In Marchantia, lichens, and seaweeds it is green, olive or red, and called 520 thallus. It may resemble a leaf or a stem, but its functions are still the same. In size it varies from the microscopic Confervas to the gigantic seawrack, a fur- long in length. Its structure is purely cellular and uniform, or, as in Marchantia, in layers. 628. MYCELIUM or spawn is the vegetative system of the Fungi, distinguished from thalli by its want of coloring matter in its cells. It consists of meshes of white or colorless filaments, branching and anas- tamosing to form entangled masses pervading the substance in which the Fungus grows. It is far less conspicuous than the fructification (toad-stool, etc.) which ultimately arises from it. 629. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS of the Cryptogamia are the anthe- ridia and archegonia ; and by their reaction spores in various spore- vessels are produced. They have been detected in nearly all the cryp- togamic tribes, and are supposed to represent the stamens and pistils 513 522 517 516 513 Mosses. 513, Polytrichimn. 514, Sporango with calyptra, without ealyptra. 515, Sporange (en- larged) with the operculum at top. 516, Mnimn, 517, Sporange. 518, Bartramia. 519, Sporango with calyptra. 520, Same mature, open. 521, Pe- ristome. with its teeth. 522, Antheridium and paraphyses (a flower) .of Polytrichium. THE CRYPTOOAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 127 r.23 Hepaticse. 523, Marchantia, sterile plant. 524—5, Fertile plant. 526, Vertical section of the fertil-receptacle ; 527, of a perianth, showing the sporango bursting. 523, One of the elatorz with four spores. 529, Portion of it highly magnified. 543 544 of the flowering plants. In the mosses, liver- worts, etc., they appear only on the fall-grown plant ; in the ferns, Equisetaceae, etc., they ap- pear only on the prothallus, the earliest growth of the spore, and here the archegone gives birth to an embryo, whence at length the true fern arises, while the prothallus dies away. 630. SPORES. These are the true reproductive germinating bodies of the Cryptogams. They con- sist each of a single cell, often exceedingly minute, and produced in immense numbers. The cell -wall of the spore may be sim- ple (Botrytis) or double, as if a cell within a cell Ie \ T> L 640 533 537 (terns), .but the spores ^ Fungi. 537, Agancus (Mushroom) in various stages: *, are often apparently tearing open the volva; &, annnlns. the remains of the veil double Or 2-celled Oich-(e); c'Pllcus? «, mycelium. 538, Portion of the gills. 539, v ^ Basidia and spores from the san-je (magn. 490 diam.). 540, eilSj, Or 4-celled, or 6, 8, Cyathus; 541, Section. 542, One of the crmceptacles. 545, Or many-celled. These JPenicilium (mildew). 544, Mucor; a, mycelium. compound spores are in fact spore-vessels inclosing several spores yet immature, and called sporidia or theca-spores. The spores or sporidia are often inclosed in still larger cells called the sac. 631. ENDOSPORES AND EXOSPORES. Spores are developed either in the interior of the parent cell or on the outside of it, and hence the di- 128 THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 546 549 545 517 , Seaweeds (Alg;e). 545, Vaucheria forming and discharging its spores (a) at the extremities. 546, Fucus; a, air-vessel; &, fruit, a mass of conceptacles. 547, Transverse section of a conceptacle. 543, A spore with paraphyses. 549, Ilydrogastrnm, consisting of a single cell. 550, Spirogyrae (Frogspittle) one of the Confervas ; a, two threads (thalli) conjugated, i. e., united by tubes. such sporiferous tissues existing in spots of definite form, constitute the apothecia when, flat, receptacles when concave, and conceptacles when hol- low. 632. THE THEC^ OR SPORANGIA of ferns and mosses consist of tissues rather than of single cells, and contain division of the Cryp- togams into the En- dospores and the Exospores. In tho latter case the pa- rent-cells are called basidia, and many such united, as in the lichens and mushrooms, form a tissue called hyme- nium. In lichens 551, Frustules of a Diatomaceous Alga (Diatoma marinum) separating from each other. 530 535 536 533 534 532 Lichens, 530, Cladonia; the minute thallus at the base of thepodetia, cup-like above, bearing scarlet conceptacles. 531, Usnea. 532, Sticta. 533, Parmclia. 534, Keceptacle, vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly magnified) with thecae and paraphases. 536, A spore (double). numerous spores. In ferns they grow on the back of the fronds in little clusters called son'. When mature, the sporange is torn open by the contraction of an elastic ring which surrounds it. In the mosses the sporange is stalked, solitary, terminal, and opens by a definite num- ber of teeth called the peristome. 633. ZOOSPORES AND spERMATOzoiDS are minute bodies endowed with spontaneous locomotion in water by means of vibratile cilise. Zoospores of ovate form proceed from the vegetative cells of the Algae, swim about for a time, then settle down and grow into new plants. Sperma- tozoids are mostly filiform bodies with several ciliae, discharged from the THE CRYPTOGAMIA OB FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 129 antheridia (as pollen?) and actively floating until they reach the arche- gones, or perish. 634. ALTERNATE GENERATION is a phenomenon distinctly traced in many of the cryptogams. Thus the mosses, in germinating, first produce long, greenish fila- ments quite analogous to the Confervas (frog's-spawn). From these, at length, buda arise and grow into a true moss. Ferns, also, and Equisetaceae, first from the spore exist in the form of a liverwort — a small green lhallus, creeping and rooting along the ground. Secondly, upon this prothallus reproductive organs are developed and an embryo, whence a true fern arises. Thus the plant is transiently, as it were, a liverwort, permanently, a fern. (§21 — 23.) 635. OTHEE MODES OP PROPAGATION occur in these plants, as, for example, by innovations, sporules, gonidia. These bodies are analogous to bulbs and bulblets in the flowering plants, originating from the nutritive organs, and capable of sepa- rating from the parent and growing up independent plants. 552 553 554 555 556 55T 552, Zoospore of one of the Confervas (Chaetophora). 553, Phytozoon of Chara. 554; Anthe- ridium of Fucus containing two phytozoa. 555, Zoospore of Confervas with a tuft of cilice. 556, Aaother species with but two ciliae. 557 Zoospore of Vaucheria with cili» all around. 9 PART SECOND. PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. CHAPTER I. OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 636. KEVELATIONS OF THE MICROSCOPE. We have now completed a brief sur- vey of the phenomena of visible vegetation. We commenced with the root and now the consideration of the seed with its embryo completes the circle and brings us around to the root again. We have studied hitherto superficially, as best we were able by the unassisted eye. But the microscope opens to us a new world in botany, more wonderful and fair, if possible, than that which we have already sur- veyed. No just appreciation of microscopic botany can be obtained from drawings or descriptions. Here the microscope itself is the only adequate teacher. 63T. NEXT INQUIRIES. We have seen and studied the general organs of vegeta- tion and their metamorphoses ; but of what are these organs made ? What their structure within ? What their office and use in the life and growth of the plant ? These inquiries must next be answered. 638. STRUCTURE OP PLANTS CELLULAR. All forms of vegetable structure, how- ever numerous and diverse, are alike composed of little bladders, called vescides or cells. We can often discern the cells in some structures with the naked eye, as in the pith of elder, pulp of snowberry, and especially plain in the pulp of orange. Other structures, which appear as a solid mass to the eye, are seen at once, under the lens, to consist of cells also — even the most solid wood or the stony substance of the peach. A thin cutting (shaving) from the rhizome of the blood-root, magni- fied 100 diameters, appears in outline (to say nothing of its brilliant coloring) as here sketched (557), Therefore 639. THE CELL is the elementary organism -which, by its repetitions makes up the mass of all vegetation. It is defined as a closed sac com- posed of membrane containing a fluid. 640. THE PRIMARY FORM OF THE CELL is spheroidal. In some cases it retains this form during its existence, but generally, in growing, it takes new and various forms, which, on account of the two causes which control them, may be classed as inherent and casual. 641. THE INHERENT FORMS OF THE CELL, or those which depend upon its own laws of growth, may be referred to three general types ; OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 131 (1) spheroidal, like pollen grains, the red snow-plant, the cells of leaf- tissue, etc., varying to oblong, or lobed, or stellate ; (2) cylindrical, or tube-form, as most wood-cells are ; (3) tabular or flattened, as the cells of the epidermis. 642. THE CASUAL FORMS result from external pres- sure, as of cells crowding against cells, in stems or pith. In this way spher- oidal cells may become cu- bical, 8-sided, 12-sided, etc ; tubiform cells pris- matic, and tabular cells 4- angled, hexagonal, etc., in a outline according to the original pattern. 643. IN MAGNITUDE the plant cell varies from ^\9 to ^ of an iach in diameter; the more common size is about yfa inch. 557i Section of the rhizome of Blood-root, a, a. A bundle The cells of elder pith measure of wood-cells. The shaded cells contain the color, about zlo inch; those of pa- renchyma (leaf-tissue) about T-^; .consequently, 64,000,000 of them would occupy only one cubic inch. The cells of cork are computed to be T^7 inch in diameter — 1000 millions to a cubic inch. 644. BUT THE LENGTH of some cells is much more considerable. Wood-cells measure ^ inch ; bark cells, as flax, hemp, nearly £ inch ; the cells of some plant- hairs an inch or more. 645. THE WALL of the new cell consists of two layers ; the outer one a firm, colorless membrane, made of cellulose, the inner a plastic, gelat- inous layer applied to the outer, and chiefly concerned in cell-life and multiplication. This is called the primordial utricle. 646. IT is BEST SEEN WHEN treated with a weak solution of nitric acid, iodine, or alcohol. It thus becomes colored, contracts, and lies loose in the cell. 647. THE CELL WALL is EASILY PERMEATED by fluids flowing in and out. It must, therefore, be regarded as porous ; although it appears perfectly entire even under the highest magnifier. 648. A SECONDARY LAYER is subsequently added to the outer layer, between it and the primordial utricle, as if to strengthen it. This new layer is seldom entire, but perforated and cleft in a great variety of patterns, leaving certain points or parts of the cell-wall still bare and discernible by their transparency. Hence tbe following varieties of cells : — 132 OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 649. WOOD CELLS, which are finally filled up by the repetitions of the secondary layers, leaving only minute points of the original cell-wall bare and transparent. 658 560 659 561 Forms of cells. 560, Wood-cells. 561, Cellular tissue of a rootlet, etc. 650. PITTED CELLS, a variety where larger transparent points appear, surrounded by 2 or 3 rings (pine and the Coniferse in general). 651. SPIRAL CELLS, where the secondary layer consists of spiral fibers or bands. There may be a single fiber, or several (2 to 20) united into a band. It is usually elastic and may be drawn out arid uncoiled. 818 562 563 565 562, Polyhedral cells of parenchyma in pith of Elder. 563, Stellate cells in pith of Rush. 565, Spherical cells in Houseleek. 566, Wood-cells and ducts of Oak. 564, Wood-cells of the Flax-fiber. These beautiful cells may be well seen in a shoot of elder, in the petiole of rhubarb, Geranium, strawberry. In the two latter, if gently pulled asunder, the coiled fibers appear to the naked eye. 652. ANNULAR CELLS, wlien there are numerous rings within, instead of a spiral coil, as in the stems of balsam and some Cryptogamia. 653. SCALARIFORM CELLS, when the rings seem conjoined by bars crossing between them, giving an appearance compared to a ladder (scala), as in the vine and ferns. Porous cells with the secondary layers full of perforations, reticulated cells, as if a net-work ; and many other forms. OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 133 654. CELLULOSE, the material of which the outer cell-walls and other secondary layers are made, is proved by a chemical analysis to consist of three simple elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, in the proportions of €34 H20 020, — carbon and the exact elements of water. In the material of the primordial utricle nitrogen is added. Out of these four simple elements (C H O N) with slight additions of lime, silex, and a few other earthy matters, God is able to produce all the count- less varieties of plants which clothe and beautify the earth. 655. CONTENTS OF THE CELL. Some cells contain air only. Others are filled with solid matter ; but the greater part contain both fluids and solids. There is the cytoblast, a globular atom, earnest of new cells; and protoplasm, the nourishing semi-fluid, both of the same material as the primordial utricle, and with it, and the fluid cell-sap, ever flowing, acting, combining, transforming, and producing either new cells or products like the following. , 656. THE COLORING MATTER, which gives to fruits and flowers their bright and varying tints of yellow, red, and blue, is generally dissolved in the cell-sap which is otherwise colorless; but 577 576 575 574 573 572 571 567 563 569 570 567, Cells, a, of the pulp of Snow-berry, showing tho nucleus; &, of the parenchyma of tho k>af of Pink, showing the granules of chlorophylle. 563, Cell of a Cactus, soaked in Alcohol, the primordial utricle separated and contracted. 569, Cell of pleurenchyma of Pine, dotted. 570, Sketch to illustrate the nature of those dots ; a, dot seen in front ; &, a side view of the same. 571, Trachenchyma, a spiral cell from the sporange of Equisettim. 572, Spiral vessel of the Melon, single thread ; 573, of the Elder, 4 threads. 574, Annular duct, distended by rings in- stead of a coil. 575, Scalariform vessels, from Osmunda (Fern). 576, A dotted duct from Gym- nocladus (Coffee-tree). 578. Spiral vessels apparently branched. 577, Branching spirals in the Gourd. 657. CHLOROPHYLLE, the green coloring matter of leaves", consists of green corpuscles floating in the colorless sap or attached to the color- less wall. In the indigo plant these corpuscles are blue and constitute that poisonous drug. 134 THE TISSUES. 658. THE STARCH of the plant also originates here, in the form of little striated granules of the same composition as cellulose (C24 Hso O20). Some 20 such granules appear in the same cell, either loosely or compactly filling it. Starch is nutritive matter, sealed up for pre- servation and future use. 579 583 584 585 532 580 531 586 Contents of cells. 579, Cells of Potato containing starch grains. 580, Starch grains from the potato ; 581, from the E. Indian Atrow-root. 582, Raphides, acicular crystals, in a cell of Poly- anthes tuberosa. 583, Crystals in a cell of Cactus. 584, Cells from the pulp of Pear, coated in- ternally ; a longitudinal section ; 585, Transverse section. 586, Starch granules from W. Indian Arrow-root 659. Gmf, SUGAR, SALTS, acids, alkalies, poisons, medicines, whatever is pecu- liar in the properties of each vegetable substance, may also be held in solution in the cell-sap and invisible, unless forming 660. RAPHIDES, little bundles of crystals, acicular or of some other form, seen in the cells of rhubarb, Cactus, Hyacinth. 661. THE DEVELOPMENT OP NEW CELLS in the plant is the process of its growth. This is accomplished within the pre-existing cells and by the agency of their con- tents. The primordial utricle divides itself into two or more utricles, by septa growing from its sides until they meet. These then acquire the cellulose layer out- side, the cytoblast inside, at the expense of the old cell, which shortly gives place to its new progeny. Thus cells multiply, and by millions on millions build up the fabric of the plant. CHAPTEK II. THE TISSUES. 662. ONE-CELLED PLANTS. The cell, as heretofore described, is en- dowed with a life within itself. It can imbibe fluids, nourish itself, and reproduce others like itself. It may, therefore, and actually does in some cases, exist alone as a plant ! Many species of the Confervoids and Diatomes are plants consisting of a single cell — the simplest possi- ble form of vegetation. 663. PLANTS MANY-CELLED. With a few such exceptions, vegetation consists of a combination of cells united in a definite manner and form. THE TISSUES. 135 Such combinations are called tissues, winch we may describe under four general names or types : I. CELLULAR TISSUE (PARENCHYMA) : II. FIBROUS TISSUE (PLEURENCHYMA) : III. VASCULAR TISSUE (TRACHENCHYMA) : IV. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE (CIENCHYMA). 664. PARENCHYMA, composed of spheroidal cells, is the most com- mon form of tissue, no plant being without it, and many, especially of the lower orders, being entirely composed of it. Numerous varieties occur according to the forms of the cells and their closeness of contact, intermediate between the following extremes, 1, when there are copious intercellular spaces, the cells slightly touching, and being (a) rounded, or (b) lobed, or (c) stellate ; 2, when the cells are crowded, leaving no intercellular space and being (d) prismatic, or (e) polyhedral, or (/) ir- regular. 665. EXAMPLES of these tissues are found (a) in the pulp of fruits, in newly-formed pith, and in all young growths ; (&) in the lower stratum of leaf-tissue ; (c) in the pith of rushes and other aquatic plants; (d) in the herbaceous stems of Monocoty- ledons ; (e) everywhere, but well observed in full-formed pith ; (/) abundant in all the soft, fleshy parts of plants. 666. PLEURENCHYMA is composed of elongated cells cohering by their sides in such a way that end overreaches end, forming a continuous fibre. Two varieties are noticed (a) wood- fibre, with cells of moderate length, remarkable for its firmness, the main constituent of the steins and trunks of the higher plants; (b) liber, with very long attenuated cells, the substance of the inner layers of bark, remarkable for its tenacity, especially in flax, Lcmp, linden. 667. THE PITTED CELLS (§650) constitute a singular variety of wood-fiber, common in pines, firs, etc. That mysterious double ring which encircles each pit, is pro- jected, the inner by the pit itself, which is an aperture in the secondary layer, the outer by a lens-shaped intercellular cavity right opposite outside. (570). 668. TRACHENCHYMA is a tissue of vessels or tubes rather than cells. The vessels are extended lengthwise, and composed each of a row of cells joined end to end, and fused into one by the absorption of the 579, Longitudinal section of Thuja (Ked Cedar), a, Medullary rays. 136 THE TISSUES. contiguous walls. This tissue varies according to the character of the constituent cells, which are (a) spiral, or (b) annular, or (c) sclariform, or (d) reticulated. 669. Such cells, with their tapering ends, form vessels with oblique joints. "When porous cells (653) with their truncated ends unite they form right-jointed vessels re- sembling strings of beads, called dotted or vascular ducts. These are usually quite large, and characteristic of the woody layers of all exogenous plants. (470.) 670. THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TRACHENCHYMA are assigned to different re- gions and offices, (a) to the earliest formed part of the wood, the petioles and veins of leaves, petals of flowers, etc. ; (b) to similar parts, but later formed, most abundant 5SO in ferns and Eqmsetacese ; (c) in the woody bundles of the Endogens and in the succu- lent parts of plants in general; (d) most abundant in ferns, club-mosses. 671. CIENCHYMA is a system of milk-vessels — vessels secreting the latex or peculiar juice of thje plant, white, yellow, red, turbid, containing opium, gamboge, caoutchouc, resin, etc. It occurs in the petioles and veins ; in the parenchyma of roots, in the liber es- pecially; sometimes simple, generally branched and netted in a complicated manner, as well seen in the poppy, ce- landine, blood-root, gum-elastic tree, etc. 672. THEIR NATURE. These vessels are probably mere open spaces between the cells at first, subsequently acquiring a lining membrane which never exhibits pores or spiral markings. But there are also true 673. INTERCELLULAR PASSAGES filled with air and admitting its free circulation in all directions through the parenchyma. These are neces- sarily very irregular, and they communicate with the external air through the stomata. (§ 678.) 674. IMPORT OF THE CELL. Thus the cell appears to be the type of every form of tissue, the material of which the vegetable fabric is built, and the laboratory where the work is performed. 675. ELEVATION IN RANK is MARKED BY the increasing complication of the tis- sues. The basis of the structure of all plants is parenchyma. In the lowest tribes no other tissue is ever added, this alone performing all the functions. Higher in the scale, as in mosses, a few central bundles of wood tissue are added, as if to strengthen the stem. Still higher, as in ferns, etc., we begin to find vessels (trachenchyma) of the simpler sort, for the freer circulation of the fluids, together with the strengthening pleurenchyma. Lastly, in the highest plants, Phsenogamia, the true spiral vessels appear, filled with air, cienchyma with secretions, and all the tissues in their appro- priate functions. 531 Tessels of Cienchyma ; 580, from Dan- delion; 581, from the Celandine. THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM. 137 CHAPTER III. THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM INCLUDES the external covering of all herbaceous growths, viz., the epidermis, stomata, hairs, glands, cuticle, etc., organs which in older stems give place to bark. 676. THE EPIDERMIS (skin) consists of a layer of united, empty cells, mostly tabular, forming a superficial membrane. It invests all plants higher than mosses, and all parts save the extremities, the stigma and rootlets. Its office is to check evaporation. 583 5S4 5S2 552, Cells of epidermis with a stoma from leaf of Helleborus foetidus. 583, Vertical sectioa of a stoma of Narcissus; a, cuticle. 584, Epidermis ceils with stomata of Tradescantia Vir- giaica. 67 7. EXAMPLE. That delicate membrane which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of the houseleek or the garden iris is the epidermis. It is transparent, color- less, and under the microscope reveals its cellular structure. 678. STOMATA. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues beneath it from the external air, but is cleft here and there by little chinks called stomata (mouths). Each stoma is guarded by a pair of reniform cells, of such mechanism (not well understood) as to open in a moist atmosphere and close in a dry. 679. POSITION OP STOMATA. The stomata are always placed over and communi- cate with the intercellular passages. They are found only on the green surfaces of parts exposed to the air, most abundant on the under surface of the leaves. Their numbers are immense. On the leaf of garden rhubarb 5,000 were counted in tho space of a square inch; in the garden iris, 12,000; in the pink, 36,000; in Hy- drangea, 160,000. 138 THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM. 585, Cells and stomata of the epidermis of Oxalia violacea ; and 586, of Convallaria racemosa. 680. CUTICLE. The surface of the epidermis at length becomes itself coated with a delicate, transparent pellicle, not cellular, called the cuticle. It varies in consis- tency, being thicker and stronger in evergreen and succulent plants. It seems to be merely the outer cell wall of the epidermis thickened and separated from the newly-formed wall beneath it. 681. THE HAIRS which clothe the epidermis are mere expansions of its tissue. They may each consist of a single elongated cell, or of a row of cells. They may also be simple, or branched, or stellate, or otherwise diversified. 682. GLANDS are cellular structures serving to elaborate and contain the peculiar secretions of the plant, such as aromatic oils, resins, honey, poisons, etc. A gland may be merely an expanded cell at the summit of a hair, or at its base, and hence called a glandular hair (Labiatse). Or it may be a peculiar cell under the epidermis, giving to the organ a punctate appearance, as in the leaf of lemon. Other glands are com- pound and either external (sundew), or internal reservoirs of secretion (rind of orange). 683. STINGS are stiff-pointed, 1-celled hairs expanded at base into a gland containing poisonous secretion. An elastic ring of epidermal cells presses upon the gland so as to inject the poison into the wound niado by its broken point (nettle). 684. PRICKLES are hardened hairs connected with the epidermis alone, thus differing from spines, which have a deeper origin. Exam- ples in the rose. THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 593 139 592 587 589 590 591 587, Kootlet of Madder, showing cells expanded into fibrillae. 588, Glandular hair of Fraxi- nella, section. 589. Hair of Bryonia, of several cells. 590, Hair of several cells, surmounted by a gland, of Antirrhinum majus. 591, Sting of Urtica dioica. 592, Jointed hair of the stamens of Tradescantia. 593, Stellate hair from the petiole of Nuphar advena (magnified 200 diameters, Henfrey). 594, Branched hair, one cell, of Arabia. CHAPTER IY. THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM 685. INCLUDES the firm structures of roots, steins, and their append- ages, summarily called the wood. 686. STRUCTURE. The growing rootlet of the germinating plant exhibits under a microscope a nearly uniform mass of cellular tissue. The cells composing it are soft and delicate, with thin, porous walls adapted to absorb moisture, which it has already begun to do. It grows by the accession of cell to cell through their divi- sion and enlargement at its point, or rather just behind the advance layer which constitutes its cap (pileorhiza § 725. 68Y. THE EARLIEST TISSUE. The same structure also appears in the expanding cotyledons and the opening bud of the plumule. At this early stage, therefore, all plants alike in all their parts are composed of simple parenchyma. Subsequent changes in structure occur, giving to each tribe its several peculiarities. Still the growing points of the axis, both ascending and descending, -advance by the forma- tion of the same tissue, and the vessels, if formed at all, follow a little later. 688. THE CHANGES. The rootlet soon becomes a root, assumes a corky layer in- stead of the tender, spongiform epidermis, and ceases to absorb. But new rootlets spring from the radicle, or branch from the axis, which in their turn absorb, harden, divide and subdivide ; and so on indefinitely. 689. THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR MOISTURE is THUS MET by the multiplica- tion of these root ends, which have been called the spongelets. The absorbing sur- face is also greatly increased by the hair-like processes of the epidermis; — the fibrillae (§ 724) which multiply generally in proportion to the dryness of the soil. 690. THERE ARE FOUR GENERAL MODES OP GROWTH and structure, whereby the vegetable kingdom is distinguished into as many great classes, viz. : 140 THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. THE OUTSIDE-GROWERS (ExOGENs), THE INSIDE- GROWERS (ENDOGENS), THE POINT-GROWERS (ACROGENS), THE MASS-GROWERS (THALLOGENS). 691. THE EXOGENOUS STRUCTURE. A cross section of the stem or branch of any dicotyledonous plant (mustard, maple), exhibits zones of different structures, which are distinguished as pith, medullary sheath, wood, and bark. 692. THE PITH occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of parenchyma, is chiefly abundant in herbaceous plants and all young stems. When new, it is filled with fluids for the nourishment of the buds until they can make food for themselves. As the plant advances in age, the pith loses its vitality, is filled with air only, is often torn into irregular cavities, or disappears. 693. THE MEDULLARY SHEATH immediately surrounds the pith. It is a thin, delicate tissue consisting of spiral vessels. It communicates with every bud, and sends off detachments of its vessels to the petioles and veins of every leaf. Its tubes secrete oxygen from carbonic acid or water and convey it to the leaves. 694. THE WOOD consists of pleurenchyma and ducts (§ 666) ar- ranged more or less distinctly in concentric zones or layers. The first or inner layer, together with the medullary sheath and pith, is the pro- duct of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant. 695. ANNUAL CIRCLES. The ducts are usually first formed and lie in the inner part of the strata next the center, while the wood-fibers are produced toward tho end of the season, and deposited in the outer part. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the fibers are minute and compact. This circumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section, and their number, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 696. EXCEPTIONS. There are doubtless some exceptions to this rule. In trop- ical countries, where there is no distinction of seasons, there may be several zones deposited annually, or on the other hand, several or all the annual layers may bo so blended by the uniform mixture of the ducts with the wood-tissue as to be un- distinguishable. The layers of the beet-root are certainly not annual. They seem to correspond with the number of leaf cycles (§ 228). 697. THE ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN — the sap-wood and heart-wood, are well-known distinctions in the wood. The former, named from al- lus, white, is usually of a light color and softer structure. It is the living part of the wood through whose vessels mainly the sap ascends. 698. How FORMED. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by the deposition of solid matter in their vessels, and the thicken- ing of the cell-walls, until fluids can no longer pass through them. THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 141 Thus the duramen (durus, hard) is formed of a firm and durable text- ure, the only part valued as timber. Its varying colors in cherry, wal- nut, rose- wood, are well-known. 595 4" 595, Cross-sections of an exogenous stem (Elm), of 2 years' growth ; 1, pith, 2, 3, annual layers of woed, next the cambium, 4, bark; 596, and endogenous stem (Sorghum or Millet), where there is DO distinction of layers. C99. THE DUBAMEtf is OP NO ACCOUNT IN VEGETATION, and is in this respect dead. Hence it often decays^ leaving the trunk hollow, and the tree at the same time as flourishing as ever. 700. THE BARK succeeds and replaces the epidermis, covering and protecting the wood. It is readily distinguished into three parts, viz. : The inner, white bark (liber), The middle, green bark (cellular), The outer, brown bark (cortical). The substance of all these is parenchyma and arranged, like the wood, in layers. 701. THE LIBER or white bark contains scattered bundles of pleuren- chyma and cienchyma with its cellular tissue. Its wood-cells are very long (§ 666), called bast-cells, and are strengthened with secondary de- posits until quite filled up. Hence the strength and toughness of flax and hemp. The strong material of " Russian matting" is from the liber of the linden-tree, and the " lace" of the South Seas from the lace-bark tree. . The liber of other trees is not remarkable for strength. 702. THE CELLULAR OR GREEN BARK succeeds to the liber. Its tissue resembles that of the leaf, being filled with sap and chlorophylle. It grows laterally to accommodate itself to the enlarging circumference of the tree, but does not increase in thickness after the first few years. 703. THE CORTICAL or brown bark. Its color is not always brown, being rarely white (canoe birch), or straw-color (yellow birch), or green- ish (striped maple), or grayish (beech, magnolia). Its substance is al- ways cellular tissue, but differing widely in consistency in different species. Its new layers come from within, formed from the green bark, while its older are sooner or later cast off. 142 THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 704. THE CORTICAL LAYERS sometimes accumulate to a considerable thickness (maple, hickory, oak), but are finally rent and furrowed by the expanding wood. In the cork oak (Quercus suber) they attain an excessive growth, furnishing that Useful substance, cork. In birch (Betula papyracea) these layers resemble paper, long abiding by their elasticity the expansion of the trunk. Y05. THE MEDULLARY RAYS (medulla, pith) are those fine lines which appear in a cross-section passing like radii from the pith to the bark, intersecting the wood and dividing it into wedge-shaped bundles or sectors. They consist of firm plates of parenchyma (muriform tissue, the cell resembling brick-work) belonging to the same system with the pith. 706. The medullary rays are no less frequent in the outer layer of wood than in the inner. Henco their number must increase yearly, and a new set commence with each successive layer, extending with those already formed through the subsequent layers to the bark, as shown in the diagram. (595.) 707. THE SILVER GRAIN. In a radial section (597, 598) the medullary rays are more conspicuous as shining plates of a satin-like texture, called tho silver-grain, quite showy in oak, maple. A tangen- tial section shows their ends in the form of thin ellipses. 708. THEY SERYE AS BONDS to combine into one firm body the successive wood layers, and as chan- nels of communication to and from the bark and heart- wood. They also generate, at their outer ex- tremities, the adventitious buds. 709. THE CAMBIUM LAYER. Between the liber and the wood there is formed in the ducts. spring, at the time of the opening of the buds, a mucilaginous, half-organized layer of matter. Its presence loosens the bark and renders it easily peeled from the wood. The cambium is a sap solution of the starchy deposits of the preceding year, now rapidly being organized into cells. 710. THIS IS THE GENERATIVE LAYER whence spring all the growths of the lig- neous system. From this, during each growing season, two layers are developed, one of liber and one of wood, both at first a cellular mass, but the cells with wonder- ful precision transforming, some into tho Blender bast-cells of the liber, some into the dotted ducts and fusiform cells of the wood, some into the muriform tissue of tho 593, Wood of Maple ; a modullary rays ; ft ( ducts j tf, •wood-colls. 597, Wood of Oak ; section Ion- THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 143 medullary rays. Through these latter the quickening influence of the cambium pervades both wood and bark. 711. UNLIMITED GROWTH is therefore a characteristic of the exogen- ous stem : for the yearly increments are added to the outside of the wood, and the bark is capable of expansion by lateral growth to any extent. 712. THE PECULIAR SECRETIONS OF THE PLANT are generally more abundantly deposited in the bark than in the other parts. Hence the bark is more generally sought for its medicinal and chemical proper- ties. 713. THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. In the cross-section of a mono- cotyledonous stem (corn, palm) there is no visible distinction of bark, wood, pith, or of annual Layers of any kind. 714. IT is COMPOSED of tissues quite similar to those of the exogen- ous stem, but very differently arranged. The body of the monocoty- ledonous stem consists of parenchyma, within which tissue numerous thread-like bundles of woody matter are imbedded. 715. THESE BUNDLES CONSIST EACH OF one or more dotted ducts accompanied by spiral vessels, pleurenchyma, and often cienchyma also, variously arranged in different species. 716. THE FORMATION OF THESE BUNDLES is dependent upon the leaves from which they may severally be traced downwards, first tending toward the interior of the stem. Further on they recurve outward again, and finally terminate near the surface, there interlacing and combining with their fellows and forming an excessively hard but inseparable rind (false bark). 717. CLEAVAGE DIFFICULT. From this entanglement of the fibers the cleavage of endogenous stems is difficult or impossible. In jointed stems (culms) this entan- glement occurs only at the nodes (cane, grasses). 718. THE GROWTH of monocotyledonous stems thus takes place by the addition of the new wood bundles to the interior of the stem, and hence such plants are called Inside-growers or ENDOGENS. 719. PECULIAR FORMS of the caudex. The rind of endogenous trees is capable of only a limited expansion. This limit is soonest attained at the base of the stem long before the upper parts cease to enlarge. Consequently such trunks are often seen of equal or greater diameter at the summit than at the base : so the palmetto, corn, bamboo. 720. THE ACROGENOUS STRUCTURE is found in mosses, ferns, and the other higher tribes of the Cryptogauiia. The stems advance, beneath or above the ground, full-formed, growing only at the end, hence called Acrogens. 721. A CROSS-SECTION of a fern stem shows a body of parenchyma strengthened by an outer zone of fibro-vascular bundles, the whole invested with a sort of bark. The bundles are precisely similar to those found in the petioles, showing that the stem is the aggregate of the unaltered leaf-bases. (600.) 144 THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 599 600, Section of an Acrogenons stem of Tree- Fern (Cyathea), showing the vascular bundles imbedded near the circumference of tho cel- lular mass. 722. THALLOGENS aro the lowest in the scale of rank, having no true axis and no other tissue than parenchyma, which grows in threads or in mass in all directions. The apparent stems Various kinds of vessels in a wood- fiber of Bamboo or Eattan. a, Cells of paren- chyma; 5, annular cells; c, spiral vessels; d, porous duct ; e, wood-cells. (stipes), if any, support the fructification only (sea-weeds, lichens, mushrooms, puff- balls, frog-spittle, mildew). 723. THE STRUCTURE OF ROOTS presents few deviations from that of the stems to which they severally belong, being exogenous in Exogens, endogenous in En- dogens, etc. In the former class the central pith disappears, its place being occu- pied mainly by vascular ducts, and the liber, if any, has no bast -cells. 724. THE FIBRILL^I and pileor- hiza should, however, be mentioned as peculiar in the structure of tho root Tho former are produced by millions, clothing the delicate epi- dermis of the young rootlets as with cottony down, especially in light soils. They usually consist of a single cell of the epidermis extended as seen in figure 601. They are tho true absorbents, the mouths of tho growing plant. 725. THE PILEORHIZA. The mi- croscopo shows that the extreme, advancing point of the delicate, grow- ing fibers is not thrust naked against the opposing soil, but is covered with a cap called pikorhiza (pileus, a cap, rhiza, root), which consists of older, hardened cells, behind which In the Duck-meat the pileorhiza is lengthened into a 601, Extremity of the rootlet of Maple, with fibrillffi and (s) pileorhiza. 602, Two plants of Lemna minor (Duckmeat). «, Their pileorhiza. are formed the new cells, eheath. 726. THE MANNER OF GROWTH IN THE ROOT is not like that of stems, by the extension of parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at tho STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 145 advancing point. This accounts for the wonderful facility with which it penetrates the soil and finds its way uninjured into the hardest earth. 12T. DICTYOGENS. In those few Monocotyledons which bear reticulated leaves (Smilax, Dioscorea), the Dictyogens of Dr. Lindley, the roots exhibit a structure re- gembling that of exogenous stems. STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 728. NATURE OF THE LEAF. The leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark, or of the green bark and the epidermis, expanded into a broad, thin surface by a woody framework proceed- ing from the medullary sheath and the liber. 729. THE FRAMEWORK of veins is therefore fibre-vascular, abounding in spiral vessels, and strengthened with liber. 730. THE PARENCHYMA exists in two strata more or less distinct. In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in position, one surface being upward and the other down- ward, these two layers are dissimilar ;" but in leaves with a ^rtical lamina (iris), and in phyllodia (§ 307) the two layers are similar. 731. THE LAYERS DESCRIBED. The superficial layer of empty tabular cells, belongs to the epidermis. Next beneath this, in the surface on which the sun shines, 603, Section of astern e.t the ori- gin of a leaf ; p, cellular, or pith; a, vascular, the medullary sheath Bending off a bundle into the leaf-stalk ; d, the swelling (pul- vinus) just below the articula- tion of the leaf-stalk (0; 6, the axillary bud. are one or two layers of oblong cells placed perpendicularly to that surface, and more compact than the cells beneath them, which are pervaded by intercellular passages and by the veins. 732. PLACE OF THE STOMATA. The stomata as a rule belong to the shaded side of the leaf, avoiding the sun's direct rays. On the sunny side there are -few comparatively or none. In the submerged leaves of water-plants the epidermal layer is hardly distinguishable, and is wholly destitute of stomata. In such leaves as float upon water (water lilies) stomata are found in the upper surface alone. 733. THE CHLOROPHYLLS. Within all the vesicles of the paren- chyma are seen adhering^ to the walls the green globules, of chloco- phylle, which give color to the leaf — dark green above, where it is more compact, paler beneath, where the cells arc more loose and separate. 734. VESSELS of cienchyma pervade the under-layer of paren- chyma, returning the elaborated juices through the petiole into the cam- Hum layer. 10 146 VEGETATION. 004 604, Minute portion of a leaf of Viola tricolor, viewed in perspective, showing, o, cells of epidermis above ; &, compact parenchyma of the upper portion of the leaf; c, loose parenchyma; d, epidermal-cells of the lower surface with stomata, one cut and opening into the intercellular passages. (Magnified 100 diameters.) 735. THE STRUCTURE OF BRACTS^ sepals, petals, and other organs, which are but modifications of the leaf, hardly requires a separ- ate notice. The same kinds of vessels pervade their parenchyma, but the spiral exist in a larger proportion. In the pistil, the fibro- vascular bundles may be traced to the placenta, and thence into the funiculus and raphe of the ovule. In the more delicate or- gans chlorophylle is wanting, and the peculiar coloring, matter of whatever other tint, is uniformly diffused through the fluid con- tents of the cells of parenchyma. The depth of the tint depends on the number of cells thus colored. CHAPTEK V. VEGETATION, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLMTT LIFE. 736. NEXT INQUIRIES. We have now briefly surveyed the mechan- ism of the plant, both its outward forms and internal structure. We next inquire into the uses of all this wonderful apparatus ; what the specific office which each part performs in the economy of the plant ? and how do all parts cooperate in the work of living and growing ? 737. THIS IS A SUBJECT OP GREAT EXTENT, and involves many inquiries of deep interest both in science and art, — many inquiries, also, which have never been an- swered. Our limits confine us to the bare statement of admitted principles, to the exclusion of all speculative discussion. 738. WHAT is LIFE ? This inquiry meets us at the beginning — a problem never solved. The spontaneous action of the plant, the self- determined shapes which it assumes, we at once refer to this principle, its vitality ; but of the nature of this principle itself we can only say, Is it not a direct emanation from the Supreme Will, the Fountain of all life ? 739. VEGETATION is DOUBTLESS THE LOWEST FORM OP LIFE. It springs directly from inorganic or mineral matter, and is the first step in the organization of mineral matter. Its material is, therefore, min- eral matter rendered organic through the vital force. VEGETATION, OR TUB PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE. 147 740. THE SUBORDINATION OF THE VEGETABLE to the animal kingdom is thus manifest in its being fed and nourished on inorganic matter. It is interposed between these two incompatible extremes, and is ordained to transform the innutritious mineral into the proper and indispensable food of the animal kingdom. 741. PARASITIC PLANTS do indeed require the ready organized juices of other plants, just as the carnivora among animals live on flesh. Still the general fact re- mains, that plants alone feed on inorganic matter, and in turn become themselves the food of the animal kingdom. 742. THE PROCESS OF VEGETATI-ON consists of imbibing the crude matters of the earth and air, transforming into sap, assimilating to plant juice (latex), and organizing into its own structure" according to its own plan. The vital phenomena on which these transformations de- pend are called absorption, circulation, exhalation, assimilation, secretion, all of which processes take place in the individual cell. Therefore, 743. CELL-LIFE is an epitome of the life of the whole plant. Thfijcel! i.S-neier a spontaneous prflduc^ipn ; it is the offspring of a pre-existing cell. So with the plant ; it is always the offspring of a pre-existing embryo or cell. Nothing but a cell can produce or nourish a cell 744. Two KINDS OF ORGANIC MATTER make up the cell. The first protoplasm or protein (C40 H31 O12 N6), the material of the primordial utricle (§ 645), etc., containing nitrogen,; 2d, cellulose, (C12 H10 Oj0), the material of the outer wall or crust, etc., containing no nitrogen. The former more nearly resembles animal matter, and is the seat of the vital force and chemical action. 745. WHAT THE CELL IM- BIBES. Through the invisible ^^ pores of its walls the cell imbibes ^QJ/ the fluid in which its food is dis- , ^^ solved, viz., sugar or dextrine, ^£) ammonia or some other nitrogen- fnK „ ^^ t , ? 6 605, Protococcusviridis,th9 606, Penicillum glau- OUS Substance. Such a fluid may Green snow-plant. cum, the Yeast-plant. be the flowing sap of the plant or any similar artificial mixture in which the cell is bathed, as (in the case of the yeast plant) a syrup with mu- cilage. 746. THE CHEMICAL CHANGES. The sugar is thus brought into con- tact with the protoplasm in the cell, through whose action it is decom- posed and its elements transformed into cellulose and water. Thus each atom of (grape) sugar or dextrine becomes One atom of cellulose, C12 H10 O10 and two atoms of water, H2 O2 C12 H18 0,2= grape sugar. 148 FERTILIZATION. The water is exhaled with the rest ; the cellulose is retained to incrust a new cell as soon as the primordial utricle shall next divide itself to form one. Or it may be deposited as starch granules for future use. 747. ACTION OF CHLOROPHYLLS. In the cells of green plants the globules of chlorophylle act an important part. Their formation de- pends upon the decomposition of carbonic acid (C02), the retention of the carbon, and the exhalation of the oxygen under the stimulus of the. light. If the formation of cellulose continue beyond the present need for cell-formation, the excess is deposited in the form of starch-granules r instinct with which it is endowed it is immeasurably different. It looks not to the mere con- tinuation of an old series, but is the projector and pioneer of a new. 755. ITS NEW IMPULSE. Before it can enter upon its course of develop- ment so different from the destination of common cells, it must somehow be quickened and energized with an im- pulse in this new direction. In other words, it must be fertilized, — a pro- cess dependent on the pollen grains (§ 509). 756. THE POLLEN TUBE — ITS COURSE. When the pollen falls upon the stigma, it imbibes the saccharine moisture there, ex- pands, and its inner, expansible coat of pro- toplasm protrudes through the aperture (one or more) of the outer crustaceous coat, in the form of an attenuated tube. This, like a radicle, sinks into the soft tissues of the stigma and style, reaches the ovary, and there meets and enters the micropyle of the ovule. 757. ITS CONTENTS, HOW DISCHARGED. At this juncture the ovule has so turned it- self, whether orthotropous, anatropous, etc., as to present the micropyle favorable to this process. The pollen tube makes its way finally to the nucleus and penetrates to the embryo sac. Here its growth ceases; its point is applied externally to the sac, some- times indents it ; but (according to the most accurate observations), does not penetrate it During this contact the contents of the tube pass by absorption into the sac. 758. GROWTH OP THE FERTILIZED CELLS. Immediately the embryonic globule, thus, somehow endowed with a new instinct, now 607, Section of the ovary of Polygonum Pennsylvanicurn, in process of fertilization. (Magnified 20 diameters), c, Natural size. «., One of the stamens having discharged its pollen, t, A grain of pollen and its tube. «, Styles and stigmas, o, Ovary, ovule, em- bryo sac containing the embryonic globule. The extremity of a pollen tube is seen in contact with the embryo sac. 150 FERTILIZATION. 608 608, Growth of the emlryo in Hippuris vulgaris. The ferti- lized cell has divided itsell in- to several, of which c, 6, con- stitute the suspenaor attached to the apex of the sac ; a, em- bryo dividing into 2, then into 4 cells. first expands into a proper cell, and is usually attached to the wall of the sac near the micropyle. It then di- vides itself transversely, becoming two cells ; the upper elongates either with or without subdivision, forming 3 filament (suspensor) ; the lower cell enlarges by subdi- vision, first spherically, and afterwards the little mass begins to take form according to the species, showing cotyledons, plumule, etc., until fully developed into the embryo. 759. SCHLEIDEN'S VIEW. Owing to the exi treme difficulty of observation in this minute, field, different views of this process have been advanced. That of Schleiden should not be overlooked. He maintains that the end of the pollen tube actually penetrates the sac and itself becomes the embryonic cell. The pollen grain is in this view the primitive cell, and is itself quickened into development by the contents of the embryo sac. 760. FERTILIZATION IN THE CONIFERJE. Where no style or stigma exists, as in the Coni- ferse, the pollen falls directly into the micropyle of the naked ovule and its tubes settle into the tissue of the nucleus. 761. CHEMICAL CHANGES in germina- tion. The ovule matures with the com- pletion of the embryo, and passes into the fixed state of the seed in which the embryo sleeps. A store of nutritive matter, starch, gluten, etc., is thought- fully provided in the seed for the use of the young plant in germination, until its root has gained fast hold of the soil. 762. THE CHANGES WHICH OCCUR IN THE SEED at the recommencement of 609, o~le of Vio]a tricolor, showing growth, are simply such as are requisite the process of fertilization according to to reduce its dry, insoluble deposits to a th° views °f Schlef;n- J>, Pollen; f, ./' tube, r, raphe ; c, chalaza; 6, pritmnc; Solution which shall contain the proper a, secundine ; n, nucleus ; «, sac which materials for cell-formation Or growth ; tlie tube appears to have penetrated. that is, gluten and other nitrogenous matters, oil, starch, etc., are to be changed to diastase, the same as yeast, and dextrine, the same as gum or grape sugar. RIPENING OF FRUITS. 151 763. THE PROCESS. To this end water and oxygen are absorbed the gluten begins decomposition, forming yeast ; fermentation ensues ; heat is produced by the slow combustion of the carbon with oxygen form- ing and evolving carbonic acid, by which process some of the oil and starch is destroyed, while another portion gams water and turns to sugar. All this within the cells of the seed. RIPENING OF FRUITS. 764. In the pericarps of most fleshy fruits (grape, pear, apple, peach, strawberry), sugar exists before germination, ready formed in the process of ripening. 765. How THE FRUIT GROWS. In its earliest stages the pericarp consisted of a structure similar to that of green leaves, composed of parenchyma, pleurenchyma, vessels, and epidermis with stomata. Its distended growth afterwards results from the accumulation of the flowing sap, which here finds an axis incapable of exten- sion. Thus arrested in its progress, it gorges the pistil and adjacent parts, is con- densed by exhalation, assimilated by their green tissues, which still perform the office of leaves. Cell-formation goes on rapidly within, and the excess of cellulose is deposited in the cells as starch. Oxygen is usually absorbed in excess, acidifying the juices. 766. How IT RIPENS. After the fruit has attained its full growth, the process of ripening commences, during which the pulp becomes gradually sweetened and softened chiefly by the change of the starch into more or less of soluble sugar. 767. HONEY. In the same way we account for the production of honey in the flower. Copious deposits of starch are provided in the receptacle and disc (§ 446X At the opening of the flower, this is changed to sugar to aid in the rapid development of those delicate or- gans which have no chlorophylle wherewith to assimilate their own food. The excess of sugar flows over in the form of honey. 768. THE WISE ECONOMY OF THE HONEY is seen in fertilization. For, attracted by it, the insect enters the flower, rudely brushes the pollen from the now open anthers, and inevitably lodges some of its thousand grains upon the stigma ! 769. EXPERIMENT HAS PROVED that in all these cases of the formation of sugar from starch oxygen is absorbed and carbonic acid evolved, — a process which we might expect, since starch (Ci2 HIO Oio) contains proportionably more carbon than sugar (Ci2H12Oi2) contains. It is probable that thesa two phenomena in vegetation are always co-existent. 152 ABSORPTION-. CHAPTER VI. § 1. ABSORPTION. | 770. OFFICE OF THE ROOT. The absorption of liquids, containing in solution the food of the plant, is the peculiar and indispensable office of the root, as may be shown by an 771. EXPERIMENT. Take a small growing plant from the earth and immerse it by its roots, which should be nearly or quite entire, in a cup containing a definite quan- tity of water. Place near it another cup with a like quantity of water to indicate the amount of evaporation. The difference of the diminution in the two cups will be the amount of absorption. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to absorb more than twice its own weight per day. Every one is familiar with the rapid dis- appearance of water from the roots of potted plants, as Hydrangea, Oleander. 772. THE ABSORBENTS. An impervious epidermis destitute of sto- mata everywhere clothes the roots, excepting its fibrillse and the tender extremities of the rootlets. No part, therefore, is capable of absorp- tion except the latter. But these, by their multiplied numbers, present an adequate absorbing surface to the soil. 773. EXPERIMENT. Let a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibrils at the end may be immersed in water ; — it will continue to flourish. But if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall remain dry while the body of the root only is immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will again revive if the fibrils be again immersed. 774. INFERENCE. Hence, in transplanting a tree almost the only danger to its life arises from the difficulty of preserving a sufficient number of these rootlets. 775. THE FORCE WITH WHICH PLANTS ABSORB FLUIDS by their roots is surprisingly great, as shown by 776. EXPERIMENT. If the stem of a grape-vine be cut off when the sap is as- cending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercu- rial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to twenty-six inches of mercury, or thirteen pounds to the square inch. 777. BUT WHAT CAUSES THIS absorption of fluids in a direction con- trary to gravitation ? In explanation of this phenomenon reference has been made to two well-known principles in physics, viz., to capillary attraction by the tubular vessels and to endosmose by the closed cells, which are far more numerous. 778. EXPERIMENT. Invert the end of several open thermometer tubes in a colored liquid. It will be seen rising in the tubes above its level, to various heights — high- est in the smallest calibre. 779. EXP. Suspend a napkin in such fashion that its lowest corner shall dip into a cup of water. In a few hours the water will have ascended into the napkin. These are results of capillary attraction. ABSORPTION. 153 780. EXP. Thrbw dried prunes, currants, or raisins into water. After a while they will have become swollen and distended with fluid. Now place them in strong syrup -, they will again shrink. 781. EXP. Attach a bladder filled with syrup to a long glass tube, and immerse in water. The water flows in and the mixture arises slowly but forcibly in the tube. Reverse the liquids. Pure water from within the bladder will flow into syrup with- out. The former is a case of endosmose (ivdov, inwards, /z M "O 32 Nicotine Tobacco (Nicotiana), C20 Hl4 Ng Cie Hi5 N Oxygen. •, none. Coneine. Hemlock (Conium), .2 > 3il of mustard Sinapis m°Ta GIG H5 N S2 GIG H5 N 82 C6H5S Oxygen none. Oil of horse-radish Cochlearia Oil of garlic Allium sativum Organic compounds. Protein. Primordial utricle C36 H25 OlO N4 =Pr. 10 Pr-f S lOPr + P + S 10Pr + P+2S Grluten. The cereal grains, Casein Leguminous seeds Albumen Many seeds . PART THIRD, SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. CHAPTER I. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 858. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY relates to the arrangement of plants into groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, history, proper- ties and uses. 859. IN THIS DEPARTMENT, the principles of Structural and Physiological Botany are applied and brought into practical uso in the discrimination of the different groups, and the limitation of their characters. Besides the immediate uses of Sys- tematic Botany in the determination of species and kinds, as above stated, it ac- complishes 860. ANOTHER PURPOSE OF STILL HIGHER IMPORT. It aids us in studying plants as related to each other, and constituting one great and glorious system. It shows us the Almighty Creator at once employed in the minutest details and upon the boundless whole, equally attentive to the perfection of the individual in itself, and to the completeness of the grand system, of which it forms a necessary part. 861. THE SUBJECT OP GREAT EXTENT. The study of classification introduces tho botanist into an extensive field of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at every step. They clothe the hill and plain, the mountain and valley. They spring up in the hedges and by the way side. They border the streams and lakes and sprinkle over their surfaces ; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the ocean. Now, with each individual of this vast king- dom the botanist proposes to acquaint himself) so that he shall bo able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either instructive, interesting, or useful concern- ing it, whenever and wherever it is presented to his view. 862. THE WRONG WAY TO STUDY. Now it is obvious that if tho student should attempt the accomplishment of this labor by studying each and every individual plant in detail, whether with or without the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely suffice him for making a good beginning. But such an attempt would bo as unnecessary as fruitless. Tho Author of Nature has grouped theso myriads of individuals into OP THE CLASSIFICATION OP PLANTS. 165 863. SPECIES (§ 76). When He called plants into existence, in their specific forms, He endowed each with the power of perpetuating its own kind and no other, so that they have descended to us distin- guished by the same characters and properties as at the beginning. When, therefore, the student has formed acquaintance with any indivi- dual plant, he is also acquainted with all other individuals belonging to the same species. 864. FOB EXAMPLE: a single plant of white clover is a true representative of all the millions of its kind that grow on our hills and in our meadows ; and a single description of the white pine will answer in all essential points for ever y individual tree of that noble species, in all lands where it is found. 865. GENERA. Although the species are separated from each other by clear and definite distinctions, still they are found to exhibit also constant affinities, whereby they stand associated into larger groups called genera (§ 80). A genus, therefore, is an assemblage of related species, having more marked affinities with each other in general struc- ture and appearance than they have with other species. 866. FOR EXAMPLE : the white clover and me red (Trifolium repens and T. pra- tense) are universally recognized as different species, but of the same genus ; and a single generic description of one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelli- gence to a certain extent concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 867. THUS are the individual plants of the globe grouped by descent and resem- blance, and comprehended under species ; and the species associated into higher groups called genera. "An individual," says Prof. Forbes, "is a positive reality; a species is a relative reality ; a genus is an idea — but an idea impressed on nature, and not arbitrarily dependent on man's conceptions. An individual is one : a spe- cies consists of many resulting from one ; a genus consists of more or fewer of these manies resulting from one linked together, not by a relationship of descent, but by an affinity dependent on a Divine idea." 868. ORDERS. But natural affinities do not end here. The genera are yet too numerous for the ready and systematic study of the naturalist. He, therefore, would generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and broader groups. On comparing the genera with eac'i otlicr, he finds that they also possess in com- mon certain important characters which are of a more general nature than those which distinguish them from each other. By these general characters the genera are associated into orders. 869. FOB EXAMPLE: comparing such genera as the mustard, radish, cabbage, cress, wall-flower, etc., it is seen that, while they differ sufficiently in their generic characters, yet they all have certain marked resemblances, in their didynamous stamens, siliquous fruit, whereby they are obviously associated into the same order — the Cruciferse. So, also, the pines, the spruces, the cedars, the larches, and tho cypress, while as genera they are obviously distinct, yet all bear cones of some form, with naked seeds ; hence they are naturally grouped into oao Order — the Conifene. 870. CLASSES. In like manner tho Orders, by characteristics of resemblance still more general, are associated into a few groups, each of great extent, called Classes^ whether natural or artificial 166 THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. 871. INTERMEDIATE GROUPS, formed on the same principles, are recognized aa Subgenera, Suborders or Tribes, and Subclasses or Cohorts, which will be further noticed and described in another place. 872. METHODS OP CLASSIFICATION. Two independent and widely different methods of classifying the genera have been generally approved, the Artificial Sys- tem of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. The former is founded solely on characters relating to the organs of fructification, leaving all other natural affini- ties out of view. The latter, on the contrary, takes for its basis all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants whereby Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and families. CHAPTER II. THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. 873. A SYSTEM OP CLASSIFICATION IS SAID TO BE ARTIFICIAL WHEN, disregard- ing the real nature of the subjects classified, it rests merely on some obvious exter- nal circumstance. As when the books of a library are arranged on shelves accord- ing to their size, octavo, duodecimo, etc., or as when the words in a language aro arranged in dictionaries, alphabetically, forming thus class A, class B, etc. In either case the books or the words constituting any group may be quite diverse in charac- tor, having nothing, in common except their octavo size or initial letter. The only use of such an arrangement is convenience of reference. 874. CARL VON LINN£ (Linnseus) of Sweden, born in 1707, everywhere honored as the father of systematic and descriptive botany, was the author of that renowned artificial system which bears his name. For well nigh a century it continued in al- most universal use, and was regarded by his followers with far more respect than by Linnseus himself, who designed it simply as an index or cluo to the vegetable king- dom. For ho says (Philosophia Botanica) " Methodi Naturalis fragmenta studios^ inquirenda sunt. Primum et ultimum hoc in Botanicis desideratum est." 875. CONSIDERED AS A SYSTEM, the Linnsean arrangement totally fails to exhibit those true relations and affinities of plants which render the knowledge of each kind a guide to that of the others, and combine all into one consistent whole. It can not, therefore, properly be regarded as a system. 876. CONSIDERED AS AN INDEX or key to the vegetable kingdom, it is by no means reliable, for the stamens and styles often vary numerically in the same plant ; and secondly, the species of the same genus often vary in these respects, thus obliging us to violate even specific affinities ; and again, when the stamens or pistils are accidentally marred, or lost, or immature, the index must also fail of its purpose. For these reasons this arrangement has fallen into disuse, having been superseded by the Natural System, and by other arrangements better adapted to the present advanced state of the science. Yet being intimately connected with the history of botany, and having largely contributed to its early progress, its outlines at least de- mand a record in our pages. 877. THE LINNSEAN SYSTEM proposes to arrange all tho known genera of plants under twenty-four classes, each, based on some special character derived from the essential floral organs, as follows : THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. 167 § 1. THE FIRST THIRTEEN CLASSES comprehend all such plants as have their flowers all perfect, their stamens unconnected and and of equal length, or at least neither didynamous nor tetra- dynamous. Class I. MONANDRIA,— one stamen to each flower (Saltwort, etc.). Class II. DIANDRIA, — two stamens (Circsea, Veronica). Class III. TRIANDRIA, — three stamens (Iris. Nearly all the Grasses). Class IV. TETRANDRIA, — four stamens (Galium, Plantago). Class V. PENTANDRIA, — five stamens (Vitis, Conium). Class VI. HEXANDRIA, — six: stamens (Lily, Tulip, Luzula). Class VII. HEPTANDRIA, — seven stamens (Trientalis). Class VIIL OCTANDRIA, — eight stamens (Erica, (Enothera). Class IX. ENNEANDRIA, — nine stamens (Rheum, Sassafras). Class X. DECANDRIA, — ten stamens (Dianthus, Rhododendron). Class XI. DODECANDRIA, — twelve to nineteen stamens (Asarum). Class XII. ICOSANDRIA, — twenty or more stamens, perigynous (Rosa). Class XIII. POLYANDRIA, — twenty or more stamens, hypogynous (Ranunculus, Papaver). § 2. THE NEXT TWO CLASSES are founded on the relative length of the stamens, the flowers being perfect and stamens generally unconnected. Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA, — four stamens, two long and two short, by pairs, as in Antirrhinum, Prunella. Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA, — six stamens, four long and two short, as in tha wall-flower and the Cruciferse generally. § 3. THE NEXT FOUR CLASSES are determined by the con- nection or union of the stamens. Class XVI. MONADELPIHA, — stamens united by their filaments into one set, as in Malva, Geranium. Class XVII. DIADELPHIA, — stamens united by their filaments into two sets (Polygala, pea, Lathyrus). Class XVIII. POLY ADELPHIA,— stamens united by their filaments into three or more sets (Hypericum). Class XIX. SYXGENESIA, stamens united by their anthers, as in the Asters and other Composite. § 4. THE NEXT CLASS DEPENDS for its character upon the ad- hesion of the stamens with the pistil. Class XX. GYNANDRIA, — stamens and styles united, forming a column, as in Orchis, Asclepias. § 5. THE NEXT THREE CLASSES include all plants with diclin- ous flowers, some with pistils, some with stamens only. Class XXI. MOXCECIA, — staminate and pistillate flowers, both upon tho same plant (Pinus, Arum, Hazel). Class XXII. DIOECIA,— staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants (Wil- low, Hemp, Hop, Smilax). Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. — staminate, pistillate and perfect flowers either on the same or on different plants, as in Acer, Acacia, Veratrum). § 6. THE LAST CLASS includes flowerle&s plants. 168 THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA, — plants in which the organs of fructification are concealed (as the name implies) as in ferns, mosses, seaweeds. 878. THE LINJUEAN ORDERS. Each class is subdivided into orders, and these also are founded on some condition of the essential organs. The orders of the first thirteen classes are determined by the number of styles (or stigmas when the stylea are wanting) in each flower. Order 1. Monogynia, 1 style. Order 2. Digynia, 2 styles. Order 3. Trigynia, 3 styles. Orier 4. Tetragynia, 4 styles. Order 5. Pentagyma, 5 styles. Order 6. Hexagynia, 6 styles. Order 7. Heptagynia, 1 styles. Order 8. Octogynia, 8 styles. Order 9. Enneagynia, 9 styles. Order 10. Decagynia, 10 styles. Order 11. Dodecagynia, 12 styles. Order 12. Polygynia, more than 12. 879. THE ORDERS OP CLASS XIV. depend upon their seed vessels. Order 1. Gymnosperrnia — Fruit four achenia, as in the Labiatse. Order 2. Angiospermia — Fruit inclosing several seeds. 880. THE ORDERS OF CLASS XV. also depend on the fruit Order 1. Siliculosa — Fruit a sillicle, as in pepper-grass. Order 2. Siliquosa — Fruit a silique, as in wall-flower. 881. THE ORDERS OP CLASSES XVI, XVII., XVIII. are distinguished by the number of stamens and named like the first classes. Order 1. Triandria — three stamens united by their filaments. Order 2. Pentandria — five stamens united by their filaments. 882. THE ORDERS OP CLASS XIX. are five, as follows : Order 1. Equalis — Florets of the head all perfect ( £ )• Order 2. Superflua — Florets of the disk $ , of the ray ? . Order 3. Frustranoa — Florets of the disk $ , ray abortive. • Order 4. Necessaria — Florets of the disk £, of the ray 5 . Order 5. Segregata — Each floret with a separate involucre. 883. THE ORDERS OF CLASSES XX., XXL, XXII. distinguished in the same way as the first thirteen, the XVI., XVIL, XVIII. classes ; as Order 1. Monandria — one stamen. Order 2. Diandria — two stamens. Order 3. Tri- andria— three stamens, etc. 884. THE ORDERS OP CLASS XXIII. are founded on the position of tho flowers relatively, thus : Order 1. Moncecia — Flowers $ , $, ? on the same plant (Acacia). Order 2. Dioecia — Flowers $ on one plant, I , $ , on another (Charaerops). Order 3. Tricecia— Flowers y , £, and ? , each on separate plants. 885. THE ORDERS OP CLASS XXIV. are the same as in the Natural Sys- tem, and can not be defined by a single character. Order 1. Felices, ferns. Order 2. Musci, mosses. Order 3. Hepaticae, liverworts. Order 4. Lichens, lichens. Order 5. Fungi, mushrooms. Order 6. Algae, seaweeds. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 169 CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 886. THE AIM OP THE NATURAL SYSTEM is to associate plants into groups and families according to their true natural likenesses and af- finities, and thus to make an expression, so far as possible, of the Di- vine plan in the System of Nature. 887. IT DIFFERS FROM THE ARTIFICIAL arrangement : while that em- ploys only a single character in classification, the natural system regards the total organization, and seizes upon every character wherein plants agree or disagree, and forms her associations only upon the principle of natural affinity. Hence each member of any natural group resembles the others, and a fair description of one will serve, to a greater or less extent, for all the rest. 888. THE SPECIES AND GENERA are formed on this principle of clas- sification, as above stated, and are truly natural associations. Indi- viduals altogether similar, cast as it were in the same mold, constitute a species. Species agreeing in nearly all respects and differing but in few constitute a genus. Thence the genera, associated by their re- maining affinities into groups of few or many, by this same method are organized into Natural Orders and other departments of the vegetable kingdom. 889. RELATIVE VALUE OF CHARACTERS. Although the natural method employs every character, yet it does not regard all of equal value or importance. As a rule, the higher the physiological import- ance of any organ, the higher will be the value of the characters which it affords. 890. BECAUSE, (1) the less will it be subject to variation, and (2) the more gen- eral in respect to other organs will be the resemblance of those plants which agree in respect to that organ. Thus, first in value are those characters drawn from the cellular tissue ; second, from the vessels, the stomata, the embryo, and albumen ; third, from the axis and leaves, the stamens, pistils, and fruit ; fourth, from the pe- rianth ; fifth, from the inflorescence and bracts. 891. HISTORY OF THE NATURAL METHOD. Its foundation was first laid 1682, by John Ray, of England. Ho separated the Flowering from the Flowerless plants, and divided the former into Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Linnasus, about 50 years later, constructed a fragment of the system, consisting of the names of 67 natural orders, without descriptions. But to Antoine de Jussieu is due the honor of the final establishment of this Method upon the true principles of natural affinity. He arranged the genera then known (A. D. 1780) into 100 natural orders, defining them with so much exactness, that nearly all have withstood the test of time ; and have been adopted into our present systems. Robert Brown contributed largely to its completion and introduction, into England, by the publication of his Flora of 170 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. New Holland in 1810 ; and finally Do Candolle, by the publication of his great work " Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Eegni Vegetabilis", commenced in 1816, and designed as the universal Flora, brought this system into general use. 892. MANY SYSTEMS. But the aim of the natural system as an expression oftho Divine Order of Nature is not yet consummated. The lower divisions of the System — species, genera, and orders, — are well defined and settled as truly natural groups. The grand divisions also, — Cryptogamia, Phenogamous Exogens and Endogens (§ 897). — are fully established. But in tiie midst, between these extremes, there is a region of uncertainty, respecting the arrangement of the orders into groups sub- ordinate to the grand divisions, viz., into Classes and Subclasses. In this matter, authors have maintained different views, and proposed a variety of systems. 893. THE DIFFICULTY lies in this. "Wo attempt necessarily a linear arrangement of the orders, placing one after another in succession, thus regarding the affinities oi each in two directions only, viz., toward the preceding and the succeeding ; whereas each order should be regarded as *\ center of affinities; being related immediately to all others lying around it, as a province on a geographical map is related equally to aU those which touch upon its borders. Hence any linear arrangement of the orders must be in some degree artificial. 894. ONE NATURAL SYSTEM. Although there be but one truly na- tural system, yet while any portion of it remains imperfectly understood, so far authors may be expected to hold different views, and to attempt by different methods to express that true system. Still the discrepan- cies observed in the several "Natural Systems," proposed by different writers, are slight compared with the number and importance of the principles now common to them all and universally admitted. 895. THE FIRST AND HIGHEST DIVISION of the Vegetable Kingdom, viz., into the Pha3nogamia or Flowering Plants, and the Cryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, has already been noticed and defined. These grand divisions, or sub-kingdoms, lie at the foundation of both the sys- tems of Linnaeus and of Jussieu, and have in substance been adopted by every subsequent author. It is a division founded in nature, that is, marked by nature herself, for The PILENOGAMIA (aivu, to appear, yu^uoc, nuptials), a, Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages, 6, They possess a woody and spiro-vascular structure, c, They develop stamens and pistils constituting flowers. d} They produce seeds containing an embryo. On the other hand The CRYPTOGAMIA (KPVTTTU, to conceal, -ydfiocf). a, Are generally destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves, 6, They possess mostly a cellular structure only, c, They do not develop true flowers, d, They produce spores having no embryo. 896. NATURAL DIVISIONS INDEFINITE. The above diagnosis does not mark the absolute limits between the two sub-kingdoms, for the higher Cryptogamia, as the mosses and ferns, give indications of approach to the Phasnogamia, both in form and structure, while the lower Phsenogamia can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And universally, so gradual is the transition from group to group, that it is difficult THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 17 1 or impossible to fir upon characters so definite a«» to circumscribe completely any- one group, while at the same time they exclude every member of the surrounding allied groups. 897. SECOND DIVISION. The Flowering plants are next resolved into two great provinces, indubitably marked by nature's own hand, and em- ployed in every natural method. The following is their diagnosis. ExoGENJ3 (t-£ w, without, yewaw, to generate), or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. o, Growing by layers external to the wood, internal to the bark, &, Leaves net-veined, c, Flowers 4 or 5-parted, rarely 3-parted, d, Seeds with two or more cotyledons, and e, The radicle producing an axial root. ENDOGENJE, (ivtiov, within, yevvdu), or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, a, Growing by scattered internal wood-bundles, b, Leaves parallel-veined, c, Flowers very generally 3-parted, d, Seeds with one cotyledon, and e, The radicle never producing an axial root. 898. THIRD DIVISION; — CLASSES. The provinces are next broken into classes — groups of the third rank in extent. Two are constituted of the Exogens, viz. : ANGIOSPERM^E (ayytto^, a vessel, c-Trep/za, seed) (oak, rose). a, Flowers more generally perfect or complete, 6, Pistils complete, inclosing the ovules, e, Seeds inclosed in a pericarp. epo, to bear). Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers constructed on the usual plan ; perianth of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting (lily, Orchis, rush). GLUMIFER^I (gluma, husk, fero, to bear). Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested with an im- bricated perianth of glumes, instead of petals and sepals (grasses, grains, 899. DIVISIONS OF THE CRYPTOGAMIA. This sub-kingdom is na- turally divided into two provinces, the Acrogens, and Thallogens, — terms founded upon their mode of vegetation. The former include those tribes which make some approximation towards the Phaenogamia, the latter include the lowest tribes in the vegetable kingdom. ACROGEN^E (rkpov, the summit, yevvtiu). Flowerless plants having a regular stem or axis, which grows by the ex- tension of the apex only, without increasing at all in diameter, generally 172 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. with leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts (Ferns, mosses, club-mosses, horsetails, etc.) THALLOGEN^E (0aAAof, green branch, yevvuu). Flowerless plants producing in vegetation a thallus, with no distinction of stem and leaf, or root, and composed of cellular tissue only (Lichens, fungi, etc.) 900. CLASSES OF THE FLOWERLESS PLANTS. For the sake of analogy and an advantageous comparison with the Phsenogams, we may also regard these two provinces of the Cryptogams in the light of Classes founded upon their different modes of fruitbearing. Thus the Aero- gens constitute the class ANGIOSPORJ2 (ayytiioc, GTropa). Acrogenous plants, producing their spores in sporangia (vessels) which burst when the spores are mature. GYMNOSPOR.^ (yv/uvbf, aTropa). Thallogenous plants reproduced by spores, which aro produced in parent cells, either forming a part of the vegetating thallus, or growing upon tho surface of some definite region of the thallus. 901. FOURTH DIVISION — COHORTS. The six classes, as above constituted, aro still each of great extent, — too great for tho comprehension of the learner, or prac- tical use. A further division is therefore necessary. To effect this on strictly natural principles botanists have labored hitherto in vain. The truth is, tho members of these several classes are united by affinities so equable as to render it impossibla to subdivide, except by distinctions more or less arbitrary. So adjacent territories, where rivers or other natural boundaries are wanting, must bo separated by artificial lines. 902. THE ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED BY DE CANDOLLE, in his great descriptivo work <: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Kegni Yegetabilis" into four sub-classes founded upon the conditions of the floral envelops, viz. : 1. Tkalamiflorce, petals distinct, and (with the stamens) hypogynous. 2. Calycifloree, petals (with the stamens) perigynous. 3. Corolliftorce, petals united, hypogynous, stamens epipetalous. 4. Munochlamydece, petals wanting. 903. THE PLAN OF ENDLICHER in his " Genera Plantarum" is more simple and convenient, and has been followed by American writers generally. He separates the Angiospermce into three " cohorts," thus : 1. Dialypetalos (dia^vu, to dissolve). Exogenous plants, having both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals (polypetalous), sometimes slightly cohering by the base of the stamens, rarely abortive. 2. Gamopstalce (ya//6f, union). Exogenous plants, having both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of petals more or less united. 3. Apetake (a, privative). Exogenous plants with flowers having a calyx only, or neither calyx nor corolla (achlamydeous). 904. THE CLASS PETALIFER^E may be conveniently separated into two cohorts, as follows. 1. Spadiciflorce. Endogenous plants with flowers having no perianth, or a scaly one, and borne on a thickened spadix, which is often enveloped in a epaths. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 173 2. Floridecs. Endogenous plants with the flowers usually perfect and com- plete, the perianth double, 3-parted, tho outer often and sometimes both green. 905. THE CLASS GLUMIFER^E is equivalent to the cohort Grami- noidece, including the sedges, grains, and grasses — a truly natural as- semblage. 906. THE CLASS ANGIOSPOR^E consists of three cohorts defined as follows. 1. Sporogamia. Angiosporous plants, producing spores in which, when ger- minating, antheridial cells and archegonal, or ovulary bodies, are formed (Lycopodiaceae, Isoetacese, Marsileacese). 2. Thattogamia. Angiosporous plants producing spores of one kind in spor- anges on the surface of the leaf or stem, the spore germinating into a green prothallus (629) on which are developed antheridia and archegonia, the latter giving origin to a leafy embryo (Equisetacese, Filices). 3. Axorjamia. Angiosporous plants producing antheridia and archegonia in the axils of the leaves or in buds, the fertilized archegonia giving birth to sporangcs filled with spores, all reproducing the plant (Mosses, Hepatic®, Characete). 907. THE CLASS GYMNOSPORJE consists of three cohorts, viz. : 1. Aerophyta. Thallogens growing and fructifying in tho air, reproduced by spores formed in asci, and by green gonidia formed in the medullary layer of the thallus (Lichens). 2. Hysterophyta. Thallogens growing in or on decaying organic substances and fructifying in the open air, destitute of chlorophylle and starch, re- produced by spores formed in asci, by archegoaal spores and by gonidea (Fungi). 3. Hydrophyta. Thallogens with a branching or foliaceous thallus; mem- branous, gelatinous, or cartilaginous in texture, containing either chloro- phylle or a red coloring matter and often starch grains ; growing in water, salt or fresh, or in moist substances in damp air (Algae). 908. THE FOLLOWING SYNOPTICAL ARRANGEMENT of the above divisions and sub- divisions will exhibit at a glance the relative position and mutual relations of each, THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. The sub-kingdom, PELENOGAMIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS. Province 1st. Exogence, or Dicotyledons. Class I. Angiospermse. Cohort 1. Dialypetalse, or Polypetalae. Cohort 2. Gamopetalse, or Monopetalse. Cohort 3. ApetalsD, or Monochlamydese. Class II. Gymnospermse. Cohort 4. Conoidese. Province 2. Endoyence, or Monocotyledons. Class III. Petaliferae, or Algumaceae. Cohort 5. Spadiciflorae (Aroidese, etc.) 1*74 NOMENCLATURE. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. Cohort 6. Floridese (Liliacese, etc.). Class IV. Glumiferae, or Glumaceae. Cohort 7. Graminoidcsc (Sedges, grasses). The sub kingdom CKYPTOGAMIA, or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Province 3. Acrogence. Class V. Angiosporse. Cohort 8. Sporogamia (Marsilleaceae, Lycopodiaceaj), Cohort 9. Thallogamia (Filices, etc.). Cohort 10. Axogamia (Mosses and Hepaticae). Province 4. Thallogence. Class VI. Gymnospora). Cohort 11. Aerophyta (Lichens). Cohort 12. Hysterophyta (Fungi). Cohort 13. Hydrophyta (Algae). CHAPTER IV. § 1. NOMENCLATURE. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 909. THE NAMES OF THE ORDERS aro Latin adjectives (feminine, plural, to agree with plantce, plants, understood), usually derived from the name of the most promi- nent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination into acece, as Rosacece, the rose tribe, Papaveracece, the poppy tribe, from Eosa and Pa- paver. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the order, and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Composite^, with compound flowers ; Labiate, with labiate flowers. 910. GENERIC NAMES are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the genus ; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from the name of some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, aro often retained. Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 911. SPECIFIC NAMES aro Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen- der with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded upon some distinctive character of tho species; as Gerardia glauca, glaucous- stemmed Gerardia ; G. purpurea, purple-flowered Gerardia ; G. tenuifolia, slender- leaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after eome other genus, which, in some respect, it resembles; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G. delpliinifolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia, 912. COMMEMORATIVE SPECIFIC NAMES. SPECIES, like genera, aro also some- times named in commemoration of distinguished persons. The rules given by Lind- ley, for the construction of such names, are, 1st. If the person is tho discoverer, tho specific name is a substantive in tho genitive case, singular number ; as, Lobelia Kalmii, Kami's Lobelia; Pinus Fra-seri, Eraser's pine. 2d. If the name is merely conferred in honor of the person to whom it is dedicated> it is an adjectivo ending NOMENCLATURE. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 175 I In nus, na, num; as Erica Linneana, Linnaeus' heath; Rosa, Lawrenciana, Miss Lawrence's rose. 913. RULES FOR THE USE OP CAPITALS. Tho names of the order, the sub-order or tribe, and of the genus should always commence with a capital letter. Tho name of the species should never commence with a capital except in the following cases; (1.) when it is derived from the name of a person or of a country, as Phlox Drummondii, Aquilegia Canadensis ; (2.) when it is a substantive, as Delphinium Consolida. 914. SYNONYMS. Very frequently, the same species has been described by differ- ent (or even by the same) authors, under different names. In such cases it becomes a question, often of difficult solution, which name is to be adopted. Obviously, the prior name, that is, the original one, if it can be ascertained, is entitled to the most respect ; and it is a rule with botanists to adopt this name, unless it had been pre- viously occupied, or bo strongly objectionable on some other account. All other names are synonyms. 915. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c., is called botanical analysis. This exercise, whether for pleasure or improvement, is the constant pursuit of the practical botanist. A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by committing to memory tho most elaborate description found in books. 916. During the flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blossom, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly inter- ested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom, may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 917. Let us suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and physi- ological structure of tho flower, leaves, stem, etc., the experienced botanist, who has at his command the characters of all tho Natural Orders, will at onco determine to which of them tho plant belongs. 918. But this is not to bo expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. Ho must be guided to the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of inquiry and comparison. Tor the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the conve- nience of all, wo are happy to be able to add a full series of ANALYTICAL TABLES, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost immediately to the object of their search. 919. THE ANALYTICAL TABLES which accompany the present edition of our Flora, are in many respects novel in form, and remarkable, at least, for their simplicity. A dichoiomal division, that is, of the whole into two parts, is the principle on which they are constructed ; and since those divisions are, each, characterized mainly by a single character, the tables are technically artificial But they are also natural to a considerable extent, at least so far as tho divisions and sections which they mako are in accordance with the natural method. "We subjoin a few examples of the analy- sis of particular species by the aid of these tables. If the exercise be conducted in the class-room, tho successive steps in the process (indicated by the numbers, 1, 2, 3, &c., below) may be assigned, in order, to each pupil in the class. 176 ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS HERB. • ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS HERB. 920. To DETERMINE THE COHORT. A good specimen of a little yellow-flowered herbaceous plant, common in the grassy fields of cool regions, is supposed to be now in the hands of each pupil of the class. (1.) The first pupil, reading (if necessary) the characteristic of each sub-kingdom, pronounces the plant one of the Phseno- gamia, and refers the next pupil to the Provinces, 1 or 2. (2.) The next reads the characters of those Provinces, and comparing the speci- men (which has net-veined leaves and 5~merous /Lowers), concludes that it is an Exo- gen. Refer next to the Classes, 1 or 2. (3.) " Flowers with stigmas, and pistils, &c. " Flowers with open scales instead of pistils (or no pistils at all)," &c. Our plant has pistils, &c., and is (moreover, not a pine, spruce or cedar). It is, there- fore an Angiosperm. Refer next to Cohort 1, 2, or 3. (4.) "Corolla with distinct petals." — This characterizes our plant, and it is pro- nounced " Polypetalous." Refer then to (A). 921. To DETERMINE THE NATURAL ORDER, tho (5th) pupil reads the first alterna- tive, or triplet, noted by a star (*), and comparing his plant, finds it to correspond with the first line, for it is an " herb with alternate leaves." Pass now to (11). (6.) " Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume." " Flowers irregular," &c. Tho flower is regular. Pass to (13). Again a pupil reads : — (7.) " Stamens 3 — 10 times as many as the petals." " Stamens few and definite." — Tho stamens are many. Pass to (15). The next (8) pupil reads, compares, and determines that the stamens are " perigynous on the base of the calyx," and announces tho letter (il) as the reference to the next alternative. (9.) Next, the pupil reads and compares his specimen with the triplet (d), and concludes that the sepals are 5. Refer then to the dash ( — ). (10.) Lastly- the pupil determines that the petals are imbricated in the bud, and consequently belongs to the Nat. Ord. ROSACES. 922. To DETERMINE THE GENUS. After a careful comparison of his specimens with the brief diagnosis of the Roseworts (page 325), in order to verify the analysis thus far (11), the learner consults the Table of tho Genera, and inquires the character of the carpels, styles, &c., in order to learn tho suborder of the plant. As the carpels are many, and free, he concludes that it is of the Suborder Rosese. Next learn its tribe. (12.) As tho ''carpels are 1-seeded in an open calyx," we infer that its tribe is Resides. Refer to f. (13.) Are the "styles persistent," etc., or "deciduous," etc.? They are deciduous; refer now to the dash ( — ). (14.) Inquire, "Calyx bractless ?" or "calyx bracteolato ?" As tho calyx is bracteolate (having five little leaves close to the calyx beneath, as if a double calyx), we refer again to the dash ( — ). (15.) "Receptacle pulpy" or "spongy," or "dry?" The latter is true, carrying us to the next dash ( — ). (16). Finally, are tho "stamens QO," or "5?" They are numerous, and POTENTILLA is the genus sought. 923. To DETERMINE THE SPECIES. Having compared the generic description of Po- tentilla with our specimens, and assured ourselves of its agreement thereto, (17.) we next inquire, are the " leaves palmately 3-foliolate," " palmately 5-foliolate," or "pinnate?" They are palmately 3-foliolate, and our plant is now referable to tho 1st, 2d, or 3d species. (18.) Lastly, the italicized words alone in the description of these species, at once mark our plant as belonging to the first, for it is hirsute, and the sepals exceed the petals. The name is, therefore, P. NORVEGICA. ANALYSIS OF AN APETALOUS HERB. 1 ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS SHRUB. 924. Again, suppose tlio class of pupils in botany to be furnished with specimens of a certain flowering shrub. The cohort of the plant is ascertained, by the process already noticed, to be Dialypetalas, the Polypetalous flowers (A), and we refer to the (*), reading :— "* Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical. " * Herbs with the leaves opposite on the stem. " * Shrubs, trees or undershrubs." — It is decided that our plant is a shrub, and referred to the dash ( — ). We next read : — " — Flowers regular or nearly so. " — Flowers irregular (or the fruit a legume).-" — The flowers are quite regular, and referred to (2). "We then read : — "Polyandrous," &c. "Oligandrous, " &c. — The stamens are numerous, and the plant referred to (3), where we again read : — " Leaves opposite." " Leaves alternate." — They are opposite, and we refer to the letter (§), and read : — "Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets." "Stamens on the calyx." — The latter is true. Eefer to the dash ( — ). Lastly : — " — Leaves with a marginal vein." " — Leaves with no marginal vein." — As the latter is true of our specimens, we conclude it to belong to the Order SAXIFRAGACE^E, and thither next refer, in order 925. To DETERMINE THE GENUS. After reading and comparing as before, we read the characters of the tribes ; and as our specimens are " shrubs with opposite leaves," we readily conclude that it belongs to the Tribe Hydrangeas. "We next read: — " Corolla valvate in the bud." " Corolla convolute in the bud." — It is the latter. Eefer the next reader to the dash ( — ) ; " Stamens 20 to 40. Petals 4." " Stamens 10. Petals 5." — In our specimens there are 20 or more stamens with 4 petals, and they must be referred to the Genus PHILADELPHIA. Next turn to that genus and compare characters. 926. The species is next found summarily by the italicized diagnosis in the de- scriptions, thus : — " Leaves entire. Sepals scarce longer than the tube. " Leaves sharply denticulate. Styles united. " Leaves subdentate. Styles distinct." — Our specimens agree well with the 2d, and we conclude that the species for which we have sough t is P. grandiflorus, a fine flowering shrub, native of woods in the Southern States, and also cultivated in shrubberies. ANALYSIS OF AN APETALOUS HERB. 927. Specimens of a weed common in cultivated grounds are now supposed to be before us. It has small, homely flowers, not easily discernible except under a lens. As the leaves are net-veined, and the flowers 5-parted, with a calyx only, the learner readily pronounces it a member of the Cohort APETAUE, and refers us to (C). The two lines marked with the paragraph flf), although placed (for obvious reasons) at some distance apart, are to be read together, thus : — " 1 Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments." " Tf Plants woody, shrubs or trees.^" — Our plant is an herb. Kefer to the two lines marked with a star (2). " 2 Flowers with a regular calyx, or a calyx-like involucre. 12 178 ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. "2 Flowers achlamydeous, — with neither calyx nor corolla." — Our specimens have a regular calyx. Refer to the lines marked (3). 41 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed or toothed. " Calyx free from the ovarj', sometimes enclosing it." — The latter. Refer to the five lines njaiked (4). The 3d of these lines reads, " Ovary one, 1-3-ovuled, with 2-5 styles or stigmas." Our weed, having a 1-ovuled, 2-styled ovary, well agrees with this description. Refer to (c). "Fruit 3 seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas." "Fruit 1-seeded." — It is the latter, and refers us, next, to the dj^h ( — ). — Stipules sheathing the stem." — Stipules none. Calyx scarious-bracteolate." — Stipules none. Calyx naked. Leaves alternate." — Stipules none. Calyx naked. Leaves opposite." — In our specimens, the sti- pules are wanting, bracteoles are wanting, and the leaves are alternate. Hence they belong to CHENOPODIACE^:. "\Ve turn and consult that order, as before, to verify our analysis thus far, and to learn the genus. 928. To ascertain the suborder, we must examine the embryo contained in tho little shining black seed. By a good lens (or even with good eyes), we learn that the embryo is not coiled, but merely bent into a ring. The leaves also, are thin (not fleshy) and expanded. Hence its suborder is Cyclolobeas. Refer to the starred (*) lines and determine the tribe. As the inflorescence is normal (that is, of the usual form, or nothing unusual), with perfect flowers and continuous (not jointed) stems, we conclude that it belongs to Tribe Chenopodiex. Refer to (c). As the seed (or the plane of its ring) is horizontal, the pericarp thin and the calyx not bordered we decide that its genus is CHENOPODIUM. The species remains now to be determined. We first read : — " Plant smooth, never glandular, ill-scented. Embryo a complete ring." " Plant glandular- puberulent, green, aromatic. Embryo half a ring." The latter character applies to our plant. Read the starred (*) lines, respecting the herbage, whether green or glaucous, &c. It is glaucous in Our plant, and covered with meali- ness. Refer to species 5-7. Seeing, next, the italicized diagnosis, we finally de- termine that the species sought is No. 6. C. ALBUM ; for the leaves are rhombic-ovate, sinuate-toothed, etc., etc. ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. 929. A grass-like, yellow-flowered plant is now supposed to be found and fur- nished to the pupils for analysis. Having determined that it is an Endogen (for it has parallel-veined leaves and 3-parted flowers), the pupils next seek 930. To DETERMINE ITS CLASS, whether the 3d or 4th. They read tho diagnosis of these clases, as follows : — " CLASS 3d. Flowers with no glumes." " CLASS 4th. Flowers with greenish, alternate glumes," &c. The flowers of our plant have no glumes, but a regular perianth. It is, therefore, decided to be one of the PETALIFEILE, or Class 3d. Refer to Cohorts 5 and 6, and the next pupil reads : — " Cohort 5. Flowers on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete." " Cohort G. Flowers complete, with a double perianth." The latter is true of our plant, and it therefore belongs to the cohort of the FLORIDE^E. Next refer the pupil to (I?), on page 197, in order 931. TO DETERMINE THE NATURAL ORDER. IIo reads : — ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. 170 "T[ Flowers (not on a spadix) in a dense, involucrate head." "f Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &a" The latter is true here. Refer to (3). " 3 Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, wholly or partly." "3 Perianth free from the ovary." It is adherent. Refer to (*5). The next pupil reads : — " * 5 Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Low aquatic herbs." "*5 Flowers dioecious, G-androus. Shrubby climbers." " * Flowers perfect." The last Is true of our specimens. Refer to the dash (— ), and read, " — Gynandrous." " — Monandrous." " — 3-6-androus." It is 6-androus. Refer the next pupil to (6). " 6 Perianth woolly or mealy out-side." " G Perianth glabrous out-side." The latter applies to our specimens. Refer to the dash ( — ). " — Stamens 3, anthers introrse." " — Stamens 3, anthers extrorse." " — Stamens 6." The last is true of our plant. It must, therefore, belong to the Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDACEJS. Turn to that order, and 932. DETERMINE THE GENUS by the table, page 692, thus : 1st. The perianth being "destitute of a crown," refers to **. 2d. The segments being "distinct down to the ovary," etc., refers to b. 3d. The " perianth regular," directs to the — . Lastly, The " sepals and petals equal," etc., indicates that our plant belongs to the genus HYPOXIS. ANALYSIS OF A GRASS. Having determined that this elegant and common grass is an Endogen (for its leaves are parallel-veined), and that it is a member of the 7th Cohort, the Gram- inoids, the pupil refers to G, and at once perceives, from its hollow culm, split sheaths, &c., that it is of the 156th Order, Graminese. He turns to that Order, and by the several successive steps in the table determines the genus, thus : — First as to the spikclets, since each one is "2 — co-flowered (as seen in fig. 727), with several perfect flowers," he refers to 9. Second, he determines the inflorescence to be " in panicles," and next refers to IO. Third, as to the awn, he concludes that the "pale is awnlcss," and refers to ai. Then as to the glumes, he observes that there are " definitely 2" (as in fig. 7, a, a), and refers to o. Fifthly, as the pales are "not at all awned," he refers to §. Next, as to tho flowers, he observes that there are several, about 4 or 5, in each spikelet, and all perfect ; therefore, refers to u. Seventh. Of the five lines in this set, he selects the second as best describing his specimen, viz., the "lower pale keeled, 5-veined." Therefore it belongs to tho genus Poa. Then we turn to genus 40, and determine the species, thus : — 1. As to the "branches of the panicle" they are "about in 5s, half-whorled." Pass to I>. 2. The "spikelets" being "3 to 5-flowered, subsessilo, in rather dcnso panicles," we refer to species 13, 14. Lastly, the "smooth stem," and short, truncate ligules of this specimen prove it to be Poa pratensis, or Spear Grass. INDEX AND GLOSSARY A (a, privative), prefixed to a Greek word signifies without, as aphyllous, without leaves. Abbreviations, page, 189. Abortion, nondevelopment of a part. Absorption, 770, 775, 791. Acaulescent, apparently stemless, 169. Accessory, something superadded. Accrescnt, growing after flowering. Accumbent, lying against a thing, 599. Acerose, needle-shaped, 277. Achenium, plural, achenia, 556. Achlamydeous, without floral envelopes. Acicular, finely needle-shaped. Acotyledonous, without cotyledons. Acrogens, summit-growers, 899. Aculeate, armed with prickles. Acuminate, drawn out into a point, 283. Acute, ending in a sharp angle, 283. Adherent, growing to, 466. Adnate, growing fast to, 495. Adventitious, growing out of the usual or normal position, as roots, 134. Aeration, same as Respiration, 815. Aerophyta, includes the "Lichens, 907. ^Estivation, 383. Affinity, resemblance in essential organs. Age of trees, 97. Aggregate, assembled close together. Aglumaceous, without glumes, the same as Petaliferse, 898. Agricultural Chemistry, 834. Air bladders, 311. Air cells or vessals, 790. Air plants, 841. Ala, wing; Alse, wings, 474. Albumen, 590. Albuminous, 589. Alburnum, sap-wood, 697. Algas, sea-weeds, 907. Fig. 545-550. Alternate, 222. Alternate generation, 634. Alveolate, with pits like the honey-comb. Ament, a deciduous spike, 348. Ammonia, 839. Amorphous, without definite form. Amphigastria, 626. Amphitropous, 539. Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 245. Analysis, Botanical, 915. Analytical tables explained, 919. Anastomosis, union of vessels or veins. Anatropous, 537. Ancipital, two-edged. Androecium, 491. Androgenous, stamens and pistils on the same peduncle. Angiospermae, angiosperms, 898. Angiospores, 900. Annual, yearly, 89. Annular cells, 652. Anterior, parts (of a flower) adjacent to the bract. Anthelmintic, expelling or killing worms. Anther, 494. Anthesis, the opening of the flower ; flow- ering. Antheridia, 629. Apetala?, 903. Apetalous, without petals. Aphyllous, without leaves. Apophysis, a swelling, e. g under the thecae of some Mosses. Apothecia, 631. Appendicular organs, 433. Appressed, closely applied but not adher- r ing to ; the same as adpressed. Apterous, without wings. Aquatic, living in water. Arachnoid, resembling cobwebs. Arboreous, arborescent, tree-like. Archegonia, 629. Arcuate, arched or curved like a bow. Areolate, having the surface divided into little spaces or areas. Aril, an extra seed-covering, 586. Aristate, with an arista or awn (barley). Armed, bearing prickles, spines, etc. Articulated, jointed, as the culm of wheat. Artificial classes, 877. Artificial orders, 878. Ascending, arising obliquely; assurgent Ascidia, leaves holding water, 308. Attenuate, becoming slender or thin. Auriculate, ear-bearing, 267. Awn, the beard of barley, and the like. Axial root, 122: Axil (arm-pit), the angle between the petiole and the branch on tho upper side. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 181 Axillary, growing out of the axils. Axis, ascending, 146, 148; erect, 148; procumbent, prostrate, trailing, decum- bent, 148; excurrent, 173; solvent, 174; descending, 114. Baccate, berry-like ; covered with pulp. Banner, same as Vexillum, 474. Banyan tree, 137. Baobab tree, 100. Bark, 700. Basidia, 631. Fig. 539. Basilar, basal, attached to the base. Bast cells, wood-cells of bark, 701. Beaked, ending in an extended tip. Bearded, with tufts of long, weak hairs. Berry, 566. Bi, Bis, twice (in compound words). Bicolor, two-colored. Bicuspidate, with two points or cusps. Bidentate, with two teeth. Biennial, of two years, 90. Bifid, cleft into two parts. Bifoliate, with two leaflets. Bifurcate, twice forked, or merely forked. Bilabiate, two-lipped. Binate, 288. Bipinnate, 289. Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid. Fig. 142. Biternate, twice teruate, 291. Bivalved, two-valved. Blade. See Lamina, 239. Blanched (plants), whitened for the want of light, 820. See Etiolated. Bloom, a fine, white powder on some plants. Botany defined, 38. Botany, elementary, 40. Botany, physiological, 41, 636. Botany, systematic, 42, 858. Brachiate, with opposite, spreading branches (arms). Bract, 319, 333. Bracteate, having bracts. Bracteoles, or bractlets, 333. Branches, 107, 152. Bristles, stiff, sharp hairs. Bryology, the science of Mosses. Bud, 105. Budding, 215. Buds axillary, 202 ; accessory, 206. Buds, adventitious, 207. Buds, suppression of, 205. Bud-scales, 197, 305. Bulb, 191; tunicated, 193; scaly, 193. Bulblets, 216. Caducous, dropping off early. Calyciflorffi, 902. Csespitous, forming tufts or' turf! Calceolate, slipper-shaped. Galvcine, calyx-like. Calyculate, having an outer calyx or calyx- like involucre. Calyptra, the hood of the sporange (cap- sule) of a moss. Fig. 514, 519. Calyx, the outer floral envelope, 400. Cambium, 709. Campanulate, bell-shaped, 477. Campy 16 tropous, 538. Canaliculate, channeled. Canescent, grayish white. Capillary, capillaceous, hair-shaped. Capitate, head-shaped, growing in close clusters, or heads. Capitulum, a little head, 354. Capreolate, bearing tendrils. Capsule, 576. Carbon, 830. Carbonic Acid, 825. Carina, 474. Carinate, boat-shaped, hav- ing a sharp ridge beneath. Carpel, carpellary, 516. Carpophore, 553, 557. Fig. 432. Cartilaginous, firm and tough in tex- ture. Caruncle, 586. Caryophyllaceous, 472. Caryopsis, 560. Catkin, 348. See Ament Caudex, 176. Caulescent, 169. Caulis, 169. Cauline, relating to the stem. Cellular tissue, 664. Cell, 639. Cell-growth, 752; life, 743. Cellular bark, 702. Cellulose, 654, 744. Centrifugal inflorescence, 343. Centripetal inflorescence, 342. Cephalous, same as Capitate. Cereal, relating to grains, corn, etc. Cernuous, nodding (less inclined than pendulous). Chaff, chaffy. See Paleaceous. Chalaza, 535. Channeled, hollowed out like a gutter. Characters, relative value of, 889. Chartaceous, with the texture of paper. Chlorophylle, 657, 733, 747. Chorisis, 432. Ciliate, fringed with marginal hairs. Cienchyma, 671. Cion or Scion, 158. Cinereous, ash gray, ash-color. Circinate, rolled inward from the top, 21& Circulation of the sap, 748. Circumscissiie, 552. Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril Cirrhous roots, 135. Classes, artificial, 877, etc. Classes, natural, 898. Classification, artificial, 873. Clavate, club-shaped. Coarctate, contracted, drawn together. 182 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Coccus, a berry. Also (in the pi. cocci) the 1 -seeded carpels of separable fruits. Coehleate, spiral like the suail-shell. Cohesion, 438. Cohorts, 901. Collateral, placed side by side. Collum, 118. Color of flowers, 369. Colored, of any color except green, which in botany is not a color, while white is, Column, the combined stamens and styles. Coma, 585. Commissure, the joined faces cf the car- pels of the cremocarp. Common, belonging alike to several. Complete flower, 412. Complicate, folded up upon itself. Compound leaf, 285. Compound flower, 355. Compressed, flattened on the sides. Conceptacle, 631. Conduplicate, folded on itself lengthwise. Cone, 5T8, 579. Confluent, uniting, same as Coherent. Conglomerate, clustered or crowded. Conjugate, coupled, joined by pairs. Connate, 294. Conneetile, connective, 494, 498. Connivent, converging, coming together. Continuous, the reverse of Jointed. Contorted, twisted, 389. Convolute, 393. Cordate, heart-shaped, 267. Coriaceous, leather-like, 295. Corm, 189. Corneous, horn-like in texture. Corniculate, with a small horn or spur. Corolla, 401. Corolliflora, 902. Corolline, pertaining to the corolla. Corona, crown, 435, 407. Cortical bark, 703. Corymb, corymbous, 350. Costate, ribbed, with rib-like ridges. Cotyledons, 306, 594. Crassula (a genus of plants), 415. Crateriform, of the form of a goblet. Creeper, creeping stems, 181. Cremocarp, 557. Crenate, bordered with rounded teeth. Crenulate, 279. Crested or cristate, with an elevated ridge. Crispate or Crisped, 282. Crown of the root, 186. Cruciform (corolla), 470. Crude sap, 794. Crustaceous, hard, thin and brittle. Cryptogamia, cryptogams, 621, 895. Cucullate, rolled up into a hood-shape. Culm, the straw of grasses, 170. Cuneate, cuneiform, wedge-shaped, 266. Cupulc, a little cup (sc. acorn), 562. Cuspidate, with a sharp, stiff point Cuticle, 680. Cyanic, 370. Cyathiform, cup-shaped. Cycle (in Phyllotaxy), 228. Cyclosis, same as Rotation, 807. Cyme, cymous, 357. Cymbiform, boat-shaped. Cypsela, 557. Cytoblast, 655. Deca, (in Greek composition), ten. Deciduous, falling at the end of the season. Declinate, bent downwards. Decompound, much compounded or di- vided. Decumbent, 148. Fig. 39. Decurrent, 244, 286. Decussate (leaves), 227. Definite, 503. Deflexed, bent downward. Defoliation, the casting off of leaves. Dehiscence, 496. Deliquescent (axis), same as Solvent, 174. Deltoid, form of the Greek letter A, 265. Dendroid, tree-like in form. Dendron (in Greek compounds), a tree. Dentate, 279. Denticulate, 279. Denuded, become naked. Depauperate, less developed than usual. Dependent, hanging down. Depressed, flattened from above ; low. Dextrine, 762. Dextrorse (twining), turning to the right. Fig. 50. Di (in Greek numerals), two. Diadelphous, 506. Diagnosis, a brief statement of the dis- tinctive character of a plant or group. Dialypetalous, Poiypetalous. 903. Diaphanous, transparent or translucent. Diandrous, with two stamens, 503. Diastase, 762. Dichotomous, forked or two-forked. Diclinous, 421. Dicotyledons, Dicotyledonous, 421. Dictyogens, 727. Dfdymous, double. Didynamous, Didyriamia, 877, § 2. Digitate, with several distinct leafleta palmately arranged (as in the leaf of the Horse-chestnut). Diffuse, much divided and spreading. Dimidiate (anther), halved, 499. Dioecia, dioecious, 877, §5. Dipterous, having two wings. Dischidia, 310. Disk, 446. Discoid, no rays. Fig. 21 L Dissected, cut into deep lobes. Dissepiment, 525. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 183 Distichous, arranged in two rows. Distinct, separate, not united. Divaricate, wide-spread, straggling. Divergent, spreading with a less angle. Dorsal, on or relating to the back. Double terms, 301. Downy, clothed with short, weak hairs. Drupe, 563. Drupaceous. See Tryma. Ducts. See Trachenchyma, 668. Duplicate, in pairs, double. Duramen, heart- wood, 698. Dwarfing, 140. E, ex (in composition), without; as, Ebracteate, without bracts. Earthy elements, 832. Echinate, prickly with rigid hairs. „ Effete, sterile, exhausted. Elaters, spiral, elastic threads accompany- ing certain spores. Fig. 506. Elliptic, elliptical (leaf), 265, a. Elongated, lengthened, extended. Emarginate, 284. Embryo, 591, 103. Embryonic vesicle, 754. Endocarp, 563. Endochrome, the coloring matter of plants. See Chlorophylle. Endogenous structure, 713. Endogens, 70, 897. Endopleura, same as Tegmen, 583. Endospores, 631. Ensiform, sword-shaped, 275. Entire, even-edged, 278. Ephemeral, enduring for ono day. Epi (in Greek composition), upon ; as, Epicarp, 563. Epidermis, 676. Epigynous, upon the ovary, 465, 504. Epipetalous, on the petals, 504. Epiphytes, plants on other plants, 143. Episperm, the skin of the seed. Equitant (astraddle), 214. Erose, eroded, as if gnawed, 281. Etserio, 565. Etiolated, colorless for want of light. Exalbuminor.3, without albumen. Excurrent, 173. Exogenas, Exogens, 69, 897. Exogenous structure, 691. Exosmose, flowing out, 781. Exospores, 631. Exserted, projecting out of, or beyond. Extra (in composition), beyond ; as, Extra-axillary, same as supra-axillary. Exstipulate, without stipules, 240. Extra Flour (of wheat), 750. Extrorse, turned outward, 497. Falcate, scythe-shaped, curved. Farinaceous, flour-like in texture. Farinous, mealy on the surface. Fascicle (a bundle), 361. Fasciculate (leaves), 222. Feather- veined, 259. Ferruginous, of ,ne color of iron rust. Fertile (flower), seed-producing, 421. Fertilization, '51, etc. Fibrillse, fibrils, 119, 724. Filament, the stalk of a stamen, 493. Filiform, slender like a thread. Fimbriate, fringed, having the edge bor- dered with slender processes. Fistular, hollow, as the loaf of onion. Flabelliform, fan-shaped, 276. Flagelliform, whip-shaped; long, taper and supple. Flavescent, yellowish, turning yellow. Flexuous, zig-zag, or wavy. Floccous, with hairs in soil fleecy tufts. Flora, (a) the spontaneous vegetation of a country ; (&) a written description of the same. Floral, relating to flowers. Floral calendar, 366. Floral clock, 368. Floral envelopes, 399 Florets, the flowers of a compound flower, 355. Flower, 372, etc.; origin of, 110. Flower, the standard of beauty, 372. Flowering, 364. Flower-bud, 195, 374, etc. Foliaceous, leaf-like in texture or form. Foliation, the act of leafing. Follicle, 571. Food of plants, 835. Foramen, same as Micropyle, 535. Forms, accommodated, 17. Forms, arrested, 21. Forms, graduated, 14. Forms, typical, 11. Free, not adherent nor adnate, 462. Fringed. See Fimbriate. Frond, an organ which is both stem and leaf, as in duck-meat, fern, 626. Frondescent, bursting into leaf. Fructification, flower and fruit as a whole. Fruit, 112, 541; growth of; 765. Fruit, ripening of, 766. Frutescent, shrubby, becoming shrubby. Fulcra (roots), 136. Fuliginous, smoky brown, blackish. Fulvous, dull yellowish brown. Funiculus (a little rope), 535. Funnel-form. See Infundibuliform. Furcate, forked. Furfuraceous, scurfy. Furrowed, marked with channels length- wise. Fuscous, grayish or blackish brown. Fusiform, spindle-shaped, 127. 184 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Galea, galeate, 483. Garaopetalae, monopetalae, 903. Gamopetalous, with the petals united. Gamophyllous, of united leaves. Gamosepalous, with the sepals united. Geminate, twin, two together. Gemmation, state of budding (Latin, gemma, bud). Geniculate, bent as the knee (genu). Genus, 80. Genera, 888. Germ, the ovary (obsolete). Germination, 608, 761. Gibbous, more tumid in a certain place. Glabrous, smooth or not hairy, 296. Gladiate, sword- shaped, ensiform. Gland, glandular, 632. Glans, 562. Glaucous, sea-green, bluish, usually with a bloom or whitish powder. Globous, in form near!}'- spherical. Glomerate, collected into close heads. Glomerule, 362. Glossology, the same as Terminology. Glumes, 339, 459. Glumifera, 898. Gluten, 750. Gonidia, 635. Granular, composed of grains. Grafting, 158. Graminoidete, 905. Grand Divisions, 65. Growth is downwards, 799. Gymnos (a Greek prefix), naked ; as, Gymnospermous, with naked seeds. Gymnospermas, gymnosperms, 898. Gymnospora3, gymnospores, 900. Gynandrous, 504. Gynoecium, 405. Gynobase, a process of the torus on and around which the carpels are sus- pended ; sc. Geranium, Fig. 428. Gynophore, a produced torus bearing the ovary on its summit. Fig. 290. Gyrate, same as Circinate, 213. Gyrous, strongly bent to and fro. Habit, the general aspect of a plant. Habitat, the natural locality, or place of growth of a wild plant. Hairs, 681. Hairy, hirsute. Halbert-shaped, hastate. Fig. 155, I. Halved, ono half apparently deficient. Hastate, with the base lobes abruptly spreading, as in ahalbert. Fig. 155, I. Heart-shaped. Fig. 155, p. Heart-wood, 697. Herb, herbaceous, 89, 90. Herbacsous, green and cellular in tex- ture. Herbarium, 54. Hesperidium, 567. Hermaphrodite (flower), with both sta- mens and pistils. Heterocephalous, heads of two sorts in the same plant, some $ and some $ . Heterogamous, two sorts of flowers in the same head, some $ and some $ . Hexa (Greek numeral), six ; as in, Hexagonal, 6-sided. Hexamerous, 6- parted. Hexandrous, 6-stamened. Hexandria, 877, §1. Hilum, 537, 588. Hirsute, hairy with rather long hairs. Hispid, bristly with stiff hairs, 298. Hoary, frost-colored, grayish- white. Homogamous, head with all the flowers alike, as to the stamens and pistils. Honey, 767. Honey-bee, 768. Hooded. See Gucullate. Horny, of the texture of horn. Hortus siccus, herbarium, 54. Humifuse, spreading on the ground. Hyaline, transparent or nearly so. Hybrid, a cross-breed between two species. Hydrogen, 831. Hydrophyta, 907. Hymenium, 631. Hyperborean, inhabiting northern regions. Hypo (in Greek compounds), under ; as, Hypocrateriform, salver-form, 480. Fig. 322. Hypogean, growing under ground. Hypogynous, 463, 504. Hysterophyta, 907. Icosandria, 877, Class XII. Imbricate, imbricated, 390. Immarginate, having no rim or border. Immersed. See Submersed. Inaxial root, 123. Incised, divided deeply as if cut. Included, inclosed within, or shorter than; as the stamens in the corolla tube. Incrassate, thickened. Incumbent, sc. embryo, 599. Indehiscent, not opening, 549. Indigenous, native of a country. Induplicate, 388. Indusium, the shield of the fruit-dot (sorus) of a fern. Fig. 500, 501. Inferior, lower in position, 465. Inflorescence, 320. Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped, 479. Innate (sc. anther), 495. Innovations, 635. Inserted, Insertion, refer to the point of junction or apparent origin. Integument, a coat or covering. Internode, 161. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 185 Interruptedly pinnate, 287. Fig. 159, Introrse (anthers), turned inward, 497. Involucre, 337. Involute, rolled inward, 213. Fig. 81. Irregular flowers, 441. Jointed, having joints, separable pieces. Jugum, a pair; as, bijugous, with two pairs of leaflets ; trijugous, three pairs. Keel, Keeled. See Carinate. Kidney-shaped. See Reniform, 271. Kingdoms of Nature, 31-33. Labellum, the odd petal of an orchid, 484. Labiate, lip-shaped, 483. Lacerate, torn irregularly by deep inci- sions. Laciniate, slashed, with deep incisions. Lactescent, containing lac, or milk. Lacunous, with large depressions or pits. Lacustrine, growing in lakes. Lamina, the blade of a leaf, 453. Lanceolate, lance-shaped. Fig. 11G. Lanuginous, woolly, 297. Latex, the turbid or milky juice of plants. Laticiferous tissue. See Cienchyma, 671. Latin names of plants, 75. Layer. See Stolon, 157. Leaf, 217, etc. ; structure of, 729. Leaf-bud, 195, etc. Leaflet, the pieces of a compound leaf. Leaf-stems, 166. Legume, 572. Lenticulate, shaped like a double convex lens. Liber, the inner bark, 701. Lichens. Fig. 530-536. See Aero- phyta, 907. Ligneous system, 685. Ligulate, strap-shaped, 482. Ligule, the stipules of grasses, 251. Liliaceous flower, 473. Limb, the border, 453. Linear, long and narrow, 275. Livid, clouded with bluish, brown, and gray. Lobate, lobed, 270. Loculicidal, opening into the cell, 550. Locusta, a spikelet of the grasses. Loment, a jointed legume, 573. Lorate, thong-shaped. Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lyrate, pinnatifid with the upper lobes mnch larger than the lower. Macros (in Greek compounds), long or large. Maculate, spotted or blotched. Mangrove tree, 138. Male (flowers), same as Staminate. Marcescent, withering, but persistent. Marginal, belonging to the border. Marginate, having the border different. Medulla, pith. Medullary rays, 705. • Medullary sheath, 693. Membranaceous, membranous, thin and pellucid. Mericarp, one of the carpels of a cremo- carp of an Umbilifer, 557. Micropyle, 535 ; same as Foramen. Microscope, 60. Midrib, the central vein of a leaf. Midvein (used in this work), 256. Mitriform, formed like a conical cap. Monos (in Greek compounds), one only; as, Monadelphous, 506. Monandrous, one-stamened, 503. Moniliform (roots), 132. Monocarpic herbs, 91. Monochlamydea?, 902. Monochlamy deous (flowers), 420. Monocotyledonous, 596, 897. Monoecious, 877, § 5. • • "•• Monogynous, with one style, 513. Monopetal®. See Gamopetalas, 903. Monopetalous, 458, 459. Monophyllous, one-leaved. Monosepalous, 458, 459. Monstrous flowers, 380. Morphology, 39 ; of the flower, 372. Morphology of the leaf, 239. Mucro, a sharp, small, abrupt point. Mucronate, 283. Multi (in composition), many. Multifid, cut half-way into many seg- ments. Muricate, bearing short, hard points. Muriform, like a wall of mason-work. Muscology, a treatise on mosses. MuticouS; pointless, not pointed. Mycelium, 628. Naked seeds, 548. Napiform (root), 28. Natant, swimming ; under water. Naturalized, growing spontaneously but not native. Natural System, 886. Natural System, history of, 891. Nectar, honey : Nectary, 433, 456. Nepenthes, 309. Nerve, the veins (254) are sometimea so-called. Netted or net-veined. See Reticulate, 258. Neutral flower, 422. Nodding, the summit bent over (sc. snow drop). Node, a joint of the stem, 161. Nodous, knotted; large-jointed. Nodulous (root), 132. Nomenclature, 909. 186 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Normal, according to rule, regular. Nuciform, nut-like. Nucleus, kernel (sc. ovule), 535. See Glans, 562. Ob (in composition), denotes inversion ; as, Obcompressed, flattened back and front. Obcordate, 284. Oblanceolate, 266. Oblique, unequal-sided (sc. leaves). Oblong, 265. Obovate, 266. Obtuse, 283. Obvolute (in aestivation), 214. Ochrea, sheathing stipules, 249. Ochroleucous, cream-color, pale yellow. Octo (in Greek composition), eight. Octandria, 877. Octandrous, 8-stamened. Octogynous, 8-styled, 878. Offset, a short lateral shoot, 1 59. Oligos (in Greek composition), few ; as, Oligandria, with few stamens. Olivaceous, olive-green, brownish-green. Opaque, dull, not shining. Opercular, with a lid, 496. Opposite, two at a node, 153, 222. Orbicular, Orbiculate, circular, 265. Orchidaceous, 484. Organogens, 829. Organography, 39. Organic world, 30. Organic soil, 837. Orthotropous (ovule), erect, 536. Osseous, bony, as the peach-stone. Oval, 265. Ovate, 265. Ovary, 515. Ovule, 532. Ovoid, egg-shaped as in fruits. Oxygen, 831. Palea3 or Pales, 339, 489. Paleaceous, chaffy, having pales. Palmi-veined, 260. Palmate, 272. Panduriform, fiddle-shaped. Panicle, 352. Paniculate, panicled. Papilionaceous, 474. Pappus the calyx of Composites, 485. Parallel-veined, 258. Paraphyses, jointed threads around the antheridia of mosses. Fig. 522. Parasites, 144. Parenchyma, 664, 730. Parietal, on the wall (paries), 526. Parted, deeply divided into parts. Patent, wido open. Patulous, half open. Pear-shaped, obovoid, larger above. Pectinate, combed, finely pinnatifld. Pedate, shaped like a bird's foot, 273. Pedicel, 328. Peduncle, 327. Peltate, shield-form, 271. Pendent, Pendulous, hanging, drooping. Penicillate, with a tuft of hairs, as if a camel's-hair pencil. Pente (in Greek composition), five; as, Pentamerous, 5-parted. Pentandrous, 503. Pentandria, 877. Pepo, a fruit like a melon, 568. Perennial, living several years, 92. Perfect flower, with both stamen and pistil. Perfoliate (through the leaf), 293. Peri (in Greek composition), around. Perianth, 402 ; forms of, 469. Pericarp, 547. Perigynium, 488. Perigynous, 464. Period of flowering, 365. Perisperm, same as Albumen, 590. Peristome, 632. Persistent, remaining long in place. Personate, 483. Petals, 401 ; forms of, 455. Petaliferae, 898. Petaloid, with the form or texture oi petals. Petiole, 243. Petiolate, 239. Petiolule, 246. Phsenogamia, 893, 895. Phyllodium, plur. Phyllodia, 307. Phyllotaxy, leaf-arrangement, 220. Physiologj-, 41, 736. Phytology, 43 (Greek, phytos, a plant). Pileorhiza, cap of a rootlet, 725. Pileus, cap of some Fungals. Fig. 537, c. Pilous, with erect, thin hairs, 298. Pine, size of, 101,— Californinn, 101. Pinnate, 287. Pinnatiiid, 268, 269. Pistil, 405, 511. Pitchers (leaves). See Ascidia, 303. Pith, 692. Pitted cells, 650, 667. Pitted, with depressions or excavations. Placenta, 520 ; free axile, 528. Pleurenchyma, 666. Plicate, plaited lengthwise as a fan, 394« Plumous, feathery. Plumule (a little plume), 103, 593. Pollen, 508. Pollen tube, 756. Pollinia, masses of pollen, 510. Poly (in Greek compounds), many. Polyadelphous, 506,— 877, § 3. Polygamous, Polygamia, 877, §5. Polypetalae. See Dialypetalas, 903. Polypetalous, Poly sepalous, -458. Pome, a fruit like an apple, 569. Posterior, next the axis. Potato, manner of its growth, 188. Precocious, flowering before the learea. Praefoliation, vernation, 209. Premorse, ending abruptly, 185. Press for drying plants, 57. Prickles, 18, 684. Primine, same as Testa, 535. Primordial utricle, 645. Prismatic, prism-shaped, having several parallel, longitudinal angles. Procumbent (stem), 148. Fig. 38. Prodaced, extended more than usual INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 187 Proliferous, reproducing, a3 cymes from the midst of a cyme, flowers from the midst of a flower. Protein, 744. Protoplasm, 744, 655. ProtothaUus, 629. Pruinous, powdered, as if frosted, 300. Pruriens, causing an itching sensation. Pseudo (in GreeR: composition), spurious. Pubescent, downy with short, soft hairs. Puberulent, minutely downy, 297. Pumilus, pumilous, dwarfed in size. Punctate, seeming as if perforate, 682, or marked with minute dots. Pungent, piercing, sharp-pointed. Putamen, the bony nucleus of a drupe. Pyramidal, form of a cone or pyramid. Pyriform, of the form of a pear. Pyxis, a pericarp with a lid, 570. Quadri (in composition), four ; as, Quadrifoliate, four-leaved. Quadrangular, four-angled. Quadrijugate, with four pairs of leaflets. Quadrilateral, four-sided. Quinque (in composition), five. Quinate, growing in fives, 292. Quincuncial, 391. Fig. 248. Quintuple, five-fold. Race (Latin, stirps), a permanent variety, as red-cabbage. Raceme, 349. Rachis, axis of the inflorescence, 286, 330. Radiate, diverging from a common contar. Radiate (in the Composites), the outer row of florets ligulate. Fig. 170. Radiant, outer flowers enlarged (and often neutral), Fig. 271 ; or (in the Compos- j ites), all the florets ligulate. Radical, from the root, 103. Radical of the flower, 408. Radicle, rootlet (of the embryo), 592. Ramial, of a branch, 221. Raphe (of the ovule or seed), 537. Raphides, 660. Receptacle, 331, 397, 443, 631. Recurved, bent (not rolled) backward. Reflexed, curved backward excessively. Refracted, bent suddenly as if broken. Regma, fruit as of Geranium, 577. Regular, like parts similar, 412. Reniform, kidney-shaped, 271. Repand (margin), 280. Repent, creeping. Respiration, 812. Resupinate, reversed, upside down. Reticulate, netted, 258. Retrorse, backwards, downwards. Retuse (apex), 2S4. Fig. 155, c. Revolute, rolled backwards, 213. Rhizoma, Rhizome, 183. Rhombic, Rhomboidal, in the figure of a rhomb, or approaching it. Ribs, the chief veins of a leaf, ridges. Ring elastic (of the fern-sporange). Fig. 489. W Ringent (corolla), 483. Root, 114. Root-stock, 183. Rosaceous (corolla), 471. Rostrate, beaked, with a beak. Rosulate (leaves), arranged around the base of the stem as rose-leaves. Rotate, wheel-shaped, 475. Rotation, circulation in the cell, 806. Rubicund, blushing, rosy red. Rudiment, the beginning of a thing. Rugous, wrinkled, 295. Ruminated (albumen), full of chinks as if composed of numerous folds. Runcinate, hooded backwards, 269. Runner, 160. Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 267. Salver-shaped. See llypocrateriform, 480. Samara, 561. Sap, the crude, 794 ; the true, 796. Sarcocarp (of the drupe), 563. Scabrous, rough, 296. Scalariform (cells), ladder-shaped, 653. Scales, 435. Scale-stems, 167. Scandent, climbing. Scape, 329. Scarious, 295. Scattered, sometimes used for alternate. Scorpoid (inflorescence), 358. Scrobiculate, pitted, with little depres- sions. Screw-pine, 136. Sea-green, light bluish green, glaucescent. Secund, all on one side, or turned one way. Secundine, same as Tegmen, 535. Seed, 582. Seed coverings, 583. Seed, longevity of, 602 ; dispersion of, 604. Semi (in composition), half; as, Semicordate, half of cordate. Semilunar, half-moon-shaped. Semisagittate, and Semiterete. Sepals, 400. Sepaloid, sepal-like. Septum, a partition between two spaces. Septicidal (dehiscence), 550. Septifragal (dehiscence), 550. Sericeous, silky, 297. Serotinous, occuring late in the season. Serrate, Serrulate, 279. Sessile, sitting, not stalked, 239. Seta3, 299, 487. Setaceous, bristle-form, Setous, Setigerous, bearing bristles. Sheath, Sheathing, as the leaves of tha Silicle, 575. Shrub, 95. Silique, 574. 188 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Siliquo^s, bearing siliques (as the Cruci- fers). Silver-graiu (of wood), 707. Simple, of one piece, not compound. Sinistrorse, twining from right to left. Fig. 49. Sinuate, 270. Slips, 158. Soil, 837. Solitary, growing alone, or singly. Sori, patches of fruitin ferns, 632. Fig. 488. Spadicifloras, 904. Spadix, 347. Spathe, Spathaceous, 336. Spatulate (leaf), 266. Species, 76, 888. Specific name, 75. Specimens (of plants), 53, 56. Spermatozoid, 633. Fig. 497, 553. Spike, Spicate, 346. Spikelet, a little spike, as in a grass. Spine, a woody thorn, 316. Spindle-shaped (root), 127. Fig. 27. Spiral arrangement (of leaves), 228. Spiral cells or vessels, 651. Spongelet, Spongiole, 118. Sporange, 632. Spores, 630. Sporidia, 630. Sporules, 635. Sporogamia, 906. Spur, a projecting, slender appendage, 434. Squarrous, spreading widely, as the in- volucral scales of some Composites. Stamens, 404, 491. Staminate flower, 421. Staminodia, 436, 502. Starch, 658, 748, 750. Stem, or Ascending Axis, 14G. Sterile, not bearing seeds, 421. Stigma, Stigmatic, 515. Stipe, the stalk of the ovary or ovaries ; also, the stem of a mushroom. Stipels, Stipellate, 251. Stipules, Stipulate, 240, 247. Stolon, 157. Stoloniferous, producing stolons. Stomata, 678, 732. Figs. 582-586. Strap-shaped, flat, narrow and straight. Strict, erect and very straight. Strigous, with sharp, close, rigid hairs. Strobile (fruit), 578. Strophiolate, having an appendage (stro- phiole or caruncle) about the hilum. Style, 515. Styloid, style-like. Sub (in composition), 302. Suberous, corky in texture. Subulate, awl-shaped, 277. Succulent, very juicy and cellular. Sucker, 156. Sufitutescent, woody at the base only. Sulcate, furrowed. Superior, 465, 468. Superior calyx, calyx adherent to ovary. Superior ovary, calyx free from ovary. Supervolute, 394. Supra-axillary, situated above the axil, Supradecompound, very much divided. Suspended (ovule), 534. Figs. 414, 419. Suspensor (of the embryo), 758. Fig. 608. Sutural (dehiscence), 550. Sword-shaped, as the vertical leaves of Iris. Syconus, fruit, such as the Fig. 580. Symmetry (of the flower), 410, 412. Syn (in Greek compounds), together, union. Syncarpium, 579. Syngenesia, Syngenesious, 877, 506. Synonyms, 914. Taper-pointed. See Acuminate, 283, Tap-root, 124, 142. Tawny, fulvous, dull yellowish brown. Taxonomy, the science of classification. Tegmen, the inner seed-coat, 535, 583. Tendril, 313, 178. Teratology, 380. Terete, cylindrical or nearly so. Term of Plant Life, 83, etc. Terminal, situated at the end or apex. Terminology, 4'4. Ternate (leaves), in threes, 288. Tesselated, checkered, as a pavement. Testa, the outer seed coat, 535, 583, 4. Tetra (in Greek composition), lour. Tetradynamous, 505. Tetradynamia, 877. Tetragonal, with four corners. Tetragynous, with four pistils. Thalamifl6ra3, 902. Thallogamia, 906. Thallogens, 722, 899. Thallus, 627. Thecaspores, 630. Thcca, Theca3, 632. Thorn, 317. Throat, the orifice of a monopetalous cor- olla, Thyrse, 353. Tomentous, with short, dense, woolly hairs. Tor£shaped, inversely conical. Torus, same as Receptacle, 331, 3S7. Trachenchyma, 668. Tree, 96. Tri (in Greek compounds), three. Triadelphous, the stamens in three sets. Triandria, Triandrous, 877. Trigynous, three-styled, 513. Tricoccous (fruit), with three one-seedefl carpels. Tricolored, with three colors. Triennial, lasting three years. Trifid, split half-way into three parts. Trifoliate, with three leaflets. Trilobate, having three lobes. Trimerous, 3-parted, 418. Tripartite, separable into three parts. Triple- veined, 261. Fig. 118. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 189 Triquetrous, three angled. Tripinnate, thrice pinnate, 289. Triternate, thrice ternate. True sap, T96. Truncate, 284. Fig. 155, d. Trunk (of a tree), 171. Tryma, fruit as the hickory-nut, 564. Tube, 459. Tubular corolla, 481. Tuber, 187. Tuberculate, covered with warts (tuber- cles). Tumid, swollen or inflated. Tunicate, coated, as the bulb, 193. Turion, young shoot, as of asparagus. Typical Flower, 412, 449. Figs. 260, 262. Typical Forms, 11, 12. Umbel, 351. Umbellet, a partial umbel. Umbellate, bearing umbels. Umbilicate, with a sharp depression at end. Unarmed, with no stings, thorns, etc. Undershrub, a low shrub, 95. Undulate, wavy, 280. Unequally pinnate, 287. Unguiculate (petal), having a claw, 453. Uni (in compounds), one. Unifoliate, with one leaf or leaflet. Uniform, of one form. Unilateral, one-sided. Unilocular, one- celled. Univalved, with but one valve. Urceolate, urn-shaped, 478. Utricle (fruit), 559. Vaginate, sheathing, the flattened petiole involving the stem. Yalvate, 387. Yalves, Valvular, 550. Varieties, 78. Vascular tissue, 668. Vaulted, arched. [736. Vegetation, or Physiology of Plant Life, Veins, 253. Veinlets, Veinulets, 257. Venation (of the leaf), 255. Ventricous, swelling out on one side. Vernal, appearing in the Spring time. Vernation (of the leaf bud), 213. Ventral, belonging to the front side, t. e., the side towards the axis. Verrucous, covered with warts (verrucse). Versatile (anther), 495. Vertex, the summit, same as Apex. Vertical, in the direction up and down, or parallel with the axis. Verticillate, whorled, 222. Verticilaster, 362. Vespertine, appearing in the evening. Vexillary (aestivation). Fig. 251. Vexillum, standard, 474. Fig. 316,317. Villous, clothed with long, weak hairs. 297. Vimineous, with long flexible shoots, osier- like, [slender. Vine, 178. Virgate, twiggy, long and Viscid, Viscous, sticky or glutinous. Vitta, Vittse, the minute oil-tubes in the fruit-coat of the Umbelifere. Volva, membrane enclosing the young Fungus. Fig. 537, e. "Wedge-shaped, gradually tapering to the Water, 838. Whorl, a circle of similar organs. "Witch-grass, 181. Wood, 694. Wood-cells, 649. Yeast Plant. 745. Zoology, 37. Zoospores, 633. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS OFTEN USED IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY. ach. achenia. test, aestivation. alter, alternate. amplex. amplexicaul. anth. anther. axitt. axillary. cal. calyx. caps, capsule. cor. corolla. decid. deciduous. diam. diameter. ettip. elliptical. emarg. emarginate. epig. epigynous. /. or ft. feet. fil. filaments. ft. flower ; fls. flowers. jr. fruit. hd. head ; lids, heads. hyp. hypogynous. imbr. imbricate. inf. inferior. invol. involucre. irreg. irregular. kg. legume. If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. Ifts. leaflets. lorn, loment. opp. opposite. ova. ovary. ped. peduncle. pet. petals. perig. perigynous. perig. perigynium. recep. receptacle. reg. regular. rhiz. rhizoma. rt. root. sds. seeds. seg. segment. sep. sepals. st. stem. sta. stamens. stig. stigmas. sty. styles. 190 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, and always in the same manner as in other works ; thus, Apr. April ; Jn. June ; Mass. Massachusetts ; N. Y. New York ; la. or Ind. Indiana ; Car. Carolina ; La, Lou- isiana; etc. The following Signs are also in general use : — (1) An annual plant. ^ A plant with a woody stem. @ A biennial plant. $ A staminate flower or plant 2£ A perennial herb. $ A pistillate flower or plant. $ A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. § Monoecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers. $ $ Dioecious ; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. $ $ $ Polygamous ; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. 0 Wanting or none. CO Indefinite, or numerous. 0= Cotyledons accumbent. } 0|| Cotyledons incumbent. >• Used only in the Cruciferee. 0>> Cotyledons conduplicate. ) § A naturalized plant. f A plant cultivated for ornament. J A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs are adopted in this work : — f (without the period) A foot. ' (a single accent) An inch. " (double accent) A line (one twelfth of '). ! The note of exclamation, common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to the note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal observa- tion. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either in or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens supplied by him. Its use in the present work is discontinued, except in the case of controverted facts. AUTHORS' NAMES are usually abbreviated, as follows : — Adans. A-merous, its parts mostly in 4s and 5s. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. (CLASS.) CLASS 1. Flowers with stigmas, and pistils enclosing the ovules, becoming seed-vessels enclosing the seeds. ANGIOSPERMS. (COHORT.) COHORT 1. Corolla with the petals distinct. POLYPETALOUS. (A) COHORT 2. Corolla with the petals united. GAMOPETALOTJS. (B) COHORT 3. Corolla (and often the calyx, also,) wanting. APETALOUS. (C) CLASS 2. Flowers with open scales instead of pistils (or no pistils at all), the ovules naked. (Pine, Cedar, Fir, Yew, Cypress, etc.) GYMNOSPEEMS. (COHORT.) COHORT 4. The cone-bearing plants (same as Class 2). CONOLDEJE. (D) PROVINCE 2. Bark, wood and pith commingled. Lvs. parallel- veined (rarely netted). Fig. B-merous. MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGENS. CLASS 3. Fls. with no glumes. PETALIFER^E or AGLUMACEOUS. (COHORT.) COHORT 5. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete. SPADICIFLOE^E. (E) COHORT 6. Flowers complete, with a double perianth. FLOEIDE^E. (F) CLASS 4. Flowers invested with green, alternate glumes instead of the perianth which is wanting or minute. GLUMIFEEJE. (COHORT \ COHORT 7. The Grasses and Sedges (same as Class 4). GEAMINOIDE^E. (G) BUB-KINGDOM II. Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants, (PROVINCE.) PROVINCE 1. With stem and leaves distinguishable, and containing woody tissue and vessels. ACROGENS or ANGIOSPOE^E. (H) PROVINCE 2. "With a thallus, often stem-like, but contain- ing cellular tissue only. THALLOGENS or GYMNOSPOE^E. (K) A COHORT 1. POLYPETALOUS. * Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical (11). * Herbs with the leaves opposite on the stem (7). * Shrubs, trees or undershrubs.— Flowers regular or nearly so. (2) — Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume), (r) 2 Polyandrous, — stamens 8 to 10 times as many as the petals, or more. (3) 2 Oligandrous, — stamens 1 — 2 times as many as the petals or fewer. (4) 3 Leaves opposite, (s) 3 Leaves alternate.— Stamens en the torus or the hypogynous corolla, (t) — Stamens and petals on the calyx-tube. (\0 192 ANALYSIS OP THE NATURAL ORDERS. 4 Ovaries simple, distinct or solitary. Vines or erect shrubs, (w) 4 Ovary compound, — wholly adherent to the calyx, (x) — free from the calyx or nearly so. (5) 5 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number, (y) 5 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a different number. (6) 6 Leaves opposite on the stems, (z) 6 Leaves alternate, — compound, (yy) — simple, (zz) 7 Polyandrous, — stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals, or more, (m) 7 Oligandrous, — stamens 1 — 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer. (8) 8 Pistils separate and distinct, few or solitary, simple, (n) 8 Pistils united, — ovary compound, free from the calyx. (9) — ovary compound, adherent to the calyx, (o) 9 stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number, (p) 9 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a greater number, (q) 11 Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. (13) 11 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume). (12) 12 Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals, (k) 12 Stamens few and definite, 5 — 12. (1) 13 Stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals. (15) 13 Stamens few and definite. — Ovary free from the calyx. (14) — Ovary adherent to the calyx. ( j) 14 Pistils one, or indefinite (1 — 15), distinct, simple, (e) 14 Pistils definitely — 2 united, the short styles combined into one. (f) — 3 or 4 united, styles or stigmas 3, 4 or 6. (g) — 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles, (h) — 5 united and the styles combined in one. (i) 15 Stamens hypogynous, — on the receptacle. (16) 15 Stamens perigynous, — on the corolla at base, (c) — on the calyx at the base, (d) 16 Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles), (a) 16 Pistils (and styles if any) completely united, (b). a Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. a Petals 3, persistent, withering. Floating leaves peltate. CABOMBACEJE. 7 a Petals numerous, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. NELUMBIACEJE. & b Sepals 4 — 6, equal. Petals 00, imbricated in the bud. NYMPHJEACE.E. 9 b Sepals 5, equal, Petals 5, imbricate. Leaves tubular. SARRACENIACEJS. 10 b Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, convolute. Flowers 01' 2 sorts. CISTACE.E. 17 b Sepals 2, with — 5 petals imbricated in the bud. PORTULACACE^E. 22 — i or 8 petals usually crumpled in the bud. PAP AVERAGES. 11 c Filaments united into a tube. Anther 1-cclled. MALVACE.E. 24 d Sepals 2, persistent, capping the pyxis. POETULACACE^E. 22 d Sepals 3 — 5, valvate in the bud. Pod long, 2-carpelod. TILIACE^E. 26 d Sepals 3 — 5. — Petals imbricate in bud. Fruits simple. KOSACEJE. 47 — Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compressed. LOASACE^. 53 e Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil 1 only. CERBERIDACE^. 6 e Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous. KANUNCULACE^E. 1 f Stamens 6 (tetradynamous). Pods 2-celled. CBUCIFER^E. 13 f Stamens 4, or 8 — 32. Pod 1-celled. CAPPARIDACE.E. 14 g Sepals and petals in 3s. Stamens 6. Small herb. LIMNANTHACE.E. 36 g Sepals and petals in 4s. Stamens 8. Climbing. SAPINDACE.E. 41 g Sepals, etc., in 5s. — Stam. 5, monadelphous. Climbing. PASSIFLORACE^:. 57 — Stam. 5, distinct. Greenish. Climbing. ORDER. 104 — Stam. 5, distinct. Yellow. Erect. TURXERACE>£. 56 — Stam. 5, distinct. Cyanic. E^ct. DROSERACE^E. 19 —Stam. 3— 15.— Fls. $ , very many, minute. CISTACEJS. 17 — Fls. monoecious. OBI>BII. 113 ANALYSIS OF TUB NATURAL OKDERS. 193 h Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds 00. LINAGES. So h Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. ORDER, 80 h Stamens 10, the filaments united at the base* OXALIDAOLE. 32 h Stamens 6—24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. CRASSULACE/E. 60 i Ovary one-celled. Leaves radical, irritable. DROSERACE^E. 19 i Ovary 2 — 5-celled.— Leaves dotless, mostly radical. ORDER. 73 —Leaves dotted. Cauline, pinnate. RUTACE^E. 37 j Styles 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, half-adherent. Sepals 2. POETULACACE^E. 22 j Style 1, carpels as many as the petals (2 — 6). ONAGRACEJS. 52 j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. Seeds several. SAXITRAGACE^E. 61 j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. Seeds two. UMBELIFER^E. 63 j Styles 3 — 5, ovary 3 — 5-celled, 3 — 5-seeded. ABALIACE^:. 64 k Ovaries many, or few, rarely 1, always simple. RANUNCULACE^E. 1 k Ovary compound, 3-carpeled, open before ripe. RESEDACE^E. 15 I Sepals 2. Petals 4 (2 pairs). Stain. 6. Spurs 1—2, blunt. FUMARIACEJS. 12 I Sepals 5, very unequal, Petals 3. Stam. 6 — 8. No spur. POLYGALACEJS. 45 1 Sepals 4, petals 2, all colored alike. Spur slender. BALSAMINACE/E. 34 I Sepals and petals each — 4, not very irregular. No spur. CAPPARIDACE^E. 14 — 5. Stamens 8. Spur slender. TROPJEOLACE-E. 35 — 5. Stamens 5. Spur blunt or none. VIOLACE^. 16 — 5. Stam. 10 (or more). Fr. a legume. LEGUJIINOS.E. 46 m Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. RANUNCULACE.E. 1 m Pistils 3 — 5, united more or less completely. HYPEBICACE.E. 18 m Pistils 5 — 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. MESEMBKYACE^:. 23 n Pistil solitary, simple. Petals 6—9. Stamens 12—18. BERBERIDACE^:. 6 n Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. CRASSULACE.E. 60 n Pistils 2, consolidated with the 5 stamens. Juice milky. ORDER. 97 o Carpels as many as the sepals. Anthers open at the top. MELASTOMACE^E. 50 o Carpels as many as the sepals. Anthers open laterally. ONAGRACE.*;. 52 o Carpels fewer than the sepals, — OO-seeded. Styles 2. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 61 — 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 3. ARALIACE.C. 64 — 1-seeded. Style 1 (double). CORNACEJE. 65 p .Style 3 cleft at the summit. PORTULACACE^:. 22 p S-tyle and stigma 1, undivided. ORDER. 78 q Leaves pinnate, with iuterpetiolar stipules. ZYGOPHYLLACE^!. 33 q Lvs. simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 6. CRUCEFER.E. 13 q Lvs. simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. GEBANIACE^E. 31 q Leaves simple, entire, (qq) qq Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. LYTHRACE^U 51 qq Pet. hypogynous. — Fls. irregular, unsymmetrical. POLYGAXACEJS. 45 — Fls. regular— 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. ELATINACE^:. 20 — 5-parted. — Leaves punctate. HYPERICACE^E. 18 — Lvs. dotless. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 21 r Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10 — 100. LEGUMINOS.E. 46 r Pistil compound, — 3-carpeled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. digitate. SAPINDACE.E. 41 — 3-carpeled. Fls. monoecious. Cultivated. BEGONIACE.S:. 59 — 5-carpeled. — Stipules present. Cultivated. GERANIACEJS. 31 — Stipules none. Native. ERICACEAE. 73 s Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets. Leaves dotted. HYPERICACE^E. 18 s Stamens on calyx.-^Ovaries many, free, but enclosed. CALYCANTHACE..E. 48 — Ov. compound, free in the bell-shaped cal. LYTHBACE.E. 51 — Ov. adherent.— Fruit fleshy, baccate. MYRTACEJS. 49 —Fruit dry, capsular. SAXIFRAGACE*. 61 t Petals imbricate or valvate in sestivation. (n) t Petals convolute. — Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. MALVACEAE. 24 — Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. STEBCULIACEJE. 25 13 194 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. u Ovaries distinct. Petals 6, valvate. Erect shrubs. AXONACE.E. 3 u Ov. distinct. Petals 3 — 9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. MAGNOLIACB^:. 2 u Ov. distinct, few. Petals 6 — 9, imbricate. Climbing Bhrubs.MjsNispEKiiACE^. 5 u Ov. compound. — Lvs. punctate with pellucid dots. AURANTIACE.E. 28 — Lvs. opaque. — Sepals valvate. Fls. small. TILLAGES. 20 — Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. CAJUELLIACE^E. 27 v Style 1 with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs. CACTACE.E. 54 v Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. B.OSACEJS. 47 W Pistils many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbing. SCHIZANDRACEJE. 4 17 Pistils 2 — 6, capitatate on the short torus. Climbing. MENISPEEMACE^:. 5 iff Pistil one only. Flowers 6-parted. Stain, opposite the petals. BERBERIDACE.S:. 6 X Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8. (Flowers red or roseate.) ONAGRACE^E, 52 I Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers whitish. CORNACEJE. 65 x Flowera 5-parted. — Ovary 5-carpeled, 5 styled. ARALIACE.E. 64 — Ov. 2-carpeled. — Leaves palmate-veined. GEOSSVLACE^E. 55 — Leaves pinnate-veined. SAXIFRAGACE.E. 61 y Leaves opposite, stem climbing with tendrils. VITACE. 44 y Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. BHAMNACE^E. 43 z Carpels 3 — 5, styles short. Leaves simple. t CELASTRACEJ:. 42 X Carpels 3, styles long, slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. SAPIIIDACE.J:. 41 z Carpels 2, with 2 slender styles. Samara double. ACERACE^E. 40 1 Carpels 1 — 2, with 1 short style. (Drupe or single samara.) OLEACE^S. 99 yy Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bipinnate. MELIACE^E. 29 yy Fils. 5, distinct. — Leaves pellucid punctate. KUTACE^E. 37 • — Lvs. opaque. — Ov. 3-carpeled, 1-seeded. ANACARDIACE.E. 38 — -Ov. of 3 one-seeded carpels. SAPiNnACE^E. 41 zz Petals 4, yellow. Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-seeded. HAMAMELACEJE. 62 zz Petals 4 — 7, cyanic. — Drupe 1-seeded, but with 3 stigmas. ANICARDIAOE^E. 38 — Drupe 4 — 6-seeded, stigmas 4 — 6. AQUIFOLIACE.^. 74 — Capsule OO-seeded. Ericineae, 73. PITTOSPORACE^. 39 — Cap. 3-seeded (scarlet). Seeds ariled. CELASTRACE.E. 42 —Capsule 2— 3-sceded. Ovules pendulous. § 3, OBD. 73 B COHORT 2. GAMOPETALOUS. \ Stamens (6 — CO) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, (a) § Stamens (2 — 12) fewer than the corolla lobes or of the same number. (*2) *2 Ovary inferior, adherent to the tube of the calyx. (3) 3 Stamens cohering by their anthers, (c) 3 Stamens entirely distinct, (d) *2 Ovary superior, free from the tube of the calyx. (6) 6 Flowers regular and the stamens symmetrical. (7) 7 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free), (e) 7 Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (rarely connate). (9) 9 Shrubs, trees, with the carpels or stigmas 3 — 6. (f ) 9 Herbs 1 — 10-carpelled or shrubs 2-carpeled. (g) 6 Flowers reguhvv and the stamens reduced to 2. (n) G Flowers irregular. Stam. (except in 3 or 4 species) unsymmetrical. (o) a Filaments 6, united into 2 equal sets. Herbs. • ORD. 12 a Filaments OO, united into 1 tube enclosing the styles. ORD. 24 a Filaments 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. ORD. 46 a Filaments CO, united only at the base into 1 or 5 sets, (b) b Calyx of 5 leafy imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. ORD. 27 b Calyx tubular, 5 toothed or truncate. Shrubs, trees. STTRACACE^E. 75 a Filam. entirely distinct. — 8 or 10 in number. Flowers perfect. ERICACEAE. 73 •— S and 1G ia numb. Fls. polygamous. EBENACEJE. 76 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 195 C Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre. COMPOSITE. 7C c Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. LOBELIACE.S. 71, c Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. ORD. 58 d Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. CAMPANULACE^E. 72 d Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or vertieiilate. KUBIACEJS. 67 d Lvs. opp. Stipules none. — Stam. 5 — 4. Ov. 2 — 5-celled. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 66 — Stam. 2—3. Ov. 1-celled. VALERIAN ACEJS. 68 — Stamens 4. Flowers capitate. DIPSACEJS. 69 e Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. PLUMB AGINACE 20. 80 e Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. PRMULACE.E. 78 c Trees or shrubs. Ov. 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. SAPOTACE^E. 77 - f Style none. Drupe 4 — 6 seeded. AQUIFOLIACEJS. 74 f Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. VERBENACE^E. 88 f Style one. Capsule 3 — 5-celled, OO-seeded. ERICACEAE. 73 g Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 achenia. BORRAGINACEJE. 90 g Ovaries 2, distinct (often covered by the stamens), (h) g Ovary 1, compound, 1-celled (placenta often large), (k). S Ovary 1, compound, 2— 6-celled. (m). h Stigmas connate. Flower bud convolute. ArocTNACE2E. 96 h Stigmas connate. Flower bud valvate ? ASCLEPIADACE^E. 97 h Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow, CONVOLVULACE^B. 93 k Ovule solitary. Corolla limb entire. ORD. 101 k Ovules several. Leaves cleft and lobed. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 91 k Ovules several. Lvs. or Ifts. entire. — Fls. not spicate. GENTIANACE^B. 95 — Fls. spioate. PLANTAGINACE,E. 79 m Leaves all radical. Flowers spiked. . PLANTAGIXACEJB. 79 m Leaves opposite. — Ovary 2-celled. LOGANIACEJB. 85 — Ov. 3-celled. Not twining, i m Leaves alternate.-Ov. 3-celled. Not twining, f POLYMONIACM. 95 — Ov. 2-celled. Twining. CONVOLVULACE^E. 93 — Ov. 2-celled, 4-seeded. Erect. BORRAGINACEJS. 90 — Ov. 2-celled, cc -seed.— Styles 2. HYDROPHYL. 91 —Style 1. SOLANACE.B. 94 n Shrubs. Corolla 5-parted, imbricated in bud. JASXINACEJS. 98 11 Shrubs. Corolla 4-parted, valvate, or none. OLEACE^E. 99 o Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. (p) o Ov. entire, 4-ovuled, 4 or fewer-seeded. Lvs. opposite. VERBENACE^E. 88 o Ovary entire, OO-ovu'ed, CO or several-seeded, (s) p Leaves opposite. Stems square. Stamens 2—4. LABIATE. 89 p Leaves alternate. Stems round. Stamens 5. BORRAGINACE^E. 90 s Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. BIGNONIACEJE. 83 s Trees. Seeds not winged. SCBOPH. 86. Erect shrubs. ERICACEAE. 73 s Herbs. — Leafless parasites. OROBANCHACEJE. 82 — Lvs. at base. Fruit 1-celled. Fls. spurred. LENTIBULACE^E. 81 —Leafy.— Fruit 4— 5-celled. Leaves opposite. PEDALIACEJS. 84 •—Fruit 2-celled. (t) t Corolla convolute in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. ACANTHACE^E. 87 t Corolla imbricate in bud. Seeds albuminous. SCBOPHULARIACE js. 86 t Corolla plicate in bud. Seeds albuminous. SOLANACEJS;. 94 C COHORT 3. APETALOUS. t Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except Humulus, 115). (2) Tf Plants woody,— shrubs or trees. (5) 2 Flowers with a regular calyx (or a calyx-like involucre). (3) 2 Flowers achlamydeous, — neither calyx nor corolla, (f) 3 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire, (a} 3 Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it. (4) 196 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 4 Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-ovuled. ORDER 1 4 Ovary one, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded, style or stigma 1. (b) 4 Ovary one, 1 — 3-ovuled, with 2 — 5-styles or stigmas, (c) 4 Ovary 1, with many ovules and 1 style or stigma, (d) 4 Ovary one, with 4 — CO ovules and 2 — 12 styles and stigmas, (e) a Stamens 1 — 8, symmetrical with the stigmas. ORD. 52 a Stamens 8 — 10, the stigmas 2. Ovary GO-seeded. OED. 61 a Stamens 6 or 12, symmetrical with the 6 ovary-cells. AKBTOLOCHIACE^:. 100 a Stamens 5, the style 1. Ovary 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. SANTALACEJE. 109 b Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed, stamens 1—4. OED. 47 b Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. NYCTAGTNACEZ:. 101 b Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4 — 5-parted, green. URTICACE.S:. 115 c Fruit 3-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas. EUPHOKBIACE^E. 112 c Fruit 1-seeded. — Stipules sheathing the stems. POLYGONACE.E. 102 — Stip. 0. Calyx scarious-bracted. AMARANTACE.E. 106 — Stip. 0. Calyx double. Climbing. BASELLACE.E. 104 — Stip. 0. Calyx naked. Lvs. alternate. CHENOFODIAOEJE. 105 — Stip. 0. Calyx naked. Lvs. opposite. § 3, OKD. 21 d Stamens (4) opposite the sepals. OED. 51 d Stamens (5) alternate with the sepals. OED. 78 e Leaves opposite. Fruit circumscissile (utricle). OKD. 22 e Leaves opposite. Fruit 4 — 5-valved (capsule). OED. 21 e Leaves alternate. — Fruit 5-horned, 5-celled (capsule). OED. 60 — Fruit a fleshy 4 — 10-seeded berry. PHYTOTACCACEJS. 103 — Fruit circumscissile (utricle). AMAEANTACE^E. 106 f Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. Monocotyledons. OED. 131 f Flowers in a long naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. SACRURACE.*!. 123 f Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Aquatic plants, (g) g Stamen 1, styles 2. Leaves opposite. CAIXITEIOACE^:. 124 g Stamens 2, styles 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. PODOSTEMIACE^. 125 g Stamens 12 — 24, style 1. Lvs. verticillata, dissected. CERATOPHYLLACEJE. 126 5 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves opposite, (h) 5 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves alternate, (k) 5 Flowers (diclinous), the sterile only, in aments. (n) 5 Flowers (diclinous), both the fertile and sterile in amenta, (o) h Fruit a double samara (2-winged). OKD. 40 h Fruit a single samara (1-winged), or a drupe. Stamens 2. OLEACE^E. 09 h Fruit not winged, — 3-seeded. Stamens 4. EUPHORBIACE^E. 112 — 1-seeded. Stamens 4 or 8. ELEAGNACE.E. Ill — 1-seeded. Stamens 3. Parasites. LORANTHACE.E. 103 k Style or stigma one. Fruit 1-seeded. (m) m Calyx free from the ovary. — Anthers opening by valves. LATJEACE^E. 107 m Calyx free from the ovary. — Anthers opening by slits. THYMELACEJC. 110 m Calyx adherent to the ovary. — Ovules 2 — 4. (Shrubs.) SANTAJ^ACE^. 103 —Ovule 1. (Trees.) OKD. 65 k Styles or stigmas 2. — Stamens numerous. OED. 62 — Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. ULMACEJC. 113 k Styles or stigmas 3 (rarely 2 — 4). — Fruit dry, 3-partible. EUPHORBIACE.S. 112 — Fruit a fleshy drupe. OKD. 43 k Styles or stigmas 6 — 9. Heath-like undershrubs. EMPETRACE^E. 116 k Styles and ovaries 5, scarcely xmited. Leaves pinnate. OKD. 87 n Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. CiTPirLrFERJE. 119 n Nut drupaceous, naked. Leaves pinnate. JITGLANDACEJB. 118 o Fruit fleshy, aggregated (sorosis). Juice (or sap) milky. ABTOCABPACE^S. 114 Q Fruit dry. Plants with a watery juice or sap. (p) ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL OEDERS. 197 p Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled, woolly. OBD. 62 p Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1 -celled, 1 seeded. PLATANACE^E. 117 p Ainents cylindrical or oblong, (s). s Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit often fleshy. MYRICACE.E. 121 s Ovary 2,ceiled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit ofteu winged. BETCLACEJS. 120 s Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. Seeds comous. SALICACE^E. 122 D COHORT 4. CONOIDE^E. Leaves simple. Fertile flowers in cones. Stems branching, woody, jointless. CONIFERJS. 127 Leaves simple. Fertile flowers solitary. Stems branching, woody, joiatless. TAXACE.E. 128 Leaves pinnate. Fertile flowera solitary. Stems simple, palm-like. CYCADACE^G. 128 E COHORT 5. SPADICIFLORJE. Trees or shrubs with palmi-cleffc leaves all from one terminal bud, and a branching " spadix" from a spathe. PALMACE^S. 130 Herbs with simple, rarely ternate leaves. Spadix simple. (2) 2 Plants frond-like, minute, floating loose on the water. LEMNACEJE. 132 2 Plants with stem and leaves, rooting aud fixed. (3) 3 Spadix evident, in. a spathe or on a scape. AUACE^E. 131 3 Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy. (4) 4 Flowers with no perianth, densely spicate or capitate. TYPHYCEJE. 133 4 Flowers with a perianth or not. Plants submersed. NAIADACEJS. 134 F COHORT C. FLORIDE^E. Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head, (k) Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, etc. (3) 3 Perianth tube adherent to the ovary wholly or partly, (a) 3 Perianth free from the ovary. (4) 4 Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147). (c) 4 Petals and sepals similarly colored, (e) a Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Low, aquatic herbs. HYDEOCHARIDACE^E 138 a Flowers dioecious, 6-androus. Shrubby climbers. DIOSCOBEACE^. 144 a Flowers perfect, — gynandrous (stamen on the pistil). ORCHIDACE^E. 133 — monandrous with half an anther. MABANTACK^E- 139 — 3 — 6-androus. Stamens distinct, (b) b Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free. ILEMODOKACE.E. 542 b Perianth glabrous outside, — Stamens 3, anthers introrse. BURMANNIACE.E. 137 — Stamens 3, anthers extrorse. IEIDACE/E. 143 — Stamens 6. AUARYLLIDAGE^. 140 c Carpels many, distinct, acheniate in fruit. ALISUACE^E. 135 c Carpels 3, united, with the stigmas distinct or not. (d) d Leaves verticillate in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. TKILLIACE.E. 147 d Leaves alternate. — Stigmas 3. Scurfy epiphytes. BROJTELIACE^E. 141 — Stigmas united into 1. COMMELYNACE^E. 152 e Leares net-veined, dilated. — Flowers perfect, 4-parted. KOXBURGHIACE^:. 146 — Flowers dioecious, 6-parted. SMILACE^E. 145 KASTI*. 21 VI. PJ2ONIEJ2. — Pet. plane, large, showy. Disk sheathing the ovary. P.BONIA. 22 1. CLEMATIS L. VIRGIN'S BOWER. (Gr. /eA^ea, a vine or tendril.) Calyx of four colored sepals, in aestivation valvate-induplicatc. Petals none, or if present more like sterile filaments. Stamens oo7 shorter than the sepals, the outer or all sometimes sterile. Ovaries oo, in a head. Achenia caudate with the lengthened plumous or pubescent style, if Herbs, or vines a little woody, climbing by twining petioles. Leaves opposite. The herbage is acrid and caustic. § ATRAGENE. Outer stamens petal-like. Lvs. vorticillate. FI». solitary. Vine No. 1 § Cr.KMATis proper. Petals none. Leaves opposite. (*) * V4nes.— Flowers in cymous panicles Nos. 2 — i — Fls. solitary. — Sepals panduriform, wavy-edged Nos. 5, 6 — Sepals lance-ovate with a reflexed point Nos. 7, 8 * Erect herbs, near 1 f. high. Flowers solitary Nos. 9—11 Exotic, cultivated specie* No*. 12—15 ORDER 1.— RANOTCULACEJS. 201 1 C. verticillaris DC. Stem ascending trees 15 ft. by means of it* twisting petioles. At each node is a whorl (arising from two buds) of four ternate leaves, and two large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1 — 2' by ^ — 1', ovate, slightly notched. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals ?) dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers. — A hand- eome climber in highland woods, V t. (Dr. Phelps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. May, Jn. (Atragene Americana Sims). / 2 C. Virgin! ana L. Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. smooth, lobed, and cut-dentate. — A common, hardy climber in hedges and thickets, Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 8-15 f. in length, supporting itself on fences and brushwood by means of the long petioles. Leaflets 2 — 3' by l\ — 2', with mucronate teeth. Sep'als 4, white, oblong-obovate, obtuse. Stamens 28 — 36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with long, plumous tails (caudae), appearing in large, downy tufts. Aug.f 3 C. holosericea Ph. Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. pubescent both sides, entire, oblong- lanceolate. — la Carolina. Plant climbing, downy or silky in all its parts. Panicles corymbous, triehotomous, few flowered. Flowers dioecious, small, white; the linear petals longer than the stamens. Achenia long-plumed. 4 C. Catesbyana Ph. Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. ovate, small, mostly 3-lobed, the lobes entire. — In Georgia. Plant climbing, minutely pubescent. Flowers in axil- lary, divaricately forked cymes, small, mostly $ $ . Sepals linear oblong. Fila- ments in the ? flowers, linear-margined, without anthers. Achenia short- plumed. 5 C. cylmdrica Sims. Lvs. ternale, pinnate, or decompound; Ifts. ovate (very variable), acute, smooiJi, membranous. — Virginia to Ga. and La. Stems climbing, but not extensively, smooth. Leaves exceedingly various. Leaflets 3-15, glab- rous, simple, often lobed or 3-parted, rendering the leaf decompound. Peduncle terminal, bearing a large, nodding, bell-shaped, bluish purple flower. Achonia xvith short (6 — 9") pubescent tails. Apr. May. ft. crispa. Lfts. large (2' — 3'), broadly-ovate, obtuse or subcordate at base. Sepals above much dilated and crisped, spreading or reflexed.— Ga. Varying imperceptibly into a. (C. crispa L.) y. Wcttteri. Slender throughout. Leaflets 3 — 5, very narrow, acute at each end. Sepals narrow and scarcely wavy. Stamens sometimes sterile. — Ga. Perhaps distinct. (E. Walters, Ph.) 6. linearilvba. Lfts. about 15, lance-linear, acute or acuminate at each end. Flower more or less cylindraceous below. — Quincv. Fla.. La. (C. lineariloba, DC.) 6 C. reticulata Walt. Leaves pinnate or ternate. Lfts. obtuse at each end, at length rigid and prominently net-veined. — Fla. Lfts. 3 — 6, stalked as in the other . species, oblong, ovate or oval, entire, simple or lobed. Flower terminal, nodding, bell-shaped, pale-purple, much resembling that of No. 5. Sepals 1 — !£' long. Achenia with long silky tails. Apr. 7 C. Viorna L. LEATHER-FLOWER. Lfts. ovate, acute, smooth. Sepals ovate, thick and leathery; ach. with long plumous tails. — Woods, Ohio to Ga. Stems 10 — 15f in length, striate. Lvs. pinnate, those of the branches (bracts) simple, ovate, subsessile. Lfts. ovate or lance-ovate, simple or 3-lobed. Flower terminal, nod- dins;, dark purple. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1' long, cuspidate point reflexed. Tails If long. Jn. JL 8 C. Pitcheri T & G. Lfts. rough with prominent veins, coriaceous. Sepals lance-ovate, thick, achenia with short pubescent tails. — Towa, 111. to Ark. Leaves pinnate, those of the peduncles simple, subsessile. Leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, . often subcordate at base. Sepals of the nodding flower ovate-lanceolate, dull purple, 8—10" in length, the cuspidate point reflexed. Jn. (Hardly distinct from the preceding.) 9 C. ochroleuca Ait. Lvs. simple, ovate, silky, pubescent beneath. — Mts. and river banks, K Y. to Ga. Rare; stem 12—18' high, sericious. Leaves sessile, entire, simple, 2-4' long, f as wide, with prominent veins, upper surface at length smooth. Flower terminal, nodding, ovate-cam panulate. Sepals silky outside, yellowish-white within. Plumes of the fruit long, straw-colored. May. 202 ORDER 1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 10 C. ovata Ph. Leaves broadly ovate, glabrous, glaucous and veiny beneath. — N. Car. to Fla. Stem simple, 1 — 2f high, glabrous as well as the whole plant. Leaves entire, simple, on short petioles, the lower subcordate. The stem termi- nates in a short, nodding, purple flower, with ovate-acuminate sepals. Achenia with long plumous tails. 11 C. Baldwin!! T. & G-. Leaves varying from oblong to lance-linear, the lower 3-lobed or cleft. — Tampa Bay, Fla. (Baldwin.) Slender, 1 — 2f high. Lvs. acute at base, about £' by 2', petiolate. Flower cylindrical-campanulate, purplish, on a long terminal peduncle. Plumous tails 2' long. 12 C. Flammula L. Flowers paniculate; Ivs. pinnate; Ifls. oblong, acute at each end. — S. Europe and N. Africa, often cultivated. Its long, half woody, angular, climbing stems form shady masses, covered with small, white, cymous, extremely fragrant flowers. Lfts. very variable. Fruit tipped with long shaggy tails. JL, Oct.f 13 C. florida L. Flowers solitary ; sepals acuminate, smooth; Ifts. ovate, acute. — From Japan. Vine 12f long. Lvs. ternate and decompound; Ifts. entire. Peduncles longer than the leaves, bearing each a large, white-yellow flower. Jn., Septf / 14 C. ViticellaL. Flower solitary ; sepals obovate. — From Spain. Vine long and climbing, with ternately decompound leaves. Lfts. entire, ovate or oval. Flower large, purple, the sepals broad, obtuse at end, often double. Jn. — Septf 15. C. lasiantha Nutt Fls. solitary, dioecious, on clustered 2-Ieaved branch- lets; sepals oblong-cuneate, spreading, villous on both sides; Ivs. ternate, Ifts. broadly ovate, incisely toothed, the terminal 3-lobed or cleft. — Vine delicate, climbing many feet, pubescent or villous. Lfts. about 1J' by 1'. Peduncles 3' long, the pale blue-purple fl. !£' broad. f Eocky Mts. 2. ANEMONE, L. Fig. 361. (Gr. dvefw^ wind. Most of the species grow in elevated or windy places.) Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves; calyx regular, of 5 — 15 colored sepals; corolla 0 ; stamens oo, much shorter than the sepals ; ovaries GO, free, collected into a roundish or oblong head ; achenia with a short, rarely lengthened beak; seeds suspended. — 2f Lvs. radical, stem Ivs. 2 or 3 opposite or whorled, forming the involucre. § PULSATILLA. Carpels many (50—75) with long, plumous tails No. 1 § ANEMONE proper. Carpels not produced into tails. (*) * Pistils many (50 — TO) in a head, densely woolly in fruit, (a) a In volucrate leaves sessile, with a single flower Nos. 2 — i a Involucrate leaves petiolate, with 2 — 3 flowers Nos. 5 — 7 * Pistils fewer (15 — 20), merely pubescent in fruit Nos. 8,9 * Pistils few (10—15), glabrous. Flowers umbeled Nos. 10, 11 Exotic, cultivated species Nos. 12, 13 1 A. Nuttalliana DC. PASQUE-FLOWER. Plant clothed with silky hairs. St. in flower very short, in fruit 8 — 12' high. Lvs, long-stalked, many-cleft, segments linear or cuneiform, incised. Involucre below the middle of the stem, sessile, subulately dissected, concave or cup-shaped in position. Sep. of tha singlo showy flower 5 or 6, 1' long, pale-purple, silky outside, appearing before tho leaves, in Apr. Tails of the carpels 1J' long. — Dry hills. Wise., 111., W. to R. Mts. (A. patens L. Pulsatilla, Gray.) 2 A. Caroliniana "Walt. Lvs. 3-parted into cuneate-linear, twice triftd segments: ; invol. similarly cleft halfway, hand-shaped; sep. 15 — 20, obtuse; head of carpels cylindraceous-oblong. — A delicately beautiful plant, Car. to Ark. and Ncbr. Rhizome tuberous, sending up many stalked, multifid leaves and a scape G — 10' high, bearing the 2 or 3-leaved involucre below the middle, and the single large, fragrant, white or rose-colored flower at top. Scape pubescent above. Outer sepals dotted with purple, oblong, the inner (or petals) narrower, all nearly per- sistent. InvoL similar to, or less deeply cleft than the leaves. Apr. (A. tenella, Ph.) 3 A. heteroph^lla Nutt. Lvs. of roundish-oval, crenate segments; invol. linear-cleft to the base; sep. acute, 5 — 13; head of carpels cylindrical. — Ga. (near Macon, Mettauer] to La. (Hale) and Ark. Rhizomo tuberous. Radical Ivs. one or ORDER 1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 203 few, long-stalked (3—5 '), ternate, the segments stalked, simple, or incisely 3-lobed or parted. Scape 8 — 16' high, silky pubescent above. Lvs. of the invoL totally unlike the others, the segments 1 — !£' by 1", placed (in flower) above the middle of the scape. FL greenish, scentless: sepals commonly 8, all linear-oblong, 5 — 6" long, soon falling. Heads of carpels !£' long; ach. flattened. Mar. — Apr. 4 A. parviflora MX. Invol. 2-leaved ; sep. 5-6, oval ; head of carpels gtobular. — Canada and northward. Stem 2 — 12' high, pubescent. Lvs. 3-parted, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft, crenate lobsd, those of the involucre similar, subsessile. Flojver •whitish. (A. cuneifolia, Ph.) 5 A. nmltifida DC. RED "WIND-FLOWER. Invol. short-petioled ; lateral peduncles involucellate : heads of carpels oval. — Rocks, northern Vt. and N". Y., "W. to Lake Superior ; rare. Plant hairy, about If high. Radical Ivs. ternately divided, segm. cuneiform, gashed into 3 linear acute lobes, petioles 2 — 4' long. Invol. 2 — 3-leaved, similar, subtending 2 or 3 peduncles. Involucels 2-leaved, sessile. Fls. of 5 — 8 obtuse sepals, small, purple, varying to white. Jn. (A. Hudsoniana Rich.) 6 A. Virginiaiia L. Invol. long-petiokd; lateral peduncles involucellate ; heads of carpels oblong. — A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures, Can. to Car. Scape erect, 2-3 f. high, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long parallel 1-flowered peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involucel of two bracts. Lvs. 2-3' by 3-4', 3-parted; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, toothed and lobed ; petioles 6 — 10' long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Sepals 5, yellowish green. Fruit woolly, in heads f ' long. July. {3. ALBA, Fis. larger; sep. white. — Ledges, Vt. (Dr. Robbing.) 7 A. cylindrica Gray. Invol. long-petioled; peduncles all naked; head of carpels cylindrical — Dry soils, Mass., N. H. to Iowa. Plant silky pubescent, 1 — 2f high. Lvs. 2 — 3' wide, 3-parted; segm. cuneate, deeply gash-lobed and cut-toothed, petioles 3 — e' long; ped. 3 — 6, 1-flowered, 6 — 10' long, umbellate, sometimes one or two with involucles ; sep. 5, silky, greenish- white, obtuse ; heads of fruit !£' long. May. 8 A. nemorosa (and quiuquefolia) L. Low, smooth, l-flowered; invol. petiolate. — A common and interesting little plant, 6 — 9' high, found in old woods, hedges, and in open fields. Radical leaf 1, ternate, segm. cleft or lobed. Invol. of 3 petiolato leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts cut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single white flower, purplish outside. Apr., May. 9 A. Fennsyhra'nica L. Hairy : invol sessile : ped. one, at length 2 or 3, lateral ones involucellate. — Shores and wet prairies, Can. to Penn. W. to Ind. and Wis. Stem 12 to 20' high; Ivs. large, veiny, those of the root 5-parted, segm. cuneate, 3-lobed, pointed. Lvs. of the involucre 3-parted, acuminate-lobed and toothed. First flower on a naked stalk. From its base arise tw"o branches, each 2-leaved (involuceled) and 1-flowered. Sep. 5, obovate, large, white. Jn. — Aug. 10 A. narcissiflora L. Villous ; involucre sessik ; achenia flattened. — In Canada and northward. Plant clothed with long silky hairs. Lvs. palmately 3 — 5-parted, segm. cuneiform, incisely many cleft into linear acute lobes. Invol. somewhat similar, the sessile leaflets 3 — 5-cleft. Flowers several, umbelate, white, on leafless stalks. 11 A. thalictroides L. RUE ANEMONE. (Fig. 361.) Glabrous, low; invol. petiolate: ach. grooved. — In woods, Can. to Ga., \V. to Iowa, common. A fine little plant of early spring. Root consisting of several oblong tubers ; Ivs. biter- nate or triternate, the common petiole 2 — 4' long. Lfts. like those of the invoL G — 12" long, f as wide, oval, subcordate, 3-lobed. Invol. of two ternate leaves appearing as a whorl of G petiolulate Ifts. Flowers several, white varying to pale purple. Eight G — S'. Apr., May. (Thalictrum anemonoides MX.) 12 A. coronaria L. Lvs. ternate, with mullifid segments and linear mucronate lobes : sep. 6, oval, close. — From Levant. A hardy, flowering plant, with largo single or double variegated flowers. May.f 13 A. hortensis L. Lvs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentatel obes : invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets. Sep. 10 — 12, oblong. — From Italy. A fine garden specios, with double and semi-double varieties of red, white, and blue flowers. May.f 204 ORDER 1.— RANUNCULACE^E. Observation. — Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They all prei'er a fresh, loamy soil 3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVERWORT. Fig. 132, 190. (Gr. ^naro^ of the liver ; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf.) Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower ; calyx of 5 — 9 petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows ; corolla 0 ; achenia awnless. H. triloba Chaix (and acutiloba DC). Lvs. trilobate, the lobes entire; scape 1-flowered, hairy. — Woods, Can. to Ga., and Wise. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibers. Lvs. all radical, on long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into three lobes, which suggest all its names. Fls. on scapes 3 — 4' long, solitary, numerous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh color. In cultivation they become double. In respect to the form of leaves there are two varieties : «. OBTUSA, lobes obtuse, rounded. — Prefers the south side of hills. (3. ACUTA, lobes acute. — Prefers the north side of hills. (II. acutiloba, D. C.) 4. THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW Kjjir. (Said to be frora fla/lAto, to be green.) Calyx colored, of 4 — 5 roundish, concave, caducous sepals ; corolla 0 ; filaments GO, compressed, dilated upward, longer than the calyx; ovaries numerous (4 — 15); achgnia sessile or stipitate, ribbed or inflated, pointed with the stigma or short style. — U Lvs. ternately compounded, with stalked leaflets. Fls. paniculate, often ? $ or ? Q $ . * Carpels mostly 10 or 12, beaked with a style Nos. 1, 2 * Carpels few (4 — 6), with sessile stigmas Nos. 3, 4 1 T. dioicum L. 5 $ ; stem leaves on a short common petiole ; Ifts. obtusely 6-7 lobed • ach. about 8, sessile. — Hilly woods, Brit Am. to Ga. and Ala. A slender and delicate plant, glabrous and glaucous, 1 — 2f high. Lvs. ternately decompound, the cauline on petioles 1 — 3' long, shortening upward. Lfts. roundish, about £•' diameter, with 5 — 7 obtuse lobes, paler beneath. Filaments filiform, longer than the 5 obtuse sepals. The slender terminal panicle is often purplish, gener- ally pale green. Fruit strongly ribbed and distinctly pointed. May. 2 T. cornuti L. $ $ ; stem Ivs. all sessile (no common petiole) ; Ifts. roundish obovate, rather acutely 3-lobed; ach. about 12, substipitate, ribbed. — Common in meadows. Stem 3-4f high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed, Lvs. resem- bling those of the columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compounded. Lf;s. 1-2' long, f as wide. Panicles large and diffuse. Jn., JL 0. PURPURASCKNS. Stems purplish, tall; stem-lvs. sessile or the lower with short stalks ; fls. purp'ish-green, with drooping capillary fil. • Ifts. thickish, the sides revolute. Dry hills, N. II. to Ga. (T. purpurascens L.) 3 T. clavatum, D C. Fls, perfect ; Ivs. cauline : panicle corymbous : ach. stiped. — N. Car. (Curtis). Plant very smoooth, 2f or more in hight. Lvs. biternate, on petioles 1' in length ; Ifts. roundish, obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, glaucous beneath. Panicles loose and capillary. Fruit inflated, obovate, striate, each as long as its slender stipe, acute. Style 0. 4 T. alpinura L. Lvs. mostly radical : fls. $ in a simple raceme : ach. ovate, sessile. — Can. and northward. Plant about 6' high, glabrous. Lvs. petiolate, biternate; Ifts. roundish, about 4' diam., crenately toothed. Stems few-leaved, terminating in a cluster of a few nodding flowers on slender pedicels. Fila- ments filiform. Style 0. 5. TRAUTVETTfiRIA, Fisch. and Meyer. (Named in honor of Trautvctter, a German botanist.) Sepals 4 — 5, colored, caducous ; petals 0; stamens oo, petaloid ; carpels 15 — 20, membranous and in- OIIDEB 1.— RANUXCULACEJ3. 205 dehiscent, angular, 1 -seeded, tipped with the short, hooked style. — 14 Lvs. palmately lobed. FJs. corymbous. T. palmata Fisch and Meyer. A coarse plant of the prairies and woods, Ya. to Can., W. to 111. Stem slender, 2 — 5f high, terete, smooth, terminating in a large branching corymb. Radical Ivs. 4 — 6' wide by 3 — 5' long, rugous and reticulate- veined, 5 — 9 lobed, long-stalked ; stem Ivs. few, remote, the upper sessile. Fls. many, white. Sepals orbicular, concave, falling as soon as expanding. Jl, Aug. (Cimicifuga, Hook.) 6. AD&NIS, L. PHEASANT'S-EYE. (Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis when wounded by the boar.) Sepals 5, appressed ; petals 5 — 15, with a naked (scaleless) claw. Achenia spiked, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. — Herbs with dissected Ivs. and terminal, solitary, red or yellow flowers. 1 A. autumnalis L. Petals 5 — 8 (crimson), concave and connivent.— A fine hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of the country. Stem thick, branching, If high. Lvs. pinnately parted, with numerous linear seg- ments. Fls. 1 £' diam. Carpels crowned with a very short style, and collected into an ovate or sub-cylindric head. Seeds to be sown in autumn in a light soil. 2 A. vernalis L. Petals 10 — 12 (yellow), oblong, spreading. — A handsome perennial, from Europe. Stem branching, 1 f. high. Lvs. sessile, multifid. 7. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUPS. Fig. 24, 241, 242, 294, 369, 458, 386, 415. (Lat. rana, a frog ; from the aquatic habitat of some species.) Calyx of 5 ovate sepals ; coiolla of 5 round- ish, shining petals, each with a nectariferous scale (Fig. 294) or pore at the base inside ; filaments oo ; achenia oo, flattened, pointed, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. — Herbs, mostly ^ , with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. | Seeds (carpels) rough with points or prickles Nos. 1, 2 § Seeds (carpels) smooth and even, or merely rugous (a). a Leaves in fine, numerous, thread-like divisions, under water Nos. 3, 4 a Leaves all undivided and simple. — Stems creeping Nos. 5, 6 — Stems erect Nos. 7 — 9 a Root-lvs. simply crenate or lobed, stem leaves divided Nos. 10,11 a Leaves all more or less divided, not submersed (b). b Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the showy petals Nos. 12 — 14 b Sepals reflexed in flower. — Head of carpels oblong Nos. 15, 16 — Heads of carpels globous Nos. 17, 18 1 R. xmiricatUB L. Glabrous ; carpels aculeate, strongly margined, and ending in a stout, ensiform, recurved leak. Va. to La. Stem branched, erect, If high. Lvs. roundish (!£' diam.), cordate, 3-lobed, lobes coarsely crenate-toothed, all similar, and on petioles 1 — 5' long. Bracts close to the flower, simple. Fls. small, few. Pet. obovate, yellow. Carpels large (3" long, including beak). §Eur. 2 R. parviflorus L. Villous; carpels roundish, granulated, tipped with a very short beak. — Va. to La. Stem 6 — 12' high, slender, branched. Lvs. all petiolate, small, roundish (9 — 16" diam.), cordate, 3-lobed or parted, the segments acutely toothed. Fls. quite small, the yellow petals not exceeding the calyx. Seeds scarcely 1" in length, in a globular head. § Eur. 3 B. aquatilis L. (3 CAPILLACEUS. Lvs. all fiiliformly dissected; pet. white; carpels transversely rugous. — Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am. to S. Car., W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the flowers, and per- haps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1 — 2f or more in length, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into numerous hair-like segments, in outline roundish and \ — 1' diam. Ped. thick, 1— 1J' long. Fls. smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, except tha yellow claws. II., Aug. 206 ORDER 1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 4 R. multifidus Ph. Floating; st. long; submerged Ivs., cleft into numerous capillary segments, emersed ones reniform, 3 — 5 parted, the lobes variously di- vided ; sep. reflexed, \ as long as the yellow petals ; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style; hds. globous. — Ponds, sluggish streams, and muddy places, Can., U. S Stem 1 — 2f or more in length, fistulous. Lvs. pentangular in outline, f — H' diam., those below more finely divided ; petioles J — 2' in length, Pis. bright yelloV, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. /3. FLUVIATILIS. Lvs. all capillaceous-multifid ; fls. as largo as in, R. acris. (R. lacustris Beck.) 5 R. Cymbalaria Ph. St. filiform, creeping, rooting ; Ivs. reniform-cordate, cre- nate-dentate ; ped. solitary, mostly 2 -flowered ; petals spatulate; ach. oblong. — In salt marshes on the sea-coast, and at Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Lvs. radical, \ — 1' diam. on long petioles. Scapes 2 — 6' high, each with 2 small, bright-yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked (not covered by a scale). Jn. 6 R. reptans L. Stem creeping, geniculate, rooting; nodes I -flower ed ; Ivs. lin- ear, entire, remote. — A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet places, Can., N. H., TV. to Oregon. Stem 6 — 8' long, round, rooting at tho joints. Lvs. fleshy, 6 — 12" in length, mostly very narrow and acute at each end. Fls. small (3 — i" wide). Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yel- low, fading to white. Nectary covered by a scale. Ach. very smooth. Jl. (R. filiformis MX.) /?, OVALIS. Lvs. oval and lanceolate ; pet. 5 — 1 0. 7 R. Fiamnrula L. SPEARWORT. Stem declinate at base, erect ; Ivs. all lance- shaped, on sheathing petioles. — An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and swamps, Can. to N. Car., "W. to 111. Root fibrous. Stem 6 — 18' long, more or less de- cumbent, succulent. Lvs. 3 — 6' in length, entire, or with a few teeth, thick- ened at the acute summit. Fls. solitary, of a golden yellow, on peduncles £ as long as the leaves. Fruit roundish, twice longer than its beak, in a globular head. Jn., Aug. (R. alismsefolius Geyer.) 8 R. ptisillus Poir. Erect; Ivs. all pet-iolate, lower ones ovate, tipper ones linear- lanceolate; pet. mostly but 3 scarcely longer than the calyx ; stam. 8 — 10 ; carpels ovate, scarcely pointed. — In wet grounds, N. Y. to Ga. and La. Stems slender, weak, 6 — 12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower Ivs. subcordate, \ — 1' long. \ as wide, petioles 1 — 3" long, upper ones 1 — 1}" long, £ as wide, with minute, remote teeth. Fls. very small, yellow, on long p'eduncles. May. 9 R. oblongifolius Ell Erect or ascending, di/use, branched; Ivs. lance-ovate and lanceolate; fls. minute, stam. about 20.— Car., Ga., and W. Glabrous, or stem puberuient, 12 — 18' high, dividing above in numerous slender branches and pe- duncles. Lvs. petiolate, denticulate, upper linear. Fls. numerous, petals yellow, less than 1" long. Carp, minute, pointless, in round heads. (R. Texensis Engl.) 10 R. abortivus L. Smooth ; radical Ivs. roundish, cordate, crenate, petiolate ; cal. a little longer than petals, reflexed. A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 — 16' high, nearly naked. Root Ivs. 8 — 18" diam., quite regularly margined with cren- ate divisions, and on petioles 2 — 5' long. Lower stem Ivs. pedate, with a pen- tangular outline ; upper in 3 deep, linear segments, sessile. Fls. small, yellow. Fruit in globous heads. May, Jn. ft MICRANTHUS. Hairy, low (3 — 5'); lower Ivs. scarcely cordate, 3-lobed or 3- cleft. Fls. 1 or 2. Mass. (Sprague) to Ga. 1 (R. micranthus, Nutt.) 11 R. rhomboideus G oldie. Hirsutdy pubescent, much branched; root Ivs. rhomboid-ovate, crenate- dentate, on long petioles ; sep. spreading, shorter than tho petals ; ach. smooth, with very short beaks. — Wis. (Lapham) and Can. "W. A low, bushy, hairy species, 6 — 10' high. Root Ivs. about 1' by f, often roundish or elliptical, the petioles about 2' long. Segments of the stem leaves linear- oblong, obtuse, oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong- obovate. Heads of carpels globous. (R. ovalis and brevicaulis, Hook.) 12 R. fascicularis Muhl. EARLY CROWFOOT. Erect; root fasciculate ; radical Ivs. appearing pinnate ; p&dundes terete ; carpels scarcely margined. — Rocky woods ORDER 1.— RAXUNCULACEJS. 207 and hills. Root a cluster of fleshy fibres. Root Iva. on petioles 3—8' long, ter- nate, with the middle segment loug-stalked and again pinnately ternate ; lateral segm. mostly sessile, all 3 — 5 cleft into acute lobes. Stems never creeping. Pubescence silky, appressed. Fls. bright yellow, 1' broad. Petals spatulato- obovate, with a broad scale. Beak of the carpels slender. Apr., May. 13 R. repens L. Root fibrous; radical Ivs. ternate with stalked leaflets; pedun- cles furrowed; carp, broadly margined and pointed. — In moist and shady places. Early flowering stems erect ; later branches from the base prostrate, 1 — 3 — if long, generally hirsute at the base. Petioles hairy, long. Lvs. hairy on the ' veins, dark green, ternate, the Ifts. ovate or broadly crenate, variously lobed and cleft, all (or at least the middle ones) petiolulate. Fls. middle size, bright yel- low. Fr. in a round head. May, — Jl. Varies exceedingly in different localities and stages of growth. Some of its more striking forms are : /3. LINEARILOBUS. St. very long, floriferous, smoothish ; lobes of Ivs. very nar- row. Fruit not strongly margined. y. HISPIDUS. Stem and petioles densely hirsute with soft-spreading hairs ; Ifts. all distinctly stalked, deeply parted. Fr. short-pointed. 6. NITIDUS. Mostly erect, glabrous ; fls. large, sep. reflexed ; fr. strongly mar- gined. Common South. Probably a distinct species. 14 R. palmatua Ell. Lvs. palmately 3 — 5 cleft or divided, with the sinus at base dosed, the segm. all sessile and cut-toothed or lobed; carp, few, margined, and straight-beaked. — In wet barrens, Car. to Fla. St. 12 — 18' high, with a few slender branches, pubescent. Lvs. all petiolate, pentangular in outline, 1 — 2' wide, with appressed pubescence. Upper Ivs. of 3 linear segments. Fls. few, yellow, small (6 — 8" diam.) Fr. compressed. 15 R. acria L. BUTTER-CUPS. St. erect, many-flowered ; Ivs. more or less pu- bescent, deeply trifid, with the base segm. divaricate, all laciniats, upper ones with linear segments; ped. terete; cal. hairy, spreading; carp, roundish, smooth, com- pressed ; beak short, recurved. — This is the most common species in N. Eng. and Can., in meadows and pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. St. 1 — 2f high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Lvs. 1J — 3' diam., upper ones in 3 linear seg- ments. Fls. large (!' diam.), golden yellow. Jn., Sept. ft. PL&N-A. Fls. double, the petals excessively multiplied. Gardens. 16 R. Pemisylvanicus L. Hirsute, with stiff, spreading hairs ; Ivs. ternate, Ifts. sub-petiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; cal. reflexed, rather longer than the roundish petals ; carp, tipped with a short, straight style. — A. very hairy species in wet grounds, Can. and IT. S. Stem 1J — 3f high. Lvs. 2 — 3' diam., Ifts. strongly veined and with spreading segments. Fls. numerous, small, bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or cylindrical heads. — Jn., Aug. (R. hispidus Ph.) 17 R. sceleratus Ph. Smooth; lower Ivs. 3-parted, segm. 3-lobed, crenately incised, or entire; carp, minute, 2)ointless. — Grows in wet places, Can. to Ga. St. rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1 — IJf high. Lower petioles 3 — 5' long, with rather large, palmately 3 — 5-p?.rted leaves. Floral Ivs. or bracts mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Fls. small, yellow. Cal. reflexed, as long as the minute petals. Hds. of carpels only 2 — 3" long. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raiso blisters upon the skin. Jn., Jl. 18 R. recurvatus L. Hirsute with thin, spreading hairs; Ivs. all similarly 3-parted, segm. oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones 2-lobed; cal. recurved, longer than the lanceolate petals; ach. with a hooked beak. — About ]f high, in damp woods. Lab. to Fla. Pale green, branching above. Lvs. 1| — 2' long, 2 — 3£' wide, on petioles 3 — 6' long. Upper Ivs. subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Fls. small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carp, ovate, tipped with long, hooked beaks. May — Jl. 19 R. bulbosiis L. Hairy ; st. erect, bulbous at the base ; radical Ivs. ternate, Ifts. petiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft ; ped. furrowed, cal. reflexed. — This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &£A, L. BANEBERRY. (Gr. a/m), the Elder ; wliich plant these herbs resemble in foliage.) Sepals 4 — 5, caducous ; petals 4 — 8, spatulate, long-clawed; filaments about 30, slender, white; pistil 1, with a sessile 2-lobed stigma ; berry globous, with a lateral furrow, 1- celled ; seeds many, smooth, compressed. — U with ternately divided leaves. Fls. white, in a short, oblong raceme. A. spicata L. (3 RUBRA. RED BANEBERRY. Rac. hemispherical ; petals acute; pedicels slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong. — Not uncommon in rocky woods, Can. to Penn. W. to the R. Mts. Plant glabrous, 1^ — 2f high, bearing 2 or 3 ample bi or triternate Ivs. and a terminal short raceme of white ns. Lfts. ovate, 1 — 3' long, half as wide, incisely lobed and toothed. Petioles 4 — 7' long, some- what glaucous. Rac. as broad as long. May. (A. rubra. Bw.) ft. ALBA. MX. Rac. oblong ; petals truncate ; pedicels of the fruit thicker than the peduncle ; berries white. — Common in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. The ample leaves are precisely similar to those of a. and the distinctive characters given above are not quite constant. Specimens from Castleton, Vt., have bright red berries on thickened pedicles; from N. Y. (Torr.) have white berries on slender pedicles. The European variety has purplish black berries. May. 21. HYDRASTIS, L. TURMERIC ROOT. Fig. 359. (Gr. vdup, water ; the plant grows in watery places.) Sepals 3, petaloid, cadu- cous; petals 0; stamens QQ, a little shorter than the sepals; ovaries 12 or more, becoming a baccate fruit composed of 1-seedcd acines aggre- gated into a head. — U Rhizome thick, knotty, yellow, with long fibrous roots, sending up a single radical leaf and a stem which is 2- leaved and 1 -flowered. H. Canadensis L. The only species. It grows in bog meadows. Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem G — 12' high, becoming purplish, hairy above. St. leaves 2 only, alternate on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, palmate, with 3 — 5 lobes. Ped. terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Sep. reddish white, of short duration. Fr. red, juicy, resembling the raspberry. Sds. nearly black. May, Jn. 22. P>£ONIA, L. PJSONY. Fig. 10—23, 30, 291. (The physi- cian Pceon, according to mythology, first used this plant in medicine, and cured Pluto with, it.) Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens co (mostly changed to petals by cultivation) ; ovaries 2 — 5, surrounded by an annular disk ; stigmas sessile, double, persistent ; fol- licles many seeded. — 2f Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. biternate. Fls. large, terminal, solitary. * Stems annual, herbaceous. Carpels 2 — 5 Nos. 1 — 3 * Stems perennial, shrubby. Carpels 5 Nos. 4, 5 1 P. ofScinalis L. COMMON P^ONY. Lower Ivs. bipinnately divided; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised; carp. 2, downy, nearly straight. — The splendid Pseony has long been cultivated throughout the civilized world. This species is said to be a native of Switzerland. It is a hardy perennial, requiring very little pains for its cultivation. Among its varieties the double red is roost common. The white is truly beautiful. The flesh-colored and the pink are also favorites. May, Jn.f 2 P. albiflora L. Lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth ; follicles 2 or 3, recurved, smooth. — Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark, shining green and smooth. Fls. smaller than the last, but truly elegant and fragrant. Petals white. Cal. brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at base. Nine or ten varieties, with flowers single or double, white, rose-colored, &c., are now mentioned in the cata- logues of American gardeners.-)- 3 P. anomala L. Lfts. with many lanceolate segments, smooth ; follicles 5, depressed, smooth; cal. bracteolate. From Siberia. Distinguished by the long narrow segments of the leaflets. Fls. concave, rose colored. Many varieiies.f ORDER 2.— MAGNOLIACEJ3. 213 4 P. Moutan L. CHINESE TEEE P^ONT. St. shrubby; Ifts. oblong-ovata, glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminal 1 — 3-lobed ; ova. 5, distinct, sur» rounded by the very large disk. — From China. The woody stem branches into a bush 3 — 4f high. Lvs. large, on long stalks. Fls. very large, always double in cultivation, fragrant and truly splendid. This plant is remarkable for produc- ing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom. 5 P. papaveracea L. St. shrubby ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one lobed ; ova. about 5, closely united into a globous head. — From China. Resembles the last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre, often single in cultivation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this country, amounting to about 150 in all. ORDER II. MAGNOLIACEJE. MAGNOLIADS. Trees or shrubs with alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed (never toothed) leaves. Leaf buds sheathed with membranous stipules which soon fall off. Fls. large, polypetalous, poiyandrous, polygynous, hypogynous, perfect. Calyx and corolla imbricated in bud, colored alike, in 3 or more 3-merous circles. Ovaries several or many, compactly covering the elongated torus. Fruit of numerous dry or fleshy carpels, aggregated into a sort of cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (See Figs. 68, 72, 131.) An order of 12 genera and 63 species, including some of the most splendid of flowering trees and shrubs. Most of them belong to the Southern States, some to the Western, and a few to Japan, China and India. Properties.— The bark is aromatic, containing an intensely bitter principle, which is tonic and stimulating. The flowers are fragrant and aromatic in a high degree. TRIBES AND GENERA. Tribe ILLICIE J3. Carpels arranged into a single circle ILLICITJM. 1 Tribe MAGNOLIE^E. Carpels imbricated into a cone-like fruit.* * Anthers opening inwards. Lvs. folded lengthwise in bud MAGNOLIA. 2 * Anthers opening outwards. Lvs. folded crosswise in bud LIUIODENDEON. 3 1. ILLICIUM, L. STAR ANISE. Sepals 3 — 6, colored ; petals 6 — 30 ; carpels capsular, dry, arranged circularly, dehiscent on the upper side, each with one smooth shining seed. — Shrubs with very smooth, ever- green leaves ; exhaling, when bruised, the odor of Anise. 1 I. floridamim Ellis. Petals 21 — 30, purple;^ Ivs. acuminate. — Swamps, Fla. to La. Shrub 4 — Sf high. Lvs. on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, entire, smooth, thick, 3 — 6' by 1 — 2'. Fls. about LV broad, on slender, nodding pedicles. Cal. deciduous. Petals purplish crimson, linea^ obtuse, in 3 whorls. Sta. 30 or more. Ova. about 12 in one regular circle, with short, recurved styles. Seed polished, as large as that of the apple. May. 2 I. parviflora MX. Petals 6 — 12, yellowish; Ivs. oblong, obtusish. — River banks, Fla. and G-a. Shrub 6 — lOf high. Lvs. thick and leathery, entire, on short petioles. Fls. smaller than in the last, nodding, dull yellow. Petals ovate or roundish, concave. May. The bark and leaves of these plants are strongl}- aromatic and spicy, in their properties, much resembling Anise. The root of tha latter has the properties of Sassafras. 2. MAGNOLIA, L. (Named for Prof. Magnol, a French botanist of the 17th century.) Sepals 3; petals C— 9 ; anthers longer than the filaments, opening inwards ; carpels 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded, aggre- gated into a hard, cone-like fruit ; seeds berry-like, and suspended from the opening carpels by a long funiculus. — Trees and shrubs with large, fragrant flowers. Lvs. conduplicate in the bud, embracing and em- braced by the sheathing stipules. 214 ORDER 2.— MAGXOLIACE^E. * Le-aYes cordate or auriculato at the base. Trees 80 — 40f high Nos. 5, 6 * Leaves acute at the base, — ferruginous or glaucous beneath, "thick JSos. 1, 2 — green (not shining) both sides, thin Nos. 3, 4 Exotic species, cultivated. Nos. 8 — 19 1 M. grandiflora L. BIG LAUREL. Tees; Ivs. rust-downy beneath, evergreen; petals obovate. — In swampy woods, N. Car. to Fla. and Miss. A stately and beau- tiful tree, attaining the hight of 70 — 90f, with a diameter of 2 or 3f at base. Its form in open ground is pyramidal. Bark smooth, gray, resembling that of the beech. Lvs. 6 — 8' long, thick and firm, oval-oblong entire, dark green and shining above, clothed with a rust-colored tomentum beneath. Fls. pure white, strongly fragrant, 8 or 9' broad. The seeds after quitting tho cells of the ovoid fruit remain several days suspended on a whito thread. May. 2 M. glauca L. WHITE BAY. BEAVER TREE. Shrub or small tree ; Ivs. oval, obtuse, gaucous-white beneath ; petals ovate or roundish, erect.' — Native in marshy grounds, Mass, to La., chiefly found near tho coast. It is a fine shrub, 5 — 20 f. high, with a grayish bark, crooked, divaricate branches. Lvs. beneath remark- ably pale, silky when young, 3 — 4' long, 8' on the young shoots, entire, nearly persistent southward. Fls. 2' broad, cup-shaped, with white, concave petals, very fragrant. May (South) — Jl. 3 M. acuminata L. CUCUMBER TREE. Lvs. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath : petals obovate, obtusish. — Groves near the Falls of Niagara, but more abnndant in tho Southern States. It is a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4 — 5f diam., 60 — SOf high, bearing an ample and regular summit. Lvs. very acumi- nate Fls. 5 — G' diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish- white, numerous, and finely contrasted with the rich, dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cyliudric, bearing so:ne resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 4 M. umbrella Lam. UMBRELLA TREE. Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, silky when young ; sep. 3, reflexed; pet. 9, narrow -lanceolate, acute. — A small tree 20 — 30f high, common in the southern States, extending north to southern N. Y. and 0. Branches irregular. Lvs. 16 — 20' by 6 — 8', appearing whorled at tho end of the branches in the form of an umbrella. Fls. terminal, white, 7 — 8' diam. Fr. conical, 4 — 5' long, rose-colored when ripe. May, Jn. 5 M. macroph^lla MX. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, cordate ; pet. rhomb-ovate, white, purple inside at base. — River banks, Chattahoochee to Red R. (Dr. Hale), north to the Tenn. (Miss Carpenter), and to the Ky. R. A small tree 30 — SOf high, 8 — 10' diam. Lvs. with a strong midvein, often, on young shoots, 3f in length by If in breadth, glaucous-white beneath. Fls. magnificent, the separate petals measuring 6 — 8' in length. Sepals erect, lance-linear. June. 6 M. Fraseri "Walt. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, auriculate at the narrowed base1 glabrous; pet. pure white. — A slender tree, 25 — 35f high, Fla. northward to Va. and Ky. Bark smooth, light-gray. Lvs. 6 — 9' long. 4— -S' broad above, much narrowed below, and ending at base in peculiar ear-shaped lobes. Sep. 3, greenish on the back. Pet. 6, lance-ovate, thick, 1\ — 3' long, strongly aromatic. Apr. May. 7 M. cordata MX. Lvs. broadly ovate, subcordate, acute, whitish and pubescent beneath; pet. 6 — 9, oblong, yellow. — The yellow flowered species inhabits the upland regions of Ga. and Car. Trunk straight, 40 — SOf high, covered with a deeply furrowed bark. Lvs. long-petioled, 4 — 6 by 3 — 4', smooth, and entire. Fls. about 4' diam., marked within with fine red lines. Fr. cylindrical, 3' long. May. 8 M. fuscata. Lvs. evergreen, elliptic or oblong, clothed with fuscous down when young, at length glabrous ; branches also fuscous-tomentous ; 11s. erect. — From China. Shrub 3f high. Fls. brownish. 9 M. obovata L. Lvs. deciduous, obovate, acute, strongly veined, glabrous ; fls. erect ; sep. 3 ; petals 6 ; obovate. — From China. Shrub 6f high, opening its erect, cup- shaped, rose-purple fis. in May. 10 M. conspicua L. YULAN. Lvs. deciduous, obovate, abruptly acuminate, the younger pubescent ; sep. none or very small ; pet. 6 — 9, white or rose color. — From China. Shrub or small tree, 10 — SOf high, with numerous white, fragrant flowers appearing eariy in spring. ORDER 3.— ANONCAE^E. 215 3. LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP TREE. (Gr. heiplov, a lily ; devdpov, a tree.) Sepals 3, reflexed, caducous ; petals 6, erect ; carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 — 2-seeded, indeliiscent and attenuated at apex into a lance- olate wing. — Tree, with showy, bell-shaped, upright flowers. Vernation induplicate. Stipules large, oval, caducous. In the bud, each leaf bends inward to an inverted position, infolds all that is within it, and is in itself infolded by its pair of stipules and by the next lower leaf, and so on. as seen in Figs. 68, 72. L. tulipifera. TULIP TREE. "WHITE-WOOD. POPLAR. A fine tree, one of most remarkable of the American forests, Can. to La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Miss, rivers it grows much larger. Near Bloomington, Ind., we measured a tree of this species which had been recently felled. Its cir- cumference 4f from the ground was 23f; 30f from the ground its diam. was 5f; the whole hight 125f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At top it divides abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Lvs. dark-green, smooth, truncate at the end, with 2 lateral lobes, 3 — 5' in length and breadth, on long petioles. In May and June it puts forth numerous campanulate flowers, greenish yellow, orange within, solitary, broader than the tulip, and erect. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine. ORDER III. ANONACEJE. ANONADS. Trees or shrubs with naked buds, entire, alternate Ivs. destitute of stipules. Fls. usually green or brown, axillary, hypogynous, valvate in aestivation. Sepals 3; petals 6, in two circles, sometimes coherent. Stamens GO, with an enlarged con- nectile, short filament, and large torus. Ova. several or oo, separate or coherent, fleshy or not, in fruit. Embryo minute in the end of ruminated albumen. Genera 20, species 300, chiefly natives within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four species are found within the limits of the United States, all of the following genus. The Anonads aro generally aromatic in all their parts. Their pulpy fruit, as the custard apples, are sweet and esculent. ASIMINA Adans. PAPAW. Fig. 113. Sepals 3, petals G, the outer row larger than the inner ; stamens densely packed in a spherical mass ; pistils several, distinct, ripening but few, which become large, oblong, pulpy fruits with many flat seeds. — Shrubs or small trees, with brown- ish, axillary, solitary flowers. * Flowers appearing: before the leaves ISTos. 1, 2. * Flowers appearing with the leaves Nos. 3, 4. 1 A. triloba Dunal. Lvs. obovate-vblong, acuminate ; pet. dark purple, exterior orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sep. — A small and beautiful tree, 15 — 20f high, on banks of streams, Mid., Southern and Western States. Branches and Ivs. nearly glabrous, the latter 8 — 12' by 3—4', very smooth and entire, tapering to very short petioles. Fls. 1' broad, precocious. Fr. about 1' thick and 3' long, ovoid-oblong, about 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Fls. in March, Apr. (Uvaria, Torr. and Gr. Anona, L.). 2 A. parviflora Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oval, acuminate; pet. greenish-purple, the outer oval, hardhj twice the length of the sep. — Woods near the coast, from Car. to Fla. and La. Shrub 2 — 3f high, smaller every way than No. 1. Lvs. about half as large, glabrous, obtuse-pointed, tapering to the base. Fls. less than half as large, opening while the branches are naked. Fr. roundish, about 1' long. May. 3 A. grandiflora Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse, grayish-tomentous both sides ; outer pet. very large, yellowish white. — Pine woods, Ga., and Fla Shrub 2 — 3f high, its young branches also tomentous. Peduncle and calyx woolly, of about equal length. Outer petals about 2' in length, oval or obovate, obtuse, G — 8 times longer than the oblong, brownish, inner petals. Apr. 216 ORDER 5.— MENISPERMACE^.-— MENISPERMADS. 4 A. pygmcea Dunal. DWARF PAP AW. Lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, linear lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, or lin. -oblong or spatulate, etc., glabrous; pet. reddish-brown, obovate-oblong. — Shrub 6 — 12' high, sandy plains, Ga., and Fla. Lvs. very variable in form, 3 — 6' long, usually very narrow, often obovate or elliptical. Pet. about 1' in length. Carp, ripening about 3, 1' long in fruit, erect. Apr. OKDER IV. SCHLZANDRACE^E. Scrambling shrubs with alternate, simple, exstipulate, punctate leaves ; with Fls. diclinous, axillary, small, hypogynous and polygynous ; with Gal. and cor. 3-merous in two or several rows, imbricated; with Slam, few or many, on very short filaments, condensed on a roundish torus. Ova. few or coherent, becoming baccate, 1 — 2-seeded in fruit. Seeds suspended ; embryo minute, in solid albumen. Genera 5, species 12, belonging to India, Japan, and the United States. SCHIZANDRA MX. (Gr. 0%/£k>, to cut, dvdpa, stamens ; the stam- ens are cleft.) 8 Sepals and petals 9 — 12, similar, roundish, concave ; stamens 5, anthers connate ; carpels at first aggregated in a roundish head, becoming in fruit scattered on the elongating, filiform torus. — A trailing shrub with entire or repandly denticulate leaves, and small crimson flowers. S. coccinea MX. A handsome plant in damp woods, S. Car., Ga,, to La. St. 10 or 12f long. Lvs. alternate, ovate or oval, tapering at each end or somewhat cordate at base. Fls. axillary, solitary, on slender stalks, the upper ones stami- nato. Carp, and torus red when mature. May, Jn. ORDER V. MENISPERMACE^E. MENISPERMADS. Shrubs climbing or twining, with alternate, palmate-veined, exstipulate leaves. Fls. dioecious, rarely $ or ? $ £, hypogynous, 3 — 6-gynous. Sepals and petals simi- lar, in 3 or more circles, imbricated in the bud. Stam. equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as many. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe with a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. (Illust. in Fig. 14V.) This curious order consists of 44 genera and 302 specie*, most of them natives of tropical Asia and America, where they become, in the forests, woody climbers of great size. ' Properties. — A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A foreign species of Menispermum yields the columbo of the shops, which is a valuable tonic; another genus, An.am.irta cocculus of India, furnishes the Indian cockle, so intoxicating to fishes. GENERA. & Stamens 12 — 20, sop. 4 — 8, nut moon -shaped. Lvs, peltate MEXISPERMITM. 1 S Stamens 6 ; sepals C ; nut moon-shaped. Lvs. sinuate, 3-lobcd COCCULUS. 2 £ Stamens 6 ; sepals 6 ; nut cup-shaped. Lvs. deeply 5-lobed CALYCOCAKPIIM. 8 i. MENISPERMUM, L. MOON-SEED. (Gr. IITJVTJ, the moon; tnrepfjLa, seed ; from the crescent form of the seed.) Fls. ? $ ; sepals 4 — 8 ; petals 4 — 8, minute, retuse ; $ stamens 12 — 20, as long as the sepals, anthers 4-celled ; ? ovaries and styles 2 — 4 ; drupes 1 — 3-seeded ; seeds lunate and compressed. — Fls. white, in axillary clusters. M. Canadense L. St. climbing; Ivs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted near the base ; rac. compound ; petals, 6 — 7, small. — In woods and hedges near streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. Sts. round, striate, 8 — 12f long. Lvs. 4 — 5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 — 5' long. Fls. in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4" diam., black, resembling grapes. The root is perennial, and in medicine has the properties of a tonic. Jl. 3. LOBATUM, has the leaves lobed. ORDER 6.— BERBERIDACE^E. 217 2. COCCULUS, DC. (Diminutive, from Lat. coccum, a berry.) Fls. $ $ . Sepals, petals and stamens 6 ; anthers 4-celled ; ? ovaries 3 to 6 ; drupe globular-compressed, nut curved as in Menispermum. — Fls. in axillary panicles. C. Caroliniamis DC. — In woods along rivers, S. 111. to Ga. St. round, slender, trailing. Lvs. pubescent, at length glabrous above, broadly ovate or cordate, mucronate, entire or sinuate-lobed, sometimes hastately 3-lobed, 2' to 3' diam., petioles half as long. Fls. very small, greenish. Pet. of the sterile fls. with inflected auricles at the base of each. Drupes red, 1 — 3 together, 2" wide, the nut curved almost into a circle and finely crenated. Jn., Jl. 3. CALYCOCARPiM, Nutt. CUP-SEED. (Gr. Kdkv%, a cup; KapTTbg, fruit.) Sepals 6 ; petals 0; $ stamens 12, anthers 2-celled ; $ stamens 6, abortive ; ovaries 3 ; stigma fimbriate-radiate ; drupe oval with the putamcn deeply excavated in front and cup-shaped. — Fls. greenish white, in long axillary panicles. C. Lyoni Nutt. Ga. (Mettauer) to Ky. A slender vine, very smooth, ascend- ing many feet. Lvs. large, thin, 4 — 8' diam., the lobes dilated above and acumi- nate. Petioles long, slender. Rac. slender, 3 — 12' long. Fls. small, 2" diam., nearly white, about 5 on each ped. Drupe 1' lonsr, oval. Jl. (Menispermum Lyoni Ph.) ORDER VI. BERBERIDACE^E. BERBERIDS. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, usually exstipulate, simple or compound leaves. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, imbricated in aestivation. Cdlyx of 2 — 6 deciduous sepals, in 1 or 2 rows, often with petaloid scales at base. Corolla of as many or twice as many petals as sepals, in ons to several rows. Stam. as many as tho petals and opposite to them, rarely more numerous. Anthers opening mostly by recurved valves hinged at the top. Pistil one, style short or none. Ft', a berry or capsule, seeds several, albuminous. (Figs. 168, 182, 253, 304, 346, 347, 444.) An order hard to define, including 12 genera and 100 species, some of them of widely different habit and very doubtful affinities. They inhabit the temperate zones. Some genera, as 1'odo- phyllum and .Teffersonia, possess catharic properties. Others, as Berberis, contain in their fruits malic and oxalic acids. TRIBES AND GENERA. TKIBR BERBERIDE^E.— Shrubs. Embryo long as albumen. Anth. halved BERBERIS. 1 TRIBE N AND LNE^E.— Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (*) * Anthers opening by 2 valves hinged at the top. (a) a Stamens 6. Fruit 2 drupe-like, soon naked seeds CAULOPHTLLTTM. 2 a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2 — 4 seeded berry DIPHYLLEIA. 3 a Stamens 8. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid JEFFEKSONIA. 4 * Anthers opening by 2 slits lengthwise. Stam. 6 — IS PODOPIIYLLUM. 5 i. BERBERIS, L. BERBERRY. (Name from the Arabic.) Calyx of 6 obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the 3 outer ones smaller ; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with two glands at the base of each ; filaments 6, flattened ; anthers 2 separate lobes on opposite edges of the connectile ; style 0 ; berry oblong, 1-celled ; seeds 2 or 3. — Fine, hardy shrubs. 1 B. vulgiris L. Spines (reduced Ivs.) 3-forked : Ivs. simple, serratures termi- nated by soft bristles ; rac. pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire. — A well- known bushy, ornamental shrub, in hard gravelly soils. Northern States. Grows 3 — 8f high. Lvs. 1J — 2' long, half as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering 218 ORDER 6.— BERBERIDACE^E. at base into the petiole, and remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Fls. yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging cluster. Sta. irritable, springing violently against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow. Jn.§? Eur. (3 CANADENSIS Willd, Rac. few (6 — 8)-flowered ; berries oval. — Can. (Pursh) to Va. and Ga., along the Alleghanies. Apparently a reduced form of a, with narrower leaves and smaller flowers and clusters. (B. Canadensis Ph.) 2 B. Aquifolium Ph. Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. 3—6 pairs, leathery, with spinulose teeth ; fil. with 2 slender teeth. — In woods, Oregon (Rev. G-. Atkinson), now often cultivated. A firm bushy shrub, 3— 5f high, with shining, dark green leaflets, resembling the leaves of the holly. Fls. yellow, in short, upright clusters, opening early, f (Mahonia Nutt.) 2. CAULOPHYLIUM, MX. COHOSH. (Gr. Kavhb?, stem ; ^AAov, leaf; the stem appearing as the stalk of the compound leaf.) Calyx of 6 green sepals 3-bracted at base ; corolla of 6 short, gland-like thickened petals, opposite the sepals ; stamens 6 ; ovary 2-ovuled, becoming a thin pericarp, which soon breaks away after flowering, and the 2 round drupe-like seeds ripen naked. — 14 Glabrous and glaucous, arising from a knotted rhizome. Lvs. compound. C. tlialictroides MX. PAPPOOSE ROOT. A curious plant in woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. St. 1— 2|f high, round, dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a short common petiole of a triternate leaf, tho other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemous panicle of greenish flowers. Lfts. paler beneath, 2 — 3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia. Seeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin, pericarp, deep blue, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. (Leontice, L.) 3. DIPHYLLEIA, MX. UMBRELLA-LEAF. (Gr. dig, twice ; leaf.) Calyx of 5 sepals, caducous ; cor. of 6 oval petals larger than the sepals ; stamens 6 ; ovary eccentric ; stigma subsessilc ; berry few- seeded, seeds attached laterally below the middle. — H Glabrous, arising from a thick, horizontal root-stock. Lvs. simple, peltate. D. cymdsa MX. Along streams or Mts., Va. to Ga,, and Tenn. Stems 1 — 2f high, stout, some of them bearing a single large (1 — 2f broad) orbicular, cut* lobed, centrally peltate loaf; others with two alternate, smaller, roundish reni- form leaves, which are peltate near the base, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes cleft, and a terminal cyme of white flowers in June. 4. JEFFERStiNIA, Bart. TWIN-LEAF. (In honor of President Jeffer- son, a patron of science.) Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8, spreading, incurved ; stamens 8, with linear anthers ; stigma peltate ; capsule obovate, stipitate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. Rhizome thick, blackish, with a mass of matted fibers. Scape simple, 1-flowered. Lvs. 2-parted or binatc. (Figs. 168, 253, 304, 444.) J. diph^lla Barton. A singular plant 8 — 14' high, Middle and Western States, 5. to Ga. Rhizome horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate, obliquely ovate leaflets, which are placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Ffe. large, regular, white. The capsule opens only half round, and has, therefore, a persistent lid. Apr. This plant has, in Ohio, the reputation of a stimulant, and anti-spasmodic, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root. 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L; MAY APPLE. (Gr. 7rovg, Trodor, a foot, a leaf; alluding to the long, firro petioles.) Sepals 3, oval, OBDER 8.— NELUMBIACE^S. 219 obtuse, concave, caducous; petals 6 — 9, obovate, concave; stamens 9 — 18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, 1 -celled, crowned with the solitary stigma. — U Low, rather poisonous herbs. Flowering stems, 2-leaved. Fl. solitary. P. peltatum L. "WILD MANDRAKE. In woods and fields, common in the Mid. and "Western States, rare in N. Eng. S. to La. Height about If. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. St. round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the flower. Lvs. broadly cordate, in 5 — 7 lobes, each lobe 6' long from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Barren stems with one centrally peltate leaf. FL pedunculate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Fr. ovoid oblong, large, yellowish ; with the flavor of the strawberry. The root is cathartic. May. ORDER VII. CABOMBACEJ3. WATER SHIELDS. Herls aquatic, with the floating Ivs. entire, centrally peltate, the submersed ones dissected. Fls. small, erect, one on each peduncle, hypogynous. Petals 3 — 4, alternate with the 3 or 4 sepals which are colored inside, all persistent. Sta. twice, or 4 or 6 times as many as the petals. Anthers adnate. Ova. 2 or more, distinct. Stig. simple. Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Sds. globular, pendulous. Embryo, minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. Genera 2, species 3. American water plants, extending from Cayenne, S America, N. to N. Eng. Properties, slightly astringent. \. BRASfiNIA, Schreb. WATER TARGET. Calyx of 3 — 4 sepals, colored within, persistent; corolla of 3 — 4 petals; stamens 12 — 24; ovaries 6 — 18 ; carpels oblong, 2 (or by abortion l)-seeded. — 2f Aquatic. The stems and under surface of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. Lvs. all floating, entire. B. peltata Ph. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water lily, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Lvs. peltate, elliptical, entire, 2 — 3' by 1 — 1 £', with the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the center, floating on the surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Fls. arising to the surface, on long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. Jl. (Hydro- peltis purpurea MX.) 2. CABOMBA, Aublet. Sepals 3, petaloid ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; pistils 3 (rarely 2 or 4), nearly the length of stamens, and half as long as the petals and sepals; carpels few-seeded. — Lvs. opposite, mostly submersed and filiformly dissected. C. Caroliniana Gray. In stagnant waters, K Car. to Ga and La. Stems branched. Floating Ivs. small (6" long, 1" wide) and few, oblong-linear, cen- trally peltate ; submersed Ivs. many, reniform in outline, 1 — 2' broad, repeatedly di and tri-chotomous into threadlike segments. Ped. 2' long, 1-flowered. Fls. white, 5 — 6" broad, strictly ^/, (sometimes EA, L. WATER LILY. (The Greek nymph, or Naiad, of the waters.) Sepals 4 or 5 ; petals oo, inserted on the torus at its base ; stamens gradually transformed into petals : stigma surrounded with rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. — 14 Aquatic. 1 N. odorata L. Rhizome thick, in mud beneath deep (3 — 9f.) water, sending its Ivs. and fls. to the surface ; Ivs. floating, orbicular (5-8'), entire, cleft at base to the centre, where the long petiole is inserted, the lobes imbricated; fls. white, deliciously fragrant, often with a delicate tinge of purple; filaments yellowish; seeds oblong, half the length of the aril Jl., Aug. One of the loveliest of flowers. 2 N. tuberosa Paine. Rhizome producing oblong (1 ') tubers which spontaneously separate; Ivs. floating, orbicular-reniform, (6 — 15') entire, very veiny, the lobes divaricate ; fls. scentless, or nearly so, milk-white (never purplish), pet. very blunt; seeds globular-ovoid. Sodus Bay (Hankenson) to Pa., and westward. Jl. 2. NflPHAR, Smith. POND LILY. (Neufar is the Arabic name.) Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, trun- cated, linear stamens on the torus ; stigma discoid, with prominent rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. — H Aquatic. Lvs. oval or oblong, sagittate-cordate. J. N. advena Ait. YELLOW POND LILY. Lvs. floating or erect, with rounded, diverging lobes at base, petioles half-round; sep. 6; petals OO; stig. 12-—1 5 -rayed, margin slightly repand. — Very common in sluggish streams and muddy lakes, Can. to Ga., W". to Oregon. A well-looking and very curious plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with justice, the frog lily. The rhizomo is large, creeping extensively. Lvs. large, dark green, pinning above, and when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half round. Fls. rather large and ORDER 10.— SARRACENIACE^E. 221 globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. Jn. Jl. (Nymphaea MX.) 2 N. Kalxniana Ait. Floating Ivs. with base lobes approximate, submersed Ivs. membranous, reniform-cordate, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse ; sep. 5 ; stig. 8 — 12-rayed, crenate. — A smaller species, with small yellow fls., growing in similar situations with the last, Northern States. Dr. Robbins, from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct from N. lutea, (Smith) or any other species. Petiole slender, subterete. Upper Ivs. 2 — 3' long 1£ — 2^-' wide ; lower Ivs. 3 — 4' diam. Jl. (Nuphar lutea /3 Kalmiana Torr & Gr.) 3 IT. sagittaefolia Ph. Lvs. elongated, sagittate-cordate, obtuse ; sep. 6 ; pet. 0 ; anth. subsessile. — In slow waters, N. Car. to Ga. (Savannah). Rhizome erect. Lvs. large, 10 to 15' long. Fls. as large as in No. 2. Outer sep. green; inner, yellow and petaloid. VICTORIA regia is also a member of this Order, — a gigantic "Water Lily, native of the rive.rs of Brazil and Guiana, and successfully cultivated here. Its earliest leaves are linear, then hastate, next sagittate ; its late ones become ovate with a deep slit at base. Thence they gradually become circular and centrally peltate, exhibiting by a distinct line the union of the base lobes. When full grown they are 4 — 6f diam. (or 8— 12f in their native rivers), with upturned edges and prominent veins beneath. The expanded flowers with numerous petals and sepals are If in diameter, ORDER X. SARRACENIACE^B. WATER PITCHERS. Herls aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, perennial, and with the leaves all radi- cal, urn-shaped, or trumpet-shaped, and large flowers on scapes. Floral envelops 4 — 10, imbricated, the outer greenish, sepaloid. Stamens CO, hypogynous. Carpels united into a several-celled capsule. (Figs. 174, 175, 176.) A carious order, chiefly remarkable for the leaves which are of that class called asctdia (§308). It embraces at present 8 genera and 6 or S species; the Heliatnpbora of Guiana, the Darlingtonia of California and SARRACENIA, Tourn. PITCHER PLANT. (Named in honor of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec.) Calyx of 5 colored sepals, with 3 small bracts at base, persistent ; corolla of 5, incurved, deciduous petals j stigmas 5, united into a large, peltate, persistent membrane covering the ovary and stamens ; capsule 5-celled ; seeds very numerous, albuminous. — Lvs. holding water, with a wing on the front side and a hood (lamina) at top. Scapes 1-flowered, fl. large, nodding. Lamina inflected over the throat of the tube IsTos. I, 2. Lamina erect or nearly so, throat open.* * Leaves ventricous, never spotted with white No. ?. * Leaves trumpet-shaped, very tall, often mottled and spotted above .No. 4. 1 S. psittacina MX. Lvs. short, reclined, with a broad semi-ovate wing : fls. deep purple. — Bogs, Ga., Fla. to La. Lvs. 3' to 5' long when the plant is in flower, 6 — 10' when in fruit, slightly mottled with white on the back. The tube is small and nearly closed by the hooded lamina, which gives to the whole leaf the semblance of a parrot, whence the specific name. Scape If high. PI. rather smaller than that of S. purpurea. March. 2 S. variolaris MX. Lvs. elongated, nearly erect, mottled with white on the back, the wing lance-linear; fls. yellow. — -Bogs in pine barrens, S. Car., Ga. (Feay and Pond) and Fla. Lvs. 12' to 18' high, remarkable for their white dia- phanous spots near the top. Tube somewhat ventricous above, nearly enclosed by the strongly inflexed hood ; wing 6" to 12" wide. Scapes shorter than Iva. Fls. about the sizo of the last. Mar., Apr. 222 ORDER 12.— PAPAVERACEuE. 3 S. purpftrea L. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. Lvs. short, decumbent, inflated most near the middle ; lamina broad cordate. — Bogs throughout Can. and U.S. This species ia the most common, and on, it the genus was founded. Lvs. 6 — 9' long, rosulate, evergreen, composed of a hollow, pitcher- form petiole, swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole length inside, from i — 1' wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth into a lamina, covered above with reversed hairs. Their- capacity when, of ordinary size is about a wine glass, and generally, like the other species, they contain water with drowned insects. Scape 14 — 20' high, terete, smooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. f3. HETEROPHYLLA Torr. Scape rather shorter ; sep. yellowish green ; pet. yellow. — Northampton, Mass. (R. M. Wright). Lvs. scarcely different. (S, heteropbylla Eaton.) 4 S. Gronovii. TRUMPET-LEAF. Lvs. tall, straight, erect, tube gradually enlarged to the open throat, wing narrowly linear, lamina sub-erect, roundish, mucronate, con- tracted at base. — The largest species of the genus, in swampy pine woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Lvs. often 3f in hight, and the scapes even taller ; the lamina as broad as the open throat (2 — 3'). Fls. very large (when extended 4 — 5' diam.) and of exactly the same structure in all the varieties. a. FLAVA. Fls. yellow ; foliage yellowish green, with or without purplish veins (S. flava L. S. Catesbsei Ell.). r 8. ALATA. Fls. yellow? large; Ivs. 1 — 2f high, with the tube somewhat ventricous above? throat contracted, wing conspicuous (£' broad). La. (Hale). — Intermediate between species 3 and 4 ; perhaps distinct. y. BUBRA. Fls. reddish purple, smaller than S. purpurea. Lvs. 1 — 2f high, with purple veins (S. rubra Walt.). A DRUMMONDH. Fls. purple, very large; Ivs. very tall (20 — 30'), remark- ably mottled above with purple veins and white, diaphanous interstices. (S. Drummondii Groom) Fla. (Chapman.) ORDER XII. PAP AVERAGES. POPPY-WORTS. Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and generally a milky or colored juice. Fls. solitary, on long peduncles, never blue, hypogynous, regular, ^/ or y. Sep. 2, rarely 3, caducous, and petals 4, rarely 6, all imbricated. Sta. indefinite, but some multiple of 4. Anthers 2-celled, innate. Ova. compound. Sly. short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. Fr. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placenta, or capsular, with several. Sds. GO, minute. Embryo minute, at the' base of oily albumen. (Figs. 229—231, 276.) An order consisting of 15 genera, and 130 species, more than two- thirds of which are natives of Europe. The order is characterised by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juice. Opium is the dried milky juice of Papaver somniferum. The seeds are com- monly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are 'highly ornamental in cultivation. «f Plants with a red juice. Petals 8, plane in tho bud SANGUINARIA. 1 1 Plants with a yellow juice. Petals crumpled in the bud. (*) * Stigmas and placenta; 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid, (b) * Stigmas and placentae 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped, (a) a Pod 1-cclled, smooth. Lvs. pinnate CHEHDONUTM. 2 a Pod 2-celled, rough. Lvs. palmate GLAUCIUM. b Style distinct, but short MECONOPSIS. 5 b Style none, stigma sessile ARGEMONE. 1 Plants with a white juice. Petals 4, crumpled in bud PAPAVKU. *f Plants with a watery juice. Calyx a mitre, falling off whole ESCHSOHOITZIA. T 1. SANGUINARIA, L. BLOOD-ROOT. (Latin sanguis, blood ; all its parts abound in a red juice.) Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8 — 12, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer longer. Stamens about 24 ; stigma sessile, 1 or 2-lobed; capsule silique-form, oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, acute at each ORDER 11.— PAP AVER ACE M. 223 end, many-seeded. — H A low, acaulescent plant, with a white flower, and a glaucous, palmate-veined leaf. S. Canadensis L. An interesting flower, in woods, Can. and U. S., appearing in early spring. Rhizome fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes an orange-red fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root-stalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with a single flower. "Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Fl. of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr., May. (Fig. 557.) j3. Leaf not lobed, margin undulate. Bainbridge, Ga. 2. CHELIDdNIUM, L. CELANDINE. (Gr. xefaduv, the swallow; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with its departure.) Sepals 2, suborbjcular ; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base ; stamens 24 — 32, shorter than the petals ; stigma 1, small, sessile, bifid; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1 -celled ; seeds crested. — H Fragile, pale green, with saffron yellow juice. C. ma jus L. Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. lobed, -segments rounded; fls. in umbels. — By roadsides, fences, etc., arising 1 — 2f high. Lvs. smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2—4 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Lfts. 1£ — 2£' long, § as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the partial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals elliptical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts. May — Oct. § Eur. 3. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. HORN POPPY. (Gr. ykavubv, glaucous, the hue of the foliage.) Sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens oo ; style none, stigma 2-lobed; ped. 2-celled, linear, very long, rough. — 0 or ® sea- green herbs, with clasping Ivs., yellow juice, and solitary, yellow fls. G. luteum Scop. Sparingly naturalized near the coast, from the Potomac south- ward. About 2f high, covered with a glaucous bloom. St. glabrous. Lvs. repandly 5 — 7 -lobed, clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Fls. 2' broad, of short duration, but many in succession, succeeded by a horn-shaped fruit, which is rough with tubercles, and 6 — 9' in length. Jn. — Aug. § 4. ARGEMdNE, L. PRICKLY POPPY,. (Gr. apyefia, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.) Sepals 2 or 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous ; petals 4 or 6, roundish, larger than the sepals ; stamens oo, stigma sessile, capitate, 4 or 6-rayed ; capsule ovpid, prickly, opening at the top by valves. — (p Herbs with yellow juice, spinous- pinnatifid Ivs., and showy fls. A. Mexicana L. Cal. prickly ; caps, prickly, G-valved. — A weed-like plant, native at the South and West, § at the North. St. 2 — 3f high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Lvs. 5 — 7' or 8' long, sessile, spinous on the margin and veins beneath. Fls. axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, 2 — 3' diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, etc. July. — Varieties occur with ochro- leucous fls. and with large white fls. (N". Car. Curtis.) 5. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. YELLOW POPPY. (Gr. pj/^v, a poppy; 1$, resemblance.) Sepals 2, hirsute ; petals 4 ; stamens oo ; style con- spicuous; stigmas 4 — 6, radiating, convex, free; capsule ovoid, 1 -celled, opening by four valves. — ^ Herbs with a yellow juice, pinnately divided Ivs., and yellow fls. 224 OBDEB 12.— FUMARIACE^E. M. diphylla DC. Lvs. glaucous beneath, segments 5 — T, ovate -oblong, sinuate, cauline 2, opposite, petiolate; ped. aggregated, terminal; caps. 4-valved, echi- nate-setous. — Woods, Western States. Plant 12 — 18' high. Lvs. large, 8' by 6', on petioles about the same length, terminal segment somewhat confluent. Ped. about 3' long. Petals deep yellow, orbicular, 1' diam. Sty. surpassing the stain. May. (Stylophorum Nutt.) 6. PAPAYER, L. POPPY. Fig. 229, 230, 231. (Celtic, papa, pap ; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy seeds, etc.) Sepals 2, caducous \ petals 4; stamens oo ; capsule 1-celled, opening by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. — Exotic herbs, with \vhito juice, abounding in opium. Fl. buds nodding, erect in flower and fruit. 1 P. somniferum L. OPIUM POPPY. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. clasping, cut-dentate ; caps, globous. — (1) with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in culti- vation. St. lg — 3f high. Lvs. 4 — 8-' by 2 — 3', with rather obtuse dentures. Extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia for opium, a drug moro generally applicable and more frequently prescribed than any other article of the materia medica. Jn. JL f § 2 P. dubium L. St. hispid.with spreading hairs; Ivs. pinnately parted, segm. incised; sop. hairy; caps, club-shaped. — CD Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Pcnn. and southward. St. about 2f high, very slender. Fls. light red or scarlet, much smaller than in No. 1, on very long hairy pedicels. Jn. Jl.§ 3 P. Rha&as L. St. many-flowered, hairy; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid; caps, globous. — 0 Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About 2f high. Fls. very large and showy, of a deep scarlet. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and parti-colored ilowers, more or less double. Jn. Jl.f 4 P. orientale L, St. \-flowered, rough ; Ivs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; caps, smooth. — "H. Native of Levant. St. 3f high. Fls. very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to bo looked upon in the sun. Jn.f 7. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. (Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist well known for his researches in California.) Sepals 2, co- hering by their edge, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens GO, adhering to the claws of the petals ; stigmas 4 — 7, sessile, 2 — 3 of them abortive ; capr sule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many-seeded. — CD Lvs. pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor of hydroch- loric acid. 1 E. Douglasii Hook. St. branching, leafy; torus obconic; cal ovoid, with a very short, abrupt acumination; pet. bright-yellow, with an orange spot at base. — A very showy annual, common in our gardens, native of California, Ore- gon, etc. The foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid manner into linear segments. Fls. 2' broad. f (Chryseis Californica of Lindl. and 1st edition.) 2 E. Californica Hook. St. branching, leafy; torus funnel form, with a much dilated limb; cal. obconic; with a long acumination; fls. orange-yellow.— From California. Lvs. and color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish, orange bue.f (Chryseis crocea Lindl. and of 1st edition.) ORDER XII. FUMARIACE^E. FUMEWORTS. Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems, and a watery juice. Leaves usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils. Fls. irregular, purple, white or yellow. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate; 2 inner cohering at apex. Sta. 6, diadelphous ; fit. dilated; anth. adaate, extrorse, 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ova. superior, 1-celled: *ty. ORDER 12.— FUMARIACEJE. 225 filiform ; stig. with one or more points. Fr. either an indehiscent nut 1 — 2-seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. Sds. shining, ariled. Albumen fleshy. Illustrations, 42, 43, 44, 318. Genera 15, species 110, — some of them beautiful and delicate, inhabiting thickets in the tem- perate regions of the northern hemisphere. They possess no remarkable action upon the animal economy. ' Corolla equally 2-spurred or 2-gibbous at base, (a) Corolla unequal, only one of the petals spurred, (b) a Petals not united, deciduous. Not climbing DICENTRA. 1 a Petals united, persistent. Plants climbing. '. ADLUMIA. 2 b Fruit pod-shaped, many-seeded CORYDALIB. 3 b Fruit a globular, 1-seeded nut ; FUMA.BIA. 4 1. DICENTRA, BorMi. EAR-DROP. (Gr. (%, double; icwrpov, a spur ; from the character.) Sepals 2, small ; petals, 4, the 2 outer equally spurred or gibbous at base, and distinct ; stamens united in 2 sets of three each ; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. — If Fls. in racemes on scapes. (Diclytra, DC.) Low herbs (6'), with whita flowers, in simple racemes Nos. 1, 2 Taller (12'), with purple flowers, in paniculate racemes Nos. 3, 4 1 D. cucullaria DC. Fig. 42, 43, 318. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Root lulbi- ferous ; rac. 4 — 10-flowered, secund; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight. — "Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizome bearing triangular, small, pale red, scale-like tubers, forming a loose bulb under ground. Lvs. radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender 6 — 10' high. Fls. scentless, nod- ding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, and with 2 minute bracteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla. Apr., May. 2 D. Canadensis DC. Fig. 44. SQUIRREL CORN. St. subterranean, tuberiferous, tubers globous, raceme simple, secund, 4 — 6-flowered ; spurs short, rounded, ob- tuse, slightly incurved. — A smooth, pretty plant, common in rocky woods, Can. to Ky. The rhizome bears a number of roundish tubers about the size of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Lvs. radical, subglaucous, biternate, the Ifts. deeply pinnatifid, segments linear-oblong, obtuse, 5 — 8" long. Scape 6 — 8' high, bearing a few odd-looking flowers. Cor. white, tinged with purple, fragrant, 5" long. Sta. 3 on each lip. May, Jn. 3 D. eximia DC. Rhizome scaly ; Ivs. numerous ; rac. compound, the branches cymous ; fls. oblong, spurs very short, obtuse, incurved ; stigma 2-horned at apex. — A fine species on rocks, etc., found by Dr. Sartwell in Yates Co., N. Y., S. to N. Car. Lvs. radical, 10 — 15' high, somewhat triternate, with incisely pinnati- fid, acute segments. Scape 8 — 12' high, with several (4 — 8) cymes, each with 6 — 10 purplish, nodding flowers. Cor. 8 — 10" long, ^ as broad at base. Bracts purplish, at base of pedicels. Jn., Sept.f (Corydalis formosa Ph.) 4 D. formosa DC. Rhizome many-leaved; rac. slightly compound; fls. ovate, in- flated; spurs short, rounded, saccate; stig. entire. — Can. to Or. An elegant and showy species in cultivation, about the sizs of the last, with foliage less incised and lobes rather obtuse. Rac. secund, the cymes 2 to 4-flowered. Fls. bright purple, about 10" long, by 5" or 6" wide, the stigma angular, not cleft as in No. 3. May, Jl.f 2. ADLUMI A, Raf. MOUNTAIN FRINGE. (Named for John Adlum, Washington, D. C., a cultivator of the vine.) Sepals 2, minute ; petals 4, united into a fungous, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bigibbous at base, 4-lobed at apex; stamens united in 2 equal sets; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. — (D A delicate, climbing vine. A. cirrhosa Raf. Rocky hills, Can. to K Car. Stem striate, many feet in length. Lvs. decompound, divided in a pinnate manner, ultimate divisions 3- lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils. Fls. very numerous, in axil- lary, pendulous, cymous clusters, pale pink. Cal. minute. Cor. slightly cordate 16 226 ORDER 13.— CRXJCIFER^. at base, of 4 petals united into a spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering upward, 2-lipped. Fine for arbors, Jn., Aug.-j- 3. CORYDALIS, DC. (Gr. name of the Fumitory, from which genus this was t,aken.) Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, one of which is spurred at the base ; stamens 6, diadelphous ; filaments united into two equal sets by their broad bases, which sheath the ovary ; pod 2-valved, compress- ed, many-seeded. — Lvs. cauline. Pedicels racernous, bractless. 1 C. glaftca Ph. Glaucous, erect; fls. red, yellow at the tip; pods erect; lobes of the Ifts. obtuse, bracts minute. — © Rocky woods, Can. to N. Car., 1 — 3f. high. Lfts. 1' long, 3-lobed, Corolla with a short, blunt spur. Racemes panicled. Apr.— Jl. 2 C. aurea "Willd. Low, diffuse, finally ascending (8 — 12') ; lobes of the leaves acute ; rac. opp. the Ivs. and terminal ; fls. secund, bright yellow, spur deflected; pods pendulous. — © Rocky shades. Cor. G". Apr. — Jl. P. MACRANTHA. Pis. 10" ; spur nearly as long as the limb. Dakota. y. FLAVULA. Fls. 3 — 4'', pale yellow ; spur very short ; pet. pointed. Com. 3 C. montana Engl. ? Ascending; rac. terminal; If.-lobes ob tuse ; bracts lanceo- late ; cor. yellow, spur ascending, nearly as long as the limb ; lower pet. at length pendent; pods erect, seeds lenticular. South- West. 4. FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY. (Lat. fumus, smoke ; from its dis- agreeable odor.) Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4, unequal, one of them spurred at the base ; filaments in 2 sets, each with 3 anthers ; nut ovoid or globous, 1-seeded and indehiscent.— Lvs. cauline, finely dis- sected. F. officinalis L. St. suberect, branched and spreading; Ivs. bipinnate; rac. loose; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the globous, retuse nut. — A small, handsome, smooth plant, 10 — 15' high, in sandy fields and about gar- dens, introduced from Europe. Lfts. cut into segments, dilated upwards, Fls. small, rose-colored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long as the bracts. Jl., Aug. § Eur. ORDER XIII. CRUCIFER^E. CKUCIFERS. 6 620. A flower of Sinapis nigra. 1. The stamens (4 long nnd 2 short) and pistil. 2. Plan of the flower, — stamens in 2 rows, outer row half wanting. 3. A silique, — 4. partly open, showing the septum with seeds attached. 5. Cross section of a seed, cotyledons eondnplicate (0»). 6. Cross section of a seed of Capsella, the cotyledons incumbent (Oil). 7. Section of a winged seed of Arabia (Janadeusis, cotyle- dons accumbent (0—). Herbs with a pungent, watery juice, and alternate, exstipulate leaves, with flowers cruciform, tetradynamous, generally in racemes, and bractless. Sepals 4, deciduous ; petals 4, hypogynous, with long claws and spreading limbs. Stamens 6, the 2 outer, opposite ones shorter than the 4 interior. Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-ceUed ORDER 1 3.— CRUCIFEILE. 22 Y by a false partition, with parietal placentae. Fruit a silique, or silicle, usually 2- celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds 2-ro\ved in each cell, but often so intercalated as to form but one row. Embryo with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Albumen 0. Illust 266, 312, 365, 447, 443. Genera 195, species 1600. This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About 100 are peculiar to this continent. Properties. The Crucifers as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish several Uimentary articles, whicli are very nutritious, as the Turnip, Cabbage, Cauliflower ; several others are used as condiments, as Mustard, Eadish, Cochlearia, etc. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an ethereal oil abounding in sulphur. Tuey are also remarkable tor containing more nitrogen than other vege- tables, for which reason ammonia is generally evolved in their putrefaction. In medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are really poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoria affords a blue coloring matter. 01m. The genera of this large order were arranged into sub-orders by De Candolle, according to their various modes of folding the cotyledon upon the radicle, which modes are as follows: 1. Cotyledons accumbent, the radicle turned round and applied to the edges of the cotyledons, represented thus 0=. 2. Cotyledons incumbent, the radicle applied against the back of one of the cotyledons, 0 II . 3. Cotyledons conduplicate, radicle folded as in the last case, but the coty- ledons bent .so as partly to enfold it, 0», as in the mustard. In the analysis of the Crucifers it is indispensable that the specimens be in fruit as well as flower, and that the student bring to bear all his patience and resolution in the study of the above and other forms of structure in the seed, however minute. In the followins synopsis the student may use in analysis either the artificial arrangement of the Genera or the less obvious but more natural arrangement of the TRIBES. § SILIQUOSJ2,— fruit a silique opening by valves. (Tribes.) Tribe 1. ARABIDE^E. Seeds flattened, often bordered ; cotyledons 0= Genera 1 10 Tribe 2. SISYMBKE^;. Seeds oblong, not bordered ; cotyledons 0 II Gen. 11 — 14 Tribe 3. BUASSICE.E. Seeds globular, cotyledons 6». Flowers yellow Gen. 15, 16 §§ SILICULOS^E,— fruit a silicle opening by valves when more than 2-seeded. (Tribes.) Tribe 4. ALTSSIXE.E. Dissepiment broad. Cotyledons 0— Gen. IT— 21 Tribe 5. CAMELINE.E. Dissepiment broad. Cotyledons 0 || Gen. 22, 23 Tribe 6. THLASPE^E. Dissepiment narrow. Cotyledons 0= Gen. 24 Tribe 7. LEPIDINEJE. Dissepiment narrow. Cotyledons 0 H Gen. 25 — 2T Tribe 8. ISATIDE^E. Dissepiment 0. Silicle 1-seeded, indehiscent Gen. 28 §§§ LOMENTACE^,— fruit a jointed silique, partitioned across. (Tribes.) Tribe 9. CAKALINE^E. Cotyledons 0=, seeds compressed .' Gen. 29 Tribe, 10. KAPHANE^E. Cotyledons 0», seeds globous Gen. 3d ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. § Fruit a silique. Seeds in a double row t Genera 1, 2 Seeds in a single row. Flowers cyanic (a). Flowers xanthic (b) a Flowers purple, single. Stigma capitate. Plant native Genera 3 a Flowers purple (or white and double). Stigmas horned. Cultivated Gen. 4, 14 a Flowers white or roseate. Siliques flattened,— raised on a filiform stipe Gen. 13 —sessile, having no stipe Gen. 5, 6, 7 b Seeds globular, with cotyledons conduplicate (0») Gen. 15, 16 b Seeds oblong or lens-shaped. Siliques terete or flattened, veinless Gen. 8, 9 Siliques squarish, valves 1— 3-veined Gen. 10, 11, 12 §§ Fruit a silicle. Silicle turgid or flattened, with a broad partition (c). Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition (d). Silicle -with no partition, 1-seeded. Flowers yellow Gen. 28 C Ornamental exotics, variously colored. Gardens Gen. 17, IS C Native pi ints with— flowers cyanic, white Gen. 19, 20, 23 — flowers yellow. Silicles ? oblong Gen. 1 Silicles ovoid or globular Gen. 21, 22 d Seeds several in each cell. Silicle triangular Gen. 25 d Seeds only 2,— one in each cell. The two outer petals larger Gen. 24 The petals all equal .Gen. 26, 27 §§§ Fruit a lament, jointed and partitioned across G~en. 29, 30 228 ORDER 13.— CEUCIFEE^E. 1. NASTURTIUM, K. Br. WATER CRESS. (Lat. nasus tortus ; from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose.) Sepals equal at base, spreading; siliques subterete, generally curved upwards, some- times shortened so as to resemble a silicic ; valves veinless ; seeds small, lens-shaped, oo, in a double row (0 — ). — Aquatic plants with pinnate or pinnatifid Ivs. « Petals white. Siliques rather long (10—12") No. 1 * Totals yellow. Siliques shortened (4 — 8"), but longer than the pedicels (a). * Petals yellow. Siliques or silicles (1—6") shorter than the pedicels (b). a Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. Diffusely branched Nos. 2, 3 a Leaves lyrate, or merely toothed. Steins erect Nos. 4, 5 b Petals not longer than the calyx, obscure Nos. 6, 1 b Petals longer than the calyx, bright yellow Nos. 8, 9 1 N. officinale E. Br. ENGLISH WATER CRESS. Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. ovate, sub- cordate, repand; petals white, longer than the calyx. — If Brooks and springy places, rare. (Yellow Springs, 0-) Sts. decumbent, thick, branching, 6 — 12' long. Lfts. 3 — 7, broad, mostly rounded at base, obscurely toothed, terminal one largest. Fls. corymbed. fjiliques hardly 1' long. Occasionally cultivated for salad. May, Jn. § \. 2 N. tanacetifolium Hook. TANSEY-LEAVED. Upper leaf segm. confluent, lower •distinct, oblong or roundish, sinuate-toothed teeth obtuse ; pods linear-oblong. — (D Damp soils, Ga. and Fla., "W. and N". W. to the Miss. Sts. smooth, diffusely branched from the base, 4 — 12' high. Eoot Ivs. 2 — 4' long, narrow, regularly pinnate with 19 — 15 segm. in the larger plants, the 3 upper segm. often conflu- ent. Fls. minute. Pods 4 — 8" long, slightly curved, on ped. ^ as long, and tipped with a distinct but short style. Mar., May. P. OBTUSUM. Lfts. mostly distinct, oval, obtuse ; pods shorter (3 to 5"), twice longer than pedicel. (N. obtusum, Nutt.) 3 N. Walteri. Segm. of the Ivs. all distinct, narrow, with a few linear, acute lobes or teeth; pods linear, — If. ? Ga. (Feay and Pond.) and Car. Rt, thick, blackish, with many strong fibres. Lvs. numerous, mostly radical or subcauline, 1 — 2' long, finely dissected, the terminal segm. 3-lobed. Sts. branched from the base (only?), 3 — 5' high, puberulent. Fls. minute. Pods slender, about 5" long, ped. half as long ; style distinct. Mar., Apr. (Sisymbrium Walteri Ell.) 4 N. limosum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed, lower ones pinnatified at base (lyrate), upper entire at base; pods elliptic-oblong (3 — 4"). — (g) Edges of the Miss., La. (Hale.) Glabrous. Sts. erect, simple, branched only at top, 10 — 15' high. Lvs. all cauline and petiolate, the lower irregularly divided at base, where they touch the water. Eac. several. Fls. minute. Pods on very short pedicels, with styles much shorter. Apr., May. Hardly distinct from the next. 5 N. sessiliflorum Nutt. Lvs. cuneate-obovate, repandly toothed or sub-entire ; pods linear-oblong (5 — 6"), subsessile. — ® Banks of the Miss. Glabrous. Sts. erect, nearly simple. Lvs. attenuated at base, those of the stem nearly entire. Fls. minute. Eac. elongated in fruit, both pods and stigmas almost sessile. Apr. — Jn. 6 N. palustre DC. MARSH CRESS. Glabrous ; Ivs. pinnately lobed, amplexical, lobes confluent, dentate ; rt. fusiform ; pet. as long as the sepals ; silicle spreading, turgid, twice longer than wide. — If I*1 we^ places. St. 1 — 2f high, erect, branched above. Lvs. 2 — 3' long, all more or less pinnatified, with the terminal lobe large, ovate. Fls. numerous, small. Silicle 3" long, pedicels twice as long, often deflexed. Jn. — Aug. 7 N. hispidum DC. Villous ; Ivs. runcinate-pinnatified, lobes oltusety dentate; silicles tumid, ovoid or globular, the pedicels longer, ascending; pet. scarcely as long as Hie calyx.— (g) Banks of streams N. H. to Penn. Stem angular, branched, 1 — 3f high, with many paniculate racemes above. Lvs. 3 — G' long. Fls. minute. Silicles 1" long, on pedicels 2 — 3" long and somewhat spreading. Jn. -Aug. 8 N. sylvestre E. Br. WOOD CRESS. Lvs. pinnately divided, segm. serrate or in- cised; pods linear, style very short. — 1$ Wet meadows, near Philadelphia (Nutt); ORDER 13.-— CRUCIFER^E. 229 near Boston (Sprague). Sts. ascending from a prostrate base. Fls. rather large and showy. Pet. £ longer than calyx. Pods nearly £' long, the pedicels rather longer, ascending. Jn., JL § Eur. 9 N. sinuatum Nutt. Lvs. pmnatified, segm. lance-oblong, nearly entire ; pods oWong, acute, withasknderstyle.—'Ba.nksoftlie Miss, opposite St Louis, southward, W. to Oregon. Glabrous and diffusely branched. Lvs. regularly pinnatified, the terminal segm. often confluent. Fls. rather large and showy. Pods about £' long, slightly curved, the pedicels still longer, spreading or recurved. Jn. 2. TURRITIS, Dillon. TOWER MUSTARD. (Lat. turritis, turreted ; from the pyramidal form, of the plant.) Sepals erect, converging; silique long, linear, 2-edged ; valves plain, 1-veined ; seeds in a double row (margined in one species) (0=). — Fls. white or rose-colored. Stem Ivs, mostly sagittate-clasping. 1 T. glabra L. Fls, (cream-tchite) erect; siliques long (3'), strictly erect; stem-lvs. ovate lanceolate, — (T) In rocky fields about New Haven (Eaton) and Can. Glabrous. St round, simple, l£f high. Radical-lvs. petiolate, dentate ; cauline arrow-shaped and half-clasping at base, smooth, glaucous and entire. Siliques straight ^and very narrow. May. § Eur. 2 T. stricta Graham. Fls. (rose-white) erect; silique long (3'), erect, finally ascend- ing, stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, — @ On rocks, N. Y. (rare), "W. to Or. Plant glab- rous. St. straight, erect, simple, 1 — 2f high. Root-lvs. spatulate, remotely den- ticulate ; stem-lvs. arrow shaped, clasping, erect, nearly entire. Rac. terminal, elongated in fruit May. 3 T. brachycarpa Torr & Gr. Fls. (pale-purpk) nodding ; siliques shorter (!'), spreading. — Lake shores Mich. Glabrous and glaucous, often purplish. Stem 1 — 2f high. Root-lvs. spatulate, dentate; cauline linear-lanceolate, sagittate and slasping. Fls. rather large. 3. IODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE ROCKET. (Gr. ludrjs violet- colored, av6o$, flower,) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals ; silique linear, terete, veinless ; seeds arranged in a single row in each cell (0=). — Glabrous, with violet-purple flowers in panicled racemes, I. pinnatifida Torr & Gr. — ^ Perm, to 111., S. to Ark. St. slender, furrowed 2 — 3f high. Lvs. thin, sharply dentate, 3 — 5' long, £• as wide, the lower often lyrate-pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely petiolate. Rac. terminal and axillary. Petals long-clawed, with an obovate border. Pods torulous, 15 — 20" long; sds. oblong, plano-convex. May, Jn. 4. MATTHlOLA, R. Br. STOCK. (In honor of P. A. Matthioli, physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base ; petals dilated ; siliques terete ; stigmas connivant, thickened or cornute at the back. — Herbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed with a hoary, stellate pubescence. * Perennial or biennial. Stems herbaceous Nos. 1, 2. * Perennial. Steins shrubby at base Nos. 8, 4. 1 M. animus R. Br. TEN WEEKS' STOCK. St erect, branched ; Ivs. hoary- canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate; silique subcylindrical. — ecao of the shop is partly the product of certain Brazilian species of lonidium. Several species of the violet are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. § Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base VIOLA. 1. § Sepals nearly equal, not auricled at base SOLEA. 2. 1. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. PANSEY. (From the Latin.) Sepals 5, unequal, auricular at base; petals 5, irregular, the broadest spurred at base, the 2 lateral equal, opposite ; stamens approximate, anthers connate, two of them with appendages at the back ; capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to the middle of the valves. — U Low, herbaceous plants. Ped. angular, solitary, 1 -flowered, recurved at the summit so as to bear the flowers in a resupinate position. Joints of the rhizome often bear- ing apetalous flowers. * Acaulescent. — Petals yellow .,....,,,. No. 1. — Petals white Nos. 2 — 1. — Petals blue, — beardless Nos. 5 — 7. — bearded.— L vs. divided Nos. 8, 9,3, 9y. — Lvs. undivided Nos. 9—11. (Exotic No. 21.) * Caulescent. — Petals yellow. Sts. leafy at the top only Nos. 12 — 14 — Petals not quito yellow. — Stipules entire Nos. 15. —Stipules fringe-toothed Nos. 16—18. — Stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, very large... Nos. 19, 2W. 1 V. rottmdifolia MX. Fig. 305. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, slightly ser- rate, nearly smooth, with the sinus closed ; petiole pubescent ; cal. obtuse. — A small, early violet, found in woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Lvs. varying from ovate to reniform, mostly round, with a narrow sinus at base. Veins and petioles pubes- cent. Ped. as long as the leaves, sub-4-sided, bracted in the middle. Petals yel- low, marked at base with brown lines. Fls. small. Mar., May. 2 V. lanceolata L. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, tapering at base into the long petiole obtusish, subcrenate. — Found in wet meadows, Can. and U. S. Ehizome creep- ing. Lvs. varying from lanceolate to linear, and, with the stalk 3 — 5' long. Petioles half-round. Ped. sub-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, those from, the lower nodes of the rhizomo apetalous. Mar. (S) — May. 3 V. prinrnlaefolia L. Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly contracted at base and decur- rent on the petiole ; petals nearly equal, beardless. — Found in damp soils, Mass. to Ga. and Tenn. Rhizomo creeping. Lvs. sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse, crenate, pubescent or nearly smooth. Petals obovate, flat, marked with purplo lines at base, generally beardless and obtuse. Fls. small, white, on sub-4-sided stalks. May, in N. Eng. /3. ACUTA Torr. & Gr. — Smooth ; Ivs. ovate ; petals acute, lateral ones nearly beardless. Mass. (V. acuta Br.) 4 V. blanda TVilld. Lvs. cordate, roundish, slightly pubescent; petiole pubes- cent ; petals beardless. — Found in meadows, Can. to Penn. Rhizome slender and creeping. Lvs. close to the earth and sometimes with a rounded sinus so as to appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines. Fls. small, fragrant. May (V. clandestina Ph. V. amceua Le Conte). 5 V. palustris L. Lvs. reniform-cordate ; stip. broadly ovate, acuminate; stig. margined; sep. ovate, obtuse, spur very short ; caps, oblong- triangular. — Summits of the White Mts. About 3' high, pubescent. Lvs. crenate, 1' byf . Fls. smal^ pale blue on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteafee near the middle. Rhizome creeping, scaly. Jn. 6 V. Selkirk!! Goldie. SELKIRK'S VIOLET. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, crenately ser- rate, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; spur nearly as long as the petals, thick ORDER 16.— YIOLACE^E. 243 very obtuse. — Grows on woody hills and mountains, Mass., N". Y., Can., rare. A small, stemless violet 2' high, with small, pale blue fls. conspicuously spurred. Lvs. rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. Petals beardless, the upper one striate with, deep blue. May. 7 V. pedata L. Rt. premorse; Ivs. pedately 5—9-parted, segments linear-lance- olate, entire; stig. large, obtusely truncate, scarcely beaked; spur short, obtuse — A smooth, beautiful, large-flowered violet, in hilly woods, Can. to 111. and Fla. Khizomo fleshy, ending abruptly as if cut or bitten off. Lvs. thick, 2-ternately divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow segments. Petioles with long, ciliate stipules at base. Ped. sub-4-angk-d, much longer than the leaves. Petals pole blue, white at base, all of them beardless and entire. Apr., May. /?. The two upper petals deep violet colored, the others light-blue with much yellow at their bases, as in tho garden pansey. Plants smaller, with large flowers. — In Mt. Hope Cemetery, Macon, Ga, 8 V. delpkinifolia Nutt. Lvs. pedately 1— ^-parted, with, linear, 2 — deleft seg- ments all similar ; stig. thick, distinctly beaked. — Prairies and bottoms, 111., Iowa-, Mo. Lvs. often finely divided with many dissected segments, pubescent along the edge, prominently veined beneath. Stip. acuminate, subentire. Ped. a little longer than the leaves. Fls. rather smaller than in the last, of a rich blue ; lateral petals boarded. Mar., Apr. 9 V. cucullata Ait. Lvs. reniform-cordate, cucullate at bass, acute, crenate ; stip. linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded. — This is one of tho more common kinds of violet, found in low, grassy woods from Arctic Am. to Fla. Lvs. on long petioles, usually rolled at base into a hooded form. Fls. light blue or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals twisted, white at the base, marked with lines of deeper blue. Apr., May. This species varies from pubescent to glabrous, from Ivs. reniform to ovate, deltoid, or hastate ; from fls. deep blue to light-blue or even white, and as is now generally conceded, to the following remarkable forms: — (3. PALMATA. Lvs. (cordate) all or some of them very irregularly liastate-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the earlier Ivs. commonly undivided and broadly cor* date. Fls. large. Plant 4 — 12' high. (V. palmata L.) — Common at tho South. y. SEPTEMLOBA. Lvs. (concave at base) more deeply 5 — T-lobed, the middle lobe largest, oblanceolate, all rather succulent and strongly veined beneath ; fls. very large. (Y. septemloba Le Conte.) — Low, pine woods, Ga. (Pond). Plant 5 — 12' high. A remarkable form truly, but evidently varying into j3. Apr. 10 V. villosa Walt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, pubescent, obscurely crenate, sinus narrow or closed; pet. bearded; stig. beaked. — Sandy woods, mid- dle Ga., common N. to Penn. Plant 2 — 3' high. Lvs. spreading, scarcely 1' long, the petioles longer (1 — 2'). Fls. small, bluish purple, oil stalks shorter than the leaves. Mar., Apr. 11 V. sagittata Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often in- cisely dentate at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent; pedicel longer than the leaves ; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded. — On dry hills, Can. to Fla., \Y. to Ark. Lvs. varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate, ou margined petioles. Scapes 3 to 5' long. Sep. lanceolate, acute. Pet. entire, veiny, purplish blue, white at base. Stig. rostrate, margined. Apr. — Jn. ft. OVATA. Lvs. ovate, abrupt at base and decurrent on tho petiole?, pubescent, the upper often incisely dentate at base. (Y. ovata Nutt.) — N. J-, south- ward. 12 V. hastata MX. Smooth ; st. simple, erect, leafy above ; Ivs. deltoid-lanceolate or hastate, acute, dentate ; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate-dentato ; lower pet. dilated, obscurely 3-lobed, lateral ones slightly bearded; sep. lanceolate, with a very short spur. — Pine woods, Tenn. to Fla. St. slender, 6 — 10' high. Fls. yellow, on stalks shorter than the leaves. Apr., May. 13 V. tripartita Ell. Hairy. St. simple, erect, leafy above ; Ivs. deeply 3-parted, lobes lanceolate, dentate ; stip. lanceolate.— Upper Ga. Plant about If high, vil- 244 ORDER 16.— VIOL ACE JE. lous when young. Lvs. often divided to the base.. Fls. yellow, streaked with purple, the stalks longer than the leaves. Mar., Apr. 14 V. pubesceiis Ait. Vilbus-pubescent ; st. erect, naked below; Ivs. 'broad- cordate, toothed ; stip. ovate, large, subdentate. — A large yellow violet, found in dry stony woods, Can. to Ga. and Mo. St. simple, somewhat triangular and fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate or deltoid, ob- scurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Fl.-stalks rather shorter than leaves, with 2 subulate bracts. Lateral petals bearded, and with the upper one marked with a few brown lines. The plant varies in pubescence, sometimes even glab- rous. Height very variable, 5 — 20'. May — Jn. /?. EUIOCARPA Nutt. Capsule densely villous. (Y. eriocarpa Schw.) y. SCABRIUSCULA. Ton*. & Gr. St. decumbent, branching from tho root, and with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous. (V. scabriuscula Schw.) 15 V. Canadensis L. Smooth; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, serrate; ped. shorter than the leaves ; stip. short, entire. — A large species, found in the woods, British Am. to Car., often a foot in hight. Stem subsimple, terete, all the way leafy, with lance-ovate, membranous stipules. Lvs. acute or obtuse, the lower on very long petioles. Ped. sub-4-sidecl, with minute bracts. Fls. large, nearly regular. Pet. white or light blue, yellowish at base, the upper ones purplish outsido and marked with blue lines inside, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all sum- mer. 16 V. striata Ait. Smooth; st. branching, nearly erect; Ivs. roundish-ovate, cordate, the upper ones somewhat acuminate, crenate-serrato ; stip. large, ciliate- dentate, oblong-lanceolate ; spur one fourth as long as the corolla. — Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. St. 6 — 12' high, half round. Lvs. 1 — 1J' wide, on petioles 1 — 2' long. Stip. conspicuous, laciniate. Ped. axillary, often much longer than the leaves. Cor. large, yellowish-white or ochroleucous, lateral petals densely bearded, lower one striato with dark purple. Stig. tubular. Jn. 17 V. Muklenbergii Torr. St. weak, assurgent ; Ivs. reniform-cordate, upper ones rather acuminate ; stip. lanceolate, somewhat fimbriate ; spur half as long as the corolla, obtuse. — A spreading, slender species, in swamps, &c., U. S., N. to Lab. Sts. branched below, 6 — 8' long, with stipules usually cut into fringe-liko sorratures. Lvs. 6 — 10" diam., younger ones involute at base. Petioles longer than the leaves, and shorter than the axillary peduncles. Bracts subulate, mostly opposite, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals entire, pale purple, the lateral ones bearded. Stig. rostrate. May. 18 V. rostrata L. Smooth ; st. terete, diffuse, erect ; Ivs. cordate, roundish, ser- rate, upper ones acute; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed; petals bearded; spur longer than the corolla. — A common violet in moist woods, Can. to Ky., well characterized by its long, straight, linear, obtuse nectary, which renders the largo flowers similar to those of the larkspur. St. 6 — 8' high, branching below. Petioles much longer than tho leaves. Stip. almost pinnatifid. Ped. slender, very long, axillary. Fls. pale blue. May. 19 V. tricolor L. PANSY, HEARTSEASE. St. angular, diffusely branched; Ivs. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenato ; stip. as large as the leaves ; spur short, thick. — Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and latest in autumn. Fls. variable in size, often 1' broad, tho 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the two lateral white and with the lower striate, all yellow at base. (3. ARVENSIS DC. Annual. More slender and less branched ; upper Ivs. ovate- spatulate; petals scarcely twice longer than the calyx, yellowish blue, spotted with purple. (V. arvensis E1L) — This is, doubtless, a mere variety escaped from gardens, in rocky hills, N. Y. to Ga. Not common. Sts. 3 — 6 — 10' long. May. 20 V. grandiflora L. St. 3-cornered, simple, procumbent; Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; stip. much smaller than the leaves ; fls. large. — Native of Switzerland. A beautiful species, with very large flowers (1 — 2' diam.) ; all the petals alike are deep purple. "Whole plant smooth, 6 — 12' long. Stip. \ — 1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter, f 21 V. odorata L. SWEET, OR ENGLISH YIOLET. Stolons creeping ; Ivs. cor- date, crenate, nearly smooth; sep. obtuse; lateral petals with a hairy line. — Nativo ORDER 17.— CISTACE^E. 245 of England. It is well characterized by its long, trailing, leafy runners. The Ivs. are truly heart-shaped. Stip. lanceolate, toothed. Fed. longer than the leaves, bracted. Fls. small, fragrant. Several garden varieties are known, and distin- guished by the form and color of the flowers; viz:— the purple, white and blue- flowered, the double white, double purple and double blue-flowered, and the Neapolitan with palo blue flowers. Apr., May.f 2. SOLEA, Gingins. GREEN VIOLET. (Dedicated to W. Sole, an English writer on plants.) Sepals nearly equal, not auriculate ; petals unequal, the lowest 2-lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate ; stamens cohering, the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle ; capsule surrounded at base by the concave torus ; seeds G 8, very large. — ^ An erect, leafy plant, with inconspicuous axillary flowers. S. concolor Gingins. GREEN VIOLET. Woods, "Western 1ST. Y. to Mo., and S. to Car. Stem 1 — 2f high, simple, and, with the leaves, somewhat hairy. Lvs. 4 — 6' by 1J- — 2^', lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioles. Pod. very short, 1 — 5-flowered, axillary. Fls. small, greenish, white. Cal. about as long as the corolla Lower petal twice larger than the others. Capsule near 1' in length. Apr., May. ORDER XVII. CISTACEJE. ROCK ROSES. Herbs or low shrubs with simple, entire, opposite (at least the lower) leaves, with fls. perfect, regular, hypogynous, in one-sided racemes, very fugacious. Sep. 5, un- equal, persistent. Petals 5 (sometimes 3 or wanting) convolute in aestivation. Sta. mostly OO. Caps. 1-celled, 3 — 5-valved, with as many parietal placcr.tco. Seeds albuminous. Embryo curved or spiral. (Illust. in Fig. 404.) Genera 7, species 185, most abundant in S. Europe and N. Africa. GENERA. T Petals 3, linear-lanceolate, small LECHEA. 1 1 Petals 5,— largo and showy, or wanting HELIANTHEMUM. 2 —minute. Delicate shrubs HUDSOXIA. 8 1. LECHEA, L. PIN WEED. (In memory of John Lcche, a Swedish botanist.) Sepals, 5, the 2 outer minute ; petals 3, lanceolate, small ; stamens 3 to 12 ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; placenta) nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1 — 2-seeded. — H Often shrubby at base, with numerous very small brownish purple flowers. 1 L. major MX. Hairy; Ivs. elliptical, mucronulate ; fls. minute, about as long as the pedicels. — In dry woods, U. S. and Can. St. 1 — 2f high, rigid, brittle hairy, purple, somewhat corymbously branched. Lvs. of the stem about 4" long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on the prostrate branches, crowded. Pis. brownish-purple, inconspicuous among the numerous bracts. Caps, round- ish, about the size of a small pin-head. Variable. Jl., Aug. •2 L. minor Lam. Smoothfeh; Ivs. linear, very acute; fls. small, on pedicel which are mostly twice longer. — Grows in dry, sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Sts. 8 — 1G' high, slender, red, paniculately branched, often decumbent at base. Stem Ivs. 6 — 10'' by 1", alternate, revolute at the margin, those of the divergent^ fili- form branches gradually minute. Fls. twice as largo as in L. major. Petals brownish-purple, cohering at apex. Caps, the size of a large pin-head. Jn. — Sept. 3 L. thymifolia Ph. Shrubby, hoary with oppressed hairs ; Ivs. linear and linear- oblanceolate, rather acute, often verticillate ; fls. small, on pedicels still shorter. — Seacoasts, Mass to N. J. Sts. about If high, many from the same caudex, rigid and very bushy. Lvs. 6 — 10" long, erect, crowded. Fls. in terminal, denso cymules, on very short pedicels. Petals brown. Caps, globons. Jl. — Sept. 246 ORDER 18.— IIYPERICACE^E. 2. HELIANTHEMUM, L. ROCK ROSE. (Gr. ffiiog, the sun, avBog, flower.) Sepals 5, the 2 outer, smaller, the 3 inner convolute ; petals 5, or rarely 3, convolute contrary to the sepals, sometimes abortive ; stam- ens oo ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule triangular, 3-valved, open- ing at top ; seeds angular. — Fls. yellow often of 2 kinds, the later being smaller and apetalous. 1 H. Canadense MX. FROST PLAXT. Hoary pubescent ; pstaliferous fls. solitary, pedicellate, terminal, apeialous ones axillary, small, clustered, subsessik; cal. acute; Ivs. revolute on the margin, lanceolate, acute. — In dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. St. 8 — 12' high, at length shrubby at base. Lvs. 8 — 12" long, J as wide, entire, subsessile. Primary fls. with largo bright yellow petals. The axillary fls. later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta. declinate. Caps, smooth, shining, those of tho apetalous 11s. not larger than a pin's head. Sds. few, brown. May — Sept. /?. OBTUSA. Hoary tomentous; Ivs. oblong, obtuse; fls. (all petaliferous ?) smaller (7" broad), several, terminal. — Middle Flor. St. 3 — 6' high. Lvs. about 9" by 27. Apr. It may prove distinct. 2 H. corymbosum MX. Canescently tomentous; fls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous canescent, obtuse; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, margins revolute. — Sterile sands, N. J., to Fla. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentous when young, at length diffusely branched, about If high. Primary fls. 7 or 8" diam. ; secondary ones apetalous, subsessile. Jn. — Aug. (Heteromeris cymosa Spach. ) 3 H. Carolinianum MX. Villous, simple, erect; fls. all large, petaliferous and suUerminal; sepals acuminate-, Ivs. oblong-oval, edges denticulate, not revolute. — Dry woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La,, common. St. rarely branched from the base, brownish, 8 — 12' high. Lvs. distinctly petioled, 1 — 2^' long, $ as wide, obtuso or acute, black-dotted beneath. Fls. 1 to 4, more tlfan 1' broad, the pedicels supra-axillary. Apr., May. 3. HUDSONIA, L. (In honor of William Hudson, author of Flora Anglica.) Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones out- side ; petals 5 ; stamens 9 — 30 ; style filiform, straight ; capsule, 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and minute, cxstipulate leaves. 1 H. tomentcsa Nutt. Hoary-f omen tous ; Ivs. ovate, appressed-imbricate, acute ; fls. subsessile ; sep. obtuse. — Shores of the ocean and lakes, Me. to N. J. and Wis. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Lvs. less than 1;/ in length, closely appressed to the stem. Fls. about 2'' broad, yellow, numerous. May. 2 II. ericoides L. Hoary-pubescent; Ivs. subulate, a little spreading; pedicels ex- serted, as Img as the calyx; sep. acutish. — A very delicate shrub. L. C!\arnplain, Yt., Conway Pond, N. II. to Va., along the coasts. St. -^f high, erect, with numerous, short, compound, procumbent branches. Lvs. not more than 1' long. Fls. yellow, about 3" broad. Caps, oblong, pubescent. May. 3 H. montana Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; Ivs. filiform-subulate ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; sep. acuminate, the outer ones longer, subulate. — High Mts. of N. Car. Sts. decumbent, 3—5' high. Lvs. partly imbricated, 2" long. Fls. about 5" broad, the pedicels when in fruit 1' long. Caps, about 3-seeded. ORDER XVIII. IIYPERICACEJ2. ST. JOHN'S WORTS. Herbs cr shruls with opposite, entire, dotted, exstipulate leaves, with flowers per- fect, regular, hypogynous, 4 or 5-merous, cymous and mostly yellow ; sepals unequal, ORDER 18.— HYPERICACEJE. 247 persistent ; petals mostly oblique or convolute in the bud ; stamens few or many, polyadelphous ; anthers versatile ; ovary compound, with styles united or separate, becoming in fruit a 1-celled capsule with parietal placentad, or 3 to 5-celled when the dissepiments reach the center. Seeds exalbuminous, minute. (Illustrations in Pig. 69, 278, 389, 390.) Genera 15, species 276, , very generally distributed, presenting a great variety of habit, anlong, clasping, 5-veined, minutely punctate; cymes leafy; pet. shorter than the sop.; sta. 6 — 12. — ® Damp sandy soils, Can. to Ga., W. to Ind. St. 3 — 6 — 9' high. Lvs. closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 — 8" by 2 — 5", outer veins obscure. Fls. minute, orange-colored. JL, Aug. 24 H. Canadense L. St. quadrangular, branched; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; pet. shorter than the lanceolate, acute sep. ; sta. 5 — 10. — (T) Wet sandy soils, Can. to Ga. St. 6 — 12' high, slightly 4-winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Lvs. 8 — 12" by \ — 1 or 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short. Fls. small, orange-colored. Ova. longer than the styles. Caps, red, very acute, twice as long as the sepals. Jn. — Aug. 25 H. Sarothra MX. St. and branches filiform, quadrangular; Ivs. very minute, subulate ; yfe. sessile; sta. 5 — 10. — CD St. 4 — 8 — 12' high, branched above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches apparently leafless, from the minuteness of the leaves. Fls. very small, yellow, succeeded by a conical brown capsule which is twice the length of the sepals. Jl., Aug. 26 H. Drummoiidii Torn & Gr. Branches alternate, square above; Ivs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer than the internodes; fls. pedicellate; sla. 10 — 20; sep. lanceolate, shorter than the petals, but longer than the ovoid capsule. — (D Near St. Louis, to Ga. and La. Plant more robust than the last, 10 — 20' high, very branching. Lvs. £' long. Fls. about 4" diam. 3. ELODfeA, Adams. (Gr. eAwcfryf , marshy ; from the habitat of the plants.) Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base ; petals 5, deciduous, equilateral ; stamens 9 (rarely more), tiiadelphous, the parcels alter- nating with 3 hypogynous glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3 -celled. — U Herbs with pellucid-punctate Ivs., the axils leafless. Fls. dull orange- purple. ORDER 19.— DROSERACE^E. 251 1 E. Virginica Nutt. St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching; Ivs. oblong ampkxicaul; sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set. — Swamps and ditches. U. S. and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9 — 20' high Lvs. Is — 2^' tong, % as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse, glaucous beneath. Fls. 5" diam., terminal and axillary. Pet. about twico longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored. Caps, ovoid-oblong, acutish. Jl. — Sept. 2 B. petiolata Ph. Lvs. oblong, narrowed at "base into a petiole ; fls. mostly in 3s, axillary, nearly sessile; filaments united above the middle; caps, oblong, muclx longer than the sepals. — Swamps S. States, N. to N. J. St. about 2f high. Lvs. 1 — 3' long, rounded-obtuse, with a short but distinct petiole. Fls. smaller than in the last. Aug., §ept. ORDER XIX. DROSERACE^E. SUNDEWS. Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glandular hairs, with Ivs. alternate or nil radical, mostly circinato (rolled from top to base) in vernation ; fls. regular, joypogyuous, 5-merous, the sepals, petals and stamens persistent (withering) ; ova. compound, one-celled, with the styles and stigmas variously parted, cleft or united seeds OQ in the capsule, albuminous ; embryo minute. Genera, 6, species 90. Curious and interesting plants, scattered over tho •whole globe wherever marshes are found. The halved stigmas are their most singular characteristicT In *he sundew, &c., each half stigma is distinct, henco apparently doubling their number, but in the suborder, Parnassian, the adjacent halves of different stigmas aro united, and thus stand op- posite to the placentae. 1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW. (Gr. dpooog, dew ; from tlio dew-like secretion.) Sepals 5, united at base, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 3 — 5 each 2-parted, the halves entire or many-cleft ; cap- sule 3 — 5-valvcd, 1-celled, many-seeded. — If. Small aquatic herbs. Lvs. covered with reddish, glandular hairs, secreting a viscid fluid. Verna- tion circinate. Scapes 4 — 6 times as long as the leaves Nos. 1 — 3 Scapes 1 — 2 times as long as the leaves Nos. 4 — 6 1 D. rotundifolia L. Lvs. orbicular, abruptly contracted into the hairy petiole; fls. white. — A curious little plant, not uncommon in bogs and muddy shores. Whole plant of a reddish color, like the other Sundews, and beset with glandular hairs which are usually tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, glistening like dew in the sun. Lvs. about 5" broad and with the petioles 1 — 2' long. Scape slender, 5 — 8' high, tho racemes uncoiling as tho small whito flowers open. Caps, oblong. Jn. — Aug. 2 D. minor. Los. obovate, cuneiform at lose, the petioles naked; fls. purple; scapo erect. — Aforo delicate than the preceding, in marshes, Fla. to Texas. Lvs. form- ing a rosulate tuft, 8 — 12" long, the smooth petiole three times longer than tho lamina, which is 2—3" wide. Scapes filiform, 3—6' high, tho raceme simplo or forked, 5 or 6-flowercd. Petals light purple. Caps, globular. Seeds ob- long, tubercled. May. (D. brevifolia /3. major Torn & Gr. D. intermedia Chapman.) 3 D. brevifolia Ph. Las. cuneiform-spatulate, forming a small, dense tuft (!' diam.) ; petioles very short, hairy ; fls. few, rose colored. — In wet, springy places. Car. to Fla. and La, Not half as large as the last. Lvs. 5 or G" long, 1—2 ^ broad, flat on the ground, forming a round, compact rosette. Scape 2 or 3 high, bearing one to three conspicuous flowers. Capsule roundish. Apr. 4 D.' longifolia L. Lvs. spatulate oblong or obovate, ascending, alternate, tapering at lose into a, long, smooth petiole; scape declined at base; petals white.— Slender and delicate, in similar situations with the last. Lvs. slender, ascending, crenate, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops,— length, including tho petioles 2—3'. Candex lengthened, declinate. Scape bearing a simple racera of small, whito flowers, arising 4 — 7'.. Jn. — Aug. 252 ORDER 19.— DROSERACE^E. 6 D. filiformis Raf. Lvs. filiform, very long, erect ; scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves, many-flowered; petals obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glandular calyx; sty. 2-parted to the base. — Grows in wet, sandy places, along the coast Mass, to Fla., much larger than the preceding species. The Ivs. are destitute of a lamina, nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs, except near the base. Scape about a foot high, with large purple flowers. Aug., Sept. 5 D. linearis Goldie. Lvs. linear, obtuse ; petioles elongated, naked, erect ; scapes few-flowered, about the length of the leaves ; cal. glabrous, much shorter than the oval capsule ; seeds, ova), shining, smooth. — Borders of lake?, Can., Mich, to the Rocky Mts. (Hooker, Torr. & Gr.) Scapo 3—6' high, with about 3 small flowers. Lvs. about 2" wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole. Jl., Aug. 2. DION^IA, L. VENUS' FLY-TRAP. (One of the names of Venus.) Sepals spreading; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins; stamens 10 — 15; styles united into 1, the stigmas many-cleft; capsule break- ing irregularly in opening, 1-cclled ; seeds many in the bottom of the cell. — li Glabrous herbs. Lvs. all radical, sensitive, closing convul- sively when touched. Scape umbelcd. D. nrascipula Ell. A very curious plant, native of sandy bogs in Car., along rivers from the Neuse to the Santee. Sometimes cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Lvs. rosulate, lamina roundish, spinulose on the mar- gins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. Scapo 6 — 12' high, with an umbel of 8 — 10 white flowers. Apr., May. f SUBORDER, PARNASSIE^E, Consists of the single genus Parnassia, which differs from the Sundews in having 5 sets of abortive stamens and the 4 stigmas placed over the parietal placentae (as if each stigma were compounded of the two adjacent halves of two divided stigmas. — More recently this genus is stationed among the Saxifrages. 3. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. (Named from Mount Parnassus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c.) Sepals 5, united at base, persistent ; petals 5, persistent, nearly perigynous ; sta- mens in two series, the outer indefinite in number, united in 5 groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved; seeds very nume- rous with a winged testa. — 4 Glabrous herbs, with radical Ivs. and 1- flowered scapes. 1 P. Caroliniana L. Sterile fit., 3 in each group, distinct to near the lose, sur- mounted with little spherical heads ; pet. much exceeding the cal, marked with green veins; Ivs. radical, or sessile on the scape, broad, oval, with no sinus at the base. — An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet mea- dows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Rt. fibrous. Lvs. 7-veined, broad- oval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, the cauline only one, sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes 10—15' high, with a handsome, regular flower about 1' diam. Jn. — Aug. /3. Filments nearly as long as the petals ; cauline leaf small or none ; rhizome thick and large. — Fla. (Chapman.) 2 P. palustris L. Sterile fd. pellucid, setaceous, 9 to 15 in each set; cauline If!, if any, sessile; radical Ivs. all cordate. — Bogs and lake shores, Mich, to Lab., and W. to Rocky Mts. Scapes about 6' high, naked or with a single clasping leaf near the base. Fls. white. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals marked with 3 — 5 green or purple veins. 3 P. asarifolia Vent Sterile fil., 3 in each set; petals abruptly clawed ; Ivs, reniform. — Mts., Va. and Car. Lvs. large (1 — 2' broad), the cauline one sessile, orbicular. Fls. 1J' diam. ORDER 21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^S. 253 ORDER XX. ELATINACE^E. WATER PEPPERS. Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranous stipules. Fls. minuto axillary. Sepals 2 — 5, distinct or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Petals hy- pogynous, as many as the sepals. Sta. equal in number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anth. introrse. Ova. 2 — G-celled. Stigmas 2 — 5, capitate ; placenta in the axis. Fr. capsular. Seeds numerous, exalbuminous. Genera C, species 22, found in every part of the globe, growing in marshes. The following is our only northern genus. ELATINE, L. (Gr. e/Urr?/, fir ; from the resemblance of the slender leaves of some species.) Fls. 2 — 4-merous. Stigmas sessile, minute. B. Americana Arn. MUD PURSLANE. St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints, with assurgcnt branches ; Ivs. lance-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire ; sty. 0 ; sep., pet, sta., stig. 2 — 3, as well as the cells and valves of tho capsule; stip. very minute. — A little mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers, IT. S. Fls. axillary, sessile, solitary. Cor. minute, closed. Jl.- — Sept. (Crypta minima Nutt. Peplys Americana Ph.) ORDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. PINKWORTS. Herbs with swollen joints, opposite, entire leaves, and regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, distinct, or cohering into a tube. Petals 4 or 5, unguiculate or not, bifid or entire, mostly removed from the calyx by a short internode of the torus, sometimes wanting. Stamens distinct, twice as many as the petals, rarely an equal number or fewer. Ovary often stipitate ; styles 2 — 5, Btigmatous the whole length of the inner surface. Fr. a 1 -celled capsule (or imperfectly 2 — 5 celled), opening at the top, or loculicidal. Sds. numerous; embryo curved around the albumen. (Seo Figs. 70, 209, 258, 296, 299, 300, 313, 392.) The Pinkworts as constituted by Emlleicherand others, and above characterized, comprehends four Suborders, and in the aggregate SS genera and 1180 species. They are in general destitute of active properties. A few of them are valued as highly ornamental in cultivation, but tho greater part are insignificant weeds abounding in waste sandy tracts throughout the temperate zones. § Leaves furnished with dry, membranous stipules. SUBORDER II. (^) § Exstipulate.— Capsule 1-celled, 3— 00-seeded. Petals rarely absent. SUBORDER !.(•) — Capsule 1-celled, 1-sceded. Petals none. SUBORDER III. (h) — Capsule completely 3-cclled. Petals none. SUBORDER IV. (k) * Sepals united into a tube. Petals long-clawed. Ovary 6tiped. TRIBE 1. (a) * Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals subscssile. Ovary sessile. TRIBE 2. (b) T Styles or stig. 3 to 5. Capsule 1 -celled, 00-sceded. TRIBE 8. (e) ^ Styles 2 or united into 1. Utricle 1-seeded. TRIBE 4. (f ) SUBORDER I. CARYOPHYLLINEJE. al. SILENEuE.— Calyx with scale-like bractlets at base. Styles 2 DiAKTnrs. 1 —Calyx bractless.— Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. SAPON ARIA. 2 —Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed when open . SILENK. 3 —Styles 5. Caps. 10-toothed. . . AGROSTEMMA, 4. .I/rcuxis. 5 b 2. ALSINEjE.— -Petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting in No. 7.) (c) c Styles 5. Capsule opening at tho top by 10 teeth CERASTIUM. , to cure ; the mucil- aginous root is highly esteemed in medicine). Calyx surrounded at baso by a 6 to 9-cleft involucel ; styles oor with linear stigmas ; carpels GO, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity separating from the axis. 1 A. ofHcinalis L. Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, deniaie, some- what 3-lobed; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered. — 1( Me. to N. Y.r borders of salt marshes. St. 3f high, erect, firm, covered with thick woolly down, with alternate, velvet-like leaves. Fls. large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. The root as well as the other parts of the plants, abounds in muci- lage, and in medicine is often used as an emollient. Sept.^ § Eur. 2 A. rosea Cav. HOLLYHOCK. St erect, hairy ; Ivs. cordate, 5 to 1-angkdr rugous ; fls. axillary, sessile. — (§) A tall plant, very commonly cultivated in gar- dans. Numerous varieties have been noticed, with single, double, and semi-double- flowers, of various shades of color, as white, rose-colored, flesh-colored, dark red, and even a purplish black, purple, yellow, straw -color, etc. f China? (Alee* rosea L.) 3 A. ficifolia Cav. FIG-LEAVED HOLLYHOCK. St. erect, hairy ; Ivs. palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, obtuse, angular-toothed.— \v. — Carpels 5. No 3 — Carpels S— 12 Nos. 4— 6 1 S. Napsea Cav. Nearly glabrous; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, lobes oblong, acu- minate, coarsely-toothed; ped. many-flowered; carpels 10, acuminate-beaked. — 2£ In rocky woods, Penn. and Va. (rare, more common in gardens). Sts. 2 — 4f high. Lobes of the Ivs. 2 — 3' long. Fls. white, twice larger (7 — 9" broad) than in Napsea dioica. Petals obovate, twice longer than the calyx. Jl. \ (Napasa laevis and hermaphrodita L.) 2 S. alcasoides MX. Strigous-pubescent ; Ivs. palmately 5 — 1 -parted, the seg- ments laciniate ; fls. corymbed, terminal; carp. 10, aewfe. — % In barren oakland-s, Tenn., Ky. Sts. 1 — 2f high. Corymbs 3 — 6-flowered. Fls. nearly as large as those of the musk mallow, to which plant this bears a general resemblance. (Callirrhoe alcaeoides Gray.) 3 S. spinosa L, St. rigid, branched, minutely pubescent, Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with a spinous tubercle at the base of the petiole; stip. setaceous, shorter than the petioles or axillary peduncles ; carp, birostrate.— (|) Sandy fields and roadsides, Mid., S. and W. States. Plant bushy, 8—16' high. Lvs. 9—15" long, •| as wide, mostly obtuse at each end. Petals yellow, obovate, of short duration. Carp. 5. JL, Aug. 4 S. hispida Ph. Hispid-pubescent; Ivs* lanceolate, and rhombic-lanceolate, dentate-serrate ; stip. subulate, hispid, longer than the • petioles or axillary, solitary or clustered peduncles ; carpels 2 -horned, 10 — 12. — 14 Sandy soils, S. Car., Ga. (Feay). Sts. much branched, 12—18' high. Petioles 2— 3," long, the peduncles rather longer, jointless. Petals yellow, a little exceeding tho calyx. On the young stems the Ivs. are rhomboidaL JL Aug. 5 S. Elliottii Torr & Gr. Lvs. linear-oblong and linear, denticulate, obtuse at base; ped. 1-flowered, a little longer than the very short (2 — 5") petioles, — % Sandy plains, S. Car. to Fla. St. slender and widely branched, 2 — 5f high. Lvs. 1 — 3' long, varying from narrowly linear to oblong (1 — 5" wide). Fls. 1' broad, orange-yellow, nearly solitary in the axils. Petals emarginate. Carp. about 10. May — Aug. 6 S. rhombifolia L. Lvs. rhombic-oblong, serrate, cuneate and entire, at lose; ped. much longer than the petioles, jointed just below the flower ; caps. 2-beaked. — Sandy soil, S. Car. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high, minutely downy. LYS. 1 to 2' long, rather obtuse at apex. Fls. yellow, 7 to 9" broad, the stalks 1 to 2' long-. Cal. angular, with broad, cuspidate sepals. May — Jl. 7. ABUTILON, Dill. INDIAN MALLOW. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular; styles 5 to 20, with capitate stigmas; carpels as many, arranged circularly, each 1-celled, 3 to 6-seeded, and opening by 2 valves. 1 A. Avicennae. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentous; ped. shorter than the petiole, solitary; carp, about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, 2-beaked. — CD Native in both Indias and naturalized in most of the States^ in- habiting waste places, &c. St. branched, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 4 to 6' diam., deeply cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, very soft and velvety at sur- face. Fls. yellow, near I' broad. Jl. § 2 A. striatum Dick. Shrub, with 5-lobed, long-stalked Ivs., the lobes acuminate, dentate ; peduncles long, nodding, with a handsome bell-shaped flower, the column exserted. — An elegant green-house shrub, flowering at all seasons. Petals orange-color, with conspicuous purple striae, f Brazil. 8. MALVAVISCUS, Dill. GLUE MALLOW. (Lat malva, mallows, vis- cus, giue.) Calyx 5-cleft, subtended by an involucre of many bractlets ; ORDER 24.— MALVACE^l. 269 petals erect, convolute; styles 10, with capitate stigmas, the inner longer; carpels 5, baccate, 1-secded, forming a fleshy fruit. — Half shrubby plants, with showy, red flowers. 1 M. Drummondii Torr. & Gr. Tall, minutely tomcntous ; Ivs. roundish, cor- date, angularly-3-lobed, creaate; ped. axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles; Us. erect ; bracteoles 8, linear-spatulate. — Texas. Naturalized about N. Orleaug (Halo). St. round, branched, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' diam., the petioles half as long. Pis. bell-shaped, scarlet. Column slender, twice longer than the corolla, f 2 M. Floridana, with leaves ovate-cordate, and fls. pendulous, scarlet, grows in S. Fla. and sometimes in the green-housa. 3 M. arborea, with Ivs. 3 to 5-lobed, acuminate, serrate, and scarlet fls., from Jamaica, is cultivated often in the green-house ; and also, M. mollis, velvety, 3-lobed, sub-entire Ivs. 9. PAVONIA, Cav. (The Latin name of the peacock, suggested by the colors.) Calyx 5-sepalcd, surrounded at the base with an involucel of 5 — 15 bractlets; petals roundish, obtuse; stigmas 10, linear; car- pels 5, capsular, 2-valved, 1-seeded. 'P. Lecontii T. & G. Stem shrubby, much branched ; Ivs. many, small, sagittate- oblong, obtuse, with coarse, obtuse teeth, the lower surface hoary-tome ntous, veins prominent ; upper surface scabrous ; sepals ovate, 3-veined, downy, acnm-i- minate, as long as the 5 oval, acute bractlets; carpels blunt, rugous, scarcely dehiscent. — Liberty Co., Ga. (Mr. W. Jones). Stem 4 — 5f high. Lvs. 1^ — 2' long, the floral much smaller. Fls. 1^' diam., rose- white, with a deep purple center. (Malva Lecontii Buckley?) 10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (In honor of KosteletzJcy, a German botanist.) Calyx, involucel, styles, etc., as in Hibiscus. Fruit a 5-celled, depressed capsule, with a single seed in each cell. K. Virginica Presl. Lvs. acuminate, cordate, ovate, serrate, dentate, upper and lower ones undivided, middle ones 3-lobed; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nodding, pistils declinate. — ^ Marshes near the sea, L. Isl. to Ga. and La. (Hale). The whole plant scabrous, tomentous, about 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 2^' by !£', long-pointed, some of them somewhat 3-lobed. Fls 2J' diam., red or rose- color. Column slender, as long as tho petals. Caps, hispid, acute-angled. Aug. (Hibiscus Virg, L. and Ed. 2d.) 11. HIBISCUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft, subtended by an involucel of many bractlets, column long with the stamens lateral and the 5 stigmas capi- tate ; fr, a 5-celled capsule, loculicidal, the valves bearing the partitions in the middle ; seeds- 3 or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs. FJs. large and showy. * Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palm.itelr divided Nos. 1, 2 * Calyx, &c., tomentous. Lvs. undivided, angularly lobed Nos. 3, 4 * Calyx, &c., glabrous. — Leaves deeply lobed or parted Nos. 5, C —Leaves undivided, slightly lobed Nos. 7, 8 1 H. aculeatus Walt. Retrorsely scabrous ; Ivs. palmately 3 to 5-lobed, repand- toothed, Iractlets of the involucel linear, forked at the end ; sep. red- veined, acumi- nate, very hispid. — Damp soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Tall (3 — 5f) and very rough. Lvs. 2 to 3' broad, as long as their stalks. Ped. very short (3 to 4"), jointed at base. Cor. 4£' broad, pale sulphur-yellow, purple in the center. Styles £ longer than the stamens. Jn.— Sept. (H. scabra MX.) 2 H. Triomim L. FLOWER OP AN HOUR. BLADDER KETMIA. Hispid, with scattered hairs; Ivs. deeply 3-parted, segm. lanceolate, middle one very long, all sinuate-lobed, lower Ivs. angular-lobed ; cal. inflated, membranous, veined ; Iract- lets subulate, entire.—® A beautiful flower, escaped from gardens and barely naturalized, branching, 1 to 2f high. Fls. large, numerous, but soon withering. Petals of a rich, chlorine yellow, tho base of a deep brown, f § Italy. 270 ORDER 24.— MALVACEAE. 3 H. Moschefttos L. MARSH HIBISCUS. Simple, erect", hoary-tomentous ; fea ovate, obtusely dentate, some of them 3-lobed, nearly smooth above ; ped. long( axillary, or confluent with the petiole; caps, smooth; sep. abruptly pointed. — % A tall, showy plant, in brackish marshes by the sea, or near salt springs, and on wet prairies, U". S. and Can. St. round, downy, 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 4 to 6' by 3 to 4', often with 2 lateral lobes. Fls. larger than those of the hollyhock, rose- colored, purple in the center. Ped. usually distinct from the petiole, often some of them united with it, and jointed above the middle. Sty. 1' longer than the stamens. Aug. p. FLAYESCEXS. Fls. larger; pet. (4' long) of a light sulphur yellow, with a purple base. Marshes, Ind. (II. incanus Wendl.) 4 H. graiidifloms MX. Hoary- tomentous ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, repand-den- tats, the lower often 3-lobed, hoary beneath, coriaceous ; cor. half-expanding ; sep, gradually pointed; caps, densely clothed with woolly hairs — "Lake shores, N. Orleans" (Hale), to Ga. Stems branched above, 5 to 7 f high. Fls. corymbed, terminal; petals 4£' long, flesh-colored, red at base, column declined, rather shorter than the petals. Jl. — Oct. 5 H. militaris Car. Glabrous ; Ivs. hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate ; cor. tubular-campanulate ; caps, smooth, ovoid-acuminate. — Mid. and W. States. St. 3 to 4f high. Lvs. cordate at base, 4 to 5' long, rendered somewhat hastate by a divaricate lobe each side at base. Petals flesh-color, with a purplish base, 2 to 3' long. Ped. with the joint above the middle. Jl., Aug. 6 H. co.ccineus Walt. Very smooth ; Ivs. palmate, 5-parted, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely serrate above ; cor. expanding ; caps, smooth, ovoid. — rl\. A splendid flower, native of damp soils, in Ga., etc., and is raised from seeds in gar- dens, northward. lit. perennial. St. herbaceous, 5 to Of high. Segm. of Ivs. 6' long, very acuminate. Fls. of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base, 4 to 5' long. Column still longer, slender and terete. Jl. — Oct. f . (II. specie- sus Ait.) 7 H. Caroliniamis Muhl. Herbaceous, glabrous ; Ivs. cordate, ovate, acumi- nate, some of them obscurely 3-lobed; ped. distinct from the petiole ; petals pubes- cent inside ; caps, hairy inside ; sds. hispid. — Wilmington Isl. Ga. (Elliott.) A rare species, apparently lost to modern botanists. Petals purple, 4' long. Caps, globular. 8 H. Syriacus L. TREE HIBISCUS. Arboreous; Ivs. ovate, cuneiform at base, 3-lobed, dentate; peduncle scarcely longer than the petiole; involucel about 8-leaved. — A beautiful, hardy, free-flowering shrub or small tree, 8 to 15f high. Fls. purple, large. There are varieties with white, red, and striped fls., both single and double, f Syria. 12. ABELMOSCHUS, Medik. Okra. (Arabic Ab-el-mosch, grain or seed of musk ; tho seeds smell of musk.) Calyx large, spathaceous, ?'. fascicled ; calyx, stamens and fruit as in the last genus. — Lvs. compound, pinnatcly 3 to 5-foliate. N. aceroides Moench. Lvs. ternate and 5-pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, re- motely and unequally dentate ; $ racemes long and pendulous ; barren fls. corymbous; fr. oblong, with large wings dilated upwards. — A handsome tree, 20 to 30f high, with irregular, spreading branches, in low grounds, Can. to N. Car. and Tenn. The trunk is a foot or more in diameter, and when young covered with a smooth, yellowish green bark. Lfts. serrated above the middle, petiolate, the terminal one largest, all slightly pubescent. Wings of the samara approxi- mate, broadest towards the end. Apr. (Acer Negundo L.) ORDER XLI. SAPINDACEJ5. INDIAN SOAPWORTS. Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound, alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers mostly unsymmetrical and irregular, 4 or 5-merous, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, with the stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a hy- pogynous or perigynous disk; Ovary 2 or 3-celled and lobed with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. Embryo mostly curved or convoluted, with little or no albu- men. (Figures 209, 358.) Genera 73, species 415, scattered over all countries, and of various qualities and uses. The Order is named from the saponaceous principle contained in the seed of Sapinda Saponaria and other species, which makes a lather with water useful in washing. Tho fruits of the Paullinia arc poisonous, those of Nepheliura delicious and wholesome. TRIBES AND GENERA. HIPPOCASTANE.iE. Lvs. opposite. Carpels 2-ovuled. Embryo curved. Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Leaves digitate JEscuLua. 1 SAPIXDE2E. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-ovuled. Embryo curved. Trees. Fruit 1 to 3 fleshy, connate, globular carpels SAPINDTTS. 2 Herbs, climbing. Fruit an inflated" membranous capsule CAKDIOSPERMUM. 3 STAPHYLEJ2. Lvs. opposite, pinnate. Fruit an inflated capsule STAPUYLEA. 4 1. jESCULUS, L. HORSE CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla irregular, 4 or 5-petaled ; stamens 7 (6 to 8), distinct, unequal, inserted on a hypogynous disk ; style filiform, ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; fruit coriaceous,' 2 to 3-valved, containing but one 288 OBDEB 41.— SAPINDACE^l. or very few large, smooth seeds ; cotyledons thick, bulky, inseparable. — Trees or shrubs with opposite, digitate, 5 to 7-foliate Ivs. Fls. pani- culate, terminal. § ^ESCPLCS DC. Fruit covered with prickles. Petals 4 or 5, spreading Nos. 1, 2 § PA VIA DC. Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, the 2 upper clawed Nos. 3 — 5 1 2B. Hippocastamim L. HORSE CHESTNUT. Los. of 7 obovate Ifts. ; pet. 5, spreading; fr. prickly.— A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic pro- portions, and for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a native of the north of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in this country, and is a fre- quent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains the height of 40 or 50f. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or thyrses of flowers of pink and white, finely contrasting with the dark green of its foliage. The seed is large, mahogany-colored, and eaten only by deer, f 2 23. glabra Willd. OHIO BUCKEYE. Lfts. 5, oval or ollong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate ; fls. in lax thyrsoid panicles ; cor. 4-petaled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx ; stam. nearly twice longer than the corolla ; fr. echi- nate. — A small, ill-scented tree, along the banks of the Ohio and its tributaries. Lfts. 3 to 6' long, * as wide, subsessile, or often contracted at base to short stalks. Fls. yellowish-white, small, slightly irregular. Fr. hardly 1' diam. May, Jn. (Pavia Ohioensis MX.) 3 JfB. flava Ait. Bio BUCKEYE. SWEET BUCKEYE. Lfts. 5 to 7, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent beneath ; fls. in thyrsoid, pubes- cent panicles, about 6 on each division of the peduncle ; cal. campanulate, not half the length of the corolla ; petals very unequal, connivent, longer than the stam- ens; fr. unarmed. — A large tree, 30 to 70f high, common in the Southern and Western States. (In Columbia co., Ga., only 4 to 6f high, Elliott.) Lfts. 4 to 1' by 1 to 3'. Fls. pale yellow. Fr. globous, uneven on the surface, but not prickly, 2' diam., with 1 or 2 largo (!' diam.), mahogany-colored seeds. Apr., May. 4 -ffi. Pavia L. BUCKEYE. Lfts. 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base, shortly acuminate, finely serrate ; fls. red, very irregular in a lax, thyrsoid raceme ; pat. 4, erect, as long as stamens] cal. tubular, half as long as the 2 shorter petals. — A beautiful shrub, 3 to 1 Of high, common in the Southern States. Lvs. of a rich shining green, the veins, petioles and twigs purple. Fls. largo (!' long), red, glabrous. Mar. — May. f 5 Z3. parviflora Walt. Lfts. 5 to 7, obovato acuminate, serrate, velvety canes- cent beneath; petals 4 (white), somewhat similar and spreading, thrice shorter than the capillary stamens. — A beautiful shrub, 2 to 5f high, in upper Ga. and S. Car. Fls. very numerous, in a long, slender, racemous thyrse. The upper petals are rather longer, all on slender, exserted claws. Apr., May. (M. macrostachya MX.) 2. SAPINDUS, L. SOAP-BERRY. (That is, by syncope, Sapo Indicus, Indian soap.) Sepals 4 or 5 ; petals as many, or one less by abortion, appendagcd inside with a gland, scale or beard ; stamens 8 to 10; in- serted on the upper surface of the fleshy disk ; stigmas 3 ; fruit 3, connate, globular, fleshy carpels, often by abortion 2 or 1 ; seed large, solitary. — Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves. S. marginatus Willd. Common petioles wingless ; Ifts. 9 to 18, ovate-lance- olate, long-pointed, very inequilateral, short-stalked, entire, glabrous, shining above ; fls. in dense compound panicles, $ $ or $ $ ? . — Ga. to Ark. Tree 20 to 40f high, with bright-green foliage and small fls. in large terminal panicles. The barren panicles much mose dense and compound than the fertile. Filaments hairy. Berry usually single, rarely triple, reddish-brown, as large as an ounce bullet, its pulp soapy. Seeds loose, rattling. 3. CARDIOSPERMUM, L. HEART-SEED. BALLOON-VINE. (Gr. napdia, heart, crrrt'p^a, seeds ; the globous seeds marked with a large cordate hilum.) Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest ; petals 4, each with an emar- ORDER 42.— CELASTRACE^E. 289 ginate scale above the base ; the 2 lower remote from the stamens, their scales crested ; stamens 8, unequal ; style trifid ; capsule mem- branous, inflated. — Climbing herbs with biternate Ivs. Lower pair of pedicels changed to tendrils. C. Haliacabum L. Plant nearly glabrous ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, inciscly lobed and dentate; fr. pyriform-globous, large, bladder-like. — Native on the Missouri and its branches, Torr. & Gr. Naturalized in the Western States, Mead. A curious vine, 4 to Gf in length, with remarkably, large, inflated, membranous cap- sules. Jl. § 4. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT. (A Greek word, meaning a cluster of grapes ; from the form of the fructification.) Fls. £ ; calyx of 5, colored, persistent sepals ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles 3 ; cap- sules 2 to 3-celled, thin, and inflated ; seeds not ariled. Shrubs with opposite, 3 to 7-foliatc Ivs. and caducous stipules. S. trifolia L. Lvs, ternate ; rac. pendulous ; pet. ciliate below ; fr. ovate. — A hand- some shrub, 6 to 8f high, in moist woods and thickets, Can. to Car. and Tenn. Lfts. oval-acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Fls. white, very elegant, in a short, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plant is its large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-celled, contain- ing several hard, small nuts or seeds, with a bony, smooth and polished testa. May. ORDER XLII. CELASTRACE^E. STAFF TREES. Shrubs with simple leaves alternate or opposite, with flowers small, regular, 4 or 5-merous, perigynous, sepals and petals both imbricated in aestivation, star$,ens alter- nate with the petals and inserted on a disk which fills up the bottom of the calyx; carpels 2 to 5, styles united. (Fig. 460.) Fruit free from the calyx with 2 to 5 cells. Seeds ariled, few, albuminous. An order closely related to the last, embracing about 80 genera and 200 species, chiefly inhab- iting the temperate zone of each hemisphere. They possess acrid and bitter properties, some- times emetic and stimulant. i. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. Flowers often imperfect; calyx flat, of 5 united sepals ; corolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals ; capsule subglobous, or 3-angled, 3-celled ; seeds with an arillus, 1 to 2 in each cell. — Climbing shrubs, with alternate, deciduous Ivs. and minute, de- ciduous stipules. C. scandens L. Unarmed; st. woody, twining; Ivs. oblong, acuminate, serrato; rac. terminal; fls. dioecious. — A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems twining about other trees or each other, ascending to a great height. Lvs. alter- nate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Fls. in small racemes, greenish white. Sds. covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule, continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn. 3. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE TREE. (Gr. ev, good, ovo^d, name.) Flowers perfect; calyx flat, of 5 (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals; corolla flat, inserted on the outer margin of a glandular disk; stamens 5, with short filaments ; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valvcd; seeds ariled. — Shrubs erect or trailing, with opposite, ser- rate Ivs. 1 B. atropurpfcreus Jacq. SPINDLE TREE. BURNING BUSH. Branches smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-ovate, petiolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulent beneath; ped. compressed, many-flowered; fls. usually 4-merous; capsule smooth, lobed.— A smooth shrub, 4 to 1 Of high, in shady woods, U. S., E. of the Miss. Lvs. 2 to 5' 19 290 ORDER 43.— RHAMNACEJS. long, J as wide, acute or often rounded at base, on petioles £ to 1' long. PecL opposite, slender, 1 to 2V long, each with a cyme of 3 to 6 flowers. Cor. dark purple, 4 to 5" diam. "Caps, crimson, smooth. Sds. covered in a bright red aril. Jn. 2 E. Americanus L. BURNING BUSH. Branches smooth, 4-angled; Ivs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire below, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth, sessile or nearly so; ped. round, about 3-flowered; fls. mostly pentamerous; caps, verrucous. — Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with small Ivs. in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, £ as wide, coriaceous. Ped. slender, 1, 2 or 4-flowered. Fls. a little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts rarely in 3s. Capsule dark red, warty. Sds. with a bright-red aril. Jn. p. OBOVATUS T. & G. Trailing and rooting; Ivs. obovate-oval, rather pointed or obtuse, acute and short-petiolate at base. Ohio, e 3. HEDYSARZ2E. — Fls. yellow.— Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stain, monadelph ................. ZORNIA. IT — Leaves pinnate, 7 to 49-foliate. Stam. diadelphous.. .^ESCHYNOMKNB. 1$ —Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base ........ STYLOSANTHES. 19 —Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base ............. AKACHIS. 2i> — Fls. cyanic. — Lvs. pinnate, 5 to21-foliate. — Umbels pedunculate .......... COKONILLA. 21 — Racemes pedunculate ........ HEDYSAKUH. 22 —Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate,— stipellate. Pod S to 7 -jointed. . ..DESMODITTM. 23 — cxstipellate. Pod 1 -jointed ...... LESPEDBZA. 24 f 4. LOTKJS. —Leaves simple, with yellow flowers.— Keel oblong, straight ................ GENISTA. 25 —Keel falcate, acuminate .......... CKOTALARIA. 26 —Leaves palmately 5 to 15-foliate (rarely simple). (Genus 32, or) ........... LUPINITS. 2T —Leaves palmately S-foliate.— Tree with yellow flowers .................. LABURNUM. 25 — Herbs with straight, small pods ............ TRIFOLTUM. 23 — Herbs with carved or spiral pods ........... MEDICAGO. 83 —Lvs. pinnately 3-fol.— Pod few-seeded. Fls. (scarlet, Gen. 49) wh. or yel .MELILOTUS. 81 — Pod 1-seeded. — Fls. yellow. — Lvs. resinous-dotted ...... (Gen. 47) — Fls. cyanic. — Lvs. dark -dotted ..... PSORALEA. 32 —Lvs. not dotted ........ (in Gen. 24) —Lvs. pinnate, with no odd leaflet, 15 to 25 pairs. — Pod 1— 2-seeded ...... GLOTIIHU.M. 3:5 —Pod GO-seeded ......... SESUAXIA. 84 —Lvs. odd-pinnate,— dotted with, dark glands.— Shrub. Fls. spicate ........ AMORPUA. 35 —Herb 10-androns .............. DAIEA. 38 — Herb 5-androus ....... PETAL.OSTEMON. 3T — dotless. — Legume 2-celled lengthwise, turgid ....... ASTRAGALUS. 3* — Legume half 2-celled lengthwise ............... PIIACA. 31) — Leg. 1-celled. — Herbs. Style hairy outside. TEPUROSIA. 40 — Herbs. Style glabrous ----- INBIGOFE.RA. 41 — Shrubs or trees. Cyanic ..... ROBJNIA. 42 — Trees with fls. yellow ........ COL.UTEA. 4S g. 5, PHASEOLE^E. —Lvs. pinnate, 5 to 15-foliate.— Vine shrubby. Keel falcate ................ WISTARIA. 44 — Herbs. Keel (straight, Gen. 49) spiral ......... APIOS. 45 —Lvs. pinnately 3 (rarely l)-foliate.— Fls. yellow. Legumes 5-seeded ......... VIGNA. 46 — Fls. yellow. Legumes 1 to 2-seeded.lluYNCosiA. 41 — Fls. cyanic. (*) * Keel with stamens and style spirally twisted ....................... PHASEOL.TTS. 43 * Keel straightish.— Fls. scarlet. Erect herbs or trees ................. EEYTHRINA. 49 — Fls. purplish. — Calyx ebracteolate ............ AMPIIICARP^EA. 50 — Calyx bibracteolate, — 4-cleft ........ GALACTIA. 51 — 4-toothed. ..... DOLICIIOS. 52 — 5-cleft, long ____ CLITORIA. 53 — 5-cleft, short.CENTROSEMA. 54 i. MIMO'SA, L. SENSITIVE PLANT. (Gr. fw^o^, a buffoon ; the leaves seem sporting with the hand that touches them.) Flowers ? £ $ . £ Calyx valvate, 5-toothed ; corolla 0, or 5-toothed, stamens 4 to 15 ; legume separated into 1-seeded joints ; $ like the perfect, "but without ovaries or fruit. — H Herbs and shrubs, natives of tropical America, &c. 1 M. strigillosa Torr & Gr. Nearly unarmed, prostrate, diffuse, strigous; slip. ovate; petioles and peduncles very long; Ivs. bipirmate, pinnae 4 to 6 pairs; Ifts. 10 to ISjpairs, oblong-linear; heads oblong; leg. broad, 1 to 3-jointed.-r-Banks oi the Miss. (Hale) to E. Fla. Sts. several feet in length, reddish and in appearance smooth. Lfts. 3 to 4" by 1", crowded. Fed. and Ivs. 6 to 8r long. Hds. rose- color, with innumerable spreading stamens. Pods crowded, very hispid. Jl., Aug. 2 M. pudica L. St. prickly, more or less hispid ; Ivs. digitate-pinnate, pinnaa 4. of many (20 or more) pairs of linear Ifts. — Native of Brazil. St. shrubby, about ORDER 46.— LEGUMLNOS^E. 299 a foot high. Lfts. about 3" long, very numerous. Fig. small, capitate. It is oc- casionally cultivated for the curiosity of its spontaneous motions ; — the leaves bend- ing, folding, and apparently shrinking away from the touch of the hand. 2. SCHRAN'KIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIER. (In honor of Francis de Paula Schrank, a German botanist.) Flowers £ $ ; calyx minute, 5-toothed ; petals united into a funnel-shaped, 5-cleft corolla ; stamens 8 to 10, distinct or rnonadelphous ; legume long and narrow, echinate, dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.— ^Prickly herbs. St. procum- bent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical heads, purplish. S. uncinata Willd. St. angled, grooved; pinnaj G to 8 pairs; Ifts. numerous, minute, elliptic-oblong or linear; hds. axillary, 1 to 2 together, on peduncles shorter than the Ivs. ; leg. long and slender, very prickly. — Dry soils, Clark Co., Mo. (Mead), and Southern States. St. 2 to 4f long, and with the petioles and pe- duncles armed with short, sharp prickles turned downwards. Lfts. about 2" by i". Fed. 2 to 3' long, hds. 1 to V diam. Pods 2 to 4' long. May— Jl. (S an- gustata T. & G.) 3. VACHEL'LIA, W. and Atn. SPONGE TREE. Stamens very nu- merous, distinct; legume cylindrical, turgid, scarcely dehiscent; seeds in a double row, imbedded in pulp. Otherwise as in Acacia. — Tree armed with straight, stipular spines. Lvs. bipinnate, with a gland. Fls. in globular heads, yellow. V. Farnesiana W. & Arn. Pinnae 4 to 8 pairs ; Ifts. 15 to 20 pairs, veiny, ob- long, crowded ; ped. 2 or 3 together. — Grows about N". Orleans (Hale) and along the Gulf to St. Marks, Fla. Lfts. about 2" long. Pods 2 to 3" long, blackish when ripe. Said to yield gum. 4. DESMAN THUS, Willd. (Gr. 4' long. Rac. 6 to 10' long, compound, thyrse-like, showy, resembling those of the common locust. Leg. as long as the leaflets, very narrow. Apr., ^lay. 11. BAPTIS'IA, Vent. WILD INDIGO. (Gr. jSaTrrw, to dye ; a use to which some species are applied.) Calyx 4 to 5-cleft half way, per- 302 0RDEB 46.— sistcnt ; petals of about equal length, those of the keel nearly distinct and straight; vcxillum orbicular, emarginate ; stamens 10, distinct, deciduous ; legume inflated, stipitate, many (or by abortion fcw)- seeded. — 4 Lvs. palmately 3-foliate, or simple. § Leaves simple. Flowers yellow Nos. 1—3 § Leaves 3-foliate. — FIs. blue, in few elongated racemes No. 4 — FIs. white in few elongated racemes, (a) — FIs. yellow, solitary or in short racemes, (b) a Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles Nos. 5, 6 a Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles Nos. 7, 8 b Pedicels not longer than the calyx. Drying dark Nos. 9, 10 b Pedicels much longer than the calyx. Drying bright. Nos. 11 — 13 1 B. perfoliata R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous, Ivs. oval, orbicular, perfoliale; fls. solitary, axillary. — S. Car. and Ga. (Savannah, Fcay) in the pine woods. St. branching, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. large (2,} by 2'), all turned one way, and com- pletely closed at base around the stem or branch. Corolla 6" long, on a pedicel half as long. Pod large, inflated. A remarkable species. May — Jl. 2 B. micropliylla Nutt. "Lvs. simple, sessile, roundish, cuneiform; the upper somewhat clasping, stipules roundish ; fls. axillary; legumes short, subglobous." — TV. Fla. to Ala. St. much branched. Lvs. small (7 to 10" in length), the upper partially coalescing with the stipules. Described by Mr. Nuttall from late fruit- ing specimens. Not since found ? 3 B. simplicifolia Groom. Glabrous ; Ivs. broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile ; stip. none; racemes terminal, elongated, many -flowered; bracts ovate, as long as tho pedicels. — Quincy. Fla. St. furrowed, branching, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. large (2 to 4' by 1} to 3'), rather firm, shining above. Els. 8" long, the pedicels shorter. Leg. ovate, about 6'' long. Jn. — Sept. 4 B. australis R. Br. Glabrous ; petioles short ; Ifts. obovato or somewhat ob- long, obtuse ; stip. lanceolate, rather longer than the petioles, distinct at base ; rac. long, erect ; leg. oblong-oval, stipe long as the calyx. — Alluvial soils, Ohio River to Ga. and La. St. 2 to 3f high, branched. Petioles 1 to G" long. Lfls. If to 3' by £• to 1', sometimes acute. Stip. £ to 1' long. Fls. indigo blue, large, very showy. Pod about 2' long. Jn. — Aug. 5 B. leticophcea Nutt. Villous; petioles almost 0; Ifts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate ; stip. and bracts large, triangular-ovate, persistent ; rac. nodding, the many flowers turned to the upper side on their long pedicels ; leg. ovoid or roundish, inflated. — Common in wild prairies, "W. States and southward. St. 2 to 3f high, smoothish when old. Lfts. 2 to 3' by £ to 1', stipules more than half as large. Rac. 20 to 50-flowered, inclined horizontally. Pedicels 1 to 2' long. Corollas very large, ochroleucous. Apr. 6 B. villosa Ell. Villous-pubescent ; petioles almost 0; Iffcs. lance-oblong, cr oblanceolato ; stip. lance-linear, persistent ; rac. long (erect ?) ; bracts minute, de- ciduous; ped. notsecund; leg. oblong. — N. Car. to Ga., rare. Plant of coarse as- pect, as well as No. 5, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, obtuse, tapering at base, becoming smocthish when old. Fls. dirty white, nearly 1' long. Jn., Jl. 7 B. leucantha Torr & Gr. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. petiolate ; Ifts. cunei- form-obovate, obtuse; stip. lance-linear about as long as petioles, often caducous; rac. elongated, erect ; bracts caducous ; leg. inflated, stipitate. — Conspicuous in rich soils, prairies, etc., "W. States to Ga. and Fla. St. thick, 2 to 4f high, branched above. Rac. G to 24' long, with large white fls. Lfts. 1 to 2' long. The whole plant turns bluish-black in drying. May — Jl. 8 B. alba R. Br. Glabrous, fastigiate-branched above ; petioles slender ; Ifts. elliptic-oblanceolate, acute at base; stip. and bracts minute, caducous; rac. erect or nodding, on a long peduncle ; pedicels rather longer than calyx. In rich soils, Va. to Fla. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lfts. about 1' long, a third as wide, the petiolo about half as long. Fls. pure white. Plant does not blacken in drying. Mar. Apr. 9 B. lanfceolata Eh1. Much branched, bushy ; Ivs. subsessile ; Ifts. narrowhj elliptic, varying to oblanceolate, tapering to a petiolule, obtuse; stip. almost none ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, short-pedicelled ; leg. ovate-globous. Pine woods, S. Car, to Fla. and La. About 2f high. Foliage yellowish-grcon ; Ivs. 2 to 3" ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 303 long, coriaceous. Ms. large, dull yellow. Apr., JH.— Each plant forms a globu- lar mass which when dry, breaks away and rolls about with the wind frightening horses ; hence called horse-devils. ft. Taller, branches less flexuous; Ifts. obovate, very obtuse ; fls. solitary and somewhat racemed at tho ends of the branches. — Fla., La. 10 B. tinctoriaK. Br. Glabrous, branching; Ivs. subsessile; Ifts. small, roundish- obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex ; stip. setaceous, caducous ; rac. loose, terminal; leg. subglobous. — A plant with bluish-green foliage, frequent in dry soils, Can. and U. S. St. very bushy, about 2f high. Lfts. about 7" by 4 to 6", cmarginate; petiole 1 to 2" long. Fls. 6 to 12 or more in each raceme. Petals C" long, yellow. Leg. about as large as a pea, on a long stipe, mostly 1 -seeded Jl.— Sept. 11 B. Lecontii Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; Ivs. short- petioled ; Ifts. obovate-oblong ; pedicels longer than the fls., with two bractlets ; bracts per- sistent • kg. short-stiped ; branches, stipules and racemes as in No. 10. Fla. and S. Ga. Does not turn black in drying. May. 12 B. megacarpa Chapman. Glabrous, slender; Ivs. petioled; Ifls. oval; rac. short and short-stalked ; stip. and bracts minute, caducous ; fls. nodding, on pedicels shorter than the corolla; leg. large, globular, and much inflated. — Near Quincy, Fla. Fls. and Ivs. nearly as large as in No. 9. Mature pods 1^' diam. Does not blacken in drying. May. 13 B. mollis MX. Minntely-hoary-pubescent, sparingly branched ; petioles half as long as the cuneiform-oblanceolate Ifts. ; stip. lanceolate, as long as the petioles ; pedicels as long as the fls., in terminal racemes. — In mountain woods, N. Car. and Tenn. (Lookout MtM Chattanooga.) A fine, bright-flowered species, l$f high. Dries bright May. (Thermopsis mollis Curt.) 12. FAVBA, Moench. HORSE BEAN. COFFEE BEAN. Flowers as in Vicia, but the seeds oblong, with a long scar (hilum) on the narrower end, and leathery, tumid legumes. — Lvs. equally pinnate, with the tendril obsolete (in the following species). Peduncle shorter than the flowers. F. vnlgciris Mcench. St. rigidly erect, with very short axillary racemes; Ifls. 2 to 4, oval, entire, mucronate or acute; (tendrils obsolete by cultivation;) stip. semisagittate, dentate at base. — Native of Egypt. Frequently found in gardens, but not so much admired for the table as formerly. Fls. white, with a large black spot on each of the ala3. Leg. torulous. Sds. very large, with a large hilum at one end. (Vicia Faba L.) 13. CI'CER arieti num, the CHICK PEA, rarely cultivated may be readily known by its serrated leaflets, a character quite strange in this Order. 14. PI 'SUM, L. PEA. (Celtic pis, Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, Fr. pois.) Calyx segments leafy, the upper two shortest ; vexillum large, reflexed ; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1) ; style grooved on the back, villous and stigmatic on the inner side ; legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded ; seeds globous, with an orbicular hilum. — Herbaceous, climbing. Lvs. abruptly pinnate, ending with branching tendrils. P. sativum L. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4; stip. ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate; ped. several-flowered. — ©One of the most valuable ofleguminous plants, smooth and glaucous. St. 2 to 5f long, nearly simple, climbing by tendrils. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, § as wide, obtuse, mucronate, stip. rather larger than the leaflets. Fls. two or more, on axillary peduncles, large, white. This plant has been cul- tivated from tirhe immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. There are many varieties. 15. LATH'YRUS, L. Calyx campanulate, the two upper sepals shortest; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1) ; style flat, dilated above, ascending, 304 ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOUS. bent at a right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the in- side next the free stamen ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Lvs. abruptly pinnate, of 1 to several pairs of leaflets. Petioles produced into tendrils. Pods axillary. * Leaflets a single pair Southern, No. 1 Exotic, Nos. 6 — 3 * Leaflets commonly three pairs. Perennial Nos. 2, 3 * Leaflets commonly 5 pairs. Perennial Nos. 4, 5 1 L. pusillua Ell. St. winged ; Ifts. 2, linear-lanceolate, acuto at each end ; stip. conspicuous, lance-falcate, half-sagittate ; ped. long, 1 to 3-flo\vered. — S. Car. to La. A weak, scrambling vine. Lfts. H to 2' long, 4 to G" wide; stip. about a third as long. Tendrils branching. Fls. purple. Leg. linear-oblong, 15 to 20- seeded. Apr., May. 2 L. ochroleucus Hook. St. slender ; Ifts. about 3 pairs, broadly ovate ; stip. semi-cordate, large; ped. 7 to IQ-flowered, shorter than the leaves. — A small, delicato species, rare, in shady places and on river banks, N. J. to "Wise., N. to Arc. circle. St. 2 to 3f long, leaning or climbing on other plants. Lfts. 1 to l£' long, f as wide, twice larger than the stipules. Corolla yellowish-white (ochroleucous). Jn., Jl. (L. glaucifolius. Beck.) 3 L. paluatris L. St. winged ; stip. semi-sagittate, ovate, mucronate ; Ifts. 2 or 3 pairs, oblong-ovate, mucronate ; ped. 3 to 5-flowered, longer than the leaves. — A slender climber, found in wet meadows and thickets, N. Eng. to Or. Si. slender, square, broadly winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Lvs. pinnate-cirrhous ; Ifts. broad, or narrow-ovate. Fls. drooping, rather large, varie- gated with blue and purple. Jn., Jl. ft. MYRTIFOLIUS Gray. St. square, often slightly winged, weak ; Ifts. oblong- lanceolate, rather obtuse. — Can. to Md. and Ind. Ms. pale purple. (L. myrtifolius Muhl.) 4 L. venostis Muhl. St. 4-angled; stip. semi-sagittate, lanceolate., very small; ped. 8 to 16-flowered, shorter than the leaves; Ifts. 4 to 7 pairs, somewhat alter- nate, obtusish, mucronate. — In shady grounds, Can. and U. S. St. erect, 2 to 3f high, mostly smooth. Ped. axillary, 3 to 5' long. Lfts. ovate, 1£ to 2' by 1', the veins conspicuous. Fls. rather largo and showy, purple. Leg. Hat and narrow. Jn., Jl. 5 L. maritinms Bw. BEACH PEA. St. 4-angled, compressed; petioles flat above; stip. cordate- hastate, nearly as large as the 8 to 12 ovate leaflets; ped. many- flowered. — A pale green creeping plant, resembling the common pea, found on sandy shores, N. Y. to Lab., W. to Oreg. St. rigid, 1 to 2f in length. Stip. con- nate. Lvs. ending in a branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest. Fls. large, blue. May — Jl. (Pisum maritimum Ph.) 6 L. latifolitts L. EVEULASTIXG PEA. Ped. many-flowered; If is. 2, lanceo- late; joints membranous, winged. — 1£ A very showy plant for gardens and arbors, native of England. St. Gf long, climbing, winged between the joints. Fls. large, pink, clustered on a peduncle G to 10' in length. Jl., Aug. 7 L. odorattis L. SAVEET PEA. Ped. 1-flowered; Ifts. 2, ovate-oblong] leg. hirsute. — (I) A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large, variegated with 'red and white. Very fragrant. 8 L. sativus L. CHICK PEA. Ped. I -flowered; Ifts. 2 to 4; leg. ovate; com- pressed, with two winged margins at the back. — CD Native of S. Europe, where it Las been sometimes cultivated for food ; but it proves to be a slow poison, both to man and beast, producing ultimately entiro helplessness, by rendering tho limbs rigid, but without pain. 16. VIC'IA, L. VETCH. (Celtic ywig, whence, Gr. fiuuov, Lat. vicia, Fr. vesce, and Eng. vetch.) Calyx tubular, with the 3 inferior segments straight, and longer than the 2 above ; vcxillum emarginate ; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1) ; style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovary, villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel) ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Lvs. abruptly ORDER 4G.— LEGUMINOS^E. 305 pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, and a branching tendril. Peduncles axillary. * Leaflets about 4 (3 to 7). Annual ... Nos 1 2 * Leaflets about 10 (8 to 24).— Peduncle many (5— 20)-floweVeii Perennial '.'.'.. '. '. '.'.V.'.Nos.'s— 5 —Peduncle few (l— 5j-llo\vcrc. Often glandular-dotted ; stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Fls. cyanic. * Leaves palmately 1 and 3 (rarely r>)-foliate t Nos. 1, 2 * Leaves paluiately 5, or 5 and 7-foliate Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves pinnately 3 or 1-t'oliate Nos. 5—8 * Leaves pinnate, '19 to 21-foliate No. 9 1 P. can£scens MX. Yery branching, canescently pubescent, lower Ivs. 3-foliate, upper 1-foliate, Ifts. roundish- obovate, obtuse, tapering afc base into a petiolule, dot-, ted. — Sandy woods, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 2f high, excessively branched, form- ing a globular bush. Fls. in small clusters at the end of the branchlets ; small, " blue at first, changing to dull yellow" (Mettauer). Cal. gibbous, almost spurred at base. May — Jl. 2 P. floribunda Nutt. Canescent, much branched; Ifts. 3, rarely 5, dotted, ob- long-obovate, varying to linear; stip. setaceous; rac. slender, many-flowered, twico longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers, and longer than the small, ovate-acuminate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth. — Alluvial soils, 111. (Mead), Ark. W. to the R. Mts. St. 2 to 4f high, branches spreading. Lfts. 1 to 2' by 2 to 4''. Common petiole 7} to 1' long. Fls. bluish purple, 3'' long, 15 to 30 in the very canescent racemes. Jn. 3 P. subacaulis Torn & Gray. Nearly acaulescent, hirsute; Ivs. 7-foliate on very long petioles ; Ifts. obovate-obiong ; fls. in dense, egg-shaped racemes ; cal. much shorter than the cor. — Tenn., near Nashville (Dr. lioam in N. Am. Flora). Lvs. and flower-stalks almost radical, 6 to 10' long; Ifts. about 1' long. 4 P. Lupinellus MX. St. sknder, glabrous; Ivs. 5 to 7-foliate ; Ifts. linear-fili- form ; rac. longer than the Ivs., many-flowered ; pod incurved at base, recurved at apex, so as to simulate the letter S. — Pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. abot-t 2f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long. Fls. as large as ia P. floribunda. May, Jn. 5 P. virgata Nutt. Virgate, smoothish ; Ivs. 1-foliate, remote ; Ifts. linear (the lower rarely 3-foliate and oblong); ped. shorter than the Ivs.; spikes rather dense- flowered.— Near St. Mary's, Ga. St. about 2f high. Lfts. 2 to 4' by 2 to 4". Fls. palo violet. ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 315 6 P. stipulata Torr- & Gr. Nearly glabrous and glandless, ascending ; Ivs. pin- nately 3-foliate, Ifts. elliptic-ovate, obtuse, mucronato; stip. (large) ovate; ped. as long as the Ivs. ; spikes capitate. — Falls of the Ohio (Jones in N. Am. Flora). Sts. branched from the baso. The- large stipules aro remarkable, resembling those of the red clover. 7 P. Melilotoides MX. Yirgate, minutely pubescent ; Ivs. 3-foliato, Ifts. oblong- lanceolato, rather obtuse, on very short petioles, more or less glandular ; stip. lanceolate ; spike oblong, at length elongated, on virgate peduncles ; pods orbicu- lar, transversely wrinkled.— Dry soils, S. and W. Sts. Slender, branched, erect, 2f high. Lfts. 2 to 2J' long, £ as wide. Ped. G to 10' long. May— Jl. (P. cglandulosa Ell.) 3 P. Onobrychis Nutt. Pubescent; Ifts. ovate-acuminate; rac. elongated ; cal. much shorter than cor., teeth small, obtuse, equal; leg. ovate, transversely wrinkled. — Low grounds and thickets, "W. States. St. rigidly erect, nearly simple, 3 to 5f high. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, nearly -J as wide. Fls. small, pedicellate, blue. Pods exceeding the calyx, rostrate. Jn., Jl. 9 P. multijuga Ell. Lfts. numerous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; spikes oblong ; cal. villous. teeth very long ; bracts small. — In the upper country, Ga. (Elliott), S. Car. (Darby). St. stout, furrowed 1 to 2f high, nearly smooth. Fls. violet. Lfts. 9 or 10 pairs. May, Jn. 33. GLOTTID'IUM, Desv. (Gr. yAwrra, tongue; alluding to the singular structure of the pods.) Calyx campanulate, truncated, minutely 5-toothed ; vexillum reniform, broader than long ; legume elliptic-ob- long, compressed, pointed at each end ; valves double, the inner mem- branous, inclosing the seeds after the outer have fallen away ; seeds 1 or 2. — (T) Glabrous. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. Fls. small, yellow. G. Floridamim DC. In waste and damp soils, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. St. tall and rank (4 to lOf). Lfts. 30 to 50, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 6 to 18" long. Fls. about a third as large as in Sesbania, in slender rac. Pods 18" by 6", appearing after the opening of the outer valve, as tongue and lips. Seeds bean- shaped. (Sesbania platycarpa Pers.) 34. SESBA'NIA, Pers. Calyx campanulate, subcqually 5-toothed ; vexillum longer than the obtuse keel, the claw appended ; legume very long and slender, linear, closed between the seeds. — Shrubs or herbs, with abruptly pinnate Ivs., caducous stip. and bracteoles, and yellowish flowers. S. macrocarpa Muhl. Herb annual, glabrous ; Ifts. 30 to 50, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; rac. about 2-flowered, shorter, but the legumes twice longer than the Ivs. — Damp grounds, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. tall (2 to 8f). Lvs. 6 to 10' long, the Ifts. 6 to 9", glaucous beneath. The extremely slender leg. nearly a foot long, with a bordered margin are very singular. Aug. — Oct. 35. AMOR'PHA, L. LEAD PLANT. (Gr. a, privative, juop^//, form; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla.) Calyx subcampanulate, 5- cleft ; vexillum concave, unguiculate, erect ; wings and keel none ; stamens exserted; legume oblong, somewhat curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 to 2-seeded. — Shrubs or half shrubby American plants. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Fls. bluish white, in virgate racemes. * Leaves stalked (i. e., the lowest Ifts. remote from stem) .............................. No. 1 * Leaves sessile, — Ifts. obtuse, not mucronate — Lfts. acute, mucronate 1 A. fruticosa L. Nearly glabrons or somewhat pubescent, shrubby or arbores- cent; Ifts. 9 to 19, oval, petiolulate, very obtuse, the lower pair remote from the stem; cal. teeth obtuse, short, lower one acuminate and rather the longest; leg. 2-seeded.— A shrub or small tree, 6 to 16f high, Wis. to. La. and Fla., W. to R. 316 ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOS^. Mts. Lvs. 3 to 5' long; Ifls. about 1 by V, rather remote from each other and from the stem. Petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicate rac. terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3 to 4' long, Vexillum purple, emarginate. May, Jn. 2 A. glabra Desf. Nearly glabrous, shrubby ; Ifts. oblong or elliptical, dotted, petiolulate, the lowest pair close to the stem ; fls. subsessile ; cal. teeth short, the 2 upper oblu.se, the 3 lower longer, or nearly equal, villous ; sty. hairy towards the base. — Near Wilmington and Newbern, N. Car. Plant 4 to 5f high. Fls. dark blue. Jl. (v. s. in herb. Curtis.) (A. Caroliniana Groom). 3 A. herbacea Walt. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, shrubby; Ifts. 20 to 25 pairs, oblong, obtuse, dotted, the lowest pair close to the stem; fis. subsessile; teeth of the cal. nearly equal, short; cor. whitish. — Pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 2 to 4f high, grayish. Lvs. 5 to 7' long; Ifts. G to 8" by 3". Petiolules 1" long. Spikes many, clustered at top, very downy, G to 8' long. Jn., Jl. 4 A. canescens Nutt. Suffruticous, and canescently villous, Ifts. small, numerous, crowded, ovate-elliptical, subsessile, mucronate; spikes aggregate; fis. subsessile; calyx teeth equal, oval acute; vex. bright blue; leg. 1-seeded. — A beautiful species, 2 to 4f high, in dry, sandy soils, Wig. to La. and R. Mts., and is supposed to prefer localities oflead ore. Lvs. 2 to 3' long; llts. coriaceous, 1G to 2-i pairs, obtuse at base, 4 to G" by 1 to 2". Spikes 2 to 3' long. JL, Aug. 36. DA'LEA, L. (In honor of Thomas Dale, an English botanist.) Calyx subequally cleft or toothed ; petals unguiculate, claws of the wings and keel adnatc to the staminate tube half way up ; vexillum free, the limb cordate; stamens 10, united into a cleft tube; ovary 2-ovuled ; legume inclosed in the calyx, indehisccnt, 1-seeded. — Mostly herbaceous and glandular-punctate. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipcls 0, stip. minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. D. alopecuroides Willd. Glabrous and much branched ; Ifls. 8 to 14 pairs, linear-oval, obtuse or retuse, punctate beneath ; spike pedunculate, oblong-cylin- dric, terminal, silky-villous ; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments of the cal. — (J) Prairies and bottoms, 111., Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and leafy and pale green. Lfts. not more than 4''. by 1", sessile, and nearly in mutual contact. Spikes 1 to 2' long. Vexillum white, wings and keel pale violet. (D. Linnaei MX. Petalostemon Ph.) 37. PETALOSTE'MON, MX. (Alluding to the union of the petals and stamens.) Calyx 5-toothcd, nearly equal ; petals 5, on filiform claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and united with the staminate tube ; stamens 5, monadelphous, tube cleft ; legume 1-seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly ^. Lvs. un- equally pinnate, exstipellatc. Fls. in dense, pedunculate, terminal spikes or heads. § PETALOSTEMON proper. Calyx teeth short. Heads not involucrate. Bracts small (a). a Bracts nristate-poiuteil, longer than the calyx Nos. 1, 2 a Bracts obtuse or acute, not^iristate, short Nos. 3, 4 § KCRNISTERA, Lam. Calyx teeth very long, setaceous, plumous, pappus-like, lids. involucrate, with broad, scale-like bracts .No. 5 1 P. candidum MX. Glabrous, erect ; Ifts. ^ to 9, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts setaceous, longer than the white petals ; vex. broadly cordate, the other pets, ovate. — A fine- looking plant in dry prairies, S. and W. States. St. 2 to 4f high, sparingly branched, slender. Lfts. 9 to 18" by 3 to 5", terminal ono largest. Fls. small, white, crowded in dense spikes which are 1 to 3' long. Jl. 2 P. violaceum MX. Minutely pubescent, erect , Ifts. 5, linear, glandular be- neath ; spikes pedunculate, oblong or oval bracts shorter than the violet petals ; ver. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse at base. — A beautiful plant, of eimilar habits with the last. St. slender, strrate, subsimp/e, 1 £ to 2f Iriffh. Lfts. about 1' by 1'', all sessile. Spikes 1 to 8, very dense, £ to !£' long. Petals of a bright violet-purple. Jl., Aug. OKDEB 46.— LEGUMINO&E. 317 3 P. carneum MX. Glabrous, erect ; Ifts. 5 to 7, lance-linear ; spikes oblong, pe- dunculate ; bracts obovate, somewhat exceeding the short teetli of the glabrous calyx ; pet. oblong, narrowed at base in the long claws.— Ga, and Fla. Slender, branching, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. fascicled in the axils. Lfts. acute, 5 to 8" long. Spikes 1' long. Fls. roseate or white. Aug. 4 P. gracile Nutt. Glabrous, decumbent at base ; Ifts. 7, lance-linear ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, somewhat sessile ; bracts acute, about equaling tho short, blunt calyx teeth ; petals ovate ; vex. broadly cordate. — '1) 'W. Fla. and Ala. nearly simple, 1 to 2f long, leafy to near tho top. Lfts. 3 to G" long. Spikes 6 to 12'' long. Fls. white. 5 P. corymbosum MX. St. corymbously branched ; spikes capitate, sessile ; bracts broad, colored, tho outer leaf-bearing and flowerless; Ifts. linear, 5 to 7. _ A singularly elegant plant of tho pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, many from ono root, each with a corymb at summit. Heads resemble tho Com- posite, with red scales and white lance-oblong petals. Sept., Oct. 38. ASTRAG'ALUS, L. MILK VETCH. Calyx 5-toothcd ; keel of the corolla obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture. — Herbaceous or suffruticous, with unequally pinnate Ivs., and the fls. in spikes or racemes. § Legumes straight, cylindric. Flowers ochrolencous ................................. No. 1 § Legumes curved, prismatic. Fls. whitish or bluish ............................. Xos. 2-1-J § Legumes globular, fleshy. Fls. whitish or blue ............................ ."..'. ' ...... JTo. 5 1 A. Canadensis L. Canescent, erect, diffuse ; stip. broad-lanceolate, acumi- nate; Ifts. about 10 pairs, elliptical, obtuso at both ends; the lowest ovate, ob- tuse; ped. about as long as the Ivs., when in fruit shorter; bracts subulate, aa long as the cal. ; fls. somewhat rcficxed ; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with the permanent style. — 1( River banks, etc., Can. and U. S. St. bushy, about 3f high, very leafy. Fls. greenish-yellow, in denso spikes. Pods £' in length, leathery. Jl. Aug. 2 A. glaber MX. Nearly glabrous, erect; stip. minute or 0; Ifts. 8 to 11 pair?, oblong-lanceolato or linear, obtuso or emarginato ; spikes loose, much longer than the Ivs. ; bracts subulate, scarcely longer than the pedicels ; leg. flattened, reticu- lated. — If Pine barrens, N. t!ar. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. greenish white. Pods distant, !-£' long, spreading, incurved, acuto at each end. Apr. 3 A. obcordatug Ell. Nearly glabrous, decumbent or assurgent ; stip. lance- olate ; Ifts. 7 to 12 pairs, obcordate or obovate, ped. about as long as the Ivs., few- flowered, fls. pedicellate; cal. teeth subulate, about as long as the tube; leg. curved, pointed, strongly reticulated. — River banks, N. Car. to Fla. Plant low and leafy, ascending 4 to 8'. Fls. blue and white. Pod 1' in length. Lfts. 3 to 4" long. 4 A. distortus Torr. & Gr. St. and ped. as in No. 3; stip. ovate; Ivs. lo:^- petioled, Ifts. oblong-obovate, mostly emarginate, 7 to 12 pairs; spikes short; cal. teeth triangular-acuminate, half as long as the tube ; leg. smooth, decimate, curved. — Prairies, W. 111. (Mead) to Ark. Branches ascending 4 to 6'. Lfts. 3 to 5" by 1 to 2''. Fls. blue, 6'' long. Pods 1'long, beaked with the coiled style. Probably a variety of the last. 5 A .Mexicanus A. DC. Low, branches decumbent, glabrous ; Ivs. pedunculate, Ifts. 7 to 10 pairs, obovate, emarginato; ped. rather longer than the Ivs.; spikes short, 10 to 15-flowered; leg. globular, obtuse, succulent, sweet-tasted. — Prairies, 111., Mo. to Ark. Plant 3 to 6' high. Lfts. 2 to 3" by 1 to 2''. Fls. about 9" long (yellowish whito in h. s.), bluish ? Fr. as largo as the plum, and " eaten unripe by travelers, raw or cooked." 39. PHA'CA, L. (Gr. ^ek?/, lentil, from 0ayw, to eat.) Calyr 5-toothed, keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; legume con- tinuous, turgid, 1 -celled ; placenta tumid, several-seeded. U Lvs. un- equally pinnate. Fls. in axillary, pedunculate raceme. (Differs from Astragalus only in its fruit.) * Plnnt densfly villous. Flowers greenish yellow ..................................... No. 1 • Plant nearly glabrous. Flowers white or "purple ................................. Nu*. 2 — 4 Sis ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 1 P. villosus Nutt. Low, villous-hirsute, decumbent ; Ivs. petiolate, Ifts. dis- tant, 9 to 15, oval or oblong, the odd one obovate ; ped. rather longer than the Ivs. ; spikes short, somewhat loose ; cal. teeth longer than the tube ; leg. clothed with long woolly hairs. — Dry sandy fields and woods, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. spreading on the sand, 2 to 3' long. Lfts. 3 to 4" by 1 to 2". Fls. 10 to 15- in a head, 4 to 5" long. Mar., Apr. 2 P. neglecta Torr. & Gr. Erect; Ifts. elliptical, 7 to 13 pairs; stip. minute; rac. many-flowered, rather Ioos3 and some longer than the Ivs. ; leg. not stiped, smooth, roundish ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture. — By streams and lakes, W. N. Y. to Wis. Plant resembling Astragalus Canadensis, but of fairer and finer look. St. 1 to 2f high, terete. Lfts. 9 to 15" by 3 to 5", minutely puberulent beneath. Ms. white, 10 to 20 in a raceme. Pods about £ ' long, with many small sds. Jn., Jl. 3 P. Robbinsii Oakes. Erect; Ifts. 5 to 11, elliptical, terminal ono largest, stip. triangular-ovate ; ped. twice longer than Ivs. ; rac. short, ovate ; cor. hori- zontal, twice as long as the cal. ; leg. stiped, oblong, keeled at the ventral suture, tipped with the recurved, persistent style. — Ledges by rivers and lakes, northern Vt., rare. Plant nearly smooth. St. slender, 8 to 14' high. Lvs. remote, 2 to 4' long. Lfts. 4 to 8" by l£ to 3", petiolulate. Rac. surpassing the stem, on ped. 5 to 10' long, 12 to 18-flowered. Cor. white, about 5" long. Pods 1' long, 4 to 8-seeded. May, Jn. 4 P. astragalina DC. Low, ascending or nearly stemless; Ifts. 15 to 21, oval; stip. ovate; ped. at length longer than the Ivs.; rac. dense, with 8 or 10 viokt- colored fls. ; cal. teeth shorter than tube ; leg. pendulous, stiped. — Can. along the St. Lawrence and northward. Sts. 1 to 6' high. 40. TEPHRCTSIA, L. GOAT'S RUE. CAT-GUT. (Gr. re^po^, ash- colored ; from the color of the foliage.) Calyx with 5, nearly equal, subulate teeth ; bracteoles 0 ; vexillum large, orbicular ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings; stamens diadclphous (in the following spe- cies) or monadelphous ; legume linear, much compressed, many- seeded. • — Kerbs and shrubs, with unequally pinnate Ivs. § Flowers large (9 to 10" Ions), in a leafy, terminal cluster No. 1 § Flowers small (5 to 6ff long), spic«ate on long, leafless peduncles Nos. 2 — 4 1 T. Virginiana Pers. Erect, villous ; Ifts. numerous, oblong, mucronate ; rac. terminal, subsessile among the Ivs. ; leg. falcate, villous. — 14 Plant 1 to 2f high, in dry, sandy soils, Can., Ind., 111., S. to Fla. St. simple, very leafy. Lfts. 15 to 27, 10 to 13" by 2 to 3", straight-veined, odd one oblong-obcordate, petiolules 1" long. Stip. subulate, deciduous. Fls. as large as those of the locust, in a short, crowded cluster. Cal. very villous. Banner white, keel rose-colored, wings red. Jl. 2 T. spicata Torr & Gr. Villous with rusty hairs; st. subsimple ; Ifts. 9 to 17, oblong-oval or elliptic, mucronate, obtuse or rotuse ; ped. very long, few-flowered ; cal. segm. subulate, longer than the tube. — Common in dry soils, S. States. An unsightly plant. Sts. ascending, 1 to 3f long, flexuous, scarcely branched, tough. Lvs. few, distant; Ifts. 1' long. Ped. G to 12 to 18' long. Fls. purplish red. Jn., Aug. 3 T. hispidula Ph. Minutely hispid or pubescent; sis. dichotomous, slender, de- cumbent; Ifts. 9 to 19, elliptic-oblong, acute; ped. several, few-flowered; cal. segm. not longer than the tube ; pods falcate. — Dry Boils, S. States. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. remote; Ifts. 10 to 15" long, mucronate, sometimes nearly linear. Ped. 3 to 6' long. Fls. reddish purple. May, Aug. 6. ELEGANS T. & G. Very slender, nearly glabrous; Ifts. 11 to 17, narrowly elliptical, acute; ped. filiform; pods nearly straight. — Savannah (Pond). (T. elegans Nutt.) 4 T. chrysoph^lla Ph. Soft-pubescent, prostrate, dichotomous; Ifts. 5 to 9, oval or obovale, coriaceous, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath; ped. longer than the Ivs. ; cal. segm. shorter than the tube. — Ga. (Savannah, Pond) and Fla. St. If or more long, clothed with a rusty down. Foliage with a lively tinge of yel- ORDER 46.-LEGUMIN03^E. 3ig low. Lfts. about 9" by T', beautifully striate, and wavy at edge. Pods straight (always?) May, Jl. J3. GRACILIOR. Nearly glabrous, slender; Ifts. few, oblong (9" by 3''.) Plant 3 to 9' long. Pod small (15" long.) Ms. reddish purple as above.-— Coving- ton, La. (Hale.) 41. INDIGCTFERA, L. INDIGO-PLANT. (Lat. Indigo, fcro, to bear.) Calyx with 5 acute segments ; vexillum roundish, emarginatc ; keel spurred each side, at length reflcxed ; legume 2-valved, 1 to oo-seedcd. — Herbs or shrubs. Slip, small, distinct from the petiole. Fls. cyanic. 1 I. Caroliniana Walt. Herb erect, branched; Ivs. unequally pinnate; l/ls. 11 to 15, oblong-ovate, petiolulate; rac. slender, longer than the Ivs.; leg. pendu- lous, oblong, rugose, vein}^ 2~seeded. — lf. Sandy woods, N. Car. (Dr. Porcher) to Fla. St. 3 to 7f high. Lfts. 9 to 12" long, obtuse or retuse. Rac. 3 to 6' long; fls. pedicellate, yellowish-brown. Calyx pubescent, small, with 5 short subulato teeth. Jl., Sept. 2 I. leptosepala Nutt. Herbs decumbent, strigous, with ashy hairs ; Ivs. un- equally pinnate, Ifts. 7 to 9. obovate-oblong, subsessile, nearly glabrous above ; rac. longer than the Ivs., fls. nearly sessile ; leg. linear, reflexed, 6 to S-seeded. — Ga. to Ark. St. 2 to 3f long. Fls. pale scarlet. Pods !£' long, pointed. .. 42. ROBIN'IA, L. LOCUST. (In memory of JOHN ROBIN, herbalist to Louis XIV.) Calyx short, campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper seg- ments more or less coherent ; vexillum large ; alse obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1); style bearded inside; legume compressed, elon- gated, many-seeded. — Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. showy, in axillary rac. 1 R. Fsetidacacia L. COMMON LOCUST. Branches armed with stipular prickles; Ifts. ovate and oblong-ovate ; rac. pendulous, smooth, as well as the le- gumes.— Native in Penn. and the more Southern and Western States, and abun- dantly naturalized in N. Eng. Hight 30 to 80f, with a diam. of 1 to 3 or 4f. The pinnate Ivs. have .a beautiful symmetry of form, each composed of 8 to- 12 pairs of Ifts., with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very smooth, closing as if in sleep by night. Fls. in numerous, pendulous clusters, diffusing an agreeable fragrance. Pod narrow, flat, with 5 or 6 small, brown seeds. When young the tree is armed with thorns, which disappear in its matur- ity. Apr., May. — The wood is very hard and durable. 2 R. viscosa Vent. CLAMMY LOCUST. Stipular spines very short ; Iranchleis, petioles, and leg. glandular-viscid; Ifts. ovate; rac. crowded, erect. — This beautiful tree is native of the Mts. of N. Car. to Ga., where it attains the bight of 40f. The fls. numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green foliage, render this tree one of the most brilliant ornaments of the park or tho garden. Apr., Jn. 3 R. hispida L. ROSE ACACIA. Stipular spines almost wanting, shrub mostly hispid; rac. Joose, suberect. — A beautiful shrub, native of the Southern States, much cultivated in gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, deep rose-colored and very showy fls. Hight 3 to 5 or 8f. Lfts. 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval Fls. inodorous, twice larger than those of the common locust 43. COLUTEA, L. BLADDER SENNA. Calyx 5-toothed; vexillum with 2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina; stigma lateral, under the hooked summit of the style, which is longitudinally bearded on. the back side ; legume inflated, scarious. Shrubs with un- equally pinnate Ivs. C. arborescens L. Lfts. elliptical, retuse; vex. shortly gibbous behind. — A hardy, free-flowering shrub, native of Itaty, &c., growing almost alone on tho summits of Mt. Vesuvius. Sts. 8 to 12f high. Lfts. aoout 0. Fls. large, yellow, 320 ORDER 4G.— LEGUMLNOS^E. with a broadly expanded banner. In medicine the leaves are vised instead of senna, Jn. — Aug. f 44. WISTA'RIA, Nutt. (In memory of Caspar Wistar, M.D., President of Am. Phil. Soc.) Calyx bilabiate, upper lip cmarginate, the lower one 3 subequal teeth ; vcxillum with 2 callosities ascending the claw and separating above ; wings and keel falcate, the former ad- hering at top; legume torulous; seeds many, reniform. — Twining, shrubby plants, with pinnate Ivs. Rac. large, with large, colored bracts. Fls. lilac-colored. 1 W. frutescens DC. Sts. pubescent when young, at length glabrous ; Ifts. 9 to 13, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, subpubescent ; wings with 2 auricles at base ; ova. glabrous. — An ornamental, vigorous vine, in rich alluvion, S. & "W. States. Sts. several yards long, climbing over bushes, etc. Lfts. 1 to 2' by \ to 1'. Fls. nearly as large as those of the sweet pea, numerous, in rac. 3 to 6 or 8' long, sheathed in very conspicuous bracts. Sds. spotted. Apr., May. f (Grlycino frutescens L. Thy osan thus Ell.) 2 W. consequana Benth. Lfts. 9 to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky-pubescent; rac. terminal, nodding, loosely many-flowered. — A splendid flowering vine from China. St. of rapid growth, 12f or more in length. Fls. in long, pendulous clusters. May, Jn. f 45. AVPIOS, L. GROUND NUT. ('Arciog, the pear ; from the form of its tubers.) Calyx campanulate, obscurely bilabiate, the upper lip of 2 very short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lower one acute and elongated ; keel falcate, pushing back the broad, plicate vexillum at top ; ovary sheathed at base. — U Twining, smooth. Root bearing edible tubers. Lvs. pinnately 5 to 7 -foliate. A. tuberosa Ph. St. twining; Ivs. pinnate, of 7 ovate-lanceolate Ifts. ; rac. shorter than the Ivs. — Thickets and shady woods, Can. and U. S., twining about other plants. St. round, 2 to 4f in length. Lvs. rather numerous, each consist- ing of 3 (rarely 2) pairs of leaflets and an odd terminal one. These are ovate, narrow, more or less pointed, smooth, on short pedicels. Kac. axillary, solitary, 1 to 3' long, crowded. Fls. dark purple. To the root are appended oval, fleshy tubers, which are very nutritious, and would perhaps be cultivated had we not the potato. JL, Aug. (Glycine Apios L.) 46. YIG'NA, Savi. (In memory of Dominic Vigna, Commentator on Theophrastus.) Calyx of 4 lobes, the upper twice broader, the lower longer ; vexillum broad with 2 callosities near the base of the limb ; keel not twisted ; stigma lateral ; legume terete ; seeds not com- pressed.— Twining herbs. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. V. hirsuta Feay. Plant hirsute, the stem retrorsely so ; cal. with 1 bractlet at base, segm. all acute, the lower acuminate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pointed. — Rice field dams, Savannah (Feay), swamps, N. Orleans (Hale). Sts. scrambling over bushes, many feet long, slender. Lfts. 2 to 3' by § to 1', with scattered, ap- pressed hairs both sides, and minute stipels. Ped. 8 to 12' long. 3 to 5-flowered at the top. Fls. pale yellow, the banner 6" long and 9" broad. Pods 2' long, with 4 to 6 large, black, polyhedral seeds. Oct., Nov. (V . glabra Savi ? Doli- chos luteolus Ell.) 47. RHYNCHCTSIA, DC. (Gr. jwyWS* a bealc 5 in reference to the projecting keel.) Calyx somewhat bilabiate, or 4-parted, with the up- per segm. 2 cleft ; vexillum without callosities ; keel falcate ; style glabrous ; legume oblique, short, compressed, 1 to 2-seeded ; seeds carunculate. — H Erect, or twining. Lvs, resinous-dotted beneath, pin* nately 3-foliate, sometimes reduced to a single leaflet. Fls. yellow. ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOSJ3. 321 § EnTNcnosiA. proper. Calyx segments subulate, the lo\rer much the longest, shorter than the corolla, Fls. in slender racemes No. 1 § ARCYPHYLLUM, Ell. Calyx persistent, leafy, segments nearly equal, as long as the corolla. Lvs. coriaceous, rugose. Fls. fascicled or racemed Nos. 2 — 1 § PITCHERIA, Nutt. Calyx segments lance-subulate, the upper rather the longer, shorter than the corolla. Fls. axillary, subsolitary No. 5 1 R. minima DC. Scrambling, puberulent; Ifts. membranous, rhomboidal, acute with a large angle; rac. much longer than the Ivs., about 12-flowered; fls. small, remote, reflexed. — Along rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La. A delicate vine, several feet in length. Lfts. not rugose, 6 to 9" square, petiole hardly 1' long. Kac. axillary, about 6' long. Pods % long, mucronate. 2 R. volubilis. Twining, pubescent ; Ivs. 3-foliate, Ifts. broadly oval or orbicu- lar, somewhat rhomboidal, obtuse or acute; rac. few (3 to 10)-flowered, peduncu- late • cal. segm. ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate. — Dry woods, Ga, (Miss Keen), to La, (Hale). Sts. 2 to 4f long, square, especially downy on the angles. Lower Ivs, sometimes? monophyllus; Ifts. smaller than in No. 3. Sep. becoming quite large in fruit. (R. difformis DC. and R. latifolia Nutt.) 3 R. simplicifolia. Dwarfish, pubescent, erect; Ivs. reduced to a single leaflet orbicular or reniform, obtuse. — Dry sandy woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St angular, 1 to 3' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' broad, very veiny and rugous. Fls. small, in one or more dense tufts. Pods ovate-oblong, 7" in length. Apr., May. (R. tomentosa, a. T. & G.) 4 R. erecta DC. Tall, erect, velvety-pubescent; Ivs. 3-foliate, Ifts. elliptic or oval, acute, terminal one sometimes roundish ; fls. fascicled or racemed, axillary and terminal; cal. segm. parted almost to the base, lance-ovato to lance-linear. — Dry soils, Md. to Fla. Sts. about 6-angled, 2 — 5f high. The lowest leaf or Ivs. sometimes monophyllous. Lfts. about as large as in No. 3. Rac. 1 to 3' long. (3 to 7' Ell. in Glycine mollissima.) — The leaflets are sometimes strikingly varie- gated with lines of black dots along the veins above. (R. tomentosa, var. Tor. & Gr. G. tomentosa, var. MX. 5 R. galactoides. Erect, rigid, with many simple, angular, pubescent branches ; Ivs. trifoliate, Ifts. (small) coriaceous, elliptic or oval, margins reflexed, under sur- face with numerous resinous atoms ; pedicels about equaling the petioles, half as long as the fls.— Ala. and W. Fla. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 6 to 9" by 3 to 6", those of the virgate branches much smaller. Fls. yellow. 43. PHASE'OLUS, L. KIDNEY BEAN. (Lat. phasclus, a little boat ; from the form of the pods.) Calyx subbilabiate, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed ; keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted ; legume compressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded ; seeds com- pressed, reniform. — Herbaceous, twining or trailing. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate ; Ifts. stipellate. Native species — Fls. racemed. Pods falcate No. 1 —Fls. 1 or few in a head. Pods straight Nos. 2—4 Exotic.— Stems climbing Nos. 5—7 — Steins erect, bushy No. 8 1 P. perennis "Walt. WILD BEAN VINE. Twining, pubescent ; rac. paniculate, mostly in pairs, axillary; Ifls. ovate, acuminate, 3 - veined ; leg. pendulous, fal- cate, broad-mucronate. — If A slender, twining vine, in dry woods, Can. and U. S., common. St. 4 to 7f long, somewhat branching. Lfts. 1£ to 3£' long, f to equal width ; terminal one often subcordate. lateral ones unequally enlarged at base outside, under surface scabrous. Rac. 1 to 3 together, 6 to 12' long, loose, often unfruitful. Cor. purple and violet. Leg. about 2' long, £' wide, with compressed, reniform, dark purple seeds. Jl., Aug. 2 P. diversifolius Pera St. prostrate, diffuse, scabrous with recurved hairs ; Ifts. angular, 2 to 3-loled or entire; ped. longer than the leaf, few-flowered, lower tooth of the calyx longer than the tube ; leg. pubescent, broadly-linear, cylindric. — &) A creeping or climbing plant, 3 to 5f long, on sandy shores and prairies, Can. and U. S. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, £ as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, often variously and very obtusely lobed. Ped. 2 to 8-flowered, 3 to 6' long. Cor. purplish. Leg. becomes black when ripe, 5 to 7 -seeded Aug. — Oct. 21 322 ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOS.E. 3 P. 1.61voius L. St. slender, twining; Ifts. between oblong-ovate and lance-ovate, not lobed; ped. slender, several times longer than the Ivs., few-flowered; leg. straight, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded. — If. Sandy fields, N. T. to Fla. and La. St. 3 10 of long. Lfts. 1 to 2' by J to ]'. Ped. 4 to 8' long, 4 to 7-flowcred. Cal. with 2 bracts at base. Cor. purplish, vexillum large, roundish. Leg. 2 to 3' long, very narrow, subfalcate. Aug., Sept. (Strophostylis peduncularis Ell.) 4 P. pauciflorus Benth. St. slender, retrorsely hirsute; Ifts. linear-oblong, not lobed, as long as the petiole, hirsute and reticulated on both surfaces ; stip. subulate ; ped. much longer than the Ivs. ; hds. few-flowered; leg. hirsute, 5 to 8-seeded. — Prairies, 111. (Mead). Also Ark. and La. St. 2 to 4f long, prostrate. Lfts. 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Pods 1 to 1J' long, straight and slender. Jl., Aug. (P. leiospermus T. & G.) 5 P. vulgaris L. St. twining ; Ifts. ovate-acuminate ; roc. solitary, shorter than the Ivs. ; pedicels in pairs ; cal. as short as its two bracts at base ; leg. pen- dulous, long-mucronate ; seed reniform, variously, often brightly colored. — (J) Native of E. Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens, not only for the mature fruit but for the young pods which constitute that favorite dish, string leans. St 3 to 8f long, twining against the sun. Fls. mostly white. Jl. 6 P. multifloms L. SCARLET POLE BEAN. St. twining; Ifts. ovate-acute; rac. solitary, as long as the Ivs. ; pedicels opposite ; cal. longer than the 2 ap- pressed bracts at base ; leg. pendulous ; seeds reniform. — (J) Native of S. America. St. G to lOf long, twining against the sun. Fls. scarlet, numerous, and very bril- liant. Fr. not so generally admired as the last. Jl. 7 P. lunatus L, LIMA BEAN. St. twining ; Ifts. ovate, deltoid, acute ; rac. shorter than the Ivs. ; ped. in pairs ; cal. longer than its 2 bracts at base ; leg. scimetar-shaped, or somewhat lunate; sds. large, much compressed, purplish- white. — Native of E. Indies. St. 6 to 8f long. Fls. small, whitish. Much valued and cultivated. Jl. 8 P. nanus L. BUSH BEAN. St. smooth, very branching, erect ; Ifts. broad- ovate, acute ; cal. shorter than its 2 bracts at base ; leg. pendulous, compressed, rugous. — CD Native of India. St. If high. Fls. white. Seeds white, small, but there are many varieties. Much cultivated. Jn. 49. ERYTHRPNA, L. (Gr. epvOpbc, red ; from the color of the ilowcr.) Calyx campanulate, tubular, truncate or lobed ; vexillum long, lanceolate, with no callosities ; wings and keel much smaller ; stamens straight, nearly as long as the vexillum ; style glabrous ; le- gume torulous. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often prickly. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Fls. racemed. 1 B. herbacea L. Glabrous; Ifts. rhombic-hastate, with 3 rounded, shallow lobes, petioles, with here and there a small hooked prickle ; rac. terminal ; cal. truncate ; leg. dehiscent. — In rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. A plant of splen- did hues, arising from a thick subterranean rhizome, 3 to 4f high. Sts. simple, purple. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, f as wide, the petiole twice as long. Fls. numerous, slender, the banner 2' long, deep scarlet, the keel and wings very small. Sds. scark't, the size of a small bean. Apr., Jn. 2 B. Crista-galli L. COCKS-COMB. St. arboreous, unarmed; Ifts. ovate or elliptical, coriaceous, the petiole and midvein armed with strong, hooked prickles; cal. short, campanulate, vex. strongly curved. — A handsome flowering shrub or tree, planted at the South. Rac. of many large scarlet flowers, terminal on tho branches. Apr., Jn. From Brazil. 50. AMPHICARP>£VA, Ell. PEA VINE. (Gr. dpfi, Lat. ambo, both, tfaprroc, fruit ; t. e., two kinds of fructification.) Calyx tubular, campanulate, with 4 or 5 nearly equal segments ; petals oblong ; vex- illum "with the sides appressed ; stigma capitate ; ovary on a sheathed fctipe ; legume flat, 2 to 4-seeded. — CD Slender, twining. Lvs. pinnately ORDER 46.— LEGUMINOSJE. 323 trifoliate. The upper fls. complete, but usually barren, the lower apet- alous and fruitful. 1 A. monoica Nutt. St. retrorsely pubescent ; Ifts. ovate, thin ; cauline rac. simple, pendulous ; cal. segra. very short, triangular-acuminate ; bracts minute. — A very slender vine in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. St. twining, rough backwards, 4 to 8f in length, Lfts. very thin, 1 to 3' long, f as wide, lateral ones oblique at base. Eac. axillary, few-flowered. Fls. pale purple. Cauline leg. smoothish, with 3 to 4 dark purple seeds. Radical leg. often subterraneous, with one large, compressed, brown seed. Jl., Sept. 2 A. Pftcheri Torr & Gr. St. villous, with ferruginous, spreading hairs ; Ifts. rhombic-ovate; rac. erect, often branched; cal. segm. lance-subulate, a third of tho length of the tube ; bracts broad, conspicuous. — Alluvion about N. Orleans and "W. La. (Hale). Lfts. rather thick, 2 to 3' by 1 J to 2', hirsute both sides. Els. a little smaller (6" long) ; fr. a little larger (16 to 18" long) than in No. 1. Sds. 3, compressed, purplish-black. 51. GALACTIA, L. (Gr. ydXa, milk ; some species have a milky juice.) Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly equal length, upper one broadest, entire ; pet. oblong ; vexillum broadest and incumbent ; keel petals slightly cohering at top ; legume many-seeded. —Herbs prostrate or twining, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. pinnately compound. Kac. axillary. Fls. cyanic. § Leaves pinnate, 7 to 9-foliate. Stems prostrate, twining ............................. Xo. 1 § Loaves pinnately 8-foliate. Stems prostrate, twining .............................. Nos. 2 — 1 § Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Stems erect or ascending ...... ....................... Nos. 5, 6 1 G. Elliottii Nutt. Lfts. 7 to 9, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end ; ped. longer than the Ivs., few-flowered at the top ; upper sep. (double) broad, ovate, subulate-mucronate. — Ga. (Feay and Pond). Sts. running or climb- ing many feet. Lfts. 1' or more long, minutely pubescent beneath. Pods vil- lous, 2' long, 4 to 6-seeded. Corolla white or rose color, 7" long. May — Jl. 2 G. glabella MX. St. nearly glabrous; Ifts. 3, elliptic-oblong, emarginate at each end, sub-coriaceous, shining above, a little hairy beneath ; rac. pedunculate, about the length of the Ivs., fls. pedicellate. — In arid soils, N. J. to Fla. Sts. 2 to 4f long. Lfts. 10 to 20" by 5 to 10", varying in form from elliptic through ob- long to ovate. Pis. rather large (7 to 8" long), reddish-purple, greenish exter- nally. Pods !£' long (immature), erect, falcate. Aug. — Sept. 3 G. mollis MX. St. softly pubescent; Ifts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above, softly villous and whitish beneath ; rac. longer than the Ivs., pedunculate, fascicu- late ; fls. on very short pedicels ; leg. villous. — Dry soils, Md. to Ga. St. several feet long. Lfts. about 1' long, 8'' wide. Pis. about half as large as in the last. Aug. — Sept. 4 G. pilosa Nutt. St. retrorsely hirsute; Ifts. 3, oval-oblong, retuse at apex, finely hirsute on both surfaces, paler beneath ; rac. twice or thrice longer than the Ivs., with scattered, distant fls. — N. Car. to Pla. and La. Sts. several feet in length. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, half as wide, petioles 1 to !>}' long. Pis. a fourth smaller than in No. 2, pale roseate, pedicellate. Pods villous. Jn. — Sept. 5 G. brachypoda Torr. & Gr. St. flexuous, somewhat erect ; Ifts. 3, oblong or linear-oblong, odd one petiolulate, petioles longer than the Ifts. or the few-flowered, stalked rac.— Pine barrens, TV. Pla. Sts. leaning, 2 or more f high. Lfts. 12 to 18" by 4 to 6". Fls. purplish, about half as large as in No. 2. 6 G. sessiliflora Torr. & Gr. St. flexuous, erect ; Ifts. oblong-linear or linear, odd one subsessile ; petioles longer than the Ifts. ; rac. very short, sessile. — Ala, and TV. Fla. Sts. two or more together, 1 to 2f high. Lfts. 12 to 20" by 3 to 7", obtuse or emarginate. Fascicles 3 to 6-flowered. Pis. purple. Pods erect, 6 to 8-seeded. 52. DOL'ICHOS, L. (Gr. doA^d?, long ; from the great length ot these vines.) Calyx 4-lobed, the upper lobe 2-toothed or entire, vexil- 324 ORDER 47.— ROSACE J3. him, v»-itli 2 or 4 callosities near the base of the limb ; stigma terminal, legume compressed, with few oval, compressed seeds. — Twining herbs Avith pinnately trifoliate Ivs. D. multifloms Torr. & Gr. Lfts. large, round-ovate, with a short acumination ; rac. about as long as the petioles, dense, many-flowered ; upper segm. of the caL entire, lower longest, lanceolate; leg. broad, 3 to 5-seeded. — River banks, Ga. to La. and Ark. Sts. very long, retrorsely pubescent. Lfts. 2 to 4' diam., smooth when old. Pods 2' long, 8" wide, with an abrupt, incurved beak. Sds. brown, much flattened. Jn., Jl. jl. HALEI. St. minutely pubescent; Ivs. glabrous; petioles 3 times longer than the few (5 to 8)-flowered rac. — Near N. Orleans (Hale.) D. sesquipedalis "W. a vine with very long pods, native of the W. Indies, and D. Cat-iang W., with two erect pods at top of the peduncle, native of E. Indies, are occasionally seen in. cultivation at the South (Feay). 53. CLITOVRIA, L. Calyx bibractcolatc, tubular, 5-toothed, seg- ments acuminate ; vexillum large, spreading, roundish, emarginate, not spurred ; keel smaller than the wings, acute, on long claws ; legume linear oblong, torulous, several -seeded. — 14 Mostly twining. Lvs. pin- nately 3 to 5-foliate. Fls. very large, solitary or several together. C. Mariana L. Glabrous ; st. suberect or twining, suffruticous ; Ifts. 3, oblong% ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones petiolulate ; ped. short, 1 to 3-flowered ; bracteoles and bracts very short ; leg. torulous, 3 to 4-seeded. — Dry soils, N. J. to Fla. St. 1 to 3f long, round, slender, branched. Lfts. rather remote, about 1' by G". Cor. pale purple, 2 to 2£' in length, calyx f , bracteoles 2". JL, Aug. 54. CENTROSE^MA, DC. (Gr. Ktvrpov, a spur, ori/m, a standard; the vexillum spurred.) Sepals lance-linear, slightly united, the lower longest, and with 2 broad bracteoles ; vex. very large, with a short spur on the back near the base ; keel and stamens much shorter, in- curved ; legume long, linear, margined and long pointed. — ^4 Twining. Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate. Fls. very large. Bracts, bractlcts, and calyx striated. C. Virginiana Benth. St. very slender; Ifts. oblong-ovate to oblong-linear, firm, very veiny, the veins incurved ; ped. 1 to 4-flowered bracteoles larger (not longer) than the cal. ; pod. veined along the margin. — Dry soils, S. States. Whole plant of firm texture, glabrous and very slender, several feet in length. Banner orbicular, If broad, violet blue. Pod 4 to 6' long, 2 to 3" wide. Jl., Aug. ORDER XLVII. ROSACES. ROSEWORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate, stipulate Ivs. and regular flowers. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often reenforced by as many bractlets. Petals 5, rarely 0, dis- tinct, inserted on the disk v.iiich lines the calyx tube. Stamens CO, rarely few, distinct, inserted with the petals (perigynous). Ovaries 1, 2, 5 or CO, distinct, or often cjherent with each other, or immersed in an excavated receptacle (§ 444). Fi~u.it a drupe, or achenia, or a dry or juicy eteerio (§ 565), or pome. Seeds 1 or few in each carpel, anatropous, exalbuminous ; embryo straight. (Illustr. in figs. 33, 41, 65, 66, 79, 91, 100, 106, 179, 166, 167, 159, 293, 307, 385, 289, 380, 381, 414, 439, 440, 441, 443, 452, 461. 462.) This order, as here constituted, includes five suborders, and together 87 ffenera and 1000 spe- cies. A large proportion of these are natives of temperate climates north of the equator. Properties.— A highly important order, whether we regard its delicious fruit, its inedfcinal products, or the beauty of its llowers. None of its species (excepting those of the almond tribe) are unwholesome. An astringent principle characterizes the family, residing chiefly in the bark nnd the roots. The roots of the blackberry have been used in medicine as an astringent ; those of the Gillenia, as an emetic; Agrimonia, as a vermifuge. The petals of Rosa damascena yield Uie well known fragrant oil called attar of rose. The almond, peach, «fcc., abound in prussie acid, ORDER 47.— ROSACES. 325 a deadly poison, residing chiefly in the kernels.— Of the Rosaccae, as ornamental flowering shruBfc, it is scarcely necessary to speak, neither of its many delicious fruits, as the Apple, Pear, Quince. Apricot, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry. SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA. § SB-BORDER I. SANGUISORBE^E. Carpels 1 (rarely 2—4). Petals 0. Herbs, (a) a Stamens 1 to 4, style lateral. Flowers scattered ALOIIEMILLA 1 a Stamens 4, style terminal. Flowers in dense spikes SANGUISOKBA 2 a Stamens 00, style terminal, stigma fringed, Fls. spicate POTEKIUM 3 § SUBORDER II. CHRYSOBALANE^E. Carpel 1, style lateral. Petals 5. Shrubs ClIRYSOBALANTTM. 4 § SUBORDER III. AMYGDALEJ3. Carpel 1, style terminal. Pet. 5. Trees, &c. (b) b Stone smooth, globular. Fruit smooth but not glaucous CERASUS. 5 b Stone smooth, flattened. Fruit glaucous with bloom, or downy PRUNUS 6 b Stone roughened with pits and furrows.— Fruit pulpy PERSICA 7 —Fruit dry AMYGDALUS 8 S SUBORDER IT. POMEJI Carpels 2 to 5, consolidated with the calyx. Fr. a pome, (c) C Ovary half-superior, 2-carpeled. Leaves very thick, lucid PHOTINIA. 9 C Ovary Inferior, — Petals bearded. Radicle retracted ERYOBOTRYA 10 — Petals smooth, — oblong-spatulate AMEL AN CIIIEB 11 —roundish.— Carpels 1-scedcd CRAT^GUS 12 —Carpels 2-secded P Y RDS 13 —Carpels co-seeded CYDONIA 14 § StrnoROER Y. ROSEJ3. Carpels 2 to 50, free, in an open or closed calyx. (*) * Tribe 1. ROSIDEJS. Carp. 1-secded achenia inclosed in the calyx tube, (d) * Tribe 2. FEAOARIDEJI. Carp, 1-seeded. Achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx, (e) * Tribe 3. SPIB.IBEM. Carpels several-seeded follicles in an open calyx, (f) d Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Fls. often double ROSA. 15 d Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, eehinate calyx AGRIMONIA. 16 e Styles persistent on the dry achenia. PetalsSorO DEYAS, IT e Styles persistent on the dry achenia. Petals 5 GEUXI. IS e Styles deciduous, — Calyx bractless. Fr. a heap of pulpy achenia Ruuus. 19 — Calyx bractless. Ach. dryish. Sepals unequal DALIBARDA, 20 — Calyx bractless or minutely bracteoled. Sep. equal. . WALDSTEINIA. 21 — Calyx bracteolatc, — Receptacle pulpy, globular, red.FuAGARiA. 22 — Recept spongy,glob.Fls. purple.CosiAuuM. 28 — Receptacle dry. — Stamens CO . . POTENTILLA. 24 — Stamens 5.. .SIBBALDIA. 25 f Follicles 2 to 10-seeded, Petals obovate, cyanic SPIR^A. 26 f Follicles 2 to4-seeded. Petals lance-linear, cyanic GILLENIA. 27 f Follicles 1-seeded. Petals multiplied, orange-yellow. KERIUA. 23 1. ALCHEMIL'LA, L. LADIES' MANTLE. (The plant is called in Arabic dlkemelyeh.} Calyx 4-toothed, with 4 external bracteoles; pe- tals 0; stamens 1 to 4, carpels (1 to 4) mostly solitary, with the stylo lateral, stigma capitate; seed suspended. — Herbs with palmate-lobed or incised Ivs. and small green fls. 1 A. arveusis Scop. PARSLEY PIERT. Lvs. incisely 3-lobed or parted, the seg- ments 2 or 3-cleft, pubescent, cuneate at base ; fls. axillary, clustered. — ® Waste grounds, E. Va, A worthless weed, so small as to be easily overlooked, 2 A. alpirms L. Lvs. radical, silky beneath, digitately 5 to 7-foliate, segm, ol> lanceolate, cuneiform at base, incisely serrate at apex; fls. corymbous. — "On the peaks of high mts., Vt. and N. H." (Pursh). But the plant has never been re- discovered there. It is an elegant plant, sometimes cultivated. Common in Eur. 2. SANGUISOR'BA, L. BURNET. SAXIFRAGE. (Lat, sanguis, sor- bere, to absorb blood ; the plant is esteemed a vulnerary.) Calyx tube 4-sided, 2 or 3-bracted at base; limb 4-parted ; petals 0 ; stamens 4, opposite the calyx segments; filaments dilated upward ; style 1, filiform; achenium dry, included in the calyx. — Herbs with unequally pinnate Ivs. Fls. in dense spikes. 326 ORDER 47.— ROSACE^E. S. Canadensis L. Glabrous ; Ifts. oblong, cordate, obtuse, serrate ; spikes cylin- dric, very long: stam. much longer than the cal. — 1£ In we,t meadows, Brit. Am. to Ga. along the mts., arid cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, smooth, striato, sparingly branched. Stip. leafy, serrate. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, ^ to \ as wide, petio- late, mostly stipellate. Spikes 3 to 6' long, terminating tho long, naked branches. Bracteoles 3. Calyx greenish- white, resembling a corolla. Aug. 3. POTE'RIUM, L. BURNET. (Literally [in Lat.] a drinking vessel, and liencc a beverage.) Flowers 8 . Calyx tube contracted at the mouth, 3-bracteolate, limb 4-parted, petals 0 ; stamens 20 to 30 ; ovaries 2 ; stigrna peiiicillate ; achenia dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with unequally pinnate Ivs. Fls. spicate. P. Sanguisorba L. Herbaceous ; st. unarmed, angular, and with the Ivs., smooth ; Ifts. 7 to 11, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate; spikes or heads subglobous, tho lower fls. staminate. — 1£ Occasionally cultivated as a salad, but is now less valued in medicine than formerly. It is said by Hooker to bo native about Lake Huron. 4. CHRYSOBALA^NUS, L. COCOA PLUM. (Gr. xpvab^ gold, (3dla- i>o£, acorn ; in reference to the yellow fruit.) Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens about 20, in a single series, ovary solitary, sessile, the style aris- ing from the base ; ovules 2, collateral ; drupe 1 -seeded, with thin pulp. — Shrubs unarmed, with entire, veiny Ivs., minute stipules, and terminal panicles. C. oblongifolius MX. Lvs. oblong, varying to oblanceolate, subsessile, pedicels and calyx tomentous-hoary ; filaments and ovary glabrous ; petals sessile ; nucleus of the fruit not grooved. — Pine barrens, Ga., Ala. and Fla. A shrub with a slen- der, prostrate stem or woody rhizome, sending up short branches (8 to 12'), with smooth, coriaceous, subentire Ivs., very glossy above, and very strongly veined, acute or obtuse. Fls. quite small, white. Fruit oblong, as largo as a plum. May, Jn. 5. CER'ASUS, Juss. CHERRY. (Prunus L.) (Name from Ccrasus, a town in Pontus, whence originated the garden cherry.) Calyx 5- cleft, regular, deciduous; petals much spreading; stamens 15 — 20; ovary 2-ovuled ; drupe globous, succulent, very smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom ; stone subglobous, smooth, with no border. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. conduplicate (folded) in vernation. § Leaves evergreen. Racemes axillary, bractlcss ................................... No. 1 § Leaves deciduous. — Racemes leafy at base ...................................... Nos. 2, 3 — Umbels lateral, leafless, — Native ............................ Nos. 4, 5 —Exotic ............................ Nos. 6, 1 1 C. Caroliniana MX. CHERRY LAUREL. Lvs. oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, on short petioles, entire, coriaceous; fls. small, in numerous, dense racemes shorter than tho Ivs. ; drupes persistent. — Along rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La., and much cultivated. A small, beautiful evergreen tree, 30 to 50f high. Lvs. about 2£' by 1', glabrous, shining above. Drupes black, juiceless, 4" long. They are considered poisonous as well as tho leaves. In gardens this tree is trimmed into the semblance of walls, domes, arbors, and all manner of fantastic forms. 2 C. serotina DC. BLACK or WILD CHERRY. Lvs. firm, oval-oblong or ellip- tic, acuminate, smooth, shining above, unequally glandular-serrate; petioles with 2 to 4 glands ; rac. spreading, elongated. — A largo forest tree throughout the U. S. Trunk 50 to 80f high, of uniform size and undivided to tho height of 20 to 30fJ 2 to 4f diam. Bark black and rough. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, $ as wide. IK May and June it puts forth numerous cylindric clusters of white fls. Fruit nearly black when mature, bitterish, yet pleasant to the taste, and is greedily devoured by birds. The wood, extensively used in cabinet work, is compact, fine-grained, and receives a high polish. The bark is tonic, with a strong, bitter taste. 3 C. Virginiana DC. CHOKE CHERRY. Lvs. smooth, oval or obovate, short- pointed, thin, not shining, with sharp, subulate serratures, veins bearded on each ORDER 47. — R03ACEJS. 327 side toward the base; petiole with 2 glands; rac. lax, short, spreading; petals orbicular. — A small tree or shrub, 5 to 20f high, in woods and hedges. Bark grayish. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, with a short, abrupt acumination. Fls. appearing iu May. Fruit (cherries) abundant, of a dark-red color, very astringent to the taste, yet on the whole agreeable. 4 C. pumila MX. SAND CHERRY. Lvs. oblanceolate or obovate, acute, subserrate; smooth, paler beneath; umbels few-flowered, sessile, drupe ovoid. A small trail- ing shrub, in gravelly soils. Can. and U. S. Branches ascending, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, £ as wide, very acute at each end. Fls. white, 3, 4 or 5 in each umbel, the pedicels smooth, 1' in length. Fruit small, dark red, acid but agreeable to the taste. May. (Prunus depressa Ph.) 5 C. Pennsylvaiiica Ait WILD RED CHERRY. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, membranous, smooth; umbels corymbous, with elongated pedicels; drupe small, ovoid-subglobous. — A small tree, common in woods and thickets in the Northern States. The trunk rarely exceeds 25f in height, with a diam. of 6 to 8'. Bark smooth, reddish brown. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, £ as wide, the fine teeth mostly glandular, apex tapering to a long acumination. Fls. white, on long (2£') slender pedicels collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit red, very acid. — This tree is of rapid growth, and quickly succeeds a forest clearing, if neglected. May. (Prunus borealis Ph.) 6 C. Avvium Mcench. DUKE CHERRY. OX-HEART. ENGLISH CHERRY. BIGAEEAU, &c. Branches erect or ascending ; Ivs. oblong-obovate, acuminate, hairy beneath; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels; drupe ovoid globous, subcor- date at base. — Cultivated in gardens, fields, &c., common. Trunk 20 to 50f in height, with an oblong or pyramidal head. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, \ as wide, on peti- oles 1 to 2' long, often with 2 glands. Fls. expanding with the leaves, white. Drupes various shades of red, firm but juicy. May. — About 75 varieties are pub- lished ia American catalogues. J 7 C. vulgaris Mill. SOUR CHERRY. LARGE RED. MORELLO, &c. Branches spreading; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; um- bels subsessile, with short pedicels ; drupes globous. — A smaller tree than the pre- ceding, much cultivated. Trupk 15 to 20f high, with a roundish, compact head. Branches slender. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, § as wide, unequally serrate, on petioles J- as long, with 2 glands, Fls. white, expanding sooner than the leaves. 2 or 3 from each bud, on pedicels f ' long. Fr. large, various shades of red, acid or subacid. Apr. — More than 50 varieties are enumerated. J (Prunus Cerasus L.) 6. PRITNUS, Tourn. PLUM, APRICOT. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, de- ciduous; petals much spreading; stamens 15 to 30 ; ovary 2-ovulcd ; drupe ovate, fleshy, generally clothed with a glaucous bloom or with a soft pubescence ; nucleus compressed, smooth. — Small trees or shrubs. Lvs, convolute in vernation. Fls. white, in simple umbels from lateral buds, mostly preceding the Ivs. § Drupe downy; stone furrowed at ecljes. Lvs. acuminate Nos. S, 9 § Drupe glabrous — umbels 1 or 9-fiowered. Lvs. acute Nos. 5 — 7 — umbels 2 to 5-flovvered. — Lvs. rather acute Nos. 2 — 4 — Lvs. acuminate No- 1 1 P. Americana Marsh. RED PLUM. YELLOW PLUM. Somewhat thorny; Ivs. oblong-oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate ; drupes roundish oval, reddish orange, with a thick, coriaceous skin, — Hedges and low woods, U. S. and Can., often cultivated for its sweet and pleasant^ fruit, which is about the size of the Damson. Shrub 10 to 15f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, § as wide, petioles £ to £' long, mostly with 2 glands at the summit Fls. pre- ceding the Ivs., 3 to 4 in each of the numerous umbels, white. Drupes nearly destitute of bloom, ripe in Aug. Flowers in May. \ (Cerasus nigra Loisel.) 2 P. maritima Wang. BEACH PLUM. Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands; umbels few-flowered; pedicels short, pu- bescent; ft. nearly round.— A small shrub abundant on the sea-beach, particu- larly on Plum Island, at the mouth of Merrimac River. Yery branching. Lvs. 1 to a' long, downy-canescent beneath when young, becoming at length nearly 328 ORDER 47.— ROSACES. smooth. Fls. white, 2 to 5 in each of the numerous umbels. Fr. globular, eat- able, red or purple, little inferior in size to the common garden plum. Ripo in Aug., Sept. Fl. in May. (P. littoralis Bw.) 3 P. umbellata Ell. Lvs. lanceolate or lance-oval, acute or barely r.cuminat3r obscurely serrulate ; petioles glandless ; umbels 8 to ^-flowered ; fr. oval, small, glau- cous, red. — Dry soils, in copses, etc., Savannah (Feay, Pond) to Bainbridge, Ga. and Fla. A small, bushy tree, scarcely thorny. The flowers bloom and decay before the Ivs. appear. Lvs. small (about 18" by 9"), downy all over or often glabrous, with 1 or 2 glands, if any, on the margin near tho base. Drupes pleas- antly acid and much used, ripe in Jl. and Aug. Fl. in Mar. 4 P. Chicasa MX. CHICKASAW PLUM. Branches spinous; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- lato or oblanccolato, glandular serrulate, with the glands pellucid, not at all acumi- nate, nearly smooth ; umbels 2 to ^-flowered, pedicels short, smooth ; drupo globous. — A fine fruit shrub, nativo of Ark., &c., often cultivated. Height 8 to 12f, with a bushy head. Lvs. 1 to 2', petioles about ^, long. Fls. small, white, expanding with the Ivs., in Apr. Fr. red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in Jl. There are several varieties. \ (Cerasus, DC.) 5 P. spiiiosa L. BLACK THORN. SLOE. Branches thorny ; fls. solitary ; cal. cam- panulate, lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; Ivs. pubescent beneath, obovate- eliiptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate ; drupe globous. — Hedgo rows and cultivated grounds, Penn. (Pursh.) A thorny shrub 12 to ISfhigb, native of Europe. § — Some botanists regard the next two numbers as varieties of this, altered by cultivation. 6 P. insititia L. WILD BTJLLACE. PLUM. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering to the petiole, acute, serrate, pubsscent-villous beneath ; branches some- what spiny; fls. generally in pairs ; cal. segm. entire, obtuse; pet. obovate; fr. globular. — Tree 15 to 20f high, sparingly naturalized. Lvs. 1 to IV long, with short petioles. Petals white. Fr. black, covered with a yellowish bloom. §. 7 P. domtstica L. COMMON G-ARDEN PLUM. DAMSON PLUM. Branches unarmed; Ivs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary ; drupo globous, oval, ovoid and obovoid. — This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15f in height. Lvs. quite variable in form, 1 to 3' long, § as wide, sometimes obtuse, on petioles about 1' in length. Fls. •white, generally but one from a bud, expanding while the Ivs. are but half grown, in Apr. and May. Fr. black, varying through many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. About 150 varieties are pub- lished in the catalogues of American gardeners. \. 8 P. Armeniaca Willd. APRICOT. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, sub- cordate at base, denticulate; stip. palmate ; fls. sessile, subsolitary, preceding tho Ivs. ; drupe somewhat compressed, subglobous, large. — Occasionally cultivated in gardens, &c. Tree 10 — 15f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, $• as wide, smooth, petioles nearly 2' long, with several glands. Fls. white. Apr. Fr. purplish-yellow, &c.f 1 to 2' diam. ; ripe Jl. Aug. There are about 20 varieties. \ 9 P. dasycarpa Ehrh. BLACK APRICOT. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; petioles with 1 or 2 glands ; fls. pedicellate ; drupe subglobous. — This species is from Siberia. — The tree or shrub is about the size of the last, hardy and thrifty. Lvs. smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2 to 3' long, § as wide, on petioles near ]' long. ?Js. white, preceding tho lvs.T distinctly pedicel- late. Fr. dark purple when mature, in July. Fls. Apr. \ Neither species is yet common. 7. PER'SICA, Tourn. PEACH. NECTARINE. (Named from Persia, its native country.) Calyx 5-clcft, tulmlai'-campanulate, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe fleshy, tomenlous or smooth \ nucleus somewhat com- pressed, ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the surface. — Small trees. Lvs. conduplicate in vernation. P. vulgaris Mill. PEACH. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with all tho serraturea acute; fls. solitary, subsessile, preceding the Ivs.; drupe tomentous. — Tree or shrub, 8 to 16f high, Lvs. 3 to 5' long, ^ as wide, smooth, petioles short, with OBDEB 47.— ROSACES. 329 1 or 2 glands. Fls. rose-color, with the odor of prussic acid. Fr. large, 1 to 2i' diam., yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentous. — About 200 varieties of this delicious fruit are named and described in the catalogues of American nurserymen. The double-flowered peach is a highly ornamental variety, blos- soming in Apr. and May, but fruitless. 3. LJivis. NECTARINE. Drupe glabrous. — Closely resembles tho peach in form, foliage, and fls. 'The fr. is 1 to 3' diam., smooth, yellow, purple, red, Ac. Of its numerous (about 25) subvarieties about a fourth are ding-stones — flesh adhering to the stone, and the remainder free-stones or clear-stones flesh free or separating from tho stone. J 8. AMYG'DALUS, Willcl. ALMOND. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, deciduous ; petals 5 : drupes not fleshy, compressed : nucleus perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, ob- tuse.— Trees or shrubs. Lvs. conduplicate in vernation. 1 A. communis TVilld. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with tho lower serraturea glandular; fls. sessile, in pairs, appearing before the Ivs. — From Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in this country for the fruit, which wo receive mostly from S. Europe. A double-flowered variety is highly ornamental in shrubberies, f 2 A. liana Ait. DWARF SINGLE-FLOWERING ALMOND. Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base, simply and finely serrate; fls. subsessile, appearing before the Ivs. — A very ornamental shrub from Russia* Height about 3^ branching. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, £ as wide, smooth, acuminate at each end. Fls. numerous. Petals oblong, obtuse, roseate, often double. May, Jn. f 3 A. pumila Ait. DWARF DOUBLE-FLOWERING ALMOND. Lvs. lanceolate, doubly serrate; Jls. pedicellate. — Native of China. A low shrub, highly orna- mental, common in cultivation. Sts. 2 to 3f high, branching. Lvs. 3 to 5' by \ to 1', acute at each end, smooth. Fls. very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in their roseate hue, while the Ivs. are yet small. May, Jn. f 9. PHOTIN'IA, Lindl. (Gr. 0o>r, $G)Tog, light; on account of its brilliant leaves.) Calyx 5-toothed ; petals reflexed ; ovary villous, 2- carpeled, half-superior styles glabrous ; fruit included in the fleshy calyx; testa cartilaginous. — Elegant shrubs or trees, with coriaceous, persistent Ivs. Panicles terminal. 1 P. arbutifolia Lindl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, distinctly serrate; pedicels shorter than the cal — California. Height 10 to 20f. Lvs. dark, shining green, very rigid, revolute at edge. Fls. small, numerous, white. 2 P. sermlata Lindl. Lvs. oblong, acute, serrulate ; pedicels longer than calyx. — China. Lvs. very smooth and shining. Fls. small, white. Both are hardy at the South. 10. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl. LOQUAT. (Gr. Zpiov, wool, ftorpv^ a cluster of grapes ; alluding to its villous flowers.) Calyx woolly, of 5 obtuse teeth ; petals bearded ; stamens erect, as long as the sepals ; styles 5, filiform, included, hairy ; pome 3 to 5-celled, closed ; chalaza none ; radicle retracted within the cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with persistent Ivs. E. Japonica Lindl. Lvs. lanceolate, wavy, and serrate; fls. in terminal, woolly racemes, with very short pedicels ; fr. oval or roundish. — Cultivated and hardy at the South. Fls. small (3" diam.), white. Fr. about the size of tho gooseberry, bright yellow, and agreeable in taste, ripe early, f Japan. 11. AMELAN'CHIER, Medic. SHAD-FLOWER. WILD SERVICE. (Fr. Amelancier, the popular name of A. vulgaris.) Calyx 5-cleft, petals 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate ; stamens short ; styles 5, somewhat united at base ; pome 3 to 5-celled, cells partially divided, 2-seeded. — Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple, serrate. Fls. racemous, white. A. Canadensis Torr. & Gr. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate often cordate at base, 330 ORDER 47.— ROSACE^E. acuminate or cuspidate or mucronate, sharply serrate, smooth ; rac. loose, elon- gated ; segm. of the caL triangular-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ; petals linear-obloug or oblanceolate ; fr. purplish, globous. — A small tree or j-hiub, found in woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., rarely exceeding 35f in height. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, downy-tomentous when young, at length very smooth on both sides, very acute and finely serrate. Fls. large, white, in terminal racemes, ap- pearing in early spring, rendering the treo quite conspicuous in the yet naked forest. Fruit pleasant to the taste, ripening in Juno. (Pyrus Botryapium L. f.) /2. OBLOXGIFOLIA T. &. G. Shrubby; Ivs. oblong-oval, mucronate, and with small, sharp serratures; rac. and flowers smaller; pet. oblong-obovate, thrice longer than the calyx. (A. ovalis Hook.) y. KOTUNDIFOLIA T. &. Gr. Lvs. broad-oval ; petals linear-oblong. Shrub 10 to 20f high. (Pyrus ovalis "Willd.) 6. ALNIFOLIA T. & G-. Shrubby or arborescent ; Ivs. orbicular-oval, rounded or retuso at each end, serrate only near the apex ; pet. linear-oblong ; stain, very short. (Aronia alnifolia Xutt.) e. OLIGOC^RPA T. & G. Shrubby ; Ivs. mostly glabrous from the first, elliptic- oblong, cuspidate ; rac. 2 to 4-flowered, pet. obovate-oblong. — Mountain swamps, N. H., N. Y. and northward. 12. CRAT5TGUS, L. THORN. HAWTHORN-. (Gr. Kpdro^ strength ; on account of the firmness of the wood.) Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5; stamens oo; ovaries 1 to 5, with as many styles; pome fleshy, containing 1 to 5 bony, 1-seeded carpels, and crowned at the summit by the persistent calyx and disk. — Trees or shrubs, armed with thorns. Lvs. simple, often lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous, mostly glandular. Fls. corymbous. § Corymbs 6 to 30-flawered, appearing with the leaves, (a) a Villous or pubescent. Lvs. plicate or silicate along the veins Wos. 1, 2 a Pubescent, Lvs. plain, not at all plicate, cleft or not Nos. 3, 4 a Glabrous throughout. — Lvs. abrupt at base, lobed, petioled Nos. 5— T — Lvs. attenuate at base, seldom lobed Nos. 8, 9 § Corymbs 1 to 6-flowered, — appearing before the downy leaves • Is'o. 10 — appearing with the leaves,— pubescent No. 11 — glabrous .Nos. 12,13 1 C. tomentosa L. BLACK THORN*. Lvs. broad-ovate or ovalt abrupt at lose, tho margin doubly and sharply serrate or cut into many small lobes, villous or pubescent when young as well as tho petioles and compound corymbs of large fls., veins prominent beneath, sulcate above; fruit rather largo (8 to 9" diam.) oval or globular, 5-carpeled, 2 to 5-seeded, crimson, tinged yellowish. — Can. to Ky. and Car. Mts. A large shrub or tree 15 to 25f high. Lvs. half grown with the hand- some white fls., finally 2 to 3' by 1 to 2'. Fl. Apr., May. Fr. Jl. Aug. /?. PLICATA. Lvs. smaller, nearly glabrous and strongly plicate. Vt. (T. & G.), K H. and N. Y. y. PYRIFOLIA Ait. Lvs. ovate-elliptic or oval, acute at "base, and with the slender petioles and corymbs thinly pubescent, plicate, sharply toothed and slightly cut-lobed. Styles mostly 3. — Mich, to Iowa. 6. FLABELLATA Bosc. Lvs. roundish-cuneiform cr somewhat fanshapcd, glabrous, dentate and cut-lobed above ; corymbs and bracts pubescent, glan- dular.— 111., Iowa, c. MOLLIS Gray. Lvs. large, softly villous, subcordate, with the margin quite conspicuously, many (9 to 13)-lobed; corymbs cancscently villous; fruit downy when young. — Ohio to Iowa. 2 C. punctata Jacq. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire at base, and narrowed to a short, winged petiole, veins straight and prominent, pubescent beneath ; corymbs and cal. villous-pubescent ; sty. 3 (1 or 2) ; fr. globous, punctate. — Borders of woods, U. S. and Can. Tree 12 to 26f high. Branches wide-spreading, crooked, covered with cinerous bark. Thorns stout, sharp, 1 to 2' long, sometimes wanting. Lvs. 1£ to 2£' long, $ as wide, acute or short acuminate ; petioles \ to 1' long. Fls. white, in somewhat leafy, compound corymbs of 8 to 15. Fr. 5 to 8 ' diam., red or yellowish, eatable in Sept. Fls. Apr. — Jn. ORDER 47.— ROSACES. 331 3 C. arborescens Ell. Unarmed; Ivs. lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply serrate, glabrous above, pubescent in the axles of the veins beneath ; cal. hairy, S3gm. subulate, obtuse, entire ; sty. 5. — Fort Argyle, on the Ogeechee R. (Elliott). A tree 20 to 30f high, with spreading branches. Petioles short, with shorter, linear-lanceolate caducous stipules. Segm. of the cal. reflected. Fr. small, red, 3" diam. Mar., Apr. 4 C. apiifdlia MX. Pubescent, thorny ; Ivs. deltoid, truncate at base, deeply 5 to 7- cut-lobed, lobes iucisely toothed at end, petiole slender, often longer than the blade; sep. lanceolate ; sty. 2 or 3 ; fr. small, red. — In woods, Va. to Fla. and La. A handsome shrub, 8 to 12f high, with rather short, stout thorns, and largo, white or roseate fls. Lvs. small, broader (10 to 18'') than long, fascicled, numerous. Corymbs 10 to 12 -flowered. Fr. oval, about 3" long. Mar., Apr. 5 C. Oxycantha L. HAWTHORN-. ENGLISH THORN. Lvs. obovate, obtuse, 3 to 5-lobed, serrate, smoothish, shining above, wedge-shaped at base ; corymbs glabrous; sty. 1 to 3; fr. ovoid, small. — Hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized. Shrub very branching, 8 to 18f high. Thorns slender, very sharp, axillary. Lvs. 1-J to 2' long, nearly as wide, deeply lobed ; petioles £ to 1' long. Fls. white, varying to roseate. Fr. 2 to 3" diam., usually 1 -seeded, purple. Used for hedges (extensively in Europe). There are several varieties. § f 6 C. coccinea L. "WHITE THORN. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate, 7 to 9- lobed (lobes shallow), thin and smooth, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slender, and (with the calyx) smooth and subglandular ; sty. 3 to 5. — A thorny shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high, in thickets by streams, £'A, L. (Gr. 4 to 6- toothed, with as many intermediate, minute processes ; petals 4 to C, equal ; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted in the calyx; style filiform ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — Mostly ^,-with entire Ivs, § Stamens as many as the petals. Fls. axillary, solitary Nos. 1 — 3 § Stamens twice as many as the petals. Fls. spicate or raceincd Nos. 4, 5 1 L. hyasopifolia L. GRASS-POLY. Glabrous, erect, branching ; Ivs. alternate or opposite, linear or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; fls. solitary, axillary, subsessilo; pet. and stam. 5 or 6. — A slender, weed-like plant, found in low grounds, dry beds of ponds, &c., Mass, and K Y., near the coast, rare. Plant 6 to 10' high, with spreading, square branches. Lvs. sessile, acute at base, pale green, each with a single small flower, sessile in its axil. Petals pale purple. Calyx ob- scurely striate, with short lobes. Jl. 2 L. alatum Ph. Glabrous, erect, branched; st. winged beloio; Ivs. lance-ovate, acute, sessile, broadest at base, alternate and opposite ; fls. axillary, solitary. — Damp grounds S. and W. States, common. St. 1 to 2f high, striate, the wings narrow. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, £ as wide. Calyx tube 12-striate, 12-toothed, alter- nate teeth cornute. Corolla purple, wavy, 6-petaled. Stam. 6, included. Jn., JL 3 L. lineare L. St. slender, somewhat 4-angled, branched above ; Ivs. linear, mostly opposite and obtuse ; fls. nearly sessile ; petals and stamens 6. — Swamps near the coast, 1ST. J. to Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, the angles sometimes slightly •winged. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 2 to 4", rather fleshy. Fls. small, nearly white. 4 L. Salicaria L. More or less pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate at base ; fls. nearly sessile, in a long, somewhat verticeliate, interrupted spike ; petals 6 or 7 ; stam. twice as many as pet. — An ornamental plant, native in wet meadows, Can. and K Eng., rare. St. 2 to 5f high, branching. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, £ as wide, gradually acuminate, entire, on a short petiole, opposite or in verticels of 3, upper ones reduced to sessile bracts. Fls. large, numerous and showy ; petals purple. Jl, Aug. f 5 L. virgatum L. St. erect, branched, virgate ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute each end, floral ones small; fls. about 3 in each axil of the virgate raceme; Etam. 12. — A fine species for the garden, native of Austria. St. 3 to 4f high. Fls. purple. Jn.— Sept. f 4. WES£VA, Juss. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect teeth, and 5 elongated, spreading, hornlike processes ; stamens 10, alter- nate ones very long ; style filiform ; capsule globous, included, many- seeded. — U Lvs. opposite or verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, purple. N. verticillata Kunth. Swamps, throughout the U. S. and Can. St. woody at base, often prostrate, and rooting at the summit, 3 to 8f in length, or erect, and 2 to 3f high, 4 to 6-angled. Lvs. opposite, or in whorls of 3, lanceolate, on short petioles, acute at base, 3 to 5' long, gradually acuminate and acute at apex. Fls. in axillary, subsessile umbels of 3 or more, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 or 6, large, and of a fine purple. JL, Aug. (Decodon verticillatum Ell.) a. PUBESCENS. St. and Ivs. beneath pubescent. — E. Island (rare) to La. /?. L^IVIGATUM. Glabrous and bright green.— More common. N. Eng. to 111. 5. AMMAN'NlA, L. (To John Amman, of Siberia, professor of bot- any at St. Petersburg.) Calyx campanulate, 4 to 5-toothed or lobed, generally with as many horn-like processes, alternating with the lobes ; petals 4 or 5 ; stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes ; 350 ORDER 52.— ONAGRACE^E. capsule globular, 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — (T) In wet places. Sts. square and Ivs. opposite, entire. Fls. axillary. 1 A. humilis MX. St. branched from the lose, ascending ; Ivs. linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at base into a short petiole ; fls. solitary, closely sessile, all the parts in 4s ; sty. very short. — An obscure and humble plant in wet places, Conn, to Ga., W. to Oreg. Sts. square, procumbent at base, 6 to 10' high. Fls. minute, with 4 purplish, caducous petals. — A variety has the leaves somewhat dilated at base, approaching the next species. Aug., Sept. (Ammannia ramo- eior L.) 2 A. latifolia L. St. erect, branching ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and au- riculated at the sessile base ; fls. crowded, and apparently verticillate, upper subsol- itary and pedunculate ; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned ; sep., pet, stam. and cells of cap- sule 4.— Wet prairies, W. States to La, St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 5". Pis. purple. Jl. — Sept. (A. ramosior L.) 6. HYPOBRICH'IA, Curtis. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth ; petals 6 ; stamens 2 to 4 ; ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed, subsessile ; capsule globous, bursting irregularly, many-seeded. — A. submersed, aquatic herb. Lvs. opposite, crowded, linear. Fls. axillary, sessile, minute. (Didiplis Raf.) H. Nuttallii Curt. A little inhabitant of ponds and sluggish streams, 111. (Mead, Buckley) to N. Car. and La. Its habit is similar to a Callitriche. St. mostly sub- mersed, 10 to 2©' long. Lvs. 10 to 15" by 1 to 2", very numerous. Jn. — Aug. (Peplis diandra Nutt.) OKDER LIT. ONAGRACE^E. ONAGRADS. Herbs rarely shrubs, with the flowers 4 (sometimes 2 or 3)-merous, with the calyx tube adhering to the 2 to 4-celled ovary, and teeth valvate in the bud ; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes obsolete as well as the calyx teeth. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx teeth ; ovary 1 to 2 to 4-celled, styles united, and stigmas capitate or 4-lobed; fruit capsular or baccate, 2 to 4-celled, seeds with little or no albumen. Illust. in Figs. 116, 311, 403, 417. Two Suborders are comprehended under this Order, viz : — the Onagracese proper or Epilobieae, nncl Halorageae. The latter are aquatic herbs of low grade, — reduced Epilobes, the flowers being imperfect or reduced to solitary organs. Both together contain 38 genera&ml 520 species, par- ticularly abundant throughout America, more rare in the Old World. They possess no remarkable properties. Many of them are ornamental, as the genus Fuchsia, Clarkia, etc. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. EPILOBIEJ3. Flowers perfect and complete (sometimes apetalous in Ludwigia) 2-parted or 4-parted. Pollen connected by cobwebs. (*) II. IIALOBAGEJ3. Flowers incomplete and often imperfect, small and greenish, 1, 3, and 4-parted. Plants aquatic, often submersed, (c) * Stamens 8 (or twice as many as the petals), (a) * Stamens 4 or 2, — as many as the petals or sepals, (b) a Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. — Seeds comous..EpTLOBiUM. 1 — Seeds glabrous.. JUSSKEA. 2 a Calyx tube prolonged, the free summit — slender. Seeds GO.. .(ENOTHEUA. 3 • — slender. Seeds 1 to 4.GAURA. 4 — short. Petals clawed. CLARKIA. 5 — long and enlarged FUCHSIA.' 6 b Flowers 4-parted, perfect, sometimes apetalous. . LUDWIGIA. 7 b Flowers 2-parted, perfect and complete CIUC-EA. 8 C Flowers 3-parted, perfect, apetalous. PROSEBPINACA. 9 C Flowers 4-parted, msncecious, petals 4 or 0. Submersed..*. . .MYKIOPHYLLUM. 10 C Flowers 1-parted, perfect, apetalous HIPPURIS. 11 1. EPILO'BIUM, L. WILLOW HERB. ROSE BAY. (Gr. fai, upon, s , a pod, lov, a violet ; i. e., a violet growing upon a pod.) Calyx ORDER 52.— ONAGRACE^E. 351 tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb deeply 4-cleft, deciduous; petals 4 ; stamens 8, anthers fixed near the middle ; stigma often with 4 spreading lobes ; ovary and capsule linear, 4 -cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved; seeds oo, comous, with a tuft of long silky hairs. — H Fls. violet purple or white. § Leaves alternate. Fls. showy, expandins. Stamens and sty. declined.. No 1 § Leaves opposite. Fls. small, not expanding.— Petals entire Nos. 2, 3 — Petals notched Nos 4—6 1 E. angustifolium L. St. simple, erect ; Ivs. scattered, lanceolate, subentire with a marginal vein ; rac. long, terminal, spicate; petals unguiculate; stam. and sty. declined ; stig. with 4 linear, revolute lobes. — In newly cleared lands, low waste grounds, Penn. to Arc. Am. St. 4 to Gf high, often branched above, 'iva sessile, smooth, 2 to 5' long, £ as wide, acuminate, with pellucid veins. Fls. nu- merous and showy, all the parts colored ; petals deep lilac-purple ; ova. and sep. (5 to 6' long) pale glaucous purple. Jl., Aug. /?. CAN^SCENS. Fls. of a pure white in all their parts; ovaries silvery canes- cent. Danville, Vt. (Miss Towle.) 2 E. alpinum L. St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flow- ered ; Ivs. glabrous, opposite, oblong-ovate, subentire, obtuse, sessile cr sub- petiolate, smooth; stig. undivided; caps, mostly pedicellate. — Mountains, N. States to Arc. Am. St. G to 12' high. Lvs. often slightly petiolate and denti- culate, lower obtuse, middle acute, and upper acuminate. Fls. smaller than in K molle, reddish white. /?. NUTANS Hornem. St. large, nodding at the summit; Ivs. oblong, denticulate. 3 E. palustre L. Minutely tomentous ; st. terete, branching ; Ivs. stssile, lance- olate, subdenticulate, smooth, attenuate at base, rather acute, lower ones oppo- site; petals small, erect (acute?), twice longer than the calyx; sty. included ; stig. clavate ; caps, pubescent. — In swamps and marshes, Penn. to Arc. Am. "VV. to Oreg. Sts.. 1 to 2f high, very branching. Lvs. mostly alternate, 1 to 3' long, 2 to 6" wide, entire, or with a few minute teeth. Fls. numerous, rose color. Caps. 2 or 3' long, on short pedicels. Aug. £. ALBIFLORUM Lehm. St. slender, at first simple, branched at top ; Ivs. linear, entire, margin revolute; caps, cauescent. — In mud about ponds, N. H. and Can. St. 2 to 3f high. (E. lineare Muhl.) 4 E. molle Torr. Plant velvety-pubescent; st. terete, straight, erect, branching above ; Ivs. opposite (alternate above), crowded, sessile, mostly entire, oblong- linear, obtusish; petals deeply emarginate, twice longer than the calyx; stig. large, turbinate ; caps, elongated, subsessile. — (D Swamps, Mass, to N. J., rare. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. numerous, 8 to 15" by 1 to 4 '. Fls. rose color. Caps. 3' long. Sept. 5 E. coloratura Muhl. St. subterete, puberulent, erect, very branching; h's. mostly opposite, lanceolate, dent-serrulate, acute, subpetiolate, smooth, often with reddish veins ; pet. small, 2-cleft at apex ; cal. campanulate: sty. included; stig. clavate ; ovules in a single row. — Ditches and wet, shady grounds, British Am. to Gra., W. to Oreg. St. 1 to 3f high, becoming very much branched. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, £ as wide, with minute white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on short petioles. Fls. numerous axillary. Pedicels 1 to 2" in length, ovaries 4 to G", caps. 20", very slender. Petals rose color, twice longer than the sepals. Jl. — Sept. — Scarcely distinct from the next. 6 E. tetragonum L. St. 4-angled, erect, branched and nearly glabrous ; Ivs. ob- long-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate, more or less decurrent, the lower subpetiolate, petals emarginate.— Mts. of N. Car., N. Y. and Can. St. 1 to 2f high, appar- ently winged along the middle by the decurrent Ivs. Petals rose red. Stig. club- shaped, pods pedicellate, puberulent. 2. JUSSI>E^, L. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussteu, founder of the Nat. System.) Calyx tube long, but not produced beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4 to 6, leafy, persistent; petals 4 to 6, spreading; stamens 8 to 12 ; capsule 4 to 6-celled, commonly lengthened, opening between the ribs ; seeds very numerous. Herbs with alternate Ivs. and yellow fls. 352 ORDER 52. — ONAGRACEJE. 1 J. decurrens DC. Glabrous ; fis. 4,-merous ; sis. erect, -with slender branches, and winged by the decurrent Ivs. ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessilo ; caps, clavate, 4-angled, thrice longer than the pedicel, crowned with the lance-ovate, acuminate calyx lobeS- — y in swamps, Va. to Fla. and La., common. Sts. 6 to 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. 11s. showy, expanding about 9". Jl. — Sept 2 J. grandiflora MX. Hirsute; fls. 5-merous ; st. creeping at base, erect; ITS. elliptical, the lower spatulate, acutish, short-petioled ; Us. large ; ova. slender, shorter than the pedicels; sep. lanceolate, acute. — 2{ Bogs and ditches, S. Car. Ga. (Savannah, Feay and Pond). Creeping stems several feet long, branches 1 to 2f high. Ova. with 2 tubercles at base. Fls. expanding nearly 2'. May — Aug. 3 J. leptocarpa Nutt. Hirsute; fls. 'mostly 6-merous, small] st. erect; Ivs. lanceolate, sub-sessile ; caps, linear, much longer than the pedicel, crowned with the lanceolate, acuminate sep. — (T) Fla. and La. to Mo. St. nearly simple, 1 to 2f high. Caps, nearly 2' long, terete, at length nearly smooth. 4 J. rep ens L. Nearly glabrous; fls. 5-merous, large; st. creeping, ascending; Ivs. lance-oval, mostly obtuse, tapering to a slender petiole ; caps, cylindrical, much shorter than the long pedicel, with 2 bracteoles at base. — If Ponds, La., Ark. Sts. long creep ing and floating. Petioles and pedicels about 2' long. Jn. — Aug. 3. (ENOTHE'RA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE. (Gr. olvog, wine, 07/paw, to hunt ; the root is said to cause a thirst for wine.) Calyx tube pro- longed beyond the ovary, deciduous, segments 4, reflexed ; petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the calyx tube*, stamens 8; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; stigma 4-lobed ; seeds many, without a coma. — Herbs with alternate Ivs. Fls. yellow. § Fls. nocturnal (open by night only). Ovary sessile, oblong Nos. 1 — 3 § Fls. diurnal. — Calyx tube not longer than the ovary Nos. 4, 5 — Calyx tube about twice longer than the ovary Nos. 6 — 3 —Calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary Nos. 9, 10 1 OB. biennis L. St. erect, hirsute; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; fls. sessile, in a terminal, leafy spike; cal. tube 2 to 3 times longer than the ovary; stam. shorter than the obcordate or obtuse petals; caps, oblong, obtusely 4-angled. — (J) and ® Common in fields and waste places, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. mostly simple, 2 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, roughly pubescent, slightly toothed, ses- sile on the stem, radical ones tapering into a petiole. Fls. numerous, large, open- ing by night and withering the next day. Jn. — Aug. /3. MURICATA. St. muricate or strigosely hirsute, red ; petals scarcely longer than the stamens. St. 1 to 2f high. (OE. muricata Ph.) y. GRANDIFLORA. Petals much longer than the stam, rather deeply obcordate. St. branched, f ((E. grandiflora Ait.) 6. PARVIFLORA. Petals small, about as long as the stamens ; tube of the cal. elongated. (CE. parviflora L.) e. CRUCIATA. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. (GE. cruciata Nutt.) £ CANESCENS Torr. & Gr. Petals enlarged ; whole plant canescently hairy. — Iowa, etc. 2 OS. rhombip£tala Nutt. Tall, erect ; Ivs. lance-linear, sessilo, acute, spread- ing, lower ones petiolate, becoming somewhat pinnatifid ; spike strict, fls. large, longer than the leafy bracts ; cal. tube very slender, 3 or 4 times longer than the sessile ovary ; petals rhombic-elliptical, acute or acuminate ; caps, small. — "Wis. (Dr. Parry) to Ark. (Prof. Robertson.) A line species, with a profusion of straw- yellow fls. Jn. 3 CB. sintiata L. St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsimple, decumbent and assurgent ; Ivs. pubescent, oblong-oval, sinuate-dentate, or incised ; fls. axil- lary, solitary, sessile ; cal. villous, the tube twice longer than the ovary ; caps, prismatic.— ve the water, those below (if any) pinnatifid. — Ditches, swamps and ponds, often partly submerged, N. Eng., Fla. and La. Rt creeping. Sts. ascending at base, 6 to 20' high, striate, roundish. Lvs. 10 to 15" by 2 to 3", acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles and, if growing in water pinnatifid with linear segments. Fls. greenish, sessile, 1 to 3 together, in the axils of the upper leaves, succeeded by a very hard, triangular nut. Jn., Jl, 2 P. pectinacea Lam. Lvs. all pectinate, with linear-subulate segm.; fr. obtusely 3-angled. — Sandy swamps, in Mass, (rare) S. to Fla. St. 5 to 10' high, ascending at base from long, creeping roots. Lvs. all finely and regularly divided into very narrow segments. Sty. 0 ; stig. attenuate above. Fr. rather smaller (less than 1" diam.) than in P. palustris, rugous when, mature. JL, Aug. 10. MYRIOPHYL'LUM, VailL WATER MILFOIL. (Gr. pvptos, innu- merable, <£i>AAa, leaves.) Flowers 8 7 or frequently £ ; calyx 4-toothed in the $ and ? flowers, 4-parted in the $ ; petals 4, often inconspicu- ous or none; stamens 4 to 8; stigmas 4, pubescent, sessile ; fruit of 4, nut-like carpels, cohering by their inner angles. — U submersed, aquatic herbs. Submersed Ivs. parted into capillary segments. Upper fls. usu- ally <$ , middle ones £ , lower ? . § StamensB. Carpels smooth and even. Lenvcs whorled in 3s Nos. 1, 2 § 35tamens 4. — Carpels ridged on the back. Lvs. whorled in 4s and 5s Nos. 3, 4 — Carpels smooth and even. Lvs. alternate or wanting Nos. 5, G 1 M. spicatum L. Lvs. in verticils of 3s, all pinnately parted into capillary seg- ments; fls. in, terminal, nearly naked spikes; floral Ivs. or bracts, ovate, entire, shorter than tfie fls., lowest ones subserrate and larger ; petals broadly ovate ; stam. 8 ; carp, smooth. — N. Eng. to Ark., in deep water, the fls. only rising above the surface. St. slender, branched, very long. Lvs. composed of innumerable, hair-like segments, always submerged. Fls. greenish, sessile. Jl., Aug. . 2 M. verticillatrum L, Lvs. in verticils of 3s, lower ones pinnately parted into opposite, capillary or setaceous segments; fls. in terminal, leafy spikes; floral Irs. pectinate-pinnatifld^ miich longer than Hie fls. ; petals oblong-obovate ; stam. 8; carp, smooth. In stagnant water, Can. to Fla., ~W. to Or. St. long, less slender than in the last, only the upper part emerging. Fls. small, green, axillary, with conspicuous floral Ivs. Sep. acute. Anth. oblong. Jl., Aug. 3 M. heterophylhira MX. Lvs. in verticils of 5s, the lower ones pinnately parted into capillary lobes ; spikes terminal, nearly naked ; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late, serrate, longer than the fis., crowded; petals oblong; stam. 4 to 6; carp, scabrous, with 2 slight ridges on the back. — In sluggish water, Can. to Fla. and Tex., rare. St. thick, branching. Lvs. very various, lowest floral ones pecti- nately divided. Petals somewhat persistent Sepals minute. Bractlets serrulate. Jn. — Sept. 4 M. scabratnm MX. Lvs. pinnatifid in whorls of 4s and 5s; fls. verticillate, axillary, upper fls. $ , with 4 stam., lower ones $ ; floral Ivs. linear, pectinately toothed; fr. 8-angled, the ridges tuberculate. — Plymouth, Mass. (Oakes), Block Island (Robbins), S. and W. States. St. 6 to 12' high. Segm. of the Ivs. linear- capillary. 5 M. tenellnm Bw. Erect and almost leafless; floral Ivs. or bracts alternate, minute, entire, obtuse ; fls. § • petals linear ; stam. 4 ; carp, smooth, not ridged. — About the edges of ponds and rivers, Provideace, R, I. (Olney), northern part of 358 ORDER 53.— LOASACE^E. N. Y. to Newfoundland. Rhizome prostrate, creeping, sending up several stems or scapes which are simple and 4 to 12' high. Fls. small, purplish white, sessile, alternate, a little shorter than the bracts, the upper ones $ . Jl. 6 M. ambiguum Nutt. Lvs. many, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary seg- ments, middle ones pectinate, upper linear, petiolate, toothed or entire ; fis. mostly $ ; petals oblong, somewhat persistent; stam. 4; carpels smooth, not ridged on the back. — In ponds and ditches, Peun. to Mass. Sts. floating, upper end emerged, with minute fis. and linear floral Ivs. (M. natans DC.) In other situations it varies as follows. /?. LIMOSUM Nutt. St. procumbent and rooting; Ivs. all linear, rigid, often en- tire.— Muddy places, whero it is a small, creeping and branching plant. (M. procumbens Bw.) 7. CAPILLACEUM Torr. Lvs. all immersed and capillary. — Ponds. 11. HIPPITRIS, L. MARE'S TAIL. (Gr. trrrro^ a horse, ovpd, a tail.) Calyx with a minute, entire limb crowning the ovary; corolla none; stamen 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx ; anther 2-lobecl, com- pressed ; style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the whole length in a groove of the anther ; seed 1. — "H Aquatic herbs. St. simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, minute. H. vulgaris L. Lvs. in verticils of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire; fis. soli- tary, often $ $ $ . — In the borders of ponds and lakes, Penn. to Arc. Am., very rare. Rhizome with long, verticillate fibers. St. erect, jointed, 1 to 2f high. The flowers are the simplest in structure of all that are called perfect, consisting merely of 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed in a 1 -celled ovary, with neither calyx lobes nor corolla. May, Jn. ORDER LIII. LOASACE^E. LOASADS. Herbs often hispid with stinging hairs, with leaves opposite or alternate and no> stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-parted, lobes persistent, equal. Petals 5 or 10, in 2 circles, often cucullate, inserted on tho calyx. Stamens indefinite, inserted with the petals, free or cohering in several sets. Ovary 1-celled, with several parietal placentoe, or ono central. Style 1. Ovules pendulous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Genera IS, species 70, natives of America. MENTZE'LIA, L. (In honor of C. Mentzel, physician to the Elector of Brandenburg.) Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted ; petals 5 to 10, flat, spreading; stamens oo, 30 to 200; ovary inferior; styles 3T filiform, connate, and often spirally twisted ; stigmas simple, minute ; capsule 1- celled, many-seeded. — Branching herbs. Lvs. alternate. 1 M. oligosperma Nutt. Very rough, with barbed hairs; st. dichotomous ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, tapering to very short petioles, lobed or incisely dentate; petals en- tire, cuspidate, expanding in sunshine ; stam. 20 or more, shorter than the petals; caps. 3 to ^-seeded. — TJ. Dry or rocky places, Pike Co., 111. (Mead), and Mo. to Tex, Et. tuberous. St. If high, divaricately branched. Lvs. 10 to 15" by G to 8", upper ones ovate. Fls. solitary, of a deep, golden yellow, 8 to 10" diam., very fugacious. Caps, cylindric, very small. May — Jl. 2 M. Lindleyi Torr. & Gr. GOLDEN BAUTONIA. Hispid ; Ivs. ovate-lance- olate, pinnatifid, lobes often dentate; fls. solitary or nearly so, terminal; petals broadly obovate, very abruptly acuminate; filaments filiform, and with the seeds numerous. — (1) Gardens. St. decumbent, branching, 1 to 3f in length, with golden yellow fls. 2 to 3' diam., the beauty of which is greatly heightened by innumera- ble, thread-like, yellow stamens. (Bartonia aurea Lindl.) f California. ORDER 54 — CACTACE^E. 359 ORDER LIV. CACTACE^E. INDIAN FIGS. Stems succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2-edged or jointed. Leaves almost always wanting; priddes numerous and formidable. Flowers solitary, usu- ally showy and of short duration. Sepals and petals often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from the surface, and tho petals from the summit of tho ovary. Stem. CO ; Jttaments long and filiform ; anth. ovate, versatile. Ovaries in- ferior, 1-celled, fleshy, with parietal placenta. Style single, filiform, with several stigmas in a star-like cluster. Fr. succulent Seeds numerous, parietal or in tho pulp, exalbuminous. (lllust. in fig. 47, b.) Genera IS, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one bavin? ever been found in inv other quarter of the globe. They abound in the deserts of New MexFco and 8«mtlw?rl ffi prickly pear . Calyx tube prolonged above the ovary. Berry areolatc, &c CKUKUS 2 Stigmas 5 to 7.— Calyx tube prolonged. Berry smooth. Axis grooved MELOCACTUS 3 — Ca!yi tube short Berry smooth. Axis mammiferous MA.MMKLLARIA 4 1. OPURTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR, (Opuntlana was a country near Phocis, where this was said to be naturalized.) Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the o vary, not produced into a tube above it; stamens oo, shorter than the petals; style with numerous, thick, erect stigmas ; berry umbilicate at apex, tuberculatc, cotyledons semiterete. — Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, the joints usually broad and flattened, with fascicles of prickles, regularly arranged upon the surface, O. vulgaris Mill. Prostrate, creeping ; joints ovate ; prickles numerous in each fascicle, often with several subulate spines ; Ivs. minute, subulate from a broad base ; fls. y«llow. — A curious, fleshy plant, native in rocky and sandy places, Mass, to Fla. W. to Iowa. The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4 to G' long, |- as wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange -colored spines from the edge of the joints, large, bright-yellow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit.* f (Cactus opuntia L.) 2. CEVREUS, DC. Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner petaloid ; -stamens indefinite, coherent with the tube, stylo liliform, with many stigmas; berry scaly with the remains of the sep- als ; cotyledons none \ — Fleshy shrubs, with woody, prismatic axes, armed with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines. § Stock nnd branches compressed, somewhat leaf-like Nos. 1—3 § Stock and branches angular-cylindrical, creeping Nos. 4, 5 1 C. phyllaiitlms DC. SPLEENWORT. Branches ensiform, Compressed, serrate ; fls. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the limb of the pet- als.—From S. Am. The articulations of the stem are 2f or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and traversed lengthwise by a cen- tral, cylindrical, woody axis. Fls. white, 9 to 12' long, expanding by night, fragrant, f 2 C. phyllanthoides DC. Branches ensiform, compressed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth ; fls. arising from the lateral crenatures of the brandies; tube shorter than the limb of the petals. — From Mexico. A splendid flower, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each 6 to 10' long, 1 to 2' wide. Fla rose-colored, 4' in length, expanding by day. 3 C. truncatus L. Branching; joints short-compressed, serrate, truncate at the summit; fls. arising from the summit of the joints; sty. longer than tho stam. or reflexed pet. — From Brazil. A very distinct species, a foot or more high. Joints 2 to 3' long, 1 to 1 £' wide, leaf-like. Fls. 2 to 3' long, pink-colored. f (Cactus L.) 360 ORDER 55.— GROSSULACE^E. 4 C. graiidifldnts DC. Creeping, rooting; st. with about 5 angles; fig. terminal and lateral, very large, nocturnal ; petals spreading, shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals. — Mexico. West Indies. Sts. cylindric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Fls. expanding by night, and endur- ing but a few hours, 8 to 12' diam. Sepals brown without, yellow within. Pet- als white. A magnificent flower, of difficult culture, f 5 C. flagelliformis DC. SXAKE CACTUS. St. creeping, with about 10 angles, hispid; fls. lateral, diurnal; tube slender, longer than the limb of the pet- als.— From S. Am. St. about the size of the little finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2 to 5f long. Fls. of a lively pink color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days, f 3. MELOCAC'TUS, Bauh. MELOX THISTLE. TURK'S CAP. (Com- pounded of melon and cactus, from its form.) Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5 to 6, petaloid ; petals as many as sepals, united with them into a long, cylindric tube ; stamens and style filiform ; stigma 5- rayed ; berry smooth, crowned with the withered calyx and corolla. — Suffruticous, fleshy, leafless. Spadix simple, crowning the globular, deeply-furrowed axis. .Fls. terminal. M. connn&nis Link. Axis ovate-subglobous, dark green, 12 to 18-angled ; ribs straight; spines fasciculate, subequaL — Native of the Caribbean Islands. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green melon, with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is full of juice. It is surmounted with a spadix, which is cyliudric, tubereulate, densely tomentous, bearing the red flowers at the summit, f 4. MAMMILA'RIA, Hawarth. (Lat mamma, the breasts ; alluding to the tubercles.) Flowers and fruit similar to the preceding genus. — Stock roundish or cylindrical, covered with conical or mammseform tubercles, spirally arranged and tipped with a cluster of spines in wool. Fls. sessile among the tubercles. M. macromeris Engelm. Bright green, with large, pear-shaped tubercles, each surmounted by a cluster of straight, slender spines, and large (near 3' diam.) carmine-roseate flowers, f From New Mexico. — Other species are cultivated in the green-house. ORDER LV. GROSSTJLACE^E. CURRANTS. Low shrubs, often prickly with alternate, palmately lobed leaves. CALYX 5-lobed. adherent to the 1-celled ovary, bearing at top the corolla of 5 petals alternating with the 5 short stamens. Anth. introrse. Fruit a 1-celled, inferior berry with 2 parietal placenta. Styles 2. Seeds CO, embryo minute, in abundant horny albumen. (Figs. 67, 309.) Genera 1, species 95. The gooseberries and currants are natives of the N. temperate zone of both continents, but unknown in the tropics or S. hemisphere, except 8. America. Properties. The berries contain a sweet, mucilaginous pulp, together with malic or citric acid. They are always wholesome, and usually esculent. 1. RFBES, L. CURRANTS. (Named from the Arabic.) Character the same as that of the Order. § Crr.BANTS. Stems unarmed. Lvs. cnn volute in bu. oval or subglobous, smootfi, longitudinally torulous.— (J) Native of Asia, whence it was first brought to Eng- land in 1570. Generally cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. Jn., Jl. Varieties numerous. 3 C. Anguria L. PRICKLY CUCUMBER. St. prostrate, slender, hispid ; ten- drils simple ; Ivs. palmately and deeply sinuate-lobed, cordate at base ; jr. oval- ovoid, or subglobous, echinate. — CD Cultivated for the green fruit, which is about the size of a hen's egg, and used for pickles. JL, Aug. \ Jamaica. 4 C. Colocynthis L. COLOCYXTH. St. prostrate, subhispid ; Ivs. cordate- ovate, cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-canescent beneath ; tendrils short ; fls. axillary, pedunculate ; ? with a globous, hispid cal. tube and campanulate limb, with small petals ; fr. globous, yellow when ripe, about as largo as an orange, and intolerably bitter. — The extract is the colocynth of the shops, poisonous, but medicinal, f From Turkey. 5 C. anguimis L. SERPENT CUCUMBER. Sts. climbing ; Ivs. 3 to 5-lobed, repand-dentate ; tendrils forked ; //•. very long, smooth, cylindrical, coiled. — Culti- vated for the curiosity of the long, snake-like fruit, f E. Ind. ORDER LIX. BEGONIACEJE. BEGONIADS. Herbs or succulent undershrubs with an acrid juice. Leaves alternate, oblique at the base, with largo, scarious stipules. Floioers diclinous, pink-colored, cymous. Calyx adherent, colored. Sepals of the $ 2 pairs, decussating ; of the $ 5, imbri- cated, or 8. Stamens CO, distinct or coherent in a column. Anthers clustered. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 3 large placentae meeting in the axis. Seeds minute, without albumen. Fruit capsular. (Fig. 270.) Genera 4, Kpecies 160, mostly natives of the Indies and S. America — noneN. American. They are frequently cultivated as curious and ornamental. Properties astringent and bitter. DIPLOCLIN'IUM, Lindl. ELEPHANT'S EARS. (Gr. dirrAoo^ double, itkivr], couch ; alluding to the double placentae.) Fls. 8 . — $ Sepals orbicular, colored like the petals, but larger ; petals oblong, acute ; stamens combined in a, column; anthers in a globous head. ? Sepals 3, lanceolate, larger than the 2 petals ; stigma lobes distinct, spiral, erect ; capsule wings unequal ; placenta double, or 2 in each cell. — Evergreen, succulent undershrubs. D. Evansiamim Lindl. Glabrous ; st. branched, tumid and colored at the joints, succulent; Ivs. large, slightly angular, mucronate-serrate, cordate-ovate, very unequal at base, petiolate, with weak, scattered prickles, and straight, red veins, the under surface deeply reddened ; fls. pink-colored in all their parts, except the golden yellow anthers and stigmas; $ larger than the $, and on peduncles twice as long. From China. (Begonia discolor "Willd.) — Many other species are found in conservatories — too many for our limits. ORDER LX. CRASSULACE^E. HOUSE-LEEKS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnntifid. Slip. 0. Flowers sessile, usually in cymes and perfectly symmetrical. Sepals 3 to 20, more or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely co- hering. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, or twice as many. Ovary as many as the petals and opposite them. Fit. distinct. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit, follicles as many as the ovaries, each open- ing by the ventral suture, many-seeded. (Figs. 260, 261.) Genera 22, species 450, chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the plobe, particularly the Cape of Good Hope. About 20 a"re found in N. America. They grow in the thinnest and driest 8oii, on naked rocks, sandy deserts, etc. They have no peculiar property except a slight acrid- ity. Many are highly ornamental. ORDER 60.— CRASSULACE.E. 367 TW»E 1. CRABSITLK^:. Carpels distinct, forming a circle of follicles, (a) a Flowers all 4-parted. Stamens 4 TILL^A. 1 a Flowers all 4-parted. Stamens 8 BIIYOPIIYLLCM. 2 a Flowers 5- parted, or 4 and 5-parted. Petals distinct, spreading. SEDUM. 3 a Flowers 5-parted. Petals united below, erect, contsivent EOIIKVEKIA. 4 a Flowers 6 to 20-partcd. Hypogynous scales laciniate SEMPEKVIVCM. 5 TRIBE 2. DIAMOKPHEJS. Carpels united into a many-celled capsule, (b) b Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8 DIAMORPIIA. 6 b Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 10 PENTIIOKUM. 7, 1. TILL£VA, MX. PIGMY-WEED. (To Michael Anyelo Tilli, an Italian botanist ; died 1740.) Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base ; petals 3 or 4, equal ; stamens 3 or 4 ; capsules 3 or 4, distinct, follicu- lar, opening by the inner surface, 2 or many-seeded. — GD Very minute, aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite. T, simplex Nutt. St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. con- nate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy ; fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s; pet. oval or oblong; carpels 8 to 10-seeded. — Near East Rock, Now Haven, Ct. (Dr. Robbin s), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. St. 1 to 3' high. Lvs. 2 to 3" long. Fls. as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a greenish white color. Jl. Sept. 2. BRYOPHYL'LUM, Salisb. (Gr. /tyvo), to grow, Qvtyov, leaf; i.e., germinating from a leaf.) Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ; corolla monopetalous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base ; limb in 4 triangular, acute lobes ; seeds many. — An ever- green, fleshy, suffruticous plant, native of E. Indies. Lvs* opposite, un- equally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish purple. B. calyciiium Salisb. Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. St. thick, green, about 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate Ifts. Fls. in a loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular, exserted corollas. — This plant is distinguished in vegetable physiology (see § 532), producing buds and new plants from the margin of its leaves. 3. SELDOM, L. STONE CROP. (Lat. sedei'e, to sit ; the plants, grow- ing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there.) Sepals 4 or 5, united at base ; petals 4 or 5, distinct, spreading ; stamens 8 to 10 ; carpels 4 tp 5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. — Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescenl^ cymous. Fls. mostly pentamerous. § Flower of the branches 4- in erpus, centRil fl. 5-merous Nos. 1, 2 § Flowers all pentamerous. Spikes not umbellate Nos. 3—5 1 S. ternatum MX. Lvs. ternateiy verticillate, obovaie, flat, smooth, entire, tho upper ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate ; cyme in about 3 spikes ; fls. secund, tho central one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. — If Damp woods, Can. "West, Penn., the Southern and Western States. Sts. 3 to 8' long, branching and de- cumbent at base, assurgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches spreading and re- curved, the white fls. loosely arrranged on their upper side. JL, Aug. f 2 S. pulchellum MX. Sts. branching at base, ascending; Ivs. alternate, linear, obtuse, sessilo with an auriculate base ; spikes umbellate, spreading, finally erect, the crowded flowers unilateral, octandrous, the central fl. usually decandrous. — On rocks and mts., Va. to Ga. and Tex. Sts. 4 to 12' high, very leafy. Fls. closely sessile, small ; petals rose-color, acute. May, Jn. 3 S. telephioides MX. Lvs. Iroadly lanceolate, attenuate at lose, subdentate, smooth; cymes dense, corymbous; sta. 10, the pet., sep. and carp, in 5s. — Found on rocks, lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va., etc. St. a foot high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, $ as wide. Fls. numerous, purple, in a terminal, branch- ing cyme. Jn. — Aug. — Like the other species, very tenacious of life, and will grow when pressed and apparently dried in the herbarium. 3(58 ORDER 60. — CRASSULACE^E. 4 B. TelSphium L. COMMON ORPINE. LIVE-FOREYER. Rt. tuberous, fleshy, white; si. erect, very leafy, Ivs. Jlattish, ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered; cyme corymbous, leafy. — If Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Sts. simple, round, smooth, purplish. Lvs. sessile, fleshy. Fls. white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. f Eur. 5 S. acre L. ENGLISH Moss. WALL PEPPER. Procumbent, spreading, branch- ing from the base ; Ivs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect ; cyme few-flowered, triad, leafy. — In cultiva- tion it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower-beds, etc., densely covering the surface. Fls. yellow. The whole plant abounds in an acrid, biting juice, f Eur. 4. ECHEVE'RIA, DC. (To JEcheveri, a botanical draughtsman.) Sepals 5, unequal ; petals 5, coherent below, erect, connivent, carinatc ; stam. 10, shorter than the petals ; carpels 5, tapering into a short, subu- late style, with 5 short, obtuse, hypogynous scales. — Handsome, herba- ceous or shrubby, fleshy plants, from California and Mexico. Fls. scar- let or yellow. E. grandiflora Haw. Glaucous with bloom, erect ; Ivs. fleshy, spatiilate, or obovate, acute, narrowed into a thick petiole ; fls. paniculate, erect. — Greenhouse. St. about 2f high. Lowest Ivs. large, rosulate ; cauline gradually smaller. Sep. thick. Cor. urn-shaped, orange-purple, f Mex. 5. SEMPERVrVUM, L. HOUSE-LEEK. (Lat. semper vivere, to live forever ; for their tenacity of life.) Sepals 6 to 20, slightly cohering at base; petals as many as sepals, acuminate; stamens twice as many as petals ; hypogynous scales lacerated ; carpels as many as the petals. — If. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick, fleshy. 1 S. Tectonim L. Lvs. fringed ; offsets spreading. — A well-known plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous Ivs. It sends out runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will grow on dr? walls, and on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes placed in the bor- ders of flower beds. 2 S. arboreum. St. arborescent, smooth, branched ; Ivs. cuneiform, smooth- ish, bordered with soft, spreading ciliae. — A curious and ornamental evergreen, from the Levant. St. very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8 to lOf high (1 to 3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 6. DIAMOR'PHA, Nutt. (A Greek word signifying deformed; al- luding to its singular dehiscence.) Sepals 4, minute, coherent at base ; pet. 4, oval, concave ; stamens 8, with purple anthers ; carpels 4, united below the middle, each with a minute obcordate, hypogynous scale, and dehiscent by an irregular dorsal valve ; seeds 4 to 8. — A very small, fleshy, branching herb, with corymbs of white or pink-colored flowers and purplish herbage. D, pusilla Nutt. — @ On rocks in dry, sunny places, Ga. (Stone Mt. 16m. E. of Atlanta), N. and S. Car. (Shields). Sts. ] to 3' high, csespitous, forming patches. Lvs. oval, sessile, 1" long, alternate. Fls. numerous. Mar., Apr. — A curious lit- tle plant. 7. PENTHOVRUM, L. VIRGINIA STONE-CROP. (Gr. ntvre, five; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule.) Calyx of 5 sepals united at base; petals 5 or 0; stamens 10; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-beaked, dehiscent by an obliquely terminal valve ; seeds oo, minute. — H Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls, yellowish, cymous. P, sedoides L. St. branched and angular above j Ivs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, ORDER 61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 3gp acute at each end, unequally serrate; fls. in unilateral cymous racemes. — A hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. St. 10 to 16' high, with a few short branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' by \ to 1', membranous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate. Rac. several, recurved at lirst, at length spread- ing, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corymbous, scentless, pale, yellowish green cyme. Petals generally wanting. Jl. — Sept. ORDER LXI. SAXIFRAGACE^E. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, and partly or wholly adherent. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens cs many as the petals and al- ternate with them, or 2 to 10 times as many. Ovary inferior, usually of 2 carpels, cohering at base, distinct and divergent above. Fruit generally capsular, 1 to 2- celled. Seeds small, many, albuminous. (Figs. 270, 298, 310, 393.) Genera 42, species 640, subdivided into four groups as given below. They are distributed in both hemispheres as follows. The Saxifrageaj belong to the northern and alpine.regions. The Escallonieaj to the alpine regions of S. America. The Philadflphem to the north Temperate Zone, and the Cunonieaj to the E. Indies, Australia and S. America. Many are cultivated for their great beauty. Their properties are generally astringent. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs. Stipules none or adnate. Petals imbricate, rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent, (a) a Petals wanting. Ovary adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 10 CHRYSOSPLENIUM. 1 a Petals pinnatifld. Ovary half adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 5 or 10 MITELLA. 2 a Petals entire. — Stamens 10. — Ovary 1-celled, nearly free TIARELLA. 3 — Ovary 2-celled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. simple.. .SAXIFRAGA. 4 — Ovary 2-celled. Fls. polygamous. Lvs. comp... ASTILBK. 5 — Stamens 5. — Ovary 2-celled, adherent. Seed rough BOYKINIA. 6 — Ovary 2-celled, free. Seed wing-margined.. SULLIVANTIA. 1 — Ovary 1-celled. — Styles and carpels 2 HEITCHERA. 8 — Styles and carpels 3. . . .LEPUKOPETALON. 9 II. ESCALLONIES. Shrubs with alternate Ivs., no stipules and a valvate corolla bud. (b) b Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Stamens 5. Capsule 00 -seeded ITEA. 10 b Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stam. 5. Ber. 00 -seeded. (From S. Am.)..EscALLONiA. 11 III. IIYDKANtrE J3. Shrubs with opposite, simple leaves and no stipules, (c) C Corolla valvate in the bud. — Cymes radiate. Shrub erect HYDRANGEA. 12 — Cymes naked. Shrub climbing DKCUMARIA. 13 C Corolla convolute in the bud. — Stamens 20 to 40. Petals 4 PHILADELPHIA. 14 —Stamens 10. Petals 5. (Asiatic) DEPTZIA. 16 1. CHRYSOSPLEWUM, Tourn. WATER CARPET. (Gr. apwdf, gold, onkrjv, the spleen ; on account of the medicinal qualities.) Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4 to 5-lobed, more or less colored inside ; corolla 0 ; stamens 8 to 10, superior, short ; styles 2 ; capsule obcordate, com- pressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Small aquatic herbs. C. Americanum Schw. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole. — A small plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. St. square, 3 V> 6' long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Lvs. opposite, y in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish -yellow, with purple lines. Corolla 0, stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apr-., May. 2. MITEL'L A, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. (A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. Sec TIARELLA.) Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, adherent to the base of the ovary ; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, inserted on the throat of the calyx; stamens 5 or 10, included; styles 2, short; cap- sule 2-beaked, 1-celled, with two equal valves.— 2f Fls. small, in a slen- der raceme or spike. 24 370 ORDER 61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 1 M. diph^lla L. Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long petioles, the cauline 2, opposite, subsessile. — Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. St. a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the midst. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on the hispid petioles 2 to 6' long. Fls. on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and shining. May — Jn. Fig. 298. 2 M. nilda L. Lvs. orbicular-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered haira above; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with, filiform segments. — A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands, Wayne Co., N. Y. to northern N. Eng. Lvs. and sts. light green, pellucid. Scape 4 to 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white fls. with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate and send out creeping sto- lons from the base. Lvs. f long and of nearly the same width. Jn. 3. TIAREL'LA, L. BISHOP'S CAP. (Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head dress ; from the resemblance of the capsule.) Calyx 5- parted, the lobes obtuse ; petals 5, entire, the claws inserted on the calyx ; stamens 10, exserted, inserted into the calyx; styles 2; cap- sule 1 -celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. — if Fls. white, T. cordifolia L. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilous ; scape racemous ; stolons creeping. — Rocky woods, Can. to Macon, Ga. and Eufala, Ala. Common in N. Eng. and generally associated with Mitella diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resembles. The scape arises from a creeping root- stock 10 to 20' high, often bearing a bract. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, * as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 to 6' long. Rac. 1 to 2£' long; fls. wholly white, with minute bractlcts. May, Jn. 4. SAXIF'RAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. (Lat. saxum, a rock, frangere, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks.) Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ovary ; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx; stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, with longi- tudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ; seeds oo.— if £ Loaves opposite (small) on the prostrate stem. Fls. purplish No. 1 § Leaves alternate on the ascending stern. Fls. yellow or white Nos. 2, 3, 4 § Leaves rosulate at the base of the mostly leafless scape, (a) a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (inferior) I Nos. 5, 6, 7 a Calyx adherent to the baso of the ovary (half superior) Nos. 8, 9, 10 1 S. oppositifolia L. Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, persistent ; fls. solitary ; cal. free from the ova. ; pet. large, ob- ovate, 5-veined, longer than the stam. — In the same locality as the next species. Sts. purplish, very branching, diffuse. Lvs. bluish-green, 1 to 2" long. Pis. light purple, large and showy. May, Jn. ? 2 S. aizoides L. Csspitou?, leafy; Ivs. linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, thick, flat, mostly persistent ; flowering sts. annual ; fls. paniculate, sometimes solitary ; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ova ; pet. oblong, longer than the sep. ; stig. depressed ; caps rather thick, as long as the styles. — In the clefts of rocks, at Willoughby Lake, Vt. (500 feet above the water), N". to the Arc. Sea. Bar- ren stems short, with densely crowded Ivs. ; flowering stems ascending, 2 to 4' long, with scattered Ivs. Lvs. 4 to G" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Fls. yellow, dotted. 3 S. rivularis L. St. weak, ascending, 3 to 5-flowered; radical Ivs. petiolate, reniform, crenately lobed, cauline, lanceolate, subentire ; cal. lobes broad-ovate, nearly as long as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the short-beaked cap- sule.— White Mts. N. H. (Oakes), N. to Arc. Am. A very small species, with white, bracteate fls. Sts. about 2' high, annual, with alternate Ivs. 4 S. tricruspidata Retz. St. thick, erect; lower Ivs. crowded, oblong, ?> -cuspidate ; fla. few, large, somewhat corymbcd ; sep. thick, ovate, shorter than tho oblong- ORDER 61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 371 obovate, yellow, dotted pet. ; caps, ovate, tipped with the diverging styles. — Lako shores, Can. and northward. 5 S. leucanthemifolia MX. Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. radical, spatulate, cut-den' tate, tapering to a petiole; scape diffusely paniculate, with capillary pedicels; calyx free, reflexed ; pet. unequal.— Mts. of Car. and Ga. Scapes 1 to 2f high, bearing numerous small fls. Lvs. cut into several largo teeth. Petals white or pink, the three larger spotted with yellow. Jn. — Sept. 6 S. erosa Ph. Viscid-pubescent; Jvs. radical, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuto, with erase teeth ; panicle oblong, loose, with leafy bracts and divaricate branches ; cal. free, with reflexed, obtuse sepals as long as the equal, obtuse petals. — Mts. Penn. to Car. Scape 12 to 18' high. Fls. scattered, on slender pedicels. Petals small, white, yellow at base. Jn., Jl. 7 S. Careyaiia Gray. Lvs. radical, long-petlokd, thin, glabrous, round-ovate, coarsely crenate-dentate, base truncate or subcordate; scape slender, diffusely cymous-paniculate ; pedicels filiform ; petals lance-oblong, sessile, twice longer than the recurved sepals ; carpels distinct, turgid, free. — Mts. N. Car., on wet, shady rocks. A low herb with small, white flowers. 8 S. aizodn Jacq. Lvs. mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, bordered with while cartilaginous teeth and a marginal row of impressed dots ; fls. corymbous panicu- late ; cal. (and ped. glandular viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb; pet. obovate; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx. — Southern shores of Lake Superior, to Nova Scotia and northward, on shady, moist rocks. Sts. 5 to 10' high. Fls. white. Jl. 9 S. Virgin! eiisis MX. EARLY SAXIFRAGE. Lvs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, shorter than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leaf- less, paniculately branched above; fls. many, cymous ; cal. adherent to the baso of the ovary ; pet. white, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. — An early and interest- ing plant, on rocks and dry hills, Can. and U. S. Scape 4 to 12' high, pubescent, annual. Lvs. rather fleshy, 9 to 13" by 6 to 12". Fls. in rather dense clusters, white, or tinged with purple, in early spring. Fig. 310. 10 S. Fennsylvanica L. Lvs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, taper- ing at base, denticulate; scape nearly leafless; branches alternate, with closo cymes forming a diffuse panicle, fls. pedicellate ; pet. greenish, linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the cal. — Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadow?, Me. to Ohio. Lvs. fleshy, palo green, 5 to 8' by 1 to 2', on a broad petiole. Scape 2 to 3f high, gross, hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish green fls. of no beauty. May. , 5. ASTIL/BE, Don. (Gr. a, privative arik{37], brightness ; the leaves are not shining.) Polygamous ; calyx adherent to the base of the ovary, obconic, with 4 or 5 erect segments ; petals 4 or 5, spatulate ; stamens 8 or 10, exserted ; ovary 2-celled ; carpels of the fruit separat- ing and dehiscing lengthwise inside ; seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, covered with a loose, membranous testa. — If Coarse and weed-like plants. Lvs. compound, 2 or 3-ternate. Fls. small, yellowish-white, in spicate rac. forming a compound panicle. A. decandra Don. St. tall, angular ; Ifts. subcordate, incisely lobed, mucronate- serrate; sterile fls. mostly apetalous; sta. 10. — Mts. of S. W. Va., E. Tenn,, F. • Car. to Ga. Abundant in its localities. St. 4 to Gf high, with very large pani- cles. Its resemblance to Spirea Aruncus is very striking, but its irregularly cleft Ifts. and its twice larger (2'' long), 2-carpeled fr. are positive marks of difference. Jn. — Aug. 6. BOYKIN'IA, Nutt. (Dedicated to Dr. Boykin, of Georgia, a pioneer botanist.) Calyx turbinate adherent, 5-clcft ; petals 5, decidu- ous ; stamens 5 ; ovary 2-celled, 2-beaked ; capsule invested with the permanent, urceolate calyx tube, dehiscent between the beaks. — 4 Lvs. alternate, petiolatc, palmate. Fls. cymous, white. 372 ORDER 61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. B. aconitifolia Nutt. St. viscid-glandular; Ivs. smoothish, deeply 5 to 7-lobed (like those of Aconitum) ; cyme fastigiate, the fls. secund. — Mts. S. "VY. Va. and N. Car. (Curtis). St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. small, numerous. JL 7. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. (To Wm. S. Sullivant, the dis- tinguished muscologist.) Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, segments ovate, acute ; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on the summit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes ; stamens 5, inserted with the petals, shorter than the calyx ; capsule 2- beaked, 2-celled ; seeds GO, ascending ; testa wing-margined. — H Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose panicle, small, white. S. Ohionis Torr. & Gr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio, by him whose name it bears. St. annual, very slender, 8 to 16' long, ascending, glandular. Radical Ivs. roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 1 to 2' diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate at base, 3 to 5 -toothed at summit. May, Jn. 8. HEITCHERA, L. ALUM ROOT. (To Prof. Heuchcr, botanic author, AVittemberg, Germany.) Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse ; corolla of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx ; capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks ; seeds many, with a rough, close testa. — 2{ Lvs. radical, long-petioled, petioles with adnate stipules at base. § Fls. small (1 to 2" long), regular ; stam. and sty. much exserted Nos. 1—3 § Fls. larger (3 to 5" long), rather oblique ; stain, and sty. short Nos. 4, 5 1 H. Americana Willd. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7- lobed, lobes short and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; panicle elon- gated, loose ; pedicels divaricate ; cal. obtuse, short ; pst. spatulate, about as long as the calyx ; stam. much exserted. — A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and X. Y., frequent at the W. and S. Lvs. 2 to 3J' diam. Scape 2 to 4f high, paniculate, nearly £ this length. Ped. 2 to 3-flowered. Cal. more showy than the purplish-white petals. May, Jn. — Root astringent, hence the common name, Alum Root. 2 H. villosa MX. Villous, with rusty, spreading hairs; radical Ivs. round-cor- date, thin, glabrous above, 7 to 9-lobed, lobes short, crenate-mucronate, ciliate; panicle loose, with filiform branches and pedicels ; fls. very small ; pet. white, about as long and as narrow as the filaments. — Mts. Md. to N. Car. and Ky. Scape 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 6' diam., petioles sometimes densely villous. — The plant varies much in size. Scape often with one or more Ivs. Jn., Jl. 3 H. caul£scens Ph. Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. acutely 5 to 7-lobed, cordate, lobes acutely toothed, ciliate ; panicle loose, slender ; petals white, linear-spatulate, 2 or 3 times longer than the sepals. — High Mts. Car., Ky., Tenn. Scape often bearing a leaf or two below, and with the petioles somewhat hairy below. May, Jn. ft. Quite glabrous ; radical Ivs. slightly lobed ; cauline 2, collateral ; branches of the panicle racemous, elongated, divaricate. — Buncomb Co., N. Car. (H. Curtisii Gray.) 4 H. p-abescens Ph. Scape naked, minutely pubescent above, and with the long petiole glabrous below; Ivs. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7 to 9-lobed, lobes rounded, and with rounded, mucronate, ciliate teeth ; ped. cymous, dichotomous, joints flexuous, almost geniculate ; fls. large ; pet. longer than the included stam. ; sty. exserted. — Mts. Penn., Md., Va. Scapa 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam., the veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Ms. 5 to 6" long, purple. May, Jn. (H. grandiflora Raf.) 5 H. hispida Ph. Hispid and scabrous on the upper surface and margin of the obtusely 5 to 7-lobed Ivs., the lobes broadly mucronate-toothed, teeth very short, almost retuse ; branches of the panicle few-flowered ; pet. spatulate, as long as the calyx, shorter than the somewhat exserted stamens. — Mts. of Va. and N". Car., and prairies of Ind. to Mo. The petals purple. The prairie form is less hairy, almost smooth. (H. Richardsoni R. Br.) ORDER 61.— SAXIFRAGACEJE. 373 9. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. (Gr. Mnvpov, a scale, T petal.) Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse, tube turbinatc, adherent to the base of the 3-carpeled ovary ; petals 5, minute, spatulate, persistent ; stamens 5, short ; capsule globous, 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — A minute, succulent herb, growing in tufts. Lvs. entire, dotted. Fls. terminal. Ii. spatulatum Ell. (p Grows in hard soils, S. Car. (Charleston), Ga. to Tex. The plant is less than l' high, branched from the base, forming little convex tufts. Lvg. spatulate, veinless. Fls. largo in proportion, white. Mar., Apr. 10. FTEA, L. (Gr. name for the willow ; for the resemblance of the foliage.) Calyx small, with 5 subulate segments ; petals 5, lance- linear, inflexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx ; stamens 5, inserted into the calyx; styles united; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8 to 12- seeded. — A shrub with alternate, simple Ivs., and a simple, spicate, ter- minal raceme of white fls. I. Virginica L. Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J., Penn. to Fla. Shrub about 6f high. Lvs. 1^ to 3' long, oval-acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. Rac. oblong-cylindric, 2 to 3' long. Caps, oblong, acuminate with tho style, its 2 carpels separating in maturity. May, Jn. 11. ESCALLO'NIA rubra and E.glandulosa are handsome shrubs, with evergreen leaves and scarlet flowers, prized in greenhouse cultiva- tion. 12. HYDRAN'GEA, L. HYDRANGEA. (Gr. vdup, water, ayyeZov, a vessel ; requiring an abundance of water.) Marginal flowers, com- monly sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4 to 5-cleft, colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens, nor styles. Fertile fls. Calyx tube hemispheri- cal, adherent to the ovary, limb 4 to o-toothed, persistent ; petals ovate, sessile ; stamens twice as many as the petals ; capsule 2-beaked, open- ing by a foramen between the beaks ; seeds numerous. — Shrubs with opposite Ivs. Fls. cymous, generally radiant. 1 H. arborescena L. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate- dentate, paler beneath, nearly smooth ; fls. in fastigiate cymes. — An elegant shrub, native in the Mid. and "West. States, cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on its native, shady banks. Fertile fls., small, white, becoming roseate, very numerous. The sterile fls. are often reduced or wanting. The cul- tivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate, or all sterile and radi- ate. (H. vulgaris MX.) 2 H. quercifolia Bartram. Lvs. deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentoua be- neath, and on the petioles and veins above ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the ster- ile fls. very large and numerous. — A superb species, native of Fla. and S. Ga., in wet, springy places, also often cultivated. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. nearly all as broad as long (5 to 10'), green above, hoary beneath ; panicles dense, thyrsoid, large, pyramidal, the sterile fls. 18" broad, with orbicular, white or roseate sepals. Often cultivated. May, Jn. (H. vulgaris MX.) (Fig. 271.) 3 H. radiata "Walt. Lvs. ovate, abrupt or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate, silvery'tomentous beneath ; cymes fastigiate, radiate. — Upper country of Ga., Car. and Tenn. Shrubs 6 to 8f high. Sterile fls., white, smaller than in No. 2, often re- duced to 3, 2 or 1 sepal. The silver white of the under leaf-surface is a striking character, f May, Jn. 4 H. hortensis L. CHANGEABLE HYDRANGEA. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth ; cymes radiant ; fls. mostly ster- ile. — Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. large. Barren fls., very numerous and showy, at first green, passing successively through straw-color, sulphur yellow, white, purple, and pink. The 374 ORDER 62.— IIAMAMELACEJS. perfect fls. aro central and much smaller. It thrives in largo pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure several months, f 13. DECUMA'RIA, L. (Lat. dccem, ten ; from the 10-parted flowers.) Fls. all fertile ; calyx 7 to 10-toothed, tube adherent to the 5 to 10- celled ovary ; petals as many as calyx teeth, oblong-spatulate, valvatc in the bud ; stamens 3 times as many as the petals, in one row, epigynous ; stigma as many as petals, radiate, capsule urn-shaped, many-ribbed, crowned with the style, oo -seeded. — A shrub creeping or climbing by rootlets, with opposite Ivs. and cymes of white, fragrant fls. D. barbara L. A beautiful climber, in damp woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La., as- cending trees 15 to 30f. Lvs. ovate or oval, entire or obscurely serrate, acute or acuminate, very smooth, — those of the young creepers elliptical, irregularly toothed. Cymes terminal on the divergent branches, with numerous fls. Caps, persistent, exhibiting in winter their curious structure. May, Jn. 14. PHILADEL'PHUS, L. FALSE SYKINGA. (To Philadelphia, king of Egypt.) Calyx 4 to 5-parted, half superior, persistent ; corolla 4 to 5-petaled ; style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 to 40, shorter than the petals ; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds many, arilled. — Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs. opposite, exstipulatc. 1 P. iiicdorus L. Glabrous; Ivs. ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, triple- veined, entire, or with few obscure teeth; sep. acute, scarcely longer than the tube; sty. united. — Ya. to Ala. in the upper country (Buckley). Fls. small, several at the end of each branchlet, inodorous. May, Jn. 2 P. grandiflorus "Willd. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sharply denticulate, 3- veined, axils of the veins hairy; sep. acuminate, much longer than the tube; stig. 4, linear; sty. united. — A very showy shrub, Gf high, native at the South, cultivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Fls. large, in a terminal um- bel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Jn. — The upper Ivs. are often entire and quite narrow, f 3 P. coronarius L. MOCK ORANGE. Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth ; sty. distinct. — Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub- beries. The fls. aro numerous, cream-colored, showy, resembling those of tho orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5 to 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked Ivs. and opposite, red- dish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers, f 15. DEUT'ZIA gracilis and D. scabra, are two handsome shrubs occasionally cultivated in parks. The genus is readily recognized by the filaments, which arc 3-cuspidate at the top, bearing the anther on the middle cusp. D. scabra Thunberg, has ovate, acute, sharply serrate, pilous leaves, with terminal, downy racemes of handsome, bell-shaped, white flowers, each usually with 3 pistils, f Eastern Asia. ORDER LXII. IIAMAMELACE^E. WITCHHAZELWORTS. Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious. Calyx adherent. Petals linear, valvate or convolute in bud or wanting. Stamens twice as many as petals (the op- posite sterile and scale-like) or oo. Ovary of 2 -carpels, 2-celled and 2-styled, ovules 1 or CO in each cell Fruit a woody capsule, 2-beaked, 2-celled and 2-seeded. Genera 14, specie* 20, widely diffused. Various species of Liquidatnbar yield the pungent re- sin called storax. Otherwise tho products of this order aro unimportant. TRIBES AND GENERA. 7. HAMAMI:I,F.^:. Flowers dichlamydeons. Ovule solitary in each cell. Calyx 4-paited ; petals ligulate, long. Shrub HAMAMELIS ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 375 8. FoTiiERCui.LEJ5. IHowers monochlamydeons. Ovary solitary in each cell. Cal. 5 to 7-parted ; petals 0 ; stamens OO . Shrub FOTUERGILLA. 2 3. BALSAMIFLU.E. Flowers mostly achhimydeous. Ovules several in each cell. Calyx none ; fls. monoecious, iu globous aments LIQUIDAVBAK. 8 1* HAMAMEVLIS, L. WITCH HAZEL. (Gr. a/za, with, p/Aov, fruit; i. e., flowers and fruit together on the tree.) Calyx 4-1 caved or cleft, with an involucel of 2 to 3 bracts at base ; petals 4, very long, linear ; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fer- tile ones ; capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked. — Shrubs or small trees. Petals yellow. H. Virginiana L. Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate -dentate, obliquely cordate at base, on short petioles ; fls. sessile, 3 to 4 together iu an involucrate, ax- illary, subsessile glomerule. — U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, branching trunks from the same root, as largo as tiie arm, and 10 to 12f high. Lvs. nearly smooth, 3 to 5' long, § as wide. Petioles £' long. Cal. do\vny. Pet. curled or twisted, 9" long. Cap. woody, containing 2 nuts. This curious shrub is not unfrcquent in our forests, and amidst the reigning desolations of win- ter puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches have been superstitiously used for "divining rods," to indicate tho presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water. 2. FOTHERGIL'LA, L. filius. (Dedicated by the younger Linnaeus to Dr. Father yilll) Calyx campanulate, truncate and obscurely 5 to 7- toothcd at the margin, bearing the 20 to 28 clavate filaments in a mar- ginal row ; petals none ; styles 2, distinct ; capsule adherent at base, 2- lobed, 2-celled, cells 2-valved, 1-sceded. — A shrub resembling an alder in its leaves and a witch-hazel in its fruit. Fls. white, appearing before the leaves, in a terminal dense spiko or ament. F. alnifolia L. /. Shady margins of swamps, Va. to Fla. Shrub 2 to 4f high, with virgate blossoms and stolons. Lvs. oval or obovate, somewhat crenate, pu- bescent beneath. Cal. white, fringed with tho long white or pink stamens. Sty. long, filiform, recurved. Mar., Apr. 3. LIQUIDAM'BAR, L. SWEET GUM TREE. (Lat. liquidam, fluid, ambar, from its ambar-colored gum.) Involucre 4-parted, deciduous ; $ ament conical; flowers naked, poly and rous ; ? aments globous ; calyx a scale if any ; styles 2, elongated ; fruit aggregate (sorosis § 581), globular, consisting of the hardened scales and woody, 2-celled capsules which open between the beaks ; ovules many, but only 1 or 2 maturing into a seed. — Trees with fragrant Ivs. and exuding a balsamic resin. L. styracifhia L. Lvs. palmate, with acuminate, serrate lobes; veins villous at their bases. — A large and handsome tree, abundant in the swamps and higher grounds of the South, extending K to Conn, and 111. With a diameter of 5f it arises to the height of 60. Trunk covered with a deeply farrowed bark. Young twigs yellowish, putting forth leaves of a rich green, which are deeply divided into 5 lobes more star-like than those of the Rock Maple. Fruit a globular, com- pact ball, suspended by a slender pedicel, consisting of numerous capsules, each containing 1 or 2 seeds. May. ORDER LXIIL UMBELLIFERJE. UMBELWORTS. Herbs with hollow, striate stems, sheathing petioles and flowers in umbels. Calyx adherent to the ovary, limb entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually infiected at the point, imbricate in estivation. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, and ii serted with them on the disk. Ovaries 2-carpelid, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. Styles 2, distinct or united at their 376 OBDER 63.— UMBEL-LIFERS. thickened bases. Stigmas simple. Fruit a cremocarp (§ 55 7), consisting of 2 co- herent achenia called mericarps which separate along the middle space, which is called the commissure. Carpophore, the slender, simple or forked axis attached to and supporting the mericarps at top, inclosed between them at the commissure. Ribs — 5 ridges traversing each mericarp lengthwise, and often 4 intermediate or secondary ones, some, all, or none of them winged. Vittce. — little tubular receptacles of colored volatile oil imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs, and also sometimes in the iace of the commissure. Embryo in the base of abundant, horny albumen. (Illust. in figs. 25, 27, 102, 134, 135, 163, 207, 297, 433.) Genera 270, species 1500 or more. A largo and well defined natural order, native of damp places, waysides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries, except upon the mountains. Properties, aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in tho vittre of the fruit, in the roots, &c. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic Srinciple, rendering it very poisonous. Of this nature is the Conium maculatum (Hemlock), icuta virosa, Jithusa Cynapiurn (Fool's Parsley), besides many others which have at least a suspicious character. But the fruit is never poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as Caraway, Anise, Dill, Coriander, &c. Even the roots and herbage of other species arc whole- some and nutritive, as the Carrot, Parsnip, Sweet Cicely, Celery, and Archangelica. The gum resin afwafmtida exudes from incisions on the Ferula of Persia. The Gum Galbanum is tho product of Galbunum officinale, an Indian species. The genera of the Umbellifera? are often best denned by characters founded upon the number and development of the ribs, the presence or absence of the vittae, and the form of the albumen, particularly at the commissure. Theso parts, therefore, minute as they are, will require the especial attention of the student. De Candolle subdivided the Umbel worts into sections, depending upon the form of the albu- men and seed, whether (1.) flat on the inner face, or (2.) convolute at the sides, or (3.) involute at the ends. This arrangement is often impracticable as a step in the ANALYSIS OP TUB GENERA. § Flowers in simple umbels, sometimes spicate. Leaves simple, (a) § Flowers in capitate umbels, i. e., sessile, forming dense heads, (b) § Flowers in regularly compound umbels, not sessile in heads. (1) 1 Fruit flattened on the- back, the margins only singly winged, (c) .1 Fruit flattened on the back, the margin only doubly winged, (d) 1 Fruit terete or flattened on the- sides. — Ribs bristly cchinate. (e) —Ribs smooth. Flowers xanthic. (f) — Ribs smooth. Flowers cyanic. (2) 2 Plants exotic, growing in gardens, &c. (1) 2 Plants native or naturalized, growing wild. (3) 3 Fruit slender, thrice longer than wide, often boaked. (g) 3 Fruit short, once to twice as long as wide.— Ribs (6 to 10)-winged. (h — Eibs not winged. (4) 4 Seed furrowed or excavated on the inner face, (i) 4 Seed flat on the inner face.— Involucre none or almost none, (j) — Involucre of 2 to 8 bracts, (k) a Fruit flat, orbicular. Leaves round or roundish HYDROCOTYLE. 1 a Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy phyllodia CUANTZIA. 2 b Flowers partly sterile. Fruit densely muricate, few SANICULA. 3 b Flowers all fertile. Fruit scaly, many in the head ERYNGIUM. 4 C Flowers yellow. Fruit with a thick, corky margin POLYT^NIA. 5 C Flowers yellow. Fruit with a thin margin PASTINACA. 6 C Flowers white, — of two sorts, — the marginal radiant HEIIACLEUM. 7 — all alike. — Lfts. 3 to 9, mostly entire ARCHEMORA. 8 — Lfts. 0, phyllodia linear TIEDEMANNIA. 9 d. Seed adherent to the pericarp, with 6 to 8 vittse ANGELICA. 10 d. Seed not adherent, &c., all covered with vittaa AIICHANGELICA. 11 e Involucre of several pinnatifid bracts DAUCUS. 12 f Involucels of ovate, entire bracts. Leaves simple BITPLUKUM. 13 f Involucels none. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs ANETIITTM. 14 f Involucels subulate. — Ribs sharp or winged. Leaflets toothed TIIASPHTM. 15 — Ribs not at all winged. Leaflets entire ZIZIA. 10 ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFER.E. 377 g Beak slender, longer than the fruit. Tittae none ............................ SCANDIX. 17 g Beak short or none. — Fruit upwardly hispid ............................. OSMORHIZA. IS —Fruit glabrous.— Carpels 5-ribbed .............. CILEROPIIYLLUM. 19 —Carpels 9-ribbed ................ TREPOCARPUS. 83 h. Marginal wings twice longer than the dorsal ...................... COXIOSELINUJI. 20 k Marginal and dorsal wings alike. Leaflets large ..................... LIGUSTICUM. 21 i Fruit a double globe. Plant low, early flowering ................ EUIGENIA. 22 i Fruit ovate,— with obscure, straight ribs. Tall .................. EULOPIIUB. £3 —with distinct, crinckled ribs. Largo ................. COXIUM. 24 j Fruit roundish-oblate (broader than long). "With involuccls .............. CICUTA. 25 j Fruit roundish-oblong. Involucels none or almost none ........... HELOSCIADI UM. 20 j Fruit elliptic-oblong. Leaves large, 3-foliate, serrate .............. CRVPTOT^NIA. 2T j Fruit ovate, — smooth, strong-ribbed. Involucels drooping ............... JErnusA. 23 — clothed with scales. Involucels spreading ............ LEPTOCAULIS. 29 k Calyx teeth obsolete. Leaves pinnate, with serrate Ifts ............... SIUM. 82 k Calyx teeth persistent. — Leaflets capillaceous. Tittaa 4 ....... DISCOPLEURA. CO —Leaflets linear, entire.— Vittae IG^NEUROPHYLLUM. Gl — Vittae G ---- CYNOSCIADICM. 39 1 Flowers of 2 sorts, the outer radiant. Fruit globous ................ CORIANDRUM. S3 I Flowers all alike. — Fruit terete (not compressed), ovate .............. PIMPINELLA. 34 — Fruit compressed laterally. — Vittae none .......... jEGOPODiuM. 35 — Vittae 8 to 12 ............ j APIUM. 86 { CARUM. ST T. HYDROCOT'YLE, L. PENNY-WORT. (Gr. vdwp, water, KorvA?/, a Vessel ; the concave leaf often holds water.) Calyx obsolete ; petals equal, ovate, spreading, entire, the point not inflected ; style shorter than stamens ; fruit laterally flattened, the commissure narrow ; car- pels 5-ribbed, without vittte. — Herbaceous, creeping, usually aquatic plants. Umbels simple. Invol. few-leaved. * Leaves reniform or cordate, the base lobes not united .......................... Nos. 1 — 3 * Leaves peltate, orbicular, the base lobes united ................................. Nos. 4, 5 1 H. Americana L. Smooth and shining; st. filiform, procumbent; Ivs. reniform- orbicular, slightly lobed, crenate ; umbels sessile, 3 to 5-flowered ; fr. orbicular. — 14 A small, delicate plant, growing close to the moist earth beneath the shade of other vegetables, Can. to S. Car. Sts. branching, 2 to G' long. Lvs. thin, 1 to 2' diam., on petioles 2 to 3' long. Ms. greenish white, small, nearly sessile, in simple, capitate, sessile, axillary umbels. Jn. — Aug. 2 H. rantmculoides L. /. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, deeply 3-lobed, middle lobes smallest, all crenate ; ped. much shorter than the petioles, branched ; umbel 5 to 9-flowered, capitate. — 14 Waters, Va. to Ga. and La. (Hale). Sts. rooting at tho joints, or floating. Petioles thick, 4 to 8' long, ped. 1 to 2'. Lvs. veiny. Sty. spreading and incurved. JI, Aug. 3 H. repanda Pers. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, very obtuse, margin repand- dentate ; ped. simple, much shorter than the petioles, umbels capitate, 3 or 4- flowered. — 14 Muddy shores, S. Car. to Ma. and La. (Hale). St. creeping. Ped. radical, slender, 2 to 3' high, the petioles 3 to 8'. Fr. large, broader than long. Involucre 2 ovate bracts. Jn. — Aug. 4 H. interrupta Muhl. Lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate: umbels capitate, proli- ferous, about 5-flowered] fr. acute at base. — 14 In wet places, New Bedford, Mass. to Ga. (Mettauer, Feay). Rt. and stem creeping. Lvs. almost centrally peltate, thin, 8 to 13" diam. Petioles 2 to 6' long. Ped. longer than the petioles. Fls. subsessile, in close umbels which become whorls in interrupted spikes by other umbels being successively produced on tho extending peduncle. Jn. 5 H. Timbellata L. Lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate, emarginate at base, on long petioles; scapes about as long as the petioles; umbels simple (rarely proliferous) fis. 20 to 30, pedicellate. — If In ponds and bogs, Mass, to La., rare. Sts. creep- ing, often submersed, several inches long. Lvs. 8 to 12" diam., notched at base so as to appear reniform. Petioles a little eccentric, and with the scapes, slender, floating or erect, and 4 to 6' long. May — Jl. 378 ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFERJE. 2. CRANT'ZIA, Nutt. (To Prof. Crantz, author of a monograph of the Umbelliferae.) Calyx tube subglobous, margin obsolete ; petals ob- tuse ; fruit subglobous, the commissure excavated, with 2 vittae ; car- pels unequal, 5-ribbed, with a vitta in each interval.— Small, creeping herbs, with linear or filiform, entire Ivs. Umbels simple, involucrate. C. liiieata Nutt. Lvs. cuneate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with trans- verse veins, shorter than the peduncles. — 1\. Muddy banks of rivers, Mass, to La. Sts. several inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 1 to 2", often linear and appearing like petioles without laminas. Umbels 4 to 8-flow- ered. Fed. £ longer than the leaves. Involucre 4 to G-leaved. Fr. with red vittse. May — Jl. (Hydrocotyle MX.) 3. SANIC'ULA, Tourn. SANICLE. (Lat. sanarc, to cure; for its reputed virtues as a vulnerary.) Flowers ? £ $ ; calyx tube echinate, segments acute, leafy ; petals obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point ; fruit subglobous, armed with hooked prickles ; carpels without ribs; vittse numerous. — If. Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate ninbellets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaf- lets, involucel of several entire. 1 S. Marilandica L. Lvs. 5 to 7-parted, digitate, mostly radical ; Ifts. or seg- ments oblong, incisely serrate ; sterile fls. many, pedicellate, fertile ones sessile ; cal. segm. entire ; sty. slender, conspicuous, recurved. — Thickets, U. S. and Can., common. St. 1 to 2f high, dichotomously branched above, smooth, furrowed. Radical Ivs. on petioles G to 12' long, 3-parted to the base, with the lateral segm. deeply 2-parted ; segm. 2 to 4' long. Cauline Ivs. few, nearly sessile. Involucres G-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous. 2 S. Canadensis L. Lower Ivs. 5-parted, upper 3-parted, segm. ovate, mucro- nate-serrate ; sterile fls. few, much shorter than the fertile ; sty. shorter than the prickles. — "Woods, thickets, N. States to 0. and Can., common. About the size of the preceding, or taller. Umbels more numerous and smaller. Lfts. thin, 1 to 3' long. Jn. — Aug. 4. ERYN'GIUM, Tourn. (Gr. egvyeiv, to belch ; a supposed remedy for flatulence.) Fls. sessile, collected in dense heads ; cal. lobes some- what leafy ; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long, inflexed point; styles filiform ; fruit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, without vittss or ribs. — Herbaceous or suffruticous. Fls. blue or white, bracte- ate ; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceous. § Scales or chaff of the heads entire Nos. 1—3 § Scales or chatf of the heads tricuspidntc is'os. 4 — 7 1 E. yuccaefolium MX. Erect; Ivs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with remote soft spines ; bracts tipped with spines, those of the involucels entire, shorter than the ovate-globous heads. — 2+ Prairies and Pine barrens, W. and S. A re- markable plant appearing like one of the Endogena3. Very glaucous. St. simple. 1 to 5f high. Lvs. often 1 to 2f long, % to !£' wide. Heads pedunculate, | to 1' diam. Fls. white, inconspicuous. JL, Aug. (This name, if allowable as Dr. Gray suggests, is more appropriate than E. aquaticum L. in part.) 2 E. prostratum Baldw? Sts. filiform, prostrate, rooting at the joints; Ivs. (small) of two forms in the same cluster, some ovate, dentate, petiolate, others Z-deft with lanceolate segments, middle segm. largest ; heads on slender peduncles, axillary, small, ovate; involucre bracts 4 to 6, linear, rather longer than the head; scales entire, shorter than the fls. — U In wet places, Ga. and Fla. (Mettauer). St. G to 12' long, many from one root. Lvs. 4 to 7" long. Hds. 3" long, white, the fls. blue. Jn.— Oct. (E. gracile Ell.) p. FOLiosrnr. Lvs. larger, all 3-cleft, irregularly toothed ; bracts of the invol. leafy, twice longer than the oblong heads. — La. (Hale). (E. prostratum Nutt.) 3 E. Baldwfnii Spreng. Sts. filiform, prostrate, clustered ; lowest Ivs. oblong, ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 379 cuneate, petiolate, angular-toothed, lower stem Ivs. 3 -cleft, with lance-linear, cut- toothed segm., upper all linear or filiform, clustered, obtuse, entire ; ped. longer than the Ivs. ; hds. very small, globular; invol. not distinguishable from the entire scales.— Ij. Tallahassee (Mettauer) to Apalachicola (Chapman). St. 10 to 20' long. Hds. 2" diam. (E. gracile Baldw.) 4 E. aromaticum Baldw. Lvs. pinnate segm. cuspidate, entire, cartilaginous along the margin, the 3 upper more distant and conspicuous; Ifts. of the invol. about 5, 3-cleft; hds. globous, long-pedunculate; scales tricuspidate. — H In dry pine barrens, Fla. Sts. 9 to 18' long, assurgent, beset with the short (!') bristly, pin- nate Ivs. Hds. many, 6 to 8" diam. Aug. — Nov. 5 E. virgattini Lam. Lvs. oval or oblong, thin, abruptly petiolate, dentate-serrate, the upper cauline, subsessile ; invol. of 6 to 8 linear Ivs., longer than the de- pressed, globeus hds. ; scales tricuspidate. — % Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 4f high, simple or cymously branched with slender, virgato branches. Hds. 5'' diam. Fls. pale blue or white. Jl. — Sept. (E. ovalifolium MX.) 6 E. Virgin! anum Lam. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, uncinately serrate, tapering to both ends ; invol. of 7 to 8 linear Ifts., longer than the hds., 3-eleft or spinous-den- tate ; scales tricuspidate. — ^ Marshes, N. J. (Rev. J. Holton) to Ohio and La. St. hollow, 3 to 4f high, branched above. Lvs. 6 to 10' by 5 to 10", upper ones much smaller. Hds. numerous, less than 1' in length. Fls. pale blue, or nearly white. Jl., Aug. (E. aquaticum MX.) 7 E. Mettaiieri. Tall, simple, erect ; Ivs. linear, few, distinctly dent-serrate, con- sisting chiefly of the fistular, inflated, membranous midvein, jointed by transverse partitions within and narrowly winged by the lamina ; bracts of the invol. 8 to 10, silvery above, longer than the head, with long, cuspidate teeth ; scales tri- cuspidate.— r4- In wet places, Newport, Fla. (Mettauer.) The tallest of our spe- cies, often 6f high. Its characteristic, hollo w-jointed Ivs. are 12 to 20' long. — Allied to E. Yirginianum Lam. 5. POLYTAE'NIA, DC. (Gr. rrokvg, many, ratvta, vittse.) Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals with a long infiexed point ; fruit oval, glabrous, lenticularly compressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin ; ribs obscure or obsolete ; commissure with 4 to G vittss ; seeds plano- convex.— A smooth herb, with bipinnately divided Ivs. Invol. 0. In- vol ucel of setaceous bracts. P. Nuttallii DC. Prairies and barrens, "W. States, etc. St. furrowed, scabrous or nearly smooth. Lower Ivs. on long petioles, segm. incisely toothed, upper ones 3-cleft, lobes entire or with lateral teeth. Umbels terminal and opposite the Ivs., about 2' broad. Fruit large (3" long) tumid and smooth, with a thick, corky pericarp, and the flavor of turpentine. May. 6. PASTINA'CA, Tourn. PARSNIP. (Lat. pastus, food or repast; from tho nutritive properties of the root.) Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals broad-lanceolate, with a long inflexed point ; fruit much com- pressed, oval, with a broad margin ; carpels with 5 nearly obsolete ribs ; intervals with single vittse ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds flat. — • © Kt. fusiform. Invol. mostly 0; involucels 0 or few-leaved. Fls. yel- low. (Includes our genera 8, 9, and 31, according to Benth. &Hook.) P. eativa L. Lvs. pinnate, downy beneath, Ifts. oblong, incisely toothed, the upper one 3-lobed.— Grows wild abundantly in fields, by fences, etc. The root is fusi- form, large, sweet flavored, esculent, as every one knows, in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and poisonous, and much dwindled ia size. St. 3f high, erect, furrowed, smooth, branching. Umbels large, terminal. Fls. yellow, small. Fr. large, flat. JL § \ 1, HERAC'LEUM, L. Cow PARSNIP. (Named after the hero Her- cules ; it being a rank, robust plant.) Calyx limb of 5 small, ^ acute teeth ; petals obcordate, with the point inflexed, often radiant in tho 380 ORDER 63.— UMBELUFERJE. exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft ; fruit compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel ; in- tervals with single vittse ; seeds flat. — Stout herbs with large umbels, Invol. deciduous. Involucels many-leaved. H. lanatum L. Lvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentous beneath, Ifts. petioled, round- cordate, lobed ; fr. orbicular. — Penn. to Lab., W. to Oregon. A large, coarse- looking plant, in moist cultivated grounds. Sts. about 4f high, thick, furrowed, branching, with spreading hairs. Lvs. very large, on channeled stalks. Lfts. irregularly cut-lobed and serrated. Its huge umbels are often a foot broad. In- volucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, white, those of the outer fls. unequally enlarged (radiate). Jn. 8. ARCHEMO'RA, DC. (A fanciful name from Archemorus, who, according to mythology, died from swallowing a bee.) Calyx limb o-toothed ; petals obcordate with an inflexed point ; fruit oval, lenticu- lar, compressed on the back ; carpels with 5 ribs, marginal ones broadly winged ; intervals with single large vittse, commissure with 4 or G ; seeds flat. — 11 Invol. 0 or few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 1 A. rigida DC. WATER DROPWORT. COWBANE. St. rigid, striate, smooth ; Ivs. pinnately divided, smooth, Ifts. 3 to 11, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, entire or re- motely toothed, sessile ; umbels spreading, smooth. — Swamps, Mich, to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 4f high, slender, terete. Lfts. 2 to 4' by 3 to 9", varying in outline in the same plant. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slender rays. Petals white. Fr, with subequal, greenish ribs, and large purple vittas filling the intervals. Com- missure white. Sept. — Said to be poisonous. (CEnanthe Nutt.) /?. AJIBIGUA. Lfts. long-linear, mostly entire. (CEnanthe ambigua Nutt.) 2 A. ternata Nutt. Lvs. ternately divided, with very long petioles ; segm. linear. — Margins of swamps in the pine forests, N. to S. Car. Near Newborn (Nuttall). St. 2 to 3f high, slender. Lvs. and petioles 2f long ; segm. 3" wide; Fruit as large as that of the parsnip. 9. TIEDEMAN'NIA, DC. (To Prof. Tiedemann, of Hiedelburg.) Calyx limb 5-toothcd ; petals roundish ovate ; fruit flattened dorsal ly, obovate ; carpels with 5 equal, filiform ribs, the lateral coalescing with the broad, marginal wings ; intervals with single large vittaB, commis- sure with 2 ; seed flat. — i£ Smooth, tall, slender. Lvs. reduced to fis- tular-jointed phyllodia. Involucra subulate, 5 to 6-lvd. Fls. white. T. teretifolia DC.— Ya. to La. andFla. St. 3 to 6f high, hollow, round, striato. Phyllodia 6 to 1G' long, tapering, the joints 1' apart. Fr. as large as in parsnip, disk dark brown, not wider than the yellowish wings. Aug., Sept. 10. ANGEL'ICA, L. (Named for its excellencies.) Calyx teeth ob- solete ; petals lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit dorsally compressed ; car- pels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, the 2 marginal winged, inter- vals with single vittac ; carpophore 2-parted ; seed semiterete. — Lvs. bi. or triternate, sessile, umbels terminal. Invol. 0 or few -leaved. Involu- cels many-leaved. A. Curtisii Buckley. Lvs. biternato or with 3 quinate divisions ; Ifts. thin, ovate or lance-ovate, acuminate, sharply and incisely toothed ; bracts of the involucel small, subulate; wings of the fruit broad. — If Mts. of Ashe Co., N. Car. (Cur- tis.) Cheat Mt, Va. (Buckley.) Aug. 11. ARCHANGEL'ICA, Hoffm. ANGELICA. (Named for its pre- eminence in size and virtues.) Calyx teeth short; petals elliptical, en- tire, lanceolate, acuminate, with the point inflexed ; fruit dorsally com- pressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal ones dilated into membranous wings ; seed loose in the ripe carpel, ORDER 63.—UMBELLIFEILE. 381 covered with vittae. — 2H Petioles usually large, inflated and 3-parted. Umbels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. * Involucels less than half the length of the pedicels ;vo -j * Involucels about as long as pedicels.— Fruit broadly winged'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.Nos 2-^-4 —Fruit scarcely winged. Ko. 5 1 A. atropurpftrea Hoffm. St. dark purple, furrowed; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate, Ills, mcisely toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhom- boidal, sessile, the others decurrent ; involucels of short, setaceous bracts.— Among the largest of the Umbelliferae, well known for its aromatic properties, common in fields and meadows, N. and W. States. St. 4 to 6f high, 1 to 2V in thickness, smooth, hollow, glaucous. Petioles large, inflated, channeled on the upper sido, with inflated sheaths at base. Terminal 1ft. sometimes 3-lobed. Umbels spheri- cal, 6 to 8' diam., mostly puberulent. Fr. 3'' long, winged. Jn. Fls. greenish white. (Angelica triquinata MX.) 2 A. hirsftta Torn & Gr. _ St. striate, the summit with the umbels tomentous-hir- sute ; Ivs. bipinnately divided, the divisions quinate, segm. oblong, acutish, the tipper pair connate, but not decurrent at base. — Dry woods, N. York to Car/ St. simple, erect, straight, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. on petioles from 6 to 10' long; Ifts. 1 to 2 J' long, \ as wide, mostly ovate-oblong, often tapering at base. Umbels 3 or 4, on long, velvety peduncles, 2 to 4' broad ; rays unequal, spreading, densely tomentous. Invol. 0. Involucels of 4 to 6 bracts, about as long as the rays. Jl., Aug. (Angelica MX.) 3 A. officinalis Hoffm. GARDEN ANGELICA. St. smooth, round, striate; Ivs. pinnately divided into lobate, subcordate, acutely serrate segments, the ter- minal one 3-lobed; sheaths largo and saccate. — Said to be native in Labrador. Cultivated in gardens occasionally for the sake of the stalks, which are to be blanched and eaten as celery. | (Angelica Linn.) 4 A. dentata Chapman. Very slender, finely striate, with sknder petioles ; lower Ivs. first ternate, then ternate or quinate, with lance-ovate, coarsely and remotely toothed, veiny segm., more or less confluent; umbels few-rayed, with scarcely any involucre ; involucel 4 to 6-leaved, about equaling the pedicels ; fr. broad- oval, broadly winged. — Bainbridge, Ga. (Misses Keen), Quincy, Fla. (Chapman.) Plant 2 to 3f high. Fr. \\" long. JL, Aug. 5 A. peregrina Nutt. St. striate, pubescent at summit ; Ivs. ternately divided, the divisions quinate, segm. incisely serrate: umbel with many slender rays; in- vol. 0 ; involucels of many Ifts., as long as the umbellets ; fr. with obtuse, subequal, scarcely winged ribs. — Sea coast, Ale. and Mass. (Pickering.) 12. DAITCUS, Tourn. CARROT. (Aavicog, the ancient Greek name of the carrot.) Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals emarginate, with an in- flected point, the 2 outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft ; fruit oblong ; carpels with 5 primary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more prominent, winged, and divided each into a single row of prickles, and having single vitta3 beneath ; carpophore entire, free. — @ Invol. pin- natifid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Central fl. abortive. 1 D. Carota L. St. hispid ; petioles veined beneath ; Ivs. tripinnate or tripin- natifid, the segm. linear, cuspidate-pointed; umbels dense, concave. — The word kar in Celtic signifies red, hence carrot. Naturalized in fields and by roadsides, abundant in the Mid. States. Rt. fusiform. St. 2 to 3f high, branching. Lvs. numerous, divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very compact, with white fls. blooming all the summer. Cultivation has pro- duced several varieties. Jl. — Sept. § | 2 D. pusillus MX. St. slender, retrorsely scabrous-hispid ; Ifts. pubescent, bipin- natifid, divisions deeply lobed with linear-oblong, merely acute segm. ; invol. bipin- natijid; fr. muricate with barbed prickles.— Dry soils, Savannah (Pond) to S. Car. and La. Sts. 6 to 18' high. Umbels small, an inch or two broad, enveloped in the many-cleft involucre. Sds. smaller than in the Carrot. 382 ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 13. BUPLEITRUM, Tourn. MODESTY. THOROUGH-WAX. (Gr. an ox, Trkevpbv, a rib ; from the veined leaves of some of the species.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a broad, closely inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels 5- ribbed, lateral ones marginal; seed teretely convex; flattish on the face. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. mostly reduced to entire phyllo- dia. Invol. various. Fls. yellow. B. rotundifolium L. Lvs. (phyllodia) roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliato ; iavol. 0 ; involucels of 5, ovate, mucronate bracts ; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals smooth, mostly without vittae. — (pin cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y., Penn.,' and Ind., rare. St. If or more high, branching. Lvs. 1 to 3' long ; f as wide, rounded at base, acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5 to 9-rayed. Involucels longer than the umbellets. Fr. crowned with tho wax-like, shining base of the styles (stylopodium.) Jl., Aug. 14. ANEVTHUM, Tourn. DILL. FENNEL. (Gr. aWu, to burn ; the plant (its seeds) is very stimulating.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals involute, with a broad, retuse apex ; fruit ovate or oblong, laterally sub- compressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, the lateral ones marginal ; in- tervals with single vitta3, commissure with 2. — Umbels perfect, with no invol. or involucels. Fls. yellow. 1 A. gravSolens L. DILL. Fr. elliptical, compressed, surrounded ly aflat, dilated margin ; Ivs. tripinnate, segm, capillary; umbels on long stalks. — Native of S. Europe. Tho oval, flat, brown seeds are aromatic, pungent, and medici- nal. \ 2 A. Fcenicuhim L. FENNEL. Lvs. biternately dissected, segm. linear-subu- late, elongated ; rays of tho umbel numerous, unequal, spreading ; carp, turgid, ovate-oblong.-*-NativQ of England, &c. Cultivated in gardens. St. 3 to 5f high, terete, branched. Lvs. large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous, very nar- row segments. JL — The seeds are warmly aromatic. \ (Fceniculum vulgaro Gastt.) 15. THAS'PIUM, Nutt. GOLDEN ALEXANDERS. (From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia.) Calyx margin 5-toothed ; petals elliptic, with an inflexed point ; fruit ellip- tical, compressed laterally and didymous ; carpels convex, with 5 pro- minent or winged ribs, the lateral margined; intervals with single vittae. — 11 Umbels without an invol. Involucels 3-lcaved, lateral. Fls. yellow or dark purple. § Leaves 1 or 2-ternate, the radical often simple Nos. 1, 3 § Leaves thrice teruate; stem often pubescent at the nodes Nos. 8, 4 1 T. aureum Nutt. Lvs. mostly biternate, l/ts. thin, oval-lanceolate ; sharply serrate ; umbellets with short rays ; fr. oblong-oval, 10- winged. — Hills and meadows, U. S. and Can. Sts. 1 to 2f high, branching above, rather slender, erect, hollow, angular-furrowed, smooth. Lower Ivs. on long petioles, the Ifts. with coarse ser- ratures, and sometimes quinate, the very lowest one sometimes simple. Umbels about 2' broad, of 10 to 15 rays, the umbellets dense. Fls. numerous, orange- yellow. Fr. oval, brown. Kt. black, tufted. Jn. ft. APTERUM Gray. Fr. with sharp and prominent ribs, not winged. (Smyr- nium aureum L. Zizia aureum Koch.) 2 T. cordatum Nutt. Radical Ivs. simple, cordate, crenate, cauline ones ternate, stalked, segm. acute, serrate ; umbels terminal ; fr. roundish oval, 6- winged. — Shady hills and barrens, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. St. erect, slightly branched, smooth, 2 to 3f high. Rt. Ivs. on long stalks, roundish, heart-shaped, the rest teraate, becoming only 3-parted above, all light green. Umbels dense, with yellow fls. Fr. black, oval, with 3 prominent, paler, winged ridges on each side. May, Jn. (Smyrnium cordatum MX. Zizia cordatum DC.) ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 383 /?. ATROPURPUREUM. Fls. dark purple. — N. T. to Tenn. (Thapsia trifoliata L.) y. APTERUM Gray. Fr. with prominent sharp ribs, scarcely winged (ZizAa cordata Koch). 3 T. barbinode Nutt. St. pubescent at the nodes; lower Ivs. triternate, upper biternate, segm. cuueate-ovate, acute or acuminate, unequally and incisely ser- rate, entire towards the base ; umbels terminal and opposite the leaves ; fr. ellip- tical, large (3" long), 6-winged.— River banks, Can. and U. S. St. 2 to 3f high, angular and grooved, branching above. Lvs. smooth, upper ones sub-opposite; segm. 1 to 2' by % to 1^'. Kays about 2' long, each about 20 flowered. Petals deep yellow. Jn. 4 T. pinnatifidum Gray. St. rough puberulent above; Ivs. thrice ternate, the upper biternate and ternate, Ifts. pinnatifid with linear or oblong segm.; fr. oblong, narrowly 8-winged, small (2" long). — Barrens, Ky. to E. Tenn. and W. Car. (Zizia pinnatifida Buckley). 16. ZIZ'IA, Koch. GOLDEN ALEXANDERS. (Dedicated to /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals carinate, apex acuminate, inflcxecl ; fr. oval, contracted at the commissure and didy- inous ; carpels with 5 slightly prominent ribs ; intervals with 3 vittae, commissure with 4 ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds terete or 5-angled. — 11 Smooth, erect, glaucous. Lvs. bi or tri-ternatc, Ifts. entire. Umbels perfect, with no involucre or involucels. Fls. yellow. Z integerrima DC. Rocky woods, etc. Mich., N. T., to Ga. Plant 1 to 2f or more high, readily recognized by its entire leaflets, which are oblong and ovate, 1' or „• more in length, petiolate. Rays of the umbel very slender, 2 to 3' long, about 13 in number, with minute involucels or none. May — JL 17. SCAN'DIX, L. VENUS' COMB. (Gr. atcsc*), to prick; on account of its sharp seeds :) Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obovate and oblong, undivided, more or less unequal ; fruit laterally compressed or nearly terete, attenuated into a beak which is longer than the seed ; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs, vittse 0, or scarcely any. — ® or (D Lvs. finely dissected. Invol. 0. Involucel 5 to 7-leaved. Fls. white. S. apiculata "Willd. Slender, with slender branches and long petioles on inflated sheaths ; the pinnse 3 or 4 remote pairs dichotomously decompound ; ultimata segm. acute ; umbels about 3-rayed ; bracts of the involucel lance-ovate, 2 or 3- cuspidato ; pet. oblong ; fr. beak long, slender, forked at apex with the sty. — A curious plant found near Savannah (Feay), much resembling the S. pecten of Europe. Sts. 12 to 18' high. Fr. 9" long. 18. OSMORHPZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY. (Gr. ocrpy, perfume, f>i£a, root ; from the anisate, aromatic root.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals oblong, nearly entire, the cuspidate point inflexcd ; styles conical at base ; fruit linear, very long, clavate, attenuate at base ; carpels with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs ; intervals without vittse ; commissure with a deep, bristly channel. — 14 Lvs. biternately divided, with the umbels opposite. Invol. few-leaved ; involucels 4 to 7-leaved. Fls. white. 1 O. longistylis DC. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; fr. clavate. — Woods, Can. to Ya., 1 to 3f high, with inconspicuous umbels of white flowers. Rt. branching, fleshy, of an agreeable, spicy flavor. St. erect, branching above, nearly smooth. Lvs. many, decompound, the ultimate divisions often pinnate ; Ifts. irregularly divided, the lobes broadly ovate, slightly pubescent. Involucres of linear bracts longer than the rays. Fr. blackish, an inch in length, crowned with the slender persistent styles. May, Jn. (Fig. 207.) 2 O. brevfstylia DC. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary ; fr. somewhat tapering at the summit. — Common in woods, Can. to Penn. W. to Or. Aspect similar to that of the preceding, but the root is destitute of the anise- like flavor of that species, being disagreeable to the taste. The plant is more 884 ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFER^E. hairy, and with more deeply cleft divisions in the leaves. Invol. deciduous. Umbels with long, diverging rays, of which but few prove fertile. Fr. crowned with short, convergent (not spreading) styles. May, Jn. 19. CrLEROPHYL'LUM, L. Calyx limb obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, point inflexed ; fruit laterally compressed, contracted above but scarcely beaked ; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs ; intervals with 2 vittse, commissure deeply silicate. — Lvs. 2 to 3-pinnately divided, segm. incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved; involucel many-leaved. Fls. mostly white. 1 C. procumbens Lam. Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous; segm. qf the Ivs. pinnatifid, with oblong, obtuse lobes; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple, sessile or pedunculate ; invol. 0 ; involucels of 3 or 4 very small oval Ifts ; fr. linear-oblong, acute ; ribs narrower than the intervals. — (T) or ® Moist woods, Ohio, (Clark) Ky. (Short) to S. Ca. Sts. 1 to 2f long, pubescent when young, dif- fuse, slender. Segm. of the Ivs. rather open, about" 4" by 1". Rays 1 to 4, 1 to 4-flowered, about 2' long. Apr. May. (Scandix procumbens L.) 2 C. Tainturieri Hook and Arn. Decumbent or erect; Ivs. tripinnate, segm. crowded^ again pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, ulti tate segm. very small, oblong, acute ; fr. attenuated to a short beak ; ribs terete, much broader than the intervals. — E. Ga. (Feay, Pond) to Ala. and La. (Hale). Plant 10 to 20' high, smooth when old. Lvs. very finely dissected, ultimate segm. only 1" long. Fr. nearly 4" long, brown and smooth when ripe. 20. CONIOSELFNUM, Fisch. (Name compounded of Conium and Selinum.) Calyx teeth obsolete ; petals obovate, "with an inflected point ; fruit compressed on the back ; carpels with 5-winged ribs, lateral ones marginal and much the broadest; intervals with 1 to 3 vittae, commissure with 4 to 8. — (D Smooth. St. hollow. Lvs. on very large, inflated petioles. Invol. various ; involucels 5 to Y -leaved. C. Canadense Torr. and Gr. Lvs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with oblong-linear lobes ; invol. 0, or 2 to 3-leaved ; fr. oblong-oval ; vittse solitary iu the dorsal intervals, 2 to 3 in the lateral. — In wet woods, Me. to Wis., but not common. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. much compounded, the ultimate segments pin- natifid with linear-oblong lobes. Umbels compound. Pet. white, spreading. Sty. slender, diverging. Fr. about 2" long. Aug. Sept. 21. LIGUS'TICUM, L. LOVAGE. (One species was said to be native of Liguria.) Calyx teeth minute or obsolete ; petals obovate, emargin- ate, with an inflexed point ; fruit nearly terete, or slightly compressed laterally; carpels sharply 5-ribbed, with numerous vitta). — 2£ Lvs. ter- nately divided. Invol. many-leaved. Fls. white. 1 L. Scdticum L. SEA LOVAGE. Glabrous; st. Ivs. biternate, the upper ones ternate; lateral Ifts. oblique, cut-dentate, the terminal one rhomboid; bracts of the invol. numerous, linear. — Fr. narrowly oblong. — Sea coast. Rt. thick, tapering. St. afoot high, nearly simple, striate, smooth. Lvs. petiolate. Lfts. 1 to 2^' long, dark green, smooth and shining, entire at base, serrate above. Fr. 4 to 5" long. Jl. f.Eur. 2 L. actaefolium MX. ANGELICO. Glabrous; Ivs. trilernate, with ovate, dent- serrate Ifts. ; umbels numerous, forming a whorled panicle or a triply compound umbel; invoL and involucels of about 3 short, ovate-subulate Ivs. — Topsfield and Scituate, Mass. (Oakes Russel), on Lookout Mt, Chattanooga, Tenn. Plant 3 to 6f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, distinct, abrupt at base, rounded or acute at apex, veiny. Umbels on long, verticillate peds., terminal one abortive. Fr. short, with the ribs distinctly winged. May — Jl. 22. ERIGENFA, Nutt. PEPPER-AND-SALT.— (Gr. rjpiyeveia, daughter of the early spring ; for its early flowering.) Calyx limb obsolete ; petals flat, entire ; fruit contracted at the commissure ; carpels 3-ribbed, ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFER^E. 335 ovate-reniform. — 2f Rt. tuberous. Radical If. triternately decompound. Involucrate Ivs. solitary, biternately compound. Involucels of 3 to 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. E. bulbosa Nutt. A small, early-flowering herb, shady banks, "Western N. T. to Ohio and Mo. Plant 4 to 6' high, from a round tuber deep in tho ground, with 2 to 4 Ivs., the lower one radical, numerously divided, the divisions incisely cleft into narrow segments ; tho upper ones bract-like, similarly divided, each subtending a 3-rayed umbel of white fls, with dark purple or brownish anthers (hence the odd popular name). March, Apr. 23. EITLOPHUS, Nutt. (Gr. ev, true, /I60o£, crest ; application not ap- parent.) Calyx limb 5-toothed, deciduous; petals obovate, emarginate, with a long inflexed point; fruit contracted laterally, somewhat double; carpels surrounded with large vittrc, 4 in the commissure, ribs obsolete ; seed channelled on the inner face. — 71 Tall, slender, smooth, with dis- sected Ivs. Invol. nearly 0. Involucel setaceous. — Fls. white. E. Americana Nutt. Near Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant), to Tenn. St. round, striate, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. biternately divided, the segm. lance-linear, 1' long, acute; upper Ivs. of 3 long, enti ) segm. Umbels long-stalked, 8 or 10-rayed. Fr. as large as caraway. Jl. 24. CONFUM, L. POISON HEMLOCK. (Gr. Kuveiov, hemlock, from utivog, a top ; because it causes dizziness.) Calyx margin obsolete ; pet- als obcordate, with an acute, inflected point ; fruit ovate, laterally com- pressed ; carpels with 5, acute, equal, undulate -crenulate ribs, lateral ones marginal ; intervals without vite ; seeds with a deep, narrow groove on the face. — (g) Poisonous herb^s. Lvs. decompound. Invol. and involucels 3 to 5-leaved, the latter unilateral. Fls. white. C. maculatum L. St. spotted ; Ivs. tripinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; fr. smooth. — Grows in waste grounds, way-sides. A well known poisonous plant. St. much branched, about 4f high, very smooth, round, hollow, with purplish spots. Tho lower Ivs. are very large, several times pinnate, bright green, on long, sheathing footstalks. Umbels terminal, the invol. of G to 8 lanceolate bracts, tho involucels with the inner half wanting. Fls. small, white. Fr. with undulate or wrinkled ribs. A powerful narcotic, exhaling a disagreeable odor when bruised. Used in medicine. JL, Aug. § Eur. 25. CICITTA, L. WATER HEMLOCK. (A Latin name used by Vir- gil (Eel. 2d and 5th), but of unknown application.) Calyx margin of 5 broad segments ; petals obcordate, the points inflected ; fruit subglo- bous, didymous ; carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them marginal ; intervals filled with single vittse, commissure with 2 vittae ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds terete. — If! Aquatic poisonous herbs. Leaves com- pound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. Invol. few leaved or 0. In- volucels many leaved. Flowers white. 1 C. maculata L. St. streaked with purple ; lower Ivs. triternate and quinate ; upper biternate; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate; umbels terminal and axillary. — Common in wet meadows, U. S. and Can. St. 3 — 6f high, smooth, striate, jointed, hollow, glaucous, branched above. Lfts. or segm. 1 — 3' long, £ — £' wide, finely serrate, the veins mostly running to the notches, rarely to tho points ; umbels rather numerous, naked, 2 — 4' broad. Involucels of 5 — 6 short narrow, acute bracts. Fr. H" diam., 10-ribbed, crowned with the permanent calyx and styles. JL, Aug.— The thick, fleshy root is a dangerous poison, but sometimes used in medicine. 2 C. bulbifera L. Axils of the branches lulbiferous; Ivs. biternately divided; Ifts. linear, with remote, divergent teeth ; umbels terminal and axillary. — In wet mea- dows, Penn. to Can. Stem 3 — if high, round, striate, hollow, green, branching. 25 386 ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFEfLE. Leaves various, those of the stem generally biternate, of the branches ternate Leaflets or segments 2 — 4' long, 1 — 4" wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the bracteate petioles. Umbels terminal. Invol. 0. Umbellets of close, small, white, fls., and slight involucels. Aug. 26. HELIOSCIAD'IUM, Koch. (Gr. £lo?, a marsh, aKtddiov, an um- brella or umbel.) Calyx limb obscurely 5-toothed ; petals ovate, en- lire; styles short; fruit laterally compressed, oval, not scaly; carpels with 5 filiform ribs, the lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vit- ta3 ; carpophore free, undivided ; seed plano-convex. — Lvs. various. In- vol. mostly none. Umbels opposite the Ivs., mostly sessile. Fls. white. 1 H. nodiflorum Koch. Procumbent, striate ; Ivs. pinnate, Ifts. oblong, equally serrate; umbels sessile or on short peduncles; invol. 0, or of 1, 2 or 3 bracts, in- volucel 6 to 8-leaved, reflexed. — 0 Sts. diffuse, 1 to 2f long, in wet places about Charleston, S. C. Apr. § Eur. (Sium L.) 2 H. leptoph^llum DC. Erect or diffusely branched ; Ivs. ternately or somewhat pinnately divided, with linear segm. ; umbellets pedunculate ; invol. and involucels none; fr. roundish. — 0 Savannah (Feay. Pond) to La. (Hale). Sts. 6' to 2f high. Umbels many, sessile, often one, pedunculate. Fr. smaller than a mustard seed. Jn., Jl. 27. CRYPTOT^NIA, DC. HONE-WORT. (Gr. Kpvirru, to conceal, Taivia, a wreath or border, from the obselete border of calyx.) Margin of the calyx obsolete ; petals with an indexed point ; fruit linear-oblong or ovate-oblong, with slender styles; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs; carpo- phore free, 2-parted ; vittae very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. — 2£ Lvs. 3 -parted, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, with very unequal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. white. C. Canadeiisis DC. Lvs. smooth ; Ifts. or segm. rhomboid-ovate, distinct, en- tire or 2 to 3-lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base ; umbels numer- ous, irregular, axillary and terminal. — Common in moist woods. St. erect, 1 to 2f high. Lower petioles 2 to 6' long, clasping. Lfts. 3, 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, petiolulate. Umbels paniculate, of 3 to 5 very unequal rays. Umbellets of 4 to 6 unequal pedicels and minute involucels. Fls. small, white. Fr. near 3" long, crowned with the straight styles £ as long. (Sison, L.) 28. JETHITSA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. (Gr. aiOu, to burn ; on ac- count of its poisonous acridity.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcor- datc, with an inncxed point ; fruit globous-ovatc ; carpels with 5 acutely carinated ribs, lateral ones marginal, broader ; intervals acutely angled, with single \ittae, commissure with 2. — © Poisonous herbs. Invol. 0. Involucels one-sided. Fls. white. j3G. cynapium L. Lvs. bi- or tri-pinnately divided, segm. cuneate, obtuse ; invo- lucelj 3-leaved, pendulous, longer than the partial umbels. — In waste grounds, N. Eug., not common. St. about 2f high, green, striate. Lvs. with numerous, narrow, wedge-shaped segm., uniform, dark green, flat. Lfts. of the involucels linear, long, deflected, and situated on the outside. Jl., Aug. — The plant some- what resembles parsley, but is distinctly marked by the involucels, and by its dis- agreeable odor. It is said to be poisonous. § Eur. 29. LEPTOCAITLIS, Nutt. (Gr. AeTrrdf, slender, Kavhbq, stem.) Calyx limb obsolete ; petals ovate, entire ; fruit (often scaly) laterally compressed, ovate, crowned with the short styles ; carpels 5-ribbed, lat- eral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vitta3, commissure with 2 ; car- pophore 2-cleft at the tip; seed plano-convex. — (T) Herbs slender, smooth, ORDER 63.— UMBELLIFER^S. 387 erect. Lvs. finely divided. Umbels pedunculate, few-rayed. Invol. 0 ; involucel few-leaved. Fls. minute, white. L. divaricatus DC. Umbels (very small) 3 to 5-rayed, lateral and terminal ; in- volucel Ivs. divided, shorter than the very short pedicels ; fr. rnuricated with short, whitish, erect scales.— Dry sandy soils, S. Car., Ga. Sts. 2 to 8' high. An insig- nificant weed. Mar., Apr. 30. DISCOPLEUhRA, DC. BISHOP-WEED. (Gr. dioitog, the disk, irXevpd, a rib ; that is, the disk and ribs (of the fruit) united.) Calyx teeth subulate, persistent ; petals ovate, entire, with a minute, inflexed point; fruit ovate, often didymous ; carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united, with a thick, acces- sory margin ; intervals with single vittae ; seeds subterete. — (I) Lvs. ca- pillaceous-dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the invol. cleft. Fls. white. 1 D. capillacea DC. Erect or procumbent; umbels 3 to IQ-rayed; Ifts. of the invol. 3 to 5, mostly 3-ckft; fr. ovate. — In swamps near the coast, Mass, to Ga. St. much branched, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. very smooth, ternately dissected, with filiform, spreading segm. Umbels axillary and terminal, pedunculate, spreading. Invol. Ifts. about 3, with setaceous segm. Involucels filiform, longer than the um- bellets. Jn. — Sept. (Ammi, Spreng.) 2 D. costata. Branched, erect; umbels 7 to lo-rayed; bracts of the im-ol. 10 to 12, 2 to 5-parted; If. -segm. filiform, numerous, apparently verticillate ; fr. with ribs and vittce strongly contrasted. — Swamps, Ogeechee R. to the Miss., more common than Xo. 1, which prevails northward. St. stouter, 1 to 2f high. The corky ribs and persistent sepals conspicuous on tho ovate fruit. Oct., Nov. (Ammi costa- tum Ell.) 3 D. Nuttallii DC. Erect, tall; umbels 15 to 2Q-rayed; invol. few-bracted, bracts entire ; fr. as broad as long. — Wet prairies, Ky. to Fla. and La. Sts. 2 to Gf high, branched above. Lvs. few, but with numerous capillaceous segm. In- vol. not half as long as the rays ; involucela minute. Umbels near 2' broad. 31. NEUROPHYL'LUM, Torr. & Gray. (Gr. vevpav, a nerve (vein), (/>i;/l/loi>, leaf; leaves prominently veined.) Calyx limb of 5 lanceolate, persistent teeth ; petals obovate, joint inflexed ; stylopodium conical ; fruit laterally compressed, ovate ; ribs filiform, slight ; intervals with 3 vittae, commissure with 4 ; seed teretely plano-convex. — 11 Tall, slen- der, smooth. Lvs. ternate, segm. very long, linear, entire, 3-veined. Umbels perfect. Invol. 0 to 3-leaved; involucel 4 to C-leaved. Fls. white. (The same as Archemora ternata JSTutt. ?) N. longifolmm Torr. & Gr. Swamps, N. Car. to Fla. (Chapman). St. 3 to 4f high, branched above, very slender. Rt. Ivs. 12 to 18' long, the segm. much shorter than the petioles. Umbel 5 to 7 -rayed, rays very slender. Bracts of in- vol. and involucel subulate, very short. Sept. 32. SrUM, L. WATER PARSNIP. (Celtic siw, water; that is, a genus of aquatic plants.) Calyx margin 5-toothed or obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point ; fruit nearly oval ; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs, and several vittse in each interval ; carpophore 2-parted. — 2£ Aquatic. Lvs. pinnately divided. Umbels perfect, with partial and general many-leaved involucra. Fls. white. 1 S. latifolium L. St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acutely and coarsely serrate, acute; cal. teeth elongated. — A tall plant in swamps and ditches, N. J. ? to Ind. and Can. St. 3 to 4f high, smooth, hollow, with deep-furrowed and prominent angles. Lfls. or segm. 4 to 6' long, 1 to 2' broad, in 3 to 5 pairs, with a sessile odd one, each with about 10 large, sharp teeth. Umbels very 388 OBDER 63.— UMBELLIFER^l large, 20 to 30-rayed. Gal. segm. acuto, exceeding the broad 5-lobed stylopodium. Ribs of fr not prominent. JX, Aug. 2 S. lineare MX. St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. 9 to 11, linear and lante-linear, finely serrate, acute ; cal. teeth obsolete; fr. ribs winged.— — More common than the last, in swarnps, N. J. to Ind. and Can. St. 2 to 4f high, smooth, with 7 promi- nent angles. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, 2 to 4" wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate, middle pairs sessile. Umbels 1£ to 2^' broad. Invol. of 5 or G linear bracts, \ as long as the 15 to 21 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, whito fls. Fr. roundish, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. Jl., Aug. 33. CORIAN'DRUM, L. CORIANDER. (Gr. Kopi$, a bug; on ac- count of the smell of the leaves.) Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth ; pelals obeordate, inflexed at the point, outer ones radiate, bifid ; fruit globous ; carpels cohering, with the five depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary more prominent ones, seeds concave on the face. — CD Smooth. Invol. 0 or 1-leaved. Involucels 3-leavcd, unilateral. C. sativum L. Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneato Ifts., upper with linear ones ; carp, hemispherical. — Native of Eur., etc. This well-known plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds which are used as a spice, as a nucleus for sugar-plums, etc. St. 2f high. Lvs. numerously divided, strong-scented. Umbels with only the partial involucra. Fls. white. Jl. J 34. PIMPINEL'LA, L. ANISE. Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obcor- date, a little unequal ; disk 0 ; flowers perfect or diclinous ; styles capil- lary, as long as fruit ; fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals. — Euro- pean herbs, mostly y, with pinnately, many-parted Ivs., and white fls. Umbels compound. Invol. 0. P. Aiiisum L. Radical Ivs. incisely trifid ; caulino ones multifid, with narrow, linear segments, all glabrous and shining; umbels largo, many-rayed. — Native of Egypt. The aromatic and carminative properties of the fruit are well known. \ 35. yEGOPO'DIUM, L. GOUTWEED. GOATS-FOOT. (Gr. ai% (alyog\ a goat ; nodiov, a little foot ; referring to the form of the leaf.) Calyx limb obsolete ; fruit compressed laterally, oblong, crowned with the conical bases of the deflexed styles ; carpels with 5 filiform ridges, with- out vittae. — 11 Lvs. 1 to 2-ternate. Involucra none. Fls. white. .33. podagraria L. St. deeply furrowed, glabrous ; Ifcs. ovato or lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed, upper merely 3-cleft. — Gardens. Sts. 12 to 18' high, from strong, tenacious, creeping roots hard to eradicate. Umbels many- rayed. \ 36. AVPIUM, L. CELERY. (Celtic apon, water; the plants grow in watery situations.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals roundish, with a small inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed nearly double ; carpels 5-ribbed, the lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vittm. — Eur- opean herbs. Umbels perfect. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Fls. white. 1 A. graveolens L. Lower Ivs. pinnately dissected, on very long petioles, segm. broad-cuneate, incised; upper Ivs. 3-parted, segm. cuneate, lobed, and in- cisely dentate at apex ; invol 0 ; fr. roundish. — -@ Gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, branching, furrowed. Radical petioles thick, juicy, If in length. Umbels with unequal, spreading rays. — The stems when blanched by being buried, aro sweet, crisp, and spicy in flavor, and used as salad Jn. — Aug. \ Eur. 2 A. petroselinum Willd. PARSLEY. Lvs. decompound, segments of tho lower ones cuneate-ovate, terminal ones trifid, all incised, cauline segm. lance- linear, subentire ; involucds of 3 to 5 subulate bracts ; fr. ovate. — (D Gardens. St. 2 to 4f high, branched. Lvs. smooth and shining, with numerous, narrow segra. Jn. — Cultivation has produced several varieties. Esteemed as a potherb, for soup, etc. (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) \ Sardinia. Greece. ORDER G4.— ARALIACE^E. 339 37. CA^RUM, L. CARAWAY. (From Caria, the native country of the plant, according to Pliny.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obo- vate, emarginate, tho point inflexed ; styles dilated at base, spreading; fruit oval, compressed laterally ; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vito, commissure with 2. — Herbs with dissected Ivs. Umbels perfect. Involucra various. Fls. white. C. Carvi L. Lvs. somewhat bipinnatifid, with numerous linear segm. invol. 1-leaved or 0; involucels 0.-— St. about 2f high, branched, smooth, striate. Lower Ivs. large, on long petioles, with tumid, clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles ; involucrate bracts when present linear-lanceolate. Jn. Culti- vated for its fine aromatic fruit, so well known in domestic economy, i Eur 38. TREFOCARFUS 2£thusa Nutt. Western La. (Hale)! 39. CYNOSCIADIUM digitatum DC.— Western La. (Hale). Obx. These plants, of which we have beautiful specimens from Dr. Ilale may perhaps be found E. of tho Mississippi. ORDER LXIV, ARALIACE^E. ARALIADS. Trees, shrubs or herbs closely allied to the Umbellifers in the leaves, inflorescence and flowers, but the styles and cells of the OVARY are usually more than 2 (3 to 5) cells 1-ovuled ; fruit baccate or dry, 3 to 5-celled, with 1 albuminous seed in each cell. Genera 22, species 160. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemispheres. — Several species are well known in medicine, etc., as Ginseu-r, Spikenard. Sarsaparilla, etc. The latter is sometimes substituted for the Sarsaparilla of the shops. 1. ARA^LIA, L. WILD SARSAPARILLA, ETC. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb short, 5-toothed or entire ; petals 5, spreading, apex net inflexed ; stamens 5, epigynous ; styles and carpels 5 ; berry crowned v;ith the remains of the calyx and styles, mostly 5-celled and 5-seeded. — Lvs. compound. Fls. in simple, solitary, or racemous umbels. § Plants wholly herbaceous and unarmed Nos. 1, 2 § Plants shrubby at base or wholly shrubby, prickly Nos. 8, 4 1 A. nudicaulis L. Nearly stemless; If. solitary, decompound; scape- naked shorter than the. If., bearing tfie few umbels. — 2^ A well-known plant, found in woods, most abundant in rich arid rocky soil. Can. to Car. and Tenn. It Iras a large, fleshy root, from which arise a, leaf-stalk and a scape, but no proper stem. The former is long, supporting a single, large, compound leaf, which is either 3-ternate or 3-quinate. Lfts. oval and obovate, acuminate, finely serrate. Tho scape is about a foot high, bearing 3 simple umbels of greenish fls. Jn., Jl. 2 A. racemosa L. PETTYMOHIIEL, SPIKENARD. St. herbaceous, smooth; Irs. decompound ; umbels numerous, small, arranged in a decompound panicle. — % In rocky woods, Can. to the S. States. St. 3 to 4f high, dark green or reddish, arising from a thick, aromatic root. The If. -stalks divide into 3 partitions, each of which bears 3 or 5 large, ovate, serrate Ifts. Umbels numerous, arranged in branching racemes from the axils of the Ivs. or branches. The root is pleasant to the taste, and highly esteemed aa an ingredient in small beer, etc. Jl. 3 A. hispida L. WILD ELDER. BRISTLY ARALIA. St. shrubby at base, hispid, with prickles, herbaceous above ; Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. ovate, cut-serrate ; umbels on long ped., forming a terminal corymb. — If Common in fields about stumps and stoneheaps, K Eng. to Va. St. 1 to 2f high, the^ower part woody and thickly beset with sharp, stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. Lfls. many, ending in a long point, smooth. Umbels many, simple, globous, forming bunches of dark-colored, nauseous berries. Plant ill scented. Jl., Aug. 4 A. spinosa L. ANGELICA TREE. Arborescent; st. and petioles prickly; Ivs. bi- and tripinnate, Ifts. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glaucous beneath ; umbels nu- merous, forming a very large panicle; invol. small, few-leaved. — Damp woods, Penn. and Ohio to Fla. and La. Shrub 8 to 12f high, with tho Ivs. all crowded 390 ORDER 65.— CORNACEJS. near the summit. In the South it attains the height of 20 to 30f, usually -with" out a branch, imitating the form of the palm (as Elliott remarks) more nearly than any other tree. Its leaves are there 4 to 6f in length. Fls. white. Aug.— Properties emetic and cathartic. 2. PA^NAX, L. GINSENG. (Gr. 7rav, all, aitoc;, a remedy ; i. e., a panacea, or universal remedy.) Dioeciously polygamous. $ Calyx adnate to the ovary, limb short, obsoletely 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, alternate with the petals ; styles and carpels 2 to 3 ; fruit baccate, 2 to 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. $ Calyx limb nearly entire ; petals and stamens 5. — Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. 3 (in the herbaceous species), palmately compound. Fls. in a solitary, simple umbel. 3. P. trifolium L. GROUND-NUT. DWARF GINSENG. Rt. globous, tuberous ; Ivs. 3, verticillate, 3 to 5-foliate, l/ts. wedge-lanceolate, serrate subsessile ; sty. 3 ; ber- ries 3-seeded. — Common in low woods. Can. to S. States. The globular root is deep in the ground, nearly •£' diam., connected with the stem by a short, screw- like ligament. The st. arises 3 to 6' above tha surface, smooth, slender and simple. At the summit is a whorl of 3 compound Ivs. with a central ped. ter- minating in a little umbel of pure white fls. Lfts. generally 3, nearly or quite smooth. Barren and fertile fls. on different plants, the latter without stamens, succeeded by green berries, the former with a single abortive style. May. 2 P. quinquefolium L. lit. fusiform ; Ivs. 3, verticillate, 5-foliate ; Ifts. oval, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; ped. of the umbel rather shorter than the common petiole. — Not uncommon in rocky or mountainous woods. Can. to S. States. Et. whitish, thick and fleshy. St. round, smooth, If high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound Ivs. and a C3ntral ped. bearing a simple umbel. Fls. small, yel- lowish, on short pedicels, the barren ones borne on separate plants have larger petals and an entire calyx. Berries bright scarlet. Jn. — Aug. The root is in some estimation as a drug. 3. HED'ERA, L. EUROPEAN IVY. (Celtic hedra, a cord ; from the vine-like habit.) Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5, dilated at the base ; berry 5-soeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx. — European shrubby plants, climbing or erect, with simple, evergreen Ivs. and green fis. H. Helix L. St. and branches long and flexible, attached to the earth or trees or wall by numerous radicating fibres ; Ivs. dark green, smooth, with white veins, petiolate, lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovato; fls. in numerous umbels, form- ing a corymb; berry black, with a mealy pulp. — Native of Britain. There are several varieties in gardens, f ORDER LXV. CORNACE^E. CORNELS. Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. Leaves opposite (alternate in one species), simple, with pinna! e vcinlets. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals adherent to the ovary, the limb minute, 4-toothed or lobed. Petals 4, disti ct, alternate with the calyx teeth, valvato in the bud. Stamens same number as petals, inserted on the margin of tho cpigynous disk. Ovary 1 or 2 -celled. Fruit a baccate drupe crowned with the calyx. Genera {), species 40. They nrf natives throncrhotit tho temperate zone of both continents. The Order is distinguished for its bitter and astringent bark. That of Cornus florida is an ex. cellent tonic similar in its action to the Peruvian bark. Many arc beautiful shrubs in cul- tivation. 1. COR'NUS, L. DOGWOOD. (Lat. cornu, a horn ; from the hard- ness of the wood of some species.) Calyx limb of 4 minute segments ; petals 4, oblong, sessile; stamens 4; style somewhat clubshaped; drupe baccate, with a 2 or 3-celled nut. — Trees, shrubs, or perennial ORDER 65.— CORN ACE M. 391 herbs. Lvs. (mostly opposite) entire. Fls. in cymes, often involucrate. Floral envelops valvate in aestivation. Bark bitter, tonic. § Cymes subtended by a 4-leaved, white involucre Nos. 1 , 2 | Cymes naked.— Leaves alternate No. 3 — Leaves opposite. — Twigs and cymes pubescent No. 4 — Twigs, «fec., glabrous. — Drupes white Nos. 5, 0 —Drupes blue Nos. 7, 8 1 C. Canadensis. L. Low CORNEL OR DOG-WOOD. Herbaceous, low ; upper Ivs. whorled, veiny, on short petioles ; st. simple. — A small, pretty plant, in woods, nearly throughout N. Am., N. of lat. 39°. Rhizome creeping, woody. The- flowering stems erect 4 to 8' high, bearing 2 small bracts in the middle, and a whorl of 6 leaves at the top, two of which are larger, placed a little lower and opposite. An umbellate cyme of flowers arises from the center of the whorl, and with its large, showy involucre of 4 white leaves, might easily be taken for a single flower. A bunch of red berries succeeds. The barren st. supports a whorl of 4 equal leaves. May, Jn. 2 C. florida L. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Arboreous ; Ivs. opposite, ovate, acu- minate, entire ; fls. small, in a close, cymous umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4 leaved, obcordate involucre. — A tree from 20 to 30f in height, very ornamental when in flower. Woods, U. S. and Can. Wood hard and compact, covered with a rough, extremely bitter bark, used in medicine as a tonic. Lvs. (partially expanded at flowering) nearly smooth, veiny, pale beneath. The true ns. are inconspicuous, greenish yellow, but the involucre is very large and showy, of veiny, white obovate Ivs. ending in a callous point, which is turned up or down so abruptly as to appear emarginate. Drupes red. May. 3 C. alternifolia L. Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath; branches alternate, verrucous ; drupes purple, globous. — A small tree, N. and W. States and Can., about twice the height of the last, in moist woods. The branches are smooth, even, spreading from the upper part of the stem, and forming a depressed summit Bark greenish, marked with warty streaks. Lvs. irregularly scattered along the branches, oval-lanceolate, acute, entire veined, whitish underneath, on rather long stalks. Fls. pale buff color, in a loose cyme. Jn. 4 C. sericea L. Branches spreading, purplish, Iranchlets woolly; Ivs. ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, silky -pubescent beneath; cymes depressed, woolly; drupes bright blue. — U. S. and Can. A variety has Ivs. tapering at base. A shrub about 8f high, with opposite, dusky purple branches, and dark red shoots. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, % as wide, varying from ovate and oval to lanceolate, nearly smooth above, with rather prominent veins; petioles J to 1' long. Fls. yellowish white, appearing in June. 5 C. paniculata L'Her. Brandies erect, grayish, smooth; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, roughish above, hoary beneath ; cymes paniculate ; drupes white. — A handsome shrub lOf high, profusely flowering, common in low woodlands and thickets, N. and W. States and Can. It has numerous and very branching sts. covered with grayish bark, the shoots chestnut-colored. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Fls. small, white in all their parts, in many small, conical cymes, succeeded by drupes as large as peas. May, Jn. 6 C. stolonifera MX. RED OSIER. St. often stoloniferous; branches smooth ; shoots virgate, reddish purple ; Ivs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cymes naked, flat ; berries white. — A small tree, N. and W. States, and Can., 8 to lOf in. height, with smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are commonly red, especially in winter. It often sends out from its base prostrate and rooting stems, with erect shoots. Fls. in terminal cymes, white, followed by bluMi- white drupes. May, Jn. 7 C. stricta Lam. Branches erect, brown, glabrous ; Ivs. elliptical or lance-ovate, nearly glabrous and green both sides; acute at base, long-acuminate at apex; petioles very short; cymes loose, umbel-like, fastigiate, glabrous; cal. teeth sub- ulate, half as long as ovary; pet. ovate-lanceolate, rather acute; anthers and drupes pale blue.— Swamps, Va. to Fla. Shrub 8 to 12fhigh, readily known by its slender-pointed, short-stalked Ivs. Apr. 392 ORDER 65.— CORNACE^E. J3. ASPERIFOLIA Feay. Lvs. scabrous-pubescent above, downy beneath, rather inclined to elliptical; cymes scabrous. — S. and W. "States. (C. asperi folia MX.) 8 C. circinata L. Branches verrucous; Ivs. orbicular or very broadly oval, white tomentous beneath; cymes spreading, depressed; drupes light blue. — A shrub some 6f high, Can. to Md., W. to Ind. St. grayish, upright, with opposite, cylin- drical, green, spotted or warty branches. Lvs. large, about as broad as long, opposite, acuminate, crowned with a white, thick down on the under side. Fls. white. Berries hollowed at base, soft, crowned with the remains of the style. Jn. 2. NYSSA, L. (The name of a nymph or naiad, says Linnaeus.) TULEPO, GUM-TREE. Fls. dioecious or polygamous. $ Calyx tube very short, limb truncate; petals 5, oblong; stam. 5 — 12, mostly 10, inserted outside a glandular disk in the bottom of the calyx ; ovary 0. $ Calyx- tube oblong, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, limb truncate, a mere rim as in $ ; petals 2 — 5, oblong, often 0 or soon deciduous ; stam. mostly abortive; style large, stigmatic on one side; drupe oval, 1 -seeded.— Trees with small green, fls. clustered on axillary peduncles, the sterile more numerous. 1 N". multiflora "Wang. Lvs. oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse at each end, entire ; the petiole, midvein and margin villous ; fertile peduncles 3 (2 — ^-flowered ; style revolute ; nut short, obovate, striate, obtuse. — Woodlands dry or damp. U. S. A large tree, 30 to 7 Of in hight, trunk 1— 3f diam. with a light gray hexagonally broken bark. Lvs. of a firm texture, 2 — 5' long, half as wide. $ Peduncles 5 — 9-flowered, fil. at length slender. Drupe often solitary, blackish blue, 5 — 6" long. Wood soft, but hard to split. Apr. — Jn. (N. aquatica and biflora, auth.) 2 N. uniflora Walt. SWAMP TULEPO. Lvs. green, oblong-ovate or ovate, long- petiolate, entire or denticulate, pubescent or smoothish beneath; fertile flowers solitary, 3-bractcd; on slender peduncles ; style nearly straight ; sterile fls. 5 — 10; drupe large, oblong. — Swamps, S. States, common. A tree of large size, 50 — 80f high. Leaves when young thin, mostly acute at each end, when full grown large, abrupt or cordate at base, thickish, 3 — 9' long, the petioles 1 — 2'. Fruit blue, as large as a plum. Wood soft and white. Apr. May. (N. denticulata, tomentosa, angulizans MX., etc.) 3 N. capitata Walt. OGEECHEE LIME. Lvs. oval or oblong, sJiort-petiolaie, entire, whitened beneath, midvein subvillous, obtuse at apex, acute at base ; fertile fls. solitary, on short peduncles, downy, 3 — 4-bracted, with 5 petals and 10 stamens; sterile fls. 20 — 30 in each dense globular head ; fruit large, oblong. — On river banks (especially the Ogeechee !) S. States. Tree 20 — 3 Of high. Lvs. ample, 5 — 9' long, 2 — 3' broad, usually-mucronate; petiole 2 — 6" long. Fruit "dark red" as large as a small plum, acid. May, Jn, (1ST. candicans Ph.) 648. Symmetrical flower of Scdum acre. 4, of Sempcrvivum. ORDER 66.-— CAP-RIFOLIACE-^J. 393 COHORT 2, GAMOPETAL^S, OR MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. — Plants having a double peri- anth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of petals partially or wholly united. ORDER LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. HONEYSUCKLES. Shrubs, rarely herbs, often twining with opposite leaves, no stipules ; flowers clus- tered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular ; corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate; stamens inserted on corolla tube, rarely one less than the lobes; ovary adherent to the calyx; style 1, stigmas 3 to 5 ; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. General, species 220, chiefly natives of tha northern temperate regions, and occasionally found in the alpine parts of the tropical zone. Properties. The fever-root (Triosteum perfoliaturn) is a mild cathartic, and in largo doses «rnetic ; the dried and roasted berries are sometimes substituted for coffee. The leaves and bark of the Elder are both emetic and cathartic ; the flowers are sudorific, and tho berries laxative. The beauty and fragrance of the Honeysuckle in cultivation is well known. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. LONICERE^E. Corolla tubular, with a filiform style (a). a Herbs. — Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens but 4 LINN.SA. 1 — Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens 5 TBIOSTEUM. 2 a Shrubs. — Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded SYMPIIORICARPUS. 8 — Corolla tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2 to 3-celled LONICEBA. 4 — Corolla funnel-form. Capsule 2-celled, oo-seeded DIEBVILLA. 5 2. SAMBUCE^E. Corolla rotate, deeply'5-lobed. Stigmas sessile (b). b Shrubs with pinnate leaves. Berry 3-seeded SAMBUCUS. 6 b Shrubs with simple leaves. Drupel-seeded VIBURNUM. 7 1. LINN£\A, Gron. TWIN-FLOWER. (Dedicated to Carl Von Linne, the most renowned of naturalists.) Calyx tube ovate, limb 5- parted, deciduous ; bractlets at base 2 ; corolla campanulate, limb sub- equal, 5-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other ; berry dry, 3- celled, indehiscent, 1-seedcd (2 cells abortive). — 14 A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout the northern temperate zone. Fed. 2 -flowered. L. bore alls Gron. The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, gener- ally in evergreen woods, from lat. 39° to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish sts., rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Lvs. small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with ob- tuse lobes or teeth, and scattered hairs. Fed. filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate, nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. 2. TRIOSTEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. (Gr. rpei^ three, OOTKOV, a Done ; from the three bony seeds.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, subequal ; stamens 5, included ; stigma capitate, lobed ; fruit drupaceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-sceded ; 394 OHDER 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E. seeds ribbed, bony. — H Herbs coarse, hairy. Lvs. large, connate. FJs. axillary. 1 T. perfoliatum L. Hirsute ; Ivs. oval, acuminate ; fls. verticillato or clustered, sessile, brownish-purple. — Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wise. S. along the Mts. St. stout, 3 to 4f high, covered with soft, clammy hairs. Lvs. 6' by 3', entire, abruptly contracted at base, pubescent beneath. Fls. in clusters of 5 or 6. Cor. limb in 5 rounded lobes. Fr. a rather dry drupe, crowned with the long, leafy, spreading calyx segm., orange-colored when mature. Jn. — Root large, fleshy, in much repute, having many of the properties of Ipecacuanha. 2 T. angustifolium L. Hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely connate: fls. mostly solitary, short-stalked, yellowish or straw-colored. — S. States to 111. and Glen Cove, L. I. (Mr. J. Coles). Plant 2 to 3f high, more slender and rougher than the other. Lvs. about 4 or 5' by 1', contracted to a narrow base, roughest on the upper surface. May. 3. SYMPHORICAR'PUS, Dill. SNOW-BEERY. (Gr. ovv, together, 0spw, to bear, Kapno^ fruit ; bearing fruit in close clusters.) Calyx tube globous, limb 4 to 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, the limb in 4 to 5 subequal lobes ; stamens inserted on the corolla, and as many as its lobes ; stigma capitate ; berry globous, 4-celled, 2-seeded (2 opposite cells abortive). — Small shrubs, with entire, oval Ivs., and small, rose-colored fls. 1 S. racemosus MX. Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy rac.; cor. campanulate, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included ; berries snow-white. — A smooth, handsome shrub, 2 to 3 f high, common in cultivation, and native in W. N. York, Can., &c. Lvs. oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Cor. rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round or ovoid, and very ornamental when mature. JL, Aug. 2 S. occidentalis R. Br. "WOLF-BERRY. Lvs. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary and terminal, nodding ; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded in- side; sta. and bearded style exserted; berries white. — Woods, Mich, to Wis. and Can. Shrub 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' by § to 2' ; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Cor. rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish white. Jl. 3 S. vulgaris MX. Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capitate and crowded; cor. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous; sta. and bearded style in- cluded ; berries dark red. — River banks, Penn. to Iowa (Cousens), and S. States. Shrub 2 to 3f high. Branches purplish and often pubescent. Lvs. 1 to 2' by £ to !£-', somewhat pubescent. Cor. greenish -red. Jl. (Lonicera Symphori- carpus L.) 4. LONICE'RA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE. (In honor of Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the sixteenth century.) Calyx 5-toothed, tube subglobous ; corolla infundibuliform or campanu- late, limb 5-cleft, often labiate ; stamens 5, exserted ; ovaries 2 to 3- celled ; berry few-seeded ; stigma capitate. — A beautiful genus of climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate Ivs. § XYLOSTEON. Shrubs erect. Leaves never connate. Flowers in pairs (a). 0, Corolla gibbous at base, lobes somewhat irregular Nos. 1 — 5 a Corolla not gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, roseate No. 4 § CAPRIFOLIUM. Shrubs climbing. Fls. sessile, mostly whorled (b). b Leaves all distinct. Corolla ringent. Cultivated exotics .Jos. 5, 6 b Leaves (the upper pair) connate-perfoliate (c). C Corolla subequal, both tube and limb scarlet No. 7 C Corolla limb ringent, — tube equal (not gibbous) at base Nos. 8 — 10 —tube gibbous at the base Nos. 11, 12 ORDER 66.— CAPRIFOLIACK^E. 395 1 L. ciliata Mulil. FLY HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate; cor. limb with short and subequal lobes ; tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct, red. — A branching, erect shrub, 3 to 4f high, found in woods, Me. to Ohio and Can. Lvs. thin, oblong-ovate, often cordate at the base, somewhat cili- ate on the margin, and villous beneath when young. Fls. pale straw-yellow, ia pairs at the top of the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, but not connate, 3 to 5-seeded. May, JD. 2 L. oblongifolia Hook. Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent beneath, cor. limb deeply bilabiate ; tube gibbous at base ; ped. long, filiform, erect ; berries connate or united into one, globous, purple, bi-umbilicate. — A shrub, 3 to 4f high, in swamps, Can. and N. Y. Lvs. almost sessile, 1 to 2' long, ped. of equal length. Cor. hairy, greenish-yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire, the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two calyces. Jn. 3 L. ccerulea L. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smoothish ; ped. short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; cor. gib- bous at base, lobes short, subequal ; berries connate or united into one, deep blue. — A low shrub in rocky woods, Mass, and N. Y. north to Hudson's Bay. St. 2f high, with small Ivs. and pairs of small, yellow fls., which are longer than their peduncles. Lvs. ovate, oval, obovate and oblong, ending abruptly. May, Jn. 4 L. Tartarica L. TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. Sts. erect, much branched ; Ivs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining, and dark green above, paler beneath, entire, on short petioles; ped. axillary, solitary, 2-flowered; segm. of the cor. ob- long, obtuse, equal. — An elegant and much admired shrub, from Russia. Grows from 4 to lOf high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by f to 1J', coriaceous. Fls. small, pale purple, varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr. — Jn. f 5 L. Japonica L. CHINESE HONEYSUCKLE. Sts. soft-pubescent ; Ivs. ovate and oblong, minutely pointed, all distinct, petiolate ; ped. axillary, 2-bracted and 2-flowered ; cor. limb, ringent, tube equal at base, slender, downy ; stam. and sty. exserted. — From China. Sts. flexuous, climbing 15f high, bearing a profusion of orange-colored fls. f South. 6 L. Periclymemim Tourn. WOODBINE. Lvs. deciduous, all distinct, elliptical, rather acute, on short petioles ; fls. in dense, imbricate, terminal heads ; cor. ringent. — A. woody climber, native of Europe, cultivated and nearly natur- alized. Fls. yellow and red, fragrant, succeeded by red berries. Variety querci- folium has sinuate Ivs. May — Jl. f 7 L. sempervireiis Ait. TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. oblong, evergreen, tho tipper ones counate-perfoliate ; fls. in nearly naked spikes of distant whorls; cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventricous above. — In moist groves and bor- ders of swamps, M". Y. (near the city), to Fla. and La. St. woody, twining with the sun. The distinct Ivs. in the wild plant are elliptical or almost linear ; tho connate, but 1 or 2 pairs. Cor. nearly 2' long, of a lino scarlet without and yel- low within. Mar, Apr. (S.)— May— -Jl (N.) f. 8 L. flava Sim. YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. ovate, glaucous both sides, upper pair connate-perfoliate ; spikes terminal, of about 2 close whorls ; cor. smooth, ' tube slender, not gibbous at base, limb somewhat ringent; stam. exserted, smooth. — Shrub scarcely twining, N. Y. to Ga., W. to Wise. Lva. deciduous, abruptly contracted at base, except the upper perfoliate pair. Fls. in heads ol about 10, fragrant. Cor. an inch or more in length, the tube much longer than the lips, bright yellow ; upper lip much broader than the lower, in 4 segm. May, Jl.f 9 L. grata Ait. EVERGREEN HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; fils. in sessile, terminal and axillary whorls ; cor. riugent, tube long, slender, not gibbous at base. — Damp woodlands, N. Y., Penn., and W. States. St. climbing many feet. Lvs. oppo- site or in 3s, margin revolute. Fls. large and very fragrant, 5 or G in each whorl. Cor. whitish, becoming yellowish within, reddish without. Sta. exserted. Ber- ries red. Jn. f 10 L. Caprifolium L. COMMON OR ITALIAN HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. decidu- ous, the upper pair porfoliate-connatc ; fls. in a single terminal verticil ; cor. rin- 396 ORDER 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E gent, lips a third the length of the tube, strongly revolute.— Native of Europe Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Pis. of various hues, red, yellow and white. Jn. — Aug. f 11 L. parviflora Lara. Lvs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong all sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate ; flg. in lids, of 1 or more approxi- mate whorls; cor. ringent, tube glabrous, short, gibbous at base; fil. bearded — A small, smooth, shrubby climber, in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. St 8 to 10f long. Lvs. wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous on 'the underside Fls. rather small. Cor. 1 in length, yellow, tinged with dull red. gibbous at base, the short limb in curved segments. Sta. and sty. exserted. Berries orange-colored. May, Jn. /?. Lvs. large, pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct, the lower petiolate ; fls. pubescent. — Ohio (Sullivant) and westward. (L. Douglasii, DC.) 12. L. hirsuta Eaton. Lvs. hairy above, soft-villous beneath, veiny, broad-oval, abruptly acuminate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; fls. in vertidlMe spikes; cor. ringent; fil. bearded. — A climber of coarser aspect, in woods N. Eng. to Mich, and Can., twining about trees to the height of 15 to 2 Of. The whole plant is more or less hairy. Lvs. pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side ciliate with scattered hairs, fls. large, numerous, greenish yellow, in whorled, axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of cor. spreading. Sty. and sta. exserted, Jn. (C. pubescens Goldie.) 5. DIERVIl'LA, Tourn. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE. (In honor of Dier- ville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species.) Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft; corolla twice as long, funnel-shaped, limb 5-cleft and nearly regular ; stamens 5 ; capsular fruit 2-celled (apparently 4-celled from the projecting placenta), many-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite, serrate, deciduous Ivs. 1 D. trifida Moench. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, on short petioles ; ped. axillary and terminal, 1 to 3-flowercd ; caps, attenuate above. — A low shrub not uncommon in hedges and thickets, Can. to Car. St. about 2f high, branching. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 1}', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Ova. slender, 4 to 5" long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Sta. and sty. much exserted. Stig. capitate. ' Jn. 2 D. sessilifolia Buckley. Lvs. glabrous, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acumi- nate, sessile or subampkxicaul ; peduncles 3 to 5-jlowered, crowded in the axils above ; caps, cylindric-oblong, short-beaked, crowned with the subulate-setaceous calyx teeth. — High mountains of N. Car. (Buckley). Shrub 2 to 4f high. Leaves 2 to 4' long. Flowers sessile or pedicillate. Jn., Jl. 6. SAM'BUCUS, L. ELDER. (Lat. sambuca, musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder.) Calyx small, 5-parted ; corolla 5-cleft, segments obtuse ; stamens 5 ; stigma obtuse, small, sessile ; berry glob- ous, pulpy, 3-seeded. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate or bipinnate Ivs. Fls. in cymes. 1 S. Canadensis L. St. shrubby ; cymes fastigiate, 5-rayed ; Ifts. 3 to 5 pairs with an odd one, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth. — A common shrub 6 to lOf high, in thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. St. filled with a light and porous pith, especially when young. Lfls. serrate, the lower ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Fls. numerous, in very large (2f broad in Ind.) level- topped cymes, white, with a heavy odor. Berries dark purple. May — Jl. 2 S. pubens MX. St. shrubby; cymes paniculate and pyramidal; Ifts. oval- lanceolate, acuminate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and with the petiole pubes- cent beneath. — A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Car., growing 6f high, more or less. Lvs. simply antl unequally pinnate.; Ifts. sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Fls. in a cl®se, ovoid thyrsus or panicle. Cor. white. Berries scarlet, small. May, Jn. p. LEUCOCARPA T. & G. Berries white. Catskill Mountains. (Mr. J. Hogg, fide T. & G.) ORDER 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 397 7. YIBUR'NUM, L. (Lat. vierc, to tic ; for the pliancy of tho twigs ?) Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla rotate, limb 5-lobed, seg- ments obtuse ; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla ; stigmas ses- sile ; ovary 1 to 3-celled, 1-ovuled ; drupe, 1-seeded. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple, petiolate Ivs., white fls. in cymes which are some- times radiant. a Cymes radiant, — the outer flowers sterile and showy Nos. 1, 2 . a Cymes not radiant, the flowers all alike, (b) b Leaves 8-lobed, palrnately 8 to 5- veined Nos. ", 4 b Leaves not lobed,— coarsely toothed. Cymes stalked Nos. 5, G — sharply serrate. Cymes sessile Nos. 7, 8 —entire or nearly so.— Species native Nos. 9, 1 » — Species exotic Nos. 11, 12 1 V. lantanoides L. HOBBLE-BUSH. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, abruptly acumi- nate, unequally serrate ; petioles and veins covered with a ferruginous down ; cyme sessile; fr. ovate. — A shrub very ornamental when in flower, common in tho rocky woods of N. Eng., N. Y. and Can. Height about 5f. Branches long and crooked, often trailing and rooting. Lvs. very large, covered with a rusty pubes- cence when young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaining only upon the stalk and veins. The radiant sterilo fls. of the cyme aro near 1' diam.. from a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5-rounded lobes. Inner fls. much smaller, fertile. May. 2 V. Opulus L. HIGH CRANBERRY. Smooth; Ivs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, rounded at base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed; petioles glandular; cymes pedunculate. — A handsome shrub, 8 to 12f high, in woods and borders of fields, N. States and Brit. Am. Sts. several from the same root, branched above. Lvs. with large, remote blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or moro glands at base, channeled above. Cymes radiate like the preceding species. Fr. resembles the common cranberry in flavor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, remaining upon the bush after tho leaves have fallen. Jn. (V. Oxycoccus Ph.) (3. ROSEUM. GUELDER ROSE. SNOW-BALL. Lvs. rather acute at base, longer than broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth ; petioles glandular ; fls. all neutral, in globous cymes. — This variety is the popular shrub so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of tho Lilac, Snowberry, Philadelphus, &c. Its dense spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren flowers. 3 V. acerifolium L. DOCKMACKIE. Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, B-veined, 3-lobed, acutely dentate ; petioles without glands, cymes on long peduncles ; stam. ex- serted. — A shrub 4 to 6f high, with yellowish green bark, growing in woods, Can. and U. S. Lvs. broad, rounded and sometimes cordato at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes, with a form not very unlike that of the maple leaf, tho under surface as well as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slen- der, very flexible, ending with a pair of Ivs. and a long stemmed, cymous umbel of white fls. Fr. oval, compressed. Jn. 4 V. pauciflorum Pylaie. Nearly smooth in all its parts ; Ivs. roundish, with 3 short lobes at summit, serrate, mostly 5-veined from the base ; cymes small and pedunculate, terminating the very short lateral branches ; stam. much shorter than the cor.— A small shrub with white fls., Mansfield, Mt, Vt., (Macrae), White Mts., N. H. (Bobbins), N. to Newfoundland. 5 V. dentatum L. ARROW- WOOD. Nearly smooth ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, coarsely dentate-serrate, petiolate, straight- veined ; cymes pedunculate. — A shrub 8 to 12f high, not uncommon in damp woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow- wood from the long, straight, slender branches or young shoots. Lvs. roundish, 2 to 3' diam., tho upper pair oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pu- bescent in their axils. Fls. white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue ber- ries. Jn. — Hardly distinct from the next. 6 V. pnbesc.ens Ph. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate-serrate, straight veined, villous beneath and somewhat hairy above, on short stalks; slip. 2, subulate; cymes pedunculate, smoothish ; fr. oblong.— In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. A shrub about Gf high. Lvs. each with a pair of short, hairy, sub- 398 ORDER GT.— RUBIACE^E. nlate appendages (stipular ?) at tho base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, few-flowered. Fls. rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Fr. nearly black. Jn. 13. JIOLLE. POISON HAW. Soft, rusty, tomentous throughout the stalks, Ivs. and cymes ; Ivs. rather acute ; fls. large. — Tenn. to Ga. (Misses Keen) and La. (Hale). (V. molle MX.) 7 V. Lentago L. SWEET VIBURNUM. Lvs. ovate and oval, long -acuminate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with undulate margins. — A common tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Height 10 to lof. Lvs. smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3' long and £ as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy dilated border on each side. Fls. white, in broad, spreading cymes, suc- ceeded by well-flavored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Ju. 8 V. prunifolium L. BLACK HAW. SLOE. Lvs. smooth, shining above, round- ish obovate or ovate, rather obtuse, acutely serrulate, with uncinate teeth ; petioles slightly and evenly margined ; cymes mostly sessile. — In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high, with handsome, glossy Ivs. and large cymes. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, \ to § as wide, on short petioles, slightly mar- gined. Cymes terminal. Fls. white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are sweet and eatable. Jn. /?. FERRUGIXEUM. T. & G. Veins and petiole beneath covered with reddish brown wool ; Ivs. narrower. — S. W. Ga. and Mid. Fla. Called possum haw, the black drupes being insipid. 9 V. nudum L. Smooth ; Ivs. oval-oblong, or lance-oval, subrevolute at edge, entire or subcrenulate, not shining, veiny and dotted beneath ; petioles not winged ; cymes on short stalks. — Shrub or small tree, 10 to 2 Of high, U. S. Lvs. thick, and when fully grown 3 to 4' long, mostly acute or even short acuminate. Cymes large, on peduncles 1 to 2' in length, naked after losing their caducous bracts. Fls. white, berries dark blue, covered with bloom, sweetish. Apr. — Jn. — Very variable. /?. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. T. & G. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, margin obscurely repand-denticulate. — South (Pond, £c.) y. CASSINOIDES T. & G. Lvs. oval, obovate or oblong, obtuse, acute or short- acuminate, margin nearly entire, veins not prominent. — North and South (V. cassinoides L.). — Another variety (d. ovale) has smaller, oval, obtuse, very entire Ivs. (South), &c. 10 V. obovatum Walt. Lvs. small, obovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so, subses- sile, dotted beneath; cymes small, numerous, sessile. — Shrub 8 to 15f high, swampy river banks, Va. to Ga. Branches straggling, some virgate ones, all covered with a profusion of white cymes about 1|-' diam. Lvs. at flowering time G to 8" long, finally 10 to 18". Fr. black, shining, sweet. Apr., May. 11 V. Tinus L. LAURESTINE. Lvs. coriaceous, lance-ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts beneath. — A fine evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height 4 to 5f. Lvs. acute, thick but veiny, dark, shining green above, paler beneath. Fls. white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. 12 V. odoratissimum Ker. Smooth; Ivs. coriaceous, evergreen, elliptic- oblong, remotely repand-dentate ; fls. in paniculate cymes, white, very fragrant. — f From China. ORDER LXYII. KUBIACE^E. MADDERWORTS. Trees, shrubs and herbs. Lvs. opposite, somewhat verticillate, entire. Stipules between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. Calyx tube more or less ad- herent to the ovary ; limb 4 to 5-cleft. Corolla regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. Stamens inserted upon the tube of tho corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. Ovaries 2 (rarely more)- celled. Style single or partly divided. Fr. various. Seeds one, few, or many in each cell. (Fig. 183.) Genera 330, species 2800. It is generally divided into two suborders, viz.. Stellate® and Cin- chonese, to which a third, Loganieae (which has few representatives at tho North) is appended by ORDER 67.— RTJBIACE.E. 399 Torrey and Gray. The species of the first suborder, Stellate*, are common in the northern parts of both continents; the other suborder prevails chiefly in warm or torrid regions. Properties.— A very important family, furnishing rnuny useful products. The madder one of the most important ot dyes, is lurnished by the root of liubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by several species of Galium. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuce is th product of several species of Cinchona, viz., t the top .No. 115 408 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. SUBORDER, TUBULIFLORJE. § Heads discoid, that is, without rays. (1) 1 Receptacle naked, i. e., with no pales or bristles among the flowers. (2) 2 Pappus a circle of 5— 20 chaffy scales, (a) 2 Pappus none, or a short, toothed margin, (b) 2 Pappus composed of many capillary bristles. (3) 3 Leaves opposite. (Heads homogamous.) (d) 3 Leaves alternate. (4) 4 Heads homogamous, — fls. all perfect, (c) 4 Heads heterogamous, fls. not all perfect. (5) 5 Scales herbaceous, often deciduous, (e) 5 Scales scarious, persistent, often colored, (f) 1 Receptacle, chaffy bearing pales among the flowers. (6) 6 Leaves alternate, (g) 6 Leaves opposite, (h) 1 Receptacle bearing bristles, or deeply alveolate (honey-combed). (7) 7 Pappus none, or consisting of scales, (i) 7 Pappus composed of many bristles, (j) § Heads radiate, i. c., the outer flowers ligulate. (8) 8 Receptacle naked (not chaffy), or (in No. 67) deeply honeycomb-celled, (9) 9 Pappus of 5-12 scales which are 1-awned or (in No. 61) cleft-bristly, (k) 9 Pappus none, or of a few short awns. (1) 9 Pappus of many capillary bristles. (10) 10 Hays cyanic, in a single row. (m) 10 Rays cyanic, in several rows, (n) 10 Rays yellow, in about one row. (11) 11 Pappus double, or of very unequal bristles, (o) 11 Pappus simple, the bristles all similar. (12) 12 Involucre scales imbricated, the outer shorter, (p) 12 Involucre scales equal, not imbricated, (r) 8 Receptacle chaffy, with pales among the flowers. (13) 13 Disk and ray flowers both fertile, the latter pistillate. (14) 14 Rays yellow (s) 14 Rays cyanic, (t) 13 Disk flowers sterile, ray flowers fertile, (u) 13 Disk flowers fertile, ray flowers sterile. (15) 15 Achenia obcompressed, often beaked, (v) 15 Achenia compressed laterally, or not at all. (x) a Corolla lobes one-sided. Head large, many-flowered STOKESIA. 2 a Corolla lobes one-sided. Heads 4 — 5-flowered, aggregated ELEPHANTOPUS. 3 a Corolla lobes equal — Leaves opposite. Pappus awned AGERATUM. 4 — Leaves whorled. Pappus obtuse SCLEROLEPIS. 5 — Leaves alternate. — Pappus scales 8 — 10 POLYPTERIS. 63 —Pappus scales 12—20 HYMENOPAPPUS. 64 b Leaves opposite. Flowers dicccious, obscure AMBROSIA. 45 b Leaves alternate. — Flowers yellow. Disk conical ! MATRICARIA. 73 — Flowers yellow. Disk convex TANACETUM. 75 —Flowers whitish.— Erect, leafless above . . ADENOCAULON. 15 — Erect, leafy ARTEMISIA. 76 — Low and depressed SOLIVA. 77 C Scales of the involucre in one row. Flowers cyanic CACALIA. 84 C Scales of the involucre in one row. Flowers yellow SENECIO. 88 c Scales imbricated. — Flowers yellow. BIGELOVIA. 27 —Flowers whitish. EUPATORICM 1 0, and KUHNIA. S — Flowers" purple. — Pappus simple LIATRIS. 7 — Pappus double VERNONIA. 1 d Achenia 10-striate. Flowers purple BKICKELLIA. 9 d Achenia 5-angled. — Receptacle conical. Flowers blue CONOCLINIUM. 12 — Receptacle flat. — Scales 4 or 5 MIKANIA. 11 —Scales 8—20 . . .EVPATOKIUM. 10 ORDEB 70.— COMPOSITE. 409 e Shrubs. Flower dioecious, the ? and $ in different heads BACCHARB. 85 e Herbs. — Stem winged. Heads spicato PTEROCAULON. 86 — Stem wingless. — Heads corymbons, purplish i .PLUCHKA. 34 —Heads paniculate.— Pappus reddish CONYZA. 82 —Pappus white ERECHTITES. 83 f Receptacle chaffy except in the center FILAGO. 80 f Ileceptacle naked. — Heads dioecious ANTENNARIA. 79 — Heads heterogamous.— Involucre erect GNAPIIALIUM. 73 —Involucre radiate HELICHRYSUM. 82 g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus of scale-like awns XERANTHEMUM. 81 g Scales herbaceous.— Flowers dioecious. Fruit a burr. XANTHIUM. 48 — Fls. all perfect.— Pappus of 5 or 6 scales MARSHALLIA. G3 — Papp. of many bristles CABPIIEPIIOBUS. 6 li Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 inversely hispid awns BIDENS. 53 h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 erectly hispid awns COREOPSIS. 57 h Flowers whitish,— dioecious. Anthers yellowish '. AMBROSIA. 45 —monoecious. Anthers yellow IVA. 44 — all perfect. Anthers black MELANTHERA. 47 i Outer scales of the invol. leafy. Pappus none CARTHAMUS. 93 i Outer scales pectinate or ciliate-fringed CENTAUREA. 91 i Outer and inner scales obtuse, entire AMBERBOA. 92 j Pappus plumous. Achenia obovate CYNARA. 83 J Pappus plumous. Achenia oblong CIRSIUM. 95 j Pappus scabrous, — triple, each "row by 10s CNICUS. 94 — simple. — Scales spinescent ONOPORDON. 95 — Scales hooked LAPP A. 97 k Leaves opposite. Papp. scales deeply cleft into bristles DYSODIA. Cl k Leaves alternate.— Rays fertile HELENIUM. 65 —Kays sterile.— Receptacle naked or fimbriate GAILLARDIA. 62 — Receptacle areolate, LEPTOPODA. 66 — Receptacle deeply-celled BALDWIXIA. 67 1 Leaves opposite. Involucre double, outer 8 united DAHLIA. 23 1 Leaves opposite. Involucre single ; scales united TAGETES. 89 1 Leaves alternate. — Pappus of a few short awns or bristles BOLTONIA. 24 — Pappus a membranous margin MATRICARIA. 73 — Pappus 0. — Rays fertile, disk sterile CALENDULA. 90 — Fls. all fert. — Invol. scales equal BELLIS. 22 — Invol. broad, flat LEUCANTIIEMUM. 72 — Invol. hemispherical CHRYSANTHEMUM. 74 m Rays neutral sterile, 3—12 ; Pappus simple GALATELLA. 16 m Rays pistillate, fertile, — about 5. Achenia very silky SKRICOCARPUS. 17 — 8—12. Pappus double DIPLOPAPPUS. 19 — 5 — 75. Pappus simple ASTER. 18 — 4C— 200, white. Scales equal ERIGERON. 20 n Flowers dioecious, purplish. Leaves all radical NARDOSMIA. 14_, n Fls. all fertile.— Outer pappus 0 or very short bristles ERIGERON. 20 — Outer pappus a crown of short, pointed scales CALLISTEPHUS. 21 o Flowers of the disk mostly sterile. Rays 30 — JO PRIONOPSIS. 29 O Fls. all fertile.— Pappus double in the disk, none in the ray HETEROTHECA. 30 —Pappus double in both disk and ray CHRYSOPSIS. 81 p Heads large, about 20-rayed. Pappus in one row INULA. 83 p Heads very small, 1 — 15-rayed. — Pappus 1 row, shorter than achenia.. .BRACIIYCH.ETA. 25 — Pappus 1 row, tawny, longer than achenia.. ISOPAPPUS. 28 — Pappus irregularly 2-rowed, white SOLIDAGO. 26 r Head solitary, on a scape with alternate bracts TUSSILAGO. 13 r Heads corymbed, &c.— Leaves .ilternate SENECIO. 86 —Leaves opposite ARNICA. 87 s Shrubby. Pappus 4- toothed, obscure BORRICHIA. 37 8 Herbaceous.— Scales (the 4 outer) united into a cup TETRAGONOTHECA. 50 —Scales distinct.— Achenia 4-angled. Pappus 0 HELIOPSIS. 49 —Achenia flattened. Pappus 0 ACMELJLA. 59 — Ach. flat, with a 2-awned pappus VEBBESINA. 60 410 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. t Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia terete ANTHEMIS. 60 t Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia obcompressed ACIIILLEA. 71 t Leaves opposite.— Pappus none ECLIPTA. 38 —Pappus of fringed scales Hds.sm. Eays 5, sm. white. §Eur. GALINSOGA. — Papp. of the disk a single awn of the ray 0 ZINNIA. 48 u Leaves opposite. Eays yellow. Pappus none POLYMNTA. 39 u Leaves opposite. Eays yellow. Papp. a 2 or 3-toothed crown CHRYSOGONUM. 40 u Leaves alternate. — Eays whitish, very short, 5 only PAKTIIENIU.M. 48 — Eays yellow. — Achenia winged SILPIIIUM. 41 — Achenia wingless BEKL ANDIERA. 42 v Achenia with erectly hispid awns, or awnless ; never rostrate COREOPSIS. 57 v Achenia with retrorsely hispid awns, often attenuated above BIPENS. 58 x Eays white, spreading. Pappus none MAKUTA. 70 x Eays purple, pendant. Pales sharp, elongated ECHINACEA. 51 x Eays yellow. — Pappus none. Achenia quadrangular EUDBECKIA. 52 — Pappus none. Achenia compressed LEPACHIS. 53 — Pappus of 2 deciduous awns. Ach. wingless HELIANTHUS. 54 — Pappus of 2 persistent teeth. Ach. winged.: .HELIANTHELLA. 55 — Papp. of 2 persistent awns. Ach. broad-winged ACTINOMERIS. 56 B. SUBORDER, LIGULIFLOIUE. §§ Pappus none, or consisting of little scales, (a) §§ Pappus double (of scales and bristles), or simple and plumous. (b) §§ Pappus composed of capillary bristles, not plurnous. (*) * Achenia terete or angular, not flattened, (c) * Achenia evidently flattened, (d) a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads paniculate LAMPSANA. 93 a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads solitary or umbellate APOGON. 99 a Flowers blue. — Pappus of many little scales. Eecept. naked , CICIIOKICM. 100 — Pappus of 5 scales. Eeceptaclc chaffy CATANANCHE. 106 b Flowers purple. Feathery pappus on a long filiform beak TRAGOPOGON. 104 b Flowers white. Feathery pappus on a short beak or sessile LEONTODON. 103 b Flowers yellow.— Pappus of many bristles with the scales CYNTIIIA. 102 —Pappus of 5 bristles and 5 scales KRIGIA. 101 C Flowers whitish or purplish, mostly nodding. Stem leafy NABALUS. 10T C Flowers rose-purple, erect. (Stem almost leafless.) LYGODESMIA. Ill " C Flowers yellow.— Achenia long-beaked. Pappus white TARAXACUM. 109 — Achenia long-beaked. Pappus reddish PYRROPAPPUS. 110 — Achenia not beaked. — Pappus dull white or tawny HIERACIUM. 105 — Pappus bright white TROXIMON. 108 d Achenia contracted into a slender beak. FIs. mostly yellow ^ L ACTUCA. 112 d Achenia scarcely beaked.— Flowers mostly blue MULGEDIUM. 1 13 —Flowers yellow. Papp. silky SONCIIUS. 114 C. SUBORDER, LABIATIFLOR^E. §§§ Head radiate, solitary, nodding in bud. Pappus capillary CIIAPTALIA. 115 SUBORDER I. T UBTJL IFL O RJ2. TRIBE 1. VERNONIACEJE. 1. VERNOXNIA, Schreb. IRON WEED. (Named for William Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants.) Flowers all tubular, perfect ; involucre of ovate, imbricated scales, the' inner longest ; receptacle naked ; pappus double, the exterior chaffy, the interior capillary. 2£ Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. pur- ple (in our species.) § Scales of the involucre all obtuse and closely approssed No. 1 § Scales of the invol. (usually all) — with slender, flexuous points Nos. 2, 8 — with acute or mucronate points ,..Nos. 4, 5, 6 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 4H 1 V. fasciculata MX. St. tall, striato or grooved, tomentous ; Ivs. narrow-lanceo- late, tapering to each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate ; hds. numerous, in a somewhat fastigiate cyme , invol. ovoid-campanulate ; scales appressed, mucro- nate or obtuse. — Woods and prairies, W. States, very common. A coarse pur- plish-green weed 3 to lOf high. Lvs. 4 to 8' by 1 to 2', smooth above. Cymes compact or loose. Heads large or small. Cor. showy, dark purple, twice longer than the involucre. Jl. — Aug. Variable. 2 V. Noveborac6nsis Willd. Lvs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough, cymo fastigiate; scales of invol. filiform at the ends.— A taU, showy plant with numer- ous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S. St. branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6f high. Lvs. crowded, paler beneath, radical ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-topped, compound. Scales and corolla deep purple, the former ending in long, threadlike appendages, or in one variety (V. prsealta Less.) partly cuspidate. In another variety (V. tomentosa Ell.) the plant becomes tomentous in the corymbs and under surface of the leaves. Sept. 3 V. scaberrima Nutt. St. simple, corymbed above ; Ivs. crowded below, sessile, lanceolate and lance-linear, scabrous above, margins revolute, subentire; hds. 20 to 30-flowered; scales lanceolate, ciliate, protracted into long, flexuous points; ,pappus whitish, exserted but shorter than the appendaged scales.— In pine bar- rens. Height 2 to 3f. Invol. usually green ; cor. purple. Jn. — Aug. 4 V. angustifolia MX, Slender, many-leaved; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, the lowest serrulate, upper entire with revoluto margins ; cymes corymbous, with very slender peduncles ; hds. 10 to 15 flowered; scales acute or mucronate, the lower spreading and more or less filiform-pointed; pappus purplish, twice longer than the invol. — N. Car. to Fla. and La., in the pine barrens. About 2f high. Sept., Oct. 5 V. ovalifolia Torr. & Gr. Lvs. lance-oval or lance-oblong, acute, sessile, sharply serrate, veiny ; cyme loose, fastigiate ; hds. rather large, scales appressed, acute or mucronate, much shorter than the pappus. — Mid. Fla. (Chapman). St. 3 to 4f high. Hds. about 20-flowered, with a purplish pappus. 6 V. oligophylla MX. St. nearly leafless, slender ; Ivs. mostly radical, oblong- obovate, dentate-serrate, the 2 or 3 cauline Ivs.. bract-like, lanceolate, serrulate ; cyme loose, somewhat dichotomous, with few heads; scales with spreading, acuminate tips. — Swampy pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. about 2f high. Jn., Jl. 2. STOKE'SIA, L'Her. (In honor of Jonathan Stokes, M. D., an English botanist.) Flowers all tubular, the marginal larger, ray-like, irregular ; scales of the involucre imbricated, in several rows, the outer spinulous and leaf-like ; receptacle naked; fruit 4-angled ; pappus of 4 - or 5 awn-like, rigid, deciduous scales. — H Erect, with a downy stem, alternate Ivs., and terminal, large heads of showy blue fls. S. c^ama L'Her. A rare and ornamental plant, found in S. Car., Ga., and La , rarely in gardens. It resembles a Centaurea. Height about 2f. Lvs. sessile, en- tire, glabrous, tho bracts spinulous at base, gradually passing into the scales. Outer corollas with the innercleft deeper, limb spreading, palmate, imitating rays. 3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. (Gr. IXtycu;, elephant, -ovg, foot ; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species.) Heads 3 to 5-flowered, glomerate into a compound head with leafy bracts; flowers all equal ; involucre compressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series ; corolla 5-cleft, one of the clefts deeper than the others, seg- ments acuminate; achenia ribbed, hairy; pappus chaffy-setaceous. — 2£ Erect, with alternate subsessile Ivs. Cor. violet purple. 1 E. Carolinianus Willd. St. much branched, leafy, hairy ; Ivs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lower ones on petioles, upper one subsessile ; hdi. terminal and subterminal. — Dry soils, Penn., 412 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. Ohio to Fla. and La. St. 20 to 30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem Ivs. 5 to 7' by 3 to 5 , upper about 2' by 1^-', the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the glomerules in the form of an in vol. Scales 3" long. Jl. — Sept. 2 E. tomentosus L. St. hirsute, nearly leafless, simple or dichotomous above; radical Ivs. large, hirsute-tomentous, oblong-spatulate or obovate, crenate, nar- rowed to a winged petiole, cauline small and bract-like at the forks, or none ; bracts thick, broad-ovate, scales rigid. — S. Car., Ga., Fla., to La., common in the pine woods. St. 1 to 2f, often quite simple, with a single, large glomerule at top. The stiff, acute scales are 5" long. Jl. — Sept. — Varies with more branches and leaves, towards No. 1. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIACE^E. 4. AGERA^TUM L. (Gr. a (privative) and j7]pa^, old age ; i. e., fade- less ; misapplied in this case.) Heads oo-flowered, $ , discoid ; scales linear, imbricated, pointed ; receptacle naked ; corollas all tubular ; fruit (cypsela) 5-angled, narrowed at base ; pappus 5 to 10 chaffy, awned scales. — d)(D Mostly tropical, with opposite, petioled Ivs. and corymbed heads. A. conyzoides L. Branching; Ivs. ovate, tooth-crenate, acute or cordate at base, somewhat rugous ; pappus of 5 subulate, denticulate scales as long as the cor. but much shorter than the conspicuous branches of the style. Near Sa- vannah (Pond). Sts. 12 to 18' high, downy. Lower petioles half as long as the leaves. Fls. blue or white. Apr., Jn. § The cultivated variety called A. Mexi- caiia has nearly all its leaves cordate, and flowers always ? blue. 5. SCLEROL'EPIS, Cass. (Gr. GK^po^ hard, Aem'?, scale.) Head ao-flowered, £ , discoid ; scales equal, linear, in 2 series ; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat ; branches of the style much exerted; achenia 5-anglcd, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5 obtuse, horny scales. — 2£ Aquatic, glabrous, simple, with 1 to 3 terminal hds. Lvs. verticillate ; fls. purple. S. verticillata Cass. In shallow water, K J. to Fla. St. decumbent at base, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. in numerous whorls of about G' linear-setaceous, entire, 1' in length. Head commonly solitary at the top of the stem. Jl. — Sept. (Sparga- nophorus MX.) 6. CARPHEPH'ORUS, Cass. (Gr. ndpcjiog, chaff, ^pw, to bear; for its chaffy receptacle.) Heads (about 20-flowered), involucre, flowers and fruit as in Liatris ; receptacle chaffy ; pales narrow, 3-veined, rigid, shorter than the flowers. — 2£ Sts. simple, leafy, coryrnbous at top, with middle sized heads of purple flowers. (Liatris, MX. Ell.) * Scales of the involucre acute, downy-tomentous. Nos. 1,2 * Scales of the involucre rounded-obtuse, nearly glabrous Nos. 8, 4 1 C. pseudo-liatris Cass. Slender, erect, tomentous-pubescent ; Ivs. nearly glabrous, linear-subulate, rigid, the cauline gradually shorter, closely appressed to and covering the stem ; hds. few in a racemous cyme : scales rigid, ovate-lanceo- late, appressed. — Gadsden Co., FJa. to Ala. and La. Plant strictly erect, 2f high, its tomentum grayish. Hds. 15 to 20-flo\vered. (L. squamosa Nutt.) 2 C. tomentosus Torr. & Gr. Erect, downy and corymbous above ; rt. Ivs. lanceo- late, petiolate; cauline lance-ovate, sessile, erect, the upper pubescent; scales lance, ovate, acute, mostly appressed, glandular tomentous. — Swamps, Va. to Ga. St 2f high, bearing a loose, spreading corymb. Pales linear, pappus purplish, Sept., Oct. (L. Walter!, Ell.) 3 C. bellidifolius Torr. & Gr. Low, nearly glabrous, tufted; root-lvs. spatulate, petiolate, obtuse, 3-veined, cauline mostly linear ; branches with 1 to 5 heads ; ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 413 scales herbaceous, glabrous, oblong and obtuse. — Sand hills about Wilmington, N. Car. Sts. numerous and much branched, 8 to 12' high. Scales leafy, green, pappus rather plumous than barbellate. Sept. (L. bellidifolia MX.) 4 C. corymbosus Torn & Gr. St. single, stout, erect, hairy ; Ivs. nearly smooth, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the base, the upper small, oblong, sessile ; hds. about 20, 20-flowered, in a dense corymbous cyme ; scales smooth, oblong-oval, very obtuse, with a broad, scarious margin. — Swamp margins, N. Car. to Fla. St. about 3f high. Fls. pale purple. Sept., Oct. (L. corymbosa Nult) 7. LIA^TRIS, L. (Gr. /U, an emphatic prefix, arpw<;, invulnerable; used as a vulnerary.) Heads few to many (5 to 60)-flowcred ; flowers all $ , tubular ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; receptacle naked ; pappus of oo capillary bristles, mostly plumous ; achenia tapering to the slen- der base, 10-striate ; styles much exserted. — 2£ Herbs with simple, erect stems, alternate, entire l\7s., and handsome rose-purple Us. in spicate, racemed, or paniculate lids., blooming from Aug. to Nov. § Heads in a corymb or thyrse-likc panicle. Root fibrous Nos. 1, 2 § Heads in a spike or a simple raceme. Root a roundish tuber (a). a Scales of the involucre colored and petaloid at their lengthened ends No. 3 a Scales not petaloid, green or slightly tinged at the end (b). b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (13 to GO) hairy within Nos. 4, 5 b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (3 to 5) smooth within Nos. G, 7 b Pappus only bafbellate (smooth to the naked eye) (c). C Heads 3 to 7-flowcrcd, — in one-sided spikes or racemes . , Nos. 8, 9 — in a regular spike, raceme (or panicle) Nos. 10, 11 C Heads 20 to 40-flowered, roundish, with rounded scales No. 13 C Heads 7 to 15-flowered. — Scales all similar, obtuse Nos. 13, 14 — Scales all, or the inner only acute Nos. 15, 16 1 L. odoratissima Willd. YANILLA-PLANT. DEER'S-TONGUE. Glabrous; rt- Ivs. obovate -spatula te, obtuse, 5 to 7 -veined, tapering to the base, caulino oblong, clasping; hds. about 8-flo\vered, in many cymss, constituting a large, loose corymb ; scales all obtuse ; fr. smoothish. — Pine barrens (Va. ?) to Fla. and La., abundant. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Corymbs leafless. Els. bright purple. Sept., Oct. — The fleshy leaves exhale a rich fragrance (compared to Vanilla) even for years after they are dry, and are therefore by the southern planters largely mixed with their cared tobacco, to impart its fragrance to that nauseous weed. 2 L. paniculata "VVilld. St. simple, virgate, viscid-tomentous ; rt.-lvs. spatnlate- lanceolate, acute, tapering to a petiole, cauline small, appressed, lanceolate-acu- minate ; hds. about 5-flowered, in art oblong, dsnse, tlnjrsoid panicle. — Damp pina barrens, Ga., Fla. St. 2 to 3f high. Scales few, all obtuse. Fls. pale purple or white. Sept., Oct. 3 L. elegans Willd. Villous-canescent above ; Ivs. glabrous, the radical oblan- ceolate, 3 to 5- veined, cauline linear, the upper bract-like, spreading; spike or raceme dense ; hds. oblong-cylindrical, 4 to 5-flowered ; scales lance-linear, pro- longed into a colored, petaloid appendage longer than the flowers ; pappus evi- dently plumous. — A remarkable species, in pine barrens, Ya. to Fla. and Tex. St. 3 or 4f high, ending in a spike G to 16' long. The purple appendaged scales more showy than the florets. Aug., Sept. 4 L. squarrosa "Willd. BLAZING STAR. Smooth or scabrous-pubescent f Ivs. linear, lower ones attenuated at base; rac. flexuous, leafy; hds. few, 20 to 40- flowered, sessile or nearly so; invol. ovate-cylindric; scales large, squarrous- spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate, scarcely colored; fls. numerous; pappus plumous. — A splendid plant, native NT. Y. (Eaton) Penn. to Fla, and W. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Hds. 5 to 20, with large, brilliant purple florets. Aug. f It varies with the heads only 12 to 15-flowered (Georgia, Feay), smooth or hairy, &c. 5 L. cylindracea MX. St. low, slender, and very leafy, smooth and somewhat hirsute, Ivs. rigid, linear, mostly 1 -veined; hds. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylin- drical, 15 to 20-flowered; scales short, ciliate, dose, rounded or obtuse, and abruptly mucronate at apex ; pappus plumous. — Prairies and barrens, Mich, to Iowa (Cou- eens) and Mo. St. G to 18' high. Lvs. 2 to 5' by 2 to 4". Heads 1' long, 414 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Fls. bright-purple. Jl. Sept. G L. Boykinii Torn and Gr. Slender, erect ; Ivs. linear, punctate, elongated, the upper short and setaceous; hds. 3 to 5-fiowered, sessile, or with short appressed ped. in a close virgate spike ; scales few, the outer subulate, short, the inner lance-linear, margins scarious, tips acuminate, spreading, as long as the plumous pappus. — W. Ga. Plant nearly smooth, 1 to 2f high, with pale purple florets. Aug., Sept. V L. tenuifolia Nutt. Smooth, slender, simple; Ivs. narrowly linear or filiform, the lower crowded, very long, diminishing upwards to setaceous bracts ; hds. 5- fiowered, crowded, on scaly, filiform ped. forming a long raceme ; scales oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, outer very short ; pappus plumous, scarcely longer than the villous fruit. — Pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. Very elegant, 2 to 4f high. Rt. Ivs. resembling those of the long-leaved pine, in a crowded tuft. Rac. of purple fls. 1 to 2f, ped. 1'. Aug.— Oct. 8 L. secunda Ell. Slender, ascending and recurved ; Ivs. linear, short; the radi- cal linear-lanceolate; rac. recurved, long, slender, with the heads all turned to the upper side (secund); invoL about 10-scaled and 5-fiowered; pappus plumous (under a lens). — Dry sand hills, Mid. Car. and Ga. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Beautifully distinguished by its long (6 to 12') secund racemes. Aug., Sept. 9 L. pauciflora Ph. St. simple, glabrous; Ivs. linear; pan. (composed of simple racemes ?) virgate, leafy, branches short, with few hds. ; hds. subsessile, secund, 3 to 5-flowered ; scales erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. — Ga. (Bartram, Pursh.) A species at present unknown. Probably a var. of the last. 10 L. gracilis Ph. Pubescent, slender, simple; Ivs. linear, 1-veined, short, the lower lanceolate, obtuse, all glabrous, ciliate at base ; hds. 3 to 5 to 7-flowered, on divaricate, slender, hairy pedicels, in a long virgate raceme, rarely paniculate ; scales few, appressed, oblong, obtuse, shorter than the purple barbellate pappus. Dry pine barrens, Ga., Ma., Ala. Plant grayish, 2 to 3f high. lids, small. Fr. villous. Sept., Oct 11 L. pycnostachya MX. Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy ; Ivs. rigid, ascending, straight, lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, nar- row-linear ; spike dense and thick, long and bracted below ; hds. numerous, cylin- drical, sessile, 5-flowered ; scales appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrous tips. — Prairies, 111. to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata, chiefly by its acute, squarrous scales, and few-flowered heads. St. 3 to 5f high. Spikes cylindrical, 10 to 20' long. Aug. Varies with stem and invol. nearly glabrous (L. brachystachya Nutt.) 12 L. scariosa L. GAY FEATHER. Scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear and much smaller ; hds. remotely racemed, 20 to 40- flowered, globous hemispherical ; scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish ; fls. numer- ous ; pappus scabrous. — A beautiful plant, 4 to 5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Can., Mass. (Ricard) to Ga. and La. St. rather stout, whitish above. Lvs. numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9' long, upper 1 to 3' by 1 to 3'', rough-edged. Hds. 5 to 20, 1' diam., in a long raceme, each 20 to 40-flowered. Cor. purple. Aug. f 13 L. spicata Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed at base ; hds. in a long, terminal spike, sessile ; scales of the invol. oblong, obtuse ; fls. about 8 ; pappus scabrous-plumous. — Native from N. J. and Mich, to Fla. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. St. 2 to 5f high. Hds. numerous, with bright purple fls. Aug. f — Varies with smaller, 5 to 7-flowered heads. (L. resinosa Nutt.) 14 L. gramiiiifolia Willd. Glabrous or with scattered hairs ; st. slender and simple; Ivs. linear, 1-veined; hds. 1 to 12-flo\vered, mostly pedicellate, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below; invol. acute at base; scales many (12 to 18), obovate-spatulate, very oUvse, appressed, outer row shorter ; ach. hairy. — N. J. to Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high. The lower Ivs. are lance-linear, 3 to 4" wide, upper subulate. Hds. generally pedicellate, pedicels 4 to 12" long. Fr. hairy, shorter than the scabrous pappus. Sept., Oct. ft. DUBIA. Inflorescence sometimes compound below, or partly paniculate ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 415 hds. on short pedicels, 7 to 10-flowered; scales somewhat narrower, ciliate. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. (Miss Keen.) Approaches L. spicata. (L. dubia Bart.) 15 L. pilosa Willd. St. simple, pubescent; Ivs. linear, pilous-ciliate ; hds. loosely racemed ; scales linear-oblong, rather obtuse ; peduncles bracteolate. — In pine barrens and sandy fields, N. J. to Car. (Pursh.) Seven-mile Mt., Va. (Read.) Very rare and obscure. 16 L. heterophy-lla R. Br. St. simple, glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth and glabrous ; upper linear-lanceolate, many times smaller ; hds. spicate, very short- pedunculate ; invol. subsquarrous, scales lanceolate, acute, naked (not ciliate). — S. Car. and Ga. (Bartram.) A doubtful species, variety of L. scariosa ? 1 8. KUH'NIA, L. (To Dr. Adam Kulm, of Pennsylvania, a pupil of Linnaeus.) Heads 10 to 25-flowered, £ \ scales of the involucre lance- olate, loosely imbricated ; receptacle naked ; corolla slender, 5-toothed ; pappus in a single series, plumous ; achenia cylindrical, striate, pubes- cent.— If Herb with alternate, resinous-dotted Jvs., and corymbed hds. of pale yellow florets. K. eupatoroides L. Lvs. lanceolate and lance-ovate, varying to lance-linear, usually serrate, petiolate, sprinkled with resinous dots, especially beneath ; corymb few or many-flowered. — Shady soils, N. J., Penn. and Iowa (Cousens), to Fla. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. thin, 1 to 4' long, often coarsely and un- evenly toothed, lower 3-veined, upper 1-veined, and very small. Hds. few, ter- minal. Pappus very plumous, white or tawny. Aug., Sept. (3. Lvs. lance-linear, mostly entire, sessile ; pan. spreading, many-flowered ; fls. and fr. unchanged. — With the other varieties (K. Critonia "Willd.) 9. BRICKEL'LIA, Ell. (To Dr. BricMl, of Savannah.) Heads many-flowered, £; scales imbricated, lanceolate or linear, striate ; re- ceptacle naked, flat ; corolla tube slightly expanded above, 5-toothcd ; branches of the style clavate ; fr. 10-striate, contracted above ; pappus setaceous, in one series. — 11 Herbs with tripli-veined leaves and large heads of purple florets in corymbs. B. cordifolia Ell. Pubescent ; Ivs. all opposite, triangular, truncate or cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; corymbs dense, few-flowered; hds. 30 to 40-flowered; scales obtuse, conspicuously striate, the inner as long as the purple pappus and corollas. — W. Ga. (Pond) and Fla. A plant of fine appearance, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. large, sprinkled with shining dots beneath, 3-veined, the lateral veins mar- ginal just at the base. Sds. brown, longer than the purple pappus. Aug., Sept. 10. EUPATCTRIUM, Tourn. BONESET. (To Eupator, King of Pon- tus, who first used the plant in medicine.) Flowers all tubular, $ ; in- volucre imbricate, oblong ; style much exserted, deeply cleft ; anthers included ; receptacle naked, flat ; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous ; achenia 5-angled. — 2£ Herbs, generally with opposite, simple Ivs. and corymbous hds. Fls. of the cyanic series, that is white, blue, red, etc., never yellow. | Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately dissected. Heads paniculate Nos. 1, 2 § Leaves mostly opposite or verticiliate, — pinnately dissected No. 8 —undivided. (*) * Scales imbricated in several rows, the outer gradually shorter, (a) a Flowers bluish. Leaves opposite. Scales strongly striate No. 4 a Flowers purplish. Lvs. whorled. Scales streaked and flesh colored Nos. 6— T a Flowers white, — 5 only in each head. Leaves snbsessile. (b) b Leaves acute at base. Scales with acute white points Nos. 8, 9 b Leaves acute at base. Scales obtuse, short, downy Nos. 10—13 b Leaves obtuse, roundish or truncate at tlie base Nos. 14— 16 a Flowers white, 1 to 15 in each head. Leaves various Nos. 1 1— 20 * Scales all of equal length, in about 1 row. Leaves petiolate Nos. 21—23 1 B. foeniculaceum Willd. DOG FENNEL. Very branching, nearly glabrous; Ivs. all alternate, the lower compoundly pinnate with linear filiform segments, the 416 ORDER TO.— COMPOSITE. upper setaceous, simple, fascicled; hds. small, very numerous, 3 to 5-fiowered, on short pedicels ; scales 8 to 10, mucronate. — A common weed, in fields and damp soils, Ya. to Fla. St. 3 to 1 Of high, bearing innumerable fine cut Ivs. and a com- pound pyramidal panicle of innumerable hds. Fls. yellowish-white, little more than 1" long. Lvs. often channeled on the upper side. Sept., Oct. 2 E. coronopifolium Willd. Much branched, pubescent; Ivs. mostly alternate (the lower opposite), the lower twice pinnatiftd with lance-linear lobes and segments ; upper Ivs. linear, fascicled; hds. small, very numerous, 5-flowered; scales 10, with scarious margins and cuspidate points. — In dry, thin soils, N. Car., G-a. to Fla., common. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. and fls. immensely numerous, as in No. 1. Fls. white, about 2" long. Panicle often 2f long. Sept., Oct. — Distinct from. No. 1 ? 3 E. pinnatifidum Ell. Pubescent ; Ivs. laciniate-pinnatifid, segm. linear, toothed or entire, the lower whorled in 4s, middle opposite, upper alternate ; hds. small, numerous, 5 to 9-flowered, in a fastigiato corymb ; scales oblong, mucronate. — Pine barrens, Car. to Fla. Height 3 to 4f. Hds. about the size of No. 2, to which this species is evidently related. 4 E. ivaefclium L. St. terete, branched ; Ivs. opposite, lanceolate, tapering to each end, subsessile, subserrate, 3-veined; hds. pedicellate, 15 to 20-fiowered ; scales 20, imbricated, the outer gradually shorter, all erect, obtuse, with 3 to 5 dis- tinct strice. — Woods, near N. Orleans. Herb 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Florets light blue, in a few large, corymbed hds. Aug., Sept. 5 E. purpuretim L. (not of "Willd., Ph., nor DC.) St. solid, green, or sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the joints about 1' wide; Ivs. feather-veined, in whorls of 3s, 4s and 5s (rarely in 2s), ovate, smooth above, downy on the veins beneath, coarsely serrate" — Dry woods and meadows, common. St. 3 to Gf high. Lvs. large, thin, 8 to 10' by 4 to 5'. Corymb lax, pale purple, varying to whitish. Aug., Sept. (E. trifoliatum Darl.) p. TERNIFOLIUM. St. solid, slender, green, with a purple blush ; Ivs. in 3s, very thin, lanceolate. — Mountain woods, etc. Height about 3f. 6 E. maculatum L. PURPLE BONESET. St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous glands and purple lines, the glands on the stems and leaves give out an acrid effluvium in flowering time ; Ivs. tripli-veined, 3 to 5 in a whorl, ovate. — Low grounds, U. S. and Can. Herb 4 to 6f high. Lvs. petiolate, 6 to T' by 3 to 4', usually pointed, strongly serrate. Fls. purple. Jl., Sept. (E. purpureum (3. Darl.) (3. URTICIFOLIUM Barratt. Slender ; Ivs. thin, much elongated, — height 4 to 5f. 7 E. fistulosum Barratt. TRUMPET WEED. St. fistuloiLS, glabrous, glaucous- purple, striate or fluted ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, in whorls of 5s or 6s, largest in tho middle of the stem, rather finely glandular serrate, midvein and veinlets livid- purple; corymb globous, with whorled peduncles. — A majestic herb, thickets, U. S. and Can. Height 6 to lOfj hollow its whole length. Lvs. including the 1' petioles, 8' by 2'. Corymb often If diam. It does not appear to posses tho acrid properties of E. maculatum. Jl. — Sept. (E. purpureum Willd. in part. ft. an- gustifolium T. & Gr.) — Intermediate forms occur, rendering the distinctions of this species and the two preceding numbers a gravo question. 8 E. dlbum L. Scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, strongly serrate, ses- sile, rather acute, obscurely 3-veined ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. clustered, oblong, 5-flowered; scales 8 to 14, lance-linear, tipped with a white, scarious acumination, longer than the fls. ; cyps. glandular. — Sandy soils, Penn. to La. St. about 2f high, corymbously divided above. Lvs. 2 to 3' by J to 1', upper ones entire and alternate. Invol. concealing the fls., and with them copiously sprinkled with resinous dots, whitish. Aug. — Oct. (E. glandulosum MX.) — A variety has the leaves rather obtuse and crenate. (Tenn.) 9 E. leucolepis Torr. & Gr. Nearly glabrous ; st. simple ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli-veined ; corymb fasti- giate, canescent; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8 to 10, scarious and white at tho sum- mit, as long as the fls.— Sandy fields, N. J. to La. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1^ to to 2^' by J to f , glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stems, upper ones ORDER TO.— COMPOSITE. 417 linear and entire. Cor. dilated at mouth, with short^ obtuse lobes, white. Aug. Oct. (E. glaucescens p. leucolepis DC.) 10 E. hyssopifplium L. Los. opposite, often verticillate, linear -lanceolate, ob- scurely tripli-veined. punctate, lower ones subserratc, upper ones entire; scales short, oval, grayish pubescent, very obtuse.— A more delicate species, smooth, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields, Mass, to Iowa and La, St. about 2f high, branching into a spreading corymb. Hds. 5-flowered, very small, in dense clusters, and 3" long, scales half as long. Aug., Sept. /3. linearifolium is more pubescent with the lower Ivs. serrate. — South. 11 E. cuneifolitim Willd. Pubescent ; Ivs. small, glaucous both sides, broadly oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse at apex, acute at the subsessile base, slightly serrate above the middle; lids, small, in a loose corymb, 5-flowered; scales (2'' long) soft-villous, obtuse, much shorter than the fls. — Rich shady soils, S. Car. Ga. to Ala, St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 8 to 18" long. Fls, white. Aug., Sept. 12 3. parviflorum Ell. Soft-puberulent, diffusely branched ; Ivs. mostly oppo- site (in 3s below), lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate above the middle, entire be- low, and tapering to the sessile base, 3-veined ; lids, small and crowded ; scales pubescent, glandular (like the 3 preceding), outer very short, inner linear, obtuse. — Low grounds, Ya. to Ma. and La. Height 1 to 3f. Pan. compound, loose. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, the upper scattered. Hds. about 2'' long, scales If. Aug. — Oct. 13 E. 'altissimum L. St. pubescent tomentous, tall, corymbous at the summit ; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely and acutely serrate above the middle, pubescent, tapering to each end, subsessile, conspicuously 3-vcined ; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8 to 12r elliptical, obtuse, pubescent. — Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and W. States (Plum- mer). St. round, striate, 3 to 7f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, much resembling those of Solidago Canadensis ; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb com- pound. Cor. whitish, nearly twice as long (5") as the scales. Sept., Oct. (Kuhnia glutinosa DC.) 14 E. teucrifolrum Willd. Lvs. opposite, sessile, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower ones doubly serrate, upper ones subserrate or entire ; st. paniculate, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbous branches above; scales elliptical, faintly striate, rather acute. — Mass, to La. Plant hairy, 2 to 3f high, with a somewhat panicled co- rymb of white flowers. The upper ivs. are often entire. Invol. 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in 2 rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much more rough. Aug. (E. verbenasfolium MX. E. pubescens Pers.) 15 E. scssilifolitim L. Lvs. opposite, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, very smooth, serrate; st. smooth; inner scales oblong-obovate, obtuse. — Plant 2 to 4f high, in rocky woods, Mass, to Ind. and Ga. — St. slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb with white fls. Lvs. large, tapering regularly from the somewhat truncate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler be- neath. Flower-stalks downy. Hds. 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in 2 rows. Sept 16 E. rotuiidifolium Willd. HOARHOUND. Lvs. opposite, sessile, roundish- ovate, subcordate at base, 3-veined and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; hds. about 5-flowered ; inner scales acuminate, as long as the flowers. — A bushy, compact species, in dry fields, N". J. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high, roughish. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 9 to 20", obtuse or broadly acute. Hds. fastigi- ate-corymbous. Invol. very pubescent, concealing the white florets. Pappus longer than cor. Sty. much exserted. Aug. Sept. 17 E. pubescens Muhl. St. hirsute ; Ivs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough-pubescent; corymb fastigiate; invol. about 8-flowered; scales lanceolate, acute, rather shorter than the flowers. — A large, rough plant, 3 to 4f high, growing on dry grounds, K H. to Penn. Distinguished from No. 16 by its larger Ivs. (2 to 3' by 1^ to 2'), hds., and proportionately shorter scales, which are about 12, the outer much the shortest Aug. (E. ovatum Bw.) 18 E. perfoliatum L. THOROUGH- WORT. BONESET. Lvs. connate-perfoliate, very pubescent. — A common, well-known plant, on low grounds, meadows, U. S. and Can., abundant St. 1 to 5f high, round, rough, and hairy. Each pair of Ivs. are so united at the base as to constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stem, and placed at right angles to it ; they are rough, rugose, serrate, 27 418 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. tapering to a long point, and both combined, aro 8 to 14' in length. Hds. about 12-flowered, clustered in large, terminal corymbs. Cor. white. Aug. — The plant is bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic. 19 E. resinosum. Torr. St. minutely tomentous; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, closely sessik, distinct, tapering to a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly resinous-glandular both sides ; corymb fastigiate, compound; hds. 10 to 15-flowered; scales obtuse, hoary-tomentous. — Wet, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. St. 2 to 3f high, growing in tufts. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 3 to 6". Aug., Sept. — This sin- gular species appears to be nearly confined to the pine barrens of N. J., where it was first found by Dr. Torrey. 20 E. serotinum MX. St. soft-puberulent, diffusely branched; Ivs. pctiolate, lance-ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, triple-veined, nearly glabrous; corymbs compound; hds. 12 to 15-flowered; scales 9 to 11, nearly alike, scarious- edged, very pubescent. — Ind. to Iowa (Cousens), and Ga. (Miss Keen). St. 4 to 6f high, somewhat paniculate above. Lvs. 4 to G' by J to 1-V, upper ones nearly entire, scattered ; lower ones opposite, with large irregular serratures. Sept., Oct. 21 E. ageratoides L. Si. smooth, branched; Ivs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate, acuminate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth; corymbs compound; invol. simple, smooth. — Rocky hills and woods, Can. and U. S. St. round, 2 to 4f high, and with the whole plant nearly smooth. Lvs. large, 3 to G' long, 2 to 4' broad at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1 to 2' long. Hds. numerous, in small clusters, constituting a compound corymb. Invol. scales mostly in a row, containing 12 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug., Sept. 22 E. aroniciticum L. St. rough, pubescent, corymbous at summit; Ivs. petio- late, opposite, subcordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish ; invol. simple, of about 12 lance-linear pubescent scales. — A handsome species, in low woods, Mass, to La. Whole plant slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, \ as wide, on petioles less than an inch long. Hds. of the fls. largo, 10 to 15-flowered, whito and aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug., Sept. 23 E. incarnatum Walt. Minutely scabrous, diffusely branched; Ivs. deltoid- ovate, long-petioled, pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed. truncate or cordate; hds. on slender ped., about 20-flowered; scales 12 to 15, linear- acuminate, faintly 2- striate, glabrous; cor. lobes pale-purple. — Damp soils, N. Car. (Shriver) to Fla. (Chapman) and Tex. Height 2 to 3f. Corymbs very loose, paniculate. Sept., Nov. Approaches Conoclinium, but readily distinguished by its short, blunt styles. 11. MIKA'NIA, Willd. CLIMBING BONESET. (In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague.) Flowers all tabular, g ; involucre 4-1 cared, 4-flow- ered ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous ; anthers partly cxsertcd ; aclicnia angled. — Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. oppo- site. M. scandens Willd. St. smooth ; Ivs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, Iho lobes divaricate, rather unequal ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. — A beau- tiful climber of wet thicket-?, Mass, to Ga. (Miss Keen) and La., rather rare. Every part smooth. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', on petioles 1 to 2' long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short, nearly naked, each bearing a small corymb of white or pink colored fls., almost always 4 in a head. Aug., Sept. 12. CONOCLIN'IUM, DC. (Gr. K.&VCH;. a cone, KMvrj, bed or recepta- cle.) Heads many-flowered ; receptacle conical, character otherwise as in Eupatorium. — 1[ Herbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. opposite, petio- late, serrate. Fls. blue or purple, in crowded corymbs. •C. ccelestimim DC. Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much-branched, Ivs. deltoid- ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenate-ser- rate, 3-veined, petiole slender, about half as long as the lamina; 'corymbs numer- ous, subumbellate ; scales numerous, linear. — Hedges, thickets, roadsides, &c., Penn., Southern and W. States. St 1 to 2Jf high, terete, with opposite branches. ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 419 \ Lvs. 1 to 2J; long, § 03 wide. Fla. 20 to 50 in a head, of a beautiful sky blue, reddish in fading. Aug., Sept. 13. TUSSILA'GO, Tourn. COLT'S-FOOT. (Altered from the Lat. tussi-Sj cough ; considered a good expectorant.) Head radiate, many- flowered ; flowers of the ray $ , those of the disk <$ ; involucre simple ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. — 2£ Lvs. radical. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. T. farfara L. A low plant in wet places, brooksides, 27. and M. States, and is a certain indication of a clayey soil. Scapo scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head in March and Apr., long beforo a loaf is to bo seen. Lvs. arising after tho flower is withered, 5 to 8' by 3 to 6', cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cotton-liko down be- neath, and on downy petioles. § ? 14. KARDQS'MIA, Cass. (Gr. vdpdog, spikenard, ocr/z?/, smell ; from the fragrance.) Heads radiate, many-flowered, somewhat $ $ ; flowers of the ray $ , of the disk $ , but abortive in the sterile plant; involucre simple ; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary. — 2£ Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads arc in a single row ; of the fertile heads in. several, but very narrow. N. palmata Hook. Scapo with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb; Ivs. roundish-cor- date, 5 — 7-lobed, tomentous beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. — In swamps, Fairhaven, Yt. (Robbins), Suriderland, Mass. (Hitchcock) W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1 — 2f high. The heads are frag- rant, numerous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicu- ous. May. 15. ADENOCAITLON, Hook. (Gr. ddrjv, a gland, /cavAoc, a stem ; i. e., glands stipitate.) Heads discoid, few-flowered ; corollas all simi- lar, tubular; flowers of the margin $, of the disk $; scales of the invo- lucre equal, in one series; receptacle naked; cypsela clavate, bearing stalked glands above ; pappus none. — 2£ Nearly acaulescent, with alter- nate Ivs. and small, paniculate hds., also gland bearing. A. bicolor Hook. St. leafy below, nearly naked above ; Ivs. deltoid, cordate, an- gular-toothed, decurrent on the petioles, glabrous above, arachnoid-pubescent be- neath.—Shores of L. Superior (Dr. Pitcher, fido T. & G-.), to Oreg. (Hook). Sts. 1 to 2f high, slender. Fls. white. TRIBE 3. ASTEROIDE^E. 16. GALATEL'LA, Cass. (Lat. diminutive of Galatea, from which genus this was taken.) Heads many-flowered; rays few (3 to 12) ster- ile, ligulate ; disk-flowers £ , tubular ; scales closely imbricated, without green tips ; receptacle alveolate, toothed ; corollas of the disk deeply 5- cleft; achenia silky-villous ; pappus simple, copious, capillary, that of the ray similar. — 2JC Herbs corymbcd, with alternate Ivs. Rays cyanic. G. hyssopifolia Nees. Glabrous, erect, Ivs. lance-linear, acute, 3-veined, en- tire ; invol. ovoid, half as long as tho disk ; interior scales obtuse, membranous, outer acute, fleshy; rays 3 to 9, longer than the disk. — " Md. Car. and Ga. com- mon." (Darby.) Height 1 to 2f. Rays, pale purple. Aug. — Oct. 17. SERICOCAR'PUS, Nees. WHITE-TIPPED ASTER. (Gr. orjpiKdg. silken, Kapirog, fruit.) Heads few-flowered ; ray flowers 4 to G, ? ; disk- flowers 6 to 10, £; involucre oblong, imbricated; scales appressed, white, with green spreading tips ; receptacle alveolate ; acheniuin obconic, 420 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. very silky; pappus simple. — 2£ Herbs with alternate Ivs. and close corymbs. " Rays white. " S. Bolidagineus Nees. Smooth; Ivs. linear-ollanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3-veined, rough on the margin ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. aggregate, subsessile, 5-rayecl ; scales obtuse, white, with green tips ; pappus white. — In woods, Can to La. Very elegant. Sts. clustered, slender, simple, about 2f high. Lvs. smooth, 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Hds. small (3" long). InvoT. oblong. Scales with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. Jl., Aug. (Aster solidaginoidee MX.) 2 L. coiryzoides Nees. St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbus at top; Ivs- oval-lanceolate, smooth beneath, slightly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones sessile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; in- vol. cylindrical, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit ; rays 5, short, pappus rusty. — Common in woods and thickets, Mass to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-angled, 1 — 2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk, white. July, Aug. (Aster Willd. Conyza aster- oides L.) 3 S. tortifolius Noes. Grayish-pubescent, roughish, corymbous above ; Ivs. short, oblong-obovate, sessile, twisted to a vertical position, and both sides alike minutely scabrous ; scales regularly imbricated in many rows, the green tips slightly spreading ; pappus white. — Dry woods and barrens, Ya. to Fla. and La. Height about 2f, often branched below. Lvs. 8 to 12" long, obtuse or acute. Hds, larger than in the others, about 5" long. Sept., Oct. 18. ASVTER, L. (Gr. acrrr/p, a star ; from the radiated flowers.) Hds. radiato ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; scales loose, often with green tips, the outer spreading; disk flowers tubular, £ ; ray flowers $ , in one row, generally few (6 — 100), ligulate, oblong, 3-tootlicd at apex, finally revolutc ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous ; achenium usually compressed. — A large genus of 2£ herbs, very abun- dant in the U. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alter- nate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple or white, never yellow. § BIOTIA, DC. Scales closely imbricated, slightly tipped with green, lids, corymbous, rays 6 to 15, white or roseate. Lvs. cordate, petiolate, serrate, large Nos. 1, 2 § CALLIASTRUM, T. & G. Scales loosely imbricated, with green spreading tips. Heads corymbous or few, large, rays 12 to 30, violet. Leaves never cordate, rigid ; pappus unequal, rigid, the inner slightly club-shaped. — Leaves all or the lower serrate Nos. 3 — 5 — Leaves entire Nos. C, 7 § ASTER proper. Scales (variously) imbricated, with green tips or wholly green. Hds. paniculate or racemous. Pappus soft, equal (none club-shaped), (a) a Leaves clasping with a cordate or auriculate bnse. (b) a Leaves sessile or pctiolate, none of them cordate or auricnlate. (c) a Leaves petiolate, the lower cordate,— evidently serrate ..Nos. 8, 9 — entire or obscurely serrate Nos. 10 — 12 b Leaves entire,— very small (1 to 8" Ions), erect or reflexed Nos. 13, 14 —middle size (I to 8' long),— Achenia silky Nos. 15— IT — Achenia smooth Nos. 20, 35 b Leaves serrate (more or less). — Scales spreading, equal, in 2 rows No. IS —Scales imbricated, in 3 to 5 rows Nos. 19—21 C Leaves silky on both sides alike. Pappus tawny ". Nos. 22, 23 C Leaves not silky. — Involucre closely imbricated, (d) — Involucre squarrous, the scales spreading, (e) d Leaves all entire.— Scales of the involucre obtuse Nos. 24, 25 — Scales acute or mncronate Nos. 2C — 28 d Leaves (lower) sharply serrate.— Heads larger (4 to 6" long) Nos. 29, 30 —Heads small (2 to 3" long) Nos. 81, 82 e Scales obtuse, in several rows, unequal. Leaves also obtuse. .Nos. 33, 34 e Scales acute, in several rows, unequal. — Pappus tawny Nos. 35 — 37 —Pappus bright Nos. 88—40 e Scales acute, in one row, equal. Leaves linear. Heads solitary.. -No. 41 § SCARIOS^E. Scales (variously) imbricated, with scarious margins and destitute of f Leaves lanceolate broadly or narrowly. Scales rather obtuse Nos. 42 — 44 Leaves subulate or linear. Scales very acute —Heads large, few Nos. 45, 46 — Heads small, many Nos. 47, 48 ORDER 70.-— COMPOSITE. 421 § 1. BIOTIA, DC. CORYHBED ASTERS. 1 A. corymbosus Ait. SL corymbous-fastigiate, nearly smooth, branches pu- bescent ; Ivs. thin, ovate-acuminate, serrate, with sharp spreading teeth, the lower cordate, peticlate, the petioles wingless; invol oblong, 6 to 9-rayzd, imbricate with .close-pressed, acute scales. — Common in dry woods, N. and Mid. States. St. 2f high, often reddish, mors or less flexuous, Lvs. large, mostly smooth, the upper becoming lanceolate, sessile. Hds, 4" long, in a broad, flat, open corymb, with about 6 oblong, white or roseate rays. Aug. (Eurybia corymbosa Cass.) 2 A. macropliyllus Willd. St rough-pubescent, widely branched ; Ivs. ovate, petiolxte, serrate wfth short, depressed teeth-, rough, the upper ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower cordate, petiolate, petioks somewhat winged; invoL cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales; rays 8 to 15. — Woods N. States and Can. St. furrowed, 1 to 21' high, Lvs, often very large (6 to 10' by 3 to €r). Rays white or pale blue. Hds. 6" long. Sept. (Eurybia corymbosa Cass.) § 2. CALTJ A STRUM, Torr, & Gr. YIOLET-FLOWERED ASTERS. 3 A. mirabilis Torr. & Gr. Scabrous, simple below; Ivs. ovate, serrate, the lowest $ etiolate, the others sessile, those of the branches roundish, small; iuvoL hemispherical, shorter than the disk, scales imbricated, in 4 or 5 series succes- sively shorter, with obtuse, green, recurved tips; rays about 20. — Columbia, S. Car. (ProC Gibbs in JS", Am. .Flora IL, 165). We have not met with tliis species. 4 A. radula Ait Erect, simple below, angular; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, nar- rowed to the sessile base, sharply serrate, rugous and rough ; invoL imbricate, squarrous with the short spreading green tips of the scales. — Moist groves and hedges, Me. to Penn, Height 1 to 3fJ remarkable for its straight, smooth stem, stiQ, sharply serrate Ivs. Branches nearly leafless, simple, each bearing a singlo large head, rarely more, with 20 pale violet rays spreading IV. Aug., Sept 5 A. spectabilis Ait Erect, rough-puberulent above; Ivs. roughish, oblong- lanceoiata, sessile, entire, the lower obscurely serrate; branches corymbed ; invol. hemispherical, with sqi&arrous, spreading, ciliate scales. — A low, handsome Aster, of'piae barrens, Mass, to N. J, and Ky. £t 1 to 2f high, branching above into a nearly simple corymb of 10 — 15 largo and showy heads, each with about 20 long violet blu'3 rays. Sept. — Nov. 6 A. STirculosiis MX. Sts. arising from a knotted creeping rhizome, low, slender, simple or corymfoous at top; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, upper linear, clasping; lids. I to 5 ; scales linear-oblong, ciliate, inner obtuse, outer with green spreading tips; rays about 20. — Wet pino barrens, N. J. to N". Car. and Tenn. Sts. smoothish, 12 to 18' hi^h, Rt-lvs, spatulate, 4 to C' long. Hds. large, obconic, with violet-purple vays. Sept {3. GKACILIS Gray. Hds, smaller and more numerous (3 to 12), with the invol- ucre moro close, and the rays about 12 (A. gracilis Nutt). 7 A paludosnis L. Slender, glabrous; Ivs. long, linear, rigid, margins scarcely rough, clasping at base; hds. 1 to 6, hemispherical; scales green, lance-linear, so-mewhat spreading; rays about 30, longer than the (6f/) involucre. — Swamps in pioe barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts, 2 to 3f high. Hds. very large, with vk>let-blae rays spreading 1 J to 2'. Pappus tawny. Aug. — Oct § 3. ASTER proper. PANICLED ASTERS. 8 A. cordifolius L. St paniculate, emoothish; lower Ivs. cordate, hairy beneath, j-harply serrate, acuminate, petiolato; petioles winged; invoL closely imbricate, the scales with short, green tips. — Common in rocky woods, N. and W. States. Stem with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. Rays 10 — 15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves aro gradually reduced to small or minute bracts. Sept. 9 A. sagittifdlins Wiild. ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. St with racemous branches above, smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrato in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, serrato, pctiolato; invcL loosely intricate, scales linear-subulate. — Low woods, N. aud W. States and Can. Stem 42-J OxiDKa 70.-— COMPOSITE. 2 — if high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded'heads, forming a compound panicle of leafy racemes. Heads small, each •with about 1*2 rays, which are white or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear, bept. 10 A. undulatus L. St. paniculate, puberulent; branches bracted, 1 (or few)- flowered ; Ivs. oblong-cordate, ainplexicaul, entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles; invol. closely imbricate. — Dry woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lewer Ivs. on winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper oneii becoming narrow-ovate and clasping. Fla pale blue, solitary or somewhat clus- tered, forming a loose, racemous panicle. Aug., Sept. 3. DIVERSIFOLIUS. Very slender; Ivs. shorter in proportion, ovate and oblong; branches slender, 1-flowered. — South (Pond.) (A diversifolius, MX.) 11 A. azureus Lindl. Scabrous; st. and racemous-paniculate branches slender but rigid ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, on slender petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate ; hds. broadly obconic ; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed. — Woods and prairies, W. States. St. about 2f high. Lvs. of several forms between the lowest cordate to the small, subulate, numerous, floral ones of the slender branches. Rac. pani- cled, with middle sized heads, sometimes reduced to a single raceme or head/ 11£ A. anomalus Eng. Lvs. as in No. 11. Invol. with loose recurved scales. — Limestone cliffs. 111. (J. Wolf), Iowa (Dr. Cousins), and Mo. Hds. large, handsome. 12 A. Shortii Hook. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above; Ivs. lance-ovate, deeply cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, entire, upper ones sessila and obtuse at base ; lids, middle-size, racemous or racemous-panicu- late, rather numerous ; invol. broad-campanulato ; scales scarious, close, green- iipped, shorter than the disk flowers.— A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of streams, Ohio to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2 — 4f high. Lower leaves about 5' by 1 J', tha others successively diminished upwards to the flowers whero they are minuto. Rays violet blue. 13 A. squarrostis Walt. Yery slender, scabrous, with long, simple branches ; Ivs. very small, triangular, cordate-amplexicaul, reflexed-squarrous ; lids, terminal; invol. obconic, scales imbricated with ovate, green, squarrous points; aehenia pubescent. — X. Car. to Fla. in dry soil. A very singular Aster, 2f or more high, rigid, shrubby at base. Lower Ivs. remote, 1' long, middle and upper crowded, stiff, mucronate, 1 to 2" long. Hds. middle size, with near 20 showy bluo rays. Pappus rather tawny. Sept. — Nov. 14 A. adnatus Nult. Scabrous ; stems and branches ascending, very slender ; Ivs. oblong-ovate or lanceolate, approximate, erect, and adherent to the stem by the midcein, the summit being free. — A still more curious species, found in Fla. to La. Sts. shrubby at base, 1 to 4f high. Lvs. as small as in the last, Ms. and fls. also similar. Sept. — Nov. 15 A. patens L. St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent; Ivs. ovate-oblong, acute, cordate-clasping, scabrous on the margin pubescent ; pan. loose ; hds. ter- minal on the branchlets ; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, only the points herba- ceous.— Grows in moist grounds, Mass., N. Y., to Ga. (Feay, Pond.) St. 2 to 3f high, slender, branching above into a loose spreading panicle. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, ^ to | as wide. Hds. largo, with 20 to 30 violet-colored rays. Pappus tawny. Aug. — Nov. — Variable. (A. amplexcaulis Willd.) 8. PHLOGIFOLIUS. Simple or racemous-paniculate ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cordate- auriculate, very acute, edges ciliatc; hds. large, spreading 16". Pappus deeply tawny.— N. Y. to Ohio. 16 A. NovcC Anglieo L. lids, terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate ; st. hispid, paniculate; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base; scales equal lax, linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk, green their whole length. — A large and beautiful Aster, in fields, meadows and shades, more common in the M. and W. States than in N. Eng. St. 4 to Gf high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Lvs. very numerous, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Fls. large, in a kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-fls. deep purple, numerous (15 to 100). Pappus deeply tawny. Ach. hairy. Sept. f ORDER 70.— CO M 1'OSIT^fl. 423 17 A. ameth^stinus Nutt. ? Clothed with a minute hoary tomentum ; st racemous-paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base; invol. broad-bell-shaped; scales hispid-pubescent, imbricated, erect, with acute squarrous, green tips; ach. silky — Moist soils, Ms. (Dr. Robbins, etc.) to 111. (Mr. J. Wolf.) Hds. with showy blue rays, expending 1'. Differs from NuttalTs descr. ia its scales which are not of equal length. Sept 18 A. puniceus L. St. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at base, appressed serrate, roughish above; invol. loose, longer than the disk, the scaks linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed. — A large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, N. States and Can. St. 4 to 6f high, generally red (at least on the South &ide\ furrowed, hispid. Lvs. rough-edged and rough beneath, acuminate, and some nar- rowed at base. Rays 30 — 60, long (5") narrow, pale-purple, showy. Aug. — Sept. /?. VIMINEUS. Tall, slender, smoothish ; hds. few, very large ; Ivs. narrow. >'. FIRMUS. Low (2 — 3 f.) scabrous, stout; Ivs. thick, subentire. Hds. many. . Pappus simple. Leaves all radical No. 3 § Rays long-, showy, 50 to 200. — Pappus simple. Leaves clasping Nos. 4 — 1> —Pappus double. Leaves sessile, &c Nos. 7 — 9 1 B. Canadense L. Invol. oblong; rays numerous (40 — 50), crowded, minute; pappus simple ; st. hairy, paniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones subserrate. — A very common annual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides and in fields, throughout N. Am. Stem ^ — 9fl high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, irregularly racemous upon tho branches, and constituting a large, ob- long panicle. The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. — A starved form is E. pusillum ISTutt. 2 E. divaricatum MX. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; Ivs. linear and subulate ; lids, very small, loosely corymbous ; rays minute. — Dry soil, "W. States S. to La. Plant of a greyish or bluish aspect, 3 — G' high, but at length spreading 1 — 2f. Leaves 4 — 12" by -J — 1". Rays purplish. Juno — Aug. 3 E. midicaule MX. Glabrous ; Ivs. obovate- or spatulate, radical, rosulate, en- tire ; one or two sessile, bract-like on the simple stem or scape ; lids, fow, corymb- ous; invol. hemispherical; rays narrow, 30 or more, conspicuous. — Pine barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. Lvs. about 2' long. Scape IS" high, very slender. Kays white. May, Jn. 4 E. bellidifolium Muhlenb. ROBINS' PLANTAIN. Hirsute ; radical Ivs. obo- vate, obtuse, subserrate ; st. Ivs* remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping ; hds. 3 — 7, in a close, terminal corymb; rays 50 to GO, nearly twice longer than tho involucre, linear-spatulate. — Dry fields and thickets, IT. S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stoloniferous, 1 — 2f high. Leaves 2 — 3' by 6 — 9", mostly broadest above the middle. Rays bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our ear- liest species, flowering in May and June. Resembles tho following. • (E. pulchel- lum MX.) 5 E. Philadelpliicuxn L. Pubescent or hirsute; Ivs. tftin, lower spatulate, ere- note-dentate, upper oblong-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cor- date-auriculate) base, subserrate; hds. few, on long, slender ped. ; rays- 150 to 200, filiform, more than, twice longer than the invol. — Woods and pastures throughout K Am. St. slender, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' by G to 9", lower much attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays reddish-purple or flesh-colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. — Aug. /?. RICARDI. Cauline Ivs. cordate- ovate. Meriden, N". H. (Ricard). y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate Ivs., approaching the next. 6 E. qiiercifolium Lam. Pubescent; rL Ivs. oblong-obovate, lyrate-pinnatifid, or deeply sinuate-toothed, tho cauline sharply serrate, clasping; upper entire; hds,. small, numerous, corymbous, with innumerable filiform rays, twice longer than, the invol. — S. Car. to Fla. and La. Differs from the preceding in its smaller and more numerous hds. as well as its Ivs. Rays pale purple, Mar. Jn. 7 E. annuum Pers. COMMON FLEABAXE. WHITE-WEED. Hirsute, with scat- tered hairs, branching; Ivs. coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base into a winged petiole, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lan- ceolate ; rays very numerous and narrow ; pappus double. — A common weed, ia fields and waste grounds, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Stem thick, 2 — 4f high, striate, terminating in a large, diffuse, corymbous panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. Jn. — Aug. (E. heterophyllum Muhl.) 8 E. strigosum L. Plant, rough, with short, appressed hairs, or nearly smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3-veined and petiolate ; pan. corymbous ; pappus double. — A rough weed, in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. St. about 2f high, slen'der, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a largo, loose corymb. Lvs. also with close- pressed bristles, sessile. Rays very narrow, white. Jn. — Oct. )3. St. simple, smooth; Ivs. entire, pubescent; Ms. corymbed; rays 100 to 150, (E. integrifolium Bw.) ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 429 9 E. glabellum Nutt. Lvs. smooth, entire, spatulate, long-tapering at base, upper lanceolate and lauce-linear, sessile, acuminate ; lids. 4 to 6, corymbed ; iiivol. hemispherical, pubescent as well as the peduncles; rays very numerous, pale blue, — Wis. to Nebr. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. long and narrow. Kays 100 or more. Jl., Aug. 21. CALLIS'TEPHUS, Cass. CHINA ASTER. (Gr. KdMo?, beauty, cFTt'^o^, a crown ; characteristic of the pappus.) Ray-flowers $ , numer- ous ; disk-flowers £ ; involucre hemispherical ; receptacle subconvex ; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer series short, chaffy -setaceous, with the seta3 united into a crown ; inner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous bristles. — (D Exotics. Lvs. alternate. C. Chinensis Ness. St. hispid ; branches divergent, 1-flowered ; Ivs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base. — Said to be orig- inally from China. Stem about 18' high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays dark purple. Disk yellow. July — Sept. — Cultiva- tion lias produced many beautiful and even splendid varieties, double and semi- double, with white, blue, red, flaked and mottled rays, f (Aster Chinensis L.) 22. BEL'LIS, L. GARDEN DAISY. (Lat. bellus, pretty ; a term quite appropriate to the genus.) Heads .many-flowered ; rays $ ; disk £ ; involucre hemispherical, of equal scales ; receptacle subalveolate, conical ; pappus none. — Low herbs, either ® and caulescent or 11 and acaulescent. Hds. solitary. 1 B. integrifolia MX. Annual, diffusely branched; Ivs. entire, spatulate-ofcovale, upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile; scales lance-ovate, setaceous- acuminate, with scarious margins. — "Wet prairies, Ky. to Tex. Sts. 6 to 12'. Rays violet-pur- ple, in hds. similar to the next. Mar. — May. 2 B. perennis L. Perennial ; root creeping ; scape naked, single-flowered ; Ivs. obovale, crenate. — If Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4' high, with a single white haai which is single, double- or quilled in the differ- ent varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 23. DArTLIA, L, (In honor of Andrew Dalil, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus.) Heads many-flowered, rays $ , disk £ ; involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus none. — 2£ Splendid Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. 1 D. variabilis Desf. St. green ; racliis of the Ivs. winged; Z/fe. ovate, acumi- nate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth ; outer invol. reflexed ; ray fls. § , sterile or fertile. — These superb and fashionable plants are natives cf sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse and roughish Ivs. resembling those of the com- mon elder, but the flowers are large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every conceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from July until arrested by frost. 2 D. coccfnea Cav. St. frosty, or hoary, hollow ; Ivs. with the rachis naked; Ifts. roughish beneath ; outer invol. spreading; rays neuter.— Stems about 41 high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron-color or yellow, never purple or white.— The Dahlias are generally cultivated by the divisions of the tuberous r« which, as soon as the frost blackens the tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a dry place, free from frost. 24. BOLTOWA, L'Her. (To J. B. Bolton, author of "Ferns of Great Britain," &c., 1788.) Hds, many-flowered; ray-flowers $, ma single series, those of the disk tubular, $ ; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins ; receptacle conic, punctate ; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged ; pappus of minute scta3, 2 (to 4) of them usually length- 430 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. ened into awns. — It Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, en- tire, sessile. Hds. loosely corymbous. Rays purplish-white. 1 B. glastifolia L'Her. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, the lowest serrate; lids, in a loose paniculate corymb; fr. obovate, with 2 awns, and several minute setae between. — Prairies, &c. West and South. Very slender, 3 — 7f. high, strict. Lvs. 3 — 5' long. Rays pale, spreading 7 — 9". Jl. — Aug. 2 B. decurrens. Lvs. oblong, margins decurrent on the winged stout stem ; hds. corymbous, globular in fruit ; ach. as in No. 1 j rays purple. Bottoms W. 3 B. diffdsa Ell. Lvs. linear-lanceolate and linear-subulate, all entire ; hds. small, hi a diffuse panicle with very numerous and slender branchlets: ach. obovate, narrowly winged, with 2 awns less than half its length, and several very minute seta3 between. — G-a. to La., common. A very slender and diffusely branched plant, 3 to 7f high. Eays spreading about 5". Aug. — Oct. 4 B. asteroides L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate, all entire; hds. in a somewhat con- densed corymb, on long peduncles; branches leafy; ach. broadly oval, smooth, with 4 to 5 minute seta?, none of them produced into awns. — Margins of swamps, Penn. to Ga. Plant 1 to 3f high. Kays 13 to 20, spreading 6 to 7". Aug., Sept. 25. BRACHYCH/E'TA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE SOLID AGO. (Gr. Ppaxw, short, xaiTij, hair ; in reference to the pappus.) Heads few-flowered ; rays 4 or 5, $ , ligulatc ; disk-flowers 4 or 5, $ , tubular ; involucre cylindric, imbricate ; receptacle naked ; pappus a single row of scale- like bristles shorter than the obconic achenium. — 2£ Habit that of a Solidago. The golden yellow heads arranged in little clusters, forming- one or several unilateral, recurved racemes. B. cordata Torr. & Gr., "Woods, E. Ky. (near Cumberland Gap) to Ga., along the mts. St. 2 to 4f high, simple or with several branches above, pubescent. Lvs. alternate, cordate, ovate, acute or acuminate, the lower petiolate, more or less cor- date, serrate, the upper entire, sessile. Heads small (3" long), in 1 (or more) long, recurved, nearly leafless, interrupted rac. Aug. — Oct. 26. SOLIDAVGO, L. GOLDENROD. (Lat. solidary to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants.) Flowers of the ray about 5, $ , re- mote ; of the disk g ; involucre oblong, imbricate, with apprcssed scales ; receptacle punctate, narrow ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. — 2£ Herbs, very abundant in the IT. S. St. erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, with 1 to 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months. a Shrub 1 to 3f high. Eays 1 to 3. Southern No. 1 a Herbaceous; heads without rays, — discoid Nos. 2, 3 a Herbaceous ; heads radiate, rays, 1 to 15, usually small, (b) b Scales of the involucre with recurved, herbaceous tips Nos. 4, 5 b Scales imbricated, erect, scarious, seldom herbaceous, (c) C Kays white or cream-colored. Clusters axillary and terminal No. G O Eays golden yellow, (d) d Inflorescence axillary (chiefly), in clusters or short racemes, (e) e Stems pubescent Nos. 7, 8, y e Stems glabrous Nos. 8, 9 d Inflorescence terminal, virgate or paniculate, (f ) f Clusters or rac. erect, not secund. Lvs. feather-veined, (g) g Heads large, with loose scales. Alpine plants Nos. 10 — 12 g Heads not large. Plants glabrous. Eays 4 to 7 Nos. 18 — 15 g Heads not large. Plants soft-downy. Kays 9 to 12 Nos. 16, 17 f Clusters or racemes recurved and secund (one-sided), (h) h. Leaves 3 (or 1)- veined. Very smooth, salt-marsh herbs Nos. 18, 19 ll Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c. (k) k Leaves entire or very nearly so Nos. 20, 21 k Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous Nos. 22-24 k Leaves serrate. Stem roughish-pubescent Nos. 25,26 h Leaves not veiny, thick, subentire. Herbs inland Nos. 27 — 29 b. Leaves evidently feather-reined, mostly serrate, (m) m Stem hairy or downy. Leaves rough or not Nos. 80 — 82 m Stem glabrous. Leaves glabrous or not. Eays 2 to 5 Nos. 33 — 86 •m Stem glabrous. Lvs. glabrous or not. Eays G to 12. (EL> ORDER 7 0.— COMPOSITE. 4 3 1 n Racemes distant, loosely if at all panicled Nos. 36, 37 n Racemes close, forming compact panicles Nos. 3S — 40 d Inflorescence terminal, in afastijjiate corymb, (o) O Leaves lanceolate, ample. Stem smooth, glabrous Nos. 41, 42 o Leaves lanceolate, ample. Stein rough, pubescent Nos. 45 46 O Leaves linear. Heads small, scales close-pressed Nos. 47, 48 1 S. pauciflosculosa MX. Shrub, much branched, glabrous, glaucous and somewhat viscid; Ivs. somewhat lanceolate and linear, obscurely 3-veined, obtuse, sessile, entire ; panicle compound, of erect racemes ; hds. 5 to 7 -flowered, with 1 to 3 large rays. — S. Cur. to Ma., barrens near the coast. A low bush, about 2f high, remarkably distinguished among our Solidagos as a shrub. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, leathery. Bay, usually solitary. Aug. — Oct. 2 S. discoidea (Ell.) Villous-pubescent, hoary ; Ivs. ovate, petiolate, coarsely serrate, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; rac. erect, in a virgate or thyrsoid pan. ; hds. discoid, about 12-flowered ; scales downy-canescent, the acute herbaceous tips squarrous-spreading. — Ga. and Fla. (uplands), to La. Plant 3 to 4f high, remark- able for its rayless fls. and squarrous aster-like involucre. Lower Ivs. 3 to 4' long, gradually reduced upwards. Sept., Oct. 3 S. brachypkylla Chapm. Rough-pubescent; Ivs. numerous, appressed-ser- rate, spatulate, oval and ovate, glabrous ; rac. secund, in virgate panicles ; scales erect (not spreading), obtuse, smooth; hds. discoid; disk-flowers 5 to 6. Mid. Fla., uplands (Chapman). Tall (4 to Gf ), with erect leafy branches. St. Ivs. 1' Jong, diminishing upwards. (Allied to S. altissima.) 4 S. squarrosa Muhl. St. stout, simple, densely pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, lower very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper lanceolate-elliptic, highest, entire; rac. glomerate, rigid and pubescent; scales rigid, oblong, squarrous with spreading green tips; hds. many flowered; rays 10 — 12, elongated. — A handsome species, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stem 2 — 5f high. Heads very large, forming a large terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or racemes. Sept. 5 S. squarrulosa (T. & G.) Pubescent, striate ; Ivs. rough, numerous, oval or lanceolate, the upper entire, the lower serrate, all abruptly contracted at base but scarcely petiolato ; hds. large (20 to 25-flowered), in a terminal, virgate raceme ; rays 6 to 10 ; scales linear or lance-subulate, with loose herbaceous tips, the outer spreading, bract-like. — Uplands, K Car. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 3i high, often branched above. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Aug., Sept. (S. squarrosa Nutt. S. petio- Jaris Ait. ?) 6 S. bicolor L. Hairy ; st. simple ; Ivs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower serrate, short-stalked; rac. short, dense, axillary, paniculate- virgate above; invoL scales obtuse ; rays about 8, whitish. — Woods and dry hills, Can., N. Mid., & ~W. States. Remarkably distinguished among the solidagos by having white or cream-colored rays. St. 2f high, a little hairy. Lvs. hairy on both sides, mostly entire, gradually reduced in size upwards. Axillary clusters approximating above into a terminal, interrupted spike. Rays short and obscure, Jl, Aug. (Aster bicola ISTees.) ft. HIRSUTA. Fls. all yellow. — Penn. (S. hirsuta, Nutt.) 7. S. Buckley! Torr. & Gr. Villous-pubescent ; Ivs. oblong, serrate, acute at each end, subsessile ; clusters axillary, loose, much shorter than the Ivs. ; ped. villous ; scales glabrous, acutish, rays 4 to 6, disk-flowers 9 to 12 ; ach. compressed, glabrous. — Interior of Ala. (Buckley). St. 2 to 3f high ? Lvs. as large as in No. 8, the hds. larger. Oct. 8 S. latifolia Muhl. St. somewhat flexuous, angular, smooth below, pubescent above; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, pubescent be- neath ; petioles margined ; rac. axillary and terminal ; ach. silky pubescent. — A singular and well-marked species common in dry woods and by rocky streams, U. S. and Can. St. slender, simple, about 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 4', with acute, often long-acuminate serratures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stem ending with a long terminal one. Hds. few. Sept. — Variable. The clusters are often long and loose, and exceeding the Ivs. (S. ambigua Ait. S. macrophylla B\v.) P. PUBENS. Pubescent, becoming densaly so above, especially the scales. — Mts. of K Car. (Curtis)— (S. pubens Curtis.) 432 OBDEII 70,— COMPOSITE. 9 S. cassia Ait. St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous ; Ivs. smooth, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate ; roc. axillary, erect, ach. minutely pubescent. — A very elegant species, in thickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 to 4f high, of a bluish-purple color, terete and slender, somewhat flcxu- ous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 — 5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axillary, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 3 — 5, once and a half the length of the involucre. Aug. (S. axillaris, Ph.) /?. FLEXICAULIS. St. flexuous, angular ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes. — Leaves about 2' by ii-'. Rays pale yellow. (S. flexi- caulis, Ph. not of L.) y. CURTISII. St. tall, strict, striate-angular. — Mts. N. Car. Ilcioiit 3 to Of. (S Curtisii, T. & G.) 10 S. thyrsoidea Meyer. St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, ovate, coarsely and sharply serrate, acute, the lower on long petioles, the upper subsessile, lanceolate; rac. mostly simple, short; has. large, with con- spicuous rays. — A coarse showy golden rod, in woods, White Mts., N. H.f Wil- loughby and Green Mts., Yt. It is remarkable for the long slender stalks of tho lower ovate leaves, and for the large hds. which exceed in size most other spe- cies. St. 1 to 3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usually in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug. (S. virgaurea, Bw.) 11 S. Virgaurea L. /?. ALPINA (Bw.) St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top ; st. Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, lower ones oval ; contracted to a petiole, rac. erect, ray elongated; hds. large, about ^-flowered; scales very thin, acute. This is tho only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varieties is seen scattered here and there on tho lower summits of the White Mts., N. II., Essex Mts., N. Y., L. Superior, C. W., also ? Mts. of N. Car. Tho hds. are few, sometimes one only, but larger than thoso of most other species, and of a rich, golden 3rellow. St. often purple, 2 to 3' high, simple, with axillary and ter- minal flowers. Aug. — (S. glomerata MX. whoso description answers well to tho larger specimens of S. virgaurea.) 12 S. humilis Ph. Glabrous; st. simple, erect; radical Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse and crenate-serrato at apex; the cauline oblanceolate. and lan- ceolate, acute; rac. simple or paniculate; hds. middle size, about \2-flowcred; scales oblong, oUuse; rays short. — Rocks along mountain streams, Yt., N". II., to Newfoundland. St. G to 12' high, somewhat glutinous. Rac. slender, strict. Lvs. of the stem about 2' by 3 to 4", serrulate, lids. G to 8 rayed. Aug., Sept. (3. Taller ; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense, slender, interrupted rac. — Near tho Willey House, White Mts. 13 S. virgata MX. Glabrous, strict, virgate. tall, simply racemous at top; Ivs. entire, thickish, oblong-lanceolate, and oblanceolate, rough edged, the lowest subserrate, petiolate; hds. about 15-flowzred ; rays 5 to 7 ; ach. pubescent. — Damp pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. St. 3 to 5f high. Lower Ivs. 3 to 4' long, gradually reduced above to the bracts of tho peduncles 3 or 4" in length. Rac. 6' to If long, composed of small clusters. Sept., Oct. 14 S. stricta Ait. Smooth ; st. strict, erect, simple ; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, very entire, rough-edged, radical Ivs. serrate, very long ; rac. paniculate, erect; ped. smooth ; hds. about IQ-flowered. — In wet woods, N. States. St. (and every other part) very smooth, about 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4 to 8' by £ to i to l'» lower attenuated at base into a long, winged petiole. Pan. terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed racemes. Aug. 15 S. speciosa Nutt. St. smooth, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, and scabrous, on the margin, thick, tho radical and lower Ivs., subserrate, very broad; rac. erect., numerous, forming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle ; pedicels shorter than the invol, pubescent; rays Iarg3, 6 to 8. — Woods, Mass, to Ohio and Ga. A noble species, 2 to Gf high. St. stout, often purple, furrowed. Lvs. ample, some of them G' by 3'. Hds. exceedingly numerous, about 15-flowered, with conspicuous rays of a rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. Aug. — Oct. /?. ERECTA. Panicle slender, spicate. — With tho other; merely a reduced form. (S. erecta DC.) ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 433 16 S. verna Curtis. Hoary pubescent; st. few-leaved, branched nearly naked, loosely pauicled ; lower Ivs. finely serrate, ovate, veiny, on margined petioles, the upper lance-ovate or oblong, entire; scales lance-linear, smoothish ; rays 10 to 12, disk Us. 16 to 20; ach. pubescent. — An early flowering Solida-go, in pino barrens, N. Car. to Fla., rare. St. 2 to 3f high, erect or sometimes inclined and the' racemes a little recurved. Lowest Ivs. 3' by 2', 5- veined, the others partly 3- veined. Way, Jn. 17 S. puberula Nutt. Dusty puberulent, simple strict; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, atten- uate at base, the lower oblanceolate, subserrate; pan. spicate, erect, dense but com- pound; pad. pubescent; scales linear-lanceolate, acute; rays about 10. elongated; disk fls. about 13. — Woods, Me. to Ga. St. straight, purplish, 2 to 3f high, ter- minating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Lvs. very minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on close, winged stalks. Hds. rather large, bright yellow. Aug. — Oct. (Also S. pulverulenta Nutt.) 18 S. sempervirens L. St. smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire, and scabrous on the margin, subamplexicaul, obscurely 3-veined ; rac. secund, paniculate; pedicels scabrous-pubescent; rays elongated 8 to 10, disk- fls. 15 to 20. — Marshes along the coast, and river banks, within the influence of the brackish water. St. 3 to 6f high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with nu- merous long and narrow leaves. lids, large. Eays showy. Sept. (3. lasvi- gata Ait.) 19 S. angustifolia Ell. St. smooth, strict, branched or simple : Ivs. lance-linear. thick, smooth, entire, sessile, short and erect, l-veined, the lower lanceolate, taper- ing at base; pan. dense, erect, virgate; pedicels glabrous, slender; hds. small, 15 to 20-flowered ; rays about 7. — Brackish swamps, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Sts. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. diminishing upwards, the highest subulate. Hds. very nu- merous, partly inclined to one side. Scales acute. Sept., Oct. 20 S. nemdralis Ait. Dusty-subtomentous ; Ivs. roughish, acute, obscurely 3- veined, attenuate at base, sub-entire the lower petiolate ; rac. secund, paniculate ; hds. small ; rays 5 to 6, disk-fls. 5 to 7. — Dry fields and roadsides, Can. and U. S. A common, starved-looking species, with a grayish, dusty aspect. Height 1 to 2f. Lvs. often fascicled in the axils. Hds. with conspicuous rays. Pan. dense, composed of many short racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a single, terminal recurved one. Again, the stem divides into branches, each bear- ing a panicle. Sept. /?. Very slender, minutely puberulent, terminated by a slender spicato (re- curved) panicle.— In woods. Lvs. as long as in S. cassia. 21 S. rupestris Raf. Smooth, slender ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, -attenuate at both ends, plainly 3-veined, entire, or the lower subserrulate ; hds. small, about 15- flowered, in a simple, sknder panicle ; rays very short. — Ind., Ky., on river banks. St. 2 to 3f high, often branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, veins whitish beneath. Aug., Sept. Too near the next. 22 S. Missouriensis Nutt. Glabrous, low, simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear, tapering to each end, plainly 3-veined, very acute and rough-edged, lower ones with acute, slender serratures, radical, oblanceolato, petiolate ; rac. small, in a denss, pyramidal, or somewhat corymbous pan. ; ped. glabrous', scales with greenish tips; hds. small, 12 to 15-flowered. — A delicate species, 1 to 2f high, in dry prairies, 111. and Mo. Lvs.. smooth and shining, lower 3 to 4' by 3 to 5", the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Kays about 8. Jl., Aug. 23 S. serotina TV'illd. St. round, striate, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate, slightly serrate, obscurely 3-veined, veins beneath pubescent ; rac. secund, re- curved, paniculate; ped. pubescent; hds. small, 15 to 2Q-flowered. — A smooth species in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. St. 3 to 6f high, very smooth, often glaucous or purple. Lvs. 3 to 5 to 7' long, smooth; margin scabrous, upper entire. Fls. numerous, forming a more or less compact panicle, inclined at summit. Rays less than I" long. Sept.— Variable and scarcely distinct from the next. 24 S. gigantea Ait. St. smooth, striate; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate with sharp, spreading teeth, margins rough-ciliate, strongly 3-veined ; rac. axillary and loosely panicled; branches pubescent ; ped. and pedicels hairy; hds. 15 to 20 flowered.—, 28 434 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. A large, showy species, in low, open grounds, U. S. and Can. St. green, some- times purplish, 4 to 7f high, often much branched above. Lvs. 2 to 4 to 7' long, acuminate at each end, otten with divergent teeth. Pan. often diffuse, on spread- ing, leafy branches. Aug. — Oct. — Rays twice longer than the last. 25 S. Canadensis L. St. downy; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, 3-veined, acuminate, rough ; rac. paniculate, secuud, recurved ; rays short, about 8, disk-fls. about 7 ; scales linear. — (Fig. 118.) Fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. From 18' to 5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to ono side. Lvs. sessile, 3' long, sometimes nearly entire, and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug. — Oct. /?. PROCERA. St. villous ; Ivs. rough, villous beneath ; hds. larger, and with larger rays. — In low grounds, 4 — if high. Leaves distinctly 3-veined. (S. procera Ait.) 26 S. Shortii Torr. & Gr. St. minutely rough-downy; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, strongly 3-veined, acute, very smooth ; rac. secund, dense ; pan. contracted, elongated; scales linear-oblong, with greenish tips] rays 5 to 7, disk-fls. 5 to 7.-— Banks of the Ohio River, Ind. and Ky. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Readily dis- tinguished from the last. Jl., Aug. 27 S. pilosa Walt. Hirsute, tall, stout; Ivs. lance-oblong, remotely serrulate, rough, thick, obsoletely veined, midvein hairy beneath, upper lance-ovate, sessile, entire ; pan. pyramidal ; rays 7 to 10, minute, disk-fls. 5 or G. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla., in damp places. St. 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long below, reduced upwards, very numerous, yellowish-green. Pedicels with subulate bracts, simi- lar to the outer scales. Sept., Oct. 28 S. odora Ait. St. round, pubescent in lines, slender; Ivs. linear lanceolate, acute, abrupt and sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate, with pellucid dots, rough- edged ; rac. paniculate ; rays 2 to 4, disk-fls. 3 or 4. — In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and Can. Stem 2 — 3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1£ — 3' by 3 — 5", with a strong, yellowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle in- clined. Racemes 2 — 3' long, spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small heads on the upper side. Jl. — Sept. — The only species of Solidago which has properties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil. /?. RETRORSA.' Lvs. linear below, subulate above, often twisted; rays 1, 2 or 3 ; st. pubescent all over. S. "W. Ga. (Miss Keen). Punctate Ivs. acute. Scales, &c., as in a. (S. retrorsa MX.) 29 S. tortifolia Ell. St. rough, pubescent; Ivs. numerous, linear, subentire, often twisted at the base, small, scabrous above, not punctate; ra"c. recurved, in a pyramidal panicle; scales obtuse; ray and disk-fis. each 3 to 5. — N". Car. to Fla. and Tex., in dry fields. St. 2 to 3f high, often much branched. Lower Ivs. 2 to 3' long, reduced upwards to subulate bracts. (Elliott.) Aug. — Oct. — Is this the same as our /?. No. 28 ? 30 S. altissima L. St. hairy, tall ; Ivs. lanceolate, very veiny, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and wrinkled. Scales acute ; rays G to 8. — A variable species, tho tall, rough varieties of which are common about the borders of fields, in hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3 — Sf high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning upwards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. Tho branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous heads ; tho leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug. — Oct. (S. rugosa Willd.) 31 S. Dnimmondii Torr. & Gr. St. velvety ; Ivs. ovate or broadly oval, acuto at each end, sharply serrate, smooth above, velvety beneath, veiny ; scales oblong, ob- tuse ; rays 4 or 5. — 111. near St. Louis. (Drummond in JT. Am. Fl.) St. 1 to 2f high. 32 S. Radula £Tutt. St. rough-downy, simple ; Ivs. oblong-spatulaie, tapering to the sessile base, serrate above, very rough, rigid, the lowest petiolate ; pan. con- tracted ; disk-fis. 3 to G, rays 5, very short. — 111. near St. Louis (Engelman), to La. Plant slender, 1 to 2f high. lids. s:nall, crowded, in short, secund racemes, Sept. ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 435 33 B. ulmifolia Muhl. St. glabrous, with fairy branches; Ivs. thin, elliptic-ovate serrate, acuminate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath ; rac. paniculate, recurved-spreading ; pad. villous; hds. small; scales acute; rays 3 or 4, disk-fls. 3 or 4. — In woods and low grounds, N. and W. States. A species, of striking form, like Brachychaeta, with the slender, arched branches of the Elm. St. striate, about 3f high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical Ivs. tapering to winged petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones entire, middle ones about 3' by 1^'. Rays de.ip yellow. Aug., Sept. 34 S. Boottii Hook. St. glabrous^ with liairy branches ; Ivs. ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, lower contracted to marginal petioles, upper sessile, acuminate at both ends ; rac. long, recurved, loosely panicled ; Mi. middle size ; scales oblong, ob- tuse ; rays 2 to 5, disk-fls. 8 to 12. — Sandy soils, N. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Plant 2 to Sf'high, variable, with the stem smooth, or more or less rough-downy. Aug. ' — Oct. 35 S. linoides Solander. Smooth throughout ; st. slender, simple; Ivs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire • hds. small, in short, secund, at length spreading racemes ; scales oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed ; rays 1 to 4, short, disk-fls. 4 to 5, short. — A small species) near Boston (Greene in N. Am. Flo.) to N. J. St. 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 1 to 5' by 3 to 6". Pan. small, usually turned to ono side. Sept., Oct. 36 S. Muhlenbergii Torr. & Gr. St. furrowed, glabrous ; Ivs. smooth both sides, strongly and sharply serrate, the radical ovate, petiolate, cauline, elliptical-lanceo- late, acuminate at each end ; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading ; pedicels pubescent ; hds. 15 — 20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse. — In damp woods and thickets, N. H. to Penn. Stem 2 — 3f high, generally simple, bearing a long, open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, feather- veined. Heads middle size, with G — 3 rather large rays. Aug. — Oct. (S. ar- guta Muhl.) 37 S. patula. Muhl. St. smooth, angular-striate ; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulato ; rac. paniculate, loosely spreading ; pedicels pubescent; hds. about 12 to \5-flowered; scales much imbricated, oblong, very obtuse. — In wet places, Can., N". and W. States, not com- mon. St. 2 to 4f high, virgate, ofcen purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at the top. St. Ivs. 1 to 2' long, ^ as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger. Rac. short, on the ends of the spreading branches. Sept. 38 S. elliptica Ait. Erect, glabrous throughout, leafy; Ivs. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely serrate, uppar ones sessile, entire ; rac. short, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panick ; hds. middle sizo ; rays 5 to 8, very short, disk-fls. 6 or 7 ; scales linear-oblong, obtuse. — Salt marshes, R. Isl. (Olney), near N. Y. (T. & G.), to Ga. St. 3 to 5f high, bearing a close, somewhat leafy pyramidal panicle. Lvs. 2 to 4' by % to !£', rough-edged, the serratures appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct. (3. ELLIOTTIL Pan. more widely spreading. — South. (S. Elliottii T. & G.) 39 S. arguta Ait. St. strict, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate, •with diverging teeth, cauline, elliptical, sessile, highest entire and small, radical oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles ; rac. secund, dense, in a spreading, corymbous panicle ; lids, middle size; rays about 10, disk-fls. 9 or 10; ach. smooth. — In meadows and woods, U. S. (from lat. 38°), K to the Arc. circle. A smooth, shining plant 3f high, with a large, dense, corymbous panicle. Rac. recurved, a finger's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug., Sept. B. JUNCEA. Lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, upper entire ; st. brownish, striate ; rays twice as long as tho invol. ; pan. less dense. — Open fields. (S. juncea Ait. S. ciliaris Muhl.) 40 S. neglecta Torr. & Gr. St. smooth, striate ; Ivs. smooth, acute, serrate, with divergent teeth, cauline linear-lanceolate, subentire highest linear, sessile, lowest lanceolate (large), tapering to a long petiole ; rac. secund, erect, at length recurved, in an abrupt or oblique panicle ; lids, middle size; rays 6 to 10, disk-fls. 7 to 12 ; ach. smooth. — Swamps Hanover, N". H. (Ricard, &c.) to Ind. and southward. St. 3 to 4fhigh, terete. Rt. Ivs. 6 to 12' long, feather-veined; upper obscurely 3-veined. Aug., Sept.— A handsome Solidago, beat known, by its peculiar panicle, 436 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 41 S. OMens.'s Riddcll. Glabrous throughout; lower Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, upper oblong -lanceolate, ab- ruptly acute, sessile, entire; hds. numerous, 15 — 20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb. — Meadows and prairies, western N. Y. to Ind. A per- fectly smooth Solidago, 2 — 3f high. Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6 — 8' by 1 — 1J', on petioles of equal length, middle caul- ine, about 2' by 5". Heads about 6-rayed. Sept., Oct. 42 S. Riddellii Frank. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbously branched ; radi- cal Ivs. very long, lance-linear, long-pointed entire, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline Ivs. clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire ; branches leafy; hds. 20 — 24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, fastigiate corymb. — Wet prairies Ohio, "Wis. to Mo. A well marked species, 15 — 30' high. Radical leaves 12 — 18' long-, almost grass-like, cauline 3 — 6' by £', with a strong midvein, and generally much recurved. Kays small, 6 — 9. Sept. (S. Mexicana ft. Hook.) 43 S. corymbosa Ell. Stout, glabrous; with the corymbous branches hirsute; Ivs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, thick, rigid, smooth, the lower and radical subden- tate, upper entire, rough-ciliate ; hds. large, in loose racemes, the outer secund, forming a fastigiato corymb ; scales pubescent, oblong, obtuse ; rays about 10, disk-fls. about 20 ; ach. glabrous. — Middle Ga. Plant 4 to Gf high, differing from S. rigida in its smooth stem and leaves, smaller hds., &c. Sept., Oct. 44 S. Houghtoiiii Torr. & Gr. Like S. Ohiensis, but smaller, with a few very large hds., — found in Northern Mich, in the State Survey. Aug. 45 S. rigida L. Stout, rough-hairy ; Ivs. rigid, ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs, the upper very entire, the lower serrate ; branches corymbous- paniculate, with close, short racemes, the lower somewhat secund ; hds. very large ; scales obtuse; rays large, 7 to 10, disk-fls. 25 or more; ach. glabrous. — A rough plant in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex. Abundant in western prai- ries. St. 3 to 5f high, round, striate, with rigid Ivs., of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Hds. 4 to 5" long and wide. Rays about 3" by 1", deep-yellow. Aug., Sept. 43 S. spitham&a Curt. Yillous; Ivs. lance-oval or oblong; thin, smoothish, sharply serrate, margin ciliate ; hds. middle size, corymbous ; scales lanceolate, acute; rays 6 to 8, disk-fls, 15 to 20; ach. pubescent. — High Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis). A low plant, growing in tufts, with hairy stems, branches and corymbs, and inconspicuous rays. Aug., Sept. 47 S. lanceolata Ait. St. angular, hairy, much branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-veined, rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; corymbs terminal, fastigiate ; rays minute, about 17, disk-fls. 10. — In woods and meadows, Can. and TJ. S. St. 2 to 4f high, with numerous, very long and narrow Ivs. which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smaller ones often fascicled in the axils. Fls. in terminal, crowded, corymbed clusters. Invol. ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. 48 S. teiTuifolia Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; Ivs. narrowly linear, spreading, mostly 1-veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy; corymb terminal, consisting of clustered hds. ; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. — Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass, to La. Also Wis. (Lap- ham.) A very slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness of the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often re- duced to a few hds. Aug. — Oct. 27. BIGEUTYIA, DC. (In honor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the well- known author of " Florula Bostonicnsis," etc.) Heads discoid, 3 to 4- flowered, the flowers all tubular, ^ ; involucre cylindrical, as long as the flowers ; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated ; receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp ; achenia obconic, hirsute ; pappus bristles in one series. — 2£ Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds, lastigiately corymbous, with yellow fis. and colored scales. ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. . 437 B. virgata DC. Smooth in all its parts ; st. virgately branched from near the base ; branches corymbous-fastigiate above ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined, the cauline linear-spatulate ; scales glutinous. — Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. A plant resembling Solidago teuuifolia in aspect, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2", rather firm and somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellow- ish. Aug.— Oct. 28. ISOPAP'PUS, Torr. & Gr. (Gr. iaog, equal ; ndTnro^ pappus.) Heads radiate; ray fls. 5 to 12, $ , disk-fls. 10 to 20 $ ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, closely imbricated ; receptacle alveolate, achenia terete, silky-villous ; pappus a single row of equal capillary bristles. — ® Rough-hairy, branching, with alternate Ivs. and loose panicles. I. divaricajus T. & Gr. Scabrous, with thin, hispid hairs ; Irs. linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed at each end, sessile, nearly entire ; hds. on slender, naked pedicels ; rays about 7, longer than the invol., disk-fls. about 12 ; scales slender-pointed, shorter than the tawny pappus. — Dry sandy soils, Ga. (Feay) to Fla. and Tex. Plant 6' to 3f high. Hds. in a diffuse panicle, invol. 2" long, rays 3", bright yelr low. Aug. — Oct. 29. PRIONOP'SIS, Nutt. (Gr. TTQIUV, a saw, fyig, resemblance; alluding to the serrate leaf.) Heads depressed, radiate, many-flowered ; rays in one series, $ , disk fls. £ ; scales imbricate, squarrous ; receptacle alveolate, flat ; ach. glabrous, turgid ; pappus deciduous, of rigid, scab- rous, very unequal bristles, the inner row longer than the corolla. — ' Leaves alternate. Fls. showy, yellow. P. Chapmanii Torr. & Gr. Hairy or downy, strict, erect ; Ivs. erect, smooth, lance-linear, serrate, with remote setaceous teeth ; hds. few ; scales cuspidate. — 14- Swamps in pine barrens, Mid. Fla. (Chapman). Jn., Jl. 30. HETEROTHE'CA, Cass. (Gr. erepo^, diverse, 0?)«;??, envelope.) Heads many-flowered ; rays in one series, ? , disk-flowers £ 5 scales im- bricated, appressed ; receptacle alveolate, fringed ; achenia minutely canescent, of the ray without pappus (naked), of the disk with a double pappus, the outer very short, scale-like, the inner of capillary bristles. It Herbs hairy, corymbously branched, with alternate Ivs. and yel- low flowers. ( H. scabra DC. St. erect, flexuous, striate ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, petiolate, dentate, scabrous ; petioles abruptly winged as if stipulate at base ; hds. large, in a loose, paniculate corymb ; rays 15 to 20 ; pappus tawny-red, the outer white. — A showy plant, in dry soils near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, diminishing upwards, where they are lance-oblong and sessile. The ray achenia are glabrous, with a minute crown, those of the disk silky. Rays of a rich yellow, expanding 9". Sept., Oct. 31. CHRYSOP'SIS, Nutt. (Gr. %pvoo<;, gold, oi/>*c, appearance.) Heads .many-flowered ; ray-flowers $, disk-flowers £ ', involucre imbri- cate ; receptacle subalveolate, flat ; pappus of the ray and disk similar, double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium hairy, compressed. — 2£ Hairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves and yel- low flowers. § Loaves linear, grass-liko •, aclienin. linear ......................................... Nos- 1- * § Leaves luuce-oblong ; achenia obovate, compressed (a). a Outer pappus scnlo-like ............................. .»<* a, <> a Outer pappus bristle-form ........................... J>os. 7, 8 1 C. graminifolia Nutt. Canescent with long silky hairs; Ivs. linear, erect, entire, grass-like, tapering to both ends, the upper numerous and reduced to subu- 438 OUDL-U 70.— COMPOSITE. late bracts ; hds. corymbous ; ach. silky-pubescent. — Del. to Fla.. common in th.9 pine woods. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Branches usually 1 -flowered. lias. 5 to 6" long and wide. Pappus tawny- white. Jl. — Oct. (U. argentea Nutt.) 2 C. oligantha Chap. Canescent with long silky hairs; Ivs. lance-linear and linear, erect, entire, tapering to both ends; st. above, nearly naked; hds. few, large; pappus white; ach. silky-villous.—S. W. Ga. and Fla., in damp pine woods. Height 1 to 2f. Hds. 1 to 6, a third larger than in No. 1. Kays spread- ing 14 to 17", appearing in Apr. and May. 3 C. pinifolia Ell. Glabrous, rigid; Ivs. narrotvly linear, rigid, erect, crowded, the upper setaceous; hds. solitary, terminal, corymbous; ach. villous; pappus reddish-brown, the outer scale-like, whitish.— Sandy" hills, middle Ga. St. 1 to 2f high. Hds. nearly as large as in No. 2. Lower Ivs. 3 to 5' long. Sept., Oct. 4 C. falcata Ell. Woolly and villous ; Ivs. sessile, linear, very acute, subfakate, spreading, veins pilous on both sides ; hds. small, in axillary corymbs ; invol. pil- ous. — A low, leafy plant, in dry, sandy soils, near the sea, Mass, to N. J. St. thick, leafy, about 8' high. Hds. small, bright yellow, in crowded, paniculate corymbs. Rays 3-toothed at the apex. Sept., Oct. (Inula falcata Ph.) 5 C. Mariana Nutt. Silky-arachnoid; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, smooth when old; the upper sessile, acute, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse ; corymb simple ; scales acute, viscidly -pubescent ; rays 15 to 20. — Sandy barrens, N. J., Md. to Fla., common. St. and Ivs. clothed with scattered, long, silky, de- ciduous hairs. Plant about 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Corymbs somewhat um- beled; hds. few, large, 16 to 20-rayed, yellow, on viscid-glandular peduncles. Aug. — Oct. (Inula Mariana L.) 6 C. villosa Nutt. Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent, and strigous ; Ivs. entire, ses- sile, ciliate towards the base, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper oblong-linear or lanceolate; hds. large, solitary, and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corymbous ; scales linear-subulate, strigous; rays 20 to 30. — Prairies, 111. to Or. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 5", whitish and roudi. Rays oblong-linear, entire, golden-yellow. Jl. — Sept. (Amellus- Ph. Dipiopappus Hook.) 7 C. gossypina Nutt. Clothed throughout, with a cottony tomentum; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, entire, the lower spatulate, upper sessile; hds. solitary, corymbous; scales woolly ; pappus tawny, the outer bristle-form, white. — Va. to Fla., in the bar- rens. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds. larger than in No. 5, with about 25 rays. Aug. — Oct. 8 C. trichophylla Nutt. Clothed with long, weak hairs below, nearly glabrous above ; Ivs. narrowly oblong, obtuse. Otherwise as in No. 7. — N. Car. to Fla. arid La., in dry soils. Aug. — Oct. 32. CONY ZA, L. GNAT-BANE. (Gr. /OJVGJI/J, a gnat; the plant was supposed to expel gnats and fleas.) Hds. discoid ; flowers all tubular, those of the margin % ; of the centre $ or £ ; scales in several rows ; re- ceptacle flat or convex ; achenia compressed ; pappus one row of capil- lary bristles. — Herbs chiefly tropical. FJs. yellow. C. simiata Ell. Hairy and cinerous-pubescent ; lower Ivs. sinuate-lobed, acute, middle repand-dentate, upper linear, entire; hds. paniculate; fls. white, all fer- tile ; ach. oblong, almost glabrous. — Charleston, S. C. and Savannah, Ga. (Pond), common — "appearance of an Erigeron," (Elliott.) St. a foot or more high. Lvs. narrow, 12 to 18' long. Florets very numerous (100 or more) in each head. Pappus pale cinnamon color. Apr. — JL 33. IN'ULA, L. ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Lat. name.) Heads many-flowered ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers numerous, $ , disk- flowers £ ; receptacle naked ; pappus simple, scabrous ; anthers with 2 bristles at base. — 2£ Coarse European herbs, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. Heleiiium L. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugous, downy beneath ; invol. scales ovate. — Herb coarse-looking, in pastures and roadsides, N. Eng. to III Stem 4— OEEER 70.— COMPOSITE. 439 Gfhigh, farrowed, brandling, and downy above. Radical Ivs. very large (1 to 3 f by 6 to 12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Hds. large, solitary, terminal. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. Esteemed as a tonic and expectorant. Jl., Aug. § 34. PLITCHEA, DC. MARSH FLEA-BANE. Heads many-flowered, those of the margin ? , of the center $ , but sterile ; involucre imbri- cated ; receptacle flat, naked ; style undivided ; pappus capillary, simple. — Strong-scented herbs, with alternate Ivs. and corymbs of purple fls., and copious, reddish pappus. 1 P. camphorata DC. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acuto, ses- sile or short-petioled, serrate, serratures mucronate; fls. in crowded corymbs. — If A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with alternate Ivs. and axillary branches. Fls. light purple. Aug. (Coayza camphorata Muhl. C. Marilandica MX.) 2 P. foetida DC. Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, petiolate, feather-veined, obtusely subserrate ; hds. numerous, in paniculate corymbs ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. — A strong-scented plant, in open, hilly grounds, Western States. St. 1 — 2f high, subsimple. Lvs. 4 — 7' by 1J — 3', sprinkled with minute dots; petioles J— 1' long. Hds. numer- ous. A'ug. — Oct. (Baccharis, L. Conyza camphorata Ph.) 3 P. bifrons DC. Pubescent, leafy ; Ivs. oval-oblong, acute, finely serrate, cor- date-amplexicaul, veiny ; hds. in compound, corymbous clusters. — Moist, low lands, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. 1 to 3f high, strict Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1' wide. Fls. very numerous, as in the other species, dull purple. Jl. — Sept. 35. BAC'CHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL TREE. (From Bacchus, wine; its fragrance resembling that of wine.) Heads discoid, many-flowered, dioecious ; involucre imbricate, cylindric, or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales ; sterile flowers with the stamens exserted ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. — Shrubby plants, with alternate Ivs. and white fls. 1 B. halimifolia L. Glabrous, whitish-scurfy ; Ivs. obova'e, incisely dentate ^ above, the highest lanceolate, panicle compound, leafy ; fascteles pedunculate, terminal, in a dense panicle. — Ct., N. Y. to Ga. An elegant shrub, 6 to 12f high, growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white dust. Tho fertilo hds. growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, terminal panicles, and fur- nished with very long, slender pappus. Cor. white, 20 in each head. Sept.— Merits cultivation. 2 B. angustifolia MX. Glabrous, diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, sessik, entire ; lids, small, 15 to 20-flowered, cylindrical, axillary, loosely paniculate. — S. Car, Fla., and La., in the edge of salt marshes. A fine shrub, 6 to lOf high, with slender, tough branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 3" wide, acute. Hds. less than 2" long, in a diffuse, leafy panicle. Sept., Oct. 3 B. glomemliflora Pers. Glabrous, minutely scurfy ; Ivs. all dbovate taperimj to a short petiole, very obtuse, repand-few- toothed ; hds. in sessile glomerules, a'ra the axils of the upper Ivs. — Va. to Fla. and La., along the coast. ^ St. 3 to 5f high, pale green as well as the whole plant. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, § as wide. Hds. thrico larger (3" long and wide) than in No. 1. Sept. — Nov. TRIBE 4, SENECIONID^ 36. PTEROCAUVLON, Ell. BLACK-ROOT. (Gr. Tr-epov, a wing, KavXov a stem ; i. e., a winged stem.) Heads masay flowered, the fertile flow- ers ? in several rows, the sterile flowers central ( ! ), mostly $ ; scales imbricated, caducous with the fruit, $ corollas 3 -toothed, £ 5-cleft ; achenia angular, hispid ; pappus of equal capillary bristles longer than 440 ORDER 70.-— COMPOSITES. the involucre. — It Rhizome tuberous. Lvs. alternate, very densely tomentous beneath, doom-rent into the wings of the stem. Hds. sessile, densely crowded into a woolly terminal spike. (Conyza, MX.) P. pycnost£chyum Ell. St. simple; Ivs. lanceolate, finely serrulate, smooth above ; spike continuous. — Sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla, A curious plant, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. a finger's length, dark green above, creamy-white beneath, as are also the wings of the stem. Spike 2 to 3' long. May — Aug. 37. BORRICH'IA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE. (Dedicated to Olof Borricli, a Danish botanist.) Heads radiate, many-flowered ; rays $ , fertile ; scales imbricated, the outer leafy ; receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff rigid, persistent ; achenia 4-angular, crowned with a 4-toothed pappus. — Shrubby maritime plants with opposite Ivs. and solitary, yellow lids. (Buphthalmum, L.) B. frutesceiis DC. Minutely canescent downy ; Ivs. lanceolate and oblanceolato obscurely rcpand-toothed, slightly connate at base, chaff of the recept. cuspidate with a rigid point. — Va. to Fla. St. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, rounded at the end (with a cuspidate point), varying to linear, the upper alternate. Jn. — Oct. 38. ECLIP'TA, L. Head many-flowered ; ray fls. $ numerous nar- row ; disk £5 tubular, mostly 4-toothed ; scales 10 — 12, in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate ; receptacle flat ; chaff bristly ; achenia somewhat angular or 2 -edged ; pappus 0. — Q Herbs strigose with rigid hairs, erect or procumbent. Lvs. opposite. Heads axillary and terminal, solitary. Fls. white. (Fig. 328.) E. erecta L. St. often decumbent ; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to each end, subserrate ; ped. longer than the heads ; scales or leaves of the involucre acuminate. — Damp soils, Md., Ohio, and 111., S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at the lower joints, 1- — 3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fiber. Leaves 1 to 2' long, rough, obscurely tripli-veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays. The juico turns black, and is said to dye wool black. Jn. — Sept (E. procumbens and brachipoda, MX.) 39. POLYM'NIA, L. LEAF-CUP. (The name of one of the ancient Muses ; why applied to this plant is not obvious.) Heads radiate. In- volucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of about 10 leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few ; disk sterile ; receptacle chaffy; pappus none. — It Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 1 P. Canadensis L. Yiscid-villous ; Ivs. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, upper 3-lobed or entire, rays shorter than the invol. — A coarse, broad- leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3 — 5f high, Can., N. Y. to 111., and the mts. of Car. Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers light-yellow, tho rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double calyx in such a man- ner as to form a sort of cup, hence called Leaf-cup. Leaves feather-veined, 3 — 8' long, .and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acuminate. Heads J' diam. June. 2 P. tivedalia L. Hairy and rough, stout ; Ivs. 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate-angled; rays 7 to 12, much longer than the involucre.-^.. In highland woods. Stem 3 — Gfhigh. Lower leaves very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays oblong, obtuse. Jl. — Neither of these plants has been found in N. Eng., and they aro rare in N. Y., but not uncommon in the W. and S. "W, States. 40. CHRYSOG'ONUM, L. (Gr. XPVG°& Sold> T°w» knee 5 tne golden flowers at the joints.) Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays about 5, $ , fertile, disk £ but sterile *, scales in 2 rows of about 5 each, the outer ORDEE 70.— COMPOSITE. 441 leafy, the inner chaffy ; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia of the ray ob- compressecl, obovate, each embraced by a chaff-scale ; achenia of the disk abortive; pappus a small, 2 to 3-toothed crown.— 2£ A little pros- trate herb, with opposite Ivs. and solitary, pedunculate, bright yellow vernal fls. C. Virginiamim L. — In rich shady soils, Md. to 111., common southward to tho Gulf. One of the earliest flowers of spring. Plant flat on the ground, hirsute, at first acaulescent, at length caulescent and ascending. Lvs. ovate, tapering to a petiole, crenate. Kays expanding 7 to 9". Feb. — May. 41. SIL'PHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED. (The ancient name of some resinous plant.) Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, fertile, outer row ligulate ; disk-flowers sterile ; involucre cam- panulate, scales in several series, leafy and spreading at summit ; recep- tacle small, flat, chaffy ; achenia broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned with a 2-toothed pappus. — 2|! Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. * Stem nearly leafless, scape-like. Lvs. very large, alternate, mostly radical TTos. 1 — 3 * Stem leafy. — Leaves vcrticillate in whorls of 3s, rarely 4s Nos. 4, 5 £ — Leaves opposite, rarely the highest scattered Nos. 5 — 7 — Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite or verticillate or alternate) No. 3 — Leaves connute-perfoliatc .No. 9 1 S. laciniatniri L. POLAR PLANT. Very rough, with white, hispid hairs; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted, lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; hds. spicate, distant; scales ovate, appendaged and squarrous at apex. — Western States to Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its co- pious resin. Stem 3 — lOf high. Lower Ivs. 1 — 2f long, much divided, resem- bling those of some thistles. Heads 4 — 8, very large, with large, yellow rays. Jl. — Sept. 2 S. terebinthinacemn L. PRAIRIE BURDOCK. St. and ped. glabrous ; Ivs- mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cordate, dentate-serrate, obtuse, scabrous, on long petioles ; hds. few, paniculate ; scales roundish and oval, glabrous, rays about 20. — Prairies, Western and Southern States. Plant exuding resin. Stem 4 — 8f high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves 1 — 2f long, '7 — 16' wide. Involucre globous. Hds. 1' diam., rays 1' long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. Jl. — Sept. j3. PINNATIFIDUM. Lvs. more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid. — Prairies, etc., with the other form. (S. pinnatilidum Ell.) 3 S. compositum MX. Glabrous throughout; st. slender, almost naked, glau- cous; Ivs. radical, on long petioles, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, the segments sinuate- lobed or toothed ; hds. corymbed, on long peduncles; scales oval, obtuse; ach. roundish-obovate ; rays about 10. — Barrens, N. Car. to Fla. (Feay). St. 3 to 6f high. Hds. 7" diam., about 10-rayed, rays about as long (4'') as the involucre. June. — Aug. /?. RENIFORME. Lvs. roundish or reniform, cordate, slightly sinuate-lobed or toothed. — Upper districts of Ga. and Car. 4 S. trifoliatum L. St. glabrous and often glaucous, terete or 6-sided ; cauline( Ivs. lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very short petioks, verticillate in 3s or 4s ; upper ones opposite; hds. loosely cymose, on rather long peduncles ; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, smooth ; ach. oval, with 2 short teeth. — Dry woods and prairies, Ohio and Southern States. Stem 4— 6f high.— Leaves 4— G' by 1—2". Kays 12— 1C, expanding about 2^'- Ach. 3 to 4" long, 2 to 3" wide. Aug., Sept. 5 S. iiitegrifolium MX. Scabrous ; st. quadrangular, striate, simple ; Ivs. oppo- site, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate ; hds. in a close corymb; scales 'squarrous ; ach. roundish, broadly ivinged, with 2 long teeth. — Western States S. to Ga. Stem very rigid, 3— 7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base. Heads middle-size. Kays 12—20. 1' in length. Ach. 4 to 5" long, 4 ' wide. Jl., Aug. 442 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. (3. TERNlTUM. St. 6-sided ; Ivs. ternately verticillate. — Prairies, with the com- mon form ; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which it is nevertheless distinct. 6 S. scaberrimum E1L St. hispid ; Ivs. opposite, rigid, oval somewhat pointed, serrate, very roughly hispid on loth sides, the lower petiolate, upper subsessile, entire ; scales ciliate-serrulatc, squarrous ; ach. large, roundish, broadly winged, with convergent teeth. — W. Ga. to La. St. 3— 4f high. lids, nearly 1' diam., rays 20 or more, spreading 2'. Ach. 6" long. Aug., Sept. 7 S. laevigatum Ell. Smooth and glabrous; Ivs. opposite, thick, lance-oblong, subserrate, somewhat pointed, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, with an abrupt base, highest cordate, entire; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliate-squarrous ; ach. oval, narrowly winged, the teeth short, divergent. — W. Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high, somewhat 4-angled. Hds. small, corymbed, rays spreading !£'. Achenia 4" long. Aug., Sept. 8 S. Asteriscus L. Hispid, often hairy; st. terete, striate; Ivs. mostly alter- nate, lanceolate, crenate-serrate, obtusish, the lower tapering to a petiole, oppo- site or alternate, upper sessile ; scales squarrous, leafy ; ach. roundish-obovate, with short divergent teeth. — Dry soils, Va, to Fla. and La., common. St. 2 to 4f high, generally purple. Lower Ivs. (rarely whorled) 4 to 7' long. Hds. few, 1' broad, with 12 to 15 rays, 1' in length. Ach. 3 to 4" long. Jn. — Aug. — Varia- ble, being sometimes nearly smooth, the lower Ivs. sometimes sinuate-toothed, etc. ft. PUMILCM. Downy or tomentous, low; Ivs. elliptical, obtuse, subserrate, upper entire ; hds. smaller ; ach. with very short teeth or almost truncate. — Ga. (Feay), (S. pumilum Ph.). The teeth of the ach. aro not invariable in this genus. 9 S. perfoliatum L. CUP-PLANT. St. square ; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connate- perfoliate, ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed towards the base ; hds. in a trichot- omous cyme, on a long ped. ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrous ; ach. broadly obovate, winged, emarginate. — Along streams, etc., Mich, to Tenn., plant coarso and forbidding, 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 8 to 14' by 4 to 7', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Hds. large, with 12 to 20 rays. Ach. G" long. Jl., Aug. (Also, S. connatum L.) 42. BERLANDPERA, DC. (Named for Berlandier, a botanical col- lector.) Heads radiate ; ray-flowers ? , fertile, in one scries ; disk £ but sterile ; scales in 3 series, leafy, subequal ; receptacle chaffy ; pales obtuse ; achenia all marginal, in one row, obcompressed, wing- less, obovate, more or less adherent to the inner scales of the involucre ; pappus minute. — H Herbs velvety-canescent, with alternate, cordate, petiolate Ivs. and hds. with yellow rays. 1 B. tomentosa Torr. & Gr. Caulescent, whitened with a close, soft tomentum ; st. simple; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, crenate, petiolate, somewhat smooth and green above ; hds. in small, dense corymbs. — Barrens, Ga., Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1', the upper and lower surfaces strongly contrasted in color. Rays 7 to 10, spreading 2'. Apr. — Aug. (Silphium Ph.) 2 B. subacaulis Nutt. Acaulescent, at length somewhat caulescent, roughish canescent; Ivs. radical, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-toothed ; scapes elongated, bearing a single head. — Ga. and Fla. May, Jn. 43. PARTHE'NIUM, L. (Gr. TraptftVof, a virgin; from its medici- nal efficacy.) Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile ; disk flowers tubular, sterile ; involucre hemispherical, scales in 2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular; receptacle conical, chaffy; ache- nia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous pales. — American herbs with alternate Ivs. 1 P. integrifolium L. St. pubescent, striate, erect ; Ivs. hispid-scabrous, lance- ovate, coarsely dentate-crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile, hds. many, tomentous, corymbed. — 2( Dry soils, Mid. and W. States. St. rigid, 3 to ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 443 5f high. Radical petioles If long. Lvs. 4 to 12' long, \ as wide. Hds. whifc^ with 5 very short cucullate rays. Jl. — Sept. 2 P. Hysterophorus L. Annual, puberulent, decumbent, lower Ivs. bipinnatifid, upper linear ; hda. numerous, very small, in a diffuse panicle. — River banks, Fla. to La. 44. TVA, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER SHRUB. Heads dis- coid, monoecious, involucre of 3 to 9 scales, distinct or partly united ; marginal flowers 1 to 5, fertile, the others sterile ; receptacle chafty ; achenia obconic, obtuse ; pappus none. — Herbs or shrubs. Lower Ivs. opposite. 1 I. frutescens L. Shrubby; Ivs. fleshy, lanceolate, coarsely serrate; upper lance-linear, entire ; hds. axillary ; scales 5, distinct, rounded ; ach. 5. — Borders of salt marshes, Mass, to Fla., common. St. 3 to 8f high, with numerous op- posite branches and Ivs. Hds. small, green, drooping on short stalks, in leafy, paniculate racemes. Jl. — Sept. 2 I. ciliata Willd. Annual, hairy; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, coarsely toothed, upper lance-ovate ; hds. spicate ; scales 3, distinct, roundish, ciliate; ach. 3. — "Wet grounds, 111. to La. A coarse plant of no beauty, 3 to 7f high. Lvs, 3 to 4' long. Spikes dense, 3 to 5' long, numerous, panicled, green, liko an Ambrosia. Aug. — Oct. 3 I. imbricaria "Walt. Herbaceous, terete, glabrous; Ivs. fleshy, linear-lanceo- late, 3-nerved, tapering to the sessile base ; hds. axillary ; invol. of 6 to 9, fleshy, obtuse, rounded scales in 2 rows, their margins scarious, lacerated ; ach. 2 to 4. — U Sea coast, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds. drooping, on short pedicels, in leafy clusters or racemes. Jl. — Oct. 45. AMBRCTSIA, Tourn. HORSE-WEED. (Gr. duflpooia, food of the gods; a term strangely applied). Hds. heterocephalous. Sterile: involucre of several scales united into a depressed, hemispherical cup, many-flowered: anthers approximate, but distinct*, receptacle naked. Fertile ; involucre 1 -leaved, entire or 5-toothed, 1 -flowered ; corolla 0 ; styles 2 ; stamens 0. — Herbaceous plants with mostly opposite Ivs. and unsightly flowers. § Sterile beads sessile, densely spicate, chaffy. Leaves alternate No. 4 § Sterile heads pedicellate, racemed, not chaffy. — Leaves opposite No. 1 — Leaves alternate Nos. 2, 3 1 A. trifida L. Hairy, rough; Ivs. B-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; fr. with 6 ribs ending below the conical summit. — CD A very tall, herbaceous plant, along streams, &c. Can. and U.^}., common. Stem 5 — lOf high, erect, branching, farrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes, with long points and close serratures. ' Flowers mean and obscure, in slender, leafless, terminal racemes, the fertile in axillary glomerules. Aug. — It is greedily eaten by horses. (3. INTEGRIFOLIA. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliato at base, often some of them 3-lobed. (A. integrifolia Muhl.) 2 A. artemisiaefolia L. HOG-WEED. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth ; petioles ciliate; rac. terminal, panicled; st. virgate. — (£> A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, lields, &c. (Can. to Ga.) far more worthy of its Englisht than its Latin name. Stem 2 — 3f high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute and parallel. Barren flowers small, green, in ter- minal racemes, the fertile ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug., Sept. (A. elatior Ph.) 3 A. psylostachya DC. Wiitish with oppressed wooUy hairs, branched ; lys. crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bipinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pin- natifid ; sterile hds. in spicate racemes, fertile clustered at the base of the sterile spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves ; fr. hairy.—® Prairies, Wis. to Tex, Stem 1 — 5f high, at length very branching and leafy. Aug., Sept. 444 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 4 A. bidentata MX. Very hirsute ; st. branching ; branches simple ; Ivs. crowded, mostly alternate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a single tooth or short lobe on each side near the base ; sterile hds. densely spicate, fer- tile axillary ; fr. ±-angkd, acutely pointed, the 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines. — (T) Prairies, 111. to La, Stem 1 — 3f high, with numerous leaves and very dense, terminal spikes. Jl. — Sept. 46. XAFTTHIUM, Tourn. CLOT-WEED. Heads heterocephaloua. Sterile, in globous heads ; scales distinct", in one row ; anthers approxi- mate, but distinct ; receptacle chaffy. Fertile : involucre 2-leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, enclosing 2 flowers ; stamens 0. — (T) Coarse weeds with alternate Ivs. 1 X. Strumarium L. Rough, unarmed, branching; Ivs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate ; fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stiff thorns, and ending with 2, spreading, straight horns. — A coarss, rough plant, in old fields, &c., N. Eng. and Mid. States. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2 — 3f high. Leaves large, on long stalks, rigid. $ Fls. few together, terminal, globular, green ; $ in sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff, hooked prickles, winch, like those of the common burdock, serve to disperse the seeds. Aug. — Variable; fruit more than 1', or less than 1' in length ; thorns very close or somewhat scattered ; horns spreading or incurved. (X. echinatum Murray.) 2 X. spinosum L. Wfiitish-downy, armed with triple, slender, subaxillary spines, spines at base of the leaves triple, slender ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at base, petiolate, 3-lobed or dentate or entire, under surface and veins above whitish, twico longer than the spines ; invol. oblong, with slender, uncinate thorns. — Roadsides and fields, Mass, to Penn. and Ga. Plant about If high, very con- spicuously armed with straw-colored spines f — 1' long. Heads sessile, sterile in the upper, fertile in the lower axils. Sept. — Nov. 47. MEL ANTHER A, Cass. (Gr. fiekag, black, Lat. anthera, an- ther.) Heads discoid ; flowers all tubular, £ ; scales in 2 subequal scries ; receptacle chaffy, the pales partly investing the flowers ; achenia short, truncate, angular ; pappus a few minute caducous awns or bristles. — 2£ Herbs rough, with square stems, opposite, petioled, 3- veined Ivs. and long peduncled hds. Cor. white. Anth. black, tip- ped with a white appendage. M. hast at a MX. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed, acuminate, dentate, on slender petioles ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pales rigid, cusp-pointed. — Dry soils, S. Car to Fla and La. Sts. 3 to Gf high, beautifully variegated with purple, the branches slender, erect, few-flowered. Lvs. deep green, very rough, 4 to 6' long, the upper smaller. Hds. near G" broad, of stiff scales and singularly contrasted, colors. — Jl. — Sept 48. ZIN'NIA, L. (To John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557.) Heads radiate ; rays ?, disk tubular, $ ; scales of the involucre oval, margined, imbricate ; receptacle chaffy, conical ; pappus of the disk of 1 or 2 erect, flat awns. — (I) American herbs, with apposite, entire Ivs. and solitary terminal hds. Rays bright colored, showy. Z. nrultiflora L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, abrupt at base, scarcely petioled; hds. on peduncles as long as the Ivs. ; pales obtuse, entire ; ach. of the disk with one awn. — Fields and waysides, Ga., Fla., to Tex. Sts. 6' to 2f high, simple or nearly so. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, rather obtuse. Ped. enlarged upwards, hollow Rays about 12, oval, scarlet within, yellowish without. May, Jn. § 2 Z. elegaiis L. Lvs. ovate, cordate, sessile-amplexicaul ; hds. on ped. longer than the Ivs. ; pales serrated; ach. of the disk with 2 awns. — Gardens; Plant tall, elegant and showy, with brilliant fls. of varying colors, as orange, scarlet, crimson, purple, violet and white. Jl., Aug. f Mexico. ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 445 3 Z. pauciflonim, with bright yellow flowers is sometimes cultivated. 49. HELIOP'SIS, Pers. OX-EYE, (Gr. jjfaog, the sun, 6t/u£, appear- ance ; flowers radiant like the sun.) Hds. radiate ; involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales ; rays linear, large, ? ; disk £ ; receptacle chaffy, conical, the pales lanceolate; achenia 4 -sided ; pappus 0. — U Lvs. opposite. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. (Helianthus, L.) H. l^vis Pers. St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3- veined, smooth beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at base. — A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. St. angular, striate, di- or trichotomously branched above, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 2 to 6' by 1 to 4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Hays lanceolate, broad at baso and obtuse at summit. Jn., Jl. ft. GRACILIS. Small and slender; Ivs. scabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at base. — 2f high. (H. gracilis, Nutt.) y. SCABRA. St. and Ivs. scabrous and yellowish -green ; Ivs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base. — 6f high. Common in Ind. (II. scabra, Hook.) 50. TETRAGONOTHE'CA, Dill. (Gr. re-pa, four; yovv, angle; OriKrj, envelope.) Heads radiate ; involucre double, the outer of 4 leafy bracts united at base, the inner of 8 small scales similar to the chaff of the conical receptacle; achenia smooth, truncate, destitute of pappus. — 2£ Herb clothed with viscid hairs, opposite Ivs., with yellow-flowered, large hds. T. helianthoides L. Sandy soils, Va. to Fla. and Ala. A stout, coarse, un- sightly herb, 2f high. Lvs. ovate, sessile, repand-toothed, 3 to 5' long. Hds. 1 or few, on long peduncles, the rays spreading nearly 3'. Cor. strongly veined. Apr. — Jn. 51. ECHINATEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER, ((ir. ^vo^}( the hedgehog ; from the character of the pales.) Heads radiate ; invo-x lucre, scales in 2 rows ; ray flowers neutral ; disk flowers £ i receptacle / conic, with rigid, mucronate pales; achenia 4-angled; pappus 0. — 2£ N Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. (Rudbeckia, L., Nutt.) — J/ 1 E. purpurea Mcench. Very rough; lower Ivs. broad-ovate, 5-veined, attenciato at base, remotely toothed ; cauline lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays 12 to 15, very long, defloxed, bind. — Thickets and barrens, W. and S. States. Plant showy, 4f high, branched. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, rough with short, stiff bristles, 3-veined. Hds. large, solitary, on long ped. LHsk thickly beset with the slifr) pointed, brown chaff. Rays 2 to 3' long, pendulous, rarely varying to white, f JL— Sept. 2 E. angustifolia DC. St. hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above; Ivs. entire, hispidly pubescent, 3-veined, lower lanceolate, petiolate, upper lance-linear, sessile ; scales in about 2 rows, short; rays 12 to 15, slender, drooping. — Prairies and marshes, 111., Mo. to Tex. Plant of a more slender habit than the last, 2 to 3f high. Hds. on long, naked ped. Rays 1 to 2' long, purple, varving to whito. Disk brown. May — JJ. 52. RUDBECKI'A, L. (To the celebrated Olaus RudbecJc, Professor of Botany, at Upsal, Sweden.) Heads radiate ; involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double row, 6 in each ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk per- fect; receptacle conic or columnar, with unarmed pales or chaff; achenia 4-angled ; pappus none, or a lacerate or toothed margin. — 2£ Lvs. alternate. Hds. large. Rays yellow. § Rays large, drooping. Disk columnar, at least in fruit Nos. 1, 2 | Kays spreading. Disk dark purple, conical or rounded. (*) * Leaves deeply lobed or parted, the upper undivided Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves undivided.— Pales of the disk whitish-downy Nos. 5, 6 —Pales dark purolo as well as the ilowcrs Nos. 1— 9 446 OKDEK 70.— COMPOSITE. 1 R. nitida Nutt. Glabrous, shining, subsimple, Ivs. thick, lanceolate, acute, the lower subserrulate, petiolate, upper sessile or clasping; hds. few or solitary, with long, drooping rays ; pappus coroniform, lacerate at summit. — Ga,, Fla., to La. A handsome herb. 3 to 51' high, in swampy thickets. Lvs. with prominent veins and veinlets. Hds. on long naked peduncles. Rays 9 to 12, nearly 2' long. Disk dark purple, oblong-ovate or spicate iu fruit. Jn., Jl. 2 R. laciniata L. Glabrous; lower Ivs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate ; pappus crenate. — In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily dis- tinguished by its conical, at length ovate disk. St. round, branching, 6 to 8f high. Lvs. alternate, ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Fls. large, terminal Rays H to 2' long, oblanceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. (R. laevigata Ph.) 3 R. subtomentosa Ph. St. branching, tomentous-pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentous beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3- lobed or 3-parted, upper undivided, ovate, acuminate ; hds. corymbous ; scales numerous, spreading; rays 10 to 15, spreading; disk at length globous; pales bearded, shorter than the corollas. — Prairies, &c., Western and S. "W. States. St. 3 to 5f high, angular, marked with brown lines. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, on petioles 1 to 24" long. Rays orange yellow, about 1' long. Jl., Aug. 4 R. triloba L. Hirsute ; branches panicled spreading ; lower cauline Ivs. mostly 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; upper ovate lanceolate somewhat clasping, serrate or entire ; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely lobed, petiolate; hds. rather small, disk dark purple-, at length ovoid; rays 8, broad-oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. — Fields, Mid. and "W. States. A handsome species, 2 to 4f high, very branching. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 to 10" long, f as wide. Chaff cuspi- date-awned at the summit. Aug., Sept. 5 R. mollis Ell. Soft-woolly or tomentous all over; Ivs. oblong, sessile or clasp- ing; scales linear lanceolate, reflexed; rays 15 to 20, elongated; disk dark pur- ple except the canescent pales. W. Ga. An interesting species, confined as yet to a narrow limit. Plant whitened with down, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. small. Hds. large; rays an inch long. Pappus almost none. Aug. — Oct. 6 R. Heliopsidia Torr. & Gr. Slightly downy; Ivs. ovate or oval. 5- veined, mostly obtuse, petiolate ; scales obtuse, squarrous; rays 10 to 12 ; disk conical, dark purple except the downy canescent pales. — Barrens, W. Ga. and Ala. Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, the lower on long petioles. Pappus scarcely any. Aug., Sept. 7 R. hirta L. Very hirsute or hispid ; st. simple or somewhat branched ; ped. naked ; Ivs. ovate-spatulale, 3-veined, petiolate, mostly entire, tho upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate; in vol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3-rovvs; rays spreading, oval ; pales bearded. — A showy plant in dry soils, Can. "W. to Fla., rarely in N. Eng. Sts. subsimple or branching from the base, each branch leaf- less towards tho summit, and bearing a largo head with 12 to 15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broadly conical disk of dark brown chaff and flowers, f J1-> Sept. 0 R. fulgida Ait. St. hirsute with rigid hairs ; branches slender, naked above : Ivs. strigous-pubescent, remotely dentate, radical petiolate, ovate, 5-veined, caulino lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, subclasping base ; scales oblong, spreading, as long as tho spreading rays ; pales glabrous, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Mountains, Peun. to Ohio and Ga. St. 1 to 3f high. Rays 12 to 14, scarcely longer than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow. Jl. — Oct. f (R. chrysomela MX. R. spatulata Ph.) 9 R. speciosa "Wender. St. hispidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked above ; Ivs. scabrous-pubescent, strongly dentate acuminate, radical ovate, 5-veined, on long petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessilo; scales lance-linear, much shorter than the spreading rays ; pales linear-oblong, acute. — Borders of woods, 111. (Jenney), Ohio to Penn. A large and very showy species, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. rather thin, radical, 4 to 5' by 3 to 4', tho teeth mucronulato ; ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 447 petioles 6 to 10' long. Rays about 18, oblong, linear, bright yellow. Aug. — Oct. f 53. LEP'ACHYS, Raf. Heads radiate; involucre in one series of linear scales ; ray flowers few, neutral, disk perfect ; receptacle col- umnar, chaffy ; chaff obtuse, and bearded at apex ; pappus 0 ; fer- tile achenia compressed, 1 to 2-winged.— 1± Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. Hds. of fls. yellow, with long, drooping rays. L. piniiata Torr. & Gr. Scabrous; IYS. all pinnate, the divisions 3 to 7, some of the lower ones 2 -parted, the rest undivided ; rays elongated. — In dry soils. Western N. Y., "W. and S. States. St. 2 to 4f high, slender, furrowed and hispid. Hds. very showy. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate, purple. Jn. — Sept. (Rudbeckia MX. Obeliscaria Cass.) 54. HELIANTHUS, L. SUN-FLOWER. (Gr. TJAIO^ the sun, dv6oz, flower.) Heads radiate, ray-fls. neutral, disk £ ; scales of the invol- ucre imbricated in several series ; receptable flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the achenia ; pappus of 2 chaffy awns, deciduous ; achenia compressed or 4-sidcd, not margined. — Herbs mostly 2£, rough. Lvs. opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. § Disk (its corollas and pales) dark purple, mostly convex, (a) a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate , Nos. 1, 2 a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite. — Scales acuminate Nos. 8— 5 — Scales obtuse Nos. 0, T § Disk (its corollas and pales) yellow, (b) b Leaves chiefly alternate and feather- veined Nos. 8 — 11 b Leaves chiefly opposite and 3-veined or tripliveined. (c) C Scales erect, closely imbricated. — Plants green, rough Nos. 12, 13 —Plants whitish, downy Nos. 14, 15 . c Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9 to 15-rayed. (d) d Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. Leaves thin Nos. 16,17 d Scales lance-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick Nos. IS — 21 C Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, 5 to S-rayed Nos. 22 -25 1 H. anmms L. Erect, stout] Ivs. all cordate, 3-veined, only the lowest op- posite ; ped. thick ; hds. large, nodding ; ach. glabrous. — This stately annual is from S. America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is in proportion, vary- ing from 2f to 10, or even 15f. The enormous size of the flowers with their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. A variety occurs with the flowers all radiate. Jl., Aug. — An edible oil has been expressed from the seeds. 2 H. debilis Nutt. Decumbent, slender; Ivs. ovate, serrulate, petiolate, mostly alternate ; hds. small, solitary, pedunculate ; scales narrow, slender-pointed ; ach. pubescent. — (J) Fla., La. (Not within our limits ?). Sts. 1 to 2f long. Hds. half an inch diam. Rays about 12. 3 H. Radula Torr. & Gr. Erect, hirsute, simple, bearing a single head ; Ivs. sessile or nearly so, roundish obovate or ovate, obtuse, opposite, crowded below ; scales and pales lanceolate, acuminate, erect, dark purple ; rays 7 to 10, rarely none. — U Barrens, Ga., Ala,, Fla. Sts. often clustered, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. very rough on the upper surface. Hds. near 1' diam., disk dark purple. Aug., Sept. f (Rudbeckia, Ph.) 4 H. heteroph^lhis Kutt. Slightly hispid, slender, bearing a single head ; Ivs. opposite, entire, subsessile, the lower oval, upper linear-lanceolate, scales acumi- nate, erect, ciliate; pales acute; rays 12 to 18. — U N. Car. to Fla. and La. ' St. 1 to 2f high. Hds. G" diam., rays expanding 2£'. Aug., Sept. 5 H. aiigustifolius L. Erect, slender, scabrous or hispidly hirsute ; Ivs. ses- sile, lance-linear, tapering to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often alternate, subdenticulate, often revoluto ; hds. pedunculate, few ; scales lance- linear, the long point spreading ; pales linear, 3-toothed. — Sandy or rocky places, N. J., Ky., and S. States, common. St. 2 to 3f high, subsimple. Lvs. 2 to 6' by 3 to G", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 12 to 13, expanding about 2'. Disk flowers brown at the summit. Aug. — Oct 448 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 6 H. rigidua Desf. St. rigid, simple or with few branches, scabrous or smooth- ish, nearly naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, petiolate, mostly opposite, tripli- veined, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous both sides; hds. few; scales in many rows ovate, acute, regularly imbricate, shorter than the disk ; pales obtusish. — Prairies, &c., Wis. (Lapham), to Mo., La., &c. Plant 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by % to 1', very rough with papillous hairs, but less so than H. divari- catus. Kays 12 to 20, expanding 2 to 3", light yellow. (H. scaberrimus Ell.) 7 H. atrorubens L. St. with few long, naked peduncles above, hirsute below ; Ivs. ovate, or oval, obtusish, abruptly contracted into winged petioles, subserrate, rough or hispid, 3-veined; scales obovate or oblong, obtuse, 3-veined, about equaling the disk ; pales obtusish.— Dry soils, Va. to Fla. and Ark. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. mostly near the base, large. Hds. small, few, with 12 to 15 rays, 9 to 1.0" long. Aug.— Oct. 8 H. giganteus L. St. rough, hairy Ivs., alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceo- late, acuminate, serrate, scabrous, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short, ciliate, winged petioles ; scales lanceolate-linear, ciliate ; pappus of 2 short, slightly fringed scales. — Can. to Car. and Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stem 4 — 8f high, purplish, branching above into a corymbous panicle of large, yellow flowers. Leaves 2 — 5' by ^ — 1', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12 — 20. Variable. "/?. AMBIGUUS. Lvs. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base." — L. I. (T. & G.) 9 H. tomentosus MX. St. stout, pubescent, branched above ; Ivs. mostly alter- nate, acuminate, nearly entire, scabrous above, tomentous or nearly glabrous be- neath, lower ones ovate, petiolate, upper long-lanceolate, subsessile ; hds. long-pedun- culate; scales lance-linear, long-acuminate, villous, squarrous; chaff 3-toothed, hirsute at summit. — Dry soils, 111. to Ga. Plant 4 to 8f high, with ample Ivs. and fls. Lvs. 6 to 12' by 2 to 6', some of them tripli- veined. Bays elliptical lanceo- late, about 15" long. Aug. — Oct. f /?. Lvs. oval, mostly opposite. — Ga. (H. spatulatus E1L; 10 H. grosse-serratus Martens. St. smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. mostly alternate, lanceolate, or lance-ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, scabrous above, hoary and softly pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into naked petioles; scales lance-sttbulate, loosely imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as long as the disk. — Ohio, Ind., 111., to La, Allied to H. giganteus. St. 4 to Gf high. Lvs. G to 9' by 1 to 2', broadest near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. Rays 15 to 20, expanding near 3'. Aug., Sept. 11 H. tuberosus L. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. Root bearing oblong tubers ; Ivs. 3-veined, rough, lower ones opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate, alternate; petioles ciliate at base. — If Native of Brazil. The plant has been cul- tivated for the sake of its tuberous roots, which are used for pickles. It is natu- ralized in borders of fields, hedges, &c. Sept. § \ 12 H. laetiflonis Pers. St. rough and branched above ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acu- minate, serrate, tripli-veined, very rough on both sides, on short petioles, upper ones often alternate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, appressed, a little shorter than the disk; chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 12 to 20. — Barrens, &c., Ind., Ohio (Torr. & Gr.) A rough, but showy plant, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. thick, 5 to 8' by 1 J to 2y. Rays nearly 2' in length. Disk yellow. Aug. — Oct. f 13 H. occidentalis Riddell. St. slender, simple, nearly naked above; Ivs. oppo- site, oval, scabrous, obscurely serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles, upper ones small and few, entire ; hds. pedunculate ; scales lance-oval, oppressed. Sand prairies, W. States. St 3 to 5f high, scape-like, slender. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', upper ones 1 to 2' long. Hds. few, middle size. Rays 12 to 15, light yellow. JL— Sept. f 14 H. mollis Lam. St. villous ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasp- ing, entire or subserrate, tomentous canescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes alternate ; scales lanceolate, villous canescent ; pales entire, acute and canescent above. Prairies and barrens, Ohio, Ind., Mo., common. A hoary and villous species, 2 to 4f high, nearly simple. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, £ to $ as wide. Rays 15 to 25, -J to 1' by £'. Jl. — Sept. (H. canescens MX.) ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 449 15 H. cinereous. /?. SULLIVANTII Torr. & Gr. Rough, cinereous-pubescent ; st. virgate, somewhat naked and branched above ; Ivs. opposite (the upper often alternate), ovate-oblong, narrowed to the sessile base, the lower to a winged petiole ; scales lanceolate, canescent, pales pointed, with 2 lateral teeth. — Ohio (Suliivant). St. 2 to 3f high. Hds. as large as iu No. 14. 16 H. decapetalus L. Los. opposite, ovate, acuminate, irregularly toothed, thin, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth or nearly so beneath, on winged petioles ; scales lanceolate-linear, subciliate spreading, nearly equal; rays 9 to 12, pale yellow. — Copses, along streams, Can., N. Eng. and Middle States. St. 3 to 4f high, pur- plish. Invol. varying in all degrees of leafiness between the present form and the variety following. Aug. f (3. FRONDOSLTS. Outer scales larger and leaf-like. (H. frondosus L.) 17 H. tracheliifolius Willd. Los. opposite, those of the branches mostly alternate, thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veined, appressed-serrate, acuminate, petiolate, lower ones ovate, middle lance-ovate, upper lance-linear ; scales lance-linear, atten- uate-acuminate, longer than the disk, loosely spreading, ciliate ; chaff slightly 3- toothed; rays 12 to 15. — Tall, handsome, in thickets, &c., Ohio to 111. and Tenn. St. purplish, 3 to 8f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long. Hds. middle size, at top of the slen- der, suberect branches. Rays expanding 2 to 3'. 18 H. doronicoides Lam. St. branched, rough or hirsute above; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, the upper alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tripli-veined, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth and pubescent beneath ; scales lance-linear, ciliate, longer than the disk; rays 12 to 15. — "W. and S. States. Also at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (W. R. Gerard.) St. 4 — 7f. Lvs. 3 to 1 0' by 1 to 3' ; petioles i to I7 long. Rays very showy, 15 to 20" by 4 to 6". JL— Sept (3. PLENA-FLORA. Fls. all radiate. — Gardens. A handsome flower, somewhat like a yellow Dahlia. ^ 19 H. strumosus L. St. smooth below, scabrous above; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, short petioled, all similar, acuminate, finely serrate, scabrous above, smooth 01 tomentous- canescent beneath; hds. few, about 10-rayed; scales ciliate, equaling the disk, squarrous-spreading at tip. — 14 Grows in swamps, &c., Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 5f high, erect, branching above, Lvs. petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower surface varying in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in length. Scales hairy. JL 20 H. hirsutus Raf. St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acumi- nate, very scabrous above, hirsute beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hir- sute, as long as the disk; rays 11 — 15.— Dry soils, Western and Southern States. Stem 4 — 7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 3 — 10' by 1 — 3', petioles £ — 1' long. Rays very showy, 15 — 18" by 4 — 6". Jl. — Sept. (H. diver- sifolius Ell.) ft. PUBESCBNS. Lvs. tomentous beneath, subsessile. (H. pubescens Hook.) 21 H. divaricatus L. St. smooth, branching or simple; Ivs. nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle tricho- tomous, slender, few-flowered. — Rocky woods, brook-sides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 5f high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long, acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for the genus, few, yellow and showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forked. Aug., Sept. /3. SCABERRIMUS. St. subsimple ; Ivs. thick, exceedingly rough and rigid ; op- posite or ternately verticillate. — Barrens, West. 22 H. microcephahiB Torr. & Gr. St. glabrous; Ivs. opposite, thin, oblong-lance- olate, acuminate at each end, petiolate, roughish above, downy beneath; hds. very small; scales with slender, spreading points; rays 5 to 7. — Thickets, W. Can., Y\T. States, to La. St. 3 to 6f high, fork-branched, or sometimes irregularly. Lvs. 4 to 5' long. Hds. 3 to 4" diam., rays spreading !£'. Jl. — Sept. 23 H. Schweinitzii Torr. & Gr. St. pubescent, with appressed, bristly hairs; Ivs. rough above, densely tomentous-canescent beneath, otherwise as in No. 22. — N. Car. in the upland counties (Curtis). Similar to H. microcephalus, except in its rough and downy clothing. 24 H. Icevigatua Torr. & Gr. Smooth throughout; st. slender, nearly simple; 29 450 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. hds. small, but larger than in No. 22. Character otherwise as in that species.-*- Alleghanies of Va, and Car. 25 H. longifolius Ph. Very smooth, often clustered; IDS. chiefly opposite, long- lance-linear, acute, entire, obscurely 3-veined, sessile, the radical somewhat serrate and petioled ; scales ovate, acute, the outer with spreading tips ; rays 8 to 10, short. — Western Ga. St. 4 to 7f high, smooth and dark purple. Hd. not larger than in No. 22. — A rare species. 55. HELIANTHEL'LA, Torr. & Gr. (Lat. diminutive of Helianthus.) Involucre, flowers and pales as in Helianthus ; achenia compressed, 4- angled. one or more of its angles slightly winged and produced into a persistent, awn-like or chaffy appendage. — 11 Lvs. scattered. H. tenuifolia Torr. & Gr. Rough, slender; Ivs. narrowly linear; scales lance- subulate, spreading, hairy; rays 10 to 12; pales 3-lobed; ach. 2-toothed at the summit. Sand hills, Gadsden Co., Fla. (Chapman). 56. ACTINOM'ERIS, JSTutt. (Gr. ditriv, a ray, pepog, a part; par- tially radiate.) Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 to 14, rarely 0; involucre scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 to 3 series ; receptacle conical or convex, chaffy ; achenia compressed, flat, obovate, mostly winged, 2 awned. — 2£ Plants tall, with 3 veined, serrate Ivs. Hds. corymbous. Rays when present yellow * Stem winged with the decurrcnt, alternate leaves Nos. 1 — 3 * Stem not at all winged, with mostly opposite leaves No. 4 1 A. helianthoides Nutt. St. hirsute, winged except near the base ; Ivs. alter- nate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous ; co- rymb contracted ; rays 6 — 14, long, irregular ; scales erect. — In barrens and prai- ries, Western States. It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem 2 — 4f high. Leaves 2 — 4' by 6 — 14", grayish. Rays 1' long. Fls. all yellow. Jn., Jl. (Verbesina MX.) 2 A. squarrosa Nutt. St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acuminate end, scabrous, decurrent ; hds. small ; scales spreading or reflexed ; rays 4 — 8; regular, short; receptacle very small. — Dry, alluvial soils, W. N, Y. and W. States, common. An unsightly weed, 5 — lOf high. Leaves 6 — 14' by 1 — 3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays £' long. Fls. all yellow. Aug. — Oct. (Coreopsis alternifolia L.) 3 A. alba Torr. & Gr. St. narrowly winged, rarely wingless; Ivs. glabrous but rough, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, iinely serrate ; scales lance-linear, few, in about 2 rows; rays none; ach. broadly winged, with 2 spreading awns; cor. white. — S. Car., Ga. to La., common in moist, rich soils. St. 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 5 to 8' long. Hds. in small corymbs, globular. Aug. — Oct. (A. squarrosa, /?. Nutfc) 4 A. uudicaulio Nutt. Rough, hairy ; st. wingless, naked and branched above ; Ivs. ollong, unequally serrate, acute, closely sessile, the upper bract-like ; hds. pani- culate, corymbed; scales pubescent, in 2 or 3 rows; rays 7 to 12, linear; ach. ,broad-obovate, narrowly winged. — Ga. (Feay, Pond), Fla., Ala., in sandy soil. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Ach. 1" long. Awns erect. Fls. all yellow. £ays 1 to l£' long. Sept., Oct. ,57. COREOP'SIS, L. TICK-SEED. (Gr. Kopi$, a bug, oyi?, appear- ance ; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia.) Heads many- flowered, radiate, rays about 8, rarely 0 ; involucre double, each 6 to l"2-leaved ; receptacle chaffy ; achenia obcompressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2-toothed, upwardly hispid pappus, sometimes with none. — Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays usually yellow ; disk fls. yellow or dark purple. ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 451 § Corollas of the disk dark purple, (a) a Kay flowers yellow with a purple base. Achenia incurved Nos. 1, 2 a Ray flowers wholly yellow. Achenia not incurved, 2-awned Nos. 3—5 <5 Corollas of the disk yellow. Kays rose-colored. Leaves simple Nos. 6, 7 | Corollas of the disk and ray all yellow (disk brownish in No. 9). (b) b Leaves sessile, divided often so as to appear verttcillate Nos. S— 11 b Leaves petiolate, never serrate, — pinnate with lance-linear segments. Nos. 12, 1'i — simple, or rarely auricled below... Nos. 14—15 b Leaves petiolate, serrated. — simple; achenia awns obsolete Nos. 16— 17 —compound.— Rays about 8 Nos. 18— W — Rays wanting No. 21 1 C. Drummondii Torr. & Gr. Pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire ; scales lanceolate-acuminate ; rays un- equally 5-toothed, twice longer than the in vol. ; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. — CD From Texas. St. 10 to 20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a pur- ple spot at base, f (Calliopsis, Don.) /?. ATROSANGUINEA. A garden variety with dark orango fls. f 2 C. tinctoria Nutt. Glabrous ; Ivs. alternate, radical ones subbipinnate, Ifts. oblong-linear, entire, smooth, cauline subpinnato, Ifts. linear ; rays 3-lobed at the apex, ach. wingless, toothless. — A handsome border annual, native of tho upper Missouri. St. 1 to 3f high, with light, smooth foliage. Hds. with yellow rays, beautifully colored with purple at their base. Flowering all summer. -j- (Calliop- sis DC.) 3 C. gladiata "Walt. Glabrous ; st. terete, Ivs. thickish, alternate, some of them ternately divided, tho lower lance-oblong, long-tapering to a clasping petiole, upper lance-linear, acute; outer scales lance-ovate ; ach. fringed with 2 slender awns. — Moist soils in barrens, N. Car. to Fla. St. 2 to 3f high, slender. Hds. several, corymbed ; rays 3-toothed at the dilated apex, yellow ; disk purple. Aug., Sept. 4 C. angustifolia Ait. Glabrous ; st. square • Ivs. opposite, sometimes the lower alternate, undivided, the lower spatulate, long-petiolate, upper linear, spatulate, ob- tuse ; outer scales ovate, obtuse ; ach. wing-fringed, the 2 awns very short. — Moist soils, in barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. slender, 2f high. Hds. several, corymbed, with the rsys 3-lobed at the dilated summit. Jn. — Sept. 5 C. CEmleri Ell. Glabrous; st. angular above; Ivs. opposite, or the lower alternate, lance-ovate, narrowed to a clasping petiole, upper lanceolate ; outer scales oblong, obtuse ; ach. margined, ciliate, the 2 awns very short. — "W. Ga. and Fla., iisar the Chattahoochee. Sts. 2f high. Lvs. rather thick, entire, the upper always opposite. Jl., Aug. G C. nudata Nutt. Glabrous, very slender; Ivs. few, terete, rush-like, alternate, the lower very long ; hds. lew ; outer scales very short, obtuse, inner ovate, acutish ; rays wedge-obovate, unequally crenate-lobed. — 2£ A curious species, in shady swamps, Ga. and Fla., near Savannah to St. Mary's and Apalachicola. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 10' long. Rays somewhat fan-shaped, rose-purple, . spreading 20". Apr. — Jn. 7 C. rosea Nutt. St. branched; Ivs. opposite, l-veined, linear, entire, ped. short; outer scales very short; rays oblong, obscurely tridentate. — If A very delicate species in wet grounds, Mass. (Dr. Robbins), to N. J. St. slender, erect, 8 to 16' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. Hds. few, small Rays rose-color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl., Aug. 8 C. senifolia MX. Minutely downy or glabrous ; Ivs. opposite, ternate, sessile, appearing in whorls of 6 ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, thick ; scales downy, obtuse ; rays oval-oblong, entire. — Sandy soils, Va., Ky. to Ga., common. St. 1 to 2f high, angular, strict, slender. Rays bright yellow, 1' long. Corollas of the disk yellow. Jl., Aug. (3. STELLATA. Lfts. lance-linear, and even linear, mostly glabrous. — Ky. and Tenn. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. (C. stellata Nutt.) 9 C. delphinifolia Lam. Glabrous; Ivs. opposite, sessile, divided into Ifts. which are each again 2 to 5-parted, segm. linear, entire, acute ; disk corollas brown at summit ; outer scales linear, inner ovate, all obtuse ; rays acute. — Barrens, Ya. to Fla, and Ala. St. 1 to 2f high. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, 1 to 3" broad. Hds. small. Aug. 10 C. verticillata L. Glabrous branched Ivs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions 452 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. pinnately or bipinnately parted, segments filiform, linear, obtuse; rays acute or (in. cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 3- toothed; ach. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. — if Moist places, Md. and Western States. Stem 1 — 3f high. Leaflets apparently verticiliate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at base. June — Aug. 11 C. palmata Nutt. .Nearly smooth ; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the summit ; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft (to below the middle), rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft; rays obovate-oblong ; ach. linear-elliptic, in- curved.— Dry prairies, W. States. Stem 1 — 2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1 — 2£' long, some of them undivided, lobes 2 — 4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays. Outer scales linear oblong, obtuse. Jn., Jl. (Calliop- sis, Spreng.) 12 C. tripteris L. Glabrous ; sL simple, tall, corymbous at summit ; Ivs. coriace- ous, opposite, petiolate, 3 — 5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute; hds. small, on short peduncles, rays obtuse. — A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and Western States, common. Stern 4 — 8f high, slender, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 — 5' by f — I-}'. Rays spreading -J' long. Outer scales linear, obtuse, spreading, much smaller than the- inner. Jl. — Oct. (Chry- sostemma, Less.) 13 C. grandiflora Nutt. Glabrous ; st. low, simple or branched ; Ivs. petiolato, lanceolate, mostly pinnately or ternately divided, segments lance-linear or linear; hds. solitary, on long peduncles, large ; rays 4 to 5-cleft at apex. — Mo. to Ala! and Tex. Plant If high. Hds. much like No. 14. Jl.— Sept. 14 C. lanceolata L. St. ascending, often branched below; lower Ivs. el- lanceolate, petiolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins ; hds. solitary, on very long, naked peduncles ; rays 4 — 5-toothed at apex ; ach. euborbicular, with 2 small teeth. — If Native of the Southern States. Heads showy. Rays about 8, 1' by -£'. Jn. — Aug. f 15 C. auriculata L. Pubescent; lower Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, some of them with 2 small, lateral segments at base (auriculate), the upper oblong, nearly or quite sessile ; hds. few, on long peduncles ; outer scales oblong-linear. — Dry soils, Va., Ky. to Ga. and La. Plant 1 to 3f high, variable. At first (May, Jn.) it has divided Ivs. and very long peduncles. Later (Jl., Aug.), it is tall, the Ivs. all entire, the lower having perished. Hds. similar to No. 14. May — Aug. 16 C. latifolia MX. Very glabrous, tall; Ivs. thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, unequally toothed, petiolate, the upper ovate-oblong ; hds. small ; rays 5 to G, en- tire ; outer scales 4 to 5, linear, spreading. — Mts., N. Car. to Ga. Plant with am- ple Ivs. and few large, yellow rays. Aug. 17 C. argdta Ph. Smooth or nearly so ; sta. strict, striate-angled ; Ivs. of tho stem simple, petiolate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-serrato ; hds. few, large, on slender, naked peduncles ; outer scales about 8, as long as tho. inner; rays 9 to 12, 3-cleft; ach. oblong, awns obsolete. — Car. (Pursh), AY. Ga., in the upland districts. Differs much from C. aurea. St. 2 to Of high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Rays spreading ]•£'. (Root Ivs. not seen). May — Jn. 18 C. aurea Ait. Nearly glabrous ; lower Ivs. pinnately divided, upper ternately, or simple ; divisions ovate, lanceolate and lance-linear, acuminate, sharply serrate. ; outer scaks about 8 ; linear as long as the inner ; rays about 8, obtuse ; ach. teeth very short. — (§) Ditches, etc., N. Car. to Fla. and La. An untidy weed, 2 to 4f high. Hds. small, corymbed. Ach. 2" long. Aug., Oct. 19 C. aristosa MX. Sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5 to 9-parted, segments lance-linear, incisely serrate or pinnatifid ; hds. small, with conspicuous rays ; outer invol. of 10 to 12 linear, green scales longer than the inner, villous at base ; awns slender, spreading, about as long as the achenium. — ® Low woods, W. States. St. obtusely 4-angled, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. thin, 4 to 6' long, petioles £ to 1'. Rays 8, orange-yellow, expanding !•£'. (C. involucrata Nutt.) 20 C. trichosp£rma MX. St. glabrous, square, dichotomous ; Ivs. pinnately 5 to 1-parled, briefly petiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate ; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, linear, long as the inner ; rays entire, large ; ach. narrow-cuneatet with 2 short, stoat awns. — (£> In wet grounds, N. Y., Mass, to Car. A smooth, ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 453 branching plant, I to 2f high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Lvs. mostly opposite, thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Ach. £' long, awns half as long. JL, Aug. 21 C. discoidea Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, much branched, erect ; Ivs. ternate, Jong- petiolate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, strongly dentate, hds. discoid on slender pedun- cles; outer involucre 3 — 5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts; ach. linear-oblong, twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards. — (T1 Ohio to La. Stem and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 3 — 5 by £ — !£', lateral much smaller. Heads small (3" diam.), about 30-flowered. Jl. — Sept. 58. BIDDEN S, L. BURR-MARIGOLD, (Lat bidens, two-toothed ; the schema have two (or more) barbed teeth.) Involucre double ; scales somewhat similar, or the outer foliaceous; rays 4 to 8 (sometimes none), neutral ; disk-flowers perfect ; receptacle chaffy, flat ; pappus of 2 to 4 awns rough backwards; achcnia obcompressed, obscurely quad- rangular.— Lvs. opposite, incised. Fis. yellow. ^ Achcnia linear, somewhat 4-angled, 3 to 4-awncd. Eays few or none No. 1 § Achenia flattened, broadest at top, — Eays none or very few Nos. 2—4 —Eays about 8, showy, regular Nos. 5, 6 1 B. bipinnata L. SPANISH NEEDLES. Smooth, Ivs. bipinnate, Ifts. lanceo- late, pinnatifid, rays very short or none; outer in vol. the length of the inner; ach. slender, elongated.— (I) Grows ia waste places Conn,, N. Y., west to I1L St 2 to 4f high, branching, smooth, Lvs. bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth, lids, of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 or 4 (or none) obscure, obovate, yellow rays. Jl. — Sept. 2 B. frondosa L. Hds. discoid; outer invoL 6 times as long as the flower, Us leaflets ciliate at base; lower Ivs, pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, ser- rate; ach,. 2-awned. — ® A common weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can, and U, &, often called Beggar-ticks from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every passer-by. St. 2f higli, diffusely branched. Lower Ivs. in 2s or 5s. Pis. in clusters at the end of the branches, without rays, yellow, leafy. Aug., Sept 3 B. connata "Willd, Hds. discoid, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones mostly trifid; outer scaks longer than Hie head, leafy ; cch. with 3 awns. — (T) In swamps and ditches, Can. N. Eng., to Mo. St 1 to 3f high, smooth and 4-furrowed, with opposite branches. Lvs. thin, taper-pointed, often all undivided. Hds. scarcely ever with a ray, Aug. (B. tripartita, Bw.) 4 B. cerrma L. Hds. subradiate, cermwus; outer invol. as long as the flower ; Ivs. all simple, lanceolate, subconnate, dentate. — In swamps and ditches, Can. to Pa. and Wise. St 1 to 2f liigh, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above. Branches opposite. Lvs. opposite, somewhat connate at base. Fls. yellowish green, finally drooping, generally with small yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug., Oct. 5 B. chrysanthemoides L. Rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal invol. ; Ivs. oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. — (I) A low plant, with large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places, Can. and U. S. ' Stem 6 — 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, opposite, vrith narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept., Oct 6 B. Beckii Torr. St subsimple; submersed Ivs. capillaceous-multifid ; emersed ones lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or lanciniate; fls. radiate; rays longer than the involucre. — 4 In water, K Y. (Sartwell), Ac. Vt. (Chandler), N. to Can. Stem 2 — 3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower leaves dissected as in Ranunculus aquatilis ; upper 1 — 2' long, | as wide, deeply serrate. Head solitary, terminal, yellow. July, Aug. 59. ACMELXA, L. (Gr. a,K\ir\, a point; from the sharp taste of the foliage !) Heads radiate ; involucre shorter than the disk, double, appressed, pubescent; receptacle, conical, chaffy ; pales embracing the flowers; rays about 12, ?, disk $ ; achenia compressed, those of the 454 ORDER 70. — COMPOSITE. raj angular, mostly awnlcss. — CD Herbs with an acrid taste, opposite Ivs., solitary, yellow heads. Tropical. A. ripens Pers. St. decumbent, rooting at the lower joints, diffuse ; Ivs. lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, petiolate, more or less serrate ; hds. solitary, on axillary and terminal peduncles; scales lance-ovate; rays 10 to 12. — "Wet places, S. Car. to Fla. Sept., Oct. (Spilanthes Nuttallii, T. & G-.) 60. VERBESPNA, L. CROWN-BEARD. Heads few or many-flowered ; rays $ , few or none, disk £ ; scales in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect ; chaff concave, or embracing the flowers ; achenia compressed, 2-awned. — H American plants, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decur- rent, serrate or lobed. lids, solitary or corymbous. 1 V. siegisbeckia MX. St. 4-winged ; Ivs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovato, serrate, acuminate, triple- veined, tapering to a winged petiole, hds. radiate, in trichotomous cymes ; rays 1 to 5 ; ach. wingless ; fls. yellow. — Roadsides and dry fields, W. and S. States, common. St. 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 5 to 8' by 3 to 4', thin. Hds. about 25-flowered, with yellow corollas, and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter about 9" long. Aug., Sept. (Coreopsis alata Ph. Actinomeris alata Nutt.) 2 V. »Virginica L. St. narrowly-winged, pubescent above ; Ivs. alternate, lanceo- late or lance-ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base ; lower ones decurrent ; corymbs compound, dense ; rays (oval) and disk-fis. white; ach. winged. — Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem 3 — 5f high, and leaves beneath often more or less tomentous. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or 4 rays scarcely £' long. Aug. Sept. 3 V. sinuata Ell. St. wingless, striate-angled, pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, ovate, acuminate, contracted to a long, slender base, irregularly repand-toothed and some of them sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid; hds. corymbous ; rays 3 to 5, oval, and with the disk white ; ach. broadly winged. — Sandy soil, S. Car., Ga. (Feay), Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, with ample, coarse Ivs. Hds. similar to the last, about 12-flovvered. Lvs. feather-veined. Sept. — Nov. 61. DYSCTDIA, Cav. FALSE DOG-FENNEL. Heads many-flowered ; rays ? ; disk $ ; involucre of a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculatc ; achenia elongated, 4-angled, compressed ; pappus scales chaffy, in one scries, fimbriately and palms* oly cleft into bristles. — CD Herbs with large, pellucid glands. Lvs. mostly opposite and pinnately parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbous. Fls. yellow. JX chrysanthemoides Lagasca. St. glabrous, much-branched; Ivs. pinnately parted, lobes linear, toothed; hds. terminal on the short branchlets ; scales united at base, scarious, obtuse, with large, oblong glands ; outer scales 7 to 9, linear ; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. — Prairies and roadsides, 11L, Mo., to La. An ill-scented plant, about' If high, with finely divided Ivs. Aug. — Oct. (Tagetes papposa Vent.) 62. GAILLAR'DIA, Fougeroux. Heads radiate ; rays neutral ; scales in 2 or 3 series, a.cute, leafy, spreading, outer largest ; receptacle con- vex, fimbrillate (naked in* the following species); rays cuneiform, 3- cleft ; achenium villous with long hairs from its base ; pappus of G to 10 long awns, which are membranous at base. — Lvs. alternate, entire, often dotted. Hds. on long, naked peduncles. 1 G. lanceolata MX. Pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate or linear, sessile, the lower petiolate ; scales as long as the disk ; disk-fls. with long, subulate, pubescent teeth; receptacle smooth, (not fimbrillate!). — &) Barrens, S. Car. to Fla, and Tex. St. 1 to 2f high, slender, ending in long, naked flower-stalks. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, rather oblong. Scales and disk purple. Rays yellow. May — Aug. 2 G. pulchella Fouger. Pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, the lower short-petioled. ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 455 toothed or incised, upper subclasping ; scales very hairy, longer than the disk ; disk corollas with subulate teeth ; receptacle finibriUate, with slender awns. — (1) La., Tex, and in gardens. St. branching. Hds. 1 to !£' diam. Rays 10 to 12, violet-purple, with yellow teeth. 63. POLYPTERIS, Nutt. (Gr. TroM$, many, Trrepov, a wing ; from the feather-like pappus.) Heads discoid ; flowers all perfect, tubular and similar ; scales flat, scarious, in 2 or 3 series, appressed ; receptacle naked; achenia 4-angled, slender at base; pappus of 6 to 12 mem- branous, pinnately striate scales. — Lvs. scattered, lanceolate. FJs. cyanic. (Palafoxia, T. & G.) P. integrifolia Nutt Rough; st corymbous above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire ; outer scales loose, acut3, inner obtuse ; pappus of 8 to 10 acuminate squamae with fringed or plumed edges. — Barrens, S. W. Ga. and Mid. Fla. Sts. 3 to 5f high, bearing the large, purplish heads in a level-topped corymb. Aug. — OcL 64. HYMENOPAP'PUS, L'Her. (Gr. vp/v, membrane, irdirrrvo^ pap- pus; from the character.) Heads many-flowered; flowers all perfect, tubular; scales 6 to 12, in 2 series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous, colored; receptacle small, naked ; anthers exserted ; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the base ; pappus of many short, obtuse, membranous scales in one scries. — (g) or U North American, villous herbs. St. grooved and angled. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. H. scabiosceus L'Her. Hoary-villus, or nearly glabrous ; Ivs. pinnately or bi pinnately parted, segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed ; hds. in simple corymbs; scales obovate, *7 — 11, white, greenish at base, undulate on the margin, longer • than the disk ; cor. deeply lobed ; ach. pubescent. — 111. to Fla. Stern 1 — 2f high, whitish with soft cotton when young, at length purplish and glabrous. Segments 1 — !£' by 1 — 2", rather acute. Hds. whitish, about 21-flowered. Apr., May. (South.) — Aug. 65. HELErNIUM, L. AMERICAN SNEEZEWORT. (Named for the celebrated Helen, who is said to have availed herself of its cosmetic properties.) Involucre double, the outer of leafy, narrow scales, the inner chaffy ; ray pistillate ; pappus of five, one-awned, chaffy leaves ; receptacle globous, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only ; ray flowers half 3-cleft ; seed villous. — Lvs. alternate, decurrent. Rays yellow. § Disk globular, its florets with a 5-toothcd coro'ila. No?, t— 0 § Disk oblong, its florets with a 4- toothed corolla No. 4 1 H. autumnale L. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, de- current; fls. loosely corymbous. — if In damp places. St. 2 to 3f high, branching strongly, winged by the decurrent Ivs. Lvs. tapering to each end, or elliptic- lanceolate, more or less deeply serrate. Fls. large, numerous, terminal, with drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globoua disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug. fl. CANALICDLATUM. Rays concave, canaliculate or 3-furrowed. (H. canalicu- latum Lam.) 2 H. parviflorum NutL Lvs. lanceolate, subentire, smooth, scarcely decurrent ; hds. solitary, or in small, scattered dusters. — Ga. (Nuttall.) Heads about half as large as in No. 1. Disk globous, longer than the filiform scales. Rays flat Pappus scales awned, half as long as the corolla. Ach. smooth. 3 H. temiifolium Nutt. Smoothlsh; bran ches numerous, fastigiate, very leafy; Ivs. linear or filiform, entire, fascicled; scales subulate; disk globous. — Fields, waysides, Ga. (Feay, Pond) to La. SL 1 to 2f high, naked and woody below, 450 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. branches upright. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds. 4 or 5" diam. Rays about 12, spreading 9 or 10". Apr. — Nov. 4 H. quadridentatum Labill. Sraoothish, much branched ; Ivs. oblong, spar- ingly lobed or toothed, the highest lanceolate, entire ; disk oblong, longer than the rays ; pappus scales obtuse. — Swamps, Miss., La, to Ark. St. 1 to 3f high, with solitary, terminal, small hds. Lvs. about 4-toothed or lobed. Disk fls. 4- toothed. Jn. — Aug. 66. LEPTOP'ODA, Nutt. (Gr. kerr-og, slender, TTOV?, foot ; alluding to the elongated peduncles.) Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, cunc- ate, 3 — 4-cleft ; disk £ ; scales spreading, numerous, attenuate; recep- taclo conical; chaff 0; pappus of 6 — 10-fringed squamae. — 2£ North American herbs, with the habit of Helenium. § Heads corymbed, on short peduncles. Pappus cuspidate-a\vned No. 1 § Head solitary, on a long peduncle. Pappus awnless. — Achenia glabrous Nos. 2, 3 — Acheniu hairy Nos. 4, 5 1 L. brach^-poda Torr. & Gr. St. leafy, corymbous at summit ; Ivs. decurrent, lanceolate, subentire, the lower toothed, obtuse ; hds. on short peduncles ; scales lance-linear, about half as long as the 8 — 12 drooping rays ; disk brownish-purple. — Separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. In damp soil, from Southern 111. to Tex. and S. States. Stem about 2f high. Heads several or numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rather deeply and irregularly toothed, 7 — 9" by 4 — 5". (Helenium quadridentatum Hook.) 2 L. Helenium Nutt. Smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-linear, entire or re- motely denticulate, mostly slightly decurrent, the lowest tapering to a petiole ; pappus awnless, lacerated ; ach. glabrous ; rays 20 or more in one row. — Moist soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. About 2f high, leafy below, ending in a long, naked stalk, bearing one hd. Lvs. 3 to 6' long. Disk 5 to 8'' broad. Mar., Apr. 3 L. incisa Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, not decurrent, sinuate- pinnatifid or incised; pappus awnless, lacerated; rays about 40, in 2 or 3 rows; ach. glabrous. — G-a. (Le Conte). 4 L. pubenila Macbr. St. clustered, tomentous or downy; Ivs. lance-linear, oc- casionally toothed or incised, not decurrent; ach. hairy; pappus scales obtuse. — N. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, usually many from one root. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, half-clasping. Rays 20 to 30, broadly wedge-shaped, spreading 1^ to 2'. Apr., May. (H. pinnatifida Nutt.) 5 L. brevifolia Nutt. Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. all entire or nearly so, the caulins decurrent, the lower oblong-spatulate, obtuse, highest lanceolate, acute; ach. hairy. — N. Car. to Ala. St. 1 to 3f high, occasionally branched, and with more than 1 head. Hd. about as large as in No. 4. May, Jn. 67. BALDWIN 'I A, Nutt. (To Dr. William Baldwin, one of our pioneer botanists.) Involucre scales imbricated in 2 to 4 rows, appres- sed, shorter than the disk, inner acute or acuminate ; receptacle con- vex, deeply alveolate with horny walls ; rays 8 to 20, neutral, in one row, narrow-cuneiform, 3-toothed ; disk flowers £ , tube horny below ; achenia immersed in the cells, silky-villous, crowned with a pappus of 9 to 12 oblong scales. — 1C Herbs simple or corymbed, naked above, with alternate, linear, punctate Ivs. and yellow fls. 1 B. unifldra Nutt. Puberuknt, simple, \-flowered; hd. about 20-rayed ; pappus 9-leaved. — Open swamps, Va. to Fla. and La, near the coast. Plant 1 to 2f high, striate-angled. Lvs. thick, linear-spatulate below, linear and bract-like above. Disk 7 to 8" wide, rays narrow, spreading nearly 2'. Cells of the receptacle just like a honey-comb, 2 to 3" deep. Jl. — Sept. 2 B. multifldra Nutt. Glabrous, much branched, with a corymb of fls. ; Ivs. very numerous, narrowly linear ; rays about 10; pappus 12-leaved; ach. marked with 12 rays on its fiat summit. — Sand hills, Ga., Fla. Plant 1 to 3f high, slender, ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 457 the Ivs. almost filiform. Hds. about !£' broad, including the rays. Invol. squar- rous. Aug., Sept. (Actinospermum angustifolium T. & G-.) 68. MARSHAL'LIA, Schreb. FALSE SCABISH. (To Humphrey Mar- shall of Fenn., one of our earliest botanical authors.) Involucre scales lance-linear, subequal, erect, in one or two rows ; receptacle convex, with linear, rigid pales ; flowers all tubular, g ; corolla lobes slendei spreading; achenia 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranous, awned scales. — 2£ Ornamental herbs, simple or branched, with alternate, en- tire, 3-veined Ivs., and solitary long-stalked hds. of purplish Us. resem- bling a Scabish. 1 M. latifolia Ph. St. simple, leafy; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile; scales rigid, acute; pales narrowly linear; pappus triangular-acuminate. — Dry soils, Va. to Ala. (Shields) along the mountains. A smooth, handsome plant 1 f high, with a slender, purple stem. Lvs. about 2' long, conspicuously 3-veined. Cor. 6 to 7" long, with slender tubes, scales half as long. May, Jn. 2 M. angustifolia Ph. St. mostly branched, leafy; Ivs. below narrowly lanceo- late, above narrowly linear, all acute ; scales acute, pales setaceous ; pappus ovate- acuminate. — Swamps, &c., N. Car., Tenn. to Fla. A beautiful plant. Sts. often clustered at base, If high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, the lower petiolate, upper shorter, diminished to bristle form bracts. Jn. — Aug. 3 M. lanceolata Ph. Simple, leafy below, naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate or ob- lanceolate, mostly obtuse, tapering to a petiole, the upper sessile : scales oblong, linear, obtuse ; pales spatulate ; ach. pubescent. — Upper districts N. Car. to Ga. and Ala. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Apr.— Jn. 69. AN 'THEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE. Involucre hemispherical, with nearly equal scales ; rays numerous, pistillate ; receptacle chaffy, con- vex or conic ; achenia crowned with a slight border. — European herbs with much divided Ivs. 1 A. arvensis L. St. erect, hairy ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, hairy and canescent, segment* linear-lanceolate; ach. crowned with a narrow margin ; pales lanceolate, cuspidate, longer tlian the flowers. — @ Grows in dry, cultivated fields. A pilous, inodorous plant, somewhat resembling the Mayweed. Stems diffusely branching, 8 — 15' high. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy summits of the branches. Disk yellow, rays white. July. § Eur. 2 A. nobilis L. St. prostrate, branching from the base, woolly ; Ivs. decompound- pinnatifid, segments linear, subulate ; pales scarious, lanceolate, scarcely as long as the flowers. — 2£ Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens. The strong and agreeable scent of the CHAMOMILE is well known, also its tonic and anodyne qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. July — Sept. § Eur. 70. MARITTA, Less. MAY-WEED. Involucre hemispherical, imbri- cated ; rays neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle conical, chaffy (at least at the summit) ; pappus 0 ; achenia smooth. — European herbs, with al- ternate, much divided leaves. Rays white. M. cotula DC. St. erect, nearly smooth ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subu- late ; pales bristly, shorter than the flowers.— (I) Waste places, in hard, dry soils, especially by roadsides, in patches of great extent. Stem branching, diffuse, If high, with alternate leaves divided and subdivided into a multitude of segments. Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Linnaeus says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies. Jn. — Sept. § Eur. (Anthemis L.) 71. ACHILLEVA, L. MILLPOIL. YARROW. (Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, who first used the plant.) Involucre ovoid, of un- equal imbricated scales; rays 5 to 10, short, pistillate ; receptacle flat, 458 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. chaffy ; schema without a pappus. — 2£ European herbs with much di- vided, alternate Ivs. lids, radiate. 1 A. Millefolium L. Lvs. lipinnatifid, with linear, dentato, mucronate seg- ments ; st. furrowed, corymbed at top ; scales oblong ; rays 4 to 5, short. — Fields, pastures, £c., N. Eng. to Or. and Arctic America. St. a foot high, branching at top into a dense, flat-topped corymb of whit© or rose-colored fls. It has an agree- able, pungent taste and smell. Jn. — Sept. — The variety with rose-purple flowers i3 very pretty in gardens. 2 A. ptarmica L. SNEEZEWORT. Lvs. linear, acuminate, equally and sharply ser- rate, smooth. — Found in moist grounds and shady places, Can. and N". Y. (Pursh), Mass. (Nichols). Plant about 15' high, branching at top into a diffuse corymb of white fls. The Ivs. are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. The dried powder of the leaves, used as snuff, provokes sneezing. A variety with double flowers occurs which is quite ornamental in pots. Aug. f § Eur. ^ 72. LEUCAN'THEMUM, Tourn. WHITE-WEED. (Gr. A«rcdf, white, dvdog, flower ; the heads have large, conspicuous rays.) Involucre broad, depressed, imbricated ; rays pistillate, numerous ; receptacle flat, naked ; achcnia striate ; pappus none. — Herbs with alternate Ivs. lids, radiate. Ii. vulgare Lam. St. erect, simple or few-branched, with solitary heads; Ivs. clasp'mg, lanceolate and oblong, toothed above, cut-pinnatifid at the base; scales edged with brown.— 2f A great annoyance to the farmer, in fields and pastures, TJ. S. to Arc. Am. St. about 2f. high. Lvs. comparatively few and small. Heads large (13 — 16'' broad). Kays many, ligulate, white. Jl. — Sept. § Eur. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) ft. TUBULIFLORUM (Tenney). Kays tubular, elongated, white, deeply cleft into 5 or 3 lobes.— Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Mr. W. K. Gerard.) 73. MATRICA^RIA, Tourn. FEVER FEW. Involucre scales imbricate, many-flowered, with membranous margins ; receptacle conical or con- vex, naked; pappus a membranous margin crowning the achenia, or none. — Herbs chiefly perennial, with alternate Ivs. lids, with or with- out rays. (Pyrethrum, Smith.) M. parthenium L. Hds. radiate ; Ivs. petiolate, flat, tripinnate, the segm. ovate, cut ; ped. branching, corymbous ; st. erect ; invol. hemispherical, pubescent. — Fields, rare. Several varieties of the Fever-few are cultivated, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted with a corymb of pure white, double flowers which retain their beauty for several weeks, f Eur. 2 M. discoidea DC. Hds. discoid; Ivs. sessile, 2 to 3-pinnately parted, lobes small, linear-oblong, acute; hds. on simple peduncles; scales equal, oval, obtuse, with white, scarious margins much shorter than the conical disk. — (T) 111. opposite St. Louis, also in Oregon. Sts. 3 to 8' high. Disk 2 to 3" broad and high. Pap- pus obsolete. 3 M. Balsamita "Willd. ENGLISH MINT. Pubescent; hds. discoid; st. erect; Ivs. ovate, oblong, serrate, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, auriculate at base ; hds. corymbed; pappus none. — Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high. The plant is yellow- ish green, clothed with loose, minute tomentum, with tho fragrance of spearmint. 74. CHRYSANTHEMUM, (Gr. xf™6?* Sold> ^e°^ flower-) Heada heterogamous ; involucre imbricate, hemispherical ; the scales with membranous margins ; receptacle naked ; pappus none. — Ornamental plants from China and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate, lobed. lids, radiate. 1 C. coronarium L. Annual ; st. branched ; Ivs. bipinnatifid broader at the summit, acute. — Native of S. Europe and 1ST. Africa, The variety with double ORDER 70.— COMPOSITES. 459 flowers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. St. about 3f high, striate, einooth, erect, with, alternate, clasping Ivs. Fls. large, terminal, solitary, yellow. Aug. 2 C. carmattun TVilld. Annual] Ivs. bipinnate, fleshy, smooth ; invol. scales carinate. — Native of Barbary. Hds. large and beautiful ; disk purple, rays white, with a yellow base. A variety has rays entirely yellow. JL — Oct. (C. tricolor Andr.) 3 C. Sinense Sabine. Perennial; Ivs. coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous ;• rays very long. — A native of China, where it hs.s long been cultivated and highly esteemed for its beauty. A great number of varieties have been produced with double, semidouble, and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. It is of- very easy culture in any common soil. The plants are propagated by divisions, by suckers, and by cuttings. (Pyrethrum Sinense DC.) 75. TAN ACETUM, L. TANSY. (Said to bo a corruption of ZOavaaia, deathless ; for the durable flowers.) Involucre hemispherical, imbri- cate, the scales all minute ; receptacle convex, naked ; pappus a slight, membranous border ; achenia witn a large, epigynous disk. — Lvs. alter- nate, much dissected. Fls. yellow, discoid. T. vulgare L. Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and incisely serrate; his. fastigiate-colymbous, ray fls. terete, tubular, 3-toothed. — If. in old fields arid roadsides. Stems clustered, 2 — 3f high, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug. — The whole plant has a strong and aromatic smell and bitter taste. Tho seeds are anthelmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped leaves. § Eur. 2 T. Huronense Nutt. Lvs. bipinnately divided, lobes oblong, often again pin- natifld ; hds. large, corymbd ; ray fls. flattened, unequally 3 to 5-cleft. — Shores of Lake Huron and Mackinaw Strait, to Hudson's Bay. Plant 1 to 3f high, some- what tomentous. Hds. larger than in No. 1, citron-yellow. 76. ARTEMIS'IA, L. WORMWOOD, &c. (Probably from Artemis, one of the names of the goddess Diana.) Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with dry, connivent scales ; receptacle without pales ; disk-flowers numerous, £ , tubular, ray flowers few, often without stamens and with a subulate corolla or none ; achenia with a small disk ; pappus 0. — Bitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. Cor. yellow or purplish, discoid. § Receptacle villous or hairy. Flowers all fertile Nos. 1, 2 § Receptacle naked. — Flowers all fertile. Leaves or segments laaceolate Nos. 8, 4 — Flowers all fertile. Leaves or segments linear .Nos. 5, 6 —Flowers of the disk sterile. Leaves or segments linear Nos. 7—9 1 A. frfgida Willd. Lvs. pinnately parted, silky canescent, Ifts. linear and 3 — 5- cleft ; heads nodding, globuos, in panic-led racemes; scales of the in vol. canescent, roundish, the inner oblong; corollas glabrous. — Rocky hills, Minnesota, Dakota, and westward. Plant branched from base, 6 — 12'. July — Aug. 2 A. Absinthium L. COMMON WORMWOOD. Lvs. multifid, clothed ivith short, silky pubescence, loth sides ; segments lanceolate ; hds. hemisperical, drooping ; re- ceptacle hairy. — if Growing among rubbish, rocks, and by roadsides, N. Eng., Can. Stems angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers. Tho whole plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic, stomachic, &c. § Eur. 3 A. Ludoviciana Nutt. Canescently tomentous all over ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower incisely and remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire ; hds. ovoid, subses- sile, arranged in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. — 2f Lake and river shores, Mich, to Mo. W. to Oreg. Stem 2 — 5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite vari- able in size and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small and crowded. 4 A. vulgaris L. MUGWORT. Lvs. canescent-tomentous beneath, cauline ones pin- natifid, segm. lanceolate, acute, subdantate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate,' 430 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. hds. erect, ovoid, subsessile ; invol. tomentous. — T| Fields, roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt., N. H. St. 2 to 3f high, branching into a paniclo of spicato racemes. Lvs. very variable, but never attenuated to linear, now obtuse, now acute, from the- same locality (Hanover, JST. II. Bicard.) lids, few-flowered, purplish. 5 A. biennis Willd. Plant erect, smooth; Ivs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid, all with linear, acute, aud mostly incised lobes ; hds. sessile, arranged in a close, narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes. — ® Western States and north- ward. Also eastward to the Hudson K. (Mr. C. B. Gerard.) 6 A. Abrotanum L. SOUTHERNWOOD. St. erect; lower Ivs. bipinnato; uppzr ones capillary, pinnate; invol. downy, hemispherical. — 1£ A well known shrubby plant in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into very narrow, linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Xative of S. Europe. \ 7 A borealia Pallas. Ccespitous, silky-villous or smoothish ; st. simple ; lower Ivs. petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately, or bi- pinnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper linear, 3 to 5-cleft or entire ; hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemous-paniculate.— ^Keweena PL, Lake Superior (Houghton, in N. Am. Fl.) St. 6 to 10' high. 8 A. Canadensis MX. SEA WORMWOOD. St. erect or decumbent; Ivs. pin- natifid with linear segments ; fls. subglobous, sessile, in a panicle of racemes. — i£ Rivers and lake shores, N. Eng. and Can. Shores of the great lakes. St. 2 to 4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly erect. Hds. 2'' diam., numer- ous, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous margin. Aug. 9 A caudata MX. Glabrous, simple, densely paniculate ; Ivs. bipinnately divi- ded, upper pinnate, segm. filiform or setaceous, alternate; hds. ovoid-globous, pedicellate, erect. — © On the sea-coast, N. II. to Ga. St. 3 to 5f highr strict. Lvs. in many thread-like and somewhat fleshy segm. ; hds. 1|" diam., in a strict, dense panicle. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, elliptical. Aug., Sept. 77. SOLIVYA Ruiz. & Pav. (To Salvator Soliva, a Spanish botan- ist and physician.) Involucre of 5 to 10 to 15 scales in one row; re- ceptacle flat, naked ; fertile flowers in several rows, apetalous ; ? fls. few, interior, with a 3 to 5-toothed corolla ; achenia obcompressed, tip- ped with the persistent style and no pappus. — Little depressed herbs with pinnately divided Ivs. and sessile lids. S. nasturtiifolia DC. Plant very small, minutely pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5 to 9-parted, lobes oblong, obtuse ; scales 10 to 15 ; ach. obconic, rugous, crowned with a dense tuft of wool instead of pappus. — S. Car., Ga., near the coast, banks of the Ogeechee, growing with Sencbiera. Plant flat on the ground, forming a dense mat. Lvs. G to 10" long, lobes 1". Hds. disproportionately large (2 to 3" broad), axillary, depressed. Ach. wrinkled transversely. Mar., Apr. 78. GNAPHAVLIUM, L. CUDWEED. EVERLASTING. (Gr. yvdfya^ov, cotton or wool ; from the soft, cottony surface of the herbage.) Heads discoid, heterogamous ; involucre imbricate with scarious, colored scales ; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, mostly in several rows ; central flowers £ ; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus a single row of scab- rous, hair-like bristles. — Herbs generally clothed with whitish wool. Lvs. alternate, entire. * Heads in terminal corymbons clusters Nos. 1 — 3 * Heads in axillary, somewhat spicate clusters Nos. 4, 5 1 G. deciirrens Ives. Lvs. decurrent, linear-lanceolate, very acute, naked above, white and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters. — !(. A stout species, covered with a dense, hoary pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, &c., N. H. Vt. to N, J. Stem 2f high, with scattered leaves and spreading branches, ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 401 Leaves on the upper side green, scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yek low corollas. Aug. 2 G. polycephalum MX. Erect; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, whitish tomentous beneath, as well as the paniculate stem ; hds. capitate, corymbous ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. — CD Common in fields, &c., Can. and U. S. " It is distinguishable by it3 strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color. Stem 1 — 2f high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Hds. much larger than in the next. Involucre with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug. 3 G. uliginosum L. CUDWEED. St. diffusely branched, woolly; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolato ; hds. small (I" wide) in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters ; scales obtuse, yellowish or brownish ; ach. smooth. — (I) A small, spreading plant, clothed with whitish down, common in sandy places where water occasionally stands, N., Mid. and W. States. Stem 4 — 6' high. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at the base. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug. 4 G. purptireum L. St. erect, simple or branched from the base, tomentous ; Ivs. linear-spatulate or obovate-spatulate, downy -canescent beneath, green above ; hds. sessile, crowded, terminal and axillary; scales acuminate. — CD Grows in sandy fields and pastures, K H. to Ind. and La. Stem 8 — 12' high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads with tawny, purplish scales and yellow corollas. June. 5 G. supinum Yillars. Cxspitous, woolly; Ivs. linear; hds. few, oblong, in a spicate raceme or solitary ; scales acute, brown; pistillate Jls. in but one row. — White Mts., N. H. (NuttalL) Sts. 2 to 4' high. 79. ANTENNA'RIA, Br. EVERLASTING. (Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antennae.) Heads dioecious ; in- volucre of imbricate, colored scales ; pistillate corollas filiform ; recep- tacle subconvex, alveolate ; pappus a single row of bristles. — 2£ Tomen- tous. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. corymbous, with white or brownish, never yellow scales. (Gnaplialium L.) 1 A. margaritacea Br. St. erect, simple, corymbously branched above ; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, acute, 3-veined, sessile, woolly beneath, stem woolly ; corymbs fasti- giate; scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white. — U Fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. 1 to 2f high, and with its numerous, scattered Ivs. clothed with white and cotton-like down. Hds. numerous, hemispherical, fadeless. Fls. yel- low. Jl. — Named for its dry, imperishable, pearl-white scales. ' A. plant aginifolia Br. MOUSE-EAR. EVERLASTING. Stolons procumbent ; st. sirnpk ; radical Ivs. oval, obovate or spatulate, mucronate, 3-veined, silky-canes- cent, st. Ivs. small, lanceolate ; scales ovate, obtuse. — U Borders of woods, &c., U. S. and Brit. Am., flowering in early spring. "Whole plant whitish with down. St. 5 to 8' high, often with stolon's at base. Et. Ivs. much larger than those of the stem. St. Ivs. few, bract-like. Hds. in a terminal, dense cluster, purplish white. Feb. — May. (A. dioica Br.) 80. FILA'GO, Tourn. COTTON ROSE. CUDWEED. (Apparently from the Latin flum, a thread ; on account of the cottony hairs.) Heads heterogamous ; involucre of a few villous scales ; marginal flowers ? ; receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chaffy at base ; achenia terete, central ones with a hairy pappus. — Downy-canescent kerbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. F Germanica L. St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above ; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, acute, crowded, erect ; hds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal and lateral ; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the pales of tho receptacle, each with a pistillate flower in the axil.— GO Fields and roadsides, Mass., N. Y. to Ya. St. 6 to 10' high. Scales straw-color, with a green lino outside. JL— Oct. § Eur. 462 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE. 81. XERANTHEMUM, (Gr. fypog, dry, dvdog ; on account of its dry, imperishable flowers.) Heads discoid ; involucre hemispherical, with radiant, colored, opaque, scarious scales ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus paleo-setaceous. — to 6-tiowered No. 3 —Hds. 8 to 12-liowered.— Pappus tawny No. 4 — Pappus straw colored Nos. 5, 6 § Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves mostly undivided, (b) b Heads about 12-flowered. Pappus straw-color Nos. 7, 8 b Heads about 25-flowered. Pappus tawny or dusky No. 9 1 N. Boottii DC. St. simple, dwarf; lower Ivs. subcordate or hastate- cor date, ob- tuse, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire ; hds. nodding, racemed ; invol 10 to 18-flowered, of 10 to 15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at the base with las linear scales half their length; pappus straw-color. — White Mts., N. H., and 472 ORDER 70.— COMPOSITE Essex Mt., N. Y. St. 5 to 8' high, bearing tlio hds. in a subsimple raceme. Fls. whitish and odorous. Jl., Aug. 2 N. nanus DC. St. simple, low, smooth; Ivs. on slender petioles, the lowest variously lobed or parted, the others successively deltoid-hastate, ovate and lance- olate ; hds. in small, axillary and terminal clusters, forming a short, racemous panicle; invol. greenish-purple, of about 8 scales and 10 — 12 flowers; pappus dingy white. — White Mts., N. H., with No. 1, where we find it with the same sportive character of foliage as appears in other species. Stem 5 — 10' high. Heads with whitish flowers. Aug. (P. alba. (3. nana Bw.) 3 N. altissimus Hook. St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above; Ivs. more or less deeply 3 — 5-cleft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged, the lobes acuminate ; hds. pendulous ; invol. of 5 scales and about 5-flowered. — Tall, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, in woods, Newfoundland to N. Eng. and Ky. Stem 3 — 5f high, bearing a narrow and elongated panicle. Heads in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Aug. /?. OVATUS. Cauline Ivs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles. y. CORDATUS. Lvs. cordate, on slender petioles. (Prenanthes cordata "Willd.) 6. DELTCHDEA. Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate. (P. deltoidea Ell.) e. DISSECTUS. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes. 4 N. albus Hook. LION'S-FOOT. WHITE LETTUCE. St. smooth and somewhat glaucous, corymbous-paniculate above ; radical Ivs. angular-hastate, often more or less deeply lobed ; stem Ivs. roundish-ovate, dentate, petioled, the lobes or leaves obtuse ; lids, pendulous; invol. of 8 scales, 9 — 12-flowered; pappus broivn. — Moist woods and shades, N. Eng. to Iowa, and Can. to Car. Stem stout, 2 — 4f high, purplish, often deeply so in spots. Leaves very variable, ah1 irregularly toothed. Scales purplish. Fls. a dingy white. Aug. ft. SERPENTARIA. Radical Ivs. palmate-sinuate, those of the stem on long petioles, with the middle segment 3-parted; upper Ivs. lanceolate. — Has the reputation of curing the rattlesnake's bite. (Prenanthes serpeutaria Ph.) 5 N. Fraseri DC. St. smooth, corymbousty paniculate above; Ivs. subscabrou?, hastate or deltoid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lance- olate, subsessile ; invol. of about 8 scales, 8 — 12-flowered ; pappus straw-colored. — If In dry, hard soils, Conn, arid Mid. States (rare) to Fla., common. Stem 2 — 4f high. Leaves as variable as in other species, sometimes all being lanceolate, with only irregular indentures instead of lobes. Heads drooping, with purplish scales and cream-colored corollas. It is readily distinguished from N. albus by the moro lively color of the pappus. Aug. (P. rubicaulis Ph.) 6 N. virgatua DC. Glabrous and glaucous, slender and simple ; lower Ivs. sinuate- pinnatifid, petiolate, middle ones toothed, sessile, upper entire partly clasping, gradually reduced to the minute, subulate bracts ; hds. clustered, in a long com- pound, virgate, somewhat secund raceme; invol. with about 8 scales and 10 flow- ers; pappus-straw-colored. — A remarkably slender, wand -like species, in sandy soils, N. J. to Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, racemous half its length. Lvs. gradually simplified from the base upward, as in most of the species. Sept., Oct. 7 N. racemosus Hook. Glabrous, simple, slender; Ivs. all undivided, lower oval-lanceolate, sharply denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping, entire ; hds. in nodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interruptedly spicate panicle ; invoL of 8 to 9 scales, with 9 to 1 2 fls. ; pappus straw-color. — N. J., N. "W. States and Can. St. 2 to 4f high. Fls. pale red-purple. (3. Lvs. deeply and irregularly pinnatifid, 8 IT. cisper Torr. & Gr. St. strict, simple, scabrous ; Ivs. simple, scabrous-pubes- cent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lance-oblong and lance-linear, subentire, sessile ; hds. erect, in small fascicles, in a slender, elongated, compound raceme; invol. strongly hirsute, of 7 to 10 scales and with 11 to 14 fls.; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, W. States (Dr. Skinner), common. St. 2 to 4f high, nearly smooth. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, pubes- cent or glabrous. Rac. 1 to 2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept. (N. Illinoensis DC.) 9 N. crepidineus DC. Nearly glabrous ; st. tall, stout, corymbously paniculate; ORDER 70.— COMPOSITES. 473 Ivs. largo, irregularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovate, somewhat hastate or deltoid, upper oblong-lanceolate ; hds. nodding, in small, pedunculate and panicled clusters; invol hairy, of 11 to 14 scales, with 25 to 35 fis. • pappus tawny. — Fields and thickets, W. States. One of the largest species. St. 5 to 8f high. Lvs. 4 to 12' by 2£ to 7', obtuse or acute. Hds. large but not numerous, with brown scales and yellowish Us. Aug. — Oct. 108. TROX'IMON, Nutt. (Gr. rpw^o^, eatable ; applied to this genus with little propriety.) Heads many-flowered; involucre cam- panulate, scales loosely imbricate, lance-ovate, membranous, in 2 to 3 rows ; achenia oblong-linear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate ; pappus setaceous, copious, white. — U Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single, large, showy hd. with yellow fls. T. cuspidatum Ph. Et. fusiform ; Ivs. linear. lanceolate, acuminate, margins tomentous, often undulate ; scales acuminate-cuspidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series, the outer nearly equal to the inner. Prairies, Wise. (Lapham), 111. (Mead.), W. to the Rocky Mts. (Nuttall). Apr. — Jn. (T. marginatum Nutt.) 109. TARAX'ACUM, Desf. DANDELION. (Gr. TapdicriKOf, cathar- tic ; from its medicinal properties.) Involucre double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the inner, appressed row ; receptacle naked ; achenia produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary pappus. — Acaulescent herbs, with runcinate Ivs. T. Dens-leonis Less. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed; Ivs. runcinate, smooth, dentate. — It In all open situation, blossoming at all seasons except win- ter. Lvs. all radical, the teeth or lobes bent backwards. After the flower is closed and decayed, the hollow scape rises higher and bears a head of fruit full fledged, the airy, globular form of which is very conspicuous in the tall grass. Tho leaves in Spring furnish an excellent pot herb. Apr. — Nov. § Eur. (Leontodon Taraxacum L.) (Fig. 324.) HO. PYRRHOPAP'PUSjBC. FALSE DANDELION. (Gr. -rrvppog, flame- colored ; Trdmro^ , pappus.) Involucre double, the outer row numerous, loose and spreading ; receptacle naked ; achenia 5-grooved, at length long-beaked, bearing a copious, soft capillary, reddish pappus. — (T) and H Hds. solitary on long peduncles, large, with numerous deep yellow fls. (Borkhausia, Ntttt) P. Carolinianus DC. St. simple or branched, scape-like ; Ivs. mostly radical, lanceolate, acute, sinuate-toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid, some or ah1 of them often entire. — Fields and pastures, very common. Sts. with 1 to 3 small Ivs., 6 to 20' high. Outer scales subulate-filiform, inner linear. Ach. oblong, beak filiform, longer (7'') than the showy pappus. Hds. in flower 18" to 2' broad, turning to the morning sun. Mar. — Jl. 111. LYGODES'MIA, Don. (Gr. Avyo^, a wand, deopos, a bond ; alluding to its slender habit.) Involucre, flowers, &c., as in Nabalus, except that the pappus is very copious, soft, smooth, whitish, and the corollas rose-colored. — In habit remarkably different from Nabalus, with linear-subulate Ivs. and erect hds. on long, naked peduncles. (Prenan- thes, Nutt.) L. aph^lla DC. St. scape-like, erect, slender, striate, onco or twice forked above; Ivs. nearly all radical, short, linear-filiform. — Pine woods, Ga., Fla. (Mettauer.) St. 2f high. Hds. few, cylindrical, the invol. 10" long; cor. showy, exserted about the same length. Eoot Ivs. 6 to 10' long. May. 112. LACTITCA, Tourn. LETTUCE. (Lat. lac, milk ; from the milky, abundant juice.) Involucre few-flowered, scales imbricated in 2 or more unequal rows ; achenia obcompressed (flattened same way as the 474 CRDEB 70-— COMPOSITE. scales), glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a long, filiform beak ; pappus copious, soft, capillary, white, fugacious. — Herbs with leafy steins and paniculate hds. of various colors. (Fig. 333.) 1 L. graminifolia MX. St. terete, simple, strict ; Ivs. long, linear, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-lobed, the lobes turned backwards ; panicle loose, naked ; scales 6 to 9; fls. 20 or more ; ach. oval, as long as their beaks (2"). — Dry soils, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2 to 4f high, not very slender, hollow. Lvs. partly clasp- ing, 3 to 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4" wide. Cor. purple, varying to white, rarely yellow. Apr. — Sept. 2 L. elongata L. TRUMPET MILKWEED. Lvs. smooth and pale beneath, am- plexicaul, runcinate-pinnatifid, upper lanceolate, entire, sessile; hds. racemous- paniculate; scales few; fls. 12 or more. — A common rank plant, growing in hedges, thickets, where the soil is rich and damp. St. hollow, stout, 3 to 6f high, often purple, bearing a leafless, spreading panicle of numerous hds. of fls. Lvs. very variable, the lower 6 to 12' long, commonly deeply runcinate. Corol- las yellow, varying to purplish. Achenia oblong, compressed, about the length of the beak. Jl., Aug. /?. INTEGRIFOLTA. Lvs. nearly all undivided, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest often sagittate at base. (L. integrifolia Bw. L. sagittifolia Ell.) y. SANGUINEA. Leaves runcinate, amplexicaul, mostly pubescent, glaucous beneath ; fls. purple. St. 2 to 3f high, often purple. (L. sanguinarea B w.) 3 L. sativa L. GARDEN LETTUCE. St. corymbous ; Ivs. suborbicular, tho cauline ones cordate. — (D Cultivated for salad. Plant with very smooth, yellow- ish green foliage, which in one variety (capitata) is so abundant as to form heads like the cabbage. Fls. numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky juico contains opium, hence the unpleasant narcotic effects when eaten too freely. \ 113. WULGE'DIUM, Cass. WILD LETTUCE. (Lat. mulgco, to milk ; in allusion to the milky juice.) Involucre many-flowered, somewhat double, the outer scries of scales short and imbricated ; receptacle naked, faveolate ; pappus copious, soft, capillary, crowning the short- beaked achenia, which are compressed contrary to the scales. — Lvs. mostly spinulous. Hds. with many yellow or cyanic fls. (Sonchus, Willd. Agathyrsus, Don.) (Fig. 332.) § Corollas blue. Pappus bright white Nos. 3, 2 § Corollas cream-colored, turning purplish. Pappus tawuy No. 3 1 M. acuminatum DC. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, undivided, or the radical slightly runcinate ; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat bracteolate peduncles; ach. slightly beaked. — In hedges and thickets, N. Y. to Ind. and S. States. A smooth plant, 3 to 6f high, with the stem often purplish. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, the lower ones often deltoid-hastate or truncate at base, sinuate-denticu- late, narrowed at base into a winged petiole. Hds. small. Scales dark purple, with blue corollas. Pappus white on the short-beaked, ovate-acuminate achenia. Aug., Sept. 2 M. Floridanum DC. Lvs. runcinatdy pinnate-parted; segm. few, serrate- dentate, upper ones triangular, acute or acuminate ; panicle loose, erect, com- pound ; ach. short-beaked. — W. and S. States, hedges and waste grounds. Plant with a terminal panicle of blue flowers. St. 3 to 6f high. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, variable in form. Hds. small. Rays expanding 9". Jl. — Sept. 3 M. leucoph^um DC. Lvs. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate; hds. paniculate, on squamous-bracteate peduncles ; pappus tawny ; cor. ydlowish. — Moist thickets, K and W. States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. St. 4 to lOf high. Lvs. 5 to 12' long, irregularly divided, the segm. repand-toothed, the radical on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often undivided. Hds. small, in a long, slender panicle. Aug., Sept. 114. SON THUS, L. SOW-THISTLE. (The ancient name.) Invo- lucre many-flowered imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length ORDER 71.— LOBELIACEJS. 475 tumid at base ; receptacle naked ; pappus of simple, copious, white- silky hairs, in many series : achenia compressed, not rostrate. — Lvs. mostly spinulous. Hds. with many yellow fls. § Flowers bright yellovv, in showy heads. Achenia angular. Perennial No. 1 § Flowers pale yellow, in large heads. Achenia flat. Annual Nos. 2, 3 1 S. arvensis L. Root creeping; stem glabrous, erect; Ivs. runcinate-pin- natifid, spinulous-dentate, cordate, clasping at base, with short and obtuse auri- cles; panicles umbellate- corymbous ; ped. and invol. hispid; ach. somewhat 4-angled, ribs transversely rugulous. — Waste grounds, naturalized, E. Mass, and S. N. York, rare. St. angular, about 2f high. Hds. large, with deep yellow fls. § Eur. 2 S. asper Yill. Lvs. cordate-amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, spinulous- dentate ; ped. subumbellate ; ach. oval-obovate, 3-ribbed on each side. — Found in similar situations with the next, but less common, U. S. St. 1 to 2f high, smooth except at the summit of the branches where it is often hispid-glandular. Lvs. with numerous, short, spiny teeth, wavy or slightly runcinate, the upper ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales with few scattered hairs. Aug., Sept. (S. spinulosus Bw. S. Carolinianus "Walt.) 3 S. oler&ceus L. Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runcinate-pinnatifid, subspinulous, dentate ; ped. downy ; invol. at length smooth ; ach. many-striate. — A sordid look- ing plant, in waste ground, among rubbish, &c. Plant of a glaucous hue. St. angular, hollow, fragile, 2 to 3f in height. Lvs. apparently clasping, with large, retreating lobes at base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth end- ing in weak spines. Invol. dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. § Eur. SUBORDER III. L AB I ATIFLO R JS. 115. CHAPTA'LIA, Vent. (Dedicated by Ventenat to the celebrated French chemist M. Chaptal.) Heads radiate ; involucre campanulate ; scales in few series, linear, acute ; receptacle naked ; ray flowers $ , ligulate, disk-flowers £ , but sterile, bilabiate, lips equal, outer 3-, inner 2-parted ; achenia glabrous ; pappus capillary. — 2£ Acaulescent herbs. Lvs. all radical. Hd. solitary, cyanic. C. tomentosa Vent. Lvs. oblong-ovate or lance-oval, on a short petiole, re- trorsely denticulate, clothed with a dense, white tomentum beneath ; scape loosely tomentous ; hd. nodding until in flower, thence erect on the slender, sim- ple scape. — Moist pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. An interesting plant, alone representing the suborder Labiatasflorae. Lvs 2 to 4' long, 6 to 15" wide, often subsessile, the upper surface at first arachnoid, at length smooth. Scapo 6 to 12' high. Bays about 20, rose-red or white. Disk florets pale yellow. Mar., Apr. ORDER LXXI. LOBELIACE^E. LOBELIADS. Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice, alternate, exstipulate Ivs. and scattered fls. Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Cor. monopetalous, irregular, split down to the base on one side. Stamens 5, free from the cor., united into a tube at least by their anthers. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. Style 1. Stigma surrounded by a fringe. Fruit a capsule 2 — 3-(rarely 1-) celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Genera 29, species 375, most abundant in countries near the tropics, as "W. Indies, Brazil» Sandwich Islands, but common also throughout the temperate zoaed. Properties. The species of Lobelia are more or less poisonous. The milky juice is acrid and narcotic, producing effects similar to those of Tobacco. L. inflata has long been considered a remedy for spasmodic asthma, but more recently is adopted in the regular practice of the "Bot- anic School" of Medicine as an emetie, expectorant and sudorific, applicable in numerous dis- eases. Like Aconite and other medicinal poisons, it is, of course, to be used with caution. 4*76 ORDER 71.— LOBELIACE^E. 1. LOBEVLIA, L. (In honor of Matthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I.) Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper side, upper lip of 2 separate lobes, lower 3-lobed ; stamens with the anthers united above into a curved tube ; stigma 2-lobed ; cap- sule opening at the summit ; seeds minute. — Herbaceous plants, with the fls. axillary and solitary, or in terminal, bracted racemes. T Corolla bright red or scarlet, large Nos. 1, 2 ^ Corolla blue, often pale, or variegated with white. (*) * Calyx lobes auriculate at base and often denticulate, (a) a Leaves acute or somewhat acuminate Nos. 3 — 5 a Leaves obtuse or scarcely acute Nos. 6, 7 * Calyx lobes not auricled, entire, (b) b Leaves cauliue, — denticulate. Stem simple Nos. 8, 9 — denticulate. Stem branching.Nos. 10, 11 — entire. Stem very slender Nos. 12, 13 b Leaves radical or nearly so. Stem naked Nos. 14, 15 1 L. cardinalis L. CARDINAL FLOWER. St. simple, glabrous ; Ivs. oblong-lan- ceolate, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile ; fls. in a terminal, bracted, secund raceme ; stam. longer than the corolla. — A tall species frequent in mea- dows and along streams, Can. to Car. W. to 111. St. 2 to 4f high, often quite glab- rous as well as the whole plant. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 8 to 15", usually denticulate. Fls. on short pedicels, few or numerous, in a superb, nodding raceme. Bracts linear-subulate, much shorter than the flowers. Cor. deep scarlet, near 2' in length. Jl., Aug. f — A variety from Potsdam, N. Y., has the leaves all entire. Another var. from Mass, has white corollas with more narrow segments. 2 L. fulgens Willd. MEXICAN CARDINAL FLOWER. St. erect, simple, pu- bescent ; Ivs. pubescent, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, subentire and revoluto at edge ; raceme many-flowered ; stam. the length of the corolla. — Cultivated. Even superior in size and splendor to No. 1. Stems 3 to 5f high, racemes 2 to 3f long. f Mexico. (Banks of the Mississippi, Pursh. Probably an error.) 3 L. syphilitica L. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. St. erect, simple; Ivs. oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, somewhat hirsute ; rac. leafy ; cal. hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses reflexed. — if A showy plant, in wet mea- dows and along streams, U. S. and Can., more common in the W. States. Stem erect, 2 — 4f. high, simple, angular. Lvs. acute at each end, hairy. Fls. 1' long, light blue, showy, each solitary in the axil of a lance-ovate bract. July. ft. CANDIDUS. Corollas pure white. A singular variety found at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., by G. M. Wilbur ; also, "Wayne Co., by E. L. Hanlienson. 4 L. glandulosa Walt. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, simple ; Ivs. linear-lance- olate, rather acute, sessile, glandular-denticulate ; fls. few, rather large ; cal. tube short, hispid or pubescent, lobes lanceolate, cordate or somewhat auriculate at base, mostly denticulate, half as long as the stamens, which are but half the length of the corolla. — if. In damp barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. Sts. 18' to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Fls. 9" long, blue. Pedicels 2 to 3''. Varies much in pubescence. Sept., Oct. 5 L. Liadoviciana. Hispidly pubescent, strict, erect, simple ; Ivs. small, crowded, oblong-linear, sessile, strongly denticulate; fis. subsessile; cal. truncate at base, densely hispid, segm. ovate-acuminate, half the length of the corolla, densely fim- briate-toothed. — La. (Hale). A plant widely different from the foregoing. Height 1 to 2f. Lvs. less than 1' long, 1 to 2" wide, all similar (radical not seen). Cor. blue, 8 to 9" long, hispid. 6 L. leptostachys A. DC. Glabrous; st. erect, virgate, simple; Ivs. oblong- lanceolate, minutely-denticulate, sessile ; fls. subsessile, small, not secund, in a long, slender spike, cal. segm. lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla; bracts lance-linear, denticulate, longer than the pedicels. — Prairies, "W. States to La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 4 to 8". Rac. 6 to 12" in length, the bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Fls. light-blue, about 4" long. Much re- sembles L. spicata. Jl. 7 L. puberula MX. Soft pubcrulent; st. erect, simple; Ivs. ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile, repand-denticulate ; rac. spicate, secund; fls. large; cs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, in downy-canescent racemes. Bracts deciduous. 1 C. alnifolia L. Lvs. cunetform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; fls. in terminal, elongated, simple or branched racemes ; bracts subulate. — A deciduous shrub 3 to 8f high, in swamps. E. Can. to G-a. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, % as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Rac. 3 to 5' long. Ped. and cal. hoary-pubescent, the former 2" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as long. Cor. white, spreading, sweet-scented. Jl., Aug. P. TOMENTOSA. Lvs. downy or tomentous beneath ; rac. slender, often some- what paniculate ; fls. smaller. — Common in the South. Apr. — Jn. (C. to~ mentosa Lam.) y. SCABRA. Lvs. coarsely serrate, scabrous both sides. — Near Bainbridge, Ga. Rac. and fls. as in (3. Petals about 2" long. (C. scabra Pers.) <5? PANICULATA. Lvs. cuneote-lanceolata ; rac. collected into a panicle. — S. Car. (Bartram). "We have not seen this plant. (C. paniculata Willd.) 2 C. acuminata MX. Arborescent; Ivs. glabrous, glaucmtf, beneath, ovate, acumi- nate, abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles ; rac. terminal, soli- tary ; bracts longer than the fls., caducous. — Mts. along streams, Ky., Va., to S. Car. Shrub or tree, 10 to 18f high. Lvs. largo (4 to 6 ' long), half as wide, thin, Fls. often secund (turned upwards). Anth. dark purple, much exserted. JL Aug. SUBORDER HI. CYRILLE^E. THE CYRILLADS. 22. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. (To Stephen Elliott, Esq^ of Charleston, S. C., tho well known botanical author.) Calyx small, 4-toothed ; corolla of 4 petals slightly cohering at base ; stamens 8, anthers sagit- tate ; style slender, with a capitate, undivided stigma ; capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. — A shrub with virgate branched alternate, deciduous, lanceo- late, entire Ivs. and terminal racemes of white fls. E. racemosa Muhl. — Dry, rich soils, S. Ga. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. pubes- cent and slightly glaucous on the under surface, on short petioles. Flowers in Jn. — Unfortunately, this plant has not fallen under our observation. ORDER 73.— ERICACEAE. 493 23. CYRIL'LA, L. (In honor of Dominica Cyrilli, physician and botanical author, Naples.) Calyx 5-parted, minute, petals 5, distinct, pointed, spreading; stamens 5, hypogynous anthers opening length- wise ; style short, with 2 stigmas ; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, indehis- cent ; seeds suspended. — A large shrub with the branches irregularly whorled, with entire, elliptic-oblong, perennial Ivs. and the white fls. in slender clustered racemes. C. racemiflora Walt.— Margins of swamps and streams, in pine barrens, K Car. to Fla. Shrub 12 to 18f high, with spreading branches and a light gray bark. Lvs. varying from oval to narrow-obloug, mostly acute, very smooth, tapering to a short petiole. Fls. very small, in racemes 4 to 6' long. The racemes and new- branches simultaneously spring from the apex of the preceding years' growth. Jn. 24. MYLOCA'RIUM, Willd. BUCKWHEAT TREE. (Gr. \LV\T\, a mill, ttdpvov, a kernel, a fanciful name.) Calyx 5-toothed, minute ; petals 5, obovate, obtuse ; stamens 10, very short ; pistil with winged angles ; cap- sule corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled, with 3 subulate seeds. — An ever- green shrub, with branches irregularly whorled, elliptical Ivs., and ter- minal rac. of white, fragrant fls. M. ligustrinum "Willd. — Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. A perfectly smooth, elegant shrub, 4 to 8f high. Lvs. thick, rather acute, entire, flat, veinless, ses- sile, 1' to 18" long. Fruit drupe-like, pendulous, 2, rarely 3 of the angles pro- duced into corky wings, suggesting the idea of buckwheat. Apr., May. SUBORDER IV. PYROLE^E. THE WINTERGREEN TRIBE. 25. PYR'OLA, Salisb. WINTERGREEN. (Lat. diminutive of Pyrus, as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear tree.) Calyx 5-parted; petals 5, equal ; stamens 10, anthers large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2 -horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top ; style thick as if sheathed ; stigmas 5, appearing as rays or tubercles ; capsule 5- celled, 5-valved, opening at the angles, many-seeded. — Low, scarcely suffruticous, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scapes mostly racemous, from a decumbent stem or rhizome. (Fig. 345.) § Stamens and style straight. Stigmas peltate, 5-rayed Nos. 1, 2 § Stamens ascending. Style declined and«curved. Stigma 5-tubercled. (a) a Leaves dull (hot shining). Petals greenish-white Nos. 3,4 a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored Nos. 5, 6 1 P. secunda L. Lvs. broadly ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the pe- tiole ; rac. secund ; cor. oblong. — In dry woods, Can. and Nor. States. Plant 5 to 8' high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the base. Lvs. acute at each end, with appressed-pointed serratures, appearing crenate. Fed. scape-like, bear- ing a 1-sided cluster of 10 to 15 greenish-white fls. Petals oblong, shorter than the style. Jn., Jl. 2 P. minor L. Lvs. roundish- ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate ; petioles dilated at base, shorter than the laminae; rac. subspicate; bract equaling or exceeding the very short pedicels ; cal. lobes short, subacute ; sty. included in the globular cor- olla.—In woods, White Mts., N. H., and Brit. Am. Scape angular, 6 to 9' high. Lvs. mucronulate at apex. Cor. white, slightly tinged with purple. Jl. 3 P. chlorantha Swartz. Los. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole ; rac. few-flowered ; segm. of the cal. very short, obtuse ; pet. oblong ; pores of the anth. conspicuously tubular ; stig. projecting beyond the sheath.— In woods, Can. and N". States, common. Lvs. smaller than in either of the ^follow- ing, often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, \ to 1' diam., smooth, shining, coriaceous, petioles 1 to 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 to 12' high, bearing a long open raceme. Pis. nodding, large, petals greenish white Jn., Jl. 494 ORDER 73.— ERICACEAE. 4 P. ellfptica Nutt. Los. dliptical, membranous, obscurely dentate, longer than the petioles; scapo mostly naked; cal. small, with ovate, obtuse segments, pores of the anth. scarcely tubular. — In woods, Can. and N. States to Wis. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, more than half as wide, mostly acute, subentire, thin, smooth and light green. Scape 5 to 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes. Ms. nodding, very fragrant ; pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half as long as the decimate, recurved style. Pet. white. Jl. 5 P. rotundifolia L. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole ; scape 3 -angled ; segm. of cal ovate, pore* of anth. distinctly tubu- lar ; sty. clavate, the 5 stigmas projecting and often distinct. — Common in woods, Can. to Car., "W. to Wis. Lvs. all radical, round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' diam., smooth and shining, with conspicuous, reticulate veins, petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes longer than the blade. Scapo 6 to 12' high, bracteate at base and in the middle. Fls. drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme. Jn.. Jl. /?. ULIGINOSA. Lvs. rather dull, petioles much longer than the blade; fls. smaller. — Swamps, Galen, N. Y. (Sartwell), &c. (P^ uliginosa Torr. & Gr.) 6 P. asarifolia MX. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole ; scape angular, furrowed ; rac. lax, many-flow- ered ; segm. of cal. triangular-lanceolate ; anth. not produced into tubes ; sty. produced beyond the sheath. — In old woods, Can. and N. States. Lvs. all radical, 1J- to If diam., smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice as long as the margined petioles. Scape 5 to 10' high, purplish, bracteate at base and near the middle, racemous one half its length. Fls. nod- ding, remote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Sty. about the same length and curvature as the pedicels. Jn. 26. MONE'SES, Salisb. (Gr. povog, one, ^, delight ; i. c., ono pretty flower.) Calyx 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred at base, opening by 2 tubular pores at apex ; sty. rigid ; stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed ; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, many-seeded. — 2£ Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenu- late, petiolate, veiny. Peduncle terminal, one-flowered, longer than the stamens. Fls. white. M. grandiflora Salisb. Woods, among mosses, Bradford, Yt., Keene, K II. (Bigelow), Dexter, Jeff. Co., N". Y. (Vasey), Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves 7 — 9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the middle. Flower 9" diam. June. (Pyrola uni- fiora L.) 27. CHIMAPH'ILA, Ph. PIPSISSIWA. (Gr.#e2/za, winter, ^At'o), to love ; equivalent to the English name Wintergreen.) Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5, spreading; stamens 10 ; filaments dilated in the middle ; anth. cells produced into tubes, opening by a 2-lipped pore at apex ; style very short, thick ; capsule 5-celled, opening from the summit ; seeds oo. — Small, suffruticous, evergreen plants, with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or irregularly verticillato. Fls. ter- minal. (Fig. 45.) 1 C. umbellata Nutt. PRINCE'S PINE. Lvs. cuneate-Ianceolate, serrate, in 4s — 6s; umbel 4 to 7-flowered; bracts linear-subulate; sty. immersed in the ovary. — • It In dry woods, flowering in July. A common, little evergreen, Can. and N. States. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 — 3' long, £ as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a uniform dark green color. Peduncle terminal, erect, 3 — 4' long, bearing 4 — 7 light purple flow- ers on nodding pedicels 8" long. Jl. — Both this and the following species are tonic and diuretic (Bw.) 2 C. maculata Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely ser- rate, discolored, opposite or in 3s; ped. 2 — 3-flowered; fil. woolly. — Can. to Car. OBDER 73.— ERICACEAE. 495 and Tenn., in sandy woods. Habit much like the last, but it is readily distin- guished by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 — i' high. Leaves 1 — 2' long, £ as wide, marked with a whitish streak along the midvein and veinlets. Flowers purplish- white, on nodding pedicels. Jn., Jl. SUBORDER V. GALACINE^E. 28. GA'LAX, L. BEETLE-WEED. (Gr. yaAa, milk ; referring prob- ably to its milk-white flowers.)' Calyx of 5 distinct, persistent sepals; corolla of 5, oblong-obovate, distinct petals ; stamens hypogynous, fila- ments 10, united into a tube with as many teeth, those opposite the pe- tals sterile, anthers 5, 1 -celled opening across the top ; capsule 3-celled ; seeds GO, inclosed in a loose, cellular testa. — 2£ Roots tufted, creeping, deep red, sending up roundish-cordate, long-stalked, glabrous Ivs. and a scape bearing a dense raceme of white fls. C. aphylla L. Damp, mountain woods, Md. (Mr. Shriver) to Tenn. (at Cumber- land Gap), and S. Car. Lvs. large (2 to 3' diam.), crenate-dentate, often reniform. Scape 1 to 2f high, naked except a mass of red scales at the base. Spike several inches long, milk-white. Jl., Aug. SUBORDER VI. M 0 N 0 T R 0 P E M. 29. MONOT'ROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE SAP. (Gr. iiovo$, one, rpeTTG), to turn ; i. e., turned one way.) Calyx of 1 to 5 bract-like se- pals ; petals 4 to 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla, gibbous at base ; stamens 8 to 10 ; anthers opening transversely at apex ; stigma discoid, 5-rayed ; capsule 4 to 5-celled, 4 to 5-valved ; seeds numerous, minute. — Low, parasitic herbs, of a white or tawny color, furnished with scale- like bracts instead of leaves. § Sepals (or bracts) 1 to 3. Flower solitary, scentless. Style very short No. 1 § Sepals 4 or 5. Flowers in a secnnd raceme, fragrant. Style long No. 2 1 M. uniflora L. INDIAN PIPE. BIRD'S NEST. St. short ; scales approximate ; fl. nodding; fr. erect. — Common in woods, Can. and U. S. A small, succulent plant, about 6' high, of a dirty white in all its parts. St. furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transparent Ivs. or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal flower, sessile and nodding on the reflexed top. Common in woods, near the base of trees on whose roots it is doubtless parasitic. Jn. — Sept. — In the southern plant the flower is more or less pedunculate. 2 M. Hypopytis L. PINE SAP. BIRD'S NEST. More or less downy ; pedicels as long as the flower; caps subglobous. — Woods, N. Y., Can. to Car. W. to Wise. The whole plant is of a tawny white or reddish color. Root a tangled ball of fibers. Scape 6 — 10' high, with many concave scales, covered with down. Fls. 7 — 12, in a terminal raceme, drooping at first, becoming erect. Pedicels 1—2" long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the terminal flower is generally decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Aug. 30. SCHWEINIT'ZIA, Ell. CAROLINA BEECH-DROPS. (To Rev. Lewis de Schweinitz, of N. C., a pioneer botanist.) Calyx persistent, of 5 erect, ovate-acuminate sepals ; corolla persistent, campanulate, limb 5-lobed ; stamens 10, anthers awnless, opening by pores at apex ; style thick, stigma large, 5-angled, capsule 5-celled, 5-valved; seeds numerous, minute.— Plant leafless, brownish. Fls. subsessile, capitate, reddish, white, with the odor of the violet. S. odorata Ell. Rich, shady soils, Md. to N. Car. (Curtis). Plant 3 to 4' high, with the habit of Monotropa. Feb.. Mar. 49g ORDER 14.— -AQUIFOLIACE^. 31. PTEROS'PORA, Nutt. ALBANY BEECH-DROPS. — (Gr. Trrepdv, a wing, GTTOpd. a seed ; alluding to the winged seeds.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla urceolatc, rouudisli-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and rellexed; stamens 10, anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned, opening lengthwise; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. — 2£ Plant leafless, brownish-red. Fls. racemed, white, resembling those of Andromeda. P. andromedea Nutt. In various parts of K Y. and Yt., rare. First discovered by Dr. D. S. C. H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 12 to 30' high, dark purple, clothed with short, viscid wool. Rac. G to 12' long, with 50 or moro nodding fls. Pedicels irregularly scattered, 6 to 8" long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Cor. shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campauulate, open at the throat. Jl. (Monotropa procera Ea.) ORDER LXXIV. AQUIFOLIACE^E. HOLLYWORTS. Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate) or opposite, simple, coriaceous, cxstipu- late leaves. Flowers small, axillary, sometimes dioecious. Sepals 4 to G, imbricate in bud, very minute. Cor. regular, 4 — 6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. inserted into the very short tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnate. Ova. free from the calyx, 2 — G-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. Fr. drupaceous, with 2 — G stones or nucules. Albu- men large, fleshy. Genera 11, species 110, natives of America and S. Africa, only one, Ilex the Holly. Ilex aqui- folium, which irives name to the Order, being found in Europe. Properties.— The bark and leaves of Prinos verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and tonic, sis well as those of the Holly. The berries are emetic and purgative. The leaves of Priuos glaber, and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea, the latter well known as the Mate or Para- guay Tea. The idea of uniting the two genera Ilex and Prinos was advanced by Dr. Wm. Baldwin, in 1816 (" Reliquiae," p. 841) in consequence of discovering some of the deciduous species of Ilex and at length Prof. Gray (Manual, p. 263) includes both under one name (Ilex). The two groups, however, seem to us quite as distinct as Gaylussacia and Vaccinium; and moreover, Nemo- pantb.es is intermediate. GENERA. § Habitually tctramcrous. Drupo with 4, bony, sulcate nutlets ILEX. 1 § Habitually tctramcrous. Drupo with 4, horny, smooth nutlets NKMOPANTIIES. 2 § Habitually hexamcrous. Berry with G (7, 8) smooth, cartilaginous seeds PRINOS. 3 1. ILEX, L. HOLLY. (The ancient name of the Holm Oat, the derivation uncertain.) Fls. 4 (rarely 5)-parted, mostly perfect but many abortive ; calyx 4-toothed, persistent ; corolla of 4 obtuse petals distinct or scarcely united at base ; stamens 4 ; stigmas 4, or united into one ; drupe red, with 4 bony nutlets, ribbed and furrowed on the convex back. — Lvs. alternate. Fls. small, white, lateral, single or clustered. § Trees evergreen — the leaves armed with spinous teeth No. 1 | Shrubs evergreen — the leaves unarmed, serrate or entire Nos. 2 — 4 § Shrubs deciduous, the leaves thin, serrate or entire Nos. 5 — 1 \ I. opaca L. AMERICAN HOLLY. Arborescent ; Ivs. oval, acute, with strong, spinous teeth, coriaceous smooth, and shining, fascicles lax, peduncles compound; cal, teeth acute ; drupe ovate, nutlets 5-ribbed on the back. — A tree of middle size, quite generally diffused throughout the TJ. S., from Mass, to Ga. and La. It is chiefly interesting for its foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining, perennial green. Fls. in scattered clusters at the base of the new brapchlets, and the fertile ones aro succeeded by red berries, which remain until lato iu Autumn. Jn. P. Lvs. mostly entire, a few of them with a single spinous tooth towards tho apex. — Macon, Ga., &c. Lvs. exactly oval, very different from I. Dahoon. ORDER 74.— AQUIFOLIACEJ3. 497 2 I. Dahoon "Walt. DAHOON HOLLY. Los. oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth shining, ovate or somewhat pointed at each end, beneath pubescent, at least on the midvein, as well as the petioles and pedicels, margin entire or sometimes ser- rate, clusters of fls. pedunculate ; fls. 4-parted. — A fine shrub, 5 to ] 2f high, in swamps, Va. to Fla. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, a third as wide, pale beneath. Drupes red, the 4 bony nutlets rugous-ribbed, on tho convex back. May. (3. Lvs. larger, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, on very short petioles. — Gra. (Dr. Feay). y. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, cuneato at base, mostly entire, acute. — Ga. (I. ligus- trina Ell.) 3 I. Cassdna "Walt. CASSENA TEA. Los. oval, obtuse, crenate, glabrous, shining when old ; clusters about 3-flowered, scarcely peduncled ; fls. 4-parted ; nutlets about 3-ribbed on the convex back. — A shining, evergreen, bushy shrub, common in S. States, near the coast, 6 to 15f high. Lvs. little more than 1' long. Fertile fls. nearly sessile, sterile pedicels 2 to 3" long. Drupe scarlet, with 4 bony nut- lets. Mar., Apr. — Used by the Creek Indians as a tea. 4 I. myrtifolia Walt. Lvs. linear-oblong, small, glabrous, acute or submucronate, nearly entire, shining above, branchlets glandular-puberulent ; ped. slender, brac- teolate, corymbously 3 to 9-(lowered, or the fertile 1-flowered ; drupes red. — A large shrub 12 to 2 Of high, in the borders of ponds in pine barrens, Md. (Shriver) to Fla. Branches crooked, divaricate, with light gray bark. Lvs. less than 1' in length, shining, rigid, often with a few acute serratures. May. — Varies with the branchlets smooth ; Ivs. obtuse, more or less serrate, &e. 5. I. decichia Walt. Lvs. lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate at both ends, glab- rous, slightly appressed-serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, short (3" long), the sterile glom- erate, the fertile solitary ; fls. 4 to 5-parted ; cal. ciliate ; nutlets large, obtusely ridged. — Shrub G to 9f high, with slender branches, in sandy woods, Car. to Fla., common. Lvs. thin, at flowering time 1-J- to 2' long, tapering to slender petioles. Ped. 2 to 3'' long. Apr. (I. prinoides L.) P. URBANA. Lvs. (2 to 3' long) cuneate-oval, obtuse, crenately appressed-ser- rate, dark green, attenuate at base. — 111. opposite St. Louis, &c. 6 I. monticola Gray. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, or subcordate at base, acuminate, glab- rous, serrate, thin ; fls. on short pedicels, 4-parted ; cal. ciliate ; nutlets strongly ridged. — Mountain woods, Catskill, N. Y. to Car. Shrub about 6f high. Lvs. large, deciduous, 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', at base acute, obtuse or subcordate. Pedi- cels 3 or more in a cluster, 1 to 2" long. (I. ambigua Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. (Gr. vypa, a thread, rcovg, a foot ; a flower ; alluding to the slender pedicels.) Calyx 4 to 5-lobed ; pek als 4 to 5, distinct, linear or oblong ; stamens 4 to 5 ; ovary hemis-. pherical ; stigmas 4 to 5, sessile ; fruit a subglobous drupe, with 4 to 5 smooth, horny nutlets. — Shrubs with alternate, entire, deciduous Ivs. Fls. on slender pedicels, usually dio3cio-polygamous by abortion. Ber- ries red. — A genus intermediate between Ilex and Prinos. 1 N. Canadensis Raf. CANADIAN HOLLY. Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed ; ped. nearly solitary, long ; fr. somewhat angular.—: A shrub, 4 — 6f high, with smooth branches, growing in damp or rocky woods, Can., N. Eng. to Mich. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles ^ as long. Flowers small, greenish-white; ped. 7 to 12" long. Segments of the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary of the barren flowers pointed, of tho fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, red. May, Jn. (Her, MX.) 2 N. ambigua. Lvs. oval, entire, mucronate, petiolate, glabrous both sides, ciliate on the margin when young; sterile fls. 4-parted, on slender, aggregated pe-i duncles; fertile solitary, on very long peduncles. — Slopes near Flint R, Ga. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. small, 1 to 2' by 6" to 1'. Sterile pedicels less than 1' in length, fertile more than 1' when in fruit. Berry 4 to 5-seeded, red. Mar., Apr. (Prinos ambiguus MX.) 3. PRrNOS, L. WINTER-BERRY. (Gr. 7rp/G), to saw ; alluding to the serrated leaves.) Flowers small, habitually 6-parted and perfect, 32 493 ORDEB 75.— STYRACACE^E. but often abortive ; calyx 6-cleft ; corolla monapetalous, subrotate, 6- parted ; stamens 6 (in the sterile flowers rarely fewer, in the fertile rarely more) ; berry 6-seeded, seeds with a smooth, cartilaginous testa. — Shrubs with alternate Ivs., small white fls., and red or black berries. § Leaves deciduous, thin. Berries red Nos. 1, 2 § Leaves evergreen, thick, shining. Berries black Nos. 3, 4 1 P. verticillatus L. BLACK ALDER. Lvs. lance-oval, serrate, acuminate, pu- bescent beneath ; fls. axillary, the fertile ones aggregate, the barren subumbel- late. — This shrub is found in moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States, usually growing about 8f liiglu Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole, uncinately serrate, with prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white, dioecious, small, the pedicels scarce more than 1" in length. Berries scarlet, in little bunches (apparently verticillate), roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent JL (P. Gronovii MX.) 2 P. laevigatus Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous on both sides, shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath ; fls. hexamerous, the fertile axillary, subsessile, $ glomerate, on slender peduncles. — Swamps and marshes, K and Mid. States. Shrub 6 to 9f high, with grayish and warty branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 8 to 12'', pointed at each end ; petioles 6 to 10" long. Fls. mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels 6" long, the fertile pedicels scarcely '2'1. Berries large, red. Jn. /?. LANCEOLATUS. " Sterile fls. triandrous." PursJi. — Dr. Hale sent specimens from La. labelled P. lanceolatus. The Ivs. and berries accord well with our specimens of No. 3, and also with Pursh's I. lanceolatus. The fruit is 6- seeded. 3 P. glaber L. IXK BERRY. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, shin- ing, serrate at the end. — A beautiful shrub, 3 to 4f high, found in swamps, Mass., E. I. to N. Y. and Car. Lvs. very smooth, leathery, shining, 1 to !£' by 5 to 7", broadest above tho middle. Pedicels subsolitary, 1 to 3-flowered. Fls. white, mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. Jn., Jl. 4 P. coriaceus Ph. Lvs. obovate, acute at base, short-acumfnate, sharply serrate near the apex, very thick, shining above, minutely black-dotted beneath ; fls. 6 to 8-parted, sterile aggregated, fertile solitary ; berry black, with 6 to 8 smooth seeds. — A shrub 4 to 6f high, in wet woods, Savannah (Pond) to Bainbridge, Ga. and Fla. Lvs. remarkably thick and leathery, about 2' long and 1' wide, with 2 to 4 niucronate, appressed teeth. Berries large, astringent ; seeds lens-shaped. May. (P. atomarius Nutt.) ORDER LXXV. STYRACACE^E. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves, destitute of stipules. Fls. or ra- cemes solitary, axillary, bracteate. Cal. 5-rarely 4-lobed, imbricated in estivation. Cor. 5-rarely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. definite or oo, unequal in length, usually cohering. Anth. innate, 2 -celled. Ova. adherent, 2 — 5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the center. Ft: drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Sds. 5 — 1. Genera 6, (species 115, sparingly distributed through the tropical and subtropical regions of both continents, only a few in colder latitudes. Storiix and Benzoin, two fragrant gum resins, regarded as stimulant and expectorant, are the products of two species of Styrax, viz. of S. offici- nale, a Syrian tree, and S. benzoin, native of Malay and the adjacent islands. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. SYMPLOCINEuE. Anthers numerous, innate, globular. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers yellow SYMPLOCOS 1 II. STYEACEJ3. Anthers 8 to 12, linear-oblong, adnate. Calyx mostly truncate. Flowers white (a). a Flowers pentamerous. Fruit wingless, 1-seeded STYBAX. 3 a Flowers tetramerous. Fruit winded, - to 3-seeded HALBSIA. 3 ORDEE 75.— STYRACACE^E. 499 1. SYM'PLOCOS, Jacq. (Gr. OV^TT^OKO^ connected; referring to the stamens.) Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 5-parted, spreading, imbricated iu bud ; stamens oo, in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal, filaments slender, anthers globular ; ovary 3-cellcd, the lower half ad- herent; drupe dry, with a 3-cellecl, mostly 1-secded nut. — Shrubs or trees, with axillary clusters or racemes of small yellow fls. S. tinctoria L'Her. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acuminate, acute at base, thick, ob- scurely denticulate, puberulent beneath ; fls. sessile, in axillary, dense clusters of 6 to 12 ; cal. lobes ovate, obtuse. — Va. to Fla. and La. A small tree 10 to 20f high. Lvs. mostly evergreen, crowded near the ends of the branches, 3 to 5' long, sweet to the taste, turning yellowish in drying, and affording a useful yellow dye. Pr. oblong-ovoid (5 to 6'' long), crowned with the calyx teeth. Mar., Apr. 2. STY'RAX, Tourn. Calyx campanulatc, truncate or 5-toothed ; corolla deeply 5-parted, much longer than the calyx ; stamens 10, joined to the base of the- corolla, filaments united into a short tube at base ; anthers linear, erect ; ovary adherent at base ; fruit coriaceous, 1 -celled, mostly 1 -seeded. Shrubs with alternate Ivs. and axillary racemes of white, drooping, showy fls. 1 S. pulverulenta MX. Branchlets, pedicels, and calyx pulverulent-downy; Ivs. broadly oval, obtuse, glandular-serrulate, rust- downy beneath; fls. axillary and 2 or 3 together at the end of the branchlets. — Va, to Fla. Shrub 2 to 3f high, growing in clumps, wet places. Branches virgate. Lvs. small, about 1' by 8 to 9", nearly sessile. Ped. 2 to 3" long. Cal. hoary, with minute, sharp teeth. Pet. 6" long. Mar., Apr. 2 S. Americana Lam. Plant glabrous ; Ivs. oblong or elliptical acute at each end, wavy or remotely denticulate at edge ; rac. leafy, few-flowered ; pedicels shorter than or about as long as the flower; cal. turbinate, short.— Shrub with slender, straggling branches, 4 to 8f high, in swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Rac. 3 to 5-flowered. Fls. 6 to 7" IOIJR;, axillary, and partly naked. Cal. 1" long. Apr. (S. glabrum MX.) /?. LEVE. Lvs. thicker; pedicels shorter than the flower; corolla downy. — Car. to La. The Ivs. are often ovate. (S. leve Walt.) 3 S. grandifolia Ait. Lvs. ample, broadly obovate, acute at base, short-acum'v nate or acute, entire or dentate, hoary-tomentous beneath; rac. tomentous, naked, longer than the Ivs., co-flowered. — Va. to Fla., common. Shrub 6 to 12f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 5', the petioles only 3 to 4". Eac. often branched, 5 to 8' ; cor. imbricated in bud, wide bell-shaped, longer than the pedicels. Apr., May. /?. GRANDIDENTATA (Feay). Lvs. strongly dentate, smaller (2 to 3' by 1 to 2'), pet. nearly as broad as long. — Ga. 3. HALE'SIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP TREE. (To the learned and ven- erable Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., 1730.) Calyx obconic, briefly 4-lobed ; corolla inserted into the calyx, carnpanulate, with a narrow base, 4-cleft or 4-parted ; stamens 8 to 12, connate into a tube below ; style filiform, pubescent ; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings equal or alternately smaller ; seeds 1 to 3. — N. Am. shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, abruptly acuminate, finely denticulate or entire. Fls. in advance of the Ivs. pen- dulous, in lateral clusters of 3 to 5, white, showy. 1 H. tetraptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; cor. (6" long) petals united more than halfway; sty. much cxserted, twice longer than the 12 stamens; fil. slightly united ; fr. equally 4-winged. — Va. to Ky. to Fla. Shrub or small tree 10 to 20f high. Lvs. downy beneath, at length ample (2 to 5' by 1 to 3'). Fls. in clusters of about 3, shorter than the pedicels. Apr., May. 2 H. diptera L. Lvs. oblong-obovate ; cor. (!' long), petals slightly united at base, oblong-obovate, style not exsert. as long as the 8 stamens ; fil. united half way up; fr. 2- winged. — Woods, Car. to Fla., W. to Ark. Small or large tree, usually 500 ORDER n.— SABOTAGED. 15 to 2 Of high. Prof. Pond describes one on the Ogeechee E., 45f high, trunk 18' diam. Mr. Buckley one in N. Car., whose trunk measured I7f in circumfer- ence. Lvs. quite large (4 to 6 or 7' by 2 to 3'). Fls. in clusters of 3 to 5, on ped. 1 to 2' long. The 2-winged pods are near 2' long. It begins to bloom sev- eral weeks later than No. 1. Apr. (H. parviflora MX. ?) ORDER LXXYI. EBENACE^E. EBONADS. Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Leaves^ alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers by abortion dioeci- ous seldom perfect. CaL free, 3 to 6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, persistent. Cor- olla regular 3 to G-cleft, often pubescent, imbricate in aestivation. Stamens twice or 4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla. Fr. a fleshy, oval or globous berry. Seeds large, suspended, albuminous. Genera 10, S2)fcies ICO, mostly native of the Indies and the tropics, one only being found AS far North as U. Y. Properties. — Diospyros is remarkable for the hardness and dark color of the wood. Ebony i3 the wood of D. Ebenus, Kbenaster, and other species, natives of Africa. The fruit of the species below is eatable when fully ripe, although extremely bitter and astringent before maturity. The bark is eminently febrifugal and astringent. DIOSPY'ROS, Dalesch. PERSIMMON. Els. $ $ . Cal. 4 — 6-lobed ; cor. tubular or campanulate, 4 — 6-cleft, convolute in aestivation. $ Sta, 8 — 50, mostly 16 ; fil. shorter than the anthers; ova, abortive; sty. 0. $ Sta. mostly 8, without anthers ; sty. 2 — 4-cleft ; berry ovoid or globous, 4 — 12- mostly 8-celled, cells 1 -seeded. — A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical. D. Virgin! ana L. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire, smooth, petioles, veins and margins puberulent ; rac. axillary, 3 to 1 -flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers ; cal. 4-parted ; stam. 8.— In woods, lat. 42°, to Fla. and La., frequent. A shrub or small tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions South and West. Leaves 3 — 5' long, entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, pale greenish- yellow, the fertile ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the gar- den plum, and containing 6 — 8 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palata- ble by the frost. Bark tonic and astringent, Jn. ORDER LXXVIL SAPOTACE^E. SOAPWORTS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, and simple, entire leaves. Flowers small, regular, perfect, mostly in axillary clusters. Calyx free, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, short, stamens usually as many as its lobes and opposite to them, in- serted into its tube along with one or more rows of appendages. Anthers extrorse. Ovary 4 to 12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell. Seeds largo, usually albuminous. Genera 21, species 212, chiefly tropical. Valuable for their succulent fruit, as the marmalade, star-apple, etc., for their febrifugal bark, some species of Achras being used as a substitute for Cinchona, and their gum resins, as tho Gutta-Percha obtained froin'the tree Isonandra Gutta. BUME'LIA, S warts. (The Greek name of the Ash.) Calyx 5-parted corolla 5-cleft, with a row of 10 narrow appendages on the edges of the lobes ; stamens 5, opposite the lobes, alternate with 5 petaloid, ster- ile stamens; ovary 5-celled ; style filiform; drupe ellipsoid, 1-sceded. — Shrubs and trees, with a very hard, firm wood. Branchlets often changed to spines. Lvs. entire, of a firm texture. Els. aggregated with the Ivs. from buds of the preceding year, white or greenish. Our species are all more or less spiny. * Leaves hairy beneath Nos. 1,2. ** Leaves glabrous both sides Nos. 3, 4 ORDER 78.— PBIMULACE^E. 501 1 B. tenax Willd. Clusters and Ivs. beneath silky-ferruginous ; Ivs. wedge-oblong or obovate, obtuse, attenuated to the slender petiole ; dusters 20 to 35 -flowered, pedicels 3 to 5 times longer than the flowers, longer than the petioles ; cor. and appendages exceeding the calyx ; drupe oval. — Dry sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Tree 20 to 30f high, with tough twigs (as all the rest have). Spines stout, 6 to 12' long. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 5 to S" wide, shining, rusty or tawny but glistening beneath. Drupe beautifully corrugated when dry. Jn., Jl. 2 B. lamiginosa Pers. Lvs. oval-lanceolate varying to obovate, membranous woolly ferruginous beneath, obtuse or rather acute ; fascicles ftw (6 to I2)-flow" ered, pedicels short, but as long as, or longer than the petioles, both -woolly ; drupe globular. — Wet soils, S. 111. to Car. and La. Shrub 8 to 12f high, with spieadhig, spiny branches. Lva 18" to 3' long, woolly, not silky beneath. Pedicels 2 to 4' long. Jn., Jl. — Variable. (B. tomentosa DC., B. oblongifolia Nutt.) 3 B. lycioides Gaert. Glabrous, or nearly so ; Ivs. wedge-etti'ptical, ratJier acute, attenuated to the slender petiole ; clusters densely (20 to 30)-flowered ; pedicels twice longer than the fls. but rather shorter than the petioles ; cor. near twice longer than the cal. — Damp soils, Ky., N. Car. to La. A small tree with the branches nearly straight. Spines on the older branches short, stout. Lvs. including the petiole 2 to 3' long, pedicels 3", fl. 1", greenish-white. May, Jn. 4 B. reclinata Vent. Glabrous; branches divaricate; Ivs. obovate, obtuse, small, narrowed to a short petiole; clusters 15 to 20-flowered ; pedicels slender, half as long as the leaf; cor. twice as long as the calyx. — Eivers banks, Car. to Fla. A straggling shrub. Lvs. scarcely 1' long. Jn., Jl. ORDER LXXVIII. PRIMULACE^E. PRIMWORTS. Herbs low, with the leaves mostly radical or mostly opposite, with the flowers 5- (rarely 4 to 6)-parted, regular and monopetalous, the stamens 5, inserted on tho corolla tube and opposite to its lobes, the ovary one-celled, with a free central pla- centa, style 1, stigma 1, the capsule 1-celled, co-seeded ; seeds with fleshy albumen. Genera 30, species 216, common in the northern temperate regions, growing in swamps, groves by rivulets, and often among the snow of "cloud-capped mountains." Many are beautiful and highly prized in culture. Properties unimportant. TRIBES AND GENERA, I. HOTTONIEJS. Ovary superior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves pectinate. HOTTONIA.. 1 II. PKIMULE.E. Ovary superior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (*) * Acaulescent. — Corolla lobes spreading, tube cylindrical PKIMITLA. 2 — Corolla lobes spread ing, tube ovoid ANDROSACE. 3 —Corolla lobes reflexed.— Stamens exerted DODECATIIEON. 4 —Stamens included CYCLAMEN. 5 * Caulescent. — Corolla wanting. Leaves opposite : GLAUX. 6 —Corolla 7-parted. Leaves in one whorl TKIENTALIS. 1 —Corolla 6- parted. Leaves opposite NAUMBEEGIA. 8 —Corolla 5- parted. Leaves opposite or whorled LYSIMACIIIA. 9 III. ANAGA LLIDE^E. Ovary superior. Pyxis opening by a lid. — Flowers 5-parted....ANAGALLis. 10 — Flowers 4-parted.CENTENCULL'S. 11 IV. SAMOLE.E. Ovary half inferior. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted SAMOLUS. 12 | 1. HOTTO'NIA, L. WATER-FEATHER. (To Peter Hotton, professor 'in the University of Leydcn. Died 1709.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla salver-fqrm, with a short tube, and a flat, 5-lobed limb ; stamens in- serted in the tube of the corolla, included ; stigma globons ; capsule globous-acuminate. — 2£ Fleshy, aquatic herbs, with pectinate-pinuatifid, submersed, radical Ivs. H. inflata EU. WATER-FEATHER. Scape articulate, the internodes and lower parts inflated ; fls. verticillate, pedunculate. — A curious aquatic plant in swamps and stagnant waters, Mass., R. I. and Ct., N". Y. to Fla. and La. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy, with a whorl of finely pectinate leaves (1 to 2' long) at or near the surface of the water. Peduncles or scapes several together arising in a 502 ORDER 78.— PRIMULACEyE. sort of umbel from the top of the stem, 8 — 10' long, inflated between the joint.5?, Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils, generally 4 in each, subtended by a lance-linear bract. Apr., (Fla.), Jn. (Mass.) (U. palustris Ph., nee L.) 2. PRIM'ULA, L. PRIMROSE. AURICULA. (Lat. primus, first ; be- cause its blossoms appear earliest in spring.) Calyx angular, 5-cleft ; corolla salver-shaped or often rather funnel-shaped, with 5 entire or notched or bifid lobes ; stamens included, filaments very short ; cap- sule ovoid, 5-valved, valves often bifid, opening at the top, co-seeded. — Herbs (mostly European) with the Ivs. all radical and fls. in an in- volucrate umbel, often showy. * Plants native, wild. Corolla salver-form, abruptly spreading Nos. 1, 2 * Plants exotic, cultivated, (at a Corolla salver-form. — The lobes abruptly spreading Nos. 3, 4 a Corolla funnel form.— Leaves rucons, hairy, toothed Nos. 5, 6 —Leaves plain, smooth, often entire Nos. 7, 8 1 P. Mistassinica MX. Los. spatulate, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acute, atten- uate at base, green both sides ; invol. 1 — 8-flowered ; bracts 3 times shorter than the padicels, linear-subulate ; cal. much shorter than the tube of the corolla ; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate. — Shores of Seneca Lake, K Y. (Dr. Sartwell), Lake Wiiloughby, Vt, and throughout Brit. Am. A very delicate plant, 3 to 7' high. Leaves about 5, 5 — 8" by 3 — 4", almost petiolate. Flowers 5'' diam., white. Pedicels 7" in length. 2 P. farinosa L. (3. AMERICANA, Torr. BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE. Lvs. narrow, veiny, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate at apex, attenuate at base, under surface covered with a yellowish-white, farinaceous dust ; invol. farinaceous, 3 — 20- flowered, shorter than the pedicels; bracts long-acuminate; cal. segments lanceo- late, acate ; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate, bifid, obtuse. — Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior (Nutt., Hough ton), N". to lat. G6°. Scape 6 — 12' high. Flowers pale purple, yellow in the center. 3 P. grandiflora Lam. COMMON PRIMROSE. — Lvs. obovate, oblong, rugous, villous beneath, toothed ; umbel radical ; fl. stalks as long as the leaves ; cor. flat, — 2£ Native of Europe. An interesting garden plant, esteemed for its early flow- ering, and for its being prolific in variation. In its wild state its flowers are yel- low and single, but by cultivation they become double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple, &c., and the umbels, in numerous in- stances, are on a scape. Apr. f (P. vulgaris Huds.) 4 P. purpurea Royl. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, very smooth, covered beneath with yellowish farina, margin undulate, revolute ; scape thick, glabrous, longer than the leaves; invol. Co-flowered, as long as the pedicels, farinaceous beneath ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse, not emarginate. — Native of the mountains of Na- paul, Asia. Flowers dark purple, f 5 P. officinalis Jacq. COWSLIP PRIMROSE. Lvs. toothed, rugous, hairy beneath ; umbels many-flowered, flowers all nodding ; cal. angular ; cor. concave. — 1[ Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. Plant smells strongly of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silk-worms. Its varie- ties may be increased by raising from the seed. Jn. | (P. veris Cam.) 6 P. elatior Jacq. OX-LIP PRIMROSE. — Lvs. toothed, rugous, hairy on each side; umbel many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding ; cor. flat. — 14 Native of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape a foot high. Apr., May. f 7 P. auricula L AURICULA. Lvs. obovate, entire or serrate, fleshy ; scape many-flowered, central, as long as the leaves ; invol. of short leaves ; cal. pow- dery.— 2£ Native of tho Alps. A well known favorite of the florist. The culti- vated varieties aro iariumerable, and many of them of exquisite beauty and fragrance. May. f 8 P. calycina Duby. Lvs. lanceolate, thin, smooth, entire, acute, surrounded with a white margin ; invol. 3 — 5-flowered, as long as the pedicels ; cal. tube ven- tricous ; cor. lobes obcordate, emarginate. — Native of Mts. in Austria. Flowers purple, very beautiful f ORDER 78.— PRIMULACE.E. 503 3. ANDROS'ACE, Tourn. (Gr. dvdpog, a man's, odicos, buckler or shield ; from the form of the leaf.) Calyx 5-cleft or toothed ; corolla funnel-form or salver-form, the 5 lobes entire, tube constricted at the throat, ovate, shorter than the calyx; filaments and style very short; capsule globous. — Minute csespitous herbs with radical, rosulate Ivs. A. occidentalis Ph. Lvs. oblong-spatulate and ovate, entire, glabrous ; scape solitary, or few, puberulent; bracts oval, pedicels slender; cal. angular, segm. acute ; cor. lobes long, obtuse. — Q) Gravelly shores of the Miss., 111. (Gray), and Mo. (Nutt.) Scapes 1 to 3' high. 4. DODECATH'EON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. PRIDE OP OHIO. (Gr. d&dena, twelve, Osoi, gods ; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12.) Calyx 5-parted, reflexed ; cor. tube, very short, limb rotate, 5-partd, segm. reflexed ; sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ; fil. very short ; anth. large, acute, connivent at apex ; style ex- serted ; caps, oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. — 2£ Root fibrous, with radical, oblong Ivs., an erect, simple scape, and a terminal umbel of nodding white flowers and erect fruit. 1 D. Meadia L. Lvs. oval or oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base into a marginal petiole, glabrous, entire or repandly dentate ; scape 9 — 20 flowered ; bracts of the invol. ovate, inner ones lanceolate ; sep. lanceolate, acute, entire ; fil. united into a tube much shorter than the subulate anthers. — A singularly elegant herb, on prairies, dry or rocky soils, Penn. to Ind., 111., Wise, and throughout the "Western States. Whole plant very smooth. Leaves all radical, 7 — 10' long, often quite entire. Scapes 1 to 2f high. The nodding flowers with their wing- like, reflexed petals and beak-like anthers, exhibit a very unique appearance. May, Jn. (Fig. 297, 394.) 5. CYC'LAMEN, L. (Gr. rcvK^og, a circle ; on account of the coiled fruit stalks.) Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted ; corolla tube ovate, short, limb 5-parted, reflexed ; anthers 5, included, sessile ; capsule globous, 5-valved. — Oriental herbs. Rt. a large tuber. Lvs. all radical, ovate or roundish, cordate. Scapes naked, erect, with one nodding flower, but in fruit coiling up, and hiding the capsule in the ground. 1 C. Europium L. Lvs. roundish-reniform, crenate; pet. lance-ovate, obtuse. — Lvs. purple beneath. Fls. roseate, fragrant, f Eur. 2 C. Coum Mill. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, entire ; pet. ovate-orbicular, obtuse.— Lvs. purple beneath. Fls. inodorous, purple, f Asia Minor. 6. GLAUX, L. BLACK SALTWORT. (Gr. yhavnog, bluish or glau- cous ; from the hue of the plant.) Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored ; corolla none ; stamens 5 ; capsule roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5-valved, 5-seeded. — 2£ Maritime, branching, glabrous, with opposite Ivs. and small axillary, solitary fls. I G. maritima L. A small, fleshy plant, found occasionally on the salt marshes 1 on the sea coast, Can. to K J. Stem more or less procumbent at base, 4 to 6' high, smooth, branching and very leafy. Lvs. £' in length, roundish-ovate, ob- tuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly glaucous. Cal. white, tinged with red. Jl. 7. TRIENTAVLIS, L. CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN. (Lat. triens, the third part of a foot (4') ; alluding to the height of the plant.) Calyx and corolla 7 (6 to 8)-parted, spreading ; stamens 7 (6 to 8) ; fruit cap- sular, somewhat fleshy, oj-seeded. — St. low, simple. Lvs. subverticil- late. Pedicel 1 -flowered. 504 OEDER 78.— -PRIMULACE^E. T. Americana Ph. St. erect, simple, leafless at base ; Ivs. glomerate, few, nar- row-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; sep. linear, acuminate. — This little plant 13 common in the rocky woods of Can., N. States, southward to Atalanta, Ga. St. 3 to 6' high, with an irregular whorl of 4 to 8, lanceolate, smooth and shining Ivs. at the top. In the midst of these are 1 to 4 white, star-like fls., borne on simple, filiform pedicels. The Ivs. are mostly 3' long and 1' wide. Segm. of cor. longer than the acute cal. Ivs. May, Jn. 8. NAUMBUR'GIA, Mcench. (Dedicated to one Naumburg, an early German botanist.) Calyx and corolla deeply 5 to 6-parted; petals linear-lanceolate, spreading, separated by minute intervening teeth ; stamens 5 to 6, inserted into the base of the corolla, exserted, anthers cordate ; capsule globous, 5-valved ; seeds few, on a globous placenta, — 2£ with opposite Ivs. Fls. small, in dense, thyrsoid racemes. (Ly- simachia L.) N. thyrsiflora Mcench. — An erect, smooth herb, about 2f high, Mass., Yt., N. T., "W. to Ohio, N. to Arc. Am. Lvs. many pairs, sessile, lanceolate acute, entire, punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2 to 3' by -£ to 1'. Rac. somewhat capitate, on filiform, axiDary ped. Fls. yellow. Stam. much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn. 9. LYSIMACH'IA, L. LOOSE-STRIFE. (To Lysimachus, King of Sicily, who first used it. Pliny.') Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanu- late, tube very short ; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla at base ; filaments often somewhat connate or with intervening, sterile ones ; cap- sule globous, 5 to 10-valved, opening at the apex ; seeds few or many. — Herbs 2f , with opposite or verticillate entire Ivs. (Fls. yellow.) § Sterile filaments 0. Perfect stamens 5, unequal. Leaves and often the flowers dotted, (a) a Flowers verticillate, in a terminal, bracted raceme Nos. 1, 2 a Flowers opposite or verticillate, axillary or panicled Ncs. 3, 4 § Sterile filaments 5 short teeth interposed between the perfect stamens Dotless. (b) b Stem erect. Leaves opposite, acute and tapering at base Nos. 5, 6 b Stem erect. Leaves opposite, obtuse or subcordate at base No. 1 b Stem decumbent and trailing. Leaves opposite Nos. 8, 9 1 L. stricta Ait. Simple or branched, erect ; Ivs. opposite (rarely) ternate, lan- ceolate or lance-linear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile ; fls. verticillate, in a long, lax, terminal raceme; pet. lanceolate spreading. — U In low, wet grounds, Can., N. Eng. to Va. and Ohio. Plant smooth, 1 — 2f high, raceme G — 8' long. Ped. 1' long, spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3 short, united at base. Fls. yellow, streaked with purple. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which will produce new plants the following spring. Jl. 2 L. Herbem6nti Ell. Glabrous, simple ; Ivs. whorled in 4s or 5s, sessile, lance- ovate or ovate, obscurely 3-veined, acuminate, glaucous beneath ; margin revolute, entire; fls. verticillate, in a terminal, bracted raceme. — A handsome species, near Columbus, S. Car. (Herbemont). Plant 2f high. Lvs. becoming more narrow above, passing into the linear bracts, and with tho bright yellow fls., sprinkled with dots. Stem unequal. Jn., Jl. 3 L. quadrifolia L. Simple, erect ; Ivs. verticillate, in 4s, rarely in 5s or 3s. ses- sile, lanceolate, acuminate, punctate ; ped. axillary, 1-flowered, in 4s (3s or 5s) ; pet. oval, obtuse. — If In low grounds, river banks, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 18' high, somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of 4 — 5 leaves, each bear- ing a flower-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Stamens un- equal, united at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jn. 4 L. Fraseri Duby. Glandular-pubescent and branched above ; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, ovate, often cordate, acuminate, glabrous ; yfo. in a compound, terminal, bracted panicle. — In. S. Car. (Frazer in DC.) Fls. numerous. Cal. segm. acumi- nate, the margins thickened, brownish, ciliated. Stam. unequal, 2 of them shorter than the other 3, sterile fil. none. ORDER 78.— PRIMULACEJS. 505 5 L. longifolia Ph. PRAIRIE MONEYWORT. St. slender, 4-angled, flexuoua, branched above; Ivs. linear-shining, rigid, sessile, margin revoiute; fls. opposite or mostly quaternate and terminal on the stem and branches ; sep. lance-linear, acuminate ; pet. longer than the calyx, roundish-ovate, erose-dentate, abruptly acuminate. — Common in low prairies, W. States. The largo yellow flowers are very conspicuous among the grasses. Stems 12 — 20' high, purple. Leaves 2 — 3' by 2 — 3", coriaceous, deep green. Flowers numerous, 9" diam., of a brilliant yellow. Anth. large. Jl. (L. revoluta Nutt) 6 L. hy'brida MX. Smooth and erect ; Ivs. flat, veiny, oblong -lanceolate or lance- linear, acute at each end (the lower often shortened and obtuse), petioles ciliate, short ; fls. nodding ; ped. axillary ; stam. united in a very short tube at base, with intermediate processes. — If Moist meadows and prairies, Can. and U. S. The fls. resemble those of tho L. ciliata. St. If to 18' high, simple or branched. Lvs. 1 to 3' by 3 to 8", the two upper pairs usually approximate, forming a whorl of 4, with 4 axillary fls. Jl. (L. angustifolia Lam. L. heterophylla MX.) 7 L. ciliata L Subsimple, erect ; Ivs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, sub- cordate or ovate-lanceolate, petioles ciliate upper side ; fls. nodding mostly oppo- site ; sta. distinct, with 5 abortive filaments. — U In gravely soils and near streams, U. S. and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2 — 3f high, simple or with' a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on petioles fringed with cileae, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers large, yellow, axillary. Stamens inserted into a ring. Jl. /?. TONSA. Petioles entirely destitute of cilese ; Ivs. smaller. — Mts. E. Tenn., near the Cumberland Gap. Plants G to 18' high. 8 L. radicans Hook. St. erect at base, glabrous, then decumbent, long, trailing, branching and rooting at the joints; Ivs. lance-ovate, gradually acute, the long petioles more or less ciliate ; fls. small, loosely paniculate on the slender branches. —Wet places, Va. (Aikin) to La, (Hale). Sis. 2 to 4f long. Petioles half as long (!') as the leaves. Fls. half as large as in No. 4. 9 L. nummularia L, MONEYWORT. St. weak, trailing; Ivs. roundish, subcor- dats, obtuse, on very short petioles; fls. opposite, axillary, large, sep. ovate, sub- cordate, acuminate. — Found at Middlebury, Yt. (Prof. Lathrop), and shores of L. Mich. (Nutt.). Eur. 10. ANAGAL/LIS, L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL. POOR MAN'S WEATHER- GLASS. (Gr. avayeAaw, to laugh ; it is said to be medicinally effica- cious in hypochondria.) Calyx 5-parted ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted, longer than the calyx, tube 0 ; sta. 5, hirsute ; anth. introrse ; caps, globous, inembranaceous, circumscissile. Herbs with square stems and (mostly) opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary. (Fig. 39.) A. arvensis L. Procumbent, branched; Ivs. broad-ovate, opposite or ternato, sessile ; ped. longer than the leaves ; sep. linear-lanceolate, about equaling tho petals ; pet. crenate-glandular. — (T) A trailing plant, in fields, road-sides, &c., U. S. (except the colder parts of N. Eng.), and in almost all other countries. Stem 6 — 20' long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves 6 — 8" by 4—6". Fls. small but pretty, with scarlet petals, opening at 8 o'clock, A. M., and closing at 2 p. jr., in damp weather not open at all. Jn. — Aug. — Dr. BueL of Killington, Ct.f sent us specimens with blue flowers! 11. CENTUN'CULUS, L. FALSE PIMPERNEL. Calyx 4-parted ; cor. urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx ; sta. 4, beardless, united at base; caps, globous, circumscissile; seeds very minute. — CD Very diminutive, with alternate Ivs. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. C. minimus L. Erect or ascending, branched; Ivs. subsessile, ovate or lance- ovate, obtusish, entire, alternate, lower opposite; sep. linear-subulate, equaling the capsule. — Wet places, 111. (Mead), and Southern States. Plant 1 to 2' high in 111., but 3 to G' long in La. Leaves about 2" by 1". Flowers reddish? Jl. 506 OBDKB 79.— PLANTAGINACK<£. 12. SAM'OLUS, L. WATER PIMPERNEL. (Celtic san, salutary, mos, a pig ; a specific for the diseases of swine, says Pliny.) Calyx partly ad- herent, 5-cleft ; cor. hypocrateriform, 5-cleft ; sta. 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile filaments) ; caps, dehiscent at top by 5 valves, many-seeded. — Herbs with alternate Ivs. Fls. corymbous or racemous. (Fig. 272.) S. valerandi L. /?. AMERICANUS (Gray). St. simple or branched; Ivs. obtuse, ovate or obovate, the radical petiolate ; fls. in a raceme or panicle of racemes, pe- dicels with a minute bract near the middle ; pet. longer than the sep. — In wet, gravelly places, frequent throughout the country. Sts. 6' to If high, simple when first flowering, becoming often much branched. Lvs. thin, about 1' long. Ped. less than 1', with small (near 2" diarn.) milk white fls. A white spot in the axils of the branches. Jl. — Sept. (North), Apr.— -Jl. (South). (S. floribunda of authors.) ORDER LXXIX. PLANTAGINACE^E. RIBWORTS. Serbs rarely shrubby, with radical leaves and the flowers in a spike on a scape. Flowers regular, tetramerous. Slamens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted o'n its tube. Anthers versatile, filaments usually slender and exserted. Fruit a membranous pyxis, with 1, 2, or many albuminous seeds. Genera 8, species 200, most abundant in temperate climates, scattered throughout all coun- tries of the globe. Properties unimportant. PLANTASGO, L. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT. Sepals 4, membranous, persistent ; corolla monopetalous ; border 4-toothed, spreading, per- sistent and withering on the fruit ; stamens 4 (rarely 2), the long, slen- der filaments exserted, or in some of the fls. included ; ovary 2 (-4)- celled ; pyxis membranous, opening below the middle by a lid, when the loose dissepiment falls out with the seeds. — (Herbs acaulescent.) Fls. small, whitish, in a slender spike raised on a scape. § Stamens uniformly exserted. Corolla lobes spreading. Flowers reniform. (a) a Seeds 7 to 16. Leaves broadly ovate, 7- veined. Spike dense No. 1 a Seeds 4 only. Leaves oblong or cordate, 3 to 7-veined Nos. 2, 8 a Seeds 2 only. Leaves lanceolate. Scape tall Nos. 4, 5 a Seeds 2 or 4. Leaves linear, fleshy Nos. C, 7 § Stamens mostly included, with short anthers. Flowers dimorphous? (b) b Seeds 2 only. Corolla lobes roundish, reflexed. Leaves linear No. 8 b Seeds 2, rarely 3 or 4. Corolla lobes erect. Leaves lanceolate No. 9 b Seeds 4 to 20. Leaves linear. Plauts very small Nos. 10, 11 1 P. major L. COMMON PLANTAIN or RIBWORT. Lvs. ovate, smoothish, some- what toothed, palmatdy *l -veined, with long, channeled footstalks ; scape round ; fls. densely spiked; seeds 7 to 16. — 1C Common always at the door and by tho wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wounds, &c. The seeds are eaten by sparrows and other small birds. Lvs. broad, flat, with about 7 veins, each containing a strong fibre which may be pulled out. Scape 1 to 3f high, with a very long (5 to 20'), cylindric spike. Fls. white, inconspicuous, appearing in succession all summer. § Eur., &c. 2 P. Rugelii Dene. Lvs. oblong or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, 3 to 5-veined, atten- uated to a petiole ; ped. slender, terete ; spike cylindrical, more or less loose-flow- ered ; bracts acutish, shorter than the smooth sepals. — Ala. (Decaisne in Prod. DC. XIII, p. 700). Allied to P. major, perhaps too nearly. 3 P. cordata Lam. Lvs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, subpinnately 5 to 7-veined, obscurely toothed ; fls. loosely spicate, lower ones scattered, with ovate, obtuse, bracts; pyxis 4-seeded. — If Can. to Tenn. and Ga., along streams. Our largest native species, nearly as large as P. major. Spikes 6 to 8' long, on scapes twice as high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Cor. white, with obo- vate segments. Pyxi3 a third longer than the calyx, with 2 margined seeds in each cell. Jn., Jl. 4 P. laiiceolata L. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering at each end, petiole channeled; spike ovate or cylindric, dense; scape angular; bracts and cor. lubes acuminate. — ORDER 80.— PLUMBAGINACEJ3. 507 1[ Can. to Ga. Common in pastures and grass lands. Easily known Dy its longer Ivs. tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with from 3 to 5 strong ribs ; by its shorter spike (1 to 2' long), with dark colored corollas, and whitish, projecting stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8 to 15' long) with prominent angles. Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle. 5 P. sparsiflora MX. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering at each end, petiole flat ; ped. slender, terete, much longer than the Ivs. ; spike long, remotely-flowered, or interrupted; bracts, sepals and brown petals obtuse. — Moist pine barrens, S. Car. and Ga. (Curtis). Plant usually smooth often pubescent below. Flowers all sum- mer. (P. interrupta Lam.) 6 P. maritima L. Lvs. linear, channeled, nearly entire, woolly at base ; spikes cylindrical, dense ; scape round ; posterior sep. concave and crested on the back. — Grows in salt marshes, along tho coast, Me. to N. J. It has a large perennial root sending up a scape varying in height from 3' to If, and numerous, very fleshy, dark green, linear leaves, deeply grooved on the inside and 6 to 10' long. Spike slender, of numerous, subimbricate, whitish fls. Aug. P. juncoides. Lvs. erect, entire, linear, fleshy, attenuated to the subacute apex, bearded at base ; scapes terete, scarcely longer than the Ivs. ; spikes oblong, nostly loose-flowered ; bracts orbicular-ciliate ; sep. not crested. — Salt marshes, N. J. Plant more slender than the preceding. Jl. (P. maritima ft. Poir.) 8 P. aristata MX. Lvs. linear, erect, villous; ped. terete, longer than the leaves; spikes cylindrical, dense-flowered, villous when young ; bracts attenuated to long, setaceous, rigid awns ; cor. lobes round-cordate, uniformly colored, conspicuous j seeds large, finely punctate in lines. — Prairies in 111., abundant at Odin's Station. Lvs. 3 to 4' long. Ped. with spike about 9' high, tho latter beset with awns 3 to 6 to 8'' long. Jn., Jl. (P. Patagonica Gray.) 9 P. Virginia a L. LESSER PLANTAIN. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary pubes- cent, subdenticulate ; scape angular ; spikes cylindric, pubescent, dense-flowered above, often loose-flowered below ; seeds rarely more than 2 ; bracts shorter than the ciliate sep. — A biennial species on sandy or stony hills in the southern part of N. Eng. and N. Y. to Ga. and La. Much smaller than P. major. The whole plant is covered with soft, gray pubescence. Scape 4 to 8' high, hairy. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, narrowed at base into petioles, obtuse at tho end. Cor. yellowish, with very acute segments, erect when including tho stamens.. Jl. (P. purpuruscens Nutt?) 1Q P. heteroph^lla Nutt. Lvs. linear, entire, and with a few slender teeth or lobes, attenuate at each end ; ped. many, slender, as long as the Ivs ; spikes loose- flowered; cor. closed upon the conical fruit, the short lobes crowning it as a crest; pyxis 10 to 20-seeded. — ®(g) Wet grounds. Md. to La, Small and slender. Scape almost threadlike, 4 to 7' high, Ivs. about 3'. (P. pusilla Dene. P. Ludo- viciana Eiddell.) 11 P. pusilla Nutt. Lvs. linear, entire, thin, pubescent ; scapes longer than the Ivs., very slender, with scattered or approximate fls. ; fr. scarcely longer than the calyx, crowned with tho cor. lobes, 4-seeded. — (J) The smallest species of the genus, 1 to 6' high, in dry soils, K Y. to Ga and W. States. (P. perpusilla Dene.) ORDER LXXX. PLUMBAGINACE^E. LEADWOKTS. Herbs or undershrubs with tho leaves alternate or all clustered at the root. Flouft ers regular. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base, or sometimes almost distinct. Sta. 5, hypogynous and opposite the petals or inserted on their claws. Ova. 1 -celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). Fr. a utricle, or dehiscent by valves, containing 1 ana- tropous seed. Genera 10, species 230, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found in all latitudes. Properties.— The root of Statice Limonium is one of the best and most powerful of all astrin- gents. The species of Plumbago are acrid and escharotic, so much so, that the roots of P. Eu- ropaeus are said by Lindley to be employed in Europe by beggars, to raise blisters on the face, in order to excite compassion. 508 ORDER 80.— PLUMBAGINACE^E. TRIBES AND GENERA. I STATICE^E. Styles distinct, at least above. Utricle not valvate. (a) a Stigmas capitate. Style connated at base. Lvs. acerous. Scape terete... ACANTHOLOMON. C a Stigmas capitate. Styles distinct at base. Leaves flat. Scape 3-angled... .GONIOLOMON. 4 a Stigmas filiform. — Styles glabrous. Scape branching ........................... STATICE. 1 — Styles plutnous. Scape capitate ............................ ARMEBJA. 2 II. PLUMB AGE^E. Styles united to the apex. Pericarp sub valvate. (b) b Corolla hypocrateriform. Calyx not enlarged in fruit ...................... PLUMBAGO. 8 1. STAT'ICE, L. MARSH ROSEMARY. (Gr. arart^oj, to stop ; be- cause used medicinally it stops diarrhoea, says Pliny.) Calyx funnel- form, limb scarious, 5-nerved, 5-parted ; petals scarcely united at base ; filaments 5, adnate to the very base of the corolla ; ovary crowned with the 5 glabrous, filiform styles, utricle regularly or irregularly circum- scissile. — U Herbs with the scape branching the flowers 3-bracted, ses- sile on the 3-bracted branchlet. S. Limdnium L. Very smooth ; Ivs. oblong-elliptical or oblaneeolate, acute, tipped with a bristle, tapering to a long petiole ; scapes terete, fistulous, bracted, paniculate; spikelets 1-flowered (rarely 2), involucrate with 3 bractlets, remotely secund on the branchlets ; cal. lobes very acute. — Salt marshes along the coast, from Newfoundland to S. Car. Scape 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, the petioles rather longer. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astringent, much valued in medicine. Jl. — Oct. (S. Carolinianum Walt.) — Differs from the Eu- ropean varieties which have mostly 2 to 3-flowered spikelets, more close on the branchlets, caL lobes scarcely acute, &c. 2. ARMEVRIA, Willd. THRIFT. Flowers collected in a dense head ; involucre 3 to many-leaved ; calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, scarious and plaited ; petals, stamens, &c., as in Statice. — ~4 Lvs. radical, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above. A. vulgaris "Willd. Scape terete, smooth ; Ivs. linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts of the invol. ovate-acute, shorter than the sheathing appendage at their base. — A neat and elegant plant, native near the sea-coast, Brit. Am. (Hook.) Often cultivated. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 2 to 3", numerous, crowded. Scape about If high, bearing a singular sheath at top, formed according to Lindley by the adherent bases of involucral Ivs. Fls. rose-colored. Jn. — Aug. 2 A. latifolia "Willd. Scape solitary, tall ; Ivs. very broad, oblong, 5 to 7- veined ; fls. (rose-red) in a large head from a long sheath ; bracts scarious, the outer oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate. — f Portugal. 3. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. LEADWORT. (Lat. plumbum (lead), a dis- ease of the eyes, which it was reputed to cure. Pliny.} Calyx herba- ceous, glandular, 5-lobed, not enlarged after flowering ; corolla salver- form, tube longer than calyx, limb twisted in sBstivation ; anthers 5, linear ; style 1, stigmas 5, filiform ; utricle membranous, inucronate with the persistent style. — Herbs or shrubs. Fls. cyanic, numerous through the season. 1 P. Cap6nsis Thunb. St. shrubby, scarcely climbing ; Ivs. oblong entire, glaucous-tubercular beneath, petiolate ; fls. in short, dense, terminal spikes, pale blue. — -j- Cape of Good Hope. Very pretty. Southward it is hardy. 2 P. ccerMia Kunth. St. herbaceous, erect; Ivs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, petiole winged and auriculate at base; fls. in, terminal, loose spikes, blue. — 2f f Peru and Chili. 4 GONIOLOMON speciosum Boiss. (Statico speciosa L.), with white fls., 3 or 4 in each spikelet. Gr. Tartaricum Boiss (S. Tartarica L.), with pink fls., 1 or 2 in a spikelet, both from Russia, are occasionally cultivated. Also ORDBB 81.— LENTIBULACE^E. 509 5 ACANTHOLOMON caryophyllaceum Boiss. (S. Echinus L.), turfy, with stiff, h'near, 3-cornered, needle-shaped, recurved Ivs. arid scape, twice as high, bearing a single spike. — f From Asia. ORDER LXXXI. LENTIBULACELE. BUTTERWORTS. Herbs small, growing in water or wet places, with showy, bilabiate fls. on scapes. Calyx inferior, of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred. Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. 1- celled. Ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style 1. Stigma cleft. fruit. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute. Embryo straight, with no albu- men. Genera 4, species 175, natives of swamps, pools, and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly all countries. Properties unimportant. 1. PINGUIC'ULA, L. BUTTERWORT. (Lat, pinguis, fat, from the greasy appearance of the leaves.) Calyx 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate ; cor. bilabiate or rarely subregular, upper lip bifid or 2 -parted, lower tvifid or 3-parted, spurred at base beneath ; sta. 2, very short ; stig. sessile, 2-lobed; caps, erect; seeds oo. — 2£ In wet places. Lvs. radi- cal, rosulate, entire. Scapes 1 -flowered, nodding. * Flowers blue Nos. 1, 2, 3. ** Flowers yellow. No. 4 1 P vulgaris L. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctuous-puberulent above, scape and calyx subpubescent ; cor. lips very unequal, lobes obtuse, entire ; spur cylin> drical, shorter than the corolla. — Wet rocks and thin, damp soils, N. Y. (near Ro- chester, Dewey, Beck.} N. to Arctic Am. (Hooker.} Scape 6 — 8' high, with soli- tary, nodding fls. Leaves all springing from the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate, with a tapering base, fleshy and unctuous to the touch. Corolla with a purplo tube, lined with soft hairs. Flowering early in Apr. and May. 2 P. elatior MX. Lvs. ovate-spatulate, scape villous at base; cal. glandular- puberulent ; cor. tube ventricous, hairy within, lobes subequal, emarginate, ; spur compressed, obtuse, about half as long a-s the tube. — Wet grounds, S. Car. to Fla., more common in the middle districts. The Ivs. are very small proportionately (scarcely 1' long in our specimens), while the slender and bractless scape is 8 to 14' high. Sep. oblong, obtuse, the 2 lower approximating. Cor. 1' to 15" long, greenish blue? with purple lines. Mar., Apr. 3 P. pumila MX. DWARF BUTTERWORT. Lvs. roundish-ovate, glabrous ; cor. tube oblong, lobes emarginate, spur nearly as long as the tube, nearly acute ; caps, globous. — G-a. and Fla. to La., common in springy places. Lvs. 3 to 4" diarn., thin. Scapes filiform, 2 to 4' high. Fls. vary in size with the plant, from 3" to I'1 long, pale blue. Apr. 4 P. Kitea Walt. Lvs. obovate, elliptic; cor. bell-shaped, palate hairy, lobes subequal, sinuate-dentate ; spur slender, a third as long as the cor.-— Car. to Fla., common in the low country in wet grounds. Lvs. 1' long, nearly as wide, soft, yellowish green, curled, the scape about 6' high. Fls. mucn smaller than in No. 2, bright yellow. Spur 2 to 3" long. Mar., Apr. 2. UTRICULA'RIA, L. BLADDERWORT. (Lat. utricula, a little bottle ; alluding to the air vessels appended to the roots.) Calyx 2- parted, lips subequal ; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred ; stamens 2 ; stigma bilabiate ; capsule globular, 1-celled. — Herbs aqua- tic, loosely floating, or fixed in the mud. — Lvs. radical, multifid or lin- ear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated vescicles as buoys. Scape erect. | Floating. Scape involucrate, with a whorl oflanro, inflated petioles. No. 1 I Floating. Scape naked. Branches producing bulblets and bladders (a). a Flowers purple. Branches whorled, submersed No. 2 510 ORDER 81.— LENTIBULACEJ3. a Flowers yellow. Loaves (2-ranked) and bladders' on separate branches Jfo. 3 a Flowers yellow. Leaves (capUlfteeous) bearing the bladders (b). b Spur acute or notched, about us lung as the lips Nos. 4 to 6 b Spur obtuse, short. Flowers of '2 kinds, the lipless down on the stems No. 7 b Spur obtuse, short. Pedicels all on the scape, — erect in fruit Nos. 8, 9 — recurved in fruit Nos. 10, 11 IT. inflata "Walt. Upper Irs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water; petiole and midvein inflated, lower Ivs. capillaoeous, dissected, submerged ; scape 4 to 5-flowered. — U In ponds, Me. to Ma. W. to Ohio. The proper stem (rhiz- ome) is very long, branching, suspended in the water by innumerable minute air bladders, and the 5 or 6 involucrate, hollow Ivs., which are many-cleft at the end. Pis. 4 or 5 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, with sheathing bracts. Spur nearly as long as the corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate, emarginate. Cor. yellow, the upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed. Aug. 2 U. purpdrea "Walt. -St. long, floating, branched ; Ivs. submersed, fibrillous, verticillate, pinnately dissected, segments capillary, utriculate ; scape assurgent, 2 — 3-flowered upper lip roundish-truncate, lower lip larger, its lateral lobes cucul- late, smaller than the central ; spur conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter than the upper lip. — ® Pools, Me. to Fla. "W. to Wis. Readily known by the large, bright, purple fls. Stem 1 — 3f long. Leaves about 1^' long. "Utricles small Scape 3 — 5' high. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug. 3 U. intermedia Hayne. Lvs. all submersed, in 2 rows, alternate, dichotom- ously many-parted, segm. rigid, linear-subulate, ciliate-denticulate ; leafless branches bearing all the bladders and terminal bulblets ; scapes 2 to 3-flowered, upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate ; spur conical, acute ; ped. of the fruit erect. — Swamps, Can. and N". States to Wis. Scape 4 to 8' high. Leafy stems 3 to 6' long, and the leaves about 3" (in our specimens). Jn., Jl. B1 ROBBINSII. Leaf-segments linear-setaceous, flaccid, entire, 8 to 12" long; scape tall (7 to 12'), 3 to 7-flowered ; spur fusiform, acute, nearly as long as the lower lip. — Swanaps, Uxbridge, Northbridge, Mass. (Robbins). — Quite unlike the preceding in its leaves and spur. 4 U. striata Le Conto. Lvs. numerously subdivided, submerged, capillary, bear- ing the bladders, or vesicles ; scape 2 — 6-flowered, with a few scales ; flowers large, upper lip broad, divided into 3 lobes, the middle lobe striate with red, lower lip crenate, sides reflexed, having dark spots upon the palate ; spur slender, 06- tuse, with a notch at the end, pressed against the lower lip of the corolla and nearly as long. — (T) Swamps, L. Isl. to Ma. Root submerged, slightly attached to the mud. Leaves (radicles ?) few, capillary, appendaged with few air vessels. Scape a foot high, generally with 2 flowers. June. 5 U. longirostris Ell. Lvs. submersed, dichotomously divided, segm. setace- ous, bearing the vescicles; scapes 1 to 2-flowered; upper lip slightly 3-lobed, lower entire ; spur linear- subulate, ascending, emarginate at apex, longer than the lower lip. — Stagnant pools, S. Car. to Fla. Scape 3 to 5' high. Ms. yellow, middle size. Jn. 6 U. biflora Lam. Irregularly whorled, capillaceously divided, root-like, bladder- bearing; scape slender, 2 to 3-flowered, pedicels many times longer than the bract or calyx ; spur straight, oblong, acute, appressed to the corolla, and of equal length ; fr. erect. — Ditches, S. Car. and Ga. Scape 3 to 4' high, pedicels 3 to 4". May, Jn. 7 U. clandestina Nutt Lvs. all submersed, capillaceous, multifid, bladder- bearing ; fls. 2 or 3 on the slender scape, also solitary on slender, axillary pedi- cels among the Ivs. on the stem, the latter apetalous, fertile ; spur very obtuse, shorter than the 3-lobed lower lip. — Ponds, Mass. (Robbins) to N. J. Sts. almost capillary, 6' to 2f long, with many bladders. Scape 3 to 4' high' (seldom seen), with corollas expanding about 3''. Cauline pedicels 6 to 7" long, the cor. tubu- lar, never opening. JL 8 U. gibba L. (and Le Conte). Minute, floating, with hair-like Ivs. and few utricles.; scape 1 to 2-flowered, naked; segm. of the yellow cor. roundish, upper Up emarginate, lower subtrilobate, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute ; spur gibbous (that is), very short and obtuse. — 1± In pools, R. I (Olney), Mass., N. Y. to ORDER 82.— OROBANCHAOE^. 511 Car. Submersed stems dichotomous, short and filiform. Scapes 2 to 3' high, often with but 1 small, yellow flower The Ivs. appear rather like fine radi- cles. Jl. 9 U. bipartita Ell. Lvs. fibrillous-multifid, bearing the bladders ; scape 1 to 3- flowered; lower lip of the calyx bifid or 2-parted; cor. lips entire, the lower twico as long as the obtuse spur. — 3D Ditches, G-a., Fla., in soft, muddy places (Elliott), floating (Le Conte). Scape 2 to 3' high. Oct. 10 U. minor L. Lvs. submersed, several times forked, segm. linear-setaceous, short, utriculate ; scape 3 to 6- flowered; cor. ringent, upper lip ovate, emarginate, as long as the palate, lower obovate, flat, much longer than the obtuse, deflexed spur. — Pools, Can. and KT. States to Wis. Plant about half the size of No. 11. Cor. gaping, pale, yellowish. Fruit nodding. Jl. 11 U. vulgaris L. Lvs. capiUaceous, multifid, fibrillous; vesicles numerous, small; sfc. or rhizoma very long, floating; scape simple, 5 — 11-floweredl spur conical, obtuse, shorter than the closed cor. lips. — if In stagnant pools, U. S. and Can, Floating stems several feet long, very branching. Leaves very numerous, 1' ia length. Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture, usually inflated. Scape 5 — 10' high, stout, arising out of the water. Flowers alternate, showy, yellow, 5 — 8" long, lower lip larger, with a projecting palate, striped with brown. Jn., Jl. (U. macrorhiza Le Conte.) 12 U. resupinata Green. Sts. creeping, fibrillous, rooting; Ivs. linear-capillary, erect, undivided and entire; scapes numerous, simple, 1 -flowered, with a minute clasping bract near the top ; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the elongated tube of the purple cor. — Muddy shores of ponds, Tewksbury (Green), Plymouth and Uxbridge, Mass. (Robbins). Leaves generally numerous, 6 — 15' high, the bract 1' below the flower. Corolla light purple, 4" long, lips roundish, entire, remote from the spur. Jl. 13 U. subulata L. Minnie; st. fibrillous, rooting, creeping, urticulate; Ivs. few and minute, among the fibrillous roots, entire, linear, petiolate, glandular-obtuse, sometimes 0 ? scapes few, filiform, 1 to 5-flowered ; bracts ovate, clasping ; pedi. eels 4 to 5 times longer than the ovate, obtuse, veined sepals ; cor. upper lip ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed ; spur acute appressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip. — A minute species in springy places, Can. to Fla. and La. Scape 2 to 4' high. Lvs. 2 to 3" by 1". Fls. yellow, 3 to 4" broad. Jn. 14 U. cornuta MX. Scape rooting, tall, erect, scaly, with 2 to 5 subsessile fls. ; Ivs. fugacious or 0 ; lower lip very broad, 3-lobed, its center (palate) very prominent, sides reflexed, upper lobe much smaller, emarginate; spur subulate, acute, de- curved away from the cor., and of equal length. — Can. to Fla. and La., in shallow waters or mud. St. or scape 9 to 12' high. Pedicels scarcely 2" long in flower, 3 to 6" in fruit. Spur 4 to 4" long. Fls. large, yellow. Jn. — Aug. (U. per- sonata Le Conte.) ORDER LXXXII. OROBANCHACE^E. BROOMRAPES. Herbs fleshy, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. Calyx 4 to 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, imbricate in aesti- vation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel, often bearded, at base. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx, with 2 or 4 parietal placen- tae. Capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds very numerous and minute, with albumen. Genera 12, species 116, mostly natives of the northern temperate zone. Properties astringent and bitter. GENERA. * Flowers polygamous, on spicate branches ; sterile above, fertile below ........ EpiPitEors. 1 * Flowers perfect,— in a dense, thick spike. Calyx 2-bracted ................. CONOPHOLIS. 2 —on naked, terminal peduncles. Calyx bractless ............ APIIYLLON. 3 1. EPIPHE'GUS, Nutt. BEECHDROPS. (Gr. tTn, upon, ^yo?, tho beech ; being parasitic on the roots of that tree.) Monoeciously polyg- 512 OEDER 83.— BIGNONIACE^E. amous, the upper flowers complete but sterile, the lower imperfect, fer- tile ; Calyx 5-toothed ; $ corolla tubular, compressed, curved, upper lip emarginate ; stamens barely included ; $ corolla 4-toothed, short, deciduous, without expanding ; stamens imperfect ; capsule, 2-valvcd, opening on the upper side. — Parasite on the roots of the beech. Branches simple, spicate, floriferous their whole length. E. Virginiana Bart. — In Beech woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Root a ball of rigid, short, brittle radicles. Plant If high, leafless, of a dull, red color, glabrous, branching and flower-bearing its whole length. Ms. alternate, subsessile, brown- ish white, the sterile, 4 to 5" long. Aug., Sept. 2. CONOPH'OLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW ROOT. (Gr. «<5vo?, a cone, a scale ; from its resemblance.) Flowers perfect, crowded, spicate ; calyx with 2 bractlets at the base, unequally 5-cleft ; corolla ringent, 2- lipped, tube curved, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-parted ; anthers sagittate 2-celled, cells acute at base ; capsule with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem short, thick, simple, covered with ovate-lanceolate, acute, imbricated scales, the upper with the fls. subsessile in their axils. 1 C. Americana TVallr. Very smooth ; stem very thick ; scales oval-lanceolate ; calyx more deeply cleft on the lower side ; cor. ventricous ; stam. exserted. — Old woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem 4 — 7' high, and near 1' thick, of a brownish yellow, covered with pale, polished scales regularly imbricated as in a Pine cone. July. (Orobanche, L.) 2 C. Ltidoviciana. Glandular pubescent ; stem rather thick, very short ; scales ovate; cal. subequally and deeply cleft; cor. tubular, much longer than the bracts ; stam. included. — Alluvial soil, 111. (Hall, fide Gray), to Nebraska. St. 3 to 4' high. Fls. very numerous and crowded. Cal. segm. linear, acute. Cor. purple. Oct. (Orobanche, Nutt. Philips, Don.) 3. APHYL'LON, Mitchell. (Orobanche, L.) NAKED BROOMRAPE. (Gr. a, privative, (pvXXov, a leaf; alluding to its leafless character.) Flowers perfect, solitary, on long bractless peduncles or scapes ; calyx regularly 5-cleft, campanulate ; corolla tube elongated, curved, border spreading, subequally 5-lobed ; anthers included, cells distinct, mucron- ate ; capsule with 4, equidistant placenta. Plants glandular, pubes- cent. St. very short, producing at the summit, 1, 2, or many flower stalks, and few if any scales. 1 A. uniflora Torr. & Gr. Fed. in pairs or simple, naked, each 1-flowered. — A small, leafless plant, with the general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets. Can. and U. S. St. not exceeding £' in length. This divides at its top generally into 2, scape like, erect, round, simple, naked peduncles 4 to 5' high, downy, purplish white, with a nodding flower at the top, of the same hue. Jn., Jl. 2 A. fasciculata Torr. & Gr. Ped. many, nearly terminal, about the length of the stem ; scales few, ovate ; cor. lobes short, rounded. — Islands in Lake Huron (Engelman, fide Gray), TV. to Nebraska. Stem arising 2 to 3' out of the ground. Ped. 6 or more, same length. Fls. pale purple. May. ORDER LXXXIII. BIGNONIACE^E. TRUMPET FLOWERS. Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often climbing or twining, with opposite, exstipu- late leaves. Flowers monopetalous, irregular, 5-merous, showy. Stamens 5, 1 or 3 sterile, didynamous, or diandrous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, seated in a fleshy disk. Style 1. Stigma of 2 plates. Capsule coriaceous, 1 to 2-cellcd, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds generally winged, destitute of albumen. ORDER 83.— BIGNONIACE^E. 513 Gentra 44, species 450. mostly South American. Others are diffused in all countries, par. ticularly within the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia afford a valuable tim- ber. But this order is best known for the beauty of its flowers. (Figs. 210, 2&t, '285, 219.) * Leaves compound. Vulves of the pod parallel with the partition BIGNONIA. 1 * Leaves compound. Valves of the pod contrary to the partition TECOMA. 2 * Leaves simple. Pod straight, cylindric. Partition subcylindric CATALPA. 8 1. BIGNO'NIA, Tourn. (Named for the Abbe Bignon, Librarian to Louis XIV.) Calyx margin 5-toothed or entire; corolla somewhsb bilabiate, 5-cleft, funnel-shaped ; stamens didynamous, 4 fertile, 1 a ster- ile filament; capsule long and narrow ; valves flat or scarcely convex, parallel with the partition. — Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, often with tendrils. B. capreolata L. CROSS-VINE. Climbing, glabrous ; Ivs. binate, cirrhous, leaf- lets 2, lance-ovate, cordate, acuminate, entire, a branched tendril between ; ped. 1-flowered, 2 to 3 together, axillary ; calyx nearly entire. — Woods, Va. and Tenn. (Miss Dana), to Fla. and La. A vine with smooth, reddish brown bark, 30 to 60f long, very slender, over shrubs, up tall trees. Fls. large, red, orange within. Pods 7 or 8' long, f ' wide, curved, flat, with many broad-winged seeds both sides of the broad partition. Mar. — May. 2. TECONMA, Juss. (Bignonia L.) TRUMPET FLOWER. Calyx cam- panulate, 5-toothed ; corolla tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subbilabiate or equal ; stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiments of a fifth, anther-cells 2, diverging; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves contrary to the partition ; seeds winged. — Trees or shrubs, often climb- ing. Lvs. opposite, digitate, or unequally pinnate. 1 T. radicans Juss. Climbing by radicating tendrils ; Ivs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 4 or 5 pairs, ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the veins ; corymbs terminals ; cor. tube thrice longer than the cal ; stam. included. — A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers, Penn. to Fla., W. to 111. St. 20 to 8 Of in length, ascending trees. Lvs. 10 to 15' long, Ifts. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2'. Fls. 2£' long, of a bright scarlet. Pods 6' long, curved. A transverse sec- tion showing a cross. Seeds very numerous. Jn. — Aug. f 2 T. Cap^nsia Lindl. Glabrous ; Ivs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 3 to 4 pairs, roundish -ovate, acuminate, serrate, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath; ra- cemes pedunculate, dense-flowered; cor. long, tubular, incurved ; stam. and sty. ex- serted. — Cultivated. Cor. 2' long, yellow scarlet. The style far projecting, f Cape of Good Hope. 3 T. grandiflora Delaun. CHINESE TRUMPET FLOWER. Climbing, glabrous ; Ivs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 3 to 5 pairs, ovate-acuminate, dentate-serrate ; pani- cle terminal ; pedicels nodding, biglandular ,* cor. tube scarcely longer than the 5-cleft calyx. — Fls. of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans. f China and Japan. 3. CATAL'PA, Scop. CATALPA. (The Indian name.) Calyx 2-parted ; corolla campanulate, 4 or 5-cleft, the tube inflated ; stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile ; stigma 2-lipped ; capsule 2-celled, long, cylin- dric.— Trees. Lvs. opposite or ternate-verticillate, simple, petiolate. Fls. in large, showy, terminal panicles. C. bignonioides Walt. Lvs. membranous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, subentire ; branches of the panicle di-trichotomous ; cal. lips mucro- nate. — A fine, wide spreading tree, native in the Southern States, but cultivated at the North for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances it attains tho height of 6 0£ with a diam. of nearly 2f. Lvs. beautifully heart-shaped, with a silky luster, often a foot in length. It blossoms in great profusion. Cor. cam- panulate, white, with yellow and violet spots. Caps, cylindric near a foot in length ; seed winged. May — Jl. (See Figs. 210; 284, 5; 463.) 33 514 ORDER 85.— LOGANIACE^E. ORDER LXXXIV. PEDALIACE^E. PEDALIADS. mostly strong-scented and glandular-hirsute. Stipules 0. Flowers axillary, solitary, large, monopetalous, didynaraous, 5-merous, irregular. Ovary 1 to 2-celled, of 2 carpels. Style 1. Stigma divided. Fruit becoming 4 or 6-ceIled by the diverg- ing lobes of the 2 placentas. Seeds few or many, large, wingless. Genera 14, species 25, natives of tropical America, etc. Some of them have been introduced iuto the United States. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. PEDALINEJ3. Fruit drupe-like, fleshy without, produced into a beak ..... MARTTNIA. 1 II. 8ESAMEJE. Fruit capsular, dry, dehiscent, never beaked ................. SESAMUM. 2 1. MARTYFTIA, L. UNICORN PLANT. (In honor of John Martyn, botanical author and professor, Cambridge, Eng., 1760.) Calyx 5-cleft, 2 to 3-bracteolate at base ; cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal ; sta. 5, one rudimentary and sterile, 4 didynamous ; caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. — 0 Chiefly southern, branching, viscid-pilous. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish. 1 M. proboscidea Glox. Brandies mostly decumbent ; Iva. cordate, entire, sub- orbicular, villous, upper ones alternate ; fls. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks much longer than the capsule. — A coarse, strong-scented plant, along rivers, fields, etc., S. and W. States. Stem 1— 2f long. Leaves paler beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, spotted with brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, exserted. The curious pods are furnished with an incurved horn (2 when the valves separate) abruptly bent at the end into a very sharp grappling hook. 2 M. lutea Lindl. With yellow fls. and horns longer than the pod, is some- times cultivated, also M. diandra, with pink Us. spotted with purple, and horna shorter than the pod. 2. SES'AMUM, L. OIL-SEED. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanu- late, 3-cleft, the lower lobes the longest; stamens 4, didynamous; stigma lanceolate ; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexec] edges of the valves. — (D Of India. Lvs. petiolate, the lower opposite, upper alternate. S. Indicum DC. Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones un- divided serrate. — Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high. Leaves alter- nate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple. The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury. It is used in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds yield about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient, ORDER LXXXY. LOGANIACE^E. Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with stipules between tho petioles, some- times reduced to an elevated line or ridge. Flowers 4 or 5-parted, monopetalous, regular, aestivation various. Ovary superior, stylo simple, stigmas as many as tho cells of tho ovary. Fruit capsular or baccate, 2-celled, many-seeded, or a 1 to 2- • seeded drupe. Seeds albuminous, mostly winged or peltate. (Fig. 221, 302.) Genera 25, species 200, chiefly tropical. Properties. — Generally poisonous, often possessed of the highest degree of venom. The pervading poisonous principle is ttryehnia, especially abundant and fatal in the seeds of Stryeh- nos Nux-voinica, an East Indian tree, with small, greenish flowers. S. toxifera, of Guiana fur- . Dishes the terrible Woorali, poison for arrows, likewise 8. cogens of Central America, S. Ticute of Java, yields the celebrated Upas. The species of Spigelia, under the name of Pink-root, aro used as a vermifuge, but are dangerous. Ob*.— This order has been appended to Rubiaceas, but Its free ovary is a decisive mark of di^ •-tlaction, although otherwise nearly related. OBDER 85.— LOGANIACEJE. 515 GENERA. 5 Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in bud. Seeds -wingless, (a) a Styles wholly united into one. Corolla tube long SPIOELIA. 1 a Styles distinct, with the stigmas united. Cor. tubeshort....MmiEOLA, 2 ^ Corolla campanula^, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. (b) b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse herbs POLYPBEMUM. 8 b flowers 5-parted. Twining shrubs, GELSEMIL-M. 4 1. SPIGEVLIA. L. PINK-ROOT. (To Adrian Spigclius, Professor of Anat. and Surg. at Padua, 1578 — 1625.) Calyx 5-partcd, segments linear-subulate ; corolla narrowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, equal ; sta- mens 5 ; anthers convergent ; capsule didymous, 2-celled, few-seeded. — Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Stip. small, interpetiolar. Fls. sessile, in terminal spikes. S. Marilandica L. Erect, simple, nearly glabrous ; st. square ; Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, margin and veins scabrous-pilous ; spikes 3 to 8-flowered ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the cal. ; anth. exserted ; lobes of tho cor. lanceolate; caps.. glabrous, shorter than the cal. — 1[ In woods, Pen n. to 111., S. to Fla. An elegant dark green herb, a foot high. Lvs. 3 to 4' by l£ to 2£', entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules scarcely perceptible. Pis. H to 2' long, somewhat club-shaped, scarlet without, yellow within. Sty. exserted. Jn. — A celebrated anthelmintic. 2. MITRE'OLA, L. (Lat, mitrcola, a little mitre ; from the form of the capsule.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat, lobes valvate in bud ; stamens 5, on the corolla tube, in- cluded ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united at the top with one stigma, separate below, as well as the 2 horns of the co-seeded capsule. — Q Glabrous herbs. Stipules minute. Fls. small, white, in scorpoid racemes, forming a terminal, stalked cyme. 1 M. petiolata Torr. & Gr. Erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, tapering at the base into apetiole; fls. somewhat distant in the racemes.— A plant of singular aspect, in damp shades, Ya. to Fla. and La. St 1 to 2f high, Lvs. thin, about 2' long, including the short petiole. Cymes about twice trichoto- mous, the small fls. all on the upper side of the racemes. Capsules mitre-form. Jn. — Sept. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L.) 2 M. sessilifolia Torr. & Gr. Erect, nearly simple ; Ivs. broad-oval', or ovate, ses- sile, acute, much shorter than the internodes ; fls. contiguous in, the racemes. — Damp soil, S. Car. to Fla. and La. More slender than the- other, 10 to 18' high. Lvs. thickish, not veiny, 6 to 8" by 4 to 6". Cymes small,, compact. Fls. about half as large as in No. 1. Jn. — Aug. (Anonymus,, Walt.) /?. angustifolia, Torr. & Gr. has lance-elliptical leaves ; at Quincy, Flzu. 3. POLYPREVMUM, L. (Gr. rrokvg, many, -rrpepvov,. stem ; a charac- teristic of the plant.) Calyx 4-parted,, segm. subulate,, membranous- margined at base ; cor. broadly campanulate, 4-parted, Lobes slighly un- equal, obtuse ; throat bearded; stam. 4, adherent to the- corolla- tube, included, anth. globular ; stig» entire,, subsessile ; caps, ovoid, 2-celled,. 2-ovuled, loculicidal, oo-seeded.: — CD Herb glabrous, diffusely much, branched from the brr^e, with opposite, linear-subulate Ivs. connected at base by a slight stipular membrane. Fls. sessile, cymous, small, white.. P. procumbena L. Dry fields, Ya to> Fla.. and La. Plant forming roundish, patches, with somewhat the aspect of Scleranthus, its numerous stems procum- bent or ascending,. 6 to 12' long. Lvs.. hardly 1' long, rigid. Cal. persistent, its, pointed sepals exceeding the- capsule. Hay — Sept. — Bentham refers this.gen.ua to Serophulariacese. Torr. & Gr., hither. 4. GELSE'MIUM, Juss, YELLOW JESSAMINE. (Ital. gelsemw, the 516 ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. common name of the Jessamine.) Calyx 5-parted, lobes oblong ; cor- olla funnel-form, with 5, short, rounded lobes, quincunncial in bud ; lilameiits 5, on the corolla ; ovary smooth, short-stiped ; style filiform ; btigmas 2, each 2-parted, and with the anthers dimorphous, i. e., in somo plants the stamens exceed the stigmas, in others the stigmas ex- ceed the stamens, as in Houstonia; capsule twin, compressed, with a very narrow dissepiment (or 0 ?), valves each 2-cleft at top, cells few (4 to 6)- seeded, seeds winged. — Shrub slender, smooth, climbing, with evergreen Ivs. and large, showy yellow fls. Stip. reduced to a raised rim. G. sempervirens Ait Woods and banks of streams, Ya. to Ala. and Fla., very abundant. A slender vine, twining and overrunning bushes and low trees, and profusely flowering. Lvs. coriaceous, shining, revolute at edge, lanceolate, acute at each end, short-petioled. Cor. tube 1' long, of a rich golden yellow. In one variety the stamens equal the corolla and the style but half as long ; in the other vice versa (a fact first pointed out to the author by Professor Pond, March, 1857). Fls. in Mar.— May. ORDER LXXXVI. SCROPHULARIACEJE. FIGWORTS. Herbs chiefly, without fragrance, the leaves and inflorescence various. Flowers irregular, 5-merous, didynamous or diandrous (rarely pentandrous). Calyx free from the ovary, persistent. Corotta monopetalous, imbricated in bud. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, 1 or 3 of them usually rudimentary. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 1 style, a 2-lobed stigma, and becoming in fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded cap- sule, with axilo placentae. Seeds albuminous. (Fig. 20-i, 326, 362, 399, 427, 463.) Genera ISO, species 1800, abundant in every part of the world, from the equator to the regions of perpetual frost. They constitute about 1-36 of the Phaenogamia of N. America. Proper-tie*.— Generally acrid, bitter and deleterious plants. The most remarkable officinal species of the tribe is the Foxglove (Digitalis), which exercises a wonderful control over the action of the heart, in regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, hemor- rhage, &c. Taken in excess it speedily causes death. The Veronica Virginica (Culver's Physic) and Linaria vnlgaris (Toad-flax) are purgative and emetic. Numerous species are cultivated for ornament. Many are parasitic and turn black in drying. SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA. •f Leaves alternate (in one garden plant mostly opposite, No. C.) (*) * Inflorescence compound, centrifugal, (Showy garden exotics.) (Tribo 1.) * Inflor. simple, centripetal.— Stamens 5. Corolla rotate. (Tribe 3.) — Stam. 4. Corolla spurred or saccate at base. (Tribe 4, a) — Stam. 4. Climbing vines, in gardens. (Tribe 4, b) — Stam. 4 or 2. Herbs small, creeping, leaves linear. (Tribe 7) —Stam. 4 or 2. Herbs erect. Cor. not galeate, (Tribe S) — Stam. 4. Cor. upper lip galeate, vaulted. (Tribe 12, n) T Leaves opposite (or in one southern species, scattered No. 29). (2) 2 Stamens 2, included. Corolla 2-lobed, the lower inflated. (Tribe 2) 2 Stamens 2, included. Corolla tubular, labiate. (Tribe 6, f) 2 Stamens 2, exserted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. (Tribe 9) 2 Stamens 4, perfect, the fifth rudiment about as large, conspicuous. (Tribe 5, c) 2 Stamens 4, perfect, the fifth rudiment minute or none. (3) 3 Inflorescence compound, in panicles or verticillasters. (Tribe 5, d) 3 Inflorescence simple. — Corolla labiate, not galeate. (Tribe 6, e) —Corolla labiate, and galeate. (Tribe 12, o) — Corolla salver-form. Anthers 1-celled. (Tribe 10) —Corolla bell or funnel-form, «kc. Anthers 2-celled. (Tribe 11) I. BALPIGLOSSIDE^E. (Corolla in bud plicate at the clefts. Inflorescence centrifugal.) TRIBE 1. SALPIG LOSSES.— Stamens 2. Corolla deeply cleft - .SCHIZANTHUS. 1 —Stamens 4. Corolla salver-form, tube long BROWALLIA. 3 II. ANTIRRHINIDE^E. (Corolla in bud imbricate, upper lip covering the lower). TRIBE 2. CALCEOLARIEJB. Inflorescence compound. Calyx 4-cleft CALCEOLARIA. S TRIBE 3. YERBASCEJS. Inflorescence simple, centripetal. Cor. rotate VERUABCUM. 4 ORDEB 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^S. 517 TRIBE 4. ANTHHUIINE^E.— a Corolla spurred at the base ........................ LIN ARIA. 0 —a Corolla saccate at the base, large ............ ANTIRRHINUM. 6 — b Corolla gibbous at base, large ............. MAURANDIA. 7 — b Corolla equal at base, large ............ LOPIIOSPERMUM. 8 TBIBE 5. CIIELONEJE.— c Sterile filament a scale. Fls. small, lurid ...... SOROPIIULARIA. 9 — C Sterile fil. shorter than the rest Seeds winged ..... CIIKLONE. 10 — C Sterile fil. equaling the rest Sds. wingless ....... PENTSTEMON. 11 — d Corolla bilabiate. Herbs ..................... COLLINSIA. 12 — d Corolla tubular, bell-form. Tree ............. PAWLONIA. 13 TMBB 6. GBATIOLB^E.— e Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla long ........... MIMULUS. 14 — 6 Calyx 5-parted, equal. (Lvs. many-cleft) .......... COMOBEA. 15 — e Calyx 5-parted, unequal. (Leaves entire) ........ HERPESTIS. 16 — f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile fil. short or 0 ........ GRATIOLA. 17 — f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile fil. exserted ........ ILYSANTIIUS. 13 —f Calyx 4-lobed. Sterile fil. 0. Fls. minute ..... MICRANTII. 19 HI. PJIIff ANTHIDE.2E. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the lower or lateral lobes exterior.) TRIBE 7, SIBTUORPE.E.— Stamens 2. Corolla 4-cleft .................... AMPHIANTHUS. 20 —Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft .............. . ......... LIMOSELLA. 21 TRIBK S. DIGITAL.EJE.— Stamens 2. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers small ......... S YNTIIIRIS. 22 —Stamens 4. Calyx 5-parted. Flowers large ......... DIGITALIS. 23 TRIBE 9. YERONICE Ji.— Stamens divergent. Upper Ivs. often alternate ...... VERONICA. 2-4 TUIBK 10, BUCHNEBE^E.— -Stam. approximate by pairs. Upper Ivs. alternate.. BUCHNERA. 25 TEIBE 11. GERARDIE^: — Stamens long-exserted. Corolla tubular ...... MACRANTIIERA. 26 — Starn, short. — Cor. yellow, tube short as limb ...... SEYMERIA. 27 —Cor. yellow, tube elongated ......... DASYSTOMA. 2S — Cor. purple. Lvs. very slender ...... GERARDIA. 29 TEXISB 12. EUPHRASIE-K. — n Anther-cells unequal, separated .............. -CASTILLEJA. 30 — n Anther-cells equal. — Calyx 10-ribbed ......... SCIIWALBEA. 81 — Calyx not ribbed ....... PKDICULARIS. 32 — o Cal, inflated. Sds. many, winged ........ EHINANTHUS. 33 — O Cal. not infl. — Sds. many, wingless ......... EITPHRASIA. 84 — Sds. 1 to 4, oblong ........ MELAMPYRUM. 35 !. SCHIZAN'THUS, Ruiz & Pavon. (Gr. o^i'ft), to cut, avOog ; the cor, is much divided.) Corolla irregular, the upper lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, lower much smaller, 3-parted ; filaments 4, 2 of them sterile; capsule 2-celled. — © from Chili. Lvs. pinnatifid, alternate. Cymes supra axillary, S. pinnatus Ruiz & Pavon. Lvs. 1— 2-pinnately cleft; cor. tube shorter than the calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, eucullate, lateral segment falcate-spatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emarginate, lateral 4-lobed; eta. exserted. — Plant 1 — 2f high, with delicate and beautiful flowers in clusters opposite the leaves. CaL and ped. viscid-pubescent. Cor. purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst f 2. BROWAL'LIA, L. (Named for JBiskop Browallius, a friend of Linnaeus, and defender of his system.) Corolla salver-form, with a long tube, and oblique, 5-lobed limb ; anthers of the two posterior stamens halved, sub- 1 -celled ; lobes of the stigma broad, divaricate; capsule membranous, valves bifid. — South American herbs, with alternate, en- tire Ivs. and cyanic fls. 1 B. dimfssa L. Lvs, petiolate, ovate ; lower fls. axillary, upper in a racemo ; calyx hairy. — St 1 to 2f high, with spreading branches. Cor. tube slender, 6" long, limb blue or violet f Brazil, &c. (B. elata L. is the same.) 2 B. grandiflora Grah. Upper Ivs. sessile, subcordate; fls. loosely ra- cemed ; caL teeth nearly as long as the tube. — Cor. limb broader than m the other, pale blue, f Peru. 3. CALCEOLARIA, L. (Lat calceolus, a slipper; alluding to the shape of the corolla.) Calyx 4-parted, valvate in the bud; corolla slightly adhering to the calyx, the tube very short, limb 2-lobed, lobea 518 OBDEB 86.— SCROPHULARIACEJ3. entire, concave or spur-like, the lower inflated, and in tlio bud slightly covered by the smaller upper lobe ; stam. 2, lateral, with no rudiments, capsules ovoid-conical, valves bifid, seeds striate. — Herbs rarely shrubby, from S. America and N. Zealand. Lvs. opposite or verticillate. Fls. of all colors, endlessly variegated in cultivation, very curious. 1 C. Corymbosa Ruiz & Pav. Somewhat shrubby, erect ; root Ivs. ovate, crenate-dentate, cauline few, opposite, ovate or oblong, sessile; corymb loose; cor. upper lip shorter than calyx, lower broadly ovate, obtuse, contracted at base, open beyond the middle. — Yellow, f Chili. 2 C. angustifolia Euiz & Pav. Half-shrubby, very branching ; Ivs. often whorkd in 3s, lance-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, pubescent ; panicle oblong ; cor. upper lip very short, lower ovate, acutish, incurved-spreading, with a long, con- tracted, narrow base, open beyond the middle. — Yellow, f S. Am. — Mr. Ben- tham enumerates 114 species of Calceolaria, many of which have found their way into our greenhouses. We must omit further notice of them. 4. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN. (Lat. barba, beard; a name sig- nificant of the beard with which the plant is covered.) Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect ; capsule ovoid-glo- bous, 2-valved. — , a nose; from a fancied resemblance.) Calyx 5-scpaled; corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the prominent palate; caps, valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores. — European kerbs with the lower Ivs. opposite, the upper alternate. Inflorescence as in Linaria. 1 A. Ma jus L. Lvs. lanceolate, opposite ; fls. racemed ; sep. glandular-hairy, lanceolate, obtuse, short. — If An elegant and popular garden flower, 1 or 2f high. 1'lowers large, pink-colored, the lower lip white and tho mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at base beneath. There are varieties with scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers, f 2 A. Orontium, /?. GRANDIFLORTTM Chav. — Glabrous or hairy above, spread- ing; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate; fls. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemous; £0.1. segments equaling the corolla, and ovoid and very oblique capsule. — ® A showy garden plant, 1 — 2f high. Cor. G" long, rose-color or white, with purple spots and veins, f 7. MAURAN'DIA, Ort. (Named for the lady of Dr. Maurandy of Carthagena.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular, gibbous at base ; palate prominent or with 2 folds ; capsule ovoid-globous, base oblique, cells opening by many valve-like teeth. — 11 Mexican herbs, with long, flex- uous branches, climbing or twining. 1 M. sempervireris Ort. Glabrous; Ivs. cordate-hastate, angular; ped. axillary, l-flo\vered; cal. segm. lanceolate, glabrous. — An evergreen climber with large, pale, violet-purple fls. Cor. !£' long, the throat open, f 2 M. Barklayana LindL Glabrous except the cal. ; Ivs. broadly triangu- lar-cordate. or hastate; cal. segm. linear-lanceolate, clothed with long, glandular hairs. — A beautiful climber. Corolla purple, oblique, rather larger than in No. 1. 8. LOPHOSPER'MUM, Don. (Gr. Ao^o^ a crest, oneppa, seed; 'from the character.) Calyx 5-parted, leafy ; corolla tube dilated up- wards, throat open, between 2 hairy lines ; capsule globular, subequal, 520 ORDER SG.— SCROPHULARIACEJ5. opening irregularly by a rift below the apex. — It Mexican, climbing by their petioles. Lvs. mostly alternate. Ped. long, flexuous, axillary. 1 L. erubescens Zucc. Lvs. triangular-cordate, coarsely dentate or angular- lobed, pubescent ; cal. segm. ovate, hirsute ; cor. pubescent, limb at length wide- spread.— A. hairy climber, with soft, rugous Ivs. 2 to 4' broad. Cor. of a rich red, 2£ to 3' long, with an ample border. 2 L. scandena Don. Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, mi- nutely puberulent; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolato ; cor. glabrous, limb erect-spread- ing.— Less hairy and with smaller flowers. Fls. scarlet. 9. SCROPHULA'RIA, L. FIGWORT. (So named from the resem- blance of the roots to scrofulous tumors.) Calyx in 5 acute segments; corolla subglobous, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament) ; capsule 2-cellcd ; valves with 2 inflated margins. — Herbs or suffruticous, often foetid. Lvs. opposite. Cymes in simple or compound terminal, thyrsoid panicles. S. nodosa L. Glabrous; st. angled; Ivs. ovate, ovate-oblong, or the upper lan- ceolate, acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish ; thyrse oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base ; cymes pedunculate, loosely many- flowered; cal. segments broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly margined; sterile anlh. a roundish, green scale on the corolla. — If In woods and hedges, Can., and U. S. Rare in N. Eng. Stem 4 — 6f high, with paniculate, opposite branches abovo. Leaves 3 — 7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acuminate. Fls. ovoid, 3 — 4" long. Limb very small, of a dull olive color. July — Oct. (S. Marilandica L, and lance- olata Ph.) 10. CHELO'NE, L. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. (Gr. %ekuv7]r a tortoise ; from the appearance of the flower.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, with '3 bracts at base ; corolla inflated, bilabiate, the fifth filament abor- tive, smooth above, shorter than the rest; anthers woolly ; caps, valves entire ; seeds broadly membranaceous, winged. — U with opposite Ivs., distinguished from Pentstemon chiefly by the seeds. 1 C. glabra L. Smooth ; Ivs. subssssile, oblvng-Ianceolate, acuminate, serrate ; fig. densely spiked. — A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers shaped much like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended. Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Lvs. of a dark and shining green above, with irregular serratures, sessile or nearly so. Fls. large, in a short, terminal, dense spike. Cor. white, often tinged with red, inflated, contracted at the mouth, with short, gaping lips. Aug., Sept. /?. PURPUREA. Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate; cor. rose-purple. — This variety prevails in the Western States. It is larger in its leaves and flowers. Petioles £ — 1' long. Flowers very fine. (C. purpurea Mill. ?) 2 C. Lyoni Ph. Smooth ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, serrate, the lower cor- date; 11s. in a dense spike. — N. Car. to Ga., along the Mts. Stem 1 — 2f high. Leaves 3 — 6' long, 2 — 4' wide, veins very prominent beneath. Fls. purple, 1' in length, similar to No. 1. The spike as in that species, often branches, becoming somewhat capitate. Jl. — Sept. 11. PENTSTE'MON, L. BEARD-TONGUE. (Gr. irevre, five, , of N. America, branching, paniculate. Lvs. opposite. Fls. showy, red, violet, blue or white. * Leaves dissected. Sterile filament, bearded at tbo apex No. 1 * Leaves undivided.— Sterile filament glabrous or nearly so Nos. 2, S, 9 —Sterile filament bearded.— Lower lip bearded inside Nos. S, 1 — Lower lip not bearded Nos. 4, 5, (5 ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 521 1 P. dissectus Ell. Minutely puberulent; Ivs. pinnately parted, segm. linear, entire or few-lobed; panicle loose, with long, few-flowered peduncles: cor. some- what bell-shaped, sterile filament bearded at the apex. — In Middle Ga. St. near 2f high. Leaf-segm. distant, rather obtuse, margins re volute. Cor 9 to 10" long, purple, resembling that of Gerardia, but curved. Jn., Jl. — Blackens in drying. 2 P. grandiflorus Eraser. Erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical Ivs. petiolate, obovate-oblong, cauline broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile or clasping, att entire; panicle long, slender and racemous, interrupted ; cor. broadly campanulate ; ster- ile fil. dilated and puberulent at apex. — 111., near Prairie du Chien (Riddell) and westward. St. 3f high. Fls. 1 to 3 together in the upper axils. Cor. 15" long, variously shaded with blue and purple. 3 P. pubescens Soland. More or less pubescent; radical Ivs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, cauline lanceolate-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile; paniclo loose ; cor. tube gradually dilated, lower lip plaited and bearded inside, upper lip shorter ; sterile stam. longitudinally bearded. — River banks, bluffs, hills and bar- rens, Can. to Fla. (rare in N. Eng.). A handsome plant, 1 to 2f high. St. round, smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple fls. Cor. 1' in length; the barren fil. broadest at end. Jn. /?. L.EVIGATUS. Nearly or quite glabrous; Ivs. clasping; sterile fil. shorter. 4 P. gracilis Nutt Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lanco- oblong, cauline linear lanceolate, amplexical, entire or remotely serrulate ; panicle pubescent, slender; ped. erect; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube long and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, smooth inside ; sterile stam. longitudi- nally bearded. — River bottoms, near Chicago, 111. (Mead), also Mo. and Can. W. Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Ped. 3 to 7 -flowered. Fls. nodding, 9 to 10" long, pale blue. Jn. 5 P. digitalis Nutt Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or oblong, cauline lanceolate, amplexicaul, serrate, or rarely entire ; panicle loose ; ped. erect, spreading; cor. tube abruptly campanulate-dilated, beardless, upper lip shorter than the lower ; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded. Rich soils, Ohio, Ind. to Ga. and La. St. about 3f high. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, often dilated at base. Fls. numerous. Cor. 12 to 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn., Jl. 6 P. campamilatus "Willd. Glabrous; Ivs. acutely serrate, lance-linear or lance-ovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base ; panicle long, loose and secund ; cor. tube ventricous above, lobes subequal; sterile fil. bearded. — A very variable spe- cies, 2 to 3f high, with largo Cowers, varying from light purple to dark red or purple, f Mexico. 7 P. barbatus Nutt SCARLET PENT. Glabrous and glaucous; Ivs. entire, lower oblong, upper lance-linear; panicle long and loose; cor. tube long, scarcely dilated upwards ; lower lip and sterile fil. densely bearded. — Height 2 to 4f. Cor. scarlet, 13" long, f Mexico. 8 P. speciostis Doug. Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radical Ivs. petiolate, oblong-spatulate, cauline sessile, lanceolate; panicle elongated, slender, virgate, se- cund; cal. segm. ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin membranous; cor. tube en- larged upwards ; sterile fil. filiform, glabrous. — Height 3 to 4£ Fls. !£' long, blue, f Oregon. 9 P. gentianoides, with the panicle long, leafy at base; fls. 15 to 18" long, violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other species are rarely found in gardens. • 12. COLLIN'SIA, Nutt. INNOCENCE. (In honor of Z. Collins, Esq., of Philadelphia.) Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla bilabiate, orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, with the middle segment carinately saccate and closed over the declinate style and stamens ; capsule ovoid or globous, with 2 membranous, bifid valves ; seeds large, concavo-convex. — 0 With verticillate or opposite Ivs., axillary and terminal inflorescence. 1 C. verna Nutt. (Fig. 362.) Minutely puberulent ; lowest Ivs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, middle and upper sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-amplexicaul, dentate, floral ones lance-linear, entire ; verticillasters 2 to 6-flowered ; cor. 2 or 3 times shorter than the pedicels, twics longer than the calyx.— Banks of streams, shaded or 522 OEDEB 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. open, K T. near Utica (Gray) to 111. A tender herb 8 to 18' high, branched from the base. Lvs. 1 to 2' by -i to 1', dilated at base. Pedicels 1 to !£' long. Cor. 5" long, variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. May^ Jn. 2 C. parvifldra Dougl. Lower Ivs. ovate, petiolate, upper oblong or lanceolate, few-toothed, the floral lanceolate, entire ; verticillasters 2 to 6-flowered ; cor. littie shorter than the pedicels, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Shores of Lake Superior to Or. (Pitcher). A smaller plant, with smaller, blue fls. 3 C. bicolor Benth. Lower Ivs. ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, sessile, crenate, the floral entire, lanceolate ; verticillasters G to \b-flowered; pedi- cels shorter than the hairy calyx. — Taller than C. verna, 2f high, with larger, showy fls. Cor. 8 to 10" long, rose- violet, upper lip white, f California. 13. PAULOW'NIA, Siebold. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy; corolla tube long, declinatc, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments; stamens 4, arched downwards, with no rudiment of a fifth ; capsule lig- neous, acuminate, valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds oo, winged. — Tree, native of Japan. P. imperialis Sieb. — A splendid tree, in parks, with the habit of Catalpa, Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Lvs. 7 to 12' by 4 to 9', opposite, petiolate, broad-cordate, above entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both sides, smoothish above when full grown. Panicles very large, terminal, many -flowered. Cor. 1£ to 2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spotted within, j- 14. MIM'ULUS, L. MONKEY FLOWER.- (Gr. \LI\L&, an ape; from the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla.) Calyx tubular, 5- angled, 5-toothed; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides, palate of the lower lip prominent; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded ; stig- ma thick, bifid. — Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems and oppo- site Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. § Leaves pinnate-veined. Flowers bine (wild) or yellow (cultivated) Nos. 1,2, 6 § Leaves pal mate- veiued . Flowers yellow or scarlet Nos. 3, 4, 5 1 M. ringens L. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers. — U A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils, Can- and U. S., with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 2f high. Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubu- lar, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. JL, Aug. 2 M. alatus. Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, shorter than the flowers ; st. winged at the 4 corners. — 1J. In N. Y. to Ind. (Plummer), and S. States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and grows to nearly tha same height. The square stem, erect, smooth, and •winged at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate. Flowers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucrunate. Aug. 3 M. Jamdsii Torr. St. decumbent, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. subentire, roundish-reniform, tho lower on long petioles, 5 to 7-veined ; ped. about as long as the leaf; cal. ovate, upper tooth largest ; cor. tufa scarcely exserfed. — Shores of L. Superior, Min., Nebr. Fls. small, yellow. 4 M. Ititeus L. Ascending or erect ;. Ivs. orbicular-ovato or oblong, lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many-veined ; ped. longer than, the Ivs. ; cal. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest ; cor, tube broad, twice longer than the calyx. — *2J. Fls. yellow, often spotted with rose or purple, large and very fihowy. f California. — Varies greatly. 5 M. Cardinalis Dougl. Erect, branched, villous ; Ivs. ovate, erose~dentate> narrowed and ampkxicaul at base, many- veined ; ped. longer than the Ivs. ; caL tube large, inflated ; cor. lobes reflexed. — % St. loosely branched, 2 to 3f high. Cor. scarlet, the tube hardly longer than tho calyx, limb large and brilliant f California. ; OEDER 86.— SCROPHULAKIACEJE. 52b 6 M. moschatus Doug. MUSK PLANT. Decumbent, hairy and viscid, Ivs. ovate, acute, dentate, feather-veined ; ped. about as long as the leaf; cal. teeth lanceolate, acuminate, unequal. — 1\. Herb rooting at the joiats, a foot long. Cor. tube exceeding the calyx, yellow. The plant exhales the odor of musk. f Oregon. 15. CONO'BEA, Aublct. Calyx 5-parted, equal ; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted ; fertile sta. 4 ; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel ; caps, globous, ovoid, valves breaking away from the placentiferous dissepiment ; seeds oo, ovoid. — American branching herbs, with opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary or in pairs, 1-flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex. C. multifida Benth. Low, diffusely branched, puberulent; Ivs. petiolate, pin- nately dissected ; segments linear Or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. lobes entire ; caps, ovoid, valves at length 2 -parted. — (1) Sandy banks of rivers, com- mon, Ohio to La. A plant 4 — G' high, with finely divided leaves, and of a gray- ish aspect. Leaves 1 long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 1J" long. Jl. (Cap- raria, MX.) 16. HERPES'TIS, Gaert. (Gr. ipmjVTrfc, a creeper.) Calyx 5-parted, unequal ; cor. subbilabiate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3- lobed 5 sta. 4, didynamous, parallel ; caps. 2-furrowed, 2-celled, valves parallel with the dissepiment, the margins inflexed ; seeds oo, small. — Obscure weeds with opposite Ivs. Ped. 1-flowered, axillary, or subrace- mous, often with 2 bracteoles near the calyx. Flowers yellow, corolla 4-cleft, upper segment (lip) entire. Plant erect No. 1 Flowers blue. — Corolla 4-cleft, tipper segment (lip) emarginate Nos. 2, 3 — Corolla 5-cleft, lobes nearly equal. Leaves crenate No. 4 1 H. nigrescens Benth. Tall ; Ivs. oblong, crenate-serrate, cuneate at base, ob- tuse or acute ; ped. bractless, equaling or exceeding the leaves • the posterior lobe of the calyx oblong-obtusish. — % Car. to Fla. and La. "Wet. Plant 1 to 2f Ligh, often branched. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, thick, obscurely feather-veined, the up- per shorter than the (I/) pedicels. Cor. yellow, rather longer (5") than the calyx (4"). Aug., Sept. (Gratiola acuminata Walt.) — Blackens in drying. 2 H. rotundifolia Ph. St. mostly glabrous, creeping ; Ivs. orbicular-obovate, en- tire, glabrous, many- veined ; pedicels ebracteate, 1 — 3-together, 2 or 3 times longer tiian the calyx; lower cal. seg. ovate; cor. £ longer than the calyx. — If A prostrate mud plant, in ponds, 111. (Mead) to La. (Hale.) Stem If in length. Leaves 6 — 12" diam., about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as the leaves. Calyx 2 — 3" in length. Flowers blue. Aug. 3 H. amplexicaftlis Ph. St. floating, woolly; Ivs. arnplexicaul, ovate, obtuse, entire, many- veined, glabrous above; ped. solitary, shorter- than the calyx; caL lower segm. cordate; cor. -J- longer than the calyx; hypogynous disk long, 10- toothed at apex. — Swamps and ditches, N. J. to La. (Hale.) A few inches in length, with leaves 6 to 8" long. Pis. nearly 5" long. Sty. dilated at the end, Aug. 4 H. Monnidra Hximboldt. Glabrous, fleshy, prostrate; Ivs. cuneate-obovate, obscurely crenate or entire, 1 to 3-veined ; ped. as long as the Ivs. ; cal. sub- tended by 2 linear bractlets, its 3 outer segm. ovate.— "4- An obscure weed, on inundated banks, Perm, to Ga. and La. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, obscurely veined, ses- sile, or the lower contracted to a short petiole. Fls. few, cor. spreading 3 to 4", pale blue, on ped. 6 to 12" long. Aug. (H. cuneifolia Ph.) 17. GRATTOLA, HEDGE HYSSOP. (Lat. gratia, favor; alluding to its medicinal virtues.) Calyx 5-parted, subequal ; cor. upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent ; sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3 sterile filaments ; caps. 2-celled, 4-vaived, valves inflexed 524 OEDEB 86.— SCROPHTJLARIACEJEL at margin. — Herbs with opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, 1-fiowered, usu- ally bibracteolate near the calyx. § Flowers sessile. Cells of anthers vertical. Plants rigid, Jbristly-hairy Xos. 7, 8 § Flowers pedunculate. Anther cells transverse. Plants smooth or viscid (a). a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed Nos. 1 — 3 a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head Nos. 4— fi 1 G. Virginiana L. St. ascending, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, sparingly toothed *} ped. as long or longer than the leaves ; cor. twice longer than the calyx; sterile fiL none. — U U. S. and Can. Stem 4 — 8' high, more or less pubescent, round, de- clining, and branching at base. Leaves 1 — 2' long, and ^ as wide, smooth, lan- ceolate, sessile, dentate or nearly entire near the ends, subconnate or amplexicauL Cor. white or pale-yellow, twice longer than the calyx or the 2 bracts. JL 2 G. Floridana Nutt. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, few-toothed ; ped. longer than the leaves ; cor. 4 times longer than the calyx ; sterile fiL none ? — (§) Dry soils, fields, &c., Ala. and Fla, Plant 6 to 9' high, with the appearance of G. Yirginiana, but smaller Ivs. and larger fls. Lvs. hardly 1' long. Ped 1' to 18" long. Bractlets scarcely as long as sepals. Cor. 7" long, tube yellow within, limb rose color. 3 G. sphasrocarpa Ell. Glabrous, ascending, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate-ovate-, attenuate to the base, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Western States to Ga. Plant a few inches high, differing from the last chiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c. Flowers whitish, 5 — 6" long. Jn. (G. Caroliniensis Le Conte.) 4 G. aurea Muhl. Smooth; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, clasping; ped. as long as, or longer than the leaves ; cor. yellow ; sterile fil. 2, short. — A small, perennial herb, 6 to 8' high, in muddy places, Mass, to Fla. St. declining and rooting at the base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Lvs. sessile, a little- clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, oftep with a few teeth near tho end. Fls. golden yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks. Fil. 4, adhering- to the corolla, 2 of them minute, sterile. Aug. 5 G. viscosa Schwein. Yiscid-pubescent, ascending ; Ivs. lance-ovate or oblong, clasping, acute, 3-veined, acutely serrate; ped. longer than the leaves; bractlets (2) and sepals (5) twice shorter than the (white) corolla tube, twice longer than capsule. — 11 Wet places, N. Car., Ky., to Fla. and La. St. simple, obtusely angled, 9 to 12' long. Lvs. 6 to 9" long, teeth slender. Ped. 1'. Cor. white, tube yellow within. (G. Drummondii Benth.) ft. DRUMMONDII. Sepals and bractlets subulate, thrice longer than the capsule. —La. (Hale.) 6 G. ramosa Walt. Glabrous or viscid-puberulent ; st. ascending from a pros- trate base, terete ; Ivs. linear-acute, with few teeth near the summit ; bractkts min- ute or none ; sepals linear ; sterile fil. filiform. — If Muddy shores, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. simple or branched from the creeping base. Lvs. 6 to 9'' long, 1 to 2" wide, with 2 or 4 teeth. Ped. nearly equaling the leaves. Cor. white, yellow within. May — Jl. (G. quadridentata MX.) 7 G. pilosa MX. Erect, hispid ; Ivs. ovate, few-toothed, clasping, rugous ; cor- tube scarcely longer than the calyx. — Tj- Car. to Fla. and La, in wet places. Plant If high, rough with stiff, white hairs. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, 3 to 5'' broad, irregularly 3-veined. Fls. sessile, shorter than the leaves, white. Jl. — Sept 8 G. subulata Baldw. Erect, hispid ; Ivs. linear or lance- linear, margins revo- lute, entire ; cor. tube slender, thrice longer than the calyx. — 11- Damp sandy places, Ga. (Feay, Pond), Fla. (Mettauer, Chapman, &c.) Plant generally much branched, 5 to 8' high. Lvs. 5 to 8" long, rigid, distant, or often densely imbricated. Cor. tube 4 ' long, persistent and recurved after flowering. Sept., Oct. 18. ILYSANTHES, Raff. (Gr. Uv?, mud, dvBog, flower.) Calyx 5- parted ; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid ; sta. 2 fertile ; 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the divisions glandular, obtuse, the other acute, or rarely with half an anther ; caps, ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx. — With opposite Ivs., and axillary, 1-flowered ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. (Lindernia, L.) ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 525 1 I. gratioloides Benth. Glabrous, ascending, much branched; Ivs. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to a petiole ; cor. erect, twico longer than the calyx, on bractless peduncles ; sterile fil. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle. — Q) Can. and U. S. in wet places. A low, incon- spicuous plant, 3 — 6 or 8' high. Leaves 5 — 8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. JL, Aug. — (L. dilatata and attenuata MuhL) 2 I. refracta Benth. Slender, smooth, erect ; mostly subradical, oval-oblong and spatulate, cauline few, small and remote, lance-linear ; ped. filiform, subterminal, few, deflected after flowering ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the linear sepals. — 11 Damp pine- woods, K Car. to Ga. (Mettauer, near Macon). St. 6 to 10' high, sparingly branched. Lower Ivs. 7 to 9" long, cauline 1 to 5". Ms. 5" long, light blue. Jn. 3 I. grandiflora Benth. .Smooth, creeping, diffuse; Ivs. thick, orbicular, entire, subclasping, veinless ; ped. very hairy ; sterile fil. 2 ; partly exserted, lobe-bear- ing in the middle, thickened at the end. — 1£ Ga. (between Savannah and Au- gusta, Nutt.) in sandy swamps. Lvs. 3 to 4" diam. Fed. 1' long, cor. 6'', violet blue. 19. MICRANTHEMUM, Rich. (Gr. pucpdg, small, dvOos, flower ; such is its character.) Calyx 4 -toothed or cleft ; corolla upper lip shorter, entire, lower trifid ; stamens 2 fertile, a glandular scale at the base of each, sterile filament none ; style short, apex clavate or spatulate, en- tire ; capsule 2-valved. — © Slender, glabrous, creeping, with opposite Ivs. and minute flowers. § Calyx deeply cleft, segments longer than the unequal corolla lips ...................... No. 1 § Calyx merely toothed", segments shorter than the very unequal corolla lips ............ No. 2 1 M orbiculatum MX. Lvs. orbicular or roundish-obovate, obscurely 3-veined, entire, contracted to a very short petiole; fls. solitary, axillary, much shorter than the leaves and on pedicels shorter than the calyx. — N. Car. to Ma. and La., com- mon, in mud or shallow water. Sta diffuse, fiiform. Lvs. often crowded, 2 to 4" long, 2 to 3" wide. Ms. globular, less than 1" long, white. All summer. (M. emarginatum Ell.) 2 M. micrantha. Los. roundish, ovate, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined; fls. sessile, axillary, very minute. — Inundated banks of rivers, Delaware to the Ogee- chee, probably not common. Plant a few inches long, branched. Ms. white, tho middle segm. of the lower lip largest and spreading. Sept., Oct. (Herpestis micrantha Ell. Hemianlhus micranthemoides Nutt.) 20. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. (Gr. , both or twain, &vBos ; allu. ding to its two-fold inflorescence.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla small, fun- nel form, limb 4-lobed, lower lobe larger, stamens 2, included ; anthers 2-celled ; style lightly bifid, lobes acute ; capsule obcordate, compressed, valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds numerous. — (p Acaulescent, minute, with fls. both sessile and on scapes. A. pusillus Torr. On wet rocks, Newton Co., Ga. (Leavemvorth). A minute herb, with the Ivs. nearly radical, linear, obtuse, entire, 1 to 2" long. Ms. white, hardly 1" long, some sessile among the leaves, others on simple, filiform pedun- cles 1' long. Mar., Apr. 21. LIMOSEL'LA, L. MUDWORT. (Lat. limus, mud ; its locality.) Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal ; stamens ap- proximating in pairs; capsule partly 2-celled, 2 -valved, many-seeded. — Minute aquatic herbs. Scape 1 -flowered. L. tenuifolia Nutt. Acaulescent; Ivs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole; scape as long as the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx.— CD B. L, Mass., N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Mowers very small, blue and white. Aug. 526 OEDEB 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 22. SYNTHHTRIS, Benth. (Gr. ovv, together, Ovpig, a door; sc. valves closed.) Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subcampanulate, segments 4, erect-speading or 0 ; stamens 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted ; anther cells parallel, distinct ; capsule compressed, obtuse or emarginate, loculicidal, seeds plano-convex. — 2£ N. American, with a thick root. Radical Ivs. petiolate, caulirie bract- like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Fls. racemed or spicate. S. Houghtoniana Benth. Hirsute, radical Ivs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenu- late, obtuse ; scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above ; cor. as long as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. — Dry hills, Wis. (Lapham). Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1J to 2', on petioles about an inch loug, some of the leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Scapo 9 to 12' high. Spiko elongated in fruit. 23. DIGITALIS, L. FOX-GLOVE. (Lat. digitabulum, a thimble.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, ventricous, upper lip rcflexed, spreading, middle segment of the lower lip broadest ; capsule ovate, 2- cclled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. — Herbs or shrubs of Europe and Asia. Lower Ivs. crowded, petiolate, upper alternate. Fls. in showy racemes. Poisonous and medicinal. § Corolla tnbo subglobons, scarcely longer than the lower lip Xos. 1, 2, 7 § Corolla tube campanukite, \ wico longer than the lower lip Nos. 3, 4, G § Corolla tube subcylindric, twice longer tbuu thw lower lip JNo. 5 1 D. orientalis Lam. St. and lance-linear Ivs. glabrous ; spike interrupted, glanuular-villous • pedicels very short ; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acute ; cor. pubescent, lower segments oblong, obtuse. — If By thin ia. Height 3f. Corolla purplish, spotted. 2 D. ferruginea. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, very smooth ; rac. many-flowered; cat. segments ovql- elliptical, obtuse; cor. limb subglobous, woolly, lower segment ovate. — i| in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla rust-colored, 16" long, lower lip longest, densely bearded, f 3 D. purpurea L. Lvs. oblong, rugous, petiolate, crenate; cal. segm. ovate ob- long ; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire ; ped. as long as the calyx.—® Plant 2 to 3f high, with large, rough, downy Ivs. Fls. numerous, in a long, simple spike, large, crimson, often white, with eye-like spots within. Jl. \ f Eur. 4 D. graiidiflora Allioni. Lvs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, ampkxicaul ; rac. tomentous, lax ; cal. segments lanceolate, acute ; cor. ventricous- campanulate, segments broader than long, lowest twice broader than the lateral. If in Europe. Plant 2 — 3f high. Flowers !£' long, yellow, varying to brown- ish or orange, f 5 D. hitea L. Very smooth ; Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, denticulate ; rac. eecui id, many-flowered ; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. glabrous, tube sub- ventricous, lower segment half as long again as the rest. — TJ. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers 8 — 10" long, yellow, varying to white, f 6 D. Thapsi, with mullein-like Ivs. all radical and flat on the ground. 7 D. leucophsea, with very largo, dense, leafy racemes of dusky white fls.f and a few other species may bo found in gardens. There are also many hybrids, difficult of course, to determine. 24. VERON'ICA, L. SPEEDWELL. (Perhaps namea for St. Veronica?) Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow; stamens 2, inserted into the tube,. exserted ; sterjlc fil. 0 ; cap- sule compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs (the following species herbs). Lvs. opposite. Fls. sol- itary, axillary or in racjcmes, blue, flesh-colored or white. Tall, erect (IS' to 4f ). Fls. In dense, terminal spikes. Corolla tube elon-atecl Nos. 1, 13 Low, weak (8 to 12'). Leaves opposite (at base). Corolla tube very short, (a) ORDER 80.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 527 a Racemes opposite, axillary. Capsule roundish, emarjsrinate Nos. 2, 8 a Racemes alternate, axillary. Capsule not rounded, very flat Nos. 4, 5 a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed. (b) b Floral leaves like the rest, not longer than the recurved peduncles Nos. 6 — 3 b Floral leaves bractlike, longer than the erect peduncles, (c) C Perennial. Peduncles equaling or exceeding the calyx Nos. 9, 10, 14 C Annual. Peduncles shorter than the calyx or none Nos. 11, 12 1. V. Virginica L. CULVER'S PHYSIC. Erect, tall, glabrous ; Ivs. verticillate in 45, 55, or 6s, lance-ovate to lance-linear; spikes mostly several, paniculate. — If Woods, thickets and barrens, Can. to Ga., "W. to Iowa. A conspicuous plant • arising 2 — 5f. Stem simple, straight, smooth, with whorls of acuminate, finely serrate leaves -which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneath. Mowers numerous, nearly sessile, in spikes 3 to 10' long. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as the corolla. Jl. (Leptandra Virginica Nutt.) 2 V. Anagallis L. Glabrous erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly notched. — If A smooth, fleshy plant, frequenting the borders of brooks and pools, Can. and TL S. Stem about If high. Leaves 2 — 3' by 5 — 7". Racemes (some- times but 1 ^t a node) longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2 — 3") scarcely longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn., Jl. 3 V. Americana Schwenitz. BBOOKLIME. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect, above ; Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish ; serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base ; rac. opposite, loose; caps, roundish, turgid, emarginate. — if In brooks and clear waters, Can. and U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 — 18' long, more or less decumbent and rooting at base. Leaves 1 — 2' long, petioles mar- gined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (3 — 5") twice longer than tho bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn., Jl. — (V. Beccabunga Am. authors.) 4 V. Bcutellaria L. SKULL-CAP. SPEEDWELL. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, remotely denticulate ; rac. in alternate axils very loose ; pedicels divaricate ; capsule flat, broader than long, cordate at both ends. — if Slender and weak, in gwampa and marshes, N. Eng. and "W. States, and Brit. Am., common. St. 10 to 16' high. Lvs. (2 to 3' by 2 to 3") much longer than the internodes. Ped. and pedicels filiform, tho latter (6 to 9") six times longer than tho bracts. Fls. rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn, — Aug. 5 V. ofScinalia L. OFFICINAL SPEEDWELL. Roughish-pubescent ; St. prostrate, branched ; Ivs. briefly petiolate, and subsessile, obovate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, ser- rate, mostly narrowed to the base ; rac. dense, many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; caps, puberulent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate. — 2£ In dry woods and open fields, Can. to Ga., rare. Plant trailing, 6 to 12' long, with ascending branches. Lva. 1' to 18" by 6 to 9". Fls. pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes. May — Jl. § Eur. 6 V. Buxbaumii Tenore. Prostrate, hairy; Ivs. roundish-ovate, coarsely cro- nate-serrate, the floral similar, all on short petioles ; ped. longer than the Ivs. / caps, triangular-obcordate, broader than long. — Rare in waste grounds, E. States. Plant 7 to 12' long, Ivs. nearly 1' long. CaL spreading 4 to 6". Cor. larger than tho calyx, blue. Caps, co-seeded. 7 V. agre Btis L. NECKWEED. St. procumbent, diffusely branching ; Ivs. cordate- ovate, deeply crenate-serrato, floral similar, all petiolate ; ped. as long as the leaves ; caps, roundish, acutely notched, co-seeded. — CD In cultivated fields, Can. and At- lantic States, not common. A small, pilous plant, 2 to 8' long, branching mostly at base. The Ivs. are roundish-ovate, the lower shorter than their petioles, tho upper alternate. Fls. small, light blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segm. of tho cal. fringed, ovate, equal. May— -Sept. § Eur. 8 V. hederaefdlia L. Prostrate, pilous ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, coarsely 3 to ^-toothed or lobed; ped. scarcely longer than tho Ivs. ; sep. triangular, suitor- date, acute, closed in fruit; caps, turgid, 4-seeded.— Dry or rocky soils, L. Isl. to Del. rare. St. diffusely branched. Lvs. rather fleshy, 6 to 12" dlam., tho upper larger and alternate. Cal, segm. ciliate. Cor. smaller than the calyx, blue, May. § Eur. 528 ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 9 V. serpyllifolia L. Subglabrous, much branched below; sts. ascending; Ivs. oval, subcrenate, obtuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into oblong, entire, alternate bracts ; ped. longer than the ovate sepals ; caps, obcordate, broader than long. — If Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, etc., U. S. and Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3 -veined, 4 — 12" long, petioles 0 — 2". Racemes bracted, rather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 2 — 5'. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx, blue and white, penciled with purple lines. May — Aug. 10 V. alpina L. Branched at base, ascending; Ivs. roundish-oval, subentire, very obtuse, short-petioled, upper elliptical and much smaller ; rac. hairy, few- flowered, usually dense ; ped about as long as the calyx ; stam. shorter than tbo corolla; caps, obovate, emarginate. — White Mts., N. II. and Rocky Mts. Plant 1 to 5' long. Lvs. about 4" by 5''. Fls. small, blue. — Scarcely distinguishable from dwarf specimens of No. 9. 11 V. peregrina L. Ascending, subglabrous ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, few-toothed, obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, lloral oblong-linear, entire, longer than the subsessile flowers ; caps, suborbicular, slightly notched, the lobes rounded. — CD Throughout N. Am., in fields or clayey soils. Plant often branched from the base, 4 to 10' high. Lvs. rather fleshy, the upper cauline, 6 to 11" long, floral much smaller. Sepals oblong, longer than the pale blue or white corolla. Caps, hardly broader than long. May, Jii. (V. Marilandica Willd.) 12 V. arvensis L. CORN" SPEEDWELL. Puberuknt-pllous, simple or branched, erect or assurgent ; Ivs. ovate or roundish, subcordate, incisely crenate, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceolate, crenate, sessile ; ped. shorter than the calyx. — Frequent in dry fields, K 11. to Ga. and La. A small, pubescent, pale-green plant, 2 to 6' high. St. nearly erect, branching from the base, the leaves assurgent. Cor. shorter than tho cal, pale blue, penciled with purple lines. May, Jn. § ^. REXIFORHIS. Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. (Y. reniformis Raf.) 13 V. spicata L. SPIKED SPEEDWELL. Erect, tall ; Ivs. petiolate, ovate- oblong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire at apex ; rac. mostly solitary ; pedicels much shorter than the sepals ; cal. mostly hoary-pubescent. — U Europe and Asia, A beautiful garden species with numer- ous varieties. Flowers blue, roseate, etc. f 14 V. gentianoides Vahl. St. csespitous; flowering branches erect, simple ; Ivs. thick, entire, or sparingly crenate ; lowest crowded, obovate or oblong, the rest remote, oblong or lanceolate, the floral bract-like ; rac. loosely many-flowered, pubescent; ped. many times longer than the calyx. — Fls. rather large, blue. f Asia. 25. BUCHNE'RA, L. BLUE-HEARTS. (In honor of J. G. Buchner, a German botanist, 1743.) Calyx 5-toothcd ; corolla salver form, tube slender, limb flat, in 5, obovatc-oblong, subequal lobes ; stamens 4, in- cluded, anthers halved, i. c., with but one cell ; capsule 2-valved. — Herbs, with the lower Ivs. opposite, the upper alternate. Fls. in a terminal spike. B. Americana L. Tall, slender, hispid, very rough ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, few- toothed, obtuse, 3-veined, the lowest oblong-obovate ; highest linear ; spike long- peduncled; fls. dense, becoming remote in fruit; cor. tube slender, pubescent, twice as long as the hispid, tubular calyx, or the deep blue cor. lobes. — N. Y. to Ga. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high, simple or few-branched, the upper half naked or with bracts only. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. 6 to 12 in the spike, 6 to 7" long. Jn. — Aug. (B. elongata Sw. ? (Darby) is the same plant). Blackens in drying. 26. MACRAN'THERA, Torr. (Gr. {uucpo?, great, Lat. anthem, an- thers ; a mongrel word.) Calyx tube campanulate, lobes 5, long and narrow ; corolla tubular, limb oblique, segments short, entire, stamens 4, long, exserted, subequal ; style long, filiform ; capsule ovate, acumi- ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 529 . — 2£ Herbs tall, with opposite, pinnatifid Ivs., long, decurved pe- duncles, and cylindraceous, yellow fls. 1 M. fuchsioides Torr. Cal. segm. but little slwrter than the corolla. — Ala., La. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. lanceolate, 2' long, with lanceolate segments. Kac. long, loose, secund. Cor 1' long. 2 M. Lecontii Torr. Cal. segm. entire, linear-lanceolate, scarcely one-third the length of the corolla. — Dry pine woods, Ga., Fla. Lvs. etc., as in the other. 27. SEYMEVRIA, Ph. (In memory of Henry Scymcr, Esq., an English naturalist.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft; cor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube ; sta. 4, subequal ; valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire; seeds oo. — • Herbs erect, branching. Cauline Ivs. mostly opposite and incised. Fls. yellow. § Tube of the corolla broadly campanulate, incurved, us long as the limb No. 1 § Tube of the corolla much shorter than the subrotate limb Nos. 2, 3 1 S. macroph^lla N"utt. Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. large, the lower deeply pinnatifid, segments lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanceolate, serrate or entire ; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb ; sty. short, dilated and slightly bifid at apex; caps, ovate-acuminate. — 1£ In woods, White River Valley, Ind., Ohio (Clark) to Ark. Height 4— 6f, with tho habit of Dasystoma. Lower leaves (5 — 7' by 2 — 3') lance-ovate in outline, floral (2 — 3') mostly opposite. Corolla £ long, very woolly within. July. 2 S. pectinata Ph. Yiscid-pubescent, profusely branched ; Ivs. oblong, half-pin- natifid or cleft half way to the midvein, segm. few, entire, short, linear, obtuse, upper Ivs. merely toothed ; caps, pubescent, acute with the style, at length 06- tuse. — 1ST. Car. to Fla. and Tex., in the upper districts. Plant 2 to 4f high, tho numerous branches opposite. Lvs. small, an inch (or less) long, the rachis ob- lanceolate. Sep. oblong-linear, longer than the pedicel. Cor. subrotate, 5 to 6" broad. Aug. — Oct. 3 S. tenuifolia Ph. Minutely puberulent, much branched ; Ivs. setaceously bi- pinnatifid, rachis and segments all equally attenuated ; caps, globular, rostrate. — Wet pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 2 to 3f high, quite slender and nearly smooth. Lvs. G" and less long, only the lower segments dissected, upper entire. Cor. lobes oblong, spreading about 4". Ped. twice longer than the calyx. Aug., Sept. 28. DASYS'TOMA, Raf. (Gerardia, L.) YELLOW FOXGLOVE. (Gr. daav$, hairy, aro^a, mouth ; alluding to the corolla.) Calyx campanu- late, half 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation ; corolla tube dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes, woolly within ; stamens didynamous, scarcely included, woolly ; anthers all equal, awned at base ; capsule ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing a septum in the middle ; seeds many. — 2£ Herbs tall, erect. Lower Ivs. opposite, upper generally alternate. Cor. large, yellow. All blacken in drying. * Segments of the calyx entire. Plants pubescent (No. 1) or glabrous Nos. 2, 3 * Segments of the calyx toothed or pinnatifid. Plants pubescent Nos. 4, 5 1 D. flava. Plant pubescent, subsimple ; Ivs. nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or toothed, the lower pinnatifid or incised ; cal. lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than its tube ; ped. very short. — A showy plant, 2 to 4f high, in woods throughout the U. S. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, tapering to the subsessile base or petiole, the upper mostly entire. Cor. about 18'' long. Aug., Sept. (D. pubescena Benth. G. flava L.) 2 D. integrifolia. Plant glabrous, subsimplo ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest somewhat toothed ; ped. shorter than tJie calyx. — Woods, S. E. Ohio to 111. and Tenn. Sts. often much branched, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, petio- late. Fls. smaller, the cor. about 1' long. Not at all glaucous like the next. Aug. (D. quercifolia /?. ? Benth. G. integrifolia Gray.) 34. 530 OEDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 3 D. quercifolia Benth, Plant glabrous and glaucous, paniculate-branched; Ivs. paler beneath, petiolate, lower ample, bipinnatifid, upper oblong lanceolate, pin- natifid or entire ; ped. as long as the calyx ; segm. of the cal. lance-acu/ninate, longef than its tube. — Woods and thickets, J5T. Eng. to Ga. and Mich., common. St. tall, purplish, covered with a glaucous bloom, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, sinuate or incised. Fls. large, and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Cor. trumpet-shaped, near 2' long. Aug. (G. quercifolia Ph. G. glauca Eddy.) 4 D. pedicularia Benth. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, branched; Ivs. ovate lanceolate, pinnatifid, with toothed or incised segments ; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx, segm. tooth or incised, equaling the top-shaped calyx tube. — Dry hilly woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky., common. St. bushy, very leafy, 2 to 3f high, sprinkled with, a woolly pubescence. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, divided like those of the Louse- wort. Cor. rather bell-shaped, 15" long, the cal. 5". Aug. (G. pedicu- laria L.) 5 D. pectinata Benth. Very hirsute; Ivs. lanceolate, pectinate-pinnatifid, segm. subdentate or incised ; ped. shorter than the hairy calyx, eegm. toothed, longer than the cal. tube. — Pine woods, Car. and Ga. Fls. as large as in the last. JL, Aug. (G. pectinata Torr.) 29. GERAR'DIA, L. (In honor of John Gerard, an English botan- ist of the 16th century.) Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed ; cor. tubular, ventricbus or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire unequal lobes ; sta. didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, length unequal ; caps, obtuse, or briefly acuminate ; seeds oo. — American herbs, rarely suffruticous. Lvs. opposite. Fls. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. 1. OTOPHTLLA. Calyx segments longer than its tube, 2 anthers much smaller No. 1 2. GKRAKDIA proper. Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal. (§) § Corolla bilabiate, upper lip very short, erect. Peduncles longer than corolla. No. 2 § Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading, throat usually hairy, (a) a Leaves almost none, opposite scales instead. Flowers large No. 3 a Leaves all alternate, filiform. Flowers large, long-stalked No. 4 a Leaves opposite. — Peduncles not longer than the calyx N os. 5, 6 — Peduncle* much longer. — Flowers large (about 9" long.) — Nos. 7, 8 — Flowers small (about G'' long).. .Nos. 9, 10 1 G. auriculata MX. Scabrous, hirsute, subsimple ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, upper auriculato at base ; fls. nearly sessile. — (£) Penn. to Iowa and La., in low grounds. A rough, rigid. plant, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, ses- sile, the floral with an oblong lobe on each side at base. Cor. dilated and spread- ing at mouth ; lobes entire, rounded, purple, rarely white. Short stamens similar, but twice smaller. Aug., Sept. 2 G. Mettaderl Glabrous, slender, diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear-filiform, scarcely rough-edged ; ped. filiform many times longer than the calyx which has short, triangular teeth; cor. distinctly bilabiate, upper lip very short, emarginate, straight, vaulted, fringe-ciliate, lower lip of 3 broad, spreading lobes. — (I) "Wet sandy places, Middle Fla. (Dr. Mettauer). Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 5 to 12" long. Ped. 6 to 12" long. Fls. purple, with 2 yellow stripes in the spotted tube. /? ? CLAUSA. Cor. tube dorsally compressed, throat closed by the inflexed upper lip. — With the others. Fls. light purple, y ? NUDA. Lvs. (except a few at the base) reduced to minute bracts, scarcely 1" long; fls. all terminal, rather smaller (5" long,) light purple. 3 G. aph^lla Nutt. Erect, with slender branches, leafless, with few, remote, scarious scales or short bristle-like Ivs ; ped. bracteolate ; cul, truncate, with minute, gland*liko teeth ; caps, globular, exceeding tho calyx.-—. (j) N. Car. to Fla. and La. in wet places, coastward. Plant 2 to 3f high, often sirnplo, with few flowers, or diffusely few-branched with many flowers, Fls. deep purple, iniddlo size, lobes Bubequal, pedicels short, i. e., the bractleta are near the flowers, Jn., JJ. 4 G. filifolia Nutt. St. terete, diffusely branched ; Iva. filiform, terete, alternate and much fascicled ; -ped. alternate, much longer than the Ivs. ; cal, teeth short, sttaceously acute; cor, ample, smooth,— - (p St, Mary's, Ga, to Apulacbicola, Fla, ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACEJS. 531 Plant rigid, 2 to Df high. Lvs. never an inch long, always scattered. Ped. 1 to 2' long. Fls. numerous, large. Aug. — Oct. 5 G. maritima Raf. St. angular ; Ivs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse ; fls. small; ped. scarcely as long as the truncate calyx; lobes of the cor. spreading, 2 upper fringed. — (jJ) Salt marshes, along the Atlantic coast. Plant branched, 4 to 10' high. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, subterete and quite fleshy. Fls. about 6' long, in- clined to be terminal. Caps, globular. Jl. — Sept. 6 G. purpdrea L. St. angular, branched; Ivs. linear, acute, scabrous on the margin; ped. shorter than the calyx which has a truncate tube with short seta- ceomly acute teeth. Cor. ample, smooth or pubescent. — (T) Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. Plant of varying form according to situation, 1 to 2f high (2 to 4f South). Lvs. 1 to 2' long, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Fls. large, (!' long), purple, the ped. 1", rarely 2" long. Aug. (G. Plukenetii Ell?) (3. FASCICULATA. Tall, with fascicles of smaller Ivs. in the axils ; cor. pubes' cent, lobes ciliate. — S. States, common (G. fasciculata Ell.). 7 G. aspera Doug. Sparingly branched ; Ivs. scabrous, long and narrowly linear, the floral exceeding the calyx; ped. twice longer than the calyx- cal. teeth lan- ceolate, acute, nearly as long as its tube; cor. ample, smooth. (J) 111. to Iowa (Cousens), &c. Closely allied to G. purpurea. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, rigid, rough. Cor. deep purple, about 1' long, not always smooth. Ped. 3 to 5". Aug. 8 G. linifolia Nutt. St. terete, virgate, inclined, subsimple, several from the same base ; Ivs. opposite, smooth, thick, long, lance-linear, and linear, erect, the upper reduced to bracts ; ped. many times longer than the calyx which is truncate, with scarcely any teeth. — N. Car. to Fla., in wet pine barrens. Sts. 2 to 3f high, terete. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3". Cor. large, pubescent, its lower lip spotted. Aug. — Sept 9 G. temiifolia Yahl. Paniculate, much-branched; sts. angular; Ivs. linear; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers, about equaling ihe Ivs. ; caps, globular. — (P A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, in fields and woods, U. S. and Can. St. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. about an inch long, very narrow (1" in width) entire, rough-edged, often coiled. Fls. opposite, axillary, on slender stalks, an inch or less in length. Cor. purple, spotted within, border much spreading, smooth and nearly equal. Cal. teeth short and acute. Aug. — Sept. 10 G. setacea Walt. St. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4-angles margined ; Ivs. remote, linear or setaceous, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter than the very long peduncles ; cal. teeth very short, acute ; cor. lobes short, spreading ; caps, roundish ovoid, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — (L) S. and W. States, dry grounds. Plant 12 to 18' high, the stem and few branches quite slender and rough on the slightly winged angles. Lvs. 5 to 10" long, few and far between. Ped. 1 to !£' long. Cor. (5 to 6") glabrous, light purple or rose- color. Jl., Aug. (G. Skinneriana> 2d edit.)— Scarcely blackens in drying. 30. CASTILLEMA, L. (Eucliroma, Nutt.) PAINTED CUP. (Named for one Castillcjo, a Spanish botanist.) Calyx tubular, 2 — 4-cleft ; cor. galea (upper lip) linear, very long, carinate-concave, lower short, 3-lobed ; sta. beneath the galea, didynamous ; anth. oblong-linear, with unequal lobes, cohering in the form of an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the middle, interior pendulous. — Herbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. alternate, the floral often colored at the apex. Fls. subsessile, in termioal, leafy- bracts. 1 C. coccmea Spreng. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, with linear and divaricate seg- ments; bracts about 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equaling the corolla, segments retuse and emarginate. — U Wet meadows, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng., remarkable for its large, bright, scarlet (or bright yellow!) bracts. Stem angular, simple, 8—12' high. Leaves with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Bracts crowded near the summit of the stem, each with a dull yellow flower ia its axil, less showy than itself. May, Jn. 532 ORDER 86.— SCROPHULARIACEJE. 2 C. sessiliflora Ph. Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly triftd with the lobes divaricate ; cal. sessile, elongated ; spikes dense ; cor. long, exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate. — If. Prairies, "Wis. (Lapham) and westward. Stem 8 — 14' high, several from the same root, simple, leafy. Leaves grayish, 2 — 2£' long. Flowers crowded. Corolla tube slender, 2—3' in length, greenish- white, with a slight tinge of purple. Style and stamens enfolded by the upper lip, and a iittlo exserted. May. (E. grandiflora Nutt.) 3 C. septentrionalis Lindl. Lvs. linear, undivided, the upper lanceolate, tho floral subovate, subdentate at the end. all 3-veined ; cal. with acute teeth, shorter than the corolla. — 2{ A hardy inhabitant of Alpine and high northern regions, White Mts., N. H. to Hudson's Bay. St. a foot high, simple. Lvs. sessile, smoothish, becoming lanceolate towards the upper part of the stem, and near 2' long. Tuft of fls. at top of the stem. Bracts broader and shorter than the leaves, 5 to 7-veined, of a pale straw color tipped with purple. Fls. straw-colored, nearly concealed by the bracts. Aug. (Bartsia pallida Ph.) 31. SCHW AL'BEA, L. CHAFF-SEED. (In honor of Schwalbe, a German botanist.) Calyx tube 10-ribbed, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper divi- sion small, lower large, emarginate or 2-toothcd ; corolla ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed ; capsule oblong ; seeds many, chaffy. — 2£ With alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. S. Americana L. In sandy barrens and marshes, N". Y. to Fla. and La. Stem 1 — 2f high, pubescent, stout, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3-veiiied, 1' to 20" long, with a ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, dimin- ishing upwards. Flowers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long Bpike. Corolla dull purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1 — 1J') as the per- manent, strongly-ribbed calyx. Jn. 32. PEDICULA^RIS, L. LOUSEWORT. (Lat. pediculus, a louse ; prob- ably from its efficacy in destroying that insect.) Calyx ventricous, 2 to 5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sometimes obliquely truncate ; corolla vaulted, upper lip compressed, emarginate ; lower lip spreading, l3-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, mucronate; seeds angular. — Herbs. Lvs. alternate, rarely subopposite, often pinnatifid. Fls. spicate. 1 P. Canadensis L. Hirsute; st. simple; Ivs. alternate, pctiolate, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, lobes oblong-ovate, crenate-dentate ; spike short, dense, leafy; cal. truncate downwards; cor. galea abruptly incurved, with' 2, setaceous teeth; caps. 'ending in a prolonged ensiform bea7;. — If Pastures and low grounds, U. S. and Can. St. erect, If high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 1 to 2', chiefly radical. Spike short, hairy, with a few small leaves at tho base. Cor. yellowish and purple, the upper lip long, erect, forming a galea or helmet, cut square off at the end, with a bristle- like tooth at each corner. Beak of the capsule often near 1' in length. May — JL (P. gladiata MX.) 2 P. lanceolata MX. Nearly glabrous; st. branched; Ivs. subopposite, briefly petiolate or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised crenate; spike rather dense; cal. 2-Jobed ; cor. galea as long as the lip, incurved over it and closing the throat; caps, short, ovoid. — 2£ In alluvial woods, N. Y. to Wis. (Lapham), S. to Ya. St. 1 to 2f high, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite Ivs., and P, few axillary branches. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 1 £'. Spike 1 to 3' in length, with ovate-lanceolato bracts. CaL and cor. smooth, the latter greenish yellow, 1' long. Style a little exserted. Sept. (P. paUida Ph.) 33. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW RATTLE. (Gr. piv, nose, dvOo$ ; alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed galea.) Calyx 4-toothed, ventricous; corolla tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb ringent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments ; capsule 2-valvcd, compressed, obtuse. — D Erect, with opposite Ivs. ORDER 87.— -ACANTHACE^E. 533 R. Crista-gcilli L. Mostly glabrous; Ivs. oblong or lanceolate?; cor. scarcely a third longer than the calyx ; appendages of the galea transversely ovate, broader than. long. — Meadows, Plymouth, Mass, to Arc. Am. St. a foot high, smooth, branching. Lvs. opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acutely serrate, rough. Fls. axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Cal. inflated, contracted at tho mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large and inflated in fruit, rattling with the ripe seeds. Jl. § Eur. 34. EUPHRASIA, L. EYEBRIGHT. (Named for Euphrosinc, one of the Graces, meaning cheerfulness.) Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the cor- olla galeate, concave, apex 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading, lower lip spreading, trifid, palate not folded ; stamens didynamous, ascending beneath the galea ; capsule oblong, compressed, co-seeded. — Herbs with opposite Ivs. and the fls. in spikes. E. officirialis L. Lvs. ovate or oblong, the cauline obtuse, crenate, floral (or bracts) acute, cut-serrate with cuspidate teeth ; cal. lobes subequal ; lower lip of cor. with its lobes deeply emarginate. — (J) A diminutive tenant of the White Mts. and Can., rare (common in Europe). Plant branched, slender, 2 to G' high. Lvs. 1 to 3'' long. Fls. bluish white, 3" long. 35. MELAMPY'RUM, L. Cow WHEAT. (Gr. jutUar, black, irvpo^ •wheat ; the seeds blacken the flour of wheat if ground with it.) Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla compressed ; the margin folded back ; lower lip grooved, trifid ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally ; seeds 1 to 4, cylindric-oblong, smooth. — Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. M. pratense L. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, the upper gener- ally broader and toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct ; cal. teeth slender, half as long as the corolla. — (T) Inhabits woods, Can. to Ga. W. to Ky. St. with oppo- site branches, 8 to 10' high, round, erect. Lvs. opposite, 1 to H' by 3 to 5", tho floral ones broader, with (or without) setaceous teeth at base and tapering to an obtuse point. Fls. in the axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, slender, the corolla twice the length of the calyx. Jl. (M. Americanum MX. differing from tho European variety in its more slender corolla.) ORDER LXXXYII. ACANTIIACE^E. ACANTHADS. Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves an'd regular, bracted flowers. Calyx pentamerous, equal or unequal, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous, tubular below, limb more or less bilabiate, convolute in bud. Stamens didynamous or dian- drous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Fruit a 2-celled, 4 to 12-seeded capsule. Seeds supported by hooks or cup-shaped processes of the placenta?, exalbuminous. Genera 155, species 1450, chiefly tropical, a few only, extending into the United States. They are mostly destitute of active properties, and in aspect inero weeds. Yet among them are many remarkable for their beauty. Acanthus mollis is celebrated as having, by its leaves, suggested the stylo of the Corinthian capital in architecture. | SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. ANECMATACANTHE^E. Seeds destitute of hooked supports, (a) a Corolla regular. Seeds few, adnate to a cup instead of a hook TIIUXBEIIGIA. 1 a Corolla bilabiate. Seeds many, with papilla) instead of hooks ELYTKAKIA. 2 II. ECIIMATACANTHE^E. Seeds subtended by hooked processes, (b) b Corolla funnel-form, subregular stamens didynamous. (RUELLIE^E.) (c) C Anthers 2-spurred at base. Capsule 4-seedcd in the middle CALOPHANES. 5 C Anthers not spurred. Capsule 2 to 16-seeded from the middle DIPTERACANTHUS. 4 c Anthers not sparred. Capsule 12 to 16-seeded from the base CRYPUIACANTHUS. 5 b Corolla bilabiate, ringent. Stamens 4. Capsule 00 -seeded frora the base.HYGKOPiiiLA. 6 b Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2.— Corolla resupinate, upper lip 8-toothed DICLIPTERA. T — Corolla straight, lower lip 8-toothed. "Wild-RiiYTiGLossA. 8 —Corolla straight, lower lip 3-parted. Cult.CYBTANTnEBA. 9 534 ORDER 87.— ACANTHACE^E. 1. THUNBER'GIA, L. (In honor of C. P. Thunlcrg, Prof, of Bot. at Upsal). Calyx short, truncate or many-toothed, subtended by 2 bract. lets ; corolla funnel-bell-form, throat inflated, limb 5-cleft, subregular ; stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers cells parallel, ciliate, one of them avvned at base ; capsule globular, 3 to 4-seeded. — Shrubs or climbing herbs of the Old World. 1 T. grandiflora Roxb. Climbing; Ivs. cordate, angled, acuminate, hispid? col. limb truncate, entire. — In cultivation, a hardy perennial climber, clothed all over with fine reversed hairs, with large blue flowers 1J' deep and 3' broad, f E. Ind. Variable. 2 T. alata Bojer. Twining, silky- villous ; Ivs. cordate-sagittate, acute, cm •winged petioles; cal 12-cleft, bracteoles repand. — In cultivation, perennial, the whole plant soft-villous. Lvs. repand, and 5-veined. Fls. large, yellow, with a purple base, !£' deep, campanulate with a curved tube, f E. Africa. Variable. 2. ELYTRAVRIA, Yahl. (Gr. eAvrpov, an envelope or bract ; from the bracted inflorescence.) Calyx 5 or 4-parted, segments unequal ; corolla bilabiate lower lip or 3 bifid segments ; stamens 2 fertile, 2 sterile, included ; anther cells parallel ; capsule 8-seeded from the base, without hoots. — -llerbs acaulcscent, with radical Ivs. Scape cov- ered with appressed leaf-like, clasping scales. Fls. email, one beneath each bract of the terminal spike. 1 E. virgata MX. Scapes several, slender, terete, glabrous, erect, covered with ovate, clasping, cuspidate, alternate scales; Ivs. radical, narrow-oblong, tapering long to the petiole, repand or wavy ; fis. in a dense, imbricated spike, each flower covered by a broadly ovate, coriaceous, cuspidate, ciliate scale ; cal. with 2 linear bractlets which are villous- ciliate as well as the segments ; cor. white, with its 5 segm. nearly equal. — Wet plains S. Car. to Fla. (Mettauer). Scapes If high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, 5 to 8" wide. Fls. 4" broad. Summer. (Anonymus Caroli- nensis Walt.) 3. CALOPH'ANES, Bon. (Gr. KaMg, fair, aiva), to appear.) Calyx segments setaceous, much longer than the tube ; corolla funnel-form, limb subregular, 5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; anther cells spurred or mucron- ate at base, parallel; capsule lanceolate, empty below, 4-seeckd in the middle ; flowers axillary, opposite, mostly solitary, with narrow bracts and bractlets. — Low, pubescent herbs with blue corollas spotted in the throat. 1 C. oblongifolius Don. Densely pubescent, ascending from a procumbent or creeping base ; Ivs. obovate, obtuse, obscurely denticulate, narrowed to the sub- sessile base ; fls. solitary, subsessile, opposite, with oblong bractlets equaling the deeply parted calyx and the corolla tube. — If Pine barrens and gravelly plains, Ga. and Fla. common. Herb 6 to 12', branched at base, gimple above. Lvs. 1' long, rarely rather acute. Cor. showy, a little- exceeding the Ivs., purplish blue, with deeper purple spots. Apr. (Ruellia oblongifolia MX. Ph.) 2 C. humistratus Shutt. Smooth, prostrate, diffuse; Ivs. oblong, oval, rather obtuse, entire, narrowed to a petiole; fls. axillary, subsessile, solitary or 2 or 3 together; bracts oblong-spatula te, shorter than the strict, setaceous calyx segm. — • 1[ S. Car. to Fla., in rich soils. Lvs. distinctly petiolate. Cal. segm. very slender, scabrous, membranous edged below, 5" long, equaling the 4-seeded capsule. (Ruellia humistrata, MX.) 4. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nces. (Gr. dfrrrepof, two-winged, a Acanthus.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, limb subequally 5-lobed ; stamens 4, included ; anther cells parallel, not awned ; cap- sule compressed and empty at base, 2 to IS-seeded above ; seeds orbic- ular, compressed, with hooked, abrupt processes. — Mostly herbs with OEDEB 87.— ACANTHACE^E. 535 opposite, solitary or fascicled flowers. Bracts leafy, often stalked. Fls. large, showy, blue or purple. *» D. strepens Nees. Herb erect: Ivs. ovate or obovate-oblong, somewhat rcpand, cuneate at base and petiolate, smootnisfi or thinly downy ; ped. axillary, very short, about. 3 (1 to 4)-flowered; bractlets lance-oval, equaling or exceeding the calyx; sep. lance-linear, ciliate, a little shorter than the tube of the loug-funnel-form corolla. Dry soils, Mid. W. and S. States, common. Plant variable, 9 to 16' high, often branched, nearly smooth. Lvs. large, 2 to 3' long, the fls. half or two-thirds as long. Caps, oblanceolate, 6-seeded or by abortion fewer. Hooks grooved. Jn. — Sept. (Ruellia strepens L.) £ D. ciliosuB Nees. Herb erect, hoary-hirsute ; Ivs. ovate, the lower obovate, upper oblong, all obtusish at apex and abrupt at base, subsessile; fls. subsessile, with oblong or lanceolate bracts not longer than calyx j sep. setaceous, hairy, not half as long as the long tube of the corolla. — Rich soils W. and S. States. Plant If or more high. Lva. 18 to 30" long, the fls. nearly as long. A variety has smaller leaves almost dentate. (Ruellia ciliosa Ph.) /?. HYBBIDUS. Low, decumbent, very hirsute. — Near Savannah (Feay). Stems 2 to 4' long, with short internodes. Fls. sometimes shortened. 3 D. noctifldrus Nees. — Cal segm. linear-lanceolate, thrice shorter than the very long corolla tube. Otherwise as in D. ciliosus. — Ga. (near Savannah, Lo Conte) and Fla. (Ruellia tubiflora Le Conte.) 5. CRYPHIACANTHUS,Nees. (Gr. Kpyfaos, clandestine, duavOog.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, spreading in fruit; corolla bcll-funnel-form, limb equal ; stamens 4, included ; anthers sagittate ; stigma simple ; capsule oblong, terete, 12 to 1 6-seeded from the base ; seeds roundish, cordate, compressed, silky, subtended with hooks. — Herbs villous, with corm-like base and fasciculate roots. Ped. 3-flowered. C. Barbadense Nees. Caulescent; Ivs. ovate, cuneate at base and petiolate, entire or undulate-dentate, smoothish or hairy ; ped. somewhat cymous, longer than the petiole or even than the leaves ; cal. segm. subulate-acuminate, glandu- lar, hirsute ; cor. tube shorter than the limb. — If A low, leafy plant, Va. to Fla., Tex. Mex. &c. (Nees). (Ruellia tuberosa and clandestina L.) 6. HYGROPH'ILA, R. Br. (Gr. £7/377, waters, 0iAe«, to love.) Calyx tubular, about half 5-cleft, with narrow, equal segments ; corolla bilabiate, ringent, lower lip convex and rugulous in the midst, trifid j stamens 4, didynamous, not exserted ; anther cells divergent-sagittate, violet-colored ; stigma simple, subulate ; capsule 6-striate, oo-seeded from the base ; seeds small. — Herbs in swamps, vri$, a wrinkle, yAwatfa, tongue ; referring to the wrinkled palate.) Calyx 4 or 5-parted ; corolla bilabi- ate, upper lip narrow, lower 3-lobed, with a rugous, veiny palate ; stam- ens 2 ; anther cells more or less distinct, subtransverse, placed one above the other ; capsule compressed, 4-seedecl from the middle up- wards ; seeds tuberculate, with hooks. — Herbs, loose-leaved, with axil- lary or spicate, bracted flowers. 1 R. pedunculosa Nees. Erect, angular, very smooth ; Ivs. long-lanceolate, scarely oblique or ensiform, obscurely crenate or wavy, subpetiolate ; spikes axil- lary, subcapitate, on very long peduncles opposite or alternate ; bracts and sepals lanceolate, subequal, half as long (3") as the ringent corolla ; lower half of the cap- sule empty, valves recurved when ripe. — River banks, Niagara to Tex. and Ga. Plant 2 to 3f, Ivs. 2 to 4' by 6 to 12". Corollas 6" long, violet-purple. Caps, same length. Jn. Jl. (Dianthera Americana L. Justicia pedunculosa MX.) 2 R. ensiformis. Decumbent at base, then erect, very slender, 4-angled. smooth ; Ivs. linear, oblique or ensiform, very entire, thick, sessile ; peduncles subterminal, very long ; spikes at length loose-flowered ; bracts half as long as the linear sub- ulate sepals which are a third as long as tho showy corollas. — E. Ga. to Apalachi- cola, Fla. St. 1 to 2f high, in bogs. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3". Ped. twice as long. Cor. purple, 1' or more long, resembling those of Arethusa. Confounded with the preceding hitherto, but very different. (Justicia eusiformis Walt. ?) 3 R. humilis Nees. Glabrous, ascending, 4-angled ; Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, or the lower oval, obtusish, subcrenate, attenuate at base to a short petiole ; spikes simple, axillary, pedunculate ; fls. loose, mostly secund ; bractlets much shorter than the subulate calyx lobes, which equal the tube of the small corolla; caps, acumi- nate, the lower half empty and stalk-like. — S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 1 to '2f high, often much lower. Lvs. 2 or 3' long, the spikes at length exceeding them, 5 to 10-iiowered. Cor. 5" long, light purple? (Justicia humilis MX.) 9. CYRTAN THERA, Nees. (Kvpr6$, curved, avOr]pa.) Calyx 5-cleft or parted, equal ; corolla ringent, upper lip falcate, lower in 3 narrow segments; stamens 2, recurved at apex, anthers short, nodding, capsule 4-seeded ? — Herbs from tropical America, with showy clusters of flowers. . C. carnea. Stem stout, tall, half-shrubby ; Ivs. ample, ovate, subdeltoid or oval- oblong, lor.g-cuneate at base, petiolate; bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acu- minate, ciliate, larger than the calyx ; fls. in a dense, thyrse-like, terminal head, light purple or flesh-colored, large, many in bloom at once. — In the greenhouse. \ (Justicia carnea Hook. C. magniiica Nees.) ORDER LXXXVIII. VERBENACE^E. VERVAINS. Herbs (or generally shrubs and trees) with opposite, exstipulato leaves. Flowers with a bilabiate or more or less irregular monapetalous corolla. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, rarely equal, sometimes only 2. Style 1. Fruit dry or drupaceous, 2 to 4-celled (l-celled in Phryma) forming as many 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect or pendulous, with little or no albumen. Genera 56, species 700, the herbs chiefly natives of temperate regions, the shrubs and trees of •warm and tropical regions, where in some instances they are very large. The Teak-tree (Tcc- toria grandis) of India, justly styled the "Oak of the East" is n timber tree of great size, often 100 feet in height The wood is'grcatly durable, and contains silex. Medicinal properties un- important. The order affords many fine ornaments for the garden. GENERA. § Ilerbs. Fruit dry, — of 4 1-seeded carpels. Corolla 5-parted VERBENA. 1 — of 2 one-seeded carpels. Corolla 4-partcd LIPPIA. 2 — of 1 one-seeded nutlet. Corolla bilabiate PHRYMA 3 ORDER 88.— VERBENACE^E. 537 f Shrubs, fruit fleshy.— Flowers 4-parted, axillary. Drnpe 4-seeded CALLICABPA. 4 —-Flowers 4-parted, axillary. Drupe 2-seeded LANTAN A. 6 —Flowers 4-parted, terminal. Drupe 2-seeded ALOYSIA. 6 — Flowers 5-parted.— Seeds 4. Leaves simple CLERODENDRUM. 1 — Seed 1. Leaves compound... VITEX. 8 1. YERBErNA, L. VERVAIN. (Celtic fer-fcen, to expel stone ; hence Eng. vervain, Lat. verbena.) Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often shorter ; corolla funnel-form, limb somewhat unequally 5-lobed ; stamens 4, included, the upper pair sometimes abortive ; drupe splitting into 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. — Herbs or undershrubs. Lvs. op- posite. Fls. sessile, mostly in spikes or hds. * Spieate ; the open corollas lateral in slender spikes, (a) a Stem simple (mostly) bearing a single spike. Leaves oblonsj Nos. 1, 2 a Stem branched, with many spikes. — Leaves mostly simple ..." Nos. 3 — 5 — Leaves much divided No.s. 6 — 8 * Corymbed ; the open corollas forming a terminal (spike) corymb Nos. 9 — 11 1 V. angustifolia MX. Erect, mostly simple ; Ivs. oblong-linear, tapering to the base, remotely serrate, with furrowed veins ; spikes filiform, solitary, axillary and terminal ; cor. blue ; bracts as long as calyx. A small, hairy species found on rocky hills and other dry soils, N. Y. to Va., "W._ to the Miss. St. not more than a foot high, with narrow (2 to 3' by 3 to 5"), rough Ivs. and slender spikes of deep blue fls. Jl. (V. rugosa Willd.) 2 V. Caroliniana L. Assurgent subsimple, scabrous-puberulent ; Ivs. oblong- obovate, obtuse or bluntly acute, crenate-dentate, sessile ; fls. in a loose terminal spike : cor. large, rose-colored ; bracts minute, half as long as the calyx ; carp. 4, not separating. — If Dry soils, S. States, common. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs, 18" to 3', varying to oval, and in some specimens decidedly hastate ! often acute. Spike G to 12' long. Fls. showy, 6" long, cal. 2". May — Jl. 3 V. hastata L. COMMON VERVAIN. Erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate, the lower ones lobed or hastate; spikes erect, dense, slender, panicled ; fls. imbricated. — 1$. Frequently by roadsides and in low grounds, mostly throughout the U. S. and Can. St. 3 to 6f high, with paniculate, opposite branches above. Lva rough and rugous, 2 to 4' long, variously toothed. Fls. small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbricated spikes which are erect and parallel. Jl. — Sept. § Eur. (V. paniculata Lam.) — Varies with the Ivs. incised or pinnati- iid, and spikes loose^flowered ; — evidently hybrids. (Engelm.) 4 V. urticaefdlia L. Erect, subpubescent ; Ivs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petiolate ; spikes axillary and terminal, loose filiform ; fls. separate ; bracts shorter than the calyx. — If About roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting appearance, 2 to 3f high, with Ivs. resembling those of the nettle. It has long, slender, weak, green divergent spikes remotely filled with small, white, distinct flowers. Seeds 4. Jl., Aug. § Eur. 5 V. stricta Vent. MULLEIN-LEAVED VERVAIN. Hirsute and hoary ; st. thick rigidly erect, branched above ; Ivs. oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute, rugous; spikes erect, strict, imbricate and dense-flowered. — If An erect, rigid, and rather handsome species, in dry fields, "W. States, common. Very hirsute, L to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Cor. blue, thrice larger (4''' broad) than in V. hastata. Jl. 6 V. bractiosa MX. Decumbent, branched, divaricate, very hairy ; Ivs. laciniate, rugous ; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered ; bracts lance-linear, longer than the Jls., thrice longer than the calyx. — 2£ Dry fields and roadsides, Mid. "W. and S. States. "Whole plant hairy and hoary, 8 to 16' long, remarkable for its squarrous, bracted spikes. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. small, blue. Jn. — Sept. (Zapania, Lam.) 7 V. spftria L. Assurgent, divaricately branching, hairy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-cleft, laciniately lobed and toothed; spikes slender, loose; bracts a little longer than the calyx. — U Conn., Md. to Ga. An unsightly plant, with a square stem, I to 2f high, half erect, di- and trichotomous above. Lvs. attenuate and sub petiolate at base. Spikes 3 to 6' long, dense before flowering, loose after. Cal. I1' long, cor. 2", blue. Aug., Sept. — Differs from V. ofQcinalis of Europe in its petiolate lvs» and longer bracts. 538 ORDER 88.— VEKBENACEJE. 8 V. strigdsa Hook. Erect, rigid, strigous-pubescent, hoary, branched ; Ivs. cb» long, 3-parted to the base, incisely lobed and toothed, sessile ; fls. in loose, strict spikes; cor. large; bracts as long as the calyx; carp. 4, not separating. — X. Or- leans (Hale). St. hollow, 2 to 3f high, acutely 4-angled. Lf. lobes all acute, very veiny. Cor. purple ? 4 to 5'' long. 9 V. Aubletia L. Weak, assurgent, rather hairy ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, ^-parted, pinnatifid or incisely lobed and toothed, acute at base and petiolate ; spikes soli- tary, pedunculate ; bracts half as long as the cylindrical calyx ; corollas showy, corymbed, segm. emarginate. — (J) Ya. to 111. (Lapham), La. and Fla. in dry soils, also in gardens where its beautiful flowers present every variety of color. Apr., May. 10 V. chamaedrifolia Smith. Ascending, hispid ; Ivs. oblong, acute, serrate, lower somewhat lobed, upper subentire ; spike long-pedunciecl ; bracts a third as long as the long-cylindric calyx; cor. showy, corymbed; segm. emarginate. — 2£ Many of the pretty garden Verbenas aro varieties of this species from Buenos Ayres. 11 V. sororia Don? Prostrate, somewhat hairy; Ivs. multifid, with narrow, ciliate segments ; spikes pedunculate, short; bracts half as long as the slender calyx ; cor. small, lobes emarginate. — Garden Verbenas, with much smaller flow- ers, usually pure white, f Asia, 2. LIP'PIA, L. FOG-FRUIT. (To Augustus Lippi, a French physi- cian.) Calyx 2 -parted, compressed, erect, membranous, shorter than the tube of the corolla ; corolla funnel-shaped, limb sublabiatc, upper lip entire or emarg. lower 3-lobed ; stam. didynamous, included ; drupe dr}^ thin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-scedcd. — Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite Ivs. lids, of fls. on axillary peduncles. (Zapan.ia, Juss.) L. nodi flora MX. Glabrous, procumbent ; st. 4-angled, geniculate, simple, Ivs. lanceolate, varying to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the peduncles. — if On river banks, Penn. to Ind., III. and La. Sts. If or more long. Lvs. with conspicuous veins, 1 to 2' long, ^ to i as wide, pe- tioles 3 to 6". Ped. 2 to 3'. lids, ovoid or roundish, at length cylindric-oblong. Fls. small, purplish white. Jl., Aug. (Z. nodiflora and lanceolata Ph. &c.) 3. PHRYVMA, L. LOP-SEED. Calyx cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2-toothcd ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip emargi- nate, much smaller than the 3-lobed lower one ; stamens included \ fruit dry, oblong, striate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — 11 Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. opposite, spicate, deflcxed in fruit. P. leptostachya L. Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 — 3f high. Leaves large (3 — 6' long)j thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Fls. small, oppo- site, light purple, in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, tho rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts below. After flower- ing the calyx closes upou the fruit and becomes reflexed backwards close to the stem. Jl. 4. CALLICAR'PA, L. FRENCH MULBERRY. (Gr. /£a/U,o£, beautiful, Kap7ro£, fruit ; for its abundant purple berries.) Calyx 4-toothed, bell- shaped ; corolla short-bell-shaped, limb of 4 obtuse segments ; stamens 4, unequal, exserted; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; drupe juicy, enclosing 4 nutlets. — Shrubs with opposite Ivs. and axillary, subumbc'llate fls. C. Americana L. Branches and Ivs. beneath downy ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate at each end, crenate-dentate, smooth above; clusters cymous compound, shorter than the petioles ; fruit forming dense verticils. — Light soils. S. States common. Shrub much branched, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 3' discolored beneath. !\s. small, purple. Berries abundant, as large as in Elder, sweetish. May — Jl. 5. LANTA^NA, L. (An ancient name for the Viburnum ; from tho resemblance.) Calyx membranous, minute, obsoletely 4-toothed ; cor. OBDER 89. —LABIATES. 539 funnel-form, the tube long-exserted ; limb oblique, sublabiate, upper lip bifid or entire, lower trifid ; stam. didynaraous, included, inserted in the cor. tube ; drupe fleshy, double, the parts separable, 1-seeded. — Tropi- eal shrubs with square stems, opposite leaves, and capitate, showy flowers. 1 L. Caniara L. Branches and ped. scabrous-pubescent, often aculeate; Ivs. ovate and ovate-oblong, or subcordate, short-petiolate, serrate ; reticulate-rugous, scabrous ; ped. many, dense-flowered, subumbellate, as long as the leaves ; bracts lance-linear, half as long as the corolla. — S. G-a., JFla. to La., and S. to Brazil Shrub 2 to 6f high. Fls. at first golden yellow, soon becoming orange and finally red. Drupes small, blue. Jn. — Aug. (L. Bartramii Baldw.) f 2 L. mixta L. Plant pilous-hirsute, with wide-spread branches, mostly armed with reversed prickles ; Ivs. shaped as in No. 1 ; ped. longer than the leaves; bracts linear-lanceolate, hairy, the outer as long as the corolla. — Greenhouse shrub 3 to 4f high. Fls. at first whitish, then yellow, next orange, lastly red. f 6. ALOYS'IA, Ortega & Palan. (To Mary Louisa, queen of Spain, mother of Ferdinand.) Calyx deeply 4-cleft ; corolla tubular, limb 4- lobed, oblique; stam. didynamous, included; capsule double, parts 1- seeded ; stig. emarginate. — Shrubs with the small fls. in a panicle of spikes or racemes. From S. Am. (Lippia, Schauer.) A. citriodora Kunth. LEMON-SCENTED ALOYSIA. Smooth or the branches roughisli ; Ivs. verticil, in 3s and 4s, linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute at each end, mostly entire, glandular-punctate beneath, coriaceous, with divaricate, straight veinlets ; panicle terminal, naked or leafy below. — Gardens, cult, for its delightful fragrance which is exhaled by the numerous small fls. as well as tho bruised leaves, f Paraguay. 7. CLERODEFTDRUM, L. (Gr. Khfjpog, chance, dcvdpov, a tree ; re- ferring to its doubtful medicinal effects.) Cal. bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; cor. salver-form, tube often elongated, limb subequally 5-cleft ; drupe baccate, 4-carpeled, carpels, 1-seeded. — Tropical shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves and fls. in cymes. 1 C. paniculatum L. Lvs. long-petioled, cordate-hastate, 5 to 7-lobed, lobes acute ; panicle of cymes terminal, large, pyramidal ; cor. tube slender, 4 times longer than the calyx. — Shrub with ample leaves and scarlet (6" long) corollas. f Asia. 2 C. squamatum Vahl. Lvs. roundish, deeply reniform-cordate, lobes acumi- nate, repand-dentate ; pyramidal panicle terminal, loose, wholly colored. — Shrub 8 to lOf high. Fls. scarlet. Stam. long-exserted. Cor. limb rovolute. f Japan. — Other species are rarely cult. 8. YITEX, L. CHASTE-TREE. Calyx 5-toothed ; cor. cup-shaped, limb 5-lobed ; bilabiate ; stern, didynamous, ascending, exserted ; drupe entire, 4-celled, 4-seeded. — Shrubs with opposite, mostly digittate leaves, and paniculate cymes. 1 V. Negundo. Leaves long-petiolate, digitately ternate or quinate, Ifts. ob- long, acuminate, serrate ; panicle compound. — Shrub 4f high. Cor. purple, pulver- ulent. Stam. little exserted. f Mauritius. 2 V Agnus-castus L. Lvs. long-petioled, 5— 7-foliate ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; panicles terminal and axillary, interrupted ; cymes subses- sile. — Shrub 6f high. Cor. pale, lilac. Stam. long exserted. f S. Eur. ORDER LXXXIX. LABIATJ2. LABIATE PLANTS. Herlta with square sterna and opposite, aromatic, exstipulato leaves. Flowers axillary, in verticillasters, Borne times as if spiked or in heads. Corolla labiate 540 ORDER 89. — LABIATE. (rarely regular), upper lip 2 -cleft or entire, arched or almost wanting, overlapping in bud the lower 3-cleft, usually larger lip. Stamens 4, didynamous, or only 2. Anthers 2-celled, cells often separated. Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising from the base of the lobes. Fruit composed of 4, or by abortion fewer, sep- arable, 1 -seeded nuts or achenia. Illustrations in Figs. 75, 86, 117, 325, 273, 851. Genera 125, species 2350, chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes 40° and 50° of the northern hemisphere. Properties.— This well known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, volatile' oil, nnd a bitter principle ; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial, and stomachic; the lat- ter, where it prevails, febrifugal. The Pennyroyal, Lavender, Suge, Hoar-hound, Thyme, Spearmint, Peppermint, Horsemint, Rosemary, 3..SATUREjA. 14 — Stamens ascending, anth. spurred.DiCERANDP.A. 15 —throat hairy— Bracts roundish, large ORIGANUM. 16 — Bracts narrow, minute. . , TIIYMCS. 17 f Tube of the corolla straight. Leaves small, subcrenate or entire CALAMINTHA. 18 f Tube of the corolla curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate MELISSA. 19 IV. MONARDEJ2.— Conncctile long, transverse, distancing the anther cells SALVIA. 20 — Connectile continuous with fll. toothed at the juncture ROSMARINUS. 21 — Connectile inconspicuous. — Calyx subequally toothed MONARDA. 22 — Calyx bilabiate, aristate BLEPIIYI.LIA. 23 V. NEPETEJ2.— Stamens distant, cxserted. Flowers in terminal spikes LCPHANTIIUS. 24 — Stamens all ascending. — Anther cells divergent, much NEPETA. 25 — Anther cells divergent, little... DRACCKEPHAI.CM. 26 — Anther cells parallel. Fls. large. . .CEDRONELLA. 27 VL BTACHYDE^E.— (Stamens parallel, ascending. Cor. upper lip galeate! Cal. 5 to 10-veined.) h Calyx lips toothed, upper 3 teeth minute, lower 2 large ERIINSLLA. 28 ORDER 89.— LABIATES. 541 h Calyx lips entire, upper with an appendage on the back BCPTELLARIA. 29 k Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Flowers purple streaked MACBBIDEA. 80 k Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, the highest pair connate SYNANDKA. 31 m Corolla tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Lips small PIIYSOSTKGIA. 32 m Corolla tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lower lip long LAMIUM. 33 m Corolla inflated in the broad, concave upper lip, purple or yellow PIILOMIS. 34 m Corolla not inflated, short.— Calyx salver-form, 10-ribbed BALLOTA. 85 —Calyx broad-bell-form, netted MOLLUCELLA 36 n Anthers opening transversely, ciliate fringed. Lvs. notched GALEOPSIS. 3T n Anthers opening lengthwise.— Achenia rounded at the top STACHYS. 33 — Achenia truncate, 3-angled at top LEONURUS. 39 O Corolla white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid ...MARRUBIUM. 40 O Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifld LEUCAS. 41 O Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest LEON OTIS. 42 1. O'CIMUM, L. SWEET BASIL. (Gr. o^>, to smell ; the plants arc strongly aromatic.) Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 4-fid ; corolla resupinate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided ; stamens 4, declined, the lower pair longer, the upper often with a process at their base. — • Verticels 6-flpwered, in terminal, interrupted racemes. O. basilicum L. Lvs. smooth, ovate oblong, subdentate, petiolate ; cal. cili- ate.— (D Plant 6 to 12' high, with peculiarly smooth and soft leaves, variously colored, exhaling a delightful odor. St. retrorsely pubescent above, branched. Stam. exserted. Ms. white or bluish. Jl., Aug. \ E. India. Cultivated as a culinary herb. 2. HYP'TIS, L. (Gr. VTTTIOS, supine ; from the apparently resupin- ate corolla.) Calyx 5-toothed, teeth acute or subulate ; corolla tube cylindric, limb 5-lobed, the lower abruptly deflexed, contracted at its base, the 4 others flat, erect or spreading ; stamens 4, declinate ; ach- enia ovoid or oblong. — In our species the flowers are capitate. 1 H. radiata "Willd. Herbaceous ; Ivs. glabrous, lance-ovate, unequally crenate- serrate, narrowed to a petiole; hds. globular, long-pedunculate; bracts lance- oblong, obtuse, forming an involucre, longer than the calyx, as if radiate ; cal. teeth acutely subulate, rigid. — U In damp fields, Car. to Fla. and La., common. St. 18' to 3f high, square and hollow. Lvs. with their stalks 3 to 5' long. Hds. hemispherical in flower, in fruit globular. Invol. about 12-leaved. Jl. — Sept. 2 H. spicata Poit. Branches aculeate-scabrous on the angles ; Ivs. ovate, un- equally serrate, acute, petiolate, whitish puberulent beneath; hds. loosely racemed, semi-oval, scarcely as long as their peduncles ; racemes panicled ; bracts ovate, much shorter than the calyx. — 1£ In Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high. Hds. 4 to 7-flowercd. Cal. inflated at base, truncate, with short, setaceous teeth. Cor. violet-blue. 3. LAVAN'DULA, L. LAVENDER. (Lat. lavare, to wash. Used in perfumery.) Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short teeth, the upper one often largest ; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly equal ; tube exserted ; stamens included. — ^ . L. spica L. Lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, revoluto at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than the calyx ; spike interrupted; bracts subulate. — Plant 12 — 18' high, suffruticous, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches, clothed with a whit- ish down. Calyx villous. Cor. much exserted, lilac-colored. Jl. \ — The plant is delightfully fragrant, and by distillation yields the well known oil of lavender. 4. TEITCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. (Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally.) Calyx subcam- panulate and subregular, in 5 acute segments ; corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish ; stamens 4r exserted from the deep cleft ia the upper side of the tube. 542 ORDER 89. — LABIATE. T. Canadense L. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the calyx ; spike long, of many crowded verticils of flowers; upper teeth of calyx broader. — 2£ Can. and U. S., fields and road-sides. St. about 2f high, usually simple, square, with con- cave sides. Lvs. 3 times as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green above, more or less hoary beneath. Ms. disposed in a terminal spike. Cor. pur- plish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which is a lissure through which the stamens are exserted. Jl. ft. VIRGINICUM. Lvs. ovate-oblong, crowded, large, subsessile. (T. Yirgini- cum L.) — A well marked variety. 5. TRICHOSTEM'MA, L. BLUE CURLS. (Gr. Opil-, hair, a-ri^a, ttanien ; for its long, hair-like filaments.) Calyx very oblique, veiny, unequally 5-toothed, lower lip of 2 short teeth, upper twice as long, of 3 teeth, all acute; corolla tube slender, short, limb obliquely 5-lobed; stamens 4, filaments very long, exserted and curved ; anther cells divari- cate.— ® Cymes loose, the central, that is, terminal fls. incurved, or re- supinate by the continued growth of the stem. Cor. blue. 1 T. dichotoma L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire pu- bescent, as well as the stem and branches. — Dry or rocky soils, Mass, to Ga., La., 111. An interesting plant a foot high. St. obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite and dichotomous. Lvs. slightly petiolate, 1' to 18" long, 4 to 7" wide. Fls. axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by the bending of the pedicel. Cor. purple. Stain, slender, of a delicate, purplish hue, gracefully bend- ing from the lower lip of the corolla to the upper, forming an arch. Aug. 2 T. line are Nutt. Lvs. linear, nearly smooth ; st. and branches puberulent. — Dry soils, N. Y. (at Salem) to Ga. and La. Very slender, a foot high, branched above, or often its whole length. Lvs. 1' to 18'' long, 2" rarely 3" wide. Cal. very veiny, the short triangular teeth setaceously acuminate. Fls. as in the other, about 4" long. JL, Aug. 6. ISANTHUS, MX. FALSE PENNYROYAL. (Gr. lao?, equal, dvdoc, the flowers being regular ; a character very rare among the Labiatse.) Calyx subcampanulate, equally 5-toothed, throat naked ; corolla 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segments of the border ovate and equal ; sta- mens subequal, incurved, ascending, longer than the corolla. — If Herb viscid pubescent, with lance-elliptic, entire Ivs. acute at each end. Fls. axillary. I. cceruleus MX. — Branching, leafy, in dry fields, N. and "W. States, with the as- pect of Pennyroyal. St. rounded, slender, 12 — 18' high, with branches and Ivs. opposite. Lvs. an inch or less in length, and a fourth as wide, distinctly tripli- veined. Fls. numerous, 1 or 2 in each axil, blue. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. Jl 7. MENTHA, L. MINT. (Mintha, the daughter of Cocytus, is fabled to have been changed into one of these plants.) Calyx equally 5-toothed ; corolla nearly regular, tube scarcely exserted, border 4-cleft, the broad- est segment emarginate ; stamens 4, straight, distant ; anther cells par- allel ; filaments naked. — 2£ Strong scented herbs. Fls. in dense ver- ticils. § Verticils approximating, forming a terminal, leafless spike Nos. 1, 2 § Verticils remote, axillary. Calyx naked in the throat Nos. 3, 4 1 M. viridis L. SPEARMINT. Lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolato, acute, inciaely serrate ; bracts setaceous, and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhat hairy ; spikes slender, interrupted, attenuate above. — If Can. and U. S. Plant highly esteemed for its agreeable, aromatic properties. In wet soils, rapidly spreading by its creep- ing roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1 — 2f high. Spikes composed of ORDER 89.— LABIAT^E. 543 distinct, axillary cymes, apparently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round, shining. Corollas pale purple. Jl., Aug. § Eur. 2 M. piperita Smith. PEPPERMINT. Lvs. smooth, ovate, and lanceolate, serrate, petiolate; bracts lanceolate; cal. quite smooth at base, punctate ; spikes oblong or cylindric, obtuse. — Wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more pene- trating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the tongue, followed by a sensation of coldness. The plant has a purplish stem, 2 to 3f high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Lvs. sharply serrate, dark-green. Spikes seldom more than 1' in length. Cor. purplish. Jl. § Eur. 3 M. arv£nsis L. CORN MINT. FIELD MINT. St. ascending, much branched, retrorsely hirsute ; Ivs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, rounded or abrupt at base; verticils axillary ; pedicels smooth ; cal. hirsute. — Penn., Ohio, rare. St. stout, often erect, about If in height. Lvs. varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, some* times nearly smooth, about twice longer (1 to 2') than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Fls. small, numerous, pale purple. The plant smells like de- cayed cheese. Jl. § Eur. 4 M. Canadensis L. HOBSEMIKT. Ascending, soft-pubescent with spreading hairs; Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each end; fls. in axillary cymes; stam. generally exserted. — Can. to Ky. and Penn. An herbaceous, grayish plant, 1 to 2f high, growing in muddy situations. St. square, usually branched and beset with spreading hairs. Lvs. serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks. Fls. apparently in whorls, pale purple. Calyx hairy. Aromatic like Pennyroyal but less so. Jn., Jl. /?. BOREALIS. Plant nearly smooth. (M. borealis MX.) 8. LYC'OPUS, L. WATER HOARIIOUND. (Gr. kvicog, a wolf, irovg, a foot; a fanciful name.) Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-cleft; cor. subregular, 4- cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emargi- nate ; sta. 2 distant, diverging, simple ; £ty. straight, as long as tho stamens; ach. 4, obliquely truncate at apex. — 2£ Bog herbs, with the very small fls. in axillary, dense clusters. 1 L. Virginicus L. BUGLE WEED. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at both ends; cal. teeth 4, obtuse, spineless, shorter than the achenia. — Can. and TJ. S., in wet soils. St. smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the sides concave, 12 to 18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute purplish fls. Lvs. •jvith remote, teeth-like scrratures, petiolate or very slender at base. The whole plant often changes to purple. It often sends out long slender runners from tho base. JL, Aug. 2 L. Europa^us L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or lance ovate, petiolate. acute, sinuate-toothed or lobtd, the lower incised / calyx teeth 5, acuminate-spinescent, longer than the smooth achenia. — A plant in wet places, widely diffused and exceedingly variable, scarcely two specimens similar. St. 1 to 2f high, sharply angled rarely stoloniferous. Lvs. 1 to 2 to 4' long, the segments quite unequal. Clusters very small. Aug. (L. sinuatus Ell., Benth., &c.) — It dyes a permanent black. (3. EXALTATUS. Lower Ivs. pinnatifid, with the segments subserrate; st. usually tall.— With the others, Y. to Fla. (L. exaltatus Ph.) y. ANGUSTIFOLIUS. Lvs. only serrate, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, taper- ing to both ends. Sometimes nearly entire I Fls. exactly as in the other varieties. S. W. States. (T. angustifolius Nutt.) 9. CUNPLA, L. DITTANY. (The ancient Roman name for Penny* royal.) Calyx 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat densely villous; upper lip of corolla flat, emarginate ; stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. C. Mariana L. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessilo ; cymes pedunculate, coryrabous, axillary and terminal. — 1± Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smoothlsh, 1 — 2f high. Leavea small, nearly smooth, roundish or subcordato at base, tapering to a point and punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the baso of tho 3-forked pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, 544 ORDER 89.— LABIATE. pubescent, palo red. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as tho corolla. The herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. JL, Aug. 10. HEDEOVMA, Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. (Gr. ?]dv$, sweet, od/zTJ, smell.) Calyx 13-striate, gibbous at base, bilabiate, throat hairy, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 2 fertile, ascending. — Low, fragrant herbs. 1 H. pulegioides Pers. Los. oblong, few-toothed, petiolate, narrowed to each end; verticils axillary, 6-flowered ; cor. equaling the calyx. — Cp A small, strong-scented herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia medica. Stem erect, branching, 6' high. Leaves opposite, with 1 — 2 teeth eacli side, on very short petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, Can. and U. S. Flowering all summer. 2 H. hispida Ph. Lvs. linear, entire, sessile, obtuse; verticils about 6-flowered; cor. scarcely as long as the calyx. — CD Borders of the Mississippi and Missouri, to Ark. Herb a few. inches high, branching, very leafy and somewhat hairy. Lvs. 6" long. Cal. teeth awned. JL 3 ? H. bractiolata Nutt. Pubescent, simple, slender ; Ivs. linear lanceolate, acute at each end, entire; pedicels setaceously bracteolate, 3 to 5-flowered; cal. oblong, equal ; cor. minute ? — Car. (Nuttall). (Micromeria ? Benth.) 11. COLLINSOVNIA, L. HORSE BALM. (To John Collinson, an English botanist.) Calyx ovoid, 10-striate, upper lip truncate, 3- toothed, lower 2-cleft ; corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate ; stamens 2 (rarely 4), much exserted, divergent. — 11 Herbs strong scented, with large, ovate, serrate, petiolate Ivs. and yellowish fls., in a terminal, leaf- less panicle or raceme. * Stamens 2 perfect — the upper pair of filaments minute points Nos. 1, 2 — the upper pair of filaments capitate. Southern No. 3 * Stamens 4 perfect, long exserted. Leaves very large. Southern Nos. 4, 5 1 C. Canadensis L. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent ; Ivs. acuminate, coarsely serrate, abrupt or subcordate at base ; panicle loose, elongated ; cal. teeth sub- ulate, not longer than its tube ; stam. 2, exserted. — A coarse herb, in woods and fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. St. 4-sided, 3 to 4f high (smooth or a little pubes- cent). Lvs. thin, G to 8' long and 3 to 4' wide. Fls. in a large compound ra- ceme, with opposite branches and pedicels. Cor. 5 to 6" long, greenish-yellow, the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style and stamens very long. Flowering in summer. (3. TUBEROSA. Lvs. somewhat rhombic-oval, acute at both ends ; fls. smaller. — Car to La. (Hale). (C. tuberosa MX.) 2 C. scabriiiscula Ait. Nearly glabrous; Ivs. small (18" to 3' long), acute, rather abrupt at base, scabrous on the upper surface ; panicle very loose, leafy at base; fls. small; cal. teeth subulate, scarcely longer than its tube; stam. 2, sterile fil. minute. — S. Car to Fla., near Savannah. Plant 2 to Gf high. Petioles half as long as the leaves. Fls. opposite. Cor. thrice as long (4 to 5") as calyx. Sept. — Nov. 3 C. ptmctata Ell. Pubescent, Ivs. large (5 to 7' long), acuminate, rather acuto at base, conspicuously resinous-punctate beneath ; rac. paniculate, the lower axil- lary; fls. small; cal teeth subulate-aivned, longer than its tube; stam. 2, exserted, sterile fil. capitate. — Rich soils, S. Car. and Ga. (Feay). Plant 2 to Gf high. Petioles a third as long as the leaves. Cor. twice longer (4 to 5") than calyx teeth. Sept., Oct. 4 C. verticillata Baldw. Viscid-pubescent above ; Ivs. broad-oval, acute or acuminate, abrvpt at lose, coarsely dentate, falsely verticillate by the proximity of pairs; rac. simple, elongated, with the fls. verticillate ; cal. teeth setaceous-pointed ; ORDER 89.— LABIATJE. 545 stam. 4. — On Lookout Mt Tenn. ! to Middle Ga. Plant 1 to 2f high, simple. Lvs. large (6 to 8' long), petioles about 2'. Rac. 5 to 10'. Fls. twice larger (7 to 9" long) than in Nos. 2 and 3. Stam. and sty. very long, spreading. Lower lip strongly fringed. May, Jn. 5 C. anisata Ph. Yiscid-pubescent ; Ivs. broad-ovate, acute, subserrate, at base cordate or truncate, scabrous above, the floral similar, very small, sessile ; pan- icle dense-flowered ; fls. opposite ; cat. teeth ovate, obtuse, with a short mucro, tJie 3 upper longer; stam. 4. — Middle Ga. (Feay), Ala., Fla. ? Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 5 to 7' by 3 to 5', very rugous, often short acuminate, petioles 1' to 15". Fls. about as large as in No. 1. Jl. — Sept. 12. HYSSO'PUS, L. HYSSOP. (Hebrew ezeb ; Arabic uzzof ; English hyssop.) Calyx tubular, 15-striate, equally 5-toothed, upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens 5, exserted, diverging. H. officinalis L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; cal. teeth erect ; fls. in racemous, secund verticils; middle division of the corolla 2-lobed, entire. — It Cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. A handsome plant, grow- ing in tufts 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. Jl. \ S. Eur. 13. PYCNANTHEMUM, MX. BASIL. (Gr. TTVKVO^ dense, dvdot; ; alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence.) Calyx tubular, 10 to 13- striate, 5-toothed, teeth equal or subbilabiate, throat naked within ; up- per lip of corolla nearly entire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest, all ovate, obtuse, stamens 4, distant, subequal, anthers with parallel cells. — It Erect, rigid herbs, all N. American. Verticils dense, many-flow- ered. § Calyx subbilabiate, in flattish, often loose cymes. Leaves petiolatc. (a) § Calyx subequally cleft, in roundish, dense heads, (b) a Teeth of the calyx ovate, acute, awnless No. 1 a Teeth of the calyx produced into bearded awns, shorter than corolla Nos. 2—4 b Calyx teeth and bracts with naked awns equaling the corolla Nos. 5, 6 b Calyx shorter than tho corolla. — Heads panicled. Leaves subpetiolate.. .Nos. 7 — 9 — Heads coryrnbed. Leaves sessile Nos. 10 — 12 —Head solitary, large No. 13 1 P. albescens Torr. & Gr. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate, subserrate, acute at each end, subglabrous, whitened beneath, the upper whitened both sides, all petiolate ; fls. separate, at length in little secund racemes; cal. teeth much shorter than its tube.— Ala. to La. St. 2 to 3f high, much branched. Lvs. 18'' to 3' long, often puberulent beneath. Cymes many, in fruit 1' to 18" broad. Fls. as in all the species, small, reddish. 2 P. Tullia Benth. Lvs. ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, subserrate, and with the stem mllous-pubescent, the floral whitened, fls. separate, at length in little secund simple racemes ; cal. teeth ending in subulate, bearded awns, about equal- ing the tube. — Mts. of E. Tenn., N. Car. to Ga. Lvs. as in No. 1, varying from ovate to lanceolate. Lower lip of calyx somewhat shorter. 3 P. incanum MX. WILD BASIL. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base, petiolate, hoary-tomentous beneath, the floral whitened both sides ; cymes dilated, not in racemes ; cal. teeth subequal, subulate, aristate, bearded at apex. — Rocky woods and barrens, Can., N. Mid., "VV. States. St. 2 to 4f high, covered with soft, whitish down like the rest of the plant. Cymes all canescent, 1' or less broad. Cor. pale red, dotted with purple. Aug. (P. Loomisii, Nutt) 4 P. clinopodioides Torr. & Gr. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, subserrate, smoothed above, pubescent beneath ; sts. and branches villous- pubescent ; cymes contracted and almost capitate, terminal and sessile at the upper nodes ; bracts ciliate ; cal. teeth subulate, often tufted with hairs at apex. — Dry soils, N. Y., N. J., to Ind. Plant corymbously branched, 2 to 3f high, scarcely canescent, never whitened. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cymes less than G" broad. Aug.r Sept 5 P. aristatrum MX. Lvs. ovate-oblong, acute, subserrate,. rounded at base, on short petioles, and with tlia stem glabrous or minutely canescent-downy ; bracts rigid, 35 546 ORDEB 89.— LABIATE. pointed with beardless awns like the calyx teeth, as long as the corolla. — Pino barrens, N. J. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, the floral sometimes whitened. Heads few, rather larger (6 to 9" diam.) G P. hyssopifolium Benth. Lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, subentire, subsessile, and with the stem glabrous or minutely canescent-downy ; hds. few, large (nearly 1' diam.). Barrens, Ya, to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, less rigid than in No. 5. 7 P. Torreyi Benth. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, thin, nearly entire, tapering at base to a very short petiole, and with the stem slightly pubescent ; bracts and subulate calyx teeth white-pubescent. — Dry soils, near N. Y. city, and in N. J. Perhaps too near P. lanceolatum, but the tapering, petiolate base of the long, nar- row, thin leaves are usually well denned. Cymes scarcely capitate. Aug., Sept. 8 P. pilosum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, subentire, acute at each end, subsessile, and with the stem and branches more or less clothed with soft, spreading hairs / caL teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and with the bracts canescent-villous. — Prairies, &a, W. States to Tenn. and Ga. Plant about 2f high, paniculately branched (but the lower branches longer, ascending), hoary with a pubescence, never whitened. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cymes somewhat dilated, hardly capitate, 6 to 9" broad. Aug. 9 P. muticum Pers. Lvs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely subserrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, subpetiolate, the upper with the corymbously paniculate branches minutely pubescent and whitened ; cal. teeth triangular-ovate, equal, short, the bracts scarcely longer. — Dry woods, Me. to La. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. of a firm texture, 1 to 2^' long, usually half as wide. Heads small, compact, roundish, -4 to 6" diam. Cor. purplish white, dotted. Aug. 10 P. lanceolatum. Ph. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, rigid, rounded at base, sessile, nearly glabrous, tho corymbous branches pubescent on the angles; caL teeth short, triangular-ovate, hairy. — Common in dry woods, Mass, to 111., Tenn. and X. Car. Handsome and fragrant, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, . 2 to 5" wide. Hds. dense, all raised to near the same level, 4 to 6" broad. Cor. purplish, spotted. Aug. 11 P. linifolium Ph. Glabrous, corymbed ; Ivs. linear, attenuated to each end, sessilo, entire, rigid ; hds. compact ; bracts ciliate and cal. teeth pungently awn- pointed. — Dry woods and prairies, Mass, to Iowa, Ky. and Ga. Plant very smooth, little fragrant, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 1 to 3" wide. Hds. small, numerous, dense. Fls. whitish. Aug. 12 P. nudum Nutt. Glabrous, pale green, subsimplo; Ivs. small, fciv ovate-oblong, obtuse at each end, entire, sessile ; fis. in loose heads, terminal, corymbed, inner bracts subulate, very short. — Mts. N. Car. to Ga. St. strict, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. erect, 1' long or less. Hds. few-flowered. Cor. pubescent. Jl, Aug. 13 P. montanum MX. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, acute, the lower rounded at base, glabrous as well as the stem ; hds. globous, subtended by many bracts, ter- minal or sessile at the upper nodes ; bracts villous-ciliate, very acute, outer ovate, inner linear; cal. teeth short, acute. — Mts. Va. and Car. Plant resembling a Mo- narda, 1 to 2 f high, fragrant. Jl. (Monardella, MX.) 14. SATURE^JA, L. SUMMER SAVORY. (Arabic satur, the general name lor labiate plants.) Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed, throat not hairy, segments of the bilabiate corolla not equal ; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. — Herbs with small Ivs. and purplish fls. S. hortensis L. St. branching ; Ivs. linear oblong, entire, acute at the end ; ped. axillary, cymous. — U River banks, W. States, rare. St. branching and bushy, l^f high, woody at base, frequently changing to purple. Lvs. numerous, small and narrow, with axillary cymes of pink-colored fls. CaL about as long as the cor. JL Aug. \ Italy. A culinary, aromatic herb. 15. DICERAN'DRA, Benth. (Gr. dig, twice, Kspag, a horn, avdpa, anthers.) (Elliott's name had been preoccupied.) Calyx 13-striate, tubular, upper lip subentire, lower bifid, throat hairy; corolla tube ex- ORDER 89.— LABIATE. 547 sertcd, straight, strongly bilabiate, upper lip erect, emarginate, lower 3« lobed, spreading; stamens 4, the lower pair larger exserted, distant, anther cells distinct, divaricate, horned at apex. — GD Southern. (Cer- anthera Ell. nee Beauv.) 1 D. linearifolia Benth. St. and branches virgato ; Ivs. linear; cymes axillary, pedunculate, 1 to 3 to 5-flovvered, with minute bracts ; cor. twice longer thau calyx. — Dry woods S. Car. to Fla. (Misses Keen). Fragrant, smoothish plant?, about If high. Lvs. 1' long, or the lower nearly 2'. Fls. showy pink-colored, forming slender, raceme-like panicles. Sept., Oct. (C. linearifolia Ell.) 2 D. densiflora Benth. St. diffusely branched ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, the upper linear ; cymes axillary, subsessile, 5 to 10-flowered. — E. Fla. A variety ? 16. ORIG'ANUM, L. MARJORAM. (Gr. opo^, a mountain, and ydvo$, joy.) Calyx tube 10-striate, 5-toothed, hairy in the throat ; corolla tube scarcely exserted, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly equal segments ; stamens 4, ascending, distant. — 1C Lvs. suben- tire. Fls. in dense oblong spikes, with imbricated, colored bracts. 1 O. vnlgare L. Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate; spikes in a paniculate corymb; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx; cal. teeth equal. — In fields and thick- ets. St. 12 to 18', purple, leafy, branching above. Lvs. a very little serrate, op- posite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy, £ as Icng as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. Fls. purplish white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. JL, Aug. \ § Eur. 2 O. Majorana L. Lvs. oval, or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary- pubescent ; spikes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of tho branches ; bracts roundish ; cal. upper lip roundish, 'tube cleft below. — It has a plea- sant aromatic flavor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft downy, a foot high. Fls. pink-colored. Jl., Aug. \ Portugal. 17. THY^MUS, L. THYME. (Gr. Ov^og, courage ; from its invigora- ting smell.) Flowers capitate or verticillate ; calyx ovoid, 10 to 13- nerved, bilabiate, hairy in the throat, upper lip 2-fid, lower 3 -fid, sta- mens 4 exserted, diverging, anther cells parallel. — 2£ With small entire strongly-veined Ivs., minute bracts, and purple or white fls. 1 T. Serp^llum L. WILD THYME. MOTHER OP THYME. St. decumbent ; Ivs. flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base; fls. capitate. — If Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An aromatic plant, similar to the following, but milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Stems suffruticous, wiry, slender, and wavy, with leafy, downy, and ascending branches, each terminating in a small, dense, oblong head of purplo flowers, much frequented by bees. Leaves entire, petiolate, punctate, smooth- ish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. J § Eur- 2 T. vulgaris L. St. erect or decumbent at base ; Ivs. revolute at the sides, oblong-ovate and lanceolate ; verticils in terminal, leafy spikes. — Sts. sufiruticous, numerous, branched, 6 to 10' high. It is highly aromatic, as well as the othet^ species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Jn., JL \ Eur. A culinary vege- table. 18. CALAMIN'THA, Mcench. CALAMINTH. (Gr. /raAo^, beautiful, Htvda, mint.) Calyx ^tubular, 13-nerved,. throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-clcft, lower 2-cleft ;' corolla tube straight, exserted, throat inflated, limb bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, lower spreading, its middle lobe largest; stamens 4, the lower pair longer,, usually ascending. — It | Herbs hairy. Cymes dense, capitate, bracted. Calyx tube curved, 2-lipped No-. 1 § Herbs hairy. Cymes loose, pedunculate, axillary. Calyx tube straight, 2-lipped No. 2 § Herbs smooth. Cymes loose, sessile, bracted. Calyx straight, teeth subregular No. 3 § Shrubs low, slender, nearly smooth. Cymes few-flowered. Flowers large ... . . . . .Nos. 4 to. 5 548 ORDER 89. — LABIAT^E. 1 C. Clinopodium Benth. WILD BASIL. Villous ; Ivs. ovate, sub&errate ; ver- ticils dense, sessile, many-flowered, hairy; bracts numerous, subulate. — If Low- woods, X. and "W. States. Plant 1 to 2f high. St. square, simple or sparingly branched, and as well as the whole plant, clothed with whitish hairs. Lvs. peti- olate, tapering to an obtuse point, pale. Fls. purplish, in heads mostly terminal, near 1' wide, involucrate with bracts. 2 C. Nepeta Link. Villous with soft, whitish hairs, much branched below; Ivs. small, broad-ovate, obtuse, subserrate, petiolate ; cymes few-flowered in the upper axils, becoming somewhat racemed ; cal. teeth subulate, the 2 lower longer ; cor. upper lip emarginate, the lower in 3 equal lobes. — Dry hills, roadsides, &c., throughout Tenn. and Va. Plant about 2f high, strongly aromatic. Lvs. about half an inch long. Cor. white, thrice longer (3 to 4"), than the calyx. JL, Aug. §Eur. 3 C. glabella Benth. Glabrous, decumbent at base, diffusely branched ; Ivs. narrowly oblong, subpetiolate, few-toothed or entire, tapering to the base ; verti- cils 6 to 10-flowered ; cal. teeth subulate-acuminate; bracts as long as the pedicels — On limestone rocks, Ohio to Ark. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 1' to 1 8" long. Cor. moderately bilabiate, near twice longer (4 to 5") than the calyx, pale violet. Jn. /?. DIVERSIFOLIA. Flowering stems nearly erect, the barren prostrate, like runners, bearing small, ovate, entire Ivs. ; plant generally smaller, with the floral Ivs. narrow, and mostly entire. — Limestone rocks, Niagara Falls, to the Falls of St. Anthony, and to Ark. Fragrant like pennyroyal. Upright sts. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1'. Lvs. of the runners 3 to 4" long. (C. Nuttallii Benth.) — These two very diverse forms are connected by specimens found in Ohio (Sullivant apud Torrey), having the characteristics of both. 4 C. canescens Torr. & Gr. Minutely canescent-downy, shrubby ; Ivs. linear, obtuse, entire, revolute-edged, much fascicled; verticils of 2 opposite fls. ; cor. thrice longer than the strongly 2-lipped calyx. — Sandy seaboards, Fla. Shrub scarce a foot high, with numerous Ivs., 7 to 8" by 1", and few rose-red pretty fls., as largo as in No. 2. May. 5 C. coccinea Benth. Lvs. narrowly obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, short-peti- oled ; verticils of 2 to 6 fls. ; cal. upper lip very short, tube 3 or 4 times shorter than the ample corolla. — E. Fla. Shrub with virgate branches. Lvs. 6 to 8" long. Cor. a fine scarlet, glandular-pubescent, 15 to 18" long. (Cunila coccinea Nutt.) 6 C. Caroliniana Swartz. Sts. glabrous and simple ; Ivs. very smooth, ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate, tapering to a petiole : cymes few-flowered, on short pedun- cles ; cal. strongly 2-lipped, nearly naked in the throat ; cor. ample, tube enlarged upwards. — Dry woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La. A pretty flowerer, somewhat shrubby, If high or more. Cymes in the upper axils 3 to 5-flowered. Lvs. 1' or less long. Bracts as long as the calyx, the corolla thrice longer (7 to 8"), rose- purple, spotted. Jn. — Aug. (C. grandiflora Ph.) 19. MELIS'SA, Tourn. BALM. (Gr. name of the bee, from //eA, honey ; which bees seek in these flowers.) Calyx 13-ribbed, the upper lip 3-toothed, flattened and dilated, lower bifid ; corolla tube recurvccl- ascending, upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe mostly broadest ; stamens ascending. M. ofacinalis L. Pubescent ; st. erect, branching ; fls. in loose, axillary cymes, subscssile ; Ivs. ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, on slender petioles ; bracts few, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. — If N. Eng. to Ind. and Tenn., in waste grounds and in the deepest forests. A well known garden plant. St. 1 to 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles 1' or more. Bracts of the same form, diminished. Cor. twice longer (7") than the calyx, yellowish white. Jl., Aug. | § Eur. Fra- grant of lemons. Balm tea is a popular remedy. 20. SAl'VIA, L. SAGE. (Lat, salvco, to be in health ; probably from its salutary qualities.) Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed or entire, lower bifid, throat naked ; corolla ringent, tube' equal, upper lip straight or falcate, lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed ; stamens 2, connectile transversely articulated to the filament, supporting at each ORDER 89. — LABIATJEL 549 end a cell of the dimidiate (halved) anther; achenia 4. — A large genus of 400 species, usually with showy fls. The transverse connectile con- stitutes the essential character. (Fig. 7ot 351.) § Herbs native.— Calyx slightly 2-lipped, sub-3-toothed, equal Nos. 1—3 —Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed, lower lip longer Nos. 4—6 § Herbs or shrubby, in gardens. Flowers blue. Calyx teeth bristle-pointed Nos. 7, 8 | Shrubby, in garden and greenhouse. Flowers large, scarlet Nos. 9, 10 1 S. azurea Lara. Erect, puberulcnt above, branching; Ivs. linear-oblong and linear, remotely toothed, or the upper entire, all attenuate at base ; rac. slender, many-flowered, verticils about 6-flowered; cal of 3 broad, acute, subequal teeth, half as long as the pubescent corolla; sty. bearded. — S. Car. to Fla, and La. Plant of varying aspect, according to soil, &o, usually slender and subsimple, 1 to 2 or 3f high, with Ivs. narrow, subentire, 2 to 3' long, 2 to 4" wide. Fls. 7" long, of a fine azure blue. Summer, 2 S. urticifdlia L. Erect; Ivs. cauline, rhombic-ovate, acute, crenate-serrate, truncate-cuneate at base to a short or winged petiole ; verticils 4 to 10-flowered, distant, in a terminal, interrupted raceme ; cor. smooth, tube but o, little longer than the calyx, the lower lip thrice longer. — If In hilly woods, Va. to Fla. and Ala. St simple, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. thin, 2 to 4' long, the upper larger. Cor. blue, 5" to 6" long. May. /3. LONGIFOLIA, Tall (3 to 6f), with panicled racemes; Ivs. all serrate, the lower lance-oblong; fls. larger (8 — 9" long). — Ga. to Ark. (S. longif. Nutt.) 3 S. coccinea L. Erect, Jioary-pubescent ; hs, ovate, cordate, acute, finely cren- ate, petiolate, whitish-tomentous beneath; verticils G to 10-flowered, in a simple raceme; cal. teeth acute; cor, red, smooth, twice longer, tube dilated upwards, upper lip erect, much the shorter. — r4- Ga^ Fla. to La. St. 1 to 2f high, often branched. Lvs. 6" to 1 to 2' long, the middle largest Cor. bright red or scan* let, 8" long. Upper lip of the calyx often purple. Summer. 4 S. lyrata L. Erect; Ivs. radical, rosulate, lyrate, crose-dentate, the cauline about one pair alsove, bract-like, linear-spatulato ; fls. in whorls of 6, racemed at top of the square scape; caL upper lip shorter, teeth subspinous; cor. thrice longer than the calyx, its lower lip much the longer. — U Woods, W. Can. to Fla., rare in N. Eng. Scape 6 to 15' high. Lvs. oblong-oval in outline, 18" to 3' long, petioles half (or more) as long. Fls. showy, near lf long, violet-purple. The whole plant is usually purplish. Apr. — Jn. 5 S. obovata Ell Erect; Ivs, broadly obovate, entire, sinuate, narrowed to a long tapering base, the floral ovate, shorter than the calyx ; verticils 6-flowered, re- mote, in a simple raceme; csd. •zipper lip truncate, with 3 minute teeth; cor. thrice longer, with the galeate upper lip thrice shorter than the lower. — 2{ Middle Ga. to La. St I to 2f high. Lvs. larger above and clustered 4 to 7' by 2 to 5'. Fls. blue. Jix, JL 6 S. Claytoni E1L Erect ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, or lance-ovate, sinuate-pinnalifid, the segm. toothed, rugous, more or less pubescent beneath ; verticils 6-flowered ; floral Ivs. ovate-acuminate, smaller; cal teeth of the upper lip connivent, of the lower longer, acuminate. — 2£ Sandy pastures, Beaufort, S. Car. (Bachman). Sts. If high. Fls. small Summer. 7 S. Sclarea L. CLARRY. Lvs. ample, rugous, broad-ovate, cordate, doub!y crenate ; bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx ; upper lip of the cor. high-arched, much longer than the lower. — ® A strong-scented exotic, 1 to 3f high, with viscid Ivs. as large as the hand. The fls. and bracts are variegated with pale-purple and yellowish- white, in whorled spikes. CaL with spinous teeth. Xative in Italy. £ 8 S. officinalis L. COMMON SAGE. Shrubby, Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, crenu- late, rugous ; whorls few-flowered ; cal. mucronate ; upper Up of the cor. as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted. — A well-known garden plant, with a shrubby stem, rugous leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in. whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringenfc, blue, with a lengthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. July. \ S. Eur, — Very useful ia domestic economy and medicine. 550 ORDER 89. — LABIATJE. 9 S. fulgens Car. St. branching at base, weak, ascending, pubescent ; Ivs. Jong-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate-dentate, smooth above, pubes- cent beneath ; fls. opposite, in terminal racemes ; bracts deciduous ; cal. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire; cor. fimbriate-ciliate, 3 — 4 times longer than the calyx; sty. exserted. — If A beautiful greenhouse plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' long. There are several varieties, f Mexico. 10 S. splendens Sellow. St. erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-ovate and ovate, petiolate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous loth sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ; fls. opposite, racemous ; bracts deciduous ; cal scarlet, and, with the corolla, pu- bescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. — 1£ Gardens. Plant 2 — 4f high, branched. Flowers 2' long, scarlet. After flowering the calyces en- large, and become as brilliant as the corollas, f Mexico. 21. ROSMARPNUS, L. ROSEMARY. (An ancient Latin name, com- pounded of ros, clew, and marinus, of the sea.) Calyx bilabiate, upper lip entire, lower bifid ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions of which the middle is the largest ; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, ascending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. — Shrub, with sessile, linear Ivs. R. officinalis L. An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaver opposite, obtuse, linear-oblong, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance Jike camphor. It yields by distillation a largo proportion of fragrant oil. \ S. Eur. 22. MONAR'DA, L. MOUNTAIN MINT. (Name in honor of Monard- «.?, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century.) Calyx elongated, cylin- dric, striatc, subequally 5-toothed ; cor. ringent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest ; sta. 2, fartile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted ; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apex. — 2£ Verticils few, dense, many- flowered, bracted. * Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish Nos. 1, 2 * Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow Nus. 8, 4 1 M. fistulosa L. HOESEMINT. WILD BERGAMOT. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate- and lanceolate, obtuse at base, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent ; lids, cf fls. terminal, few, but many-flowered, bracts sessile ; cal. slightly curved, with the throat hirsute. — Hedges, thickets, rocky banks, "W. Yt and Can. to Ga. Common westward. Exceedingly variable. St. 2 to 4f high, acutely 4-angled, often hollow, frequently purple, simple, or with a few opposite branches. Lvs. mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2 to 4' long and on petioles \ their length. Outer bracts leafy, often partially whitened. Cor. much exserted, 1' in length, varying from greenish-white and pale purple to blue. Jl., Aug. (M. allophylla, oblongata, clinopodia and twenty other synonyms are enumerated ia Borith.) 2 M. Bradburiana N"utt. St. simple, glabrous ; Ivs, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessik, rounded at base, hirsute pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute ; cal. pilous, curved, densely bearded at throat, segm. subulate spinous ; lids, large, terminal ; outer bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored. — Prairies and bottoms, Ohio to 111. St. slender, about 3f high. Lvs. sometimes slightly potio- late, 2 to 3' long, 5 to 8" wide, with long, bristly hairs beneath. Bracts purple. Cor. purple. Jl. 3 M. punctata L. HORSEMINT. Minutely pubescent ; st obtusely angled ; Ivs. oblong -lanceolate, tapering to a petiole, remotely and obscurely serrate, the upper and bracts sessile ; bracts colored, longer than the verticils ; caL teeth unequal, rigid, throat naked ; cor. glabrous, strongly punctate. — Barrens, N. J., common, to Fla. (Miss Keen) and W. States. St. 2 to 3f high, branched. Lvs. 18" to 2'. Cor. pale yellow, with brown spots, upper lip villous at the apex. Bracts large^ yellow and red. Sept. — Medicinal ORDER 89.— LABIATE. 551 4 M. didyma L. St. branched, acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough, on short petioles, veins and veirilets hairy beneath ; fls. (crim- son) in terminal, often axillary heads; bracts colored', cal. throat naked. — Swamps, Can. to the Mts, of Ga. Plant 2 to 3£ Lvs. 2 to 5' long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate. Heads often proliferous, with large, ovate-lanceolato bracts tinged with the same color as the 11s. Cor. 15" long. Abortive fil. 2, short, the perfect exserted. Jl. Handsome and fragrant f 23. BLEPHII/IA, Raf. (Gr. /ttetfwzp/V, the eyelash ; probably refer- ring to the ciliate bracts.) Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bila- biate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire, lower lip of 3 un- equal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. — 2£ Verticils dense, terminal and subterminal. 3. B. hirsuta Benth. Whole plant hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanoeolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolaie • tts, in axillary verticillastera and terminal heads ; bracts colored, shorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate, — In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in "W. States. St. 1 to 2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Petiole 3 to 6" long, Ivs. 3 to 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Fls. small, forming several dense whorls near the end of each branch. Cor. 5" long, pale purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Jn., JL 2 B. ciliata Raf. SL hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. f3w oblong-lanceolate, road-ovate, not cordate, entire, as long as the calyx; rac. simple or branched, long, man}'-- flowered ; fls. opposite ; cal. hirsute ; cor. lower lip scarcely longer than the upper. — Prairies and open woods, Ohio to Mo. and La. St. 18' to 3 to 4f high. Lvs. very veiny, thin, 2 to 4' by 18" to 3', petioles nearly as long. Rac. 3 to 6' long. Fed. shorter than calyx. Cor. 6 to 1" long, blue above, lateral lobes little shorter than the lips. Jl. (S. cordifolia Mulil.) 2 S. saxatilis RiddelL Weak, branched, ascending, pubescent; Ivg. petiolate, cordate-ovate, coarsely crenate, upper oval, obtuse, floral ovate, short-petiolate, entire ; rac. loose, elongated ; cor. lower lip twice longer than the upper. — Rocky banks, S. Ohio to Va. and Tenn., along the Mts. Plant 1 to 2f long, rac. 5 to 8'. Lvs. usually thin and rugous, 1' to 187 long, scarcely longer than the petioles. Cor. 8" long, blue, tube pale. JJ. Aug. (S. rugosa, 2d Ed.) 13. CRASSIFOLIA. Lvs. mostly ovate, of firmer texture. — New Orleans (Hale). CaL more enlarged in fruit. 3 S. canescens Nutt St. erect, tall, pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenate, apex acute, the lower cordate ; rac. terminal and axillary, pedun- culate, paniculate, bracts lance-linear; fls. canescent; upper lip the longer, tube grad- VMlly enlarged. — Dry grounds, Mid. and W. States, abundant. St. usually purple, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, often with a purple margin and pur- plish spots. Cor. 10'' long, tube white, lips blue, lateral lobes very short. Jn., Jl. 4 S. villosa Ell. ? St. villous-pubescent, slender, branching ; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-ovate, acute at each end, sparingly hispid above, the petioles and veins beneath villous, deeply serrate; rac. paniculate, loose; cal. hispid; cor. tube slender, expanding only at the throat, gaka large, inflated, strongly incurved, many times longer than the lip. — G-a. (Feay). Apparently 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. We have but a single specimen. 5 S. serrata Andr. Erect, subsimple, nearly glabrous; Ivs. petiolate, ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, cuneate at base, the floral lance-oblong; rac. subsimple, fls. large, pubescent (not hoary) lips of equal length. — "Woods, 111. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. green both sides, or often purplish. Rac. few-flowered. Cor. more than 1' in length, the lip as long or a little longer than the galea. JL 6 S. pilosa MX. St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent ; Ivs. pubescent, rhomboid-ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs; rac. terminal, rather short, bracts elliptic-ovate ; lips of the cor. large, the lower a little longer. — Open woodlands, Penn. to Ga. St. 1 to 2f high, purplish. Lvs. few, 1 to 2£' by 8 to 18", more or less acute at base and obtuse at apex; narrowed to • the petiole. Rac. generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, elliptical bracts. Pedicels and cal. hairy. Cor. tube nearly white below, blue at the sum- mit, 9" long, the later fls. shorter. Jn. — Aug. (S. ovalifolia Bart.) 7 S. integrifolia L. Erect, nearly simple, densely pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute, entire, subsessile, the lower ovate; rac. loose, leafy; bracts lanceolate, fls. large. — 1£ Mid. andS. States, dry soils. St. 9' to 2f high, with large blue fls. in terminal racemes. The Ivs. (1 to 2' long), vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate and crenate. Cor. blue and white, slender at base, enlarged above, 8 to 9" long. Jn., JL (S. hyssopifolia Pers. S. Caroliniana Ph.) — The plant is intensely bitter. 8 S. nervosa Ph. Slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous ; Ivs. broad-ovate* sub- cordate, crenate-serrate, sessile, glabrous, 3 — 5-veined, lower roundish-ovate, upper ovate and lance-ovate, slightly petioled; fls. axillary, solitary. — Rocky shades, along streams, Penn. to 111. and La. Roots creeping, often sending out long, filiform stolons. Stem 8— 15' high, weak. Leaves 2 — 15" by 5 — 12", the 554 ORDER 89. — LABIATE middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral leaves entire, sraali. Flowers few, pale blue, 4'' long. May — Jl. 9 S. parvula MX. St. simple or branching at base, square, puberulent ; Ivs. ob- long-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile; fts. small (3") axillary, opposite. — Pastures, Mid. and W. States. Plant 3 to G' high. Root generally with tuberous internodes, and fibrous at each joint. Lvs. 3 to 6" long, ^ as wide, lower 3" diarn. Fls. rather numerous, longer (4 ') than the leaves, blue. Jn. 10 S. galericulata L. COMMON SCULL-CAP. St. erect, simple, or branched ; Ivs. lanceolate-cordate, remotely crenate-serrate ; fls. axillary, solitary, large (!' long). — It Meadows and ditches. Can. to Penn. Abundant. The whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12 — 18' high. Leaves truncate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, !£' by £'. Flowers much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the same axil, with a vizor-like calyx like that of the other species. Cor. an inch in length, blue. Aug. 11 S. lateriflora L. MAD-DOG SKULL-CAP. St. branching, nearly glabrous ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; rac. lateral, axillary, leafy. — Meadows and ditches, lat 38° to Arc. Am. St. square, 1 to 2f high, very branch- ing. Lvs. opposite, rounded at base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Eac. opposite, axillary, somewhat 1 -sided; on long stalks, with small blue fls. and small Ivs. Jl., Aug. — The English name is duo to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes upon the seeds liko a cap or vizor. 30. MACBRrDEA, Ell. (Dedicated by Elliott to Dr. Wm. Macbridc, of Charleston.) Calyx campanulate, 3-Jobed, upper lobe oblong, nar- row, lower, rounded ; corolla tube long-exserted, throat inflated, upper lip erect, entire, lower short, spreading, the middle lobe rounded, broad- est ; stamens ascending under the upper lip, anthers approximate by pairs. — 2£ Glabrous. Verticils G-flowered, subterminal, bractless. M. pulchra Ell. — Swamps, middle districts, N. Car. to Ga. St obtusely 4-angled, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, petiolate, obscurely serrate or sinuate, tho floral short, sessile, ovate-entire. Verticils 1 or 2. Cal. green, thin, veiny, 6" long, cor. 18", streaked with bright purple and white. Aug., Sept. 31. SYNAN'DRA, Nutt. (Fig. 86, 325.) (Gr. ovv, together, dvdpeg ; in allusion to the coherence of the anthers.) Calyx 4-cleft, segments unequal, subulate, converging to one side ; upper lip of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely and unequally 3-lobed ; throat inflated ; stamens ascending beneath the galea, upper pair of anthers cohering, having the contiguous cells empty. — (2) Us. solitary, axillary, somewhat spicate above. S. grandiflora Nutt. St. subsimple, nearly smooth, subterete ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate, often dilated at base, petiolate, the floral sessile ; fls. solitary, sessile ; caL segm. ovate, setaceously acuminate, two upper larger than the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-form, mouth much inflated. — Woods, Cleveland, Ohio, to Tenn. St. 6 to 18' high. Lvs. 1-to 2' long, nearly as wide, petioles 1 to 3^. Cor. 1' long, upper lip very large, rounded, white, lower lip striated with purple lines. Jn. 32. PHYSOSTE^GIA, Benth. LION'S-HEART. (Gr. (j>vea, a bladder, and crrey??, a covering ; from the inflated corollas.) Calyx campanulate, subcqually 5-toothed ; corolla tube much exserted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, middle division of lower lip largest, roundish, emarginatc ; stamens 4, unconnected, ascending beneath the upper lip, the two lower rather longer. — ~4 Fls. opposite, in a terminal, bracteate, 4-sided spike. P. Virginiana Benth. Cal. in fruit ovate, inflated ; cor. gaping, upper lip con- cave.— A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and W. States, often, in gardens. It varies much in stature, is very smooth, dark-green. St. square, thick, rigid, 1 ORDER 89.— LABIATE. 555 to 4f high. Lvs. opposite, closely sessile, 3 to 6' by 3" to 3' (the lower often very large), with remote and shallow teeth. Fls. numerous, dense, or often sub- remote. Bracts subulate. Cor. pale purple, about an inch long, spotted inside. Aug., Sept. (D. Virginiana, denticulatum, variegatum and obovatum of authors.) 33. LA^MIUM, L. HENBIT. (Lat. lamia, the name of a sea mon- ster, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened.) Calyx 5-veined, with 5 subequal, subulate teeth ; corolla dilated at throat, upper lip vaulted, galeate, nearly entire, lower lip broad, emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side near the margin of the dilated thpoat ; stamens 4, ascending. 1 L. amplexicaulis L. Lvs. roundish, incisely crenate, floral broadly cordate, obtuse, sessile, amplexicaul, lower one petiolate ; anth. hairy. — CD Waste grounds, Mid., S. and "W. States. Sts. ascending, several from the same root, 6 to 10' high, with opposite, broad, short, hairy Ivs., lower ones on stalks 1 to 2' in length. Fls. In dense verticils, in the axils of the upper leaves. Cor. purple, downy, the tube much exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. May — Nov. § Eur. 2 L. purpfrreum L. Lower Ivs. roundish, the floral ovate, all crenate, $e tiolate, the petioles longer than the calyxes; cor. tube straight ; anth. hairy. — ® Waste grounds, Penn., rare. § Eur. f- Varies with the Ivs. white-striped. 34. PHUTMIS, -L. JERUSALEM SAGE. (Gr. 0A6£. a flame; the dried, woolly leaves of P. lychnitis were used in ancient lamps.) Calyx 5 to 10-veined, limb equal, truncate or 5-toothed; corolla upper lip galeate, carinate, broad, entire or emarginate, incurved, the lower spreading, trifid ; stamens ascending beneath the galea ; upper filaments adnate, often with a subulate appendage at base ; anther cells divari- cate, confluent ; achenia 3-angled. — Fls. often showy, in axillary, bracted verticils. Lvs. rugous. 1 P. tuberosa L. Tall, smoothish; Ivs. ample, ovate, obtuse, crenate, deeply cor- date, floral lance-oblong ; bracts subulate and with the calyx somewhat ciliate; cal. lirnb truncated, with 5 rigid points ; cor. galea very hairy inside. — 1\- Shores of L. Ontario, near Rochester (Dewey) and Can. Plant 3 to 5f high, with Ivs. near a foot long. Verticils remote, with 30 to 40 purple fls. § E. Eur. 2 P. fmticosa L. Branches and oblong-ovate Ivs. beneath cottony-tomentous ; verticils dense-flowered, very woolly. Shrubby, ;3f high. Curious in cultivation with its grotesque yellow fls. S. Eur. 35. BALLOTA, L. BLACK HOARHOUND. (Gr. /fcaAw, to reject; on account of its offensive odor.) Calyx funnel-form, 10-veined, 5- toothed ; corolla bilabiate, tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, crenate, lower lip 3 -cleft, middle segment largest, emargin- ate ; stamens 4, ascending, exserted ; ach. ovoid-triangular. — 2f . 'B. nigra L. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate; bracts linear-subulate; cal. somewhat truncate, throat dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate. — Is frequent about hedges, &c., Mass, and Conn. Stem 2 — 3f high, pubescent, as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in axillary verticils. Jl. Has the general appearance of Hoarhound (Marrubium), but not its fragrance. § Eur. 36. MOLUCCEL'LA, L. MOLUCCA BALM. SHELL FLOWER. (Brought from the Molucca Islands, , the eye ; name suggested by the small blue flowers.) Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales ; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. — ® Distinguished mainly by the curved corolla tube. L. arvensis L. Plant hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rac. leafy ; fls. sessile ; cal. shorter than the curved tube of the corolla. — A very hispid, almost bristly plant, in fields and roadsides, N. States, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Fls. small. Calyx erect. Corolla sky- blue with white scales within. June, July. § S. Eur. 8. ONOSMOVDIUM, MX. (From Onosma, another genus of this order, and eldog, appearance.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments; corolla cylindrical, having a ventricous, half 5-cleft limb, with the seg- ments converging and the orifice open ; anthers sessile, sagittate, in- cluded ; style much exserted ; achenia imperforate, whitish, shining. — H North American. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white. 1 O. Virginicum Alph. DC. Clothed with appressed, stiff bristles from a tuber- cular base ; Ivs. oblong, sessile, entire, acute or rather obtuse, 5-veined, cal. very- bristly, lobes lance-linear; cor. hispid or nearly smooth, a third longer than the calyx, the segm. lance-subulate ; ant/t. strongly sagittate. — Dry soils, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. Plant mostly erect, 15 to 30' high, branching, very rough. Lvs. varia- ble, 15 to 30'' by 5 to 9". Floral Ivs. bractliko. Cor. 4 to 5'' long. Jn.— Aug. (0. hispidum MX.) 2 O. Carolinianum DC. Tall, clothed with long spreading, rusty-white, bristly hairs tubercled at base; Ivs. lance-oblong, sessile, entire, 7-veined, acute, gradually diminished upwards ; fls. shaggy, bristly ; cal. lobes lance-oblong ; cor. near twice longer, limb dilated, segm. ovate, obtusitli; anth. linear-oblong, cells scarcely di- verging at base. — By streams, "W. N. Y. to Wis., La. and Ga. St. hollow, 2 "to 4f high, branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' or more long, near 1' wide. Cor. 5 to 6". Ach. large, white. May — Jl. Varies in leaves and hairiness. p. MOLLE. Bristles short, appressed, and on the lower surface of the oblong-ovate Ivs. soft downy, except the 7 prominent, bristly veins. — Plant smaller. Lvs. I approaching to ovate, acute or obtuse. (0. molle MX.) — Chiefly S. Western, ORDER 90.— BORRAGINACEJE. 561 9. LITHOSPER'MUM, L. GRAMMELL OR GROMWELL. (Gr. Mtiog, a stone, and aneppa, seed ; the seeds being hard and shining like little pebbles.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnel-form or salver- form ; limb 5-lobed, orifice open, or with 5 gibbous appendages, alter- nating with the stamens ; anthers included ; stigma obtuse, bifid ; achenia bony, rugous or smooth, imperforate at base. — Herbaceous or suffruticous, generally with a thick, reddish root. Fls. spiked or ra- cemed, bracted, white or yellow. § Achenia rugous-tubercled. Corolla throat open, not appendaged No. 1 § Acheiiia smooth and white. Corolla throat appendaged. — Flowers white Nos. 2 — t — Flowers yellow Nos. 5 — 1 1 L. arveiise L. "WHEAT-THIEF. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy ; cal. nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments ; ach. rugous. — 0 A rough, trou- blesome weed, in fields and waste grounds. Stem branching, erect, 12 — 15' high, from a fusiform root with reddish bark. Lvs. bright green, rough, sessile, 1 — 2' in length, with only the central vein ; the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base ; upper ones subacute. Fls. small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. May, Jn. § Eur. 2 L. officinale L. Erect, very branching above; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, veiny; cal. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla ; ach. smooth. — if A rough, grayish plant, in dry, gravelly soils, N. and Mid. States. Sts. much branched, clustered, arising 1 to 2f from a white, fusiform root. Lvs. grayish green, rough on the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2 to 3' by G to 9'/. FJs. small, white, axil- lary,- solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Achenia ovate, polished, stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. Jl. § Eur. 3 L. latifolium MX. Erect, subsimple, scabrous ; Ivs. ovate, sharply acuminate, tapering to the sessile base, veined, scabrous ; rac. leafy, few-flowered ; sep. lance- linear, longer than the corotta, and spreading in fruit ; ach. punctate with minute impressions, shining white, ovoid-turgid. — Woods and thickets, N. Y. to 111. and Ya. Sts. many from the same root, strict, 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', strongly veined. Nuts generally but 2, half as long as the calyx. Fls. small, white. 4 L. angustifolium MX. Procumbent at base, much branched, roughish and somewhat hoary with an appressed pubescence ; Ivs. linear, rigid, edges slightly revolute; fls. scattered, lateral; ach. roundish-ovoid, shining, but punctate with minute impressions. — Sand prairies, along rivers, "Wis. (Lapham) to Ark. and westward. Plant 6 to 15' high. Lvs. 1' long. Fls. small, cor. white, scarcely longer than the calyx. 5 L. canescens Lehmann. PUCCOON. Erect, subsimple, softly villous; Ivs. ob- long or linear-oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent above, villous beneath ; fls. axil- lary; tube of the cor. thrice as long as the very short calyx. — 14 Prairies, fields, and dry hills, Can. 1ST. Y. to 111. and S. States. St. 8 to 12' high, erect, simple, rarely a little branched above. Lvs. sessile, 2 to 3" wide and 4 times as long, 1-veined. Fls. crowded near the summit of the stem. Cal. segm. lanceolate, acute, 2" long. Cor. bright orange-yellow, G" long. Jri., Jl. The root dyes red. (Bats- chia, MX.) 6 L. hirtum Lehm. Erect, simple, rough-hairy ; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral ovate-lanceolate ; cal. lobes linear, hirsute, half as long as the corolla; cor. segm. spreading, obovate, entire, tube hispid in- side at base : ach. ovoid, shining. — 1\. W. and S. States, in dry soils. Sts. 8 to 15' high, clustered. Fls. crowded. Cor. orange-yellow, 7 to 8" long. Cal. segm. enlarged in fruit. Apr. — Jn. (Batschia Carolinensis Gmel.) 7 L. longifloms Spreng. Erect, strigous with a cinerous pubescence ; lower Ivs. lance-linear, attenuated to the base, upper ones linear, acutish ; rac. leafy, termi- nal ; cal. segm. linear, much longer than the pedicel ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy. — % Wis. to Natchitoches, La (Hale.) St. 10 to 15' high, slender, branched near the top. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 2 to 4" wide, the floral scarcely as long as the flowers. Cor. yellow, the tube 9 to 12" long. Fr. much shorter than tho calyx, smooth, white. Jl. (Pentalophus, DC.) 36 562 OHDER 90.— BORRAGINACE^E. 10. MERTENSIA, Roth. (Pulmonaria, Tourn.) SMOOTH LUNG- WORT. (Named for Prof. F. C. Mertcns, of Bremen, Germany.) Calyx short, 5-cleft; cor. tube cylindric, twice longer than the calyx, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5 folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens ; sta. inserted at top of the tube ; anth. subsagittate ; ach. smooth or reticulated. — 2£ St. and leaves usu- ally glabrous and pellucid-punctate, the radical many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 1 M. Virginica DC. Erect or ascending, very smooth ; radical Ivs. large, petio- late, oval, ovate or obovate, cauline sessile, lance-ovate or oblong, all entire, ob- tuse ; cor. tube 3 times longer than the calyx, twice longer than the limb. — Dry, rich soils, N. Y. to S. Car. and Iowa. A plant of rare beauty, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 2 to 6' long, the cauline feather-veined. Fls. numerous, nodding, somewhat trumpet-shaped, 10" long, varying through every shade of blue and lilac even on the same plant. May. (Lithospermurn pulchrum Lehrn.) 2 M. maritima Don. Glabrous, procumbent or ascending; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous, the radical petiolate, cauline sessile ; rac. leafy ; cal. deeply cleft, scarcely half as long as the glabrous, 5-cleft corolla. — Sea shore, N. Eng., rare, Can. and northward. St. diffusely branched. Fls. purplish blue, limb longer than the tube, which exhibits 5 folds at its summit. Jl. 3 M. paniculata Don. Scabrous with minute hairs, erect; radical Ivs. petio- late, ovate, cordate, cauline ovate-oblong, sessile, all acuminate and veined ; cal. hispid, thrice shorter than the subcampanulate corolla. — Shores of the • great Lakes, from Superior to Bear L., also in gardens. An elegaiit plant, with fls. varying from bright blue to white, paniculate, nodding. 11. MYOSOTIS, Bill. FORGET-ME-NOT. (Gr. p)f, a mouse, and (cwf ) &~og , an ear ; from the form of the leaves.) Calyx 5-cleft ; cor- olla salver-form or funnel-form, tube about equaling the calyx, the 5 lobes convolute in bud, orifice closed with short, concave scales ; achc- nia ovate, smooth, with a small cavity at base. — Herbs, slightly villous. Eac. at length elongated, bractless, or with a few, small Ivs. at the base. Fls. never axillary. § Racemes one-sided. Calyx clothed \vith minute, appressed hairs, if any No. 1 § llacemes two-sided. Calyx beset with spreading, minutely-hooked bristles Nos. 2, 3 1 M. palustris Roth. p. LAXA (Fig. 220). Minutely strigous or smoothish, somewhat branched, erect ; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs ; rac. without bracts; pedicels divaricate in fruit, twice as long as the short, spread- ing, smoothish, equal calyx. — %. Ditches and marshes, Can. and U. S., very slen- der, about a foot high. Lvs. scattered, sessile, about 1' by 2 or 3". Eac. termi- nal, or often one of them supra-axillary, one-sided. Fls. 2 to 3'' broad, blue, with a yellow center. Fed. 3 to 6" long. May — Aug. (M. caespitosa Schultz.) 2 M. arvensis L. Hirsute with tubercular hairs, branching; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, acute ; pedicels spreading in fruit, twice as long as the open, equal calyx, in loose racemes, which are not at all leafy among the flowers at their lose.—® Fields, &c. Sts. G to 15' high. Lvs. 1' and less in length. Fls. 2 to 3'' broad, white? Jl., Aug. We describe from English specimens, having seen none native. (M. intermedia, Link.) 3 M. stricta Link. Roughly hirsute with spreading, mostly tubercled hairs; Ivs. oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obtuse or acute, pedicels ascending, as long as the closed, uncinate-bristly, unequal calyx, in racemes which are leafy at base. — (g) Dry fields and hills, Conn., N. Y., to Wis., La. and Ala. Plant varying greatly in aspect at different stages of growth, yet always recognized by its calyx, which is decidedly bilabiate, the lower lip of 2 'longer teeth. Plant 6 to 16' high, grayish. Lvs. 1' long, or in larger specimens 2;. Fls. very small (I" broad), white. May — Jl. (M. verna Nutt. M. arvensis Torr.) ORDER 90.— BORRAGINACE^E. 563 12. ECHINOSPER'MUM, Swartz. BURR-SEED. (Gr. Itfvos, the sea- urchin, arrfc'p/m, seed ; from the character.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice closed with concave scales ; achenia 4, erect, bearing 1 to 3 rows of echinate prickles, smooth between, compressed or angular, fixed to a central column. — Herbs with bracted rac. and small, blue fls. E. Lappula Lehm. St. branched above; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, hairy ; cor. longer than the calyx, the border erect-spreading ; ach. each with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. — CD An erect herb, in dry soils, roadsides, K States to Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect, from its dense hairs, about a foot high, undivided except at the top, where it branches into a kind of panicle. Leaves 1' by 1 — 2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue. Jl. (Roche- lia Rcem. Cynoglossum Scop.) 13. CYNOGLOS'SUM, Tourn. HOUND'S TONGUE. (Gr. KVUV, a dog, yAtocraa, tongue ; from the form of the long, soft leaves.) Calyx 5- parted ; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted ; orifice closed by 5 con- verging, convex scales; achenia covered with echinate prickles, de- pressed, forming a broad, pyramidal fruit, and each fixed laterally to the style. — Cor. blue, purple or white. § Racemes without bracts or nearly so ............................................. Nos. 1, 2 § Eacemes bracted at base, but the pedicels always extra-axillary ...................... No. 3 1 C. officinalis L. COMMON HOUND'S TONGUE. Silky-pubescent, leafy to the top; root-lvs. lance-oblong, attenuate at base to a petiole, upper sessile or amplexicaul ; rac. bractless, paniculate, not stalked ; nuts margined in front. — U Waste grounds, pastures, common. Plant of a dull green color, emitting a disagreeable smell. St erect, hairy, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. with soft down on both sides, entire, 6 to 10' by 1 to 2', tapering into a long, attenuated base, the upper much smaller. Clus- ters terminal, panicled, recurved at the end. Fls. with a downy calyx and a dull red corolla. Cal. leaf-like in fruit. Sds. rough with hooked prickles. Jl. §Eur. 2 C. Virginicum L. IJjrsule-pilous ; Ivs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasp- ing, cordate, all on the lower half of the stem ; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long, naked peduncle. — If Inhabiting woods and thickets, Vt. to Va. and 111., rare in N". Eng. A hairy plant, 2f high, simple, bearing at the top of its leafless summit a small, panicled corymb of pale purple flowers. Radical Ivs. 5 to 6' long and half as wide. Cal. and pedicels very hairy. Jn. (C. amplexicaule MX.) 3 C. Morrisoni DC. BEGGAR-TICKS. St. widely branched ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; rac. divaricate, dichotomous ; fr. densely covered with prickles, doubly barbed at the point. — CD In rocky grounds and rubbish, Can. to Fla. St. furrowed, 2 to 3f high, with many slen- der, remote, wide-spread branchts, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemous inflorescence. Lvs. entire, remote, large (4 to 8' long), tapering to each end, the lower ones petioled. Fls. very smal^ white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. JL (Echinospermum Tirginicum Lehm.) ORDER XCI. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. HYDROPHYLLS. Herbs mostly, with alternate lobed leaves and regular bluish flowers. Calyx 5- cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent, free. Corolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base. Stamens 5, inserted into the cor- olla, with a deeply bifid style. Ovary entire, ovoid, free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal, several-seeded placentae. Fruit 2-valved, filled by the placenta. Seeds reticulated, albuminous. Genera 18, species 77, chiefly American. Properties unimportant 564 OEDEB 91.— -HYDROPHYLLACE^:. i FIG-. 673. Hydrophyllnm Yirginicum, flower: a, corolla cut'opcn, showing tha honey-grooves ; 6, ovary and style ; c, section of seed. GENERA. § Placentae central, large, many-seeded. Cymes not scorpoid HYDBQLBA. 6 § Placenta! parietal (at least in the middle), bearing few (1 to 4, rarely many) seeds, (b) b Lobes of the corolla convolute in aestivation, (c) b Lobes of the corolla imbricate (quincuncial) in the bud. (d) C Stamens cxserted. Flowers in forked, scorpoid racemes HTDROPHYLLUM. 1 C Stamens included. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves NEMOPIIILA. 2 d Flowers solitary. Calyx much enlarged in fruit ELLISIA. 8 d Flowers racemed. — Lobes of the corolla entire (seeds 4.) PHACELIA. 4 — Lobes of the corolla entire (seeds oo) ECTOCA. 5 — Lobes of the corolla fringed COSMANTHUS. 6 1. HYDROPHYl'LUM, Tourn. WATER-LEAF BURR-FLOWER. (Gr. vd(*)p, water, <^w/l/loi>, leaf; the leaves in spring are said to hold water.) Sepals slightly united at base, the sinuses sometimes appendaged ; cor- olla campanulate, convolute in bud, with 5 longitudinal, margined nec- tariferous grooves inside ; stamens exserted ; capsule globous, 1- celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive ; placenta? 2, fleshy, free except at the base and apex. — 2£ Radical Ivs. on long petioles, pinnately or palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. § Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla No. 1 § Calyx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted » Nos. 2—4 1 H. appendictdatum MX. Lvs. subpalmately 5-lobed, the lower almost pin- natifid, tho lobes dentate, diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. and cal. hir- sute ; sep. lance-subulate, the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter; cor. glabrous except the minute appendages inside ; stam. included. — N. Y,, near Rochester, to "Wis. and Va., in woods. Sts. 12 to 18' high, branched. Petioles 1 to 4' long. Lvs. roundish in outline, the broad, acute lobes pointed and diverging in a stellate manner. Cal. 4 to 5" long, appendages deflexed, 1" long. Cor. blue. May. 2 H. Virginicum L. Plant nearly smooth ; Ivs. pinnatifid and pinnate, the seg- ments oval-lanceolate, incisely serrate ; fascicles conglomerate ; ped. longer than the petioles. — An inhabitant of moist woods, Can to Car. and Western States. Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufts of flowers, stamens and style very conspicuous, twice the length of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves few, on long, clasping petioles, with about 5 distinct leaflets, tho upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. Jn. 3 H. Canadense L. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5 — 7 shallow lobes, unequally dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate ; fls. in crowded fascicles ; ped. shorter than the forked petioles. — Quite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods, Can. to Car. "W. to Ind. Stem 12 — 18' high, with large, rough ish leaves, divided into 5 — 7 lobes. Fascicles of fls. dense, terminal, but shorter than the petiole which seems to continue the stem. Cor. white or variously tinged with purple, much longer than the pedicels. Jn., Jl. 4 H. macroph^lhim Nutt. Whole plant reversely hispid with white hairs ; Ivs. ollong-oval, in outline, pinnatifid. lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised into rounded, mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or few, much smaller ; cymes ter- minal, long-pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. ORDER 91.— HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 565 «. — Ohio, to the Alleghany Mts. of Va. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a terminal globous cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 6 to 10' long, the seg- ments ovate-oblong. Corolla 6" long, stam. 10". Jn. 2. JNEMOPH'ILA, Nutt. (Gr. v^o^ a grove, ^At'w, to love ; such is their usual locality.) Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses with reflexed appen- dages ; corolla rotate-campanulate, the 5-lobes convolute in bud, obtuse, the tube inside bearing 10 minute folds or scales; stamens included; ovary globous, 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentae, free except at the ends, each 2 to 12-ovuled. — CD Herbs fragile, diffuse, with opposite or alternate, pinnately parted Ivs., one-flowered, ped. and cyanic fls. 1 N. microcalys: Fisch. & Meyer. Glabrous, decumbent, branched ; Ivs. trian- gular in outline, 3-cleft, or the lower 5-parted, segm. with rounded mucronato lobes ; ped. slender, opposite to and nearly equaling the petioles ; cor. small, about twice longer than the calyx ; seeds 1 to 2. — Damp woods, Macon, Ga., Ala., to Ark. and La. Sts. many, 6 to 12' long, or often but 3 to 6', very tender. Lvs. all alternate, less than 1' long, the petioles often longer. Fls. white, 1 to 2" broad. Lvs. ovoid, pitted. Apr. (N. evanescens Darby. Ellisia, Nutt.) 2 N. insignis Benth. Lvs. oblong, pinnately 7 to 9-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, ped. longer than tho leaves ; cor. twice as long as the calyx, rotate-campan- ulate; seeds 10 to 12. Plant procumbent, in gardens, somewhat hairy, Ivs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. 1' or more broad, white with a blue border. -J- California. 3 N. maculata Benth. Procumbent, with Ivs. similarly lobed with the last, and with the fls. white, with 5 largo violet-colored spots on the border, f Cali- fornia. 3. ELLIS'IA, L. (In honor of Joseph Ellis, F.E.S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnaeus.) Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-cam panul ate, caducous corolla, sinus naked; cor. tube with 5-pairs of minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed ; sta. included ; nectary annu- lar, 5-toothed ; sty. bifid, with linear lobes ; caps, ovoid-globous, 2- valved ; seeds 4 or fewer ripening. — (X) Herbs, with pinnatifid. Ivs. Cor. white. E. Nyctel&a L. Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs ; Ivs. petiolate, upper ones alternate, segments 9 to 11, linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate ; ped. 1-flowered, opposite tho leaves, about as long as the sepals ; cal. seg. triangular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. — (1) "Woods arid river banks, Md. to Jowa and Ala. Stem 4 — 10' long. Leaves 1 — 2' long. Calyx at length remarkably largo for the size of the plant, nearly an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base inside. May — Jl. 4. PHACE'LIA, L. (Gr. <£a/ceAof, a bundle or fascicle ; alluding to the fasciculate racemes.) Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged ; corolla tubular campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, lobes entire, imbricate in bud, tube within furnished with 5 margined grooves ; stamens 5, mostly ex- Iserted ; ovary 1-celled, hispid ; style bifid ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, valves bearing tho placenta in the middle ; seeds 4 to 10. — Herbs his- pid, with alternate Ivs. and loose or dense, one-sided racemes. * Racemes forked or coiymbed Nos. 1, 4. ** Eacemes simple Nos. 2, 8. 1 P. bipirmatiflda MX. Hairy, suberect; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid, long-petiolate^ lateral segm. 2 to 4, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid; rac. elongated, forked subpaniculate ; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than (sometimes as long as) the stamens. 2£ or @ "Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ind. (Plummer), Mo. and N. Car. Plant sometimes nearly smooth, 1 to 2f high, bearing several leafless racemes at top. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, including the pe- tiole. Cor. G" broad, blue, the grooves bordered with narrow, pubescent mar- gins. May, Jn. 506 OED-ER 91.— HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 2 P. hirsuta Nutt? Erect, branching, sparingly hirsute ; Ivs. pinnatifid, 5 io 7- lobed, the lower petiolate, almost pinnate, upper sessile, lobes oblong, acutish, thoso of the radical Ivs. rounded ; rac. simple, terminal, 9 to 15-flowered, pedicels twico longer than the linear-oblong bristiy-ciliate sepals. — A more delicate species, on Stone Mt. Ga. and Ark. Sts. smoothish, G to 12' high, sparingly leafy. Cor. 7" broad, violet blue, 10-spotted around the yellowish throat. Grooves obscurely bordered. Stara. not longer than cor. May, Jn. 3 P. parviflora Ph. Sts. weak, smoothish, procumbent, subsimple; Ivs. all petiolate, the lowest elongated, with roundish, remote, stalked leaflets, the upper with dis- tant oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute segm. ; rac. simple, loose, terminal, 6 to 12- flowered ; pedicels at length twice longer than the oblong-spatulate, smoothish sepals ; fls. small.— (g) Shaded banks, Penn. to Ga, Plant diffuse, ascending, 6 to 10' long. Lvs. with their petioles 1 to 3' long, lobes distant, small. Fls. pale blue, 4" wide. Apr., May. 4 P. congesta Hook. Downy-canescent ; Ivs. pinnate, Ifts. alternate, very unequal, some sessile, others petioled, all incisely lobed, the terminal confluent ; rac. corymbous; sep. lance-linear; cor. campanulate, twice longer than the calyx; stain, exserted. — (T) Herb a foot high, in gardens, with numerous bright blue fls. f Texas. 5. EUTOVCA, R. Br. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. deciduous, 5-lobed, imbri- cate in bud ; nectary -grooves 0 ; filam. exserted, with minute scales at base ; style half 2-cleft ; ovary hairy above, half-2-celled, 4 — oo-sceded. — CD Lvs. hairy, pinnately lobed or entire. 1 E. vfscida Benth. Glandular-pilous, viscid, branched, suberect ; Ivs. peti- olate, ovate, coarsely, and unequally dentate or lobed ; racemes scorpoid, at length elongated; sep. linear, a third as long as the tubular-campanulate, deep blue corolla ; seeds oo. — Gardens. If high. Fls. near 1' long, f California. 2 E. Franklfnii Br. Pubescent, simple, erect ; root-lvs. crowded, cauline alter- nate, all pinnatifid, lobes 5 — 7 ; rac. short, spike-like, cor. blue, spreading-campan- ulate, a third longer than the calyx; seeds 00. — Gardens. Fls. numerous. Cali- fornia. 6. COSMANTHUS, Nolte. MIAMI MIST. (Gr. Koapog, elegance, civOog, a flower.) Calyx 5-parted ; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube without appendages ; sta. 5, about equaling the (fringed) corolla; nectary minute ; ova. hairy except at base, 1-celled; sty. bifid ; caps. 2-valved, valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds 4, rugulous. — (I) Delicate herbs, with alternate Ivs. Kac. long, bractless. Fls. small, white or pale blue. 1 C. Ptirshii. Nearly glabrous; lower Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper Ivs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with 5 to 7 oblong, acute, lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 9 to 15-flowered; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals. — Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., "W. to la. and Ky. Plant 8 — 12' high, with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuso lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Cor. delicately fringed, light blue, 5 to 6'' broad, spreading. May, Jn. (C. limbriatus Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata Ph. not MX. P. Purshii Buckley.) 2. C. fimbriatus MX. Much branched from the base, pubescent ; Bts. slender, assurgent; lower Ivs. petiolate, pinnate, with roundish segments, upper sessile, cleft into 5 to 7 oblong, obtuse lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 5 to 12-flovvered; pedi- cels about as long as the oblong-spatulate, obtuse sepals. — Mts. Va., Tenn. (Miss Dana), to Ga. Sts. 4 to 8' long. Fls. white, delicately fringed, 4 to 5" diam. May. 5 6. HYDRO'LEA, L. (Gr. vdup, water, eXaia, oil; "a viscid (oily) water plant.") Calyx 5-sepaled, persistent ; corolla rotate-cam panulate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube ; styles 2, stigmas capitate-depressed ; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the large, fungous pla- ORDER 92.— POLEMONIACE^E. 567 ccntae axial, borne on each surface of the free, false dissepiment, seeds many. — Herbs with alternate, undivided Ivs., and axillary or terminal cymes of blue fls. 1 H. corymbosa Macbride. Unarmed, sparingly hirsute above; Ivs. sessile, lance-ovate; branchkts corymbed, each bearing a terminal flower ; sep. lanceolate, acute, hispid ; cor. thrice longer than the calyx ; caps, roundish-ovoid, glabrou?. — 1£ Ponds in pine barrens, Ga. and S. Car. (Bachman). Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs, 1' to 18" long, with downy veins and margins. Fls. showy, nearly bell-shaped, • 1' broad, " azure with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base," (Elliott.) Jn. — Aug. 2 H. quadrivalva Walt. Spiny, more or less hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, petiolate, very acute at botli ends, entire ; cymes 4 to S-flowered, axillary, upper sessile, lower pedunculate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla. — It In stagnant waters, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2f high. Spines straight, slender, axillary, 3 to 5" long. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cor. azure blue, 5 to 6" broad. Caps, as large as a pea, with numerous minute seeds. Jl. — Sept. 3 H. ovata Nutt. With ovate-acuminate Ivs. and terminal clusters is found in "W. La. and Ark., probably not native within our limits. Karely seen in gardens. ORDER XCII. POLEMONIACE^E. PHLOXWORTS. Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and 5-parted, regular, showy flowers. Corolla monopetalous, the lobes convolute, rarely imbricate in aestivation. Sta- mens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 3-celled, stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds few or many, albumin- ous, attached to a permanent columella. (Illustr. in Fig. 301.) Genera 17, species 104, chiefly N. American. They are valued and cultivated only as orna- mental plants. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. POLEMONIEJ3. Sepals united at base. Lobes of the corolla convolute in bud. (a) a Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequal. Leaves entire PHLOX. 1 a Corolla bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate POLEMONIUM. 2 a Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. (Leaves pinnately dissected) GILIA. 3 II. DIAPENSIE^E. Sepals distinct, oval. Lobes of corolla imbricated DIAPENSIA. 4 1. PHLOX, L. PHLOX. LYCHNIDIA. (Gr. /lo£, a flower ; from the color and profusion of trie flowers.) Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft ; corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved ; stamens very un- equally inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle ; capsule 3-celled, cells each 1-seeded. — A highly ornamental, North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Fls. in terminal, cymes, corymbed or panicled. (Fig. 301.) * Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end. (1) 1 Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered Nos. 1, 2 1 Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer. (2) a Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tubes Nos. 3, 4 2 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth attenuated, longer than the tube. (3) 3 Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so Nos. 5, 6 3 Leaves broad, ovate or lanceolate, etc -Nos. 7, 8, £., 9 * Lobes of corolla notched or bifid at the end.— Leaves distant Nos. 8, 10 —Leaves imbricated No. 11 1 P. paniculata L. Glabrous, erect ; Ivs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, or the upper abrupt at base, rough-edged, flat ; corymbs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flowered ; cal. teeth setaceous-acuminate, nearly as long as the tube; pet. roundish-obovate, entire. — if This favorite is found native in woods and river banks, W. States to Penn. and Car. St. 2 to 3f high, ending in a large, oblong-pyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentless flowers. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 9 to 16", lower ones distinctly petioled. Cor. tube a little curved, 12 to 15" long. JL— Sept. f 5C8 ORDER 92.— POLEMONIACE.E. ,& ACUMINATE Lvs. ovate-acuminate, pubescent beneath as well as the stem', panicle with fewer flowers. — In rich alluvion. (P. acuminata Ph.) 2 P. maculata L. St. erect, scabrous or nearly smooth, purple-spotted ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, the highest ovate, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, roughish or smooth ; panicle oblong or subpyramidal ; cal teeth lanceolate, acute, about half as long as its tube; pet. orbicular. — it Moist fields, Penn. to Car. and Western States. Stem 2 — 3f high, mostly punctate, with purple spots. Lower branches of the panicle shorter than the leaves, or often elongated. Corolla tube more or less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or retuse, purple, varying in gardens from white to crimson. Jn. f (P. pyramidalis Sm.) (3. GRACILIOR. Tall, slender, scabrous ; Ivs. linear and lance-linear. Ga. (Feay). y. SUAVEOLENS. Smooth • fls. white, sweet-scented. — Gardens. (P. suaveo- leus Ait.) 3 P. Carolina L. Glabrous ; si. dedinate at base, ascending, often branched ; Ivs. lanceolate from an ovate (rarely cordate) base, acuminate or gradually acute • pani- cle corymbous, of dense, few-flowered cymes ; cal. teeth lanceolate, acuminate. — "Woods, prairies, Mich, to Ga. St. often procumbent at base, thickish, smooth, 9' to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, variable in form. Corymb simple or often com- pound and rather diffuse. Sep. united two-thirds their length, the points soft, spreading. Cor. tube 1', lobes rose purple, roundish, spreading 1'. May — Jl. f /?. OVATA. St. roughish or puberulent ; Ivs. broad (!'); corymb loose. — South. (P. ovata Ph.) y. KITIDA. Lvs. lance-oblong, dark green, shining. — S. W. (P. nitida Ph. ?) 4 P. glaberrima L. Glabrous ; sis. slender, clustered, subsim,ple, erect ; Ivs. lance- linear or oblong-linear, gradually acute or acuminate, rounded or acute at base, thickish, often with revolute margins ; corymb subsimple, few-flowered ; cal. teeth lanceolate, sharply acuminate. — Prairies and barrens, Wis. to Ga. and Tenn. Sts. 1 to 3f high, with light green foliage. Lvs. 2 to 3 to 4' long, 3 to 5" wide, very smooth except the rough edges. Sep. united two-thirds their length. Cor. tube 9 to 12" long, slightly Curved, lobes pale pink. Jn., Jl. 5 P. pilosa L. Smooth or puberulent below, glandular pilous above ; st. declinato at base, slender, assurgent, subsimple ; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, margin sub- revolute, base half-clasping, attenuate to an acute apex ; panicle corymbous, few- flowered, loose ; cal. segm. subulate-aristate, much longer than the tube. — Prairies and copses, Wis. to N. J., Ga., Fla. and La. A common, slender Phlox, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, rigid. Cor. small, palo red or bluish, tube 7 to 8" long, lobes spreading *7 to 8". May, Jn. (P. aristata MX.) Varies to glabrous (La. Ilale) when it still differs from No. 4 by its long setaceous calyx teeth. (3. FLORIDANA. Smoothish below ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; sep. lanceolate- setaceous. — Fla. (at Quincy!) and elsewhere. Approaches the next. (P. Floridana Benth.) 6 P. involucrata. Hoary-pubescent ; sts decumbent and branching at base, thin, simple and erect ; Ivs. linear-oblong, rather obtuse at each end, half-clasping, sub- erect, flat, the floral similar and closely subtending the dense corymbs as if involu- crate ; cal. teeth longer than its tube, linear or subulate-spatulate ; cor. lobes roundish-obovate, angled at apex. — Very elegant, common in dry soils, through- out the S. States. Sts. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. about 1' long. Cor. deep purplo varying to carmine-red. May, Jn. (P. pilosa Walt., MX., Benth., etc., not L. p.? Walteri, Gray.) 7 P. reptans MX. Stolons creeping ; sts. assurgent ; Ivs. ovate, obovate or ob- long, obtuse ; corymbs few-flowered ; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; pet. obovate, entire. — 1[ Hillsides and mountains, Ind. (Plummer) to S. Car, Flowering-stems 6' high (Southern specimens 6 to 12'), with small (4 — 9" by 2 — 4'') and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2 — 3 times larger, somewhat crowded at the end. Flowers 3 — 8. Corolla bluish-purple, tube scarcely twice longer than the calyx. June. 8 P. divaricata L. Low, diffuse, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, ovate or oblong, acutish ; panicle corymbous, loose ; cal. roughish-puberulent, segm. linear-subu- late; cor. lobes emarginate at the end. — If Can., Wis., N. Y. toGa. and Ala, (banks of the Chattahoochee!). Sts. loosely branched, a foot or more long, flaccid: Lva. ORDER 92.— POLEMOXIACE^E. 569 1 to 2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broad and clasping at base, the floral linear setaceous. Pedicels diverging, as long as the calyx which is half as long as the corolla tube. Cor. of a peculiar light but brilliant grayish blue. Apr., May. p. LAPHAMIL Lvs. ovate, pet. obtuse, entire. — "Wis. (Laphain) Western- Re- serve (Cowles) and southward, not uncommon. 9 P. Dnimmondii Hook. DRUMMOND'S LYOHNIDIA. Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilous ; Ivs. mostly alternate, oblong or lanceolate, scabrous ; corymb dense-flowered ; col. hairy, segm. lanceolate, setaceous, elongated, revo- lute ; cor. tube pilous, segm. obovate, entire. — OP Banks of Flint R., S. E. Ga. ! and Tex. One of the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation. Whole plant glabular-scabrous, 8 to 12' high. Fls. very showy, all shades from white to dark purple, and exquisitely penciled with a star. May, Jn. 10 P. bifida Beck. Low, assurgent, diffusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. am- plexicaul, subrevolute on the margin, acutish, lower lance-ovate, upper lance- linear ; corymbs very loose, 2 — 5-flowered ; cal. segments linear, acute ; cor. tube curved, segments deeply bifid. — A very distinct species, and very rare, in Mo. (Beck), CasaCo.. 111. (Mead). Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Leaves 12 — 15" by 1 — 2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Cor. purple, tube much curved. Apr. 11 P. subulata (and P. setacea L.) Moss PINK. Procumbent, caespitous, much branched, pubescent ; Ivs. rigid, subulate or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in the axils ; cal. teeth linear-subulate, very acute ; cor. lobes cuneate, emarginate. Rocky hills, Penn. to Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turfy masses, spangled over in May with rose-colored flowers. Corymb, 3 — 6-flowered. Cor. white or pink, deeper purple in the center. May. \ 2. POLEMCTNIUM, L. GREEK YALERIAN. (Gr. TroASfiog, war; Pliny relates that two kings fought for the merit of its discovery.) Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; corolla rotate-campanulate, limb 5-lobed, erect, tube short ; stamens declined, equally inserted at the throat, fila- ments with hairy appendages at base ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells many-seeded. — Herbs with alternate, pinnately divided Ivs. Fls. ter- minal. 1 P. reptans L. St. smooth, branching, diffuse; Ivs. pinnately T — ll-foftate, leaflets oval-lanceolate, acute ; fls. terminal, nodding ; cells of caps. 2 — 3-seeded. — if Woods and damp grounds, Wis. to N. Y. and mts. of S. Car. Stem 12 — 18' high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, persistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping. May. f 2 P. coeruleum L. St. smooth, simple, erect; Ivs. pinnately II t<(p.7 -foliate, segm. acuminate • fls. erect ; cal, equaling the tube of the corolla ; cells of caj)s. 6 to IQ-seeded. — @ A handsome plant, in gardens. Sts. clustered, about 2f high, hollow, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbous panicle. Lvs. mostly radi- cal, on long, grooved petioles; Ifls. all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite, oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fis. terminal, suberect. Cor. blue, 6" diam. f Eur. 3. GIL'IA, Ruiz & Pavon. (Named for P. S. Gilio, a Spanish botanist.) Calyx 5-cleft, segments acute ; corolla tube long or short, limb regularly 5-lobed ; stamens 5, equally inserted at top of the tube ; disk cup-form ; capsule oblong or ovoid, few or many-seeded. — Herbs with alternate, pinnatifid Ivs. Fls. paniculate, capitate or scattered, elegant and showy, lilac purple to white. § 1. IPOMOPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, the tube mnch exserted No. 1 § 2. GILIA proper. Cor. lobes subrevolute, tube included in calyx No. 2 I G. coronopifolia Pers. STANDING- CYPRESS. St. strictly erect, tall, hairy ; Ivs, crowded, pinnatifid with subulate divisions ; thyrse elongated, with very short 570 ORDER 93.— CONVOLVULACE^E. branches ; cor. tube thrice longer than calyx, segm. oval-oblong, erect-spreading ; stam. barely exserted. — ® Along rivers, S. Car., Ga., Ala. A splendid herb, 2 to 4f high, its plume-like form closely beset with delicate fringe-like leaves and bearing at top a long (If) thyrse of scarlet red flowers. Cor. 15" long. Jl. (I pomopsis, MX. Cantua, Juss.). — A more slender form found in Fla. is G. Florid- ana Don. 2 G. tricolor Benth. TRICOLORED GILIA. St. erect, nearly smooth ; Ivs. twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments ; cymes paniculate, 3 to 6-flow- ered; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times ionger than the calyx, tube very short. — (J) An elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Fls. numerous, limb pale lilac-blue, throat purple and tube yellow. J 4. DIAPEN'SIA, L. Calyx of 5 oval imbricated sepals, closely sub- tended by imbricated bracts ; corolla campanulate, imbricated in the bud ; filaments 5, flat, arising from the sinuses of the corolla ; anther- cells diverging at base and the dehiscence transverse ; capsule papery, enveloped in the persistent calyx, 3-celled> many-seeded. — Prostrate undershrubs with densely imbricated, linear Ivs. and solitary terminal fls. § 1. DIAPENSIA proper. Anthers without awns. Flowers pedicellate No. 1 § 2. PYXIDANTHERA. Anthers with the lower valve awned. Flowers sessile No. 2 1 D. Lapponica L. Csespitous; Ivs. dense, spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire; fls. pedunculated. — If A little, leafy plant, 2 — 3' high, growing on the summits of the White Mts. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leaves crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 — 8" by I1' with a revolute margin, clasping base, and broadly obtuse point. Fls. on slender (!' long) terminal, soli- tary peduncles. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July. 2 D. barbulata Ell. Branches short, ascending; Ivs. lance-cuneiform, acute, pubescent at base ; fls. terminal, sessile ; lower valve of the anther beaked or awned at base. — A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens, N. J. to Car., forming dense beds. Stems 3 — 6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1 — 2" by •£ — 1". Flowers white, 3" diam. Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May, Jn. — The beak of the anther is variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point. (Pyxidanthera barbulata MX. D. cuneifolia Ph.) ORDER XCIII. CONVOLVULACEJE. BINDWEEDS. Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, sometimes parisitic, sometimes shrubby. Leaves (or scales when leafless) alternate. Flowers regular, pcntamerous and 5>androus. Sepals imbricated. Corolla monopetalous, 5-plaited or lobed, convolute in bud. Ovary frce, 2 (rarely 3)-celled or falsely 4-celled, or of 2 distinct, 1-ovuled pistils. Capsule^to 6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled in mucilaginous albumen. (Illustr. in fig. 49, 56, 303, 321, 338, 455, 456.) Genera 50, species 700, abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold. Properties. — The roots of many species abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongly purgative. Jalap of the shops is the product of the root of Exogoniuin purga, of Mexico, and" of other species ; scammony, of Convolvulus scammonia, native of Levant. The drastic qualities of both depend upon the presence of a peculiar resin. Other species have large farinaceous tubers. The Sweet Potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at the South. TRIBES AND GENERA. III. CUSCUTINE^E. Leafless, parasitic, twining. Embryo without cotyledons... CUSCUTA. 10 II. DICHONDEEyE. Leafy. Ova. 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles. South... DICHONDKA. 9 L CONVOLVULE^E. Leafy. Ovary 1. Capsule dehiscent. Cotyledons leafy, (a) a Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Peduncle longer than the leaves STYLISMA. 8 a Ovary 2-celled. Styles united into one. (b) b Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts CALYSTKGIUM. 7 b Calyx naked. — Stamens exserted. Tube of the corolla slender CALYNYCTIOX. 6 —Stamens included — Stigmas 2, linear CONVOLVULUS. 5 * —Stigma capitate IVOUJKJL. 4 ORDER 93.— CONVOLVULACE^E. 571 a Ovary 3-cclletl. Stigma capitate, granulate, not lobed PnAnBiris. 3 a Ovary 4-celled.— Stamens included. Corollas, large. BATATAS. 2 — Stamens exserted. Corollas rather small QUAMOCLIT. 1 1. QUA'MOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS-VINE. Sepals 5, mostly mucron- ato ; corolla tubular-cylindric, with a salver-form border ; stamens ex- serted ; style 1, stigma capitate, 2 -lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. — Twining herbs, mostly American. (Fig. 303.) 1 Q. vulgaris Choisy. CYPRESS-VIKE. Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, parallel,^ acute ; ped. 1-flowered; sep. ovate-lanceolate. — (D An exceed- ingly delicate vine, Penn. (Eaton) and S. States generally cultivated. Stems glabrous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 — lOf. Fls. much smaller than those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to crimson and rose-color. Trained upon twine it forms an exquisite awning. July, Aug. f § E. Ind. 2 Q. coccinea Moench. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; ped. elongated, about 5-flowered ; cal awned. — X> S. States, rare in the Western, along rivers, frequent in gardens. Fls. very delicate, 1' long, limb spreading 9", light scarlet, nearly entire. Jn. — Aug. (Ipomsea L.) 2. BATATAS, Humph. SWEET POTATO. (The original Indian name of the common potato, transferred.) Calyx of 5 sepals ; corolla cam- panulate, with a spreading limb; stamens 5, included; style simple; stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with 4 erect seeds. — Herbs, or shrubby, chiefly American. Juice milky. 1 B. littoralis Chois. Creeping, sending out runners; Ivs. smooth, petiolate, thick, sinnate, with 3 to 5 rounded lobes, or somewhat panduriform, emarginate, cordate; ped. \-flowered, as long as the leaf; sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate ; seeds tomentous. — 2£ Sand hills near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. Fls. large. Stam. much shorter than the tnbe of the yellowish white corolla. Sty. with 2 capitata stigmas. Aug. — Oct. (Convolvulus L. C. obtusilobus MX.) 2 B. macrorhiza. Creeping or twining ; Ivs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed, tomentous-pubescent beneath ; ped. 1 to 5-flowered, longer than the petioles but shorter than the leaves; sep. ovate, obtuse; seeds villous with long hairs. — H Sandy soil, islands of S. Car. and G-a. (Elliott). Et. fusiform, attaining a largo size. Sts. several feet in length, pubescent. Ped. 2 to 3' long. Cor. large, purplish, white. Stam. barely included. Stig. 2, capitate. Jn. — Oct. (B. Jalapa (?) Chois. Convolvulus Ell.) 3 B. edulis Chois. SWEET POTATO. Creeping, or twining ; Ivs. variously 3 to 5-palm.ate or pedate-lobed or angled, lobes acute, base cordate with a broad sinus, 5-veined, smoothish; ped. 3 to 5-flowered, as long or longer than the petioles. — U Boot bearing oblong, terete tubers which taper to both ends. Sts. 4 to' $f long. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, on petioles 2 to G'. Fls. showy, rose-purple. \ E. India. (Con- volvulus Batatas L.)—Extensively cultivated West and South for its rich, nu- tritious tubers. (Fig. 56.) 3. PHAR'BITIS, Chois. MORNING GLORY. (German farbe, color ; in reference to the brilliant flowers.) Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla cam- panulate or inclining to funnel-form; style single; stigma capitate, granulate ; ovary 3 (rarely 4)-celled, cells 2-seeded. — Beautiful climb- ing and twining herbs, everywhere cultivated for ornament. 1 P, purpurea. St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilous; Ivs. cordate, entire; fl. nodding; ped. 2 — 5-flowered; pedicels thick; cal. hispid.— (1) In fields, Mid. and W. States. Stems climbing many feet. Leaves roundish, heart-shaped. Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue, flesh-colored, Btriped, &c. A well known and favorite climber and free flower, of the easiest culture. Jn. § f (Fig. 49, 338.) (P. hispida Chois. Convolvulus L.) 572 ORDER 93.— CONVOLVULACE^E. 2 P. Nil Chois. MORNING GLORY. Los. cordate, 3-lobed-, fig. half 5-cleft; ped. shorter than the petioles, 1 — 3-flowered ; sep, ovate, long-pointed, densely hairy below. — A very beautiful twining plant, found wild. Penn. to Flor., in fields, but best known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. Flowers large, the tube white and the border of a clear blue color (whence its specific name, Anil or Nil, indigo), drying light scarlet. It is of the easiest culture, and raised from the seed. July — Sept. f 4. IPOWKPA, L. FALSE BIND-WEED. (Gr. lip, lirog, bind-weed (or perhaps tyog, ivy), and ofioiog, similar.) Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla cam- panulate ; stara. included ; style 1 ; stigma capitate, Usually 2-lobed ; ovary and capsule 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. — A large genus of herbs, shrubs or trees, chiefly tropical. Our species are herbs, creeping or climbing. * Flowers capitate, involucratc, small, blue. Sepals hairy No. 1 * Flowers separate. — Sepals bristly eiliate, capsules somewhat hairy Nos. 2, 3 — Sepals glabrous. — Flowers purple. Maritime Nos. 4, 5 — Flowers white, rarely yellow Nos. Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs.) Calyx very small ; corolla cam' panulate, lobes short ; stamens included ; filaments short, arising from the base of the corolla, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth ; anthers sagittate, connivent, cohering to the stigma by the middle ; ova. 2 ; stigmas connate ; follicles long, sublinear, distinct. — Herbs, suffrutes- cent, erect, with opposite, entire, mucronate Ivs. Cymes terminal and axillary. Pedicels not longer than the pale flowers. 1 A. androsaemifolium L. DOG'S-BANE. Smooth ; Ivs. ovate ; cymes lateral and terminal ; limb of cor. spreading, the tube longer than the calyx. — A smooth, elegant plant, 3f high, in hedges and borders of fields. Stem reddened by tho sun, erect, branching above. Leaves dark green above, paler beneath, opposite, rounded at base and acute at apex, 2 — 3' long and f as wide, on petioles £' long. Cymes paniculate, at the top of the branches and in tho axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels £' long. Cal. much shorter than tho corolla. Cor. as long as the pedi- cels, bell-shaped, white, striped with red, with 5, acute, spreading segments. Follicles 3 to 4' long. Jn., Jl. — Medicinal. p. iNCANUii. Lvs. hoary-pubescent beneath. A. cannabinum L. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong, varying from oval to lance-oblong, mu- cronate, short petiolate ; cal. lobes lanceolate, about equaling the corolla tube ; cor. lobes erect. — In shady soils, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Plant widely branched, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. smaller and thicker than in No. 1, 2 to 4' long, 6 to 16" wide, usu- ally rounded at base and acute at apex, often obtuse or acute at both ends, the petioles 1 to 3" long. Fls. in dense, upright cymes, and not as large as in No. 1. Cor. white, with erect segments, hardly 2" long. Follicles 3' long. Jn. — Aug. /?. PUBESCENS. Lvs. beneath and cymes pubescent. (A. pubescens K. Br.) y. IIYPERICIFOLIUM. Lvs. narrowly oblong, subsessile, smooth ; ova. inclining to ovate-oblong; cymes generally longer than tho leaves. (A. hyperici- folia Ait.) ORDER 96.— APOCYNACEJB. 589 2. AMSONIA, Walt. (To Charles Amson, of S. Carolina?) Calyx 6-cleft, segments acuminate ; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly funnel-form, bearded inside, hispid at throat, segments linear convolute in bud ; stamens 5; style 1; ovaries 2, connate at base; follicles 2, erect, slen- der, fusiform ; seeds in one row, cylindric. truncate at each end, naked. — Lvs. alternate, entire, subsessile. Cymes terminal, corymbous. Fls. blue. 1 A. Tabernaemontana "Walt. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminato, acute at base, briefly petiolate, puberulent beneath ; margin slightly revolute ; sep. glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. woolly outside near the top of the tube. — A plant of singular appearance, in prairies and damp grounds, W. and S. States. Stem torete, smoothish, 2f high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3 — 4' by 1 — !£', conspicuously veined beneath. Flowers pale or livid blue, in several terminal, cymous clusters. Corolla 8" diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs, 2 — 3' long, about 6-seeded. May, June. (A. latifolia MX.) 2 A. salicifolia Ph. Yery glabrous and lance-elliptic, acuminate at each end-, conspicuously petiolate ; col. segm. triangular acute ; cor. tube glabrous outside or more or less woolly. — In damp soils, Tenn., Car. to S. Ga. and borders of Fla. Plant 12 to 18' high. Lvs. but half as large as in No. 1, 2 to 3' by 6 to 9". Cymes terminal, short-stalked. Cor. blue, formed as in the other species. May, Jn. — Varies with the leaves more or less pubescent when young, and the cor, .tube woolly. Always more delicate than No. 1. 3 A. ciliata Walt. Lvs. approximate or crowded, lance-linear and linear, often very narrow, margins ciliate; st. pubescent, leafless above; clusters corymbous, at length paniculately branched ; cor. glabrous outside. — Sandy soils, dry and moist, Car. and Ga., common. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, 1 to 3" wide, sometimes much narrower than 1", almost filiform. Fls. light blue, as in the other species, 6" long. /?. FILIFOLIA, growing on sandy hills, has tho long pe- dunculftte inflorescence paniculate. Apr., May. (A. angustifolia MX.) 3. FORSTEROVNIA, Meyer. (Dedicated to T. F. Forstcr, an English botanist.) Calyx segments 5, ovate ; corolla funnel-form, not appen- da^ed, deeply 5-cleft, lobes convolute (to the left) in bud ; anthers sagittate, adherent to the stigma, the membranous tip inflexed ; stigma 2-lobed at apex, 5-angled in the middle ; follicles 2, distinct, spreading, glabrous ; seeds many, comous. — Twining shrubs, with opposite, petio- late Ivs. and cymes of small fls. F. difformis DC. Branches smooth ; Ivs. oval and lance-oval, abruptly acuminate, acute at base, thin, glabrous above, puberulent beneath when young; cymes pe- dunculate, axillary and terminal, as long as the leaves ; cal. segm. long acumi- nate from an ovate base. — Damp or swampy grounds, Va. to Fla., climbing over shrubs. Lvs. varying from elliptical to nearly orbicular, 1 to 2' broad. Cor. 3 to 4" long, pale yellow. Stam. included. May — Aug. 4. VIN'CA, L. PERIWINKLE. (Lat. mnculum, a band; from the long, twining branches.) Calyx 5-parted, segments acuminate ; corolla funnel or salver-form, convolute, border 5-cleft, with the lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled; 2 glands at the base of the ovary ; follicles 2, erect, fusiform ; seeds oblong. — Trailing shrubs. Lvs. opposite, evergreen. Juice slightly milky. 1 V. minor L. Sts. procumbent ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, smooth at the mar- gins ; fls. pedunculate ; seps. lanceolate. — A handsome evergreen, flowering in May. Sts. several feet in length, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long. Flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, violet, varying to purple or even white, inodorous. f Eur. 2 V. .major L. Sts. nearly erect; Ivs. ovate, ciliate; fls. pedunculate; sep. 590 ORDER 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. setaceous, elongated. — Shrub with numerous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light masses of evergreen foliage, flourishing best beneath the shade of other plants. Leaves 2 to 3' in length, shining, rounded or somewhat cordate at base. Flowers blue, appearing in May and June, f Eur. 5. NE'RIUM, L. OLEANDER. (Gr. 1'^pof, damp; referring to the locality of the plants.) Calyx with 5 teeth at the base outside of the corolla; corolla liypocrateriform, segments contorted, orifice with a corona consisting of 5, laciniate leaflets ; filaments inserted into the middle of the tube ; anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle. — Oriental shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, opposite or ternate. N. Olednder L. Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end ; corona segm. of 3 to 4 lance-acuminate teeth. — In the greenhouse and shrubberies. St. regularly branched. Lvs. commonly 3 together, on short stalks, smooth, very entire, cori- aceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Fls. terminal, corymbcus, large and beautiful rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another varie- gated, and a third double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine (Rev. S. Hebard), growing by rivulets, &c. It is supposed to be the plant to which the Psalmist alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35. ORDER XCVII. ASCLEPIADACKE. ASCLEPIADS. Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky juice, often twining. Leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered), without stipules, entire. Flowers generally umbellate, 5-parted, regular, the sepals and also the petals united at base, both valvato in aestivation. Stamens united, adherent to and covering the fleshy mass of the two united stigmas. Pollen cohering in masses. Ovaries 2, forming follicles in fruit. « Genera. 141, species 910, chiefly natives of tropi- cal regions, and especially abundant in S. Africa, 8. India and New Holland, but are not uncommon in temperate regions. Properties. — Similar to those of the Apoeyna- cea; but far less active. The juice is acrid and generally to be, at least, suspected. A few of the species arc medicinal, but none of much conse- quence. FIG. 670. — 1. Asclepias cormiti. 2. A flower, tho rtals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. One of the segments of the corona with tho horn bent inwardly. 4. A pair of pollen masses suspended from the glands. 5. A mature follicle. 6. Vertical section of P. phytolacoides showing the 2 ovaries. 7. Lobe and horn of the corona. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1 ^ERIPLOCE^E. Filaments distinct. Pollinia single (not in pairs), granular. (*) * Anthers bearded on the back. Pollinia5. Stem twining PERIPLOCA. 1 JU ASCLEPIADE^E. Filaments connate. Pollinia 10, in pairs, pendulous, vertical, (a) a Hoods each sheathing a little horn. Petals reflexed ASCLEPIAS. 2 i Hoods of the crown destitute of a horn, (b) b Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, adnate to tho anthers ACERATKS. 3 b Petals expanding. Hoods ascending, free from anthers ANANTHEKIX. 4 b Petals erect.— Plant erect. Anther head pedicellate PODOSTIGM.V. 5 —Plants twining. Crown fleshy rctuse SENTEEA. 6 —Plant twining. Crown thin, 2-awncd EXSLE.J«A. T ORDER 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 5&1 III. GONOLOBE^E. Filaments connate, Pollinia 10, in pairs, horizontal, (c) C Corolla wheel-shaped. Plants twining, with cordate leaves GOKOLOBUS. S IV. ST-tPELlE^E. Filaments connate. Pollinia 10, ascending or erect, (d) d Crown simple, of 5 fleshy segments. Twining. Cultivated HOYA. 9 d Crown double, an outer and an inner. Not twining. Cultivated STAPELIA. 10 1. PERIP'LOCA, L. (Gr. Kept, around, Tr/to/co^, a binding or twin- ing ; from the habit of the plant.) Calyx minute ; corolla rotate, flat, 5-parted, orifice surrounded by a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns ; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back; pollinia solitary, 4-lobed; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate; seeds comous. — Twining shrubs. Fls. in umbels or cymes. P. Grseca L. Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; corymbs axillary ; cor. villous -within. — A climbing shrub, 10 — 15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also culti- vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3 — 4' long, ^ as wide, and on petioles ^' long. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lanceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Follicles about 2' long. Aug. § S. Eur. 2. ASCLE'PIAS, L. MILK WEED. (From Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians.) Calyx deeply 5-parted ; corolla deeply 5-parted, valvate in aestivation, finally reflexed; staminal corona 5- leavcd, leaflets cucullate, with an averted horn-like process from the base curved towards the stigma ; antheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5 -angled, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures ; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs fixed by the attenuated apex to a cleft gland, pendulous ; follicles 2, ventricous; seeds comous.- — 2£ Mostly N. Ameri- can, with opposite, verticillate, rarely alternate Ivs. Umbels between the petioles. § Leaves linear, long and narrow (lance-linear in the cultivated No. 19). (*) * Leaves all opposite, or rarely the highest alternate Nos. 17 — 19 * Leaves mostly scattered or verticillate Nos. 15, II? § Leaves broader, ovate, lanceolate, &c. Plants all native. (2) 2 Stems dividing above into branches, corymbed or paniclecl Nos. 13, 14 2 Stems simple. — Leaves sessile, cordate-clasping at base Nos. 11, 12 2 Stems simple. — Leaves petiolate, the petioles often quito short. (3) 3 Flowers (small) with a white crown and purplish-white corolla Nos. S — 10 3 Flowers with a white crown and greenish-white corolla Nos. 5 — 1 3 Flowers (large) with both crown and corolla purple-tinged. (4) 4 Follicles smoothish (as are all the foregoing) Xos. 3, 4 4 Follicles sprinkled with soft warty spines Nos. 1, 2 1 A. corniiti Decaisne. Simple, stout ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, short- petiolate, downy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the leaves, densely many-flow- ered ; ccr. lobes ovate reflexed, 4 times shorter than the pedicils ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, not longer than the uncinato horn. — A common, very milky herb, 3 to 4f high, in hedges and road-sides. .Lvs. 5 to 8' by 2 to 3'; veinlets, as in most species, nearly at right angles to the midvcin. Pcd. stout, between the petioles, bearing a globular umbel of a hundred greenish purplo flowers, few of which prove fruitful. Pods full of seeds with their long silk. Jl. 2 A. Sullivantii Engel. Tall, very smooth; Ivs. ovate-oblong, erect, cordate, on very short petioles ; hoods of the crown obovale, obtuso and entire at apex, obtusely auriculato without on each side at 'base; horns slender but obtuso ; follicles with scattered, warty spines. — Near Columbus, Ohio (" Sullivant." Mr. A. II. "Watson). Said to resemble A. cornuti in foliage and fruit, but remarkably different in its crown. Petals 4 to 5" long, greenish purple. Hoods twice as long as the an- thers. Jl. 3 A. purpurascens L. St. ^raple, erect, puberulent; Ivs. elliptical, ovate-dlip' tical or ovate, mucronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentous-pubescent and paler beneath; ped. terminal, shorter than the leaves; hoods oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse, horns falcate, acute, abruptly^ lent to hori- zontal.— In hedges and thickets, N". II., Mass, to Wis, and Ky. St. 3f or more 592 ORDER 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. high, simplo or slightly branched at top. Lvs. with tho midvein purple. Cat small, green. Cor. dark purple, with reflexed segments. Crown purple, twice as long as the antheridium, the points of its horns lying close upon it. Jl. 4 A. rubra L. St. simple, erect; Ivs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordats cr rounded at base, on very short petioles, glabrous ; umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles ; few-flowered; hoods of the crown- acute, rather longer than the suberect horn. — A small and elegant species in Penn., N. J., and Car., not common. St. 1 to 2f high, with a pubescent line on one side. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', in remote pairs, the upper sometimes alternate. Ped. 1 to 5, 2 to 3' long, pedicels about 1'. Fls. purple, the crown red. Follicles ventricous-acuminate, smoothish. Jl., Aug. (A. lancifolia MX. A. acuminata Ph.) 5 A. phytolaccoldes Ph. POKE-LEAVED SILK WEED. St. simple, erect, pube- rulent; Ivs. broadly ovate, attenuated ai base and apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous ; ped. whitish puberulent, many-flowered ; pedicels slender, loose, about as long as the peduncle ; antheridium stipitate ; hoods truncate, with 4 une- qual teeth ; horns subulate, exserted, suberect. — Tall and handsome, in low, shady grounds, Can. to G-a. and Ark. St. 4 to 5f high. Lvs. 6 to 9' by 2 to 4'. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles 4 to 6' long, with about 20 large flowers on nodding pedicels near 2' long. Petals greenish, crown white, tinged with pink. June. 6. A. variegata L. St. simple, erect, smoothish; Ivs. ovate or oval, abrupt at each end, mucronate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; ped. lateral or terminal, one- third as long as tho leaves, umbellate, many-flowered ; cor. segm. ovate ; hoods orbicular; horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect; follicles oblong, with a long, slender point, minutely puberulent. — Woods, N. J. to Fla, {at Tallahassee) and Wis. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20 to 30-fiowered. Cor. white. 7 A. nivea L. St. terete, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, Attenuated at base into a long petiole, minutely puberulent, scarcely paler beneath; ped. shorter than tho leaves, mostly terminal, often compound ; umbels small, few (10 to 17)-flowered; petals ovate, reflexed, half as long as the pedicels; hoods ovate, longer than the falcato horns. — S. W, Ga. (Miss Keen) to La. A pretty, white-flowered species 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, petioles near 1'. Mower buds 2" long. Jn. — Aug. 8 A. Vaseyi Torr. & Gr. St. low, pubescent ; Ivs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, abruptly contracted to short petioles, pubescent beneath ; umbels nearly sessile, few (10 to 15-flowered; petals oval; hoods oblong-obtuse, yellowish white, longer than the Iwrns. — Prairies and barrens, Wis* (Lapham), 111., Min. Sts. If (rnoro or less) high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cor. buds tinged with purple, about 2". Jn. 9 A. parviflora Ph. Half-shrubby and branched at base; sts. ascending, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, on long petioles, smooth, thin ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, few (12 to 18)-flowered; umbels small, pubescent, with small flowers ; petals ovate, thin, thrice shorter than the pedicels ; hoods ovate, shorter than the filiform horns. — Woods along rivers, Ind. (Green Co.) to Ga. and La* Sts. clustered, 18' to 3f high, very leafy. Lvs. 4 to 6' (including tho 1' petiole) by 1' to 18". Umbels several, 1' diam. Cor. purplish white, bud 1" long. Jl., Aug. 10 A. quadrifolia Ph. St. erect, simple, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, thin, short-petio- late, ovate, acuminate, some of them in whorls o/4; umbels few, lax, on long ter- minal or axillary peduncles; hoods elliptic-ovate, with short, included horns. — An elegant species in dry woods. Can. and U. S. St. about 2f high, slender, often with 1 or 2 hairy lines. Lvs. opposite, tho upper or middle pairs near together BO as to appear in 4s, 2 to 3' long, £ as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2 to 4" long. Fls. small, tho petals pale pink, 2 to 3'' long, crown near 2", white on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Jl. /?. LAXCEOLATA. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate~*at both ends, the upper whorlcd; fls. smaller (petals less than 2" long). — Mass. (Ricard). Ind. (Plummer). Zl A. obtusifolia MX. St. simple, erect ; Ivs. oblong cr oblong-ovate, obtuse, mu- cronate, sessile, cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides; umbels terminal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculato ; hoods abrupt, ORDER 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 593 almost truncate at apex, horns arcuate, falcate, inflexed. — In shady grounds, prairies, Mid., W. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30 to 40 large, reddish green or greenish flowers. Lvs. 4 to 5' long, a third as wide, with a broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Petals 4" long. Corona nearly white, its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. Jl. (A Meadii Torr. ex.- descr.) 12 A. amplexicaftlis MX. St. simple, flelfcuous, often tortuous above, smooth ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, not mucronate, cordate, closely sessile, glabrous and glaucous; ped. lateral and terminal, many-flowered; petals ovate, reflexed, twice shorter than the slender pedicels ; hoods ovate, including the acute, recurved horns. — Fields, copses, S. Car. to Fla. and Ala. St. clothed with large Ivs., 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 \ to 5' long, two-thirds as wide, beautifully netted with pellucid veins, base lobes large, rounded. Petals 3" long, of a light dull purple. Apr. — Jn. 13 A. incarnata L. St. tall, branching above ; Ivs. opposite, lanceolate on short petioles, slightly tomentous ; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs ; hoods ovate-oblong, with subfalcate, ascending horns. — A hand- somft species found in wet places, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Lvs. 4 to 7' by 6 to 18", rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acuto point, on petioles 6" long. Umbels close, 2 to 6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or more in diam., 10 to 20-flowered. Cor. deep purple, corona paler. Jl. f /?. PULCHRA. St. and Ivs. densely tomentous, the latter elliptic-lanceolate. — St. 4 to 5f high, f 14 A. tuberosa L. BUTTERFLY WEED. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top ; Ivs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; umbels numerous, form- ing a large, terminal corymb ; hoods bright orange, oblong, narrow, with slender, subfalcate, suberect horns. — Dry fields, Can. and U. S. Root large, fleshy, send- ing up numerous stems 2f high, leafy. Lvs. scattered, only the upper ones quite sessile, acuto or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 to 4' by 6" to 1'. Corymb of nu- merous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals and crown of equal length (3 to 4"). Pods or follicles lanceolate-pointed, and like the other species containing long, silky down. Aug. — Medicinal. 15 A. Michauxii Decaisne. Ascending, slender, puberulent; Ivs. scattered (the lowest opposite), long-linear, sessile, mucronate; umbels terminal, solitary 01 somewhat panicled; petals ovate, greenish white; hoods short, ovate, yellowish, including the short horns. — "Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Apalachicola, Fla., and to La. St. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, 1 to 3'' wide, rather numerous. Flower buds greenish, scarce 2" long, sweet-scented. May, Jn. (A. longilblia MX. in part. A. angustifolia Ell.) 16 A. verticillata Ell. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines; Ivs. generally verticillate, very narrowly linear, revolute ; hoods short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, exserted. — A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows, Can. and U. S. Lvs. in*whorls of 4 to G, 3 to 5' long, a line in width. Fls. small, greenish white, in small, lateral umbels. Ped. half as long as the leaves. JL 17 A. paupercula MX. St. virgate, erect, glabrous; Ivs. linear and linear-oblong, margins narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole j ped. 1 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few (6 to 10)-flowered ; fls. large; petals oblong, half as long as the pedicels; hoods ovate, dilated above, horns short, included.— N. J. to Ga. and La., in wet woods. St. 3 to 4f high, very smooth. Lvs. green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very nan»ow. Petals purple, 4" long. Crown stipitate, yellow. JL, Aug. (A. lanceolata Walt.) 18 A. cinera "Walt. Erect, virgate, smooth ; Ivs. opposite, narrowly linear or fili- form, acute, edges revolute ; ped. alternate at summit of the naked stem, very few (3 to 6)-flowered, bracteolate; petals ovate-oblong, thrice sJiorter than the pedicels; hoods shorter than the stamens, including the horns. — Damp barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. very slender, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Petals 2 to 3'' long, of aa ashy and glaucous purple. Jn., JL 19 A. curassavica L. Half-shrubby and branched at base, puberulent ; st. terete ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate and lanceolate, acuminate, petiolate ; umbels solitary, 38 594 ORDER 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. lateral, shorter than the Ivs. with few large flowers; petals ovate, acute, refloxed, half as long as pedicels; hoods ovate, longer than the recurved horns. — Gardens. Tall and elegant. Ms. scarlet, varying to white, f W. Ind. 3. ACERA'TES, Ell. (Gr. a, privative, K£pd£, horn ; the crown being destitute of this process.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla 5-parted, reflexed ; crown segments 5, erect, adnatp to the anthers and destitute of either horns or scales; pollinia 5 pairs, suspended by a thread-like beak; otherwise as in Asclepias. — 2£ Lvs. opposite 6r alternate. Umbels lateral. 1 A. viridiflora Ell. Branched at base, stout, ascending, pubescent-hoary ; Ivs. opposite, oval, obtuse, mucronate, petiolate, thick, varying to oblong-ovate or even lanceolate, with close veinlets combined at edge into a marginal vein ; umbels nearly sessile, small, dense-flowered ; petals ovate, reflexed, nearly as long as the pedicels; crown segm. oblong, erect, adnate to the anthers. — In gravelly soils, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Sts. about 2f high. Lvs. exceedingly variable, 2»to 4 to G' long, wide in all proportions. Fls. small, green, inelegant, in 2 to 5 umbels. Ped. 1 to 3" long. Jl. (Asclepias lanceolata Ives.) — Prof. Pond sends specimens from W. Ga. with the leaves all nearly orbicular ! (A. obovata Ell ?) 2 A. xnonocepkala Lapham. Low, stout, hairy; Ivs. lanceolate, subsessile; umbel solitary, terminal on the naked summit of the stem, with numerous greenish llowers; crown sessile, the obtuse concave hoods erect-spreading, as long as the antheridium. — Prairies, "VVisc. (Mr. A. 11. Watson). Plant near If high. (As- clepias lanuginosa Nutt. ?) 3 A. longifolia Ell. Scabrous-puberulent ; st. ascending, simple; Ivs. alternate, numerous, linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute ; umbels half as long as the leaves, numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate ; crown-hoods stipitate, shorter than the aniheridium. — Mich, to la., and Miss., in meadows and prairies. Stem stout, 2 — 3f high. Leaves 3 — 5' (including the 1 — 3'' petiole) by 3 — 5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels about 1' long. July, Aug. 4. ANAN'THERIX, Nutt. (Gr. a privative, avO^, a beard ; of similar import with. Acerates.) Calyx short, 5-parted ; corolla 5-parted, petals broadly ovate, imbricated, reflexed-spreading ; crown of 5 hol- low, closed, horn-like, segments incurved, free from the anthers, double- margined and furnished with a crest-like scale along the interior surface ; pollinia 5 pairs, suspended by a thread-like beak. Otherwise as in Asclepias. — If Herbs erect, with oblong, narrow, opposite Ivs. and terminal paniculate umbels. Petals leaf-like, green. 1 A. connivens Feay. St. half-shrubby,* firm, terete, strict, puberulent ; Ivs. ovnl or rather oblong, erect, subsessile, acute or obtuse ; ped. 1 to 4, somewhat panicled along the nakedish summit, 7 to 12-flowered; petals oval, with a short cusp ; crown .segm. thrice longer than the anthers, incurved from a spreading base or arcuate, connivent over the anthers. — E. Ga. in pino barrens, (Feay, Pond). Sts. about 2f high. Lvs. 18 to CO" long, 4 to 9" wide. Petals 5" long. Jn. (A. viridis Nutt. Asclepias connivens Baldw.) 2 A. paniculatus Nutt. St. stout, angular, contorted, assurgent, hirsute ; Ivs. narrowly oblongf obtuse, mucronate, on short petioles, pubescent ; ped. 3 to 5, paniculate at the leafy summit, 5 to 9-flowered ; petals ovate, erect-spreading-, crown segm. spreading, not longer than the anthers, 3 times shorter than the leaf1 like petals. — Ga. (Fea^, Pond) to Ark. Sts. J 2 to 18' high, very leafy. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Petals G to 8" long. (Acerates paniculata Decaisne. Asclepias viridis Walt.) 5. PODOSTIG'MA, Ell. (Gr. Trour, 7ror56c, foot, oriyiia, stigma; from the character.) Corolla regmer.ts 5, erect, oblong, much exceed- ing the calyx ; crown pedicellate, segments 5, without horns, short, ORDER 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 595 concave, split on the inner side, apex reflexed ; pollinia suspended by the attenuated apex, compressed ; stigma depressed, 5-angled ; follicles 2, long, slender, smooth. — 2f St. low, simple. Lvs. opposite. Umbels extra-axillary, few-flowered. P. pubescens F«ll. In wet or moist grounds, S. Car., Ga., Fla. (Macon, Prof. Loomis), Tallahassee (Mettauer) and Apalachicola I Plant of singular appearance, 8 to 14' high, slender, pubescent. Lvs. linear-oblong, rarely linear-ovate, ob- tusish, sessile, erect, 1 to 18" long. Umbels 3 to 5, alternate, 3 to 5-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves. Fls. cylindric bell-shaped, yellowish green, 4'' long, erect, tho crown conspicuously pediceled. May, Jn. 6. SENTE'RA, Reich. Calyx of 5 lanceolate, acute sepals ; corolla subrotate, 5-parted, acute, glabrous ; crown segrn. 5, erect, flattish, re- tuse, adnate to the base of the sessile anthers ; pollinia ovoid, fixed by the apex, pendulous ; stigma bifid ; follicles 2, smooth ; seeds comous. — It Slender, twining, with linear, fleshy Ivs., few-flowered umbels. (Lyonia, Ell. nee Nutt.) S. maritima Decn. In salt marshes, S. Car. to Fla., twining around tho rushes, &c. Whole plant very smooth. Lvs. opposite, sessile, channeled, 1' long. Um- bels between the leaves, 7 to 10-flowered. Sep. ciliolate, erect. Petals acute, greenish, twice longer than the white crown. Follicles very slender. Jn. — Oct. (S. maritima Ell.) 7. ENSLE^RIA, Nutt. (In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States.) Calyx small, 5-parted ; cor. 5-parted, segments erect ; corona 5-leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes \ pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ; follicles cylin^raceous, smooth. — 2£ A twining herb, with opposite, corr date-ovate, acuminate Ivs. Ped. racemous-umbellate, many-flowered. Fls. white. E. albida Nutt. — "W. and S. States, common. Sts. slender, with an alternate, pubescent line. Lvs. thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 to 3' long and wide, ending in a slender point, margins entire. Ped. axillary, as long as the petioles. Fls. ochroleucous, sweet-scented, 2" long. JL, Aug. 8. GOWOL'OBUS, MX. (Gr. ywvo?, angle, Ao/36^, pod ; the fruit of some species is angular.) Calyx 5-parted, spreading ; corolla subro- tate, 5-parted, convolute in bud ; crown a small, fleshy, undulate-Iobed ring, attached to the throat of the corolla ; anthers opening transversely beneath the stigma ; pollinia 5 pairs, horizontal ; follicles turgid, seeds comous. — 2£ More or less shrubby, twining or prostrate. Lvs. cordate, hairy, opposite. Umbels extra-axillary. 1 G. macroph^llus MX. St. tomentous-pubescent and with soft, scattered hairs; Ivs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above ; pcd. shorter than the petioles, 2 to 5-flowered, with linear bracts at summit; petals linear or linear-oblong obtuse, (6" long), smooth above, min- utely puberulent beneath ; follicles costate-angled. — Thickets along streams, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. Vine trailing or climbing 3 to 5f. Lvs. thin, 3 to 6' by 2 to 4', the lobes at base rounded and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumina- tion at apex. Fls. dark purple. Petals 5 to 7" by 1". Jn., JL (G-. dis- color, B. M.) /?. LEVIS. Plant nearly smooth, cor. segm. smooth both sides. — South. (G. levis MX.) 2 G. hirsxitus MX. St. hirsute-pubescent ; Ivs. broad-ovate, acuminate, cordate, minutely pubescent both sides ; ped. shorter than the petioles, few-flowered, with 596 ORDER 98.— JASMIN ACE^E. setaceous brae tie ts at top ; petals (3" long) oblong, obtuse or acute, minutely pu- beruleut outside ; follicles muricate. — Woods, Can. to Fla. and Ala. Lvs. as in the last, from which this species technically differs only in its broader (dark purple) petals and prickly fruit Lvs. seldom exceeding 4' by 3'. Petals about 3" by 1£". May— Aug. 3 G. prostratus E1L Branched at base, hirsute-pubescent ; branches herbaceous, prostrate; Ivs. small, broadly ovate-reniform, acute, sinus broad, auricles rounded, inflexed; umbels sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; sep. lanceolate, hairy; cor. segm. ovate, obtuse, (I7 long), very hirsute inside; crown 5-lobed, very short. — E. Ga. in sands (Feay). Sts. 6 to 12' long. Lvs. 1' or less long, nearly as wide, the upper some- what acuminate. Fls. dark purple, 3" broad. (Chthlamia pubiflora Decn.) 9. HOYA, R. Br. WAX PLANT. (Named for Thomas Hoy, an English florist.) Calyx small, 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, flat, valvate in bud ; staminate crown of 5 depressed, spreading segments ; anthers membranous at tip; pollinia fixed by the base, oblong, connivent ; fol- licles smooth, seeds comous. — Shrubs twining, with fleshy Ivs. and fls. in extra-axillary umbels. H. carnosa E. Er. Branchlets puberulent; Ivs. thick, glabrous, oval- oblong, short-pointed ; ped. shorter than pubescent pedicels ; cor. fleshy, papillous inside, segm. triangular, reflexed at the apex ; corona segm. oval, acute, edges revolute. — G-arden and greenhouse. Fls. pink-colored, in dense umbels, very fine, f E. Ind. 10. STAPEXLIA, L. (Named for Bodceus a Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, 5-cleft, fleshy ; crown double, the exterior of leaves entire or parted, the interior of horn-like segments ; pollinia erect, 5 pairs, turgid ; follicles smooth, erect ; seeds comous. — Plants of S. Africa, fleshy, branching, leafless ; branches angular, angles toothed, bearing large, fleshy, dark red, rugous flowers, of a most disgusting odor. Some are cultivated in our greenhouses, as A. hirsuta, A. bufonia, &c. ORDER XCVIII. — JASMINACE^E. JASMINWORTS. Shrubs often twining, with opposite or alternate, mostly compound leaves. Calyx and corolla 5 to 8-parted, the latter imbricated in aestivation. Stamens 2, in the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 2-celled, 2 to 8-ovuled. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds erect, with little or no albumen. Fig. 78. Genera 6, species 100. Ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this ac- count, as well as tor their beauty, these plants are cultivated. JASMTNUM, L. JASMINE. (Gr. idoprj, perfume.) Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, limb flat, 5 to 10- cleft ; berry double ; seeds 2, solitary, ariled. — Shrubs bushy or climb- ing. Lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, compound. Petioles articulated. Fls. paniculate. 1 J. fruticans L. YELLOW JASMINE. Smooth, erect; branches angular; Ivs. alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple, Ifts. curved; fls. few, subterminal; caL segm. subulate ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5 obtuse lobes. — • St. 3f high. Fls. yellow, inodorous, tube about 6" long. Propagated by layers. f S. Eur. 2 J. officinale L. WHITE JASMINE. Smooth, scarcely climbing ; branches eubangulate ; Ivs. opposite, compound, Ifts. 3 to 7, lanceolate, acuminate ; pani- cles terminal, few-flowered, coryrnbous ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx. Stem several feet in length. Flowers white. Both species aro beautiful and ORDEB 99. — OLEACE^E. 597 • much cultivated. The deliriously fragrant oil of Jasmino of tho shops is extracted from this plant, f Asia. ORDER XCIX. OLEACE^E. OLIVES. Trees and shrubs with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate-leaves, with flowers 4- parted, regular, rarely apetalous, the corolla valvato in the bud. Stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2, and fewer than the corolla lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended ovules in each cell, and/ra'< fleshy or capsular, seeds 4 (or fewer by abortion), with abun- dant albumen. Fig. 265. Genera 24, species 130,natives of temperate climates. The ash is very abundant in N. Amer- ica. The Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental. Properties. — Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of tho Olive (Olea Europaea). The bark of this tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent, and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentlo purgative, is the concrete discharge of several species of tho Fraxinus, particularly of tho Euro- pean F. Ornus. Tho species of the ash arc well known for their useful timber. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. FRAXINE^E.— Fruit a dry, winged samara. Leaves pinnate FKAXINUS. 1 II. SYllINGE^E.— Fruit a dry, 2-celled capsule. Leaves mostly simple (a). a Calyx persistent ; corolla salver-form cyanic SYRINGA. 2 a Calyx deciduous ; corolla Bubcampanulate, yellow FOKSYTHIA, 3 III. OLEINE^E. — Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry. Corolla present. Leaves simple (b). b Corolla lobes long, linear, pendulous, stamens included CHIOXANTHUS. 4 b Corolla lobes short. Stamens included. Fruit a berry LIGUSTRUM. 5 b Corolla lobes short. Stamens exserted (c). C Stylo 2-parted. Leaves serrate OSMANTIIUS. 6 C Style simple. — Drupe shell bony. (Panicles axillary) OLEA. T — Drupe shell papery. Panicles terminal YISIANTA. 8 IV. FOEESTIEEE^E. — Fruit a fleshy drupe. Corolla none. Leaves simple... FORKSTIEKA. 9 I. FRAX'INUS, Tourn. (Gr. (j>dpfa, a separation; from the facility with which the wood splits.) Polygamous or dioecious; calyx 4-toothed, rarely obsolete ; petals 2 or 4, coherent at base, oblong or linear, or al- together wanting ; stamens 2 ; stigma bifid ; samara 2-celled, flattened, winged at apex, cells 2-ovuled, but 1 -seeded ; seeds pendulous, com- pressed.— Trees or shrubs, with opposite, odd-pinnate Ivs. and fls. ra- cemed or panicled. American species are all dioecious and apetalous trees. § Flowers with a corolla of 4 or 2 white, linear-oblong petals. Cultivated No. 8 § Flowers apetalous, polygamous. Leaflets 11 to 13. Cultivated No. T § Flowers apetalous, dioecious. Fruit always winged nt apex (*). * Calyx persistent at the terete base of the samara No. 1 * Calyx persistent at the narrmo, flattened base- of the samara Nos. 2 — 4 * Calyx none, the samara naked at tho broad base. Nos. 5, 6 1 F. Americana L. WHITE Asir. Lfts. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate or lance-ob- long, acuminate, entire or obscurely subserrate, shining above, glaucous beneath ; , petioles and branchlets terete, smooth; buds yello wish- velvety ; panicles com- pound, axillary, loose ; samara linear-oblong, obtuse, narrower and terete at tho calyculate base, seed portion half as long as wing. — Woods, Can. to Ga. and La. A forest tree, 40 to 80f high; trunk 2 to 3f diam. Lvs. If long, usually oft smooth Ifts., which are 3 to 4' by 18'' to 2'. Fruit 13 to 15" by 2 to 2J''. Apr., May. (F. acuminata Lam. F. epiptera MX.) — Timber light, tough and strong, much used by carriage-makers, &c. 2 F. pubescens "Walt. RED Asir. Lfts. f to 9, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate, veins beneath, petioles and young branches velvety-pubescent; samara narrow-lanceolate, obtuse, the calyculate base acute, fiattish, slightly margined by the decurrent wing.— Swampy or low grounds, Can. and U. S.t more common in Penn. and Ya. A smaller tree than No. 1, 30 to 60f high, but nearly allied to it. Bark deep brown. Lfts. often reddish 598 ORDER 99.— OLEACE^E. * beneath, 2 to 3V t>y 18'' to 2'. Timber less valuable. Apr., May. (F. tomen- tosa MX.) 3 F. viridis MX. f. GREEN Asn. Lfls. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate or ovate-lance^ late acuminate, serrate, green and glabrous both sides, beneath slightly glaucous anTl pubescent in the axils of the veins ; petioles and branchlets glabrous ; samara, calyculate, spatulate, obtuse, the seed portion as long as the wing. — A small treo 15 to 2 of high in wet woods U. S., especially the Western, "Wis. to Tenn. and Car. Lfts 2t to 4' long, with a long, slender point Fruit 12 to 15" long. May. (F. concolor MuhL F. juglandi folia DC.) 4 P. platycarpa MX. Lfts. 5 to 7, short-petioled, subserrate, elliptic, acuto at both ends, or slightly acuminate, petioles and veins beneath pubescent ; samara elliptic-oblanceolate, attenuate at base, broad above, obtuse, calyculate, and often with a third wing ! — Wet woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Lfcs. distant, 3 to 5' long, a third as wide. Samara 18 to 20" long, G" or more wide above the middle, ta- pering to the narrow, margined base. /?. TRIPTERA. Lfts. oblanceolate and oblong, samara more frequently 3-winged. — S. Car. to La. (F. triptera Nutt.) 5 F. quadrangulata MX. BLUE- Asn. Lfts. 1 to 9, short-petlokd, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, obtutish at base, glabrous, veins beneath at base downy ; branchkt-s glabrous, square, with 4 linear or slightly membanous an- gles, at length terete ; buds velvety ; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, naked (no calyx ! j at base. — A tall tree in rich woods, Ohio to Tenn. and Iowa. Trunk €0 to 80f high. Lfts. 3 to 4' long, distinctly petiolulate ; petiolules 2 to 5" long. Anth. of the fertile fls. oval, narrowed towards the base. Timber strong and clastic, like that of No. 1. May. 6 F. sambticifolia Lam. BLACK Asn. WATER ASH. Lfts. 7 to 11, lance-ovate, sessile serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, tawny villous at their insertion and in the axils of the veins beneath ; fr. oblong, with similar ends, obtuse or emargi- nate, naked (no calyx) at base. — Common in swamps or moist woods, Northern U. S. and Can. Height 40 to 7 Of, with a trunk 2f diam. Bark brown. Buds blue. Lfts. 3 to 4' long. Samara 16 to 20" by 3 to 4'', entirely naked at base! May. — Wood purplish, tough, elastic, excellent for the cooper and basket- maker. 7. F. excelsior L. EUROPEAN ASH. Lfts. 11 to 13, subsessile, lance-oblong, glabrous, with slender serratures; racemes short, dense, samara linear-oblong, obtuse, obliquely emarginate. — Parks. A tall tree, in many varieties, among which {3. pendula, Weeping Ash, is the most interesting, f Eur. 8 F. Ornus L. FLOWERING ASH. Lfts. 7 to 9, subpetiolulate, lanceolate, ' serrate above, entire at base, bearded on the veins beneath ; buds downy ; pan- icles dense ; petals 2 or 4 (white), linear-oblong, much longer than the calyx ; samara lance-linear, obtuse, attenuate at each end. — Parks, f From Eur. 2. SYRIN'GA, L. LILAC. (Gr. ovpiy%, a shepherd's pipe ; from the use once made of its branches.) Calyx small, 4-toothed, persistent ; corolla salver-form, tube several times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading valvato segments ; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. — Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 1 S. vulgaris L. COMMON LILAC. — Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green both sides ; inflorescence thyrsoid ; limb of cor. subconcave. — There are many varieties in this beautiful shrub, a. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse. p. CCERULEA. Fls. purplish-blue, y. ALBA. Cor. white, thryse subcompound. Apr., Jn. — One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and fls. f Hungary. 2 S. Persica L. PERSIAN LILAC. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides green, sometimes pinnatifid ; limb of the cor. flattish. — A smaller shrub than tho first, with smaller thyrses of white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr., May. f Persia. 3 S. villosa Vahl. (3. Chinensis. Lvs. elliptic, acute at each end, hairy beneath.— f N. China. ORDER 99.— OLEACE^E. 599 3. FORSY'THIA, Vahl. Calyx very short, companuL'itc, 4-parted, deciduous ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, lobes twisted in the bud ; stamens 2, inserted in the bottom of the tube, included ; ovary 2-celled, cells oo-ovuled ; capsule ovoid, 2-celled ; seeds many, pendulous, nar- rowly winged. — Shrub with opposite branches and scaly buds. F. suspensa Vahl. — Shrubberies, comn, Lvs. often in whorls of 3s or 4s, petiolate, simple or pinnutely divided, serrate. Fls. preceding tlge leaves, ono from a bud, pedicelled, yellow, with long lobes, f China. (Syringa, Thunb.) 4. CHIONAN'THUS, L. VIRGINIA FRINGE TREE. (Gr. %i&v, snow, avdos ; fls. snow-white.) Calyx 4-parted, short ; cor. tube very short, Jimb 4-parted, lobes linear, elongated ; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included ; sty. very short ; drupe fleshy ; putamen bony, 1 -celled, 1-seeded. — Trees with opposite leaves. Branchlets compressed. Ra- cemes terminal and axillary. C. Virginica L. Lvs. oval and oblong-lanceoMe ; pedicels long, 1-flowered ; cal. glabrous ; cor. segm. linear, acute, flaccid. — A shrub or small tree, highly orna- mental, in vroods, S. Penn. to Fla., Ky., Tenn. Lvs. coriaceous, smooth, of va- rious forms, oval, or ovate, rhombic, lanceolate, etc., on the same tree, 3 to 6' long. Pis. in rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8 to 10 ' in length. Drupes oval, purple. Apr. — Jn. — Far South it is called Old-man' s-beard. 5. LIGUS'TRUM, L. PRIVET. PRIM. (Lat. %o, to bind, from the use made of its shoots.) Calyx minutely toothed ; cor. tube short, limb with spreading, ovate lobes ; sta. 2 ; sty. very short ; berry 2- celled, 2 — 4-secded ; seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. — Shrubs with simple Ivs. Fls. in terminal panicles, tetramerous. L. vulgare L. Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles ; pan- icle dense, terminal. — A smooth shrub, 5 — 6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y. to Va., W. to the Miss. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark green leaves which are 1 — 2' long, -^ as wide, varying from obovate to elliptical, with a rounded, obtuso or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white. An- thers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June. 6. OSMAN'THUS, Lour. (Gr. oaprj, fragrance, avOos.) Calyx short, bell-shaped, 4-toothed ;" corolla subrotate, 4-parted ; anthers adnate to the inner side of the filaments ; style 2-parted, lobes thick, acute. — Habit of Olea. (Olea Thunb.) O. fragrans Lour. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; corymbs or panicles short, axillary, pedicels rather long ; style 2-parted. — Shrub with small, white, very odorous flowers which are said to be used by the Chinese to adulter- ate and flavor tea. The fls. vary to red. f China and Japan. ! 7". (TIE A, Tourn. OLIVE. (Gr. ekaia, Lat. olea, the Olive tree, \oliva, the fruit, oleum, the juice.) Calyx short, bell-shaped, 4-toothed ; tcorolla tube short, limb 4-parted, flat, spreading ; stamens 2, inserted in the bottom of the tube, opposite, exserted ; ovary 2-celled, 2 pendu- lous ovules in each cell ; drupe fleshy, oily, shell bony, 2 or 1-seeded by abortion. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite, entire, coriaceous h*s. and white, often fragrant fls. O. Americana L. Lvs. lanceolate-elliptic, entire, smooth and shining, acute, attenuated to a petiole ; rac. compound, as long as or longer than the petiole ; bracts connate, persistent ; fls. dioecious ; fruit globular. — In the low country, Va. to Fla. The American Olive is a tree 15 to 20f high. Wood fine-grained, hard, and when dry difficult to split. Lvs. 4 or 5' long, petioles 1'. Fls. small, fra- 800 ORDER 99.— OLEACEJE. grant, the fertile and barren oa separate trees. Drupes larger than peas, violet- purple, dryish. Apr., May. 8. VISIA'NIA, DC. (Dedicated to Visiani, Professor of botany at Patavia.) Calyx, corolla and stamens as in Olea ; fruit obovate or ob- long, with a very thin pulp, and thin, papery shell. — Trees with oppo- site, entire Ivs. and loose, terlninal, many-flowered panicles. (Olea. Wall.) V. paniculata DC. Lvs. ovate, acute, entire, glabrous ; panicle glabrous ; bracts deciduous ; style club-shaped ; fruit obliquely ovate. — Fls. small, white, numerous, in large naked panicles. Lvs. coriaceous, 3' long, petioles 9". f China' 9. FORESTIE'RA, Poir. (Dedicated to M. Forestier, a French phy- fiician.) Dioscious, apetalous ; flower buds in the axils of the last year's leaves, scaly with roundish, thin scales, and many-flowered ; $ flowers sessile, crowded, each of the 2 stamens surrounded by a caducous calyx of 4 oblong, minute sepals ; • ? flowers pedicellate, umbellate ; calyx obsolete ; ovary tipped with a slender style and a capitate stigma, 2- celled, cells 2-ovuled ; drupe with 1 suspended seed. — Shrubs or small trees, with opposite, simple Ivs. and minute fls. (Adelia MX. Borya Ph.) 1 F. actiminata Poir. Lvs. glabrous, green both sides, lance-elliptic, acuminate at each end, serrulate above, on slender petioles ; fruit an oblong-cylindric, pointed, fleshy, glaucous-purple drupe. — In sluggish streams, 111. (opposite St. Louis 1) to Ga, (Macon, Mettauer!). Shrub 10 to 18f high. Lvs. thin, 2 to 3' long, petiole I'. Mar., Apr.. (A. acuminata MX. F. ligustrina Gr.) 2 F. ligustrina Poir. Lvs. ovate and oblong, attenuate to the petiole, oltuse, cori- aceous, serrulate, margins slightly revolute, glabrous above, midvein sparsely pu- bescent beneath ; staminate flowers in small, lateral, globular clusters (lertile plant not seen). — Near Savannah (Feay). Shrub 10 — 15f? high, with slender branches and branchlets. Lvs. with the petioles 1 to 2' by 6 to 10", reticulate, not dotted, beneath. 3 F. porulosa Poir. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, coriaceous, margins revolute, lower surface dotted (porulous) and ferruginous. — On the sea-coast, Georgia and Florida (Pursh.) Leaves all opposite. (A. porulosa MX.) ORDER 100.— ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. 601 COHORT 3. APETAL^E, • OR MONOCHLAMYDEOUS ExoGENS. Dicotyledons with no corolla, the calyx or perianth green or colored, consisting of a single series of similar organs, or often wholly wanting. ORDER C. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. BIRTHWORTS. Low herbs or climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, brown or dull, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous and adherent to the base of the styles. Ovary 6-celled, becoming a 6- celled, many-seeded capsule or berry. Seed albuminous, embryo minute. Fig. 133. Genera 9, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, thinly diffused* throughout the northern hemisphere. Properties tonic and stimulant. Both the following geii' era are successfully employed in medicine. 1. ASAVRUM, Tourn. WILD GINGER. (Gr. a, not, oeipd, a band, because rejected in wreathing garlands.) Calyx campanulate, regular, 3-cleft ; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary, anthers adnate to the middle or summit of the filaments ; style very short ; stigma 6-rayed ; fruit fleshy, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. — It Herbs with creeping rhizomes and 1 or 2 Ivs. on each branch. Fls. solitary. § Leaves in pairs. Calyx lobes pointed, reflexed. Ovary -wholly adherent No. 1 § Leaves solitary. Calyx lobes obtuse, auberect. Ovary partly free Nos. 2,3 1 A. Canadeiise L. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform, on long, opposite petioles with the flower between ; calyx woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segm. reflected. — In rich, shady soil, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Lvs. radical, large, 2 to 4' by 3 to 5', with a deep sinus at base, and a soft, velvet-like surface. Fl. solitary, on a nodding peduncle, and close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the sur- face. Cal. purplish, of 3 broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. Fil. longer than the anthers, their tips (connectile) produced beyond them. May — Jl. — The rhizome is a popular medicine, used in measles and whooping cough. 2 A. Virginicum L. Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, deeply cordate, entire, obtuse ; fl. subsessilo ; cal short, subcampanulate, glabrous exter- nally.— Grows in light soils among rocks, and Mts., Va., Ky. to Ga. A low, stem- less plant, very similar in habit to the preceding. Each branch of the rhizome bears a terminal leaf and a flower. Leaf 2 to 3' diam., very smooth, clouded with spots, the petiole twice longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shorter than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, greenish outside. Apr. 3 A. arifdlmm MX. Lvs. solitary, broadly hastate, puberulent on the veins, thin, with a deep sinus at base, the lobes obtusely angled and turned slightly outward ; cal. infiated-urceolate, contracted above, with 3 very short, obtuse lobes at summit. — Eich soils, Va. to Fla. and La. Rhizomes slender, white. Petioles 2 to 3' long. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', margins wavy. Fls. 9" long, roughish, purplish-brown as long as their stalks. Mar. — May. 2. ARISTOLO'CHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT. (Gr. ap*ii jointed, solitary pedicels 2" long. 4 P. articulatum Meisn. St. erect, with erect branches, soon nearly naked; Ivs. linear, caducous from the top of the tubular, truncate sheaths ; spikes panic-led, filiform ; fls. solitary, pedunculated, with imbricated, truncated bracts ; sep. erect- spreading. — 'X> N. Y. to Mich., in dry grounds. St. slender, strict, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 6" to 1' by 1", obtuse. Fls. flesh-colored, showy, 1" long, on nodding, hair- like peduncles. Ach. not inclosed, triangular, acuminate. Aug. — A true Poly- gonella in habit and character, as the genus is defined by Meisner. 7. POLYG'ONUM, L. KNOT-GRASS. (Gr. rrokvg, many, yow, knee; i. vrov, a plant, Lat. lacca, lac or lake ; from the juice of the berries.) Calyx 5- parted, resembling a corolla ; stamens 5 to 25 ; styles and carpels 5 to 12 ; berry superior, depressed, globular, with as many seeds as styles. — Herbaceous. Rac. terminal, soon becoming opposite the leaves. P. decandra L. Lvs. ovate, acute at both ends; fls. with .10 stamens and 10 styles. — If Roadsides, U. S. and Can., common. Root very large and branching. St. with a diam. of 1 to 2', 5 to 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature of a fine, deep purple. Lvs. 5' by 2 to 3', smooth, of a rich green color, entire and petioled. Rac. cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally op- posite the leaves. Fls. greenish- white. Fruit a dark purple berry, with juice- staining a beautiful purple color. Jl. — Sept. 2. RIVINNA, Plum. (Tn memory of A. Q. Rivinus, Prof, of Botany atLeipzic.) Calyx 4-parted, 3-bracteolatc ; sepals equal, suberect in fruit; stamens 4 or 8; ovary 1-celled, 1-styled, 1-ovuled, berry at ORDER 105.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 611 length, dry, globular, with 1 vertical seed ; embryo annular. — 2£ Half shrubby, with alternate, petiolate, pinnate-veined Ivs. and fls. in simple terminal, soon lateral racemes. R. l&vis L. Erect, branched, glabrous and bright green ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, subcordate or obtuse at base, subcrenulate ; rac. longer than the leaves ; fls. rose- white, green in fruit; stam. 4; sep. oval, obtuse. — Fla. to Tex. Plant 6 to £t high, much resembling in aspect Phytolacca. St. furrowed. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', petioles 1' to 18". Sep. enlarged in fruit, then 2" long. ORDER CIV. BASELLACE^E. Herbs glabrous, often twining and climbing, with alternate leaves. Flowers per- fect, regular, with a double, imbricated calyx often colored. Stamens perigynous. Otherwise as in Chenopodiacese. Fig. 363. A small order, containing 6 genera and 21 species, chiefly tropical BOUSSINGAUL'TIA, Kunth. MEXICAN VINE. (Dedicated to tho celebrated chemist Boussingault.) Fls. membranous, calyx open, the exterior shorter; tube very short; stigmas 3, subclavate; pericarp membranous ; embryo annular with the albumen central. — Vines twining to the right. Lvs. thick, petiolate. Fls. in spicate rac. B. baselloides Kunth. Lvs. rather fleshy, broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate . or the larger ones obtuse, short-petioled ; racemes loose, simple or branched ; fiU dilated below ; stig. sessile. — Cultivated for shades and arbors. A vine of rapid growth, arising many feet. Lvs. 1 — 3' long. Racemes numerous, greenish. f S. Am. ORDER CV. CHENOPODIACESE. CHENOPODS OR GOOSE-FOOTS. Herbs chiefly weed-like and homely, more or less fleshy, with alternate, exstipu- late leaves. Bracts not scarious. Flowers minute, greenish, regular. Calyx imbri- cated in bud. Stamens perigynous, as many as, and opposite to the calyx lobes, or fewer. Ovary 2-styled, 1 -celled, becoming a 1-seeded, thin utricle or caryopsis. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen or spiral without albumen. Fig. 435. Genera 72, species 510, often maritime plants, more generally weeds, abounding in the tempe- rate zones, in neglected and waste fields. Properties. — Generally bland and innocent. Some are useful for food, as the Beet, Mangel- wurtzel, Orache, Spinach, &c. Others contain an essential oil, which renders them tonic, anti- spasmodic and anthelmintic; as Chenopodium botrys, C. ambrosioides, C. anthelminticum ; tho latter yields the officinal worm-seed oil. Salsoli, Salicornia and other sea-side species yield soda from their ashes in great abundance. FIG. 678.— 1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two (hypogynous) stamens. 3. Cross section of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch of Salicornia berbacea. 5. Two joints magnified. 6. Ovary of a flower. 7. Flower of Blitum capitatuin, with the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaria. SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA. § SPIROLOBEJE. Embryo a spiral coil. Leaves linear, fleshy. Stems continuous. (*) * TRIBE SAIJSOLE.E. Emb. a conic spir.— Cal. winged on the back. (Lvs. spiny)... SALSOLA. 11 * TRIBE SU^DE^:. Emb. a flat spiral.— Cal. not append. Lvs.acntish CHENOPODINA.. 10 8 CYCLOLOBE^E. Embryo annular,— a ring. Leaves membranous, flat, or none. (*) 612 ORDER 105.— CHENOPODIACE^E. * TR. SALICORN. Inflor. anomalous. Fls. imbedded. St. jointed, (leafless) SALICORTTIA. 9 * TUIUK SI*INACIE^E. Inflor. normal. Fls. of two sorts. St. continuous. Lvs. broad, (a) a Fruit enclosed in a hardened calyx without bracts. Cultivated SPINACIA. 8 a Fruit naked (no calyx) between two united bracts. Leaves oval OBIONK 1 a Fruit naked (no calyx) between two subdistinct bracts. Lvs. triangular.ATKipLEX. 6 * TRIBE CIIENOPODIEJE. Inflor. normal. Fls. perfect and alike. St. contin. Lvs. broad, (c) C Seed vertical. Pericarp thin, smooth, mostly in a fleshy calyx BLITUM. 5 C Seed vertical. Pericarp thin, glandular, in a wrinkled calyx ROUBIEYA. 4 C Seed horizontal. Pericarp thin, in a plain, unbordered calyx CHENOPODIUII. 3 C Seed horizontal. Pericarp thin, in a calyx bordered all around CYCLOLOMA. 2 C Seed horizontal. Pericarp thick and hard, calyx ribbed BETA. 1 1. BETA, Tourn. BEET. (Celtic belt, red, the usual color of the Beet-root.) Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent, finally indurated at base ; stamens 5, with no staminodia ; ovary depressed, half inferior ; stigmas 2 ; utricle with a thickish, hardened, depressed pericarp enclosed in the calyx; seed horizontal. — Herbs with fleshy roots, furrowed stems, alternate Ivs. and greenish, spicate fls. B. vulgaris L. Lvs. acute, glabrous, undulate or entire, green or purplish, the lower ovate-oblong, attenuate at base into a long petiole, upper subsessile, oblong ; fls. greenish-white, in sessile glomerules of 2 to 4 forming slender spikes which are arranged in large, somewhat leafy panicles. — (g) Fields and gardens, everywhere cultivated. Kt. mostly deep red. S. Eur. — This useful culinary, by long culture has run into many varieties, distinguished chiefly by the color and quality of the nutritious root. (3. CICLA. SCARCITY. Root cylindraceous, rather slender, whitish ; Ivs. some- what rough or hispid, with very thick veins ; fls. 3 together. 7. RAP A. TURNIP BEET. Root short and thick, sweet and juicy, white or red. 6. M ANGEL- WURTZEL. Root very large, mostly white. Cultivated for stock. 2. CYCLOLCTMA, Moquin. (Gr. icv«Ao?, a circle, Aw/zo, border; referring to the appendage of the calyx.) Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, lobes strongly keeled, persistent, finally appendaged outside with a circular, membranous, horizontal border or crown; stamens 5; styles 3; utricle depressed, enclosed in the transversely winged calyx. — (£) Herbs with furrowed stems, alternate, petiolate, lobed Ivs., and a spreading panicle of small sessile fls. C. platyphyllum Moq. Sandy banks of the Miss.. 111. (opposite St. Louis) and westward. St. wide-branched, ascending 1 to 2f from a prostrate base, white- downy above. Lvs. 2' long more or less, oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, sinuate- toothed or lobed, lobes sharply mucronate. Fls. less than 1" long, 1 to 3-glom- erate. Panicle leafless. Crown scarious. Seed black. Jl., Aug. 3. CHENOPO'DIUM, Tourn. (Gr. #T/V, a goose, Trovg, foot; from the resemblance of the leaves.) Calyx bractless, 5-cleft, lobes often keeled, never appendaged, more or less enclosing the fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utricle depressed, membranous, seed mostly horizontal, lentic- ular. Herbs often glaucous or glandular, with alternate, often rhombic leaves, and the minute fls. glomerate in panicled spikes. S Plants smooth, never glandular, ill-scented. Embryo a complete ring (*). * Herbage green, rarely purplish, not glaucous or mealy (a). a Leaves entire, ovate-oblong on slender petioles JNo. 1 a Leaves toothed or lobed, petiolate Wos. 2—4 * Herbage glaucous or whitish, covered with mealiness Wos. o— l S Plants glandular-puberulent, screen, aromatic. Embryo a half ring (b). b Flowers glomerate, axillary, in spike-like racemes JNos. 8, 9 b Flowers cymous, innumerable, in long, raceme-like panicles ISO. 10 1 C. polyspermum L. Procumbent or suberect, branched from the base ; Ivs. petiolate, divaricate, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, thin, entire, glabrous, ORDER 105.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 613 bright-green ; rac. strict, spike-like, leafless ; seed shining, margin acute ; fruit partly inclosed. — (T) Gardens, waste grounds, rare. (C. acutifolium Sin.) Plant smooth, pale green or purplish, If or more high. Calyx minute, lobes obtuse, at length spreading and the fruit naked. § Eur. 2 C. hy-bridum L. Erect, much branched ; Ivs. petiolate (ample), broad, subcor- date, acuminate, deeply sinuate-angled, thin, glabrous, bright green, the terminal lobe longest, all acuminate, upper deltoid ; rac. diffusely panicled, loose, leafless ; seed rugous, dull ; fr. partly inclosed. — (I) A strong-scented, rigid herb, 2 to 4f high, in waste grounds, N. Eng. to Ky., common. St. furrowed. Lvs. partly palmate- veined, 3 to 5' by 2 to 4', petiole 1 to 2'. Fla. sessile, greenish. JL §Eur. 3 C. nnmile L. Ascending, sulcate- angled, branched; Ivs. petiolate, ascending, ovate-rhombic, acute at base, unequally and acutely toothed, thin, shining, bright green ; rac. divaricate, subcorymbous, rather loose and leafless ; seed dull, rugous, acute-edged, very flat; fr. almost inclosed. — (T) Fields, gardens, north and south, rare. St 12 to 18' high, Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1' to 18", subtripliveined, petiole 1'. Fls. mealy, Stam. exserted, Aug. § Eur. 4 C. iirbictrm L. /3L RIIOMBIFOLIUM. Erect, angled, branched; Ivs. petiolate, ascending or erect, rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-toothed, with long, acute teeth, thia, green, the highest iance-liuear, subentire; rac. long, erect-panided, rather dense-flowered, nearly leafless; seed shining, obtuse-edged; fr. partly inclosed. — © St. 2 to 3f high, marked with green, lines; branches suberect. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Rac. very strict CaL lobes obtuse, green. Stam. exserted. (C. rhombifolium Muhl) 5 C. Bosciantrm Moq. Erect, branched; Ivs. small, petioiate, divaricate, lance- linear, very acute, thin, entire, glaucous-green above, canescent beneath j spikes ksose, leafy; seed shining, acute-margined; fr. wholly inclosed. — (T) Car. to Tex. St 18* to 2f high, slender, green-striate, branches ascending. Lvs. 5" to 1' long, I. to 2'7 wide. Fls. minute, inealj', sessile. C C. album L. PIGWEED. Erect, sulcate-striate, thinly branched; Ivs. petio- late, ascending, rhombic-ovate, cuneate at base, sinuate-toothed or subentire, thin, pulverulent, pale green or whitish, upper oblong or lance-linear, entire; rac. dense or loose, subpaniculate, nearly leafless ; seed smooth and shining, acute-edged, wholly inclosed. — (T) The most common of weeds in fields and gardens. St. 2 to 4 to 7f higli, beautifully striate with green and purple. Branches subsimple, as- cending. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, petiole a third as long. Fls. mealy. JJ. — Sept (d viride L., a greener, narrow- leaved var.) 7 C. glauxrum. L. Prostrate cr ascending, sulcate-striate, branched; Ivs. petio- late, oUong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, sinuate-angled or remotely dentate, thin, pale greea above, mealy and white-glaucous beneath; rac. simple, leafless, rather dense-flowered; seed shining, acute-edged, partly inc.oxd. — (J) Mass., Penn., rare. Plant somewhat fleshy, If long, smooth. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Calyx sometimes abortively 2 or 3-lobcd, and then the seed is erect (Koch.) 8 C. ambiosioides L. MEXICAN TEA. Erect, sulcate, branched; Ivs. short- pctioled, ascending, oblong, the upper attenuate at each end, acutish, remotely sinwotte-dentate or subentire, thin, puberulent, glandular beneath, light green, the upper lance-linear, very entire; rac. spike-like, dense-flowered, leafy; seed smooth and shining, obtuse-edged; fruit wholly inclosed. — QD Waysides, waste places. Plant yellowish green, pleasantly aromatic, 1 to 2f high. JL, Aug. § Mex. Ac. 9 C. anthehninticuxn L. WORM-SEED. Erect, angular, subsitnple; Ivs. ovate- oblong, petiolate, acute, attenuate at base, deeply sinuate-serrate, tJie lower almost pinaatffid, thin, smooth ish, glandular beneath, bright green; rac. spike-like, axil- lary, subsi:nple, dense-flowered, leafless, paniculate above ; sty. mostly 3 ; seed smooth, shining, obtuse-margined; fruit wholly inclosed.— 2£ In light soils, pas- tures, and waste grounds, common south and west. Plant strongly aromatic, 1 to 3f high, with small branches (or none), forming a leafy panicle of leafless spikes. Jn. — Aug. 10 C. Botrys L. OAK OF JERUSALEM. Erect, sulcate-angled, much branched ; Ivs. long-petioled, ascending, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-subpinnatifid with obtuso <}14 OBDEU 105.— CHKNOrODIAOE^E. lobes, glandular-pubescent, glaucous green, the floral bract-like ; fls. cymous-pan» culate, in long ascending, raceme-like panicles ; seed smooth, nearly globular. -« 3) Plant 1 to 2f high, branched from the base. Lvs. few. 1 to 2' long, petioles half as long. Fls. innumerable, minute, clammy, covering nearly the whole plant, jn. — Aug. Strongly fragrant of turpentine. 4. ROUBIE'VA, Moq. (Named for G. J. Roubicu, a French botan- ist.) Calyx oblong-urceolate, 5-toothed, in fruit rugous and inclosing the utricle like a capsule ; stamens 5 ; styles and stigmas 3 ; seed len^ ticular, vertical, embryo a complete ring. — 2£ A diffusely branched, pu- bescent herb, with alternate, nmltifid Ivs. and small green fls. (Chcno- poclium, L.) R. multifida Moq. — Waste grounds, waysides about the city of N. Y. (Holton). A strongly-scented, prostrate herb, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. small, 1' less or more long, pinnatitid with oblong lobes. Fls. numerous, glomerate, axillary, sessile, ia bracted, panicled racemes. Fruit nearly 1" long. § S. America. 5. BLMUM, Tonrn. BLITE. Calyx 3 to 5-parted, finally un- changed or becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit ; stamens 1 to 5, with filiform filaments ; styles 2, utricle compressed, inclosed in the calyx ; seed vertical, embryo a complete ring. — CD Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. glomerate. § Heads (slomcrules) axillary, subspicato above. Cal. thickened in fruit Stig. united. Nos. 1, 2 § Heads funning a dense, terminal spike. Calyx dry. Stiguias distinct No. 3 1 B. capitatum L. STRAWBERRY ELITE. Lvs. triangular-hastate, toothed; hds. in terminal, interrupted, leafless spikes ; stam. 1 to 5 ; fr. consisting of the red- dened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice,, taste insipid; seed dull. — Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated in gardens as a flower, or a culinary. Sts. purplish-striped, branching, 1 to 2f high. Heads of fls. sessile, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. Jn. f 2 B. maritimum K"utt. Much branched, angular; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate; hds. axillary, sessile, sp-icate; cal. somewhat fleshy ; stam. 1 ; seed shining. — A coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y. to N. J. St. 1 to 2f high, very branching. Lvs. fleshy, with 2 or more large* teeth each side. Fls. very numerous and minute, becoming thickish in fruit. Seed much flattened. Aug. 3 B. Bonus-Henricus Reichenb. GOOD KING HENRY. Plant mealy, ascend- ing, subsimple ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, entire or sinuate, green ; glomerules forming a terminal, leafless spike, not fleshy in fruit; stam. 5. — Waysides, Can. N. Eng., rare. § Eur. 6. ATRIPLEX, Gaert. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. $ Bract- less ; calyx 3 to 5-scpaled ; stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous ; pistil rudi- mentary ; $ ovary 2-styled, with no stamens, inclosed between 2 leaf-like bracts, or in some species partly furnished with a 5-sepaled calyx without bracts; fruit compressed, inclosed; seed vertical (hori- zontal when the calyx is present), embryo annular. — Herbs or shrubs, usually clothed with scurf or mealiness, with alternate, petiolate Ivs,. and densely glomerate-spiked green fls. 1 A. hastata L. Ascending, diffusely branched ; Ivs. alternate or subopposite, triangular hastate, sinuately toothed or nearly entire, the tipper lanceolate, entire ; fruit bracts triangular-deltoid, slightly muricate, margin denticulate or entire. — ® Marshes and waste ground?, N.Y. to Ga. Sts. 1 — 2f. long, slriate with green. Lvs. including the petiole 1 — 3' long, ihin and green (mealy in marshes). Fls. in glomerate axillary and terminal racemes, $ and $ mixed. Aug. — Sept. (3.1 OBLONGIFOLIA. Lvs. all oblong-lanceolate, scurfy-dotted ; bracts very large in fruit ; stem rigid, erect, If. or more. Lake shores, N. Y. (Hankenson.) ORDER 105.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 615 2 A. hortensis L. GARDEN ORACIIE. Erect, branched ; Ivs. alternate, triangu- lar-hastate or oblong, subcordate acute, entire or with a few coarse teeth at base, bright green both sides ; upper lanceolate or lance-linear, fruit-bracts ovate, entire. — gp Scarce in cultivation or spontaneous. A potherb used as spinage. Jl. § Asia. 7. OBrONE, Gaert. Fls. monoecious or direcious. $ Bractless; calyx 4 to 5-sepaled ; stamens 4 to 5, hypogynous ; $ bibracteatc, bracts more or less united, at length inflated, hardened and connivent ; calyx none; styles 2; fruit compressed, included in the capsular bracts ; seeds vertical, beaked; embryo annular. — Herbs pale or whitish, scurfy or mealy ; Ivs. alternate or opposite. Fls. densely glomerate, greenish. (Atriplex, Tournef.) O. arenaria Moq. SAND ORACHE. Mealy-canescent, ascending, branched, un- armed; Ivs. short-petioled, alternate, oval or oblong, obtuse, entire, the upper • acuminate-mucronate,- fr. bracts subsessile, broad-cuneate, united, truncate, den- ticulate at apex. — (T) Sandy seabeach, Mass, to Fla (Apalachicola). St. 6 to 12' long or high, reddish. Lvs. 1' more or less long, attenuate at base. Staminate fls. "mostly "in the terminal clusters, fertile in the axillary. Jl. — Sept. 8. SPINA^CIA, Tourn. SPINAGE. (Lat. spina, a spine or prickle ; on account of the prickly fruit.) Flowers dioecious, bractless, <3 calyx 3 to 5-sepaled; stamens 4 or 5, cxserted ; $ calyx tubular, inflated, 2 to 4 -toothed, hardening at length into a false capsule ; styles 4, slender ; achenium compressed, inclosed in the capsular, spiny, or unarmed calyx ; seed vertical.-— (I) Herbs with alternate, petiolate Ivs. and axillary green fls. S. oleracea Mill. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate or sagitate; fruit-calyx solitary, 3-angled, armed with 2 to -4 slender prickles, or unarmed. — CD Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, nearly half as wide, often toothed at base, thick, soft, glabrous, bright green, Fr. near 2" long, sessile, our variety usually unarmed. Ju, Jl. f 9. SALICOR'NIA, Tourn. SALTWORT. SAMPHIRE. (Lat. sal, salt, cornu, horn; in allusion both to its locality and appearance.) Flowers immersed in the excavations of the jointed stem 2 or 3 together; calyx bladder-like, denticulate at apex, at length spongy, membranous-mar- gined, inclosing the compressed utricle; stamens 1, 2; styles 2; seed vertical ; embryo annular, conduplicatc. — Seaside herbs, jointed, succu- lent, glabrous and r.!:noc.t leafless, with opposite branches. Fls. minute, sessile, spicate. 1 S. herbacea L. Annual, erect or assurgent, the joints somewhat thickened at the summit, ending in, 2 obtuse teeth ; spikes elongated, tapering and rather obtuse at the summit — Salt marshes, N. Eng. to Ga., also at Salina, N. Y. St. dividing into simple branches, 8 to 12' high, obscurely -4-sided, with very short internodes. Lvs. 0. Els. minute, placed in little hollows at the base of the upper joints, tho lateral sometimes sterile. Aug. 2 S. xmicronata Lag.? DWARF SALTWORT. Annual, erect; the joints somewhat 4-angled below, with 2 ovate, acute, mucronate teeth at the summit ; spikes very thick, obtuse. — Salt marshes, N". Eng. to L. Isl. St. 4 to 3' high, thick, little- branched. Spikes oblong-cylindric, 1' or more long, near a fourth of an inch thick, at length reddened. Sept. 3 S. ambiguaMx. Perennial, procumbent, branching, branches ascending, flexuous; joints truncate, flattened, enlarged above, with 2 depressed, obtuse teeth.— Sandy sea-beaches, R. I. to Fla. Sts. woody at base, prostrate from long, creeping root, stocks. Aug., Sept QIQ ORDER 106.— AMARANTACE^E. 10. CHENOPODFNA, Moq. GLASSWORT. Flowers ? , bracteolate ? calyx urceolate, 5-parted, fleshy, in fruit subbaccate ; stamens 5 ; stigmaa 2 or 3, sessile ; utricle depressed, inclosed in the calyx ; seed lenticular, horizontal ; albumen 0, or scanty and divided into two portions above and below the flat spiral embryo. — Smooth, maritime plants, with alter- nate, sessile, fleshy Ivs. and axillary fls. (Chenopodium, L.) C. maritima Moq. Branches diffuse, prostrate or erect; Ivs. long, linear, semi* terete, upper shorter ; fls. in sessile axillary glomerules, 2 or 3 together ; fruit cal. inflated; seed shining. — (J) Salt marshes, Can. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2( long or high, becoming woody at base, southward. Lvs. 6 to 15' long, 1" thick, acute. Fls. very small, green, with roundish calyx lobes. Utricle thin, semitransparent, con- taining a black, shining seed. Aug. (C. maritima L. also Salsola linearis E1L) 11. SAL'SOLA, Gaert. SALTWORT. (Lat. sal, salt ; the plants con- tain much alkaline salt.) Flowers £ » with 2 bractlets ; sepals 5, at length winged horizontally on the back, forming a broad, scarious bor- der ; stamens 5 ; styles 2, united at base ; utricle depressed, inclosed in the base of the stellately 5-winged calyx ; seed horizontal, globous ; embryo spiral (cochleate) with no albumen. — Maritime, fleshy plants with terete Ivs. and axillary, sessile fls. S. Kali L. Herbaceous, decumbent; Ivs. alternate, subulate, channeled, spinoua, smooth; fls. solitary; fruit-calyx wings larger than the sepals, orbicular, spread- ing. ©A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea-shore, Can. to Ga, St. 1 to 2f high, diffuse. Lvs. about an inch long, sessile, ending with a spina Fls. green, succulent, sessile, bracteate, the wings in fruit pale roseate, 1|" long- Soed with a thin testa and a green embryo coiled like a little snail shell. /3. CAROLINIAXA. Suberect, glabrous, often purplish; Ivs. dilated at base; fruit-calyx wings rose-purple. — Southward. (& Caroliniana Walt.) ORDER CVL AMARANTACE^E. AMARANTHS. Herbs weed-like with opposite or alternate leaves, and a braeteate, spiked or capitate inflorescence. Flowers generally with an imbricated involucre of 3 dryy scarious bracts. Sepals 3 to 5 (rarely but l)r persistent and often colored, unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 to 5 fertile, hypogynous. Ovary compressed, l-celled, 1 to Co- ovuled. Style 1. Fruit a utricle, caryopsis or berry. Seed vertrical, albuminous Embryo annular. Illustrated in n>s. 1SS, 406. Genera, 46, species 4SO, most abundant within the tropics. Their properties are not Import A few are cultivated for their richly-colored imperishable flowers ; other* are mere weeds. rtant. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. CELOSIEJi Anthers 2-ceIIed. Ovary many -ovuled. (Cultivated) ............ CELOSIA. 1 II. ACIIYEANTI1EJ2. Anthers 2-cdled. Ovary oive-ovuled. Leaves alternate. (*) * Flowers inoucecious or polygamous — Utricle circuuiseihsiJe ....... ........ AMARANTHS. 2 — Utricle indehiscent .................... EUXOLUS. 3 * Flowers dicecions. — Utricle indehiscent and valveless .......................... ACNIDA, 4 — Utricle dehiscent, circumscissile ........................ MONTELIA. 5 lit. GOMPHRENEJE. Anthers one-celled Ovary one-ovuled. Leaves opposite, (a) a Sterile stamens none. — (Flowers white, paniculate) ........................... IKESINE. & a Sterile stamens none. — (Flowers crimson, &c. Capitate. Cultivated) ..... GOMPIJRENA. 1 a Sterile stamcjns 5, the 5 fertile in a tube. — Heads axillary ................. TKLANTHKRA. S — Spikes- terminal and axillary ..... FBCBWCIIIA. 9 1. CELO'SIA, L. COCKSCOMB. (Gr. «?JAeo^ shining; characteristic of the brilliant colors of some species.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted ; calyx of 5, erect-spreading sepals ; stamens 5 ; anthers 2-celled ; stigmas 2r ORDER 106.— AMARANTACE^E. 617 3, recurved ; utricle circumscissile, many-seeded, more or less inclosed in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs smooth, erect, with alternate Ivs. and brilliant^ scarious fls. C. cristata L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate; spikes subsessile, ovate- pyramidal, or (in cultivation) compressed, dilated and truncate at the apex, or excessively branched ; fls. subsessile, 2-styled ; sep. mucronate, longer than the bracts. — (f) Gardens. This curious and popular annual is said to be native of E. Ind. Its broad spikes are of fantastic shapes and of the richest crimson, varying to white. 2. AMARAN'TUS, Tourn. (Gr. a, not, papal™, to fade, avOoc, flower; sc. unfading flowers.) AMARANTH. Flowers polygamous, 3* bracted ; calyx 5 to 3-sepalcd, equal, erect; stamens 5 to 3, with no rudiments ; style 0 ; stigmas 2 to 3 ; utricle ovate, 2 to 3-beaked, partly inclosed, circumscissile; seed 1. — © Herbs with alternate leaves taper- ing to a petiole, and minute green or purplish fls. in axillary or ter- minal clusters. § Flowers in long axillary and terminal, paniculate spikes, and 5-parted. (") * Herbage and flowers more or less tinged with crimson Nos. 1, 2 * Herbage and flowers green, never tinged with crimson Nos. 3—5 § Flowers iu remotish, axillary, dense glomerules, and 3-parted Nos. 6, 7 1 A. hypochondriacus L. PRINCE'S FEATHER. Erect, furrowed, smoothish, and somewhat reddened; Ivs. long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at each end, roughish beneath; panicle branched; spikes erect, very obtuse, the terminal one much the longest and largest, lateral short and crowded ; fls. deep purple ; cal. shorter than the long-awned bracts. — Fields and gardens, spontaneous and often cultivated. Very tall (3 to 4 to 6f ) and showy. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, petioles nearly same length, f § Mex. 2 A. panictilatus Moq. PRINCE'S FEATHER. Erect, subterete, pubescent, pale green ; Ivs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, taper pointed at each end, purplish on tho margin; panicle very branching, spikes erect or spreading, cylindric, acutish, crowded, ail nearly equal; fls. reddish green or (in variety SANGUINEDS) blood-red ; bracts short-awned, a little longer than the calyx. — Fields and gardens. St. 3 to 5f high, with purple lines. Lvs. 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', petiole 2 to 3'. Spikes slender. f § Mex. 3 A. retrofl^xus L. Erect, subterete, pubescent, glaucous green; Ivs. long- petioled, ovate or subrhombic, acuminate, obtuse at apex, undulate; panicle pyramidal, spikes oblong-ovate, thicfc, crowded, . in a dense panicle, Hie terminal hardly longer ; fls. dense, pale green ; bracts awned, twice longer than the calyx ; utricle included, — A common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 18 to 30" with prominent veins, petiole 2 to 3'. Spikes 6 to 9" thick and rather short. Jl. — Sept. 4 A. chlorostachys Willd. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, intense green, as well as the flowers; panicle raceme-like, with acute spikes, terminal spike longest andflexuous; bracts a third longer than the calyx; utricle exserted; otherwise as in No. 3. — Cul- tivated and waste grounds. St. 3 to4f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', petiole 2 to 3'. Fls. smaller than in that species. JL— Sept § Asia. 5 A. h^bridus L. Erect, angular, glabrous, green ; Ivs. ovate-oblong or ovate- acute, bright green ; panicle loosely branched ; spikes erect cylindric obtuse, terminal one long, rigid, lateral short, close ; fls. loose, green, cal. shorter than the awned bracts, as long as the utricle. — Cultivated and waste grounds, common. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 9 to 18", petioles longer. Panicle long, sometimes tinged with red. Jl. — Sept. § Mex. 6 A. albus L. WHITE PIGWEED. Erect, subterete, whitish, with spreading branches ; Ivs. long-petioled, ovate, rhomb-ovate orobovate, very obtuse, glabrous, light green; glomerules remote, in pairs, much shorter than the petioles; fls. dense, green ; cal. much shorter than the rigid, subulate, pungent bracts, twice shorter than the utricle. — A common weed, roadsides, waste grounds. Sts. 1 to 618 ORDER 106.— AMARANTACEJE. 2f high, at length diffuse. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 7", petiole 1 to 2' ; branch-lvs. much smaller. Clusters 4 to 5-flowered. 7 A. melancholicus 1. LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING. Erect, glabrous, usually dark purple; Ivs. long-petioled, lance-ovate or lance-oblong, obtuse, emarginate; glomerules geminate, subpedunculate, shorter than the petioles ; fls. dense, dark purple ; bracts, calyx and utricle subequal. Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high, simple. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, petiole 2 to 3. Clusters amplexicaul. f Asia. — Yaries much ia color. (3. TRICOLOR Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the young red with a yellow aper, tho adult bright red at base, violet in the middle, green at apex, the old greea with a violet base. \ . 3. EUX'OLUS, Eaf. (A name intended to signify well-closed ; re- ferring to the valveless utricle.) Flowers monoecious, 3-bracted ; calyx 3 (2 to 5)-sepaled, sepals equal, erect, glabrous ; stamens 3 (2 to 5) ; stigmas 3 ; utricle ovate, 1 -seeded, valveless and indehiscent, or tearing open ; seed vertical, embryo annular. — CD Herbs with the habit of Amar- antus (Amarantus, L.) § Spines 2 in each axil. Bracts not longer than the 5 sepals No. 1 '$ Spines none.— Bracts longer than tho 3 to 5-sepaled calyx Nos. 2, 3 —Bracts shorter than the 5-sepaled calyx Nos. 4, 5 1 B. spinosus Feay. Smooth, striate, purplish, much branched; Ivs. long- petioled, rhomb-jovate, or lance-ovate, obtuse, dull green, with 2 axillary spines j panicle sparingly branched, spikes erect, acute, the terminal longest; fls. crowded, 5-parted ; bracts, sepals and rugous utricle about equal in length. — Cultivated and waste grounds, Penn. to III and S. States. St. and branches flexuous, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles nearly as long, spines sharp, 3 to 8" long, Utricle certainly valveless (as first noticed by Dr. Feay), and falling without opening. Seed dark brown, polished. Jn. — Oct. 2 E. lividus Moq. Erect, branched, smooth, livid-purplish ; Ivs. long-petioled, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, emarginate, upper acutish ; axillary spikes shorter than the petiole, the terminal long, slender, rigid, acute, somewhat interrupted; fls. crowded • sep. 3, thrice longer the bracts ; fr. rogous, acute. — Cultivated and wasto lands, Va. to Fla. and La. St. stout, hollow, striate, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3', petiole 2' to 30,", purple. Terminal spike 2 to 4' long. Fls. 3-parted. Utricle slightly exserted. Jn. — Sept. 3 E. deflexus Raf. Ascending, diffusely branched, ashy green, puberulent, branches deflexed: Ivs. petiolate, rhomb-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes thickish, obtuse, some- what nodding, axillary and terminal ; fls. crowded, short-pedicelled ; sep. 3 to 5. longer than the bracts ; fr. smooth. — Waste and cultivated grounds, Mid. States. Sts. branched from base, slender, If long. Lvs. wavy, prominently veined beneath, 6 to 15" long. Stigmas 2 or 3, very short, white. Utricle exserted. Aug., Sept. § Eur. 4 A. viridis Moq. Erect, smooth, livid, purple ; Ivs. long-petioled, ovate, obtuse ; spikes axillary and terminal, paniculate, rather long, loose, acutish ; sepals 3, twico longer than the bracts ; utricle roundish-ovate, rigulous. — Cultivated and wasto grounds, Ala. and La. St. sulcate, 1 to 2f high. Terminal spikes 2 to 3' long. Readily recognized by the baldness of the minute fls. 5 E. pumilus Raf. Low, very smooth, diffusely branched, Ivs. sulsessile, ovatoy obtuse, smooth, fleshy, clustered at the ends of the branches; fls. in small, ax- illary glomerules, sessile ; cal. 5-parted, purplish ; fr. smooth, ovate, twice longer than than the calyx. — Sandy sea coast, N. Y. to Ga. Aug. — Oct. (A. pumilus Ell.) 4. ACNTDA, L. WATER HEMP. (Gr. a, not, avidr), the nettle ; a nettle-like plant which does not sting.) Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. (5 Calyx of 5 equal, erect sepals ; stamens 5, anthers oblong, 2-celled ; $ calyx 0; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with 3 to 5 stigmas; fruit a fleshy, valveless utricle ; seed vertical. — GD A marsh herb, with alternate, petio- ORDER 106.— AMARANTACE^E. C19 late, entire, smooth Ivs. and small, green, subpedicillate fls. in slender, axillary and terminal spikes. A. cannabina L. — Salt marshes, brackish swamps, Can. to Ga. and La. St. tall, 3 to G to 8f, thick, subterete. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 to 8' long, acuminate, wavy, cuneate at base, petiole 1 to 2' long. Fruit panicle loose. Bracts $ lance- ovate, shorter than the calyx, ? linear-subulate, very unequal. Fr. near 2" long. Jl.— Oct. 5. MONTE'LIA, Moq. Flowers, bracts, stamens, inflorescence, nearly as in Acnida. Stigmas 3, very long, bristle-shaped, feathery ; fruit a thin utricle, with a tortuous circumscissile dehiscence. — ® Herb glab rous, with long-petioled Ivs. and small, greenish, spicate fls. M. tamariscina Gray. — Damp sandy soils or shores, "W. States, rare in N. Eng. St flowering at all heights from 1 to 5f, angular, branched, Ivs. lance oval, 1 to 5' by 6 to 15", petiole as long. Spikes interrupted and leafy at base, continuous above. Bracts $ acute, shorter than the calyx, § rigid, subulate, longer than the ovary which in fruit opens by a tortuous line. Seed dark brown, polished. Jl. — Sept (A. ruscocarpa and altissima MX. A. Miamensia Ridd.) — Yaries with the clusters all axillary, hardly forming spikes. 5. IRESI'NE, Brown. (Gr. eipeoiuvrj, an olive-branch bound with tufts of wool borne by supplicants.) Flowers dioecious or £ , 3-bracted ; calyx of 5 erect sepals ; stamens 5, anthers 1-celled J stigmas 2, 3 ; utricle roundish ovate, valveless, 1-seeded, included in the calyx ; seed vertical. — Herbs with opposite, petiolate Ivs. and minute, densely spi^ cate or capitate, often, woolly fls. suggesting the name. I. celosioides L. St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above ; Ivs. scabrous, punctate, lower oblong, acuminate, upper ovate-lanceolate ; panicle compound, large, rather dense. — A tall handsome annual, 3 to 4f high, on river banks, Ohio near Cincin- nati, to 111. and La Lvs. tapering to the base into a winged petiole, 3 to 6' by 2 to 4'. Panicle of delicate, whitish fls. large, with opposite branches, branchlets and pedicels, nearly or quite leafless. Sept., Oct. 7. GOMPHRE^NA, L. GLOBE AMARANTH. Flowers perfect or poly- gamous, 3-bracted; calyx 5-sepaled or 5-cleft, sepals erect; stamens 5, filaments dilated and 3-cleft at apex, middle tooth bearing the 1-celled anther; stigma capitate; utricle valveless, 1-seeded, included in the calyx. Herbs or shrubs of S. America. Lvs. opposite. Fls. usually capitate. G. globosa L. Erect, trichotomously much branched, pubescent ; Ivs. short- petiolate, oblong, acute, mucronate, entire ; fls. bright purple, in globular, 2-bracted, pedunculate, terminal heads ; bracts glabrous, longer than the woolly calyx. — Gardens. Stem 1 to 2f high. Branches suberect. lids, near 1' diam, fadeless. f E. Indies. 8. TELANTHERA Brown. (Gr. rc^eio^ full, complete, Lat. an- ther as ; alluding to the perfect flowers.) Fls. perfect, 3-bracted ; calyx of 5 sepals ; stamens 5, with 5 intervening, elongated, sterile filaments ; anthers 1-celled ; style short, stigma capitate ; utricle valveless, 1-seeded, included in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs with opposite Ivs., axillary and terminal lids, of fls. T. polygoiioides Moq. (3. REPEXS. Procumbent, diffusely branched, hairy; Ivs. oval, obtuse, attenuate to a winged petiole ; hds. sessile, 1 to 2 together, oval, obtuse ; fls. whitish silvery ; bracts shorter than the ovate-acuminate, mucronate, unequal sepals, inner sep. hairy. — 1J. Cultivated grounds, roadsides, in the vicinity of the coast, S. States. Sts. slender, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. indudbg the petiole G to 15" by 4. to 7". Hds. 3 to 4" long. Feb. — Oct. (520 ORDER 107.— LAURACE^. 9. FR(ELICH'IA, Mcencli. (Named for J. A. Frolich, a German botanist.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted ; calyx tubular, 5-cleft at apex; stamens 5, connate into a tube, appendaged with as many sterile fila- ments ; anthers 1-celled ; stigma capitate or tufted ; utricle valveless, 1 -seeded, enclosed in the hardened calyx which bears 2 or 5 longitu- dinal crests. — (I) Herbs with jointed, villous stems, opposite Ivs. and spicate fls. F. Floridana Moq. Nearly simple, strictly erect, arachnoid pubescent; Ivs. lin- ear, tapering to the base, obtusish at apex; fls. imbricated, in short, dense, clus- tered, cottony spikes. — On sandy river banks, 111., also Fla., G-a. to La. Plant 1 to 3f high, with a terminal, virgate panicle 6 to 10' long. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Spikes 6 to 12" long. Calyx white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, en- closing the utricle. Jl., Aug. ORDER CVII. LAUEACEvE. LAURELS. Trees and shrubs aromatic, mostly with alternate, simple, punctate leaves. Flow- ers with a colored perianth of 4 to 6 slightly united, strongly imbricated sepals. Anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many recurved, lid-like valves. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free, in fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed without albumen. Genera 50, species 450, chiefly natives of the Tropics. Properties. — The species of this highly important order are throughout pervaded by a warm and stimulant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of CinnainomurnZeylanicutn, of Ceylon. &c. Camphor is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly from Camphora officiBarum, of Japan, China, &c. Cassia Bark, from Cinnatnomum aromaticum, of China. 1'ersea gratissim.% a tree of the W. Indies, yields a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. Some of the following species are also moderately medicinal. The classic Laurel is Laurens nobilis ef S. Europe. GENERA. § Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreen PKKSEA. 1 | Flowers declinous. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous. (*) * Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled, 4- valved. Lvs. lobed SASSAFRAS. 2 * Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves entire BENZOIN. 8 * Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves entire TETKANTUEKA. 4 1. PER'SEA, Gaert. RED BAY. BAY GALLS. Flowers perfect, um- bellate, with no involucre ; calyx of 6 sepals persistent in fruit j stamens 12, the 3 inner sterile, reduced to mere glands, anthers 4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below) ; drupe oval, seated on the persistent calyx, con- taining 1 large seed. — Trees evergreen, the fls. in axillary, pedicellate umbels. P. Caroliniensis MX. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or pointed at each end, coriaceous, entire, glaucous beneath ; umbels simple or compound, on long peduncles; sep. coriaceous, velvety, the 3 outer smaller; drupe oval, blue. Va. to Fla. in swamps. A tree 30 or 40f high, with a deeply furrowed bark and coarse branches ; but more commonly in poor soils a stinted shrub filling the sandy swamps. Lvs. evergreen, about 6' by 18", attenuated to a short petiole. Drupo 5" by 4". Apr., May. — Wood of a fine rose-color, once used in cabinet-work. 2. SAS'SAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS. (Spanish, salsafras, saxifrage ; from the supposed resemblance of properties.) Dio3cious ; involucre 0; calyx G-parted, equal, deciduous ; $ stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner with a pair of stipitate glands at the base of each ; anther 4-celled ; $ stamens 6, imperfect ; ovary ovoid, acuminate ; style short, stigma capitate ; drupe ovoid, on a fleshy pedicel. — Trees deciduous, with the- fts, yellow in terminal clusters appearing before the leaves. (Laurus, L.) S. officinale Nees. Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneato at base ; fls. in terminal and axillary, corymbous racemes, with linear bracts, — U. ORDER 103.— LOR ANTE ACEJS. 621 S. and Can. An interesting shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high. Leaves alter- nate, petioled, those of the young shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Fls. greenish-yellow, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's twigs; drupe blue. Apr. — Jn. Every part of the tree has a pleasant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of the root. 3. BENZOIN, Nees. SPICE WOOD. (Named for its fragrance* which is compared to that of the resinous substance, benzoin.) Flowers dioecious with 4 involucrate scales ; calyx 5 to 6-parted ; $ stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner lobed and gland-bearing at base ; anthers 2-celled ; ^$ stamens 15 to 18, sterile, filiform ; drupe obovoid, on a pedicel not thickened. — Trees or shrubs with entire, deciduous Ivs. and small, late- ral clusters of yellow Us. preceding the Ivs. 1 B. odoriferum Nees. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous; fls. in clustered umbels; buds and pedicels smooth. — A shrub 6 to 12f high, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Lvs. cuneiform and acute at base, 2 to 4' long, half as wide, paler beneath. Fls. pedicellate, in small, sessile umbels, 4 or 5 from each bud. Drupes red. May. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) 2 B. mellisseefolium Nees. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, abrupt or cordate at base, veiny, pubescent beneath ; fls. in clustered umbels ; buds and pedicels villous. — Borders of shallow ponds or exsiccated swamps, S. States. Shrub 2 to 3f high, with running roots and virgate shoots. Lvs. with prominent veins. Fls. about 3 from each bud. Drupes red. Feb., March. (Laurus mellissaefolia Walt.) 4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. POND SPICE. (Gr. rerpa, four-fold, dvOepbc;, flowery ; four flowers in the umbel.) Flowers dioecious, in little stalked umbels, with a 4 or 5-leaved deciduous involucre ; calyx 4 or 6-parted, deciduous ; $ stamens 9, in 3 rows ; anthers unequally 4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below) ; $ stamens 12 to 15 rudiments ; stigma dilated, 2-lobcd, smooth ; drupe naked. — Lvs. deciduous. Fls. yellow, appearing before the Ivs. T. gemculata Nees. Branches divaricate and geniculate ; Ivs. small, oblong and oval, nearly smooth, cuneate at base, mostly obtuse at apex ; umbellets terminal, glabrous, on distinct pedicels. — In sandy swamps, borders of lagoons, Va. to Fla. Shrub 8 to 15f high, with branches and branchlets remarkably crooked and strag- gling forming an angle of 90° at every fork. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 5 to 8" wide. Drupes red. Feb., Mar. (Laurus geniculata Walt.) ORDER CYIII. LORANTHACE^E. LORANTHS. Shrubby plants parasitic on trees, with thick, opposite, exstipulate leaves. Flow- ers mostly declinous, an adherent calyx of 4 to 8 lobes, with stamens of the same number, opposite the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a fleshy fruit with one albuminous seed. Fig. 37, D. Genera 25, species 400, mostly tropical in America and Asia, A few flourishing northward as fur as our latitude. They possess the remarkable property of planting themselves on trees and subsisting on their juices. They are slightly astringent. Bird-liino is formed in part from the viscid pulp of the fruit of the Mistletoe. PHORODEN'DRON, Nutt. MISTLETOE. (Gr. 0wp, a thief, dtvdpov, a tree ; they live on stolen food.) Dioecious ; calyx 2 to 4 (mostly 3)- lobed, lobes erect ; $ anther sessile on the base of each lobe, 2-celled, the cells divergent ; ? calyx adherent to the ovary ; stigmas sessile ; stamens 0 ; fruit a pulpy berry. — Herbage fleshy, yellowish green. Ste. jointed, brittle, woody, firmly engrafted on the limbs of trees, especially Oaks, Elms, Apples, &c. Fls. imbedded in the jointed rachis. 622 ORDER 109.— SANTALACE.E. P. flavescens Nutt. Branches opposite, sometimes verticillato, terete ; Ivs. cu- 'neate-obovate, 3-veined, obtuse ; spikes axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves; berries white, semi-transparent. — N. J. to 111. (Lapliam), and the S. States.' Stems 1 — H high, rather thick, much branched. Leaves 9 — 16" by 4 — 9", smooth and entire, on short petioles. Fls. small, sterile ones mostly 3-parted. Berry with a viscous pulp adhering to the limb it touches until it strikes roq£» April. ORDER CIX. SANTALACEJS. SANDALWORTS. Trees shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves, with the calyx tube ad- herent to the ovary, limb 4 to 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation, the stamens as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them, an ovary 1 -celled, with a free central placenta bearing at top 2 to 4 suspended ovules, but in fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Genera 20, species 200, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandal- wood is the product of Santaluui album, &c., of India. TRICES AND GENERA. I. BUCKLEYE^E. Fls. dioecious, the pistillate dichlamydcous, with no stamens. ? Calyx lobes 4 ; petals 4, caducous. £ stamens 4. Shrubs BUCKLEYA. 1 II. SANTALE^E. Flowers perfect or polygamous, always monochlamydeous. (a) a Flowers in spikes or racemes. Drupe pyriform. Shrubs PYRCLABIA. 2 a Flowers ia cymous umbels. Nutovoid. llalfshrubby '. COMANDRA. 3 1. BUCKLEVYA, Torr. (To S. Jl. Huckley, an active and successful botanist.) Flowers $ $ , the $ dichlamydrous ; outer (calyx) lobes 4, lanceolate ; inner (corolla) lobes 4, ovate, acute, 1 -veined, caducous; stamens 0 ; style included, 4-lobed ; $ monochlamydeous ; lobes 4, ovate, acute, valvate in bud, opposite the 4 stamens inserted at their base ; disk concave, lobes 4, alternate with the sepals ; fruit oblong, drupe-like, 10-furrowed, 1-secded. — A shrub or small tree, with sub- sessile, entire Ivs., the sterile fls. clustered, pedicellate, the fertile solitary, all terminal, small. B. distychoph^lla Torr. — Mts. of E. Tenn. Shrub with the slender twigs vel- vety-puberulent, as well as the veins and flower-stalks. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, 9 to 18" long, tliin, ciliate on the margin, obtuse at base, on very short petioles. $ fls. H" broad, in the midst of caducous bractlets. ? Fl. subtended by 4 bractlets. Fr. 8 to 9" long, narrowed at base into the short stipe. (Borya disty- chophylla Nutt.) 2. PYRULA'RIA, MX. OIL-NUT. (Diminutive of Pyrus ; its fruit resembling a little pear.) Flowers dioecious ; calyx 5-cleft, subcam- panulate ; disk 5-toothed, glandular, half-adherent to the ovary ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 or 3, sublenticular ; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, inclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. — Shrubs with the habit of Celastrus. Lvs. alternate, entire. Rac. terminal. P. ptibera MX. Shrub unarmed; Ivs. oval-oblong, acute, puberulent, pellucid- punctate ; rac. spike-like, terminal. — Margins of mountain streams, Fenn. to Ga. Shrub 4 — Gf high. Boot fetid. Leaves 2—3' by 1 — 14-', entire, acuminate, pet- iolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, greenish yellow. Calyx tubo short, nearly filled with the glandular disk ia the $ flowers, the segments reflexed in the ? . Stamens alternate with the glands of the disk, opposite to those of the calyx. Drupe 7 to 9" long, 5 to 7" thick. May. (Hamiltonia oleifera Muhl.) 3. COM AN 'DR A, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD FLAX. (Gr. tfwpy, hair, , stamens ; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs.) ORDER 111.— ELEAGNACEyE. 623 Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 to 5-parted ; stamens 4 to 5, opposite the sepals, and connected to them by a tuft of hairs ; filaments inserted into the top of the perigynous, 5-lobed disk, between its lobes; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx.— Very smooth, suffruticous plants. Fed. axillary and terminal. Fls. small, umbellate,, § 1. EircoiiANDRA. Flowers perfect. Leaves all alternate No. 1 § 2. DAEBYA. Flowers dioecious. Leaves mostly opposite Is'o. 2 1 C. umbellata Nutt Erect ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate ; fis. subcorymbed, terminal ; connecting hairs yellow. — n Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and * Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, generally branching at top. Leaves entire, al- ternate, acutish, 1 — !£' long, and £ as wide, tapering to a very short petiole,. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. June. 2 C. Darbya A. DC. Lvs. elliptical; cymes lateral, about 5-flowered; calyx lobes spreading-reflexed, connecting hairs white. — Ga. near Macon (Darby), N. Car. near Lincolnton (Curtis). A small shrub with terete, blackish branches, the branchlets herbaceous, short, leafy. Lvs. thin and pale, 12 to 18" by 5 to 8", short-petioled, apex obtuse or submucronate. Cymes shorter than the leaves, on slender peduncles. Pedicels 1 or 2" long. Bracts deciduous. Calyx lobea ovate, acute. Pruit unknown. (Darbya umbellulata Gray.) ORDER CX. THYMELACE^E. DAPHNADS. Shrubs with a very tough, acrid bark, entire leaves and perfect flowers, with Iko calx tubular, colored, the limb 4 (4 or 5)-parted, regular, the tube bearing the stam- ens as many or usually twice as many as its lobes, and free from the ovary, which is 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the suspended seed with little or no albumen. Genera 40, species 375, very abundant in Australia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe and Asia. The only N. American genus is the following. Properties.— The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced fibers, which are extremely touch, but easily separable. The lace-bark tree (Lagetta) wf Jamaica is particularly remarkable for this property. DIR'CA, L. LEATHER-WOOD. (Gr. dtpfta, a fountain ; the shrub grows near mountain streams or rivulets.) Calyx cplored, tubular, with a truncate or obscurely 4-toothed limb ; stamens 8, unequal, longer than and inserted into the tube ; style 1 ; berry 1-seeded. — Lvs. alternate, simple. Fls. expanding before the oblong-obovate Ivs., 3 from each bud. D. palustris L. — A shrub 5f in height when full grown, U. S. and Can. The fis. appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, with a bud-like involucre. Lvs. from the samo buds, entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stam. much longer than the calyx, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish "rods for the fool's back, " the bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. DAPHNE is a genus differing from Dirca by its spreading calyx limb and included stamens. D. Mezereum, with deciduous Ivs. andD. Laureolawith evergreen Ivs. aro occasionally cultivated. ORDER CXI. EL^EAGNACE^E. OLEASTERS. Shrubs or trees usually with the leaves covered with a silvery scurf, entire; flowers mostly dioecious, the calyx free, entire, persistent, becoming in fruit pulpy 624 ORDEB 112.— EUPHORBIACE^E. and berry-like, inclosing the 1-celled, 1-seeded achenium. Seed ascending, embryo straight, albumen scanty. Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed throughout the Northern hemisphere. 1. SHEPHER'DIA, Nutt. (In honor of John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool.) Flowers ? $. — $ Calyx 4-cleft ; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. $ Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, limb 4-lobed ; sty. 1 ; stig. oblique ; berry globous, composed of the fleshy calyx. — Shrubs with spinescent branches, and opposite, deciduous leaves. Fls. aggregated. 1 S. Canadensis Nutt. Los. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed leneath with stellate hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales. — A shrub G — Sf high, found in Vt, N. Y. and "W. to Wis. (Lapham), and Can., by streams and on river banks. Leaves obtuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs, lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentous, margin entire; petioles 2 — 4" long, lamina 1 — 2' by \ — 1'. Fls. minute, in small, late- ral, nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx in- closing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. Jl. — A curious and orna- mental shrub. 2 S. argent e a Nutt. Los. oblong-ovate, obtuse, loth surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales. — A small tree, 12 — 18f high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1 — 2' by 4 — 9". Petioles £' long, margin entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots. Fruit the size of a cur- rant, scarlet, well-flavored, f Mo. 2. EL/EAG'NUS, L. OLEASTER. (Gr. ekaia, the olive ; the trees having a resemblance to the olive.) Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate, colored on the inner side ; sta. 4, alternate with the calyx lobes ; anth. subsessile ; sty. short ; fruit baccate, consisting of the achenium inclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx. tube, marked with 8 furrows. — Trees or shrubs, cultivated for the silvery foliage. Leaves alternate. 1 E. argentea Ph. Lvs. Irroad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, both surfaces, particularly the lower, silvery and shining, with ferruginous scales. — A beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, cartilaginous drupes, f Mo. 2 B. angustifolia L. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, al- ternate, smooth, canescent; fls. axillary, aggregate. — A tree of middle size, culti- vated for its beautiful foliage and pleasant date-like fruit, f Eur. 3 E. latifolia L. Lvs. ovate, evergreen, f E. Ind. 3 HIPFOPH.2E rhamnoides, with linear-lanceolate Ivs., silvery white be- neath, te.trandrous, dioecious flowers, and a crowd of yellow, acid drupes, is a Euro- pean shrub, occasionally seen in shrubberies. ORDER CXII. EUPIIORBIACEJE. SPURGEWORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with a milky, acrid juice. Flowers diclinous, some- times enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre. Calyx inferior, sometimes wanting. Cor- olla scale-like or colored, often wanting. Ovary free, sessile or stipitate, 2, 3 (or more)-carpeled ; styles distinct or united. Fruit of 2, 3 (or more), 1 to 2-seeded car- pels (rarely of 1 carpel) united to a common axi?, at length separating. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Fig. 371. Genera 200, specie* 2500 (Lindley), chiefly natives of S. America, not more than CO species being found in N. America, north of Mexico. Properties. — An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residing chiefly in the milky juice, pervades the whole order. This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants to the most uctive poisons ; but it is volatile and easily expelled bv heat. Tapioca is a starch-like accumu- lation formed in the roots of the Jatropha Manihot. When fresh, :his root is a violent poison, ORDER 112.— EUPHORBIACE^!. 62a bat loses its deleterious properties by washing and exposure to hont. Cnstor-oil Is expressed from tlie seeds of liicinus communis. Crotoa-oil from the seeds of Croton Tigiiuui. Caoutchouc is yielded iu abundance by several S. American speck's. FIG. 637.- 1. Head or capitulum of Eu- phorbiacorollata; with the corolla-like in- volucre, and pedicellate pistillate flower. 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing J the monandrous, staminate flowers sur- W, rounding the pistillate. 8. One of tho }y t flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4. T Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded cells or carpels. 0'>*. Our specimens of the Euphorbiacea; were submitted to the inspection of Dr. Engelmann, of bt. Louis, aud arc hero described nearly in accordance with his nomenclature. GENERA. § Cells of the ovary one-ovuled ; fruit 3 (rarely 2 or l)-secded. (*) * Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre, the & many, each merely a stamen, with ono ? flower, an ovary exserted on a pedicel EUPHORBIA. 1 * Flowers not in an involucre 8, all apetalous, having a calyx only, (a) a Flowers diandrous, in a terminal spike. Plants glabrous STILLIXGIA. 2 a Flower 2 to 3-androus, in racemes. Plants hairy or downy TUAGIA. 8 a Flowers 8 to 12-audrous, in small spikes with largo bracts ACALYPIIA . 4 a Flowers 10 to 15-androus, in cymes, with white sepals. Stinging CNIDOSCOLUS. 9 a Flowers polyandrous, in panicles ; fruit cchinate. Plant glabrous RICINUS. 6 * Flowers not in an involucre 8 , the sterile and often the fertile, also with petals, (b) b Ova. 3 (rarely 2)-cellcd and seeded. Fls. clustered. Woolly, downy or scurfy.Cp.OTON. 7 b Ova. 1 -celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Fls. axillary, small. Silvery scurfy .CROTONOPSIS. 8 | Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit 6 (or abortively fewcr)-sceded. (c) C Calyx C-parted ; stamens 8, united. Flowers axillary, small PIITLLANTIIUS. 9 C Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct, large. Flowers in bracted spikes PACHYSANDKA. 10 C Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct. Flowers axillary. Shrub. Leaves opposite.. Bcxus. 11 1. EUPHOR'BIA, L. (Named for Euphorbus, physician to Juba, King of Mauritania.) SPURGE. Flowers 5* , several in an involucrate cluster ; involucre calyx-like, cup-shaped, with 4 or 5 petaloid segments alternate with as many large glands ; flowers achlamydeous, the $ 12 or more each consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel which is axil- lary to a little bract ; $ flower solitary, central, a 3-carpeled, 3-styled and 3-seedcd ovary raised on a slender pedicel ; capsule 3-lobed, separ- ating into 3 bivalved nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice. Lvs. generally opposite or verticillate, often alternate, sometimes none. Involucres flower-like, axillary or umbellate. § Stems spiny, thick, erect. — Stipules none. Floral leaves scarlet No. 1 § Steins unarmed, erect. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or opposite. (*) * Involucre with 4 or 5 glands which are 2-horned or crescent-shaped, (a) a Umbel of many rays. Stem-leaves narrow, alternate. Seeds smooth. 2f Nos. 2, 3 a Umbel of 3 rays, and forked. — Stem leaves alternate, thin Nos. 4, 5 a Umbel Herbs (or tropical shrubs) resembling nettles. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. axillary, the fertile in short clusters at the base of the little stamiiiate spikes, surrounded by a large cut-toothed bract. 1 A. Virginica L. Hairy or downy, branched ; Ivs. oblonrj -lanceolate, obscurely ser- rate ; involucrate bracts broadly ovate, deeply cut-toothed, veiny ; sterile spikes slender, peduncled, usually exceeding the involucre; seeds oval, ash-colored, smoothish. — Dry fields, Can. and U. S. A rough weed, 10 to 20' high, often de- cumbateat base. Lvs. 12 to 30" long, varying from ovate to lanceolate or lance- linear, obtusely pointed, the petioles about as long. The little green spikes 4 to 10'' ; fertile clusters in the same axils, sometimes alone, Jn. — Aug. (Also A. gracilens Gr.) ft. MONOCOGCA (Engelm.) Very slender, with lance-linear, subentire Ivs. and a simple, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit. — W. 111. 2 A. Caroliniana Walt. Minutely downy, branched ; Ivs. ovate, cordate, closely and strongly serrate, acute ; sterile spikes short, fertile fls., also spicate, terminal ; invol. bracts deeply palmate with linear segments; sds. roundish ovoid, light ash- colored, roughened with hard, black points. — Ind. to N. J., Ga. and La. Plant slender, 1 to 2f high, nearly smooth. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 9 to 10", on slender petioles. Seeds larger (L") than in No. 1. 5. CNIDOS'COLUS, Pohl. SPURGE NETTLE. (Gr. /m'J??, a nettle, g, a prickle.) Flowers 8 , showy ; calyx colored, convolute, coralline ; corolla 0 ; hypogynous glands 5, $ stamens 1 0, united at base, alternately short ; $ calyx 5-parted ; styles 3, each 2 or more- cleft ; capsule 3-carpeled, 3-seeded. — Herbs often beset with stings. C. stimulosa Gray. Hispid, with bristly stings ; Ivs. palmately 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, ciliate, lobes acute or acuminate, with few mucronato teeth, late- ral lobes 2-parted ; fls. terminal at length opposite the leaves, cymous ; sep. white, oval, spreading; styles many-cleft at top; caps, hispid. — It Alow herb, in sandy soils, throughout the South, painfully common. It varies much in the width of its leaf-segments. Stings white, often half an inch long. Mar. — Jl. (Jatropha stimulosa MX.) 6. RIC'INUS, Tourn. CASTOR OIL PLANT. (Lat. ricinus, a bug ; from the resemblance of the seeds.) Flowers 8 , apctalous ; calyx 3 to 5-parted, valvatc in the bud ; $ stamens co, with irregularly united filaments ; $ style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumous, colored ; cap- sule echinatc, 3-lobcd, 3-cclled, 3-seedcd. — Herbs or shrubs. R. communis L. St frosted or glaucous, white, herbaceous ; Ivs. peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; caps, prickly. — Native of the E. Indies, where it becomes a tree, although an herbaceous annual in the N. States. In Ga. La. and Fla. it is a stout shrub ! St. tall, smooth, of a light bluish green color. Lvs. 4 to 12" diam., on long petioles. From its seeds is expressed the well known castor oil of the shops. For this purpose it is extensively cultivated in the S. and W. States. — The purgative property resides in the embryo, not in the albumen. 7. CROTON, L. (Name in Greek of the same import as Ricinus.) Flowers 6* ; <3 calyx 4 or 5-parted, cylindric-valvate in bud ; corolla of 4 or 5 petals, often small ; stamens 5 to 20 ; $ calyx 5, rarely 8-cleft ; corolla often minute or none ; styles 3, once or repeatedly forked ; cap- sule 3-lobed, 3-ccllcd, 3-carpcled, carpels 1-seeded. — Plants clothed with scurf, down or wool, usually glandular and aromatic. Hairs stellate. Lvs. alternate. OSDEB 112.—EUPHOEBIACE^E. 631 | Plants downy. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 2 styles, pendulous ....................... No. 1 § Plants hairy or scaly. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 8 styles, each 2 or 3-cleft ........ Nos. 2 — i § Plants densely woolly. Fertile calyx 8-parted. Styles 3, each twice 2-cleft .......... Nos. 5, 6 1 C. monanthogymam MX. Stellately pubescent, tri- and dichotomously branched, slender ; Ivs. on slender petioles, ovato and ovate-oblong, broad and sometimes subcordate at base, mucronulate, entire, silvery beneath ; fls. in tho forks, the sterile 2 or 3 in a little erect, stalked head ; the fertile mostly solitary in the same axil, recurved; fr. 2 -seeded. — CD Prairies, Pike Co., 111. (Holton) and south-westward. Herb near If high, Ivs. 1' long. Fls. very smalL Jn. — Sept. 2 C. glandulosum L. Hispid, glandular, tri- (or 4)-chotomously branched ; Ivs. clustered at the forks, petiolate, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, serrate, bearing 2 cup-shaped glands at base ; fls. in small clusters, sessile in the forks and terminal, the fertile at the base, 5-parted, the sterile 4-parted, octandrous. — CD In fields and waste grounds, 111. to Va., Ga. and La. A straggling herb 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Sd. light ash-colored. Jn. — Sept. 3 C. argy ran the mum MX. Clothed ^v^th glandular scales, branched at base ; Ivs. oval or oblong, tapering to a petiole, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath ; fls. in a capitate, terminal spike, silvery whitish all over, fertile at base, 5-parted. with 3 styles, each 3-cleft at top; sterile 5-parted, octandrous. — l£ Sandy soils, Ga. (Wayne Co., Dr.- Town) and Fla, (Tallahassee!). Sts. 9 to 18' high, simple, often clustered. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, half to a third as wide. Scales stellate, with a central gland. Fls. short-pediceled. Apr. — Jn. 4 C. maiitinmm Walt. Half shrubby, diffusely and trichotomously branched, branches clothed with a stellular tomentum ; Ivs. broadly oval, obtuse, entire, sub- cordate, pale above, silvery beneath, petiolato ; fls. in dense spikes, terminal and -in the forks, tho sterile many, the fertile commonly 2 at the base ; caps, to- mentous. — 2£ Drifting sands along the seacoast, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. (Engel- man). Sts. straggling and spreading 2 to 3f. Lvs. shining with a silvery scurf, not hairy beneath, nearly as broad as long. 5 C. capitatum MX. Annual, woolly or tomentous, hoary, branched ; Ivs. long- petioled, oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, rounded at base ; fls. in terminal, capitate clus- ters, tho fertile at the base, with a large (8" diam.) 8-deft calyx ; stamens 10 to 12. — Dry barrens of 111. to La, Also in N. J. (Kniskern in Gray's Manual). Herb 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, often rather lanceolate and acutish, scarcely longer than, their petioles. Seeds polished, cinerous-brown, mottled. Jn. —Sept. 6 C. Liiicilieimeri Eng. & Gray. Shrubby, erect, trichotomously branched, clothed with a dense, hoary tomentum, Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rounded or sub- cordate at base, acute, entire, lower petioles elongated ; spikes terminal and in tho forks, mixed or separate, sterile fls. many, sessile, fertile larger, 2 or 3 at the baso or alone ; cal. very woolly, $ 7 or 8-parted ; styles 3, twico or thrica forked, red ; ova. very villous. — Sands, near the coast, La,, Tex. Shrub 2 to 4f high, Ivs. 2 to 3' long. $ Fls. a mass of rusty wool, 5" broad. 8. CROTONOP'SIS, MX. (Named for its resemblance (fyi$) to the genus Croton.) Flowers 8 , minute, in terminal and axillary spikes; $ ealyx 5-parted ; corolla of 5 petals ; stamens 5, distinct ; ? calyx 5- parted ; corolla none ; stamens 5 rudimentary scales ; stigmas 3, each bifid ; ovary simple ; capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. — (D Herb slender, branching, silvery-scurfy, with small, alternate Ivs. Upper fls. sterile. C. linearis MX. — Sandy swamps, K J. to Fla., La. and 111. (Lapham). Sts. as slender as the flax, at length repeatedly forked, 1 to 2f high, clothed with rusty glands in shining scales, as well as the small (6 to 10" long), linear-oblong, acuto Ivs. Fr. oval, acute, muricate glandular. Jn. — Sept. 9. PHYLLANTHUS, L. (Gr. $vMov, dvdog ; the leaves of the ori- ginal species are apparently floriferous.) Flowers 8 . — $ Calyx per- C32 ORDER 113.— ULMACE^E. sistcnt, with 6 spreading, colored segments; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didyrnous. $ Calyx as in the £ ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-celled ; cells 2-valvcd, 1 — 2-sceded. — Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers, P. Carolinensis Walt. (P. obovatus Willd.) St. erect, herbaceous, with alter- nate branches ; Ivs. simple, entire, glabrous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled ; fls. few, subsolitary, axillary. — ® A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn. to 111. and South. Stem 6 — 10' high, slender, the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem G — 8" by 4 — 5", of the branches twice, and of the branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1 — 3 in each axil, the $ with the ? nearly 1" diam., whitish. July, Aug. 10. PACHYSAN'DRA, MX. (Gr. Tro^r, thick, aw5pa, stamen.) Flowers 8 , apetalous, in bractcate spikes ; calyx 4-parted ; $ stamens 4, filaments distinct, large, subclavatc ; ovary a rudiment ; ? styles 3, re- curved; capsule 3-horned, 3-celled, cells 2-valved, 2 -seeded.— i| Herbs procumbent, from long, creeping, rhizomes. Lvs. nearly glabrous, alter- nate, exstipulate. Spikes situated below the Ivs. P. procumbens MX. Sts. simple ; Ivs. few, oval, coarsely crenale-toothed, nar- rowed into a slender petiole ; spikes from near the base of the stem, GO -flowered, the fertile below the sterile each subtended by 2 or 3 narrow bracts. — Mts. of Va. and E. Tenn. to Ga. Sts. 6 to 9' long. Lvs. 1 to 2', all of them above the few spikes which are about the same length. Mar. — May. 11. BUX'US, L. BOX-WOOD. (The Greek name of this plant was 7ri;£oc.) Flowers in dense spike-like catkins ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; styles 2 ; achenium compressed, enclosed within the baccate calyx, the whore spike thus constituting a compound berry (sorosis.)— Trees with alter- nate, generally lobed Ivs. Fls. inconspicuous. ORDEB 114.— ARTOCARPACE^E. 635 1 M. rfrbra L. RED MULBERRY. Lvs. scabrous, pubescent beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, equally serrate, acuminate, ovate or (in the young trees) pal- mately and oddly lobed ; fertile spikes cylindric ; fr. dark red. — In N. Eng. a rare shrub 15 to 20f high. In the Mid. S. and W. States it attains the elevation of 40 — 60f, with a diameter of 1 to 2f. Roots yellow. Trunk covered with a gray- ish bark, much broken and furrowed. Wood fine-grained, stong and durable. Leaves 4—6' long, f as wide, entire or divided into lobes, thick, dark green. Flowers small. Fruit of a deep red color, with the aspect of a blackberry, com- posed of the entire catkin, made pulpy and sweet Apr., May. 2 M. alba L. "WHITE MULBERRY. Lvs. glabrous, cordate and oblique at base, unequally serrate, either undivided or lobed ; fr. whitish. — Cultivated for the sake of its leaves as the food of silk worms. A tree of humble growth. Leaves 2 — 4' long, § as wide, acute, petiolate. Flowers green, in small, roundish spikes or heads. Fruit of a yellowish- white, insipid, f China. ft. MULTICAULIS. (CHINESE MULBERRY.) Lvs. large (4 — T long, ! as broad.) — Shrub. 3 M. nigra L. BLACK MULBERRY. Lvs. scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, unequally serrate ; fertile spikes oval. — Cultivated for ornament and shade, in this as well as in many other countries. Fruit dark red or blackish, of an aromatic, acid flavor. | Persia. 2. BROUSSONETIA, L'Hcr. PAPER MULBERRY. (In honor of P. 2F. V. Broussonet, a distinguished French naturalist.) Flowers dice- ceous; $ ainent cylindric; calyx 4-parted ; $ ament globous ; re- ceptacle cylindric-clavate, compound ; calyx 3 to 4-toothed, tubular ; ovaries becoming fleshy, clavate, prominent ; stylo lateral ; seed 1, cov- ered by the calyx. — Trees from Japan. B. papyrifera Vent. Lvs. of the younger tree roundish-ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, of the adult tree 3-lobed ; fr. hispid. — A fine hardy tree, occa- sionally cultivated. It is a low, bushy-headed tree, of rapid growth, with largo, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit a little larger than peas, with loug, purple hairs. The divided Ivs. resemble those of the white mulberry. 3. MACLITRA, Nutt. OSAGE ORANGE. (To William Madure, Esq., of the IT. S., a distinguished geologist.) Flowers $ ? , in aments. Calyx 0 ; ova. numerous, coalescing into a compound, globous fruit, of 1- seeded, compressed, angular, cuneiform carpels ; sty. 1, filiform, villous. — A lactescent tree, with deciduous, alternate, entire, cxstipulate leaves and stout, axillary spines. M. aurantiaca Nutt — A beautiful tree, native on the banks of the Arkansas, &c. Leaves 4 — 5' by 1| — 2£', glabrous and shining above, strongly veined and paler beneath, on short petioles, ovate or ovate-oblong, margin obscurely denticu- late, apex subacuminate, rather coriaceous. The fruit is about the size of an orange, golden yellow when ripe, suspended by an axillary peduncle amid the deep green, polished foliage. Extensively cultivated for hedges. 4. FFCUS, Tourn. FIG. BANYAN. (Gr. OVK.T}. Lat, ficus. Celtic fyueren. Teutonic fiege. Anglo-Saxon Fie. English Fly.) Flowers monoecious, minute, fixed upon the inside of a fleshy, turbinatc, closed receptacle; $ calyx 3-parted ; stamens 3 ; $ calyx 5-parted ; ovary 1 ; seed 1 ; fruit (syconus)' composed of the enlarged, fleshy receptacles inclosing the numerous, dry, imbedded achenia. F. Carica "Willd. COMMON Fio. Lvs. cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, repand-dentate; lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. — Supposed to be a native of Caria, Asia, although cultivated for its fruit in all tropical climes. "With us it is reared only in sheltered locations as a curiosity. The delicious fruit is well known. Leaves very variable in form. (53 G ORDER 115.— URTICACE^E. ORDER CXV. URTICAOE^E. NETTLEWORTS. Herbs (and some tropical shrubs) with a watery juice, a tough, fibrous bark. Leaves stipulate, often opposite, flowers small, monoecious or dioecious, in panicles, racemes, or dense clusters, furnished with a regular calyx. Stamens opposite to the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit a simple achenium. Figs. 50, 459. Genera 25, species 700? generally diffused in all climes. "We retain under this order the Can. nabinea?, dismissing the Artocarpeae, thus constituting a group which is at least practically natural. Properties. — The Nettle-worts are remarkable for the caustic secretion of their glandular, stinging hairs, which, bad enough in our common nettle, attains a terrible virulence in certain E. Indian species. The juice of the Hempworts is bitter and narcotic. Savage nations pro- cure an intoxicating liquor from the Ilernp, and the more civilized a strong stimulant from the Hop. The fibrous bark of llemp and other species is highly valuable in the arts. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. UKTICEJ3. — Filaments crenulate, expanding clastically. Fertile calyx 3 to 5-sepaled or toothed. Seed albuminous, with a straight embryo (*). * Herbs with stinging hairs. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite URTICA. 1 — Stamens 5. Leaves alternate LAFORTEA. 2 * Herbs stingless. — Stamens 8. Fertile calyx 3-sepaled. Leaves opposite PILKA. 3 — Stamens 4. — Fls. in slender spikes. Lvs. opp. or alt B in branching, clustered, axillary, interrupted epikes longer than the petioles. — if Waste places, common. Stem 2 — ifhigh, branching, obtusely 4-angled, with opposite, short-stalked leaves which are 3 — i' long, and about \ as wide. Flowers small, green, in axillary clusters, of mean aspect, corresponding with the insidious character of the plant. Jl., Aug. § Eur. — Its power of stinging resides in minute, tubular hairs or prickles, which transmit a venomous fluid when pressed. 3 U. iirens L. DWARF NETTLE. Lvs. broadly elliptic, or ovate, peiiolate, 3- veined, deeply and acutely serrate ; clusters in spike-like, loose, simple pairs.—® "Weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 12 — 20' high, hispid with venomous stings, branching. Leaves 1' or more long, half as broad, on short petioles and with large serratures. Stipules small, lanceolate, reflexed. Flowers in drooping, pe- dunculate clusters about as long as the petioles, both the sterile and fertile in tbe ORDER 115.— UETICACE^. 637 same axil. Raro northward, frequent South. Feb., Mar. (South). Apr. — Jn. (North). § Eur. 4 U. purpurascens Nutt. Assurgent, beset with spreading stings ; Ivs. broadly ovate, cordate, 3-veined, coarsely crenate-serrate ; glomerutes capitate, much shorter than the petioles, dense, axillary, spicate at top. — Ky. to La. Sis. purplish, 12 to 18' high, clustered. Lvs. variegated, 1' long and wide, petiole G to 9". Mar. —May. 5 TJ. chamaedroides Ph. St. bristly with stings ; Ivs. siebses-sile, ovate, serrate, strigous beneath ; glomerules axillary, sessile, svbglobous, reflexed.— On the islands of Ga. (Pursh.) Lvs. small. Stings white and very conspicuous. May. — Is this a variety of U. urens ? 2. LAPOR'TEA, Gaudich. WOOD NETTLE. Flowers 8 or $ $ ; $ calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; ovary rudimentary, hemispherical ; $ calyx 4-sepaled, the 2 outer minute, the 2 inner foliaceous in fruit ; stigma subulate, elongated ; achenia compressed-lenticular, very oblique, finally reflexed on the winged pedicel. — It Hairs stinging. Lvs. ample, alter- nate, ovate. Fls. in axillary panicles, the lower sterile, upper fertile. L. Canadensis Gaud. Hispid and stinging ; Ivs. on long petioles, broad-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, serrate, acuminate ; panicles axillary, solitary or In pairs, divaricate, mostly shorter than the petioles, the fertile nearly terminal, elongated in fruit. — Damp woods, U. S. and Can. St. 2 to Gf high, mostly simple, flexuous at top. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 3', more or less hispid both sides, sometimes nearly smooth. Lower petioles 3' long. Fls. minute, in panicles 1 to 4' in length, the fertile panicle about 2', erect, enlarged in fruit. Aug. (Urtica Canadensis and divaricata L.) 3. PIVLEA, Lindley. KICK-WEED. (Lat. pileus, a cap ; from the resemblance of one of the sepals of P. muscosa.) Flowers 8 or $ § . $ Calyx of 3 or 4 equal sepals ; stamens 3 or 4. $ Calyx of 3 oblong, unequal sepals ; stamens rudiments 3, cucullate opposite the sepals ; achenium roughened, opaque, ovate, erect, nearly naked. — GD Smooth, stingless, with opposite Ivs., united stipules and dense, axillary clusters, both kinds mixed. P. pumila Gr. Ascending, weak, succulent ; Ivs. on long petioles, rhombic- ovate, crenate-serrate, membranous and glabrous, 3-veined ; fis. in short clusters ; $ sepals slightly unequal. — (T) In waste places, about buildings and in woods, U. S. and Can. St. fleshy, semi-transparent when growing in shades, smooth and shining, 3 to 18' long, simple or branched. Lvs. pale green, 1 to 2' by 8 to 16", petioles of about the same length. Sep. much shorter than the greenish, mottled achenium, one of them a little longer than the other two. Jl. — Sept, (Urtica, L. Ad ice, Kaf.) 4. BCEHME'RIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE. (Named for G. F. Bcehmcr, a German botanist.) Flowers £> or $ ? . $ Calyx 4-parted, with lan- ceolate, acute segments ; stamens 4 ; $ calyx tubular, truncate or 4- toothed, persistent and closely investing the ovate, pointed achenium. — Herbs or shrubs, stingless. Lvs. opposite or alternate. Fls. clus- tered. 1 B. cylindrica "Willd. Herbaceous, dioecious, smoothish; Ivs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, dentate, on long petioles ; sterile spikes interrupted, fertile cylindric. — A coarse, nettle-like plant, in swamps and bottoms, Mid. and W. States. SL slender, obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 3-veined, 3 to 5' long, halt' as wide, petioles 2 to 3', the upper sometimes not quite opposite. Fls. minute, the fertile spikes 1 to 2' in length, the barren spikes longer and more Blender. Jl., Aug. (Urtica capitata L ?) 2 B. lateri£cra Muhl. "Whole plant rough -pubescent, monoecious ; hs. all alter- nate, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, dentate, rounded and subpeltato at base, on 638 ORDER 116.— EMPETRACE^E. short petioles ; upper spikes long and sterile, lower short, dense, fertile. — Borders of ponds. S. W. States. St. strict, 2 to 3f high, very rough. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, a fourth as wide, thick, on petioles 4 to 7'' long. Fertile spikes as long as the pet- ioles, sterilo nearly as long as the leaves. 5. PARIETA^RIA, Tourn. PELLITORY. (Lat. paries, a wall ; some of the species prefer to grow on old walls.) Flowers moncecio-polyga- mous, in clusters, surrounded by a many-bracted involucre. $ Calyx 4-sepaled ; stamens 4, at first incurved, elastically expanding. $ Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-lobed, inclosing the ovary; stigma tufted ; ache- mum polished, inclosed within the persistent calyx. — Herbs weed-like, with usually alternate Ivs. Clusters of green Us., axillary. 1 P. Pennsylvdnica Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse point, entire, punctate with opaque dots ; invol. longer than the flowers. — (J) A rough, pubescent herb, found in damp, rocky places, Vt. to Wis. and Ga. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6 — 12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy and rough, about •£' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with an obtuse acumination. Segments of the involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers dense, greenish and reddish whits. May, June. 2 P. Floridana Nutt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, as long as the petiole, opaquely punctate; fls. as long as the involucre. — CD Damp, sandy soils, Ga. and Fla. St decumbent at base, branches erect, 10 to 12' high. Lvs. small, 1' long, including the filiform petiole, 3 to 5" wide. Bracts linear. May — Oct. 6. HU'MULUS, L. HOP. (Lat. humus, moist earth ; the hop grows only in rich soils.) Flowers $ . — $ Calyx 5-sepaled ; stamens 5 ; anthers with 2 pores at the summit. $ Bracts imbricate, large, entire, concave, persistent, 1 -flowered, forming an oblong ament ; calyx of 1 sepal; membranous, entire, persistent ; styles 2 ; acheniuni invested by the thin calyx; embryo coiled. — If. Twining with the sun. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments. H. liptilus L. The hop-vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country, and is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its ament-liko fruit. It has a long, annual stem of rapid growth, always twining with the sun, rough backwards with reflexed prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed, deeply cordate at base, on long stalks. Flowers of the barren plants innumer- able, panicled, greenish ; those of the fertile, in aments with large scales. Cal. and scales in fruit covered with reddish, resinous atoms (lupulin) in which the virtue resides. Jl. 7. CAN'NABIS, Tourn. HEMP. Flowers $ $ .— $ Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. $ Calyx entire, oblong-acuminate, opening longitudinally at the side ; styles 2 ; caryopsis 2-valved, inclosed within the persistent calyx ; embryo curved. (I) Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls. axillary, $ in cymous panicles, in sessile spikes. C. sativa L. Lvs. palmately 5 to 7 -foliate. — The hemp springs up spontaneously in our hedges and waste grounds. It is a tall, erect plant, with handsome petio- late leaves. Lfts. lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 5' long, ^ as wide, the middle one largest. Fls. small, green, solitary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in the fertile ones. It is cultivated in Ky., Tenn.,, &c., as one of tho staples. Jn. § India. ORDER CXVI. EMPETRACEJ3. CROWBERRIES. Shrubs low, evergreen, heathlike, with crowded, narrow leaves and small, diclin- ous flowers. Calyx of 4 to 6, hypogynous, persistent, imbricated scales, the inner often colored. Stamens 2 or 3, pollen grains quaternate. Ovary free, 2 to 9-celled, ORDER 117.— PLATANACE^E. C39 2 to 9-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, -with as many 1-seeded nuts. Seed ascending, albu- minous, radicle inferior. Genera 3, specie* 4, natives of N. Europe, N. America and the Straits of Magellan. Proper- ties, acidulous. The berries are nutritious. GEKERA. * Stamens 8. Stigmas 6 to 9-rayed. Berry 6 to 9-seeded EMPETRUM. 1 * Stamens 3. Stigmas 3 or 4, style slender. Drupe 8 or 4-seeded COBKMA. 2 * Stamens 2. Stigmas 4. Berry 2-seeded. Shrub erect CKRATIOLA. 8 1. EM'PETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY. (Gr. iv, upon, Trerpof, a stone; from the places of its natural growth.) Flowers $ $ . Perianth con- sisting of 2 series of scales, the 3 inner petaloid; $ Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. $ Stigma snhsessile, 6 to 9-rayed ; drupe globular, with 6 to 9 seedlike nutlets. — Alpine undershrubs. E. nigrum L. Procumbent branches smooth ; Ivs. imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin. — A small, prostrate shrub, found on the granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. H., and the calcareous moun- tains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and closely covered all around with evergreen leaves, which are 2 or 3" long, half a line wide. Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper Ivs. Berries black, not ill-flavored. May, Jn. 2. COREVMA, Don. (Oakesia, Tuckerman.) (Gr. KdpqpME, a broom ; from the resemblance.) Flowers $ $ or $ £ ? • Perianth of 5 or 6 bractlets, the 3 inner sepaloid. $ Stamens 3, sometimes 4, with ex- serted filaments. $ Ovary 3 or 4-celled ; style filiform, 3 or 4-cleft, with narrow stigmas; drupe globular, minute, with 3 or 4 nutlets. — • diffuse undershrubs. Lvs. linear. C. Conradii Torr. Diffuse, very slender, glabrous ; Ivs. linear, revolute on tho margin, coriaceous ; fruit dry. — Sandy and rocky plains, here and there, from Can. ? Me. to N". J. Sts. If high, with a reddish-ash-colored bark, with short, vertieillate branches. Lvs. evergreen, numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate7 3" long, linear, revolute. Fls. in terminal clusters of 10 to 15, with brownish scales and purple stamens and styles. — Plants with £ are less common than those with <$ or $ . Mar., Apr. 3. CERATrOLA, MX. SAND-HILL ROSEMARY. (A Latin diminutive, from ffepOf, a horn ; referring to the stigmas.) Flowers 8 . Perianth of 6 to 8 imbricated, concave, fimbriate scales, the two or 4 inner mem- branous. $ Stamens 2, exserted, anthers 2-celled, roundish. ? Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 4 or 0, spreading, toothed ; fruit a drupe with 2-seed-like nuts. — A shrub with vertieillate branches, crowded, acerous Ivs. and axillary, sessile Us. C. ericoides MX. — Hills or plains sandy or gravelly, Augusta, Ga. to Apalaclu- cola, Fla. Shrub evergreen, 3 to Gf high. Young branchlets downy. Lvs. in close whorls of 3s and 4s, about 6" long, rigid, acute. Fls. lateral, stigmas pur- ple. Fr. yellowish, small, astringent. Aug., Sept. ORDER CXVII. PLATANACE^E. SYCAMORES. Trees with a watery juice, alternate palmate leaves and sheathing, scarious sti- pules, flowers monoecious, in globular aments, destitute of both calyx and corolla. Sterik. — Stamens single, with only small scales intermixed. Anthers 2-celled, linear. Fertile. — Ovary terminated by a thick style with one side stigmatic. Nut clavate, tipped with the persistent, recurved stylo. Seed solitary, albuminous. Fig. 82. 640 ORDER 118.— JUGLANDACE.E. Genus 1, species 5? Trees of the largest dimensions, natives of Earbary Levant and K. America. PL AT' AN US, L. PLANE TREE. BUTTON WOOD. SYCAMORE. (Gr. rrAarvf, broad ; in reference to the ample foliage.) Character of the genus the same as that of the order. P. occidentalis L. Lvs. angularly lobed and toothed ; stipules obliquely ovate ; branches whitish; fertile heads solitary. — The largest (though not the loftiest) tree of the American forest. Along the Western rivers trees are found whoso trunks measure from 40 — 50f in circumference, or more than 13f in diameter 1 Jt flourishes in any soil, but is most frequently met with on the stony borders and beds of streams. Leaves very large, tomentous beneath when young. The pet- iole covers the axillary bud in its concave base. Fls. in globular aments or balls, which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The bark is yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface beneath. May." ORDER CXVIII. JUGLANDACE^E. WALNUT. Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulato leaves and monoscious flowers. Sterile flowers in aments, with an irregular perianth. Fertile, solitary or clustered. $ Calyx regular, 3 to 5-lobed, tube adherent to the partly 2 to 4-celled ovary. Fruit a tryma (§ 564), with a fibrous epicarp (shuck) and a bony endocarp (>/«$). Seed large, or- thotropous, exalbuminous, with lobed, often sinuous, oily cotyledons. Genera 4, species 27, mostly North American. Properties. — The well-known fruit of the Butternut, -walnut, pecan nut is sweet and whole- sonic, abounding in a rich drying oil. The epicarp is very astringent The timber is highly valuable. 1. JUG'LANS, L. WALNUT. (Lat. Jovis glans ; i. e., the nut of Jove ; a name given it by way of eminence.) $ Flowers in an imbri- bricated, simple ament ; calyx scale 5 — 6-parted, somewhat bracteate at base ; stamens about 20. $ Calyx 4-cleft, superior ; corolla 4-parted ; stigmas 2 ; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, indehiscent, endocarp rugous and irregularly furrowed. — Trees of large size. Leaflets numer- ous. Sterile aments axillary. Fertile flowers terminal. Pith separating into thin, transverse disks. 1. J. cin£rea L. WHITE WALNUT. BUTTERNUT. Lfts. numerous (15 — 17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft-pubescent beneath ; petioles villous ; fr, oblong-ovate, with a, terminal obtuse point, viscid, hairy ; shell oblong, acumin- ate, deeply and irregularly furrowed. — A common tree, Can. to Ga. and W. States, It is 40 — 50f high, with a large, but short trunk. Branches horizontal, and un- usually wide-spreading, forming a very large head. Leaves 12 — 20' long, con- sisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. Barren flowers in long aments ; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is rich in oil, and pleasant-flavored. The wood is of a reddish hue, light, used in panneling and ornamental wcrk.; Bark cathartic. April, May. 2 J. nigra L. BLACK WALNUT. Lfts. numerous (15 to 21), ovate-lanceolate, ser- rate, subcordate, tapering above; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubes- cent; fr, globular, glabrous, uneven with scabrous punctures. — A common and stately forest tree in the Mid. S. and W. States, sparingly found ia the Northern. It arises 60 — 90f ! high with a diameter of 3 — Gf. In open lands it spreads widely into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, cf a deep violet color, with a white alburnum. It is used extensively west of tha Alleghanies, for buildmg and fencing, every where for cabinet work. Apr., May. 2. CA'RYA, Nutt. HICKORY. SHAGBARKS. (Gr. itayva, the wal- nut, from /capa, the tead ; in allusion to the shape of the nut?) & Aments imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichotomous ; scales ORDER 118.— JUGLANDACEJE. 641 3-parted; stamens 4 — 6; anthers hairy. $ Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 0 ; style 0 ; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid ; epicavp 4-valved ; nucleus subquadrangular, even. — Large trees, with hard and strong timber. Lfts. few. Both kinds of fls., and the Ivs. from the same bud, the $ terminal. Pith continuous. § Leaflets 13, to 15, scythe-shaped. Not oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet No. 1 § Lecflets 7 to 11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel Noa. 2, 3 § Leaflets 5 to 9. — Nut roundish, hard-shelled, sweet and eatable. (*) * Valves of the epicarp distinct to the base. Bark with loose plates Nos. 4, 5 * Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark continuous, firm Nos. 6—3 1 C. olivaeformis Nutt. PECAN-NUT (PE-CAWN). Lf. with a slender peliolo and 13 or 15 lanceolate-falcato Ifts., all acuminate, sharply serrate and short pet- iolulate, fr. oblong, 4-angled, valves distinct ; nut (olive-shaped) oblong, with a thin shell and delicious kernel. — Low, inundated river banks, Ind. (Wabash), III, to La. At Terre Haute are specimens 80 to 90f high, with a rough, shaggy bark, the smaller with bark slightly broken. Lfts. seldom less than 13, often 15, 5 or 6' long, by 1 to 2', decidedly falcate, nearly smooth. The kernel fills the shell, and not being divided by bony partitions, is easily extracted. Its rich flavor ia well known." Mar. — May. 2 C. arnara Nutt BITTERNUT. Lfts. about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one sub- sessile, the rest sessile ; fr. subglobous, with the sutures prominent above, valves half united] nut white, very thin-shelled, smooth, subglobous; kernel bitter. — Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along tho Ohio valley. "Winter bud orange yellow. The nut may be broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely touch it. May. 3 C. aquatica Nutt. "WATER BITTERNUT. Lfts. about 11, lanceolate, oblique, acuminate, subentire, sessile, tho odd one petiolulate, fruit pedunculate, ovate, sutures prominent ; nut small, angular, compressed, with a very tender, reddish shell and bitter kernel. — Southern States, in swamps and rice-field ditches. Tree 30 to 40f high. Lfts. slightly inequilateral, of a shining rich green both sides, resembling the peach leaf. Fruit wholly unpalatable, and timber of little value. Apr. 4 C. alba Nutt. SHAGBARK. Lf. long-petioled, of 5 Ifts., the 3 upper oblanceo- late, the 2 lower much smaller, oblong-lanceolate, the terminal petiolulate, lateral sessile, all subacuminate, sharply serrulate, downy beneath ; fr. depressed-globular ; valves distinct ; nut roundish, compressed, subquadrangular, with a thin shell and large, sweet kernel. — Native from Me. to "Wis., S. to Ga. In forests it is very tall, straight and slender, with a rough, shaggy bark consisting externally of long broad plates loosely hanging. Lfts. uniformly 5, the 2 lower deflexed, odd one tapering to a stalk 5 to 8" long. Aments 3 on each stalk, long, slender, pendu- lous. Fertile fls. 2 or 3 together, sessile, terminal. "Wood straight-grained, very fertile, heavy, elastic, excellent as timber or fuel, while the fruit is of the richest flavor. Apr., May. 5 C. sulcata Nutt. THICK-SHELLBARK. Lfts. 7 or 9, oblanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, tJie odd one subsessile, attenuate to the lase ; fr. large, oval, subquad- rangular, 4-furrowed, valves opening to the base ; nut longer than broad, pointed at each end, with a very thick shell and rich-flavored kernel. — Penn. to Ga,, rare, -but common, "W. of the Alleghanies. Tree 40 to 80f high, with a shaggy bark in loose narrow plates. Lfts. often 9, the lower pair smaller, odd one generally sessile, — a good mark of distinction. Nut usually twice larger than in C. alba, and scarcely less delicious. Mar. — May. 6 C. tomentosa Nutt. MOCKERNUT. Leaf of 7 cr 9 lfts., odd 1ft. petiolulate, the lateral sessile, all oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire, rough-downy leneath as well as the thick pdiole; aments very slender, hairy; fr. globular or suboral, valves united at base ; nut subhexagonal, with a very thick shell and well-flavored kernel. — Native throughout the country but more abundant "West and South. A large tree 40 to 60f high in woods. Bark thick and rugged, but not scaly. "Winter bud large, hard, grayish white. Lvs. strongly resinous-scented. Fruit varying in size from 1' to 2' diam., with a very thick husk, rounded shell, 41 642 OBDER 119.— CUPULIFER^E. and a comparatively small kernel difficult of extraction. Taste inferior to the shellbark. Wood with a small duramen, excellent for fuel. Apr., May. 7 C. glabra Torr. PIGNUT. Lfts. 5 or 7, ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, serrate, nearly glabrous loth sides ; fruit roundish- obovate or pyriform, half 4-valved; nut .smooth and even or slightly angular, hard, thin-shelled, with a bitterish but eatable kernel. — Forests U. S. and Can., growing to the height of 60 — lOOf. Trunk 1 to 2if diam., covered with a moderately even bark. Lfts. mostly 7, often 5, some- times 9, the odd one tapering to a short stalk. The fruit is considerably variable in form and quality, often pear-shaped, then obovate or roundish, always some- what bitter. Wood exceedingly tough and hard, and excellent for fuel. Mar., May. (Juglans, Muhl. C. porcina Nutt.) 8 C. microcarpa Nutt. Lfts. 5 or 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular be- neath, serrate, conspicuously acuminate ; aments glabrous ; fr. roundish-ovoid, valves thin, united below ; nut thin-shelled, small, slightly quadrangular. — A large tree 60 to SOf high, in moist woodlands, Penn. to Ky. and Tenn.? Trunk 1-J- to 2f diam. with an even bark. Lfts. mostly 5, often 7, 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets, and sprinkled with dark glandular dots. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell', not mucronate, eatable. May. ORDER CXIX. CUPULIFEILE. MASTWORTS. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined, with deciduous stipules. Flowers monoecious, the sterile in aments which are racemed or capitate. $ Calyx scale-like or regular, with 5 to 20 stamens inserted at its base. $ Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, the toothed limb crowning its summit. Ovary 2 to 3 to 6- celled, with sessile stigmas and 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded nut, solitary or several together invested by an involucre which forms a scaly or echinate cupule. Seed destitute of albumen, filled by the embryo with its large cotyledons. lilust. in figs. G, 7, 8, 9, 71, 138, 139, 140, 202, 418, 438, 471, 472, 473, 474. 46. B. Genera 8, species 2C5, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and of mountainous tracts within the tropics. Properties. — The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qiialities. The edible fruit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beech, &c., are too well known to require description. Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nutt galls are produced from the petioles of Q. infectoria of Asia Minor, being caused by wounds made by insects. But the timber is of the highest quality and value. GENERA. § Sterile flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. (*) * Involucre of many scales, valveless, cup-like, partly enclosing the 1 nut QUERCITS. 1 * Involucre of prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 or 3 nuts CASTANEA. 2 * Involucre of soft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts FAGUS. 3 * Involucre of 2 or 3 large, lacerated, united scales, valveless, with 1 — 2 nuts..CoRYLUS. 4 § Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments. (*) * Involucre scales in pairs, with their edges united, inflated OSTKYA. 5 * Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 8-lobed, becoming leaf-like CARPINUS. 6 i. QUER'CUS, L. OAK. (Celtic quer, fine, cucz, tree. The Celtic name is drysy hence druid.) $ Fls. in loose aments ; calyx mostly 5- cleft; stamens 5 — 10. ? Cupule cup-shaped, scaly; ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled (Fig. 418), 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules abortive ; stigmas 3 ; nut (acorn) coriaceous, 1-ccllcd, 1-scedcd, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupule. — A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Aments axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers separate, in one section, not maturing fruit until the s.econd year (fruit biennial). Timber invaluable. Fig. 420. ORDER 119.— CUPULIFER^E. 643 | Leaves mostly entire, the ends subcqual, the petioles very short. Fruit ©. (*) * Peduncle longer than the oblong acorn. Leaves evergreen No. 1 * Peduncle shorter than the acorn.— Leaves downy beneath Nos. 2, 3 — Leaves smooth both sides Nos. 4, 5 § Leaves 8-lobed and dilated above, short-petioled, awnlesa when mature. Fr. @..Nos. 6, T § Leaves 3 to 9-lobed or pinnatifld, broad, lobes setaeeouxly awned. Fruit @- (*) * Leaves at base cuneate, short-petioled, 8 or 5-lobed. Shrubs or small trees.... Nos. 8—10 * Leaves at base abrupt or truncate, mostly long-petioled, 7 to 9-lobed. (a) a Nut one-thin! immersed in the saucer-shaped, fine-scaled cup Nos. 11, 12 a Nut near half immersed, in the hemispherical, coarse-scaled cup. (b) b Leaves cincrous-downy beneath, acorn also downy No. 13 b Leaves (except when young) glabrous botli sides Nos. 14 — 16 $ Leaves 5 to 9-lobed. divisions obtuse, never bristle-awncd. Fruit (T), sessile Nos. 17—19 § Leaves 13 to 25-toothed, downy beneath, teeth awnless. Acorn sweet, eatable, (c) C Acorns large (!' long) pedunculate Nos. 20, 21 0 Acorns small (S" long) nearly sessile Nos. 22, 23 1 Q. virens Ait. LIVE OAK. Lvs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, downy and paler beneath; cup turbinate; nut oblong-obovoid, on a slender peduncle. — In the maritime or low districts of the S. States. Tree 40 to 50, rarely 7 Of high, of slow growth. Branches wi4ely spreading. Bark blackish and thick. Wood very heavy, close-grained, yellowish. Lvs. 18" to 3' long, short petioled, the old ones cinerous-green, revolute-edged. Peduncle about 1' long, acorn 9" by 6", maturing the second year. May. — Tho timber is in great demand for ship build- ing and is fast disappearing. 2 Q. cinera Ph. UPLAND WILLOW OAK. Los. coriaceous, tardily deciduous, lanceolate-oblong, entire, apex acutish, mucronate, margin revolute, white-downy beneath, attenuate at base ; cup subsessile, saucer-shaped, nut subglobous. — Sandy or pine barrens, Va. to Fla. A shrub or small tree, 4 to 2 Of high, trunk not exceed- ing 4 to 6' diam. Lvs. partly persistent, 1' to 30" long, resembling those of the live oak, but mucronate, and on the shrubby stocks often toothed. May. ft. SERICEA. Dwarf; Ivs. silky ; tomentous beneath, 1 to 3' long, deciduous. — South, in pine barrens. (Q. sericea Ait. Q. pumila MX.) 3 Q. ixnbricaria MX. LAUREL OAK. SHINGLE OAK. (Fig. 138.) Lvs. decid- uous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very entire, shining-glab- rous above, subpubescent beneath (but not hoary), mucronate at apex; acorn sub- globous, in a shallow cup; .scales of the cup broad-ovate. — A beautiful tree, very abundant in the W. States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. Trunk 40 — 50f high, 1 — 2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3 — 5' by 1 — 1-J-', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June. — The timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack-Oak. • . ft Q. Phellos L. WILLOW OAK. Lvs. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, glabrous, mucronate at apex ; acorn subglobous, in a shallow cup. — A tree 30 to 60f high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Fla. and W. States. Trunk straight, 10 to 20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves which bear considerable resemblancs to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate when young, 3 to 5' in length. Acorns 6" diam. May. — Tho timber is of little value. ft. MARITIMA. Low, shrubby ; Ivs. evergreen. — Sea coast, Ya. to Fla. A few feet high. 5 Q. laurifolia MX. SWAMP LAUREL OAK. Los. oblanccolate or lance-obovate, acute, mucronate, entire, or some of them with 2 lateral teeth above, glabrous both sides, base abruptly ending in a very short petiole ; cup saucer-shaped, nut de- pressed-ovoid.— Damp woods, and often planted for shade, S. Car. to Fla. A tree with handsome, dense foliage, partly evergreen, 30 to 50f high. Bark blackish, rough. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, coriaceous, green both sides, shining above, often ap- pearing tricuspidate. Ped. 1£" long. Acorn as broad as long, cup 6" across. May. P. OBTUSA. Lvs. obtuse, not mucronate, sessile. — Ga. (Pond). Fruit the same. 6 Q. aquatica MX. WATER OAK. Lvs. wedge-obovate, entire, or mostly dilated and obscurely 3-lobed above, not mucronate, glabrous both sides, gradually attenu- ated to a very short petiole ; cup subsessik, very shallow, nut globular. — Swamps, Md. to Fla., also planted for shade. It is a handsome, round-headed tree, with 644 ORDER 119.— CUPULIFER^E. very dense foliage of a bright, shining green. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide above, coriaceous, but mostly deciduous, very variable, but always cuneate. Cup G" across, 1" deep. Apr., May. 7 Q. iiigra L. BARREN OAK. BLACK JACK. IRON OAK. Lvs. coriaceous, cu- neiform, obtuse or subcordale at base, mostly 3-lobed at apex, lobes subequal, entire or toothed, setaceous-mucronate when young, smooth and shining above, rust- downy beneath ; villous in the axils of the veins ; cup turbinate, half covering the globular nut; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious. — A small, gnarled tree, with dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. and S. States. Trunk 20 to 30f high, with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3 to 7 to 8' by 2 to 5', broadest above, the middle lobe narrowest. Petioles 3 to 6" long. May. — The wood is very valuable for fuel. (Q. ferruginea MX.) 8 Q. trfloba MX. DOWNY BLACK OAK. Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, on very short petioles, 3-lobed at the end, rusty-tomentous beneath, lobes mu- cronate with setaceous awns, middle one longer; fruit with a flat cup and a de- pressed-globous acorn. — A tree of rapid growth, 25 to 40f high, in the pine bar- rens of N. J. to Fla. Lvs. very large, those of the young shoots 8 to 1 2' long and often 5-lobed, approaching, perhaps, too closely the next. May. — It has been recommended for hedges. 9. Q. Catesbssi MX. BARREN SCRUB OAK. Lvs. short-petiolate, cuneate at base, deeply sinuate-lobed, glabrous on both sides, lobes 3 to 5, divaricate, acute and setaceous-pointed, simple or toothed with setaceous-pointed teeth ; cup large, turbinate, half covering the ovoid nut, scales obtuse, the upper inflexed. — Pino barrens, Car. to Ga. A tree 20 to 25f high, with large and very irregular leaves, 6 to 10' long and nearly as wide, smooth, at length coriaceous, deciduous. Cup about 8" broad, nut covered with an ashy meal. May. 10 Q. ilicifolia Willd. SHRUB OR SCRUB OAK. BEAR OAK. Lvs. petiolate, dbo- vate-cuneate, with 3 or 5 angular lobes, entire on the margin, whitish downy beneath ; cup subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. — A shrub, common throughout the U. S., grow- ing only on gravelly hills and barrens, which it occupies exclusively in largo tracts. St. 3 to 4f high, divided into numerous straggling branches. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, petioles 6 to 12". Acorns 6" loop, abundant, and said to bo greedily eaten by bears, deer, and swine. May. (Q. Bannisteri MX.) ft. ? GEORGIAXA. Lvs. glabrous, except a tuft in the axils of tho veins ; cup flat, covering only one-fourth of the ovoid nut. — On stone Mt,, Ga. !. (Q. Georgiana Ravanel.) 11 Q. rubra L. RED OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, shallow, incisely dentate; acorn large; cup shallow and flat, smooth ish ; nut turgid-ovoid. — The red oak is the most common species in tho Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide-spreading tree, 70f in height, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves G — 10' long, smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between tho narrow, mucronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by large acorns (9" long) contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber, but excellent fuel. 12 Q. palustris MX. PIN OAK. "WATER OAK. (Figs. 6 — 9.) Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply lobed with broad, rounded sinuses, smooth, axils of tho veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, smooth ; acorn small, nearly spherical. — The pin oak is most luxuriant in the "VV. States, and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in N. Eng., growing in swamps and cold, clay soils. Height GO to 80f, with a diameter of 2 to 4, and light, open foliage. Bark blackish. Leaf lobes narrower than the spaces between. Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns 7" long, round, in shal- low cups. May. 13 Q. falcata L. SPANISH OAK. Lvs. long-petiolate, elongated, obtuse or rounded at base, ashy-tomentous beneath, deeply sinuate lobed, lobes 5 to 7, rarely 3, narrow, bristle-pointed, simple or toothed, more or less falcate ; acorn small, roughened, globular, cup shallow, subsessile, its margin incurved. — Ya. to Fla., in the lower districts. A tree of large dimensions, GO to 7 Of high, most flourishing in Mid. Fla. Lvs. 5 to 6' long, on vigorous shoots much larger, peti* ORDER 119.— CUPULIFEPLE. 045 oles about 2' long. Cup 6" across, 1J" deep. Nut fuscous, with a brown, as- tringent seed. Timber reddish, coarse-grained. Apr., May. & TRINACRIS. Lvs. 3 and 5-lobed. the terminal lobe long and narrow-lanceo- late, narrowed to its base; petioles 3' long. — Large trees at Tallahassee. 14 Q. tinctoria Bartram. BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. Lvs. obovate- oblong, sinuate-lobed or pinriatifid, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes oblong, obtuse, mucroriate; cup thick, shallow; acorn depressed globous. — Found through- out the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, 80 to 90f in height, and 4 to 5f diam. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown, yellow within. LA'S. 6 to 8' long, broadest toward the end, quite variable, yellowish after frost. Acorns brown, 7" diam., about half covered with the subsessile, scaly cup, which is 9" diam. Bark used in tanniug, also yields quercitron, a useful dye. 15 Q. coccinea "Wang. SCARLET OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong in outline, deeply siwtate-pinnatifid, smooth and shining both sides, nearly truncate at base, lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. — Most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more southern parts of N. Eng. to 111. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with 3 or 4 deep sinuses each side, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak, which become dull red or brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark very thick, used in tanning. 16- Q. heterophy-lla MX. BARTRAM'S OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceou^ oblong or oblong-ovate, round or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-lilte lobes, or often cnly wavy, lobes setaceous-acuminate ; acorn subglobous, iii a hemispherical cup; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Ohio to 111., rare. Lvs. exceedingl}r variable, 4 to G' by 1£ to 2', smooth and shining above, tomen- tous along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit 9" diam. (Q. Leana Nutt ? Clark.) Our specimens well agree to Michaux's figure and character. 17 Q. dlba L. WHITE OAK. (Fig. 139.) Lvs. short-petioled, cuneate at base, cblony in outline, at length coriaceous and smooth, sinuate-pinnatifid, lobes subequal, obtuse; acorn sessile; nut ovoid or oblong, only a third immersed in the subhemi- sphericai, tubercular cup. — U. S. and Can. A tree preeminent among the sons of the forest for grandeur, strength, and usefulness. With a diameter of 4 to 6f, it attains the height of 70 to 80f, but its magnitude varies greatly with the soil Lvs. 3 to 5' long, downy beneath when young. Acorn 8 to 9" long. Bark whit- ish. Timber useful for innumerable purposes, and the bark for tanning and in medicine. May, Jn. 18 Q. macrocarpa MX. (Fig. 140, 194.) Lvs. deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed (most deeply in, the middk\ lobes obtuse and repand, upper dilated ; acorn very large, cup very deep, composed of distinctly imbricated and hard-pointed scales, the upper u3i form-pointed, farming a fringe; nut globular ovoid, more than half inclosed. — N. Eng. (rare) to III and S. States. Tree 60 to 70f high, with rich, green foliage. Lvs. downy beneath, at length nearly smooth, 6 to 10 to 15' long, stalks not 1'. Acorns 12 to 15" long, sometimes nearly fringeless or nearly cov- ered. May. (Q. lyrata MX.) A beautiful tree, with valuable timber. (Also Q. oliviefonnis MX.) 19 Q. obtusiloba MX. IRON OAK. Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base^ pubescent beneaUi, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, each 2-lobed ; cup hemispherical ; acorn oval — The iron oak, called also post oak, box white oak, tur- •key oak, is common in the Mid., W. and S. States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moderate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark if grayish-white. Lvs. thick, strongly tomentous beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes, which are sometimes arranged so as to appear cuneiform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. Timber is lino grained, strong, and durable. May. (Q. stellata Willd.) 20 Q. Prirnis Willd. SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate^ acute, pubescent beneatli, with large, somewhat equal, obtuse or rounded teeth; acorn short-ptdunckd, large ; cup tubercular, about half inclosing the ovoid nut —This oak is seldom met with in N. Eng., but abounds in the rest of the country. C4o ORDER 119.— CUPULIFER^E. It is a lofty tree, arising to the height of 50f, with its undivided, straight and uni- form trunk, and thence with its expansive top to the height of 80 to 9 Of. Acorns large and sweet. Fed. 3 to G'' Jong, acorn 12 to 15". The timber valuable. (Q. prinus palustris MX.) (3. MOXTICOLA. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. Lvs. glaucous beneath ; nut oblong- ovate, about a third covered by the cup. — In mountain woods. 21 Q. bicolor "Willd. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Lvs. oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, with large, irregular teeth above, somewhat sinuate-lobed in the middle, subentire below, on very short petioles ; acorns on long peduncles, in pairs, cup hemispherical, with pointed scales, nut oblong-ovoid. — In low, swampy woods, U. S. It is a beautiful tree, attaining, in favorable situations, the height of lOf. Foliage rich and luxuriant ; Ivs. smooth and green above, white-downy beneath, 6 to 7' by 2 £ to 4'. Fed. 1 to 2' long. The trunk bark grayish-white, dividing into large, flat scales. It affords excellent fuel and timber. (Q. prinus dis- color MX.) 22 Q. castanea Muhl. CHESTNUT OAK. Lvs. long-petioled, lance-oval or lance- obovate, acuminate downy and glaucous-hoary beneath, with coarse, subequal, acute and submucronate teeth; acorn nearly sessile, cup hemispherical, covering about a third of the roundish-ovoid, light brown nut. — Mid., S. and W. States, in rocky or sandy soils. A large tree. 40 to 60f high, with a whitish, furrowed bark. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, more nearly resembling the chestnut leaf than any other oak. Acorns about 9" long, sweet-flavored. Used for rails and shingles. 23 Q. prinoides Willd. DWARF CHESTNUT OAK. Shrub with Ivs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with large, subequal, sin- uate te',th, callous at the tip ; cup hemispherical, acorn ovate. — This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3 to 4f in height. It is a native of the N. and Mid. States, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers ap- pear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, very sweet and very abundant. 2. CASTA'NEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT. (Castanea was a city in Thes- saly, famed for the growth of chestnuts.) $ Flowers clustered in long, slender, cylindric aments ; calyx 5 to 6-parted; stamens 5 to 15. - Flowers in 3s, inclosed in a 4-lobed involucre, which in fruit becomes coriaceous and beset with prickles j calyx 5 to 6-Iobed, tube adherent to the 3 to 6-celled, 3 to G-ovuled ovary ; stamens 5 to 12r abortive ; gtigmas as many as the cells ; fruit a 4-valyed involucre enclosing' 1 to 3 one-seeded nuts. — Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly deciduous, alternate, acuminate, expanding before the flowers. 1 C. vesca L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth both sides ; nuts mostly 2 or 3 together. — Abundant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty tree in woods, with a large, straight trunk. Lvs. 6 to 9' long, i as wide ; teeth mucronate, with the prolonged, straight veins. Aments as long as the leaves, and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue to tho whole tree when in tflossom. Nuts of a peculiar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset- on all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable. Jul}r, fruit in Oct. — The nuts are smaller but sweeter than those of the European variety (the Spanish Chestnut). 2 C. pumila Michx. CHINQUAPIN. Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate-ser- rate, hoary-tomentous beneath ; nut solitary. — Sterile places, N. J., Penn. to Ga. and Tenn. Shrub 6 — 12f high, much branched. Leaves 3 — 5' by 1| — 2', smooth above, generally obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate, with the pro- jecting, straight veinlets ; petioles G' long ; under surface nearly white. Aments axillary, the lower staminate, 6 — 10" long, upper fertile, with remote, pistillate flowers. Involucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) soli- tary, small, ovoid, sweet. Fl. Jn. Fr. Oct. 3. FA'GUS, Tourn. BEECH. (Gr. ^fyyo^, the beech ; it also signifies something eatable.) $ Flowers in a capitate ament suspended by a ORDER 119.— CUPULIFEILE. 647 slender peduncle; calyx 6 -cleft, campanulate; stamens 5 to 12. $ Flowers 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre composed of united linear scales; calyx with 5 to 6 minute lobes; ovary 3 celled, 6-ovuled; styles 3 ; nut 1-seeded, acutely 3-angled, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny involucre or capsule. — Lofty trees, with smooth ash -colored bark. Lvs. alternate, plicate in vernation. Buds slender, pointed. P. sylvatica L. (Figs. 438, 471—4. 46, B.) Lvs. broadly ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, obtuse at base, ciliate, with soft white hairs when .young, at length nearly glabrous, with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate ; buds laneeo- late-cylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers; nuts ovoid triangular, obtuse-mucronate. — A common forest tree, abundant in the U. S. and Can. The trunk is tall and straight in forests, 50— 80f high, but lower and with an expansive head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark. Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4 — 6' long, J as wide, often persistent through the winter. $ Aments pubescent, peduncles 2' long. Xut small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Tim- ber compact, fine-grained. May. (F. ferruginea Ait.) THE RED BEECH is now regarded only as a variety, with the wood softer, and of more easy cleavage, and perhaps a slight difference in foliage. There are several beautiful varieties in cul- tivation, with purple foliage, silver foliage, &c. See garden catalogues. 4. COR'YLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. (Gr. ttopvg, a bonnet ; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared.) $ Flowers in a cylindric ament; calyx of 2 scales united at base to the bract; sta- mens 8 ; anther 1-celled. ? Involucre of 2 to 3 scales, 1 to 2-flowered ; calyx adherent to the 2-celled, 2-ovuled ovary ; stigmas 2 ; nut ovoid, surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre. — Shrubs. Aments and capitate fertile clusters subterminal, expanding before the Ivs. 1 C. Americana "Walt. Lvs. roundish, cordate., acuminate ; invol roundish, cam- panulate. much larger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely ser- rale. — Shrub 5 to 6f high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Lvs. 3 to C' long, | as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by the large, bell-shaped invol. in which each one is enveloped. They are a well- flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel or filbert. 2 C. rostrata Ait. Lvs. ollong-ovate, acuminate; stip. linear-lanceolate: invol campanulaie-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments.-— Thia species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and chiefly differs from it in the involucre which is covered with short, stiff hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1 to 1|-'), r arrow neck, like a bottle. Nuts as in C. Americana. May. 3 C. Avellana L. FILBERT. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate ; stip. ovate- oblor.g, obtuse; invoL scarcely exceeding the fruit. — Shrub 3 to lOf high, in gardens, vell known shrub growing in clumps, and forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Stems numerous, rather straight, 10 — 15f in height. Leaves 2 — 4' long and | as wide, strongly veined ; petioles ^ — -£' long. Aments 2 — 3' long, slender, pendulous, 'fascicled at the ends of the branches; fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, persistent, several together a little below the sterile one. Mar., Apr. (A. rubra Tuckerman.) 3 A. viridis DC. MOUNTAIN ALDER. Lvs. oval, acute, obtusish at base, donbly serrate, clothed with a soft viscid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on the veins and axils beneath ; stip. broadly ovate ; fertile aments on long peduncles, oval. — High mountain streams, N. Eng. N. Y. and Can. An elegant shrub, 3— -4f high. Leaves varying to broad-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state, otherwise softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr. (A. crispa MX.) ORDER CXXI. MYRICACEJE. GALEWORTS. Shrubs with alternate, resinous-dotted, often fragrant leaves, with the flowers monoecious or dioecious, achlamydeous, both kinds in scaly aments. $ Stamens 2 to 8. 2 Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit dry or dru- paceous, indehiscent. Seed with no albumen. Genera 3, specie* 20, found in the temperate parts of N. America, in India and S. Africa, am! one species in Europe. Sweet Fern is highly aromatic and astringent. The fruit of the JBUy- terry bmtb yields wax abundantly. 1. MYRFCA, L. CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. (Gr. ^vp/^w, to perfume, The name anciently designated the Tamarind tree.) Flowers $ ? . — Aments $ cylindrical, $ small, ovoid-capitate. $ Stamens 4 to 6, short, erect, anthers large, 4-valvcd. ? Ovary 1 to each bract, with 3 scales at its base, superior ; styles 2, spreading ; stigmas 2, acute ; drupe 1-celled, 1 -seeded, covered with wax or resinous dots. Stip. very fuga- cious or 0. 1 M. Gale L. SWEET GALE. DUTCH MYRTLE. Lvs. clustered, cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse and serrate above, margin very entire and slightly revolute below, tapering to a very short petiole ; sterile aments clustered, of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliato scales ; ft: dotted in an oblong, dense, amentaceous head. — A branching shrub, 3 — 4f high, on the inundated borders of ponds and mountain lakes, Can. to Car. Leaves dark green, paler beneath with a strong midvein, 9 — 18" by 4 — 6", entire* % the length. $ and 2 aments on separate plants, the former terminal, about 1' in length, the latter axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves when crushed, with a pungent, spicy odor. May. 2 M. cerifera L. BAYBERRY. TV AX MYRTLE. Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-ollong, rather acute cr obtuse, distinctly petiolate, margin entire or remotely undulate- dentato above; aments cotemporary with the leaves, scattered, naked, the S larger, with lax, roundish scales; //•. spherical, distinct, clustered, covered with wax. — This interesting and useful shrub is found in dry woods or in open fields, Nova Scotia to Flor., "W. to Lake Erie. Height 2 — 8f, covered with a grayish bark. Very branching with numerous dry looking leaves, 18 to 30" by 6 to 9". Aments G to 9" long. Drupe 1 J" long, covered with white wax, — tho bayberry tallow of commerce. May. 3 M. Carolinensis L. Lvs. larger, evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-elliptical, acute, with about 4 acute teeth near the apex, petiolate ; $ aments solitary or several iu the axils of the old leaves ; 2 naked, with rounded, acuminate scales. — Swamps, S. Car. to Fla. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', petiole 1' or less. ORDES 122.— SALIC ACE.E. 651 3 Aments as long as the petioles, ? much shorter. Fruit large, globular. (Pursh. Our specimens in flower.) Mar., Apr. 2. COMPTCTNIA, Soland. SWEET FERN. (In honor of Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London.) Flowers 8 , $ Ament cylindric ; bract renifbrm-cordate, acuminate ; calyx-scale 2-parted ; stamens 3, forked, each bearing 2 half anthers. ? Amcnt ovate ; calyx-scales 6, longer than the bract; styles 2-; nut ovoid, 1-celled. — Low shrubs. Lvs. long and narrow, pinnatifid-lobed, with small stipules, strongly aro- matic. C. asplenifolia Ait. Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid- — A shrub 2f high, common in dry woods and hills, Can. to Md. (Shriver) and TVis. (Lapham). The main stem is covered with a rusty brown bark which be- comes reddish in the branches, and white downy in the young shoots. Lvs. nu- merous, on short peduncles, 3 to 4' by 6", divided nearly to the midvein into nu- merous rounded lobes so as to resemble those of the Spleenwort. Stip. in pairs, acuminate. Barren flowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fer- tile fls. in a dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren one. Fr. a small, ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May. ORDER CXXIL— SALICACE^E. WILLOWORTS. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers $ $ , both kinds in aments, one under each bract of the ament. Calyx none or cup-form and entire. Ovary 1 to 2 celled, with 2 short styles. Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, co-seeded. Seeds with a coma, and no albumen. Illust in figs. 47, a; 81, 93, 266, 267, 268, 269, 465. Genera 2, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate and frigid zones, one species, Salix arctica, extending farther north than any other known woody plant Properties. — The bark is astringent and tonic, possessing the febrifugal properties of the sul- phate of quinia. The wood is employed for various economical purposes. Several of the Wil- lows and Poplars are much admired as shade trees. i. SA^LIX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER. (Celtic sal, near, and Us, water ; alluding to their usual locality.) Aments cylindric, bracts imbricated, entire, 1-flowered, each with a nectariferous gland at base. $ Calyx 0 ; sta. 2 — 7. Calyx 0 ; ova. ovoid-lanceolate, acuminate ; stig. 2, mostly bifid ; caps. 1-cellcd, 2 valved, valves acuminate, finally revolute at summit ; seeds numerous, minute, comous. — Trees, shrubs and under- shrubs. Lvs. usually narrow and elongated, usually with conspicuous stipules. Aments terminal and lateral. § Aments sessile, expanding before the leaves in early spring. Stamens 2. Ovaries clothed with wool, silk or down. Shrubs or small trees. (*) * Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves subentire, grayish-downy, rugous, margins subrev- olute. Upland grayish shrubs. Aments small Nos. 1 — 3 * Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves serrulate, smooth and shining above, glaucous be- neath. Aments large, very hairy. Shrubs 8 to 15f Nos. 4 — 8 * Ovaries pedicellate. Loaves sen-ate, grayish-silky beneath, drying black. Aments with 2 or 3 bracts at base Nos. 7, 8 * Ovaries sessile. Leaves subentire, not drying black Nos. 9, 10 § Aments more or less pedunculate, expanding with the leaves in late spring. Ovaries mostly glabrous. (*). * Ovaries clothed with silk or clown and pedicellate. Stamens 2. (a) a Leaves downy both sides. Ovary long-beaked. Shrub erect No. 11 a Leaves glabrous when mature. Shrubs low, mostlyalpine, spreading. . .Nos. 12—14 * Ovaries glabrous. Shrubs ulpine, low, creeping or ascending Nos. 15 — 17 * Ovaries glabrous. Shrubs erect, or trees, 3 to 60f high, (a) ft Ovaries pedicellate. Scales greenish-yellow, deciduous, (b) b Stamens mostly 2, sometimes 3. Leaves glaucous beneath Nos. 18, 19 b Stamens mostly 5 (4 to 6). Leaves green on both sides .N os. 20, 21 a Ovaries pedicellate. Scales dark or black, persistent, (b) b Leaves cordate or at least truncate at the base, 4 to 15f high Nos. 22, 23 b Leaves acute or tapering at base. Shrubs 6 to lOf high Nos. 24, 25 a Ovaries sessile. Stamens 2. Trees of tho largest size Nos. i.6, 27 652 ORDER 122.— SALIC ACE^E. 1 Q. tristis Ait SAGE WILLOW. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneato at base, entire or remotely undulate-toothed, margin subrevolute, apex acute or obtusish ; stip. minute, narrow-lanceolate, caducous ; aments very small ; scales or- bicular-oblong, hairy at the margin; ova. with grayish, silky pubescence; sty. short. — Sandy or dry lields, borders of woods, pastures, X. Eug. to Wis. and Car. A small, downy shrub, with a profusion of naked aments. Leaves at length nu- merous, often crowded and rosulate at the ends of the branches, 1 — 2' long, taper- ing from above the middle to a very short petiole, the margin often revolute, under surface glaucous, often pubescent. Varies with the twigs and the dimin- ished Ivs. grayish white. 2 S. Muhlenberghiana Barratt. Lvs. cblanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous above, pubescent and not rugous beneath ; young branches smooth ; stip. lunate, subdentate ; aments precocious, diandrous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous ; ova. pedicellate, lanceolate, silky ; sty. long, biiid ; stig. 2-lobed. — A shrub in dry soils, N., Mid. and ~VV. States, 4 — Sf high, with brown twigs. On the ends of these, cone-like excrescences aro often produced by the punctures of insects. Aments, covered with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April. (S. humilis Marshall ? S. conifera Muhl.) 3 S. Candida "Willd. WHITE WILLOW. Lvs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, very long, obscurely serrulate at the summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomentous beneath, revolute on the margin; stip. lanceolate, as long as the pslioles; aments cylindric ; scales obovate, obtuse, very long, hairy ; stig. 2-lobed. — A beautiful species in shady woods, Mid. and W. States. Stems 4 — Of high. Loaves 8 — 12' by l — 2'. Catkins dense, white with dense wool. Styles and stigmas dark red, •J'" in length. Apr., May. 4 S. discolor Muhl. Branches pubescent when young, brownish or greenish ; Ivs. oblong or obovate-oblong, acute or rather acuminate, remotely serrulate- toothed, pubescent when young, glaucous beneath ; stip. lunate, entire, or with obtuse teeth; aments oblong-cylindric, siUcy, erect; scales very hairy, oblanceolate, acute ; ovaries on short pedicels, densely silky. — Shrub or small tree, 1 to 15f high, in wet places, N. Eng. to 111. and Car. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, finally glabrous, the stipules usually conspicuously toothed at base. Aments 1' to 18" in flower, the fertile at length 2' or more. Sterile dense, silky white, 5 S. eriocephala MX. WOOLLY-HEADED SWAMP WILLOW. Branchlets very pu- bescent, brown or purplish ; Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, cuneate at base, entire or remotely serrulate above, under surface glaucous or ferruginous, both surfaces pubescent when young, at length the upper surface green and nearly smooth; stip. semicordate, with sharp serratures, aments oval-oblong, densely vil- lous; scales obovate, obtuse. — A small tree, putting forth its largo and exceedingly woolly catkins in Apr. Grows in swamps, N. Eng. 6 S. seiisitiva Barratt. FROST OR TENDER WILLOW. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneato and entire at base, finely serrate at the apex, and more dis- tantly and strongly serrate towards the base, glabrous and rather thin ; stip. sub- fakate, serrate ; $ aments rather lax ; scales rather lax, lightly clothed with grayish black hairs. — A small tree about 15f high, found in various parts of N. Eng., &c. The aments and twigs are frequently destroyed by frost at flowering time, being thinly protected with hairs. Lvs. smooth, 3 to 5' by 1^ to 2'. Aments 1^' long. 7 S. sericea Marsh. GRAY WILLOW. Lvs. lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, silky beneath ; stip. ovate-oblong, denticulate, deflected, deciduous ; scales oblong, hairy, black at the tip, rather longer than the pedicel of the oblong, silky ovary ; stig. sessile, obtuse. — A shrub 6 to 8f high, in inundated meadows, K. Eng. to Wis. and Va. Branches purplish, long and slender, very tough, ex- cept at the base, where they are very brittle. Lvs. 2 to 4' by ^ to 1'. $ Amenta very abundant, £' long. (S. grisea Willd.) 8 S. petiolaris Smith. LONG-STALKED GREEN OSIER. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mostly inequilateral : stip. lu- nate, dentate ; aments appearing before the leaves ; scales lax, obovate, obtuse, hairy, black, shorter than the pedicel of tiie ovoid-acuminate, silky ovary ; stigma 2-lobed, short-styled. — Low grounds, banks of streams, Conn, to 111. and S. CUE. ORDER 122.— SALIC ACE^E. 653 Shrub or small tree, 4 to 15f high, with long, slender, smooth, purple or yel- lowish green twigs, tough and elastic, used in basket making. (3u rosmarini- folia Ph.) /?. FUSCATA. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, acute ; aments of a leaden hue from tho thinner hairs. 9 S. viminalis L. BASKET OSIER. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate, subentire, silky-canescent beneath ; stip. minute ; branches virgate ; aments preco- cious ; scales roundish, very hairy ; filaments distinct ; ova. sessile, ovoid ; sty. filiform; stig. undivided, acute. — Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Sts. 10 to" 12f high, with long, straight, slender, and flexible branches. Lvs. often a foot in length, narrow, covered with a snow-white pubescence beneath. Amenta very hairy. May. § Eur. 10 S. purptirea L. PURPLE WILLOW. Lvs. partly opposite, obovate-lanceolate, serrulate above, very smooth, narrowed at the base, aments cylindrical, with leafy bracts at base ; scales orbicular, black; filaments united into 1, with 2 anthers; ovary sessile, ovate-elliptic; sty. very short; stig. emarginate. — Low grounds, river banks, and cultivated like the last for basket-making. Shrub 6 to lOf high. Twigs very long, slender and tough, covered with a smooth, olive-colored bark. 11 S. rostrata Richardson. Branches erect, straight, pubescent, at length smooth; Ivs. broadly or obovate-lanceolate, acute, subentire, at length coriaceous, smooth above, glaucous-pubescent beneath ; stip. semicordate, dentate ; aments short, cylindric, dense, the fertile ones becoming very long and loose ; scales ob- long, membranous, hairy at the apex; ova. narrow-lanceolate, silky, long-acumi- nate, on very long pedicels; sty. very short; stig. lobed, the lobes bifid or entire. — Shrub or small tree 8 — lOf high. Bark of the trunk dark-colored, of tho branches yellow. 12 S. longifolia Muhl. LONG-LEAVED WILLOW. Lvs. linear, acuminate at each end, elongated, remotely toothed, smooth, nearly of the same color on both sides ; stip. lanceolate, dentate; aments tomentous, pedunculate; sta. 2; scales flat, re- tuse ; ovary short-stalked ; fil. bearded at base, twice longer than tho scales. — River banks from the Conn, and Ohio to Oregon and Brit. Am. It possesses a remarkable power of rooting, extending itself and binding tho loose sands to- gether. Stems about 2f high, with brown branches and white branchlets. 13 S. phylicifolia L. MOUNTAIN WILLOW. Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, remotely repand-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; stip. semicordate, oblique at apex; aments bracteate, $ sessile ; caps, pedicellate, conical-elongated, somewhat silky ; sty. long. — White Mts. A handsome, low shrub, spreading, with broad-elliptical, very smooth leaves, the margins repand-serrate. 14 S. repens L. CREEPING WILLOW. Low, creeping ; Ivs. obovate or lance-obo- vate, acutish or bluntly acuminate, obscurely crenate-toothed, glabrous and shining above, silky-pubescent, at kngth glabrous and glaucous beneath, reticulate both sides ; stip. oblong, very caducous ; aments short, few-flowered, very silky ; stam. 2 ; ovary silky, pedicellate. — Alpine summits White Mts. and northward. Sts. a fjw inches above ground. Lvs. 8 to 12" by 4 to 6", petioles 3 to 4", clothed with silky pubescence when young, very smooth when old. 15 S. pedicillaris Ph. Lvs. elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, rather obtuse at base, entire, both sides glabrous, beneath slightly glaucous and reticulate- veined; amenta pedunculate; caps, ovate-conic, glabrous, long-pedicellate; scales short, obtuse, a little hairy ; sty. very short ; lobes of the stigma cleft. — Mountain swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. A low and elegant shrub, with rather a virgato habit, remarkable for its entire smoothness. On mountains it is more straggling. Lvs. light, yellowish green, 1 to 2' long, very entire. (S. myrtilloides Tucker.) 16. S. Uva-ursi Ph. Lvs. elliptical or obovate, obtuse at each end, glandular- denticulate, smooth above, glaucous-smoothish beneath, silky- villous when young ; aments pedunculate, cylindric, dense ; caps, ovate-conic, briefly pedicellate, glabrous; scales obovate, black, silky ; stam. one ; stig. bifid, lobes at length cleft. — Whito Mts. N". H. A low or prostrate shrub. Lvs. 3 to 5" by 2 to 3". Aments 6". 17 S. herbacea L. HERB WILLOW. ARCTIC WILLOW. Dwarf; Ivs. orbicular, cordate, ser7 ate, glabrous, veiny; aments fow-flowered, sessile; scales small, glab- 554 ORDER 122.— SALIC ACE^E. rous; ovaries sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; style short; stig. lobes bifid. — On the alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. to Lab. and the Arc. Islands. An in- teresting little shrub, the smallest of its tribe. Stem ascending, 1 — 2' high. Leaves about 3' diameter, smooth and shining on both sides. Stipules wanting. Roots long, creeping, branching. Jn., Jl. 18 S. fragilis L. CRACK WILLOW. BEDFORD WILLOW. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, whole margin serrate, acuminate, petioles glandular ; stip. semicordate, pointed, dentate ; ova. on short pedicels, oblong-ovoid, glabrous ; stig. bifid, longer than the styles ; scales oblong, about equaling the ovaries, pubescent, ciliate; S with an abortive ovary. — A tall tree, 60 or 80f high, native in Great Britain. It has a bushy head, with numerous oblique, irregular branches. The twigs break off at base by a slight touch. The wood is of a salmon-color. (S. Russelliana Sra.) §Eur. 19 S. decipiens Hoffm. Branches smooth, highly polished ; Ivs. lanceolate, glab- rous, serrate, acuminate, floral ones often obovate and recurved, petioles somewhat glandular; stip. small, semi-ovate, acute, dentate, often 0; ova. pedicellate, glab- rous, acuminate ; sty. longer than the 2-ckft stigma. — A small, elegant tree, re- markable for the polished, light, reddish-brown twigs, appearing as if varnished. The young twigs stained with crimson. It is often set in rows for ornament and shade. § Eur. 20 S. nigra Marshall. BLACK WILLOW. Lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear, attenu- ate at each end, serrulate, smooth and green on both sides, petiole and midvein above tomentous ; stip. dentate, caducous; aments erect, cylindric, villous; scales oblong, very villous ; fil. 3 to 6 (generally 5), bearded at base ; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. bilid. — A large shrub or small tree, 10 to 15 to 20f high, on the banks of streams, Can. to Fla. and Ark. Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. The trunk has a blackish bark. Lvs. narrow, 4 to 8' long. Sterile aments 3' long. /?. FALCATA. Lvs. long and more or less falcate. (S. Purshiana Spr. S. fal- cata Ph.) 21 S. lucida Muhl. SHINING WILLOW. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate long-pointed, rounded at base, smooth and shining ; stip. oblong, serrate ; stam. 3 to 5, mostly 5 ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, serrate and smooth at the tip, hairy at the base ; ovaries lan- ceolate-subulate, smooth ; style bifid ; stigmas obtuse. — A small and beautiful tree, common in N. Eng., Middle States, Mich, and British Am. Trunk 12 — 15f high, 3 — 4' diam. Branches smooth, dark, shining green. Leaves broad and glossy, dark green above, tapering to a long point. May. 22 S. cordata Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, smooth ; stip. largo, roundish-ovato, finely serrate ; stam. sometimes 3 ; scales lan- ceolate, woolly, black, twice shorter than the pedicel of the lanceolate, smooth ovary; sty. very short; stig. bifid. — An elegant shrub, 6 to Sf high, in swamps throughout the Mid. States. Branches green and smooth, with light-green Ivs. an inch wide and 3' long. Aments an inch long, accompanying the leaves in Apr. and May. (S. Torreyana Barratt.) 23 S. rigida Muhl. STIFF-LEAVED WILLOW. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, subcordato, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated, petioles villous ; stip. very large, reniform-ovate, obtuse, glandular-serrate ; am- ents triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black, a third shorter than the pedi- cel of the lanceolate, smooth ovary ; sty. very short ; stig. 2-parted. — A small tree, 10 to 15f high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red towards the end, the younger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. Apr., May. 24 S. myricoides Muhl. GALE-LEAVED WILLOW. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with 2 glands at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, stip. ovate, acute, glandular-serrate; aments villous, black', ova. on long pedicels, glabrous; sty. bifid ; stig. bifid. — Swamps, N. Eng. to Va. A small shrub, with green branches, the branchlets purple, smooth. Lvs. at length thick and coriaceous, the serratures each tipped with a gland. Apr. 25 S. angustata Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually attenuated of base, very glabrous, serrulate, nearly the same color bcth sides ; stip. semi-cordate; aments. erect, somewhat, glabrous ; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, glabrous sty, bifid ; stig* ORDER 122. — SALICACE^E. 655 2-lobed. — Banks of streams from the Conn, to the Miss. An excellent osier, •with very long and slender twigs, long and narrow leaves. 26 S. vitellina L. YELLOW WILLOW. GOLDEN" OSIER. Lvs. lanceolate, acu- minate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky be- neath.; stip. 0; aments cylindric; scales ovate-lanceolate, pubescent outside ; ova. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; stig. subsessile, 2-lobed. — This willow was pro- bably introduced, but is now very common by roadsides, &c. Ifc is a tree of moderate height, with shining yellow branches. May. /?. CERULEA. Lvs. with a bluish hue, nearly or quite smooth beneath. — On river banks. 27 S. Babylonica L. "WEEPING WILLOW. (Fig. 4T, a). Branches pendulous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; stip. roundish, oblique, acuminate; ova. sessile, ovate, smooth. — A large tree of rapid growth and of a most graceful and elegant form, cultivated until nearly naturalized. Only the $ plant has yet been recognized in the U. S. § Eur. — /?. ANNULARIS, the curled willow, with the leaves regularly recurved into rings or coils, is a cultivated variety. — The long, slender branchlets very naturally indicate the English namo of the tree and give it a place in the church-yard to " weep" over the remains of the departed. The Latin name was happily suggested to Linnaeus by the 137th Psalm : " Ry the rivers of I?abylon thoro wo sat down ; Yea, we wept, when wo remembered Zion. Wo hanged our harps upon the ^cillow3 in the midst thereof." 2. POP'ULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN. (Lat. populus, the people ; being often planted along the public ways.) Amcnts cylindric ; bracts lacerately fringed ; calyx an oblique, dak-like cup, its margin entire ; $ Stamens 8 to 30. $ Ova. superior; style very short, bifid; stigma large, 2-lobcd ; capsule 2-valved, 2-cellcd. — Trees of large dimensions. Wood soft and light. Buds varnished with a fragrant resin. Lvs. broad, petioles long, often compressed vertically, and glandular. Aments lat- eral, expanding before the Ivs. * Branchlets winded or angular. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate Nos. 1, 2 * Brauchlets terete. — Leaves ovate-orbicular, short acuminate No. 3 — Leaves ovate-orbicular, obtuse or acute Nos. 4, 5 — Leaves ovate, acuminate. Stamens 20 to 50 ? Nos. C, 7 — Leaves deltoid, acuminate, smooth Nos. 8, 9 — Leaves lobed, white-tomentous beneath No. 10 1 P. angulata Ait. WATER POPLAR, WESTERN COTTON TREE. Branches acutely angular or winged; Ivs. ovate-deltoid, subcordate, uncinate-serrate, acuminate, glabrous, younger ones broadly cordate. — A tree of noble dimensions, growing along the rivers of the S. and W. States. Trunk 40 to 80f high, 1 to 3f diam., bearing a broad summit, with coarse branches and branchlets. Lvs. on adult trees 2 to 3' long, about the same width, truncate at base, on j-ounger shoots they are 2 or 3 times larger, with a cordate base. Petioles longer than the Ivs. Branchlets remarkably thick, greenish, spotted with white, striato. Buds short- ovoid, green, not coated with resin. Timber not valuable. Mar., Apr. 2 P. monilifera Ait. NECK-LACE POPLAR. COTTON-WOOD. Branchlets angular, becoming terete; Ivs. broadly deltoid-ovate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, smooth, teeth incurved, ciliate, base nearly entire and subcordate ; scales of the ament lacerate-fringed, not hairy ; stigmas 3 or 4, very large. — A large tree, GO to 80f high, in woods along rivers and lakes, Western Yt. to 111. and La, Trunk cylin- dric, straight, 1 to 3f diam. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, conspicuously acuminate, nearly as wide as long, on petioles of nearly equal length. Fertile aments recurved or pendulous, at length 4 to 8' long and the capsules remote. Buds varnished as in the other species. Apr. (P. lasvigata Willd.) 3 P. tremuloides MX. AMERICAN ASPEN. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at the margin; bracts of the ament 3 or 4- cleft, margin silky-fringed. — Abundant in N. Eng. and in the Mid. States, growing in woods and open lands. St. 25 to 40f in height, with a diam. of 8 to 12'. Bark greenish, smooth, except on the trunks of the oldest trees. Lvs. small (2 to 2J' 656 ORDER 123.— SAURURACE^E. long and of equal or greater width), dark green, petioles 2 to 3' long and laterally compressed, so that they can scarcely remain at rest in any position, and aro thrown into excessive agitation by the slightest breeze. The trembling of tho "aspen loaf" is proverbial. Amenta plumed with silken hairs, about 2' long, pendulous. Apr. 4 P. grandidentata MX. LARGE POPLAR. Los. roundish-ovate, acute, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smooth, villous when young; bracts fan-shaped, 5-cleft and silky-fringed. — Woods and groves. Can. and Nor. U. S. not uncommon. St. 40f high, with a diam. of If, straight, covered with, a smooth, greenish bark. Branches distant, coarse and crooked, clothed with leaves only at their ex- tremities, with terete twigs. Lvs. 3 to 5' long and nearly as wide, clothed with thick white down in spring, but becoming perfectly smooth. Aments 3 to 4' long, all the parts hairy, the sterilo longer thau the fertile. Stain, about 12, as in the preceding species. May. 5 P. heterophylla L. COTTON TREE. Branches terete; Ivs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately serrate, cordate at base, the small auriculate lobes over-closed, white-tomentous when young, at length nearly smooth ; ovaries with a long pedicel and conspicuous style. — Swamps, N. Eng. (rare) to 111. and La. A tree 40 to 60f high, trunk 1 to 2f diam. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, with small teeth, blunt or never acuminate at apex, and the base lobes often so overlapping as to conceal tho insertion of the petiole. Apr., May. 5 P. balsamifera L. BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMEIIAC. Branches terete ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulate-veiny beneath, glabrous both sides; bracts of the ament dilated, laciniate-fringed, slightly hairy ; stam. 40 to 50. — Swamps and river banks, Me. to Penn., N. Y., Can. and the N. W. coast. A largo tree, 40 to 80f high, trunk 1 to 2f diam. Lvs. 2 to 4' long. Sterile amenta 2 to 3' long, fertile at length 4 to 6'. Stain, purple. Buds in spring covered with an aromatic resin which may be separated in boiling water. 7 P. candicans Ait. BALM or GILEAD. (Fig. 268, 269). Branches terete, Ivs. ovate, cordate, acuminate, closely and unequally serrate, whitish and reticulate- veined beneath, petiole hirsute ; bracts of the ament oval, laciniate-fringed ; stam. about 20. — A fine tree of strong and peculiar fragrance, often cultivated, rarely growing wild, Can. and the Northern U. S. Height 30 to 50f, with a pyramidal head of dense ample foliage. Lvs. 4 to G' long, at length smooth and dark green above. Sterile aments 2 to 3' long, fertile 4 to 6. Buds filled throughout with fragrant resin. 0 P. nigra L. /?. BETULIFOLIA Torr. BLACK POPLAR. Young branches pubes- cent; Ivs. deltoid-rhombic, conspicuously acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, smooth both sides; aments without hairs. — Trees 30 to 40f high, planted at Hoboken, N. J. and perhaps in Penn. f Eur. (P. betulifolia Ph. P. Iludsonica MX.) 9 P. dilatata Ait. LOMBARDY POPLAR. Lvs. smooth, acuminate, deltoid, serrate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length ; trunk lobed and sulcate. — Early brought to this country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and in village streets. Its rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses, while tho huge worms by which it is often infested render it a nuisance. f Italy. 10 P. alba L. ABELE. SILVER-LEAP POPLAR. Lvs. cordate, broad-ovate, lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white-downy beneath ; fertile amenta ovate ; stig. 4. — A highly ornamental, cultivated tree. Nothing can be more striking than tho contrast between the upper and lower surface of tho leaves, f Eur. ORDER CXXIII. SAURURACE^E. SAURURADS. Serbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire leaves furnished with stipules. Flow- ers in spikes, perfect, naked, having neither corolla nor calyx. Stamens definite. Ovaries 3 to 5, more or less tmited. Sseds ascending. Embryo enclosed in a eac (amnios), outside of hard, mealy albumen. Fig. 264. ORDER 125.— PODOSTEMIACE^E. 657 Genera 4, species 7, natives of China and North America, growing in marshes and pools. Properties Unimportant. SAURITRUS, L. LIZARD-TAIL. (Gr. oavpa, a lizard, oupa, a tail; alluding to the form of the inflorescence.) Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1 -flowered scales ; stamens 6, 7, 8 or more ; anthers adnate to the filaments; ovaries 4; berries 4, 1-seeded. — 2£ St. angular. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, petiolate. S. cernuus "Willd. — Common in marshes, U. S. and Can. St. H to 2f high, weak, furrowed. Lvs. 4 to 6' long and half as wide, smooth and glaucous, with promi- nent veins beneath and on petioles 1 to 2' long. Spikes slender, drooping at summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubular, cleft above, white. Fls. very small and numerous, sessile, consisting only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. JL, Aug. ORDER CXXIY. CALLITRICIIACE^E. STARWORT. Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, very minute, polygamous, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. Stamen 1, rarely 2 ; filament slender ; anthers 1-celled, 2-valved, reniform. Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; stigmas simple points. Fruit 1-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Genus 1, species G, growing in stagnant waters, both of Europe and America. CALLIT'RICHE, L. (Gr. KaM?, beautiful, 0pl£ rp^o?, hair; allud- ing to the slender stems.) Character the same as that of the order. — (I) 1 C. verna L. Floating ; Ivs. obovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, the lower more narrow or linear ; fls. subsessile ; bracts 2, longer than the ovary • fr. obtusely margined, obcordate. — A little aquatic, common in pools and ditches. Sts. numerous, slen- der, consisting of 2 tubes, 8 to 12 to 20' long, according to the depth of the water. Lvs. 4 to 6" long, with the tapering base, \ to 2" wide, the floating broadest. The fls. solitary, rarely 2 in the axil, the outer a stamen only. Bracts white. Sta- men posterior, yellow, styles 2, filiform, anterior. Caps. -£•'' long, suboval. Apr. — JL (C. intermedia Willd. C. heterophylla Ph. C. aquatica Bw.) 2 C. atituixiiialis L. Floating', Ivs. all linear, \-nerved, or the highest linear- spatulate ; fls. subsessilo ; bracts shorter than the ovary or none ; fr. oval, acutely margined. — In similar situations with the first, S. States, less common. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 5 to 7" long, often bifid, a few of the highest 3-veined. May — Sept. (C. linearis Ph.) 3 C. terrestris Raf. Sts. short, diffuse, prostrate ; Ivs. very small, oblong, all similar , fls. sessile, 2-bracted ; fruit broader than long, deeply obcordate, 2-winged on the margins. — A much smaller species, on the muddy borders of ponds, cover- ing the surface. Sts. 1 to 2' long. Lvs. 1 to 2" long, Fr. £" long. Jn. — Aug. (C. brevifolia Ph. C. platycarpa Kutz.) ORDER CXXV. PODOSTEMIACEJE. THREADFOOTS. Herbs aquatic with the habit of seaweeds, with alternate, dissected leaves, with flowers minute, perfect, naked or with 3 sepals, stamens 1 or many, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 2 to 3-celled, with as many stigmas, and numerous ovules. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, ribbed and somewhat pedicelled. Albumen none. Genera 20, species 100, frequent in S. America and E. India, 1 only in N. America. Thej all grow in running water, attached to stones like the following species. PODOSTEVMUM, L. C. Rich. THREADFOOT. RIVER WEED. (Gr. rrovg, rnxSof, a foot, GTTftiuv ; the stamens being apparently on a com- mon foot-stalk,) Stamens 2, with the filaments united below ; ovary 42 (J53 ORDER 12G.— CERATOPHYLLACEJE. oblong-ovoid ; stigmas 2, sessile recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds minute. — Small, submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. P. ceratoph^Uaim Mr. Lvs. dichotomously dissected ; fls. solitary, axillary. — Mid. W. and S. States, in shallow streams. St. a few inches long, usually desti- tute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Lvs. numerous, olive-green, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous seg- ments. Fls. on short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length burst- ing through the lacerated calyx. Jl. (Lacis ceratophylla Bougard.) ORDER CXXVI. CERATOPHYLLACE^E. HORNWORTS. Herbs aquatic, with verticillate, dichotomously dissected leaves. Flowers mo. poecious, sessile, axillary, minute, with neither corolla nor calyx. Involucre 8 to 12- cleft. $ Anthers (12 to 24) sessile. $ A simple, 1-celled ovary. Seed suspended, orthotropous, embryo with 2 pairs of cotyledons. Genus 1 only, with 6? species, in the streams and pools of tho northern hemisphere. Properties — Unimportant. CERATOPHYL'LUM, L. HORNWORT. (Gr. Kepag, a horn, ^v-Uov, a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves.) Character the same as that of the Order. C. demersum L. Lvs. 6 to 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spines- cent on the back ; fls. axillary ; fr. 3-spined.- — 2{ An aquatic weed in ditches, etc., N. Y. to Va,, TV. to 111. St. floating or prostrate, 8 to 16' long, filiform, with numerous whorls of leaves. These are dichotomously divided into 2 or more narrow, stiff segments. Fls. minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fr. an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl. — Sept. FIG. C92. Taxus Canad6nsis— naked seeds. ORDER 127.— CONIFERS. 059 CLASS II. GYMNOSPEEM^. EXOGENOUS plants with chiefly parallel-veined leaves, always diclinous, with the flowers very incomplete. Pistils none, or represented by open scales. Ovules axillary or naked, fertilized by the direct application of the pollen, becoming at maturity naked seeds, destitute of a true pericarp. Cotyledons often more than 2. This Class constitutes the COHOET 4. CONOIDEJE. ORDER CXXVII. CONIFERS. CONIFERS. Trees or shrubs mostly evergreen, abounding with a resinous juice. Leaves scat- tered or fascicled, acerous, linear or lanceolate, parallel-veined. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, achlamydeous, in aments or cones. $ Stamens 1, or several united. $ Ovary, style and stigma wanting. Ovules 1 or several at the base of the car- pellary scale. Fruit a strobile (cone), woody with the scales distinct, or baccate with the scales fleshy and coherent. Illust. in Figs. 46, S. 87, 152, 153, 367, 449, 468, 579. Genera 20, species 110, natives of all climates, but most abundant in the temperate zones, those of the southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of tho northern. Properties. — Few orders can be named, which are of more importance to mankind, whether in reference to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin, are the product of the pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Pinns sylvestris of Europe; Vene- tian turpentine, by the Larix ; oil of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of Europe, etc. In stature the Coniterfe are the loftiest of all trees. Pinus strobus, arises often 200f. Araucaria irabricata of Chili 250f, and Sequoya gigantca of California 400f. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. ABIETINEJ3. ? Scales many, each subtended by a bract, with 2 inverted ovules (their micropylc turned downwards) at the base inside. Seeds winged. (*) * Leaves evergreen, fasciculate in clusters of 2 to 5 PINTTS. 1 * Leaves evergreen, separate, scattered ABIES. 2 * Leaves deciduous, many in the fascicles on short lateral branchlcts LAEIX. S II. CUPRESSINE^. ? Scales few, bractless, each with 2 to 8 erect ovules. (*) * Flowers monoecious. Fruit a woody cone opening at maturity, (a) a Leaves evergreen, scale-like. Cone-scales oblong, loose, flattish, 2-ovuled Tnr/JA. 4 a Leaves evergreen, scale-like or subulate. Cone-scales peltate, angular OUPBESSUS. 5 a Leaves deciduous, linear, 2-rowed. Cone-scales peltate, angular TAXODIUM. 6 * Flowers dioecious. Fruit a fleshy cone, the scales consolidated, berry-like. . JCXIPEBUS. T i. PIVNUS, L. PINE. (Celtic pin or pen, a rock or crag; from the locality of many species.) Flowers monoecious. $ Aments clustered, terminal; stamens GO, with, 2 cells and a scale-like connective; pollen grains triple. ? Aments conical or cylindric, the carpellary scales bracted, each bearing on its base within 2 inverted ovules ; strobile com- posed of the imbricated hardened scales which are often thickened or awned at the tip; seeds nut-like, winged ; cotyledons 3 to 12, linear. — Trees with evergreen, acerous Ivs. in fascicles of 2 to 5, each fascicle subtended and invested by a membranous scale or leaf. (Fig. 152.) (560 ORDER 127. — CONIFEKJ2. § Leaves fascicled in 5s. Cone scales not thickened at the end, unarmed No. \ § Leaves in 8s. Cone scales at the end thickened and prickly or spin}- Nos. 2—4 I Leaves in 2s (rarely Ss).— Scales at the end thickened and spiny Nos. 5—7 —Scales at the end thickened, but unarmed Nos. 8, 9 1 P. strobus L. WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE. Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths ; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, pendant longer than the Ivs. — A most majestic and useful forest tree. Can., N. Eng. to Penn. and Wis. The trunk is perfectly straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 5 — 7f in diameter, and 80 to lOOf in height without a limb ; then, sending out a few branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. Branches whorled only in the young trees. Leaves about 4' long, nume- rous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an extremely soft and delicate foliage. Wood soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, very durable, used in immense quantities in architecture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 2 P. palustris Lamb. LONO-LEAVED OK BROOM PINE. Lvs. in 3s, very long, crowded at the ends of the branches, with elongated, ragged, half-persistent sheaths ; cone subcylindrical, nearly as long as the leaves • scales tipped with small, recurved spines. — N. Car. to Fla., very abundant and valuable. The trunk is 15 to 20' diam., arising with a slight diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, thence 20 to 40f to the summit Bark slightly furrowed. Lvs. dark green, 10 to 15' in length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet colored, 2' long. Cone 8 to 10' long. Sds. with a thin white testa. Timber strong, compact, resinous and durable, used at the south in vast quantities. The young trees look like Irooms. The old are festooned with the long moss. They yield nearly all the turpentine and resin of commerce. As fuel it burns with fragrance, splendor and heat. 3 P. Taeda L. LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. Lvs. in 3s, long, light green, with long, subentire sheaths ; cones oblong-ovoid, deflexed, half as long as the leaves, the scales tipped with a short infiexed spine. — Abundant in pine woods and sandy fields as a second growth, Va. to Fla. A tall tree, 50 to 80 or even lOOf high, with a wide-spreading summit. Bark thick and very rugged. Lvs. 6 to 10' long, rigid, sheaths blackish, 6" long. Sterile aments 1' long, densely clustered, light- reddish. Cones 3 to 5' long. — Less valuable for turpentine or timber than P. palustris, but equally excellent as fuel and light. ft. SEROTINA. POND PINE. Cone ovoid, thick (as large as a goose egg), pol- ished and shining, nearly unarmed. Tree smaller. 4 P. rigida Miller. PITCH PINE. Lvs. in 3s, rigid, with short sheaths; cones pyramidal-ovoid, clustered; scales with short, thick, reflexed spines. — Common in barren, sandy plains, which it often exclusively occupies. It is of moderate height at the north (25 to 30f), but attains a great height (40 to 70f) in the S. States. The trunk, which is seldom straight, is covered with a very thick and rough bark cleft with deep furrows. Lvs. 4 to 6' long. Cones usually several together, 2 to 3' long. The wood is heavy with resin, is used in architecture for flooring, and in ship-building, and is excellent as fuel for steam engines. 5 P. mitis MX. YELLOW PINE. SPRUCE PINE. Lvs. in pairs (sometimes in 3s), slender, channeled, with elongated sheaths, scattered all over the branchlets; cones not generally clustered, oblong-ovoid, half the length of the shortish Ivs. ; scales with a short, weak, slightly incurved prickle. — Widely diffused throughout the country. A tree of slow growth, 30 to 50 to 8 Of high. Bark rough, broken into broad plates. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, bluish green, in 3s on young trees or the more vigorous shoots. Cones 18 to 30" long, rugged with the projecting point of the scales. Timber close-grained, moderately resinous, used in immense quan- tities for all kinds of architecture. /?. ? PAUPERA. Bark smoother than the pines in general, the branches resem- bling those of the beech ; Ivs. short, (3 to 4') and thinly scattered ; cones smaller than a hen's egg, with minute, straightish spines; barren aments 6" long.— Ga. Tree 40 to 50f high. (P. glaber Walt. ?) 6 P. pungens MX. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN PINE. Lvs. in pairs, short, rigid, acute, somewhat channeled, rough-edged; sheatlis very short; cones ovoid, longer than the leaves; scales tipped with a long, recurved and hooked spine. — Lookout Mt. I Tenn. and Table Mt, Grandfather Mt &c., N. Car. and Va. Tree with rough ORDER 127.— CONIFERS. C61 and scaly bark, gnarled spreading branches, 20 to 30f high. Lvs. 18 to 30" long-, cones finally 2 to 3' long, the spines fully 3'' long, the points hooked. In the young cones the spines aro projecting, with the points hooked. Branchlets bluish red. °Resembles the next. 7 P. inops Ait. JERSEY or SCRUB PINE. Lvs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath, margins obscurely serrulate; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the leaves ; scales compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, subulate prickle. — A tree 15 — 25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches straggling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Branchlets glaucous. Leaves 1 — 2' long. The wood abounds in resin. May. 8 P. resinosa AIT. NORWAY PIKE. RED PIKE. Lvs. in pairs, channeled elon- gated, with elongated sheaths ; cones ovoid-conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the Ivs. ; scales without spines, dilated in the middle. — It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. and in Canada, attaining the height of SOf, with a trunk of 2f in diameter, very straight and uniform. Bark smoother, and of a clearer red than other pines. Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs, 5 — 8' in length, the sheaths G to 12". Timber fine-grained, resinous, strong and durable. May. (P. rubra, MX.) 9 P. Banksiana Lambert. SCRUB PINE. Lvs. in pairs, rigid, curved, short, acute, terete upon the back and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous ; cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous, longer than the Ivs., scales without spines, obtuse, smooth. — A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. to Wis. and British America. Leaves about an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. Apr., May. (P. ruprestris MX.) 2. A'BIES, Tourn. SPRUCE FIR. $ Aments axillary, clustered to wards the ends of the branches *, $ scales of the cone thin, flat, not thickened nor spine-pointed at the end ; seeds with a persistent wing ; cotyledons 3 to 9. — Trees with evergreen, solitary, scattered Ivs. never sheathed at base. (Fig. 46, S.) § Cones erect, bracts conspicuous with the scales. Leaves flat, whitened beneath .... Nos. 1, 2 § Cones pendant, bracts inconspicuous. — Scales rounded and entire at tip. Nos. 3, 4 — Scales eroded or dentate at tip Nos. 5, 6 1 A. balsamea Marshall FIR BALSAM. Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous-silvery beneath ; cones cylindric, large (3 to 4' long) ; scales broad, compact ; bracts obovate, mucronate, slightly projecting. — A beautiful evergreen, common in humid forests of the northern U. S. and Can. Branches nearly horizontal, gradually becoming shorter upwards, forming a regularly pyramidal head. The Ivs. are little longer than those of the hemlock (8 to 10" long) spirally arranged, bright green above, silvery white beneath. Cones 1' thick, bluish purple when growing. Bark smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or. balsam which is considered a valuable medicine. May. (Pinus, L. Picea MX.) 2 A. Fraseri Ph. DOUBLE FIB BALSAM. Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear^ often emarginate, subsecund, erect above; cone ovoid-oblong, erect, very small! bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely toothed. — Smaller tree than the last, much resembling it in habit, in Mts. K Eng. to Car. Lvs. 3" long, and much crowded. Cones 1 to 2' long when mature, sin- gularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts. Sterilo amenta terminal May. — A highly ornamented shade tree. 3 A. Canadensis MX. HEMLOCK. Lvs. linear, fiat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows ; cones ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the kaves ; scales rounded, entire. — A well known evergreen inhabitant of rocky, mountainous woods Brit. Am. to Car. and Wis., commonly attaining the height of 10 — SOf. The trunk is large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brit- tle and nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 — 8" in length, less than 1" wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. Wood soft, elastic, cf a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber. The bark is ex- tensively used in tanning. May. (Pinus, L.) 4 A. alba MX. WHITE OR SINGLE SPRUCE. Lvs. &-sided, incurved; cones lax, OC2 ORDER 127.— CONIFERS. pendulous, subcylindric, with entire, broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales. — Very abundant in. humid and rocky woods, Can. to Car. and Wis. Height 50f. Trunk 1 to 2f diara. at the base, regularly diminishing upwards. Lower branches longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Lvs. £ to f ' long, placed on all sides of the branches. Cones small. The timber is useful in the frames of buildings, &c. May. (Pinus, Ait.) 5 A. nigra MX. BLACK OR DOUBLE SPRUCE. Lvs. 4-cornered, scattered, straight erect ; cones ovoid, pendulous ; scales elliptical-obovate, erosety dentate at the edge, erect. — Abounds in the the northern U. S. and Can., where dark, mountain forests, aro often wholly composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 — 80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, dark green, little more than £' in length. Cones 1 — 2' long. Timber light, strong, elastic, much used in architecture. That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branches. May. (Pinus L.) 6 A. excelsa DC. NORWAY SPRUCE. Branches pendulous; Ivs. elongated, somewhat 2-ranked ; cones long, cylindrical, pendulous ; scales broad, with a slightly projecting and 2-toothed apex. — Parks and shrubberies. A tall stately evergreen with dense and dark green foliage. Lvs. about 1' long, crowded. Cones very showy, and elegant, 5 to 8' long, more than 1' diam. — It grows luxu- riantly, and is a finer tree than any of our native species, f N. Eur. 3. LA'RIX, Tourn. LARCH. TAMARACK. Amcnts scattered all over the brandies, bud-like ; $ anthers 2-celled, cells opening length- wise, with simple pollen grains ; $ cones erect, oval or roundish, scales colored, persistent ; seeds with a proper wing. — Lvs. deciduous, acerous, soft, scattered, and in axillary, many-leaved fascicles. • 1 L. Americana MX. Lvs. filiform, very slender ; cones ovoid, inclining upwards even when the branches are pendulous ; scales few, thin and injlexed on the mar- gin; bracts elliptical, often hollowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a slender point. — A beautiful tree, often seen in shrubberies, and thinly interspersed in forests, Can. to Penn. and Wis. It is remarkably distinguished from the pines by its deciduous leaves, the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree arises 80 — lOOf, with a straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches. Leaves 1 — 2' long, collected in bunches of 12 — 20 on the sides of the branches. Cones deep purple, 6 to 10" long. "Wood most valuable being very heavy, strong and durable. Apr., May. /?. PENDULA. Branches slender and drooping. — A beautiful variety. (P. pen- dula Ait.) 2 L. Europsea DC. "WHITE LARCH. Lvs. flattish, filiform-linear ; cones ob- long, scales slightly refltxed on the margin. — Rarely cultivated. Tree much re- sembling No. 1, of more rapid growth, GO to SOf high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, cones about 1'. f Eur. 4. THtTJA, Tourn. ARBOR YIT^E. (Gr. Ovu, to sacrifice ; the wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifice.) Flowers 8 . — $ In an imbricated ament ; anther cells 4 on each scale-like connectile ; $ flowers in a cone, scales few, each bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside ; seed winged ; integument membranous ; cotyledons 2. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, scale-like, imbricate and apprcssed to the ancipital branchlcts. 1 T. occidentalis L. Branchlets spreading; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhom- boid-ovate, tuberculate on the back; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gib- bous below the Tip. — This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. It abounds in the northern U. S. and Can. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branchlets much more fiat and broad than those of the White Cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales. Wood very light, soft and durable. May. ORDER 127.— CONIFERS. 6C3 2 T. orientals L. Branches erect ; Ivs. slightly furrowed in the middle, cones erect, roundish or obovoid ; scales acute, recurved or spreading at Hie points. — Cultivated shrubs or small trees much branched. The flattened, fan-shaped rami- fications vertical, not horizontal as in the other, \ China. 5. CUPRES'SUS, Tourn. CYPRESS. (From the Isle of Cyprus, where the Cypress is very abundant.) Flowers 8 . — $ in an ovoid ament ; anthers 4, sessile at the base of the peltate scales ; $ in a strobile (cone) ; scales peltate, bearing 4 to 8, erect (orthotropous) ovulus at base inside ; seed angular, compressed ; integuments mem- branous ; cotyledons 2 or 3. — Trees with evergreen, flat, squamous, im- bricated Ivs. Fertile aments becoming indurated cones. C thyoides MX. WHITE CEDAR. Branchlets compressed ; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate, tuberculate at base ; cones spherical. — N". Eng. (from Winchendon Mass.) to Ga. "W. to 0. It usually occurs in swamps, which it densely and ex- clusively occupies. Height 40 — 60f. The leaves consist of short, minute, ever- green scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated rows, and each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on the back. The wood is white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft, and durable. Used in the manu- facture of shingles, pails, fences, &c. Posts made of this cedar it is said will last 50 years. May. 6. TAXO'DIUM, Richard. BALD CYPRESS. (Gr. rd%og, the yew, hdog, form ; from the resemblance of the foliage.) Flowers 8 . — $ Aments in terminal, panicled spikes ; stamens few, scale-like, peltate, bearing 2 to 5 anther cells. $ Cones sessile in pairs, roundish, placed below the sterile ; scales numerous, bearing 2 ovules at the base, becom- ing thick, angular, peltate 2-seeded in fruit ; cotylendos 6 to 9. — Trees with deciduous, linear Ivs. arranged in 2 rows. T. distychum Rich. Lvs. distychous ; flat, deciduous with the slender branchlets. — One of the largest trees of the forest, native of N. J. to Mex. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the cypress or cedar swamps of the S. States. The trunk arises to the height of 125f, with a circumference of 25 to 40f, above the conical base, usually of smaller dimensions. The enormous roots produce large, conical excrescences covered with bark but leafless, 1 to 3f high. The head is wide-spread and often depressed. Foliage light green and open. Cones 1' diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales. Timber light, fine-grained and durable, f 7. JUNIP'ERUS, L. JUNIPER. (Celtic, juneprus, rough or rude.) Flowers $ $ , rarely <9 . — $ Ament ovate ; scales verticillate, peltate, each with 4 to 7 anther cells at base. ? Ament globous ; scales few, united at base, concave ; ovules 1, rarely more, at the base of each scale ; berry formed of the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2 — 3 bony seeds ; cotyledons 2. — -Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, mostly acerous, opposite or in whorls of 3. 1 J. commtinis L. COMMON JUNIPER. (Fig. 153.) Lvs. ternate, spreading, sub- ulate, mucronate, longer than the berry. — Can. to N". J. and Wis. A shrub, with numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often arising in a Blender pyramid, 6 — 8f high (rarely arboreous Bobbins). Leaves arranged in whorls of 3, 5—8" long, acerosc-lanceolate, ending in a sharp, bristly point, chan- neled and glaucous on the mid vein above, keeled and green below. Barren flow- ers in small, axillary aments or cones ; fertile ones on a distinct shrub, small, axil- lary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark blue, ripening the second year from the flower. They are then sweetish, with a taso of turpentine. In medicine they are diuretic and cordial. May. 2 J. Virginiana. RED CEJ>AR. Upper Ivs. imbricate in ±-rows, ovate-lanceolate, pungently acute, oppressed, older ones acerous, cuspidate, spreading ; trunk arbore- 664 ORDER 128.— TAXACE^E. oug. — Found throughout the U. S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growing in dry, rocky places. It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal branches. Leaves dark green, the younger ones small, ovate acute, scale-like, overlving each other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets ; the older ones 6'' long. Flowers inconspicuous, the staminate in oblong, terminal aments, 3" long; the fertile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a white powder. "Wood reddish, very light, durable, used in making drawing pen- cils, etc. Apr., May. /?. PROSTRATA. Lvs. ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed ; berries tubercular ; st. prostrate, creeping. — A shrub, on gravelly shores, with. creeping branches 4 — 8f long. ORDER CXXVIII. TAXACE^E. YEWS. Trees or shrubs, with narrow, parallel-veined or broad fork-veined leaves, and the flowers diclinous, achlamydeous, surrounded with imbricated bracts. $ Flowers several together, each consisting of one or several coherent anthers. ? Flowers solitary or clustered, each consisting of a single naked ovule, terminal or axillary. Fruit a solitary seed usually surrounded at base by a fleshy cupule. Fig. 421. Genera 9, species 50, generally natives of the temperate regions. 1. TAX'US, To urn. YEW. (Gr. rdt;ov, an arrow ; arrows were formerly poisoned with the juice of the Yew tree.) Flowers $ $ or 8 , axillary, surrounded with numerous scales. $ Aments globular, composed of 8 to 10 stamens; anthers peltate, 6 to 8-celled, cells de- hiscent beneath. ? Flowers solitary, consisting of a single ovule, be- coming in fruit a seed nearly enclosed in a pulpy cupule. — Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, alternate Ivs. 1. T. Canadensis L. DWARF YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK. (Fig. 421.) Shrub low or prostrate ; Ivs. linear, mucronate, 2-ranked, revolute on the margin ; sterile ament globous ; drupes depressed-globous, open at top. — A small evergreen shrub with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce (Firms Canadensis). It grows on thin rocky soils in shady places, 2 to 3f high, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Lvs. nearly an inch long, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the sides of the branchlets. Staminate flowers in small, roundish, axillary heads. Drupes coralline-red, con- cave or open at the summit, displaying the top of the black seed. May. 2 T. baccata L. ENGLISH YEW. Tree of low stature, attaining a great size ; Ivs. linear and spatulate-linear, imbricated all around the young branchlets, finally spreading and distichous ; fr. oblong-oval or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the top. — Trees attaining great age in England, with short, huge trunks and wide- spread branches, f 2. TORRE'YA, Arnott. (Dedicated to Prof. John Torrey, of New York.) — Flowers 8 . — $ Aments oblong, many-flowered, bracts at base imbricated in 4 rows ; stamen a pedicellate scale, bearing several an- ther cells at base. $ Ament ovoid, 1 -flowered, consisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with bracts ; fruit oblong-ovate, a nut-like seed en- closed in a thick, fibro-fleshy testa. — Small evergreen trees, with spread- ing branches and 2-ranked, linear Ivs. T. taxifolia Am. — Along the Chattahoochee, Mid. Fla., and cultivated at Quincy (by Judge Dupont). Tree 15 to 30f high. Branches ramifying distichousiy and horizontally. Lvs. dark green, shining, very acute, mucronate-pungent, margins revolute, 18" long. Drupe near 1' long, with a brittle epicarp. 3. SALISBUVRIA adiantifolia Smith, is occasionally seen in gardens and shrubberies, called Jingko, in Japan. It is remarkably distinguished by its broad, fan-shaped, fork-veined petiolate Ivs. It bo- comes a tree 40 to 80f in height, f Japan. ORDER 129.— CYC AD ACE JE. ORDER CXXIX. CYCADACE^E. CYCADES. 665 Trees of low stature, simple trunks with the internodes undeveloped and the sur- face scarred with the fallen leaves which were pinnate, parallel-veined, circinate. Flowers dioecious, in cones, £ anther covering the under surface of the connective. $ Scales peltate, scale-like or leaf-like, bearing naked ovules dorsal or marginal. Genera 7, species 46, chiefly tropical. The Cycades form tho connecting link between tho Exogens and the Cryptogamia. CYVCAS revoluta, a palm-like plant, representing this order endures the winters of the far South, and is frequent in the greenhouses of tho North. Its long, pinnate leaves are all clustered at the summit of the short, abrupt trunk which is tesselated all over with leaf-scars. 12 FIG. 693.— 1. Branch of Thuja occid a zone of staminate flowers. 3. A ca identalis, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with « «.v,nv, „» otaiuiuuu, uuwers. a. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical tranverse section of one of tho seeds, showing the embryo, &c. 5. Tho immature, erect ovules, b. Une of the ovules enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. «. Scale, with the bract. 9. Scale with immature ovules. 10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair >f leaves of Pmus resinosa. 12. Anther of Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with the ovules turned downward. 14. Staminate scale of Cupressus, with pollen. 15. Fertilo scale, with QQQ ORDER 130.— PALM ACE^E. PROVINCE, ENDOGENS, OB MONOCOTYLEDONS. Phasnogamous Plants having a stem without the distinction of bark, wood and pith, composed of thread-like bundles of trachenchyma imbedded irregularly in the general cellular mass, the newest interior, not forming layers in growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Flowers very gener- ally 3-merous. Embryo with one cotyledon, rarely with 2 alter- nate and unequal. CLASS III. PETALIFER^]. Plants of the endogenous struc- ture, the flowers normal and complete with a whorled pe- rianth, or the perianth wanting — in either case destitute of glumes. COHORT 5, SPADICIFLOR^. Endogens with flowers hav- ing no perianth or a scaly one, and borne on a thickened rachis (spadix) which is usually enveloped in a spathe. ORDER CXXX. PALMACE^E. PALMS. Trees or shrubs chiefly with unbranched trunks growing by the terminal bud. Leaves large, plaited, on sheathing petioles, collected in one terminal cluster, flow- ers perfect or polygamous, on a branching spadix bursting from a spathe. Perianth double, 3-merous, hexandrous, ovaries (and styles) 3, distinct or commonly united into 1, each 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 1 — 3-seeded, embryo minute, superficially imbedded in albumen. Fig. 47, d, e. Genera 73, specie* 500? of noble aspect nml most interesting attributes. They are chiefly tropical, a, few advancing into the wanner parts of the Temperate Zone. The properties and uses of the Palms are of the highest importance and variety. From the drupes of several African Palms, and from the Cocoa Nut, oil is obtained. Other species secrete wax from their leaves. Starch is obtained abundantly from the feago Palm (Sagus liumphii) and many other species. Even sugar, and alcoholic liquors, are made from the juice of the unopened spathe. of Saguerus saccharifer, Matiritia vinifer, &c. The bud of the Cabbage Palm (Areca oleracca) is boiled and eaten as a vegetable. Among the fruits, are enumerated the date, from Phosnix ductylifera, and the cocoa-nut, from Attalea lunifera. &c. GENERA. * Flowers all perfect. Ovaries and styles united into 1. Berry single SABAL, 1 * Flowers perfect and staminate. Ovaries and styles distinct. Drupes 3 CHAMJEROPS. 2 1. SA'BAL, Adanson. PALMETTO. Fls. perfect, sessile, outer pe- rianth (calyx) cup-like, 3-cleft or 3-toothcd, inner of 3 subdistinct, ob- long sepals ; stam. 6 ; fil. subulate, their broad bases contiguous or connate, anth. ovate-cordate ; ovaries 3, soon united into 1 ; style 3- angled; fruit a single globular or 3-lobed, 3 (rarely 1 or 2)-secded dryish berry. — Caudex procumbent or erect, covered by the persistent bases of the leaves. Leaves palmately many-cleft, scgm. implicate, 2 cleft at ap:>x, spadix branching, sheathed with many spathe-like bracts. Fls. small, white or greenish. 1 S. Palmetto Loddig. PALMETTO. Caudex erect, arborescent; Ivs. coriaceous, glaucous-green, lamina fan-shaped, segments numerous, implicate, united to near the ensiform summits ; petioles broad, compressed, nearly the length of the lamina ; epadix flexuous, glabrous, much shorter than the leaves ; spathe double ; style ORDER 131.— ARACE^E. 667 thick, obtuse ; berry globular. — Woods along the coast, Ga. and Fla. (scarce N". to "the Cape Fear K.). One specimen in the street, front of the P. 0., Charleston. Caudex 20 to 50f high, usually enlarged upwards, and rugged above with the split bases of the old leaf-stalks. The majestic leaves are all terminal, from 1 bud, and 6 to lOf long. Spadix from the same bud, which in early spring is tender and nutritious like the cabbage. The use of the leaves in hat-work, &c., is well known. Jn., JL (Chamasrops, MX.) 2 S. Adansoni Guernsent. DWARF PALMETTO. Caudex prostrate ; Ivs. rigid, glaucous ; petioles shorter, naked ; spadix strict, glabrous, branchlets remote-flow- ered ; style thick, obtuse, scarcely shorter than the petals ; berry depressed-globous. — In low, sandy swamps, along the coast, Neuse river to the Apalachicola, &c., often in wide patches. Spadix slender, about as high (3 to 4f) as the leaves. A compound branch issues from each alternate sheath. Fls. numerous, 1£" long, calyx half as long. Berry bluish black, 3" diam. Jn. — Aug. (S. pumila Walt.) 3 S. serrulata K. & S. Caudex creeping ; petioles aculeate-serrate ; lamina flabel- iform, 10-12-cleft; spadix thick, flexuous, branchlets densely greyish pubescent; style very slender, subulate ; berry oblong-ovoid. — Flat pino barrens, S. Car. to Fla., common. The prostrate rhizomes attain a diam. of 4 to 6', creeping many feet. Leaves 2 or 3f, in dense masses, affording nice shelter for rattlesnakes 1 Sheaths of the spadix long (2 — 3'), loose. Fls. rather close on the branchlets, 2£" long, calyx ^ as long, stylo single, tapering to a setaceous point. Berry dark blue, 5" diam. JL, Aug. p. MINIMA. Every way smaller ; Ivs. about f -cleft. — E. Fla. (S. min. Nutt.) 2. CHAM^'ROPS, L. BLUE PALMETTO. (Gr.%a(ua/, on the ground, pwi/>, a bush.) Fls. polygamo-dicecious, sessile or short pedicellate; calyx 3-parted, cor. (inner perianth) 3-petaled, valvate in bud ; stam. 6 or 9 ; fil. connate at base, anth. oblong or linear-oblong, cordate ; ova- ries 3, distinct, stigmas 3, sessile, subulate, berries 3, or by abortion fewer, 1-sceded. — Palms acaulescent. Lvs. palmately many-cleft, segm. split at apex with no intervening threads. Petioles aculeate at base and edge. Spadix dense-flowered, fls. yellowish. C. Hystrix Fraser. Caudex low, making offsets at base ; petioles spiny in the axils ; spadix very short ; drupes ovoid, apex oblique, rather large, hirsute. — In clayey soils around Savannah, to Fla. Caudex creeping, becoming several inches in diam. In the axils of the sheathing leaf-stalk is a thick, matted, brown, canvas-like stipule, and rigid, sharp, needle-shaped spines 3 to G long. Spadix enclosed in the radical sheaths, bearing a dense mass of hairy, brown drupes G" in length. Jn. — Aug. ORDER CXXXI. ARACE^E. AROIDS. Serbs with a creeping rhizome or corm, and an acrid or pungent juice, with the leaves simple or compound, often veiny, and the flowers mostly diclinous and naked. Inflorescence a spadix, dense-flowered, naked, or mostly surrounded with a large spathe. Perianth none, or of 4 to 6 scales. Stamens hypogynous, with ovate-extrorse anthers. Ovary free, stigma sessile. Fruit baccate or dry, seeds albuminous, embryo axial. Fig. 91, 201. Genera 46, species 240, abundant in tropical regions, more rare in temperate, one only, Calla palustris, extending to the northern frigid zone. Properties. An acrid, volatile principle pervades the order, which is, in some instances, so concentrated as to become poisonous. The corms and rhizomas abound also in starch, which in some cases when the volatile acridity is ex- pelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutricious, as in Colocasia. «fec. Ficr. 709. Calla palustris, its spathe. spadix and flowers. Z>, One of the flowers, consisting of an ovary surrounded by six stamens, c, Cross section of the ovary. QQQ ORDER 131.— ARACE^E. GENERA. $ Spadix enveloped in a spathe. (*) * Flowers covering only the base of tho epadix. Perianth 0 * Flowers covering the whole spadix, and (a) a Monoecious. Perianth 0. Berry 1-seeded. Spathe convolute PELTANDRA. 2 a Monoecious. Per. 0. Berry 3 to 6-seeded. Spathe large, revolute, white. KICHAKDIA. 3 a Perfect. — Perianth 0. Spathe open, white CALLA. 4 — Perianth regular. Spathe shell-form, purplish SYMPLOCARPCS. 5 § Spadix naked, having no spathe,— terminal, yellow OKONTIUM. 6 —lateral; scape leaf-like ACORUS. T 1. ARIS^MA, Martins. DRAGON-ROOT. INDIAN TURNIP, (dpov, arum, tf'/J/m, a sign.) Spathe convolute at base, limb arched or some- what plain ; spadix covered with flowers below, naked and elongated above ; flowers diclinous, achlamydeous ; $ above the fertile, each flower consisting of 4 or more stamens with anthers opening at top ; $ ovary 1-celled; stigmas depressed; "ovules 2 to 6, orthotropous, erect from the base of the cell; berry red, 1 or few-seeded. — 11 Scape arising from a a corm or tuberous rhizome, sheathed with petioles of the radical, veiny Ivs. (Arum, L.) 1 A. triph^llum L. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. Acaulescent; Ivs. trifoliate, mostly in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate; spadix clavate, obtuse; spathe ovate, acuminate, flat and inflected above. — A curious and well known inhabitant of wet woodlands, Can. to Ga. AV. to the Miss. The stem is a rugous, fleshy, subterraneous corm giving off radicles in a circle from the edge. Scape 8 — 12' high, erect, round, embraced at the base by the long sheaths of the petioles. Leaflets, 2 — 7' long, £ as wide. Spathe green without, usually variegated within with stripes of dark purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, vary- ing from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch of bright scarlet berries. Tho corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is then valued as a carmina- tive, &c. Apr., Jn. (Arum, atrorubens Ait.) 2 A. quinatum. Acaulescent ; Ivs. with very long sheaths, in pairs one or loth quinate; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or sessile ; spadix long and slender, nearly inclosed in tho ovate-lanceolate spathe, which is briefly inflected at the pointed apex ; berry 1 to 2-seeded. — Ga. and S. Car. (Curtis.) Scape 1 to 2f high. Lvs. with long petioles and still longer sheaths. Lfts. 5 to 10' long, spathe 3 to 5' (Arum quinatum Nutt.) — Perhaps identical with A. pentaphyllum (Schott.) of India. (3. OBTUSO-QUINATUM. Lfts. rounded-obtuse, mucronate, abruptly narrowed to a long petiolule. — Georgia (Feay, Pond). 3 A. Dracontium Schott. GREEN DRAGON. Acaulescent ; If. mostly solitary, pedate; Ifts. 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate; spadix subulate, longer than the convo- lute, oblong spathe. — Less common in N. Eng. than the former species, found in wet places, banks of streams, U. S. Stem a fleshy, subterraneous conn. Scape slender, 10' to 2fhigh. Leaf on an erect, sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous above, each half bearing 2 — 4 leaflets with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets 5 to 8' long, one-third as wide. Spathe green, 1 — 2' long, rolled into a tube at base. Spadix slender, with its long, tapering point much exserted. Fruit a bunch of red berries. Jn., JL (Arum Dracontium L.) 2. PELT'ANDRA, Raf. (Gr. TreA-n?, a shield or target, avdpeg.) Spathe convolute ; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above, pistil- late below; perianth 0; anthers 8 to 12, attached to the margin of a peltate, oblong, connectile, and opening by a terminal pore; berry 1- celled, 1 to 3-seedcd. — If Rt. fibrous. Lvs. sagittate. 1 P. Virginica Raf. Acaulescent; Ivs. oblong, hastate-sagittate, acute at apex, the lobes obtuse ; spathe elongated, incurved, green, wavy on the margin ; spadix covered with staminate flowers the greater part of its length. — A smooth, dark green plant, in wet grounds, N. Y. and Ms. to Car. Leaves radical, numerous, ORDER 131.— ARACE^E. 669 8 — 12' long, \ as wide, on petioles as long as the scapes. Scapes many from the same root, 8 — 15' long. Spathe closely involving the spadix, green, 3 to 5' long, lanceolate, wavy on the margin. Spadix slender, acuminate, shorter than the spathe, its compact stamens 6-sided. Fr. a cluster of green berries inclosed in the base of the spathe after the upper part of both spathe and spadix has decayed. Jn. (Arum, L. Calla, Bw. Lecontia, Cooper, Renssekeria, Beck, Caladium, Lindl.) 2 P. glaiica Feay (M S.). Acaulescent ; Ivs. ovate-hastate, acute or short-acu- minate, lobes broad and obtuse at end ; scape as long as the leaves ; spathe invol- ute, entire, gradually evolved and widened above, acuminate, while, spadix much shorter; berries red, 1 -seeded. — Maritime parts of S. Car. and Ga. (Feay, Pond.) A smooth, glaucous plant with 1 to 3 radical Ivs., and one or more slender scapes 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 5 to 7' long, with large base lobes, aud a vein running close to the margin. Spathe about 3' long, spadix about 2'. Fruit smaller than in No. 1. Seeds without albumen, as in that species. May, Jn. (Caladium glaucum Ell.) 3. RICHAR'DIA, Kth. EGYPTIAN CALLA. Spathe involute at base, spreading, marescent ; spadix covered with flowers, fertile below, stam- inate above ; anthers GO, free, sessile, 2-celled, on a broad connectile ; ovaries incompletely 3-celled, intermixed with sterile filaments ; berry few-seeded, seeds suspended. — It Herb with a thick rhizome, tall, erect, radical leaf-stalks, and scapes with a large, white spathe. R. JEthiopica. A fine, showy plant of the green-house and parlors. Lvs. 2 to 4f high, hastate-cordate, thick, smooth, on sheathing petioles. Scape rather taller, bearing a cylindric spadix within the large, involved, milk-white spathe. f Cape Good Hope. 4. CAl'LA, L. (Probably altered from A:aA,6o, beautiful.) Spathe ovate, spreading, persistent, colored ; spadix covered with flowers with no perianth ; filaments slender, with 2-celled anthers, encircling each ovary; ovary 1 -celled, 5 or 6-ovuled, the upper often abortive; berry red, depressed, few-seeded. — 2£ An aquatic herb with a prostrate, creeping rhizome, cordate Ivs. and a broad white, open spathe. C. palustris L. — An interesting plant in shallow waters, Penn. to N. Eng., "Wis. and Brit. Am. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, nearly as wide, cuspidate, long-petioled, smooth and entire. Scapo thick, 4 to 6' high. Spathe clasping at the base, recurved, with a twisted cusp, much longer than the oblong, cylindric spadix. Jl. — Tho rhizome is acrid, but Linuseus tells us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome breadstuff from it. 5. SYMPLOCAR'PUS, Salisb. (Gr. avfiTT^oici'^ connection, Kaprrog, fruit.) Spathe shell-form, ventricous ; spadix oval, covered with perfect flowers ; perianth deeply 4-parted, segments cucullate, cuneate, trun- cate, persistent, becoming thick and spongy ; berries globous, 1-seeded, imbedded in the spadix, and with the fleshy perianth forming a kind of sorosis 5 seed without albumen. — 2£ Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. S. foetidus Nutt. SKUNK CABBAGE. Lvs. cordate-oval, acute ; spadix subglob- ous, preceding the leaves. — A common plant, Can., N. Eng., Hid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of the animal whose name it bears. Early iu spring, the swelling spathe is seen emerging first from the ground or water, moro or less covered with purplish spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point in- curved. It incloses the spadix, which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which arise after the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming very large (often 20' by 12'). (Pothos foetida MX. Ictodes, Bw.) C70 ORDER 132.— LEMNACEJ3. 6. ORON'TIUM, L. GOLDEN CLUB. (Name of doubtful origin.) Spathe none ; spadix cylindric, covered with perfect flowers ; perianth 4 to 6-sepaled ; stamens 4 to 6 ; ovary few ; stigma sessile ; fruit a dry berry or utricle, seed without albumen. — 2£ Acaulescent, aquatic. Fls. yellow at the summit of the scape, which thickens upwards into the spadix. O. aqiieiticum. — This interesting plant is a native of inundated banks and pools, TJ. S. Lvs. lanceolate, 6 to 9' by 2 to 3', smooth, of a deep green, velvet-liko surface above, paler beneath, on long, radical petioles. Scape thick and terete, about a foot in length, closely invested bj a short sheath at base, and ending in a spadix of a rich yellow color, covered with small, perfect, yellow fls. of an offensive odor — the upper ones often tetramerous. May. 7. ACO^RUS, L. SWEET FLAG. (Gr. a, privative, and Kopr), the pupil of the eye ; supposed to cure maladies of the eye.) Spadix cylin- dric, covered with flowers, and issuing from the side of a leaf-like scape ; perianth 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, linear ; ovary free ; stigma sessile, min- ute ; fruit dry, 3-celled, many-seeded. — 2£ Herbs with a fleshy, aroma- tic rhizome. Lvs. radical, ensiform, as well as the scape. A. calamus L. Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-like. — Grows in wet soils throughout the U. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping rhizome is highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The long, sword-shaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3' long and 3" diam., covered with small, green flowers. Jn., JL ORDER CXXXII. LEMNACE^E. DUCKMEATS. Herbs minute, stemless, floating free upon the water, and consisting of a leaf-like frond, or a tuft of leaves, with one or more fibrous roots. Flowers bursting from the substance of the frond, or axillary, inclosed in a spathe, the sterile consisting of 1 or 2 stamens, the fertile of a 1 -celled ovary. Fruit a utricle, with 1 or more seeds. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. Fig. 602. General, specie* 20, little aquatics, -widely diffused. They are regarded as reduced aroids, and among the simplest of Phenogamous plants. 1. LEM'NA, L. DUCK-MEAT. (Perhaps altered from AejUjua, a scale.) Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former 2 col- lateral stamens, the latter a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and stigma. — (J) Herbs, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf confounded), sending down from the under surface roots which bang loosely in the water, and producing from the margins the spathaceous flowers. (The following sections are regarded as genera by Schleiden.) | LEMNA, Schleiden. Tils, filiform. Ovule solitary. Frond with a single root Nos. 1— 5 § TELMATOPIIACE, Schl. Fils. dilated in the middle. Ovs. 2 to 7. Fronds l-rooted..No. 4 § SPIKODELA, Schl. Fils, narrowed below. Ovules 2. Frond many-rooted No. 5 1 L. trisulca L. IVY -LEAVED DUCK-MEAT. Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, ser- rate at one extremity and caudate at the other ; roots solitary. — Floating hi ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly £' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendage at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the margin of the old. Root a solitary fiber, ending in a sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June — Sept. 2 L. minor L. Fronds thickish, roundish or obovate, several conjoined ; root soli- tary.— This little floating plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, properly fronds, adhere 2 — 3 together, 2" in length, rather ORDER 133.— TYPHACE.&. 671 thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers mi- nute from a cleft in the margin of the fronds, near the base. Jn. — Sept. 3 L. perpusilla Torn SMALLEST DUCK-MEAT. Fronds obovate, thin; rt soli- tary; seed erect. — Ponds on Staten Island. Fronds 1" or more long, grouped or single, bright green. Stamens with filiform filaments, maturing in succession. Ovary obliquely acuminate, with a short style. Sd. striate, erect in the ovary. Aug. (Torrey). 4 L. gibba L. Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above ; root solitary. — Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. Filaments recurved as in the other species. Fruit roundish, indehiscent, 1 to 7 -seeded. Jn., Jl. 5 L. polyrhiza L. Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath, rts. numerous. — Floating in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2 to 4 ' long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, be- coming purplish. Ets. in thick bundles of 8 to 10 black fibers from the under surface of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. Jn. — Sept. 2. PIS'TIA, L. (Gr. marbg, drinking.) Spatho tubular at base, connate with the spadix, limb open, ligulate, cucullate above ; $ anth- ers 3 to 8, adnate to the thick summit of the spadix, subglobous, open- ing transversely ; $ ovary 1, at the base of the spadix, 1-celled, oo- ovuled, becoming a berry in fruit. — Floating herbs, consisting of rosulate tufts of little, veined, entire Ivs., sending out filiform stolons. Spadix axillary, on a short scape. P. Strati otes L. Lvs. roundish-obcordate, margin undulate, veins lamelliform, confluent into a truncate area at base. ^In the var. SPATHULATA (P. spathulata MX.) the leaves are rather obovate than obcordate, and abruptly contracted into a short petiole. — (D S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Curtis), in stagnant waters. Spathe white. May. ORDER CXXXIII. TYPHACEJ3. TYPHADS. Herbs growing in marshes and ditches, with rigid, ensiform, sessile leaves. Flowers monoecious, arranged on a spadix or in heads, with no spathe. Perianth of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0. Stamens 1 to 4, with long, slender fila- ments. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous, with an axial embryo. Fig. 457. Genera 2, species 13, -widely distributed throughout the world. I. TYTHA. L. (Gr. rvao>, to flow ; hence Naif, or Ntu'fcf, Nymph of the waters ; from the habitat.) Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary, the <$ reduced to a single stamen ; filament slender, ORDER 134.— NAIAD ACE.E. 673 often elongated, anther 4-valved, valves spreading ; $ perianth 0 ; style short, stigmas 2 or 3, subulate ; fruit a little 1-seeded, drupe-like nut — Herbs entirely submersed, with opposite Ivs. Fls. minute. N. flexilis Rostk. St. filiform, csespitous, dichotomously branching; Ivs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticulate, spreading, 1-veined. — A slender plant, Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like knotted stems 6 to 12' long. Lvs. -£ to 1' long, •£" wide, sessile and sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2 to 3 stigmas at summit. Aug. (N. Canadensis MX. Fluviatilis, Pers.) ft. FRAGILIS. St. and Ivs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved. (Caulinia fragilis Willd.) 2. ZANNICHEl'ilA, Micheli. HORN PONDWEED. (In honor of Zan- nichelli an eminent botanist of Venice.) Flowers axillary, usually both kinds together ; $ stamen 1 ; filament elongated ; $ calyx monophyl- lous ; corolla 0 ; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. — (p Submersed, slender, branched, with entire, linear, scattered leaves. Z. palustris L. St. filiform, floating ; Ivs. opposite, linear ; anth. 4-celled ; stig. entire ; ach. toothed on the back. — In pools and ditches, N. States. St. round, smooth, 1 to 2f long, branching, leafy. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to 3' long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and a fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish -brown stamen, the latter of 4 to 6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, 1-sided, 2 to 3-toothed calyx. JL, Aug. 3. ZOS'TERA, L. SEA WRACK. (Gr. f&wrriyp, a girdle ; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves.) Spadix linear, bearing the diclinous flowers in 2 rows on one side ; perianth 0 ; $ anther ovoid, sessile, opening lengthwise with conferroid pollen ; pistils alternating with the stamens : style bifid ; utricle 1-seeded. — 2£ Maritime herbs. Stip. united into a sheath. Z. marina L. St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints ; branches floating, simple; Ivs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1 — several feet in length; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing from a cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked flowers. — If Aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows (Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Like other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug. 4. RUP'PIA, L. DITCH-GRASS. (In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist.) Flowers £ , 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheathing base of the leaves ; perianth 0 ; stamens 4, each a 1-celled, sessile anther ; ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia. — 4 Herb slender, branching, submersed except the flowers. R. maritima L. A grass-like plant, salt water bays and ditches along the coast Stems several feet long, filiform, branched, floating. Leaves 1 — 2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the spadix of naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as it rises or falls. July. 5. POTAMOGErTON, Tourn. (Gr. rrorajLto^, a river, yeiruv, near.) Flowers £ , on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe ; calyx 4-sepaled ; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals ; ovaries 4 ; achenia 4, sessile flat- ted on one or two sides; seeds curved or coiled. — Mostly 2£, aquatio 43 074 ORDER 134.— NAIADACEJE. and submersed, only the flowers arising above the surface of the water. Spadix (or spike) pedunculate, 3 — 10-flowered. Lvs. stipulate, par- allel-veined, lower alternate, the upper mostly opposite. Fls. small, greenish. § Leaves of two kinds ; the floating, oval-elliptical, coriaceous petiolate, stipules frco from the petiole, connate; submersed leaves thin, (*) * Floating leaves broader than the submersed ones, (a) a Leaves all conspicuously stipulate Nos. 1, 2 a Leaves (the submersed ones) almost destitute yfstipuies Nos. 3, 4 * Floating leaves smaller than the ample submersed ones No. 5 § Leaves of one kind only, all growing beneath the water's surface. (l) • Stipules entirely free from the petiole or leaf, (a) a Leaves lanceolate, petiolate or merely sessile Nos. 6, 7 a Leaves oval or oblong, broad and clasping at base Nos. 8, 9 a Leaves linear, — Stems evidently compressed more or less Nos. 10, 11 —Stems terete, very slender Nos. 12, 13 * Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf Nos. 14, 15 1 P. iiataiis L. BROAD-LEAVED POND- WEED. Moating Ivs. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cordate at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membranous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles ; stipules connate, distinct from the petiole, elongated ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fruit somewhat semi-globous, roughish, more or less carinato at the back. — A very common species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng. to "Wis. St. slender, 1 to 3f long, ac- cording to the depth of the water, branched. Upper Ivs. 2 to 4' long, about half as wide; petioles 2 to 8', submersed. Spike 1 to 2' long. Jh, Aug. 2 P. heteroph^llus Schreb. Floating Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, 5 to 7-veined. tapering to the petioles, scarcely coriaceous, submersed Ivs. long, narrowly linear, membranous, acute, 1-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base ; stip. nearly distinct, resembling the Ivs. ; spikes dense, on thickened peduncles ; fr. com- pressed, suborbicular. — Ponds and slow waters, frequent. St. round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower Ivs. 3 to G' by 1£", remote, upper about 2 to 3' by £'. Spikes 1' long, peduncles 2 to 4'. (P. Claytonia Tuckerman.) 3 P. diversifolius Bart. St. filiform, branching; upper Ivs. oval or lance-oval, 6-veined, on short petioles, lower ones submerged, sessile, filiform, alternate, often densely fascicled, not at all reticulated, obtuse. — Common in pools and ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper Ivs. arising to the surface. These are 6 to 10" by 2 to 4", acute at each end, on hair-like petioles 3 to G" Jong. Spadices dense, short, 5 to G-flowered. Jl. (P. setaceum Ph.) — Varies with tho leaves nearly all of cither kind. 4 P. hybridus MX. Floating Ivs. elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, scarcely veined, longer than their petioles ; submersed Ivs. long-linear, thin, sessile ; stipules above equaling the petioles, those of the submersed Ivs. very short or wanting; spikes cylindric, dense, on short, thickened ped. ; fruit keeled on the back, seed coiled into a ring. — Pools and slow waters, S. ? and W. States. Sts. mostly simple, very slender, 1 to 3f long. Lower Ivs. 3 to 5' long, alternate, upper opposite, 1' to 18". Spike about 1'. A handsome species. 5 P. fluitaus Eoth. Floating Ivs. opposite, oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, ncute at each enJ, shorter than the petioles ; submersed Ivs. larger than tho floating, lan- ceol'.te, sessile, short-acuminate, strongly veined, wavy, thin, not shining, faintly reticulated ; stip. large, connate ; ped. thickened, cylindric. — In clear, deep waters, N. New Eng. arid Can. Sts. simple or branched, several feet long. Sub- mersed Ivs. 5 to 7' long, a third as wide, the floating 2 to 3' long. Stip. 2 to 3' long. Spikes 2' long, rather dense-flowered. Aug. 6 P. lucens L. Lvs. shining, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick midvein ; spikes long, cylindric, many -flowered ; ped. thickened upward ; fr. slightly keeled. — y Can., X. Eng., &c. Rivers and lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry, ehining above, conspicuously cross-veined, 3 to 5' long, an inch or more wide, each with a lanceolate, double stipule above its base. Spadix 2' long, of nu- merous green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged up- wards. Jn. ORDER 134.— NAIAD ACE JE. 675 7 P. obriitus. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein con- spicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stip. wanting; spikes long, peduncu- late; ped. not enlarged upwards; ach. inflated, margined on the back, beak in- curved, both sides conspicuously urabilicate. — A remarkable species, first found at Lyndon, Vt., since seen southward to Ga.; in slow waters. St.. round, slender, simple. Lvs. uniform, 3 to 4' by 4 to 6", tapering to tho slightly clasping base, the two upper opposite. Spike dense, !£' long, ped 3'. Seed coiled into a ring as shown by the pits of the fruit. 8 P. praelongus "Wolfg. Lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many-veined, with threo stronger veins, all reticulately connected, base amplexicaul ; ped. very long ; spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; fr. ventricous, lunate, acutely carinate on the back.— Ponds and rivers, Northern States and Can. The plant is wholly submersed, sending up its spike to tho surface on a very long stalk. We have gathered it in Niagara river, growing in depths of G or 8f. July, Aug. 9 P. perfoliatus L. Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed; spikes terminal ; fls. alternate ; fruit not keeled. — A common species growing in ponds and slo',7 waters, wholly below tho surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very leafy, 6 — 10' long. Leaves alternate, apparently per- fbliate near the base, IV long, ^ as wide, obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (1 — 2'), few-flowered. Jl. 10 P. pauciflorus Pursh. St. dichotomous, slightly compressed, filiform; Ivs. linear, alternate, sessile ; fls. few in the spike, p3d. short ; fruit distinctly crested on the back. — A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, taper- ing to the stipulate base, 2 — 3' long, a line wide, 3-veined, of a bright green color. Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 3 — 5 greenish fls. above the water, but ripening tho seeds below. (P. gramineum MX.) 11 P. compressus L. St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous ; Ivs. broad-linear, ob- tuse; spike short, pedunclo elongated. — A very distinct species in ponds and rivers. Stem 1 — 2f long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above tho nodes. Leaves 3 — 4' in length, 2" wide, closely sessile, re- mote, the margins perfectly parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, ^ — 1' long, on a pedunclo 1 — 2' long, and bearing 5 — 25 flowers. Jl. (P. zos- terifolium Schum.) 12 P. pusillus L. St. filiform, flcxuoust, branched; Ivs. linear-subulate, mem- branaceous, very acute, sessile, not narrower than tho stipules;- spikes capitate, few-flowered; fr. ovoid-compressed, oimbilicate each side. — Shallow waters, N. Eng. to Ohio and Can. A very delicate species, wholly submersed. Leaves 1 — 2' by £", a little longer than tho intcrnodes. Spikes 3 — 5-flowered, the pe- duncles £' long. Fruit with sharp pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated. 13 P. Tuckermani Bobbins ? St filiform, with capillary branches ; Ivs. few, all capillary and confervoid, with minute, membranous stipules; spikes few (6 to 9)- flowered, oblong, on a long, filiform peduncle, which is slightly thicker than tho stem ; (fruit immature). — In clear water, Uxbridge, Mass. (Ricard) (White Mts., Alleghany Mts. Tuckerman ? in Gray's Manual.) An exceedingly delicate species. The leaves taper to the fineness of cobwebs. Spiko 4" long, the ped. about 5' long. 14 P. pectinatus (and P. marinus L.) St. slender, branched, striate, fiexuous ; Ivs. numerous and fascicled in the axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, oa sheathing stipules : spikes cylindrical, the lower fls. remote ; ped. filiform, long. — Plant submersed in deep water, bushy and very leafy, N. Eng. ? Middle States 1 W. to Wis. (Lapham ?) Leaves 4 — 7' by (less than) 1", thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish, rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn. 15 P. Robbinsii Oakes. Lvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adnate stipules, lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-ser- rulate; spikes oblong, small and few-flowered; ped. shorter than the leaves. — First discovered by Dr. Bobbins in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. H. Since found in many other ponds in N. H., Mass. W. to Ohio. St long, branched, almost wholly enclosed in. the sheaths. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 2 to 3", very acute, some- what crowded. 676 ORDER 135.—ALISMACE^E. COHORT 6, FLORIDEJE. Endogenous plants with the Flowers usually perfect and complete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and sometimes both, green. ORDER CXXXY. ALISMACKdE. WATER PLANTAINS. Harsh herbs, with parallel-veined, petiolate leaves and branching peduncles. Flowers perfect or monoecious, with a regular double perianth. Sepals 3, green ; petals 3, colored or green ; stamens hypogynous. Ovaries 3 or more, separating into as many 1 -seeded achenia. Genera 9, species 70, distributed in all parts of the -\vorld, more common in temperate climates. One species of Sagittaria is cultivated for food in China (S. Sinensis). (Our specimens were revised by Dr. Engelnian.) SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. ALISME^E. Petals white, with a green calyx. Embryo curved. Leaves rush-like, with no lamina, (a) J Stam G. AI.ISMA. 1. a Fls. all perfect. 1 Stain. 9.— 24. ECIIIN. 2. a FIs. diclinous. Stam. Co .. .SAGITTABIA. 8 II. JUNCAGINE^E. Petals greenish, like the sepals. Embryo straight. Leaves mostly expanded to a lamina, (b) b Anthers oval. Lvs. radical ... TEIGLOCIIIN-. 4 b Anth. linear. Lvs. cauline.SciiEuciizEiUA.. 5 FIG. 712. Inflorescence of a Sagittaria, leaf nnd flowers. of, the sea-urchin, dopdf, a sack ; alluding to the head of carpels bristly with the persistent styles.) — Flowers £; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, aestivation imbri- cate; stam. 6 — co; ovaries and styles oo, imbricated in a head, form- ing as many flattened, beaked achenia. — Scape creeping or erect, flow- ers verticillate. 1 B. radicans Engelm. Leaves ampk, ovate, obtuse, cordate, about 7-veined, on long petioles ; scape prostrate, running and rooting at the proliferous joints ; fls. ORDER 135.— ALISMACE^E 677 clustered at the nodes, on long pedicels; stam. 18 — 24; heads of carpels ovoid, achenia short-beaked, very numerous (100 — 200). — U Swamps, W. 111. (Engel- mann in Gray's Manual) S. to Ga. (Mettauer) and La. (Hale). Lvs. 5 — 12' by 3 — 7'5 strongly heart-shaped. Scapes several, 2 — if long, producing roots and small leaves as well as flowers at the upper joints. Flowers white, much resem- bling' those of Sagittaria, Jn., Jl. (Alisrna, NutL) 2 E. rostra tus Eugelm. Leaves ovate, rather acute, cordate, about 5-veined, the later ones oblong, all long-petioled ; scapes erect, much exceeding the leaves, sharply angled; stam. 12; heads of carpels globular; ach. numerous (100), strongly ribbed and beaJced. — (D River swamps, 111. near St. Louis (Engelm.) S. to Ark. Much smaller than the preceding. Lvs. 1 — 3' long, petioles 2 — 4'. Scapes 1 — 3£ Flowers about half as large as in Sagittaria. (Alisma, Nutt.) 3 E. parvnla Engelm. Dwarf; leaves eUiptic-lanceolate, very acute, tapering to a petiole of equal length; scapes erect, 3 — G-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stam. 9 ; heads of carpels depressed-globular; ach. about 20, beakless. — CD Muddy shores, III, Mo. to Mich. (Engelm.). Plant a few inches (1 — 3 or 4') high, often stoloniferous. Leaves, excluding petiole, Jess than 1' long. Fls. about 3" diameter, 3. SAGITTARIA, Lu ARROW-HEAD. (Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf.) — Flowers 8 , rarely $ $ ; sepals 3 ; pet- als larger, colored, sestivation imbricate ; stam. co ; ovaries very nu- merous, crowded into a head, forming in fruit as many flat, margined, beaked achenia, — Acaiilesccnt marsh herbs, with a inilky juice. Lvs. commonly arrow-shaped, often lanceolate, linear, or even reduced to mere petioles. Scapes with fls. in whorls of 3s, the lower perfect. Petals white. § Lower (fertile) pedicels mncli shorter tlma the upper (sterile) ones Nos. 1, 2 <; fertile pedicels as long as the sterile, (a) a Filaments longer than the anthers. Lvs. not sagittate No. 3 a Filaments very short. — Leaves lanceolate and linear, mostly Nos. 4 — 6 — Leaves oval-obtuse, sagittate at base .No. 1 1 S. Trariabilis Engelm. Lvs. generally sagittate; scape 12-angled, upper fls. sterile, on pedicels but twice longer tJtan tiwse of the lower fertilejis.; fil. glabrous, longer tkan tfie anttiers^ ach. obovate, with a conspicuous, averted beak. — A curious aquatic, conspicuous among the Rushes and Sedges of sluggish waters, Can. and D. S. Lvs. 3 to 10', the lobes about as long as the lamina, petioles much longer. Scape 10' to 2£ simple or branched, 3 of the angles prominent. Fls. mostly in 3s, with ovate, slender-pointed bracts, often dioecious. Petals roundish, showy, wholly white. Jl., Aug. The leaves are exceedingly variable. (S. sagittifolia, Ed. 1, -fi 12, sptcie* 20. native of fresh water in Europe, N. America, E. Indies and N. Holland. They appear to possess no active properties. 1. LIIVINO'BIUM, Richard. FROGS-BIT. (Gr. Mfivrj, a lake, fitog, life.} Flowers monoecious, arising from subsessile spathes ; $ spathe. 1-leaved, about 3-flowered, calyx 3-scpaled, corolla 3-petaled, petals ob- long-linear; stamens G to 12, monadelphous ; ? spathe 2-lcavcd, 1- flowered ; calyx and corolla as in the $ ; stamens 6, subulate rudiments ; ovary G or 9-celled, becoming a co-seeded berry. — 2£ Herb acaulescent, in stagnant waters, multiplying by stolons, and with floating Ivs. Fls. showy, white, the $ on long stalks. Ii. Spoiigia Rich. — In Braddock's Bay, L. Ontario (Sartwell); scarce at the north, common ia the south, E. Ky. ! to Ga. (Feay) and La. (Hale). Lvs on long pe- tioles, roundish, obtuse or broadly acute, often cordate, 1' to 18" diam. Fed. of the sterile fls. slender, about 3' long, of the fertile, thick, about 1' long, botli kinds cither together on the same stalk or on different stalks which are connected by the stolons (Dr. Feay). The leaves beneath are purplish and spongy with largo cells. J!., Aug. (Hydrocharis, Bosc. II. cordifolia Nutt.) 2. AUACH'ARIS, Richard. DITCH Moss. (Gr. av, an indefinite par- tide, a%apL<;, uncomely.) Flowers polygamous, solitary, from a tubular, bifid, axillary spathe ; perianth 6-parted, colored ; $ minute, with 9 oval, ncavly sessile anthers ; ? perianth excessively produced into a filiform tube above the ovary, limb 6-parted, stamens 3 to G, often abor- tive1; style capillary* adherent to the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, large; fruit few- seeded. If. Small aquatic herbs, with submersed pellu- cid opposite or verticillate Ivs. A. Canadensls Planchon. Lvs. verticillate in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or linear sunulate; stig. 2-lobed. — Resembling a coarse moss, in still waters and bogs. St. filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very leafy. Lvs. 3 to G" by (less than) 1", Ihin r.nd diaphanous, sessile, obtuse. Fls. minute, of a dingy white, the slen- der, hair-like tube 2 to 10' long, according to the depth of the waters. Stigmas recurved between the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug. (Udora, Nutt.) 3. VALLISTtE'RIA, Micheli. EEL-GRASS. (In honor of Anthony ValU&ncr, a French botanist.) Flowers $ $ ; spathe ovate, 2 to 4- parUd. $ Spadix covered with minute flowers, enclosed in a 3-parted .spathe; corolla 0. $ Spathe bifid, 1-flowered ; perianth elongated; sepals linear : stigmas 3, ovate, bifid ; fruit elongated, cylindrical, many- seeded. — 2£ Submersed. Lvs. all radical, grass-like. Scape spiral, very long. "V. spirals L. Lvs. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base, floating. — A curious plant, in slow moving or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves linear, 1 — 2f long, about •£' wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2 — 4f long when extended, thread-like, thickened at the top, bearing each a single, white Cower at icana MX.) (330 OBDEB 133.— ORCHIDACE^E. ORDER CXXXVII. BURMANNIACE^L Small annual herbs with slender, scaly or naked stems and scale-like, tufted leaves. flowers perfect, with a tubular, 6-toothed perianth adherent to the ovary. Stamens 3, opposite the smaller teeth (petals), introrse, or 6 and extrorse. Capsule 1 or 3- celled, seeds numerous, minute, loose in a membranous testa. Genera 7, opecies 30, in wet, grassy places in the warm parts of Asia, Africa and America They are said to be bitter and astringent. 1. APTE^RIA, Nutt. (Gr. a, privative, Trrepov, a wing.) Perianth bell-tubular, tube longer than the slender teeth, marescent ; teeth alter- nately narrower ; capsule globular, wingless, 1-celled, valves opening first at base ; placenta? parietal ; seeds innumerable, oblong, very min- ute.— (p Herbs apparently leafless. A. setacea Nutt. Erect, very slender, with remote, subulate scales, and divid- ing above into 2 racemes ; fls. distant, pedicellate. — Moist, shady woods, Fla. and La. (Hale). St. 4 to 6f high. Raceme often simple. Coralla 3 to 4" long, purplish. 2. BURMAN'RIA, L. (Dedicated to one Burmann, a German bota- nist.) Perianth tube scarcely produced above the ovary, often 3-winged below, limb with 3 inner teeth much shorter ; capsule prismatic, often 3-\vinged, cells 3, with a thick placentae in the axis ; seeds numerous. — (D Leafless. 1 B. biflora L. St. capillary, simple, with scarcely perceptible bracts, and 1 or 2, rarely more, small light blue flowers at top, the angles of the tube conspicuously winged. — Grassy swamps in the lower districts, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 3' high. Fls. 2 to 3" long. Oct., Nov. 2 B. capitata L. St. setaceous, furnished with a few subulate bracts, simple, erect, bearing at top a dense cluster of white fls. ; ovary and fruit scarcely winged, — Upper districts of S. Car. and Ga. (Bachman), less common, and with smaller fls. than in the last. St. 6 to 8' high. Sept. ORDER CXXXVIII. ORCHID ACE^E. ORCHIDS. Herbs perennial, with fleshy roots, simple, entire, parallel reined leaves. Flowery very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. Sepals 3, usually colored, odd one uppermost by the twisting of the ovary. Petals 3, usually colored, odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary. Lip (labeUum, the odd petal) diverse in form, often lobed, frequently spurred at base. Stamens 3, gynandrous (consoli- dated with the style), 2 of them or more, rarely 1 of them, abortive or obsolete, tho potten powdery, or coherent in waxy masses. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 pari- etal placenta3 and innumerable ovules. Fruit capsular, 3-valved. Seeds numerous and very minute. Illust. in Figs. 29, 37, b, 57, 85, 200, 327, 366. Genera 394, ftpeciff 3000 ? They are among the most interesting and curious plants, nlmost al- ways remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and steins, and the fragrance, brilliancy and odd structure of the flowers. The Orchids are natives of nearly every part of the world. In the tropics multitudes of them are epiphytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber. This order is remarkable for those qualities only which please the eye. They not only excel in beauty and delicacy, but often closely imitate objects of the animal kingdom, as bees, flies, spiders, doves, swans, pelicans, &c., especially those of the tropical regions. Many of its species are cultivated for ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. Tho salep of commerce is a nutritive, mucilaginous substance afforded by the roots of some Asiatic Orchis. The aromatic vanilla, used to flower chocolate, &c., is tho fruit of the West Indian VaniUa claviculata. ORDER 138.— ORCHID ACE^E. 681 TRIBES AND GENERA. § CYPRIPEDIE J2. Anthers 2, fertile, the 3rd a petal-like appendage over tlio stigma. Lip a large, inflated spurless sack § OPIIRYDE jE, &e. Anther only 1, terminal or dorsal on the stigma. (*) * Lip produced behind into a spul- which is free from the ovary, (a) a Anther erect, terminal ; pollinia 2, granular, pedicellate and attached to as many glands on the stigma, which glands are (b) b concealed ia a pouch (Flowers large, rose-colored, lip entire) in ORCHIS. 2 b naked and close together (Flowers small, lip entire or toothed) in...GYMNADEMA. 3 b naked and widely separated (Lip entire or lobed, or cleft or fringed.) PLATANTHERA. 4 a Anther bont over the end of the stigma like a lid. Pollinia 4 TIPULARIA. 5 * Lip not produced into a spur behind, or the spur is adnate to the ovary, (c) C Lip a large, inflated sack with 2 spur-like points lelow the apex CALYPSO. 6 C Lip not saccate. Plants brown, leafless, or with radical leaf, (d) d Lip hooded, i. e., its margins involute. Pollinia 8. Fls. expanding. BLETIA. 7 d Lip concave, sessile, often with an adnate spur. Pollinia 4. ..CORALLORHIZRA. 8 d Lip concave, raised on a claw. Pollinia 4. Plant with 1 late leaf. ..APLECTBUM. 9 C Lip not saccate. Plants green and with leaves, (e) e Lip flat. Flowers obscure, in racemes nearly bractless. (f ) f Lip entire, dilated ; Column minute. (Leaf 1.) MYCROSTYLIS. 10 f Lip sagittate or cordate. Column lengthened. Leaves 2 LIPPAEIS, 11 f Lip 2-lobed or cleft at apex. Lvs. 2, cauline opposite LISTEEA. J3 6 Lip channeled, recurved. Fls. whitish, in bracted spikes, (g) g Sepals reflexed. Lip arched and recurved, 3-lobcd CRANICHIS. 13 g Sepals erect.— Lip ascending, embracing the column SPIEANTHES. 14 — Lip gibbous beneath, pointed at apex GOODYEBA. J5 e Lip bearded or 3-lobed. Stamen lid-like. Flowers showy, (h) h. Flowers several, purple, with .a bearded lip posterior CALOPOGOX. 10 h. Flowers with the lip anterior (as in the order generally), (k) k Column free from the lip, clavate. Fls. purplish POGONIA. 17 k Column adherent to the tip below. Fls. purple ARETHUSA. 18 k Column adherent to the lip. Fls. yellow. On trees EPIDENDRUM. 19 1. CYPRIPE'DIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. (Gr. Kvnpig, Venus, irodiov, a slipper ; from the slipper-like form of the lip.) The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely distinct ; petals spreading ; lip inflated, saccate, obtuse ; column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen) and bearing a 2-celled anther under each wing. — Fls. large, very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip ; Ivs. large, plaited, veined. § Sepals 2, the lower compound of 2 united either wholly or near the tip. (*) * Stem leafy.— Flowers 1 to 3, mostly but 1, yellow Nos. 1, 2 — Flowers solitary or several, white or rose-colored Nos. 8, 4 * Stem a leafless scape, 2-leaved at base. Flower rose-colored No. 5 § Sepals 3, the 2 lower entirely distinct No. 6 1 C. piibescens Swartz. LARGE YELLOW LADIES SLIPPER. St. leafy, Ivs. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; sepals lanceolate; lip shorter than the linear, twisted petals, compressed laterally, convex both above and below ; sterile stamen triangular, acute ; plant pubescent.— Woods and meadows, Can. to Wis., S. to Ga. Sts. usu- ally several from the same root, If or more high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3, many- veined, clasping at base. Flower mostly solitary. Segm. 4, greenish with purple stripes and spots, the lower bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the lateral 2 to 3' by 3", wavy and twisted. Lip moccasin-shape^ bright-yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture. May, Jn. 2 C. parviflorum Salish. SMALLER YELLOW LADIES' SLIPPER. St. leafy ; Ivs. lan- ceolate-acuminate j sep. ovate or lance-ovate ; lip shorter than the petals, compressed from above and bancath; sterile stamen triangular, acute; plant pubescent. — In low woods and prairies, Can. to Wis. and Ga. (Miss Wyman). More common westward. Plant 8 to 12' high, rarely taller, very leafy. Flower a third smaller than in No. 1. Petals 1 to 18", twisted or not. Upper sep. broadest. Lip evi- dently flattened on the upper side, convex laterally, dull yellow. May, Ju. C32 ORDER 138.— ORCHIDACE^E. 3 C. cdndidum TVilld. St. leafy ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute ; fl. terminal, soli* tary ; sep. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex ; petal lance-linear, longer than the laterally compressed white lip ; sterile stamens lanceo- late, obtuse. — Border of wood?, prairies, Penn. to Ind. (Plummer), Wis. and Can. St. about If high, simple. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 14-', sheathing the stem. Ovary pedi- cellate. Lip I' in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May. — Well distinguished by its sterile stamens as by its color. 4 C. spectabile Sw. St. leafy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the column elliptic-cordate, obtuse ; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. — A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves G — 10' by 2 — 4', veined, plaited, hairy. Flowers 2 — 3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2' long, 1 J- broad ; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals completely united. Jl. 5 C. acaule Ait. Scape leafless, 1-flowered ; Ivs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute ; lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, detiexed ; pet. lance- olate ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. — A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car. to Arc. Am. Leaves largo, plaited and downy. Scape 10 — 14' high, with a single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals V long, the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip. Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of tho flower. May, Jn. (C. humile Sw. 7) 6 C. arietinum Ait. HAM'S HEAD. St. leafy; Ivs. elliptical, striate-veined ; Sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, tho upper oblong-ovate, acuminate ; 2 lateral pet. linear ; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic. — In damp woods, Can., Me., Vt. (Dr. Phelps) to N. Y. and Wis.? Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8 — 12' high, lower part sheathed. Leaves 3 — 5, 2 — 3' by \ — 1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leafy bract at base. Segments about equal in length, tho upper one as broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests the name of this curious plant. May. 2. OR'CHIS, L. (Gr. op%i$, the ancient name.) Flower ringcnt, sepals and petals similar, some of them ascending and arching over the column ; lip turned downwards, produced at base beneath into a spur which is distinct from the twisted ovary; stamen 1, anther 2-cclled ; pollinia 2, one in each cell, composed of numerous waxy grains im- plicated in a cobweb tissue; pedicellate and attached to 2 glands of the stigma which are contained in one common little pouch. Fls. several, large, bright-colored, in a spike or raceme. O. spectabilis L. Lvs. 2, nearly as long as the scape ; lip obovate, undi- vided, crenate, retuse ; segments of tho perianth straight, the lateral ones longer; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary, bracts longer than the flower. — This pretty little plant is found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, etc., U. S. and Can. Hoot fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3 — G' long, £ to % as wide. Scape 4 — G' high, acutely angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3 — 5 largo, ehowy flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur white or whitish, each about 8" long. May, Jn. 3. GYMNADE^NIA, R. Brown. ORCHIS. (Gr. yvpvos, naked, ad?p, gland.) Anther-cells parallel or converging below ; glands of the stigma to which the pollinia arc attached naked. Otherwise as in Orchis. 1 G. nivea. St. very slender, lowest leaf long, linear, acute, the others (G to 12) very much smaller, subulate, bract-like ; fls. 20 to 30, small, in an oblong-cylin- dric spike ; lip (white} oblong, crenulate or wavy, longer than the petals, produced behind into a filiform spur which is nearly twice longer than the ovary; column very short ; pollinia at length naked. — Ga. (Pond) to Fla. and La. (Hale). Root fibrous, producing tuberous corms. St. 1 to 2f high, leaf 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4" wide. Fls. white, very delicate, rather smaller than in Nos. 2 and 3. (Orchis nivea Baldw.) ORDER 138.— -ORCHID ACE^E. 683 3 GK f l^fe&t&ta Lindl. St. slender ; lowest leaf linear-oblong or oblanceolate^ ob- tuse, the others 3 or 4, very small and bract-like; fls. 7 to 12, sessile, in a short, open spike ; sop. obtuse, erect-spreading ; Up a little longer, truncate and ^-toothed at the apex, produced behind into a slender, often clavellate spur which is longer than the ovary. — In damp woods, Can. and U. S. Root a few thick fibers. St. 12 to 18' high, leaf about 6', bracts 1' and less. Spike often as wide as long, with small, greenish-white fls. Spur 4 or 5" long, usually curved. Jn., Jl. (0. tridentata Willd.) ft. CLAVELLATA has the fls. more diverging and the spur conspicuously club- shaped. — South. 3 G. flava Lindl. St. flcxuous, leafy ; lower Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, acute, upper gradually smaller ; spike densely many-flowered ; lip (ydlow) ovate, crenulate or somewhat wavy, longer than the broad-ovate, obtuse sepals, shorter than the sub- ulate spur. — Swamps, in pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. and La. Rt. of thickened fibres. St. 12 to 15' high, with Ivs. nearly as long as the internodes. Spiko globular or oblong, with 30 to 50 small, orange-colored flg. Sep. about 1" long, spur nearly 3", lip 2". Jn., JL (0. flava and nigra Nutt.) 4. PLATANTHERA, Richard. ORCHIS. (Gr. -rrharvg, broad, dvOijpd, anther.) Anther cells diverging below, and the two glands to which the pedicellate pollinia are attached widely separated. Otherwise as in Orchis. (Platanthcra and Gymnadenia are separated from Orchis by characters purely artificial, and should be reunited with it.) * Leaf only one. Flowers greenish-white. Lip entire or 3-lobed Nos. 1,2 * Leaves only two, roundish, large. Flowers greenish. Lip entire Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves several, clothing the stem more or less, (a) a Lip undivided and entire, neither fringed, lobed, nor toothed, whitish Nos. 5, 10 to 20' high, with a long leaf (8 to 12' by £') sheathing its base. Pis. 3 to 8, large, purple, remarkable for their apparently inverted position ; lip expanded at apex, spatulate, crested with white, orange and purple clavate hairs, and on tho upper side of tho flower, while tho column is below! Jn.. Jl. (Cymbidium WilkL) 17. POGO'NIA, Juss. (Gr. 7rc5ywv, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip.) Perianth irregular, sepals and petals distinct ; lip sessile or un- guiculate, cucullatc, bearded inside; column wingless, elongated, free ; pollinia 2, farinaceous. — Habit various. Lvs. 1 or more. Fls. purple. § Sepals about equal, and similar to tho petals, light purple. Lip scarcely lobcd Nos. 1, 2 § Sepals much longer than, and unlike the petals, dark brown. Lip 8-lobed Nos. 3, 4 1 P. ophioglossoides Br. Rt. fibrous ; St. furnished with an oval-lanceolate leaf and a foliaceous bract near tho single flower ; sap. and pet. about equal ; lip. fim- briate. — An interesting plant, much taller than the bulbous Arethusa. found in swamps and muddy shores, Can., N. Eng. to Car. and Ivy. The stem is very slender 9 — 1C' high, with 2 remoto leaves, the one placed about midway, 2 — 3' long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at tho base ; the other (a bract) much smaller, situated near the fio\yer. Flower large, nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals and sepals (f ') June. (Arethusa L.) 2 P. verticillata Nutt. Lvs. 5, lance-oval verticillate ; fl. solitary, tho 3 outer petals very bng, linear, inner ones nearly thrice shorter, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip 3- lobed, the middle lobes undulate. — Swamps, Can. to Ga. (Mr. Wm. Jones), common. Stem 8 — 12' high, with a whorl of leaves near the top and a flower 1 — 2' above it. Leaves !£' long, % as wide, abruptly acuminate. Tho flower is remarkable for its sepals being above 2' long, very narrow, and of a greenish-brown color. Lip crested in the middle. July. (Arethusa "Willd.) 3 P. pendula Lindl. THREE-BIRDS. Rt. tuberous; st. leafy, about ^-flowered at the top; Ivs. clasping, ovate, alternate; fls. axillary nodding; Up. entire, scabrous, not bearded ; fr. pendulous. — A small, delicate plant, in swamps, Mid. and W. and S. States. St. scarcely G' high, slightly angled, with about 3 fls. which with the ovary aro 1' long. The fruit often resembles 3 little birds. Lvs. 3 to G, 4 to 8" long, purplish. Fls. light purple, tho segments of the perianth equal, converging, and rather longer than the lip. Aug. (Triphora Nutt.) 4 P. divaricata R. Er. Lvs. 2, one of them in the middle of the stem, lanceolate- linear, subfalcate, tho other terminal, bract-like, at the base of tho single, large, flower; sep. narrow, wide-spread, recurved at apex, one third longer than the lan- ceolate, acuminate petals ; lip spatulate, 3-lobed, middlo lobe rounded, cuspidate; lateral lobes somewhat involute.— A fine, showy plant, near 2f high, in grassy swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. Lf. 2 to 4' by 3 to 5", rather oblong than lance- shaped, the bract scarce half as large. Petals 1' long, pink, sep. 18", brownish- purple. Lip green, with purple veins. Apr., May. 18. ARETHUVSA, Gronov. (Arethusa, a nymph of Diana, transi ORDER 139.— MARANTACE^E. 691 formed to a fountain.) Perianth somewhat ringent; sepals and petals cohering at the base ; lip spurless, adnato to the column at base, de- flected at the end, and bearded inside ; pollinia 4, angular. — St. low, sheathed, 1 -flowered, arising from a conn or bulb imbedded in moss. A. bulbosa L. This beautiful and interesting plant is found in wet meadows and swamps, Can. to Va. W. to Wis. Stem 6 — 12' high, invested with about 3 long, loose sheaths, with lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced into a short linear-spatulate leaf. At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower of a rich purple color. At the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal bracts. June. 19. EPIDEN'DRUM, Swartz. TREE ORCHIP. (Gr. em, upon, dev- dpov, a tree.) Sepals and petals spreading; lip united with the col- umn and forming a tube which is sometimes dccurrent on the ovary ; anther terminal, opercular ; pollinia 4, separated by complete, persistent partitions, and each narrowed at base into a reflexed, elastic pedicel. — Epiphytic plants, vegetating in air and the scanty soil lodged in the bark of trees. Sts. few-leaved at base, naked and many-flowered above. E. conopseum II. K. Sts. tufted, 2-leaved simple ; Ivs. coriaceous, oblong-lan- ceolate, acute or mucronate, sessile ; Us. 3 to 7, spicate, erect, yellow ; lip 3-lobed, middle loba obcordate, spreading as well as the narrow-linear, obtuse petals. — Chiefly on the Magnolia grandiflora, in damp woods, low country, S. Car. to Fla. and farther West. Root an entangled mass of thick fibers. Sts. in clusters, 5 to 8' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long. Fls. expanding 5 or G", tinged with purple. Aug., Sept. ORDER CXXXIX. MARANTACE^E. ARROWORTS. Herbs with a creeping rhizome, sheathing petioles, and ample leaves, with par- allel veins diverging from tho midveiu. Fls. with spathaceous bracts. Perianth adherent, irregular, of 3 circles, each of 3 parts, tho inner often abortive. Stamens 3, petaloid, 2 sterile, the 3d fertile, lateral, with only half an anther. Ovary infe- rior, 1 to 3-celled. Seeds albuminous, embryo not in a sac (vitellus). Genera C, species 166, chiefly found in the tropics. They are remarkable, us an order, for the abundance of pure starch contained in the rhizomes of many species, constituting the penuino arrow root of commerce. This is chiefly obtained from Marnntd arundinacea and iiobiliaf E. Indies, and J/. ramonisnima, W. Indies. Some are cultivated for ornament. 1. THA^LIA, L. (Named for John Thalius, a German physician and author.) Flowers contained in a 2-leavecl, glume-like spathc ; calyx 3- sepaled, small, concave, lance-ovate ; corolla 6-parted, the 3 outer seg- ments equal, 3 inner very unequal ; stamen 2-parted, the outer segment petaloid, inner slender, bearing the 1-cclled, ovate (half) anther; style short, twisted, with a large, lip-shaped stigma ; fruit capsular, thin, with 1 or 2 large seeds; embryo recurved. — 2£ Lvs. with long sheaths. Scape paniculate. T. dealbata Roscoe. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute and revolute at apex, rounded at base, petiole distinct, much shorter than its sheath ; scape and panicle pow- dered ; Bpathe of 2 very unequal Ivs., 2-flowered, but usually 1-fruited, pilous ; pericarp membranous, inclosing 1 large, farinaceous seed, in which the slender embryo lies distinct, bent double. — A tall, elegant plant, in marshes, S. Car. (Cur- tis) to Fla. Abundant in the Chattahoochee R. near Apalachicola. Scape slender, 3 to 5 to 7f! high, bearing a large, forking panicle, with several lance-linear, de- ciduous bracts. Lvs. 9 to 14' by 4 to 8', often subcordate. Fls. purple, hah" con- cealed in the bracts. 2. CANNA, L. INDIAN SHOT. (Derivation doubtful.) Calyx of 3 sepals, persistent on the fruit ; corolla G-parted, with unequal segments, (592 ORDER 140.— AMARYLLIDACE^E. the outer often reflexed ; stamen petaloid, 2-lobed, the upper lobe bear- ing the 1-celled (half) anther on its margin ; style petaloid, fleshy, stigma obtuse; capsule muricate, 3-celled; seeds globular. — 2f Handsome, evergreen herbs, with large Ivs. and showy panicles, or spikes. § CORYTHIUM* (Gr. (nopyg) Kopy06$, with a helmet.) Tube of the corolla prolonged above the ovary, ivith the outer segment spirally attached, and reflexed, inner segment and the stamen dilated and coroni- form ; anther wholly adnate. 1 C. flaccida Roscoe. Glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to a long, sheathing base; fls. spicate, 2-bracted; sep. erect, lance-linear; cor. tube more than twice as long as the sepals •, limb of the inner petals spreading, flaccid, wavy, yellow, the outer lance-linear, reflexed ; stigma obliquely dilated above, termina- ting the corolla tube. — A fine plant, around ponds, S. Car., Ga. and Ma. Stem 3f high. Lvs. near 2f long (including the narrow base), 2 to 4' wide. Fls. about 4' long. Caps, oval, 12 to 16" long. — This plant, with its congeners, might per- haps constitute a new genus. § CANNA proper. Corolla tube short or none, segments erect or spreading above, the inner not coroniform y anther free above. 2 C. Indica Rose. Glabrous ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, abrupt at base ; cor. tube scarcely longer than the sepals ; segm. strap-shaped or spatulate, subequal, inner erect. — Often cultivated. Lvs. large, smooth and glossy, the lamina more than If long. Fls. near 2' long, red and yellow, f "W. Indies. ORDER CXL. AMARYLLIDACE^E. AMARYLLIDS. Herbs perennial, chiefly bulbous, with linear leaves not scurfy nor woolly. Flow- ers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, with an adherent, 6-parted perianth. Sta- mens 6, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with styles united into 1. Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds 1 to oo, with fleshy albumen. Figs. 315, 342, 395, 396. Genera 6S, species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very few arc found in our climate. Properties. A few of the Amaryllids possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in. tho viscid juice of the bulbs of Haemanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and of other species, are emetic. The fermented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicating pulque of the Mex- icaifc. Many are highly ornamental in cultivation. GENERA. § Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube. (*) * Crown a thin membrane connecting tho stamens PANCRATIUM. 1 * Crown a firm cup containing the stamens NARCISSUS. 2 § Perianth destitute of a crown. (**) ** Segments united into a tube above tho ovary. Stamens perigynous. (a) a Flowers solitary, tube of the perianth straight, erect ZKrnYRAimnjs. 3 a Flowers many, tube of the perianth straight AGAVE. 4 a Flowers many, tube of the perianth curved POLYANTHUS. 6 ** Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding, (b) b Perianth irregular. Stamens declined and curved SPREKET.IA. 6 b Perianth regular. — Sepals (all white) larger than petals GALANTIIUS. 7 — Sepals (green-tipped) as largo as petals LEUCOJUII. 8 — Sepals and petals equal, yellow UYPOXIS. 9 1. PANCRATIUM, L. (Gr. irdv, all, tcparvg, powerful; the name was first applied to the medicinal squill.) Tube of the perianth pro- duced above the ovary, long and slender, dilated in the throat, limb regular, 6-parted; stamens 6, inserted on the throat, their bases con- nected by an ample membrane forming a broad, funnel-shaped corona; anthers linear, versatile ; capsule 3-valved, co-seeded. — Bulbs tunicated, bearing long Ivs. and a scape with a bractcd umbel of showy fls. ORDER 140.— AMARYLLIDACE^E. 693 1 P. rotatum L. Scapes 2 — 6-flowered; Ivs. long, strap-shaped, oltuse; ovary ovate-triangular ; sep. and pet. linear, as long as the tube ; crown Iroad-funnel- shaped or top-shaped, the margin 12-tcothed, alternate teeth stamen if erous sta- mens and declined style nearly as long as the sepals; anthers yellow. — Marshes and low grounds, along streams, throughout the S. States. Bulb white, an inch or more in diam. Scape 18' to 2f high. Fls. usually but 2, white. Perianth and tube about 3' long, the crown about 18" broad, very thin and often torn. Apr. May. (P. Mexicanum L. Hymenocallis Herbt.) 2 P. coronarium Lo Conte. Scape many-flowered ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; petals linear, thrice longer than the crown, which is large, funnel-shaped, 18-angled, or having 2 angular teeth between the stamens, and often a jagged sinus between the teeth; stam. much shorter than the petals, with long (6 to 8"), linear, yellow anthers. — River swamps, along the coast, Car., Ga. (Pursh) to La. (Mr. R. Green). Scapes and Ivs. 2 or 3f long. Fls. white. Style much longer than the sUimens. 3 P. marftimum L. Scape many-flowered ; Ivs. linear, strap-shaped, glaucous, longer than the scape ; pericmtli funnel-shaped, segm. lance-linear, spreading above, longer than the crown ; crown funnel-shaped, its base adherent to the segments, its margin ivith 6 pairs (12) of prominent teeth, alternating with the stamens, which are borne in the sinuses. River swamps, S. Car., Ga. (Walter, Catesby) and west- ward (Le Conte). Not lately seen? Scape 18' to 2f high. Fls. very firagrant} evanescent. (P. occidentalis Le Coute ?) Eur. 2. NARCIS'SUS, L. (Gr. vdpKrj, stupor ; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species.) Perianth regular, 6-parted, bearing on its throat a cup or bell-form crown (consisting of a whftr] of united sterile stamens) ; fertile stamens 6, inserted within the tube and concealed within the crown. — A genus of well known, much cultivated flowers, many of them very fragrant and beautiful. They have bulbous roots, cnsiform leaves, and usually yellow fls., with a long, compressed spathe, opening on one side and deciduous. § Crown longer than the tube of the perianth No. 1 § Crown shorter shun the tube of the perianth, — its border crenate Nos. 2, 3 —its border entire No. 4 1 N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. DAFFODIL. Scape 2-edged, straight, striated ; seg- ments sulphur color; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice, and as long as the pe- tals.— Gardens. Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scapo a foot high, bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona, April, May. f Eur. (Ajax, Haworth.) 2 N. Jonquilla L. JONQUILS. Scape 1 — 3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatu- late ; cup (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, cre- nate.— Gardens. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a few- flowers cf a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. f Spain. (Queltia Her- bert.) 3 N. poeticus L. POET'S NARCISSUS. Scape 1-flowered; segments imbricato at base, reflexed ; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulato ; 3 anth. shorter than tho tube. — Gardens. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown singularly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. f S. Europe. 4 N. Tazetta L. Spathe many-flowered ; corona campanulate, truncate, shorter than tho petals ; Ivs. flat. — Gardens. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, sword- shaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 10 — 12 flowers. Corolla white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May. f Spain. (Hermiono Herbert.) 3. ZEPHYRANTHUS, Herbert. AMARYLLIS. ATAMASCO LILY. (Ztyvpog, the west wind, dvOog.) Perianth superior, tubular at base, funnel-form, with a 6-parted, regular limb, which spreads above ; sta- mens G, inserted in the throat, or one of them lower down, filaments slender ; anther versatile ; style filiform, somewhat declined ; stigma 694 ORDER UO.— AM ARYLLID ACE^E. S-fid ; seeds oo, 2 rows in each sell, black. — Bulb tunicated, sending up a scape with linear Ivs. Spathe 1-leaved. Fls. erect, showy and beau- tiful. Fig. 315. Z. Atainasco Herbt. Spatbo 2-cleft, acute; flowers solitary, pediceled; cor. campanulate, suberect, with the segm. equally spreading above ; filaments much exceading the tube, but shorter than the segments. — An attractive ilower, in wet clay soils, Va. to Fla. Lvs. linear, a foot long. Scape round. 6 to 12' high. Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, white and pink. Se- pals lanceolate, 3 to 3^-' long (including the 1' tube). March (S.), May (N.) (Amaryllis L.). 4. AGA^YE, L. (Gr. ayavog, admirable.) Perianth tubular-funnel- form, adherent to the ovary, G-parted ; stamens G, cxserted ; anthers jfinear, soon versatile ; capsule coriaceous, obtusely triangular, 3-cellcd, many-seeded. — A splendid American genus. Root sometimes ligneous. Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly radical, thick and rigid, channeled, often spiny. Scape many-flowered. 1 A. Virginica L. FALSE ALOE. Acaulescent, herbaceous ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, fleshy, glabrous, with cartilaginous serratures on the margin ; scape simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales and sessile, tubular flowers. — Rocky banks, Penu. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. Scape 4 to Gf high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicato above. Radical leaves long, acute. Flowers 1' long, greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the subulate segments. Anth. long exserted. Capsulo roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed. Sept. f 2 A. Americana L. AMERICAN ALOE. CENTURY PLANT. Acaulescent; Ivs. spinous-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy ; scape branched, lofty and arborescent ; cor. tube contracted in the middle ; pedicel as long as the corolla. — The largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated. It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical, thick, 3 — 6 or 8f long, 4 — 12' wide. The scape arises from the center of tho leaves to tho height of 15 to 25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle of innumerable yel- low flowers. There is a variety with striped leaves, f 5. POLYAE'THES, L. TUBEROSE. (Gr. rroMg, many, dvOsg.) Perianth superior, funnel-form, with a long, curved tube ; filaments in- serted into the throat, included ; ovary at the bottom of the tube, the summit free. — Rt. an upright rhizome, thick, producing tubers above. St. terete, solid, simple, co-flowered. P. tubercsa L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; petals oblong. — A green-house plant. Sts. bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2 to 3f high, with al- ternate, large, white, regular fls. of a delicious fragrance, which is most powerful at evening. Aug., Sept. f Ceylon. 6. SPREKE'LIA, Endl. JACOBEA LILY. Perianth adherent 6-leaved, subbilabiate and spreading above ; inner segm. narrower ; stam. 6, in- serted on the ovary, unequal, and with the style declined, but bending up at apex. — Bulbous. Scape fistulous, 1 -flowered. Lvs. linear. S. formosfssima Herbt. Lvs. radical; fls. nodding, very ringent, tube fringed ; sta. included in the involute lower segments. — A splendid flower, grown in light, loamy soil. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scapo a foot high. Spatho red, disclosing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn. — Aug. 7. G ALAN THUS, L. SNOW-DROP. (Gr. ytUa, milk, civOo$', from the color.) Perianth superior, segments distinct, the 3 inner shorter, notched or lobed ; stamens G, inserted on the top of the ovary, erect, included ; style straight, longer than the stamens ; stigma entire ; cap- ORDER U1.~BROMELIACE^E. 695 sule 3-celled, loculicidal, oo-seeded. — Bulb tunicated, acrid. Scape 2- edged, solid. Spathe 1 -leaved. Fls. white, pendulous. Caps, matur- ing under ground. G. nivalis. SNOW-DROP. Lvs. linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1 -flowered. — Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in spring. It is a small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large, nodding flower, white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, narrow leaves towards the top. 8. LEUCCTJUM, L. SNOW-FLAKE. (Gr. ksvKo$, white, lov, violet.) Perianth superior, segments distinct, subequal, often thickened at tho apex ; stamens G, inserted on the tip of the ovary, included ; style erect, thickened upwards ; stigma entire, obtuse ; capsule fleshy, 3- valved, loculicidal, Go-seeded. — Bulb tunicated. Scape 2-edged, fistu- lous. Lvs. few. Spathe 1-leaved. Fls. pendulous. 1 L. cestivum L. Lvs. linear, a little shorter than the scape ; spatho many (4 to 8)-flowered ; caps, pyriform, with numerous black seeds in each cell. — Gar- dens, very pretty. Lvs. G or more, of a rich green, long, channeled, sheathing. Scape 6 to 10' high, sharply 2-angled, bearing at top an umbel of pedicellate nod- ding fls. issuing from a spathe. Sep. pure white, 6 to 8" long, tipped with a green thickened point. May, Jn. f Eur. 2 L. vermim L. Lvs. linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at base ; scape 1 or 2-flowered ; perianth segm. with divergent veins, white, marked with a green or yellow tip ; seeds 7 in each coll, straw-colored. — Gardens, less frequent than tho other. Mar., Apr. f Eur. (L. rinosma, Herbert.) 9. HYPOX'IS, L. STAR-GRASS. (Gr. VTTO, under, o^uf, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fruit.) Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth 6-parted, regular, persistent ; stamens G ; capsule elongated, narrowed at the base, indehiscent ; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crus- taceous integument. — Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow fls. Lvs. radical, linear. 1 H. erecta L. Pilous ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than tho linear-lanceolate Ivs. — In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Lvs. all radical, 6 to 12' by 3 to 5", very acute. Tho slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise 6 to 8', divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 to 5 peduncles, having each a min- ute, subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow within ; segm. oval, rather obtuse. Jn. 2 H. filifolia Ell. Sparingly pilous ; scape 2-flowered, shorter than tho filiform Ivs. — In dry, sandy soils, Ga. and Fla. Same height as tho other species. Lvs. 8 to 12' long, thread-shaped, but channeled, not half a lino wide. 1'ls. rather large (D to 11" diam.).- ORDER CXLI. BROMELIACE^. BROMELIADS. Herbs, chiefly epiphytic, with persistent, often scurfy leaves, channeled and sheath- ing. Calyx 3-parted or 3-toothed, often green. Corolla 3-petaled, distinct, imbri- cated, colored. Stamens 6, perigynous. Style single ; ovary 3-celled, with numer- ous ovules. Seeds numerous, embryo at the base of mealy albumen, radicle next tho hilum. Tig. 37, c. Genera 23, species 170, nearly nil natives of tropical America. Among them is Ananassa itativa, the pine apple, very abundant in the Bahamas, which delicious fruit consists of the en- tire spike of flowers, with bracts and stem blended into one fleshy mass — a sorosis. Another useful plant is our own Tillandsia usneoides — tho Spanish inoss of commerce. , TILLAND'SIA, L. LONG Moss. (Named for Prof. E. Tillands, of Abo, author of Flora Abccasis.) Perianth double, 3 sepals mem- 696 ORDER 142.— H^EMODORACE^E. branous, convolute into a tube, 3 petals colored, spreading above • stamens scarcely cohering with the base of the sepals ; ovary free ; capsule elongated, the 3 valves splitting each into 2 layers, of which the outer is membranous, the inner cartilaginous ; seeds club-shaped, raised on cornous stipes. — Plants grayish with scurf, growing on trees. 1 T. usneoidea L. BLACK Moss. SPANISH Moss. St. filiform, branching, long,flexuous, pendulous; Ivs. recurved, filiform (1 to 2' long) ; peduncle l-flowered, short. — Very common in the low country, from the Dismal Swamp. Va. to Fla. and La., hanging in long dark gray tufts and festoons from every tree. It is col- lected, dried and beaten until the bark falls off, when the black, elastic, tough, thread-like stem is used as hair in upholstery, &c. Flowers May — Aug, — Very different in habit from the next. 2 T. Bartramii Ell. Stems clustered, erect, simple, enveloped in bract-like sheaths ; Ivs. mostly radical, channeled, linear-subulate, from a dilated, half clasp- ing base, which is brown and polished, much longer than the stem ; fls. 2 to 4, in a bracted, terminal spike. — Swamps, Liberty County, Ga. (Pond). Root a dense mass of crowns with fibers, "on the bark of old trees" (Elliott). Sts. about 6' high, and with the Ivs. (6 to 12') forming dense tufts. Ms ........ Capsule 9" long, sessile, enveloped in imbricated bracts. Inner valves dark brown. Seed stipe clothed with a long, silky coma, Jn. 3 T. recurva L. Lvs. subulate, recurved; scape setaceous, erect, longer than the Ivs., bearing about 2 flowers at the summit. — On old trees, Ga. and Fla., forming tufts covered with grayish scales. (Pursh.) TVe saw specimens of this species in the herbarium of Rev. Dr. Bachman, but took no description. ORDER CXLII. ILEMODORACEJ3. BLOODWORTS. Herbs perennial, with fibrous roots, equitant or rosulate leaves, and perfect flowers. Perianth regular, G-parted, scurfy or woolly outside, more or less adherent. Stam- ens 6, or 3 and opposite the petals, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 1-styled. Capsule covered with the withered perianth. Seeds with cartilaginous albumen. Genera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of Lacnanthes tinctoria abounds in a rod coloring matter. One of the most intense bitters known is Aletris farinosa. GENERA. § Ovary wholly adherent. Stamens 3, cxserted. Perianth woolly outside ..... LA.CVANTHES. 1 § Ovary half free. Stamens C, included. — Corymbcd perianths woolly all over ____ LOI'HIOLA. 2 — Kacemed perianths rugous-scurfy ........ ALETEIS. 8 1. LACNANTHES, Elliott. RED-ROOT. (Gr. Aa#vo£, soft hair, avOog .) Perianth woolly outside, tube adherent ; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals ; stamens 3, equaling the petals and opposite to them ; filaments and filiform, de- clined style exserted ; capsule 3-celled, truncated, many-seeded. — An herb with red roots, equitant, ensiform Ivs., and a dense, woolly corymb. L. tinctoria Ell. Swamps and borders of ponds, K. I. (Olney) to Fla. An in- teresting plant, with rush-like Ivs. St. erect, strict, 18 to 24' high, clothed with white wool above. Lvs. mostly radical, fleshy, 3 to 4" wide and nearly as high as the stem. Cauline Ivs. remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal, compactly many-flowered. Fls. densely clothed with white wool outside, glabrous and yel- low within. Anthers bright yellow, at length revolute. Jl., Aug. (Dilatris, Pursh.) — Tho root is said to be employed in dyeing. 2. LOPHI'OLA, Ker. CREST-FLOWER. (Gr. Ao^o^, a crest; allud- ing to the crested petals.) Perianth half superior, 6-clcft, persistent, ORDER 143.— IRIDACE^E. 697 woolly outside and inside ; petals narrower than the sepals, somewhat interior ; stamens 6, filaments naked, anthers erect ; style conical, 3- partible ; stigma simple ; capsule opening at the summit, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — An herb with a creeping root, flexuous stem, woolly abov7c, and a loose cormyb, densely clothed with soft, white wool. Ii. Americana. Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. St. 1 to 2f high, erect» hoary-tomentous when young. Lvs. glaucous, narrowly linear, equitant, glab- rous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally much expanded, many flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, segments reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising from the center of each valve. Seeds white. JL, Aug. (L. aurea Ker. Couostylis, Ph.) 3. ALEVTRIS, L. STAR-GRASS. COLIC-ROOT. (Gr. aAerp/'f, a mil- ler's wife ; because of the mealy-looking flowers.) Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugous as if scurfy or mealy, persistent ; stamens issuing at the top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible ; ovary adherent at base only ; capsule opening at top, many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, very bitter, Ivs. radical, rosulate, and scape many-flowered. 1 A. farinosa L. Lvs. broad-lanceolate; fls. white> oblong-tubular, pediceled; perianth in fruit rugous or mealy in appearance. — Grows in low grounds, in most of the States. Root premorse. Scape 20 — 30' high, with remote scales or bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These are 3 — 4' long, \ as wide, and lie flat, upon the ground. Flowers in a long, thin raceme. Perianth white, J' long, on very short pedicels, rugous without, when old. Me- dicinal. July. 2 A. aurea Walt. Lvs. lanceolate ; fls. yellow, subsessile ; perianth short, tubular- campanulate, finally rugous and very scabrous. — In the pine barrens of N. J. to Fla., abundant. Scarcely different from the preceding except in color. Scapo 2 — 3f high, with rather distant yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Lvs. all radical, 2 to 3' by 3 — i". Jl., Aug. ORDER CXLIII. IRIDACE^E. IRIDS. Herbs with conns, bulbs or rhizomes, equitant, 2-ranked leaves and spathaceoua bracts. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, segments in 2 sets, often unequal and convolute in bud. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals, anthers extrorse. Style If stigmas 3, often petaloid. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds many, with hard, fleshy albumen. Figs. 76, 151, 425. Genera 52, species 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe or N. America. Properties— More remarkable for beauty than utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Iris tuberosa. The aromatic orris root is the dried rhizome of Irisftorentina of S. Europe. Saffron consists of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus. GENERA. § Flowers irregular, somewhat bilabiate, nodding GLADIOLUS. 1 § Flowers regular and equilateral, mostly erect. (*) * Sepals similar to the petals in form, size and position, (a) a Stamens distinct. Tube very long, partly under ground CKOCTTS. 6 a Stamens distinct. Tube short or none above the ovary IXIA. 5 a Stamens monadelphous. Flowers small, blue. Plant grass-like... SISYKINCHIUM. 4 * Sepals larger than the petals and otherwise dissimilar, (b) b Stamens monadelphous. Petals spreading, panduriform TIGRIDIA. 3 b Stamens distinct,— stigmas slender, on a slender style NEMASTYUS. 2 —stigmas petaloid, on a very short style IBIS. 1 1. IRIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. (Name from the Greek, signifying rainbow ; on account of the varied color of the flowers.) Sepals 3, (598 ORDER 143.— IRIDACE^. reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals ; stamens distinct ; style short or 0 ; stigmas petaloicl, covering the stamens. — Herbs from tuberous, horizontal rhizomes, with ensiform Ivs., and large showy fls. § Stems leafy, tall (1 to 3f ), mostly bearing several flowers. (*) * Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants seldom cultivated, (a) a Leaves linear, grass-like. Ovary and pod 2-grooved on the sides No. 1 a Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers blue. Sepals much larger than petals. . .Nos. 2 — 4 a Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers tawny or copper-colored, Petals veflexed...No. 5 * Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics, (b) b Stem many-flowered. Flowers blue or whitish. Sepals and petals notched. .No. 6 b Stern many-flowered. Flowers deep blue. Spathes also colored. . I GERMANICA. t b Stem 1-flowered, flower striped. Petals reflexed I. SUSIANA. t § Stem or scape low (2 to 60 and nearly leafless, mostly 1-flowered. (**) ** Sepals beardless, but with 3 longitudinal folds (crested) Nos. 7, 8 ** Sepals beardless, and also crestless. Flower blue No. 9 ** Sepals bearded in a longitudinal line. Flowers bright Hue No. 10 1 I. Virginica L. BOSTON IRIS. St. round, slender, few-flowered; Ivs. linear, long; fls. beardless; ova* triangular, the side doubly grooved. — In similar situa- tions with the next, readily distinguished by its very slender habit. Mass, to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem smooth, 1 — 2" in diam., 1 — 2f high, branching at top and bearing 2 — 6 flowers. Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves few, alternate, grass-like, G — 10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Petals linear-lanceolate. Jn. (I. prismatica Ph.) 2 I. versicolor L. COMMON BLUE FLAG. St. terete, flexuous; Ivs. ensiform; fls. beardless ; petals as long as the stigmas ; ova, triangular, with concave sides and roundish angks. — "Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. Rhizoma large, horizontal, acrid. Stem 2 — 3f high, acute on ono side, often branched, bearing several large, showy flowers. Leaves a foot long, £ — 1' wids, erect, sheathing at base. Sepals spatu- late, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style short, bearing 3-peta- loid stigmas which are bifid at the end, purple or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong ; seeds flat Jn. 3 I. hexagona Walt. SIX-ANGLED IRIS. Lvs. sword-shaped, longer than the terete, flexuous stem ; spathe 1-flowered ; sep. spatulate, rounded at end, crenu- late, reflexed, much larger than the oblong-spatulate petals, with a longitudinal, glandular-yellow lino; filam. dilated, linear; stig, deeply 2 -cleft; ova. with 3 deeply farrowed angles, caps. G-angled. — Swamps and pools, N. Car. to Fla. and Ala., frequent. St. 2f high. Fls. bright blue, the sepals variegated with purple, yellow and white. Apr. — Jn. 4 I. tripetala Walt. TIIREE-PETALED IRIS. Lvs. linear-ensiform, shorter than the terete, slender stem; spathe lanceolate, 1 -flowered; sep. longer than tube, beardless and nearly crestless, many times longer than the rudimentary, 3-tootJied petals ; stig. 2-toothed near the base ; caps, obscurely 3-angkd, acuminate. — Ponds S. Car. and Ga. (Bachman). Rare. St. about 2f high, Irom a creeping rhizome. Fls. purple. The petals mero rudiments, much shorter than the stigmas. Apr. May. 5 I. cuprea Ph. St. tall, flexuous, angled on one side ; Ivs. broad-ensiform, as long as the stem ; spathe often 2-flowered ; sep. obovate, emarginate, larger than the petals, all reflexed ; stig. linear, dilated at base, half as long as the petals ; caps, sharply 6-angled, ventricous. — In river swamps, Ga. to La. (Hale). Sts. 3f high, 4 to 10-flowered. Perianth tawny (Elliott), of a beautiful copper color veined with purple -(Pursh), limb spreading 3'. Apr., May. (Ell.), Jl. (Ph.) 6 I. sambucina L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Fr. FLEUR-DE-LIS. St. many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; segm. of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat ; Ivs. bent inwards at the point ; spathe membranaceous at the apex ; fls, bearded, lower ones pedunculate ; stig. with acute, serrate divisions. — Native of the south of Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light blue, often fading to white. May. f 7 I. cristata Ait. CRESTED IRIS. Lvs. lanceolate-ensiform, as long as the low, compressed scape ; tube of the perianth very slender (2' long), exceeding the spatho or the segments ; sep. oblong, obtuse, entire, each with a triple, wavy, longitudinal crest or fold instead of a beard, and equaling the narrower petals; ova. acutely 3- ORDER 143.— IBIDACE^E. 699 angled. — Pine barrens, Mid. Ga. and S. Car. (Bachman). St. and Ivs. 3 to 5', high. Fls. blue, the sepals in the middle yellow. Feb., Mar. 8 I. lacustris Nutt. NORTHERN LAKE IRIS. Lvs. ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scape ; seg. of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, emarginate, the sepals scarcely crested, as long as the slender tube ; caps, turbinate, 3-sided, margined. — Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw, Nuttall. Roots ex- tensively creeping. Leaves 2 — 5' by 3 — i", those of the scape bract-like. Scapo 1 to 2' high. Fls. pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn. 9 I. vernata L. VERNAL IRIS. Lvs. linear-ensiform, rigid, rather longer than the low, 1-flowered scape ; tube of the perianth filiform (2' long), about equaling tho length of the segm. ; sep. and petals nearly equal, oblong-obovate, obtuse, neither crested nor bearded, stig. deeply bifid. — Hilly woods of the interior S. States. St. or scape 3 to 5' high, sheathed with colored bracts. Fls. pale blue, the sepals •with an oblong, or orange yellow, spotted stripe. Mar., Apr. 10 I. pumila L. DWARF IRIS. Scape very short (3 to 6'), 1-flowered; spathe shorter than the tube ; sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals. — A. small species from Hungary, cultivated in tho edgings of walks. Lvs. numerous, broad ensiform, suberect. Fls. large, deep purple, appearing in early spring, f 2. NEMAS'TYLIS, Nutt. (Gr. itfpa, thread, orvXog, style.) Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth segments distinct down to the top of the ovary, tho sepals spreading, larger than the ascending, concave petals ; stamens 3, filaments shorter than the anthers ; style slender, enlarged and 3-cleft above ; capsule oblong-cylindric. — Stem very slender, with linear-ensi- form Ivs. from a bulb. Spathe 2-fiowered. N. gemmiflora Nutt. Swamps along rivers, La. (Hale.) A pretty flower 15 to 20' high, Ivs. same length, 3 to 5" wide, tapering at each end. Fls. on pedicels shorter than the spathe, the sepals 1' long, obovate-spatulate, bluish-purple, the azure petals about half as large. 3. TIGRID'IA, L. TIGER-FLOWER. (Lat. tigridis, of the tiger ; sc. in colors.) Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth regular, the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals; stam. monadelphous, fil. united into a long tube. — Bulbous. T. pavonia L. St. simple, flexuous; Ivs. ensiform, veined; segm. flat; petals panduriform. — A superb plant of tho gardens. St. 2f high, erect, terete, leafy, branching. Lvs. erect, a foot long. Flowers inodorous, 5 to G' broad, yel- low, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very evanescent, lasts but a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks, f Mexico. 4. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Gr. ov& a hog, and pvyxog, a snout ; alluding to the singular spathe.) Spathe 2-leaved ; segments of the perianth flat, equal j stamens monadelphous ; stigma 3-cleft. — 2£ Grass-like plants, with compressed, winged or ancipital scapes, from fibrous roots. 1 S. Bermudiamim L. Scape simple, winged; valves of tho spatho unequal, the longer scarcely equaling the flowers ; petals mucronate. — A delicate little plant, with blue flowers, common in low grass lands, Can. and U. S. St. or scape 10 to 12' high, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Lvs. linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spatho 2 ta 5-flowered, the longer valve acuminate. Fls. purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a littlo broader than the petals, spreading. Cap. globous. Jn., Jl. (3. anccps. Cav.) ft. ALBA. Flowers white. — "Wet prairies, &c. 2 S. mucronatum MX. Scapo simple, filiform, larely 2- edged ; spathe col- ored, outer valve longer than thejls., ending in a long, mucronate point. — Mid. States, "W. to Iowa, common in wet prairies, where the grass is not luxuriant. Lvs. rad- ical, a line wide. Scape 6 to 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe 3 to 4-flowered, tinged with purple. Fls. smaller than in tho preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn. — Appears very distinct from the other. IJ-QQ ORDER 144.— DIOSCOREACE.E. 5. IXIA, L. (Gr. ££df, sticky ; from the glutinous juice.) Spathe of 2 or 3 ovate, short bracts ; petals and sepals distinct or slightly united, similar, regular, spreading, tube straight, adherent ; stamens 3 ; filaments and style filiform, straight, often connate ; ovary 3-celled. — A large genus, chiefly from S. Africa. Lvs. cnsiform. 1 I. celestina Bartram. Lvs. linear-subulate, many times shorter than the 1- flovvered scape '(Linn. Ell.). — Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. (Bartram) ; rare. — We have a single flower without stem, Ivs. or fruit, gathered in E. Fla. by Prof. Loomis, and sent us by Dr. Feay. It is of a bright purplish blue, spreading 2£'. Segm. about equal, oval, obtuse, united into a tube 4" in length. Stamens and style apparently distinct, 6" long. 2 I. (FARDANTHTJS) Chinensis L. Lvs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing shorter than the tall, terete, fiexuous stem ; panicle somewhat dichotomous and corym- bous ; perianth broad-campanulate, segrn. distinct down to the top of the ovaiy, oblong, twisting after flowering ; capsule ovoid, the valves deciduous, seeds black, roundish, shining, attached to the central column, and resembling a large black- berry.— Plentifully naturalized on the bluffs at Merom, Ind. St. 3f high. Fls. orange, spotted. Jn. f § 6. CRCTCUS, L. (Named from the youth Crocus, who according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower.) Perianth funnel- form, the segments united at base into a long and slender tube ; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. — Spathe radical, 1 — 2-leaved, thin, transpa- rent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite sessile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 1 C. sativus L. SAFFRON. FALL CROCUS. Lvs. linear, revolute at the mar- gins ; stig. 3-parted, as long as the corolla, reflexed. Leaves radical, with a longi- tudinal, white furrow above. Flower with a long, white tube, and purple, ellip- tical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. — A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths. | Asia. 2 C. v£rmis L. SPRING CROCUS. Stig^ included within the flower, with 3 short, wedge-shaped segments. — Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yellow or white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb cam- panulate, much shorter than the tube. Anth. yellow, sagittate. Mar., Apr. f Eur. 7. GLADrOLUS, L. CORN-FLAG. (Lat. gladius, a sword ; in refer- ence to the form of the leaves.) Spathe 2-leaved; perianth irregular, 6-parted, somewhat 2-lipped ; stamens 3, distinct, ascending ; stigmas 3, broader above; seeds winged. — A large genus of bulbous plants, none native. Fls. showy. G. commuiiis L. Spike unilateral ; upper petal the (upper lip) covered by the lateral sepals, the lower sepals largest ; tube longer than the ovary. — A fine showy flowerer in gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, wifh the Jarge, rosy purple fls. ar- ranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. The 3 lower segments are marked by a white stripe. Color variable, f S. Europe. ORDER CXLIV. DIOSCOREACE^E. YAM ROOTS. Plants shrubby, twining, arising from the tuberous rhizomes, with broad net- veined leaves. Flowers dioecious, regular, hexandrous, tube adherent, limb G-parted. Ovary 3-celled, 3 to 6-ovuled, 3-styled. $ Stamens G, perigynous. Fruit a capsule 3 or (by abortion) 1-celled, or a berry. Seeds compressed, albuminous. ORDER 145.— SMILACE^S. 701 Genera 7. species 150.— Tho only remarkable or useful product of this order is Tarns, an important article of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea saliva, «fcc. 8. DIOSCO'REA, L. YAM ROOT. (In honor of PedaciusDioscorides, a Greek physician and florist of about the reign of Nero.) Flowers $ £ ; styles of the fertile flowers 3 ; cells of the capsule 2-seeded ; seeds membrauaceously margined. — Slender, shrubby climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or palmately divided. Fls. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. 1 D. villosa L. WILD YAM. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9 — 11 -veined, the margin entire or wavy, lower surface downy or glabrous, never villous ; upper surface glabrous ; petioles elongated, tho lowest somewhat verticillato in 4s, the next subopposite, the middle and upper alternate ; $ plant with the spikes pani- culate, $ with the spikes simple. — A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, U. S. and Can., rare in JST. Eng. Stem woolly, reddish-brown, 1 — 2" diam., 5 — 10 — 15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 — 4' long, f as wide, distinctly cordate and acuminate. Petioles 2 — 4' long. Peduncles axil- lary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost as broad as long. June, July. (D. quarternata Ph.) 2 D. sativa L. YAM. Lvs. alternate, roundish-ovate, long-cuspidate, sinu- ate-cordate, glabrous, 9 to 13-nerved, outer nerves bifid, transverse veins simple; st. terete, smooth ; $ spikes densely paniculate ; $ spikes aggregate. Var. ACU- LEATA, stems aculeate. — Native of E. India. This species, with its varieties, is understood to be that which is known as the Sweet Yam, cultivated in Ga. and Pla., and all tropical countries, on account of its sweet and nutritious tubers. \ ORDER CXLV. SMILACE^E. SARSAPARILLAS. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulate-veined. Flowers dioecious or monoecious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, in- serted into the base of the segments. Anth. 1-celled (2 -lamellate). Ovary 3-celled ; cells 1 or many-seeded. Style 1 or none. Stigmas 3. Berry roundish, few or many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous albuminous. Fig. 586. Genera 2, species 120, thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and emul- cent sarsaparillas are the roots of several, chiefly S. American species of Buiilax. SMTLAX, L. GREEN BRIER. SARSAPARILLA. (Gr. <7/z/A?/, a grater ; from its prickly stems.) Flowers $ $ , perianth deciduous, of 6 simi- lar, spreading, sepaloid segments; $ stamens 6, on the base of the seg- ments and shorter than they ; anthers adnate ; $ stamen 0, or sterile filaments ; stigmas 3, sessile ; berry globular, 1 to 3-cellcd, 1 to 6- seeded. — If Herbs or shrubs, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils, often prickly. Lvs. entire, petiolate, palmately veined. FJs. green or yellow- ish, in axillary, stalked umbels. (In the elaboration of this genus we have been greatly aided by the accurate observations of Dr. Feay, of Savannah.) § COPROSMANTIIUS. Herbaceous (unarmed). Leaves long-petioled. Flowers foetid. (*) * Leaves glabrous on both sides. Steins climbing Nos. 14, 15 * Leaves downy or hispid on the veins beneath. Erect or climbing Nos. 12, 13 § SMILAX proper. Shrubby, aimed or not. Leaves short-petioled, Seeds 1 to 3. (*) 8 Pubescent, prostrate, unarmed. Leaves cordate, evergreen. South No. 11 * Glabrous, climbing. Leaves acute at base. Peduncle shorter than petiole Nos. 9, 10 * Glabrous, climbing. Leaves abrupt or cordate at base, (a) a Leaves panduriform or somewhat contracted iu the middle Nos. 7, 8 a Leaves ovate or oblong, deciduous, (b) b Plants unarmed Nos. 5, 6 b Pknts prickly.— Leaves glaucous, especially beneath No. 4 — Leaves green on both sides ... .Nos. 1 — 3 1 S. rotundifolia L. COMMON GREEN BRIER. St. terete or sub-4-sided, flex- uous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing ; Ivs. short-petiolate, roundish-ovate, 5 to 7 -veined, "702 ORDER 145.— SMIL ACE^E. glabrous, round or subcordate at base ; acuminate-cuspidate at apex ; ped. many- flowered, little longer than the petioles ; berries black, glaucous. — A strong, thorny vine, extending 10 to 40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. St. woody, smooth, except the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1£ to 3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the wings of the petioles. Fls. small, greenish, in small, axillary umbels. Berries round, mostly 1-seeded. Mar. — Jn. (3. CADUCA. Smaller, with ovate, thin Ivs. (S. caduca L.) y. QUADRANGULARIS. Branches 4-augled. (S. quadrangularis Muhl.) 2 S. hispida Muhl. St. terete, climbing, hispid below with weak, slender prickles, nearly unarmed above ; branchlets quadrangular ; Ivs. glabrous, green both sides, ovate, subcordate, cuspidate, rough-edged, 5-veined, thin, deciduous; ped. twice as long as the petioles ; berries black, 1 to 3-seeded. — Thickets, N. Y. to Mich, and Can. Climbing 8 to 1 2f. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, rather broadly ovate. Ped. 1' or more in length. Umbels 4 to G-flowered. Jn. 3 S. Walter! Ph. St. armed or unarmed, with angular branches ; Ivs. cordate- ovate, 3-veined (or 5-veined, the 2 outer inconspicuous), glabrous ; ped. about as long as the petioles • berries of two forms, globular, and oblong-acuminate, red, 1 to 3-seeded. — Woods, in the low districts, Va. to Fla. Straggling stems climbing in thickets. Lvs. deciduous, large (3 to 5' long), more or less cordate. Fls. fra- grant Apr.— Jn. (S. China Walt.) 4 S. glauca Walt. FALSE SARSAPARILLA. St. slightly 4-angled and aculeate above ; Ivs. ovate, cuspidate, 5-veined, edges smooth and entire, glaucous, espe- cially beneath ; ped. twice or more longer than the petiole ; berries black, with a bloom, 1 — 3-seeded. — Thickets, L. Jsl. to Ga., W. to Ky. Root long, slender. St. stout, somewhat flexuous, armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Lvs. finally nearly orbicular, 2 to 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 strong veins and 2 lateral smaller ones. Petioles short, margined with 2 tendrils. Fls. in small, thin umbels, yellowish-white. Mar. — Jn. (S. Sarsaparilla Ph., etc., nee L. S. spinulosa Torr.) 5 S. Pseudo-China L. St. terete, unarmed ; cauline Ivs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-oblong, all 5-veined, on short petioles; ped. flat, nearly as long as theleaves ; berries black. ? — Sandy woods, N. J. to Car., W. to Ohio. Hoot large, tuberous. St. purplish-brown, very smooth, branching and climbing by tendrils which ariso from the base of the petioles. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', slightly hispid on the veins beneath. Ped. 2 to 3' long. May, Jn. 6 3. sarsaparflla L. ? St. and quadrangular branchleta unarmed ; Ivs. oblong- ovate, thin, both sides green, 5-veined, cuspidate, rounded or subcordate at base ; ped. flat, a little longer than the petioles ; berries large, globular, mostly 1-seeded, bright pink-red when fully ripe. — River banks, N. J. ? to Ky. and La. (Mr. R. Green). Rt. with long, creeping rhizomes. Vines with tendrils. Lvs. large, 3 to 6' long, half as wide, deciduous. Ripe fruit persistent until Spring. Ped. 1 to 2' long. Apr. — Jl. — This is regarded in La. as the true medicinal Sarsaparilla. 7 S. tamnoides L. St. terete, branches and Z>rancMe£s 4-angular, flexuous, acule- ate ; Ivs. glabrous, ovate with the sides more or less concave, varying to hastate or panduriform, acuminate, spinulous-scabrous on the margin, truncate or subcor- date at base, 5 to 9-veined ; ped. 2 to 3 times longer than petiole ; berries spheri- cal, black, 1-seeded. — Sandy woods, N. J. to 111. and the S. States, common, climbing 8 to 2 Of. Lvs. of various forms on different stems of the same root, shining-green both sides, tardily deciduous, or sometimes, in sheltered situations, persistent all winter. Mar., Apr. — Jn. (S. panduratus, hastata, Bonanox. Ph. et auct.) 8 S. maritima Feay. St. armed ; branches angular, flexuous, unarmed; Ivs. lan- ceolate, auriculate-hastate, coriaceous, 5-nerved at base, 3-nerved above, cuspidate, glabrous, edges smooth and even ; ped. twice longer than the petiole, or shorter ; berries large, 2 or 3-seeded, red before maturity, finally black. — Sandy bluffs of the salt-water rivers near the coast, Savannah and southward. Lvs. rarely some- what ovate. Fls. very fragrant. Jn. (S. Beyrichii Kunth ? S. ovata Ph. Tho latter name, although the earliest, is utterly inappropriate.) 9 S. laurifolia I*, St, aculeate, terete, branches flexuous, unarmed; Ivs. coria ORDER 146.— KOXBURGHIACE^E. 703 ceous, oval-lanceolate or oblong, varying to linear, 3 to 5-veined (the lateral veins marginal), cuspidate, acute at base, evergreen ; petioles and ped. short, the latter sometimes panicled; berries black, 1 -seeded. — N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, ever- green climber, ascending trees to a great height. St. with a few scattered prickles. Lvs. numerous, very thick and smooth, 2 to 4' long, often more abrupt at apex than base. Jn. — Aug. 10 S. lanceolata L. St. aculeate below, terete, branches and unarmed branch- lets subangular, Ivs. membranous, lanceolate and lance-ovate, varying to ovate (in the $ plants), 5-veined, acuminate-cuspidate, narrowed at base to a short petiole which is twice longer than the very short peduncle ; berries 1 to 3-seeded, red until ripe when they are also perfectly blade. — Damp woods coastward, Va, to Fla. A stout vine, often 1' diam. and 40f high on trees. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, a third to two-thirds as wide, ped. 1 to 5" long, 10 to 20-flowered. Jn., Jl. (3. alba Ph). Closely related to No. 9. 11 S. pumila "Walt. Unarmed, low; branchlets terete, pubescent; Ivs. ovate, cordate, acutish, 3 to 5-veined, shining above, soft pubescent beneath; ped. as long as the petiole ; berries red, 1 to 3-seeded. — Shady rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Quite different in habit from our other species. St. 1 to 3f long, run- ning along on the ground. Lvs. perennial, becoming firm, 2 or 3' long, varying from oblong-ovate to roundish-ovate, always cordate. Ped. G to 8" long, with small, white flowers and berries red when rips. Oct. (S. pubera MX.) 12 S. herbacea L. CARRION FLOWER. St. herbaceous, terete, erect, simple-, glabrous; Ivs. pubescent beneath, crowded toward the summit, ovate, 5 to 7 -veined, cuspidate, rounded or subcordate at base, on petioles a third as long ; ped. not twice longer than the petioles; berries red, becoming bluish-black when fully ripe, 2 to 3-seeded. — Thickets and low grounds, Can. and U. S. St. 2 to 3f high, without tendrils. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, two-thirds as wide, more or less downy be- neath. Ped. 2 to 3' long, with an umbel of 8 to 1G yellowish-green flowers of a sickening odor. Apr. — Jn. 13 S. lasioneiiroii Hook. St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed ; Ivs. oblong, broadly -ovate, cordate, rounded and mucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hispid-pubescent on the veinltts beneath, glabrous and green above ; ped. a little longer than the petiole, many-flowered ; tendrils from the base of the petioles. — Thickets, Ind., 111., Wis. and Can. Sts. slender, several foot long. Ped. much shorter than the leaves, which are often 5' by 3', beautifully fringed on the veins beneath. 14 S. peduncularis MuliL TALL CARRION FLOWER. St. herbaceous, angular, tall, striate, inclining or leaning, branched ; haves 7 to S-veined, ovate, acuminate, glabrous, glaucous, especially beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, the lower subtriangular, petioles a third as long, bearing 2 filiform tendrils at base ; ped. much longer than the leaves, CC -flowered ; berries red, at last blue 6-seeded. — Damp thickets and meadows, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to G to £f long, its slender summit nodding or climbing. Lvs. 2 to 4' long. Ped. 5 to G' long, 30 to 50- fiowered, greenish, with a disgusting odor. May, Jn. 15 S. tamnifoiia MX. St. herbaceous, terete, climbing ; Ivs. long-petioled, 5- veined, glabrous, subtriangular-hastate, cordate, tapering to tho obtuse apex, base lobes rounded, upper Ivs. lanceolate ; ped. longer than the petioles ; (berries bluish- black, Dr. Gray) — N. J. to Car. (Michaux.) (S. tamnoideg Ph.) ORDER CXLVI. ROXBURGHIACEJS. Shrubby plants with twining or creeping stems and many-veined, netted leaves. Flowers perfect with a 4-parted, petaloid, persistent perianth. Stamens 4, on the lowest base cf tho segments. Ovary free, oblique, 1-celled. Pericarj) follicular ? at length 2-valved. Seeds several, costate, fimbriatc-arillate. A small Order, of 2 genera (now that Croomia is added) and 5 species, Roxburghia grows in tho hotter parts of E. India. CROOM'IA, Torr. (In honor of the late II. B. Croom of Florida.) — 704 ORDER 147.— TRILLIACE^E. Perianth of 4 oval segments, imbricated in. 2 rows (2 interior) ; stam. 4, opposite the segments, slightly perigynous, anth. introrse, innate, cells distinct ; ovary 1-celled, with 4 — 6 suspended ovules ; stigma ses- sile ; fruit ovate, " seeds 1 — 3, copiously fringed along the raphe and fimiculus as if arillate, and ribbed lengthwise ; embryo monocotyledo- nous." — 2f Rhizome slender, creeping, sending up annual stems with about 6 petiolate, lance-ovate, cordate leaves, and a few small whitish, axillary flowers. C. pauciflora Torr. — S. Ga. (Feay, Pond) and Fla. (near Quincey 1) Stems glab- rous, If high, bearing at top 6 leaves pedately arranged. Lvs. 3 — 4' long, short acuminate, thin, 7 — 9-veiued, pet. 1' long. Peduncles capillary, 1' long. Ms. few, near 2" wide when open. Apr. — The true character of this plant as mono- cotyledonous was first demonstrated by Dr. Gray. ORDER CXLVII. TRILLIACE^E. TRILLIADS. Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves. Flowers terminal, 1 or few, perfect, mostly 3-parted. Calyx herbaceous, corolla more or less colored. Stamens G to 10. Ovary free, 3 to 5 -celled, bearing in fruit a juicy, co-seeded pod. Figs. 356, 53, 88. General, specie* SQ, in woodlands, temperate parts of Europe, Asia and N. America. The roots of some species are emetic. GENERA. • § Leaves in one whorl. Sepals green, petals colored TniLLitrM. 1 § Leaves in two whorls. Sepals and petals alike greenish MEDEOLA. 2 1. TRIL/LIUM, Miller. WAKE-ROBIN. (Lat. trilix, triple ; every part being in 3s.) Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored petals; stamens 6, nearly equal, anthers longer than the filaments ; stigmas sessile, distinct or approximate ; berry 3- celled, cells many-seeded. — 2£ St. simple. Lvs. 3, whorled at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmate veined. Fls. solitary, terminal. Fr. purple § Flowers sessile, petals dark purple, erect Nos. 1, 2 § Flowers on a peduncle raised above the leaves. (*) * Leaves petiolate, ovate, rounded at the base. Petals thin, delicate Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves sessile, rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long. Petals thickish Nos. 5, G § Flowers on a peduncle deflexed beneath the leaves. — Style scarcely any Nos 7, 8 — Style 1, as long as stigmas No. 9 1 T. sessile L. Lvs. rhombic-ovate, or suborbicular, acute, sessile, spotted ; fl. closely sessile, erect ; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute ; pet. linear- lanceolate, purple, a third longer than the sepals; anth. long, erect. — A small species, in fertile soils, Middle, Western and Southern States. Rhizoma horiz'on- tal, thick. Stem 6 — 12' high, slender. Leaves rather thick, \\ — 3' by 1 — 2', smooth and entire, blotched with dark purple. Sep. 8 to 12" long, the petals nar- rower and mnch longer, dark purple. Apr. May. (T. discolor Wray.) 2 T. recurvatum Beck. Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiok, acute ; fl. closely sessile ; pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the recurved sepals. — A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady woods, Wis. to La. Stem 8 — 10' high, rather thick. Leaves 2 — 2}' by 1% — 2', with distinct, short petioles, not usually spotted. Petals purple, and with the green, reflexed sepals about 1' long. May. 3 T. nivale Eiddell. SNOWY TRILLIUM. St. low; Ivs. ovate or oval, rather ob- tuse, distinctly and abruptly petiolate ; fl. short, pedunculate, erect ; pet. spatulate- obovate, obtuse, white, one third longer than the calyx. — The smallest species here described, in stony or dry fields, Ohio to Wis. Stem 2 — 4' high, from a thick. ORDER 147.— TRILLIACE.E. 705 tuberous root. Leaves 8 — 18'' by 5 — 12", petioles 2 — 4", about equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals which are about 8 ' by 4 '. Mar., Apr. 4 T. erythrocarpum MX. SMILJNG WAKE-ROBIN. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petiole*!; ped. erect ; pet. lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as kyig, as the sepals*— Can. to Ga. A beautiful flower, adorning our woods in May and June. Stem 8 — 12' high, with a whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3-veinexl, rounded at base, long acuminate, 3 — 4' long, f as wide, petiole 2—3" long. Flower nearly erect. Petals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is considered medicinal (T. pictum Ph.) 0. CLEVELANDICUM. Sepals leaf-like, larger than the petals which are partly or chiefly green. — Brunswick, Me. (Ricard). A metamorphosis. 5 T. grandifolium Salisb. Lvs. broadly rhomboid-ovate, subsessile, abruptly acuminate ; ped. inclined ; fl. suberect ; petals mvch longer than the calyx, spatu- late-obovate, connivent at base. — Damp, rocky woods, Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. St. 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam. Fls. larger than in any of the preceding species. Petals 1^ to 2' in length, broadest near the apex, with a short, abrupt acumination, white, varying to rose-colored. May. 6 T. erectum L. BATH FLOWER. St thick; Ivs. rhomboidal, acuminate, ses- sile ; ped. inclining ; Jl. nodding ; petals ovate, acute, scarcely longer, but much broader than Vie sepals. — A conspicuous plant in woods, of fine appearance, but ,ofiensive odor. At the top of the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which aro 3-veined, 3 — 5' long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly erect peduncle. Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as the sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. (T. atropurpureum Curt.) (3. ALBA. Petals white or cream-color. — More common West and South. 7 T. pendulum Muhl. St. slender; Ivs. subsessile, roundish-rhomboidal, acumi. nate ; ped. long, horizontal or deflexed, flower pendulous ; petals lance-ovate, short- acuminate, flat, not recurved, nearly as small as the calyx ; stig. as long as the an- Ihers, revolute at end. — Woods, Mid., W. and S. States. A large species, with a smallish flower. St 10 to 15' high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam., similarly pointed at each end. Ped. nearly twice the length of the flower, half the length of the leaves. Petals white. Apr. — Jn. (T. cernuum Torr. N. Y. Flo.) — Perhaps runs into T. erect urn, but is very distinct from the next. 8 T. cernuum L. DROOPING- TRILLIUM. St. tall, slender ; Ivs. thin, ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, petiolate ; ped. decurved beneath the leaves, as long as the flower; petals lanceolate, channeled, undulate, recurved, longer and much wider than the recurved sepals ; stam. recurved, much longer than the stigmas. — Damp •woods, N. Eng. ? N. Y. to Ky. and the up country of Ga. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 4', distinctly petioled. Ped. a third as long as the leaves. Petals near 2' long, delicate, white or roseate. Apr. — Jn. 9 T. stylosum. St. slender ; Ivs. elliptic-ovate, pointed at both ends, short-petio- late ; ped. shorter than the flower, nodding and deflexed ; petals lance-obovate, obtuse or short pointed, undulate, flat, spreading, much exceeding the oblong, acute sepals ; ova. produced into a style which is as long as the stigmas ; stam, elongated. — Woods, in the up country of N. Car. (Miss Carpenter) to Ga. (Mr. Jones). A small plant with a large flower. St. 8 to 10' high. Lvs. 2 to 3 by 20 to 30". Petals roseate, 15 to 18" long. Apr.— Jn. (T. Catesbai Ell) 2. MEDEVOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. (Named after the fabulous sorceress, Medea, for its supposed medicinal virtues.) Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revoiute segments ; stamens 6, with slender filaments ; stigmas 3, divaricate, united at base; berry 3- celled ; cells 3 to 6-seeded. Stem simple, arising from a white, tuberous rhizome (which is thought to resemble the cucumber in flavor) bearing 2 whorls of Ivs. and 1 to 3 terminal fls. M. Virginica L. None can but admire the symmetry of its form. St. erect, 1 to 2f high, invested with loose, cottony wool Lower whorl near the middle of the 45 706 ORDER 148. — LILIACE^E. Btem consisting of 6 to 8 wedgq-lanceolate Ivs. (3 to 4' by 9 to 12'') ; the other at the top, of about 3 ovate, shorter leaves. Fls. in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pen- dulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed, dark red. Jl. ORDER CXLVIII. LILIACE^E. LILYWORTS. Herbs with bulbous or tuberous stems, parallel- veined, sessile leaves, flowers perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored, perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from the ovary, stamens G (rarely 4), perigynous ; anthers introrse (extrorse in Uvularia), styles wholly or partly united, ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled. Fruit a capsule, loculicidal, or a pulpy berry. Seeds free or many, with fleshy albumen. Illustr. in figs. 58, 60, 63, 108, 171, 254, 259, 400, 454. Genera 147, species 1200, chiefly natives of temperate regions. The flowers of most are beautiful, of many brilliant, and of some truly splendid. Properties. — The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant principle and also in mucilage. Some of the bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the Asparagus, Onion, Garlic. The well known active medicine, squill*, is the bulb of Scilla maritima, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal aloes, are the product of several species of Aloe. The powerful astringent, Dragon's l>lood, is the concentrated juice of Dracwna Draco of the Canary Isles. (The Tribe Uvularise is intermediate between Liliacea> and Melanthacese, approaching the latter by Us mostly cxtrose anthers, but best according with the former in its united styles, fruit, and in habit.) FIG. T15. Smilacina borealis. 6. A berry cut open, showing the 2 cells, &c. TRIBES AND GENERA. § Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody entities. (*) * Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower, (d) * Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube, (t) t Stem (or caudex) leafy, at least below, few or many-flowered, (b) t Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower, (a) t Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered, (c) | Plant with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots. (**) ** Stamens declinate and curved-ascending. Flowers showy, (s) ** Stamens straight and equal in position, (ft) ft Perianth segments united to near the summit, (f) ft Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube, (i) J Flowers in terminal, leafless clusters, small, whitish, (g) $ Flowers axillary, or terminal and subsolitary. — Leaves filiform, &c. (h) — Leaves ovate, &c. (k) (TRIBE TULIPEJ2. Perianth 6-leaved. Fruit a capsule. Seed-coat soft and pale.) a Flowers nodding EKYTIIRONIUM. 1 a Flowers erect TULIPA. 2 b Nectary a linear groove at the base of each segment LILIUM 3 b Nectary a roundish cavity at the base of each segment FRITILLAKIA. 4 b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, — large. Seeds many YUCCA. 5 — small. Seeds 1 to 3 NOLINA. 6 •(TRIES ASPHODELE^E. Fruit a capsule. Seed-coat crustaceous, black.) C Flowers in racemes, blue or purple SCILLA. 7 C Flowers in racemes or corymbs, yellow or white ORXITHOGALUM. 8 C Flowers iu umbels,— white or roseate. Stamens straight ALLIUM. 9 —blue. Stamens declinate, curved Ao APANTUUS. 10 ORDER 148.—LILIACE^E. 707 d Perianth limb re volute, as long as the tube HYACINTHUS. 11 d Perianth limb spreading, much shorter than tube MUSCARI. 12 6 Perianth segments distinct. Base of the stamens valve-like ASPHODELUS. 13 e Perianth segments half-united.— Stamens perigynous HEMKROCALLIS. 14 — Stamens hypogynous FUNKIA. 15 (TRIBE COXVALLAEINEJE. Rhizome. Fruit a berry. Seed-coat thin, pale.) f Perianth tubular-oblong, greenish. Peduncles axillary POLYGON ATPM. 16 f Perianth broad-campanulate, white. Raceme leafless CONVALLARIA. 17 g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-cellcd CLINTONIA. 18 g Stein leafy, bearing a cluster.— Flowers 6-parted SMILACINA. 19 — Flowers 4-parted MAJ ANTHEM UM. 20 h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red ASPARAGUS. 21 (TRIBE TITULARIES. Root fibrous. Anthers mostly innate and opening outwards.) k Filaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Berry many-seeded. . .STREP-TOPHUS. 22 k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. Berry 3 to C-seeded. . .PROSARTES. 23 k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. Capsule 6 to 00 -seeded.. UVUL ARIA. 24 1. ERYTHRCTNIUM, L. (Gr. epvfyd?, red; the color of some species.) Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones (petals) usually with a callous tooth attached to each side at base, and a groove in the middle ; style long ; capsule somewhat stipulate, seeds ovate. — 71 Leaves 2, subradical. Scape 1-flowcred. Fls. nodding, liliaceous. 1 E. Americarram Smith. YELLOW ERYTHRONIUM. Scape naked; Ivs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point ; segments yellow, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base; sty. clavate; stig. undivided. — A beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, TJ. S. and Can. The bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slender, 3 — 4' high. The 2 leaves are of equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute in the sunshine. May. (E. Dens-canis MX.) 2 E. albidum Nutt. "WHITE ERYTHRONIUM. ' Scape naked; Ivs. elliptic-lanceo- late; segments of white, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inner ones without dentures at base, subunguiculate ; stig. 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. — About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y. (Storrs) to Wis. (Lapham). Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the base, of equal length including the petiole (4 — 5'), one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments 1 J' long. April, May. 3 E. bracteatum Bw. Scape Iracted; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal; segm. greenish-yellow. — An alpine species, found in Yt., Boott. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves, with a narrow, lanceolate bract, 1A' long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9 long, gibbous at base. Jn. 2. TUVLIPA, Tourn. TULIP. (Persian thouliban, a turban ; allud- ing to the form of these magnificent flowers.) Perianth campanulate ; stamens short, subulate ; anthers broad-linear, deeply emarginate at base; style very short ; stigma thick ; capsule oblong, triangular. — 11 Herbs acaulescent, with coated bulbs, sessile Ivs., and a simple scape bearing a solitary, erect flower. T. Gesneriana L. Scape 1-flowered, smooth; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; fls. erect, segments obtuse, smooth. — Named for Gesner, a Zurich botanist. Its varie- ties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a rich soil, then transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. Thus at length the flowers be- come broken or variegated with colors in that exquisite manner so much admired. More than 700 varieties are described in florists' catalogues. Apr., May, Jn. f From Persia. 3. LIL'IUM, L. LILY. (Gr. Xipiov, Celtic //, white ; one species Y08 ORDER 148.— LILIACE^E. is the emblem of purity.) Perianth campanulate, segments spreading above or recurved, each with a longitudinal honey groove within, from the middle to the base ; stamens shorter than the style, anthers versa- tile ; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with latticed hairs ; seed? 2 -rowed in each cell. — If Herbs with bulbous and leafy stems. Lvs. sessile, alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal, large and showy. § Flowers white, nodding. Plants cultivated Xos. 8, 9 § Flowers orange-colored or red, spotted. (*) * Leaf-axles bearing bulblcts. Leaves scattered Nos. fi, 7 * Leaf-axles not bulbiferous. — Flowers erect, segments unguiculate Nos. 3, 4 — Flowers nodding. — Lvs. 1-veined, oblanceolate No. 5 —Lvs. 3 to 5-veined, lanceolate Nos. 1, 2 1 L. Canadense L. YELLOW LILY. Lvs. 3-veined, mostly verticillate, lanceo- late, the veins hairy leneath ; ped. terminal, elongated, usually by 3s ; ft. nodding, the segments spreading, never revolute. — Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in summer. Bulb scaly. Stem round, 2 — 4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4 — 6 leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2 — 3' by ^ — 1'. Flowers 1 — 3, sometimes 7 — 20, pendulous, yellow, or orange-colored, spotted with dark purplo inside. July. 2 L. superbtim L. SUPERB LILY. TURK'S CAP. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous, lower ones verticillate, upper ones scattered ; fls. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments revolute. — Can., Mid. and W. States. Few cultivated plants are more ornamental than this inhabitant of prairies and mea- dows. Root bearing a white, squamous bulb. (Fig. 60.) St. erect, round, straight, 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 4 to 9''. Fls. 3 to 20 or more, of a bright orange color with purple spots. Sep. and pet. linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully revolute. Very distinct, at least in appearance from the foregoing. Jl. 3 L. Philadelphicum L. PHILADELPHIA LILY. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-veined, upper verticillate, lower generally scattered ; fls. subsolitary, campanu- late, terminal, erect; pet. and sep. lance-ovate, obtuse or barely acute, erect- spreading, unguiculate. — Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An elegant and showy plant, 15 to 20' high. St. terete, smooth, simple. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 3 to 5", sessile, smooth, collected into 1, 2 or 3, or more whorls of 3s to 5s, with the lower scattered. Fls. usually solitary, rarely 2 to 4, and umbellate. Sep. and pet. deep orange color, spotted at base, 2£' long, standing apart on claws about G" long. Jn. 4 L. Catesb&i Walt. CATESBY'S LILY. Lvs. linear-lanceolate and linear-acu- minate, all scattered, sep. and pet. undulate, long-unguiculate, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a long, thickened acumination, which is reflexed above. — Damp pine bar- rens, Md. to Ky. and all the S. States. St. 18 to 30' high, smooth and polished, often purple. Lvs. 1 to 2' (the lower 3'), by 1 to 4", suberect, spreading. Sep. and pet. 3 to 4' long, the claws 1' or more, yellow, the lamina scarlet, spotted with red and purple. Jl., Aug. 5 L. Carolinianum MX. Lvs. \-veined, oblanceolate, or spatulate, acuminate, tapering to a slender, sessilo base, in whorls of about 5, the lower scattered; flower mostly solitary, nodding; segm. lance-linear, recurved, tapering to a dtndtr acumination, midvein winged', style curved upwards. — A more delicate species than the last, 18' to 3f high, rarely 3-flowered. Lvs. IS" to 3' by 9 to 10", mem- branous. Fls. deep yellow, spotted with purple, the segm. strongly recurved, but not revolute. JL, Aug. 6 L. bulbiferum L. ORANGE LILY. Lvs. scattered, 3 -veined ; fls. campanu- late, erect, rough within, segm. sessile. — Gardens. St. thick, round, 4f high, bearing small, roundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Fls. large, orange-colored, resembling in form those of L. candidum, but are scabrous within. JL f Italy. 7 L. tigrinum Gawl. TIGER-SPOTTED LILY. Lvs. scattered, sessile, 5- veined, the upper cordate-ovate ; perianth revolute, papillous inside. — Gardens, 'Common in cultivation. St. 6f high, with a pyramid of dark, orange-colored, spotted fls. Axils of Ivs. bulbiforous. Aug. f China. ORDER 148.— LILIACE^E. 709 8 It. CeindicUim. L. WHITE LILY. Lvs. scattered, graded, lanceolate, nar- rowed at the base ; fls. several, campanulate, smooth inside. — Gardens. It has a thick stem, 4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snowy-white fls., which Lave long been regarded as the very perfection of whiteness and purity. Jl. f Levant Fig. 3. 9 Ii. Japonicnm Thunb. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate; flower solitary, cam- panulate, nodding. — Greenhouse. A noble species, requiring careful man- agement. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high, f China. 4. FRITILLA'RIA, Tourn. CHEQUERED LILY. (Lat. fritillus, a cli ess-board ; alluding to the chequered petals.) Perianth campanu- late, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each segment ; stamens as long as the petals ; stigma trifid ; capsule coria- ceous, 3-celled, scptifragal. — Herbs with coated bulbs, simple, leafy stems, bearing 1 or more nodding fls. 1 F. imperialis L. CROWN IMPERIAL. Eac. comous, naked below; Ivs. entire. — Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower, of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves; the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves, at the base of each pedicel May. f (Petilium, Kunth.) 2. F. maleagris L. Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; st. 1-fiowered. — Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully chequered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. f 5. YUC'CA, L. BEAR'S-GRASS. SPANISH DAGGERS. (The Indian name.) Perianth of 6 petaloid segments, withering-persistent, the in- ner broader; stamens 6, shorter than the petals, inserted into their base ; ovary free ; stigmas 3, sessile ; capsule oblong, obtusely hexago- nal, 3-valved at apex, 3-celled, cells more or less divided by a false dis- sepiment; seeds numerous and 2-rowed in each cell. — Sts. subterranean, or arising in a leafy or naked caudex, with rigid, linear, or sword- shaped, perennial Ivs., and a terminal panicle of showy, white, pedicel- late fls. § Caudex scarcely arising above the ground. Leaf margin bearing threads No. 1 § Caudex conspicuous, trunk-like. Leaves entire or serrulate Nos. 2, 8 1 Y. filamentosa L. BEAR'S-THREAD. Acaulescent or nearly so ; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, rigidly acute, coriaceous, the margin filamentous, that is, bearing long, thread-like fibers; segm. lance-ovate, acuminate, erect-spreading. — In light soils, 8. States, and often cultivated. The Ivs. are nearly erect, 1 to 2f long, 1' to 18" wide, all densely clustered at the top of the short caudex, which is at the surface of the ground, or a few inches above it. Scape 5 to 8f high, bearing a large pyramidal panicle of simple racemes. Fls. cup-shaped, segm. 15" long. Aug. (3. RECURVIFOLIA. Somewhat caulescent ; Ivs. lance-linear or linear, recurved, rarely somewhat filamentous. (Y. recurvifolia Salisb. ?) 2 Y. gloriosa L. Caulescent, caudex some 3f high ; Ivs. erect, lanceolate, rigid, thick, subplicate, very acute, the margins very entire ; perianth ovoid-campanu- late, segm. lanceolate. — Sandy sea-coasts, Car. to Fla. Caudex half-shrubby, thick, simple, fleshy, strongly scarred below with the old leaf-stalks. Lvs. 12 to 18' long, 2 to 3' wide, clustered above. Panicle of racemes 2 to 3f long, erect from the summit of the caudex, with numerous cup-shaped, white, nodding flowers. Jn., Jl. f 3 Y. aioefolia TValt. SPANISH DAGGERS. Caulescent; caudex some lOf high, often branched, naked and marked with leaf-scars below; Ivs. densely clustered above, very rigid, thick, strict, de-flexed when old, lanceolate, apex spinescent, flO ORDER 148. — LTLIACEJE. margin rough-serrulate ; segm. oblong, acutish. — Thickets, near the sea-coast, S. Car. to Fla. A shrubby, palm-like plant, of singular and forbidding aspect when not in flower. Leaves a foot or more long, sharp and rigid like daggers, Fls. white, with a violet base and violet spots. Jn. — Aug. (Y. Draconis L.) 6. NOirNA, L. C. Rich. (For P. C. Nolin, an American botan- ist.) Dicecio-polygamous ; perianth (small) of 6, ovate, spreading, sub- equal segments ; stamens 6, shorter than the perianth ; ovary free, 3- cornered, 3-celled ; stigmas 3, recurved, with a very short style ; cap- sule 3-winged, 3 (or by abortion 2 or l)-seeded. — Root bearing a coated bulb. St. scape-like, branched into several long, simple, nearly bract- less racemes of very small, white fls. N. Georgiana MX. Dry sand hills, S, Car. and Ga. (Mettauer), Bulb very large (Elliott). Scape 2 to 3f high, with a few short Ivs. at its baser which dimin- ish to scales upwards. Root Ivs. linear, 1 to 2f long, numerous, recurved, their bases much dilated and imbricated. Panicle large. Rrvc. loose, If or more long. Pedicels 5 to 6" long. Perianth spreading 3". 7. SCIL/LA, L. SQUILL. Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals simi- lar, spreading (blue or purple) ; filaments C, subulate or filiform, smooth, hypogynous ; style filiform-clavellate ; capsule free, 3-celled, 3-valved, obtusely 3-angled ; cells with 1 or several roundish, black seeds. — Bulb coated, bearing several linear Ivs. and a scape with a raceme. 1 S. esculenta Ker. QUAMASH. Lvs. linear, carinate, flaccid and recurved; tapering to both ends, shorter than the scape ; bracts solitary, subulate, scariousr longer than the pedicels, which are about the length of the flowers ; fil. filiform ; stig. 3-toothed. — Grassy, wet prairies, along the rivers, "Wis. to Ohio, the uplands of Ga., and westward. Bulb nutritious, about 1' diam., resembling a small onion. Scapo I to 2f high. Lvs. nearly as Iougr grass-like. Rac. 2 10 3' long. Pet. and sep. linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6"" long. Anth. oblong, yellow. May. (Phalangium, Nutt. Camassia, Lincll. C. Fraseri Torr.) — Improves by cultiva- tion as to the size both of the bulbs and flowers. 2 S praebracteata Haw. SQUILL. Lvs. broad-linear,, longer than tho scape ; bracts as long as the pedicels ; fioweis in a large conical panicle ~r perianth spreading, persistent. — Bulb large, white. Fls. blue, y S. Eur. 8. ORWITHOG'ALUM, L. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. (Gr. 6pviOo$r of a bird, ya/la, milk ; why so-called is not obvious.) Perianth deeply 6- parted, regular, persistent, segments many (3 to 7)-veincd, spreading, (white, green or yellow) ; filaments 6, dilated at base, scarcely perigy- nous, ovary free ; style erect, tapering or subtrilobate ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved above ; seeds few or many in each celly shining, black. — Bulbous plants, scarcely differing from Scilla except in the color of the fls. 1 O. croceum Ell. YELLOW STAR-OF-BETIILEIIEM. Lvs. narrowly linear, radi- ical, longer than the slender scape which bears an oblong raceme of sa/ron-ydlow flowers at top ; bracts scarious at apexr obtuse, sheathing, many times shorter than the slender pedicel ; segm. lance-ovate, obtuse, 3-veinedr erect after fiower- ing, with a greenish-orange stripe on the back ; sty. and stam. subulate, shorter than the segments. — Mid. Ga., rare. (On Stone Mt, IGm. from Atlanta f Also at Macon, Dr. Mettauer.) Scape 10 to 20' high, almost filiform. Rac. 10 to 15- flowered. Ped. 8 to 12" long, fls. half as long. Apr., May. (Phalangium MX., Nutt.) 2 O. iimbellattim L. "WHITE STAU-OF-EETHLEHEM. Lvs. linear, channeled, a* long as the scaj)e, emarginate ; scape bearing a few white, green-striped Jls. in a loose corymb ; pedicels longer than the bracts ; filaments lanceolate-subulate. — Gardens, and naturalized in many localities. Scape near If high. Segm. of th& star-like perianth beautifully marked with a longitudinal stripe on the outside. May. ORDER US.—LILIACE^L 711 9. AL'LIUM, L. GARLIC, ONION, (Celtic all, hot or burning.) Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe ; peri- anth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller; ovary angular; stigma acute; capsule 3 lobed. — Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel on a scape. 3 Loaves flat, lanceolate, perishing before flowering. Capsule 3-seeded. Native No. 1 § Leaves flat, linear. Filaments simple. Ovary crested with a crown of 6 Ivs. Native. (*) * Stamens conspicuously longer than the sepals. Umbel nodding No. 2 * Stamens equaling the sepals in length. Umbels with bulbiets or flowers Nos. 3, 4 * Stamens evidently shorter thaa the sepals. Umbels with flowers only Nos. 5, 6 5 Leaves flat, lanceolate or lance-linear. Filaments tricuspidate. Cultivated Nos. 7, 8 | Leaves terete and hollow. — Stem leafy half way up. Filaments tricuspidate No. 9 —Scape naked. Filaments uot tricuspkl&te Nos. 1 0—1 2 1 A. tricoccum Ait. LANCE-LEAVED GARLIC. Scapo terete ; Ivs. lanceolate- ofoiong, fl:it, smooth- umbel globous ; ovule and seed solitary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule. — 2£ A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and Wis. Bulb oblong1, acuminate. Lvs. 5 to 8' long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scapo a foot or more high, bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 to 12 white fis. Jn., JL 2 A. cermitxm Roth. NODDING GARLIC. Scape angular ; Ivs. linear, flat, very- long: umbel cernuous ; stam. simple, much longer than the perianth. — Mid. S. and W. States. This is our handsomest species. Bulb <> to 8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15 to 24' high, mostly recurved at top. Umbel 12 to 20-fiovvered. Pedicels 7 to 8" long. Fls, rose-eolored. Ova, 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. Jl. 3 A. stellattim Nutt. Lvs. radical, linear, about equaling the nearly tereto scape ; umbel many -flowered, erect (when in flower, nodding before) ; petals ob- long-ovate, acute, equaling the stamens; filam. subulate, simple; ova. 3-lobed, each lobe bearing 2-teeth, or 2 -crested above ; caps. 3-angled, 3-celled, 6-seeded. — Mo., 111. to Can. W. A low species, in gravelly soils. Scapo and Ivs. 10 to 15' high. Fls. roseate. Bulb oblong-ovate, eatable. 4 A. Caiiadense Kalm. Scape terete; Ivs. linear; umbel capitate, bulbifer&us; filam. simple, dilated at base. — If In woods. Lvs. radical, $ as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat abova Scapo 12 to 18' high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at top, with a head of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. Ju. 5 A. mutabile MX. Lvs. linear-setaceous, thin, sheathing at base, shorter than the terete scape' umbel many-flowered, erect; spathe 3-leaved, purplish; segm. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the stamens; filam. simple; ova. crested; caps. S-lobed, 3-sseded. — Damp woods, Ga., Fla. and Ala. Common at Montgomery. Bulb small, an inch or two in the ground, clothed with a thick net- work of fibers. Scape 12 to 20' high, strict Fls. 20 to 40, white or roseate. Perianth 2" long. Filam. purple, anth. white. Tastes strong of garlic. Mar. — May. 6 A. striatum Jacq. Scape slender, 3-angled, longer than the linear, striate leaves which are sheathing at base ; spathe of 2 ovate bracts ; iimbel few (3 to Tj-flow- wed; segm. ovate-lanceolate, with midvein greenish purple, near twice longer than the stamens ; filam. dilated at base ; caps, downy, perfecting, 2 or 3 seeds in each cell.— Woods and prairies, 111. (Hall, Lapham), and S. States. Scape 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 1 to 3" wide. Pedicels 1 to 2 — 3f long, seldom more than 5 in num- ber. Fls. larger than in our other wild species, spreading about 10", white. Mar.— May. • 7 A. sathrum L. COMMON GAELIC. Bulb compound ; st. leafy to the mid- dle ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; spathe 1-leaved, long-acuminate ; umbel bulbiferous : stam. tricuspidate. — Gardens. The bulb is composed of several smaller ones sur- rounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. St. 2f high, Fls. small, white. Used in seasoning and sometimes in medicme. Jl. $ Sicily. 8 A. pdrrurn L. LEEK. St. compressed, leafy ; Ivs, ORDER 148.— LILT ACEJE. channeled and keeled: umbel of fls. globous ; stam. tricuspidate, a little longer than the rouyh-keeled sepals.'— Gardens. Et. bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing Ivs., and at the top a large umbel, of'small white fls. JL f Switzerland. 9 A. vineale L. CROW GARLIC. St. slender, with a few leaves ; cauline Ivs. terete, fistulous ; umbel bulbiferous ; sta. exsert ; fiL alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the anther. — U Meadows, Mid. and "VV. States. Leaves 6 — 12' long. Scape 1 — 2f high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth pur- ple. June, July. § 10 A. schcenoprasum L. CITES. Scape somewhat leafy at base, equaling the terde, filiform, fistulous Ivs. ; spathe of 2 bracts, nearly as long as the capitate umbel ; segm. lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the JQam. which are toothless and dilated at base. — Lake shores, Can. Common in gardens, growing in tufts. Bulbs small. Scape less than If high. Umbel 1' diam. Els. purple. Jl. 11 A fistulosum L. "WELSH ONION. Scape leafy at base, inflated in the midst; Ivs. fistulous throughout, terete, about the length of the scape; umbel dense, globular, fruitful ; sep. acuminate, with a green keel ; stam. ezserted, with simple filaments ; ova. 3-lobed, green. — Gardens. Scape and Ivs. forming dense tufts, 18' high, f Asia. 12 A. Cepa L. COMMON ONION. Scape fistulous, swelling tmoards the lose much longer than the terete, fistulous Ivs.—® Gardens. Bulb compressed, or round, or oblong in figure. The scape, which appears the second year, is 3 to 4f high, straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish- white fls. Universally cultivated for the kitchen. ft. PROLIFERUM. TOP ONION. Umbels bulbiferous and proliferous, i.e.t pro- ducing secondary bulbs and plants at top, with few flowers or none. 10. AGAPAFTTHUS, L'Herit. (Gr.a'yoraj, love, dvOog ; a flower to be loved.) Perianth funnel-form, regular, 6-parted ; stamens 6, adnate to the base of the tube, curved upwards ; ovary free ; style filiform, curved at the end ; stigma entire ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, many- seeded. — Rt. tuberous. Lvs. radical, thick, linear. Scape thick, bear- ing an umbel with a 2-leaved involucre. A. umbellatus L'Her. Lvs. linear ; umbel many-flowered ; pedicels as long as the perianth. — A fine, showy plant for the parlor or greenhouse, easily reared in pots. Scape 2f or more high, with an umbel of numerous fls. of a rich blue, f S. Africa. 11. HYACINTHUS, L. HYACINTH. (Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrus, and transformed into this flower.) Perianth tubular campanulate, regular, 6-cleft, segments spreading-recurved ; stamens 6, adherent to the tube, free at apex ; ovary free ; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded. — Herbs acaulescent, from a coated bulb. Fls. racemed. H. orientalis L. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricous at the base. — If A well-known flower, long prized and cultivated. Lvs. thick, linear-lance- olate, 3 to 5' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a raceme of numerous blue flowers which are often double. The tube is enlarged at base by the roundish ovary within it. Stam. adherent a third the length of the tube, deeply included. Segments oblong, obtuse, recurved, rather shorter than the tube. Mar., Apr. f Levant. — Varies with fls. white, pink, red, etc. 12. MUSCA^RI, Tourn. GRAPE HYACINTH. Perianth tube ventri- cous, ovoid or campanulate, throat constricted, limb of 6 very short, obtuse, spreading segments, sometimes with a crown. Otherwise as in Hyacinthus. 1 M. racemosum L. Fls. fragrant, roundish-ovoid, nodding; Ivs. linear, channeled, arcuate-recurved, flaccid. — Gardens. Scape terete, 4 to 6' high, shorter ORDEB 148.— LILIACEJ3. 713 than the leaves. Fls. about 2" long, fragrant. Tube deep blue, limb white, much smaller, f Eur. — Varies to white. (Botryanthus K.) /3. PLUMATILIS. Rac. changed (by cult.) to a diffuse, feathery, sterile panicle. 2 M. botryoides L. Fls. inodorous, subglobous, nodding; Ivs. linear-lan- ceolate, narrowed belo\v, channeled, erect. — Flowers nearly a month later thaa the other, f Eur. — Varies with fls. azure, pale, white, roseate. (Botryanthus K.) 3 M. moschatum Willd. Fls. fragrant (musk-like), ovoid, subinflated, throat constricted just below the short, spreading, 6-lobed limb, and bearing a small 6- lobed crown; tube persistent, bluish green or greenish violet, the limb yellowish; Ivs. fleshy, linear; rac. dense. — Gardens, f Asia. 13. ASPHOD'ELUS, L. ASPHODEL. (Gr. a, privative, <70aAAo>, to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty.) Perianth 6-parted, spread- ing; stamens 6, decimate and upcurved, their bases dilated into as many valves covering the free ovary ; capsule globular, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. — 2£ Kt fasciculate. Lvs. radical, subulate. St. scape-like, erect. 1 A. Ifttens L. YELLOW ASPHODEL. St. simple, leafy; Ivs. ^-cornered. — A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. St. 3f high, thickly invested with 3-oor- nered, hollow leaves. Fls. yellow, in a long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of the stem. Jn. f Sicily. 2 A. ramosus L. WHITE ASPHODEL. St. naked, branched ; ped. alternate, longer than bract; Ivs. ensiform, carinate, smooth. — Gardens. Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white fls. Jn. | S. Eur. 14. HEMEROCAL'LIS, L. DAY LILY. (Gr. fjuepa, a day, na^o^ beauty.) Perianth funnel-shaped, regular, deciduous; limb 6-parted, veined, spreading; stamens 6, inserted in the throat, curved upwards; ovary free ; style slender, curved like the stamens and longer, stigma entire; capsule with 3 few-seeded cells. — 2£ Hoot fasciculate. St. leafy, erect Lvs. linear, striate, keeled. Fls. large, xanthic, solitary or racemed. 1 H. fulva L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate; pet. obtuse, wavy; veins of sep. branched. — Naturalized in some parts of this country. A well-known, showy, border flower. Leaves very numerous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July, f Levant 2 H. fiava L. Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat, acute ; veins of the sepals undivided.— A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. JL f Siberia. 15. FUN'KIA, Sprcng. WHITE DAY LILY. (For Henry Funk, a Ger- man cryptogamist.) Perianth funnel-shaped, deciduous; stamens 6, liypogynous, and with the style declinate-curved ; capsule 3-celled, elongated, 3-angled ; seeds many, 2-rowed, winged at end. — 2£ Root fasciculate. Lvs. all radical, ovate or oblong, petiolatc. Scape racemed above. Fls. large, cyanic. 1 P. ovata Spr. Lvs. broad-ovate, subcordate, acuminate; rac. many- flow- ered ; fls. funnel-form, soon nodding ; bracts ovate, acuminate, twice longer than the pedicel. — Gardens. Lvs. large, very smooth, veined, on long petioles. Scape If high. Fls. white. Jn. f Japan. (Hemerocallis Japonica Thunb.) — Varies with violet-colored flowers. 2 P. subcordata Spr. Lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate ; rac. few-flowered ; fls. nodding, with a very long tube ; bracts much longer than the pedicel. — Gardens. Fls. white, very fragrant, f Japan. 3 P. albo-marginata Hook. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, elegantly margined with white; rac. short, with remote, declinate fls. ; bracts ovate, ah1 equal, twice longer 714 ORDER 148.— LILIACE^L than the pedicels. — Gardens, rare. Fls. lilac, variegated with white and purple lines, f Japan. 16. POLYGONANTUM, Tourn. TRUE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Gr. many, yovv, knee; from the many-jointed rhizome.) Perianth tubular, limb short, 6-lobed, erect ; stamens 6, inserted near and above the middle of the tube, included; ovary free, 3-ceIled, cells 2 to 6-ovuled ; style slender, included; berry globular, 3 to 6-seeded. — 2C Rhizome horizontal, thick. St. erect or curving, leafy above. Fls, axillaryr pen- dent, greenish white. P. multiflonun Desf. St. recurved, smooth; Ivs. distichous, lanceolate, amplexi- caul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1 to 4-flowered. — U In woods, free States and Can. Stem 1 to 3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants. 2^ to G' by 1 to 2^', veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Pedun- cles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5 — 8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Apr. — Jn. a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined * peduncles elongated, the lower 4-flowered ; fil. puberulent. — In rich damp soils. This var. is common to Europe I and America ! (P. angustifolium Ph. P. biflo- rum Ell.) ^. PUB£SCENS. Lvs. pubescent beneath, glaucous, slightly clasping ; si 1 to 2f high ; fls. as short as the peduncles. — Common in N. England. y. GIGANTEUM. Tall, green and glabrous throughout; Ivs. partly clasping- ped. 2 to 6-flowered. — In rich alluvion. St. 3 to *7f high. (P. caniculatura Ph.) <5. LATIFOLIUM. Pubescent above; Ivs. ovate-oblong, upper surface glabrous, base sessile or somewhat petioled. — Middle States. St. 2 to 4f high. (P. latifolium MuhL P. hirtum. Ph.) 17. CONVALLA^RIA, L. LILY OF THE VALLEY. (Lat. convallis, a valley ; the locality of some species.) Perianth campanulate, of 6 united segments, lobes of the limb recurved; stamens 6, included, perigynous; ovary 3-celled, 1 -styled, cells' 4 to 6-ovuled ; berry few-seeded. — 2£ Rhizome creeping, slender. Lvs. radical, and scape very smooth, low, bearing a secund raceme of white, drooping fls. C. majalis L. An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of mountain woods, Ya. to Ga., also of Europe, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabitant of our gar- dens. Lvs. 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical Scapo 6' high,, with the small, elegant flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 18. CLINTCTNIA, Raf. (In honor of Gov. De Witt Clinton, of N. Y.) Perianth campanulate, of C equal, distinct segments ; stamens 6, hypo- gynous, anthers linear-oblong; ovary oblong, 2 (rarely 3)-celled; style elongated; berry (blue) 2-celled, cells 2 to 10-seeded. — If Rhizome creeping. Lvs. all radical, few (2 to 5), broad. Scape naked, bearing an umbel. 1 C. borealis Raf. NORTHERN CLINTONIA. Lvs. broad:oval-lanceolate ; fls. 2 to 5 in the bractkss umbel, cernuous ; berry-cells many-seeded. — Mountainous or hilly wood, Can., N. Eng. to Car., \V. to the Miss. Rhizome creeping to some extent. Lvs. 4 to 7' long, J as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 to 13' high, bearing at top a beautiful umbel of 3 to 6, yellowish-green, nodding fls. Perianth liliaceous, of S oblanceolate, erect-spreading segm. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. (Con- vallaria Poir.) 2 C. multiflora Beck. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath ; umbel many (12 to 3Q)-fl<»ffered, bracted ; fls. erect or spreading; berry cells 2-seeded. — Woods, ORDER 148.— LILIACE^E. 715 Chatauque Co., K Y. (Torrey) to Car. along the Allegbanies. Lvs. 6 to 9' by 1 to 2', scarcely acuminate, striate. Scape 8 to 10' high, pubescent. Umbel coryn> bous, with the fls. small (4 to 5'' long), white, spotted with purple inside, odorous. Jn. (Convallaria umbellata Poir.) 19. SMILACI'NA, Desf. SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Lat, diminutive of smitax, but with no good reason.) Perianth of 6 equal, spreading segments united at the base ; stamens 6, slender, perigynous, anthers short ; ovary globous, 3-celled (rarely 2-celled), with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short, thick ; berry globous, pulpy, 1 to 3-seeded. — H Rhi- zome creeping, thick or slender. St. leafy, bearing a terminal cluster of white fls. § Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the perianth. Ovules collateral No. 1 § Raceme simple. Stanicus shorter than the perianth, Ovules one above the other. ..Nos. 2, 3 1 S. racemosa Desf. CLUSTERED SOLOMON'S SEAL. St. recurved; Ivs. oval, acuminate, subsessile; rac. compound. — Copses, common, Car. and u. S. Rhi- zome thick, sweetish to the taste. Stem 18' — 2f high, downy, always gracefully recurved at top. Lvs. 4 to G' long, a third as wide, veined, sharply acuminate, minutely downy. Petioles 0 to 2" long. Fls. very mam', small, white in all their parts, in an oval panicle of racemes. Berries red, dotted, subpellucid, as large as peas. Apr. — Jn. (Convallaria, L.) 2 S. stellata Desf. St. erect; Ivs. many, lanceolate, acute, amplexicaul; fls. few, in a simple raceme. — Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss. St. 10 to 20' high, round and smooth. Lvs. 8 to 10, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 4 to 6' by 9 to 12", tapering gradually to the apex. Fls. white, about 8, 4'' diam. Segm. lance-oblong, obtuse, twice longer than the stamens. Berries nearly black. May, Jn. (Asteranthemum Kunth.) 3 S. trifoliata Desf. Erect; Ivs. 3 or 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, am- plexicaul ; rac. terminal, simple. — A delicate little species in mountain-swamps, Can., N. Eng. (rare), ~W. to Wis. St. 3 to 5' high, pubescent, angular. Lvs. 2 to 3-j' long, a fifth to a third as wide, somewhat acuminate. Fls. 4 to 10, on pedicels 2 to 7" long, white. Segm. obtuse, finally reflexed, a third longer than the stamens. Ovary often but 2-celled, with 2 stigmas. Berry 2 or 3-seeded, dark red. May. (Convallaria, L. Asteranthemum Kunth.) 20. MAJAN'THEMUM, Moench. TWO-LEAVED SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Gr. Ma/a, a mountain nymph, avOe^iov^ a flower.) Perianth of 4 ovate, obtuse, spreading segments united at base ; stamens 4 ; ovary 2-celled ; otherwise as in Smilacina. — Rhizome creeping. St. bearing 2 or 3 Ivs. Fls. in a simple terminal raceme. M. bifolmm DC. A small plant frequent upon the edges of woodlands, Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis. St. angular, about 6' high. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, about 2' long, £ as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Rac. erect, an inch long, consisting of 12 to 20 white fls. Berry small, round, and when , mature pale red, speckled with deep purple. May. 21. ASPAR'AGUS, L. (The ancient Greek name.) Perianth 6- parted, segments erect, slight spreading above ; stamens 6, perigynous ; style very short; stigma's 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. — 2£ Ptts. fibrous, matted. Sts. with very narrow Ivs. and small fls. A. officinalis L. St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect ; Ivs. setaceous, flexible, fasciculate. — Escaped from gardens and naturalized on rocky shores. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. filiform, \ to !£' long, pale pea-green. Fls. axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globous, red. It is one of the oldest and most delicate culi- nary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. JL § Eur. 22. STREPTO'PUS, MX. TWIST-FOOT. (Gr. trrpe^w, to turn, TTOV^ foot ; a twisted footstalk or peduncle.) Perianth C-parted, campanu- 716 ORDER 148. — ULLAGES. late; segments with a nectariferous pore at the base of each ; anthers longer than the filaments ; stigma very short ; berry roundish, 3-celled : seeds few, hilum with a very slender raphe. — It St. branched. Flsl axillary, solitary, generally with the peduncle distorted, or abruptly bent near the middle. 1 S. roseus MX. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliate ; under surface green like the upper ; pedicels short, generally distorted in the mid- dle ; segments spreading at apex ; anth. short, 2-liorned ; stig. trifid. — Can. to Car. and Tenn. A common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2 — i' long, % as wide, ending in a slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flowers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. Jn. 2 S. amplexifolius DC. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and en- tire on the margin, glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle ; sep. long-acuminate, reflexed ; anth. sagittate, acute-pointed, entire ; stig. truncate. — Can. and Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichoto- mous, 2f high. Leaves 2 to 3' long, % as wide, very smooth. Peduncles oppo- site the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Fruit oblong, red, many -seeded. Jn. (8. distortus MX. Uvularia L.) 23. PROSAR'TES, Don. (Gr. -n-poffaprdu, to suspend ; alluding to the pendulous flowers.) Perianth as in Uvularia ; stamens 6, perigy- nous, included, with long, filiform filaments; ovary 3-ceIIed, with 2 sus- pended ovules in each cell ; style elongated, trifid ; berry roundish ob- long, 3 to 6-seeded. — 11 St. erect, with divergent branches, scattered, sessile, ovate, thin, pubescent Ivs. and drooping, terminal, greenish- purple fis. P. lamiginosa Don. Lvs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, cordate or rounded at the clasping base, pubescent beneath ; pedicels in pairs ; perianth segm. linear- lanceolate; style smooth.— Mts. N. Y. to Car., W. to Or. St. 12 to 18' high, 2 or 3 times forked above. Lva 2 to 3' long, veined. Pedicels G to 8'' long, downy. Fls. spreading-bell-shaped, segm. near 6" long. Berry red. May. 24. UVULJTRIA, L. BELL-WORT. (Lat. uvula, the palate; the flower depends like that organ.) Perianth connivent-campanulate, de- ciduous, deeply 6-parted ; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each ; filaments very short, scarcely perigynous ; anthers linear, half as long as the petals ; style trifid ; capsule 3-cellcd ; seeds few, with a very tumid raphe. — Lvs. alternate, Fls. solitary, terminal, becoming axillary, nodding. § Leaves perfoliate near the base. Capsule obovoid-triangular, truncate Nos. 1, 2 § Leaves sessile or Lalf-clasping. Capsule ovoid or oval-triangular .Nos. 3, 4 1 TJ. perfoliata L. MEALY BELLWORT. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate-scabrous within, segm. acute ; anths. cuspidate * caps, truncate. — 2£ Can. and U. S. A handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10 — 14' high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves 2 — 3' by f — 1', rounded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pendulous. Segments linear-lanceolate, 1J' long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers f ' long. May. (U. flava Smith.) 2 U. grandiflora Smith. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute ; fl. terminal, soli- tary, pendulous ; segments acuminate, smooth within and without ; anth. obtuse. — U Can. and U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stem 12-— 15 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at top, one of which bears the largo, yellow, pendulous flower. OEDEE 149.— MKLANTHACE.E. 7l7 Leaves almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers f long. May. — Readily distinguished by the smooth petals. 3 U. sessilifplia L. WILD OATS. Lvs. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; caps, stiped, 0ff, dry, ^iJAAov, leaf.) Flowers £ ; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile, and with- out glands ; stamens 6, filaments dilated and contiguous at base ; ovary subglobous ; styles 3, linear, revolute ; capsule subglobous, 3-lobed, 3- celled, cells 2 -seeded. — Herbs with numerous dry, setaceous leaves, the lower longer, rosulately reclined, the upper gradually reduced. Rac. simple, with white, showy fls. X. asphodeloides Nutt. Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. St. 3 to 5f high, very leafy. Radical Ivs. If long, very narrow, crowded and caespitous. Fls. in a long, dense, showy raceme. Segm. spreading 5", obtuse. Pedicels 1'' or more long, bractless at base, but with 2 bractlets above the base. Jn. 7. HELO^NIAS, L. (Gr. eAo^, a marsh; where some species grow.) Flowers £ ; perianth G-parted, spreading, petaloid, the segments sessile, f 20 ORDER 149.— MELANTHACE^E. persistent, without glands ; stamens 6, hypogynous, at length longer than the perianth, anthers short, oval ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3- celled, 3-horned ; cells loculicidal, many-seeded. — Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. H. bullata L. N. J., Perm, to Ya. Scape 10 to 18' high, rather thick and fleshy, hollow, nearly naked. Lvs. lance-spatulate, about as long as the scape, 1 to Ijr wide. Rac. short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Fls. purple, segm. obtuse, with blue anthers. May. (H. latifolia Ph.) 8. CHAWLELIR'IUM, Willcl. (Gr. xafiai, on the ground, Aeiptov, a lily.) Flowers dioecious; perianth 6-sepaled, spreading, persistent; sepals narrow ; filaments C, perigynous, filiform, longer than the sepals (short in the £ ) ; ovary free, with 3 distinct styles ; capsule oblong, loculicidal ; seeds many, linear-oblong, winged at each end. — Rt. tuber- ous, premorse. St. leafy, strict, slender. Lvs. lanceolate, the radical oblanccolate and obovate-obtusc. Rac. spike-like, nodding, dense- flowered, yellowish-white. C. luteum Gray. BLAZING STAR. Low grounds, Can. and U. S. St, 12 to 30' high, furrowed. Radical Ivs. 3 to 5' by 6 to 12". in a sort of whorl. Fls. small, very numerous, in long, terminal, spicate racemes, which are more slender on the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Caps 3-fur- rowed, oblong, tapering to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Apr. — Jn. (Helonias dioica Ph.) 9. TOFIELD'IA, Hudson. (To Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, re- siding near Doncaster.) Flowers £ , calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts ; Ifts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile, and without bracts ; sta. C ; anth. roundish-cordate, introrse ; ovaries 3, united ; styles distinct, short ; ova. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; capsule en -seeded. — Lvs. cquitant, subradical. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or race- mous. § Pedicels clustered in 3s. Stems Bcabrous-elamlular ................................. Nos. 1, 2 § Pedicels separate. Stem glabrous ....... .". ........................................... No. 3 1. T. glutinosa Nutt. St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple; Ivs. a fourth the length of the stem, linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse / rac. oblong, few-flowered, dose, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles; caps, longer ihau ihe perianth. — Woods, Ohio to Wise., N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 — lj$ dot, ted with dark-colored glands. Leaves 3 — G' by 3 — 6", carinate. Spicate raceme 1 — 1^' long, 9 — 18-flowered. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals oblanceolate, less than 2" long, carpels 4". 2. T. ptibens Dryand. St. leafy at base, rough-puberulent ; Ivs. nearly half /At length of the stem, linear-ensiform, strongly striate, acute, glabrous ; rac. linear* elongated, composed of many remoti-sh, alternate fascicles ; pedicels 2 to 3 together, as long as the flowers ; fls. 3-bracted at base ; capsule scarcely exceeding the perianth. — Pine barrens, Del. to Fla. St 2 to 3f high, slender. Lvs. more than twice longer than in No. 1. Rac. 6 to 8' long, 30 to 40-flowered. Fls. small, greenish-white. Jl. — Sept. 3 T. glabra Nutt. St. leafy below, glabrous ; Ivs. nearly as in No. 2 ; rac. elongated, dense, with the pedicels separate (not clustered), scarcely longer than their bracts ; carpels distinct to near the base ; stig. sessile. — Car. to Ark., in wet grounds. St. 1 to 3f high. Rac. 2 to 5' long, 20 to 30-flowered. Seeds liuear- oblong, not caudate. 10. PLEE'A, L. C. Rich. (Gr. TrAem?, the Pleiades ; its flowers.) Perianth colored, persistent, 6-sepaled, stellately spreading ; stamens 9 ORDER 150.— PONTEDERIACE^E. 721 to 12, hypogynous, longer than the sepals; anthers introrse; styles 3 ; capsule 3-partible, oo-seeded. — 2£ Herb glabrous, with a slender, rush- like stem, dry, rush-like Ivs., and a raceme of 6 to 9 yellow fls. P. temrifolia Rich. Bogs, N. Car. (Curtis), S. Car. (Michx.) St. 1 to 2f high, from red, fibrous roots. Lvs. perennial-green, very narrow, sheathing at base, nearly If long. Caps, brown. ORDER CL. PONTEDERIACEJE. PONTEDERIADS. Plants aquatic, with the leaves parallel-veined, mostly dilated at base. Fls. spath- aceous. Perianth tubular, colored, G-parted, often irregular and circinate after flowering. Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled. Style 1. Stigma simple. Capsule 3 (sometimes l)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehis- cence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. Genera 6, species 80, found exclusively in America, E. Indies, and tropical Africa. They are of no known use. GENERA. Flowers irrepular, blue. Stamens 6. Utricle 1-seeded .• PONTEDERIA. 1 Flowers regular.— Anthers 3, of 2 forms. Leaves reniform HETERANTHEEA. 2 — Anthers 3, of one form. Leaves linear SCIIOLLERA. 8 1. PONTEDEVRIA, L. PICKEREL WEED. (In honor of Julius Pon- tedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720.) Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube split with 3 longitudi- nal clefts (the 2 lower sepals free), circinate after flowering and persis- tent ; stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube; utricle 1-seeded (2 cells abortive). — Lvs. radical, long- pctioled. St. 1-leaved, bearing a spike of blue fls. 1 P. cordata L. Lvs. cordate-oblong, obtuse; petiole shorter than the peduncle; spike cylindrical, pubescent. — If Can. and U. S. A fine, conspicuous plant, na- tive of the borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising 1 — 2f above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4 — 7' by \\ — 3', very smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2 -lipped, each lip 3- cleft, always blue, appearing in July. /?. ANGUSTIFOLIA Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 2 P. lancifolia Muhl. Lvs. lance-oblong or lance-linear, rather acute at each end; petiole shorter than the peduncle; spike cylindrical, pubescent. — Pools and ditches, Ga. (Feay) and S. Car. More slender every way than the other, 15 to 30' high. We can detect no difference in its flowers, but the permanent difference of the leaves is worthy of consideration. Apr., May. 2. HETERAN'THERA, Ruiz & Pav. (Gr. Mpa, otherwise, dv%>a; the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower.) Spathe several- flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms, the lower oblong-sagittate, on a longer filament ; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Lvs. mostly reniform, long- petioled. H. reniformis R. & P. St. prostrate or floating ; Ivs. suborbicular, reniform or auriculate at base ; spathe acuminate, few-flowered. — On muddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W. States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves £' by £', on petioles 1 — 2' long, with a broad sinus at base, and a short, abrupt acumi- nation. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the perianth £' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at 46 722 ORDER 151.— JUNCACE^E. the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl.f Aug. (Leptanthus, MX.) 3. SCHOL'iERA, Schreber. (Dedicated to one Scholler, a German botanist.) Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3, with similar anthers ; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. — Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base, grass-like, submersed. St. floating, rooting at the lower joints. S. graminea TTilld. A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, N. States. St. slen- der, dichotomous, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, 1 to 2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (!' spathe), tube 1J' long, limb in 6 linear-lanceolate S3gments, yellow. Stam. 3 (4, anthers); fifaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than the thick style. Jl., Aug. (Leptanthus, MX.) ORDER CLI. JUNCACEJi]. BUSHES. Plants herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals.) Stamens 6, .rarely 3, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Style 1. Ovary 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiment not reaching the center l)-celled. Cap- sule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seeds few or many, with a fleshy albumen. Fig. 377. Genera 15, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unim- portant GENERA. Perianth yellow (greenish outside). Stigma 1. Capsule co-seeded NAETIIECIUM. 1 Perianth green or brownish. Stigmas 3.— Capsule 3-seeded LUZULA. 2 — Capsule oo-seeded JUNCUS. 3 1. NARTHE^CIUM, Moehr. (Gr. vdp-dr]^ a rod or wand ; in allusion to the slender inflorescence.) Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent ; stam. 6 ; filaments hairy ; caps, prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds GO, ovate-oblong, appendaged at each extremity. — It Root fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape nearly naked. Fls. yellowish. IT. Americamim Ker. Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-ensiform ; rac. lax, inter- rupted ; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the flower. — An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps of N. J. Also in Can. Scapes 8 to 12' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nu- merous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3 — 7" long. Perianth green- ish externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. Aug. 2. LITZULA, DC. WOOD RUSH. (Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ; from the dew glistening upon its flowers.) Perianth persistent, bibrac- teate at base ; stamens 6 ; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded ; seeds fixed to the bottom. — Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. grass-like, on entire sheaths. Pis. terminal, green or brownish. § Flowers separate, pedicellate, in umbels or paniculate cymes Kos. 1, 2 § Flowers aggregate, — in pedunculate heads forming an umbel or cyme Nos. 3, 4 — in sessile heads forming a nodding black spike No. 5 1 L. pilosa "Wllld. Lvs. pilous; umbel cymous, spreading, consisting of subequal \-flowered, simple pedicels', caps, obtuse, shorter than the sepals. — Common in woods and groves, N. S. and Can. St, 4 to ] 6' high. Radical Ivs. numerous, 2 to 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long white hairs. Umbels 8 to 12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5 to 10' J long, finally deflexed. Peri- anth brown, with 2 green bractlets. May. ORDER 151.— JUNG ACE M. 723 2 L. parviflora Desv. St. elongated ; Ivs. lance-linear, glabrous ; corymb decom- pound; ped. elongated, the branches with 3 to 5 pedicellate Jis. ; sep. ovate, acu- minate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule. — White Hills, K H. (Prof! Bosworth), Graylock Mt., Mass. (Chadbourne), etc. Stem 12 to 18' high. Radical Ivs. 8 to 10' by 3 to 5", those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many-flowered. Capsule black. Jn. (L. melanocarpa Desv.) 3 L. campestris Willd. FIELD RUSH. Lvs. hairy; spikes globular or ovate some on long peduncles, some nearly sessile ; sep. lanceolate, acurninate-awned, longer than the obtuse capsule ; seeds wit/ia conical appendage at base. — In mead- ows, U. S. and Can. St. simple, straight, 3 to 12' high. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to & long, with tufts of cotton-like hairs. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal Ivs. Perianth rust-colored, capsule at length brown. May. /?. BULEoSA. Bulbous ; Ivs. narrowly linear ; sep. shorter than the globular, dark brown capsules. — Lookout Mt., Tenn. St. G' high. "With the other, but flow- ers earlier. 4 L. arcuata B. Meyer. Lvs. linear, channeled, glabrous ; heads few, 3 to ^-flow- ered, on unequal, filiform, often recurved pedicels ; bracts dilate ; sepals acute, reddish-brown, about equaling the roundish -elliptical capsule ; seeds not appen- daged. — White Mts., N. II. (not common) and Arc. Am. 5 T. spicata DC. Lvs. linear, hairy at the base ; spike cernuous, composed of several sessile globular heads ; sep. acuminate-awned, about equal in length to the subglobous short-pointed, black capsule. White Hills, N. H. (Prof. Bosworth). St. 8 to 10' high, slender, simple. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long, appearing greyish black when mature. Seeds oval, with a small, oblique appendage. Jl. 3. JUN'CUS, L. RUSH. (Lat. jungo, to join; because ropes were anciently made of these plants.) Perianth 6-sepalcd, glume-like, per- sistent ; stamens 6, rarely 3 ; capsule mostly 3-celled ; seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. — St. simple, leafy or leafless, with terete, flat or channeled Ivs., entire sheaths and small, bibracteate, greenish fls. § Cyme or panicle lateral, bursting from the side of the scape above the middle, (a) a Leaves none. Flowers separate, mostly hexandrous, greenish Nos.l — 3 a Leaves few, radical, jointless. Flowers capitate, 6-androus, brownish Nos. 4, 5 § Cyme or panicle terminal on the stem or scape. Leaves present, (b) b Flowers capitate, few or many in each head, (c) C Leaves jointed (nodous) with internal, transverse partitions, (d) d Staincns 3. — Heads green or pale straw-colored Nos. 6 — 8 — Heads brown or chestnut colored Nos. 9, 10 d Stamens 6. Heads tawny or brown, — 10 to 60-flo\vered Nos. 11, 12 —2 to 9-flowered Nos. 13, 14 C Leaves not jointed. — Heads many, brown. Sepals obtuse. Stamens 3 No. 15 — Heads few or many, green. Sepals awned No. 16 — Heads mostly but one. Sepals acute. Stamens 6. Nos. 17, 18 b Flowers separate, not in heads, mostly secund. Stamens 6. (e) e Stems leafy, panicle diffuse, many-flowered Nos. 19, 20 e Stems naked, except at base, scape-like Nos. 21 — 23 1 J. Editions Willd. BALTIC RUSH. Rhizome creeping, prostrate, rooting ; scapes numerous, sheathed at base, opaque terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute ; pani- cle near the summit, small ; fls. separate, brown ; sep. subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, mucronate capsule. — Sandy shores, Me. to Wis. and Can. Scape leafless, 1 to 3f high, hard, tough, closely arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3" to 3' long. Panicle 2 to 5' below the apex of tho scape, 1' long. Fls. 20 to 40, reddish brown. 2 J. effCisus L. SOFT RUSH. BULL-RUSH. Scape straight, not rigid; panicle lateral, loose, decompound, sometimes dense; fls. separate; sep. green, taper- pointed, as long as the obovate, obtuse capsules. — Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts. Can. and U. S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2 to 3f high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle which protrudes from a 724 ORDER 151.— JUXCACE^E. fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Fls. small, green, numerous, with 3 white anthers and yellowish seeds. Jn., Jl. 3 J. filiformis L. (not MX.) Rhizome creeping, leafless, scape slender, filiform minutely striate, flaccid ; panicle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape ; fls. separate ; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. Borders of lakes, N. States and Can. Scape 1 to 2f high, with a few brown sheaths at base. Fls., some pedicellate, some sessile. JL 4 J. setaceus Rostkow. Scape filiform, striate ; umbel lateral, subsimple, few- flowered; pod. compressed, several flowered ; perianth segments very acute. — Swamps, Penn. to Fla., growing in tufts, about 2f high. Scapes weak and slen- der (not setaceous), sheathed at base with the shorter leaves. Panicle small, 20 to 30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the sum- rait. Fls. in small heads, scarcely brownish. Jn., Jl. 5 J. maritimua Lam. BLACK RUSH. Scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base; panicle decompound, far below tho summit; fls. aggregated in roundish heads ; sep. lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. — In. brackish marshes, Va. to Fla. Scapes 2 to 5f high, forming dense tufts. Panicle 2 to 3' long, with numerous heads, and subtended by a shorter bract. Fls. dark brown. Jl. (J. acutus Ell., etc.) 6 J. scirpoides Lam. St. leafy, terete, stout; Ivs. terete, slender, with frequent joints; panicle cymous, branches few, suberect, heads 5 to 20, green, about 20- flowered; sep. rigid, lance-acuminate, sharp; stam. 3, nearly as long; style much exserted ; caps, taper-pointed, as long as the sepals ; seeds oblong, merely acute at each end.— Can. and U. S., especially coastward, in wet places. St. 1 to 2f high, about 3-leaved below. Lvs. shorter than the stem. Heads 3 to 4" diam., finally straw-colored. May — Jl. (J. echinatus Ell.) 7 J. polycephalus MX. St. few-leaved, terete, strict ; Ivs. terete-compressed, slender, strict, many-jointed; panicle decompound, loose; heads 5 to 15, globous, many-flowered ; sep. subulate, acuminate, bristle-pointed, the 3 outer longer and wider, greenish, stam. 3, nearly as long ; caps, oblong-triangular, abruptly acumin- ate, longer than, the sepals, at length brownish; seeds oblong, with a white tail at each end. — Wet places, Can. and U. S. Sts. 12 to 30' high, rigid, but slender, tho Ivs. shorter. Heads 8 to 20-flowered, 4" diam. May — Jl. (J. paradoxus Gray.) 8 J. d£bilis Gray. Sts. iveak and slender, flattened; Ivs. flattened, obscurely jointed ; panicle de- or suprade-compound, loosely spreading ; hds. few-flowered, straw-color ; sep. lanceolate, acute, shorter than the oblong capsule ; seeds ob- long, acute at each end. — Common in wet places, Can. and U. S. Sts. 9 to 24' long, from fibrous roots. Heads about 5-flowered (in spec, from "Wis., 1 to 3- flowered), fls. 2" long. Lvs. nearly filiform in the smaller plants. (J. subverti- cillatus Muhl. nee Wulf.) 9 J. acuminatus MX. St. slender, strict, terete ; Ivs. terete, many-jointed ; pani- cle decompound, branches suberect; heads numerous, 3 to 5-flowered, chestnut brown, fls. erect ; sep. strongly veined, lanceolate, acute and mucronate, much shorter than the oblong-triangular, abruptly pointed capsule ; seeds tailed at both ends. — Very common in bogs, etc., Can. and U. S. Sts. 9 to 30' high, slender or rather stout, the slender Ivs. much shorter, many-jointed. Capsules becoming deep brown or (in the Southern spec.) almost black. 10 J. Fondii. St. rather stout, terete ; Ivs. terete-compressed, jointed ; panicle spreading, diffuse, decompound; heads numerous, globular, 5 to 12-flowered. chest- nut colored ; sep. equal, lance-acuminate, bristle-pointed, as long as the triangular- ovate, abruptly pointed capsule; stam. 3 ; seeds oval, merely acute at each end. — "Wet places, Car. to Ga. (Feay, Pond,) and Ky. Sts. 1 to 2f high, with 1 or 2 short leaves. Heads 20 to 40, 3 to 4" diam., in a wide panicle. Mar. — Jn. (J. acuminatua E1L nee MX.) 11 J. megacephalus. St. stout, ascending at base ; Ivs. distinctly nodous, elon- gated, the upper usually exceeding the inflorescence ; heads few, glomerate, or some pedunculate, rarely paniculate, large, 30 to QQ-flowered, tawny; sep. subu- late, bristle-pointed, scarcely shorter than the acuminate capsule ; stam. 6 ; seeds ORDER 151.— JUNCACEJE. 725 acute. — Borders of streams and lakes, N. Y. to Wis., S. to Fla. St. 16' to 3f high. Heads 5 to 6" diam., globular, 1 to 5 to 12, clustered or panicled. Sepals with tawny awns, greenish at base. (J. nodosus, (3. megacephaius Torr.) 12 J. nodosus L. St. erect, slender ; Ivs. slender or often filiform, distinctly nod- ous, the upper often exceeding the inflorescence ; hds. few (1 to 5 to 9), in a sim- ple cluster, tawny or brown, 5 to IQ-flowered ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate- awned, 3-veined, shorter than the rostrate capsule; stam. G ; seeds oval, acute. — Sandy swamps and shores, Can. to Car. Sts. 12 to 18' high. Heads 3 to 5" diam. — Appears very different from the last. (J. Rostkovii E. Meyer.) 13 J. articulatus L. /?. PELOCARPUS Gray. Stem erect, compressed, 1 to 3- leaved; Ivs. terete-compressed, setaceous, obscurely nodous; panicle spreading; heads 2 to 6-flowered ; &p. oblong-lanceolate, the outer acute, the inner obtuse, scarcely as long as the triangular-oblong, bluntly mucronate capsule ; stam. 6 ; seeds slightly apiculate. — N. Eng. to Mich, and Can., in wet places, not com- mon. Sts. 9 to 18' high. Hds. chestnut colored. Anth. yellow. (J. pelacarpus E. Meyer.) 14 J. militaris Bigl. BAYONET RUSH. St. stout, terete, sheathed at base, bear- ing below the middle a single terete, nodous, erect kaf which much exceeds the in- florescence ; panicle erect, compound ; hds. many, brown, 4 to 9-flowered ; sep. lanceolate, acute, as long as the acuminate capsule. — Bogs coastward, Mass, to Ga. St. 2 to 3f high. Leaf 15 to 30', overtopping the- stem by six inches or more. Heads small. Stamens mostly 6. 15 J. marginatus Rostkow. St. compressed; Ivs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle, corymbous, simple, proliferous ; hds. 2 to 9-flowered, tawny or chestnut- colored ; bracteoles awned ; sep. obtuse, soft, about as long as the obtuse cap- sule; stam. 3. — In low grounds, N. E. to Ga., "W. to 111. Sts. 1 to 3f high.. Radical Ivs. numerous, sheathing, cauline 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globous, 3 to 6-flowered heads, both pedunculate and sessile, longer than tha erect bracts at base. Sep. edged with dark purple, with a green keel. Jn. — Aug. p. fciFLoRUS. Stouter (2f high) ; hds. very numerous, mostly 2 or 3-flowered, nearly black. — South, common. 16 J. repens MX. Low, tufted with creeping stolons ; Ivs. subulate-linear, fascicled at the lower joints ; cyme simple ; hds. few, 3 to 8-flowered ; sep. subu- late, awn-pointed, the 3 inner much longer; caps, slender, trisulcate, much shorter than the perianth.— "Wet places, Ga. and Fla. Sts- many, 2 to 6' high. Els. 3 to 4" long. 17 J. Stygus L. St. filiform, erect, rigid, leafy ; Ivs. setaceous, slightly chan* neled, obscurely nodous ; hds. few (1 or 3), terminal, about 3-fiowered ; sep- oblong, acute ; stam. 6 ; caps, triangular-elliptic, acute, longer than the perianth ; seeds oblong, the loose testa produced into an appendage at both ends. — Perch Lake, Jefferson Co., N. Y. (Gray) and Newfoundland. Els. unusually large, straw-color. 18 J. trifidus L. St. sheathed at base; leaf solitary, linear setaceous, near the top ; sheath ciliate ; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved ; hd. solitary, sessile between 2 long bracts, about 3-flowered, terminal ; capsule blackish, globular, beaked. — White Hills, N. H., and Mt. Marcy. N. Y. Sts. crowded, threadlike, G' high. Radical Ivs. 1 to 2, very short, cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparently forming with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted invol. Jl. 19 J. Conradi Tuckm. St. low, erect, slender, leafy; Ivs. few, subfihTorm, ob- scurely nodous; fls. separate, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches of the di-trichotomous panicle ; sep. lanceolate, margins scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate caps. — Wet places, Can. and U. S., chiefly coastward. Sts. 6 to 9' high, wiry, turfy. Stam. 6. Els. often changed to little tufts of leaves. 20 J. bufonius L. TOAD RUSH. Low, slender, tufted; sts. forking; branches floriferous their whole length ; fls. separate, greenish, remote ; sep. lance-subulate, awn-pointed, the 3 outer longer; caps, triangular oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, much shorter than the perianth ; seeds oval, obtuse. — GD Damp, waste places, in all 726 OKDHK 152.— COMMELYNACEJE. countries. Sts. many, 3 to 8' long. Lvs. few, 1 to 2' long. Fls. many, secund. Jn. — Aug. 21 J. Greeiiii Oakos & Tuckm. Scape tall, subtereto, striato ; Ivs. filiform-seta- ceous, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing base ; panicle dense, branches suberect ; bracts setaceous, one of them much longer than the panicle ; fls. single, approximate ; sep. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the tri- angular-acute, shining caps. — Wet grounds, R. I., Mass. (Ricard). A handsome rush, 1 to 2f high, rigid, strict. Lvs. all radical. Panicle 2 to 3' long, one of the. bracts twice longer, the other twice- shorter. Caps. 2" long, reddish brown. 22 J. tenuis "\V~illd. St. scape-like, slender, erect; Ivs. subradical, linear-seta- ceous, shorter than the stem ; bracts 2 — 3, much longer than the panicle ; fls. single, approximate, green; sep. acuminate, longer than the subglobous-triangular capsule. — A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems why, 6 — 24' high. Leaves very narrow, 3 — 8' long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5 — 10-flowered, varying to subumbellate and 20 — 30-flowered, the rays very unequal. Jn., Jl. B. DICHOTOMUS. Panicle regularly forked once or twice, branches erect, in- curved, with the contiguous fls. regularly distychous ; sep. scarcely longer than the capsule. — Waysides, Somerville, Mass., also South. (J. dichotomus Ell.) 23 J. bulbosus L. (3. GERARDI. St. very slender, compressed; Ivs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem ; panicle small, few-llowered, sub- trichotomous, longer than the bracts ; fls. separate, approximate by pairs or 3s, dark-colored : sep. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobous, obtuse, caps. — A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arc. Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Sts. not bulbous, tufted, erect, or decumbent and stoloniferous, 1 to 2f high, tough and wiry. Lvs. 3 to 8' long, bracts 6 to 12". Fls. 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. Jl., Aug. — It makes good hay. ORDER CLII. COMMELYNACE^E. SPIDERWORTS. Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth of 2 series, the outer of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner of 3 colored petals. Stamens G, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Style and stigma united into one. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3- valved ; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. Figs. 584^ 592. Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australia and Africa, a few N. America- They are of little importance to man. The anomalous genus, Mayaca, constitutes ail order by itself in Kunth. GENERA. § Flowers irregular, clustered in a spathe-like, cordate, floral leaf COMMELYNA. 1 § Flowers regular, clustered ; floral leaves like the rest. Stamens 6 TUADESCA^TIA. 2 § Flowers regular, solitary, axillary stamens 3. Moss-like herbs MAYACA. 3 i. COMMELY'NA, Dill. (In honor of the brothers Commelyn, Ger- man botanists.) Fls. irregular ; sepals herbaceous, petals colored ; stamens 6, 3 of them sterile and furnished with cruciform glands for anthers ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, one of the valves abortive. — Lvs. lance-linear with sheaths at base. Fls. enfolded in a conduplicate, per- sistent, spathaceous, cordate bract, erect in ilower, recurved before and after. Petals blue, open but a few hours. * Prostrate spnthe opposite the leaves, complicate, base-lobes free *syos. 1, 2 * Erect or ascending. Spathe subtcrminal, — complicate, subpeltate No. 3 — cucullate-peltate Nos. 4, 5 1 C. communis L. Procumbent, much branched ; branchlets marked with a hairy line; Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, margin finely serru- ORDER 152.— COMMELYNACE^I. 727 late ; sheath open, ciliate ; spatho opposite the leaves, roundish-cordate, compli- cate; ped. in pairs, 1 to 3-flowered ; petals unequal (blue), the odd one reniform ; sep. (pale) the 2 lateral larger, connate below. — In wet grounds, Car. and Ga. Prostrate and spreading 1 to 3f. Lvs. 8 to 5' long. Jn.— Nov. (Elliott) 2 C. agraria Kunth. St. procumbent, glabrous, branched ; Ivs. oblong or oblong- ovate, obtuse, the upper short-petioled ; sheaths ciliate ; spatho opposite the leaves, cordate-ovate, acuminate, complicate, 3 to 4-flowered ; odd petal (blue) roundish- ovate. — River banks, S. 111. to La. Sts. If or more in length. Lvs. small (15 to 30" long). Fls. often polygamous. Sep. pale. Two of the (blue) petals clawed. (C. Cajennensis Rich.) 3 C. Virginica L. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths split to the base ; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base (except a short cohesion), enfolding 2 peduncles and several flowers ; ped- icels contorted ; pet. unequal, the lower one much smaller, unguiculate. — Dry soils Middle! Southern and "Western States! Plant nearly smooth, 12 — 18' high, glabrous. Leaves 3 — 5' by 8 — 14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe veiny, 3 — 5-flowered. Jl., Aug. (C. angustifolia MX.) 4 C. hirtella Vahl. Strictly erect, tall, and conspicuously pubescent; Ivs. long- lanceolate, sheaths densely rusty -bearded at the throat ; spathe subsessik, smaU, clustered at the summit of the stem; petals subequal. — In shady woods, Va. to S. Car. St. 2 to 3f high, rather thick and firm. Lvs. 5 'to 8' long, both sides hairy. Spathe subreniform when open, 5" long, glabrous, colored, base lobes cucullate, slightly united. — Hardly distinct from No. 1. 5 C. erecta L. St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilous ; spathe deltoid-falcate, united and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered ; pet. nearly equal. — Rocky woods, thickets, Penn. (Muhl.) Harper's Perry to Ga. St. simple or branched at base, upright, 1 — 2f high. Leaves 3 — 5' by 6 — 12", usually lanceolate, pilous- scabrous, the sheaths 9 to 11" long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Jl., Aug. (C. Virginica Ph.) 3. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Of very slender habit, with lance-linear Ivs. and tho spatho conspicuously arcuate (hawk -bill-shape). — Southern. 2. TRADESCAN'TIA, L. SPIDERWORT. (Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I.) Flowers regular ; sepals persis- tent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments clothed with jointed hairs ; anthers reniform. — 2£ Fls. in terminal, close umbels, sub- tended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. * Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary, with leaf-like bracts Nos. 1, 2 * Umbel long-pedunculate, terminal and axillary, bractless No. 3 1 T. Virginica L. St. erect, simple or branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, or linear channeled above, sessile, ciliate or glabrous ; fls. in a terminal, subumbellate clus- ter, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent. — Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Mid., "W. and S. States common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2 — 3f high. Leaves numerous, 12 — 18' by 6 — 12", the bracts similar. Petals largo, suborbicular, of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May — Aug — The juice of tho plant is viscid and spins into thread ; hence the common name. 2 T. pilosa Lehm. St. erect, smoothish, bractlets hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate with a narrow base, long-acuminate, complicate, on a loose sheath, and pilous both sides, the floral like the rest ; umbels both terminal and axillary, many-flowered, dense ; pedicels and sepals glandular-hain*. — Shady river banks, 111. to Ohio and La. St. 2f high. Lvs. 4 to 7' by 6 to 12", sheaths entire, 8 to 10'' long. Pis. in the upper axils, small, bluish purple. 3 T. rosea MX. St. erect, simple ; Ivs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul ; ped. elongated ; cal. glabrous. — Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8 — 12' high- Leaves 6 — 8' by 2 — 3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in tho preceding species. Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. 728 ORDER 153.— XYRIDACE^E. 3. MAYA^CA Aublet. Flowers regular ; sepals 3, green, lanceolate ; petals 3, obovate, colored ; stamens 3, opposite the sepals, persistent ; ovary 1 -celled, style filiform, stigma simple ; capsule 3-valved, seeds several, attached to the middle of the valves. — Moss-like aquatics, glab- rous, creeping, branched, densely clothed with narrowly linear Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered. M. Michatixii Schott. & Endl. Ped. longer than the Ivs., reflexed in fruit ; caps. 9 to 12-seeded; petals white. — In shallow waters, Va. to Ga. (Feay, Pond) and Fla. (Mettauer). Sts. several inches long, somewhat resembling Sphagnum. Lvs. numerous and minute, bifid, 2 to 3" long, ped. thrice longer. Sep. near 3" long. Seeds globular, white. JL (Syena fluviatilis Ph.) ORDER CLIII. XYRIDACE^E. XYRIDS. Herbs sedge-like, with equitant leaves and a scape bearing a head of flowers. Pe- rianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, unguiculate. Stamens 3, with extrorse anthers, and inserted on the claw of the petals. Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, with parietal placentae, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous, ortho- tropous, embryo at the apex. Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyris extending into the United States. Of no important use. XY'RIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (Gr. %vpo$, acute-pointed; in allusion to the form of the leaves.) Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric ; sepals unequal, the 2 lateral glume-like, keeled, persistent, the odd one membranous, involving the corolla in bud and deciduous ; petals equal ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals ; capsule 1- celled, with parietal placentae. — Lvs. linear, rigid, radical, sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, with cartilaginous bracts (scales) ; petals yellow. * Leaves very short (S to 30"). Sepals frinjreless, tuftless. Small and delicate. South No. 1 * Leaves elongated one-third to three-fourths the length of the scape, (a) a Sepals with a wingless, fringeless keel, rarely crested. Plant bulbous at base No. 2 a Sepals with a winged, fringed keel and crested apex,— short as the scale Nos. 3, 4 — twice longer than the scale... No. 5 1 X. brevifolia Mr. (nee Ell.) Lvs. linear, subulate, falcate, acute, distych- ously imbricated, 3 to 5 times shorter than the filiform, angular scape ; head oval, few-flowered, bracts rounded at apex ; sep. acute, lanceolate, the keel not winged, merely scabrous. — Springy places, Car. to Fla. Our smallest species. Scape 4 to 8' high. Lvs. 8 to 30" long, about 1" wide. Head not larger than a pepper- corn. Apr., May. 2 X. bulbosa Kunth. Bulbous; Ivs. narrow-linear, obtusish, half as long as the angular, sulcato stem, both twisted ; head globular ovoid, bracts roundish- ovate, very obtuse ; sep. oblong-lanceolate, minutely bearded on the sharp keel and tufted at apex, a little shorter than the bract. — Bogs, N. Eng. to Ga., W. to Ind. Scape slender, 9 to 30' high, Ivs. 5 to 15'. Head about 5" long, bracts closely imbricate, concave. Jn. — Sept. (X. Jupicai MX. X. Indica Ph. X. torta Sm.) 3. MINOR. Dwarfish (3 to 8' high), slender ; Ivs. thrice shorter, scarcely twisted ; sep. with an evident tuft at apex. — S. E. Ga. (Miss Keen.) 3 X. Caroliniana "Walt. Lvs. rigid, narrowly linear, a third or more shorter than the flexuous, rigid, slightly 2-edged scape ; head elliptical, yellowish brown ; sep. narrow, scarcely longer than the oval scales, conspicuously fringed on the keel above the middle and crested at the obtuse apex. — Sandy swamps, N. Y. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, more or less twisted. Lvs. 6 to 18' long, 1 to 2" or the outer 3" wide. Head G to 7" long. Petals rather large. JL, Aug. (X. flex- uosa Ell. nee Muhl.) 4 X. ambigua Kunth ? Lvs. gladiats-linear, plain, 2 to 3 times shorter than scapes; scapes (often clustered) distinctly 2-edged, tall; head elliptic-ovoid, large, ORDER 154.— ERIOCAULONACE^E. 729 t scales rounded-obovate ; sep. sliorter than the scales, fringed along the winged keel — Wet pine barrens, Ga. (Feay). Scapes strict, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. strict, 6 to 9, by 2 to 4", gradually acute. Heads 7 to 9" long. Aug., Sept. (X. brevifolia Ell.) — The leaves in our specimens are not all rough-edged as in Kunth's. 5 X. fimbriata Ell. FEATHERED XYRIS. Lvs. linear-gladiate, erect, nearly as long as the scape which is strict, striate, and enlarged at the summit ; head oval or oblong, scales rounded, loosely imbricated; sep. twice(!) longer than the bracts, conspicuously fringed on the keel above. — Sandy swamps, R. I. (Olney), N. J., (Rev. L T. Holton) to Fla. Scape 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 20 to 30' long, about 3" wide, sheathing below. Head 6 to 8" long. Bracts tawny-edged. Seeds innumerable, elliptical, minute. Jl., Aug. ORDER CLIV. ERIOCAULONACE^E. PIPEWORTS. Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves, sheathing at base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 to 6-parted or want- ing. Stamens 6, some of them generally abortive. Anthers mostly 1 -celled, u> trorse. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Genera 9, species 200, chiefly tropical. They are of no known use. GENERA. * Stamens (4 or C) twice as many as tho petals. (Scape 7 to 12-ribbed) .......... ERIOCAULON. 1 * Stamens 3, as many as the petals. (Scape 5-ribbed, puberulent.) ............ P^EPALANTIIUS. 2 * Stamens 3, and no petals. Scape 5-ribbed, short, hairy .................... LACIINOCAULON. 3 1. ERIOCAITLON, L. PIPEWORT. (Gr. eptov, wool, Kavkog, stem.) Flowers 8 , collected into an imbricated head ; involucre of many bracts ; $ in the disk (rarely mixed); perianth double; sepals 3, subregular; petals united to near the summit ; stamens twice as many as the petals ; ? in the margin ; perianth double ; sepals 3, petals 2 or 3, distinct ; stamens 0 ; ovary sessile or stipitatc; style 1, stigmas 2 or 3 ; capsule 2 or 3-seeded. — It Acaulescent. Lvs. grass-like, flat, tufted at the base of the slender, simple, one-headed, fluted scape. (Fls. 4-parted in one species.) 1 B. decangulare L. Scape tall, slender, marked with 10 ribs and furrows; Ivs. linear-ensiform, suberect, half as long as the scape ; bracts of tho depressed in- volucre acute ; chaff acuminate and tipped with a white fringe as well as the perianth. —Ponds, in pine barrens, S. States, common. Scape 1 to 3f high, very strict, clustered. Lvs. 6 to 16' high, 3 to 4" wide. Head 5" broad, very white with the fringes, the corollas tipped with black. Jl., Aug. 2 B. gnaphaloides MX. Scape tall, slender, marked with 10 ribs and furrows; Ivs. ensiform, subulate, many times shorter than the scape, spreading ; invol. de- pressed; bracts obtusish ; chaff acute, white fringed as well as the perianth. — Swampy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla., common. Scape mostly single, If to 30' high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 3 to 5" wide, gradually tapering to an acute or setaceous point. Head similar to No. 1. Jn. — Aug. 3 E. septangulare "Withering. Scape slender, ^-furrowed, short or tall, and weak according to the depth of the water ; Ivs. linear-setaceous, pellucid, 5-veined, very short ; head small, globular ; bracts of the invol. obtuse. — In shallow water, Can. to N. J. and Mich. Sis. clustered, 3' to 3f, filiform, reaching the surface of the water. Lvs. in a small tuft, submersed. Head 2 to 3" diam., white with the fringes of the compact flowers. Jl., Aug. 2. P£PALANTHUS, Mart. (Gr. -rranrd^ dust or powder, avOo£.) Flowers 3-parted ; stamens in the sterile flowers 3 ; stigmas in the fertile flowers 3 ; capsule 3-seeded. — Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon, from which the genus was separated. 730 ORDER 154.— ERIC AULONACE^E. P. flavidulus Kunth. Acaulescent, turfy; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-ribbed and furrowed, finely puberulent ; Ivs. linear-setaceous, many times shorter than the scapes ; head globular ; bra-cts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, straw-colored, dry; fls. not fringed. — Wet, sandy barrens, Va. to Fla. Sis. 6 to 9' high, Ivs. 1 to 2'. Heads 3" diam. with a straw-colored in vol. and silvery white perianths. Apr. — Jn. (Eriocaulon MX.) 3. LACHNOCAITLON, Kunth. (Gr. Ao^vo?, wool, rcavM?, stem.) Flowers and inflorescence as in Eriocaulon ; # calyx 3-sepaled ; corolla 0 ; stamens 3 ; anthers 1-celled, filament united below ; calyx 3- sepaled ; corolla reduced to a tuft of hairs surrounding the 3-seeded ovary. — Habit of Eriocaulon. L. Michafrxii Kunth. "Wet, sandy plains, Ya. to Fla. Scapes 1 to 5' high, numerous, 5-ribbed, filiform, clothed with thin, spreading, woolly hairs. Lvs. linear-subulate, about 1' long, tufted. Head very small (L" diam.), globular, greenish-white. Apr., May. (Eriocaulon villosum MX.) FIG. 746-784. 1. Cyperus diamlrus. 2 Spike- let magn. 8. A sjlume. 4. A flower. 5. Tri- clielostylls nutumnalis. 6. Spikelet. 7. Ovary with triple style. 8. Flower of T. capillaris. . Ovary of T. stenophylla. 10. Bhynchos- pora alba. 11. Spikelet. 12. Ovary, seine, etc. ]3. C.'irexrosea. 14. Glume. 15. Perigynium. 16. C. flava. 17. Glume. 18. Perigynium. OEDEB 155.— CYPERACE^E. 731 CLASS IV. a L U M I F E K M. Plants of the endogenous structure, having the flowers invested with an imbricated perianth of alternate glumes instead of sepals and petals, and collected into spikelets, spikes or heads. The Class is equivalent to the COHORT 7. GKAMINOIDEjE. ORDER CLY. CYPERACE^E. THE SEDGES. Herbs grass-like or rush-like, with fibrous roots and solid culms. Leaves mostly linear, channeled, arising from entire or tubular sheaths. Flowers spiked, perfect or diclinous, one in the axil of each glume. Perianth none, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles (setce), or a cup-shaped or a sac-shaped perigynium. Stamens definite (1 to 12), mostly 3. Anth. fixed by their base, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous, erect ovule, forming in fruit a utricle. Embryo enclosed in the base of the albumen. Genera 120, species 2000. The Sedges abound in almost all climes of the globe, and in all localities, but are more common in the meadows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About 40 genera and 400 species are known in North America. Properties. — They are in general little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sweet and nutritious properties of the grasses. The leaves of some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in weaving the bottoms of chairs. Yet, although of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subserve many highly important ends in the economy of nature. TRIBES AND GENERA. § TRIBE 1. CYPEREJZ. Glumes distichous (2-rowed). Flowers perfect. (*) * Inflorescence axillary. Perigynium or perianth of 6 to 10 seta; DTTLICHIUM. 1 * Inflorescence terminal. Perigynium none. — Spikes 2 to 00 -flowered CYPEKUS. 2 — Spikes 1-flowered, capitate KYLLIKGIA. 3 § TRIBE 2. SCIEPE^E. Glumes imbricated in several rows, each (except some- times the lowest) flower bearing. Inflorescence wholly terminal or wholly lat- eral (never both). Flowers perfect. (*) * Perianth of 3 ovate petals and (often) of 3 setae FUIRENA. 4 * Perianth of 3 to 00 hypogynous setse. (a) a Achenium crowned with a tubercle. Spike solitary, terminal ELEOCIIARIS. 5 a Achenium not tuberc. — Setae 3 to C, short, or else lawny. Spikes 1 'to 00 ... SCIEPCS. 6 — Setae 00 (rarely 6), long, white, cottony ERIOPIIORUJI. 1 * Perianth 0.— Style 2-eleft, smooth.— Spikes 2 to 3, lateral HEMICARPHA. 8 — Spikes 00, in a terminal head LIPOCARPIIA. 9 —Style 2-cleft, ciliolate. Spikes 5 to 10, terminal FIMBRISTYLIS. 9 — Style 8-cleft, smooth. Achenium 3-angled TRICHELOSTYLIS, 10 § TRIBE 3. EHYNCHOSPORE^E. Glumes imbricated in several rows, many of the lowest empty. Inflorescence both terminal and axillary (except in No. 12). Flowers perfe«t or diclinous, (c) O Achenia crowned with the persistent style or its bulbous base, (d) d Perianth none (no setie). — Spikes diffusely cymous .PSILOCARYA. 11 — Spikes capitate. Bracts colored DICHROMENA. 12 d Perianth of setse. — Achen. tuberculate with the base of the style.... RIIYNCIIOSPORA. 13 — Achenium horned with the entire long style... CERATOSCIKBXUS. 14 O Achenia not tuberculate, — brown like the scales. Setse none CLADIUM. 15 —white or whitish, crustaceous. Seta) none SCLERIA. 16 Y32 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. § TRIBE 4. CARICE^E. Glumes imbricated or alternate. Setse 0. Perianth (perigynium) of united scales, sac-like, enclosing the achenium. Style 2 or 3- ckft. Flowers diclinous CARES. 17 1. DULICH'IUM, Rich. (Gr. 6vu two, Ae^oi/, scale; the glumes are in two rows.) Spikes linear-lanceolate, subcompressed ; glumes sheathing, closely imbricated in 2 rows ; style long, bifid, the persistent base crowning the compressed achenium ; ovary invested with 6 to 9 barbed setae. — 2£ St. leafy. Spikes sessile, alternately arranged in 2- rowed, axillary racemes. D. spathaceum Pers. Marshes, borders of streams, U. S. and Can. St. round, leafy, and somewhat 3-sided above, thick, sheathed below. Lvs. alternate, point- ing 3 ways, 2 to 4' by 3''. Sheaths tubular, shorter than the internodes. Clus- ters axillary from within the sheaths, and terminal, each consisting of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikes in 2 rows. Spikes 5 to 7 -flowered, nearly an inch in length. Glumes linear-lanceolate. Aug. 2. CYPE^RUS, L. GALINGALE. SEDGE. (Gr. tevneipog, the ancient name.) Spikes compressed, distinct, many-flowered ; glumes imbri- cated in 2 opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed ; flowers without seta3; stamens 3, rarely fewer; style 3-fid (rarely 2-fid), decid- uous.— Mostly 2£ . St. simple, leafy at base, mostly triangular, bearing an involucrate, simple or compound head or umbel at top. § PYCRF.US. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lens-shaped. Spikes flat, 10 to 30-flowered.— —Stamens 2 (partly 8 in No. 1) Nos. 1—3 — Stamens always 3 Nos. 4, 5 § CYPBKUS. Stvle 3-cIeft. Achenium 3-angled. Spikes flattened or teretish, 5 to 40- flowered, the one lowest glume empty. (*) * Culm with many joints, teretish, and with leafless sheaths at base No. 6 * Culm jointless, triquetrous, and with leaves below, (a) a Pair of scales within each glume free, persistent. Heads denso No. 7 a Pair of scales adnate to the rachis, or wanting, (b) b Spikes racemonsly arranged along the rachis. Stamens 3. (c) C Spikes 10 to 20-flowered, the clusters 2-rowed Nos. 8, 9 C Spikes 5 to 7-flo\vered, the clusters 2-rowed No. 10 C Spikes 5 to lO-flowered, clusters many-rowed, (d) d Spikes terete or tetragonal Nos. 11, 12 d Spikes flattened, linear or lanceolate Nos. 13—15 b Spikes capitate on the summit of the rachis. (e) 6 Glumes with recurved points. Stamen 1 only Nos. 16, 17 e Glumes with erect points. Stamen 1 only No. 18 6 Glumes with erect points. Stamens 3. (f ) f Umbel simple. — Spikes terete, few-flowered No. 19 —Spikes flattish, G to 10-flowered Nos. 20. 21 —Spikes flat, 12 to 40-flowered No. 22 f Umbel compound. Spikes G to 8i)-flowered .Nos. 23 — 25 $ MABISCUS. Style 3-cloft. Achenium 8-angled. Spikes teretish, 1 to 4-flowered, in dense heads, the 2 lowest glumes empty Nos. 20, 27 1 C. diandnis Torr. Culms slender, reclining, 4 to 10' high ; umbel contracted, of 2 to 5 short, unequal rays; spikes flat, ovate or oblong, 12 to 24-flowered, oltu- sish, fascicled at the top of the rachis ; glumes obtusish, 1-veined, membranous, green on the keel, the sides rust-colored in various shades ; stam. mostly 2 ; sty. 2-cleft, exserted ; ach. obovate, dull. — Marshy grounds, N. E. to W. States, com- mon. A handsome Sedge. Scales 5 to 8" long, near 2'' wide. Aug. /3. CASTANEUS. Scales of a dark chestnut color, shining, coriaceous, closely im- bricated ; styles scarcely exserted. y. PAUCIFLOKCTS. Spikes very short, 5 to 9-flowered ; glumes chestnut brown, with yellowish margins ; Ivs. linear-setaceous. — N. Ohio. 2 C. Nuttallii Torr. Culms triquetrous, tufted, 4 to 12' high; rays few and short, loese; spikes (2 to 6'' long) linear-lanceolate, flattened, very acute, 10 to 20- flowered; scales acute, loosely imbricated, yellowish-brown ; stam. 2; ach. oblong- obovate, obtuse, with a half 2-cleft style. — Brackish meadows, Mass, to La. Lvs. mostly shorter than the culms. Invol. of 4 leaves, 2 of them very long. Spikes G to 12'' long, in loose, irregular umbels. Aug. ORDER 155.— CYPERACEJE. 733 /?. MINIMUS. Invol. of 1 or 2 Ivs. Spikes 1 or 2, 10 to 12-flowcred; glumes loosely imbricated, acute; stam. 1. — Culm and Ivs. setaceous. N. J. (Torr.) 3 C. Gat£sii Torr. Culm 8 to 12' high, slender, obtusely 3-angled, umbd of 6 to 8 distinct, very unequal rays ; spikes alternate, rather remote, linear-lanceolate, 10 to 12-flowered, the lowest compound; scales acute, loose, pale straw-yellow ; stam. 2; sty. deeply 2-cleft; ach. obovate, obtuse, dull, dark gray. — Near Mobile, Ala. (Gates', in Torr. Cyp.). Plant pale green. Invol. about 3-leaved, 4 C. flavescens L. Culm 4 to 10' high, leafy below; umbel of 2 to 4 short rays; spikes linear, obtusish, 15 to 20 or 30 -flowered ; glumes obtuse, straw-color, broad- ovate, l-veined; stam. 3; sty. deeply 2-cleft ; ach. suborbicular, dark brown, shin- ing.— Marshy grounds, U. S., common in Pcnn. (Jackson). Lvs. about as high as the culms. Spikes 5 to 9" long, 1£" wide, iu crowded fascicles of 3 to 6 on each short rachis. Aug. 5 C. Cavicomus MX. Culm 1 to 3f high, 3-angled ; invol. 3 to 5-leaved, very long; umbd somewhat compound, of many (4 to 7) spreading rays; spikes nume- rous, lance-linear, divaricate, loosely 12 to 30-flowered; glumes very obtuse, brown- ish yellow, green and 3-veined on the keel, with a broad, white-scarious margin ; stam. 3 ; sty. short, 2-cleft ; ach. obovate, blackish. — Bogs, also in dry soils, Va. to Fla. Spikelets 7 to 10" long. Glumes somewhat truncate and emarginate. May — Sept. 6 C. articulatus L. JOIXTED SEDGE. Culm 2 to Gf high, with internal joints, and several leafless sheaths towards the base ; Ivs. none or sheath-like ; umbel compound, loose, with about 5 rays ; invol. 2 or 3-leaved, short , spikes linear- subulate, alternate, 14 to 20-flowered; glumes lanceolate, obtusish, with a green keel, membranous sides, white, with red dots; stam. 3; sty. 3-cleft; ach. acutely 3-angled. — River swamps, S. States. Rt. jointed, creeping. Jn. — Aug. 7 C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Culm 2 — 3f high, obtusely triquetrous, longer than the leaves; umbel compound; rays 5 — 9, 3 — 4 long, each with 3 — 1 sessile clusters; sheaths entire; spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in tho oblong subsessile (heads) clusters, a little flattened, about 13-flowered ; outer glumes inucronate, closely imbricated, chestnut-brown, veinless and shining, the inner ones entirely free from the rachis ; sta. 3 ; ach. smooth and shining, much shorter than the glume. — "Wet grounds Penn. and Southern States. 8 C. Hydra MX. NUT GRASS. Culm 6 to 12' to 2f high, 3-angled; Ivs. shorter than the culm ; umbel simple, 3 or 4-rayed, rays nearly as long as the involucre ; spikes linear, alternate and 2-rowed on the rachis, 14 to 24-flowered; glumes ovate, veinless, acute, separate at tho tips, of a fine purple brown; stam. 3; sty. 3-cleft, much exserted ; ach. 3-angled. — Sandy lields, Ya. to Fla, and La. Very troublesome in cotton fields, lihizomes creeping and branching extensively, bearing tubers. Spikes G to 12" long. Apr. — Jl. 9 C. phymatodes Muhl. Culm 1 — 2f high, 3-angled, striate; Ivs. subradical, as long as the stem; umbel 4 — 6-rayed; rays often branched, bearing 12 — 20 linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows ; sheaths obliquely truncate, involu- celsO; spikelets 12 — 20-flowercd, G — 8" long, the lowest generally fasciculate ; glumes veiny, yellowish. — 11 Moist fields, N. Y. to Wis. and S. States. Rhizomes creeping, bearing small, round tubers at tho ends. May — Aug. 10 C. dissitifloms Torr. Culms slender, tumid at the base, 1 to 2f high ; Ivs. narrow, nearly radical ; umbel 3 to 5-rayed, suberect, half as long as the involu- cre ; spikes remotely alternate, subdistychous on the slender rays, teretish, slender, 5 to 7 -flowered, 6" to 1' long ; glumes lance-oblong, acute; ach. brown, 3-angled. — E. Tenn. ? to La. Plant slender, erect Rays of tho umbel 1 to 3' long. Spikes divaricate and reflexed. Aug. 11 C. Micliauxianus Schultes. Culm acutely triangular ; umbel compound, with short rays ; spikelets 6 — 9-flowercd, the lower ones compound ; rachis very broad, easily separating at the joints; ova. ovoid-triangular, enfolded by the interior, adnate scales. — (J) Brackish swamps, generally near the sea, Middle and Southern. States. Stem 12 — 15' high, reddened at the base, longer than the leaves. Spike- lets 9" long, 7 — 9-flowered. 12 C. tetrggoniiB Ell. Culm 2 to Df high; Ivs. shorter, channeled, serrulate on the margins and keel; umbel many-rayed, involucels none; clusters oblong-cylin- 734 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. dric; spikes »3 to 5-flowered, with a Iroad rachis and distinctly Wangled; glumes slightly mucronate ; ach. oblong, 3-angled. — Marshes, S. Oar. to Ma. (Elliott Baldwin.) 13 C. strigosus L. Culm triquetrous, leafy only at base ; Ivs. broad-linear, rough- margined, about as long as the stem ; umbel some compound, with elongated rays and oblong, loose clusters, their slieatlis 3-bristled; iuvolucels 0 or setaceous; spikelets numerous, linear-subulate, spreading horizontally, 8 — 10-fiowered, 7 — 9" long; in vol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones very long. — Wet grounds, U. S., frequent. Stem 1 — 2f high, bulbous at base. Umbel yellowish. Sept. ft. SPECIOSUS. Umbel compound, the partial umbels with leaf-like involucels. (C. speciosus Vahl.) 14 C. stenolepis Torr. Culm 2 to 3f high, slender, 3-angled ; umbel simple, of 3 or 4 elongated rays ; invol. 3 or 4-leaved ; ochrece (sheaths) truncate, pointless ; spikes crowded, spreading or reflexed, linear, flattened, 5 to 8-flowered, in ovoid clusters ; glumes distant, lance-linear, veined ; ach. linear-oblong. — N". Car. to Ga. and Tenn. Spikes 6 to 8" long, of a dusky yellow. 15 C. Schweinitzii Ton*. Culm 8 — 12' high, triquetrous, rough on tho angles; Ivs. shorter than tho stem, about a line wide ; umbel simple, erect, 4 — 6-rayed, rays elongated, unequal; sheaths truncate, entire; invol. 3 — 5-leaved, longer than the leaves, scabrous on the margin; spikelets G — 7, alternate, approximate, in cylindric clusters, 6 — 8-flowered, with a small, setaceous bract at the base of each; scales membranaceous on the margin; sta. 3; sty. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than tho smooth achenia* — Shore of L. Ontario (Sartwell) of Lake Erie (Sullivant) to Ark. 16 C. inflexus Muhl. Culm setaceous, leafy at base. 2 — 3' high ; Ivs. equaling the stem ; umbel 2 — 3-rayed, or conglomerate and simple ; invol. of 3 long leaves ; spikelets oblong, 8 — 12-flowered, 10 — 20 together, densely crowded into the ovoid heads; glumes yellowish, veined, squarrous-uncinato at tip; sta. 1. — Banks of streams. Free States and British Provinces. Aug., Sept. 17 C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Culm 3 to 12' high, slender, obtusely trique- trous ; Ivs. erect, radical, as long as the stem ; umbel 1 — 6-rayed ; invol. 3 — 4- leaved, very long; rays unequal, each with a globous head of 15 — 40 spikelets; spikelets 3 — 11", oblong-linear, obtuse, 15 — 25-flowered; fls. very regularly imbri- cated in 2 rows; glumes acute, with the point recurved; sta. 1; ach. dull-grayish. — Ill (Mead.) and westward. 18 C. virens MX. Culm 2 to 4f high, stout, 3-angled; Ivs. nearly as long, strongly keeled, rough-edged; umbel compound, with 5 to 7 very unequal rays; invol. of 4 or more leaves, very long, involucels leafy ; spikes ovate, in dense, globular heads, flattened, 10 to 20-flowered; glumes acute, greenish; stam. 1; ach. 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, S. States. Spikes 3 to 5" long. Nut dull yellow. (C. vegetus Ell. Torr.) 19 C. echinatus. Culm 10' to 2f high, 3-angled, bulbous at baso; Ivs. numerous, rather shorter; invol. 6 to 10-leaved, long; umbel simple, G to 10-rayed; spikes short, teretish, acute, 3 to 6-flowered, in dense, globular heads ; glumes striate, tawny, appressed ; stam. 3 ; ach. obovate. — Dry fields, S. States. Root with numerous fibres. Plant very leafy. Spikes 2 to 5 ' long, with a, broad racnis. (C. Baldwinii Torr. Mariscus, Ell.) 20 C. Grayii Torr. Culm 8 — 12' high, filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous at base; Ivs. radical, channeled, about J" wide; umbel 4 — Q-raycd capillary, erect, spreading; sheaths truncate; hds. loose, of 6 — 8 spikelets; spikelets linear, com- pressed, 8 — 7-flowered; scales ovate, veined, obtuso, imbricated, interior ones lanceolate; sta. 3; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate-triquetrous, f the length of the scale, gray, dotted. — Sandy fields, Mass, to N. J. Sept. 21 C. filiculmis Yahl. Culm slender, almost filiform, tuberous at base, 8 — 12' long, leafy only at base ; Ivs. mostly radical, carinatc ; umbel simple and sessile, or with 1 or 2 rays; spikes linear- lanceolate, 3 — 8-flowered, flattened when old, collected into globous heads ; glumes remote, loose, ovate, yellowish. — Dry, rocky hills, N. Eng. to Fla., W. to III Aug. (C. mariscoides Ell.) 22 C. Compressus L. Culm naked, 3-angled, 3 to 8' high, tumid at base; umbel sessile or simple and few-rayed, rays spreading; spikes lanceolate, 2-edged, p" ORDER 155.— CYPERACK^E. 7.35 • 12 to 40-flowered, loosely aggregated in heads ; rachis winged ; glumes ovate, slightly veined, acuminate, yellowish, very acutely keeled ; stam. 3 ; ach. obovate, 3-angled, shining. — Dry fields, S. States. Spikes 6 to 12" long, sharply serrated by the projecting points of the glumes. Root fibrous. 23 C. dentatus Torr. Culm about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous; Ivs. a little shorter than the stem, strongly keeled ; umbel compound, G — 10-ruyed; invol. of 3 unequal leaves, one of them longer than the umbel ; spikes 3 on each peduncle, 3 — 7", lance-ovate, flat, 8 (rarely 5 to 30) flowered; glumes acute, spreading at the points, giving the spikes a serrated appearance; sty. 3-cleft; ach. triangular. — If Swamps, Mass., to N. Y. and Ma. Rhizome creeping, bearing tubers. Spikes often morbidly enlarged. 24 C. Lecontii Torr. Culm 3-angled 1 to 2f high, leafy at base ; Ivs. linear, about the same height ; invoL 3 to 6-lvd., longer than the umbel ; umbel com- pound, many-rayed; spikes oblong, obtuse, flat, in small digitate clusters, 20 to 40- flowered; glumes closely imbricated, acute, yellowish, the points obtusish, callous, scarcely separated ; stam. 3. — Fla. ! to Ln. An elegant species. Spikes 4 to 7" by 2". Rhizome creeping. 25. C. leptos Schultes. Culm weak, 1 to 2f high, 3-angled ; Ivs. radical, shorter; umbel compound or decompound, of numerous (12 to 15) filiform rays, with a short, 2-kaved involucre ; spikes 3 to 5 in each loose head, lance-linear, 12 to 20-flow- cred ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, the keel green, sides yellow with 2 red lines. — Damp soils, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Spikss 3 to 4" long. Sept., Oct. (C. gracilis Muhl.) 26 C. ovularia Yahl. Culm acutely 3-angled, nearly naked, G to 1C' high; Ivs. shorter, nearly smooth; umbel simple; rays 3" to 2' long; hds. 1 to 5, globular, one sessile, the rest on the spreading rays ; spikes linear-subulate, 3" long, 50 to 100 in each head; fls. 2 to 4, 1 or 2 fertile; invol. 3 or 4-leaved, outer Ivs. very long; glumes ovate, obtuse, greenish, the two lowest empty. — Bogs and low grounds, M , ~W. and S. States, common. Aug., Sept. (Mariscus Yahl. Kyl- lingia MX.) 27 C. retrofractus Yahl. Culm obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2 to 3f high; Ivs. pubescent, 3 to 4" wide, about half as long as tha stem ; umbels simple ; rays unequal, long, G to 8 ; invol. 3 to 5-leaved ; bracts unequal, not longer than the rays; spikes 70 to 100, subulate, 1 -flowered, finally retrorsely im- bricate into obovate heads ; 2 lower glumes empty. — Mid., "W. and S. States, raro northward. Aug., Sopt. 3. KYLLIN' GIA, L. (In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist.) Spikes compressed \ scales about 4, the 2 lowest short and empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower ; stamens 1 to 3 ; style long, 2- cleft ; achenia lenticular. — Sts. triangular. Hds. sessile, solitary or ag- gregated, involucrate. 1 K. pumila MX. Csespitous; culm 2 to 12' high, slender; Ivs. mostly radical, shorter than the stem, smooth ; hds. generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely sessile, oval or oblong; invol. 3-leaved, 1 to 2' long; spikes 1-flowered, very nu- merous, about 2" long; the lowest glume or glumes very small; sta. always 2 ; ach. lens-shaped, fulvous. — "Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant) to 111. (Lap- ham) and S. States. Yariable. Aug. K. sesquiflora Torr. is a- taller form, with triple heads. (Florida, Chapman.) 4. FUIREXNA, Rotboll. CLOT-GRASS. (In honor of George Fuiren, a Dutch botanist.) Glumes imbricated on all sides into a spike, awned below the apex ; petaloid scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, invest- ing the achenium, which is abruptly contracted to a stipe at base. — H St. angular, leafy. Spikes umbeled or capitate, axillary and terminal. 1 F. squarrcsa MX. Culm 1 to 2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate; Ivs. flat, ciliate, shorter than the stem; sheaths hispid-pilous; spikes clustered, ovoid, mostly terminal, 7 to 12; awns nearly as long as the glumes / petals ovate, cuspL- 730 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. date with a short bristle ; ach. twice the length of the stipe. — Bogs and swamps, Mass, to Mich., S. to Fla. and La, /?. PUMILA. Culm a few (3 to 6) inches high , spikes 1, 2 or 3 ; glumes ovate- lanceolate, with short awna ; petaloid scales ovate-lanceolate. 2 F. hispida Ell. Culm triangular, sulcate, hispid above, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs. linear, 5 to 8' long, flat, hispid-pubescent, with very hispid sheatJis; spikes 3 to 12, in clus- ters of 3 to 6, ovoid-oblong, mostly terminal ; awns longer than the glumes, spread- ing-recurved ; petals ovate, mucronate ; stam. 3, scarcely longer than the corolla ; sty. twice as long as the stamens. — Car. to Fla. and La. Differs from No. 1 chiefly in its hairiness. 3 F. scirpoidea MX. Culm slender, 1 to 2f high, 3-angled, striate, leafless, but •with several sheaths ; spikes 1 to 6, ovoid, terminal, dingy brown, not squarrous ; glumes short awned or cuspidate ; petals ovate, shorter than the claws ; stam. 3 ; ach. triangular, pointed at both ends. — S. Ga. and Fla. Rhizome creeping. Heads as large as the white bean. 5. ELEOCH'ARIS, R. Br. SPIKED RUSH. (Gr tAof, a marsh, %aip(*), to rejoice ; plants delighting in marshy grounds.) Spikes terete ; glumes imbricated all around; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3 to 12) rigid, persistent; style 2 to 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary; ache- mum crowned with a tubercle -which is the persistent, bulbous base of the style. — Mostly 11. St. simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal. § LIMNOCHLOA. Spiko cylindrical, elongated (I/), glumes rounded, pale, spirally arranged. Culms stout, 2 to 4f high Nc«. 1, 2 § ELEOCHAIIIS. Spikes ovoid or lanceolate, teretely imbricate (*). * Spike lance-oblong, length thrice greater than the diameter (a). a Culms terete (1 to 2f). Spike rusty brown, 5 to 10" long No. 3 a Culms flattened, hair-like or thread-like, narrower than spike Nos. 4, 5 a Culms 3-angled, stout, as broad as the spike. Lvs. ? floating No. 6 * Spike ovoid-oblong, length less than thrice the diameter (b). b Spikes greenish white, globous-ovoid, 2 to 8" long. South Nos. 7, 8 b Spikes brown, or the glumes brown in the center (c). O Culms 4 or 5-angled, 2 to 32' high Nos. 9, 10 C Culms terete, 8 to 14' Irish Nos. 11, 12 C Culma flat.— Bristles 4 to~ 6, longer than the nchcnium Nos. 13, 14 — Bristles few, shorter than the ach. or none Nos. 15, 16 S CHJ2TOCYPEEUS. Spike flat, glumes imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Culms capil- lary,—! to 8' high, never proliferous at the top Nos. 17, 13 — 5 to 12' long, often proliferous at the top Nos. 19, 20 1 E. equisetoides Torr. Culm about 2 f high, papillous, terete, 2 — 3" diam., with about 20 joints, produced by internal, transverse partitions ; sheath radical, obtuse, membranous; spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly con- tracted at base ; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse ; bristles G, as long as the achenium ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. brown, shining.' — Bogs, Cumberland, R. I. (Olney), Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemalo. 2 E. qnadrangulata R. Br. Culm 2— 4f high, acutely and unequally quadran- gular, the broadest side convex, the others concave ; sheaths radical, purplish ; spike 1' or more in length ; glumes roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous ; bristles 6 ; ach. obovate, of a dull white. — Penn., Md. (Bobbins) ,to Ga.and La. In swamps and inundated banks. 3 E. palustris R. Br. Rhizomes creeping; culms subterete (slightly 4-sided below), spongy, 9' to 2f high, varying from filiform to 1 J" diam. ; spikes oblong- lanceolate, rather obtuse, 3 to 6 to 10" long, many-flowered ; glumes oblong- ovate, obtuse, rusty or tawny brown, with a broad, locse, scarious margin, the lowest enlarged ; ach. obovate, smooth, shining, yellowish. ft. CALVA. Bristles none ; culms filiform. — W. N. Y. (E. calva Torr.). 4 E. intermedia Shultes. Tufted culms setaceous, diffuse, compressed, fur- rowed, hard, wiry, 6 to 8' long; spike lance-ovate, acute, 2 to 3" long, 7 to 9-flowered; glumes, lance-ovate, acute, reddish-brown, with a green midvein; bristles 6, •white, longer than the achenium ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, attenuated to the base, striate, of a light brown color. — In running water, forming a dense turf N E. toGa., W. to Ohio. JL ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. "73Y 5 E. tricostata Torr. Culm filiform, flattened, striate, 1 to 2f high; spike cylin- dric-oblong, dense-flowered, 6 to 9" long ; glumes ovate, obtuse, rusty brown, with a broad, scarious margin and a green inidveiu ; bristles 0 ; ach. obovate, with 3 prominent, thick angles, roughish, brown, crowned with a whitish, minute tuber- cle ; style 3-cleft. — Wet places, N. J. to Fla. 6 E. Robbinsii Oakes. Culms clustered, 9 — 25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale green, several of them fruitless; sheath truncate ; spike 3 — 12" long, scarcely thicker than the stem, placed 2 — 5'' below its apex; glumes 3 — 9, linear-lanceo- late, acute, finally brownish ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium ; ach. 1" long, pale brown; tubercle closely sessile. — Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass. (Ricard). Very distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fina as hairs. Jl. 7 E. capitata Brown. Culm filiform, farrowed, angular, 4' to G', in tufts ; spike globular-ovoid, 2" long, greenish whito; glumes 12 to 15, oblong, obtuse; bristles 6, some of them a little exceeding the ach., which is broadly obovate, lens-shaped, black, shining, crowned with a minute, depressed tubercle ; style 2- cleft.— Wet places, Ga., Fla. to La. 8 E. albida Torr. Culm filiform, terete, striate, sulcate on one side, 8 to 12 '; spike ovoid, acute, 2 to 3'' long; glumes 20 to 30, whitish, ovate, rather acute; bristles 6, brown, longer than the chestnut-colored, smooth, broad-ovate ach. ; tubercle small, acute ; style 3-cleft. — Wet, sandy places, Ga., Fla. to La. Known at sight by its whitish heads. Sheaths very short. 9 E. olivacea Torr. Culms ccespitous, 2 — 4' high, slender, subcompressed, sul. cate, soft: spike ovate, acutish, 2 — 3" long, 20 — 30-flowered ; glumes ovate, ob- tuse, reddish-brown, with scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest; Iristles 6; sty. 2-cleft; ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackish-olivo color when ripe. — Sands, generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I. (Olney) Mass, to Ga. 10 E. tenuis Schultes. Culm almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8 — 15', with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike 2 to 3" long, elliptic-oval, acuto at each end ; glumes dark purple, ovate, obuse, the lower ones larger and empty ; ova. roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or 0 setse. — Common hi wet places, Can. and U. S. Jn., Jl. 11 E. obttisa Schultes. Culm sulcate, subterete, G — 15' high; spike ovoid, very obtuse, often nearly globous ; glumes 60 to 100, round, dark brown, with whitish margins ; ach. obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with G setffi as long as the glumes, and crowned with a broad, flat tubercle. — Shallow waters, Can. and U. S., common. Jl. 12 E. tuberctilosa R. Br. Culm columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base; spike ovate-lanceolate, acutish, glumes very obtuse, loose; ach. somewhat triquetrous, not larger than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristles 6, as long as the tubercle. — Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Flor. and La. Remark- able for its large tubercle. Jl. 13 E. simplex Torr. Culm acutely 3-angled (terete Torr.), filiform, striate, 12 to 18' ; spike ovoid, acutish ; scales ovate, obtuse, whitish with a brown center ; bristles 6, rigid, longer than the ach., which is broad-obovate, furrowed length- wise, olive-green, crowned with a large, distinct, conic-beaked tubercle ; stylo 3- cleft. — Wet places, N. Car. to Fla. and La. 14 E. rostellata Torr. Culm 15 — 20', clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform, rigid ; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest blackish at summit ; spike lance-ovate, acute, 3 — 4'' long ; glumes 12 — 20, lance-ovate, smooth, light brown, edge scarious ; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the smooth ach., which is bi- convex, olive-brown, with a confluent, acuminate tubercle, shorter than the G bristles.— R. I. (Olney), N. Y. (Sartwell), to Mich. 15 E. melanocarpa Torr. Culm compressed, furrowed, slender, almost filiform, wiry, 12 — 18' high; sheaths truncate; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 — 6" in length, 20— 40-flowered; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent, yellowish midvein; bristles 3, purple; ach. obovate-turbinate, llackish ; tubercle broad, flat, pointed in the center. — Providence, R, I. (Olney). 16 E. compressa Sullivant. Culm 12 — 18' high, caespitous, much compressed, 47 ^38 ORDER 155. — CYPERACE^E. narrowly linear, striate; sheath close, truncate; spike oblong-ovate, 3 — 5" in k'ngih, 20 — 30-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back, with a broad, scarious margin ; bristles 0 ; ach. obovate- pvriforni. shining, minutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fuscous. — Wet places N. Y. to 111. 17 E. acicularis R. Br. Culm leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 — 6' high ; spike compressed, oblong-ovate, acute, 4 — 8-flowered ; glumes ob- tusish, the lo\vest one larger and empty; ach. obovoid, triangular, striated length- wise.— Edges of ponds, often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very deli- cate. June, July. 18 E. pigmeea Torr. Culm 1 — 2' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcato ; spikes ovate, compressed, 3 — 6-fld. ; gl. mostly empty ; bristles 6, longer than the achenium, slender, scabrous backwards; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, smooth, not striate, whitish and shining ; tubercle minute. — Sea coast, Mass., to Fla. and La. 19 E. microcarpa Torr. Culm capillary, 4-angled, 5 to 8' long ; spike oblong, compressed, 10 to 20- flowered, about 2" long, often proliferous; glumes ovate, acutish, keeled, chestnut brown, the lowest much the largest, bristles 3 to 5, shorter than the achenium which is minute, smooth, whitish, with a very minute tubercle. — "Wet places, N. J., also La. 20 E. prolifera Torr. Culms capillary, 4-angled and furrowed, 4 to 12' long, in dense tufts ; spike minute, 1 to 2'' long, compressed, 4 to ^-flowered ; glumes ovate, chestnut brown, with scarious margins, often proliferous, that is, producing new culms instead of flowers ; bristles 3 or 4, much shorter than the. achenium which is 3-angled and with a broad, depressed tubercle. — Fla. ! to La. (Hale). (Chseto- cyperus Baldwinii Torr.) 6. SCIR'PUS, L. CLUB-RUSH. BULLRUSH. (Celtic cirs, the general name for rushes.) Glumes imbricated on all sides ; pcrigynium of 3 — G bristles, persistent ; sty. 2 — 3-clcft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous ; achenium biconvex or triangular. — It Stems mostly triquetrous, simple, rarely leafless. Spikes solitary, conglomerated or corymbous. § SCTRPUS. Bristles retrorsely denticulate, about equaling the achenium. (*) * Spike single, terminal, with a. short, erect bract at its base Nos. 1 — 3 * Spikes several or many clustered on each culm, (a) a Clusters of spikes lateral — on the terete, leafless culm * ...Nos. 4, 5 — on the triangular culm Nos. C— S a Clusters of spikes terminal, mostly umbellate, (b) b Glumes laccrately 8-toothed. Spikes large (9 to 12" lonir) Nos. 9, 10 b G kunes entire.— Spikes small (I"), collected in globular heads Nos. 11, 12 — Spikes small (2 to 8" long), separate No. 13 § TUICOPFTOKTTM. Bristles C, tortuous, tawny, much longer than the acheuiutn, and exserted. Stem (culm) leafy. Umbel decompound Nos. 14, 15 1 S. planifdlius Muhl. Culm ccespitous, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3- angfed, 5 — 10' high; Ivs. broad-linear, flat, rough ou the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblong-lanceolate, compressed, terminal, 4 — 8-flowered; glumes ovate- mucronate, yellowish ; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the spike ; ach. reddish-brown, invested with G bristles longer than itself. — In cold, hard soils, Mass. (Robbins), K Y. to Del. June. 2 Q. cvibterminalis Torr. Culm floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 1 to 3f long; Ivs. very narrow, almost capillary, 2 to 4f long; spike somewhat terminal (the stem being continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate ; s-tjle 2-cleft ; bristles 6. — Streams, &c., Mass, to K Y., Mich. Aug. 3 S. csespitosus L. Culm ccespitous, round, sheathed at base wilh numerous ru- diments of leaves; spikes compressed, terminal; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, aa long as the spike; ach. with 6 bristles. — Grows in dense tufts, 4 — 12' high. Spiko 4 — 5-flowered, reddish-brown. On tho alpine summits of Mts., N. States. Jl. 4 B. debilis Pursh. Culm casspitous, roundish, deeply striate, 9 to 16' high, with a few subulate leaves at base; spikeleis about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, lateral, the culm continuing a fourth of its length above them, glumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green ; ach. obovate, mucronate ; bristles 4 or 5. — Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug. ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^G. 739 5 S. lactistris L. LAKE BULLRUSII. Culm smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5 to 8f high, cylindric, tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp; panicle cy mo us near ths top; ped. rough, twice compound ; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate ; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; bracts shorter than the panicle. — The largest species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds, U. S. to Aro. Am. July. (S. acutus MuhL) 6 S. ptingens Vahl. Culm nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave, about 3f high and ending in a sharp point; Ivs. few and short, from the top of the sheath ; spikes lateral, 1 — 5, ovate, crowded and sessile, a* various distances below the point ; glumes round-ovate, mucronato ; bristles G ; style 2-clefl. — Ponds and marshes, fresh and salt, throughout K America, (S. triqueter MX.) 7 S. Olneyi Gray. Calm triquetrous-winged, leafless, 2 — 7f high ; sheath radical, tipped with a short (1 — 2') leaf; spikes 6 — 12, sessile, aggregated, 2 — 3" long, placed 9 — 12'' below the triangular apex of the stem ; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronato ; bristles 6 — 1 2 ; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apex. — Salt marshes, Sekonk river, R. I. (Olney), Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably distinguished by its 3-winged stem. July. 8 S. Torreyi Olney. Culm 2? high, 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender, leafy at the base; Ivs. 2 or 3, If or more long, slender; spikes 2 — i (rarely 1), ses- sile, distinct, acute, ovate-oblong; scales ovate, mucronate, smooth; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate, acuminate, unequally 3-sided, shorter than the "bristles. — Borders of ponds, N. Eng. to Mich. The stem here as in the last, is prolonged above tho spikes, in the form of an involucral leaf. Jh, Aug. (3, mucronatus Ph. ? Torr.) 9 S. maritiimis L. SEA BULLRUSII. Culm acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-edged, carinate, taller than the stem; spikes conglome- rate, 6 — 10, nearly an inch long, corymbous; invol. of about 3 very long leaves; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft ; bristles 3 — 4, much shorter than the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium. — Salt marshes, N. Eng. to Plor. Aug. 10 S. fluviatilis Gray. Culm triangular-winged, leafy, stout, 3 or 4f high ; Ivs. broadly linear, very long; invol. Ivs. 5 to 7, far exceeding the umbel; umbel somewhat compound, spikes separate or conglomerate, large (9 to 12" long), ful- vous ; glumes 3-cleft, bristles 6, whitish, longer than the sharply 3-angled, oblong, black achenium, which is tipped with a whitish beak. — Borders of lakes and rivers, W. N. Y. and W. States. Jl., Aug. (S. maritimus, /3. fluv. Torr.) 11 S. atrovirens Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high ; cyme com- pound, proliferous ; invol. of 3 leaf-like bracts longer than the cyme ; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 to 20 in a globoushead; hds. numerous, 4" diam., dark oh' vo green ; glumes ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4, straight, hispid downward, as long as the smooth, white achenium. — Common in meadows, Mid. and "W. States. Jn., Jl. Yery different from S. sylvaticus L. of Europe. 12 S. polyphyllus Vahl. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 — 3f high ; cyme decompound, its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base ; spikelets clustered in heads of 3 — G ; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown ; ach. smooth, yellowish-white, twice shorter than the 4 or 5 smooth tonuous bristles. — Much resembles tho last species. Margins of waters, N. Eng., 111. and S. States. (S. brunneus Muhl.) 13. S. divaricatus Ell. Culm obtusely triangular, very leafy, 3 to 4f high : Ivs. flat, broadly linear or lance-linear, 3 to G" wide, shorter than the culm; umbel loose, large, decompound, rays filiform, divaricate, recurved ; spikes all separate, pendulous, oblong-ovoid, 2 to 3" long, rust colored, pendulous; glumes many, acute ; bristles tortuous, rather longer than the achenium which is tawny, elliptic- 3-angled, acute at each end. — Wet barrens, S. Car. to La. (Hale). 14 S. Eriophorum MX. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 to 5f high, Ivs. 2f long, rough-edged ; invol. 4 or 5-leaved, longer than the umbel; umbel terminal, decompound, large and loose ; spikes mostly pedicillate, 2 to 3'' long, ovoid, in smaller clusters ; bristles G, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as tho white achenium. — A common, stiff, rank, meadow sedge, which ^40 ORDER 155. — CYPERACE^E. cattlo do not cat, U. S. and Can. Aug. (Tricophorum cyperinum Pers.) Variable. 15 S. lineatus MX. Culm triangular, very leafy. 2 to 3f high ; umbels terminal and axillary, decompound, at length nodding ; invol. 1 or 2 bracts, shorter than the umbels ; spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous ; bristles 6, 05 long as the glumes, hardly cxserted. — Swamps in most of the States. Aug. (Tricophorum, Pers.) 7. ERIOPH'ORUM, L. COTTON GRASS. (Gr. tp^ov, wool, <£tp«, to bear ; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynium.) Glumes im- bricated all around into a spike ; achenium invested with many, rarely only G, very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs. — Stem generally leafy. Spikelcts mostly in umbels, finally clothed with the long, silk hairs. § Bristles of the perigynium 6. Spike single No. 1 § Bristles of the perigynium numerous.— Spike single ....No. 2 — Spikes several. (*) * Spikes collected into n subsessile, capitate cluster No. 3 * Spikes separate, pedunculate, in umbellate clusters Nos. 4, 5 1 E. alpinum L. Culm very slender, acutely 3-angled, naked, somewhat sca- brous, 8 — 1C' high, with 3 — 4 radical sheaths; radical Ivs. very short, subulate; spike oblong, terminal, about 2" in length ; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times as long as the spike. — Bog meadows, often, alpine, N. H. to N. Y. and Penn. Jl. 2 E. vaginatum L. SHEATHED COTTON" GRASS. Sts. densely csespitous, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1 — 2f high ; uppermost sheaths inflated ; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 — 8" long, of a blackish color, with scarious glumes ; hairs 30 — 40 to each flower, straight, white and glossy, twice as long as tho spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other species, even at a distance among tho meadow grass. — N. Eng. to Mich., N. to Arc. Am. Jn., JL 3 E. Virginicum L. Culm strict, firm, slender, tereteish, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs. smooth, narrowly linear, shorter ; invoL 2 to 4-leaved, longer than the inflores- cence; spikes many, ovoid, acute, 3" long, glomerate, with very short peduncles, forming a capitate cluster ; stam. 1, tawny, cxserted with 3 tawny styles ; achc- nium flattened, obovate, keeled on tho back, pointed, invested with 70 to 200 pale cinnamon colored setae which are 4 to 7" long. — Bogs, Can. and U. S. Jl., Aug. In flower tho heads are tawny red. 3. CONFERTISSIMUM. Heads very 'largo (20" diam.) and dense with white sotas. — In Northern N. II. (E. confertissimum Ed. 2d.) 4 E. polystachyon L. Culm somewhat triangular, smooth, 1 — 2f high ; cauline Ivs. 2 — 3, broad-linear, flattened below, triquetrous at the end; invol 2-leaved; spikes about 10, on rough peduncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branched; setae 30 — 40 to each flower, white, G — 8" long, ach. obovate, obtuse. — Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am. 5 E. gracile Koch. Culm obtusely 3-angled, 18' to 2f high, roughish above; Ivs. triquetrous, channeled on tho upper side, scarce 1' wide ; invol. one-leaved, very short; ped. roughish or subpubescent, nodding ; spikes 3 to 8, ovoid, some sub- sessilo, others on peduncles 1 to 4" long ; glumes striate, brownisli ; bristles 50 or n.ore in each flower, 8 to 10" long, white; ach. lancc-obovate, obtuse. — Bogs, N. States and Can. Common in N. J. (Jackson) (E. angustifolium Torr.). 8. HEMICAR'PHA, Nees. (Gr. jjfuovs, half, ndptya, straw or chaff, there being but one scale to the flower.) Spike many-flowered ; glumes imbricated all around ; interior scale 1, embracing the flower and fruit ; bristles 0 ; stamens 1 ; style 2-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous ; achenium compressed, oblong, subteretc. — 2£ Low, tufted, with seta- ceous culms and leaves. .H. subsquarrosa Xees. Culm setaceous, compressed, sulcate, recurved, 2 — 3' high; Ivs. setaceous, shorter than the scape; spikes 2 — 3, terminal (appa' rently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long; invol. of 2 bracts, ono appear- OEDE& 155,— CYPERACEJB. 741 ing like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other; glumes 00, with a short, recurved or squarrous point, finally brown ; ach. minute, of a dull, brownish-white. — Sandy banks, N. Eng. to Penn., Ky. and S. States. (Isolepis, fichrad.) 9.. LIPQCAR'PHA, Brown. Spikes many-flowered; glumes spatu- late, Imbricated all around ; interior scales 2, thin, subequal, involving the flower and the fruit ; perianth none ; stamens 1 ; style 2 or 3-fid ; achenium coated with the scales. — Culms leafy at base. Spikes numer- ous, collected into an involucrate, terminal head. I*, maculata Torn Culms triangular, 3 to 8' high, longer than the narrowly linear, often involute, smooth leaves; invoL of 2 long Ivs. and 1 short one, spikes 3 or 4, ovoid, acute, closely aggregated - glumes very numerous, acute, narrowed to the base, white hyaline, marked with red dots, green along the midvein. longer than the 2 interior scales (spikelet) ; stamen 1 ; style bifid, longer than the tawny, oblong acUeuium.— Wet grounds, Ga. to Fla. (Kyllingia MX.) 10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl (Lat. jimbris, a fringe, stylus, style ; from the ciliate style.) Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles 0 ; style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin. — If With the habit of Scirpus, Lvs. mostly radical. § Spikes IR a subslmple 111111)01, rusty brown, few, ns thick ns n pepper-corn Nos. 1, 2 S Spikes in a deoase liead. InvoL very lung. (Na 8.) Spikes 2 only, lateral. (No. 4). Nos. 3, 4 1 F. spadicea Yahl, Culm I to 3f high, hard and rigid, flattened, channeled ; Ivs. semi-terdz, filiform, dtaawded ; umbel of few rays, longer than the 2 or 3 subu- late Ivs. of the invol.; spikes few, ovoid-obloug becoming oblong-cylindrie, when old, 3 to 6" long, 2" thick; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, rust-colored, finally •dark chestnut brown; staro. 2 or 3; style fringe-pubescent; ach. whitish, min- utely dolled. — Marshes, K T. to Fla, W. to III (Lapliam). JL — Sept (F. cas- taneus MX.) /?, FEUEDGIKEA. Umbel of many rays, somewhat compound. (F. ferrugineus Vahl.) 2 F- laxa Vahl. Culm 2 to 12f high, flattened, strlate; Ivs. fiat, linear , glaucous* rough-edged, shorter than the culm ; umbel few-rayed, slx>rter than one of the leaves of the involucre; spikes ovoid, acute, 3" long; glumes ovate, brown; stamen I; sty- dark purple, fringed; acJi. whitish, with 6 to 8 prominent ridges lengthwise. — Clay soils, Penn. to 111. and S. States. JL — Sept. (F. Baldwinii Torn) 3 F. arg6iitea VahL Glaucous; culms tufted, 2 to 4' high, setaceous, com- pressed; Ivs. radical, filifornij as long as the culms; spikes 5 to 8 cylindric-oblong, acute, sessile, straw-txlored, in a dense head; invol. 3 or 4-leaved, many times longer than Hie head*, usually longer than, the culm; glumes 20 or more, lance-ovate, mucronate; stam. L; sty, 2-cleft, ciliolate; ach. white minute. — Ga! to La. (F. congesta Terr.) 4 F. distachya Chapman? Culms setaceous, leafless, tufted, 3 to 4' high ; spikes 2, globular-ovoid, lateral, sessile near the top of tho culm, 1'' long, dark brown; glumes very numerous; sty. 2-cleft; ach. minute, but as long as tho glume. — Slid. Fla, (Chapman. It is Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Nees.) 11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Listiboudok (Gr. T/J^O^ threefold, crruAof ; from the character.) Glumes in 4 to 8 ranks, carinate ; bris- tles none; style 3-cleft, deciduous below the bulb (if any) at the base ; achenium triangular. — 2{ Sts, leaty at the base. Spikes in a terminal Lead or umbel, § Splkos in a compound umbel, oblons, femiciiwus Nos. t, 2 5 Spikes in; (i «ibsimplc umbel. 2 to 4 to 6, chestnut colored No. 8 § Spikes i u a tkttse li«wl, greenish. In voiuere leaves dilated at base Nos. 4, 5 | Spike solitary, greenish, lateral R«ur the summit <»f the culm No. « 1 T. auttunnalis. Culm compressed, 2-edged, caespitous, leafy at base, 3 — 10' ^42 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. hi^h • Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; umbel compound, diffuse ; invol. 2-Feaved ; " spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2 — 3 together ; glumes brown, iimcronate ; ach. white. — Wet places, along rivers, etc., N. Eng. ! to Ga., "W. to Mo. July. (Fimbristilis, R. & S.) 2 T. coarctata. Culm filiform, teretish, 8 to 12' high; Ivs. setaceous, withbearded sheaths ; umbel compound, contracted; invol. Ivs. many, short setaceous, one a little longer than the umbel; spikes 15 to 20, linear-oblong, 3" long; glumes about 12, acute, rust-colored ; stam. 2 ; sty. deeply 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, 3-angled. — Dry, sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. (Isolepis Torr. Scirpus Ell.) 3 T. capillaris. Culm csespitous, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4 — 8' high ; Ivs. subradical, setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikes ovoid, 2 — 4, in a simple umliel, inner one sessile; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent; ach. white. — In sandy fields, Mass, to Fla., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug. (Isolepis, R. & S. I. ciliatifolius, Ell., a taller form (1 to 10') with 4 to 6 spikes.) 4 T. stenophylla. Culms twisted, 2 to 4' high, setaceous, as long as the seta- ceous Ivs. ; spikes 4 to 6, ovoid, acute, few-flowered, sessile, in a dense head ; invol. Ivs. 3 or 4, dilated at base, ciliate, 2 or 3 times longer (3 to 12") than the head ; glumes ovate-acuminate, keeled, greenish ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. short- triangu- lar, black-pruinous when mature. — Dry soils, Car. to Fla. Jh — Sept. (Isolepis, Kunth. Scirpus, Ell.) 5 T. Warei. Culm filiform, terete, furrowed, near If high ; Ivs. 2 to 3' long-, channelsd ; spikes 6 to 12, ovoid, in a dense head; invol. Ivs. 3 or 4, longer than the head, base dilated and cut-fringed; glumes ovate, obtuse, ciliale; ach. white, rugulous, obovate-triangular. — "W. Fla. ("Ware, Torr. Gyp.). Very near the preced- ing. (Isolepis, Torr.) 6 T. carinata. Culm flattened, setaceous, 3 to 6' high, with a short, solitary setaceous leaf near the base ; spike single, ovoid, lateral near the top of the culm ; glumes green, 5 to 8, broad-ovate, veined acuminate ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. short- triangular, grayish, half as long as the glume. — Near N. Orleans (Hale) (Isolepis, Hook. £ Am.). 12. PSILOCAR'YA, Torr. (Gr. $M$, naked, Kapva, nut; no bristles.) Flowers $ . Glumes oo, imbricated all round, all fertile ; perigynium 0 ; stam. 2 ; filaments Jong, persistent ; style 2-cleft, dilated or tuberculate at base ; achenium biconvex, crowned with the persis- tent style. — Stems leafy. Spikes lateral arid terminal, cyrnous. 1 P. scirpoides Torr. Culm slender, leafy, smooth, 3-sided, 5 — 9' high; Iva. linear, smooth, 3 — 5' by 1", cauline about 2 ; cymes terminal, and one fi'o?n Hie sheath of each cauline leaf; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, looss clusters, 20 — 3Q-flowtred; glumes chestnut-colored, thin ovate, acute; ach. tumid, dark brown, crowned with the long style, which is much dilated at base. — Bor- ders of ponds, Smithfield, R. I. (Olney), Mass. (Greene), and Ark. (Hale). 2 P.rhynchosporoides Torr. Culm 8 to 14' high, leafy, smooth ; Ivs. linear, 2" broad, overtopping the culm; umbel few-rayed ; spikes ovoid, 2 to 3" long, aU pe- dunculate, 8 to IQ-fiowered ; glumes roundish ovate, obtuse, pale brown; aclu roundish, lenticular, strongly rugous; tubercle short, obtuse,. — Quincy, Fla. (Chapman). 13. DICHROM'ENA, Richard. (Gr. 6%, two, Xf&\ui, color.) Spikes flattened, collected into a terminal head; glumes imbricate on all sides, many abortive ; pcrigynium none ; stamens 3 ; styles 2-cleft ; achenium lens-shaped, crowned with the broad, tuberculate base of the style. — Khizome creeping. Culms leafy. Lvs. of the invol. usually whitened at the base. 1 D. leucocephala MX. Culm triangular, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs. concave, narrow, shorter than the culm; invol. 6 to 8-leaved, the Ivs. lanceolate, long-pointed, whitened below, spreading, 1 to 4' long ; ach. truncate at the summit, transversely rugulous. — Bogs, Md. to Fla. and La. Known at a distance by its white in- volucre. ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 743 2 D. latifolia Baldw. Culm tereteish, stout, 9' to 2f high ; Ivs. broadly linear, very long, overtopping tlie culm ; invol. 8 to 10-leaved, whitish, becoming dull red at the base; ach. roundish in outline (except the tubercle), roughened, dull, the tubercle broad, conical at top, base 2-horned, decurrent on the edges of the ach. with, its horns. — Ponds in pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. 14. RHYNCHOS'PORA, Valil. (Gr. /&vv#o?, a beak, onopd, seed; from the character.) Flowers g or <3 £ ? , few in each spikelet; glumes loosely imbricated, tlw lowest small and empty ; perigynium of 6 to 12 bristles; stamens 3 to 12 ; style bifid; ac'henium lens-shaped or subglobous, crowned with a tubercle, the distinct, bulbous base of the style. It St. leafy, 3-sided. Inflor. terminal and axillary. Setae hispid (under a strong magnifier). § Seta} .densely pi unions. Acheninm subglobous-ovoid (terete) Nos. 1,2 § Seta? miked, -denticulate or hispid. Achenium more or less flattened. (*) * Achenium transversely rugous. Setaa upwardly bearded, (a) a Setse shorter than the acheaium Nos. 3 — 5 a Setae equaling or exceeding the ochenium. (b) b Spikes in drooping panicles. Achenium oblong No. 6 b Spikes itt erect w spreading panicles. Achenium roundish Nos. 7 — 9 b Spikes corymbous or fasciculate. — Achenium orbicular Nos. 10, 11 —Achenium oval Nos. 12, 13 * Achcnium smooth and even, (c) C Culm and leaves very slender, filiform or setaceous, (d) d Seta; 6 to 1U, retrorsely hispid (under a strong magnifier) NOR. 14 — 18 d Setae 6, upwardly hispid Nos. 17—19 C Culm wiry, firm. Leaves linear, (e) 6 Stamens 3 or 12. Seta; 10 or 12 Nos. 20, 21 e Staimns 3. Sette 6,— retrorsely hispid, longer than the ach... Nos. 22, 23 — upwardly hispid, — shorter than the ach.. Nos. 24, 25 — long as the achenium No. 26 1 R. plumosa Ell. Culm rigid, wiry, B' to 2f high ; Ivs. rigid, involute, seta- ceous above, half as long as the culm ; spikes lance-ovate, chestnut red, in a ter- minal fascicle, rarely a smaller axillary fascicle below on an exserted peduncle; glumes broad-ovate, acute ; bristle (setae) G, densely plumous, as long as the globu- lar-ovoid, rugous achenium ; tubercle short. — Dry pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. /?. SEMIPLUMOSA. Setae feathery half way up, naked and denticulate above, — Near N. Orleans (Ingalls. R. semiplumosa Gray., Monog., Rhyn., p. 213). 2 R. oligaiitha Gray. Culm filiform, 8 to 12' high, with one or two filiform- setaceous Ivs. about the same height ; spikes 2 to 6, pedicellate, rarely solitary, lance-ovate, fuscous-red, lateral near jthe summit of the culm ; glumes ovate, mu- cnonate; setae 6, as long as the ach. and short tubercle, plumous below, hispid above. — N. Gar. to Fla., in sandy bogs. 3 R. cymosa Nutt Calm, I to 2f high, triangular, angles acute; radical Ivs. linear, shorter than the stem, cauline rising above the stem ; corymbs 3 to 4, the terminal largest ; spikelets ovoid, in close fascicles of about 5 ; glumes broad-ovate, dark brown ; bristles 6, § as long as the broad ovate, transversely ruguous acheuium ; tubercle depressed, much shorter than the achenium. — N". J. to La. Jl., Aug. 4 R. Torreyana Gray. Culm 2f high, ieretish, slender, csespitous, striate ; Ivs. setaceous, the radical G to 10" long, cauline much shorter; corymbs few-flowered, the lateral, if any, on capillary peduncles ; spikes ovoid, pedicellate or sessile ; glumes ovate, mucronate, brown ; bristles 6, scarcely half as long as the oblong- obovate achenium ; tubercle ehort, nearly as broad at base as the achenium.— -N. J. Jl, Aug. (Holton.) 5 R. rariflora E1L Culms tufted, C to 16' high, filiform, with much shorter, seta- ceous leaves ; spikes lanceolate, fuscous, near 2" long, pedicellate, few in 2 or 3 loose, simple, corymbous panicles terminal and lateral ; bracts capillary ; glumes ovate, acute ; setse about 6, nearly as long as the strongly rugous, roundish obo- vate achenium ; tubercle very short. — S. Car. to Fla. and La., in bogs. Has the aspect of a Trichelostylis. 6 R. inexpansa VahL Culm slender, teretish, rather rigid, 1 8' to 3f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, fiat, smooth, half as long as the culm; spikes lanceolate, fusoous, about 3" long, 3 to 5-flowered, forming several axillary and terminal, rather long, 744 ORDER 155. — CYPJSRACEJS. drooping panicles; seta nearly twice longer than the rugous, oblong, flattish aeh&. nium and short tubercle. — Wet soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Schoenus MX.) 7 R. miliacea Gray. Culm slender, triangular, very leafy below, 2f high, fistu- kms- Ivs. rather rigid, flat, lance-linear, smooth, glaucous, 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4" wide ; spikes obovate, ail pedicellate, 3 to 5-flowered, forming diffuse, compound, axillary and terminal cymous panicles; setae 6, a little longer than the roundish obovate achenium and very short tubercle. — Wet pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La, (R. sparsa Vahl. Schcenus Lam.) 8 R. caduca Ell. Culm acutely triangular, 1 to 3f high ; Ivs. broadly linear, smooth, 2 to 3" wide; spikes ovate, large (4 to 5" long), pedicellate or sessile, in several rather close, erect, axillary and terminal panicles; glumes caducous, ovate, tlu outer broad; setae, twice longer than the orbicular-ovate, rugous achenium; tubercle flattened, conical, a third as long as the achenium. — Wet soils, N. Car. to Fla. 9 R. schcenoides. Culm triangular, 2 to 3f high, leafy at base; Ivs. linear, 2'' •wide, glabrous, not half the length of the culm; spikes very numerous, lance-ovate, small (2'' long), sessile or nearly so, clustered, forming several axillary and terminal, pedunculate panicles; glumes fuscous, broad-ovate; setce twice as long as the obovate, flat, rugous achenium and small tubercle. Bogs, Ga., Fla. to La. (Scir- pus, Ell.) 10 R. patula Gray. Culm 3-angled, thick and stout at the base, 2 f high; lv-3. linear, short; spikes ovate, small (2" long), forming several spreading, loose-flow- ered corymbs, of which the terminal one is much the longest • setae scarcely ex- ceeding the roundish, flattened, strongly rugous achenium and tubercle, the latter nearly half as long as the former. — Ga. and Fla., rare. '11 R. Elliottii Gray. Culm 3-angled, slender, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. linear, flatr glabrous, serrulate on the margins, the cauline short ; spikes ovate, sessile in fasci- cles forming 3 or 4 few-floivered, subsimple corymbs, borne on exserted peduncles ; setse a little longer than the roundish-ovate, minutely rugous achenium ; tubercle very short, flattened, conic. — Wet soils, Ga. and Fla. Jn. — Sept. 12 R. microcarpa Baldw. Culm slender, teretish, tufted, nearly naked ; Ivs, narrowly linear, setaceous at end, mostly radical ; spikes turgid-ovate, dark brown, 1 to 2'' long, loosely fascicled in several approximate, pedunculate corymbs ; seta> very fragile, scarcely equaling the minute, ovate, flat, rugous achenium. — Wet grounds, N. Car. to Fla. 13 R. ptmctata Ell. Culm slender, B-angM, 1 to 2f high ; Ivs, lance-linear, acute, rough-edged ; spikes ovate, chestnut brown, fascicled, in several peduncu- late corymbs; seta? a, little longer than tho achenium, which is ovate, compressed, and rugous-netted, with impressed dots in- the furrows. — Marshes, Ga. and Fla. 14 R. alba Vahl. Culm triangular above, very slender, leafy, smooth, 10 — 1G' high ; Ivs. linear-setactous, channeled ; corymbous fascicles pedunculate, both ter- minal and from the axils of the sheaths, with setaceous bracts; spikelets lanceo- late, acute at each end, with crowded, lanceolate, whitish glumes; setce 9 or 10, as long as the ach. and tubercle. — In wet, shady grounds ; common. July — Sept. 15 R. Knieslsernii Carey. Culms in tufts, 6 to 16' high, slender; Ivs. mostly cauline, setaceous, linear, shorter; spikes small (!'' long) in 4 or 5 dense fascicles, distant along the whole length of the culm; seta? G, downwardly hispidulous, as long as the minute, obovate achenium. — In bog iron soil, N. J. (Holton), rare. (R. distans? Nutt.) 16 R. capillacea Torr. Culm 6 to 12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular; Ivs. setaceous, much shorter than the stem; spikes \ to 3 to 6 (mostly in 1 terminal fascicle), oblong, each with a setaceous bract; glumes chestnut-colored, with scar- ious edges ; bristles G, much longer than tho oblong, substipitate achenium ; tuber- cle about half the length of the achenium. — Swamps, N. Y. (Sartwell), Pemn. to Mich. 17 R. fusca Roem. & Schult. Culm 3-angled, about 2f high; Ivs.setaceous-carin- ate ; smooth ; fascicles alternate, pedunculate ; bracts setaceous, longer than -the ovoid spikes ; glumes brown, ovate ; ach. obovate, its pointed tubercle 03 long, both equaling the hispid setae. — Wet places, Mass, to N. J., rare. OEDEE 155.— CYPKRACE.fi. 745 18 R. gracil£nta Gray. Culms 1 to 2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth ; Ivs. linear-setaceous, much shorter than the stem ; corymbs small, fasciculate, the lateral ou slender peduncles exserted from the sheaths; spikes ovoid; glumes ovate, acute, dark brown; bristles 6, a third longer than the roundish-ovoid acheni- um; tubercle flat, subulate, as long as the achenium. — Dry grounds, N. Y. to Fla. 19 R. fUifolia Torn (nee Kuntb). Culm filiform, 6 to 12 to 18' high, Iva. fili- form, or almost capillary, many, much shorter; spikes very small (1" long), in 2 or 3 small fascicles, the lateral pedunculate ; seta 6, upwardly scabrous-hispid, as long as the roundish-ovate, lens-shaped, smooth aclienium and the hispid-scab- rous tubercle. — N. Car. to Fla. Its hispid tubercles distinguishes it from Nos. 17 and 18. 20 R. Baldwin!! Gray. Culms slender, acutely 3-angled, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs. linear, acute, keeled, 2" wide, glaucous, not ciliate, spikes ovate, in a crowded, fasciculate, terminal corymb; sdce, 12, upwardly hispid ulous, as long as the smooth, roundish- ovate achenium ; stam. 3. — Pine barrens, Ga. 21 R. dodecandra Baldw. Culm rigid, 3-angled, 1 to 3f high;' Ivs. rigid, cori- aceous, keeled, rough-edged, broadly linear (2 to 4," wide), all nearly equaling tho culm at first, at length the culm longer ; spikes ovate (lance-ovata when young), •4" long, light chestnut color, pedicellate, in 4 to 6 pedunculate corymbs; setae 6 to 12, as long as the large (!£" diam.), roundish, smooth achenium; stam. 10 to 12, much longer; tubercle broad, depressed. — Bogs, S. Ga., Fla. (R. megalocarpa anil pyncocarpa Gray.) 22 R. glomerata VahL Culm slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high ; Ivs. fiat, carinate, rough-edged ; corymbed fascicles very remote, in pairs, axillary and terminal ; spikelets lanceolate ; glumes keeled, mucrohate, brown ; ach. obovoid or cuneiform, very smooth as long as the tubercle ; setae 6, rough, backwards. — In bogs, Can. to Fla. July, Aug. 23 R. cephalantha Gray. St. 2 — 3f high, triangular, stout ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, the lower and radical nearly as long as the stem ; hds. roundish, axillary and terminal, dense, 5 to 7" diam., the 2 upper often near; spikelets lance-oblong; glumes ovate-oblong, dark brown; setas 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. roundish-ovoid, a little compressed, very obtuse. — N. J. pine barrens. 24 R. fascicularis Nutt. Culm teretish, 1 to 2f high, veiny; Ivs. narrowly linear, much shorter; spikes small (1^" long), fuscous brown, densely fascicled, in several terminal fascicles, and usually several axillary ones ; setae half as long as tho roundish-obovate achenium. — S. Car. to Fla. Inflorescence quite variable, some- times copiously terminal, again scattered down the culm. 25 R. ciliata VahL Plant light glaucous; culm 8' to 2 f high, ancipital, striate; Ivs. lance-linear, short, obtusish ; spikes elliptical, chestnut-colored, all collected into a dense terminal fascicle with several short bracts ; setae very short, at the base of the roundish, lenticular achenium. — N. Car. to Fla. 26 R. distans Nutt Culm slender, wiry, teretish, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. linear se- taceous, shorter, mostly at base ; spikes small (1" long), ovate, in a terminal fasci- cle, usually with 1 or 2 lateral, somewhat dis.tinct fascicles ; setae upwardly his- pidulous, about as long as the broad, ovate, smooth achenium which is not half as large as in R. glomerata. — N. Car. to Fla. Name not very appropriate. 15. CERATOSCHCETNUS, Nces. (Gr. Kepa^—arag, a horn, rush ; alluding to the long, persistent style of the achenium.) Spikelets 2 — 5-flowercd, one flower £ » the rest $ ; glumes loosely imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones empty ; perig. of 5 or 6 rigid, hispid or scabrous bristles ; stam. 3 ; style simple, very long, persistent and crowning the smooth, compressed achenium. — 2£ Stems leafy. Corymbs compound. 1 C. longirostris Torn Glabrous and glaucous; culm 3 — if high, triangular; Ivs. 12 — 16' by 4 — 6'', flat, rough-edged; fls. in very large, terminal and axillary corymbs, terminal one the largest ; spikes lanceolate, acuminate, 8" long, loosely fascicled in 4s or 5s on the long peduncles ; glumes brown, ovate ; Iristks shorter *46 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. than ffie ackentum, which is 2" long, and crowned with the (T") long, subulate, horny style. — Ohio to Fla, Comraoa ia wet places. Aug. Rhyncospora cor- ciculata Gray.) 2 C. macrostachya Torr. Glabrous; culm 2 — 3f high, triangular; Ivs. 1 — 2f by 2 — 4', rough-edged; axillary corymbs subsimple, terminal ones compound; upper spikelets densely fascicled ; ach. ovate, smooth ; bristles erectly hispid, twice as long as the achenium ; style persistent, nearly 4 times as long as the acho- nium. — Mass. (Robbins). (Rhyncospora ejusd.) 16. CLA^DIUM, Browne. Flowers $, $ $ ; glumes imbricated some- what in 3 rows, lower ones empty ; bristles 0 ; stam. 2 ; style 2 — 3- cleft, deciduous ; achenium subglobous, the pericarp hard, thickened and corky above. — If Stem leafy. Corymbs or panicles terminal and axillary. 1 C. mariscoidea Torr. Boa RUSH. St. terete, leafy, 20—30' high, hard and rigid ; Ivs. narrowly linear, channeled above, rounded beneath, much shorter than the stems ; bracts short; umbels 2 — 3, erect, the lateral on long, exserted pedun- cles ; rays 3 — 7, some of them very short ; spikes aggregated in heads of 4 — 8, lance-ovate, 3'' long; glumes tawny-brown, about 6, the upper usually £, tho next $ , and the rest empty ; ach. ovoid, short-beaked with the remains of the 3- cleft style. — Bogs, Can. to Penn. July. (Sohcenus, Muhl.) 2 G. effusuxn Torr. SAW-GRASS. Culm obtusely 3.-angledr 6 to lOf high ; Ivs. 5 to 10f! long, 4 to 10" wide, tapering to a very long, 3-angled point, margins sharply serrate-barbed ; corymbs numerous, decompound, diffuse, approximated and forming a large, elongated panicle; spikes 2" long, 3 or 4 together, brown; ach. ovoid, 1'' long. — Ponds and swamps, N. Car. to La. (Hale). A coarse, and rank sedge. 17. SCLE'RIA, L. NUT SEDGE. (Gr. tnchripos, hard ; alluding to the indurated shell of the fruit.) Towers 8 , staminate spikes inter- mixed, fertile spikelets 1-flowered, glumes fasciculate ; perigynium cup- shaped or 0 ; achenium globous, ovoid or triangular, with a thick, bony- pericarp ; style 3-cleft, deciduous. — 4 Stems leafy. Spikes in fasci- cles or panicles. § SCLERIA. Achenium ovoid or globous, base invested with a short perigynium. (*) * Achenium smooth, ovoid. Perigynium annular, subentire Nos. T, 2 * Achenium rugous-warty, globular. Perigynium 6 or 3-lobed Nos. 3, 4 * Achenium reticulated or hispid-rugous^ globular. Perigynium 3-lobed Nos. 5, (> § HYPOPORUM. Achenium ovoid-triangular, base fluted. Perigynium none, (a) a Fascicles 4 to 7, interruptedly spiked. Ach. smooth or rugous Nos. 7.8 a Fascicles single, terminal. Achenium ribbed or smooth Nos. 9, 10 1 S. triglomerata MX. WHIP-GRASS. Culm erect, acutely triangular, rough, leafy, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, rough-edged ; spikes lateral and terminal, alternate, in about 3 subsessile, triglomerate fascicles, and much shorter than tho leafy bracts ; glumes ovate, cuspidate, dark purple ; ach. globous, smooth and polished, white, nearly 2" diam., invested at base with an entire, crustaceous rim. — Swamps, in nearly all the States. Jn., Jl. 2 S. leptoculmis. Culm very slender, acutely 3-angled, 2fhigh; Ivs. smooth, flat ; sterile spikes elongated (4'' long), in 2 fascicles, the lateral one remote from the terminal, on a long, filiform penduncle ; glumes dark purple ; stam. 3 ; ach. ovoid, obtuse, white, polished minutely corrugated ; perig. annular, with about 8 minute tubercles. — Fla. Pairs of spikelets 3 or 4. (S. oligantha Torr. nee MX.) 3 S. ciliata MX. Culm 1 to 2f high, acutely 3-angled, the angles scabrous above ; Ivs. channeled, pubescent as well as tho sheaths; bracts fringed with long, whitish hairs; fascicle Bubsolitary, terminal ach. subglobous, white, roughened with scattered warts ; perig. a narrow border, bearing 3 obtuse tubercles. — Damp soils, S. Car. to Fla, 4 S. pauciflora Muhl. St. 10 to 1C' high, triangular, slender, smoothish; Ivs. narrow, nearly smooth ; sheaths pubescent ; fascicles 1 to 3, few-flowered, tha ORDEE 155.— CYPERACE^E. 7^7 lateral, if any, pedunculate; bracts foliaceous, ciliate; spikes in pairs; glumes membranous, mucronate, somewhat ciliate ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. globous, rough, white and shining; perig. a narrow ring upon which are 6 roundish, minute tubercles. — Wet or dry soils, JST. H. to Ohio and Fla. Aug. — There are several well marked varieties. . /?. Very slender, smoothish; lateral fascicle 1 -flowered, sessile, or none. — Mass. to Ohio. About If high. y. Very slender, scabrous-hirsute; lateral fascicle 1 to 2-flowered, sessile; lower bracts much exceeding the culm. — Ga. and Fla. (S. Carolina Willd. ?) 6. Stouter, tall (2 to 3f high), edges denticulate-ciliate ; lateral fascicles on short (1 to 2') peduncles.— S. States. 5 S. reticularis MX. St. 1— 2f high, triangular, rather slender; Ivs. 1" wide, channeled, radical 6 — 12' long, cauline few; fascicles 2 — 5, lateral and terminal, distant, loose-flowered, subsessile; spikelets somewhat in pairs, the $ many- flowered, at the base of the g ; glume light brown, ovate acuminate ; sta. 2 ; perig. 3-lobed ; ach. globous, of a dead white, f " diam., conspicuously reticulated and deeply pitted. — Borders of ponds, R. I. (Olney), to Fla, The achenium is a curious and beautiful object 6 S. laxa Torr. St. 1— 2f high, weak, diffuse, acutely triangular, slender; Ivs. flat, 2" wide, smooth ; fascicles about 3, open one terminal, the others lateral and very remote; ped. 2 — 6" long, compressed, slender, often recurved; spikelets dis- tant, in pairs, the sterile at the base of the 5 ; sta. 2 ; perig. deeply 3-lobed ; ach. about 1" diam., globous, whitish, marked with brownish, papillous transverse ridges and pits. — Near the sea coast, N. J. to Fla. Sept (S. reticularis Muhl.) 7 S. verticillata Muhl. St. € — 8 — 12' high, triquetrous, slender, glabrous; Ivs. linear, narrow and flat, shorter than the stem ; fascicles smooth, purple, 4 — 6, sessile, few-flowered, appearing as if verticillate ; bracts minute, setaceous, about as long as the fascicles, scabrous upward; scales of $ ovate, smooth, scabrous and keeled ; ach. globous, rugous, a little more than -J-" diam., abruptly mucronate and somewhat 3 -sided at base. — Very abundant in Junius, N. Y. (Startwell) to Car., W. to Ohio (Sullivant). (Hypoporum verticillatum Nees.) 8 S. interrupta MX. Pale green, sparingly hirsute ; culm 3-angled, 12 to 30' high; Ivs. linear, flat, striate, 3-veiued, much shorter than the culm; fascicles few-flowered, 5 to 7, alternate, approximate at the summit forming an interrupted spike 2 to 3' long; glumes conspicuously cuspidate and bristly-ciliate, rusty brown; ach. %'' long, smooth, purplish white, 3-sided and fluted at base. — N. Car., Fla. and La. 9 S. gracile. Filiform, smooth, I to If high; culm 3-angled; Ivs. few, shorter; spikes 3" long, few (1 to 5 pairs), in a terminal fascicle ; glumes ovate, mucronate, purplish brown ; bract erect as if a continuation of the culm; stam. 3; ach. 1" long, white, ovoid, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinally ribbed. — S. Ga., Fla. to Texas. (Hypoporum Torr.) 10 S. Baldwin!!. Culm sharply 3-angled, edges scabrous, jointless, 2 to 3fhigh; ' Ivs. radical, long, linear, keeled; spikes 3 to 5 pairs, 5'' long, in a terminal las- cicle; bracts 3, the longest erect, all purple at base; glumes brownish purple, lanceolate, acuminate; stam. 3; ach. large (near 2" long), ovoid, dull, even, whitish. — Ga. and Fla. (Chapman.) 18. CAREX, L. SEDGE. (The classical name, perhaps from Lat. careo, to lack ; referring to the sterile spikelets.) Fls. diclinous ; spikes 1 or more, either androgynous (with both staminate and pistillate fls.), or with the two kinds in separate spikes on the same plant (monoecious) or rarely on separate plants (dioecious) ; glumes single, 1 -flowered, lower ones often empty; <$ stamens 3; $ stigmas 2 or 3 ; perigynium (of 2 united scales) of various forms, persistent, enclosing the lenticular or triangular achenium. — 2£ Culms triangular, growing in tufts. 743 ORDER 155.— CYPERACEJ3. ring account of our species of Carex is from tho pen of Prof G. T)ewey (D.D.), re- i expressly for the present Edition. The annexed Analytical Table has been pre- i-selves (with the aid of copious and well authenticated specimens, among which is a Tho folloT vised by him e> . FuTl^ct^communicated by Dr. Sartwe'll). on t/te limis of the artficial subdivision of the genus, adopted by Prof. Dewey in the former edition. It is useless to admonish the student that thi* table is not perfect, and may sometimes lead him astray. Yet, in tho main, its subdivisions aro correct, and cannot fail to lead to correct results, and thus greatly facilitate the study of this tho most extensive and difficult genus in our Flora. ff. jj. in the specific descriptions the readeris often referred as follows : (Boottt illnst.)or (I>. t ). 'These refer by number to the Illustrations of the Genus Carex, in the recent splendid wwik of 'Francis Boott, iIJX, President of the Liunaean Soc. of England. § I. STIG-MAS 2. ACHENIUM DOUBLE-CONVEX. (*) * A. Spike single, — monoecious, staminate at the top., No. 1 — dioecious, or $ spike -with stamens at base No. 2, 5 * B. Spikes several, androgynous (with both kinds of flowers). (^) ^ 1. Stamens variously situated, above, below, or in the middle, sometimes the whole spike & .—Spikes 4 to 8 Nos. 4—6 —Spikes 10 to 20 Nos. 7, * ^ 2. Stamens at the summit of the spikclets. (a) a Spikelets evidently paniculate and perigyimim not rostrate Nos. 9, 10 a Spikelets 3 to 6, approximate into one spike, (b) b Spike ovate. — Glume equaling the pcrigynium Nos. 11 — 15 — Glume shorter than the perigynium No. 14 b Spike oblong, a little loose. Glume shorter than the perigynium...Nos. 15 — IT a Bpikelets 3 to 8, remote. Perigynium radiating, — longer than glume Nos. IS — 20 — shorter than glume No. 21 a Spifcclets S to OO , approximate in a decompound spike, (c) C Perigynium rostrate, not longer than the glume Nos. 22, 255 C Perigynium rostrate, longer than the glume, (d) d Spike cylindrical, of 8 to 15 spikelets Nos. 24, 25 d Spike large, branched, of GO spikelets Nos. 26, 21 d Spikes elliptical, of 8 to 10 spikeleta No. 2* ^ 8. Stamens at the base of the spikelets. (e) 6 Perigynia radiating, in remote spikelets — Glumes green Xos. 29 — SI — Glumes hyaline, white Nos. 82, J>> e Perigynia suberect, spikelets ovate-lanceolate, few-fruited Nos. 34—36 e Perhrynia suberect, spikelets oval, (f ) f Perigynia not winged, about equaling tho hyaline or brown glume . . .Nos. 8T, 8* f Perigynia distinctly winged, broadly or narrowly, (g) g Perigynia sh'ort-rostrate, — shorter than the glume Nos. 89, 40 — equaling the glume No. 41 — longer than the glume, (h.) h Perigynia spreading (not radiate) Nos. 42, 45 ~h Perigynia suberect or appressed Nos. 44— 4ft g Perigynium "long-rostrate, — equaling the glume No. 4T — longer than the glume Nosv 48 — 5-> * C. Staminate and pistillate flow era in separate spikes. (IT) T 4. Staminate spike single. — ? Spikes sessile, 1 or 2 only No. 51 — ? Spikes sessile, 3 to 5 Nos. 52—54 — $ Spikes pedunculate Nos. 55, 5(5 IT 5. Staminate spikes 1 or more and the s spikes often stamiuate at summit, (k) k Glumes awnless, mostly obtuse and dark colored. (1) 1 Sterile spikes 1 or 2.— Glumes all obtuse and black Nos. 57, 5S — Glumes, at least the lower, acute, brown Nos. 59 — 61 1 Sterile spikes 2 to 4. Glumes acutish or acute Nos. 62, 6& k Glumes of the fertile spikes awned. (m) m Sterile spikes 1 or 2. Plants not maritime Nos. 64, 65 m Sterile spikes 2 or 3. Plants maritime Nos. 66, 6T 8 II. STIGMAS 3. ACIIENIUM TKIQUKTROCS. (*) * D. Spike* androgynous (with both kinds of flowers). (^) If 5. Stamens at the summit of the spike, (n) n Spikes single. — Leaves 2, broad, flat, with nomidvein No. fiS — Leaves several, linear or setaceous Nos. 69 — 71 n Spikes several, some of them on long, radical peduncles, (o) O Glumes of the fruit not longer than the perigynia Nos. 72, 73 O Glumes of tho fruit long and leaf-like Nos. 74— 76 IT 6. Stamens at the base of the 1 or more spikes No. 7T * E. Spike* di&cioug, i. e., the fertile and sterile on different culms Nos. 78, 79 * F. Terminal npike androgynous, pistillate at top ; the others pistillate, (p) p Perigynium hairy (at least, when young) as well as thelvs., and bright-green. Nos. 80 — 82 p Perigynium smooth. — Spikes erect or nearly so. Glumes green No. 83 — Spikes erector nearly so. Glumes dark Nos. 84—86 — Spikes drooping. — Glumes acute, dark No. 8T — Glumes awned or cuspidate Nos. 88 — 90 * G. Staminate ttpike single, entirely staminate. (^) 1 7. Pistillate spikes sessile or solitary, few, mostly ovoid, (q) q Pistillate spikes oblong, dark brown. $ Spikes stalked No. 91 q Pistillate spikes ovoid,— all or mostly solitary Nos. 92, 93 — all sessile, approximate Nos. 94, 95 — all sessile, remote Nos. 96, 9T OHDKR 155.— CYPERACEJ3. 749 7 8. Pistillate spikes with enclosed or nearly enclosed peduncles. Pcrigynia mostly inflated, beaked, angular-striute. Spikes often quite large, (r) r Perigymuin pubescent, brownish, abruptly beaked Nos. 93, 9J r Perigyniuin smooth, yellowish, with a short, recurved beak Nos. 100, 101 p Perigynium smooth, inflated, with a long, straisrht beak, (s) S Spikes very short.— Whole plant yellowish green Nos. 102—104 —Whole plant dark green or bright green Nos. 105, IOC a Spikes oblong-cylindric,— very large, Perig. conic- rostrate Nos. 107—109 — middle size, very abruptly rostrate No. 110 1 9. Pistillate spikes with cxserted peduncles. Perigynia 3-angled, scarce inflated, not much beaked, and (as well as the glumes) more or less colored, (t) t Leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, 4 to Mr wide, (u) u Pcrigyniuin acuminate with a recurved point Nos. 111—113 u Perigyn. acute or obtuse. — Lvs. lanceolate, shorter than culms Nos. 114, 115 — Lvs. lance-linear, long as culms Nos. 116, 117 Leaves linear or setaceous (1 to 2" wide or less), (v) V Perigynia smooth and not rostrate, (w) w Bracts all exceeding the— oblong, dense spikes Nos. 118, 115 — slende'r, loose spikes Nos. 120, 121 W Bracts shorter than the spikes or culm, (x) X. Leaves setaceous and all radical. Glumes white No. 122 x Leaves linear.— Spikes blackish. "White Mts No. 123 —Spikes tawny Nos. 124, 125 — Spikes green. — Gl. (mostly) obtuse. ..Nos. 126, 127 —Glumes umcronate Nos. 128, 125 V Perigynia smooth (scabrous in No. 135), rostrate, (y) y Bracts leafy, exceeding the stem and fruit Nos. ISO — 132 y Bracts not exceeding the stem or fruit, (z) Z Spikes linear, slender, quite loose-flowered Nos. 133, 134 Z Spikes cylindrical, rather close, 3 in number Nos. 185, 136 Z Spikes oblong, 6 to OO-fld.— Culm 4 to 6'hish, very delicate.. No. 187 —Culm 1 to 2f high Nos. 133— U) V Perigynia hairy, — sterile spike linear, slender Nos. 141, 142 — sterile spike oval-oblong Nos. 143,144 IT 10. Pistillate spikes with peduncles (long or short), scarcely sheathed at all. (aa) aa Spikes all erect.— Perigynia not rostrate or but slightly so Nos. 145—147 — Perigynia rostrate, the orifice entire, or nearly so Nos. 148, 149 —Perig. rostrate (few), spindle-shaped, 2-toothed No. 153 aa Spikes (the pistillate) soon mostly nodding, (bb) bb Perigynia not rostrate. — Spikes ov< roid, thick Nos. 151—153 —Spikes linear or cylindric Nos. 154, 155 bb Perigynia rostrate,— the beak short, scarcely 2-toothed No. (161) 156 —the beak long and 2-parted Nos. 157—159 * H. Staminate spikes usually 2 or more. Perigynia rostrate, (cc) CC Perigynia clothed with wool, hairs or mealiness, (dd) dd Perigynia long-beaked, hispid-pubescent, 2-cleft, green No. 160 dd Perigynia short-beaked, — mealy glaucous, chocolate-colored No. 161 —densely woolly, greenish Nos. 162, 163 — hispid pubescent, brown Nos. 164, 165 CC Perigynia glabrous (or merely scabrous in No. 172). (ee) ee Spikes (?) on exscrted peduncles, (ff ) ff Glumes dark brownish purple. Bracts shorter than culm No. 166 ff Glumes greenish or tawny, or yellowish, (gg) gg Perigynium tapering into very short beaks Nos. 167, 16S gg Perisynium long-beaked, horizontal or reflexed Nos. 169, 170 gg Perigynium long-beaked, ascending.— Beak conical.. Nos. 171, 172 —Beak cylindric.Nos. 173, 174 60 Spikes ( 9 ) on sheathed, or very short peduncles, or sessile. (b.h) th. Spikes cylindrical, length more than thrice diam. (kk) kk Perfgynium short-beaked or beakless. Kanknquatics.Nos. 175, 17(5 kk Perigynium decidedly beaked.— Glumes awncd Nos. 177, 178 — Glumes lanceolate. Nos. 179, 180 frh Spikes oblong or oval, tnrgid, length not thrice the diam. (nn) nn ? Spikes 2 or 3 iu number.— Beak cylindric Nos. 181, 182 —Beak conical No. 1SJ5 nn $ Spikes 1 or 2, — pedunculate. Beaks cylindric Nos. 184, 1S5 — sessile, small. Beaks conical No. 186 I. Stigmas 2«— -Achenium double convex. 1 C. capitata L. Spike capitate or nearly globous, $ at the summit; fr. (peri- gynium) roundish-ovate, close compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutish, longer than the ovate and rather obtuse glume ; Ivs. slender. — Heights of th» White Mts. (Robbins). 2 C. gynocrates Wormesk. $ Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered ; perigynium ^5Q ORDER 155.— CYPERACEJ3. suboval or oblong, tapering at base, veined, convex-tereto, attenuate above into a terete, shortish, straight or subrecurved, Udentate beak, nearly horizontal in maturity, longer than the ovate and acute glumo ; culm slender, 4 to 0' high, with long slen- der" leaves sheathing at base. Wayne Co., N. Y. (Sartwell), N. to Greenland. (C. Davalliana, 2d edit.) 3 C. £xilis Dew. (Boott, Illust, No. 45.) ? Spiko terminal, ovate or oblong» close-flowered, staminate below, sometimes a, single $ spike or a single $ Lspike ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex above and slightly below, serrulate on the margin, minutely veined above, 2-toothed, diverging, some longer than the ovate-lanceolato glume; culm 12 to 20' high, stiffly erect, and Ivs. setaceous. — Swamps, E. Mass. (Oakes), Sandford Lake, N. Y. (Sartwell)'. P. ANDROGYNA. One or more short $ spikes below the terminal. — Manches- ter, N. Y. (Kneiskern). 4 C. sterilis Willd. (Boott, Illus., No. 135.) Spike compound, $ below, often, dioecious ; spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, subapproximate ; perig. ovate, acuminate or sub- rostrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous, scabrous on tho margin, equaling the ovate, acutish glume ; st. 2f high, erect and stiff. "Wet places, common. (C. stellulata j3. STERILIS Torr., Carey.) 5 C. bromoides Schk. Spikelets numerous, alternate, $ below, sometimes all ? ; perig. lanceolate, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. — Common in small bogs, in wet places. 6 C siccata Dew. (Boott, Illust., No. 50.) Spikelets numerous, $ above, often wholly $ , ovate, close or approximate ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, com- pressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, lanceolate glume. — Sandy plains, Westfield, Mass. (Davis) ; Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes) ; widely spread over the country, but not abundant, "W. to 111. 7 C. Sartwellii Dew. Spikelets 12 — 20, ovate, ses-sile, compact, bracteato, lower ones especially fructiferous ; upper often $ at apex, sometimes wholly $ ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, convexo-concave, subulate, slightly 2-toothed, margined and scabrous on the edge, a little longer than the ovate and acute glume ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem. — Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y. (Sartwell). 8. C. distycha Huds. Spikelets many, 2-rowed or compressed into a fattened, compound, loose spike ; spikelets oblong-ovate, close, alternate, often branched be- low and the lowest sometimes remote, upper and lower often ? , and the inter- mediate wholly $ , or from the middle wholly $ upwards ; perig. ovate, narrow- rostrate, margin serrulate, narrow, equaling the ovate, acute glume ; culm erect, leafy below. — Wis. (Lapham), 111. (Vasey), Mich. (Cooley), N. to Arc. Am. (C. intermedia Good.) 9. C. decomposita Muhl. (Boott, Illust., 53.) Spike decompound or paniculate ; spikelets very many, ovate, alternate; perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangu- lar, acutish or short rostrate, short, brownish, glabrous, larger than the ovate, acu- minate, whitish glume ; st. 18 — 30' high. — Found in swamps, Michigan, and in. Yates Co., N. York (Sartwell). 10 C. prairea Dew. Spike below branched ; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5 to 7 on a branch ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, smaller than the ovate-Ian ceolale glume ; st. 2 — 3f high, leafy towards tho base. — Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N. England, and N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata L., which has a much broader ovate glume shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has been taken. From No. 24 it is far separated by its panicle, and the color and shape of its fruit. 11 C. cephalophora Willd. Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate head (!£' long), bracteate, about 5 ; perig. ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, scabrous on the margin, with a short, ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume, which equals it; st. 8 — 16' high. — Borders of fields and woods, common, but not abundant. 12 C. Muhlenbergii Schk. Spikelets alternate, obtuse, approximate into an ovate-oblong head, -J' long, with a long bract at tho lower one ; perig. ovate, con- vex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, some diverging, a little shorter than the ovate and mucronats glume; st. 12 — 18' high. — In ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 751 fields, not very common, readily distinguished from the three preceding and fol- lowing. 13 C. stenoph^lla Wahl. Spikes 3 to 5, aggregated into a roundish head; perig. ovate, roundish-ventr icons, subplano-convex, veined, scabrous or serrulate on the margin, bidentate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume; culm 3 to 6' high, smooth^ •with long, narrow leaves. — III. to Nebraska and Brit. Am. 14 C. ckordorrhiza L. Spikelets 3 — 5, aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile ; perig. ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broad, ovate and acute glume ; st. branching towards the base and sending out roots at tho joints ; spikes rarely bearing only stamens. — Marshes, N. Y., common (Sartwell), Midi. (Cooley.) 15 C. Leavenworthii Dew. SpiJcelets 4 to G, small, ovate, sessile, bracteate, aggregated into an oblong head, the lower sometimes separated a little ; perig. ovate, broad, short, convex above, abruptly short-beaked, slightly bifid, glabrous, scabrous on the edge, scarcely twice longer than the short, ovate, acute glume; culm rarely If high, slender, leafy towards the base; Ivs. narrow, flat; whole plant pale green. — Ky. (Short) to Ala. (Wood), Fla. (Chapman) and La. (Leavea- worth.) 16 C. cephaloidea Dew. Spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, aggregated closely, sessile and bracteate; perig. ovate, obtusish; bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. — Dry fields, not abundant, but common over New England and New York. In hedges it is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base. (C. sparganoides, (3. Carey.) 17 C. nvuricata L. Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower ones sometimes remotish ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, hori- zontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. — Fields near Boston (Green, Curtis), and common in Arc. Am. 18 C. sparganioidea Muhl. Spikelets 7 — 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile ; perig. ovate, acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. about 2f high, with long, striate leaves. /?. RAJIEA Dew, has ono branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in the place of the lower spikelet, and is tho C. divulsa of Pursh. — About culti- vated and moist fields, common. 19 C. rcsea Schk. Spikelets 3 — 5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturity, lowest long-bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5 — 12, convex above, scabrous on the margin, 2-toothed, very diverging, or even reftexed, twice as long as the ovate-obtuse glume; st. 8 — 16' high. /?. RADIATA Dew. Spikelets distant, about 3-flowered, with setaceous bracts ; perig. oblong, acute ; st. 4 — 8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very nar- row leaves. — Common in pastures and moist woods ; the variety is about woods, or open places in woods. 20 C. retroflexa Muhl. Spikelets about 4, cvate, alternate, subapproximate, sessile, bracteate and stellate in maturity ; perig. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, sub- scabrous or smooth on tho margin, reftexed and spreading, about equal to the ovate and acute glume; ct. about a foot high. — Readily distinguished from tho preced- ing. Woods and pastures, not abundant. (C. rosea, /?. Tourn.) 21 C. disperma Dew. Spikelets 3 or 4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracte- ate ; perig. 1 or 2, rarely 3, ovate, obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume ; st. slender, 5 to 12' high, flexile, in tufts of several, with narrow and linear leaves. — Wet woods, N. Eng. to Wis. (C. tenella, Carey, Boott., not of Ehrh.). — The species is common in N. Eur., but had never been recognized in this country, when de- scribed, 1824. 22 C. vulpinoidea MX. Spikelets ovate-oblong, obtuse ; spike decompound, bracteate, conglomerate ; perig. ovate, acuminate, densely imbricate, bifid, tripli- nerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. obtusely triangular, round and leafy towards the basn. — Common in fields. (C. multiflora Muhl.) 752 ORDER 155.— CYPERACEJ3. (3. xncROSPERMA Dew. Spikelets closely aggregated, whole spike less com- pact ; perig. more convex, shorter, less acuminated into a beak, very abun- dant.— Grows with the other, in dry and moist situations. (C. microsperma Waal.) 23 C. setacea Dew. Spikelets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bracteate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, some diverging, about equal to the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume ; st. 2f high, acutely triangular, scabrous above and striate. — Wet places, not abundant 24 C. teretiuscula Good. Spikelets ovate, acute, sessile, decompound, brown- ish, lower one bracteate ; perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on the edge, spreading, longer than the ovate, acute glume; fr. brown; st. 18 to 36' high, leafy towards the root. — Wet places, common, in tufts. 25 C. stipata Muhl. Spike often decompound; spikekt-s oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracteate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, subscabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer than the ovate- lanceolate glume ; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides. — Wet places and marshes, abundant. 26 C. Cnis-Corvi Shuttl. (Boott. Illus. No. 64.) Spike decompound, subpani- culate, commonly large, and branching below ; spikelcts ovate, numerous, aggro- gated, sessile; perig. short-ovate, very long-rostrate, veined, convex-concave, often horizontal, thrice longer than the ovate, acute glume; culm leafy; IVP. rough-edged; plant light green. — River swamps, Wis. to Ohio and Fla. (U. Halei Dew. C. sicseformis Boott.) 27 C. vulpiiia L. Spike long, large, decompound, forming densely aggregated heads, often with single but close and oval spikelets, and often less compacted ; perig. ovate, broad, tapering into a 2-toothed beak, often diverging in ripening, a little longer and narrower than the ovate, acute glume ; culm large, strong and rough. — Ohio (Sullivant) to Nebraska (llayden). 28 C. alopecoidea Tuckerman. (B. t. p. 67.) Spike compound, rather loose, spikelets 8 to 10, aggregated into an oblong head, bracteate, sessile ; perig. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acuminate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subros- trate, a little longer than the ovate and acuminate glume ; st. triquetrous, scab- rous on the edges. — Moist woods, Penn. and N. Y. (Sartwell). 29 C. stellulata Good. Spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, remotish, sessile ; perig. broad- ovate, contracted into a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume ; st. erect, etiff, leafy below, 8 — 24' high. — Common in wet places over the Northern States. 30 C. Bcirpoides Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuto glume; st. 6 — 16' high, leafy towards the base. — Wet places in the country. The more lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from tho preceding. C. scirpoides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. (G. Btellulata /?. Torr. &c.) 31 C. Buckley! Dew. Spike compounded of about 5 ovate, alternate, approxi- mate spikelets ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed at the orifice, concave or flattish be- low, smooth, about twice longer than the ovate-acute glume; culm about If high, slender, with lance-linear Ivs. towards the base ; stam. chiefly at the baso of the upper spikelets. — Mts. of Car. and Ga. (Buckley.) (C. Gibhardi, BuckL nee. Schk.) 32 C. curta Good. Spikelets 4 — 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote ; perig. round-ovate, obtusitth, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed, slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, usu- ally light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. — Moist places over the country. (C. Richardi MX.) 33 C. tenella Ehrh. nee Schk. Spikelets 3 or 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few (2 to 6)-fruited; perig. lance-ovate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovato, hyaline, white glume ; culm 1 to 2f high, slender, flaccid, and with tho Ivs. greeiv ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 753 — N". Eng. and N. T. Common in wet places. (C. sphserostachya Dew., Bd. 2. C. canescens j3. vitilis, Carey. C. vitflis Fries., &c.) 34 C. Deweyana Schk. (B. t. 69.) Spikelets about 3, sessik, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest bracteato ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, acumi- nate, bifurcate, plano-convex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, awned, hyaline glume ; st. 1 — if long, stibprocumbent, with radical leaves ; whole plant yellowish-green. Common iu open woods or on the borders of woods. 35 C. trisperma Dew. (B. t. 18.) Spikdets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate ; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nerved, subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute, and hyaline glume; st. 10 — 24' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender, longer than the leaves. — In tufts, ia marshes or wet woods ; common in N. Eng. and N. Y. 36 C. argyrSntha Tuckm. M S. Spike compounded of spikelets 5 to 8, roundish, obovate, alternate, subaggregated above, rounded below, with squarrous bracts, except the lowest, which has a long, leafy point ; perig. ovate, compressed, at length spreading, green, many-veined both sides, and winged by a wide margin, lacerated above, glabrous, acuminate in a short, bifid beak, equaling the membranT pus, white, lanceolate, acute glume. — Amherst and Sunderland, Mass. (Tucker- man.) Culm 1 to 3f high, weak, obtuse-angled, twice longer than the lance-lin- ear leaves. 37 C. tenuiflora TVahL Spikdets 2 — 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline or white glume ; st. a foot or more high, slender, subpros- trate, longer than the flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish. — Burlington and Salem, Vt, in swamps (Robbins), Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y. (Kneiskern), Southampton, Mass. (Chapman). 38 C. Liddoni Boott. (Illus. 51.) Spikelets 5 — 1, oblong-ovate, closely aggre- gated ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, margin serrulate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and hyaline on the edges ; perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown ; plant yellowish- green.— Brit Am. (Boott.) Mich. (Cooley). 39 C. alata Ton*. Spike composed of 4 to 8 spikelets, ovate, large, approximate and sessile; perig. roundish, sometimes obovate, nearly flat and close, abruptly short-beaked, ^-veined on the back, 2-toothed, broadly winged, finally scabrous on the beak, shorter than the lance-ovate glume ; culm smooth, 3 to 4f high ; Ivs. rough-edged and pale green. — N. Car. to Fla. 40 C. straminea "Walil. Spike compound, erect ; spikelets about G, ovate, short- oblong, alternate, sessile, subapproximate ; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, com- pressed, ciliate- serrate on the margin, acuminate-beaked, l-veined on the backt 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume, st. 12 — 20' high, longer than the leaves; spikelets whitish or tawny. — Common ia woods and fields. (C, festucacea Ell. ? nee Schk.) a. BREVIOR Dew. Spikelets 3 — 5, often closely approximate, and more nearly round ; perig. shorter-ovate and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolato glume. — This is the plant originally described by Will- denow. /?. MINOR Dew. Spikelets, small, 5 — 6, globous or obovate, less approximate ; perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume. 41 C. foenea Muhl. Spike compound, 5 to 10 ovate spikelets, aggregated above ; perig, ovate-acuminate, winged, scabrous-margined, largo and close, 2-toothed, about equal to the oblong-lanceolate glume ; culm large and smooth, leafy below ; plant glaucous.— Penn. (Muhlenberg) and salt marshes, R. I. (Olney). 42 C. mirabilis Dew. Spikelets 7 — 11, ovate-globous, alternate, sessile, often closely aggregated into a lance-ovoid head, bracteate below ; perig. ovate, sublan- ceolato, scabrous on tho margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverg- ing, scarcely twice longer than the ovate, lanceolate glumo; st. 18 — 36', orect, 48 H5 ^ ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. stiff rou"-h above, rather slender ; plant light green. — Common about fences and hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. (C. festucacea ft. Torr. Carey.) 43 C. criatata Schw. Spikelets 6—14, globous, sessile, closely aggregated into an oblong, thick head of a crested form, bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate, bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceolate glume; st. 1 — 3fj acutely triangular. — Plant yellow- ish-green. Common in fields and meadows on colder soils. (C. lagopodioides p. Carey.) 44 C. lagopodioides Schk. Spikelets 8 — 20, beakless, green, ovate, rather near, altsrnato and sessile ; perig. round-lanceolate, tapering at loth ends, concavo- convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice as long as tho ovate-lanceolate glume; st. nearly 2 f, leafy; tho whole light green. — Common. (C. scoparia, p. Torr.) 45 C. tenera Dew. Spike compound, recurved; spikekte about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; fr. tawny, ovate, com- pressed, somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the ob- long-lanceolate scale; st. 15 — 30', small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike, longer than the leaves. — Light green. Common. (C. straminea ft. Torr. C. festucacea p. Carey. Tho inconsistency of these synonyms favors our own view of this species.) 46 C. featucacea Schk. Spike erect; spikelete 5 — 8, obovate and clubform, ses- s'le and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate ; perig. tawny, roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2 -toothed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 15—30', erect and stiff, leafy below. — Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to brown. Common in fields, but not abundant The club- form, spikelets from the decurrent scales of tho $ flowers, especially mark this species. 47 C. adusta Boott. Spikelets several, 4 to 8 or more, often not approximate, tapering below in maturity; perig. ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, long-rostrate, nar- row-winged and serrulate, veined, scarcely bifid, as long and broad as the glume ; culm 15 to 24', leafy towards tho base. — R. I. (Olney) to L. Sup. and Brit. Am. 48 C. scoparia Schk. Spikelets 5 — 10, usually 5 — 7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with a long, deciduous bract ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly margined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume; st. 18 — 24', leafy towards the root. — Moist places, very common. (C. ovalis Ell.) ft. AGGREGATA Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 49 C. sychnocephala Carey. Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head (as the name purports), sessile, slender, with long, leafy bracts; perig. ovate, very long, lanceolate, or tapering into a long beak, with scabrous edges, a little longer than the lance-ovate glume; plant short and very pale green. — N. Y., Jefferson Co. (Boott. 111., Ill), at Little Falls (Vasey, Kneiskern). Remarkable for its slender, beaked fruit. 50 C. arida Schw. and Torr. Spikelets oval-oblong, 5 — 10, somewhat tapering at both ends, large and approximate, close-flowered, dry and chaff-like ; perig. lance- linear, compressed, thin, distinctly winged, bidentate, nerved, acuminate, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; plant light green in all its parts. — Com- mon in Ohio and Mich., 18 — 36', and further "W. and S. (C. Muskingummensis Schw., scoparia, ft. Torr.) 51 C. xniliaris MX. (B. t. 187.) Culm erect, slender, rough above; Ivs. flat, very narrow; $ spike sessile, sometimes 2 and distant, ovoid, tawny; bract seta* ceous, short; $ spike pale, rather long-peduncled ; perig. spheroidal, smooth. — Marshes, Can., especially at L. Mistassins. 52 C. Floridana Schw. $ Spike short and sessile ; $ spikes 2 to 4, approxi- mate, ovate, sessile, bracteate, the lowest sometimes a little recurved; perig. 06- long, tapering below, rather obovate, plano-convex, abruptly rostrate, short-bifid, scabrous above and on the back, about as long as the ovate:oblong, red-edged, scab- rous, cuspidate glume ; culm 2 to 6', slender, 3-sided; Ivs. radical, flat, twice to thrice longer than tho culm ; plant pale green ; ach. oval, lens-shaped. — Fla. to La. ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 755 53 C. dubitata Dew. $ Spike erect, oblong, short, with oblong, obtuse, black, white-edged glumes; $ spikes 2 to 4, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest oblong and short-pedunculate, subremote, leafy -bracted, all black ; perig. oval, short-apiculate, concavo-convex, orifice entire, equaling or slightly exceeding the oblong -obovate, black, white-edged glume; culm, 8 to 12', triquetrous, smooth, stiff, with flat, smooth Ivs. (C. saxatilis Ed. 1st.) — Probably this is the plant called C. saxatilis L. in the Flor. Dan., in Eng. Bot. and of Schk. But as Dr. Boott proves C. saxatilis (L) and C. pulla (Good.) to be the same, this plant can belong to neither. It is called C. rigida (Good.) by Carey in the Manuel of Gray, but difiers from it in many characters given, by Goodenough in his full description. 54 C. lenticularis MX. (B. t. 16). Spikes cylindric, obtuse, rather slender, near, sessile except the lowest; $ spike 1, rarely 2, 1' long, or the lower shorter; $ spikes 2 to 5, mostly 4, leafy-bracted, not dense-flowered, the lowest moro remote and attenuated below ; perig. ovate-elliptic, slightly convex both sides, pale, then yellowish, short-beaked, longer than the narrow-oblong, obtuse glume ; culm 8 to 12' high, smooth, triquetrous, with flat leaves; bracts not sheathing, the lowest overtopping the stem. — At L. Avalanche, N. Y. (Torr. & Gray), to Bear L. (Richardson). (?. ALBI-MONTANA. Perig. ovate-oblong, acuminate or tapering above to a point longer and more convex, and sometimes beginning to curve back- wards, with a less obtuse, or short acute glumo variable in, length. — Ponds, White Mts. (Oakes, Tuckerman.) y. BLAKEI. Intermediate between the two forms preceding ; fruit less acute, nearly elliptical, its glumo obtuse and always shorter. — Harrison, Me. (Rev. J. Blake). 55 C. ailrea Nutt. $ Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate; $ spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate,. subapproximate, bracteate; perig. globous, obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucronate glumo ; st. 3 — 10', slender, often subprocum- bent. — Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds, N. Eng. and westward and northward. (C. pyriformis Schw.) 56 C. Mitchelliana Curtis. $ Spiko sometimes with $ fls. in the middle ; 2 spikes 2 or 3, cylindric, slender, loose-flowered, remotish, pedunculate, and tho lowest short-sheathed ; perig. ovate, acute, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equaling tho ovate, cuspidate glume; culm 15 to 20' high, acutely triquetrous, subscabrous above, leafy towards tho base. — "Wet places, N. Car. (Curtis). 57 C. torta Boott (111. 156). Spikes cylindric, slender; ? spikes 3 or more, very long, rather loose-flowered, attenuated below, staminate at vertex, upper nearly ses- sile, lower pedunculate and diverging recurved; perig. ovate, convex, terete up- wards, often acuminate, recurved, about equaling the narrow-lanceolate, rather obtuse, black glumo ; culm nearly 2f high, erect, rather slender, triquetrous, but scarcely rough-edged, leafy towards the base ; color light green. — Wet places in most of the States. (C. acuta, (3. sparsiflora, Ed. 1st.) 58 C. ceespitosa. $ Spiko single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong, black scales; $ spike 2 — 3, short-cylindric (!' long), erect, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracteate, lowest one short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the orifice, scarcely rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume ; st. 6 — 14', scabrous on the edge, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. flat. — Wet places, Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes) N. Y. and Michigan. (Crespitosa Good. nee. L.) 59 C. aperta Boott. $ Spikes 1 or 2, cylindric, erect ; $ spikes 2 to 4, oblong- cylindric, approximate above, sessile, stam. at apex, lowest somewhat remote and pedunculate ; perig. ovate, roundish, short-rostrate, 2-toothed, short-pedicellate, shorter than the lanceolate acute glume ; culm 1 to 18', rough-edged above. — Wet meadows, N. Eng. and far westward and northward. (C. acuta p. erecta Dew. Ed. 1st.) 60 C. strictior Dew. $ Spikes 1 — 2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes ; ? spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, $ above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling oflj glabrous, a little longer than the oblong and acute rusty glume ; st. a foot and more, triquetrous and rough on the angles» with reticulated filaments connecting tho 750 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. "* leaves towards the base ; Ivs. erect, close ; whole plant glaucous except the spikes "Wet places, common. Nearer C. caespitosa than C. stricta. 61 C. stricta Gooden. $ Spikes 1 — 2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scab rusty brown and obtuse ; ? spikes 2 — 3, long-cylindric, upper half $ , lower longer, short-pedunculate, loosely-flowered below ; perig. ovate-acuminate or ellip- tic, compressed at the orifice entire or slightly emarginate, and its glume strongly ferruginous, the lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and narrower than the perigynia ; st. 2f with reticulated filaments connect- ing the leaves (Boott). — Wet places, as bogs, common. 62 C. angustata Boott. $ Spikes 2 or 3, cylindric, slender ; ? spikes 1 to 4, cylindric, sessile, often nodding, the lowest short-pedunculate, the upper stain, at apex and hence tapering above or acute ; perig. oval or ovate, acutish, entire at orifice, or short-beaked, scarcely veined, equaling or shorter than the narrow or oblong, subacule, variable brown glume; culm 2f, acutely triquetrous, scabrous, not robust, longer than the stiff, narrow, glaucous leaves. — Very common in large bogs over the country. (C. acuta, ed. 1st. and Am. auth. not of L.) 63 C. aquatilis "Wahl. $ Spikes 1 — 4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, tho glume oblong, obtusish ;' $ spikes often 3, cylindric, thick above, 1 — 2' long, sub- erect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather small, entire, glabrous, protruded at tho orifice, scarcely equaling the green, ovate, acutish glume; st 20 — 30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. — In marshes and wet places, common. 64 C. gynandra Schw. (B. t. 48.) $ Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, some- times with a few 2 flowers; $ spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nod- ding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often $ at summit; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about -J as long as tho oblong, obtusish, scabrous-awned glume; st. 12 — 24' high, rough, triquetrous. — Common in wet places. 65 C. crinita Lam. (B. t. 47.) $ $ Spikes mostly 1, long, slender; spikes about 4, long-cylindric. densely-flowered, recurved, with a long, reclined peduncle ; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emarginate at the orifice, convex both sides ; glumes terminated by a, long, serrate point more than thrice, the length of the perigynia ; st. 20 — 42' high, recurved, rough-edged, palo green. Common in dry grounds. (C. paleacea Wahl. Ed. 1st.) 66 C. maritima Vahl. (Schk. fig. 74.) Spikes long, cylindric, subpendulous or recurved; $ spikes 1 to 3, pedunculate, bracted; perig. suborbicular, short-ros- trate or apiculate, emargiuate, veined, rather close, much shorter than the long- awned, ovate-oblong, or emarginate-awned glume ; culm 10 to 18', erect, with smooth leaves. — Sea coast, Mendon, Mass, and northward (Carey). — This is the real C. paleacea WahL described by him in almost the same language as his next species, C. maritima. 67 C. sallna Wahl. (Schk. fig. 185.) Spikes cylindric, erect; $ spikes 2 or 3, remotish, short-pedunculate, dense-flowered, leafy-bracted ; perig. elliptic, short- apiculate, double-convex, entire at the orifice, shorter than the oblong, acute, short- awned glume; culm 8 to 16', leafy below, with long leafy bracts auriculate at then: base. — Salt marshes, Mass, to Arc. Am. II. Stigmas 3, — Achenium triquetrous. 68 C. Fraseri Sims. Spike oblong, $ glume oblong, acutish ; $ fis. at the base in an ovoid or globous mass; perig. ovate or oblong, short-beaked, apex entire, longer than the oblong, obtuse glume; culm 8 to 10', flat, leafless; Ivs. 2 radical, flat, wide, veined, with no midvein, pale or glaucous and longer than the culm. — Tyger valley, Penn. (Muhl.), Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis). (C. lagopus Muhl.)— A peculiar and striking plant. 69 C. polytrichoides Muhl. Spike oblong, terminal ; perig. 3 — 8, oblong, alter- nate, erect, sub triquetrous, glabrous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovato and OBDBR 155.— CYPERACE^E. 757 obtuse, and rarely raucvonate glume; st. 4 — 12', very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves. — Common in wet, cold grounds. (C. microstaehya MX.) 70 C. leucoglochin Ehrh. Spike about 4-flowered, with 1 or 2 $ flowers at the apex; perig. lanceolate, subtriquetrous and tapering, much reflexed, twico longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume ; culm 3 — 8', with subradical and linear leaves. — In Ash field and Hawley, Mass, in a marsh (Porter.) C. pauciflora Light- foot.) 71 C. obtusata Lilj. (Schk. fig. 159.) $ Glumes oblong, obtuse, white; perig. about 4, ovate-globous, or ellipsoid, tapering-rostrate, smooth, scarious at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, acute, membranous glume ; culm 2 to 6', erect, leafy below, longer than the Ivs., with the fruit nearly black in maturity, color palo green. — N. States and Brit. Am. 72 C. pedunculata Muhl. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, on slender, recurred peduncles ; perig. obovate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate, finally brown glume ; culm 4 — 12', triangular, rather procumbent; sta, sometimes removed a little from tho $ spike. — Common in woods. Flowers early in the spring. 73 C. Baltzellii Chapm. (B. t. 41.) Spikes cylindric, long, dark-colored, with oblong-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, submucronate glumes; $ spike tapering below ; ? spikes 1 to 4, tho caulino one peduncled, remote from the staminato, with some $ fls. at its apex, tho others on long, slender and nearly radical pedun- cles, all lax-flowered ; perig. oblong-obovate, obtuse, short-rostrate, pediceled, veined, pubescent, equaling or surpassing the glume ; culm 6 to 10' slender, triquetrous, much s/wrter than the flat, rather wide radical leaves. — Fla. 74 C. Wildenowii Schk. (B. t. 95.) Sts. or radical ped. 1—3 ; spike com- monly single, stameniferous above, or tho stamens removed a little ; perig. 5 to 9, scabrous, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a little, tapering at tho base and conic-rostrate above ; ? glumes ovate and acute, the lower ones long and leaf- like, much surpassing the stem. — On dry grounds, common throughout tho U. S. — One variety has the $ spike distinct ; another is destitute of the long and leafy- scales, and is frequent at the North as well as in Fla. 75 C. Steuddlii Kth. (B. t. 96.) Sts. or radical ped. 1 — 8' long; spike com- monly single, with about 12 sterile fls. above; perig. 2 or 3, scabrous above; sub- globous or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate, terete; conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice; $ glumes usually long and leafy; Ivs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer lar than tho culms. — Jefferson Co., N. Y., and ia Ohio and tho Western States. 76 C. Backii Boott. (t. 97.) Ped. radical, 1 — 4f high, stiff, thick, or large; spike single, loith about 3 sterile fls. above ; perig. ovate, globous, smooth throughout, '2 to 4, conic-rostrate, entire at tho orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak articulated to the fruit ; $ glumes usually long and leaf-like, inclosing tho fruit ; Ivs. radical, flat, thick, rough or scabrous and short. — Jefferson Co., N. Y. and Arc. Am. — The two preceding species are closely related, and yet look very dif- ferent. The first (No. 74) is the slenderest. 77 C. squarr6sa L. Spikes 1 — 4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at first by tho decurrent $ flowers, all very densely flowered ; perig. ovate, subglobous, long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrous, longer than the lanceolate glume; cm. 1 — 2f, slender for the large spike or spikes; lower spikes pedunculate. — Largo and fine. It is C. typhina MX, when only one spike is present. — N. Eng. to 111. and southward. (3. (C. TYPHINOIDES Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and both longer and smaller. 78 C. scirpoidea MX. Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish ; $ glumo oblong, ob- tusish; ptrig. ovate, (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish, scarious dark purple glume; st. 4 — 10', erect; Ivs. flat and long. — White Mts., N. H. (Oakes), Wiiloughby Mt., Yt. (Wood), Drummond's Isle, Mich, and north- ward (Carey). 79 C. Boottiana Benth. (B. t. 42.) Spikes oblong-cylindric, attenuate at base, with a scale-like Iract ; a $ spike on one culm and a $ spike (or 2) on another, sparse-flowered below; perig. oUong-obovate, hairy, apiculate, entire at orifice, 758 ORDER 155.— CY PER ACE.fi pedicellate, veined, smaller than the oblong-obovate, short mucronate, dark purple, white-edged glume; culm 6 to 12' high, longer than the cauline, but shorter than the radical bright-green leaves. — La. (Drummond), Ala. (T. M. Peters). Curious and distinct, allied to C. Baltzellii. 80 C. virescens Muhl. (B. t. 72.) Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate ; upper spike very rarely wholly $ ; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glume, or about equal to it; st. 1 — 2fj rather slender; Ivs. towards the base. — Whole plant pubes- cent and light green. /8. COSTATA Schw. Perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish-brown ; Ivs. numerous and larger. Both are common in open woods and hedges. 81 C. triceps MX. (B. t. 117 in part). Spikes 3, short-ovate, erect, quite near, the upper short-peduncled, lowest leafy-bracted ; perig. obovate, obtuse, roundish- triquetrous, pubescent when in flower, roughish, usually much longer than the ovate acute glume; culm 1 to 2£ triquetrous, scabrous above, with shorter, sub- radical, scabrous Ivs. — N. Car. (Curtis) to Fla. and Ala. Differs considerably from the following, although the two are united by Boott. 82 C. hirstita Willd. (Schk., fig. 172.) Spikes 3, sJiort-oblong, thick, alternate, erect, rather near, upper subsessile, lowest pedunculate, all dense-flowered ; perig. ovate-triquetrous, obtusish, entire at the orifice, veined, very pubescent when young, rough and glabrous in maturity, longer than the ovate, acuminate, glabrous glumes; culm 12 to 18', stout, erect, scabrous above; Ivs. and sheaths strongly scabro-pubescent, grayish green. — Moist upland meadows, Can. to Penn., and far West. (3. PEDUNCULATA (Torr.) Spikes oblong-cylindric, pedunculate ; Ivs. slightly pubescent ; young glumes much longer than the perigynium. y. CUSPIPATA. (Djew.) Glumes ovate, cuspidate, longer than the perig. ; Ivs., sheaths, and culm very hirsute. — 111. (Vasey). 83 C. sestivalis Curtis. (B. t. 133.) Spikes 3 to 5, cylindric, slender, suberect, loose-flowered, bracteate ; $ glumes oblong, rather obtuse at the base of the upper spike, lowest spike pedunculate; perig. elliptic, 3-sided, tapering at both ends, glabrous, entire at orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse, often mucronate glume ; culms in tufts, 16 to 24', slender, with flat, pubescent Ivs., and leafy bracts. — Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis), also on Saddle Mt., Mass. (Dewey). JL, Aug. 84 C. Sliortiana Dew. Spikes 4 or 5, long-cylindric, erect, dense-flowered, tho highest half-staminate below, the others nearly all fertile, exsert-pedunculato ; perig. obovate, obtuse, convex-compressed, tapering at base and subpedicellate, minutely apiculate, scarcely longer than the ovate, acute glume; culm 12 to 30', with long Ivs. ; plant strong arid fine, bright green. — Marshes, Penn. to 111. and farther South. A distinct and beautiful species. 85 C. oxylepis Torr. (B. t. 131.) Spikes 3 to 6, long-cylindric, erect, exsert-pe- dunckd, bracteate, the lower remotish and loose-flowered at the base ; perig. ob- long, subtriquetrous, glabrous, tapering at either end, 2-lobed or notched at orifice, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, cuspidate, white edged glume; culm 15', erect, rather slender, leafy, pale green; spikes rather dark. — Fla. (Chapman) to Tex. (Torr.) 86 C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Spikes about 4, short, cylindric, thick, upper ono sometimes wholly $ , arid sometimes $ above and below ; pistiliferous oblong, subremote, subsessile, bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the ob*> long and mucronate glume; st. 10 — 18' high, leafy towards the base. — Common in. wet grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed by Schk., Wahl, &c., in the division having 3. 87 C. atrata L. Spikes 3 to 5, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, the upper rather near and sessile, lower pedunculate, scarcely sheathed; perig. roundish-oval, com- pressed, glabrous, short-beaked, slightly bidentate or notched, a little shorter than the dark, oblong glume; culm about If, with light green foliage and black spikes. White Mts. and Brit. Am. 88 C. gracillima Schw. (B. t. 134.) Spikes 3 — 4, long, graceful, sub-loose- flowered, distant, long-pedicellate, recurved in maturity, bracteate, upper one ORDER 155. — CYPEEACE^E. *759 • rarely all $ • perig. oblong, triquetrous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2- lobed, longer than the oblong, obtuse, and short-awned glume ; st. often 2f, reddish towards the base, leafy and subprocumbent, pale green. — Common in damp meadows. 89 C. formosa Dew. (B. 1. 130.) Spikes 3 — 4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slender peduncle, recurved; perig. oblong, triquetroug, sub- inflated, acutish at either end, nearly entire or 2-lobed at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and acute glume ; st. 1 — 2f, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish bright green. — Common in wet meadows. 90 C. Davfsii Torr. (B. t. 132.) Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flow- ered, remote, pedicellate, pendulous in maturity; perig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, aeutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous to- wards maturity, about equaling the oblong, scabrous-awned glume; st. 1 — 2f, trique- trous, scabrous above, with leaves equaling it ; Ivs. and sheaths pubescent, some- times but very little, light green. — First found on the alluvial meadows of the Housatonic in Mass. (Dewey). Sometimes nearly pubescent. 91 C. prsBCoa: Jacq. $ Spike erect, subclavate ; $ spikes 1 — 3, ovate, bracte- ate, approximate, lower one short-pedunculate; perig. 6 — 12, ovate and subglo- bous, triquetrous, pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucron- ate glume ; cm. 2 — 6', leafy at the base. — On rocky hills, Salem, Mass. (Pickering), Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes). 92 C. nigro-marginata Schw. $ Spike erect, short-cylindric, with oblong, obtuse, dark glumes, white on the edge and green on the keel; $ spikes 1, 2, rarely 3, ovate, 4. to 6-flowered, the lowest squarrous-bracted, near the $ , on one long, scabrous stem or ped. (6 to 8' long), 2 or 3 short (2 to 4'), and radical ped. all on the samo root ; perig. ovate or oblong, tapering below or pediceled, slender-beaked, rough- ish, about equaling the ovate or lance-oblong, dark glume, which is white on the edge and keel; Ivs. radical, scabrous, recurved, bright green, longer than the culm. — Dry hiils, Penn. to Pla. and La, 93 C. umbellata Schk. Dwarf; $ spike short, erect ; $ spikes several, each on its low, radical peduncle, ovate, subumbellate, green; perig. ovate or globous, 5 — 8, acutish at either end, rostrate, short-bidentate, pubescent, equaling the ovate- lanceolate glume ; st. \ — 4', with very long leaves. /3. YICIXA Dew. 1 or 2 $ spikes close to the $ , sessile ; the other ? spikes on their own stems or radical peduncles. — In small tufts on dry hills. Both varieties grow on tho samo root, but Schk. saw and figured only the first. 94 C. Emmonsii Dew. $ Spike sessile, short (3") ; $ spikes 2 — 3, approximate, sessile, few-flowered, very short, often one long, radical peduncle ; perig. globous- triquetrous. attenuated at the base, rostrate, pubescent, at the orifice oblique, about equal to tho ovate glume ; culm filiform, decumbent, 6 — 10', leafy at the base, pale ash-green. — On dry fields and hilis ; common. (C. Noveas- Angles, j3. Carey.) 95 C. Pennsylvanica Lam. $ Spike erect, pedunculate, long (6 to 8"), sublri- quetrous, with an obtuse glume ; $ spikes 1 — 3, ovate, subsessile, subapproximate, few-flowered; perig. ovate-globous, tomentous, short rostrate, slightly 2-toothed, about equal to tho ovate-acuminate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume ; st. 4 — 12', erect, stiff, with short culm-lvs., and often with long, stiff, root-lvs. (when it is C. marginata, as in Schk., fig. 143). — Open woods and hedges, common — much resembles the preceding, but readily distinguished by its different aspect and its deep reddish-brown scales. 96 C. Novee-Anglige Schw. $ Spike short, slender, oblong; ? spikes 2 — 3, ovate, alternate, sessile, remotish, few-flowered, bracteate ; perig. 3 — 6, oval-tri- quetrous, rostrate, costate, slightly pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mucron- ate glume; st. 4 — 8', slender, subdecumbent, longer than tho leaves. — Pale green. Open woods in high grounds. (C. varia (3. minor Boott.) fl. COLLECT A Dew. St. 10 — 16', very slender, erect; $ spikes 2 — 4, lowe* short-pedunculate; perig. more tapering into a beak, slightly bidentate.-— High lands of Mass. ; not abundant. 97 C. varia Muhl. $ Spike erect, short or subelongated ; $ spikes 3. ovate, sessile, rather near, bracteate, few-flowered; perig. ovate or sub-globous, subtriquetrous, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubesccnt, about equal to the ovate, acuminate YQO ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. glume; st. 6 — 15', erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale green. — Dry woods and hedges ; common. ft. PEDICELLATA Dew., has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellate erect, loose-flowered ; perig. more numerous. — Grows in the same situations. 98 C. vestita Willd. (B. t. 120.) $ Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric-oblong ; $ spikes 2, ovate-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above; perig. ovate, suborbicular, subtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronato glume ; st. 18 — 30', acutely triangular and leafy below.— -Common in wet places over tho country. 99 C. pubescens MuhL (B. t. 60.) $ Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest pedunculate; perig. lance-ovate, triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucronate glume ; st. 10 — 20' high, and with the leaves, pubescent. — Moist woods and meadows; common. 100 C. flava L. $ Spikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes andro- gynous ; perig. ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentale, reflexed with a long, curved beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 10 — 20' rather obtusely angled or triquetrous ; glabrous ; yellowish-green. — Wet and cold soils ; common in this country as well as in Eur. {3. LEPIDOCARPA. Taller and more slender, with short, round-ovate spikes aggregated, or except the lower, with perig. rostrate and recurved in matu- rity, about twice as long as the ovate, obtuse glumes. — With the other. (C. lepidocarpa, Ed, 2.) 101 C. .5jvderi Ehrh. Spikes sometimes androgynous ; $ about 4, clustered, nearly sessile, short-oblong, sometimes $ above or below, bracteate ; perig. rather obovate, subiriflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer than tho ovate glume ; st. 2 — 10', leafy. — Pale yellow. Mass and N. Y., abun- dant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls. 102 C. folliculata L. nee. Schk. ? Spikes 2 — 4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, tho peduncles sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often $ at the apex, long bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate, twice longer than the oblong-ovate, acute, long- awned glume ; st. 2 — 5f, lealy; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, long and fiat. — Palo yellow. In wet or marshy places ; common. (C. Xanthophysa Wahl.) 103 C. rostrata MX. $ Spike short and small ; $ spikes 2—3, sub-globous, or capitate, bracteato ; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic, very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish glume; st. 8 — 16', few-leaved, erect, stiff. — Pale yellow. At the base of tho White Mts., N. II., Oakes ; also in Canada, where MX. found it. Not recognized as the plant of Michaux till 1840, Sil. Jour. XXXIX, p. 52. 104 C. turg£scens Torr. Spike oblong, cylindric, erect; ? spikes 2 or 3, ovate-globous, few (10 to 12)-flowered, highest sessile and near the $, lowest often quite remote, cxsertly pedunculate, perig. ovate, inflated, diverging, conic- rostrate, bidentate, striate, twice longer than the ovate, acute glume ; culm 2 to 3f, slender, longer than the leaves, yellowish or pale green. — Ma. to La. (Chapm. Ingalls.) 105 C. Elliottii Schw. $ Spike cylindric, 1' long, with oblong, obtuse glumes > $ spikes 2 or 3, ovate, roundish, sessile, upper staminate at apex, lowest some- times pedunculate; perig. ovate-triquetrous, glabrous, veined, rostrate, 2-toothed, about twice as long (3") as the ovate, obtuse glume; culm 1 to 2f, triquetrous, rc- ' curved. — N. Car. to Fla. (C. castanea Ell. nee Wahl. C. Baldwinia Dew. in Sil. Jour.) 106 C. intum€scens Rudge. (B. t. 148.) $ Spike oblong, pedunculate; ? spikes 1 — 3, few-flowered, approximate, bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one sometimes remote and exsertly pedunculate ; perig. ovate-conic, large and much inflated, acuminate-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer (5 to 6") than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff, leafy, dark green and very glabrous. — Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes/ common. (C. folliculata Schk.) ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 761 107 C. lupullna Muhl. (B. 1. 149.) $ Spike erect, slender, subsessile ; $ spikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, large, (20" by 9") and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedun- culate, erect, densely flowered, approximate, the lowest sometimes long-peduncu- late and distant ; perig. ovate-conic, ventricous, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume; st. 1 — 3f, triquetrous, leafy ; Ivs. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge. — Bright green. Well named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and about ponds, common. (C. lurida Wahl.) 108 C. lupuliformis Sartwell. (B. t. 150.) $ Terminal spike long cylindric, pedunculate, sometimes 1 or 2 short sessile ones below it ; $ spikes 3 to 5, large (2 to 3'), cylindric, (9" thick) near, subsessile, the lowest more or less remote on a long, exsert peduncle, all leafy bracted and subloose-flowered ; perig. globous- ovate, inflated, long and large, terete, scabrous-rostrate, 2-horned, more than twice longer than the ovate, cuspidate glume; culm 2 to 3f, erect, large, stiff, surpassed by the leafy bracts as well as by the lanceolate, rough, bright, green leaves.— Borders of marshes, common. (C. lupulina, /?. polystachya Torr.) 109 C. tentaculata Muhl. 5 Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, (24" ty 6 or 7") bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest nearly sessile, densely flowered ; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate and small scabro-mucronate glume ; st. 1 — 2f, often large, triquetrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, longer than the stem. — In clusters in wet or marshy places ; common. 110 C. stenolepia Torr. $ Spike short and small, rarely wanting ; $ spikes 3 to 5, cylindric, obtuse, oblong or rarely short, highest sometimes androgynous, upper aggregated on the zigzag stem, lowest long-pedunculate, all very dense- flowered, erect and stiff, with long and leafy bracts; perig. oblong-obovate, infla- ted, tapering below, abruptly obtuse, long-beaked, bifurcate, a little longer than the ovate -linear, awned glumo; culm 1 to 2f, erect, strong, smooth, striate, with flat, rather wide, rough-edged, bright green leaves. — Ya. to 111., in marshes, rare, late-flowering. 111 C. plaiitaginea Lam. nee Muhl. (B. t. 88.) $ Spike erect, large, sub- clavate, with oblong and acute glumes ; $ spikes 3 to 5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-pedunculate, the lower ones exsertly- pedunculate, with subulate bracts ; perig. oblong, triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the apex, and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume ; st. 8 — 18' high, erect, triquetrous, with dark brown sheaths ; Ivs. radical, broad, (9 to 10"), ensiform, strongly 3-nerved. — Bright green. Hedges and open woods, common, and one of the first appearing species in the spring. (C. latifolia Wahl.) 112 C. Careyana Torr. (B. t. 89.) $ Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and obtuse glumes ; $ spikes 2 or 3, ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper sub- sessile, all leafy bracteate; perig. ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronate glume ; st. 1 — 2f, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 6" wide. — Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., (Carey) and Ohio (Sullivant). Closely related to C. plantaginea. 113 C. laxiflora Lam. nee. Schk. (B. t. 87.) ? Spikes 2 — 4, subflliform, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote with a 2-edged peduncle, kafy bracteate, upper one subsessile ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, atten- uate, glabrous, striate, excurved at the apex, a little longer than the oblong-mucron- ate or ovate-acute glume; st. 6 — 12', acutely triquetrous; Ivs. radical, of medium (3 to 4'') width. — Glaucous or light green. Woods and hedges, common. Va- riable. (C. anceps Willd, Am. auct.) /3. PATULIFOLIA Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) Lvs. radical, broad, many- veined, narrower at the base; sheaths with long and leafy bracts; perig. longer-rostrate. 7. ANGUSTIFOLIA Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high ; Ivs. narrow, striate, long ; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved. 114 C. platyphylla Carey. (Boot. t. 90.) $ Spike with oblong, acute glumes ; $ spikes 2 or 3, oblong, slender, few (3 to 6)-flowered, erect, not compact ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, acute, short-beaked, subrecurved, entire at the orifice, longer f62 ORDER 155.— CYFERACE^E. than the ovate, acute or cuspidate glume ; culm 3 to 8', erect, triquetrous, slender, at length, nearly prostrate, with sheathing, leafy bracts; Ivs. radical, broad (7 to 10"), 3-veined, pale green. — Shades, N. States. Confounded with No., Ill or 113, 5, until described by Carey in SilL Jour, and Gray's Manual. 115 C. zanthosperma Dew. (B. t. 86.) $ Spike cylindric, short, sessile, with oblong, obtuse glumes; $ spikes 3 to 6, oblong, cylindric. rather loose-flowered, leafy-bracted, suberect, subremote, the lowest sometimes recurved; perig. ovate, oblong, obtusish, minutely veined, slightly apiculate, yellow ochre color in maturity, twice or thrice longer than (or the lower equaling) the broadly ovate, acute or mucronate glume; culm 10 to 16', erect, smooth, and with the lanceolate, sheathing Ivs. at length yellowish. — N. J. to Fla. and Tex. (C. flaccosperma Ed. 1.) 116 C. blanda Dew. ? Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric. subsparse-flowered, alter- nate, approximate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle; perig. obovate and scarcely attenuate below; subtriq. nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume; st. 8 — 12', triquetrous, leafy towards the base; Ivs. long as the stem. — Pale green or glaucous. Meadows and dry, open woods, common. (C. conoidea Muhl nee Schk., C. laxiflora ft. Carey, Boott) 117 C. retrocurva Dew. $ Spikes 2 — 4, on long, filiform, recurved peduncles, bracteate, subdense-flowered, short and thick, oblong; perig. ovate, triqu. nerved, cUusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 6 — 12' high, prostrate; Ivs. radical and wide. — Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. digit- alis, Willd., but is different. 118 C. conoidea Schk. nee Muhl. (B. t. 81.) $ Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, or ovate- oblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered, bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, obtusish, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate- subulate glume ; st. 8 — 1 2' high ; Ivs. towards the base, shorter than the stem. — Bright green. Moist, upland meadows, common. 119 C. grisea "Wahl. (B. t. 85.) $ Spike oblong, slender; $ spikes 2 to 4 oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered, erect, remote; perig. ovate, or oblong-ovate, obtusish, glabrous, ventricous, nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume; st. 10 — 18" high, triquetrous, leafy. — Bright, to pale green. Woods, hedges and meadows, common, N. and Mid. States. (C. laxiflora Schk. et Muhl. nee Lam.) 120 C. jiincea "Willd. $ Spike short-cylindric, with oblong, obtuse glumes; 5 spikes 2, rarely 3, filiform, loose and alternate-flowered, pedunculate, long-seta' ceous-br acted ; perig. lanceolate, slender, subtriquetrous, longer than the ovate, obtuse, white-edged glume; culm If or more, slender, longer than the radical, bristle- form leaves; aspect light green, rush-like. — Roan Mts., N. Car. (C. miser Buckley). 121 C. digitalis Willd. (B. t. 92.) ? Spikes about 3, loosely 4— IQ-flowered, oblong, distant, lax and recurved, leaf y-lr acted ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alter- nate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, entire at the orifice, longer than tho lance-ovate glume; st. 4 — 12', shorter than the long, linear, decumbent leaves. — Pale green. (C. Caroliniana Buckley.) 8. VANVLECKII Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller. — Open, moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oliocarpa, Schk. & Muhi 122 C. eburnea Boott. (t. 184). 5 Spikes 2—3, erect, 3— 6-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths, and the upper higher than the $ spike ; perig. ovate- globous, rostrate, or slightly obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate, hyaline glume; cm. 4 — 10', erect, with subradicai and bristle-form-leaves. — Pale green, common, limestone grounds. S. W. Vt to Ivan, and southward. 123 C. Washingtoniana Dew. 6 Spike erect, slender, with oblong, obtuse, dark brown glumes; ? spikes 2 to 4, rarely 6, upper short, sessile, near, lower much longer, loose-cylindric, subremote, stalked, loose-flowered, all brown ; perig. ovoid, tapering above, compressed-triquetrous, orifice entire, about equaling or often shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, dark-brown, white-edged glume; culm If or more, triquetrous, smooth, longer than the fat, smooth Ivs. ; light green. — White Mts. N. H., the most common Carex there, forming a turf with the mosses and ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 763 lichens on the borders of ponds. (C. rigida, /?. Carey ; but differs in its fruit, glume, loose spikes, Ivs. &c.) 124 C. granularis MuhL (B. t. 84.) $ Spikes 2 — 4, cylindric, oblong, dense- flowered, suberect; perig. roundish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume ; st. 8 — 16', erect or subdecumbent, smooth, leafy. — Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant. (3. RECTA. Perig. ovate, slightly inflated, short-acute, straight-beaked or acu- minate ; in some the lower spikes aro also long-peduncled. — S. I1L (Vasey) and La. (Hale). 125 C. panicea L. $ Spikes 2 — 3, loose-flowered, remotish, lowest long-peduncu- late ; perig. subglobous, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute glume; st. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base; Ivs. shorter than the stem. — Light green. Near Boston (Pickering). 126 C. livida Yahl, $ Spike oblong; $ spikes 2 — 3, oblong-cylindric, subloose- flowered; perig. ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice ; longer than the obtuse, oblong glume ; st. G — 16' high, erect, tri- quetrous, striate, with leaves about its own length. — Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near Utica, N". Y. (Gray) cedar swamp, N. J., and more northern regions. (C. Grayana, Ed. 1.) 127 C. tetaiiica Schk., fig. 207. $ Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote; perig. obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, ob- tusish at the upper and mucronate at the lower part of the spike; st. G — 10' high, triquetrous, longer than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves. — Light green. Up- land meadows, rare. Its recurved short beak or cramped neck (whence its name) distinguishes it from C. "Woodii. 128 C. Woodii Dew. $ Spikes 1 to 3, erect, cylindric, loose-flowered, the lowest pedunculate, finally recurved; perig. obovate, tapering below, subpediceled, tri- quetrous, obtuse, orifice mature closed, sometimes short-apiculate, veined, glab- rous, longer than the broad, hyaline, green-keeled, rarely mucronate glume; culm 10 to 20', slender, stiff; Ivs. very short; plant with a close, slight pubescence, palo green.— Shores of Perch Lake, &c. Jeff. Co., N. Y. (Drs. Crawe and Wood). A clear species (Dr. Vasey). 129 C. Meadii Dew. (B. t. 82.) $ Spike ovate-oblong, often long, with glumes oblong, obtuse, tawny-edged; ? spikes 2 to 4, oblong or cylindric, rather lax- flowered, upper often staminate at apex, lowest long-stalked, remote, all leafy- bracted ; perig. oval or oblong, tapering some at both ends, veined, with entire orifice, scarce, equaling the broad-ovate, acute or obtuse-mucronate, tawny-edged glume; culm 8 to 10', erect, leafy below, rough above, longer than the leaves; pale green. — Augusta, 111. (Mead), Mich, and Ohio. (C. panicea Carey ; but clearly distinct.) 130 C. oligocarpa Schk. (B. t. 93.) $ Spikes 2 or 3 erect, 3 or ^-flowered, bracteate ; perig. obovate, roundish-triquetrous, short-rostrate^ entire at the mouth, longer than the oblong-mucronate glume; culm 6 to 12' high; Ivs. flat and shorter towards the base ; plant light green. — Open woods or hedges, rare. Differs frem the following species in its fruit, pubescence, and stouter, coarser aspect. 131 C. Hitchcockiana Dew. (Boott. t. 94.) $ Spike erect, pedunculate; $ Spikes 2 — 3, erect, 5 to I0-flowered, lowest distant; perig. oval-triquetrous, ta- pering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equaling or shorter than the oblong or ovate, mu» cronate glume ; st. 10 — 24' high, erect, stiff, scabrous above, with long and leafy bracts ; st. Ivs. and bracts scabrous and subpubescent. — Borders of woods, N. Eng. to 111. and Ky. 132 C. styloftexa Buckley. $ Spikes cylindric, short, slender, erect, with ob- long, obtuse glumes ; ? spikes 1 to 4, oblong, dense, some of them near the stami- nate and subsessile, the others distant or very remote, on long (2 to 6'), filiform, exsert, drooping peduncles, leafy-bracted ; perig. ellipsoid, tapering below, rostrate, often recurved, once to twice longer than the ovate or lance-linear, membranous glume j culm 2f, slender, flaccid, triquetrous, longer than the smooth, light green f(54 ORDEB 155. — CYPERACE^E. leaves.— Mts. N. Car. (Buckley) and Va, to Fla. (C. laxiflora, J3. styloflexa, Boott t. 87). 133 C. debilis Michx. $ Spike erect, filiform ; $ spikes 3 — 4, not very rarely pistillate above, filiform, loose-flowered, flexuous, nodding, remotish, 1 — 2' long; perig. oblong-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, alternate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 1 — 2f~ triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the base. — Bright green. Moist woods and mead- ows, common. (C. flexuosa Schk.) 134 C. arctata Boott. $ Spikes 3 — 4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventrioous, bifid, glabrous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume ; st. 10 — 20', scabrous above and leafy below. — Pale green. In the same situations as the preceding, common. (C. Sylvatica Dew. Sill. Jour.) 135 C. Sullivantii Boott. (t. 122). ? Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cylindric, rather loose-flowered, bracted, the lowest long-pedunculate and sparse-flowered below ; perig. ovate or oval, apiculate, scarcely veined, scabrous-hairy, short-pediceled ; $ glume on the lowest spike obovate, obtuse or emarginate, long-cuspidate, the cusp extending above the fruit ; on the upper spike the cusp is shortened and the oblong glume scarce equals the fruit ; culm 1 to 2fj longer than the leaves ; plant slightly hairy, light green. — Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant). 136 C. Kneiskernii Dew. ? Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax- flowered, with recurved p3dunclcs ; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, glabrous, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2-toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume which is obtusish and short-mucronate. — Woods, Oriskany and Rome, N. Y. Closely related to C. Sullivantii, but differs materially when mature, in.tho fruit, glume and long triquetrous achenium. Also, by the same marks, from C. arctata Boott. to which Carey improperly (as mentioned by Boott. t, 122) re- fers it 137 C. capillaris L. $ Spike small; ? spikes 2— 3, ovate, oblong, about C- flowered, loose-flowered, long and recurved pedunculate ; perig. oval, short-ros- trate, oblong, oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume ; st. 2 — 7' high, leafy at the base ; Ivs. narrow, long. — Grows in tufts, very deli- cate, 4 to G', pale green. Alpine regions of the White Mts. (Robbing). 138 C. fulva Good. $ Spikes 3, oblong, subdense-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, round, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, dark brown, subacute glume ; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards tho base. — Pale green. Near Boston (Greene). (C. binervis Ed. 1.) 139 C. lasvigata Smith. $ Spike one and erect, sometimes 2 ; $ spikes 2—3, oblong, bracteate, pedunculate, nodding; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glume ; st. 1 — 2f, scabrous above, leafy towards the base. — Light green. Near Boston (Green). Rare. This and the last probably introduced from Eur. (C. Greeniana Ed. 1.) 140 C. flexilis Rudge. (B. t, 79). ? Spikes 2 — 1, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nod- ding ; perig. ovate, subconic, rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume; st. 12 — 18', erect, striate ; Ivs. short, and shorter below ; Ivs. and bracts ciliate. — Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y. (Gray), and far west- ward. (C. castanea Wahl.) 141 C. venusta Dew. (B. t, 123.) a Spike long, slender, with oblong, obtuse, tawny glumes; $ spikes 2 or 3, long-cylindric, rather loose -flowered, lowest dis- tant, on a long, exsert stalk, often sparse-flowered, recurved, dark; perig. conic above, tapering below into a pedicel, short-beaked, 2-toothed, veined, rough-pubes- cent, twice longer than the ovate, obtuse (sometimes mucronate) glume ; culm 1 to 2f, longer than tho linear-lanceolate, light green leaves. — S. Car. to Fla. 142 C. tenax Chapm. (Boott. t., 59.) $ Spike short, cylindric, with oblong, acute glumes ; $ spikes 2 or 3, ovate or oblong, dense, subsessile, the lower some- times remote ; perig. oval, triquetrous, some tapering below, conic-beaked or shorter and 2-toothed, finely striate, pubescent, twico longer than the narrow-ovate, acute ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. 7C5 glume; culm li" erect; Iva. short, flat, both glabrous. — Ga, Fla. (C. Chapmauil Sartw.) 143 C. Richardsonil R. Brown. $ Spike oblong, erect, stalked, with ovate, obtuse, brown, white-bordered glumes; $ spikes 1 to 3, smaller, oblong, lax, the upper near, the lowest more remote, ail longer than the broad, membranous, white, obtuse bract; perig. ovate-triquetrous, very obtuse, scarcely beaked, orifice entire, below tapering, pubescent, scarcely equal to the brown, ovate, acute, white- edged glume ; culm 4 to 10', scabrous, longer than the scabrous leaves. — "Woods, Greece, N. Y. (Bradley), 111. (Mead.), and Arc. Am. A fine species with a wide range. 144 C. dasycarpa Muhl. (B. t, 57.) $ Spike oblong, erect, subsessile, small ; $ spikes 2 or 3, short-oblong, alternate, hoary, the lowest remote, bracts longer than the culm ; pcrig. oblong-ovate, triquetrous, short-beaked, veined, dense-vil- lous, emarginate at orifice, longer than the ovate-acuminate glume ; culm 8 to 14', triquetrous, glabrous, longer than the hairy, narrow-lanceolate Ivs. ; grayish green. —Dry fields, N. Car. to Fla. 145 C. Michigansis Dew. Terminal spike staminate, oblong-clavate, erect, short stalked ; $ spikes 1 to 3, rarely 4, oblong -filiform, lax, some or all three stam. at apex, squarrous-bracted, the upper sessile, lower short-stalked ; perig. (too young) oblong-obovate, lance, acute, bifid, some villous, shorter than the oblong, acute, rusty brown gl ; culms clustered, 6 to 14', slender, triq., shorter than the linear, stiff, rough-edged Ivs. — Mich. (Wm. Boott, Esq.). 146 C. Torreyi Tuckm. $ Spike oblong, short ped. ; % spikes 2 — 3, short, ollong, subsessile, erect ; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriq. entire at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute gl. ; st. 12 — 18' erect, triq., with subradical and pubescent Ivs. — Pale green. N". Y. (Tuckerman.) 147 C. Crawei Dew. $ Spikes 3 — 6, cyl. short and thick, densely flowered, some- times aggregated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-ped. ; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice longe* than the ovate and obtusish gl. ; $ spike with one or two small ones at its base. — Jeff. Co., N". Y. It commemorates the name of Dr. Crawe, its discoverer, who was soon after drowned, on a botanical excursion, in Griffin's Bay. 148 C. ignota Dew. $ Spike cyl., slender, erect, long-stalked, scale-bracted, with oblong, obtusish gig. ; ? spikes 2 or 3, oblong, lax, erect, leafy -bracted, tho lowest long-ped. ; perig. elliptic-triq., tapering below, conic-rostrate, slender, entire at the orifice or slightly 2-toothed, recurved more or less, a little longer than the ovate, acute, lane, or cuspidate gl. ; culm 18 to 24', pale green. — La. (Hale). /?. FUiiFoRMis. A smaller form ; perig. more spindle-form, and the glume acute, shorter in proportion. Fla. (C. fusiformis Chapmaa) 149 C. scabrata Schw. $ Spike short-stalked ; ? spikes 3 — 6, cyL, subrecurved, remotish, long-ped.; perig. ovate-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, qulto scabrous, longer than the ovate-lane., acuminate, short-bidentate, ciliate gl. ; culm 1 — 2f, acutely triq., rough, above, longer than the Ivs. towards the base. — Bright green. Along brooks and streams, common. N. States, N. Car. (Curtis). 150 C. subulata MX. $ Spike erect, small, short, with lane., white gl. ; $ spikes 3 to 5, oblong, 3 to 1-fruited, distant, sessile above, the highest close to the stam- inate, the lower exsert-ped., leafy-bracted, sometimes $ at apex ; perig. subulate or lance-ovate, long, rostrate, slender, veined, glabrous, with 2 curved teeth di- varicate or reflexed, more than thrice longer than the white, lane, gl ; culm 6 to 14 to 24' high, very slender, lax, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, striate, flat, shorter than tho culm ; very light green. — Can. to N. J., along the coast. 151 C. pallescens L. $ SpiJces 2 — 3, oblong, short, cyl., distant, yellowish green, nodding towards maturity ; perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate, pale gl ; st. 6 — 16', hardly erect; bracts sometimes transversely rugous. — Plant often subpubesceut, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common. — C. undulata Kunze, is admitted by Kunza himself to ba only van, differing chiefly ia it3 wavy, lowest bract. 152 C. limosa L. $ Spikes 1 — 3, ovate or oblong, long-ped., Bubloose-flowered, pendulous; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at 76G ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^E. the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate, rust-colored gl ; culm 8 — 16', ascending, obtusely triq., with subradical Hat and narrow Ivs. — Glaucous green. Marshes, common. 153 C. irrigua Smith. 5 Spikes 2 — 3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding ; perig. roundish-ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, chestnut-brown gl ; st. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subcurved Ivs. ; glaucous. — $ Spike rarely 2 at the summit, or 2 spikes with stamens at the base. Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y. (Gray) also in marshes in Mass, and Mich. (Cooley), rare. (C. limosa, (3 irrigua Wahl.) 154 C. rarifiora Smith. 2 Spikes about 2 linear, quite loose-flowered, long-ped., nodding ; perig. ovate, oblong, triqu., depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate, brown gl. ; culm 10'. — Glaucous. White Mountains, N. II. (Barratt). (C. limosa (3. rariflora "VValiL) 155 C. Barrattii Torr. (B. t. 176.) $ Spike 1, erect, cyl, long (rarely 2), with ovate, obtuse, dark gls. ; 2 spikes 2 to 6, often long-cyl., staminate at apex, tho lower on slender, recurved pedicels, upper erect, commonly single, sometimes 2 or 4 from the same bract, purple or dark ; perig. ovate or lance-ovate, often with a very short beak, obtuse, slightly diverging, roughish, longer than the ovate dark gl. ; culm 1 to 2f, longer than the long, rough leaves; glaucous green. — N. J. to N. Car. (Curtis). (C. flacca Carey. C. recurva Huds.) 156 C. milliacea Muhl. $ Spike erect, slender; ? spikes 2 — 3, long-cyl., slen- der, loose-flowered below, nodding; perig. ovate, triq., glabrous, subrostrate, en- tire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginato or obcordate, awned gl. ; st. 1 2 — 24', slender, scabrous ; Ivs. linear-lane. — Yellowish green. Wet meadows, common. 157 C. hystricina Willd. (B. t. 152.) $ Spike rarely pistillate at tho sum- mit; 2 spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cyl., attenuate, subdistant, long-braeteate, nodding, farely sheathed ; perig. ovate, diverging, inflated, subtriq., nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong, emarginate, submucronate gl. ; culm 12 — 24', scab- rous above, with long, linear-lance. Ivs. — Yellowish green. Wet places, very common. (See Sill. Journ., 1848, C. Georgiana.) /3. COOLEYI. $ Spikes short small, $ spikes often short-ovate, the lowest on a very long (5 to 8'), recurved, filiform peduncle; culm very slender, prostrate, shorter than the long, narrow Ivs. — Mich. (Cooley). (C. Cooley i, Ed. 1.) 158 C. Pseudo-cyperus L. (Schk. fig. 102.) $ Spike cyl. and elongated; $ spikes 3 — 4, cyl., long-ped., rather remote recurved-pendulous, with long and leafy bracts ; perig. ovate, lane., bide.ndate, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate- lane, or setaceous gl. — Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller in all its parts than C. comosa (Boott), the fruit of the latter is deeply and widely bifurcate, and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have been confounded in our country, though long known. 159 C. comosa L. (B. t. 36.) $ Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above ; 2 spikes 2 — 5, long-cyl., pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate-lane., acuminate, rostrate, deeply ^-forked, reflexed, triq., glabrous, generally longer than the lane., mucronate, setaceous gl. ; culm 18 — 30', large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts. Plant very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches, common. (C. fur- cata Ell.) 160 trichocarpa Muhl. 2 Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or 2 above, cyl., lower shorter ; 2 spikes 2 — 4, erect, long-cyl., smoothish, rather loose-flowered ; perig. ovate, conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pubescent, about twice longer than the ovate-lane, gl. ; culm 15 — 30', scabrous above, and with pubescent leaves and sheaths. — Light green. In wet and marshy places, com- mon. /?. TURBTNATA Dew. $ spikes ovate or short oblong, thick, remote, dense- flowered ; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovate-oblong, mucronate gl. ; st. 2 — 3f. — Glaucous green. In a pond in Beckmau, N. Y., there abundant 161 C. verniccsa Muhl. 3 Spike (rarely 2) cyl., large, obtuse, stalked, with ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^. 767 oblong, retuso, mucronato gls. ; $ 3 to 6, soon nodding, cyl., leafy-bracted, $ above, lowest exsert-ped. ; perig. ovate-compressed, triq., glaucous, short-rostrate- bifid, scarcely veined, about equal to the ovate-oblong, emarginate, mucronate or awned brown gl. ; the awn extending beyond the perig. ; culrn 2 to 3f, erect, stiff, triq., striate ; Ivs. and bracts stiff, rough, often over-passing the culm ; color glau- cous green, with dark spikes. — Wet grounds, Penn. to Ga., La. and Ky. Apr., May. (C. glaucescens Ell.) /3. ANDROGYNA Curt. Spikes 4 to 7, large, 3 to 4' long, upper one staminate at base, the others pistillate and in part staminate at apex. — Wilmington, N". Car. (Curtis). "An autumnal var.," flowers in Oct. 162 C. lanuginosa Michx. $ Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect ; ? spikes 2 — 3, cyl., erect, dense-flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriq., thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling the ovate-lane., awued gl. ; culm 12 — 24', nearly round below, withyfotf, linear-lane. Ivs. and bracts. — Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places and marshes, common. (C. pellita Muhl.) 163 C. filiformis L. (B. t. 121.) $ Spikes 2—3, with oblong glumes; $ spikes 2 — 3, ovate, oblong, short-cyl., close-flowered, remotish, erect ; perig. ovate, villous, short-rostrate, bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute gl. ; culm 20 — 30', erect, slender, stiff, with convolute Ivs, and bracts. — Palo green. Marshes, common. 164 C. striata MX. (B. 1. 141.) $ Spikes 1 to 4, commonly 2, oblong, cyl., erect, the lower sessile, shorter ; $ spikes 2, rarely 1, long-cylc., erect, dense, with peds. inclosed, upper often $ at apex ; perig. ovate, acuminate, inflated, rough-downy, orifice bifid, scarce rostrate, twice longer than the acute, tawny gl. ; culm 14 — 20', erect, leafy-bracted, longer than the striate, lane. Ivs. — Penn., N. J. to Fla. (C. polymorpha, Ed. 1.) 165 C. Houghtonii Torr. (B. t. 49.) $ Spikes 1 to 3, oblong, erect, purple to pale, with oblong, obtuse, mucronate, white-edged gls. ; $ spikes 2 or 3, thickish, oblong-cyl., leafy-bracted; perig. ovate, inflated, short-rostrate, dirty brown, bifur, cate, veined, hispid-downy, nearly twice longer than the ovate, mucronate, white- edged gl. ; culm about If, erect, stiff, triq., rough, about equaling the Ivs. — Flo. (Chapman!), also Lake La Biche, N. W. Ter. (Hough ton). 166 C. polymorpha Muhl. Var. 2. (B. t. 56.) $ Spikes 1 to 3, oftener 2, oblong, erect, sessile, with oblong, obtuse glumes; ? 2, sometimes 1, oblong- cyl., erect, rather loose, upper staminate at apex, lower remote, exsert-ped. ; pe- rig. oval-ovate, slightly inflated, subtriq., short-rostrate, orifice oblique, veined, glaucous, a little longer than the ovate, reddish, white-edged gl. ; culm 2 to 20', erect, stiff, triq., longer than the light green Ivs., which are reddish at the root. — Sandy plains, Mass, to Penn. and W. N. Y. (C. Halseyana, Ed. 1.) 167 C. Cherokeensis Schw. (B. t. 18.) $ Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect, the high- est larger, pedunculate, rarely pistillate at base; ? spikes 3 to 6. cyL, distant, often staminate at apex, highest sessile, the others exsert-ped., nodding, loose, rarely twin; perig. lance-ovate, glabrous, veined, compressed-triq., subinflated, tapering into a whitish beak, much longer than the ovate, acuminate gl. / culm 10 to 20' high, leafy below and long as the Ivs. ; plant flaccid, grayish green. — Ga., Fla., La. and Mo. (C. Christiana Boott.) 168 C. paludosa Good. (Schk., fig. 103.) $ Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect, the lower shorter, smaller, sessile ; ? spikes 1 to 4, cyl., erect, rather dense, not dis- tant, alternate, lowest often long-stalked, scarcely sheathed, attenuate below, and there loose-flowered, all bracted ; perig. ovate, tapering into a short beak, biden- tate, distinctly many- veined both sides, nearly equaling the narrow, cuspidate gl. / culm 18' to 2f, erect, scabrous above, longer than the light green Ivs. — Near Bos- ton (Wm. Boott). 169 C. gigantea Rudge. (B. t. 151.) $ Spikes 1 to 3; erect, cyl., slender, near, the lower shorter, sessile, with ovate, acute, or lane. gls. ; $ spikes 2 to 4, cyl., loose, staminate at apex, remote, the lower on long, exsert stalks, often nod- ding, with long, leafy bracts ; perig. ovate or globous, ventricous, abruptly con- tracted into a long, slender, cyl, beak, veined, smooth, divaricate, in maturity much longer than the lance-ovate, awned, white-edged pi. ; culm 18 to 30 to 36', stout, longer than the broad, strong Ivs. — Marshes, Ky. to S. Car. and La. <763 ORDER 155.— CYPERACE^. 170 C. retrorsa Schw. $ Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perig. at the base; ? spikes 4 — G, oblong, cyl., approx., dense-flowered, with long and leafy bracts, the lowest often remote and long ped. ; perig. ovate-inflated, subglo- bous, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reftexed, twice longer than the lane. gl. ; culm 15 — 30', scabrous above, large, stiff, and leafy. — Bright green. In clusters, about pools of water, common. The lower spikes sometimes have 1 or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 171 C. Schweinitzii Dew. $ Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perig. at the base; $ spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cyl, subapprox., subrecurved, rather close-flowered, lowest often long-ped. ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the subulate, subsetaceous gl; culm 6 — 12', scabrous above, very leafy. — Pale yellowish -green. "Wet sandy grounds, N, Y., N. J., and northward. 1.72 C. mirata Dew. $ Spikes 2 or more, long-cyl., near, loose, with long, linear, rough-awned gls. ; $ spikes 2, long-cyl., stalked, lax-flowered, suberect, bracted, yellowish, staminate at apex ; perig. lance-ovate, slender, long-conic, ros- trate, scarcely inflated, scabrous, oblique at the long-cuspidate beak, diverging, long-pediceled, equaling or longer than the narrow, rough-awned gl.; culm 2f, erect, very rough, stiff, shorter than the stiff, rough edged Ivs. ; light-yellowish green. — Greece, N. Y. (Bradley). (C, aristata^ Boott, &c., but very different.) J.73 C. longircstris Torr. (B. t. 77.) 3 Spikes 3, short; $ spikes 2 — 3, cyl, quite loose-flowered, pendulous, subdistant, with filiform ped. ; perig. ovate, globous, inflated, glabrous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lance or ovate, cus- pidate gl. ; st. 15 — 30', rather slender, stiff, leafy below. — Bright green. On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York, common. 174 C. Vaseyi Dew. $ Spikes 2 to 4, slender, the highest long-cylindric, tho next shorter; ? spikes 2, often 3, long-cyl., loose, remote, bracteate, only the lowest long-ped, ; perig. ovate-oblong, inflated, long-terete-rostrate, some what triq., serrate on the bifurcate beak, glabrous, veined, much longer than the lance-oblong glume; culm about 2i^ erect, stiff, shorter than the rough Ivs. ; bright green. — "Wet places, N. Y. to 111. (Vasey). (C. vesicaria (3. Boott., &c.) 175 C. laciistris "Willd. $ Spikes 3 — 4, erect, sessile ; $ spikes 2 — 3, erect, oblong, cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, bifurcate, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate gl. ; culm 2 — ?>f, scab- rous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts. — Light green. Marshes. Common. (C. riparia Muhl. nee Gooden.) 176 C. riparia Gooden. $ Spike 3 — 5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile; $ spikes 2 — 3, erect, oblong, often long-cylindrio ; perig. ovate-elliptic, contracted into a short, bifurcate beak, glabrous, about equaling or shorter than the ovate, mucro- nate, or oblong-lane, gl ; culm 2 — 3f, scabrous above, leafy below. — Bright green. Mich. (Cooley) and westward. Distinguished from the preceding by its broader, more inflated fruit, and its oblong-ovate, mucronate glume, which often surpasses the perig. 177 C. aristata R. Br. (B. t. 58.) $ Spikes 2—4, cylindric, distant, close- flowered, erect; perig. ovate, oblong, nerved, deeply bifa'd, very glabrous, long- rostrate, longer than the oblong, awned, greenish glume ; Ivs. and sheaths villous on the under side; st. a foot or more high. — Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., far west and north. Is not this very closely related to No. 160 ? 178 C. utriculata Boott, (t. 37.) $ Spikes 3 or 4, slender, cyl., long, often bracteate ; $ spikes about 3, long-cyl., large, often stam. above, subremote, the lowest tapering below, loose and stalked, with bracts surpassing the culm ; perig. oval-oblong, drawn into a terete, tapering, bifurcate beak, smooth, veined, straw- colored, larger than the lanceolate, purple, rough-awned glume-, culm 2 to 3f, shorter than the broad, stiff, nodous, netted, glaucous Ivs. — Abundant in marshy places wide over the country. (C. ampullacea, ft. Carey.) p. SPARSIFLORA. Spikes all very long (4 to 6'), slender, the $ spikes very loose, and more so below, the lowest long-pedunculate ; perig. smaller and glume longer. — Watertown, N. Y. (Crawe). 179 C. ampullacea Good. $ Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect ; $ spikes 2 or 3, long- cyl., erect, quite dense, short-ped., bracteate ; perig. ovate-globous, a little inflated, ORDER 156.— CYPERACEJ3. 769 diverging, veined, glabrous, abruptly contracted to a small, round, bifurcate beak, a little longer than the lanceolate glume; culm 20 to 30', obtuse-angled, with long Ivs. and bracts; light green. — Marshes over the country, not abundant. 180 C. monile Tuckm. (B. t. 71.) $ Spikes 2 to 4, long-cyl., slender, with long-lanceolate gls. ; $ spikes 2 or 1, long-cyl., short-ped., rather loose, tapering beloiv sometimes and more loose, remote, erect, bracteate ; perig. globous or ellip- soid, inflated, short-rostrate, bidentate, yellowish, many-veined, more than twice longer than the oblong-lane, gl. ; culm 15 to 30', erect; Ivs. and bracts long, bright green. — Marshes, not abundant, N. Eng. to 0. and westward. 181 C. Olneyi Boott (t. 40.) $ Spikes about 3, cyl., slender, near ; 9 spikes commonly 2, cyl., thick, dense, yellowish, approx. more or less ped., the lowest tapering below, more lax at the base, often some nodding and bracted ; perig. in- flated-ovoid, with a short, cyl, scabrous, bifurcate beak, diverging, longer than tha lane. gl. ; culm 15 to 22', stout, obtuse-angled, rough above, shorter than tho long, stiflj white-edged Ivs. — R. I. (Olney). 182 C. Tuckennani Boott (t. 38). $ Spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, lower ones sessilo and short, with an oblong, acutish glume ; $ spikes 2 — 3, oblong, cyl., thick and large, scarcely pedunculate, subloose-flowered ; perig. much inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, all glabrous, nerved, twice longer than the ovate-lane, gl. ; culm about 2f, erect, scarcely scabrous ; bracts and Ivs. long, not wide ; light green. — Wet places io . meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. bul- lata. Distinguished \^* . No. 181, by the short, smooth beak of its membranous, pellucid perig. as well as by its different ? spikes. 183 C. vesicaria L. $ Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; ? spikes 2 — 3, cyl., erect, dense-flowered, alternate, long-bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete, inflated, rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly twice longer than the oblong-lane, gl. ; culm about 2f, shorter than the Ivs. — Bright green. Marshes. Not common. 184 C. bullata Schk. $ Spikes 3, erect, slender, cyl., with oblong-lanceolato glumes ; ? spikes 2 — 3, rather oblong, cyl, nearly erect ; perig. ovoid-globous, in- flated, glabrous, costate, with a long, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than tho lane. gl. ; culm 20 — 30' high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy and shorter than tho leaves. — Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Com- mon. This is C. bullata as described in Sill. Jour., Vol. ix. p. 71, and named by Schk. from its (ball-shaped) globous perigynium, comporting with his fig. 166. Carey and others have adopted another form under that name, which hero follows, named from the inflation of tho fruit. 185 C. physema Dew. $ Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., slender, contiguous, the lowest bracteate; $ spike 1, rarely 2, subrotund or oblong-cyl, thick, dense-flowered, re- mote, yellowish, the lowest ped., at length nodding, with a bract leafy and surpass- ing the culm ; perig. turgid-ovate, with a long, cyl., scabrous beak, divaricate, in- flated, glabrous, broader and longer than tho lanceolate, acute, white-edged gL ; culm 12 to 24', slender, firm, shorter than the narrow, flat, firm, light green Ivs. — N. Eng. to Penn., in humid meadows. (C. bullata Boott, t 39, nee Schk.) . 186 C. oligosperma Micks. $ Spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cyl., with an oblong, obtusish gl. ; ? spikes 1 — 3, ovate, globular, sessile, distant; perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at tho orifice, glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lane, gl. ; culm 1 — 2f, scabrous above, leafy below ; Ivs. involute and rush-like, light green. — Marshes and lako borders, Can., N. Eng., N. Y., Mich, and Go. 49 770 ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. ORDER CLVI. GRAMINEJE. GRASSES. Serbs, rarely woody or arborescent, with (mostly) hollow, jointed culms ; with leaves alternate, distychous, on tubular sheaths split down 10 the nodes, and a ligule (stipules) of membranous texture where the leaf joins the sheath. Flowers in littlo spikelets of 1 or several, with glumes distychously arranged, and collected into spikes, racemes or panicles. Glumes, the lower pair of scales in the spikclet, alter- nate, enclosing the fls. Pales (palse) the outer pair of scales of each particular flower, unequal. Scales (perianth) usually 2 or 3, minute, hypogynous, distinct or united. Stamens 1 — 6, commonly 3, anthers versatile, of 2 distinct cells. Ovary simple- with 1 ascending ovule, 2 styles and 2 feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis. Em- bryo lateral, at the base of the farinaceous albumen. Genera 300, species about 3SOO, universally diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters aro widely different in different climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of the earth's surface with a compact, soft, green, carpet-like turf; but in tropicarregions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the grasses become larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with broader leaves and more showy flowers. Properties. — This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen cY the seed and in the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them, with the single exception of Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal Ergot or Spurred Rye, is only a parasitic fungus, and therefore forms no exception to this remark. The stems of many grasses contain sugar, as the Maize and Sugar Cane. Silex is also a frequent ingredient. To this Order belong the common grains. Maize, Wheat, llye, Kice, Barley, Oats, etc. The most important of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kinds of Poa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, Panicum, Cinna, Briza, etc. 4 8 o Til FIG. 721. Agrostis alba ; a 1 -flowered spikelet; a, the two glumes. 2. A flower, with the two palere, three stamens and two plumoas stigmas. 3. Leersia oryzoides; a flower removed from its glumes, showing its 2 nypogynous scales, three stamens and ovary with the two stgmas. 4. Phleum pratense ; a 1-flowered spikelet; a, glumes; 6, truncate palest; etc. 5. Pohrpogon: a 1-flowered spikelet; glumes and lower palese nwned. 6. Holcus lanatus ; a two-flowered spikelet; a, glumes ; ?>, the two flowers (upper stnminate). 7. Poa pratensis ; a 4-flowered spike- let; a, the two glumes ; b, a single flower, with two paleit, etc. B. Festuca duriuscula ; a 5-llow- ered spikelet; cr, two glumes; 6, a single flower. 9. The caryopsis of Jlordeuin, showing th<-> embryo at the base of the copious albumen. ORDER 156.— GR AMINES. 771 TRIBES AND GENERA. | Spikelet 1-flowered with no apparent rudiment of ti second fl. (2) § Spikelet 2-flowered, one of the fls. sterile or rudimentary. (7) . 7 Upper fls. of the spikelet abortive.— Fls. in unilateral spikes, (x) ) f —Fls. paniculate, (k) Tribo T 7 Lower flower of the spikelet abortive. (8) 8 Pales coriaceous, firmer in texure than the gls. Paniculate, (g) Tribe 5 8 Pales membranous, thinner than the glumes. Spicate. (bb) Tribo 11 9 Flowers in 2 or 4-rowed,— equilateral spikes, (v) Tribe 9 —unilateral spikes, (x) Tribo 18 9 Fls. in panicles more or less diffuse. (10) 10 Pale awned at the tip or awnless. (n) Tribe 8 10 Pale awned on the back or below the tip. (k) Tribe T TR. 1. ORYZE^E. (Spikelets 1-flowered, panicled. Gls. obsolete. Stam. 1—6.) a Flowers perfect, flattened laterally, awnless. — Gl. 0. Stam. 2 or 3 LEERSIA, 1 — Gl. minute. Stam. 6 OBTZA. 2 a Flowers monoecious, convex on the back, awned. Stamens 6 ZIZANIA. 3 TR. 2. AGROSTIDE^E. (Spikelets 1-flrd., panicled. Gl. and pales thin. Grain free.) b Fls. surrounded at base with a tuft of long, silky hairs CALAMAGROSTIS. 9 b Fls, naked or thinly bearded at base, (c) C Glumes both long-awned and longer than the awned pales POLYPOGON. 8 C Glumes both awn -pointed (or minute and the pale awned) MUHLBNBEBGIA. 7 c Glumes awnless, conspicuous, (d) d Pale stalked in the glumes, awned on the back, monandrous CINNA. 6 d Pale sess. in the gls. 3-androus, — acute, awnless. Gls. shorter SPOROBOLUS. 5 — obtuse, often awned on the back. . . . AGROSTIS. 4 TR. 3. PHLEOIDE^E.— e Gls. united at base, awnless. Pale 1, awned ALOPECUBUS. 10 — e Gls. distinct, mucronate. Pales 2, awnless PHLEUM. 11 TB. 4. STIPACE^.— f Awn of the flower simple, straight, deciduous ORYZOPSIS. 14 — f Awn of the flower simple, twisted, very long STIPA. 13 — f Awn of the flower triple or 3-parted ARISTIDA. 12 TR. 5. PANICIEJE. (Spkl. 2-fl., lower fl. abortive. Gls. very unequal. » Pale coriaceous.) g Spkl. apparently 1-flowered, the lower glume wanting and the single abortive pale supplying its place. — Fls. spicate, unilateral PASPALUM. 15 — Fls. diffusely panicled, all alike MILLIUM. 16 — Fls. paniculate, 2 sorts, one under ground AMPHICARPUM. 17 g Spkl. evidently 2-flowered, both gl. present, abort, fl. neutral or $ . (h) li Fls. paniculate, — without awns or spines. Gl. very unequal PANICXTM. 18 — with the glumes and pale coarsely awned OPLISMBNPS. 19 h Fls. spike-panicled,— each with an invol. of awned pedicels SETAEIA. 20 —each with a hardened, burr-like invol CENCHRUS. 21 TR. 6. PHALARIDE^E.—i Sterile fls. 2 minute rudiments. Panicle spicate PHALABIS. 22 — i Sterile fls. 2 awned pales. Panicle spicate.. . .ANTHOXANTHUM. 23 — i Sterile fls. both 2-valved, $ . Panicle open HIEROCHLOA. 24 TR. 7. AVENE^E. (Spkl. 2— 00 -flrd., panicled. Gls. large. Pale awned below the tip.) k Spikelet with 1 perf. flower and 1 awned stam. flower — above HOLCCS. 25 — below § ABRHENATHKRUM. 28 k Spikelet with definitely 2 perfect fls. Pale subentire, awn dorsal AICA, 26 k Spikelet with 2 or more perfect fls. Pale 2-toothed at apex, (m) 772 ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. m Awn between the 2 teeth, twisted ; glumes very large .............. DAXTHOIHA. 27 m Awn dorsal below the middle (except in the cultivated Oat) ............. AVENA. 23 ra Awn dorsal above the middle.— Fls. 2—5. Teeth cuspidate ........... TRISETUM. 29 — Fls. 5 — Go. Teeth acutish ............. B ROM us. 30 TR. 8. FESTUCACE^E. (Spkl. 2— oo-fird. panicled, awnless, or the lower pale tipped with a straight bristle or awn. Glumes 2.) H Glumes definitely 2, all the lower fls. of the spkl. perfect, (o) n Glumes several, indefinite, the lower fls. abort and glume-like, (p) O Lower pale 3-cuspidate at apex, fringe-bearded below, (q) O Lower pale mucronato or awn-pointed (except in 1 Festuca). (r) o Lower pale obtuse or acute, not at all awned. (s) q Upper pale naked, lower with 3 cusps and 2 teeth .......................... TRICUSPIS. 81 q Both pales fringed, lower with 1 awn and 2 cuspidate teeth ................ UKALEPIS. 32 r Glumes and pales keeled, — herbaceous, 5-veined. Fls. glomerate ....... DACTYLIS. 38 — membranous, 3-veined. Pan. spicate ........ KCELERIA. 34 r GIs. and pales rounded on the back, — both coriaceous. Grain free ____ DIARRHENA. 35 — pale papery, gr. adherent .......... FESTUCA. 86 E Spkl. 2 — 3-flrd. with some abortive terminal fls. Pale papery, not keeled, (t) t Upper glume broad-obovatc, shorter than the flower .................... EATONIA. 37 t Upper glume oblong, 7 — 9-veined, longer than the fls ................ ..... MELICA. 83 8 Spikelets 2 — 50-fiowercd, all perfect. Pales usually thin, (u) u Lower pale keeled, 3-veined, membranous like the glumes .......... ERAGROSTIS. 89 u Lower pale keeled, 5-veincd, usually cob webbed at base ..................... POA. 40 U Lower pale convex-keeled, obscurely 9-veined. Pan. spiked ....... BEYZOPYRUM. 41 u Lower pale convex, 7 ( — 5)-veined, never webbed at base .............. GLYCERIA. 42 u Lower pale convex-ventricous, cordate, obscurely veined .................. BRIZA. 43 p Herbaceous. — Fls. glabrous, awnless, falcate-pointed ................. UNIOLA. 44 — Fls. silky-villous at base. Tall, stout ............ PIIRAGMITES. 45 p "Woody, tall (the flowering branches low). Fls. short-awncd. . .AKUNDINAKIA. 4G Ta. 0. IIOEDEACEJ2. (Spkl. 1— 10-fld., sessile, alternate in a spike. Eachis jointed.) V Spikes several. Spikl. solitary at each joint, 1 -flowered ................... LEPTURUS. 47 V Spike single. — Spikelets 1 -flowered, 3 at each joint ......................... HORDEUM. 43 — Spikelets 2 — GO -flowered, — several at each joint .............. ELYHUS. 49 — 1 at each joint, (w) •w Glume 1, in front of the spikelet which is edgewise to rachis ............. LOLIUM. 53 W Glumes 2, opposite. — Spikelet 3 — CO -flowered ........................ TEITICUM. 51 —Spikelet 2-fiowered ............................... SECALE. 52 TB. 10. CHLORIDES. (Spkl. in 1-sided jointless spikes, 1— co-flrd. Up. 11. abortive.) X Spikes very slender, many, in an equilateral raceme, (y) y Spikes raceme-like. Spkl. Avith several perfect fls .................. LEPTOCITLOA. 53 y Spikes with sessile, 2-flowercd spkl., 1 fl. a rudiment .............. GYMNOPOGON. 54 X Spikes slender, several, digitately arranged above, or, in No. 55, axillary, (z) z Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, — awnless, globular, no rudiment ....... MANISUEITS. 55 — awnless, oblong, with a rudiment ...... CYNODOX. 56 — awned, glume 8-lobed ............... EUSTACIIYS. 57 z Spikelets with several perfect flowers. — Fls. awnless ................... KLEUSINE. 53 — Fls. awned ............. DACTYLOCTEMUM. CO •X. Spikes thick and dense, 1— CO. Spikl. with 1 perfect flower, (aa) aa Spikes several or many.— Flower with no rudiment .................. SPAKTIXA. CO aa Spikes 1, few, or many. Flower with a terminal rudiment ......... BOUTELOUA. Cl aa Spiko solitary, recurved. Awns terminal and dorsal ................... CTEXIUM. C2 TK. 11. SACCIIAHIE^E. (Spkl. in pairs or 8s, 2-llowered, the lower flower abortive. Fertile pales thinner than the glumes, except in No. C6.) bb Fls. (the fertile) imbedded in the cavities of glabrous, jointed spikes, (cc) CO Spikes monoecious, $ abortive, S below, both naked .................. TP.IPSAOUM. 63 cc Spikes monoecious $ above panicled, 9 below enveloped in 7iusks ............ ZEA. 64 CC Spikes uniform, — terete. The pedunculate spkl. abortive .......... EOTTBCEI.LIA. 65 — compressed. Both spikelets fertile ............ STENOTAPHEUM. CG bb Fls. not imbedded, spicate or panicled, mostly long-bearded, (dd) dd Both spikelets of each pair fertile.— Lower fl. awned ............... EKIANTIICS. 67 — Flowers awnless .............. SACCHARUM. 68 dd Only one spikl. of each pair fertile. — Fls. and rachis hairy ........ ANDROPOGON. 69 — Fls. and rachis smoothish ....... SORGHUM. 70 dd Tho lower spikelet on each spiko fertile, in a bony ehell ................... Coix. 71 ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. 7T3 1. LEER'SIA, Soland. CUT GRASS. FALSE RICE. (In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.) — Spikelets 1-flowered, £ , flat; glumes none ; paleas boat-shaped, compressed, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keel, nearly equal in length but the lower much broader, enclosing the free, flat grajn (caryopsis). — 21 Swamp grasses, with flat, retro rsely rough-edged leaves, and the fls. raceinous-paniculatc, somewhat secund, jointed to the pedicels. 1 D. oryzoides Swartz CUT GRASS. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 — 5f high; Iv* lanceolate, carinate, the margin very rough backwards; sheaths also very rough with retrorse prickles; panicle much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base; apikelets spreading; palece full 2" long, ciliateon tJie keel, white, compressed and closed ; sta. 3. — 11 A. very rough grass, common in swamps, by streams, etc., U. S. and Can. Aug. 2 L. Virgiiiica \Yilld. \YmiE GRASS. Culm slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 — 3f long, nodes retrorsely hairy ; Ivs. lance-linear, roughish; sheaths roughish backwards, striate; panicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse; fls. pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes; lower palea scarcely more than 1" long, green-veined, mucronate; sta. 1 — 2.-~2£ Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug. 3 L. lenticralaris Michx. CATCH-FLY GRASS. Plant smoothish; culm erect, 2 — 4f high ; panicle erect; fls. large, roundish-oval, near 3" diam., imbricated- sta. 2 ; pales with the keel and veins ciliate. — 2{ Wet places, Ct. (Eaton) to 111. and S. States. Not common. Said to catch flies by the sudden closing of its pales. 2. ORY'ZA, L. BICE. (Gr. opv^a, from the Arabic, Eruz.) — Spike- lets 1-flowered, £; glumes 2, very small, cuspidate; pales 2, boat- shaped, flattened, the lower one broader and mostly tipped with a straight awn ; stain. G ; stigmas with branching hairs ; grain oblong, free, smooth, enveloped in the pales. — Mostly (T). Fls. in a branching panicle of racemes. Spikes hispid, jointed to the pedicel. O. sativa L. Culm 2 — 4f high, striate ; Ivs. long, rough, lance-linear ; ligule long (near 1'), erect, pointed; panicle with erect branches, 6— 9' in length ; outer pale strongly 5-veined or keeled, Jiispid-ciliate and commonly tipped with a short awn. — Extensively cultivated in the S. States, both in upland meadows aud in 1 nv inundated grounds. The former variety — the upland rice, is usually awnless, the latter is awned. A most important Cereal, f Asia. 3. ZIZA^NIA, Gron. INDIAN RICE. (Ztiydviov, the Greek name of Borne similar plant) — 8 Glumes 0; spikelets 1-flowered ; palea) 2, herbaceous. $ Palea) subequal, awnless ; stamens 6. $ Spikelcts subulate ; palea? unequal, linear, lower one with a straight awn ; styles 2 ; caryopsis enveloped in the plicate palea3. — Stout, aquatic grasses, with a large panicle of both kinds of flowers. 1 Z. aquatica L. Culm £' in diameter, fistular, smooth, 6f high ; Ivs. lance- linear, 2 — 3f long, an inch'wide, smooth, serrulate ; panicle a foot or more long, pyramidal, the loioer branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile' spike-lets on clavate pedicels; awns long (18"), hispid; fr. slender, £' long, black- ish, very caducous, farinaceous. — ''4- Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S. and Can. The fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other water fowls. Aug. 2 Z. miliacea Michx. Culm erect, C — lOf high; Ivs. very long, narrow, glau- cous; panicle large, diffuse, pyramidal; glumes vrith short (1 — 3 ') awns; c and $ fls. intermixed; sty. 1; fr. ovate, glabrous. — 1C Growing in water, Ohio to Flo, and La, Lva. coriaceou?, 2 — 3f long, G — 12' wide. Apr. — Aug. 3 Z. ? fluitans Michx. Culm long, slender, branching, floating in the water ; Yf4 OBDEU 156. — GRAMINE^EI. Ivs. lance-linear, flat, clustered, 1 — 2' long, 2 — 3" wide; "spike solitary, axil- lary, setaceous, about 4-flowered ; paleae awnless ; stig. 2, very long ; fr. reni- form." — U Water, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Hale, whose specimens are without fls. or fruit.) (Hydrochloa, Palis. Hydropyrum, Kunth.) 4. AGROS'TIS, L. BENT GRASS. (Gr. dypo^, a field ; growing in fields and pastures.) — Spikes 1-flowered ; glumes 2, subcqual, awnless, usually longer than the flower ; pales 2, thin, pointless, naked, the lower 3 — 5-veined, sometimes awned on the back, the upper often minute or wanting; grain free. — 2£ mostly, and caespitous, with slender culms and an open panicle. § AGROSTIS proper. Upper palea ± to 3 as long as the lower. FJs. rather dense Nos.1, 2 § TKICHODIUM. Upper palca minute or wanting. Panicle thin. (*) * Lower paloa with a long exserted awn on the back. .Nos. 3, 4 * Lower paleie awnless, or bearing a very short awn..Nos. 5, 6 1 A. vulgaris With. RED TOP. DEW GRASS. HERD'S GRASS of the S. States. Culm erect, 1 — 2f high ; panicle purple, oblong, with shorty spreading or divari- cate, roughish branches ; Ivs. linear, with very short liguks (sometimes the upper cue elongated) ; lower pale twice as large as the upper, and nearly as long as the* lanceolate, acute glumes, mostly awnless. — U. S. and Can. A very valuable grass spread over hills, vales and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Variable, (A. polymorpha Huds. A. pumila L. A. hispida Willd.) 2 A. alba L. WHITE BENT. ENGLISH BENT. BONNET GRASS. FLORIN GRASS. Culm decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints and sending out stolons ; Ivs. linear, smooth, those of the stolons erect and somewhat subulate ; ligules long, membranous ; panicle dense, narrow and contracted after flowering, greenish whits or slightly purplish ; lower pale 5-veined, rarely awned. — A common and valuable- grass in old fields and drained swamps. It is quite variable in aspect. § Eur, (A. stolonifera L. A decumbens Muhl.) ft. STPaCTA. Lower pale with an awn from its base twice longer than itself. (A. stricta Willd.) 7. DISPAR. SOUTHERN BENT. Larger (2 — 3f high) in all its parts ; outer pale obtusely 3 -toothed. Much valued in some parts of the S. States. (A. dis- par MX. ? Kuuth.) 3 A. canina L. BROWN BENT. DOG'S BENT. Culm rooting at the lower nodes, slender, somewhat branched, about 2f high; Ivs. setaceous involute, the upper linear ; panicle diffuse, ovoid, at Itngth brownish, branches rough, diverging, dividing beyond their middle ; glumes subequal, shorter than the lower pale which bears a long awn a little below the middle of the lack ; upper pale minute. — Wet mead- ows, E, States, rare. § Eur. /?. ALPINA. Culms low, in small tufts, with contracted panicles, nearly smooth, purplish ; awn twisted. — Mts., K States. (A. Pickeringii Tuckm.) 4 A. arachnoides Ell. Culm erect, slender, 5 — 8' high ; paniculate more than half its length; Ivs. linear-setaceous, 1 — 3' long; panicle narrow, branches capil- lary, floriferous half their length; glumes green, ovate, acute, £'' long, equal; pale a little shorter, bearing on its back above the middle a contorted awn 5 or 6 times longer than itself, and as fine as a gossamer. — Car. to Ga. (Feay). The awns, from their fineness, can hardly bo seen without a lens. Apr. 5 A. scabra Willd. ROUGH HAIR GRASS. THIN GRASS. Culms tufted, erect from a decumbent vase, very slender, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. linear, 3 — 6' long, rough, the radical involute-setaceous ; ligule oblong, obtuse ; panicle large, with long, capillary, erect, or divergent, scabrous-hispid whorled branches, trichotomously divided near the end; spikelets in terminal clusters, at length purplish; glumes lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous-hispid on the keel. — Fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. Remarkable for its thin and airy panicles which are at length driven before the wind. Jn., Jl. (T. laxiflorum MX. T. montanum Torr.) /?. OREOPHILA. Culm 6 — 12' high, simple, panicle less diffuse; pale with a short, twisted awn at its back. — Mts. and rocky woods. (A. montana Tuckm.) 7. PERENNANS. Panicle pale green, branches shorter, floriferous more than half their length.— In damp shades. (T. scabrum Muhl. A. scabra, ed. 2d.) ORDER 15G.— GRAMINE^E. 775 6. A. elata Trin. TJLLLER Tiny GRASS. Culm erect, rigid, thin, simple, rattier stout, 2 — Zfhigh, leafy; Ivs. broadly (1 — 2") linear, scabrous, flat, 6 — 8' long, the sheaths scarcely smooth; panicle purple, contracted, with long, whorled, erect- spreading branches dense-flowered half their length; glumes lanceolate, li", tho the upper a little longer than the 5-veined pale. — Swamps, N. Jer. to G-a., Ala. and Ky. (Jackson). — JL, Aug. (T. elatum Ph. A. altissimum Tuckm.) 5. SPOROB'OLUS Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS. (Gr. onopd, seed, |3a/U,GJ, to cast.) — Spikelets 1 -flowered; glumes 2, unequal, the lower smaller ; fl. sessile ; palere 2, beardless, awnless, usually exceeding the glumes, the upper 2-keeled ; stam. 2 or 3 ; stig. plurnous Avith simple hairs j caryopsis free, often with a loose pericarp, deciduous. — Tough, wiry grasses with mostly rolled and rigid leaves and the panicles more or less contracted. Grain (caryopsis) linrar-cylindric. Glumes subequal Nos. 1, 2 >LI;S. Grain oval or globoiis. some loose in the pericarp. (*) § YlI-FA. § SPOnOBOLUS. * Glumes very unequal, one of them as long as the paleas. " (a) a Panicle open and stalked, pyramidal Nos. 8, 4 a Panicle sheathed at the base more or less Nos. 5, 6 * Glumes somewhat equal, both shorter than the paleac. (b) b Panicle contracted and spike-like, sheathed or not Nos. T, 8 b Panicle open and stalked, long and raceine-like Nos. 9, 10 1 S. Virginicus Beauv. Culms numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at base, branched, about a foot long; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowcdf involute, rigid, erect, 2 — 3' long, with smooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with the enclosed panicles; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones concealed; glumes nearly equal, nearly as long as the subequal palece. — It Sandy eoils, Middle and S. States.— Sept., Oct. (Agrost. L.) 2 S. vaginceflorus Torr. Culms simple, ascending, slender, forming tufts G — 12' high ; Ivs. involute-subulate, rather rigid, short (2—4') ; panicles contracted, spike form, lateral and terminal, mostly concealed in the sheaths ; glumes about equal, i:ad equaling the subequal pales; caryopsis linear, a third shorter than the pales. — (J) Dry, gravelly fields, U. S. more common "W. and S. (Agr. Mu^l. Crypsis, Nutt.) 3 S. heterolepis. Culm 1 — 2f high, smooth ; Ivs. setaceous, somewhat convo- lute, scabrous on the margins ; lower slieaihs pubescent, upper ones smooth ; panicle spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered ; glumes purplish, very unlike, outer one subuli- Jorm, inner one ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined; pales ob- long, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, the lower 1-veined, api- culate, the upper 2- veined, shorter; sta. 3; anth. linear, reddish; fr. roundish, smooth. — Conn, to "Wise, not rare, Aug., Sept. (Vilfa, Gray.) 4 S. junceus Mich. Glaucous; culm erect, 1 — 2fhigh, terete, slender; Ivs. erect, 2 — 6" by 1", concave, convolute when dry, margin scabrous; sheaths much shorter than the intsrnodes; st!p. sliort; pan. oblong-pyramidal, branches verti- cillate, about in Cs ; glumes purple, similar, lanceolate, acute, upper as long as tho palea3, the lower twice shorter ; palea subequal; anth. and sty. whitish. — 14 Penn, to Fior. aud La,, in barrens. Aug. — Oct. 5 S. cryptandrus Gray. Culm 2 — Sfhigh; Ivs. broadly (2") linear, flat; sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle pyramidal, its base enclosed by the terminal sheath, branches spreading, hairy in the axil3 ; Us. bluish ; pales subequal, as long as the upper glume, twice longer than the lower. — Dry, sandy soils, \V. and S. States, rare, northward. Aug. (Agr. & Vilfii cryptandra Torr.) 6 S. asper Kunth. Rt. white, fibrous ; culm stout, glabrous, geniculato at base, 2f high; Ivs. rigid, involute, rough-edged, 2 — S' by 1 — 3", tapering to a pungent point; branches with short leaves, barren, also ending in a long, pungent point; sheaths ciliate at edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top ; panicky terminal and lateral, nearly enclosed in the long sheaths; spikelets blackish-green; lower glume very short, upper a little longer than the pales ; fr. compressed, obo- vate £" ia length.— 1C Ohio, (Sullivant) to III (Agrost. MX. Vilfa, Ueauv.) 7 S. longifolitis. Culms slender, tufted, 2 — 3f high, from long fibrous roots; Ivs. all involute, very long (1— 3f), tapering to a long thread-liko point; panic!* ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. slender, 3—6' long, wholly inclosed in tho termini swelling sheath; glumes une- qual, very white, much shorter Hum tho white, subequal, obtuse pales; grain oval, * as long (f") as the pales. — W. N. Y. (Mr. E. S. Brown) and south westward. After tho" sheath falls away the mature tls. turn brownish. (Agrost. longif. Torr. ?) '8 S. I&dicus Brown. Culm erect, terete, glabrous, 2— 3f high; Ivs. involute, tapering to filiform; sheath beardless at throat; joints blackish; panicle long (If), slender, open, composed of short, erect, alternate spike-like racemes / glumes 2T un- equal, much shorter than the subequal pales; grain dark resin-colored, oblong, •§ as long as pales. — Pastures and waste grounds, S. States. (A. Indica L.) § "W. Indies. 9 S. compressus Torr. Glabrous; culm erect, much compressed, simple, leafy, branched at base, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, scarcely shorter than tho stem ; keel prolonged into the open sheath ; stip. very short ; panicle purple, sub- simple, contracted, the branches few and erect ; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the paleas, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate ; palese ovate, obtuse, smooth, sometimes deeply cleft ; stig. purple. — Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept. 10 S. serotinus Torr. Culm 12 — 18' high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often viviparous at tho nodes; Ivs. 2 — 3' by -£", keeled, smooth; sheaths open; stip. ovate, short; panicle 3 — 10' long, capillary, diffuse, branches flexuous, alternate; spikelets elliptical, scarcely ^" long; glume ovate, 1 -veined, unequal, half the length of the palese ; palese smooth, the lower one shorter ; sta. 3. — Long Island (Kneiskern) to Me. and Mich. July. (Vilfa, Torr. Poa modesta Tuckm.) 6. CIN'NA, L. SWEET REED GRASS. Spikelets 1 -flowered, com- pressed ; glumes 2, subequal, without awns, upper one 3-veined ; palese 2, naked at base, on short stipes, lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a short aw a a little below the tip ; stamen 1 ; grain oblong, free. — 11 Erect, simple, tall, with a large panicle. 1 C. pendula Trin. Culm smooth, 3 — Gfhigh; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 12 — 18' by 3 — 5", pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths ; stip. long, lacerated; panicle white-green, near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, with the branches capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s; glumes 2" long, linear-lanceolate ; lower palcce. with a short straight awn a little below tli3 tip. — 2£ A beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, N. States and Can. 2 C. artmdiiiacea Willd. Culm and leaves as in Iso. 1. Plant bright green ; panicle purple and green, erect and with ascending or erect branches which aro lloriferous more than half their length ; glumes 3" long, lanceolate, lower palecs awnless or the awn scarcely equaling the obtuse point. — TJ. S., in shady woods, chiefly southward, A finer looking grass than the preceding. Jl., Aug. 7. MUHLENBER'GIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS. (In honor of Henry Muhlenbery, D.D., an eminent American botanist.) — Spikelets 1 -flowered, fl. sessile in the glumes and mostly bearded at the base ; glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the pales, acute or awned, sometimes minute, the lower rarely obsolete ; pales 2, the lower awned or mueron- .ate at apex, upper 2-keeled ; stam. 3 — 2 ; stig. 2, plumous; caryopsis free. — Culms often branched. Panicles simple, mostly contracted. § McHLteNBERGiA. Glumes manifest. Panicles slender, terminal and lateral. (*) * Glumes awned and twice longer than the awnless pale* No. 1 * Glumes pointed, not longer than — the mucronate paleaj Nos. 2, 3 — the long-awned pale* Nos. 4, 5 i BRACHYELYTRUM. Glumes minute, the lower obsolete. Panicle slender Nos. 6, 1 \ TIUCUOCIILOA. Glumes email, both present. Panicio diffuse, capillary No. 8 1 M. .glomerata Trin. Glaucous; culm compressed, erect, smooth, with ap- pressed branches or subsimple, 1-J— 4f.high; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowed, erect, flat, rough, 3 — 5' long, with closed sheaths ; panicle spicate, dense, conglomerated, in- ORDER 15G.— GRAMINEJE. V77 terruptea, 2 — 3' long, many-flowered ; glumes linear, \ the length of their awns ; lower paleas mucrouate. — if Bog meadows, also 011 rock/ mountains, N. Eng. to Mo. Aug., Sept. (Polypogon raceinosus Nutt.) 2 M. Mexicana Trin. Culm erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much branched and leafy above, often nearly leafless below, 1^ — 3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, with half-clasping sheaths; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral, spike-duattred, dense-flowered and purple-spotted, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath ; glumes narrow acuminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubes- cent pales. — if Wet shades, N. Eng. to Wise., common. Aug. (Agrostis L.) 3 M. sobolifera Gray. Culm erect, slender, producing shoots at base, branched, 18 — 30' high; branches erect and filiform; nodes not swelling ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, with open sheaths ; panicle simple, filiform, with appressed branches, and rather crowded spikeleta ; paleae equal, longer than the acute glumes. — If Rodky hills, N. Eng. to 111. and S. States, frequent Aug. (Agrostis Muhl.) 4 M. sylvatica Torr. & Gr. Culm ascending, 2 — 3f long, much branched, diffuse, smooth, with swelling nodes; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, veined, 4 — 6' long, with smooth, open sheaths ; panicles slender, rather dense ; glumes nearly equal, acu- minate, a little shorter than the palece ; awns several times longer than the spike- let.— If Rocky shades, K Y. to 111., N. J., Penn. Sept. (Agrostis Torr.) 5 M. Willdenowii Trin. Culm erect, subsimple, pubescent at tho nodes, with a few appressed branches; Ivs. 6 — 9' by 2 — 3'', lanceolate, veined, scabrous, spreading, with pubescent sheaths; panicle contracted, very slender and long, with remote, filiform branches ; glumes subequal, acuminate, half as long as the palece; awn 3 — 4 times the length of the spikelet. — 2f Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. July, August. (Agr. tenuiflora Willd.) 6 M. diffusa Schreb. Culm decumbent, diffuse, Iranching, slender, compressed ; branches assurgent; Ivs. 2 — 3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches; spikelets 2" long, pedicellate, often purplo; awn about as lo'ng as the paleas; glumes extremely minute. — 2f Borders of woods and shady fields, N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Aug. 7 M. aristata Pers. Culm erect, simple, retrorsety pubescent at the nodes, 1 — 3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, ciliate on tho margin, 4 — 6' long, 3'' or more wide, with somewhat open sheaths; panicle terminal, simple, racemous, con- tracted; spikelets 6" (16" including the awn) long, pedicellate; glumes minute, the lower obsolete ; lower paleae half as long as its awn, upper paleae with a short awn (abortive pedicel) at base lodged in the dorsal groove. — if Rocky hills, Can. and TJ. S., frequent. July. (Brachyelytrum Beauv. M. erecta Roth.) 8 M. capillaris Kunth. Csespitous; culms erect, very slender and smooth, 18 — 24' high; Ivs erect, becoming filiform towards the end. 1 — l£f long; panicle . diffuse, with the branches 1 — 4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs; spikeleta purple; lower paleaj produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. — If Sandy soils, N. Eng. to Ga. and Ky. An exceedingly delicate grass, with large, purple, glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the breeze. Jn., Jl. (Tri- chochloa DC.) 8. POLYPO'GON, Dcsf. POL YPO a GRASS. (Gr. TroK-f, many, beard.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, densely panicled ; gls. 2, subequal, thin, carinate, both similarly awned, much longer than the flower ; pales thin, the lower usually awned near the tip, upper bicarinatc ; grain free, oval, smooth. — Leaves flat. Panicle spike-like. P. Monspellensis Desf. Culm simple, decumbent below, If or more high; Iva. lance-linear, much shorter (2 to 5' by 2 to 3''), acute-pointed, minutely downy ; panicle much-branched, spicate-lobed, 2 to 3', the branches very short and dense- flowered, pale ; gls. hispidulous, 1" long, the awns a little longer. — Fields, coast- ward, N. Eng. ? common South. § Eur. 9. CALAMAGROS'TIS, Adatis. (Name compounded of Calamus and Agrostis.) Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuini- Y78 , ORDER 156.— GRAMINEJE. nate ; palcac 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with white, bristly hairs at base, lower one mncronate, mostly avvned below the tip, the upper one often with a stipitate pappus (abortive rudiment of a second flower) at base. — 2£ Rhizomes creeping. Culms simple, tall, with a contracted or open panicle. C Panicle expanding. Glumes some shorter than the palca*. Rudiment none ......... Nos. 1, 2 | Panicle contracted. Gl. some longer than pnlese. Itudiment plumous. (*) * Glumes 2 — 3" long. Palea short-nwned — above the middle .................... No. 3 —below the middle ................. Nos. 4, ff * Glumes 5— V long. Palea scarcely awned near the tip ....................... No. T 1 C. brevfpilis Torr. Culm terete, slender, 3 — If high; Ivs. broad-linear, tho sheaths glabrous ; ligule hairy ; panicle pyramidal, loose, with the diffuse, capil- lary branches solitary or in pairs ; glumes unequal, bearded at base, ovate, acute, 1-veined, shorter than the equal, obtuse, awnless pales; pa2}j)us or hairs very short, not half the length of the palece. — U In sandy swamps, N. J. (Torrey). (A. Epi- geios Muhl.) 2 C. longifolia Hook. Culm 2 — if high, stout; Ivs. rigid, involute-filiform, tapering to a long point ; panicle pyramidal ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, the upper as long as the equal pales,' pappus-like hairs copious, inore than half the length of the paks. — Sandy shores of the great Lakes, N. Mich, and C. "W. 3 C. coarctata Torr. Glaucous ; culm erect, 2- — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous, with the reins and keel white ; sheaths striate ; stip. oblong, obtuse ; panicle condensed and spike-form, tho branches rigidly erect, short and aggre- gated; glumes acuminate, lanceolate, lower 1-veined, upper 3-veined, lower palo 6-veinecl, bifid at the apex, with a short, straight awn just above the middle of the back. — U Bogs, Mass, to Minn, and S. States? July, August. (Agrostia glauca Muhl. Arundo stricta Spr.) 4 C. purpurascens Brown. Panicle spicate, purplish, 3 — 6' long, half tho length of the culm; glumes scabrous ; palea3 2, the lower scabrous, toothed at the apex, awned upon the back below the middle ; abortive rudiment plumous, twice longer than the hairs at its base, and twice shorter than the pales. — White Mts., N. H. (Tuckerman), Rocky Mts. (Richardson). — Rare and unimportant. (0. Pickeringii Gr. C. sylvatica Trin.) 5 C. conflnis jSTutt. Culm 2 — 5f high, erect simple; Ivs. 2 — 3" wide, smooth; panicle 4 — 8' long, slender, contracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together; glumes oblong-lanceolate, 2$" long, rough on the keel and sides, barely acute ; palece, nearly equal, acute, oblong, as long as the glumes, lower one rough, 3-veinedf notched at tip, with a short awn inserted below the middle, nearly as long as tho flower ; hairs f the length of the pales. — Penn. and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Sartwell), Aug. (C. inexpansa Gr.) 6 C. Canadensis Beauv. REED GRASS. BLUE JOINT. Culm smooth, erect, rigid, 3 — 5f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined sheaths ; panielo erect, rather loose, oblong, the branches capillary, aggregated in 4s and 5s ; glumes very acute, smoothish, much longer than the palece ; lower palece bifid at the apex, with a hair-like awn arising from below the middle of the back; hairs as long as the paks. — If. "Wet grounds, N. Eng. TV. to Mich, and Can. Makes good hay, common. Aug. (C. Mexicana Nutt. C. agrostoides Ph. Arundo MX.) 7 C. arenaria Roth. MAT GRASS. SAND REED. Rt. creeping extensively; culm erect, rigid, 2 — 4f high; Ivs. involute, If by ^', smooth and glaucous, pun- gently acute; sheaths smooth; stip. oblong; panicle dense, with erect, appressed branches, 6—10' long, and an inch thick; spikelets compressed, greenish-white; lower paleos longer than the upper. — If On sandy lake shores and sea coasts, Can. to N. J. Of great value in confining loose, sandy beaches. Aug. (Ammo- phila, Host. Psamma, Palis. Arundo, L.) 10. ALOPECITRUS, L. FOX-TAIL GRASS. (Gr. OAWTTT;^, fox, tail.) Spikelets 1 -flowered ; glumes subequal, connate, distinct, flat- carinatc ; lower pale flat-carinate, generally equaling the glumes, awned on the back below the middle ; upper pale wanting ; styles often con- ORDER 15S.— OR AMINES. 779 natc, stigmas plumous, elongated. — Panicle contracted into a cylindric, dense spike. 1 A. pratensia L. Culm erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect, dense, many-flowered, eylindric, obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long; Iva. flat, smooth, the upper shorter than its swelling sheath ; stipules ovate ; glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the pale ; awn twisted, scabrous, nearly thrice the length of the flower. — If Fields and pastures, Northern States. An excellent grass. Jn., JL §. 2 A. geniculatus L. BENT FOX-TAIL. Culm ascending, geniculate below, spar- ingly branched, 1 — 2f high; epike cylindrical, about 2' long; Ivs. linear, 3 — G' long, the upper equaling or exceeding the smooth, flat, acute, slightly inflated sheath; stipules oblong, entire; glumes slightly connate at base, hairy outside; p&l&z truncate, smooth, half as long as the gtniculate awn. — 2£ Wet meadows, N. Eng., Mid. States and Brit. Am. Jn. § 3 A. aristulatus MX. WILD WATER FOX-TAIL. Glaucous; culm decumbent at base, bent at the joints, ascending 1 to 2f; ivs. linear, flat, gradually acute ; glumes subequal, pubescent, obtuse, shorter than the obtuse pale, which bears on the middle of its back a short awn scarcely exceeding its apex; anth. oblong, yellow. — 14 Native in Ohio to Minn. (Lapham) and I1L Jn. — Aug. (A. geni- cularus, ft. Ed. 2d.) 11. PHLEUM, L. CAT-TAIL GRASS. (Gr. te6g ; used by the an- cients probably for a different plant.) Glumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the pales, rostrate or mucronate ; pales 2, included in the glumes, truncate, awnless. — Compound spikes cylindric, very dense. 1 P. pratense L. TIMOTHY or HERD'S GRASS. Culm erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous, roughish ; sheaths stri- ate, smooth ; stip. obtuse, lacerated ; gls. cuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike; anth. purple; stig. white. — This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. It is extensively cultivated in N". Eng., Mid. and W. States, but it faila further South. Jn., JL § Eur. 2 P. alpinum L. MOUNTAIN HERD'S GRASS. Culm about If high, simple, erect; Ivs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and clasping at base, acute at apex, smooth ; sheaths inflated; spicate pan., oblong-ovate, very short (4. to 5" long); gls. truncate, mucronate, with a fringed keel; awns as long as the glumes. — 1£ Alpine regions of tho White Mts., N. H. Also native of Arc. Am. 12. ARISTTDA, L. BEARD GRASS. POVERTY GRASS. (Latin arista, an awn ; characteristic of the genus.) Panicle contracted or racemous ; spikelets 1-flowered, flower stipitate ; glumes 2, unequal ; pales pedi- cellate, lower one \vith 3 awns at the tip, upper one very small, awn- less; ovary stipitate; scales 2, entire; stamens 3; stigma plumous. § Awns twisted-confluent below, and jointed to the pale, very long ................... No. 9 § Awns distinct below and not jointed to the pale. (*) * Awns about equal and divaricate, — thrice as "long as the flower ............... Nos. 7, 8 — twice as long as the flower ............... Nos. 6, 1 — as long as the flower ..................... Nos. 4, 9 * Awns unequal, the 2 lateral twice shorter (6") and suberect .................... No. 3 * Awns very unequal, the 2 lateral 4 times snorter (2") and erect .............. Nos. 1, 2 1 A. dichotoma MX. Caespitous ; culm dichotomously branching above ; pani- cle contracted-racemous ; gls. 3 to 4" long; lateral awns very short, erect, the intermediate one nearly as long as the pales (3"), spreading, contorted.— (D A slen- der grass, in sandy soils, U. S., common. Culms 8 — 12' high, branching at each joint Lvs. very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, and a very short stipule. Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug. 2 A. ramosfssima Engelm. Culms di/use, tufted; rac. loose-flowered, simple, slender; glumes with short awns, 3 or 5-veined; lower pale about as long as the glumes (1 to 9''), lateral awns short (2") erect, middle one spreading, 1' long. — Q) Dry places, 111. (Engelm.) 730 ORDER 156.— GR AMINES. 3 A. gracilis Ell. Culm very slender, a foot or more high ; Ivs. setaceous, scarce 1' wide, erect, with short sheaths, pilous at the throat; panicle very slender; spikelets somewhat remote, appressed; lateral awns short (6 to 7''), erect, interme- diate one longer (10 to 12"), spreading. — If Sandy places, Mass, to Ga., "W. to 111. A grass of little value, as well as the other species of this genus. 4 A. lanata Poir. Culm erect, 2 to 4f, hairy and branched below ; Ivs. linear, flat, If long, 2 to 3" wide, hairy, especially on the upper surface; sheaths longer than the joints, clothed with a woolly tomentum ; branches of the erect, contracted panicle, tomentous at base; glumes unequal, longer than the pales; awns about equal, spreading, as long as the pale (4 to 6"), the middle rather longest. — 2£ In poor, sandy soils, S. States. Sept., Oct. (A. lanosa Ell.) 5 A. spiciformis Ell. Culm 1 to 3f high, simple; Ivs. and sheaths glabrous, tho latter shorter than the joints ; panicle dense-flowered, spike-like and cylindrical ; glumes much shorter than the flower, both awned; middle awn of the flower long- est, villous at the base, all three about as long as the pale. — If "Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sept., Oct. 6 A. purpurascens Poir. Culm erect, simple, filiform, 2 — 3f ; Ivs. very narrow, flat, erect, a foot in length, with short, open sheaths; panicle long, loosely spicate; spikelets on short, clavate, appressed pedicels ; gls. 4 to 5" long, purplish ; awns 1' long, nearly equal, divaricate, twice the length of the glabrous pale. — If Sandy woods, Northern States. Sept. (A. affinis Ivuuth. A. racernosa Muhl.) 7 A. strfcta MX. UPRIGHT ARISTIDA. Culm strictly erect, csespitous, branched, 1 — 3f; Ivs. straight, erect, pubescent, linear, convolute above; panicle long, loosely racemous; spikelets appressed; gls. (3 to 5" long) unequal, very acute, lower pales hairy at base; awns twice as long as the pales, spreading, the middle ona the longest. — If Penn. to Fla. (Chapman), W. to Mich. 8 A. oligantha MX. Culms erect, sparingly branched, 12 to 20' high; pan. ra- ceme-like, remotely few-flowered; gls. short awned, equaling the palo (f'), which bears 3 divaricate awns thrice its own length, the middle one some longer ; Ivs. involute setaceous. — If Prairies, 111. to Ark. and Ya. 9 A. ttiberculosa Nutt. Culm erect (declinate at base), 8 — 20', rigid, with small tubercles in the axils of the numerous branches ; nodes tumid ; Ivs. long and .narrow-linear; pan. large, loose, simple ; spikelets pedicellate ; gls. nearly 1' long, linear, awned; upper paleas involute, the awns 2' long, hispid upwards, twisted together to near the middle, thenco finally horizontally divaricate. — If A very sin- gular species, in dry prairies, 111., "VVis. to Ky., Tenn., also found in N. J. 13. STIPA, L. WEATHER GRASS. (Lat. stipa, a foot-stalk \ allud- ing to the stipitate fruit.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, the flower deciduous, •with its thick, bearded, pointed stipe ; glumes membranous ; pales cori- aceous, shorter than the glumes, the lower with a long, twisted or bent awn, jointed at the apex ; caryopsis striate ; stamens 3 ; stigma plum- otis' — 2£ Fls. paniculate. Lvs. very narrow. The long awns are deli- cately hygrometric twisting or untwisting according to the state of the atmosphere. 1 S. avenacea L. BLACK OAT GRASS. Culm naked above, 2 — 3f ; Ivs. smooth, Btriate, setaceous, chiefly radical ; panicle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4 — 6' long, at length diffuse, branches capillary, solitary and in pairs ; glumes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as the dark, brown, cylindric fruit; scales 2, lanceolate; awn twisted below, bent above, 2 — 3' in length. — U. S. and Can. (S. Virginica Pers.) 2 S. juncea Pursh. Culm 2 — 3f; Ivs. convolute filiform, smooth inside, long; pan. loose ; gls. loose, filiformly acuminated to more than twice the length of the fruit; ir. attenuated at base into a stipe, which is a third of its length, stipe acute, pu- bescent ; paleas obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and slen- der, at length contorted and 4 — 6' in length. — If Prairies, 111., Mo. When in fruit the pungent stipe adheres to everything thai; comes in its way. Aug. 14. ORYZOP'SIS, MX. MOUNTAIN RICE. (Gr. op 2f, with very remote joints; Ivs. lance-linear, 3 — 7' by 2 — 3", ciliate and soft hairy ; sheaths pubescent, upper one very long ; spike generally solitary, often 2, on a long, very slender peduncle, sometimes with another scarcely exserted from the sheaths ; 'spikelets plano-convex, with the flat side out, f " diam., 1 or 2 on each very short pedicel, appearing 2 — 3-rowed in the 1 -sided spike. — Dry fields, Mass., to 111. and S. States. Aug. (P. debile and ciliatifolium MX.) /?. LONGIPEDUNCULA.TUM. Larger, less hairy, and spikelets evidently 3-rowed. — S. States. (P. longip. LeC.) 4 P. laeve MX. Culm erect, rather firm, 18' — 3f, glabrous; ITS. generally smooth, pilous only at the base, broadly linear; lower sheaths sometimes hairy; spikea 2 — 6, alternate, spreading, with a few long, white hairs at the base ; spikelets in 2 rows; rachis flexuous, flat on the back; pedicels undivided, with one spikel«t; epikelets twice as large (!£'' diam.) as in the preceding ; glume orbicular-ovate, 3-veined. — Grassy banks of rivers, Conn, to Ind. and S. States. Aug. Quite vari- able, including several reputed species. ft. UXDULOSUM. Lvs. rather long and broad, with wavy-margins. (P. Lecon- tianum Schult.) 7. FLORIDANUM. Spikelets enlarged (near 2" long), glume 5-veined. (P. ma- crospermum Flgg.) 6. ALTISSIMUM. Strict and tall; sheaths much compressed. (P. altissimum LeC.) 5 P. angustifolium Le Conte. Culm erect, wiry, glabrous, 2f high ; Ivs. glab- rous, narrowly linear, almost setaceous, compressed carinate, 9 to 18' long; sheaths long, smooth ; spikes 2 or 3, alternate, divaricate, 1 to 2' long, with a few hairs at base ; spikelets orbicular, 1" diam. in 2 rows, with a very narrow rachis. — 14 Wet places, G-a., Fla. to La. A distinct species. Seeds blackish. 6 P. dasyphyllum Ell. Culm decumbent at base, 12 to 30' high, glabrous; Ivs. broadly linear, clothed with copious soft hairs as well as the long sheaths ; spikes 2 to 4, large, spreading, the pcd. slightly exserted from the upper sheath ; spikelets oval, obtuse, large, in 3 rows ; teeth of the rachis 2-flowered. — Dry fields, S. States, common, $ ? JL— Oct. 7 P. latifolium Le Conte. . Glabrous ; culm erect, stout, tall (2 to 3f ), from a slightly decumbent base; Ivs. flat, large, lance-linear, 6 to 12' by 5 to 10", margins ciliate ; sheaths hairy at throat, shorter than the long internodes ; spikes 2 to 4, 2 to 4' long, alternate, suberect, pilous at base ; spikelets largo (1 J" diam.), in 3 rows on the narrow, flexuous rachis. — 1+ Car. to Fla. and La. 8 P. tenue Kunth. Glabrous; culm erect, very slender ; Ivs. narrow, very long, ciliate on the margins, sheath ciliato; spikes 4 or 5, very slender, alternate, spreading, hairy at base ; spikelets orbicular, in 3 rows ; rachis flexuous, narrow, the teeth 2-flowered. — 1( N. J. to Ga. (Le Conte). Diners from No. 5, in its ciliato Ivs. and 3-nerved spikelets. 9 P. anindinaceum. Poir. "Glabrous; Ivs. somewhat sword-shaped (com- pressed-car inate], the margin scabrous ; spikes alternate, elongated ; spikelets in 3 rows ; gls. (gl. and pale) equal, obtuse. — Carolina." Poiret. 10 P. pracox Walt. Glabrous throughout; culm erect; Ivs. lance-linear, very long ; spikes 3 to 5, alternate, dense-flowered, with a tuft of long hair at base ; rachis linear, straight (not flexuous), narrower than the 3 rows of very smooth, orbicular, compressed spikelets; gls. 3-veined. — 14 Wet places, Car. to Fla. May. — Aug. (P. lentiferum Lam.) 11 P. flditans Kunth. Culm decumbent and ascending 10 to 20', generally floating; Ivs. scabrous, lance-linear, 2 to 5' by 4 to G" ; sheaths inflated, open, ciliate at base ; spikes 20 to 50, 1 to 2^' long, the lower somewhat verticillate ; rachis foliaceous, nearly 1" broad, covering the 2 rows of ovate, acute spikeleta and projecting in a point beyond them. — fl) River swamps, S. Ill to Va. and S. States. Oct. (P. mucronatum Muhl. Ceresia, Ell.) 12 P. Walterianum Schuit. Culm decumbent, branching, ascending; Ivs. glabrous, lance-linear, 2 to 4' by 3 to 5" ; sheaths open, all glabrous; spikes 2 or 3 on each branch, I to 2' long; rachis very broad (near 2"), covering the 2 rowa of oval, acute spikes but not projecting beyond them. — (J) Wet soils, Car. to Fla, and La. JL— Sept (P. vaginatum E1L) OftDEtt 156.— GR AMINES. 783 13 P. Digitaria Poir. Mostly glabrous ; culm erect from an inclined base, 1 to 2|f high; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, 6 to 16' by 5 to 8", on long sheaths; spikes a pair, conjugate, slender, 2 to 4' long, at top of the long naked ped. or upper inter- node of culm ; spikelets lanceolate, in 2 opposite rows on the vertically compressed flexuous rachis. — OD ? Damp pine woods, Va. to Fla. and La. (Millium paspa- loides E1L P. Michauxiana Kth.) 14 P. tristachytim Le Conte. Glabrous, decumbent below, 12 to 20' high; culm filiform above ; Ivs. linear, flat, 3 to 8' by 2 to 3", margins sparingly ciliato;* sheaths compressed ; spikes usually 3, approximate (the 2 highest paired), very slender; rachis flexuous, triquetrous; spikelets lanceolate, 2-rowed, whitish, 1" long, close-pressed, gL and pale scarcely longer than the flowers. — ©Wet places, Ga. Fla. to La, 15 P. conjugatum Berg. Nearly glabrous and erect, I to 2f, slender; Ivs. broadly linear, 2 to 4' by 2 to 4", on compressed sheaths ; upper sheath very long and nearly leafless ; spikes 2, a conjugate pair, on the filiform upper internodc, very slender, 2 to 3' long ; rachis nearly as wide as the 2 rows of minute (£" long), round-ovate, acute, white, ciliate spikelets. — (I) "Waste places about N. Orleans (Hale). 16 P. distichum L. Nearly glabrous ; culms some inclining at base, 12 to 18' Ligh ; Ivs. lance-linear, bearded at the throat, 2 to 3' by 2 to 3'' ; spikes 2, a pair nearly or quite conjugate, dense-flowered, 1 to 2^' long; rachis narrower than tho 2 rows of ovate, acuminate (1^" long), glabrous spikelets. — 2£ Wet grounds, S. States. ft. TEISTACHUM. Spikes in 3s, closely approximate. 17 P. ambigmim DC. Glabrous; culms clustered, decumbent, 8 to 15' high; Ivs. lance-linear, shorter than the sheaths (2 to 4' by 2 to 4") ; spikes 2 to 4, about 2' long, slender; spikelets crowded, 2-rowed, ovate, •§" long, gL and pale about equal, not longer than the purplish flower, both hairy. — Sandy fields, especially South. Often purplish. Aug., Sept. § Eur. (Panicum glabrum Gaud.) 18 P. serotirmm Fluegge. Decumbent, creeping and rooting, with upright branches ; Ivs. and sheaths villous with white soft hairs, the former lance-linear, short, about 1' by 2"; spikes digitate, about in 5s, slender, 2 to 3' long; rachis flat, about as wide as the 2 rows of elliptical spikelets (£") ; spikelets all pedicellate, in 2s; gl. a fourth as long as the striato pale, and flower. — 0 Sandy fields, Car. to Fla. and La. Forms a dense carpet. Jl. — Oct. (Digitaria villosum Ell.) 19 P. sanguinale Lam. PURPLE FINGER GRASS. CRAB GRASS. Culms de- cumbent at base, radiating and branching at the lower joints, 1 — 2f; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly pilous, the sheaths strigously hairy ; spikes 3 — 5' long, fascinate at the top of the stem, 5 to 9 together ; spikelets in pairs, oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed to tho flexuous rachis, in 2 rows, glume % as long as the flower. — CD Common in cultivated grounds, N. Eng., W. Ind. Aug. — Oct. (Panicum, L. Digitaria, Scop.) 20 P. filiforme Swartz. Culm erect, filiform, simple, 12 — 18'; Ivs. short, nearly smooth, narrow-lanceolate; lower sheaths very hairy, upper glabrous; spikes 2—4, filiform, erect ; rachis flexuous ; spikelets in 3s, all pedicellate ; glume soli- tary, as long as the pale (abortive flower). — (T) Dry, gravelly soils, N. Y. to Ky. Aug. (Panicum, L. Digitaria, Muhl.) 21 P. interruptum. Culm strictly erect, wiry, tall (2 to 3f); Ivs. long, linear, 8 to 15' by 3 to 4'' clothed with copious soft hairs, as well as the sheaths; spikes 3 or 4, raceme-like, 2 to 6' long, the spikelets ovate, acutish, in remote- pairs dis- tinctly pedicellate, rachis filiform. — Dry soils, La. and Tex. (Hale). (P. racemosum Nutt. nee Jacq.) The inflorescence is almost paniculate. 16. MIL'LIUM, L. MILLET GRASS. (Probably from the Latin milk, a thousand, on account of its fertility.) Spikelets 1-flowered, not articu- lated with their pedicels ; glumes 2, without involucre or awns ; palea 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, oblong, concave, persistent and car- tilaginous, coating the caryopsis. (Comparing Millium with Panicuin, it Appears that the 2 glumes of the former are, in fact, a glume, and a f84 OEDEB 156.— GR AMINES. pale of a second (abortive) flower, the upper pale and the lower glumo being obsolete.) — Inflor. an open panicle. M. effusum L. Culm upright, simple, smooth, 3 to 6 or Sf higb ; Ivs. flat, 8 to 12' by 6" to 1', on smooth, striate sheaths; branches of the panicle clustered, spreading, remote; spikelets ovate, few and scattered, acute, about 1" long. — In •woods, Penn. to Can. and "Wis. Plant pale green. Summer. 17. AMPHICAR'PUM, Kunth. (Gr. dfifa both or twain, Kaprrog, fruit.) Spikelets (apparently) 1-flowered and perfect as in Millium, but of 2 kinds, terminal, deciduous and sterile, the radical fertile ; glumes 2, lanceolate, acute, awnless, as long as the 2 coriaceous pales ; stamens 3; stigmas 2, plumous, purple. — if Caespitous, erect, strict, with erect, Lrnce-lincar Ivs., the terminal fls. in a strict, contracted, slender panicle, the radical fls. are each solitary, on a slender ped., and subterranean. A. Purshii Kunth. Pine barrens, 1ST. Jer. (Long-a-coming, Jackson). Culm 2f high, glabrous. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3", hairy, as well as the sheaths, the upper sheath long and without a leaf. Pan. on a long, exserted ped. Spikelets -1^-' long, the radical ones 2J'', veiny,' the glume clasping the longer, neutral, single pale. Aug. (Millium Amphicarpon Ph.) 18. PAN'ICUM, L. PANIC GRASS. (Lat. panicula, the mode of flowering, or panis, bread, which some species afford.) Glumes 2, un- equal, awnless, the lower much smaller ; flowers 2, dissimilar, the lower abortive or sterile, with 1 or 2 pales, the upper pale membranous ; the upper £> , with the pales cartilaginous, polished, equal, concave, awnless, coating the caryopsis ; stamens 3 ; stigmas plumous, purple. — Differs from Paspalum in the presence of the lower (true) glume. Panicles simple or compound. § Spikelets acute or pointed, very numerous, racemed in large panicles. (*) * Abortive flower neutral, consisting of a single palea. (a) a Panicle capillary, with the spikelots solitary Nos. 1, 2 a Panicle not capillary, dense-flowered No. 3 * Abortive flower neutral, consisting of 2 paleae (pales), (b) b Panicle contracted, cylindric. Upper glume gibbous No. 4 b Panicle open. — Glume 8-veined. The 2 pales equal No. 5 — Glume 5 to 7-veined, — longer than abortive flower Nos. 6, 1 — shorter than abortive flower No. 8 * Abortive flower staminate, with 2 pales. Tall, very smooth Nos. 9, 10 § Spikelets obtuse or barely acute, solitary, pedicellate, not numerous. (**) ** Abortive flower (neutral) consisting of a single pale Nos. 11 — 13 ** Abortive flower of 2 pales, the upper small and scarious. (c) C Leaves narrow, obscurely veined, 1 to b" wide, (d) d Spikelets densely fringed with silky hairs; fertile flower colored No. 14 d Spikelets glabrous or sparsely pilous; fertile flower white, (dd) dd Spikelcts less than V long, roundish or oval ; glume 5-veincd.. .Nos. 15, 16 dd Spikelets 1 to \\" loner, oval ; glume 9-veined Nos. 17, 18 C Leaves broad, conspicuously veined, 5 to 20" wide, (e) e Abortive flower usually staminate with 8 stamens Nos. 18,19 6 Abortive flower neutral, never with stamens, (f ) f Plant very downy, with soft, dense, velvety hairs No. 20 f Plant smoothish or pilous-ciliatc, branched or simple Nos. 21, 22 § Spikelets barely acute, in short (I'), dense, secund, alternate spikes. Southern Nos. 23, 24 1 P. capillare. Culm nearly simple, assurgent and thick at base, 1 — 2f; Ivs. hairy, broad-linear, acuminate, 4 — G' long; sheaths covered with bristly hairs; pan. large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding; spikelets small (f" long), often pur- ple, oblong-ovate, purple, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, on long, hispid peduncles; abortive fl. of 1 palea. — (3D Fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Aug. — Pani- cles often If or more long, with a very light, airy appearance. In poor or shady soils it is much reduced. 2 P. autumnale Bosc. Culm very slender, assurgent, 10 to 20' high; Ivs. gla- brous, hnce-linear, at length convolute. 2 to 3' long; sheaths glabrous; pan. dif- iuse, bearded in the axils, with long, strict, rbughish, capillary, 1-flowered branches; ORDER 156.— GRAMINEJE. 785 (pikelets oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; glumes veiny, very unequal, tho lower minute. — Sand hill.?, Mason Co., 111. (Mead, in. Gray's Manual). 2> P. proliferum Lam. Culrn assurgent, geuiculate at base, very smooth, thick and succulent; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6'' wide, 10 to 15' long, on tumid sheaths, ligules ciliate; pan. large, pyramidal, terminal and axillary, smooth; spikelets oblong, acute, veiny, 1" long, densely racemed; lower glume £ as long as the upper ; abortive fl., with 1 pale. — CD Marshes, especially brackish and sandy, Mass, to La., also along the "Western rivers. Aug., Sept. (P. geniculatum Muhl.) In uplands more slender, not succulent. 4 P. gibbum Ell. Culm terete, assurgent, 2 to 3f, with black joints ; Ivs. lance- linear, glabrous, 4 to 8' by 4 to 8 ', on smooth, strongly striate sheaths; pan. densely contracted, often purple, fusiform, about 6' long, strict; spikelets near 2" long, obtusish, Ksvcr glumo very small, upper very large, 11- veined, remarkably gibbous at base, upper pale nearly as long as the lower.— Q) "Wet soils, S. States. Jl.— Sept. (P. Eiliottianum Schl.) 5 P. Liana Ell. Culm very slender, almost filiform, decumbent and rooting at the lower joints, about 2f high; Ivs. narrowly linear, 8 to 16' long, glabrous; sheaths hairy only at tho throat; panicle pyramidal, spikelets racemed, £" long; lower glumo half as long as the upper, neutral pales equal, conspicuous (gaping), a little longer than the fertile. — Damp pine barrens, S. States, common. Aug- — Oct. (P. dcbilo Poir. P. divaricatum MX.) 6 P. agrostoides Muhl. Culm compressed, glabrous, 1J — 3f high, often genicu- late at baso ; Ivs. long and numerous, caulino linear-lanceolate, carinate, rough- edged, on short, striato sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, com- posed of racemed, spreading or deflexed branches; spikelets 1" long, purple, lance- ovate, acute, crowded; upper glume 3-veined, % longer than the lower ; upper neu- tral, pale, nearly as long as the lower. — 2£ Meadows, frequent. July. (P. fusco- rubens Nutt.) 7 P. anceps MX. Culm compressed, 2 to 3f; Ivs. linear, carinate, very long, rough-edged ; sheaths ancipital, pilous on tho throat and margin ; pan. erect, pyramidal, with subremote, subsimple, interruptedly racemous branches ; spikekts 1£" long, lanceolate, very acuminate, and when mature, forked ; lower glume and upper pale half as long as the lower pale, scarcely shorter than the fertile flower ; up- per glume 7 -veined. — Wet soils, K J. and S. States. Aug. — Nov. 8 P. vilfiforme. Glabrous throughout; culm decumbent, ascending 2 to 3f, branched ; Ivs. long, linear, scarcely rough-edged ; sheaths with a tuft of hairs at throat ; pan. simple, with racemed, spreading branches ; spikelets 2" long, lan- ccolato, acute ; lower glume % to $ as long as the upper, ^-veined glume which is shorter than the lower pole, -(while in ISfos. 6 and 7 it is longer than tho lower pale !). — Wet meadows, E. Tenn. I JL, Aug. 9 P. amarum Ell. Glabrous, leafy ; culm 2 to 3f high, stout ; Ivs. glaucous, cor- iaceous, rigid, linear, 10 to 18' long, margins involute, not scabrous; sheath aomo shorter than tho joints ; pan. large, contracted, its very smooth branches appressed ; spikelets thick, 2" long, ovate, acuminate, lower glume nearly as long as tho sterile pales, which contain 3 orange-colored stamens. — 1£ Sandy shores, Conn, to Fla. and La. (Hale). Lvs. excessively bitter (Elliott). Aug. — Oct. 10 P. virgatum L. Glabrous and often purple ; culm 3 — Sfhigh; Ivs. fiat, long, linear-lanceolate, hairy at base; sheaths striato; stip. with long, white cilice; pan. pyramidal, loose, spreading, diffuse, very large ; fls. acuminate, the glumes 2^-" long, very pointed, divaricate, the lower f as long as tho upper; pales of tho abortive flower nearly equal, enfolding tho purpls stamens. — If Salt-lick prairies, fields, &c., K Y. to Ind., S. to the Gulf. Aug. 11 P. verniccsum Muhl. Culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching from tho base, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, 4 to 6' by 2 to 4", spreading, smooth ; pan. much expanded, few-flowered ; spikelets £ to $" long, covered with warty points (verrucous) obovate, bluish ; abortive flower of one palea, and neuter. — •(D? Swamps and thickets, Mid. and S. States. Panicles terminal and lateral, looso and capillary. Aug. (P. debilis Ell. ncc Poir. P. ramulqsum MX.) 12 P. fragile Kunth. Culnt gcuiculato at base, assurgent, branched^ very "brittle, 50 786 OBDEB 156.— GRAMIXEJS. If; Ivs. subulate, scabrous, 2 to 4' long; sheaths glabrous, longer than the joints; pan. very simple, the few, solitary, small spikelets on very long setaceous pedicels ; lower glume subulate ; sterile pale single, as long as tho glume, a little longer than the fertile flower, — Dry, sandy soils, rare, N. Car. to Ga. 13 P. villosum E1L Villous throughout with soft white hairs; culm geniculate below, 1 to 2f ; Ivs. flat, erect, 2 to 3' by 3 to 4" ; sheaths much shorter than tho joints; pan. small (2 to 3' long), loose; spikelels oval, 1" long, green ; lower glumo roundish, £ as long as the 7-veined, upper one, which equals the single, sterile pale and iertile flower. — Evergreen in damp places, S. States (Feay, &c.). Apr., May. 14 P. ciliatiflorum. FRINGED GRASS. Culm erect, strict, 1 to 3f, glabrous; Ivs. erect, long, linear, flat, narrow, scarcely distinct from their sheaths; pan. virgate, subsimple, 3' long; spikelets pedicellate, oval, the glume and lower abortive pale obtuse, subequal, the 5 veins ciliate-fringed with silky, purplish hairs ; upper pale much smaller, oblong ; fertile pales thinly chartaceous, brown or blackish when mature. — Varies with tho leaves more or less hairy, and tho curious silk fringe of tho spikelets more or less copious. In pine barrens, S. States. Sept. (Phalaris villosa MX. Aulaxanthus ciliatus and rufa Ell. P. iguoratum Kth., an absurd namo which we venture to discard.) 15 P. dichotomum L. Culm at first subsimple with a single terminal panicle, becoming more or less branched, with lateral, subsimple panicles ; Ivs. lanceolate, 1 to 4' by 2 to 4" or 5", hairy or smooth, as likewise the sheaths; terminal pan. exserted, often long-pedunculate, small (1 to 3' long), oval in outline, loosely few- flowered; spikelets small (about £" long), oval or roundish; lower glume very smaU, upper equaling the sterile pale and fertile flower, upper sterile ^ to £ aa long as the lower, scarious, bifid. — If Common everywhere, in meadows, fields and woods. Jn. — Sept. — The following are the more striking forms of this ex- ceedingly variable species (which includes P. nodiflorum, laxiflorum, nitidum Lam., barbulatum MX., sphasrocarpa Muhl., lanuginosum, ensiforum Ell., &c.). ft. NITIDUM. Smooth and shining; spikelets pale purple; upper pale very short, y. SPH-EROcl RPUM. Hairy ; Ivs. suberect ; spikelets dark purple ; upper pale deeply bifid. <5. BARBULATUM. Taller; nodes with a ring of retrorse hairs; Ivs. spreading; spikelets purplish ; upper pale entire. e. LANUGINOSUM. Woolly ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; spikelets green ; upper pala elongated, very obtuse. Approaches the next species. 16 P. depauperatum Muhl. Culm casspitous, erect, 9 to 12' high, simple above the base; Ivs. linear, rigidly erect, lower short, upper about 5' by 2}"; pan. simple with ascending branches, the peduncle very short or becoming very long ; spikelets green, oval, acute, f to 1" long; outer glume roundish, £ as long as tho inner, 7-veined one ; upper neutral palo (always?) bifid, half as long as tho lower. —Hilly woods, N. States and Can. Jn. (P. rectum R. & S.) ft. INVOLUTUM. Lvs. involute, ending in a long, rigid point. (P. involutum, Torr.) 17 P. paucifldruxn EU. Culm mostly erect, at length, somewhat decumbent and branched ; Ivs. erect, linear-lanceolate, faintly 9-veined, tapering to near tho base ; 3 to 5' by 5 to 7", sparingly hirsute as well as the close sheaths; pan. ex- serted, simpk, raceme-like, few-flowered; spikelets 10 or more, obovate, obtuse, 1" long; lower glume broad-ovate, \ as long as the upper one; upper neutral palo similar to the lower. — Wet or shady places, Mid., ~W. and S. States. Jn., Jl. 18 P. pubescens Lam. Culm slender, finally branched, glabrous, 2 to 3f long ; Ivs. lance-linear, 9-veined, 3 to 6' by 3 to 5", clothed with reflexed hairs as well as the open sheaths; pan. small, expanded, few-flowered, pubescent; spikelets large (1^'long), hairy, oval, obtuse, green; outer glume, lanceolate, f as long as the inner 9-veined one ; inner neutral palo nearly as long as the outer. — Dry fields, etc., N. Y. to Ohio and S. States. Jn. (P. dichotomum /3. Gray.) 19 P. latifdlium L. Culm mostly erect, 1 to 2f high ; Ivs. lanceolate., base dilated and cordate-clasping, 3 to 5' by 1', 11 to I3-veined, smoothish; sheaths hirsute at throat; pan. exserted, compaund, loose, about 3 'long; spikoleta oval, obtuse, ORDER 156.— -GRAMINE^E. 787 1J" long1, green; lower glume orate, not half as long as the tipper; abortivo pales subequal, usually with 3 stamens. — In moist, shady places, U. S. and Can. Jn., Jl. (P. scoparium and nervosum Lam. P. ciliatum Ell., etc.) 20 P. xanthoph^sum Gray. Culm generally simple, glabrous, 9 to 15' high ; Ivs. lanceolate, 3 to 6' by 5 to 7", not dilated at the ciliate, clasping base, smooth, 9 to 11-veined; pan. long-exserted, simple, raceme-like, fe w- flowered ; spkl. round- ish-obovate !•$•" long ; lower glume ovate, 3-veined, acutish, \ as long as the up- per many- veined one ; abortive pales oftener with 3 stamens. — Dry soils, N. Eng, to Wis. (Lapham). Rare. Jn. 21 P. viscidum Ell. Hoary, with a dense, short, soft, viscid pubescence ; culm decumbent, assurgent 2 to 4f, stout ; joints a smooth brown ring ; Ivs. lance- linear, 3 to G' by 6 to 16" ; sheaths much shorter than the interuodes; pan. rather large (4 to G' long); loose; spkl. light green, 1" long, oval, acutish, lower glumo very small, upper pale very small, truncate. — If Damp places, N. J. to Ga. (Feay). 22 P. clandestinum L. Culm with short, axillary, appressed branches, 2 to 3f high, rigid, leafy ; Ivs. 3 to 6' by 1', lanceolate, subcordate at base ; sheaths his- pid with papilla) in the grooves bearing bristly hairs, and enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spkl. elliptical, acutish, 1-J-" long, striate, often purple ; upper pale of the neutral fl. obtuse. — 2£ Moist woods, Mass, and Mid. States. Jl., Aug. 23 P. microcarpon Muhl., Darl. Culm 18 to 30' high, erect, simple, glabrous; joints glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, veined, ciliate at base, undulate and scabrous on the margin, scabrous above, smooth beneath, C to 10" wide; sheaths deeply Btriate, smooth ; slip. 0 ; pan. much branched, nearly smooth ; spkl. small, (-J-" long), roundi&h-obovate, purple, numerous, scarcely pubescent ; upper sterile palo minute; fr. shining, bluish white. — 2{. 24 P. Walter! Ell. Culm slender, glabrous, erect, 2f ; Ivs. linear 3 to G' by 2 to 3", glabrous as well as the open sheaths ; spikes thick, dense, 1-sided, alternate (the 2 lower sometimes opposite), G to 12" long; spkl. imbricated in 3 rows, broad-ovate ; glumes minutely hispid, the lower half as large, upper 3-veined ; abortive pales unequal, staminate ; fertile Jl. roundish. — Damp grounds, Can. to Pla. and La. Jn. — Aug. (Nearly allied to Oplismenus.) 25 P. Aurelianum Halo (MS.). Culm decumbent, geniculate, slender, branched, glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, 1 to 2' by 3 to 4", sheaths ciliate ; spikes slender, G to 12" long, alternate, 1-sided; spkl. ovate, acute; lower glume •£• as long as the upper, smooth and 5-veined one ; abortive pales equal, staminate ; fertile fl. ovate. — Damp soils, about N. Orleans (Hale). 26 P. miliaceum L. MILLET. Lvs. lance-linear and sheaths hairy ; culm 2 to 3f high ; pan. large, open, nodding ; snkl. solitary, ovate ; gls. acuminate- mucronate, subequal ; pales obtuse. — Cultivated, f Turkey. 27 P. Jumentomm Pers. Another cultivated species, from N". Africa. Much valued South. It is tall, stout, smooth. The spikelets are singularly arranged in 2s or 3s, one or two sterile to each fertile. Seeds black. 19. OPLIS'MENUS Beauv. COCK-SPUR GRASS. (Gr. onkiapa, ar- mament, pevog, courage ; alluding to the stout awns.) Spikelets, &c. f.s in Panicum, except that the lower abortive pale (and often the glumes) is prolonged more or less into an awn. — Coarse grasses with the fls, in dense paniculate racemes. 1 O. Cnis-gaili Kunth. BARN- YARD GRASS. Terete, smooth, 3 — if high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate, with smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule ; pan, simple or apparently so, branches spike-form, compound, alternate and in pairs; rachis hairy and rough ; glumes scarcely awned, hispid-bristly ; lower abortive 1 palea ending in a rough awn, 6" to 18'' long; fertile fl. ovate. — (p A coarse, weedy grass, introduced into cultivated grounds, barn-yards, &c., common. Aug., Sept. § Variable. (Panicum, L.) ft. MUTICUS. Awns very short, or the pale merely subulate-pointed. Common, y. HISPIDUS. Sheaths very bristly ; awns very long. 2 O. hirte'lhis R. & S. Culm glabrous, decumbent, branched; Ira lanceolate, flat, 1 to 2' by 2 to 4", with scattered, appressed hairs on the upper surface; ORDER 156.— GR AMINES. sheaths ciliate; pan. of remote, short (6"), dense, alternate spikes, the rachis fiex- uous; glumes nearly equal, both awned; lower pale with a stout awn which is much longer than those of the glumes; upper pale minute; fertile fl. lanceolate. — Dry shades, Car. to Ga. and La. Aug. — Oct. (Panicum, L.) 20. SETA'RIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOX-TAIL GRASS. (Lat. seta, a bristle.) Spikelets, &c. as in Panicum, but each subtended by a cluster of awn-like bristles (abortive pedicels), forming a sort of bristly invo- lucre.— FJS. in dense, cylindric spikes or spike-like panicles. § Bristles of the involucre rough backwards, in pairs, short No. 1 § Bristles rough upwards. — Fertile pales strongly rugous crosswise Nos. 2, 3 — Fertile pales smoothish, striate lengthwise No. 4 —Fertile pules smoothish, not striate Nos. 5, 6 1 S. verticillata Beauv. Culm smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough- edged; sheaths smooth, hairy on the margin; spicate pan. composed of short, divided branches in interrupted verticils, 2 — 3' long ; bristles of the invol. in pairs, rough backwards, as well as the upper part of the culm ; paleaeofthe 5 roughish- punctate. — 0 Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ohio, more frequent South. July. § 2 S. glauca Beauv. BOTTLE GRASS, Culm 2 — 3f; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, rough, hairy at base ; sheaths striate, smooth ; ligules setous ; spike cylindric, yellowish- green, 2 — i' long, nearly simple; invol. of G — 10 fascicled, scabrous bristles much longer than the spikelets; fertile pale, transversely rugous. — (J) Fields and road- sides, N". Eng. to Ohio. Jl., Aug. (3. PURPURASCENS. Sheaths and spikelets pilous, awns purple. 3 S. corrugata Schul. Culm terete, 2 to 3f; Ivs. linear, 8 to 12' by 3 to 4", very scabrous, as well as the sheaths; ligules setous; pan. terete, dense, spike- like, 3 to 6' long, compounded of many appressed spikes, each of many spikelets ; bristles as many as spkls. (one at the base of each) and 3 or 4 times as long ; caryopsis and its pales strongly corrugated (Elliott). — Savannah (Baldwin). 4 S. viridis Beauv. WILD TIMOTHY. Culm smooth, 2 — 3f ; Ivs. lanceolate, flat, minutely serrulate ; sheaths striate, hairy on the margin, and with a setous stipule ; spike 1 to 3' long, cylindric, compound, terminal, green ; involucre of 4 — 10 fas- ciculate bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; palese of the perfect flower longi- tudinally striate, punctate, and minutely corrugated under a lens. — (T) Common in cultivated grounds, Northern States. July, Aug. 5 S. Italica Kunth. Culm somewhat compressed, about 4 to Gf high ; Ivs. lan- ceolate, 1 — 2f long, an inch wide; sheaths roughish, pilous at the throat; spiko compound, interrupted at the base, nodding, G — 8' long sometimes 12 to 18' long and I' thick (Feay) ; spikelets conglomerate ; invol. of 2 or more bristks, several times longer than the flower ; fertile fl. polished, shining, %" long. — (T) Ditches, Mid. and S. States. July. 6 S. Germanic a Beauv. MILLET. BENGAL GRASS. Culm 2 — 4f high, simple, leafy ; Ivs. lance- linear, flat, acuminate, serrulate on the margin ; sheaths striate, close, pubescent; stip. bearded; spike compressed, yellowish, oblong-cylindric ; rachis densely hirsute ; involucrate bristles 4 — 8, as long as, or longer than tho spikelets, yellowish; glumes unequal, ovate; £ pakcB 1" long, obscurely 3-veined, duU with minute corrugations. — (5) In fields, often cultivated. § (S. Italica p. Kunth.) 21. CENCHRUS L. BURR GRASS. (Gr. Kev^po^ the ancient namo of the millet.) Flowers racemous or spicate; involucre burr-form, laciniate, echinate, persistent, and becoming hard in fruit, including 1 — 3 spikelets ; glumes 2, 2-flowered, outer smaller ; flowers dissimlar, the lower sterile, the upper perfect; scales 0; branching; spikelets sessile. 1 C. tribuloides L. St. 1 — 2f long, erect or procumbent and geniculato at base ; Ivs. lance-linear, conduplicate, gradually acuminate, 3 — 5' by 2 — 3" ; sheaths open, about as long as the colored joints ; spike with the burr-like involucres approximate ; invol. cartilaginous, beset externally with many sharp, retrorsely ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. 789 hispid spines as long as itself and containing 2 — 3 spikelets ; glumes acuminate- mucronate, about 3" long, producing but 1 caryopsis. — 0 Sandy alluvion, N. J. to Can. and Wis. The adhesive burrs are annoying. 22. PHAL'ARIS L. CANARY GRASS. (Gr. aXapi$, white crested, as are the flowers.) Spikelets 1 (theoretically 3) -flowered ; glumes 2, sub- equal, carinatc ; palese 2, coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the caryopsis, each with an external, accessory palea or abor- tive rudiment at base. Grasses with flat Ivs. contracted, often spike- like panicles. 1 P. arundinacea L. Culm erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2 — 5f high ; Ivs. spreading, lance-linear, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths; pan. very dense, elliptic-oblong, somewhat secund, 3 — G' long, glumes 3-veined, whitish, scabrous; rudiments pilous. — If Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car. and Ky. A large, showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug. (P. Americana Torr. nee Ell.) P. PICTA is the well-known striped or ribbon grass, with beautifully variegated leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity, f 2 P. Canariensis L. CANARY GRASS. Culm erect, or geniculato at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy; If or more high; Ivs. lance-linear; panicles spicato, ovoid, erect ; 1 to 2' long ; glumes whitish, with green veins ; winged on the keel ; rudiments smooth. — (1) Fields and pastures, not common. The glumes are cu- riously marked with white and green. Tho fruit is the chief food of Canary birds. Jl. § Isle Fortunatus. 23. ANTHOXAN'THUM, L. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL GRASS. (Gr. dvOog, a flower, t-avOog, yellow ; from the color of its spikes.) Spike- lets 3-flowered, the central one £ , the 2 lateral ones neuter, each con- sisting of one bearded palea ; glumes 2, unequal, the upper one larger, inclosing the flowers ; palea3 of the $ 2, short, awnless ; stamens 2. A. odoratum L. Slender, erect, 10 — 18'; Ivs. short, striate, pale green; pan. spicate, oblong-ovoid ; spikelete pubescent, on short peduncles ; pales of the lateral fls. linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the summit. — An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of tho States and Can. May, Jn. § Eur. 24. HIEROCH'LOA, Gmel. SENECA GRASS. (Gr. tepoc, sacred, j^/loa, glass ; from its fragrance.) Spikelets 3-flowered ; glumes 2, scarious ; lateral flowers staminate, triandrous ; central flower £ , dian- drous (rarely triandrous). — Sweet-scented. Inflor. paniculate. 1 H. borealis R. & Sch. Smooth, glossy; culm simple, erect, 15 — 20'; radical Ivs. as long as the stem, cauline 2—4' long, lanceolate, mucronate ; panicle rather 1-sided and spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered, 2 — 3' long; branchlets flexuous; spikelets broad, subcordate, colored, unarmed; glumes acuminate; lower pale cili- ate.— If Wet meadows, Virg. to Arc. Am. Yery fragrant. May. 2 H. alpina R. & S. Smooth; culm erect, stout, 6 — 8'; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute; sheaths tumid, longer than the internodes; panicle ovoid, H — 2' long, with the branches in pairs ; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches ; glumes lanceolate; lower fl. with an awn about as long as the pales. — 1( Summits of the White Mts. (Bigelow). Jn. 25. HOL'CUS, L. SOFT GRASS. (Gr. o/U6^, something which draws ; application obscure.) Spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes herbaceous, boat- shaped, mucronate ; flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect and awn- less, upper one $ or neuter, . awned on the back. — Fls. in an open panicle. H. lanatiis L. Hoary pubescent ; culm 1| — 2fhigh; Ivs. lance-linear, 2 — 5' long; ^90 ORDER 156.— GR AMINES. sheaths striate ; pan. oblong, dense, whitish, with a purple tinge ; fls. shorter than the glumes; sterile one with a recurved, included awn. — U Common in wet meadows, N. Eng., to the uplands of Ga. A beautiful grass, very soft with whitish down. Jl. 26. AIVRA, L. (Gr. alpa, a deadly weapon ; originally applied to a poisonous grass.) Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments ; glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, subequal ; one of the flowers pedicellate ; palea3 subequal, pilous at base, the lower one lacerate a$ apex and awned on the back. — Fls. in panicles of a silvery purplish hue. § Glumes much longer than the pales. Awns long No. 1 § Glumes about as long as the pales. Awns long or short Nos. 2, 3 1 A. atropurpxirea "Wahl. Caespitous, a foot high ; culms very slender ; Ivg. flat ; pan. thin, with spreading branches ; glumes much longer than the flowers ; pales hairy at apex. — High Mts. of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug. 2 A. flexuosa L. Culm smooth, 1 — 2f high, nearly naked; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striato sheaths and truncate stipules ; pan. loose, spreading, trichoto* mous, with long, flexuous branches ; awns geniculate, twice longer than the pales. — U Vales and hills, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. 3 A. caespitosa L. Csespitous, glabrous; st. 18 — 30' high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, scabrous above, smooth beneath, flat ; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diffuse ; awns straight, about as long as the pales, which are longer than the bluish, glumes. — U Swamps, N. States and Can. May. (A. aristulata Torr.) 27. DAWTHO'NIA, DC. (In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botan- ist.) Spikelets 2 — 7-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the spikelet of flowers, cuspidate ; paleae hairy at the base, lower one bi- dentate at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one obtuse, entire. D. spicata Beauv. St. slender, nearly erect, 12 — 18' high, tower Ivs. numerous, 4 — 6' long, flat, hairy above, caulinc Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect, on very short sheaths; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect; spikelets 3 — 8 or 10, about 7- flowered; glumes a little longer than the flowers ; lower palea hairy, about half as long as its spirally twisted awn. — Pastures and open woods, common. June — Aug. (Avena, L.) 28. AVEXNA, L. OAT. Spikelet 2 to 5-flowered ; glumes 2, loose and membranous, awnless, often as long as the pales ; pales 2, herba- ceous, at length subcoriaceous, the lower one bifid and usually with a twisted or bent awn at the back. — Fls. paniculate. § ARRHENATHERUM. Gls. unequal, 2-flo\vcred, with a rudiment; lower fl. staminate.No. 1 § AIROPSIS. Gls. subequal, 2-flowered, with no rudiment, tls. both perfect. Dwarf. No. 2 § AVENA proper. Gls. equal, longer than the 2 fls., and strongly striate. Cultivated No. 8 1 A. elatior L. Culm 2 — 4f, geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough on the margin and upper surface ; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ter- nate; spikelets 2-flowered; awn twice as long as the palea; upper flower £, mostly awnless. — It A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds. May, June. (Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv.) 2 A. preecox Beauv. Casspitous ; culm erect, a few inches high ; Ivs. % — 1' long, rough; sheaths deeply striate; panicle dense, racemous; spikelets ovate, 2- flowered, glumes as long as the flowers ; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice its length. — (1) K Y. to Virg. Jn. (Aira, L.) 3 A. sativa L. COMMON OAT. Culm smooth, 2 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths ; stip. lacerate ; panicle loose ; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one mostly Awned 5 paleoz gomewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the caryopsis. — (D A OBDEB 156.— GRAMLNE^E. 791 highly important grain, ono of tho staple productions of tho soil ; said to hayo been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. (3. NIGRA. BLACK OATS. Palea dark brown, almost black, awnless. y. SECUNDA. HORSE-MANE OATS. Panicle 1-sided ; awns short. 29. TRISETUM, L. (Lai. tria, three, sctum, a bristle ; a character- istic term.) Spikelet 2 — 5-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than tho flowers ; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flexuoua awn from above the middle of the back ; scales ovate ; fruit coated, farrowed. — Very closely related to Avena. 1 T. palustre Torr. Culm erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish-green ; spikelets about B" long, 2 — 3- jftowered, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setous teeth, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. — If Wet meadows, Mass., N". Y. to Fla. May — July. (Avena, MX. Aira pallens, Muhl.) 2 T. molle Kunth. Minutely and softly puberulent throughout; culm If high; Ivs. narrow, 2 to 4' long ; pan. contracted and spike-like, 2' long ; awn at length de- flexed, longer than the beardless flowers. — Mts. and rocks, 1ST. H. to Mich, and Can. (Avena, MX.) Scarcely differs from tho foregoing, which is also sometimes downy. 3 T. purpurascens Torr. Culm leafy, 2f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4 — G' long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4 — 6' long ; glumes 3 to 5~ftowered, very unequal, entire ; spikelets 6 to 8" long, lanceolate, terete, often purple, smooth ; lower palea 7-veined, cleft into 2 bristly points at the apex; awn geniculate. — 2£ Mountain bogs, N. Eng. to Wis. and Can. June. 30. BROrMUS, L. BROME GRASS. (Gr. /3poym, food; the namo was anciently applied to Oats.) Spikelets 5 to oo -flowered ; glumes un- equal, membranous, veined ; lower pale 5 to 9-veined, convex or cari- nate on the back, awned from below the mostly bifid tip ; upper pale ciliate on the 2 keels, often bifid ; caryopsis linear, adherent to the upper pale. — Coarse grasses with flat Ivs. and large, paniculate, nodding spikelets. § Glumes narrow, the lower l-veined, upper 3-veined. Pale keeled Nos. 6, 5 § Glumes veiny, the lower 3 to 5, upper 5 to 7-veined (a). a Lower pule compressed-carinate, the awn scarcely any No. 4 a Lower pale rounded on the back, the awn conspicuous Nos. 3 — 1 1 B. secallmis L. SMOOTH CHEAT OR CHESS. Culm smooth, 2 to 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, 6 to 12' long, rough and some hairy above, on smoothish sheaths; pan. spreading in fruit, branches subsimple, with few nodding spikelets ; spkl. ovate, turgid, smooth, 7 to 10-flowered ; fls. soon diverging and rather distinct, oblong, longer than the short, flexuous awn. — (J) A handsome but worthless grass, in fields of wheat and other grains, and in waste grounds. Jn., Jl. § Eur. 2 B. mollis L. DOWNY CHESS. Culm slender, some downy, 12 to 18' to 2f; Ivs. flat, hairy both sides, lance-linear, on sheaths clothed with deflexed hairs ; pan. erect, contracted in fruit ; spikekts ovate, compressed, about G-flowered, downy all over ; fls. oblong, closely imbricated, not longer than their straight awn. — ® (g) Wheat fields and waste grounds, rare. Lower pale J longer than the upper. Jn. § Eur. Varies in pubescence. (B. racemosus L. (3. arvensis, Ed. 2.) 3 B. Kalmii Gray. Culm slender, 18' to 3f; Ivs. and sheaths more or less hairy, sometimes excessively so ; pan. simple, small, 3 to 4' long; spkl. drooping, closely 7 to 1 2-flowered, densely silky all over ; lower glume 3-veined, upper 5 ; lower pale much longer than the upper, 5 to 7-veined, the awn % of its length. — U Dry hilly woods, U. S. and Can. Jn., JL (B. purgans Torr. nee L. fide Prof. Gray.) 4 B. uniololdea Thunb. & Kth. EESCUE GRASS. Culm 18' to 3f, glabrous; 792 ORDER 15 G.— GRAMINE^E. Ivs. smoothish, on sheaths more or less hairy or almost smooth ; pan. large, 6 to 10' long, branches subsimple, whorled ; spikelets smooth, lance-ovate, much com- pressed, 2-edged, 1' long, £ as wide, 8 to 12-flowered; lower glurne 3, upper 6- veined; lower pale 7 to 9-veined, much larger than the strongly 2-keeled upper, with scarcely any awn. — CD Cultivated at the South (in 1357) from seeds distri- buted by the government, but proved no better than our Chess. \ Peru. 5 B. ciliatus L. Culm erect, smooth, 2 to 4f high ; Ivs. flat, some pubescent, 6 to 12' long, on sheaths more or less pilous with deflexed hairs ; pan. large, erect, 5 to 8' long, finally nodding, branches in 2s and 4s, compound ; spikelets at first lance-fusiform, 7 to 11 -flowered, the fls. soon separating; glumo lower 1, upper 3- veined; pales compressed-carinate above, silky-haired near the margins, twice longer than the straight awn. — 2f Damp woods along rivers, U. S. and Can. Jn., JL (B. Canadensis MX. B. pubescens Muhl. B. purgans, Ed. 2.) p. PURGANS. Pan. more open; spkl. silky-hairy all over. — Mid. and S. States. 6 B. tectoram L. Culm slender, 1 to 3f, pubescent above; Ivs. pubescent,* sheaths ciliato with few long hairs ; pan. compound, at length 1-sided and nod- ding ; pedicels capillary ; spikelets linear-oblong, minutely downy, about b-flowered ; glumes lower 1-, upper 3-veined ; lower pale 3-veined, carinate, scarious-edged, lance-subulate, scarcely as long as its awn. — (FJ N. York (Sartwell), Penn. (Jack- son). (B. sterilis Torr.) § 31. TRICUS'PIS, Beauv. (Lat. tres, three, cuspis, a point ; refer- ring to the structure of the lower pale.) Spikelets terete or tumid, 3 to 9-flowered, upper flower abortive ; glumes 2, unequal, awnless ; pales 2, the lower larger, hairy-fringed along the keel and the 2 lateral veins, and ending in 3 short cusps or mucrones (the projecting veins and mid- vein) and 2 intermediate teeth, upper pale 2-toothed ; stamens 1 to 3 ; stigmas plumous ; caryopsis smooth, free, 2-horned. — Erect, simple. Pan. mostly with racemous branches. 1 T. seslerioides Torr. FALSE RED-TOP. Culm hard and firm, glabrous, 4 to 5f high; Ivs. glabrous, linear, involute when dry, sheaths hairy at the throat; pan. open, loose, 8 to 12' long, the slender branches at length spreading ; spikl te- retish, lanceolate, about 5-flowcred, purple, 2 to 3" long ; cusps of the lower pale very short. — If A splendid grass, in dry fields, N. Eng. to 111. and S. States. Aug., Sept. (Poa MX. Windsoria poasformis Nutt. Uralepis cuprea Kunth.) — A variety has smaller, 3 to 5-ilowcred, pale purple spikelcts and flexuous branches. Another var. has the spikelets white. 2 T. ambigua Kunlh. Culm strictly erect, 2 to 4f high, slender and firm, glabrous as well as the linear, convolute-filiform Ivs., and the sheaths which aro scarce half the lengtji of the internodes ; pan. contracted, small, 3 to 5' long ; spike- lets few, subsessile, ovate turgid, 5 to 7 -flowered, {he fls. at length divaricate, moro or less purple. — 1^. Car. to Ga. and La. Spkl. not longer, but much thicker than in No. 1. Sept. (Poa, Ell.) 3 T. stricta. Glabrous ; culm slender, firm, erect, 3 to 6f high ; pan. very strict, spite-like, dense ; spkl. sessile, fiat, nearly as broad as long, 7 to 9-flowered ; glumes lance-linear, much longer than the pales, about as long as the spikelets. — If Miss. and La. Lvs. very long, flat. Pan. about 6' long, G" wide. A singular grass, (Windsoria Nutt.) 32. URAL'EPIS, Nutt. SAND GRASS. (Gr. ovpd, tail, Aerr^, a scale ; a characteristic name.) Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, fls. distant ; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers, unequal, awnless ; pales 2, very unequal, both conspicuously fringe-bearded along the 2 or 3 veins, the lower 2- cleft, with the midvein produced into a short, straight awn between tho 2 segments ; upper 2-keeled. — Culms decumbent, branched. Pan. small, the branches racemed. 1 U. purpfcrea Nutt. Cacspitous; culms procumbent at base, bearded at the OBDER 156.— GK AMINES. 793 nodes, 10 — 18' ; Ivs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy be- neath ; pan. simple, racemous, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, the upper one partly exsert ; spikelet 3-flowered ; awn of thepale about as long as the lateral, obtuse segments. — Sea coast, among the drifting sands, Mass, to Ga. Taste of the plant bitter. Aug. (U. aristulata Nutt.) 2 U. cornuta Ell. Culm 2f high, and with the narrow (1") leaves and sheaths hairy; pan. slender, composed of a few small, few-flowered branches; glumes 2, subequal, very acute, purple as well as the 2 pales ; upper pale longer than the glume, the midvein prolonged in an elongated, at length 'recurved awn beyond the segments. — S. States. (Triplasis Americana Beauv.) 33. DAC'TYLIS, L. ORCHARD GRASS. (Gr. dditrvXo^ a finger; from the form of the spikes.) Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3 — 5- flowered ; glumes unequal, herbaceous, the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers ; palese subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one emarginate, carinate, mucronate, upper bifid at apex ; scales dentate. — Lvs. carinate. Pan. composed of dense clusters. D. glomerata L. Culm roundish, 2 — 4f ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little scabrous, glaucous; sheaths striate; stip. lacerate; pan. remotely branched, rather secund*; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, termi- nal clusters ; glumes very unequal •, anth. large, yellow. — U A fine, well-known grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June. § Eur. 34. KCELE'RIA, Pers. (In honor of M. Koeler, a German botanist.) Spikelets compressed, 2 to 7 -flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuminate, shorter than the flowers ; upper flower pedicellate ; pales 2, the lower often acuminate-mucronate. — 2£ — Grasses casspitous, erect, simple, with dense panicles. K. cristata Smith. Culm 20 — 30' high, smooth, leafy to one-half its height, rigidly erect; Ivs. flat, erect, pubescent, 2 — 3" by 1 — 2", shorter than their pu- bescent sheaths ; stip. short, lacerate ; panicle spicate, narrow, 3 — 5' long, 6 — 8" diam., branches very short ; spikelets 2" long, silvery and shining, compressed, about 2-flowered, with an abortive pedicel ; glume linear-oblong, acute, serrulato on the keel, upper one longer. — Mid., "W. States and Can. — A variety (K. nitida Nutt.), is smaller and more delicate. 35. DIARRHEVNA, Raf. (Gr. &V, two, dpprprig, rough ; from the two scabrous keels of the upper paleae.) Panicle racemous or simple ; glumes 2, very unequal, 2 — 5-flowered, rigid, acuminate, mucronate ; palea) cartilaginous, lower cuspidate, upper much smaller, emarginate ; caryopsis coated, as long as the upper pale ; scales ovate, ciliate. D. diandra. Culm erect, nearly leafless, slender, rigid, 15—30' ; Ivs. few, sub- radical, broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, 10 — 16' by 5 — 7", nearly glabrous; sheaths close ; stip. obsolete ; panicle very simple and slender, branches erect, few , spikelets 2-flowered; glumes broad-ovate, upper twice larger, 5-veined; pales much longer than the glumes, the upper with 2 roughish, green keels, and con- spicuously mucronate ; sta. 2 ? — Eiver banks, Ohio to 111. (D. Americana Beauv. Festuca MX.) 36. FESTITCA, L. FESCUE GRASS. (The ancient Latin name.) Spikelets 3 to oo-flowered ; glumes 2, unequal, mostly carinate ; pales firm, naked, the lower rounded (not carinate) on the back, obscurely veined, acute, or mucronate, or awned ; stamens 3, rarely 1 or 2 ; stig- mas plumous ; caryopsis linear-oblong, mostly adherent to the upper pale. — Spikelets in racemes or panicles, the fls. remote, not webbed at base. ^94 ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. $ Fls. awned.— Awns conspicuous, about equaling or exceeding the pales Nos. 1, 2 Awns much shorter than the lanceolate pales Nos. 3, 4 § FLs. awnless.— Panicle contracted, with short, ascending branches Nos. 5, 0 —Panicle very loose, with spreading or reflexed branches Nos. 7, 8 1 F. Myurus L. Culm 6 — 12' long, erect, geniculate near the base; Ivs. 2 — 3' long, subulate, concave ; stip. bifid or retuse ; panicle slender, crowded ; spikelets 4 — 6-flowered ; glumes minute, equal ; fls. subulate, hairy ; lower pale with an awn twice its length ; sta. 1 ; stig. plurnous, white. — X> Sandy fields. Car. to Ga. Mar., Apr. 2 F. tenglla "Willd. SLENDER FESCUE. Culm filiform, wiry, often growing in tufts and geniculate at base, 6 — 12'; Ivs. erect, linear-setaceous, 2 — 3' long; sheaths subpubescent, with lacerated stipules ; pan. simple, contracted, rather secund, branches alone or in pairs; spikelets G to 9-flowered, with subulate, subequal glumes, at length brownish ; fls. subulate, their awns of about equal length. — (f) Sandy fields, N. Eng to 111. and S. States. 3 F. ovina L. SHEEP'S FESCUE. Culm erect, ascending at base, 6 — 10'; Ivs. very narrow, rough, radical ones very numerous, 2 — 4' long, cauline few, short, erect; pan. few-flowered, simple, contracted; spikelets ovate, about 4-flowered; pale lance-ovate. — If A valuable grass for pasturage. Jn. § Eur. j3. VIVIPARA. Glumes and pales changing to leafy tufts. — Mts. 4 F. duriuscula L. HARD FESCUE. Culm smooth 12 — 18'; Ivs. linear, very acute, a little scabrous; stipules membranaceous, lacerate ; pan. oblong, spreading, inclining to one side, branches in pairs; spikelets nearly terete, 5 — 7 -flowered; lower glume smaller, upper one 3-veined ; palese unequal, lower with short awns. — U Fields and pastures. A fine grass, common, Car. to Can. June, July. /?. RUBRA. Spikelets 7 to 11-flowered; herbage often tinged with red. — Dry fields, eastward. 5 F. prateiisis Huds. MEADOW FESCUE. Culm smooth, 3 — if high ; Ivs. lance- linear, smooth, rough-edged, a foot long, on smooth, loose sheaths ; panicle sub- erect, branches short, in pairs, ascending; spikelets lance-ovate, acute, 6 to 9-flow- ered, 6 — 9" long, racemous on the branches; lower glume shorter; lower palca3 acuminate or mucronate. — A fine grass, in meadows, U. S. and Can. Jn. § 6 F. elatior L. TALL FESCUE GRASS. St. smooth, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, veined, smooth, rough-edged, about 8' long ; sheaths veined, smooth with obso- lete stipules ; panicle branched, erect in flower, spreading, somewhat 1-sided, branches subsolitary, spikelets short, alternate somewhat secund, 2 to 5-floivered, about 3" long ; pales smooth, chartaceous, barely acute. — Fields and meadows. Jn., Jl. § 7 F. rigida Kunth. Culm decumbent, ascending 3 to 5' ; Ivs. much shorter, subu- late, involute when dry ; pan. subsimple, secund, an inch or two long, the branches alternate, oppressed; spikelets lance-linear, 5 to 9-fiowered: fis. acutish, terete, purplish. — In dry soils, Car., near the coast. Plant dwarf arid rigid. Apr., May. 8 F. nfttans Willd. NODDING FESCUE. Culm erect, slender, smooth, with black nodes, about 3f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, a foot long, veined ; panicle slender, dif- fuse, at length nodding, and the slender branches deflexed; spikelets lance-ovate, 3 — 5- flowered; fls. smooth, awnless and nearly veinless. — U Open woodlands, in most of the States. June. (F. Shortii Kunth., when the grass is stouter and the spike- lets about 5 -flowered.) 37. EATCTNIA, Raf. (Dedicated to Prof. Amos Eaton, the well- known author of the " Manual of Botany," which bears his name.) Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, numerous, paniculate, silvery ; glumes 2, very dissimilar, the lower linear, 1-veincd, upper broadly obovate, ob- tuse or abruptly pointed, 3-veined, with broad, scarious margins ; pales obtnsish, awnless, chartaceous, glabrous ; caryopsis oblong. — U Smooth and delicate grasses with simple, csespitous culms. E. obtuaata Gray. Culm erect, geniculate below, leafy, 1 to 2f; nodes pubes- cent, blackish, contracted ; Ivs. 3 to 6' by 2", scabrous, acuminate, shorter than the sheaths; stip. lacerate; pan. contracted, 3 to 5' long, 6 to 12" diam., dense, brandies fascicled, short, oppressed; spikeleta 1£" long, 2-flowered, tumid; lower ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. 795 glume about as long but very much narrower than the obovate, obtuse, puberu- lent upper one ; pales scarious at summit, a little exserted. — Penn. (Jackson) to Wis. (Lapham), and S. States. Jn., Jl. (Aira, MX. A. truncata Muhl. Koe«- leria Torn, and Ed. 1. R. paniculata Nutt. Reboulea, Kunth. E. purpuras» cons Raf.) 2 E. Pennsylvania Gray. Erect, tufted, minutely puberulent, usually about 2f high ; Ivs. flat, short, 1 to 3' by 2£" ; pan. slender, open, usually with diverg- ing branches, and 5 to 10' long; spikelets rather loose, l£"long; upper glume abruptly short-pointed ; pales acutish, exserted half their length. — Rocky woods and meadows, U. S. and Can., frequent but not abundant. The larger varieties are very elegant. Jn., Jl. (Aira mollis Muhl. Kceleria DC. Reboulea, Kunth., Gray.) ' 38. MEL'ICA, L. MELIC GRASS. (Lat. mel, honey.) Glumes 2, unequal, membranous, obtuse, 2 to 5-flowered ; flowers a little longer than the glumes, the upper incomplete and more or less contorted; pales truncate, veiny, as well as the glumos ; caryopsis free, not fur- rowed.— Lvs. flat. Spikelets pedicellate, in a subsimple panicle. M. mfttica "Walt. Culm 3 — 4f high, glabrous ; Ivs. linear, flat, pubescent beneath ; stip. lacerate; panicle glabrous, loose, few-flowered, erect or a little nodding, branches simple, solitary; spikelets 6 — 8" long; lower glume shorter, very smooth ; paleae veined ; upper fl. neuter, pedicellate, consisting of very short, roundish pales often twisted together. — if. Rich upland soil, Penn. to Wis. and S. States. Varies, with a panicle reduced to a mere raceme. Jn. (M. glabra MX. M. speciosa Muhl.) 39. ERAGROS'TIS, Beauv. Spikelets 5 to oo(rarely fewer)-flowered, compressed ; glumes and fls. membranous ; lower pale carinate, 3-veincd, not webbed, upper pale persistent on the flexuous rachis after the free caryopsis has fallen with the lower. — Hairy or roughish grasses with involute Ivs., sheaths at throat and axil of branches often bristly and fls. in panicles, the branches mostly scattered. (Poa, L.) § Spikelets few-flowered (fls. 2 to 4, rarely more) Nos. 10, 9, 3 § Spikelets many-flowered (fls. 5 to 30). (b) b Panicle diffuse, capillary, longer than the rest of the culm Nos. 7, 6, 5 b Panicle contracted, rather dense. — Culms decumbent below Nos. 4, 3, 2 — Culms procumbent, creeping No. 1 1 E. reptans Nees. Culm branched, creeping, rooting at the joints, 6 — 12' ; Ivs. subulate, flat, 2 — 3' long ; sheaths open, pilous on the margin and throat ; pan. 1 — 2' long, branches short, simple, in fascicles, few-flowered ; spikelets linear- lanceolate, with 12—20 acuminate flowers.—® On sandy banks of rivers, N. Y. to Ky. and La. JL, Aug. — The plant is somewhat dioecious. 2 B. poaeoides Beauv. Culm oblique or decumbent, geniculate, 1 — 2f long; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at end, scabrous on the margin and above ; sheaths pilous at the throat ; stip. short, bearded ; panicle expanding, branches subdivided, flexuous, subpilous in the axils ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 12 — 20-flowered; glumes nearly equal. — (1) A fine-looking grass, fields and waste grounds, common. JL, Aug. § Eur. It has a strong, peculiar odor. Varies much ; the later growths are in more dense tufts, with smaller spikelets. (E. megastachya Lk. P. Era- grostis L.) 3 E. pilosa L. Culms in tufts, geniculate, ascending, 6 to 12'; Ivs. narrow-linear, or subulate, short ; sheaths slightly bearded at the throat ; pan. oblong, some of the middle branches opposite ; spikekts linear, bluish, about as long (3 to 4") as the pedicels, 6 to 12-floWered, the rachis at length becoming pectinate or serrulate •with the persistent upper pales. — CD In sandy or gravelly waste places, Conn, to Ga. and "W. States. JL, Aug. § Eur. (E. peotinacea MX., a more appropriate name, as the plant is scarcely pilous.) 4 E. conferta Trin. Culm rather stout, geniculate below, branched, 2 to 3/; Iva. broad-lanceolate, rough, flat, and sheaths naked; pan. long (5 to 12'), narrow, branches and branchleta very numerous, suberect, each racemous with- tht small, TOO ORDER 156.— GR AMINES. numerous spikelets which are 7 to 11-flowered and only 1J" long; pales hyaline, ovate, pointed, 3-vcincd. — X1 Car. to Ga. and La. (Poa conferta Ell.) The 2 palea fall together. 5 E. nitida. Culm erect, glabrous and polished as well as the whole plant, 12 to 20'. Lvs. long, linear, involute when dry, with a few hairs at top of sheath ; pan. diffuse, much longer than the culm; spikelets lanceolate, about S-flowered, hyaline glumes and pales sharply serrulate on tho keel. — © S. Car. and adjacent islands. Jn.— Aug. (Poa nitida Ell.) 6 E. Mrsuta. Culm subsimple, compressed, erect, 1 — 2f; Ivs. lance-linear, attenu- ate at end, surpassing the stem, hairy at base ; sheaths loose, longer than the inter- nodes, lower ones hairy, upper ones smooth ; stip. fringed ; panicle very large, capillary, branches spreading, reflexed in fruit, hirsute in the axils ; spikelets ob- long, 2 to 3", purplish, 5 to 16-flowered, long pedicelled; pale ovate, acute, dis- tinctly 3-veined, upper ciliate. — 11 Sandy fields, U. S. Jl., Aug. The rachis never (?) becomes pectinate. (Poa hirsute, MX.) — Varies with the Ivs. and sheaths nearly smooth and spikelets larger (P. spectabilis Ph.) Also with the whole pani- cle, except the spikelets, hirsute like the axils. And thirdly, with tho spikelets racemously appressed along the branchlets (P. refracta Ell.) 7 E. Purshii Schrad. Culm decumbent at base, ascending G to 12 or 20'; Ivs. subulate, 1 to 3' long, upper surface rough ; sheaths very hairy at throat ; pan. long and loose, the lower branches, or all, hairy in their axils ; ped. capillar}-, longer than tho spikelets which are lance-oblong; 5 to 12-flowered; pales merely acute, purplish. — CD Dry fields, Md. to Ga,, common. Jl., Aug. (P. tenella ? Ph. EH.) 8 E. capillaris Nees. Culm branched at base, smooth, 1 to 2f ; Ivs. linear, at- tenuated above, flat, smooth ; sheaths striate, with long hairs about the throat and margin; stip. short; pan. very large (near a foot long) with diffusely spread- ing, capillary branches,' axils not bearded, or the lower slightly ; spikelets ovate, acute, about 3-flowered, on rather rigid, long, capillary pedicels ; pales scabrous, f" long, acute, the 2 side veins scarcely visible. — Dry grounds, U. S. Aug. 9 E. trichodes. Culm simple, 12 to 20', erect ; Ivs. long (10 to 18"), rough, thinly hairy, as well as the sheaths, throat with long hairs ; pan. rather longer than culm, narrow, capillary, only the lower axils bearded ; spikelets not colored, 2 to 5 (mostly 3) -flowered ; pales and gls. hyaline, distinctly 3-veined, lanceolate, l^'1 long.— U Sandy soils, S. and "W. States. (P. trichodes Nutt. P. tenuis Ell.) 10 E. erythrogona Nces. Culms very branching, in tufts, ascending 3 to 10' ,' joints a narrow red ring ; Ivs. narrow, convolute when dry. tho upper about equal- ing the oblong, rather dense panicle ; spikelets 2 to 5 (mostly 3)-flowered, 1 to H" long, bluish ; gls. lanceolate ; pales ovate, all acute and nearly veinless. — (1) Wasto and cultivated grounds, Penn. (Jackson) to 111. and South. Whole plant bluish. 40. PO'A, L. SPEAR GRASS. MEADOW GRASS. (Gr. Troa, grass.) Spikelets 2 to 5 (rarely 9)-flowered, compressed ; glumes subequal, point- less, shorter than the contiguous flowers ; pales herbaceous, soft-awnless, the lower compressed-carinate, 5-veined, usually clothed on the veins below with a cobweb-like, matted wool, the upper pale bicarinate ; stig- mas simply plumous; caryopsis free. — Smooth grasses with soft flat Ivs., the fls. paniculate. H Branches of the panicle in 2s, 8s, or often single. (*) Flowers not webbed, merely pubescent on the back, (a) a Annual. Panicle dense with subsessile spikelets No. 1 a Perennial. Panicle loose, spikelets long-pedicellate Nos 2 3 Flowers webbed.— Spikelets mostly 2-tiowered, 2". Pan. very slender! .' .' ." .' .' .' .". . . .No.' 4 —Spikelets mostly 2-flowered,— many, panicle ditfuse Nos. 5, G —few (4 to S). Mountains No. 7 . „ . . t, . — bpikelets mostly 5-flowered, ovate, short-pedicelled Nos. 8, 9 T Branches of the panicle in about 5s, half-whorled. (b) b Spikelets 2 to 4-flowered, — obtuse, pedicellate, loose No 10 —acute, pedicellate, very loose .' . . .".Nos. ll! 12 b Spikelets 3 to 5-flows. Polypogon. Calamagrostis. Alopecurus. Sttpa. Phlewn. II. Oryzopsis. Mllllum,. I A tnpliicarp u in. Oplismenus. Setaria. Cenc7irus. Phalaris. Ifolcus. Jlieroehloa. A nthoxan thum. III. Danthonia. Trisetum. Broinus. Uralepis. DactyliR. Eneleria. Melica. Knt»ni upper abortive ; $ gl. 2, the lower roundish, saccate-concave, coriaceous, larger than the flattish, membranous upper gl. ; pales 2, much smaller than the glumes, thinly membranous ; stam. 3 ; styles 2 ; abortive spkl. of merely 2 empty, subequal, subcoriaceous glumes. — ® M. granularis Swtz. Culm 2f or more, erect, branching, with hairy sheaths; leaves flat, 1 to 4' in length ; spikes solitary, on short, lateral branches, partly involved in a spath-form leafj jointed, unilateral, •£ to 1' long, colored ; £ fls. globular, the gl. warty-tesselated. — About Charleston, S. C. (Bachmaii I). § E,, Ind. 56. CYN'ODON, Rich. BERMUDA GRASS. (Gr. icvuv,a, dog, oJoc, a tooth ; alluding to the singular one-sided spikelets.) Spikes digitate or fasciculate ; spikes unilateral, in a single row, 1 -flowered, with a rudi- ment, glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, persistent ; £ upper palea bifid-toothed ; rudiment minute, pedicellate, in a groove of the upper palea ; ecales truncate. C. Dactylon Pcrs. Culm creeping extensively ; stoloniferous at base, 6' to 2f long ; Ivs. hairy on the margin and towards the base, narrow-linear ; sheaths hairy ; spikes 4 — 5, digitate, spreading, 2 — 3' long, 1'' wide, serrated with the, uneven spikelets ; glumes scabrous on the keel, lanceolate, acute ; paleze subequal, the lower broader, enfolding the upper. — 1£ A vigorous creeper, in sands and hard soils, Penn. to the Gulf. 57. EITSTACHYS, Desv. SEA-SIDE FINGER-GRASS. (Gr. ev, well, ardxvg, a row.) Spikes digitate; spkl. sessile on one side of the rachis, 2-flowered ; upper fl. sterile ; upper gl. larger, short-awned at the 2- lofoed apex ; lower pale thin, keeled, mucronate below the tip. — 2£ Culm creeping, compressed. Lvs. flat. E. petrasa Desv. Diffusely branched ; rooting at the joints ; Ivs. linear, ob- tuse, rough-edged, 2 — 4' ; sheaths compressed, keeled, serrulate on the keel ; longer than the joints ; spikes strict, erect, fascicled, 4 to 6 ; lower $ pale coria- ceous, brown, silky-ciliate on the keel below and margins above, the midvein extended into a short subterminal awn. — Brackish soils, S. Car., Ga. (Bacivman). Jn. — Aug. (Chloris, Ell.) 58. ELEUSPNE. (From Mentis, where Ceres, the goddess of har- vests, was worshipped.) Spikes digitate, unilateral ; spikelets 5 — 7- flowered ; glumes obtuse, unequal, lower one smaller ; paleae unequal, upper one bifid toothed ; scale truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis triangu- lar, ovate, enclosed in a separate membrane or perigynium. E. Indica L. Culm oblique, compressed, procumbent and branching at base, 12 — 1 G' long ; Ivs. linear, somewhat hairy, on smooth, loose sheaths hairy at the throat ; spikes 2 — 4, rarely more or less, linear, straight divaricate, 2 — 4' long; 2" wide ; spikelets closely imbricate, smooth ; upper glume 5- veined ; fr. dark brown. — & Common about houses, foot-paths, &c. Mid. and W. States. Aug. 59. DACTYLOCTEWUM, Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS. (Gr.&fervAor, finger, ic-eviov, a small comb ; sc. spikes digitate, pectinate.) Spikelets OBDEB 156.— GR AMINES. 80$ 2 to 00-fiowered, arranged in several unilateral, digitate spikes ; glumes carinate-compressed, the upper awned ; pales membranous, the lower carinate-boat-shaped, acute-mucronate ; stamens 3 ; caryopsis free, glabrous. D. Egyptictiin "Willd. Culm geniculate and rooting below, ascending If to 18'; sheaths half as long as the internodes, smoothish; Ivs. ciliate at base, 6' by 3", more or less; spikes usually 4 (carinate), rachis mucronate at the naked tip; spikelets 3-flowered, the upper sterile. — 0 Fields, common, Va, to Fla. Jl. — Oct. 60. SPARTTNA, Schreb. MARSH GRASS. (Gr. arrapriov, a rope ; from the resemblance of the creeping rhizomes ?) Spikes imbricated in a double row on one side of the rachis, strictly 1-flowered, no rudi- diment ;. gl. laterally compressed, carinate, coriaceous, pointed or awned, unequal ; pales subequal, awnless ; style or styles very long. — ^ Rigid, chiefly maritime. Spikes in a raceme. § Spikelets -with the upper glume decidedly awned nnd hispid No. 1 § Spikelet unawned, or merely mucronate. — Styles united Nos. 2 —Styles distinct Noa. 8, 4 1 L. cynostiroides Willd. Culm slender, smooth, 3 to 4f ; Ivs. 2 to 4f long, sublinear, convolute and filiform at the end ; sheaths striate, glabrous ; pan. loose, slender, composed of 5 to 12 alternate, one-sided, pedunculate spikes 2 to 3' long; spkl. sublo ose- imbricated ; gl. acuminate, one of them with an awn about its own length, the other about equaling the white pales. — Marshes, Can. to Fla. and west- ward, about salt licks ! A coarse, sedgy grass, not valuable. 2 S. polystcichya "Wiild. Culm stout, thick, 4 to 8f, erect, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, long, broadly linear; spikes numerous (20 to 50), stiff, suberect, subsessile; spike- lets coriaceous; upper gl. barely mucronate, little longer than the unequal pales, twice longer than the subulate lower glume. — Marshes, chiefly southward. The hollow culm is often 8 or 9" thick. 3 S. juncea "Willd. lit. creeping extensively; culm slender, smooth, 1 to 2f, erect, rigid ; Ivs. convolute, setaceous above ; rigid ; sheaths very long ; spikes few (3 to 6) 1' or rnoro long, dense, subsessile ; fls. awnless ; gls. very unequal, tho upper little exceeding the pales, thrice longer than the lower glume; the long styles scarcely united.— Marshes along the coast 4 S. alternifolia Loisel. SOFT MARSH GRASS. Culm succulent, terete, 3 to 5f, erect from long creeping roots ; Ivs. channeled, very smooth, continuous with the- open sheaths, often exceeding tho culm; spikes 6 to 12 or more, appressed, ses- sile, the rachis of each produced beyond the fls. to a subulate point ; gls. very unequal, upper near twice longer, acute ; sty. nearly distinct. — Salt marshes. It is greedily eaten by cattle, has a strong, rancid smell and affects the milk made of it. (Elliott). (S. glabra Muhl.) 61. BOUTELOITA, Lagasca. Spikelets sessile, in unilateral short spikes ; glumes carinate, the upper one larger, shorter than the several' flowers ; lower flower perfect, upper ones abortive ; lower pale 3-cleft, segments subulate, mucronate, in the £ fl-» conspicuously awned in the short-stalked sterile ones ; stamens 3. (Atheropogon, Muhl. Eutriana, Trin.) § Spikes 20 to 40, very short, in one long, unilateral raceme No. 1 § Spikes 1 to 5, longer, uiany-flo wered, subteruiinal ..,....» Nos. 2, 3 1 B. cnrtipendula Gray. Culm 1 to 2f high, geniculate at base, ascending, terete ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, emoothish beneath, pilous above ; lig. short, trun- cate ; spikes 4 to 6" long, 20 to 40, on short, flat ped., thinly arranged in 2 lat- eral rows, each with 4 to 8 spikelets ; spkl. 2-flowered arranged in 2 rows on tho under side of the flat, partial rachis; gls. unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly adhering to the rachis; anth. 3, bright red; fr. oblong; abortive fl. with its mid- dle awn conspicuous. — If Mid. and W. States. Guilford Conn. (Robbins). (A. apludioides MuhL Chloris curtipendula MX.) 806 ORDER 156.— GRAMINE^E. 2 B. oligost£chya Torr. Culm filiformly slender, 6 to 12', erect, nearly naked; Ivs. glabrous, setaceous; fls. condensed in 2 or 3 (rarely 1 to 5) short spikes which are nearly terminal; spikelets numerous, pubescent; middle awn of ihe villous pale longest, equaling the glume. — Min., Iowa, S. to Miss. (Bachman!) 3 B. hirsuta Lag. Culms csespitous, leafy at the base ; Ivs. lance-linear, hispid on' the margin and midvein; fls. condensed in 2 or 3 (rarely 1 to 4) short spikes which are nearly terminal; pale pubescent, its 3 awns subequal, exceeding the glandular bristly lower glume. — Sandy soil, 111. and Wis. 62. CTE^NIUM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE GRASS. (Gr. n-eviov, a small comb ; from the resemblance of the spike.) Spikelets 4 or 5-flowered, closely imbricated on one side of a flat rachis ; middle flower $ , the 2 lower and 1 or 2 upper sterile ; upper glume exterior, with an awned tubercle on the back ; lower £ pale awned near the apex, silky-fringed below. — Spike solitary, recurved. (Monocera, Ell.) C. aromaticum. Culm 3 to 5f high, rigidly erect, glabrous; Ivs. much shorter, involute-setaceous above; spiko 4 to (>' in length, curved backwards, very dense, beset with 3 rows of short, stout awns, the lateral awns obliquely divari- cate.— If Swamps, in pino barrens, S. States. The appearance of the spikes is very curious and striking. Taste of the fresh herbage pungent (JEgilops, "Walt. C. Americanum Spr.) 63. TRIP'SACUM L. SESAME GRASS. (Gr. Tp//3w, to grind; ap- plication not obvious.) Spikes staminate above, fertile below ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; pales 2, membranous ; $ spikelets 2-flowered, outer flower staminate, inner neuter; ? spikelets 2-flowcrcd, the lower flower abortive ; outer glume enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the thick, jointed rachis, with an aperture each side at base, the joints readily separating. T. dactyloides L. St. slightly compressed, smooth, solid with pith, brown at the nodes, 4 to Gf ; Ivs. near an inch broad, long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish above; spikes 5 to 8' long, usually 2 to 3 together, digitate, terminal, evidently unilateral. — If River banks and seashores, Mid., W. and S. States. A large, coarso and very singular grass, of little- value as food for cattle. (3. MONOSTACHYON. Spike single. 64. ZE\\, L. INDIAN CORN. (Gr. £aw, to live ; as a life supporter of animals and man.) Flowers 8 , awnlcss ; $ in a terminal panicle of racemes, the spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes herbaceous, subequal ; pales membranous, upper bifid ; anthers 3, linear ; $ partly imbedded in a thick, continuous axillary spike (spadix) which is enclosed in many spathaceous bracts ; lower flower of each spikelet abortive ; glume broad, thick, membranous, obtuse ; style filiform, very long, exserted and pendulous ; abortive flower of 2 pales. — CD Culm solid. Z. Maya L. Rt. fibrous; culm erect, stout, 5 to 15f, grooved OH one side, very smooth and leafy ; Ivs. ample, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3f by 2 to 3'} channeled. — The varieties of this noble plant, produced by climate and culture, are numerous. It is native in S. Am., but how widely cultivated and how important to man wo need not write. Every part is known by familiar names. The panicle of $ fls. . at the summit is the tassel The spike of the $ fls. is the ear, its rachis the cob, its pistils ihesttk, and the bracts of its spathe the husks. The kernels are in 8, 10, 12, etc., rows, always some even number, yellow, white, red or spendidly purple. 65. ROTTB(ELrLIA, Brown. (A. personal name.) RAT-TAIL GRASS. Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete, jointed spike, one sessile in .a cavity of the rachis, 2-flowered, the other pcdiceled, abortive ; sessile £pikl, with the lower flower abortive ; glumes 2, subequal, outer con- ORDER 15G.— GRAMIXEJ2. 807 cave, coriaceous, inner thin or hyaline, like the (smaller) pales ; sta- mens 3. — Grass erect, tall. 1 R. campestris Nutt? Glabrous; culm simple, slender (2 to 4f), with black- ish, somewhat geniculate joints ; Ivs. very narrow, involute-setaceous ; spike soli- tary, 'terminal, little thicker than the culm, 2 or 3' long ; ped. spikekt obsolete ; $ gl. ovate, acute, faintly impressed-dotted. — La. (Hale.) 2 R. rugdsa. Glabrous ; culms rather stout, 3 to 5f, erect, Iranched ; Ivs. flat, linear; spikes solitary, several, terminal and axillary, 2 to 3', less thick than the base of the culm ; ped. fl. of 2 empty glumes ; 5 outer gl ovate, acute strongly reticulately rugous. — Prairies, La. (Hale.) (Apogonia, Nutt.) 66. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. Spike compressed ; spikelets 2-flow- crcd, in pairs at each joint, imbedded, 1 sessile and 1 pedicellate (or in 4s to Cs) ; glumes membranous, the outer minute, inner large ; flowers each of 2 coriaceous pales, similar, but the lower $ ; styles 2, slender; stamens 3 ; grain free. — 2£ Culms decumbent, branched joints of spikes not separable. S. dimidiaturn. Glabrous, very leafy ; culm 2 to 4f ; Ivs. flat, broadly linear, on broad, open sheaths ; spikes lateral and terminal, solitary, much compressed, 3', by 2 to 3", the rachis flat on the back, spikelets in 2 lateral rows in front, the ses- sile embraced by the pedicel of the other. — Low grounds, coastward, S. States. Jn. — Sept. (Rottboellia, Thumb. S. Americanum Schrank.) 67. ERIAFTTHUS, Rich. PLUME GRASS. BEARD GRASS. (Gr. epiov, wool, avOog.) Spikelets 2-flowered, all fertile, in pairs at each joint of the slender rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate ; glumes membranous, subequal, longer than the flowers ; pales hyaline, the lower flower of 1 neutral, the upper of 2, perfect, with the lower pale awned ; spikelets involucrate at base, with a tuft of bristly hairs. — 2£ Stout, erect grasses, remarkable for their large woolly or silky, tawny panicles. * Hairs of the involucre much longer than the spikelct Nos. 1,2 * Hairs of the involucre shorter than the spikelet, or nearly none Nos. 8, 4 1 E. alopecuroides Ell. Culm 5 to 8 or lOf, erect, stout, silky bearded, espe- cially at the joints; Ivs. broadly linear; flat, silky pubescent, 2 to 3f by 1 to 2' ; ' pan. dense, cyliudric-oblong, very large (12' to 20' long); hairs of the invol. twico longer than the short (2 to 2|") spikelets, a third as long as the straightish awn which is terminal on its pale. — Swampy pools in pine barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. The plume-like panicles are magnificent ! 2 E. contortus Ell. Culm 4 to Gf, erect, glabrous; Ivs. broadly linear, flat, smooth, except a tuft of silky hairs at base ; pan. contracted, oblong, 6 to 10' ; hairs of the iuvol. long, silky, thrice longer than the spikelet (which is 3"), § the length of the spirally contorted awn which issues from near the base of its deeply bifid pale. — Wet grounds, about Charleston, S. C. to N. Orleans. Pan. of a lighter hue than the last. 3 E. brevibarbis MX. Culm stout, 3 to ff, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-linear, smooth, except at the base; pan. large (1 to 2f), contracted, lance-oblong, the rac. more distinct from the fewer hairs ; hairs of the invol. hardly as long as the larger (4'') spikelet, % the length of the awn which is some twisted arid its pale bifid.— Low grounds, S. States. Sept., Oct. 4 E. strictus Baldw. Culm 4 to 7f, strictly erect and glabrous ; Ivs. very longf / narrower (3 to 5") than in the other species, rough-edged ; pan. very strict, 1 to 2f long, branches erect, appressed; invol. of hairs minute; awn straight, terminal on its deciduous pale. — Ga. to La. The whole panicle is reddish brown. Aug., Sept. 68. SACCHARUM, L. SUGAR CANE. (Gr. odtcxap, Arabic, souJcar. Eng. sugar.) Spikelets all fertile, in pairs, one sessile, the other pedi- 803 OEDEB 156.— GRAMINE^E. collate, 2-fiowered, lower fl. neuter with a single pale, upper fl. perfect, of 2 pales; gl. subequal, awnless; pales thin and hyaline, awnless ; stam. 1 to 3. — 2|! Gigantic, tropical Grasses with branching panicles. Spikelets cinctured at base with long silky hairs. G. ofScinanim L. Culm solid with pith, closely jointed, 8 — 2 Of, erect, with many broad, flat, linear-lanceolate leaves ; panicle 1 to 2f in length, composed of numerous long, filiform loosely erect-spreading racemes, richly clothed with the long white silky involucrate hairs. — Native in S. Asia. Among sugar plants this still holds the preeminence. Its delicious product, now the indispensablo luxury of the world, was unknown to the ancients. It is propagated from cut- tings of the rhizome, and seldom permitted to waste its sweetness in flowering. 69. ANDROPO'GON, L. BEARD GRASS. (Gr. ardpog, a man's, Trwycov, beard.) Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a slender rachis, one on a plumous-bcarded pedicel, incomplete, the other sessile, 2-flowered ; lower flower of 1 empty pale ; upper £ ; pales thin, hyaline, the lower of the £ tipped with an awn ; glumes subcoriaceous ; stamens 1 to 3 ; grain free. — 2£ Coarse Grasses. Inflor. various. § Inflorescence in a naked (leafless) panicle. Sterile spikelet a mere pedicel No. 1 § Inflorescence in distinct spikes cxserted from the sheuths. (a) a Sterile Spikelets nothing but barren pedicels. Spikes sheathed at base Nos. 2, 8 a Sterile Spikelets with glumes on the pedicels, (b) b Spikes silvery white, in conjnpate pairs No. 4 b Spikes digitate, 2 to 5, brownish Nos. 5, 6 b Spikes single, terminal, one on each branch Nos. 7. 8 $ Inflorescence spicate, enclosed in the- sheaths Nos. 9, 10 1 A. nutans L. INDIAN GRASS. WOOD GRASS. Culm simple, 3 to 6f, erect, with smooth sheaths and glaucous Ivs. ; pan. rather dense, oblong, slender, at length nodding; spikelets in pairs or 3s, apparently pedicellate, but the fertile is, in fact, sessile as in the other species, all tawny, the sterile reduced to mere pedi- cels in contact with the 2 , clothed with short bristles ; § spikelet bristly-ciliate, with a ring of bristles at base, and tipped (the lower pale) with a contorted awn. — Sandy fields or woods, Can., K Y. to Ga. and La. (A. avenaceus MX. A. ciliatus Ell. Sorghum, Gray.) 2 A. macriirus MX. Culm 2 to 3f erect, much branched and bushy ; Ivs. long, linear, upper spathiform, lance-linear ; racemes small, very numerous, fascicled at the upper joints forming a large leafy and silky panicle; spkl. minute, with a straight bristle-like awn, the neutral only a fine pedicel merely, with white, silky hairs half as long (3 — 4") as the awn; stam. 1. — Damp soils, S. States. Sept., Oct. 3 A. virginicus L. Culm tall (3 to Gf ) compressed, more or less downy with scattered hairs as well as the long and narrow, carinate Ivs. ; upper half diffusely paniculate; spikes conjugate, soft, feather-like, hardly as long (8 to 12") as their bract; abort, fl. a mere capillary pedicel, longer than the $ fl. with thin silky white hairs half as long as the straight similar awn. — Dry soils, S. States, commoa Oct. (A. dissitiflorus MX.) /?. VAGIXATUS differs only in its fewer, shorter spikes and longer bracts which often much exceed them. (A. vagin. Ell.) 4 A. argenteus Ell. Culm purplish, slender, much branched, glabrous, branches mostly solitary, spikes conjugate, 1 to !£' long, exserted beyond the sheath ; spkl. oppressed to the rachis ; abortive fl. a minute, subulate glume on a thick ped. oppressed to the £ , its fawn-white hairs copious, half the length of the roughish, brown awu. — Dry soils, S. States. The silvery hairs conceal the fls. 5 A. furcatns Muhl. FORKED SPIKE. St. semiterete above, 4 — 7f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, radical ones very long; spikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s — 5s, 3 — 5' long, purple; spikelets appressed, abortive one on a plumous pedicel, $ with 2 palese, awnless, perfect one with 2 unequal glumes; lower palea bifid, awned between the divisions.— U Meadows and low grounds, Can., N. Y. to Ga, and W. States. Aug. (A. ternarius MX.) 6 A. tetrastychua Ell. Culm glabrous, 2 to 3f erect, with long, keeled, very ORDER 156.— GR AMINES. 809 hairy Ivs. and sheaths ; branches solitary, alternate, forming a contracted panicle ; spikes usually in 4s, conjugate, terminal ; gls. serrulate, longer than the hairs of the pedicel ; perf. spkl. monandrous, and with a straight awn. — Damp pine bar- rens about Charleston (Elliott). 7 A. scoparius Michx. BROOM GRASS. St. slender, paniculate, 3f high, branched, one side furrowed, branches solitary or 2 or 3-fascicled, erect; Ivs. lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous ; spikes simple, lateral and terminal, on long pe- duncles, 2 — 3 from each sheath, purple; spikelets remote, abortive one neuten mostly subulate-awned, the hairs of its ped. as long as the 5 spikelet. — In dry fields, forming tufts, U. S. and Can. 8 A. Halei. Culm rigid, 3 to 5f high, strict, with long, slender branches above, each with a single terminal short (12 to 15",) spike; Ivs. long, rigid, rough-edged; sterile spkl. $ loth gls. short-awned, ped. broad above, with stiff hairs shorter than the fls. ; awn of the perfect fl. twisted.— S. W. States. A coarser plant than No. 7. 9 A. clandestina, with the soft, silky, white spikelets always concealed in a fascicle of sheaths, and 10 A. Ne£sii Kunth, with very slender glabrous spikelets almost concealed, are found in "W. La., and possibly E. of the Miss. 70. SOR'GHUM, L. BROOM CORN, &c. Spikelets diffusely panicu- late, in 2s or 3s on the slender, spreading branches ; the middle spikelet complete, 2-flowered, the lower flower abortive, lateral spikelets sterile, awnless, the pedicels smooth or merely pubescent; glumes coriaceous; pales membranous ; stamens 3. — Stout Grasses, with solid culms. 1 S. saccharatum L. BROOM CORN. Culm thick, solid with pith, 6 to lOf; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base; pan. large diffuse, with long, verticillate, at length nodding branches ; gls. of the perfect spikelet hairy, persist- ent.— GPThe uses of this fine, cultivated plant are well known. \ E. Ind. 2 S. vulgare L. INDIAN MILLET. Culm erect, round, solid with pith, 6 to lOf; Ivs. carinate, lanceolate; pan. compact, oval, erect until mature; gls. and pales caducous; fr. naked. — 0 Rarely cultivated as a curiosity, or for the seed as food for poultry. J E. Ind. The CHINESE SUGAR CANE, recently in cultivation here, is probably a variety of this species ; also the African Millet, Imphee. Neither variety will yield a crys- tallizable syrup, and cannot, therefore, rival the supremacy of the Southern Cane. 71. CO'IX, L. JOB'S TEARS. Spikelets 2-flowered, sessile, several in a spike which is involute at the base, the involucre closed around the lower (fertile) spikelet, becoming bony and polished ; upper (sterile) spikelets several, remote from the fertile, all awnless ; grain roundish, free. — Culm branched ; Ivs. broad, flat. C. Lacryma L. Culm half terete ; sterile fls. naked ; fr. (ossified involucre) ovoid. — ® Gardens. Plant 1 to 2f high, bushy, with lanceolate Ivs. Spikes pedunculate, aggregated at the end of the sheathed branch. The curious fruit is finally very hard, perforated, used by the children for beads. 810 OBDEB 157.— MARSILEACELE. SUBKINGDOM, CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Vegetables destitute of true stamens and pistils, gradually descending to a mere cellular structure, with reproductive organs of 1 or 2 kinds, producing, instead of seeds, minute, dust-like bodies (spores) having neither integu- ments nor embryo. PROVINCE, ACROGENS. Flowerless plants, having a regular stem or axis which grows by the extension of the apex only, without increasing in diameter, generally with leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts. (Ferns, Mosses, Club-mosses, Horsetails, etc.) ORDER CLVII. MARSILEACEJS. PEPPERWORTS. Herbs creeping or floating, with the leaves petiolate or sessile, circinate in. verna- tion. Fruit (sporocarps) situated at the base of the leaves or leafstalks, containing the capsular sporanges of one kind with 2 kinds of spores, or of 2 kinds with tho different spores separated. Genera 6, species 20? Inhabiting ditches and inundated places in nearly all countries, but chiefly in temperate latitudes. 1. MARSIL'EA, L. Sporocarps at the base of the leaf-stalks, of one kind, 2-celled, cells transversely many-celled ; spores inserted on each horizontal placenta. — 1C Stems creeping, rooting ; Ivs. petiolate. 1 M. quadrifolia L? Glabrous; prostrate stems slender, wiry, 8 to 16' long; Ivs. palmately 4-foliate, on filiform petioles 1 to 3' high, Ifts. broadly obovate or fan-shaped, obtuse; fr. (sporocarps) round-oval, borne on short, axillary stalks, and as large as a pepper-corn. — Sent from La. by Dr. Hale. Perhaps the locality is beyond our limits. 2 M. vestita, a very delicate species, with stems and petioles as fine as threads, with the quaternate leaflets and the very small sessile sporocarps clothed with minute, silky, brown hairs, is sent from Iowa, near the Mississippi E. by Dr. Couzens. It probably grows in 111. Height of Ivs. 1 to 2'. 2. ISOE^TES, L. QUILL-WORT. (Gr. 100$, equal, erof, year ; alike all the year round ?) Sporocarps oval, membranous, 1-celled, immersed in the dilated base of the frond ; spores subglobous, slightly angular, attached to numerous filiform receptacles, those in the outer fruits larger, angular, triple or in 4s, apparently of a different nature. I. lacustris L. Lvs. csespitous, subulate, semiterete, dilated and imbricated at base. — A curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers, N. Eng. and Mid. States, often wholly submersed. Lvs. radical, numerous, tufted, simple, 2 to 10' long, somewhat spreading, containing numerous cells divided by longitudinal and transverse partitions. Fr. whitish, rather large, in the excavated base of the leaves which dilated portion is ordinarily as long as wide ; in var. RIP ARIA, broader than long; in var. EXGELMANXI, longer than broad. 3. AZOL'LA, Lam. (Gr. a£w, to dry, d^Mpi, to kill ; quickly ORDER 158.— LYCOPODIACEJS. 811 killed by drought.) Fruit sessile on the under side of the branches, of 2 kinds ; the sterile smaller, opening all around, containing a thick "body bearing 3 angular lobes (antheridia) above ; the fertile a thin pericarp bursting irregularly, containing many globular, stalked sporangia each with a few spores. — Minute, floating, resembling a Jungermannia, with filiform stems and lobed fronds. A. Caroliiiiana "Willd. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, imbricated, fleshy, floating, reddish beneath, scarcely more than ^'' in length; sterile fruits in pairs or soli- tary, at the base of the fertile, many times smaller than it. — Lakes and marshes N. Y. to 111. and S. States. 4. SALVIN'IA natans L, inserted in previous editions on the au- thority of Pursh, has not been observed since. 730 ORDER CLVIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. CLUB MOSSES. Plants creeping or erect, branching, rarely simple, abounding in ducts, with tho leaves small, numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolato or subulate, 1 -nerved. Fruits sessile, axillary or crowded into a spike, 2-valved, containing few rather large spores, or numerous minuto ones appearing like powder. Genera 5, species^QQ ? Like the Equisetaceae, those plants appear to have been very abundant in the first ages of the world, and to have attained a gigantic size, although at present but a few feet in length. Properties 'unimportant. Some are emetic. Tho powder contained in the sporangia is highly inflam- mable, and is used in the manufacture of fireworks. LYCOPCTDIUM, L. CLUB Moss. (Gr. /tv«;of , a wolf, 7roi>£, a foot.) Spore cases all of one kind, 1 -celled, reniform, open, ing transversely, 2-valved ; spores nu- merous, minute, sulphur-yellow. LVS. 78n, Lycopodinm^iemko'idc™. 7S1,A in 4 8 or 1C ranks. single spike. 782. A scale with its axillary sporange bursting. 733, Spores. § Fruit in pcdunculated spikes (the fertile branches nearly leafless), (a) a Spikes several (2 to 6) on each peduncle Nos. 1, 2 a Spike solitary on each peduncle Nos. 3, 4 § Fruit in sessile spikes (the branches leafy throughout), (b) b Leaves of the spike bract-like, discolored Nos. 5, 6 b Leaves of the spikes and steins all alike Nos. 7, 8 § Fruit scattered, axillary, forming no distiuct spike Nos. 9, 10 L L. clavatum L. COMMON CLUB Moss. St. creeping; branches ascending; Ivs. scattered, incurved, capillaceous- acuminate • spikes in pairs, rarely in 3s, cylin- drical, pedunculate ; bracts of the spike ovate, acuminate, erosely denticulate. — A well known evergreen, trailing upon the ground in shady pastures and woods, common. Stem and branches clothed with numerous linear-lanceolate leaves which are entire or serrulate, and end in a pellucid, curved bristle. Spikes per- fectly straight, parallel, erect, and upon an erect peduncle. July. 2 L. complanattim L. FESTOON GROUND PINE. St. trailing; branches dichot- omous; Ivs. ^-ranked, unequal, the marginal ones connate, diverging at apex, tho superficial ones solitary, appressed; ped. elongated, supporting 4 — 6 cylindric spikes. — A trailing evergreen, common in woods and shady grounds. Stem round, creeping among the moss and leaves, often lOf in length. Branches numerously subdivided, compressed, somewhat resembling tho brauchlets of the cedar. Lvs. minute, very acute. July. 812 ORDER 158.— LYCOPODIACE^E. 3 L. sabincefolitun Willd. GROUND FIR. St. elongated, creeping; branches erect, short, dichotomous, with fastigiate divisions; Ivs. imbricated and branches erect, terat'e-subulate, spikes peduncled by the attenuated and slightly leafy sum- mits'of the branches, cyliudrie, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts. — White Mts. and Brit. Am., creeping among rocks, with erect, numerously divided branches, a few of the divisions terminating in spikes an inch in length. July. (L. chamas- cyparissus Braun.) 4 L. Carolinianum L. SOUTHERN GROUND-PINE. St. and branches creeping ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, appearing 2-ranked, the lateral rows spreading with the 2 intermediate rows appressed ; peduncle erect, solitary, elongated, bearing a single spike ; bracts sublauceolate, entire. — In muddy grounds, N. J. to Ga, Both the°stem and its branches are prostrate, with erect, slender peduncles 3 — 6' high. July. 5 L. dendroideum Michx. TREE CLUB Moss. GROUND PINE. St. erect; branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, in 6 equal rows, spreading ; spikes several or many, 1 on each branchlet. — An elegant little plant, common in wood3, readily distinguished by its upright tree-like form. Plant about 8' high, with branches more or less diverging. These are subdivided into numerous, forked branchlets, radiant, so as together to represent a spiral arrange- ment. Spikes 2 — G, an inch long. July. (3. OBSCUHUM. (L, obscurum L.) Branches spreading; spike one. 6 L. annotimim L. INTERRUPTED CLUB Moss. St. creeping ; branches twice dichotomous, ascending; Ivs. in 5 rows, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tip ; spike oblong, solitary. — In mountain woods. N. Eng., Can. Branches subdivided near their base, branchlets simple, 4 or more, 6 — 8' high. Leaves at length reflexed at end. Spike rather cylindrie, an inch in length, distinct from the branch. July. 7 L. alopecuroides L. FOX-TAIL CLUB Moss. St. creeping, subramous; branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a single sessile spike at top ; Ivs. linear- subulate, ciliate- dentate at base, spreading ; spike leafy. — Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and La. Stem extensively creeping. Branches 6 — 16' high, rarely subdivided, densely clothed with a fine, soft foliage. Spike 1 — 2' long, very leafy. Aug. 8 L. iiTundatum L. MARSH CLUB Moss. St. creeping, often submersed; branches simple, solitary, erect, with a single leafy spike at top ; Ivs. linear, scat- tered, acute, entire, curved upwards. — In swamps, Can. to Car. Spikes I — 1' long, at the summit of branches which are 5 — 7' long, arising from the base of the stem. Bracts of the spikes leaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than the stem leaves which are 1 — 2" long. July. 9 L. luciduhim MX. SHINING CLUB Moss. St. ascending, dichotomously divided ; Ivs. in 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading, or a little reflexed ; sporanges in the axils of leaves not changed nor crowded into a spike. — In wet woods, U. S. and Can. The foliage of this species is dark green and shining, more ample than is common to the genus. Stems 8 — 16' long, nearly erect. Leaves 3 — 5" long, distinctly serrate. Thecas hemispherical or reniform, in the axils of the leaves near the top of the stem. Jl. 10 L. Selago L. FIR CLUB Moss. St. erect, dichotomously and fastigiately brancJied ; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, lance-linear, entire, rigid and pungent, but awnless. — A smaller species than the last, found on the summits of the White Mts. Stems 2 to 6', branches compact, densely clothed with stiff, shining, spread- ing leaves arranged somewhat in 8 rows, and 2 — 3" in length. Sporangea axil- lary. Aug. 2. SELAGINEL'LA, Spr. DWARF CLUB Moss. Fruits of two kinds, viz., antberidia, which are 1 -celled, opening at apex; and oophoridia containing 1 to 4 (rarely 6) globous angular grains. — Habit various. Spikes quadrangular. Bracts in 4 rows. (Lycopodium L.) § Leaves all alike, many ranked, surrounding the stem Nos. 1, 2 § Leaves 4-ranked, those of the lateral rows much larger Nos. 3, 4 1 S. rupeatre Spr. Stems in dense, branched tufts, ascending, subdivided; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, capillaceous-acuminate, ciliate; spike soli- ORDER 159.— EQUISETACE^E. 813 tary, quadrangular. — A very small species, creeping on rocks, moss-like. Stem a few inches in length, with numerous branches, which are \ — 1' long-, clothed with grayish-green leaves. Spike £' long, 4-rowed, seeming a mere continuation of tho branch. Jl. (S. rupestre L.) 2 S. selaginoides Gray. St. filiform, creeping ; branches nearly erect, the flow- ering ones simple ; Ivs. scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-dcnticulate ; spike solitary, leafy. — In moist woods, N. States and Can. Spikes yellowish- green, about f " long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true leaves, which are about a line in length. Branches 3 — 6' high, the sterile ones much ' divided. Jl. (L. selag. L. S. spinosa Beauv.) 3 S. &pus Spring. St. branching, prostrate and rooting near tho base ; Ivs. or- bicular-ovate, acute, membranaceous, alternate, amplexicaul, in 2 rows, with minute, acuminate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side ; spikes sub- solitary. — A small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, rocky shades, Can. to Ga., not common. Stem 2—5' inches long, filiform. Leaves less than a line in length. Spikes leafy, scarcely distinguishable from the branches. July, Aug. (L. apo- dum L.) 4 S. ornithopodioides Spr. BIRD-CLAW Moss. Lvs. semicordate, ovate, obtusish, entire, in 4 rows, tho lateral spreading, distant below, crowded above, the superficial much smaller, appressed ; spikes lateral, axillary, sessile ; stems and branches prostrate. — Greenhouse and gardens. A pretty moss-like creeper, with light green foliage, f Eur. 3. PSILOTUM, R. Br. (Gr. $iMs, naked.) Sporangia sessile, 3- celled, imperfectly 3-valved by terminal chinks, filled with farinaceous spores. — Stem fork-branched, with alternate, minute leaves, as if leafless. (Berahardia, Willd.) P. triquetrum Swtz. Stem erect, many times forked, and branches three-angled, 8 to 1 0' high ; Ivs. remote, subulate, less than 1'' long, and tho 3-lobed fruit ses- sile along tho branches. — Rocky cliffs, on the sea-coast of E. Fla. (Michx. in herb. Bachman.) ORDER CLIX. EQUISETACE^E. HORSETAILS. Plants leafless, simplo stems, or with whorled branches. Stems striate-sulcato, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Sheaths dentate, crowning each internode. Fructification a dense, oblong-cylindric, terminal and cone-liko spike, composed of G-sided, peltate-scales arranged spirally, bearing beneath 4 to 1 spore-cases which open laterally. Spores . globular, each with 4 elaters attached, involving them spirally, or open when discharged. (See Figures.) An Order consisting at present of a single genu*, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders of woods, throughout most countries. Tho Equisetaoeae abound in tho fossil remains of coal measures with other Cryptogamia, as Lyoopodiaceae and Filices, indicating that theso plants were once of gigantic dimensions, and formed a largo part of the original flora «K. «> ^ n-yrrjrr-*-* ^fc> of our globe. Species about 10. Properties. — They abound in silex, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb- makers, &c., in polishing their work, EQUISETUM, L. SCOURING RUSH. (Lat. equus, a horse, seta, hair,) Character the same as that of the order. — The sheaths may be regarded as a whorl of united 734 leaves. The ridges of the stem orrt nir tnKoc «vnrl tho oroovps 734, Equisctnm arvense. 735, E, sylvaticum. 780, are air-tubes, ana 3 grooves Sccth'm^f thospikw woods and swamps, N. States and Can., common. The sterile fronds are often 5 or 6f high, commonly about 3f, numerous, in a circular clump. Stipes smooth, channeled. Pinnaa nu- merous, crowded, long, linear, each with numerous oblong segments of which the ' lowest is longer and acute, all more or less connected at base. Fertile fronds few in the midst of the sterile, much smaller, the pinnre subterete, 1 to 2' long, crowded. Sori about 5 in each segment, on the raised ends of as many veinlets. Aug. 9. PTE'RIS, L. BRAKE. ROCK BRAKE. (Gr. Trrepdv, a wing.) Sori borne on the ends of the veins forming a marginal line, covered with the membranous, reflected edge of the frond. — Fronds once to thrice pinnate or decompound. § Frond pedate, or ternr.te and bipinnatifld. Sori in a continuous line Nos. 1, 2 § Froiid partly bipinnatc. Sori at first distinct but soon continuous Nos. 8, 4 1 P. aquilina L. COMMON BRAKE. Frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones entire; segments oblong, obtuse. — Abundant in woods, pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2 — 5f in height, upon a smooth, dark purple, erect stipe. Frond broad-triangular in outline, con- sisting of 3 primary divisions, which are again subdivided into obtusely pointed, 63ssile leaflets. These are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards the base of each subdivision. Sori covered by the folding back of the very mar- gins of the segments. /?. CAUDATA. Segm. of the pinna3 linear oblong, the terminal one much elon- gated.— The common Southern form. 2 P. pedata "Willd. Frond ternately parted, the lateral divisions 2-parted, all pinnatifld ; segm. linear-lanceolate, acute, the lowest segment of the terminal division pinnatilid; terminal division long-cuneiform at base, recesses acute. — On rocks, Va. (Pursh). Fern about 6' high. 3 P. atropurpdrea L. ROCK BRAKE. Frond pinnate; rachis hairy; lower LIs. ternate or pinnate, segments lance-oblong, obtuse, obliquely truncate or sub- cordate at the petiolate base. — Fern 6 — 10' high, growing on rocks, Can., "Wis., Yt. to Tenn. 1 and Ala. 1 Frond twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two lower divisions consisting of 1 — 3 pairs of leaflets with a long, terminal segment. All the segments distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Some of the larger have 1 or 2 auricles at base. Stipe and rachis dark purple, with dense, paleaceous hairs at base. June — Aug. (Allosorus, Gr. P. Alabamensis Buckley, when the upper segments are generally auricled.) 4 P. gracilis Michx. Frond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments broad-ovate, obtuse ; fertile bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, crenate. — A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 4 — 6' high, smooth and shining throughout. Both this and No. 3 are homogeneous in habit with the others. Their separation to a new genus is an over-refinement. ( A.llosorus, Presl.) 10. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. LIP FERN. (Gr. ;pAof, a lip, avGo$ ; from the form of the indusia.) Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin or apex of the segments ; indusia distinct, formed from the reflected margin and opening inwards. — Segments of the frond with the midvein central. 1 C. vestita Swartz. Stipe and rachis hairy; frond lipinnate, oblong-ovate in outline, hairy on both sides; leaflets alternate; segments oblong, alternate, ses- sile, distinct, crenately pinnatifid, the ultimate segment very entire ; sori distinct, their indusia, unchanged. — Rocky banks, Penn. to Mo. and South. Stipe slender, rigid, 2 — 3' long, dark brown. Fronds 3 — 6' by 1 — 2'. Leaflets lance-ovate in outline, 6 — 12" long. A small and delicate, hairy Fern. Jl. 2 C. tomentdsa Link. Stipe stout, and with the rachis and frond clothed with a dense ferruginous wool ; frond tripinnate, ultimate segments rounded or oblong, obtuse (upper ones confluent),, fruit-bearing around the whole margin. — N. Car. (Curtis) and Tenn. Fern If to 18' high, much larger and more hairy than the preceding. Both species are less hairy on the upper than the under surface. 820 ORUEB 1GO.— FILICES. H. ADIAN'TUM L. MAIDEN-HAIR. (Gr. a, privative, diaivu, to moisten ; as the rain slides off without wetting it.) Sori oblong or roundish, marginal ; indusia mernbranaceous, formed from the reflexed margins of distinct portions of the frond and opening inwardly. — Stipe polished. Ultimate segments dimidiate, the midvein on the lower margin. 1 A. pedatum L. Frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments oblong-rhomboid, incisely lobed on the upper side, obtuse at apex ; sori oblong, subulate. — This is, doubtless, the most beautiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods. Stipe 8 — 14' high, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet-black. At top it divides equally into 2 compound branches, each of which gives off, at regular intervals, G — 8 simply pinnate leaflets from the outer side, giving the whole frond the form of the crescent. July. 2 A. Curtisii, N. sp. (We saw specimens of a new Adiantum in the herbarium of Rev. M. A. Curtis, from the Mts. of N. Car. But our notes are insufficient at present for its proper diagnosis.) 12. DICKSCTNIA L'Her. (In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished English cryptogamist.) Sori marginal, roundish, distinct, terminating a vein ; indusium double, the proper one cup-shaped, opening outwards, the other formed of a reflected lobule of the margin and opening inwards. D. pilosiuscula Willd. FINE-HAIRED MOUNTAIN FERN. Frond bipinnate ; leaf- lets lanceolate, sessile; segments pinnatifid, decurrent, oblong-ovate, ultimate segments toothed ; stipe a little hairy. — A large and delicate fern, in pastures, roadsides, among rocks and stones. Fronds 2 — 3f high, in tufts, and remarkable for their numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stipe arid rachis smooth, with the exception of a few, soft, scattered hairs. Leaflets alternate, approximate; seg- ments deeply divided into 4-toothed, ultimate segments. Sori minute, solitary, on the upper margin of the segments. July. (D. punctilobula, Hook.) 13. WOODWAR'DIA, Sm. (To Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.) Sori oblong, straight, parallel with, and close to the midvein, on transverse, anastamosing veinlets; indnsia arising from the same veinlet on the outer side, free and opening on the inner side towards the midvein. — Fronds pinnate or pinnatifid. 1 W. onocleoides Willd. Fronds of two kinds ; the sterile simply pinnatifid pinnas, lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate ; fertile fronds pinnate, the pinnsa entire, linear, acute. — In swamps, not common. Fern about a foot high, growing in tufts. Barren fronds numerous, of a narrow-lanceolate, acuminate outline. Leaflets with decurrent or confluent bases. Fertile fronds fewer, with linear segments nearly covered on the back with the fruit in oblong, longitudinal sori £' in length. Aug. (W. angustifolia Sm.) 2 W. Virginica Willd. Fronds all similar, pinnate, very smooth, the leaflets pin- natifid, lanceolate, sessile ; sori in interrupted lines near the midvein of the leaflets and oblong, obtusish segments, — In low woods and swamps. Frond about 2f high, on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in outline, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply piuhatifid, with numerous, spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit arranged in lines along each side of the midveins, both of the segments and leaf- lets. July, Aug. (Doodia, R. Br.) 3 W. thelypteroides Ph. Fronds nearly similar, pinnate, the pinna sessile, villous at base, linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the segments in the sterile fronds oblong, obtus- ish, in the fertile short-triangular, acute, all entire; stipe pubescent, angular. — Sandy swamps, near Charleston, S. Car. Resembles the preceding but is not half ita size. Jl. (Pursh.) 14. ASPLEVNIUM, L. SPLEENWORT. (Gr. a, privative, ff7rA.?jv, the spleen ; from its supposed medicinal virtues.) Sori linear, or linear- oblong, separate, oblique to the midvein, arising with its indusiura, from ORDER 1GO ^-FILICES. 821 the upper or forward side of the lateral veins and opening towards the midvein. — Ferns of various habit. Veins forked or pinnate. § ATIIYRIUM. Imlusium oblong, subreniform, opening half around. Frond nipinnatc...No. 7 § ASPLKNIUM proper. Imhisiiiia narrow, straightish, opening only on one edge, (a) a Frond bipinnatirid, with numerous pinna- (leaflets). Stalks green. . . . No. 6 a Frond bipinnatifid, with few divisions. Stalks greenish Nos. 4, 5 a Frond simply pinnate, — thin, large, with green stalks No. 3 — subcoriaceous, with dark purple stalks Nos. 1, 2 1 A. Trich6manes L. DWARF SPLEENWORT. Frond pinnate ; If Is. roundish, sub- sessile, small, roundish-obovate, obtusely cuneato and entire at base, crenate above ; stipe black and polished. — A small and delicate fern, forming tufts on shady rocks. Frond 3 — 6' high, lance-linear in outline, with 8 — 12 pairs of roundish, sessily leaflets, 3 — 4" long. Fruit in several linear-oblong, finally roundish sori on each leaflet, placed oblique to tho midvein. July. (A. melanocaulon Muhl.) 2 A. ebeneum Willd. EBONY SPLEENWORT. Frond pinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, sub* falcate, serrate, auriculate at base on tho upper side ; stipe smooth and polished. — A beautiful fern, in dry woods, hills. Fronds 8 — 14' high, on a slender stipe of a shining brown or black color. Foliage 5—9' long, 1— !-£' wide, linear-lanceolate in outline. Leaflets near an inch in length, rather acuminate and curved at apex, dilated at base on the upper side, and sometimes on tho lower. Fruit arranged in short lines on each side the midrib. July. 3 A. angustifolium Michx. Frond pinnate; Ids. alternate, tipper ones sub- opposite, linear-lanceolate, serrate towards tho apex, somewhat repand, the bases truncate on the upper side and rounded on • tho lower. — In low woods, frequent, Vt. to Ga. Fronds thin, fragile, 1 — 2 f high, ia tufts, the outer ones barren, inner fertile. Sori large, diverging from tho midrib, parallel with the veins, at length confluent. July. 4 A. Ruta-muraria L. Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above; Ifts. small, petiolate, cuneate at base, erose-dentate at the blunt apex. — An extremely small and delicate fern, in dry, rocky places. Frond 2 — 3' high, -£• as wide, smooth, growing in tufts, somewhat coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each leaflet, less than £' long. Stipe flat and smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, of a rusty-brown color, finally confluent. July. 5 A. montanum Willd. (A. Adiantum-nigrum. Michx.) Frond glabrous, bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, parted into a few (5 or G) 2 or '&-lootlied segments ; son linear, finally confluent. — Mountain rocks, Penn. to Car. (Curtis), W. to Ky. Fronds growing in tufts, 4 — 8' high, rhombic or oblong-lanceolate in outline, mostly bipinnate, but more or less divided according to tho size. Segments more obtuse than in the foreign A. Adiantum-nigrum. July. 6 A. thelypteroidea Michx. SILVERY SPLEENWORT. Frond bipinnatifid ; Ifts. pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; segments oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate ; sori in parallel, oblique lines. — A fine, large fern, on shady banks of streams. Fronds 1^ — 3f high, of an ovate-acuminate outline, on a slightly chaffy, pale stipe. Leaflets distinct and rather remote, narrow, 4 — 6' long. Segments rounded at the end, near %' long. Sori arranged in 2 rows on each segment, one on each sido the midvein, convergent below, with shining, silvery indusia when young. July. 7 A. Filix-fcemina Bernh. Frond bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate ; seg. oblong-lanceolate, deeply cut-pinnatifid ; ultimate seg. 2 — 3-toothed ; sori reniform or lunate, arranged near tho veins ; stipe smooth. — A delicate, finely-divided fern in moist woods. Fronds 1 — 2f high, with subopposite divisions. These are sub- divided into distinct, obtuse segments, which are themselves cut into oblong, deep serratures, and lastly, tho serratures are mostly with 2 — 3 teeth at the summit. Sori large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a dark brown hue. July. (Aspidium, Swtz.) 15. ANTIGRAM'MA, Prcsl. WALKING FERN. (Gr. avri, like, ypdnf-ia, writing ; said of the fruit dots.) Sori linear or oblong, scat- tered without order on the transverse veins, oblique at various angles, often in pairs and facing each other; indusium simple, linear. — Frond simple, veins reticulated in the midst, forked and free only ia the margin. 822 OHDER 160. — FILICES. 1 A. rhizoph^lla J. Smith. Frond mostly undivided, lanceolate, stipitato, sub- crenate, cordate-auriculato at base, the apex attenuated into a long, slender acu- mination, rooting at the point. — This singular fern grows in rocky woods, not very common. The frond is 4 — 8' long ; the long, slender, linear point bending over backwards, reaches the earth, and there strikes root, giving^ rise to a new plant, Thus the plant may walk by yearly steps. July. ( Asplenium, ed. 2. Camptosorua. Link.) 2 A. pinnatifida. Frond pinnatifid, lanceolate, abrupt at base, the apex atten- uated into a long acumination and sometimes striking root; segments or loles roundish-ovate; son irregularly scattered, at length large and confluent, covering the lobes, and even the slender summit. Crevices of rocks, on the banks of the Schuylkill (Nuttall), Ky. and Tenn. (Curtis) rare. Fronds tufted and spreading, 4 to 8' long. (Asplenium, JSTutt.) 16. SCOLOPEN'DRIUM, Smith. HART'S-TONGUE. (Gr. oiiohonevSpa, the centipede ; suggested by the appearance of the under side of the leaf.) Sori linear, transverse, scattered ; indusium double (arising from 2 contiguous parallel veins), occupying both sides of the sorus, along the middle, finally opening lengthwise. S. ofiicinanim "Willd. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base. — Shady rocks, Chittenango, N. Y., (Snrtwell.) Stipe rather short (3 — 5' long), chaffy, bearing the frond suberect, 8 — 15' high, 2—3' wide, bright green, paler beneath. Sori oblique to the midvein, G — 9" in length. Rhizoma large, creeping. July. — This curious fern appears to bo confined to the vicinity above mentioned, where it was first detected by Pursh. It is there abundant. (Asplenium Scolopen- drium L.) 17. WOOD'SIA, Brown. ROCK POLYPOD. (In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent English botanist.) Sori roundish, scattered ; indu- sium beneath the sorus, early opening above it, with a multifid or fringed margin, including the pedicellate spore cases, like a calyx. — Small, caes- pitous, ferns with pinnated fronds. § HYPOPELTES, Torr. Indnsium closed over the sorus at first, toothed when open No. 1 § WOODSIA proper. Indusium concealed under the sorus, fringed with long huirs. . .Nos. 2, 3 1 W. ilvensis Br. RUSTY POLYPOD. Frond pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lan- ceolate ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse ; sori near the margin, at length confluent ; stipe, rachis and midveins chaffy. — Growing in tufts, on rocks and in dry woods North and South. Fronds 5 or 6' high, on brown stipes which are more or less chaffy. Foliage 3 or 4' long, -J as wide, oblong-lanceolate in outline, with rust- colored chaff beneath, with opposite and alternate leaflets hardly an inch in length. The lower leaflets are pinnatifid, upper ones wavy on the margin or en- tire. (W. rufidula Beck.) 2 W. obtusa Torr. Frond subbipinnate, or nearly tripinnate, minutely glandu- lar-pilous; Ifts. distant; segments of the leaflets pinnatifid; ultimate segments roundish-oblong, obtuse, bidentate; sori round, one at each cleft between the lobelets, at length crowded; stipe somewhat chaffy. — About a foot high, among and on rocks, N. Y. to Ky. and Tenn. Fronds lance-oblong in outline, 3 times as long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenate-serrate, the lower ones distinct, upper confluent. Sori orbicular, becoming nearly confluent, each at first inclosed in the silvery indusium which when open is notched into little teeth on the mar- gin. July. (W. Perriniana, ed. 2.) 3 W. glabella R. Br. Fern smooth and glabrous, pinnate, lance-linear in out- line, 2 to 5' high ; Ifts. distant below, subopposite, ovate, very obtuse, a few lines long, the upper with the margins only crenate, the lower deeply cleft into 3 to 7 lobelets; indusium fringed, open. — Rocks, Little Falls, N. Y. -(Yasey! in herb. Curtis), Willoughby Mt., Vt and Can. 18. CISTOP'TERIS, Bernh. BLADDER FERN. (Gr. KVOTI^ a blad- der, 7TTEpi$, fern.) Sori roundish; indusium hood shaped, vaulted, ORDER 160.— FlHCES. 823 closed and subtending the sorns on throe sides, opening on the fourth Avhich loots towards the apex of the segment ; veins forked, free. 1 C. bulbifera Bernh. Frond bipinnato, *nrrowly lanceolate, segments of the Ifts. opposite, oblong, serrate, the lower C'** pinnatifid; rachis bulbiferous, wing- less ; sori roundish, placed singly at tho oaefts between the lobelets. — In damp •woods, frequent. Frond 12 to 18' high, remarkable for tho little bulbs produced in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground, take root. Foliage narrow, tapering to an acute summit. Stipe six>joth. JL (Aspidium, Swtz). 2 C. fragilis Bernh. Frond bipinLrt?-, oblong-lanceolate in outline, delicate in tex- ture; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, segm. oK-ong, obtuse or acute (3 to 5"), incisely lobed or pinnatifid, its lobes subentirc ; rw.kis winged by the decurrent If is. / sori singlo at the base of each tooth ; sti]?? "tender, longer than frond. — A delicate Fern on moist rocks, frequent. Fronds % to 12' high, dark green, its divisions rather remote, and with the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori small, about 1 at the base cf each lobe, soon naked. Jn., JI. (Aspidium tcnue Swtz.) 19. ONOC'LEA, L. SENSITIVE FERN. (Gr. ovog, a kind of vessel, /t/Uto), to close.) Fronds sterile and fertile ; sori clustered, confluent ; proper indusium very tbia, lateral ; common indusium formed of tho segments of the frond, whose margins are revoluto and contracted into the form of a berry, opening, but not expanding. — Sterile fronds deeply pinnatifid, ample ; fertile bipinnate, with recurved and globular, con- tracted segments. O. sensibilis L. Common in low grounds. Fronds about a foot high, the barren- ones broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sinuato divisions, tho upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. Tho fertile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound spike enclosing the fruit in the globular segments cf its short divisions. Color dark brown. Jl. — Very sensitive to frost. p. OBTUSILOBATA Torr. Fertile frond segments leaf-like, only partially revolute, not concealing the sort — Mass., N. Y., very rare. (0. obtusiloba Schk.) 20. ASPID'IUM, L. SHIELD FERN. (Gr. ocnrfc a Email shield ; from the resemblance of the indusium.) Sori orbicular, scattered, ter- minal or lateral on the pinnate veins ; indusium orbicular, peltate or reniform with a deep sinus, covering the sorus, opening all around. § TTpper half of the frond fruitful, contracted, unlike the lower sterile half Nos. 1, 2 § Upper half of the frond like the lower, not contracted, (a) a Frond simply pinnate, Ifts. ovate, semiauricnlate No. 3 a Frond bipinnate, segments seiniauriculate, sharp- toothed Nos. 4, 5 a Frond bipinnate, segments equilateral, deeply pinnatifid No. 6 a Frond pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets, (b) b Segments subcoviaceous, with the sori near the midvein Nos. 7, 8 b Segments subcoriaccous, with tlie sod at the margin No. 9 b Segments soft and thin, — stnoothish. Sori in 2 rows JJos. 10, 11 — hairy. Sori without order No. 12 1 A. acrostichoides Willd. Leaflets of the frond undivided, subsessile, falcate- lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side at base, ciliate-serrulate, only the upper ones fertile ; sori at length confluent ; stipe chaffy. — Common in rocky shades. Frond 15 — 18' high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chaffy scales. Leaflets numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1 — 2' in length, (incised in A. Schweinitzii Beck), the terminal ones, which alone aro fruitful, are contracted ia size, tha under sido becoming overspread with tho sori. June — Aug. 2 A. Ludovicianum Riddell. Frond tall (2 to 4f ), rigidly erect, narrowly oblong- lanceolate in outline, pinnate and barren below, bipinnate, fruitful and contracted above; lower Ifts. incisely pinnatifid with very obtuse, subentire lobes, upper with distinct, oblong, obtuse, crenate- serrate segments; indusia peltate, in 2 intra- marginal rows. — Swamps, Ga., Fla. to La. The short stipe and long rachis chaffy. 3 A. lonchitia "Willd. Frond pinnate, linear-lanceolate in outline, rigidly erect g24 OBDEB 160. — FILICES. (8 to 12') ; Ids. obliquely triangular-ovate, auricled on the upper side at base, largest (!' long) in the middle, gradually reduced above and below to the base, all beset with close, spiny teeth, and covered with fruit beneath. — JST. Mich. Br. Am. 4 A. aculeatum Swtz. Segments of the leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, acu- leate-serrate, truncate and auricled on the upper side at base, upper leaflets fer- tile; stipe and racliis chaffy. — Manstield Mt., Vt, and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y., (Macrae). Fronds dark green, in tufts 1 — 2f high. Segments of the leaflets 011 very short petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply serrate, each serrature tipped with a short spinous bristle. Sori in rows, distinct. Aug. 5 A. fragrans Swtz. Frond coriaceous, pinnate with deeply pinnatifid or pinnate Ifls., lance-ovate in outline, glandular and fragrant : Ifts. narrow-pointed, with a dozen pairs of small, obtuse, bristly serrate segments which are unequal at base ; indusia large, orbicular, peltate, covering segments. — Rocks, Penokeo Iron Range, L. Sup. (Lapham) and northwest. Frond 6 to 12' high. Stipe and rachis chaffy. € A. spimilosum "Willd. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, distinct ; segments distinct, oblong, obtuse, iricisely pinnatifid; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe chaffy ; indusium umbilicate. — Woods and shady pastures. Fronds 1 — 2f high, nearly tripinnate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apex, abrupt at base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all dis- tinct at base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles. Stipe with large, tawny scales. Sori large. Jl. (A. dilatatum Swtz.) Variable. 7 A. Goldianum Hook. GOLDIE'S FERN. Frond ample, oval or ovate, in out- line (10 to 16' long, two-thirds as wide) pinnate, as long as the smooth stipe; Ifls. broad-linear, alternate, deeply pinnatifid, crenate-appressed-serrate, acutish, with 2 rows of distinct fruit-dots near the midvein ; indusium reniform-peltate. — A large Fern in rocky woods, K and "W. States and Can. Lfts. close together, about 30 pah's, with about 20 pairs of segments. Stipe chaffy at base, scarcely so above. C A. cristatum Swtz. Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at base ; frond narrowly lanceolate ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, remote, short-petiolu- late, broadest at base, the lower triangular-ovate ; sori large, in a single row each side the midvein of each dentate segment; indusium fixed near one side. — Woods, Can., N. H. (Rickard) to N. Y. and N. J. A beautiful Fern, 20 to 30' high. Frond dark green, 15 — 18' by 5 — 8'. Leaflets gradually narrowing from base to apex. Segments nearly distinct, more or less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with 1 — 25 dark-brown sori (lower leaflets fruitless). July. (A. Lancastriense Spr.) 9 A. marginale Swtz. MARGINAL SHIELD-FERN. Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand at base, lower ones almost pin- natifid; sori marginal; stipe chaffy. — A large, handsome Fern, in rocky woods, common. Frond 12 — 18' high, very smooth (rachis a little chaffy), its divisions nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets distinct, near an inch long, £ as wide, contracted at base, then decurrent, forming a narrow margin along the rachis. Fruit in round dots, in regular rows along the margins of the segments. Indusium large, orbicular, with a lateral sinus. July. 10 A. Tfcetyptera Swtz. LADY FERN. Frond emoothish, lance-ovate; Ifls. slender, distant, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter from near the base upwards ; segm. acute, margins reflexed in fruit; sori in 2 lines, as near the midvein as the margin, — A delicate Fern, in damp shades, frequent, about If high, hah0 as wide. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, about 20 pairs, lowest pair as long as any. Segni. 25 pairs. JL 11 A. Novaboracense Willd. NEW- YORK FERN. Frond smoothish, elliptic- lanceolate ; Ifls. slender, near or distant, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter both ways to a point from the middle, the lower reflexed; segm. obtuse, oblong, flat; sori in 2 rows close to the margin, at length confluent. — Fern as thin and delicate as the last, 12 to 18' high, 3 to 4' wide, with about the same number of divisions. 12 A. patens Swz. Frond soft and thin, pubescent with rusty hairs all over, lanceolate, pinnate ; Ifts. linear, pointed, pinnatifid, lobes short-oblong, very obtuso entire, with simply pinnate veins ; indusia round-reniform, small, scattered without order near the midvein. — Dry woods, Fla. (Chapman). Fern 12 to 18' high, tre stipes a third of thia length. Lfts. about 25 pairs, segm. 18. (Amolle Kunze). LATIN INDEX. **# The names of the Natural Orders, and of the higher divisions, are in Capitals, Synonyms arid Subgenera are in Italics. The numbers inclosed in parentheses refer also to Synonyms. Abies 601 Amtllus 438 ARISTOLOCHIACE2E Blephilia 551 Abutilon 268 601 Bletia 6fc6 Acacia 299 Ammannia 349 Armeria £08 Blitutn 614 Ammi 387 ACANTHACEjE.... 533 Acantholomou 509 Acer . . . (287) 285 Ammophila 778 Amorpha 315 Arnpelopsis 293 Arnica 464 Arrhenafherum 790 Artemisia 459 Boerhavia 603 Boltonia 429 Booltia . . 343 ACERAOE^E 285 Acerates 594 Anetoxa 605 Achfllea 457 Amphiauthus 625 Amphicarpapa 322 Amphicarpum 784 Amsonia 589 ARTOCARPACE^. 634 Arum 608, 669 Arundinaria 800 Arundo 778 800 Borl;haunia 4'3 BORRAGINACE^i. 558 Borrago 559 Achyrantheae 616 Araygdaleae 325 Amygdalus 329 Asarum 601 ASCLEPIADACE^E 590 Borya G(X) Acnida . 618 ANACARDIACE^E. 283 Asclepias. . (594) 591 Bouteloua ^05 Anacharis 679 Boykinia '-i',1 Aconis .... 670 Anagallis 505 Asimina 215 BrachychaXa 4'0 ACROGEiVjE .. ..810 Anantherix 594 Acrostichum 818 AcUea 211, 212 Andromeda 486 Andropogon. 808 Asphodelus 713 Brasenia 219 Brassica 235 Aetiuomeris 450 Asplenium 820 Brickellia 415 Actiiiospermum 457 Adflia, 600 Anemone 202 Asteranthemum 715 Aster (420-429) 420 Bi iza 799 BROMELI \CEyE 695 Angelica 380 ASTEROIDE.iE 419 ANGIOSPER\LE 199 Astilbe 371 Adice . 637 ANONACE^E 215 Atheropoqon 805 Browallia 517 Adhimia . 225 Atragene 201 Adonis . . . 205 Atriplex (615) 614 Brunei la 552 JSjilop* 806 ^opodium 388 yEiehvnomene 306 jEseulus 287 ^Ethusa 386 Agapanthus 712 Anthopogon 803 Anthoxanthum 789 Antigramma 821 Antirrhinum 519 Anychia (263) 262 Aitlaxanthus 786 AURANTIACE^E... 274 Avena (790,791) 790 Azalea, (489) . Azolla. . 810 Baccharis 439 Bryopliy lima 267 Bryzopyrum 798 Buchne: a 5i'8 Bucklera 622 Bumelia 500 Aqathi/rsus 474 Agave . . 694 Aparqia 470 APETAL^E 601 Baldwinia 456 Ballota 555 BupJtthalmum 440 Aphylloa 512 BalsamiflwR 37 *» Agrimonia 337 Apios ..........!!!! 320 BALSAMINACE^E . 2J-0 BUPvMANNIACE/.s- 451, 452 rt,ilin)i<.c 267, 268 Alsine 259 Berlandiera 442 Cnllisfpplms 429 Althea 266 Alvssnm .. 235 Arctium 468 Bernhardia 813 Beta 612 CALLITRICHACE^! 657 Callitriche 657 AMARANTACE.E.. 616 Arcyphyllum .'.'.'.' 321 Betula 648 BFTUL A.CF^! 648 Calopbanes 534 Calopogon 690 AM ARYLLID ACE^B 692 Arethusa ' ' 690 Bidens 43B Caltha 208 Amaryllis 693 Argemone 223 Ari.wma 668 Bigelovia 436 OALYCANTHACE^ 345 Calvcanthus . .. S46 Ambrosia 443 Aristida..., ...779 BIGNONIACE^E ... 612 Culycocarpum 217 INDEX. CiUynyction ;... 573 Cal >-|).s(.> 686 C.tlystegia 573 clmelTn a '.'.!.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 237 Cam-sUU 273 CAMELUACKJB..,, 273 C.imoauula (479) 478 C.V.MPANULACE^E. 478 Grtmptoaorui 822 Cirsium 467 Cifsits 29.5 CIST ACE j£ 245 Cistopteris 822 Citrullus 365 Citrus 274 Cladastris 301 Cladium 746 Clarkia 354 Claytonia 264 Clematis . . 200 Cyiilla 493 r-:.6 312 hVt 4' 9 S16 541 790 t;j:; r.ir 299 529 581 881 SI 3 8 1 3 795 4o2 B07 484 4,9 4,-.-i S84 427 :i2ii 729 B, 729 604 J40 •^' 805 H78 2:;3 f.S-l 322 707 K3 224 KJ1 i>85 2^9 412 415 625 624 533 421 MI4 6C6 805 (SIS (84 010 0-:(5 "ifc3 (.5 461 615 i*l 271 C:,G 405 600 6^9 .VJ'J 375 Ml 274 686 i.97 508 620 :.54 226 224 713 454 49.1) ;;23 694 419 495 656 oV'j ::93 4SG 363 4,-l 515 310 684 '^•L 276 276 5:0 837 6<;iJ 345 100 •23 ;-«io Cyrilleae ('yrtanthera Cytiisus Dactylis Kra 225 526 781 402 .,.-,-> Eutocha Eutnana EXOGKN/i-i ".'.'. Faba Conostyli* 697 Con vallaria . . . . . . (7 15)^ 7 14 Convolvulus.. (571, 4) 573 Conyza (420, 440) 438 Coproxmantkus 701 CELASTRACK^E.... 289 Celastrus „,..,.. 289 Oulosia ,...-.• 616 Dioscorea 700 6liO 2i,H Fagus Fe.smca (7KS, ', i'9) Fictis Fil«go Celtis .-,.... 634 Cenchrus 788 Centaure-i .(466) 465 CMtoUtrrUa < 58o Centrosema 324 Centunculus 505 Cephalanthus 401 Ce.ranthera 547 Cerastium 257 Cerasus .(328) 326 Coptis 208 Corallorhiza 686 Diospyros Diphylleia Coreraa 639 Coreopsis (450, 4) 450 Coriandrum 388 CORNACE^E J.90 Cornus 390 Corouilla 306 Corydalis (225) 226 Corylus 647 JDiplot'linium FI LICKS D1PSACEJ3 Dipsacus Dipiei acanthus Diica 405 405 r. •; Firmiirna Floerkea FLOKIDE^E Fadia ;->; Fa-ninilum Ceratiola 639 CER \TOPH YLLA- CK,E 658 Ceratoschceaus 745 Cercis 301 Dc.ilccaiheon '. . . Dolichos (3-0) Uorx.Ua Draba ;;23 2:16 652 r;1 3:57 342 732 464 4-i;» Forest iera Fortiteronia Forsythia Fotlu-ig-.lla Frugal la Fra*Mi,,ia... Frusura FvHxinus Friiillaiia Fi-oelithia Fuchsia Fuireiia.....* Finn in i;i Funki'i Cosrnanthus 566 Cranichis 688 Crantzia 378 CRASSULACEJE ... 566 CrattKgus 330 Dnu'oct'phaluia Drosera DHOSERACEyE Dry as Dur-hfx-nia Dulicbium Dysodia Kaionia EBENACE^J Echinacea Echiuocvstis ChneropViylhun 384 Chveior.yperua 736 Chamftliriatn 720 Crocus 700 Croomia 703 Crotalaria 310 Croton 630 Crotonopsis 631 CRUCIFERjE 226 Cryphiacanthus 535 Cheilauthes 819 Cheiranthus. 232 Chelone.... 520 (frvpta 253 CUYPTOGAMIA.... 810 Cryptotsenia 286 Ctenium 806 Cucumis 365 Cucurbita 'A:>5 CUCURBIT ACE JE.. 363 Cunila 543 Cupbea 348 Cupressus 6(i3 CUPULIFER^E 642 Cuscuta 574 CYCADACE^E 665 Cycas . . 665 Cyclamen 503 Cycloloma 612 Cydonia 333 Cj/mbidium 690 Cynara 4'i5 Cynareae . .^. 465 Echinodoius Echinospennum Fchium 676 563 S69 Gaillardia .-. G«!acincaj 4£0, Galactia Chenooodium \614) 612 CHENOPODIACE^E 611 Chimaphila 494 Chiogenes 484 Chiouanth .s 599 Chirouia 583, 584 Chlori.1 805 Chrysanthemum 458 Chri/*ew 224 Chrysobaianeae 325 Chrysobalanus 326 Chrysogonum 440 Chrysopsis 437 Chrysosplenium 369 Chri/sonte/nma 452 Chthlamia 596 Cicer 303 Cichoraceae 407 Kcheveria Eclipta ELATINACE^E Elatine KL/EAGNACE.E... Eleagnus Eleoeharis Elephantopus Kleusine 368 440 ZV, (;24 736 411 801 565 250 Galanlhns Glllulcliil..: Galax Gnliiiiu GAMDPETALA;.... Gaultheiia Gaylussacia Ellisia Elodea GiMii?,ta Gentiana Elymus < Elytraria Emilia EMPKTRACE^E.... Empetrum ENDOGENJS 801 6,'M 638 rJiii 595 486 360 511 GENTIANACE^E... GERANIACE^E .... Geranium Gerardia 529, Geum Gilia Cicuta 385 Cimicifuga (205) 211 Cinchoneae 399 Cineraria 463 Ciuua 776 Cynoglossum 563 Cynosciadium 389 Enslenia Epidendrum Epi^ar-a (Jillcnia Gladiolus Jlancium Glaux Gleditschia Cynthia 470 CYPERACE^E 731 Cyperus.... ... 732 Epilobium EpiDheuus INDEX. 827 GlottidiuTTK ..._. 315 G!vcenaPbRA .'."'.'.'.' 798 Gh/citie 320 letodet 609 Ilex 496 Illecebriuea) 25.'! Illicium 213 llysanthus 524 Impatiens 280 Indigotera 319 Inula . 438 Leucojnm 695 Mcntlia C43 Mentzi-lia '•;>$ Menya.ithe.s 5i7 Si eriensi'a '.'.'.".!'.'.".!.' 5^2 Mesembiyainhenium.. 16;> Heap-Hull S31 Miciantbernuin 5-5 Micnimrri,, 644 Microstylis C87 Mikania 418 Millium (781; 78:J Mimosa 298 Mimulns ... .. 522 Miiabil.s..., .. 602 Mitcbella... .. 401 Mitella ::>.-'J Mitreola 515 Modiola 267 Lintris (412) 4i3 Ligusticnm 384 Lignstnim 599 LlLIACE-di 706 Lilium 707 LIMXANTIIACE.-E.. 281 Limnantliemum 587 Liinnobinm 679 Limnorhloa 736 Com ,hre..a 619 Goniolomon 508 Goodvera 689 Gordonia 273 lodanthus 229 Ipomsea (571) 572 Ipomop.ns 570 Iresine 619 IRIDACE^E 697 Iris 697 1 1 R AM 1X0 IDE JE'. . '. 731 Gratiobt 523 GROSSULACE-iE... 300 Gvinnadenia 682 Gymnocladus 3(K Gvmnopngron 803 GY.MXO. Pi-IRM^E.. 659 Gyn-indropsis 240 HJ&M ODOR ACE JE. 696 Halt-ilia 586 Halesia 499 HAMAMKLACE/E.. 374 Limosella 525 LIXACE.-E 275 Linaria 518 Lindcrnia 524 Limiiea, (393).Linum, 275 Liparis 688 Isantbus 542 I sut is 239 Isoetes ! 810 Ixolepis 741 Isopappus 437 Isopyrum 208 Itea 273 Iva 443 Ixia 700 Lipocarpba 741 Lippia (539) 538 Liquidambar.. 375 Liriodendron 215 Listera 688 Lithospermnm. ..(562) 561 LOASACE^B 358 Manic},!,, 161 M<*i-iH,,iu. 259 Mollugo 263 Moluccella 555 Momordica 364 Monard.i... 550 MonardtUa 546 Aloneses 494 Monocera 806 Mpnotropn (4%) 495 JASMIN ACE^E 596 Jasminnm 596 Jalropha 630 Jeffersonia 218 JUGLANDACE.E .. 640 Lobelia 4;6 LOiiEUACRJE 475 LOGANIACRJS 514 Loiseleuria 489 Lolium 802 Lonioera 394 Hamiltuiua 622 Hedeoma 544 Hedera 390 Hedyotis 403, 404 Hcdysarnm 3«7 Helenium (456) 455 Helianthella 450 llelianthemum 246 Ilelianthus 447 JUNOACEyE 722 Juncagineae 676 Juncus 723 Lophanthus 551 Lophiola 69 i Loposphermum . ^ . . . . 5 9 Monnn-opea; (495) 480 Montelia 619 Morns .. 634 Juniperus 663 Jussiaea 351 Jusiicia 536 Kallstroemia 280 Kalmia 484 Ken in 345 Kceleria (795) 793 Kosteletzkya 2ti9 Krigia (470; 469 Kiihnia (417) 415 Kyllingia (741) 735 LABIATE 5:i9 Labiatiflorse 475 Labra-a 259 LuRANTHAOE^E.. 621 Ludwigia 354 Buhlenbergia 776 Mtitwiacese 407 MuiscTri11.'!". '.'.'.' .'.'.'.'.'.' 712 Mylocarium 493 Myosotis 562 Myosurub 208 Myrica 650 MVRK'ACHyE 650 Mvriophvllum 357 MYRTA'CK^E 3-ie Myitns 346 Xabulns 471 NAIA1)A("E^E 6',2 Nnjas f 72 Napcca 167 Narcissus C93 Nai-dosmia 419 Xarthecium 7^2 Nastuiiium 2l8 Xaumbtngia, 504 Negnii'Jn 267 NEL'UMDIACE^E... 219 Nelnmbinm 220 Nemiistylis Ci'9 Neiiiopan;h(j.s 497 Nemophiia ^65 Ncpeta £51 Nerinm ;"i'.".'0 Neiirophyllum '. ^7 Nicnndru ;V,S Nicotiana iil NiereiDbeigia f.i'O Nigella 1(J9 Molina 7 10 Kuphar 2iO Nl LYCOPODIACBJB.. bll Lycopodium 811 J jycopsis 6t/0 Lycopns 5J3 Lygodesmia 473 L-, godium 817 Lyon ia 595 Lvsimacbia 504 lA'TIIRACE.'E 348 Lythiiim 349 Macbridea . . 554 Helonias 719 Hemerocallis 713 Hemianthus 525 llemicarpha 740 Hepatica 204 Heraclciirn 379 Jleni-done 69.:. Herniuria °63 Ilerpeilis (525)52,3 Lacbnocaulon 730 Lad,i 658 Lacnanthes 696 Lactuca 473 Lagenaria 364 Lagersti-CBmia 348 Lamiura 555 Lampsana 469 Hespens 23 i Heteranthera 721 H'lTomiria 240 Heterotheca 437 Heucbera 372 Hibiscus.... (270, 271) 269 Hieracinm 4,0 Hierocbloa 789 Maclura 635 Macranthera 528 Mafroti/H 211 MAGNOLIA 213 Magnoliacete 213 MuhoHia 218 Mitjantbemum 715 Ma/axis 687 Malva (269) 266 Malvaceae i65 Malvaviscus 268 Mammiliaria 360 Manisurns 804 Mariscus (734*,. 735) 732 Man iibiuni 557 Marshallia 457 Mars, lea 810 MARftiLEACE^E ... 810 Maitvnia 514 IlippocastaneiE 287 Lapalhum 605 Lupilhcea 583 Hippuris 358 Holcus 789 Honkcnya 261 Hordeuin 80! Hotionia 501 Huustonia 402 Hoya 6% Laportea 637 Lappa 468 Laiix 6U2 Lathy nis 303 LAURACE^E 6.0 Lnurus 620, 621 Laviitidula 511 Ilr.mnhis 638 Leaveiiworthia 232 Lechtea 245 L'contia 6G9 Ledntn 491 Hyacin hus 712 Ilydiangea 373 Hv.-lra-tis 212 11YDROCHARIDACE/E 679 JI,yil,-whl,,n .'..'.'.['.'.'.'. 774 liydrocoiyie 377 llydrolea 566 Hydronelti* 219 Leersia 773 Li'XHJMIXOS/S 296 LtMophyllnm 492 Leipocarpha 741 Lemua 670 Lemnaceffi 670 LEXTJBULACE^E.. 509 Leonotis 658 Ltontice 218 Leontodon ...(473) 470 Leonurus 55/~ Lepachy* 447 Lepidinm 238 Leptandra 527 LeptanthuK 722 Ltptocaulis 386 Leptochloa 803 Leptopoda 456 Manila 457 Matricaria 41«S Matthiola i.'J Maurandia 519 Mayaca 728 HYDEOFHYLLACE^B. 563 Ilvdropbylliim 564 Hygi-opbila 635 JJi/meiiocitliis C93 Medeola 70-"> Medicago 313 Meliinijwvn.n 533 MELAXTI1ACE/B.. 717 Melanthera 444 Melautbiuni 717 MSLASTOMACRJS.. 347 Melia 275 MKLIACE.-E 2i5 Melica 795 Melilotus ... 314 llytncnopappus 455 HyoacyamuH 680 Jl i/on, is 470 HTPBBiuACKJR.. . 245 Hynobriehia $50 i'ypoxis 695 Hyptis ,':4i Hyssopus (551) 545 Iberis 238 Lepuropetalon 373 Lespedeza 309 ;,eucauthemum 458 ^eucas 557 Melocactns ?,(]0 Melothria 364 M EN ISPE KM ACE J3 216 Meuispermum 216 828 INDEX. ORCHIDACEJG 680 Orchis (683-685) 682 PL A T A X ACEvE . . . . 639 Platanthera 683 Platanus C40 Pleea 7-0 Pluchea 439 PLUMBAGINACJLB 507 Plumbago 508 Robinia 319 Kurhelia 563 Rosa 333 ROSACE J3 324 Rofcmarinus 550' Rottbcellia (807) 806 Roubie va 614 ROXBURGHIACE^E. 703 Rubia 401 RUBIACE^E 398 Sinapis 234 Sison 38« Sisymbrium (22S) 233 Sisyrinchium 693 Slum (386) 387 SMILACE^E 701 Ornithogalum 710 OROBANCHACE^E. 511 ijroQanc Poa (795, 799) 7% Smilax 701 SOLAN ACE^E 576 Bolanum 67tf Solea 2-15 Oryzopsis /» Osmanthus 599 Osmorhiza 383 Osmunda 817 O.strya 647 OXALIDACEJS 279 Oxalis . 279 Podophyllnm 218 PODOSTEMIACE23. 657 Podostemura 657 Podostigma £94 Pogonia 690 Polanisia 241 POLEMONIACE^E.. 567 Polemonium 569 Polyanthes 694 I'oly carpon 262 PolygsiH 294 Rubus 339 Rudbeckia (447) 445 Soliva 400 Buellia 534, 535 Rumex (604) 605 Ruppia 673 Ruta 282 RUTACE^E 281 Sonchus H74 Sorghum 808, R>9 SPADIC1KLORJ5... OttJ Kparga.'iwphorus 412 Oxycoccus 483 Oxydendrum 488 Oxyria 604 Pachvsandra 632 PO L YG A L ACE J3 '.'.'. 293 POLYGONACE^E... 603 Polygonatum 714 Polygonella 606 Sabbatia 583 Saccharum 807 Sageretia 292 Sagina . . 260 Specularia 479 Spergula 261 Spergularia 261 Paeonia 212 Palaf'oxia 455 PALMACE^E 666 Polygonum 607 Sagittaria . . 677 Spjgelia. 515 SALICACE^E . 651 Spilanlhes . 454 Pauax 390 Pancratium 692 Panicum (787) 784 Papaver 224 Polypodium 818 Salicornia 615 Polypogon 777 Polypvemum 515 Polypteris 455 Salisburia 664 Salix 651 Spirsea 343 Spiranthes 689 Salsola 616 Sporobolus 775 PAPAVKBACEJB... 222 Pardanthus 700 Parietaria 638 Parimssia 252 Ptirnassiese. . . . . 252 Polytsenia 379 Pontederia 721 PONTEDERIACE.E 721 Populus 655 Portulaca 264 PORTULACACE^E.. 263 Potamogeton 673 Salvia 548 Salvinia 811 Sambucus 396 Samolus 506 Sanguinaria 222 Sanguisorba 325 Sprekelia 694 Stachys 556 Stapelia 596 Staphylea 289 Statice .. . 508 Paronychia 262 Parthenium 442 Stellaria (259) 268 Stenanihium 719 Stenotaphrurn 807 Sanicula 378 SANTALACEJE 622 sAPINDACE^E 287 Paspalum 781 Potentilla 342 Poterium 326 PASSIFLORACE^E. 362 Pastinaca 379 Paulownia 522 Pavia 288 Pavonin 269 PEDALIACE^i 514 Pedicularis 532 Pothos 669 Sapiudus 288 STERCULIACE^i.. 271 Stillingia. 629 Prenanthes (471) 473 Primula 502 PRIMULACE^E 501 Frinos 497 SAPOTACE^E 500 Sari acenia 221 SARRACENIACE^E 221 Stipa (781) 780 Stipacea; 771 Stipulicida 1'62 Stokesia 411 Prionopsis 437 Prosartes 716 Proserpinaca 357 Prunella... 552 Prunus (326) 327 Satureja 546 SAURURACE^E.... 656 Saururus 657 Saxifraga 370 SAXIKRAGACEuE.. 369 Scabiosa. 406 Streptopus 715 Peltamiia 608 Pentalopffus 561 Penthorurn 308 Struthiopteris 818 Stuartia 273 Stylipus iJ38 Sty lisma 574 Stylopliorum 224 Sty losanthes oO<5 STYRACACEuE 41)8 Sty rax 499 Subularia 2;-^ Sullivantia 372 Peatstemon 520 Psilocarya 742 Pfplis 350 Peiiploca 591 Peristylus 68 4 Persea 620 Pe-.-sica 328 Pfiiloxtemon 560 Psilotuui 813 Psoralea 314 Ptelea 283 Ptcris 819 Scandix (384) 383 Scariosi 426 Scheuchzeria 678 Schizandra 216 SCHIZANDRACE^E 216 PKTALIFER^E 666 Petiilostemon 316 Petilium 709 Petrotelinum 38rf Petunia 580 Plyica 317 Schizanthus 617 Schcenocaulon., 719 Schcenus 744, 746 Schollera 722 Swertia 587 Syena 728 Symphoricarpus 394 Pulmonaria 562 Piilsatilla 202 Punica 346 Pycnanthemum 545 Pycreus 732 Pi/retnrum 459 Pyrola 493 Pyroleaa 493, 480 1'ycrhopappus 473 1'yrularia 022 Pyrus 332 Pyxidanthera 570 Quuinoclit 571 (jui-ltin 093 Schrankia 299 Schwalbea 532 Schweinitzia 495 Scilla 710 Scirpeie 731 Scirpus (742, 744) 738 Scleranthus 263 Scleria 746 Sclerolepis 412 Scolopendriurn 822 Scrophularia 520 SCROPHULARIACE^E, 516 Scutellariu ' 55-? Phacelia 565 Phalanqium 710 Plmlaris (786) 789 Fharbitis 571 Symplocos 41J9 Synandra 654 Synthyris 526 Syphonichia 263 Phaseolus 321 Philadelphus 374 PhiUpcea 512 Phloum 779 Phlomis 555 Phlox 5fi7 Phoradendron 621 Photinia . 3'->9 Tagetes (454) 465 Talinum 264 Tanacetuui 4f9 Taraxacum 473 TAXACK^E.... 664 RANONCULACEJ3. 200 Ranunculus 205 Raphanus 240 Itefioulea 795 Reseda 241 RKSKDACE/E 241 RHAMNACEJS 290 Rhanmus 290 Phragmites 800 Phryrna 538 Phyllanthus 6'il Secale 803 Sedum 307 Selaginella 812 Sempervi vum 368 Telanthera 619 Tephrosia 318 Tetragonctheca 445 Tetrantheia 621 Teucrium 541 Physalis 578 Physostegia 554 Phytolacca 610 PH7TOLACOACBJE 610 Pilea 037 Plrapinella 388 Senecio (462) 463 Seneciorridai 439 Sentera 595 Thalia 691 Thalictrum (203) 204 Thajxia 283 Thaspium S82 Thuja 662 Rheum 604 Khexia 347 Pinckneva 401 Rhinanthus 532 Rhododendron... (489) 490 Rhodora 491 Rhus 283 Sericocarpus 419 Pinguiculn, 5(19 Pimi< (661, 662) 659 Piptatlieruni 781 Sesbania 315 Sesuvium 264 Thunbergia 534 THYMELACEJ3.... 623 Thvmus 547 TkuowihtU 320 Thyrsrtnella 6C6 Tiarella 370 Tiedmannia 380 Tigridia 699 Tilin 272 TILIACE^E 271 Pisuin (304) 303 Plstia 671 Rhynchosia 320 Rhynchospora. . .(746) 743 Rhynchosporeae 731 Rhytiglossa.. 536 Setaria 788 Pitrherin 321 PITTOSPOBACBJB! zss Plttosporuba 285 Planrra 633 PL ANT AGIN ACE J3 506 Plautago 606 Shepherdia 624 SibbHldia 343 Sicyos 364 Rida 268 Ribes 360 Richardia 669 Ricinus 630 Silene . 250 Rivina ,.. GIQ SilobJum ... ,.. '442) 441 INDEX. 829 Tillandsia Tipularia Tofieldia .... 695 .... 686 .... 720 664 Trollius TROPuEOLACEJE... Tropteolum Troximon -OS 2N) 281 47 T Vachellia 299 Valeriana 404 VALERIANACE^E. 404 Valerianella.. 402 636 636 609 215 716 480 Vigna Vilj'a 320 ... 775, 776 Zea Trientalis Zenobia Trifolium Triglochin TRH.LIACE^E. .... 312 .... 678 .... 704 704 Urochne Uralepis Urtica (637) URTICACE^E Villarsia 587 Zephyranthus Vinca Viola 589 242 Zinnia VIOLACE/E Visiania VITACEJB.. Vitex..(539). Waldsteinia. . .. 241 Zizania Zizia (382) Zornia Triosteum .... 393 ... 690 Utricularia 600 292 Vitis... 292 341 Tnptaiia ... 793 Uvularia. §06 Vaccine® ZYGOPHYLLACE^J ... 791 INDEX Abele 656 Acacia 299 Acanthads 533 Adam-and-Eve 687 Adder's-tongue 816 Agrimony 337 Albany Beechdrops.. 495 OF ENGLISI Balm 548,555 Balm-ot'-Gilead 656 I POPULAR Black Moss 696 Black Night-shade... 577 Black Oat Grass 780 Black-root 439 Black Saltwort 503 Black Snake-root.... 211 Black Thorn 328, 330 Bladder Fern 822 NAMES. Bugle-weed. . 543 Biiftloss Bull-rush Burr Dock Burnet Burning Bush. . . Burr-flower 559, 560 -722, 788 ... 468 .325,326 . 289, £90 .... 564 .... 788 453 .... 672 563 309 .... £07 .... 401 640 Balsamine 280 Baueberry 212 Banyan 635 Barley 801 Barn-yard Grass 787 Basil 545, 548 Bass- wood 272 Bastard Loosestrife. . . 354 Bastard Toadflax 622 Bath-flower 705 Bayberry 650 Bay Galls 620 Beach Pea, 304 Beach Plum 327 Bean Caper 279 Bearberry 485 Allseed 26T Almond 329 Bladder Ketmia 269 Bladder-nut 289 Bladder -pod 237 Bladder Senna 319 Bladder wort 509 Blazing-star 413, 720 Blessed Thistle 466 Elite 614 Blood-root 222 Bloodworts 696 Blueberry 481, 483 Blue-curls 542, 55L Burr Marigold.. . Burr Reed Burr-seed Bush Clover, Bush Trefoil .... Button Bush But ton wood. . . Aloe 694 Alpine Bistort 609 Atom-root 372 Alyssum CI'V> '">;> Arnaranths 610, Ci7 Amaryllids 692 Amaryllis 693 American CenUury. . 583 American Laurel 481 Anemone 202, 203 Angelica 38J, 331 Angelica Tree 389 Angelico 384 Anise 383 Anonads 215 ApeUlous Plants 601 Apple 332 Apple Haw 331 Apple-of-Peru 578 Apple-of-Sodotn 578 Apricot 327, 328 Araliads . . 389 Butte-, cups. .... Bntteifiv-weed.. Butternut 1'uttenveed .205, 207 .... 593 ....640 .... 464 £09 Beard Grass 779, 808 Beard -tongue 520 Bear's Grass 709 Bear's- Thread 709 Beaver Tree 214 Bedstraw 399 Beech 646 Beech -drops 495, 511 Beet 612 Blue-dangles 481 Blue-eyed Grass G91 Blue Flag 69; Blue Grass 797 Blue-hearts 628 Blue-joint Grass 778 Blue Palmetto 667 Bluets 402 Bog Rush 746 Boneset 415, 417 C'ncttis Calfibas-'li Cale Ciilnmimh .... ;:eo .... 264 .... 225 "47 Calico Bush California Poppy Camellias Calypso Campion Caiiiida Thistle .. Canary Creeper . . Canary Gnus. . . . Cnndleberry Candytult .... 465 .... £24 '.'.'.'. m .255, 257 .... 4C8 .... ifi .... 7*9 .... fr50 Beggar-ticks 563 Begoniads 366 Bell wort . .. 710 Bellworts 478 Bengal Grass 738 Bent Grass 774 Berberids 217 Berberry 217 Bermuda Grass ...... P04 Big Laurel 214 Bilberry 482 Borrage 559 Borrageworts 558 Bottle-Grass 788 Bouncing Bet 255 Bowman's root 345 •9 Aroids 667 Arroworts 691 Arrow-grass 678 Arrow-head 677 Arrow-wood 397 Artichoke 418, 455 Artocarps 634 Asclepiads 590 Cane Canterbury Bells. Caper Spurge .... a»o .... 479 •••• 626 Box Elder £87 Bind-weed....576, 573, 609 Birch 648 Brake g]q Capuchin Caraway Cardinal -flower .. Cardoon Carnation .... 181 •.•• J?9 .... 476 • • • . 465 .... 254 •-•• ?£9 . ... 263 ...-703 .... 381 ....497 .... eso .... 513 256 Bramble S39 Bridal Rose 340 Broccoli 235 Bromeliads 695 Ash 597 Ash-maple 287 Asparagus 715 Bird-claw Moss 813 Bird's-nest 495 Birth wort 601 Bishop's-cap ... 370 Aspen 655 Asphodel 713 Brooklime.. 527 Broom Corn 809 Carpet Cress Carpet Weed Can ion -flower... Carrot Cassena Tea .. Castor-oil Plant.. Catnlpa Catch-fly Aster 420-427 Asterworts 406 Atamasco Lily 69.3 Auricula 502 Bishop-weed 387 Bitter Cress 230 Bitter-nut 641 Broom Grass 791, 809 Broom-rape 512 Bryony.... 364 Buck-Bean 587 Avens 337 Bizarre . 254 Black Alder 498 Black-berry 339 Black-haw 398 Black Hoarhound.... 555 Awlwort 238 Azalea 489 Bachelor's-button, 465,466 Balloon Vine 288 Buckthorn ' 290 Bnck wheat 610 Buckwheat Tree 493 Bugbane 211 Catch-fly Grass .. ^at-gut Catnep .. 773 ... 318 ... £51 830 INDEX. Cat-tail 671 Cauliflower 235 Cayenne Pepper 5/8 Cedur 603 Celandine... 223 Celery 388 Century Plant 694 Chuff-seed 5^2 Chamomile 457 Cypress Vine .r<71 Daffodil 603 Dahlia 4^9 Dahooii 49V Daisy 4^9 Dandelion 469, 473 Daphnads 623 Darnel Grass 80:i Day Lily 713 Deadly Nightshade.. 579 Deerberry 482 Deer-grass 347, 774 Deer's-tongue 413 Devjl's-bit 400 Flaming Pinxter 490 Flax, Flaxworts 2/5 Fleabane 427 Flixweed 234 Floating-heart 687 Florin Grass 774 Flower-de-Luce 698 Flowering Fern 817 Flower -Ot an-hour 269 Fly-poison 719 Heath, Heather 481 Heathworts 479 Hedgehog i>13 Hcuge hjssop.. .5:3, 551 Heuge Mustaid 233 Hedge Nettle... 666 Heliotrope 658 f£9 Helleboie ifc) Hemlock f(jl Hemp... (J38 Fog-fruit 538 Fool's Parsley 380 Forget-me-not 562 Foi-ked -spike 808 Hemp Nettle C.56 Henbane 680 Hen bit £55 Herb-Robei t .. . . 177 Checkerberry 486 Chenopods 611 Cherry. 32t>, 327 Cherry Laurel 320 Chess 791 Dewberry 339,340 Dew Grass 774 Dill ::82 Ditch Grass 673 Foul -meadow 798 Four-o'clock 402 Foxglove 526 Foxtail 779 Herd's Grass 774, 779 .Heton's-bill ^77 Hibiscus SC9, 270 Hickory 640 High Crai.beny ;.97 High-water Mil ub.. .. 443 Hoarhound 4 17, 657 Hobble Bush ;-,97 Hog weed 443 Hollv, H oily worts.496, 497 Hollyhock 206 Honesty 236 Honewort &6 Honey Locust ,'l:0 Honeysuckle fc9i-c.9(i Honeysuckles ;-93 Hop 0. 8 Chestnut 646 Chick Pea 303, 301 Chick-weed 257, 258 Chick Wintergreen... 503 China Aster !'*> Ditch Moss 679 Foxtail Grass. 778, 779,788 Fraxinella 282 Dittany 543 Dock COS French Mulberry 538 Fringe Grass 786 Ohinqiv-ipin GIG Chokeberry .» . . 333 Choke-cherry 3:0 Cinnamon Fern 817 Cinquefoil 342 Citron Tree 275 Cives 712 Clary . 549 Dockmackie 397 Dodder 574 Fringe Tree 593 Frogbits 679 Frost Plant 246 Fumeworts 224 Fumitory 226 Gale, Galeworts 650 Galingale 032 Garget-weed 610 Garlic 711 Dogbane 588 Dogwood.... 284, 300, 391 Dragoiihe;ul 552 Dnigonroot 668 Drop-flower 471 Dropsecd Grass.. .775, 776 Dry Strawberry 341 Cleavers 399, 400 Climbing Boneset 418 Climbing Fern 817 Clintoriiii 714 Clot Grass 735 Clot-weed 414 Cloud-berry 340 Dutch Mvrtle 650 Gay-feather 414 Hop Hornbeam 047 Dutchnu.n's-breeches. 225 Dutchman's Pipe 602 Dwarf Dandelion 469 Dwarf pink 402 Dyer's-broom.. 310 Dver's weed 241 Kardrop 225, 354 Kbonads 500 Geiitian..; 584, 585 Hornbeam 048 Horn Pomhveed 0,3 Horn Popi y 2-3 Gentian worts 582 Geranium 276-2,8 Germander 541 Gilia 5G9 Gill-over-the-ground . 552 Ginseng ' ('() Clover 31> Club Moss 811,812 Club Rush 733 Cock's-coir.b 322,616 Cock spur Grass 787 Cocoa Plum 32(5 Horse Bean Mi)3 Horse Chestnut ..287, it 8 Horse Devils Hi.'i Glasswort 016 Kel Grass 079 Egg Plant 578. Eglantine 335 330 Globe Amaranth 619 Globe Flower 208 Gnat bane 438 Goat's-beard 345 Goafs-foot >8 Goat's Rue 318 Golden Alexanders. 382,.' 8 i Golden Bartonia 358 Golden-chain 312 Golden-club 670 Golden Fern 818 Horsemint 543, 6/0 Horse- Nettle 578 Horse Radit.li 137 Horse-tail 813,814 Horse-weed 443 Hound's-tonguc 6t:3 Ilonseleek 308 Honseleeks ;-;G(> Huckleberry 481 Hyacinth 712 Hydrangea 373 Hydrophylls "it;'i Coffee Bean.... 303 Coffee Tree 300 Cohosh 218 Colic-root 697 Colocynth 306 Egyptian Calla 669 Egyptian G rass 804 Klder 3% Elecampane 438 Elephant's-ears 300 Elephant's-foot 411 Kim, Elmworts.. 032, 633 Enchanter's Night- shade 356 Endive 46'.) Endogens 660 Colts-foot 419 Columbine 209 Columbo 086 Comf'rey 560 Cone-flower 445 Conifers 659 Coral -root C86 Corn-cockle 256 Coriander 388 Goldenrod 430 Gold-thread 208 Good-king-Henry 614 Gooseberry 361, 302 Goose-foot... (Gen. 3), 612 Goose-grass 343,400 Gourd 364 Gout-weed 388 Hyssop 545 Ice Plants 205 Indiana Veratrum ... V18 Indian Corn hi>6 Indian Cress 281 Indian Cucumber 7U5 Indian Fij>s 3;"j9 Indian Giass £08 Indian M allow i.'(-8 Indian Millftt 809 Indian Physic 345 English ]5ent 774 English Mint 4-58 English Moss 36,s Eternal Flower 462 Evening Primrose . . . 352 Everlasting 460, 461 Everlasting Pea 304 Eyebright 533 False Aloe G94 False Bindweed 572 False Dandelion 473 False Dog-fennel 454 False Flax 237 False Hellebore 718 False Mermaid 281 False Nettle 037 False Pennyroyal 542 False Redtop 792 False Rice 773 False Rocket 229 False Scabish 457 False Solidago 430 False Syringa 374 False Violet 341 Felwort 586 Fennel 389 Cornels 390 Corn Flag 700 Cornel 391 Cotton Grass 740 Cotton Plant 271 Coiton Rose 461 Cotton Thistle 467 Cotton Tree 055, 656 Couch Grass 802, 803 Cowbane 380 Cow-wheat 533 Crab Grass 783 Crab Tree 332 Cranberry 48! Crane's-bill 276 Crape Myrtle 348 Creeping Greenheacl. . 403 Cress 228, 232,233 Crest-flower 695 Crocus 700 Cross Vine 513 Crowberry 638,639 Crowfoots 2UO, 205 Grammel! 561 Grape Fern 816 Grape Hvacinth 712 GrapeVine 292, 293 Grasses 770 Grass-of Parnassus... 252 Grass Pink 690 Indian Pipe 495 Indian Rice 7', 3 Indian Shot (.91 Indian Koapworts .... 2b7 Indian Tobacco 477 Indian Turnip 6-pliint 4\-> I'uyseed 217 Cm i, uils ftji) CiU Glass '-•', (•,(»:", Cyp.tM OC3 Haw 331,332 Hawthorn 3:0 Hawkbit 470 I lawk weed 470 Hazelnut 647 He:irlSi>;-.se 244 llcint-keed 288 Finger Grass 783, 804 Fireweed 462 Fir, Fir Balsam 661 Flakes .. . . £54 INDEX. 831 Meadow Grass ...796, 798 Meadow Redtop 798 Meadow Rue 204 Meadow Sweet 344 Medick 313 Prickly Pear 359 Prickly Poppy 223 Pride of India 275 Pride of Ohio 6l>3 June Grass 79£ Juniper 663 Kidney Bean . 321 Orchard Grass 7y3 Orchids . 680 Orchis 682,683,685 Orpine 308 Pride of the Meadow . 345 Prim {,f<9 Primrose 502 Melanths 716 Osage Orange 635 Osier 651 Knct-Krass 607 Labrador Tea 491 Ladies Kardrop 3o4 Ladies' Mantle 325 Ladies' Slipper.681,682,517 Ladies' Tresses 689 Lady Fern 824 Melic Grass 795 Melilot 314 Melon Thistle 360 Meuispermads 216 Mermaid-weed 357 Mexican Tea 613 Mexican Vine 611 Miami-mist 566 Mignonette 241 Oxeye 445 Pseony 212,213 Painted cup 531 Palmetto 666 Palms 666 Panic Grass 784 Pansy 242, 244 Papaw 215 Paper Mulberry 635 Pappoose Root 218 Parsley 388 Parsley Piert 325 Prince's-f<'nther...609, 617 Prince's Pine 494 Privet 699 Pumpkin ;^J6 P u rslanes 2t'>3, i',64 Putty-root . .. Ci?7 Larch 662 Quaking Grass *,'.<$ Quamash 710 Queen-of the-Praiue. . 341 Quich Grass £02 Quillwort 810 Quince 333 Radish 240 Ragged Robin 257 Rani's -head f82 Raspberry : MO Rat-tail Grass H;t> Rattle-pod 3;U Rattle snake Fern 816 Rattlesnake Plantain. CS9 Red Bav 620 Red Bud Wl Larkspur 210 I aurel 620 Milkweeds 59 1 Mi Ik worts 293 294 Laurestine 393 I avender 541 Milk Vetch 317 Millet 787, 788 Lead Plant 315 Leadwort 507 508 Millfoil 357. 457 Mint 542 Mistletoe 621 Mitrewort 3t>9 Partridgeberry 401 Pasque-flower 202 Passion-flower 363 Passionworts 362 Pea 303 Peach 328 Peanut 306 Pear 332 Leaf-cup 440 Leather-flower 201 Leather-leaf 487 Leather wood 623 Leek 711 Leguminous Plants .. 295 Mockernut 641 Mock Orange 374 Modesty 382 Mole-tree . . 626 Lettuce 473 Leverwood 647 Lilac 598 Lily 707-709 Lily worts 705 Lily-of-the-valley .... 714 Lime Tree 272,274 Limnanths 281 Molucca Balm 555 Moneywort 505 Monkey-flower 522 Monk's-hood 211 Moonseed 216 Pearlwort 260 Pea Vine 322 Pecan-nut 641 Pedaliads 514 Pellitory 638 Pencil-flower 306 Red Osier 891 Red-root 291, 696 Red-top 774 Reed £c»0 Morning Glory 571 Moss Pink 569 Pennyroyal 644 Pennywort 377,587 Pepper 578 Pepper-and-Salt 384 Pepper-grass 238,239 Peppermint 543 Pepper-root 230 Pepperworts 810 Periwinkle 589 Persimmon 500 Pettymon el 389 Petunia 580 Phea*ant's-eye 205, 254 Phlox 567 Phloxworts 567 Pickerel-weed 721 Picotees 254 Reed Grass 770, 778 Reed Mace 671 Rescue Grass 791 Rhubarb (304 Linden 272 Lindenblooms 271 Lion's-ears 558 Lion's foot 472 Moss Plant 486 Mother wort 557 Mountain Ash 333 Mountain Fern 820 Mountain Fringe.' 225 Mountain Heath 489 Mountain Mint 550 Mountain Rice 780 Mountain Sorrel 604 Mourning Bride 406 Mouse-ear 461 Mousetail 208 Mud Purslane 253 Mudwort 525 Mugwort 459 R i bworts 5G6 Rice 773 Richweed 637 River-weed 657 Robin's Plantain 428 Rock Cress 2M Rocket 234 Lip Fern 819 Liveforever 368 Liverwort 204 Lizard-tail . 657 Lizardtail Grass 804 Loasads 358 Rock Polypod 822 Rock Rose 245, 246 Lobeliadg 475 Loblolly Bay 273 Locust 319 Lon" Moss 695 Rose S33, 337 Rose Acacia 319 Rose Bay 350, 490 Rosemary 550 639 Lwosestrife 349 504 Mulberry. . . . 340, 634, 635 Mullein... 518 Mullein Pink 257 Musk Mallow 267 Muskmelon 365 Musk Plant 523 Pie Plant 604 Lopseed 538 Pigmv-weed 367 Pignut 642 Pigweed 613, 617 Pimpernel 505, 506 Pine 659-661 Pine-sap 495 Pink 254 Roseworts 324 Rosin weed 441 Rue i62 Rue Anemone 2tt3 Rueworts 281 Rush 722-727 Rutland Beauty 573 Loquat 329 Loranths 621 Lousewort 532 Lova^e 384 Love-lies-bleeding ... 618 Mustard 233-235 Myrtle 346, 492 Myrtleblooms 346 Naiads 672 Lungwort 562 Pink-root 515 Pink worts 253 Pin weed 245 Saffron 466 700 Lychuidia 567 Lychnis . . . 257 Nailwort 262 Narcissus 693 Nasturtion 281 Neck weed 527 Nectarine 328 Nelumbo 220 Nettle, NeUleworts... 636 Nettle Tree 6-'54 New York Fern 824 Nightshades 576, 577 Ninebark 344 Nipplewort 469 Nonesuch 313 Nut Grass 733 Nutmeg-flower 209 Nut Sedge 746 Oak 642-616 Pinxter-bloom 490 Pipes 814 Pipewood 488 Pipewort 729 Pipsissiwa 494 Pitcher Plant 221 Plane Tree 640 Plantain 60ii Plum 327,328 Plume Grass 807 Poison Haw 398 Poison Hemlock 385 Poison Ivy 284 Poison Oak 284 Poke, Pokeworts 610 Polar Plant 441 Polypod 818 Polypog Grass 777 Pomegranate 346 Pond Lily '220 Pond Spice 621 Pond-weed 673-675 Poor-man's 'Weather- glass 505 Poplar 215, 655 Poppv 223, 224 Poppy worts 222 Potato 876 Poverty Grass 779 Prairio Burdock 441 Saltwort 615, 616 Samphire 615 Sandalworts 022 Sand Grass 792 Sand Myrtle 492 Sand Reed 778 Sand wort 259 Sanicle 378 Sarsaparilla..S89, 701, 702 Lyme Grass 801 Madder 401 Madder worts 398 Mad wort 235 Magnoliads 213 Maidenhair 820 Mallow 266-268 Mallows 265 Mangel -Wurtzel 612 Manna Grass 798 Man-of-the-Earth 673 Maple 285, 286 Mare's-tail . 358 Satin-flower i£(> Saururads 656 Saw Grass 746 Savifrage 325, 3C9, 370, i>71 Scabish 406 Scarcity 612 Marigold 465 Marjoram 547 Marsh Eider.... 443 Marsh Fleubane 439 Marsh Grass 805 Oak -of- Jerusalem.... 613 Oat 790 Ogeechie Lime 392 Okra 270 Oil-nut 622 Oil-seed 5U Old-man's-beard 599 Oleander 590 Oleaster 623, 624 Olive 599 Olives ... £97 Onagrads 350 Onion 711, 712 Ooiutn Ponnv 224 Scorpion Senna 306 Scouring Rush .. 813, 814 Scratch Grass 610i Screw-stem 6£& Scullcap 654 Scnppernong 293 Scurvy Grass 2i<3 Sea Ox-eye 440. Sea Rocket .. .-.. 2S9 Marsh Mallow 266 Marsh Marigold 208 Marsh Rosemary 608 Marvel-of-Peru 602 Marvel worts 602 Mastworts 642 Miitiirnony Vine 581 Mat Grass 778 May Apple 218 Sea Sand wort 261 Seaside Oats 800- Sea Wormwood 46O ^ea-wrack f)73 SedKC 722. 747 May-flower 485 Mayweed ... ... 457 832 INDEX. Sedges 731 Snnrrv 261 Three-seed Mercury.. 629 Water Nymph . >*72 Seed-box 355 Squasu ooa Thrift 508 Water Paibiiip :- {,7 Self-heal 652 Squaw-root 612 Thyme 547 Tick-seed 450 Water Pepper.... .... C«J Seneca Snake -root ... 29J So.ma 300, 301 Sensitive Brier 2iW Squirrel-corn 225 Squirrel-tall Grass ... 80L Siaff Tree 289 Tiger-flower 699 Timothy Grass 779 Toad-Flax 518, 519 Witter Pitchers.'. •Water Plantain . Water Purslane . 153 .... ill .... fc',6 .... c£6 Sensitive Pea . . . 300 Standing Cypress 569 Tomato 576 Water Turget Sensitive Plant... 298, 3UJ Serpent Cucumbar ... 36tj Sesame Grass 806 Shaddock Tree 274 Shad-flower 329 Shagbark 640, 641 Shamrock 312 St. Andrew's-cross. . . 247 Star Anise 213 Sur-of-Bethlehem ... 710 Star Grass 695, 697 Star Thistle 466 Starwort ' 657 St John's-wort. . .246, 24" Tongue-grass 238 Tooth-ache Grass .... 806 Touch-me-not 280 Tower Mustard. 229 Trailing Arbutus 485 Tree Azalea 490 Tree-of Heaven 283 Wax JlvrU'e Wax Plant Weather Grass. . Wheat Wheat-thief Whip Grass Whistle-wood .... 6£0 .... £96 .... :to .... £<>2 .... £61 ....746 it6 Stock 229 Tree Orchis 691 White Lav .. 214 Trilliads 704 White Bent St Peter's-wort 247 Trophyworts . '290 White Grass 773 Shepherd's-purse .... 238 Shield Fern 823 Shrub Trefoil . . 283 St. Peter's-wreath 344 Strawberry 341 Trumpet-flower. . . 512, 513 Trumpet-leaf 222 Trumpet-weed. . . . 416, 474 White Lettuce..'. White-weed White-wood .... 472 .427, 4£8 215 Sicklepod 232 Side-saddle-flower 22i S Ik-cottons 271 Succory 469 Sugar Berry 634 Su^ar Cane 807 808 Tuberose 694 Tulepo 392 Tulip 707 Whitlow-grass .. Wild Bergamot .. Wild Bullace .... 226 .... 5EO 328 Silk-weed 592 Sugar Tree . . . 286 Tulip Tree 215 Wild Caraway . 462 Silver- weed 343 Sumac 283, 285 Turmeric-root 212 Turk's Cap ... 360 708 Wild Elder....... Wild Ginger .... ££9 CGI Skull-cap 527, 552 Sundews ......' 251 Turnip 235 Wild Indigo.... zoi Skunk-cabbaga 6o'9 Sunflower 447, 448 Turtle-head 520 Wild Lettuce 474 Sloe . 328 39 i Supple Jack 291 T way blade ... 688 Wild Mandrake 219 Snails 313 Snake head 520 Snap-dragon 519 Sneeze wort. . . . 455 458 Swamp Laurel 485 Swamp Pink 489 Sweet Basil 541 Sweet Brier 335 Twin-flower 393 Twin-leaf 218 Twist-foot 715 Typhads 671 Wild Oats.... Wild Pink Wild Potato Wild Rosemary . .... 717 .... 2S4 487 Snow-ball 397 Snow-berry 394 Snow-drop 694 isweet Cicely 383 Sweet Fern 651 Sweet Flag 670 Umbelworts 375 Umbrella-leaf 218 Umbrella Tree 214 Wild Rye........ Wild Sarsaparilla Wild Service .... fcOl .... 289 31-9 Sweet Gale 650 Unicorn Plant 514 Willow. 651-655 Snow-flake 695 Sweet Gum Tree 375 Union Grass 800 Willow-herb ;-i5U Soap-berry. 28S Sweet Pea 304 Valerian 404 Willoworts 651 Soap wort 254 Soft Grass 789 Soloraon's-seal...71l, yid Sorrel G05, COG Sorrel Tree . 488 Sweet Pepperbush ... 492 Sweet Potato 571 Sweet Reedgrass 776 Sweet-scented Clover. 314 Vanilla Plant 413 Vegetable Oyster 470 Veuus'-comb 383 Venus' -fly -trap 252 Wind-flower Winter-berry Wintergreen Witch Hazel ... Woad .... i'03 .... 497 486. 493 .... 375 229 Sorrelworts 603 Southernwood 460 Sweet-sultan 466 Sweet Vernal Grass 789 Vervain 536, 537 Vetch. .... 304, 305 Woad-waxen .... Wolf's-bane ...310 211 Sow Thistle 474 Spanish-daggers 709 Spanish-moss 696 Spanish-needles.. 453, 709 Spear Grass 793, 798 Spearmint . . 542 Sweet Viburnum 398 Sweet-william 254, 257 Swine-cress 239 Sycamore 287, 640 Sycamores 639 Victoria Lily 221 Violet 241, 242 Virginia Creeper. ... 293 Virginia Snakeroot... 602 Virginia Stone-crop . . 368 Virgin's-bower ... 200 Wolfberry Woodbine Wood Grass Wood Nettle Wood Sorrel .... 394 ... :94 ... 808 ... 637 ... 279 CL3 Spearwort 206 Speedwell 526 527 Tallow Tree 629 Tamarac 66'' Wake-robin 704 Walking Fern 821 Wormwood Xyrids ... 469 ... 728 Spice- wood 621 Spider-flower 240 Tansy 459 Wall-flower 232, 233 Wall Pepper 368 Yam root ... 701 ... 457 Sj>iderwort 726, 727 Tares ... 305 Walnut ... ... 640 Yew ...664 Spiked Bush 7&> Water Beans 219 . 728 Spikenard . .. 3S9 Water-carpet .. 369 529 Spinach, Spina^e .... 615 Spindle Tree 289 Spleea wort.. 359, 820, 821 Sponge Tree 299 Spoonwood 485 Spring-beauty 264 Spruce 661 Spurge 025 Teasel . . .'. 405 Thimble Berry 340 Thin Grass 775 Thistle 467 Thorn 330, 3:U Thorn-apple 581 Thoroughwax 382 Thoroughwort 417 Thread foot 6^7 Water-Cress 228 Water Dropwort 380 Water-feather 501 Water Hemlock 385 Water Hemp C18 Water Hoarhound 543 Water-leaf 564 Water Lily 220 Water Melon 365 Yellow Jessamine Yellow Phlox.... Yellow Pond-lily. Yellow Poppy Yellow Rattle.... Yellow-root Yellow-seed Yellow-wood Yulan ... 515 ... io3 ... 21:11 ...223 ...532 ...209 ... 239 ... 301 ... 214 Sbimreworts . , . Three-birds 519,690 Water Millf oil 357 Zigadene ... 717 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. (BIOLOGY LIBRARY) JUL 2 G 19S1 < ^^ JUL 1 2 1951"' LD 21-100m-8,'34 COEbOfl3Mcn ••• iaa\ ki- ts- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY