AGRIC^DEPT, **^ AGRfiX LIBRARY AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. - DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. XPERIMENTS IN PREVENTING LEAF DISEASES OF NURSERY STOCK IN WESTERN NEW YORK, ' BY D. G. FAIECHILD. REPRINTED FIIOM TTTE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, VOL. 7, No. 3, BY AUTHORITY OK THK SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. ;»»>» As**-? . U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS IN PREVENTING LEAF DISEASES OF NURSERY STOCK IN WESTERN NEW YORK, BY D. G. FAIKOHILD. REPRINTED FROM THE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, VOL. 7, No. 3, BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. * 240 EXPERIMENTS IN PREVENTING LEAF DISEASES OF NURSERY STOCK IN WESTERN NEW YORK. By D. G. FAIRCHILD. [Plates XXI-XXIX.] It is the intention to give in the following paper a brief account of experiments made during the seasons of 1891 and 18913 with a view of preventing the various leaf diseases of nursery stock. These experi- ments were carried on at Geneva, N. Y., one of the largest nursery centers east of the Mississippi. The kindness of Dr. Collier, di- rector of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, made it possible for the wrork to be done upon the station grounds, where proximity to the laboratories and assistance from the station staff greatly facilitated the work. To bring together in one article the results of the experiments, it will be necessary to repeat in part matter that has previously been pub- lished.* The original object of the experiments conducted at Geneva was to throw light upon the following questions: (1) Can the leaf-blight of pear, cherry, plum, and quince stocks and the powdery mildew of the apple be prevented by the use of Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate? (2) What effect is produced upon the growth of nursery stock, budded and not budded, by repeated treatments with Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal solution? (3) What effect, if any, has the variety of stock upon the scion or "bud" with respect to its resistance to leaf-blight? While the experiments have thrown considerable light upon the first and second questions, the nursery was not extensive enough nor the soil uniform t enough to admit of any but general conclusions being drawn as to the third question. Further, the experiment was begun so late in the season that it was not possible to secure stocks of uniform size, and it is doubtful if any experiments, unless made upon uniform soil, with stocks grown from cuttings, will settle in a satisfactory manner a phase of this problem in which there are so many variable factors. The various leaf diseases will now be discussed, together with the results of the experiments made for preventing them. The numerous "Annual Report of -ttie &eretaVy.o£ Ap'/cujture for 1891, p. 368. Bull. No. 3, Div. of Veg. Pathology, pp. 57-60. Ten'th' Itnn .'.Report N. Y. Agrl. Expt. Sta., 1892, pp. 1 79-18 1. /,::•*; %:;Y*: * ' t As the expefinJcfnts f/fagreSsefl -.pJafrily evident that a strip 30 feet or so •wide, at the west end of the block, had at some previous time received fertilizers, which rendered it eminently suited to the needs of pear stocks. As no accnrato record of this portion of the farm seems to have been kept, it was impossible to, ascertain what fertilizers had been used upon the strip. 241 • details, of interest only to those who are pursuing similar studies, are given in. small type at the close of the article. PEAR LEAF-BLIGHT (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.). This disease is perhaps the greatest obstacle to the profitable pro duction of pear stocks. The principal injury is caused by a premature defoliation of the seedlings. When such defoliation takes place early in the season, as is quite commonly the case, the young seedlings are forced to form a new set of leaves, presumably at great expense to the reserve material stored for use the coming spring. Often this forma- tion of new leaves is repeated two or three times, the seedling finally becoming too exhausted to continue the struggle. If the following winter be survived, enough growth may be made to render budding possible. Although the disease is very abundant on bearing trees further south, it seems to be confined in western New York, at least in its severe attacks, to one, two, and three year old seedlings, occasionally defoli- ating a budded stock of some susceptible variety like the Flemish Beauty. All ordinary budded stocks are commonly immune from the disease, although the stocks into which the buds are inserted may have been diseased before being budded.* So far as the author's observa- tions go the fungus causing the disease does not attack the seeds of the pear or the cotyledons of the young seedlings until two weeks after the appearance of the latter above the surface of the soil. Early in the season it attacks only the foliage, but later, as the defoliation continues, it is found on the succulent growing tip of the stem. For 3 or 4 inches from the terminal bud the bark is covered with small, sunken spots, bearing in their centers the mature fruiting bodies of the fungus, this condition first becoming noticeable about the middle of August. As first pointed out by Sorauer,f it is in these sunken spots that the parasite passes the winter. In America the parasite lives from year to year, as it does in Germany, upon the bark of the grow- ing seedling and infects the young leaves upon their first appearance in the spring. On May 20, before the foliage of last season's un- budded stocks was two-thirds grown, mature pustules were found upon the young leaves in immediate proximity to these spots upon the twigs. A microscopic examination of the spots revealed the parasite in an active condition. There is little doubt that the infected twigs * The terms "seedlings" and "stocks" are here employed as in common use among nurserymen. A seedling hi nursery parlance means a plant grown from seed before it is transplanted into the nursery row, while the term stock is used to designate the seedling after transplanting either before or after budding. Whenever I have referred to stocks which have been budded 1 have used the terms "budded stocks" or "buds." \Soraner, P. Haudb. d. Pflanzenkraiikheiten. Zweitc Aufl., 1886, vol. n, p. 373. Momitschr. d. Ver. ztir Boturd.d. Gartenb. Kgl. preuss. St., Jan. 1878. (Cited by Frank, Krankh. d. Ffl., 1880, p. 590.; ^374384 242 are the principal means by which the fungus is carried through the winter and the presence of an ascigerous form, described by Sorauer, seems almost unnecessary to a niaiiiteiiance of the disease in a region once infested. The practice of allowing stocks to remain in the nursery rows when leaf-blight has affected them so severely as to render them unburi- able, seems unwise when considered from a hygienic standpoint. Such stocks are almost sure to harbor the parasite in its winter form upon their slender branches, which are lacking in vigor. It is from these stocks that the disease apparently spreads to other plantings of seedlings in the vicinity and to such budded stocks as are susceptible, it would seem advisable, therefore, that when leaf-blight causes a large number of failures in the seed bed, the diseased seedlings should be headed back to within 1 or 2 inches of the ground and all side shoots likely to harbor