FOR THE BEGELE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE “LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY er tao nt wih m rf An fi the : AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY GENERAL GUIDE TO. THE EXHIBITION HALLS Guide Leaflet Series, No. 44 New York, August, 1916 Published by the Museum American Museum of Natural History Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 1916 President Henry FAIRFIELD OSBORN First Vice-President Second Vice-President CLEVELAND H. DopGE J. P. MorGAN Treasurer Secretary Henry P. Davison ADRIAN ISELIN, JR. EX-OFFICIO JoHn Purroy Mircuen, Mayor oF THE City or New York WiuuiAmM A. PRENDERGAST, COMPTROLLER OF THE City or New YorK Capsot WARD, PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS GrorGE F. BAKER MapiIson GRANT Seta Low FREDERICK F. BREwsTER ANSON W. Harp O«gpEN MILLS JosrepH H. CHOATE ARcHER M. Huntineton Percy R. PYNE R. Furtron Cuttrine ARTHUR CurTISS JAMES Joun B. TREVOR Tuomas DeWitt CuyLeR WALTER B. JAMES Fetrx M. WARBURG JAMES DouGLAS A. D. JUILLIARD GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM Henry C. Frick CHARLES LANIER EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Director FREDERIC A. LUCAS Assistant Secretary GEORGE H. SHERWOOD Assistant Treasurer UNITED STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK Bursar FREDERICK H. SMYTH Superintendent of Building Registrar J. B. FOULKE GEORGE N. PINDAR Chief of Construction Chief Engineer H. F. BEERS H. J. LANGHAM Tue Museum Is OPEN FREE TO THE PusLic Every Day IN THE YEAR. Tur American Museum or Narurat Hisrory was established in 1869 to promote the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and it is in cordial codperation with all similar institutions throughout the world. The Museum authorities are dependent upon private subscriptions and the dues from members for procuring needed additions to the collections and for carrying on explorations in America and other parts of the world. The membership fees are: Associate Members............... $ 3 PairOn ser ar ngs ta sist alerieta tarda csisic $ 1,000 Annual Members... 5.005050. 006 10 Associate Benefactors............. 10,000 Sustaining Members (Annual)...... 25 Founders (Original Incorporators) Maken Tamers orice stoicls «vate isceveie,a.c 100 Associate Founders (gift or bequest) 25,000 WMeHowsaoecicmre cia cttcaeere ea ctlesne 500 Benefactors (gift or bequest)....... 50,000 Scientific Staff—July 1, 1916 MoT OE A= Seer DIRECTOR Freperic A. Lucas, Se.D. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY Epmunpb Ot1s Hovey, Ph.D., Curator CuersTeR A. Reeps, Ph.D., Assistant Curator DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY L. P. Graracap, A.M., Curator GeorceE F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Gems DEPARTMENT OF WOODS AND FORESTRY Mary Cyntura Dickerson, B.S., Curator DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assistant Curator FrANK E. Luz, Ph.D., Assistant Curator L. P. Gratracap, A.M., Curator of Mollusea ANDREW J. Mutcutuer, Assistant FRANK E. Watson, B.S., Assistant Danie. M. Fisk, A.M., Assistant Wiutu1AM Morton WHEELER, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Social Insects Aaron L, TREADWELL, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Annulata CHARLES W. LENG, B.S., Honorary Curator of Coleoptera DEPARTMENT OF ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY BasHrorD DrAn, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus Joun T. Nircuons, A.B., Assistant Curator of Recent Fishes Mary Cynruta Dickerson, B.S., Associate Curator of Herpetology DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Curator FRANK M. CuHapman, Se.D., Curator of Ornithology Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Assistant Curator of Mammalogy W. DeW. Miter, Assistant Curator of Ornithology H. E. Anruony, Assistant in Mammalogy HerBert LANG, Assistant in Mammalogy James P. Cuapin, Assistant in Ornithology Scientific Staff—Continued DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY Henry Fatrrrevp Ossorn, Se.D., LL.D., D.Se., Curator Emeritus W. D. Martruew, Ph.D., Curator WALTER GRANGER, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals Barnum Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles WiuurAm K. Grecory, Ph.D., Associate in Paleontology CHARLES R. EAstmMaAn, Ph.D., Research Associate in Palzeontology DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Ciark WisstER, Ph.D., Curator Putny E. Gopparp, Ph.D., Curator of Ethnology Rosert H. Lowin, Ph.D., Associate Curator HERBERT J. SPINDEN, Ph.D., Assistant Curator Nets C. Netson, M.L., Assistant Curator CHARLES W. Mrap, Assistant Curator M. D. C. Crawrorp, Research Associate in Textiles GrorGE Brrp GRINNELL, Ph.D., Research Associate in Ethnology J. Howarp McGreeor, Ph.D., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Raupeu W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH CHARLES-EDWARD Amory Wrnstow, M.S., Curator IsRAEL J. Kurater, Ph.D., Assistant DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION GeorGE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Curator G. CiypE FrsHEr, Ph.D., Assistant Curator Ann E. Tuomas, Ph.B., Assistant DEPARTMENT OF BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Raupx W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator Ipa RrcHarpson Hoop, A.B., Assistant Librarian ‘F6'0Z8‘8TE ‘GS 4809 [B04 oY} puw ‘soIoe Udy UeYY oLOUN si oINyONAYS yUaseId ayy JO Bole LOOF [B}0} OGL, “WAV [BAU Suryuory yey, oq 0} Ayfeanqoozryouw yueyodurt ysour oy} ‘Buoy yoy OT L ‘juesoid otf} ot] aq 07 st apedey youve pur ‘pouuyd sv umosnyy ayy Jo paryy-ou0 ynoqe st pojejduiod uonmsz0d ayy, ‘Sexo, WOIZ Led pu vIJODg VAON wWoIZ yrvd ‘oyLUBIS por st Burprinq oyy jo [BMoqvu oY, “FLT Ul query [e1ouey) Aq prey sea ‘orenbg uvyeyueyy Jo [[e Adndooo 04 pepuoyur st yorya “‘WMOSN] oY} JO 9U04s LouIOD OL], W221} YJUWeAes-Yuarss Zulvy ‘apeseg yynos AUYOLSIN TVANLIVN JO WONASAW NVOIMAWV AHL GENERAL GUIDE ROME EXHIBITION HALLS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Director Assisted by Members of the Museum Staff GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES No. 44 New York Published by the Museum August, 1916 The first General Guide to the Collections, comprising 54 pages and 16 illustrations, was issued in January, 1904. The present edition comprises 136 pages and 76 illus- trations. A list of the popular publications of the Museum will be found at the end, beginning on page 134. e Index of Exhibition Halls Location in Museum Page WUIEAITNINTPALIVC OMGES. ocleleleisieielsie cle st-'elslere)= sine ais) Fifth Floor, South Pavilion........... 131 Patna OL eCtIONS ATOM. «cia cielel cleleiei--)=/e a) © eivieiele vier Second Floor, West Wing.............. 57 Ancient Monuments, Mexico and Central America...Second Floor, Southwest Wing.......... 53 ais @olections (Om we First Floor, Southwest Wing.......... 27 MLOKMAEOMy ES UTEGM o)5< eis abv: «sieve siskacelpisi ste ot sare ee sles First Floor, Left of Entrance......... 21 TED EEEIS o COO ORO TEE EROID DAIS TRS Det Ca iiae RIC ECE OE ARTE Third Floor, Southeast Pavilion........ 99 HORVENLe DUALES Ie che eich reh dete wes see oh dete reece aer et aha sxayaunievs sce First Floor, Southeast Pavilion........ 39 Jesup Collection of North American Woods......... First Floor, Southeast Wing.......... 37 THT TEIN = be OOO CODA OC oRTOE Cha mre oicke ener ceer neh trea Hifth Bloor; West/G@orridor............ 131 Mammals of North America..................0005: Second Floor, Southeast Wing.......... 67 Mermm alsiOmtnenvy OL din. c/s. aicieteel sss) nieyclole eisiarsiala sc Third Floor, Southeast Wing.......... 98 Aer DENS COOL sparc areal aiele syerels clare lesevs svaners/ars.s1e & ansvaus Third Floor, Hast Corridor............ 75 WW emorial Mel all erer eters cretersieter teresa ttre tere store ie ave: ovchayeisterers First Floor, South Pavilion........... 21 MIGIQORNGE op badggi CSU bOU GUO oO OTe tn CBA ne teat First Floor, South Pavilion........... 23 MIRC 6S. a86 SonicosecoeTunobe Doe > OBO aap CaOOE Fourth Floor, South Central Wing...... 118 NOMUINGE RIS Sfezorsceicccistatelon oroke| Wevercieveyare os ores ie se Sei ta ares Fourth Floor, Southwest Wing.......... 126 Monkeys, Apes and Rodents..................+-+0- Third Floor, South Pavilion........... 75 Paerfic islands! Collections: 0... 2/02). cose dis. ci cio viernes Fourth Floor, Southwest Pavilion....... 126 Philippine. Collections =f. a1.icts = ejehele sterehetehs lensed sche sieisiieas Fourth Floor, West Wing.............. 129 IPOIAT YE XDECILIODS ciaic oj e)e.siel ie sisusvere ales eis peicierelete «viele First Floor, East Corridor............ 37 Prehistoric Man in Europe..............00c00ese08 Second Floor, Southwest Pavilion....... 55 Prehistoric Man of North America................. Second Floor, Southwest Pavilion....... 55 TENT N FOTO attra SOOO ete CI eetOn cin cco ceigicc Third Floor, West Corridor........... 85 Reptiles'and Amphibians..................0005.006% Second Floor, South Pavilion........... 47 RES ENUES eee teye erste ekaVor ctsls (StS ro esis oiStencleversnevstarsiveyel svete ce Third Floor, South Pavilion........... 75 Sn En ona Odie GARE oo DRTIA TORS CE recs OSA Third Floor, West Wing.............. 97 es ESI EES ER OGHITIO OF, cool ol Ss NG sc es ais rercgottes oa tas cus to helermictareterouate First Floor, Right of Entrance........ 21 SUGARS PRR Toei Tate olelavare’e avetetayite stale ciatuia slater scevacotetevetae Third Floor, Southeast Wing.......... 98 The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum building, which will consist of four long facades facing east, west, north and south respectively, each connected with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts. Thus the hall at the eastern end of the south facade (the only fagade completed) becomes the ‘‘southeast pavilion.” CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: History and Work of the Museumi....¢... 12-02 aoe eee Location..... eon ee ROMS OER OA Sacs 2 Study Collections 442. sc k382 seins men enone: cull ooo ee Publications...) Sant Sayer om an eR letra canals ee Workshops :-issc.c oh fos ete are eA ce Se eee First Foor: Visitors’ ROOM), 2: 20 sacs eet eee oe eee Memorial Hall (South Pavalion)). 5-426 oe ee eae eee Meteorites ach fice e poe Oaleio rl ee eee Ora Indians of North Pacifie Coast (South Central Wing).................. Eskimo Collections (South Central Wing)............................ Mural’ Decorations (South Central Winf))... 22.) e eo eee Auditorium’ (Central Pavilion)" .-2 a>: seen eee ae eee Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing).......................... Indians/of the Plains; (Southwest, Pavalion)§ 922s. )..)2 eee Indians: of the Southwest (West Wing)s-.- 4.525000) 9. eel eee Polar’ Maps| (Hast Cornidor). 022. ac soe eee See eee Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing)........... Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion)...................... SeconD Fioor: Amphibians; Reptiles (Scuth Baviliom) len. as-eeeneee eee een Local Birds: (West Corridon):....2.:2.<: Sse ee eee Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America (Southwest Wing). . Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion)... . Collections) from Africa, (West Wing) .-.-. «2256. «2. cle eee Birds of the World (South CentraliWing)).-.5....----. 04.52 Recent Fishes (Corridor of Central Pavilion)..-->....--......- seen Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing)....................+--. Preparation of Elephant Group (Southeast Pavilion)................... THIRD FLOOR: Members’ Roomi(BastiComidon)>.. see eee cole ee eee ae Monkeys, Apes, Rodents and Bats (South Central Pavilion)............ Right Whale!Skeleton (South Pavilion)... -- + ies © ase ee Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South Central Wing)........ Public Health: Water Supply, Insects and Disease (West Corridor)...... Auduboniana (West Corridon))s 2-5. see ee eee aie Cee Indians of South America (Southwest Wing).......................... Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion)................. Shells (West: Wine) > oi. cic Gie tes etersusdecgsterl 6 sere oreo eee eee Mammals of the World, Their Families and Evolution (Southeast Wing). . Hall of Insect Life (Southeast Pavilion) |..3% <)s.4 5.22) ciereieee oe er eee FourtH FiLoor: Foreword.on Fossil Vertebrates: (\.. 22 20:36... 500eeoe os. 6) see eee Fossil) Fishlike Lizards'(West Corridor). :2-2-.-- a5) 2). >) oe eee Early Man, Mastodons and Mammoths (South Pavilion)............... Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing)..................... Fossil Reptiles and Fishes (Southeast Pavilion)........................ Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology (South Central Wing).......... Gems and Precious Stones (West Corridor)................---++-+eeee> Minerals (Southwest, Wine) srcicss i |__| =) a INDIANS INDIANS s PEP ieee | aaa OF THE OF THE MEMORIAL HALL 5 NORTH AMERICAN PLAINS WOODLANDS MiETEO DIT E WOODS o= 3 pea yes 4 6 SOUTH 1. Elevators 4. Academy Room 2. Information Bureau 5. West Assembly Room 3. Visitors’ Room 6. Collection of Corals FIRST FLOOR SOUTH PAVILION Memoria Hau The Information Bureau and the Visitors’ Room are on either side of the south entrance. Wheel chairs for children or adults are available without charge. Postcards, photographs, guide leaflets, and Museum publications of various sorts are for sale, and visitors may arrange to meet friends here. On the right and left of the entrance are small Assembly Halls in which lectures to classes from the public schools of the City are given and where the New York Academy of Sciences and other scientific societies hold their meetings. From the lobby the visitor first enters Wemorial Hall and faces the marble statue of Morris K. Jesup, third President of the Museum. Mr. Jesup was a founder, trustee and benefac- tor of the Museum and for twenty-seven years its Presi- dent. Under his administration and through his liberality the Museum made rapid progress. This statute of Mr. Jesup was executed by William Couper and was presented to the Museum by the Trustees and a few other friends. The marble busts in the wall niches represent note- worthy pioneers of American science, and are the gift of Morris K. Jesup. 21 Visitors’ Room Statue of Morris K. Jesup ‘spizojsod puv suomeoyqnd aseyound 10 sojou oy ‘spud 1104} Joour ‘yse1 Avor Ao} 194 MA WOOU .SHOLISIA AHL 4+ ' if 4 METEORITES 23 These include Benjamin Franklin, statesman and natural philosopher, Alexander von Humboldt, geographer and geologist, Louis Agassiz, zoologist, Joseph Henry, physicist, John James Audubon, ornithologist, Spencer Fullerton Baird, zodlogist and founder of the United States Fish Commission, James Dwight Dana, geologist, John Torrey, botanist, Edward Drinker Cope, paleontologist, Joseph Leidy, anatomist, and Robert E. Peary, explorer. Memorial Hall was once the lecture hall and here thousands have listened to Professor Bickmore. Circling this same hall is a portion of the collection of meteorites, popularly known as “shooting stars,” ranging in weight from a few pounds to 36 tons. The greater number of meteorites are stony, but the more interesting ones are composed chiefly of iron, while certain meteorites contain both stone and iron. The toughness of iron meteorites is due to the presence of nickel, and the fact that they were so difficult to cut led to the adoption of an alloy of nickel and iron in making the armor plate for battleships. Meteorites have a very definite structure and when polished (see specimens on the right with electric lamp) show characteristic limes which together with their composition are to the expert absolute proof that the specimens are meteorites. “Ahnighito” or “The Tent” at the left is the largest known meteorite in the world, and was brought from Cape York, Greenland, Ahnighito by Admiral R. E. Peary. It weighs 36 tons, and its trans- Mie tpoute portation to New York was an engineering feat. Opposite it at the right is the curiously pitted “Willamette” meteor- Willamette ite from Oregon which was the subject of a famous law- Meteorite suit. The smaller meteorites will be found in the Hall of Geology, fourth floor. [The collection of meteorites is described in Guide Leaflet No. 26.] Meteorites SOUTH CENTRAL WING INDIANS OF THE NortH Pactric Coast North of Memorial Hall—that is to the rear of the Jesup statue—is the North Pacific Hall, where are displayed collections illus- trating the culture of the Indians of the northwest coast British : : ; : of America. These collections are arranged geographically Columbia and ; : Maske so that in passing from south to north through the hall the visitor meets with the tribes in the same sequence that he would in traveling up the west coast of North America. Indians of WEAVING A CHILKAT BLANKET One of the Mural Paintings of Will S. Taylor INDIANS OF NORTH PACIFIC COAST 25 The most striking object is the great Haida Canoe in the center of the hall. In it is being constructed a group represent- ing a party of Chilkat Indians on the way to celebrate the rite of the “potlatch.”” The potlatch is the great “giving ceremony,” common to all the coast tribes when individuals and families gladly im- poverish themselves that the dead may be honored, and social standing of the clan or family recognized and increased. At the stern of the canoe, which is represented as approaching the beach, stands the chief or “medicineman,” who directs the ceremony. The canoe is a hugh dugout made from a single tree, is 641% feet long and 8 feet wide and capable of carry- ing 40 men. = Against the pillars and walls of the hall are many house posts and totem poles with their grotesque carvings; the latter may rep- resent either the coat of arms or family tree, or they may illustrate some story or legend connected with the family. The Haida Indians together with the Tlingit are recognized as superior in art to the other Indian tribes along the northwest coast of North America. They are divided into a number of families with various crests for each family and grouped into two main divisions, the Ravens and the Eagles. The Tlingit are makers of the famous Chilkat blankets, of which the Museum possesses an exceptionally fine collection. Among some of the other tribes there is little wool weaving, the clothing consisting of shredded and softened inner tree bark braided and matted together. The Indians of this region are preeminently a woodworking people, as is manifest in the exhibit. Religious ceremonies and the wear- Religious ing of masks generally supposed to aid Ceremonies the shaman or priest in curing disease were customary among most of the tribes. The masks represented guardian spirits and by wearing them the shaman impersonated these spirits and assumed their powers in healing the sick or obtaining game. Haida Canoe Totem Poles Chilkat Blankets Totem pole at Wrangel, Alaska. At the bottomis a beaver with a frog under his chin; aboveis araven; and above the raven a frog, which is surmounted by a human head. 26 MURAL PAINTINGS The mural decorations by Will S. Taylor between the windows on both sides of the hall represent the industries and cere- monies of the Indians of this region. Those at the north end of the hall by Frank Wilbert Stokes relate to the Eskimo and their country. The Eskimo collections are being arranged in the adjoining hallway and corridor. Here is a group showing the Eskimo woman cooking in the interior of a snow hut or igloo lined with sealskin. She is using a stone lamp filled with seal oil, which feeds the flame over which the Mural Decorations ESKIMO HOME SCENE ar the entrance to the Auditorium. In one, a home scene Eskimo woman is cooking blubber over the flame from kimo woman fishing through the ice. The Museum is There are two instructive groups ne within a snow house or “igloo,” an a seal-oil lamp; the other represents an Es rich in Eskimo collections. . AUDITORIUM i) ~] meal is being prepared. Nearby is an Eskimo woman fishing through the ice. She has formed a windbreak with blocks of ice. The fish- rod and hook, and the long ladle are made of bone, and with this latter she keeps the water in the hole from freezing over while she is fishing. In this section will be found collections obtained by the Stefansson- Anderson expedition from the Eskimo of Coronation Gulf, some of whom had never seen a white man. In other cases are shown the cloth- ing of the Eskimo, the many ingeniously made implements, and many finely carved and engraved ivory objects. The doorway at the north end of the hall leads to the Auditorium, which has a seating capacity of 1,400, and is equipped Auditorium with two screens, 25 feet square, for stereopticons. Free public lectures are given here Tuesday and Saturday evenings from October to May under the auspices of the Board of Education. There are also special lectures for Members of the Museum as well as lectures for school children. At the entrance of the lecture hall is appropriately placed a bust of Professor Albert S. Bickmore, originator of the movement that resulted in the erection of the Museum, first curator, and founder of its lecture system. At the end of the corridor is the power room, where may be seen demonstrated the transformation of the potential energy Power Room : : j i of coal into heat, light and motion. WEST CORRIDOR To the right or west of the Jesup statue are three halls devoted to Indian collections. To reach these the visitor passes through the West Corridor, which is devoted to the temporary display of recent acquisi- tions or small collections of particular interest. Opening from this is the West Assembly Hall, frequently used for temporary exhibitions as well as meetings. On the landing, at the head of the stairway, is the William Demuth collection of pipes and fire-making appliances from many parts of the world. SOUTHWEST WING INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS The halls to the west contain collections from the North American Indians of Indians and together with the hall in the south central the Woodlands wing present the nine great culture areas of North America. (See map on the right of the entrance.) * = , sail = “ r oh ; “on ia ta Ga Ceath 2 Gy RAE Tn he OT pee He Cath QuaMeth Tow jilg ofthe tj lige) Beek decree! 1Zf ake T Senn Engg oe pik al nua) ue Lies A MOHAWK CHIEF FROM THE MOHAWK VALLEY From an engraving in the collection of the New York Historical Society. INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 29 The hall you now enter represents three of these culture areas. Fillng the greater part of the hall are the tribes of the Eastern Wocdlands who occupied the middle portion of the North American continent east of the Missis- sippi. In two wall cases on the left are exhibits of the Mackenzie region of the North and of the related tribes in Alaska west of that region. Midway of the hall on the right side are represented the peoples of the Southeast. Near the entrance of the hall will be found the remains of our local Indians. On the left are some specimens of pottery vessels and many small objects of stone and bone recovered from the Island of Man- hattan and the neighboring territory of Staten Island, Long Island, and Westchester. Nearby on the same side of the hall are collections obtained from living Indians of the coast region north and south of New York. These are the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of Maine, the Miecmae and Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada, and a few but rare objects from the Delaware who once occupied the vicinity of New York City and the State of New Jersey. On the opposite side, the north, are the Iroquois whose league comprised the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and later the Tuscarora. They dominated New York and much adjoining terri- tory. The exhibits represent particularly the agriculture of the East, which was carried on with rude tools by the women. Decorated birchbark vessel of the Penobscot Indians. In a case in the aisle are exhibited wampum belts which were highly esteemed in this region. They served as credentials for messengers and as records of treaties and other important events. Later wampum beads came to have a definite value as currency, especially in trade between the white men and the Indians. In the farther end of the hall, on the left, are the collections from the Ojibway, Hiawatha’s people, who lived mainly north of the Great Lakes. They had but little agriculture, living chiefly by hunting and fishing. Beyond the Ojibway are the Cree, who live still farther north. Here is to be seen the rabbit skin clothing of our childhood rhymes. Opposite the Ojibway are the great Central Algonkian tribes, the Menomini and Sauk and Fox, who lived south and west of the Great Lakes. They gathered wild rice and hunted and fished, practicing also some agriculture. In one of the Menomini cases are some skin bags. 30 INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS beautifully worked in porcupine quills. These bags were used in the Midewin, the secret society of the shamans. The dwellings are of several forms, among which may be mentioned the long rectangular houses of the Iroquois covered with oak- bark; the dome-shaped huts of Long Island and vicinity which were covered with mats and bundles of grass; and the familiar conical wigwam_ of the Ojibway covered with birchbark. The utensils are of pottery, wood or birchbark. Pottery was not made by all the Eastern tribes and seems to be associated with the practice of agriculture. The designs are incised, never painted. Bowls, trays, and spoons are made of wood and often decorated with animal carvings. The use of birchbark in the construction of light, portable, household vessels is a particular trait of our Eastern Indians. In the southeastern portion of the United States agricul- ture was highly developed. These tribes are represented by the Cherokee and Yuchi who made pottery, and by the Choctaw and Chitimacha who have interesting baskets made of cane. The Seminoles of Florida have maintained an UDENGHRUG HITT CISoenate independent existence in the Arapaho Indian. Everglades for nearly a century. Their picturesque costumes are shown. SOUTHWEST PAVILION INDIANS OF THE PLAINS The collections from the Indians of the Plains will be found in the hall adjoining. These Indians comprised the tribes living west of the INDIANS OF THE PLAINS ol Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains as far south as the valley of the Rio Grande and as far north as the Saskatchewan. (See map on south wall.) Occupying the greater part of the hall beginning on the left are the : buffalo hunting tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota, Crow, see orate Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Arapaho and Cheyenne. These tribes did not practise agriculture but depended almost entirely on the buffalo; buffalo flesh was their chief food, and of buffalo skin they made their garments. In some cases a buffalo paunch was used for cooking, and buffalo horns were made into various implements of industry and war. The spirit of the buffalo was considered a power- ful ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward off evil, and to give aid in the hunt. Whenever the buffalo herds led the way, the more A DOG FEAST OF THE SIOUX Given in honor of Mr. Sanford, Pierre Choteau and Catlin. From the Catlin Collection of paintings. nomadic Plains tribes moved their tents and followed. With the extermination of the buffalo the entire life of the Plains Indians was revolutionized. On the right, near the entrance, are the village tribes of the Plains; the Mandan with whom Lewis and Clark passed the winter of 1804-1805, the Hidatsa who now live with them, and the Omaha, Kansa, Iowa and Pawnee. All these tribes raised corn and lived in earth covered houses of considerable size. A small model of one of these houses stands near the exhibits. 32 INDIANS OF THE PLAINS In the center of this hall is a Blackfoot Indian tipi with paintings of otters on the sides, representing a vision of the owner. This tipi has been fitted up to show the home life of a typical buffalo hunting Indian. etterey There were numerous soldier soci- * eties among the Plains Indians which included practically all the adult males. Each society had a special dance and special costumes. (See the Arapaho cases for costume dances.) There were other dances connected with tribal religious ceremonials, the best known and most important of which is the sun dance, illustrated by a model at the left of the tipi. The sun dance was held annually in the early summer in fulfillment of a vow made during the preceding winter by some member of the tribe who wished a sick relative to recover. The dance involved great physical endurance and excruciating selftorture, lasting three days, during which time the dancers neither ate nor drank. In the center of the hall is a gen- uine medicine pipe, held Blackfoot Tipi Societies Sun Dance tee ee in awe by the Indians and dearly parted with; PIPE AND TOBACCO BAGS also the contents of a medicine pipe Dakota Indians. bundle. The contents of another medi- cine bundle, belonging to a leading man of the Blackfoot tribe (medi- cineman), together with the headdress which he wore in ceremonies, is in a case near the tower. The Plains Indians are noted for their picture writing on skins and for their quillwork, which has now been superseded by beadwork. They have a highly developed decorative art in which simple geometric designs are the elements of composition, this being one of the most interesting features of their art. (See Dakota case.) [See Handbook No. 1. North American Indians of the Plains.] PUEBLO INDIANS 33 WEST WING INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST On the left are collections from the sedentary Indians who oceupy the pueblos of the Rio Grande and of Hopi, Acoma and Zuni; and also the objects recovered from the prehistoric pueblos, caves, and cliff-dwellings. On the right are the nomadic Indians—the Eastern and Western Apache, the Navajo, the Pima and the Papago. The sedentary Indians live in large community houses, often with several receding stories, built of stone or adobe. They depend chiefly upon agriculture for their food, make a great variety of pottery, and have many elaborate religious ceremonies. The nomadic peoples live in tipis or small brush and thatched houses which are moved or deserted when they are forced to seek the wild game and wild vegetable products which furnish much of their food. They make baskets for household purposes which are more easily transported than vessels of clay. There are models in the hall of the pueblos of Taos and Acoma, of prehistoric cliff-dwellings and of the houses used by the Navajo. In the first alcove on the left is shown the pottery of the villages along the Rio Grande, the principal art of the region, skin clothing, household utensils and ceremonial objects. The upright cases of the next alcove are filled with wonderful pre- historic pottery. That in the wall case is from Pueblo Bonito. Similar gray and white ware with very elaborate and splendidly executed designs in an adjoining case are from Rio Tularosa, one of the upper tributaries of the Gila, where a vanished agricultural people once lived in pueblos and cliff-dwellings. A third case has material gathered by the Museum expedition now exploring Galisteo Valley, New Mexico. In the table case and in a case standing in the aisle are shown the wonder- ful art work in turquois, shell, stone and wood of the former inhabi- tants of Chaco Cafion. These objects, as well as the pottery from Pueblo Bonito mentioned above, were secured by the Hyde expedition. In the next alcove, devoted to the Hopi, are the costumes, masks, images, and placques used in their ceremonies. Besides the well-known snake dance, the various Hopi villages have many interesting ceremonies, many of which are concerned with the rainfall and their crops. The inhabitants of Zuni are believed to be the descendants of the first people seen by the Spanish in 1540. Their former villages, many of which now are in ruins, were probably the “Seven Cities of Cibola,” for which Coronado was searching at that time. Although they had Pueblo Indians 5 ) % o a i) 3) fy = r A PART O PIMA; NAVAJO 35 missionaries among them for about three centuries, they have retained many of their own religious ceremonies. Many objects pertaining to these ceremonies as well as to everyday life are shown in this alcove. In the last case on this side of the hall are examples of Zufi and Acoma pottery. At the north end of the hall opposite the Zufi, space is given to an exhibit from the tribes of California. In the large end wall case the baskets of the region are arranged so as to show the various types. The Pima, east side of the hall, practiced irrigation, raising by its aid the corn and beans on which they relied for food and the cotton which they used for their scanty garments. The Papago, with whom they are closely associated, occupied the more arid portions of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, securing their living from such desert products as the giant cactus, the century plant, the yucca and the mesquite and small game. Examples of their food, basketry, pottery, and ceremonial articles are shown. From the aisle near the Pima-Papago section one catches a glimpse of the home of the Hopi. This large group represents the First Mesa with the village of Walpi. The canvas was painted by Howard McCor- mick and the figures were modeled by Mahonri Young. The Navajo, a large and widely scattered tribe, inhabit much of the country drained by the San Juan and Little Colorado rivers. During the winter they occupy houses like the one standing in the large annex, but in milder weather camp with the slight shelter of a cliff or a windbreak and shade made of brush. They live by raising corn in the moist valley and on the flesh of their numerous flocks of sheep. They are the present-day blanket makers of North America. They make use of the wool of the sheep they raise, carding, spinning, and weav- ing it by means of the simplest implements and looms. This art is believed to have arisen since the coming of the Spanish and it is known to have passed through several stages in the last sixty years. The older types of blanket here shown contain yarn which was obtained by cutting or ravelling from imported flannels, called in Spanish “bayeta,’’ from which the blankets of this sort receive their name. These are either bright red or old rose in color, resulting from cochineal dye. Several blankets are made of yarn bought ready dyed from the traders and are called German- towns. The greater number, however, contain yarn of native spinning, dyed with native vegetable and mineral dyes. The Navajo are also expert silversmiths. Their tools and samples of workmanship are displayed in a case in the center of the hall. The Western Apache live along the upper portion of the Gila and Pima Navajo 36 APACHE Salt rivers, where they practice agriculture, gather the wild products Apache and hunt. These were the people who, under Geronimo, raided the settlements of southern Arizona and northern Mexico and evaded our troops for years. They live in grass- thatched houses or in the open under the shade of flat-topped, open- In an adjoining alcove is being prepared an industrial sided shelters. eroup with painted background showing the well-watered San Carlos valley occupied by the Apache for many generations. * % oo Pa ’ ty | Sac aire een LR NTR ats ay gestae . 2 aa PARRA IN STEARNS IT, An attractive Navajo blanket from the Museum’s valuable collection. The Navajo Indians of the Southwest are a wealthy, pastoral people, and the best Indian blanket makers of North America. The Eastern Apache lived in buffalo-skin tipis. They went far out on the plains in search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, if possible, the plains tribes, but fighting them with vigor when necessary. In dress and outward life they resemble the Plains Indians, but im their myths and ceremonies they are like their southwestern relatives and neighbors. The baskets of the Apache are shown in the large end case, which is in contrast with the corresponding case of pottery on the other side of the hall. Not the environment but social habits caused one people to develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not sasily breakable baskets. [See Handbook, Indians of the Southwest. ] [Return to the Jesup Statue.| NORTH AMERICAN WOODS 37 EAST CORRIDOR PoLarR Mars Leaving the statue on the left and “Willamette” meteorite on the right, and going east, the visitor enters the corridor where the elevators are located (Hast Corridor). Here will be found maps of the north and south polar regions showing the routes of explorers. On the wall are sledges used by Admiral Peary in his last three expeditions in search of the North Pole. The Morris K. Jesup sledge, which the Admiral used in his successful polar expedition is the one nearest the entrance. The various sledges in their differences of style show the persistent effort made by Admiral Peary to bring the sledge up to its greatest possible usefulness. That he was successful on his last trip was in part due to the final modification. On the opposite side of the map is one of the sledges used by Amund- sen on his journey to the South Pole. [A history of south polar expeditions is given in Guide Leaflet No. 31.| In a room at the north end of this corridor is the large Mainka seismograph for recording the occurrence of earthquakes. This was given to the New York Academy of Sciences by Emerson McMillin, and by the Academy deposited in the Museum. Polar Expeditions Peary Sledges Amundsen Sledge SOUTHEAST WING Jesup CoLLecTION oF NortH AMERICAN Woops Yo the east of the elevators is the Hall of North American Forestry containing the Jesup Collection of North American Woods, a nearly complete collection of the native trees north of Mexico, Jesup Collection of | presented to the Museum by Morris K. Jesup. On the North right is a bronze tablet, by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J.J. Savers Clancy, depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite oods wood at Lenox, Mass. To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen feet in diameter and 1341 years old. [See Guide Leaflet No. 42.| It began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thousand years the 4 ae ay WILD PLUM IN THE FORESTRY HALL Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately reproduced from life. 38 INVERTEBRATES. PROTOZOA 39 old before America was even discovered. The specimens show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of the wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the specimens give the distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its economic uses. The trees are grouped by families and the location of each family will be found on the floor plan at the entrance of the hall. The reproductions of the flowers, leaves and fruits in natural size are instructive. This work is done in the Museum laboratories. Note the character of forests as shown by the transparencies. SOUTHEAST PAVILION INVERTEBRATES At the extreme east is the Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the invertebrate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to groups illustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by Wm. Couper, presented by the New York Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin centenary in 1909. Passing around the hall from left to right the progression is from the lowest forms of animal life, the one-celled Protozoa, to the highest and most complex forms of animal life, the Primates, including man. The distinctive charac- teristics of each group are fully described on the alcove and case labels. Many of the minute forms are represented by skilfully prepared models in glass and wax showing the animal many times enlarged. Thus the visitor may obtain an idea of the form and structure of these animals which in spite of their small size have in so many instances such a vital influence on the life of man. This aleove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single-celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea, while the ocean bottom in many localities is covered with them. The specimens exhibited in this alcove are mainly models, some of which are enlarged more than a thousand diameters. Sponges are principally of two kinds—those with skeletons or supporting structures of silica (i. e. flint) and those with skeletons of horny fiber. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the dry specimens exhibited the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Many of the “glass’’ sponges are very Synoptic Series Alcove I Protozoa 40 INVERTEBRATES. SPONGES beautiful in design. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic ““Neptune’s goblets” Alcove 2 found in the eastern seas. This alcove contains certain Sponges specimens whose tissue is represented in wax tinted to show the natural coloring of sponges, which varies from the bleached yel- lowish color com- monly seen to deep brown or black, or yellow and red, in varying shades. In Alcove 3 are shown coral ani- mals and their re- latives: plantlike hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss. but European commercial sponge comparable with the Florida yel- , low sponge or ‘‘Hardhead.’’ The sponge industry in both the which really are a Mediterranean and the Bahama region is almost destroyed by . careless methods, and conservation must be practiced here as in series of po | yps other of the world’s resources. living in a colony; jellyfishes with their umbrella-shaped bodies and long, streaming tentacles; brilliant colored sea anemones, sea Alcove 3 fans and sea plumes; the magenta colored organ-pipe Polyps ] oa a I if coral, the stony corals, and the precious coral of commerce. Coral polyps, mistakenly called “coral insects,’ are the animals that build up the coral reefs. In front of the window is a life-size model in glass of the beautiful Portuguese Man-of-War. This organism is really a colony of many polyp individuals attached to one another, and specialized for various functions. The best known species in this group include the tape-worms, whose development and structure are shown by models in the central case and in the third section of the left- hand alcove case. These are parasitic flatworms. The less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and fresh Alcove 4 Flatworms water, are shown by enlarged models in the right-hand alcove case and illustrate well the great diversity of color and detail in this group. The Roundworms are also parasitic, since they live in the digestive ‘anal of mammals. The most familiar is the common roundworm or stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an enlarged model is exhibited, showing the internal structure. [Note for teachers and students.—Some of the models Alcove 5 Roundworms INVERTEBRATES. ROUNDWORMS 41 in each aleove are anatomical, 1. e. so constructed as to show the internal organs of typical members of each group. In such cases, arbitrary colors chosen to designate the various systems of organs are adhered to consistently throughout the series. For example, the digestive system is shown in yellow, heart and blood-vessels in red, organs of excretion (kidneys) in green, reproductive system in gray, and the brain and other parts of the nervous system in black or neutral color.| The minute wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of which construct tubes of gela- tinous substance, sand-grains, etc. A few of the species are parasites, but most of them live a free, active live. They are aquatic and found mainly in fresh water. Alcove 6 Rotifers The sea-mats in Aleove 7 are plant-like animals which lead the colonial form of life. The majority of the species a. and 2e marine, although a few oceur in fresh water. Lamp-Shells The lamp-shells shown in this alcove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related to the worms and starfishes. Alcove 8 is occupied by the sea stars, sea urchins, sea-cucumbers and sea lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the oyster beds, ate a where it feeds on oysters and destroys them in large Their Relatives NUMbers. The brittle stars are so called because of their habit of dropping off one or more arms when handled or attacked. These, however, are later regenerated. The annulates, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worms whose bodies are made up of rings or segments They are inhabitants of both fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud and sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. The marine annulates are often very beautiful in color and greatly diversified in form and _ habits, as illustrated by the models, many of which are greatly enlarged. The “houses” that these annulates build are often very beautiful and interesting. In the window is a group showing a section of mud flat on the New England coast, with the variety of worm-life found in what to the casual observer seems to be an uninhabited area, and illustrating some of their habits. Alcove 9 Annulates Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, insects and their relatives. The number of existing species in this group is greater than that of all the rest of the animal and vegetable kingdoms together. No other group comprises so many species useful or harmful to man. In the case in the center of the alcove is a model showing the anatomy of the Alcove 10 Arthropods 42 INVERTEBRATES. CRUSTACEANS AND INSECTS common lobster, also enlarged models showing heads of various species of imsects. On the wall are the two largest specimens of lobster that have ever been taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty-four pounds Crustaceans and Insects Marine Habitat Group. A community of starfishes, sea anemones, sea urchins and sponges as seen below the edge of a coral reef in the Bahamas respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten feet. The main exhibit of insects is displayed on the third floor. The mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the vast number and diversity of forms which it embraces, Alcove 11 including marine, fresh-water and land animals. All Mollusks mollusks have soft bodies, but nearly all of them secrete Wodelsiot a shell which in many species is of pearly material (mother- Clam and of pearl). Well-known examples of this group are the Oyster common clam and oyster and enlarged models in the center case show the anatomy of these species. A large collection of mollusks is shown on the third floor. INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS 43 Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelli- gent of animals. This group culminates in man, who still Alcove 12 bears witness to his chordate ancestry in the retention iting of a chorda (cartilaginous spine), and gill clefts during Vertebrates C@mbryonic life. Among these ancestral forms are the Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged model of which is shown in the central case, while others are seen among the animals on the wharf-piles in the window group. Other models in the central case show the development of the egg of typical vertebrates. In the circular tower alcove in the southeast corner of the hall is a comprehensive synoptic series of stony corals. Central cases in this tower and at its entrance show unusually large specimens, while a magnificent example of madrepore coral six feet in diameter is shown to the rear of the bust of Darwin. The associations of marine life found in the Bahamas are represented by several small groups in the center of the hall. Corals Here also four large models show the mosquito, which is the active agent in the spread of malaria. These models dels of . : Bodels of represent the insect enlarged seventy-five diameters the Malaria : ‘ : Mosquito or in volume four hundred thousand times the natural size. The mosquito in its development undergoes a metamorphosis. The model at the left shows the aquatic larval stage; the larve are the “wrigglers”’ of our rain-water barrels. The next model is the pupal stage, also aquatic. The third model is of the adult male mosquito, which is harmless, since it never bites man. The fourth model shows the adult female mosquito in the attitude of biting. It is so arranged as to show the internal organs, thus illustrating a typical insect anatomy. In another case is a series of models showing the life cycle of the malaria germ in the blood of man and in the mosquito. In several of the aleove windows are habitat groups of inverte- brates illustrating the natural history of the commoner Window : j and more typical animals. Groups : ; ci In the Annulate Aleove is shown the Marine Worm Group, reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural surroundings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. The harbor and the distant view of Woods Hole village with the U. 8. Fish Com- mission buildings are shown in the background, represented by a colored photographic transparency. In the foreground the shallow water of the harbor near the shore is represented in section to expose the animal life found on muddy bottoms among the eel-grass as well as the chimneys of various worm- burrows. In the lower part of the group a section of the sea bottom Marine Worm Group A PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS 45 exposes the worms within the burrows. Several species of these are represented. In the Mollusk Aleove window is shown the natural history of a sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the shore mollusks and their associates. The entrance of Tn the harbor is seen in the distance. In the foreground Group at the edge of the sand-spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the receding tide over which fiddler-crabs are swarming into their burrows. Beneath the water surface an oyster is being attacked by a star-fish, while crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing their usual activities. The window group in the Vertebrate Alcove shows the piles of an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass. Below the low- tide mark the submerged piles are covered with flower- like colonies of invertebrate animals. Among these are sea-anemones, tube-building worms, hydroids, mussels, seamats and several kinds of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are primitive members of the Chordate group which includes the vertebrates. Like the embryo of man, they possess during their larval period a chorda or cartila- ginous spine. At first they are free swimming but later in life many of their organs degenerate and they become fitted to a stationary mode of life. Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin, and those who came after him. On the left facing the entrance variation under domestication is illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and Wharf Pile Group ariation : : : : : . a domesticated fowls, the wild species from which they have nde : c é . 5 Domestication been derived being shown in company with some of the more striking breeds derived from them. On the right, various exhibits will show variation in nature. An example of this is the variation among the finches of the genus Geospiza in the Galapagos Islands. Other examples show by means of a series of mollusks the range of color variation within a single species of West Indian Sun Shell, variation of sculpture within a single genus of land snail, and oscillation of variations about the normal type of the common scallop. The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse, surrounded by its many enemies and yet continuing to maintain an existence by virtue of its great birth rate. The simpler features of the laws of Heredity as eluci- dated by Mendel and his followers are illustrated by the inheritance of seed-coat color in the common pea, the color of sweet peas, and the coat-color of rats as shown in a series of panels in the neighboring case. [Return to the elevators.| Variation in Nature Struggle for Existence Heredity Shi VIOUOAD HINOS WOU SNINONAd ONIN NORTH rT ve) LABORATORIES® pesos u RESP AAT OHS NUDITOIRANUIM a uv w 5 z oO _ wn Say nS WEST voc an a EAST ae = qo 26> < ° ) SUE ite PREHIS TORIC ANCIENT MONUMENTS! MAMMALS MAN OF 5 NORTH OF ee P AMERICA ORTH AMERIC ANSON & CENTRAL AMERICA NOR a Sei SOuTH 1. Elevators. 2. Copies of Maya Monuments. 3. Local Birds. SECOND FLOOR SOUTH PAVILION This hall illustrates a phase of Museum progress, the temporary dis- order that precedes an ultimate change for the better. At present the hall contains a mixed assemblage of animals brought hither from other halls in process of rearrangement; later it is hoped that it will contain a series of groups of birds from various parts of the world. The group of king penguins from South Georgia Island is one of four devoted to the bird life of South America, but is at present pro- visionally installed, awaiting important changes in hall and cases. The Asiatic elephant is the famous “Tip” brought to this country in 1881, and for seven years one of the attractions of Fore- paugh’s circus. He was given to the City of New York by Mr. Forepaugh and lived in the Central Park Menagerie until 1894 when, because of his treacherous disposition, it was found necessary to kill him. He is said to have caused the death of several of his keepers, and was twenty-three years old when killed. Here, awaiting the construction of a new wing, is exhibited the collec- Repaieeana tion of reptiles and amphibians. Because of the difficulty Amphibians ©! Preserving the natural covering of many of these animals they are usually exhibited in jars of alcohol. In the speci- mens on exhibition here the perishable parts have been cast in wax from 47 Elephant Ship? LOWER CALIFORNIA LIZARD GROUP rial for this group was collected The mat » of Lower California. = n mall desert isla or Showin REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 49 life; for example, in the star tortoise the original “shells” of the specimens are used, while the head, neck and legs are restored in wax. ‘The mount- ing not only brings out the principal features of the species exhibited, but in many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of the animals; for instance. the common newt,-one of the salamanders, is represented by a series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding the skin; Pickering’s hyla or the “‘spring peeper”’ is shown with vocal sacs inflated; the poisonous bushmaster is represented with its eggs, and so on. The classification of these animals is shown in the upright cases; the groups in the center of the hall represent various reptiles as they appear in their natural haunts. They include the tuberculated iguana, the water moccasin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, the Texas rattle- snake, the copperhead, the Gila monster, the pine snake, the box tortoise and the common painted turtle. One of the most interesting of the groups is a jungle scene in India showing a water monitor, which is the largest of living lizards, the eabralGroup poisonous Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra, the last with hood distended and poised ready to strike. The cobra is said to be the cause of a large proportion of the 20,000 deaths which annually occur in India from snakebite. | Examine care- fully the group of the copperhead snake or “red-eye,” one of the two species of poisonous snakes to be found in the vicinity of New York, and also the group contrasting the harmless watersnake with the poisonous water moccasin of southern cypress swamps. Two groups are devoted to rattlesnakes, which are easily recognized by the string of rattles at the end of the tail, by means of which they give warning before they strike. There are comparatively few species of poisonous snakes in the United States—about sixteen in all—comprising rattlesnakes, the moccasin, copperhead and two kinds of coral snake. All other species are harmless and in spite of the almost universal prejudice against them are very useful allies of man, since they live chiefly on rats, mice and insects injurious to crops. Entering the darkened room nearby we find a group of unusual in- terest, showing the common bullfrog of North America. This group is a study of the bullfrog undisturbed in its typical haunt. It illustrates the changes from the tadpole to the adult frog and shows many of the activities of the frog—its molt- ing, swimming, breathing under water and in air, croaking, and “lying low” before an enemy; also its food habits in relation to small mammals, to birds, snakes, insects, snails, to small fish and turtles. Copperhead Snake Group Bullfrog Group Another group is the Great Salamander or Hellbender, best known in 50 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS the creeks of western Pennsylvania. The group pictures them at E breeding time, and shows their characteristic stages and reat habits: thus one of the salamanders is pictured molting, Salamander another, a male, is brooding a great mass of eggs; and the group explains many details of their manner of living. This, the last and most beautiful of the series, depicts the spring life Toad of a little Group pond in southern New England. In the water may be seen the egg masses and tadpoles of various toads and frogs, while in and about the pool are the young and full grown in character- istic poses, includ- ing some with air sacs distended in the act of singing.” Among these are the toad, the spring peeper, and the familiar tree toad. A bough of apple blossoms overhangs the water while all around the spring flowers are in bloom. Lower Instrik- Californiaing con- Lizards ;rast to these water loving animals is a group of reptiles from one of the islands off the coast of Lower California that go without water A BIT OF THE TOAD GROUP entirely. THE AMERICAN ROBIN—ONE OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS WEST CORRIDOR Locat Brirps Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor, which contains the collections of local birds. In this room are specimens of all the species of birds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible each species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall cases nearest the entrance on both sides is the General Collection of all birds likely to be seen within this area, arranged according to the current American system of classification. Near the windows are cases con- taining the Seasonal Collection, one section containing the permanent residents while others have their contents changed each month so that they may show always the birds present at the time. In another section are the stragglers from other parts of the country and from other coun- tries which have been taken within our limits. Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of species known to nest within fifty miles of the City and the collection of 51 UO oe ay, THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘‘The Serpent-skirted One,” is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the Aztee capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century. The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes. The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and hearts with a death’s head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods. MAYA ART 53 photographs showing many of them in nature, there are down the middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their nests. These, the forerunners of our “Habitat Groups,” were the first of their kind made for the Museum. [See Guide Leaflet No. 22.] SOUTHWEST WING ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Continuing west past the collection of local birds we enter the south- west wing, devoted to the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. As the hall is approached casts of large upright stones appear completely covered by sculpture. These stones, called stelae, are found chiefly near Copan in Honduras and represent the highest art of the Maya civilization. At the left of the entrance on the south side of the hall is the extensive exhibit from Costa Rica of Mr. Minor Keith. This includes stone sculpture and a great variety of pottery interesting in form and design. To this collection also belongs the gold and jade from Costa Rica arranged in the cases in the center of the hall. On the south wall is a copy of the painted sculptures of the Temple of the Jaguars at Chichen Itza. Here are shown warriors in procession who seem to be coming to worship a serpent god. Prayers are represented as coming from their lips. This sculpture while Maya, shows strong evidence of Mexican influence in certain of its details. In the table cases on this side of the hall are facsimile reproductions of native books or codices, which were painted free hand on strips of deerskin, paper, or cloth. Several original documents are also exhibited. The Spaniards, in their zeal to destroy the native religion, burned hundreds of these books, which recorded ceremonial rites and historical event by means of pictures and hieroglyphs. Nearby is a replica of the Calendar Stone, which is a graphic repre- sentation of the four creations and destructions of the world, as well as a symbol of the sun and a record of the divisions of the year. In the aisle near the end of the hall stands a copy of the great sacri- ficial stone, or Stone of Tizoc, on which is a record of the principal conquests made before 1487. The statue of Coatlicue, the mother of the two principal Aztec gods, is a curious figure, made up of serpents. These three sculptures were originally in the Great Temple enclosure at Tenochtitlan, the native name of Mexico City before its conquest by Cortez, but they have been removed to the Mexican National Museum. Maya Art < S m% < & n ° Oo = ie} m~ = n & oO i) 5 Q ° =) J ie) es) & qa = O a < Minor C. Keith Collection In the PREHISTORIC MAN 5: Or The Nahua culture of Mexico extended through many centuries, relies of which are found deposited in distinct layers, one above the other. Inthe valley of Mexico there are three so-called culture horizons, the last being that of the Aztecs. These three stages of culture are represented on the north side of the hall beginning at the western end. We first have the Archaic Period as represented in the culture of Tarasca and Jalisco. Here are many crude figurines of pottery. The eyes and other features are formed by adding fillets of clay which are afterwards rudely modeled. Next in order is the culture of the Toltees, who were skilled in making pottery, the decorations of which were frequently stamped on with terra cotta stamps. Examples of this work together with the stamps are shown in one of the cases. Near the middle of the hall the final period, that of the Aztecs, is shown representing their work in clay and stone. Near the east end of the same side of the hall in the same order will be found the Archaic Period of Central America, and the succeeding Maya civilization as represented at Chichen Itza and Copan. The Maya were perhaps the most highly civilized people in the New World. They built many cities of stone and erected many fine pillar- like stelae to which attention was called on entering the hall. The sculp- tures on these monuments represent priest-like beings who carry serpents and other ceremonial objects in their hands. There are also on them long hieroglyphic inscriptions containing dates in the wonderful May: calendar. Maya history contains two brilliant periods. That of the south, extending from 160 A. D. to 600 A. D., was chiefly remarkable for its sculptures. The principal cities were Copan, Quirigua, Tikal, Yaxchilan, and Palenque. The second period fell between 950 A. D. and 1250 A. D., and centered in northern Yucatan. The chief cities were Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Labna, and the finest works of art were architectural. SOUTHWEST PAVILION PreEuIsToriIC Man or NortH AMERICA Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion, likewise given over to archeology, in this instance that of North America. Here are examples of ancient pottery, arrow-heads, stone axes and other imple- ments of stone and bone, mostly from burial mounds. The most important of these are the rude implements and fragments of human bones from the Trenton gravels, as these are the most probable evidences of man’s antiquity on this continent. Notice that the arrangement 56 PREHISTORIC MAN of the hall is geographical and by states. In addition there is a special exhibit of Mississippi Valley pottery in the wall cases and the Douglass type specimen series in the cases to the left. In the adjoining tower room are the implements and carvings made by the early inhabitants of western Europe. These are arranged in an evolutionary series, beginning with the so-called eoliths Ale in the first case on the left, and continuing through Europe the various stages of the paleolithic period to the neoliths of more modern times. This series, showing the gradually improving skill and artistic taste of primitive man, represents at least two hundred and fifty thousand years of man’s early history, during which time Europe passed through alternating warm and frigid conditions as the great glacial ice cap crept down from the north and receded. This changing climate was accompanied by corresponding changes in the animals associated with man and on which he largely lived. Some of these are represented by the paint- ings on the walls copied from the caves of northern Spain and southern France where, soon after the final retreat of the great glacier, man left us illustrations in color of the bison, mammoth, reindeer and horse of that day. PREHISTORIC STONE IMPLEMENTS WEST WING CoLLecTIONS FrRoM AFRICA Opening to the north from this half of North American Archeology is the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals. The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of African mammals, including elephants. The installation is geographical, i. e., as the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north of Africa, and the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the east wall. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hotten- tot, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with them. At the south end of the Hall the wall is decorated with reproductions of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive of African natives. These works of art are remarkable for their realism, and should be compared with the reproductions of old European cave- paintings in the tower of the adjoining hall. Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the Hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products. such as knives, axes, and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally from the American Indian, the Oceanian, and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Cloth- ing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manu- o7 58 BIRDS OF THE WORLD - facture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the northeastern section of the Hall; while looms and the completed garments are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo ethnology. The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the “pile cloths” of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative patterns by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings bear witness to the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel other primitive races in their love of music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northern section of the Hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine-men. [Return to Central Pavilion]. SOUTH CENTRAL WING BIRDS OF THE WORLD Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of Seine birds. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 the World known species are represented by typical examples of the principal groups arranged according to what is believed to be their natural relationships. The series begins with the Ostriches, the “lowest” birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian ancestors), and goes up to those which show the highest type of development, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens are grouped according to their great faunal regions, the South American Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, Arctic Eurasian, Indo-Malay, African and Austra- lian realms. These cases in connection with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a comparative study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their natural groups to the best of our present knowledge. _ EXTINCT BIRDS 59 THE DODO Restored from Old Dutch Paintings. Down the middle of the hall near the entrance are several cases con- taining birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island shores, became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and the Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that vast numbers were slaughtered with ease, but the last individual died in captivity Sept. 1, 1914. The Heath Hen formerly had a good range on our Atlantic seaboard, but as a game bird it was so continually persecuted, in and out of the breeding season, that it is Extinct Birds 60 GENERAL TOPICS THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER One of a series of four small groups showing this bird’s seasonal changes of color as brought about by molting and feather growth. now extinct except for a few which survive under protection on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. Specimens of all of these birds are shown here, the Dodo being represented by an incomplete skeleton and by a life-size reproduction copied from an old Dutch painting. Others of our splendid game birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not quite, gone and more, like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon follow them if a reasonable close season and limited bag be not rigidly enforced. Still others—the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example—have already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for their plumage for millinery purposes. Also down the center of the hall are several cases designed to illustrate the general natural history of birds. The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all three) often worn by one species will be found illustrated in the Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard Orioles, Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The rela- tionship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, General Topics BIRDS OF PARADISE 61 LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT From the Group in the American Museum. wings, tail, ete., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic Collection of Eggs which shows the variation in the number in a set, size, shell texture, markings, shape, etc., and tells something of the laws governing these things. The succeeding cases con- tain the general exhibition collection of nests and eggs, principally those of North American and of European birds. Near the center of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the Birds Birds of of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This Paradise family of birds is confined to New Guinea, Australia and some neighboring islands. Their feet and bills show their close relationship to the Crows and Jays, which they resemble in nesting habits as well. Their chief characteristic is of course their gorgeous plumes, wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is already believed to be. More Birds of Paradise have been sold at a single London auction (23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world. In this hall, too, are a number of groups of local and other birds which are placed here only temporarily. In fact, much of the arrangement of the hall will be changed as soon as circumstances permit. Finback Whale Suspended from the ceiling is the skeleton of a Finback Whale, sixty-two feet in length Eggs is standing gu Oe Pp ° C4 o z _ & ca ° oe) I = & e, Oconomowoc, Wiscon - af a ee ee habits of the bowf over the eggs. RECENT FISHES 63 CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION RECENT FISHES The exhibit of fishes occupies the center of the north end of the hall of the birds of the world and the corridor beyond the door leading to the gallery of the Auditorium. The exhibit includes typical examples of the various groups of back- boned animals popularly comprised in the term “‘fishes,”’ and is arranged in progressive order. The visitor should first examine the case of hag- fishes and lampreys facing the large window, near the end of the corri- dor. These rank among the most primitive “fishes.” They are with- A PORTION OF THE PADDLEFISH GROUP out scales, without true teeth, without paired limbs, and their backbone consists of but a rod of cartilage. One of the models shows the way in which a newly caught hag-fish secretes slime, forming Hag-fishes : : ee i around it a great mass of jelly. In the same case are a. . Tamnpreys lampreys, and one of them is represented attached to a fish, which it fatally wounds. The nest-building habit of lampreys is illustrated in a neighboring floor case: here the spawners are preparing a pit-like nest and carrying away stones, which they seize with their sucker-like mouths. The visitor should next inspect the cases of sharks which are situ- ated on the south side of the corridor. These include various forms of sharks and rays, selected as typical members of this ancient group—for the sharks have numerous characters which put them in the ancestral line of all the other groups of fishes. Sharks LUMINOUS DEEP-SEA FISHES hey would appear in the deep sea by their own phosphorescence 64 WINDOW GROUPS 65 Next to be visited are the silver sharks of Chimaeroids, which are exhibited by the side of the lamprey case. They are now known to be highly modified sharks: their scales have failed to develop, and their heavy “teeth” appear to represent many teeth fused together. These fishes are now very rare and, with few exceptions, occur in the deep sea. The present models show the characteristic forms. The adjacent case pictures the three types of surviving lungfishes, and the models are arranged to indicate the life habits of these interest- ing forms. Thus they are shown going to the surface of the water to breathe; and their poses indicate that they use their paired fins just as a salamander uses its arms and legs. In fact, there is reason to believe that the land-living vertebrates are descended from forms closely related to lungfishes. One sees in this case also a ‘“‘cocoon’’, in which the African lungfish passes the months when the streams are dried up and during which time it breathes only by its lungs. Lungfish Returning again to the cases of sharks, one sees on a panel above them two huge sturgeons and two large gar pikes. These are examples of the group known as Ganoids,—fishes that represent, as it were, a halfway station between lungfishes and sharks on the one hand, and the great tribe of bony fishes on the other—such as perches, basses, cod, ete. A further glimpse of the Ganoids may now be had by viewing the spoonbill sturgeon (paddlefish) group, on the side opposite. In this group a number of these eccentric fishes are shown side by side with gar- pikes and other characteristic forms from the Lower Mississippi. This group was secured through the Dodge Fund. In the window are groups showing the shovel-nosed sturgeon, and the spawning habits of the bowfin and of the slender-nosed garpike,— all Ganoids. Passing now through the door leading to the Bird Hall, we are con- fronted by a case containing additional examples of the Ganoids. Here one sees garpikes, sturgeons, the mudfish (Amia), together with the African Bichir, a curious Ganoid encased in bony scales and retain- ing structures which bring it close to the ancestral sharks. ; The remaining cases in the center of the bird hall give characteristic examples of the various groups of modern “bony fishes,”’ or Teleosts. There are fourteen cases of them in all, but they offer little space in which to illustrate the 10,500 species. For these are the fishes which are dominant in the present age, con- tributing over nine-tenths of all existing forms and including nearly all food and game fishes such as bass cod, eel and herring. Window Groups Teleosts The cases should be examined in the order in which they are arranged; 66 DEEP-SEA FISHES and one may pass in review the catfishes, carps, eels, trout, salmon, pike, mullets, mackerel, basses, wrasses, drumfish, sculpins, cods, flat- fishes and anglers. The end case exhibits the grotesque fishes from deep water, in which they occur to the surprising depth of over 3,000 fathoms, or more than 34 miles. They are usually soft in substance, with huge heads and dwarfish bodies, and are often pro- vided with illuminating organs like little electric bulbs, which can be “‘shunted”’ off or on by the fish, and enable the fishes either to see their neighbors or to attract their prey. A group representing a number of these fishes as they are supposed to appear in the gloom of the profound depths, lit up only by their luminous organs, is shown in an enclosure next to the Paddlefish Group mentioned above. Before the visitor has completed his review of the hall, he should examine the two wall cases, on either side of the doorway, which explain the characteristic structures of fishes of different groups, and the way in which the groups are related to one another. In one of these wall cases various kinds of fishes have been arranged in a genealogical tree, and the lines and labels give an idea of their evolution. [Return to the Elevators.| Deep-Sea Fishes CHIMERA, A DEEP SEA ‘‘SHARK” —=—— THE VIRGINIA DEER—A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia do2 stands as th> first example in the Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902. SOUTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF NortTH AMERICA Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall devoted to North American mammals, the first to catch the eye being the giant moose of Alaska. In the cases on the west wall and elsewhere are groups illustrating species found within fifty miles of New York City. One of these groups shows the opos- sum, the sole representative in the United States of the marsupial or pouched mammals. With what appear to be the head and ears of a pig and the prehensile tail of a monkey, with a strange pouch for the transportation of the young, and with proverbial cunning and remarkable tenacity of life, the opossum is one of the quaintest and most interesting of North American mammals. This is the animal so famous in the negro songs of the South. Next is the raccoon, more commonly known as the “‘coon.” It is nocturnal in habit and makes its nest in hollow trees. Two species of fox are shown, the red fox and the gray fox, both of which are justly famous for their sly cunning. Alaskan Moose Opossum Raccoon Foxes 67 sY A[IBOA poys o1n SU PROS uwaoy oy TPoryp Ma Ul JUBUTOINS PousoYy-MO/[OY A[WO_9Y} SI pue BOLLOULY QyAON 04 1eiynood BI [Bulut SULT SNIVId AHL SSOUOV AAGNVM AGTHL HOIHM NI YAaNNVW FHL ONIMOHS ‘AdOTALINV NYOHONOUd AO dNOUD V NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 69 The common skunk is a very useful although greatly abused animal. While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice. Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this Skunk THE WEASEL GROUP One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City. The others of the series show opossum, raccoon, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat, wood- chuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some ‘‘fur-bearing”’ species; ‘weasel fur is often used instead of ermine. fluid to a considerable distance. Its skin makes a valuable fur known as ‘Alaskan sable.’’ Two other fur-bearing animals shown are the mink and the weasel, the latter in both its summer dress of dull brown and its winter coat of white. Weasel fur is often used in place of ermine. Another fur-bearing animal shown is the muskrat. In the group are seen its summer home, usually a burrow in the bank of a stream or pond, and its winter mound, constructed of Mink and Weasel Muskrat FUR SEALS ON KITOVI ROOKERY, PRIBILOF ISLANDS 0 ‘ NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 71 swamp grass and roots mixed with mud. Muskrats are extensively trapped for their fur and in 1913 no less than 4,500,000 were sold in London. A group of little brown bats shows about a hundred of these animals gathering in Wyandotte Cave, Indiana, for their long winter sleep. Brown Bat BISON COW AND CALF The big game of North America is described in Guide Leaflet No. 5, North American Ruminants. The woodchuck or ground hog is a vegetable feeder, but does very little harm to crops save clover. It hibernates for a large part of the year, usually from September to April. The old legend says that the ground hog comes out of his hole on the second of February, and if it is bright and he sees his shadow he goes back into his hole for six weeks longer and we may expect more cold weather. Other groups represent the varying hare and the common species of squirrels. In the central section of the hall is a group of moose. It represents an early autumn scene in a second-growth forest in New Brunswick, and illustrates one of the favorite feeding grounds of the moose. Woodehuck Hares and Squirrels Moose Group ot MOUS OF AGMEB uloy jund BEY as { B punoiso10} ayy UT sosnoy pur sure p Burpping IO} PUB POOF LOF S901} suryyno 1B SIOABOG PO oT UAAVA NVOIMANV AHL GL a UIYJIM BIOABIQ 9]94I] ‘TOABOG OY} JO OI] OMLOY PUL YOM oY} SMOYS SIGT, MAMMALS OF THE NORTH 73 The buffalo group gives a typical bit of the prairie traversed by buffalo trails while the members of the herd represent different stages of growth of the buffalo. This is the animal which formerly roamed in countless numbers over the Western plains, but which is now reduced to a few insignificant herds. In the center of the hall, too, is a group showing the color phases of our black bear, from which it appears that in a part of its range the black bear is literally a white bear. Bison Group ee On the north side of the hall is a pair of the huge brown Brown Bear, ; cane Ran Seals bears of Alaska, a family of fur seals from the Pribilof Islands and a family of Rocky Mountain goats. At the end of the hall is a group of Roosevelt elk found in the Coast Range from British Columbia to northern California. Roosevelt Elk Once abundant, they have become much reduced in ee numbers, though an effort is now being made to preserve Sheep them. On the opposite side of the hall are the Mountain sheep or bighorns. Near by is a group of that interesting animal, the beaver, perhaps the most important of North American mammals and one intimately connected with the early history and explora- tion of this country. On the south side of the hall are displayed the cloven-hoofed animals of North America. These include sheep, musk ox, caribou, collared peccary and various species of deer. In one of the cases is a group of antelope showing the manner in which they wander across the plains. Here too are, for the time being, shown the mammals of the polar regions, placed in the North American hall in order that the Southeast Pavilion, which once harbored them, may be used as a workroom for the preparation of a group of African elephants and other mammals from the dark continent. Beaver Antelope Group Grant’s caribou inhabits the barren ground of the extreme western end of the Alaskan peninsula. The type specimen of this series is in the Museum. Near by is a group of the Atlantic walrus. These huge mammals are relatives of the seals, inhabit the waters of the Far North and are still fairly abundant along the shores of Greenland. The seal and walrus are the animals which play such an important part in the life of the Eskimo. From these animals come the principal food supply, skins for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear, boat covers, and harnesses for dog teams; from bones and tusks are made knives, bows, harpoons, and other hunting and cooking utensils. Grant’s Caribou Group Walrus Group 74 MUSK OX The specimens in the musk ox group were collected for the Museum by Admiral Peary in 1896. Musk oxen inhabit the snow- covered wastes of the Arctic barrens, living mainly upon willow leaves, dug up from under the snow. Note the various devices in the way of labels introduced to make the exhibits interesting and instructive. At the entrance attention is called to the principal causes influencing the distribution of mammals; on many of the labels are maps showing the range of the species shown, and near the group of mountain sheep is a label including a map and miniature models illustrating the species of North American mountain sheep and their range. Peary Musk Ox Group SOUTHEAST PAVILION Being used as a workroom; see paragraph on preceding page. Owing to the lack of an appropriation, no additions have been made to the Museum building for the past ten years, and although a new wing was authorized and the excavation for the basement actually made, work was stopped in 1912. Owing to this fact, and the continued work of the Museum expedi- tions, all space in the Museum, and especially the storage rooms and work rooms, have become badly congested. When Mr. Akeley began the preparation of the group of African Elephants, intended as the central piece for the projected African Hall, it was necessary to clear out the Southeast Pavilion in order to provide necessary space; when the collections were received from the Congo Expedition, the collection of fishes was removed from the Central Corridor to the Bird Hall to furnish a little storage room. The beautiful Reptile Groups are installed in temporary quarters in the Central Pavilion, Second Floor, while nothing can be done toward exhibiting the collection of Mammals of the Sea, and the African Hall—the most beautiful and comprehensive museum exhibit yet devised—is still in the future. [Return to the Elevators.| NORTH PUBLIC EDUCATION OF GROUPS WEST EAST SHELLS BIRD LIFE NORTH AMERICA HABITAT x4 zqj=tyy 2 zz oP zulz 2lay|m m EVENG CANE TANS OF ) TRIBES OUTH AMERICA GF ASIA > LOCAL = MAMMALS OF INSECIS (THE WORLD 0 WHALES IN_s EC 2 SOUTH r4 1. Elevators 2. Members’ Room Sins h THIRD FLOOR EAST CORRIDOR To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the use of honorary or subscribing members of the Museum, where they may leave their wraps, rest, write letters, or meet their friends. Near by is a bronze tablet in memory of Jonathan Thorne, whose bequest provides for lectures and objects for the instruc- tion of the blind. Members’ Room SOUTH PAVILION Monkeys, Aprgs, Roprents, Bats This is one of the halls in course of rearrangement and, in the final plan, is intended to include primitive man as well as the other members of the order Primates. The family of orang-utans, on the south side, was one of the first groups of large animals to be mounted in this country, and was considered a daring innovation. Near by are examples of the gorilla, the largest and most powerful of the great apes, and the chimpanzee, which is the most like man in proportions an: structure. “Mr. Crowley,” one of the few full-grown apes that have endured captivity, lived for some time in the Central Park Zoo. Skeletons of man and the large apes illustrate the similarities and difference in structures between them, and these are supplemented by figures of some of the many races of man. ~I or PHILIPPINE FRUIT BATS Bats by Walter Escherich. Accessories by A. E. Butler DUCK HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the ‘‘Habitat Bird Groups,’’ and they present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment. The bats, the only mammals that really fly, and rodents, the most numerous and widely distributed of mammals, are provisionally placed in this hall pending other arrangements. The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of the order and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands, and be very destructive to bananas and other fruits. Suspended from the ceiling in the center of the hall is the skeleton of a medium-sized North Atlantic right whale, a species once common on our coast, but now all but exterminated in the North Atlantic. Fruit Bats SOUTH CENTRAL WING Brrp GROovUES Here are the “Habitat Groups” of North American birds. This unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds in their natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the immediate direction of Frank M. Chapman, curator of ornithology, who At io 2) bid BQBZUICO JUNO, 0} ‘4ses0j [BoIdos} oy} IOAO ‘BouRTE ONY oY} JO Ao][BA oT} SSO1VE FUIYOO] St JaATOsSqO VT, dnous vVavzINo AHL Sep “WE ete 7 ORIZABA GROUP 79 collected most of the specimens and made practically all of the field studies necessary for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, he traveled more than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities, painted from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented, thus the series not only depicts characteristic bird life of North America, but characteristic American scenery as well. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, J. Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes. The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described in the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflet No. 28.) Beginning with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the right around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence: The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama north to Greenland there are zones of bird life correspond- ing to the zones of temperature. This condition is illus- trated in the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow-clad peak the naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in travel- ing north on the continent. ‘Vhus the Orizaba group so far as the dis- tribution of life is concerned is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. Among our most beautiful and graceful shore birds are the terns and gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so cease- lessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes that now in their breeding-places there are only hundreds where formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an island off the Virginia coast where the birds are now protected by law. The duck hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of New York City. It builds nests on the ledges of the towering cliffs. This hawk is a near relative of the falcon which was so much used for hunting in the Middle Ages. In August and September the meadows and marshlands in the vicinity of Hackensack, New Jersey, are teeming with bird life. In the group showing these Hackensack meadows are swallows Orizaba Group Cobb’s Island Group Duck Hawk Group ape ie oe preparing to migrate southward, bobolinks or rice birds Groen in fall plumage, red-winged blackbirds, rails and the wood duck. The wild turkey is a native of America and was once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is 80 “SNAKE-BIRD” now very rare. It differs in color from the Mexican bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was introduced from Mexico in Europe about 1530 and was brought by the colonists to America. (Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) Wild Turkey Group The great blue heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with itsneckeurved back on its body and because of this habit can readily be distinguished from the crane with which it is frequently confounded. (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Florida. ) In the ‘‘bonnets”’ or yel- Florida Great Blue Heron Group Water Turkey low pond-lily or swamps with “Snake-bird” cypresses and Group cabbage _ pal- mettoes, the shy water tur- key builds its nest. It receives the name ‘‘turkey”’ from its turkey-like tail and the title ‘“snake-bird’”’ from its habit of swimming with only the long slender neck above water. (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) The sandhill crane builds itsnestofreeds in the water. Unlike the As shown here, the birds carry their plumes uly due (“eTOUS) Un) “this respeensaem ine. the Nesting season; Jeiling, theyparenty macans the difiers alse ates en een of flight, always stretching its neck well out when on the wing. (Reproduced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.) Pelican Island on the Indian River of Florida has been made a Sandhill Crane Group A PORTION OF THE EGRET GROUP CALIFORNIA CONDOR 81 reservation by the United States Government and these grotesque birds may now breed there undisturbed. The view shows a section of the island at the height of the nesting season. Notwithstanding the hundreds of young birds that are clamoring for food, observation has shown that the parent bird can pick out its own offspring with unfailing accuracy. (Reproduced from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.) This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinction in this country through the use of its ‘‘aigrette plumes’’ Brown Pelican Group Snowy Heron f5, millinery purposes, and is now confined to a few pro- or Egret iver = ; Group tected rookeries of the South. The birds have these plumes only during the nesting season, at which time the death of the parent means the starvation of the young. (Reproduced from studies in a rookery of South Carolina.) The turkey vulture,or buzzard,is one of the best known birds of the South, where it performs a valuable service in acting as the scavenger of the streets. On this account it is protected by law and by public sentiment and has become both abun- dant and tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in the Potomac River, near Washington.) The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the Andes, but has aslightly greater spread of wing, eight and one-half to eleven feet. In the group the visitor is sup- posed to be standing in the interior of the cave where the bird has its nest and is looking down on the river of the cafon which is more than five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cafion California. ) The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is painted in the background. The young birds are feeding, Turkey Vulture Group California Condor Group em and it will be noticed that one fledgling is reaching well Group down the mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced from studies at Monterey, California.) Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and aquatic bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustra- tion of the influence of man on the bird-life of a region. In the breeding season the flamingoes congregate in great numbers in their rookeries. There were estimated to be two thousand nests in this colony. The flamingoes construct their nests by scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down by means of bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of San Joaquin Valley Group Flamingo Group cs “IOPBM JO OSTA FuLNp poyoojo1d snq} pue ‘soyout woo,ANoy 07 4YAIO UIOIy Paster oI S}SAU PNUI oY, “SPI JO POM oY} UI AYA o[qQvyreures 4soUr 9Y4 SI Spslq O80} JO ,,AQ10,, V SVWVHVd AHL NI ANOTOO OONINV1TA V > GOLDEN EAGLE 83 twelve or fourteen inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water. Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born covered with down like a young duck and is fed by the mother on predigested food. The brilliant plumage of the adult is not acquired until the fifth or sixth moult. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands. ) In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which is aa three thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds Bird Group were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the sea grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) The abundance of bird-life in one of these rookeries is quite astound- ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets, orid 2 é nae aig American egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ry Ae Coun ibises, cormorants, and water turkeys. Because of the great imaccessibility of this island it has been one of the last places to escape the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Repro- duced from studies in the Everglades of Florida.) The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies to the Pacifie Coast, although it is found as far east as Maine. Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the eagle never attacks man, even though the nest is approached. Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks, and occasionally sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.) The abundance of bird life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta, which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. These two groups have recently been added, though Whistling Swan provision was made for them in the original plans for this ate gallery. The whooping crane was exterminated so rapidly ane that not only was it impossible to obtain a nest and young, but it was necessary to use old birds taken many years ago. Here is an example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird may be changed by its being driven into a different locality. In the group are white pelicans which usually make a nest of pebbles, Caspian terns which commonly build their nests on sand, and cormorants that nest on rocks, all nesting together here on the tule or rush islets of the lake. (Reproduced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) ; The scene represented in this group is above timber line Arctic-Alpine | 3 : Bird Life on the crest of the Canadian Rockies, 8,000 feet above Group the sea. Although these mountains are in the temperate region, the altitude gives climatic conditions that would Golden Eagle Group Klamath Lake Group 84 PRAIRIE CHICKEN be found in the Far North, and the bird life is arctic in character. Here are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.) This group shows a stretch of Western pla- teau covered with sage bush. In this bush is seen the male sage grouse strutting and woo- ing a mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine Bow, Wyoming.) | The prairie chickens are akin to the com- Sage Grouse Group ee mon grouse. Tl Love making of the prairie chicken In this position Chicken On es Ie and with orange-like air sacks inflated, he produces a or ~ race booming sound which may carry a distance of two Group group represents miles. a typical scene during the mating season. The male birds go through most surprising antics in their efforts to attract the females. They inflate the orange-colored sacs on the sides of their necks, dancing and strutting about and uttering a loud, resonant, booming note. (Reproduced from studies near Halsey, Nebraska.) The wild goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring. It nests in the lakes of Canada even before the ice is melted. To secure the young birds for this group it was necessary to hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen, so difficult Wild Goose Group is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) The grebe is another of our aquatic birds which builds its nest near the water. During the incubation period the parent bird Grebe Group usually covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebe was the redhead duck, which lays from fifteen to twenty eggs. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) The loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar Loon Group _— sound on the northern New England lakes. Many loons pass the winter at sea fifty miles or more from PUBLIC HEALTH 85 land. (Reproduced from studies at Lake Umbagog, New Hamp- shire.) This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in great numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere shadow of what it was even fifty years ago. Seven species are shown nesting in the group. Namely the razor-billed auk, petrel, gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, common murre and Brun- nich’s murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.) This was the first habitat group. [Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys.| Bird Rock Group WEST CORRIDOR Pusuic HEALTH Returning to the South Pavilion where the monkeys are, and passing to the right, we enter the West Corridor containing the exhibits of the Department of Public Health. The Hall of Public Health is dominated by a bronze bust of Louis Pasteur, the founder of scientific bacteriology and preventive medicine, which was presented to the Museum through the courtesy of the Pasteur Institute of Paris. Near the head of the stairway is a reading table where pamphlets bearing on insect-borne disease and other public-health problems may be consulted. The first section of the exhibit deals with the natural history of water supply as it affects the life and health of man. The large Water Supply frieze at the entrance to the corridor on the left illustrates the primary source of water supply, the sea, the clouds, and the secondary sources, rivers and lakes. Diagrams, models, and a relief map show the variations in rainfall at different points in the United States. Relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts, before and after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water supply of Boston, show the way in which surface water supplies are collected by impounding streams, and a model of a well sunk through impervious clay or rock down to water-bearing strata shows how ground- water supplies are obtained. A series of samples and models illustrate the variation in composition which occur in natural waters, from the swamps of Virginia to the deep wells of Iowa and the turbid rivers of the Ohio Valley. Some of the principal micro-organisms, Algz and Protozoa, which grow in reservoirs and impart tastes and odors to water are represented 86 THE HOUSEFLY OR TYPHOID FLY Modeled 64,000 times the bulk of a fly. By Ignaz Matausch from his original studies. BACTERIA 1,2) ~I by a series of glass models. The effect produced by the pollution of water by disease germs is illustrated by relief maps and diagrams show- ing the course of famous typhoid and cholera epidemics. Models are displayed which illustrates the purification of water by storage, filtra- tion, and disinfection, the filter model being an elaborate representation of the plant at Little Falls, N. J. Diagrams indicate the results of water purification as measured in the saving of human life. Finally a series of five large relief maps show the growth and development of the water supply of New York City. Following the water-supply exhibit is a series of models illustrating the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes of the city and how they may be avoided. Actual points of danger in the neighborhood of New York are shown where polluted harbor waters, bathing-places, and shellfish beds consti- tute a menace to health. Modern methods for the treatment of sew- age on scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedimentation tanks, and filter beds of various types. The cases near the window are devoted to the group of Bacteria, espe- cially in their relation to human life. Glass models show the various shapes and relative sizes of these minute forms, and in particular of the principal types which cause disease. In a nearby case are displayed actual colonies of a number of species of bacteria, including some which produce disease and others which are beneficial to man by their effect upon soil fertility or from the fact that they may be utilized in the production of substances useful as foods or in the arts. A group of transparencies at the window shows some of the more im- portant disease bacteria as they appear under the microscope. Disposal of City Wastes Bacteria Another series of exhibits deals with the transmission of disease by insects, notably by the fly and flea and by the mosquito. The most striking features are greatly enlarged models of the LEGSS fly, the flea, and the louse. These, the finest models of and ; Bikoace the kind ever made, were prepared by the late Ignaz Matausch from his original studies, and required several years of constant, exacting labor. The egg, larva and pupa of the fly, and the eggs of the louse are also shown. Models in the wall case deal with the life history of the fly, showing its various stages in their natural size and actual nabitat, and illustrate the large numbers of flies which may breed in a single pound of manure and the enormous progeny which may spring from a single pair and their descendants during the breeding season. The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by 88 THE FLEA AND BUBONIC PLAGUE graphic presentations of typhoid statistics of the Spanish-American War and of the relation between flies and “summer disease’”’ of children, as worked out by the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor in New York City. Nearby are two models showing unsanitary and sanitary conditions onasmallfarm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and flies, while the open doors and windows give these insects free access to the house. In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the windows screened, the shallow dug well replaced by a driven well; the conditions are sanitary, and health and prosperity replace sickness and poverty. Various types of traps for larve and adult flies are shown with models illustrating how fly-breeding may be prevented, how human wastes may be protected from their access, and how manure may be cared for so as not to be a medium for breeding flies. A wall case on the right of the entrance to the hall shows a group of the natural enemies of the fly: the cock, phebe, swifts, the bat, spiders and centipedes, in characteristic surroundings as they may be seen in the corner of a New York State farm on a late August afternoon. The relation of the flea and the rat to the terrible disease bubonic plague is illustrated in considerable detail. Wall charts = s Lae picture the spread of the great historic epidemics of this Plague disease, and reproductions of sixteenth and seventeenth- century drawings show with what terror the Black Death was regarded in pre-scientific days. The chief carrier of the disease, the flea,is shown in aremarkable model, 120 times the length of the actual in- sect, and having the bulk of 1,728,000 fleas, prepared by Ignaz Matausch, Specimens of some of the principal animals which harbor the plague germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man (the black, brown and roof rats, the wood rat and the California ground squirrel) are shown, and the manner in which the disease is disseminated is illustrated by a copy of a corner of a rat-infested house in California. The original from which this was copied, as well as many of the rats and squirrels, were obtained through the courtesy of the U.S. Public Health service of Washington. A habitat group shows a typical family of ground squirrels on a rocky hillside in central California, during the breeding season in May. Preventive measures used against the plague are illustrated by models of a farm with buildings rat-proofed, of a rat-killing squad, equipped for work in San Francisco, of a ship at dock with rat-guards to prevent the access of rats to the shore, and by specimens of various types of rat traps. AUDUBON RELICS 89 In a window case are shown various stages of the common mosquito, Culex, as well as of Anopheles, the carrier of malaria, and Mosquitoes =~ Aedes. which is responsible for the spread of yellow fever. eer Inthe same case are specimens of other insect carriers, such Insect Carriers I : ee Pe miccase as the flea, the bedbug and the louse. Small cases flanking the windows contain specimens of the Glossinas which transmit sleeping-sickness and the Nagana disease in Africa, and of the ticks which spread Texas fever of cattle and relapsing fever, African fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever of man. Nearby are shown maps indicating the area affected by the principal tick fever in the United States and a model of a dipping vat used in freeing animals from tick infestation. A series of models and diagrams is devoted to the life history of the Anopheles mosquito and its relation to malaria.