the parasite removed. Such procedure would un- doubtedly decrease the liability to so early an attack of the disease and enable growth to be made before the malady had time to spread from infected localities. The same immunity as that shown by rap- idly growing "buds" may prove here a valuable factor. It has been objected, however, that the simultaneous appearance of several shoots from the headed back seedling would prevent, or at least materially hinder the budders in their work the following fall. This obstacle could be overcome by the early removal of all but one shoot. It seems to me that this method of eradicating the disease is sufficiently prom- ising to warrant a thorough test. The matter of protecting seedlings by wind-breaks has not been thoroughly tested to my knowledge, and from observation on the spread of the disease I am inclined to believe it is worthy a systematic trial. The freedom from leaf blight, which isolated blocks of pear seedlings often show, tends to confirm the ob- servation that the malady travels quite slowly from seedling to seed- ling. In an experimental block of seedlings mentioned below it required nearly two months for the disease to travel from the east to the west end, a distance of 150 feet. , Two quite distinct experiments were made with a view of preventing this disease, one inaugurated in 1891 to test the effect of fungicides upon stocks, and the other carried on during the season of 1892 with seedlings in the seed bed. The results of only the former experiments are recorded here and an account of the latter is reserved for future publication. EXPERIMENTS WITH STOCKS. These 'experiments were inaugurated in the spring of 1891 and con- tinued until the fall of 1892. The stocks planted in 1891 were sprayed both seasons, the design being to ascertain the effects of two consecu- tive years. The results are here presented briefly and the minor details are to be found at the close of the article. 243 All the stocks were sprayed on tlie same dates; in 1891 on May 21, .Tune 3 and 24, July 9 and 24, and August 8 and 28. One-half the stocks were treated seven times, on the dates just indicated, and one- half only three times, on the first three dates named. In 1892 the dates of treatment were May 26-27, June 15-16, June 23, July 6-7 and 21, and August 5. One-half were sprayed five times, on the first five dates mentioned, the other half six times as just indicated. The only fungi- cides used were Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal solution. In 1891 both preparations were of essentially standard strength, but in 1892 the Bordeaux mixture was reduced to the 60-gallon formula, as ex- plained on a subsequent page (p. 262). FRENCH PEAR STOCKS. 1891.— Four rows (1,922 stocks), of which 1,462 were treated and 460 left untreated. One-half the treated stocks were sprayed with ammoni- acal solution, the other half with Bordeaux, at the dates above indicated. Although the disease was not so abundant in 1891 as in 1892, the con- trast between treated and untreated was striking. Seven treatments with Bordeaux proved efficacious, while neither three treatments with Bordeaux nor seven with ammoniacal solution showed as good results, and three treatments with ammoniacal solution were without apparent effect. On October 9 a count of those stocks forced by the premature fall of the foliage to put forth new leaves gave the following figures: TABLE 1. — Showing number of French stocks forced to put out ueiv leaves. Number and treatment of stocks. Total re- leaved. Per cent re- leaved. 388 stocks treated 7 times with Bordeaux 4 1.0 55 16 4 50 13.8 357 stocks treated 3 times with ammoniacal solution 161 45.0 97 21.0 1892. — The same rows of stocks as were employed in 1891 were treated in 1892, but one-half of them had been budded the fall previous, as sub- sequently described on pp. 258, 2G1. The other half was purposely left unbudded to furnish a means of testing the fungicides. The treatments were made on dates given above, using the formula mentioned on p. 202. During the course of the season little difference between treated and untreated budded stocks was noticeable, as none but the Flemish Beauty were subject to the disease. At the close of the season, how- ever, the foliage on treated Flemish Beauty was much superior to that on untreated. Bordeaux proved superior to ammoniacal solution and entirely efficacious. The greatest contrast in the experiment was between the treated and untreated stocks which had not been budded. The susceptibility of these unbudded seedlings afforded an excellent opportunity to test the 244 efficacy of the fungicides, and the results fully warrant the extended use of Bordeaux mixture upon such stocks. As early as June 134 the difference between treated and untreated sections was visible, 75 per cent of the foliage of the untreated being diseased, while the sec- tions sprayed with Bordeaux mixture remained healthy. Plates xxi and xxii show fairly well the contrast as it appeared on October 11, the two rows standing only 3 £ feet apart. The difference consisted not only in the presence of foliage on the treated and its absence on the un- treated, but in an increased growth of the former, as is shown by weights and measurements of the stocks given below. A calipering of these stocks in 1S91 showed no appreciable average difference in diameter. DIAGRAM 1. — Showing arrangement of treated and untreated rows. EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM 1. A and B, treated 7 times in 1891 and G times iu 1892 with Bordeaux; C, control on row opposite; D and E, treated three times in 1S91 and 5 times in 1892 with Bor- deaux; F, control on row opposite. This portion of the experiment was situated on rows VI, VII, and VIII, as indicated in Table 2, below, and in the plan on p. 257. The unbudded portion alone is considered. TABLK 2. — Showing ivcights and measurements of treated and untreated French pear stocks in November. • J Average Kow. Section. Diagram designa- tion. Treatment. No. of seed- lings. Average weight as dug. fi>p. diameter at collar, in thirty- st-< omlsof an inch. Ounces. Ounces. VIII Bb 2 A Bordeaux, 7 times in 1891, 6 times in 1892 57 7.6 6 4 oo o VII Cb 2 B do (il 8 8 6 8 °7 5 vi DC 0 Untreated in 1891 and 1892. 57 5.9 4.0 17.6 VIII Bbl D Bordeaux, 3 times in 1891, 5 times in 1892 63 9 1 7 1 23 1 VII Cbl E do .'-.. 68 7.8 22 0 VI Db F Untreated in 1891 aud 1892. 57 5.9 4.0 17.6 The above data were secured in the following manner: The first week in November each individual stock was dug carefully and the dirt cleaned from the roots. It was then calipered and weighed. The top was then cut off and weighed separately. These data are, perhaps, the first published showing the superiority of treated pear seedlings in other respects than that of foliage. As regards a comparison of the two copper compounds, it will be sufficient to say that the Bordeaux was in all respects superior to the ammoniaca! solution. In the order of their eilieacy the four methods of treatment are as follows : Bordeaux, 245 6 treatments ; Bordeaux, 5 treatments; ammouiacal solution, 6 treat- ments; ammouiacal solution, 5 treatments. Five treatments with the ammoniacal solution proved almost entirely ineffectual. Plate xxin shows the average of stocks treated 0 times with aiuuioniaeal solution. JAPAN PEAR STOCKS. 1891. — One row of 466 stocks was planted in a manner precisely sim- ilar to that described for the French stocks. The dates of treatment were as above given, one half the treated portion receiving three treat- ments and the other seven, one-half being treated with Bordeaux, the other with ammoniacal solution. The results obtained were striking, as illustrated by the following notes on the re-leaved stocks : TABLE 3. — Showing number of Japan stocks forced to put out neiv leaves. Number and treatment of stocks. Total No. re leaved. Per cent re-leaved. 87 stocks treated 7 times with Bordeaux .. 1 1.1 88 stocks treated 3 times with Kordeanx . 21 2X8 15 17.2 9U (stocks treated 3 times with ammoniacal solution 9 10.0 114 stocks untreated 47 41.2 The average diameter of the stocks near the collar was not percepti- bly greater in the treated than in the untreated, the average differ- ence amounting to less than one thirty-second of an inch. The un- treated Japan stocks suffered more from the disease than the untreated French stocks. 1892. — The same row of stocks as that employed the previous season was treated, but one-haff or more of the stocks were budded in 1891, as described subsequently on pp. 259, 261. The treatments given were as described on pp. 262-263. As early as June 24 the unbudded stocks, which had not been treated, showed the disease plainly, every stock being affected. At this date it Avas evident that the Japan stocks, as introduced from the south, were more susceptible to leaf-blight than the imported French or the native-grown American stocks. The latter were at this date scarcely affected by the disease. From the two years' ex- periments upon Japan stocks from Franklin Davis & Co.'s nurseries it seems probable that these when imported from the South will not show any greater immunity from leaf-blight than the French or American stocks. A more extended experiment, however, is needed to settle this point. The result of treatments with fungicides was as striking as that gained from the French stocks. The foliage on the budded stocks re- mained reasonably free from the disease until quite late in September when the stocks in the untreated portions began to drop their leaves badly; those treated 6 times with Bordeaux held their leaves almost intact. The Bordeaux proved in general more efficacious than the am- moniacal solution in the treatment of both budded and unbudded stocks, 246 aud 6 treatments were more effective than 5. But one noteworthy ex- ception existed in the first section treated 5 times with ammoniacal solu- tion, which is possibly explainable by superiority of soil. Below are given in Table 4 the notes on foliage and caliper made Octo- ber 19, 1892: TABLE 4. — Showing condition of Japan stocks as regards foliage and caliper. Section.* Treatment. Estimated per cent of foliage dropped. Average caliper of un- budued at collar in 3*5 of inch. Budded stocks. Un- budded stocks. Aal Bal Cal Aa2 Ba2 Ca2 Abl Bbl Cbl Ab2 Bb2 Cb2 D-I D-II D-I II D-IV Ammoniacal solution 5 treatments 0 0 80 0 0 85 0 0 40 0 0 0 15 0 80 80 50 15 60 10 25 50 5 10 0 2G.6 13.4 15.0 20.3 24.7 21. G 18.7 19.7 21.3 21.5 18.5 23.1 Do Do Ammonical solution. 6 treatments Do Do Bordeaux mixture 5 treatments Do Do Bordeaux mixture 6 treatments Do 1 Do Untreated (budded) Do 40 95 Do Untreated (not budded) 98 13.2 * Designations in this column refer to the varieties of "buds," for details of which, see p. 261. It is noticeable from the above table that Bordeaux mixture afforded the greatest immunity 5 also that the untreated unbudded stocks made much less growth than those treated with Bordeaux. A reference to the plan (p. 257) will show the situation of the row (No. IX). When it is remembered that of all of the French stocks, those standing in row VIII only 3J feet distant, made the best growth, the element of soil difference is hardly to be considered as a disturbing factor. AMERICAN PEAR STOCKS. 1891. — Four rows containing 1,673 stocks were subjected to a course of treatment similar in every respect to that given the French and Japan stocks. Owing to the lateness of the season when application was made to the growers of American seedlings only second-grade stocks were to be obtained. Because of this unfortunate but unavoidable circum- stance no comparison could be drawn as to the comparative value of American, Japan, and imported French stocks. The results of the treat- ments with fungicides while not as striking as with the French stocks,* are valuable as adding testimony to the efficacy of the Bordeaux.* Seven treatments with this mixture proved entirely efficacious, raising the percentage of stocks wholly free from the disease from two tenths of 1 per cent to 39 per cent. On October 9 a count was made of the *See Bull. No. 3 Div. Vcg. Path., p. 59. 247 number of stocks iu each section which pushed out ol the severity of leaf-blight. The results of this TABLE 5. — Showing number of American stocks forced to cause Number and treatment of stocks. 326 stocks treated 7 times with Bordeaux 288 stocks treated 3 times witli Bordeaux 313 stocks treated 7 times with ammouiacal solution 325 stocks treated 3 times with ammouiacal solution 421 stocks untreated 1802. — The same rows of stocks were employed this season as had been treated the previous season, as many as possible of them having been budded as described subsequently on p. 261. Those not budable were left standing for further treatment with fungicides. The treat- ments were as described on pp. 262-263. Owing to the inferior char- acter of the stocks originally planted this whole block would be consid- ered worthless, as not one-half the stocks were budable in 1891. The effect of the Bordeaux mixture, however, was plainly observable and a rough estimate made October 19 of the percentage of foliage still upon the unb added stocks shows the Bordeaux to be much superior to the ammouiacal solution, and 6 treatments superior to 5. QUINCE LEAF-BLIGHT (Entomosporium maculatum Le"v.). Much that was said in reference to pear leaf-blight applies equally well to quince leaf-blight, which is caused by the attacks of the same fungus. The parasite, so far as the author's observation goes, never attacks the bark on the young shoots but is confined wholly to the foliage. The Angers quince seems more susceptible than the Orange and it is rare to observe after the first week in September a block of quince cuttings from which at least 50 per cent of the leaves have not fallen. Unlike the disease on the pear, the quince leal-blight often seriously defoliates bearing trees in this section and commonly causes the fruit-grower much loss from its attacks on the ripening fruits, iu which form it is called "fruit spot."* The experiments in the prevention of this disease were confined to one row of Angers quince cuttings, treated partly with Bordeaux mix- ture and partly with ammouiacal solution.! ANGERS QUINCK STOCKS. 1891. — One row of 509 cuttings was planted and treated with fungi- cides in the manner described on pp. 260-263. The season being an unusually dry one, no disease of any consequence appeared, and as " Bull. 3 Div. Veg. Path., pp. 65-68, PI. vn, vm. t For iorumlie of fungicides ami dates of treatment, see pp. 262-263. 248 stated in a previous publication * the insignificant quantity of leaf- blight present offered no opportunity to test the fungicides in a satis- factory manner. 1892. — The same row of cuttings as employed in 1891 was treated this season, but one-half or more of each section had been budded the fall previous, as noted below, p. 2GO. The treatments were identical with those made upon the pear stock; see p. 262. As early as July 7 the leaves on the untreated section left without budding showed the dis ease plainly, while the foliage of those sections treated with Bordeaux and arnmoniacal solution remained free from the disease. By August 30 two-thirds of the foliage of the unbudded, untreated portion had fallen to the ground, while the treated sections standing in the same row, as shown in the plan, p. 257, row V, remained intact. Plates xxiv and xxv show the appearance of the treated and untreated sections. On September 29 the difference manifested by these stocks was not one of foliage only. The twigs of the treated, upon close examina- tion, were apparently a trifle more robust, and the caliper of the cut- tings at the base showed a considerable increase not to be attributed to differences in soil. Below are given the data secured from a careful calipering of the unbudded stocks at the collar, made October 15. The figures given are in thirty-seconds of an inch and represent the aver- age diameter of stocks in each section: TABLE 6. — Showing average caliper of treated and untreated unlndded quince stocks. Section. Number and treatment of stocks. Average diameter. Aal 25 3 Bal 16 stocks treated 5 times with ammoiiiacal solution ... *>6 2 Cal 1C stocks treated 5 times with amuioniacal solution 2(i. 15 Aa2 25 0 Ba2 16 stocks treated 6 times with aiuiuoniacal solution 27.0 Ca2 ''I 0 Abl 15 stocks treated 5 times with Bordeaux mixture 27.0 Bbl Cbl 16 stocks treated 5 times with Bordeaux mixture 2f> 2 Ab9 2H 2 Bb2 17 stocks treated 6 times with Bordeaux mixture 26 4 *I)iv 20 6 * Unfortunately a section. Cb2, was not staked off in planning the experiment. The inference from the above table is that the stocks which held their leaves through the season made a greater growth in diameter than those from which the foliage dropped in July and August. Taking the average of all stocks treated with ammoniacal solution, 94 in number, we have 25.7 thirty-seconds of an inch, while the average of 81 stocks treated with Bordeaux was 26.5 thirty-seconds. The better of these two averages (2G.5) when compared with the untreated (20.6) gives an in- crease in diameter of 5.9 thirty-seconds or nearly three-sixteenths of an inch. * Bull. No. 3, op. cit., pp. 58-59. 249 CHERRY LEAF-BLIGHT (Cylindrosporium padi Karsten). The leaf-blight of cherries caused by the same species of fungus as that producing plum leaf-blight, is very widespread. Scarcely a wild species of the genus Prunus is entirely exempt from the disease, and at all stages from seedlings in the seed bed to old bearing trees, cultivated cherries are subject to its attacks. The greatest variation exists, how- ever, as regards the susceptibility of different varieties, some being nearly exempt and others, as the English Morello, materially damaged by it. Remarkable cases of immunity are sometimes observed. Of seedlings used for budding, only the Mazzard seems in any serious de- gree damaged by the disease. In unfavorable years the defoliation is so serious as to render the first year's growth of stocks almost insig- nificant. Mazzard seedlings of the second year are also badly attacked. The greatest damage probably occurs where Mazzard stocks are budded with susceptible varieties, in which case the cumulative effects of the disease appear. It should be noted here, however, that the cherry leaves attacked by the parasite remain attached to the stocks long enough to take on the yellow autumn tints characteristic of foliage from which the valuable ingredients of potash and phosphoric acid have been removed.* It is probable, although no experiments have to my knowledge been made to establish it, that the premature fall of the leaves does not entail so great a loss to the cherry seedling as does the fall of the pear foliage, which drops while still green. The experiments in the prevention of this disease, extending over a period of two seasons, were made upon the two well-known kinds of stocks, Mahaleb and Mazzard. In 1891 only the stocks not yet budded were treated, while in 1892 the stocks budded in the fall of 1891 were sprayed, suitable control being left. For record of budding see pp. 258, 2GO. Bordeaux mixture and am- moniacal solution of standard strength were employed in 1891; ammo- niacal solution of standard strength and Bordeaux of one-third strength in 1892.1 JtfAHALEB CHERRY STOCKS. 1891. — One row of 449 stocks was planted and treated with fungicides at the dates described for all the stocks on p. 263. One-half, excepting controls, received 6 and the other 3 sprayings. One-half were treated with ammoniacal solution, the other with Bordeaux. As mentioned in Bulletin No. 3,J where an account of this experiment has already been 'According to the prevailing views of tlie physiological botanists, Pfeifer, Sachs, Detiner, Wiesner, and others, the valuable mineral constituents of leaves aje with- drawn from them at the same time as they become yellow and before they fall to the ground; but the recent paper of Wehmer, Die dem Laulfall voraufyehende vermeint- Uche flatten tleerung. <#«-. d. denhch. lot. Gesellsch. 10 Jahrg., Heft. 3, pp. 152-163, indicates that the grounds for this belief may not have been sufficiently proven, and the whole subject needs further investigation. t See p. 262 for formulae of all fungicides used. tOp. cit.,-p, 58. 250 given, the leaf-blight was not present in any considerable amount dur- ing the season and the efficacy of the two fungicides was not given a test of any severity. The treated portions, however, remained freer from disease than the untreated. 1892. — The same row which had been budded in the fall of 1891 as described subsequently, was treated this season in a manner precisely similar to that described for the pear stocks on page 263. Care was taken that the undersides of the leaves were wet by the spray and to ac- complish this the Vermorel nozzle was directed upwards. On June 24 the first signs of leaf blight were noticed upon the budded, untreated, stocks, the unbudded stocks remaining almost entirely free throughout the season. By July 10 the leaves of the untreated began to fall and continued dropping until many of the stocks were left nearly leafless. On October 4 a careful count was made of the number of leaves which had fallen from each individual stock in the row. This was ac- complished, in a comparative way, by counting the leaf scars on each stock. Below is given for convenience a condensed statement of the condition of the stocks with regard to height, diameter 3 inches above the union, and freedom from leaf-blight. All numbers represent aver- ages. Height above ground (measured September 28) is represented in feet and inches, while the figures for diameter (measured October 15) are in thirty seconds of an inch. Only budded stocks are here taken into account. TABLE 7. — Showing condition of budded Malialeb stocks, treated and untreated, as regards foliage and measurements. Section. Numbers, kinds, and treatment of stocks. Average number of leaves fallen October 4. Average height above ground. Average calipt-r 3 indies above union. Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 D-II1 Bal Ba2 Ebl lib 2 D-I1 Cal Ca 2 Cbl Cb2 D-I 16 budded Windsor stocks. Ammoniacal, 5 8.0 7.8 13.1 7.4 54.8 6.4 6.4 7.3 4.8 21.3 8.5 10 3 Feet. 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 | Inches. 8 10 0 0 () 9 9 4 1 1 7 r> s 9 I 23 23 24 25 16 22 21 21 23 16 21 21 ~£ 21 19 17 18 budded Windsor stocks. Ammoniacal, 6 13 budded Windsor stocks. Bordeaux, 5 treat- ments 17 budded Windsor stocks. Bordeaux, 6 treat- ments . . . 7 budded Windsor stocks. Untreated 18 budded Yellow Spanish stocks. Ammo- niacal 5 treatments 17 budded Yellow Spanish stocks. Amniom- 18 budded Yellow Spanish stocks. Bordeaux, 18 budded Yellow Spanish stocks, Bordeaux, 6 treatments 8 budded Yellow Spanish stocks. Untreated. . 16 budded Moutmorency stocks. Ammoniacal, 18 budded Montmoreucy stocks. Ammoniacal, 22 budded Montmorency stocks. Bordeaux, 4.0 fi. 1 65.7 16 budded Montmorency stocks. Bordeaux, 4 budded Montmorency stocks. Untreated . . . 251 The conclusion which can be drawn from the table seems to be that the treated sections held their leaves better, made as good a growth in height, and without exception a greater growth in diameter, or "eali- pcr," than the untreated sections. That this increased growth was due ent irely to the fungicide it will not be possible to maintain, for this differ- ence may possibly have been brought about in part or wholly by varia- tions in the soil. That none of the mixtures injured the "buds" it is believed is clearly shown. The answer to question 3, as to the effect of fungicides on the growth of budded stocks is here, for the Bordeaux mixture at least, satisfac- torily found, for both Windsor and Yellow Spanish stocks did better under treatment with Bordeaux than without treatment. There still remains a doubt as to the beneficial effect of ammoniacal solution. In all cases where used it was apparently slightly injurious to the foliage. The leaves assumed a yellowish unhealthy appearance. Plates xxvi and xxvn show the comparison between treated and untreated "buds." MAZZARD CHERRY STOCKS. 1891. — One row of 468 stocks was experimented with, receiving as nearly as possible a course of treatment identical with that given the Mahaleb stocks. During the season, as in the case of the Mahalebs, only an insignificant amount of leaf-blight was present, affording no opportunity to test the fungicides. The powdery mildew (Podosphccra oxyacantlice (DC.) Winter f) made its appearance in small amount on the stocks in August and offered an opportunity to observe the bene- ficial effects of Bordeaux mixture in the treatment of this disease. Seven treatments with Bordeaux materially decreased the amount of the disease and proved superior to seven treatments with ammoniacal solution.* Three early treatments with either fungicide had no pre- ventive effect. 1892. — The same row as that treated in 1891 was used this season, but budded with three different varieties identical with those budded on the Mahaleb stocks as shown in the table on p. 200. The treat- ments were similar in all respects to those given the Mahaleb stocks. The condition of the stocks at the close of the season is shown by the following table: ~ *Soe Bull. No. 3 Div. Veg. Path., 1802, p. 58. 252 TABLE 8. — Showing condition of budded Mazzard stocks treated and untreated as regards foliage and measurements. Section. Number, kinds, and treatment of stocks. Average number of leaves fallen Oct. 10. Average height above ground. Average caliper 3 inches above union. Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 D-I* Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 D-II Gal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 D-III 25 budded Windsor stocks; ammoniacal, 5 treatments 5.0 5.3 6.4 5.3 13.7 4.2 4.6 2.9 2.5 8.7 6.3 6.8 5.9 5.0 24.2 Feet. 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 I'lchcu. 10 6 9 10 9 5 10 6 5 2 7 3 1 1 8 10 20 20 20 20 19 21 18 18 15 18 17 17 17 14 30 budded Windsor stocks; ammoniacal, 6 treatments 27 budded Windsor stocks; Bordeaux, 5 treatment's 27 budded Windsor stocks; Bordeaux, 6 treatments. 11 budded Windsor stocks ; untreated 27 budded Yellow Spanish stocks ; ammonia- 28 budded Yellow Spanish stocks; ammonia- cal, 6 treatments 31 budded Yellow Spanish stocks ; Bordeaux, 5 treatments. 31 budded Yellow Spanish stocks ; Bordeaux, 14 budded Yellow Spanish stocks ; untreated. 26 budded Montmorency stocks ; ammoniacal, 18 budded Montmorency stocks ; ammoniacal, 26 budded Montmorency stocks; Bordeaux, 5 26 budded Montmorency stocks; Bordeaux, 6 treatments 7 budded Montmorency stocks; untreated * By an accident this section received one late spraying with Bordeaux and hence it is rendered un- fit for comparison . The disease did comparatively little damage upon these stocks, but as shown by the table, the treated sections were superior to the un- treated, and the Bordeaux slightly superior to the ammoniacal solution when 6 treatments are compared.* The difference between 5 and 6 treatments was not very marked. A comparison of the two tables brings out the fact which is note- worthy in this connection, that the ubuds"t on Mahaleb stocks aver- aged greater in diameter throughout than those on the Ma/zard. This difference is constant when stocks receiving the same treatment are compared in each row, with the exception of the untreated section of Windsors when compared with that treated once by mistake. This constant difference in diameter, at 3 inches above the base (" caliper"), is of such importance as to merit further observations. The author re- grets that the control rows were left so small, and feels warranted in drawing only the general conclusion, which was strikingly demonstrated that the fungicides were effective to a remarkable degree in preventing the disease and that treated stocks made the best growth. *The superiority of Bordeaux is not fully sho\vn by the figures, as in every case the effect of the ammoniacal solution was evidently injurious to the health of the foli- age. tThe term "bud" is here used, as among nurserymen, to indicate a budded stock after the top has been cut off and the iuserted bud itself allowed to grow. 253 PLUM LEAF-BLIGHT (Cylindrosjjorium padi Karsten.) The plum leaf-blight in western New York, aside from giving much trouble to nurserymen, does very great damage to many varieties of bearing trees, defoliating them in August and September. This disease is considered -by the plum-growers in the vicinity of Geneva as their most persistent enemy. A large orchard belonging to E. Smith & Sous, 2 miles northwest of the city, was, they informed me, winter-killed about thirty years ago because of defoliation the summer previous. It is a common opinion among orchardists that leaf-blight, through its retarding effect upon the maturation of the wood, renders the trees incapable of withstanding the changes in temperature of a trying win- ter. Whatever the explanation of this fact may be, it seems self-evi- dent that a tree which drops its leaves before the normal season suf- fers very material loss. Of nursery stocks, the native-grown seedlings suffer the most from this disease, often losing all their leaves by the middle of August. My- robolan and Marianna stocks are not to any extent subject the first season. In entire contradistinction to the immunity exhibited by pear " buds " which resist to a remarkable degree pear leaf-blight, the budded plum stocks are particularly susceptible to pluni leaf-blight. Apparently the same conditions of rapid growth which afford immunity in the one case tend to susceptibility in the other. The two instances offer a fertile field for inquiry. The experiments on this disease were made with Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal solution upon two rows of stocks, one of Mariajina, containing 504 stocks, and the other of Myrobolan, containing 474 stocks. As described previously * the results of the first season's ex- periment were entirely negative, as the disease failed to appear. On October 9 the three varieties, Early Prolific (Early Elvers), Pur- ple Egg (Hudson Kiver Purple Egg), and Italian Prune (Fellenburg), were budded upon both rows of stocks as set forth subsequently, p. 258. Numerous stocks were left unbudded to test the effect of the fungicides and the end of each row was left untreated. The rows were treated in 1802 with Bordeaux and ammoniacal solu- tion, the formula of which are described on p. 262. One-half the treated stocks received 5 sprayings and the other 6, at the dates given on p. 243. In all respects the two rows were treated alike. MYROBOLAN STOCKS. 1892. — The disease made its first appearance in June upon the un- budded stocks which were carried over from 1891, and strangely enough only upon the treated portions. This dropping of the treated Myrobolan foliage was confined to the leaves situated on the larger * Bull. No. 3 Div. Veg. Path., p. 58. 16486— No. 3 5 254 limbs in the interior portion of the bushy growtn. Although only a small per cent of the foliage was thus affected, the difference between treated and untreated was quite evident. After the lapse of three or four weeks this falling of the leaves ceased. The unbudded stocks which were not treated remained remarkably free from the disease, but in this respect were excelled by the Marianna unbudded, untreated stocks. The budded stocks were not so soon affected as the unbudded, but the Early Prolific "buds "in the untreated section began dropping their foliage in July and throughout the season were manifestly worse affected. The following table shows the data collected in September and October) after all growth had practically ceased : TABLE 9. — Showing condition of budded Myrobolan stocks treated and untreated, as re- gards foliage and measurements. Section. Number, kinds, and treatment of stocks. Average number ofleaves fallen Oc- tober 10. Average height above ground Sep- tember 28. Average C}ili]-er3in- I'hes above union Oc- tober 15. Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 D-I Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 D-II Cal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 D-III 11 budded Early Prolific stocks, ammoniacal, 5 treatments 69.8 115.8 66.0 57 5 Feet. 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 Inches. 6 6 0 8 9 1 2 8 3 7 10 7 6 0 9 14.8 14.3 15.4 16.9 14.3 16. 2 15.1 15.4 15. 6 16.4 14.3 15.3 15.5 16.4 15.0 16 budded Early Prolific stocks, ammoniacal, 6 treatments 18 budded Early Prolific stocks, Bordeaux, 5 treatments . ... 13 budded Early Prolific stocks, Bordeaux, 6 treatments 8 budded Early Prolific stocks, untreated 13 budded Purple Egg stocks, amraoniacal, 5 treatments 812.5 36.3 32.8 6.1 9.7 123.3 15.8 8.2 7.8 6.3 52.8 20 budded Purple Egg stocks, ammoniacal, 6 treatments 16 budded Purple Egg stocks, Bordeaux, 5 treatments 16 budded Purple Egg stocks, Bordeaux, 6 treatments 10 budded Purple Egg stocks, untreated 12 budded Italian Prune stocks, ammoniacal, 5 treatments 16 budded Italian Prune stocks, ammoniacal, 16 budded Italian Prune stocks, Bordeaux, 5 treatments . - 15 budded Italian Prune stocks, Bordeaux, 6 11 budded Italian Prune stocks, untreated From this table the only conclusion admissible is in regard to the amount of leaf-blight. It is evident that the treated portions lost only a small number of leaves in comparison with the untreated, and in so far the fungicides proved effective. MARIANNA STOCKS. 1892. — The treatment of these stocks was in all respects identical with that of the Myrobolan stocks and the results were in general sim- ilar. The treated unbudded stocks lost a number of their leaves from an early attack of the fungus in June and July, but the untreated un- budded portion of the row remained remarkably free from the disease throughout the season, more so in this regard than the Myrobolan. The 255 budded stocks showed little superiority in regard to leaf-blight over the budded Myrobolaii and evidently no considerable degree of immu- nity was afforded by the stock to the scion. But a comparison of the two tables brings out the fact that the Purple Egg "buds" made mark- edly the best growth upon Mariaima stocks. These "buds" averaged more than one-eighth of an inch greater in diameter and were on an average 10 inches higher. The other less rapidly growing stocks did not show such a marked difference, and too much reliance ought not to be placed on data gathered from so small a number of stocks. Cer- tain it is, however, that the Marianna proved superior in this single experiment. TABLE 10. — Showing condition of budded Marianna stocks, treated and untreated, as re- gards foliage and measurements. Section. Number, kinds, and treatment of stocks. Average number of leaves fallen Oc- tober 11. Average heigh t above ground September 28. Average caliber 3 inches above union, Oc- tober 15. Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 D-I Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 D-II D-III* Cal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 9 budded Early Prolific stocks, ammoniacal, 5 98.8 63.3 99.6 71.6 311.2 39.1 45.1 42.7 26.9 143.2 177.2 16.8 17.5 11 12.2 Feet. 3 3 4 3 3 5 4 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 Inches. 3 6 4 2 7 5 7 0 1 0 11 6 0 7 2 Inches. 15.5 16.3 20.2 18.5 15.9 21.2 20.6 21. 3 20.2 20.5 19.2 17.2 14.5 20 19 li budded Early Prolific stocks, ammoniacal, 6 treatments 14 budded Early Prolific stocks, Bordeaux, 5 treatments .. - - . 5 budded Early Prolific stocks, Bordeaux, 6 treatments . 10 budded Early Prolific stocks, untreated 17 budded Purple Egg stocks, ammoniacal, 5 23 budded Purple Egg stocks, ammoniacal, 6 17 budded Purple Egg stocks, Bordeaux, 5 21 budded Purple Egg stocks, Bordeaux, 6 treatments 14 budded Purple Egg stocks, untreated 12 budded P urple Egg stocks, untreated 19 budded Italian Prune stocks, ammoniacal, 5 treatments 24 budded Italian Prune stocks, ammoniacal, 6 treatments 20 budded Italian Prune stocks, Bordeaux, 5 19 budded Italian Prune stocks, Bordeaux, 6 treatments * By another mistake in budding, those stocks which should have received Italian Prune buds were budded with Purple Egg buds. As regards the effects of the treatments, the only fairly deducible conclusion is that the Bordeaux mixture and ainmoniacnl solution pre- vented the disease to a notable degree, sufficient, it is believed, to warrant further extended trial in nursery practice. Although not evident from the table, the ammouiacal solution is in reality inferior to Bordeaux, as it injures the foliage of the treated "buds." On this account it can not be recommended for the treatment of plum stocks. Plates xxvin and xxix show the treated and untreated "buds" as they appeared in the experiments. 256 APPLE POWDERY MILDEW (Podospiuvra oxyacantlicB (DC) Winter?), Seedling apples sometimes suffer quite severely from this disease, which attacks their young shoot tips, often stunting the growth of the seedlings and preventing them from attaining a suitable size the first season. Compared with the injury caused by the apple thrips, how- ever, that brought about by mildew is surely insignificant and, in New York State at least, hardly warrants any expensive measures for its prevention. The disease usually appears late in September, when the principal growth has been made, and seldom, if ever, spreads to vig- orously growing budded stocks, even when these are in close prox- imity to diseased seedliugs. The malady was not observed on bearing trees in the neighborhood of Geneva. The experiments* for the prevention of this disease comprised in 1891 about 1,000 American stocks and the same number of French stocks, besides 500 seedlings. As stated in a previous publication,* the results of the first season's treatment of the stocks was entirely negative and the treatments of seedlings which were made on May 21, June 3, 24, July 9, 24, and August 8, as well as the early treatments made on the first three dates mentioned, failed entirely to prevent the appearance of mildew the first week in September. Bordeaux mixture and am- inoniacal solution alone were used, the formulae being those described on p. 262. This failure of the fungicides is considered by the author merely as additional testimony to the fact observed that the mixtures were largely washed off before the disease appeared. On August 7 the French and American stocks were budded with Twenty Ounce, Fameuse and Early Strawberry buds, as described in detail on p. 259, and in the season of 1892 the budded, and such of the stocks as were left unbudded were treated with Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal solution at dates the same as for all other stocks, viz, May 27 5 June 16, 23; July 7, 21; and August 5. One-half the treated stocks were sprayed 5 times on the first five dates mentioned, the other half were sprayed 6 times. No powdery mildew appeared during the course of the season, and in October the results of the treatments were entirely negative. The ap- ple thrips, however, attacked the budded and unbudded stocks and injured them severely. The mixtures had, as might be expected, no effect upon these insects. DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The following pages comprise the details of the experiments, which are removed from the general account in order to render the latter more comprehensible. They will prove of interest only to specialists on the subject. "Bull. No. 3, loc. cit., p. 60. 257 DIAGRAM 2. — Plan of nursery experiment at Genera, N. T. A B C PI. Pit. DIH. DIV. A B C PI. Pit. Dill. DIV. A B C PI. PH. pill. DIV. A B C PI. Oil. Dill. DIV. IV. •'••• • " '" — V A B ^^ C PI. PH. pill. DIV. D\. DH. DIM. DIV. vn. vni. -2. IX A B C | [ PI. pll. plH.plV. Dl. DH. Dill. DIV. X. XL £, XIV ° ^ Dl. PH. D IH. DIV. XV. A B XVII. Dl. Dll. Dill. DIV. XX. A B C Dl. DM. Dill. DIV. y VTTT | XIX. PEAR SEED^ WORTHLESS. XXI. t xxii. • — — — Treated 3 to 5 times with ammoniacal solution, fa 1). •"••••"• Treated 6 to 7 times with ammoniacal solution > (a 2J, i Treated 4 times with mixture No. 13. Untreated. • • Treated 3 to 5 times with Bordeaux, (1)1). i Treated, 6 to 7 times with Bordeaux, ( b 2). The actual proportions of the experimental Held do not admit of any but a dia- grammatic representation. The location of the field is designated in the records of the station as "main farm plat B." The rows ran east and west, the west end of each row being indicated by a Roman numeral. These numerals are for conven- ience of reference (see account following). The capital letters heading the sections of each row refer to the budding. For example: Row I, Section A, was budded with Windsor; Row I, Section B, with Yellow Spanish, precisely as set forth below. The treatments with fungicides which each section and subsection received arc indica ted by the key below Diagram 2. 258 The sections of the various rows were budded as below described. Row I. Mahaleb cherry stocks budded August 5, 1891t Section A with Windsor. B with Yellow Spanish. C with Montniorency. Di with Montmorency. Dn with Yellow Spanish. Dm with Windsor. Div unb added. Row II. Mazzard cherry stocks budded August 5> 1891. Section A with Windsor. B with Yellow ^punish. C with Montmorency. Di with Windsor. Dn with Yellow Spanish. Dm with Montniorency. Div unbudded. Row III. Myrobolan plum stocks budded September 10, 1891. Section A with Early Prolific. B with Purple Egg. C with Italian Prune. Di with Early Prolific. Dn with Purple Egg. Dm with Italian Prune. Div unbudded. Row IV. Marianna plum stocks budded September 10, 1891. Section A with Early Prolific. B with Purple Egg. C with Italian Prune. Di with Early Prolific. Dn with Purple Egg.* Dm with Purple Egg.t Div unbudded. Row V. Angers quince stocks budded August 6, 1891. Section A with Duchess. B with Anjou. C with Flemish Beauty. Di with Duchess. Dn with Anjou. Dm with Anjou. Div unbudded. Row VI. French pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section Di with Duchess. Dn with Anjou. Dm with Flemish Beauty. Div unbudded. Row VII. French pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section C with Flemish Beauty. Row VIII. French pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section B with Anjou. * A variety of recent introduction originated on the Hudson River, t The budder's blunder in inserting these in place of Italian Prune, 259 Row IX. Japan pear stocks budded August 5, 1891. Section A with Duchess. B with Anjou. C with Flemish Beauty. Di with Duchess. Dn with Anjou. Dm with Flemish Beauty. Div unbudded. Row X. American pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section Di with Duchess. Dn with Anjou. Dm with Flemish Beauty. Div unbudded. Row XI. American pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section C with Flemish Beauty. Row XII. American pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section B with Anjou. Row XIII. American pear stocks budded August 1, 1891. Section A with Duchess. Row XIV. American apple stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section C with Twenty Ounce. Di with Fanieuse. ., Dn with Early Strawberry. Dm with Twenty Ounce. Div unbudded. Row XV. American apple stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section A with Fameuse. B with Early Strawberry. Row XVI. French apple stocks budded August 7,1891. Section C with Twenty Ounce. Di with Fameuse. Dn with Early Strawberry. Dm with Twenty Ounce. Div unbudded. Row XVII. French apple stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section A with Fameuse. B with Early Strawberry. Row XVIII. French apple seeds. Row XIX. French pear seeds which did not germinate. Row XX. Peach seedlings which remained healthy. Row XXI. French pear stocks budded August 7, 1891. Section A with Duchess. Row XXII. Plum seedlings of Prnnns domestica.* Row XXIII. Horse chestnut seedlings. * * The results of treatments of plum and horse chestnut seedlings are reserved for future publication. 260 TABLE 11. — Shoiving tlie number of budded stoclcs in each treated and untreated section. [The small letter a indicates that the stocks were treated with amnionical solution, the letter 6 1'ihat they were sprayed with Bordeaux. The Arabic numeral 1 indicates that the stocks were treattvl 5 times, the number 2 that they were treated 6 times. The sections marked I-TV were not treated. ] Row. Kind of stock. Section. Variety of bud. Number budded, Number left un~ budded. I II in IV v Mahalcb Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 Cal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 Dl Dll Dm Div Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 Cal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 Di Dn Dill Div Aal Aa2 Abl A b2 Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 Cal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 Di Dn Din Div Aal Abl Ab2 Bal Ba2 Bbl B1.2 Cal Ca2 Cbl Cb2 Di Dn Din Div Aal Aa2 Abl Ab2 Bal Ba2 Bbl Bb2 Cal Windsor 17 18 *13 20 21 22 20 18 20 23 18 11 11 8 3 4 2 0 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 0 0 62 11 9 5 4 8 G 8 7 12 11 7 7 0 2 1 71 6 6 5 7 6 0 6 5 5 5 5 1 0 0 80 16 15 15 17 15 16 15 17 16 Mazzard do do do Yellow Spanish do do do Montmorency do do do do Not budded Windsor 28 :u) ''7 do do do 25 29 29 31 31 27 23 29 29 -do .. do do Montmorency do do do - --- Windsor 14 15 15 Yellow Spanish Early Prolific 14 20 21 19 17 24 18 16 13 17 18 18 13 13 14 do do Purple 1C o'g do do do Italian Prune do do .... do Early Prolific Purple E"-»- Not budded Early Prolific 17 22 20 15 19 27 17 22 22 25 24 23 13 14 14 'do .. do do do °° do do do . ... do do Early Prolific Purule E• t Not budded 15 15 do do 15 15 14 14 15 15 do do do do Flemish Beantv... *Five buds of the Montmorency were inserted by mistake of the buddor. t Should have been Felleuburg— mistake of budder. 261 TABLE 11. — Showing the number of budded stocks in each treated and untreated section - Continued. lioW. Kind of stock. Section. Variety of bud. Number budded. dumber left im- budded. Ca2 Flemish Beauty 15 14 Cbl do 15 16 Cb2 do 15 • 0 15 0 14 1 do* 15 0 Not budded . - 97 VT T)r Duchess . . 58 3 HIT 59 2 "HlIT Flemish Beauty 58 2 Not budded 251 VII F 1 Cal Flemish Beauty 59 51 do 64 59 Phi do - ... 59 55 Ph9 do 62 69 VTTT F 1 B'll Anjou 63 62 j? rencu pear ........ 15 a2 do 61 63 Klil do 59 63 Jlli"' do 61 60 T~5T T Ail 15 9 A a9 do 11 11 Ahl do 14 . 13 Ab2 do 12 8 Bal 14 7 J{a9 do 12 12 Bbl do ... 13 9 Bl>2 do 14 9 Cal 16 8 C^2 do ........ 17 11 Cbl do 13 13 Cb2 do 12 13 Di Duchess 11 0 Dil 13 0 Dill Flemish Beauty 14 0 DiV 62 x Di 29 3 DII 28 5 Dm 33 2 DiV Not budded 202 XI Cal 71 10 Ca2 do . ...... 58 11 Cbl do 57 10 Cb2 do 70 11 XII American pear ....... Bal 56 13 Ba2 do 58 8 Bbl do 49 10 Bb2 do 63 17 XIII Aal 64 21 Aa2 do 38 33 Abl do 39 16 Ab2 do 47 14 XIV XV XVI American apple t American apple t French apple t .... XVII French applet XVIII French apple aeed- linu-st XIX XX XXI French pear seed t. - . Peach seedlings t Aal 53 39 Aa2 do 46 37 Abl do 31 48 Ab2 do 27 57 * Should have been Flemish Beauty — mistake of budder. t As no disease appeared in the apple buds data is not valuable. Apple seedlings were not budded; peach showed uo disease; none of pear seed germinated. Soil, stocks, and buds. — The soil upon which the nursery was planted is considered hy practical nurserymen as well suited to the growing of plums and cherries but as lacking somewhat in the qualities which go to make up the best soil for pears and apples, being of insufficient depth and a trifle too light. Immediately previous to the experiment the soil had been planted to corn, but what fertilizers had been used, if any, and what crops were grown anterior to that season, I have not been able to ascertain. No fertilizer was applied before putting in the stocks and the 262 only treatment the soil received was a dressing in November and December of 1891 , of 33 wagon loads of well-rotted barnyard manure from the station manure platform, evenly distributed between the rows. The stocks were furnished by various nursery firms as stated in a previous article,* and the different lots were of apparently equal vigor — lirst grade with the exception of American pear stocks, which owing to the lateness of the season were third grade. In the planting which was done between the dates of April 27 and May 3, care was taken that each stock was firmly pressed into the soil. Stocks of the same kind from different nursery firms were thoroughly mixed together. In all respects the normal nursery methods were followed out as nearly as possible. The budding was done -u the dates above recorded by two experienced budders employed by the Station. Tie scions for cherry, pear, and apple buds were cut from trees growing in the nursery rowst of Selover and Atwood. Plum scions were furnished by Maxwell & Bron., from their bearing orchard. Treatment with fungicides. — Only the two well-known fungicides, ammoniacal ao- lutiouof copper carbonate and Bordeaux mixture were used. The formulae used in 1891 were those in common use throughout America. The Bordeaux mixture was diluted in the treatments for 1892 and prepared after the manner first proposed by Dr. G. Patrigeon.t The formulae are given below : Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, formula used in 1891. Five ounces of cupric basic carbonate (copper carbonate) dissolved in ammonia (3 to 4 pints of 26 °) and added to 50 gallons of water. Care was taken that all the carbonate was dissolved in the ammonia, enough being added for the solution. Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, formula used in 1892. Identical with the above in strength. The carbonate was wetted with one pint of water, previous to adding the ammonia, to facilitate the solution. Bordeaux mixture, formula used in 1891. Six pounds of cupric sulphate (copper sulphate or blnestone) dissolved in 12 gal- lons of water. Four pounds of stone lime slaked in a small quantity of water and made up to 3 or 4 gallons of thin milk. The lime was added slowly to the cupric sulphate and the whole made up to 22 gallons. Bordeaux mixture, formula used in 1892. Two pounds cupric sulphate dissolved in 15 gallons of water. Two pounds Rhode Island stone lime slaked in small quantity of water and made up to 5 gallons. The lime was added slowly to the cupric sulphate, testing the mixture frequently during the addition with a few drops of a concentrated solution of potassium fer- rocyanide (yellow prussiate of potash) and ceasing the addition of the lime when no red color was given to the drops of the ferrocyauide. For convenience this may be called a 60- gallon formula, as it requires that amount of water to contain as much copper sulphate as the standard strength, viz, 6 pounds. * Bull No. 3, Div. Veg. Path., p. 57. t A practice much in vogue among nurserymen, but certainly not founded upon a knowledge of the laws governing bud variation. The selection of buds from indi- vidual bearing trees of known vigor and productiveness is insisted upon by the best cultivators. tPatrigeon, G. Revue Viticole, ^? ) M C OS 0, U M ClH JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXIII. ^'-^ 03 . 3 n 03 £ II {" ^sMM '/T ' < W JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXIV. :?$m JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXV. JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXVI. CHERRY LEAF-BLIGHT. Windsor buds on Mahaleb stocks. Treated with Bordeaux mixture. (Fairchild.) JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXVII. CHERRY LEAF-BLIGHT. Windsor buds on Mahaleb stocks. Untreated. (Fairchild.) JOURNAL CF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT'OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXVIII. «a <> &• #. <§<* i\ JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VOL. VII, PLATE XXIX. U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES