^^KP I- - - mm I'' - - . . RSi i^<> ^K-7 ^J,-'^'^ yr U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT St^TION RECORD Volume XV, 1903-1904 LIBRARY WE*/ ^ *'>^ l(»TAr^iwAL WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT I'KINTING OFFICE 1904 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Xdentijic JiiiratK.'^ and Dmsions. Wkatiiku BruKAr— Willis L. Moore, Cli'uJ. HiKKAr OK Animal Indistky — D. K. Salmon, Chief. HiKKAi' oi- Plant Indistky— B. T. Galloway, Chief. IkRKAi- OK FoKESTKY— (iifford Piiicliot, Forester. Bi-REAiT OF Soils— M. Whitney, Chief. IUreat ok Ciie.misthv — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. IJiHEAr of Statistics — John Hyde, Statistician. HiKEAr OK Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Division ok Biolooual Si-rvev — C. Hart Morrianr, Chief. Okkke ok PriiLic KoAi) Inqlikies — ]\Iartin Dodge, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Aubiini; J. K. Duggar." Canebrake Station: Uniontoum; J. M. Richo- son.i Tuskegee Station: Tuskegce; G. W. Carver.a Alaska— .S(7A-n; C. C. Georgeson.6 A Rizos A— Tticfon: R. H. Forbes." Arkansas— /Vii/c«cTi7te; W. G.Vincenheller.'i California— BciMf?/.- E. \V. Ililgard." Coi.oKWo— Fort CuUins: h. G. Carpenter.a CONNECTICl'T- Slate Station: yew Haven; E. H. Jenkins.a Storrs Station: iitorrs; L. A. Clinton.a Delaware— Ncuark: A. T. Neale." Florida— Late 07//.- GKOKaiA—Experimc7il: R. J. Redding.a Hawaii— Federal Station: Honolulu; J.G.Smitli.'> Sugar I'lanters' Station: Honolulu; G. F. Eckart.'i Idaho— ,Vo.vrr 46, May, 1903 343 47 , June, 1903 •''«'!' 48, September, 1903 -^ - 1"^''^ 49, December, 1903 1*'*5-^ X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New York Cornell Station: Page. Bulletin 211, June, 190:5 178 212, September, 1903 . G03 313, September, 1903 .- . 712 214, December, 1903 - 880 215, January, 1904 980 216, February, 1904 1085,1089,1136 217, March, 1904 1093 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903 936 New York State Station: Bulletin 232, April, 1903 . 51 233, June, 1903 399 234, July, 1903 399 235, July, 1903 375 236, July, 1903 400 237, July, 1903 508 238, August, 1903 . 496 239, September, 1903 474 240, September, 1903 497 241 , December, 1 903 781 , 782 242, December, 1903 903,905 243, December, 1903 983 244, December, 1903 1025 245, Febriiary, 1904 1004,1117 246, February, 1904 969,970 247, Febniary. 1904 978,979 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1902 : 756, 774, 829 North Carolina Station: BuUetin 182, March, 1903 40 183, April, 1903 163,168 184, April. 1903 581 185, April, 1903 591 186, July, 1903 591,594 187, September. 1903 585 188, September, 1903 684 189, December, 1903 901 North Dakota Station: Bulletin 55, March, 1903 33,50 56, June, 1903 483 57, September, 1903 495 58, December, 1903 821 59, March, 1904 971 60, April, 1904 1053 Special Bulletin 1, April, 1903 881 2, May, 1903 49 Thirteenth Annual Report, 1902 124, 125, 141, 147, 161 , 171, 198 Ohio Station: Bulletin 135 (Twenty-first Annual Report, 1902), July, 1902 561,624,625 136, December, 1902 276 137, February, 1903 254 138, March. 1903 243 139, April, 1903 268 140, April, 1903 240 PUBLICATIONS ABSTKACTED. XI Ohio Station — Continued. Page. Bulletin 141, June, 1903 464 14-2. June, 1903 874 143 (Twenty-second Annual Report, 1903), June, 1903 956, 1025 144, October, 1903 979 145, November, 1903 973 Oklahoma Station: Bulletin 57, March, 1903 190 58, June, 1903 392 59, September, 1903 253 60, December, 1903 874 61, January, 1904 860 Twelfth Annual Report, 1903 342,416 Oregon Station: Bulletin 76, Jime, 1903 242 Pennsylvania Station: Bulletin 63, April, 1903 128 64, October, 1903 894 65, December, 1903 998 66, January, 1904 1088 Annual Report, 1902.... 121, 124, 128, 143, 146, 147, 153, 164, 171, 173, 181,198 Porto Rico Station: Bulletin 3, September, 1903 658 Circular 1, October 26, 1903 669 2, January 2, 1904 *_ 1080 3, March 28, 1904 '. 1072 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin 90. January, 1903 32 91, March, 1903 42 92, March, 1903 146 93, June, 1903 663 94, June, 1903 706 95, July, 1903 665 96, Aiigust, 1903 672 97, October, 1903 663 98, January, 1904 993 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1902 124, 130, 144, 151, 155, 179, 180, 198 South Carolina Station: Bulletin 79, April, 1903 30 80, April. 1903 26 81, June, 1903.... 395 82, June, 1903 348 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903 936 South Dakota Station: Bulletin 78, April, 1903 87 79, May, 1903 237 80, May, 1903 290,291 81, June, 1903 343,354,366,378,383,395 82, December, 1903 1073,1098 Annual Report, 1902 730 1903 730 XIT EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Tennessee Station: Page. Bulletin, Vol. XVI. No. 1 , Janiiary, 1903 346 2, April. 1903 380 3, July. 1903 -.- 501 4, October, 1903 467 XVII, No. 1. January. 1904 .-. 1070 2, April, 1904 1069 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903 936 Texas St.\tiox: Bulletin GO. May, 1903 - 32 67, July, 1903 348 68, July, 1903 _.. 358 69, July, 1903 360 Circulars 697 4, August 10, 1903 693 Fourteenth Annual Report, 1903 96 Utah Station: Bulletin 78, September, 1902 _ .. 709 79, January, 1903 716 SO, December, 1902 655 81, February, 1903 857 82, July, 1903 895 83, October, 1903 871 Southern Utah Experiment Farm: BuUetinl, January, 1904 1080 Vermont Station: Bulletin 99, May. 1903 26 100, August, 1903 397 101, September, 1903 :..: 392 102, October, 1903 874 103, December, 1903 -__ 853 104, December, 1903 889 105, February, 1904 854 106, March, 1904 l 1136 • 107, April, 1904 1064 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903 1053, 1070, 1085, 1087, 1091, 1099, 1109, 1113, 1114, 1136 Virginia Station: Bulletin 131. December, 1901 168 132, January, 1902 153 133, February, 1902 153 134, March, 1902 363,376 135, April, 1902 376 136, May, 1902 364 137, June, 1902 . 364 138, July, 1902 364 139, August, 1902 364 140, September, 1902 ., 590 141, October, 1902 786 142, November, 1902 973 144, January, 1903 603 145, February, 1903 573 146, March, 1903 581 147, April, 1903 585 Special Bulletin, 1902-3 975 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XIII Washington Station: Page. Bulletin 54, 1903 687 55, 1902 658 56, 1903 693 57,1903 673 58,1903 711 59,1903 689 60, 1904 1074 Eleventh Annual Report, 1901 ■- 936 Twelfth Annual Report, 1903 - 936 West Virginia Station: Bulletin 84, January, 1903 465,466 85, December 31, 1902 463 86, April, 1903 477 87, May, 1903 480 88, August, 1903 902 89, September, 1903 - 857 90, October, 1903 899,923 91, November, 1903 - 1064 Fourteenth Annual Report, 1901 . 830 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1902 936 Wisconsin Station: Bulletin 100, April, 1903 463,498 101, JiTly, 1903 509 103, August, 1903 502 103, September, 1903 . 504 104, September, 1903 499 105, October. 1903 - 777 106, November, 1903 801 107, December, 1903 1000- 108, January, 1904 972 109, JaniTary. 1904 959,998 110, April, 1904 1088 111, March, 1904 1087 112, March, 1904 1064 Wyoming Station: Bulletin 58, April, 1903 31 59, November, 1903 854 60, December, 1903 963 Index Bulletin C, July, 1902 417 Thirteenth Annual Report, 1903 342, 350, 359, 417 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICA- TIONS ABSTRACTED. An nual Reports, 1903 729 Circular 10 702 11 1072 Farmers' Bulletin 159 191 167 31 168 33 169 96 170 ----- 70 171 - 57 XIV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fanners' Bulletin 173.. 58 173 . 158 174 145 175 154 176 153 177 292 178 381 179 621 180 560 181 581 182 . 701 183.. __ 893 184 893 185 , 873 186 937 187 934 188 874 189 879 190 .. 937 191 879 192 958 193 1136 194 : 1084 195 1082 Report 74 856,379 75 666 76 730 Yearbook, 1902 227,228,231,282,234,237,238,240,241,252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264, 278, 282, 291, 292, 295, 800. 807. 309, 810 Bureau op Animal Industry: Bulletin 39, pts. 3-5 307 6 1055 45 . 304 46.. : 292 47 899 48 392 49 398 50 495 51 799 52, pt. 1 916 53 ... 916 54 930 55 1117 56 1107 57 1116 Circular41 619 42 602 43 923 Special Report on Diseases of the Horse (revised) 619 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1902 498, 499, 502, 505, 509, 511, 512, 518, 515, 518, 520, 522 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XV Bureau of Chemistry: Bulletin 74 * Page. . 34 75 245 76 - 279 77 _ - _ 551 78 -- . 670 79- .. 826 80 _ 852 Circular 13 955 Bureau of Forestry: Bulletin 40 . _ . - 46 41 _ _ - 46 43 45 43 . 369 44- - 370 Circular 25 45 •^ 26 - .. . 1082 27- _ 1082 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 25 __ . 239,247,249,265 27 . ... 417 29 163 36 _ _ 54 37 . .-. - _ ._ 123 38 241 39 259 40 . _ _ 254 41 241 42 -. - - 249 43 - 263 44 270 45 227 46 _ , 365 47 358 48 581 49 586 50 - - 578 51, pt. 1 685 2 .- . . -.. 863 3 965 52 974 53 - - -- 1078 54 1079 55 -_ 1088 Bureau of Soils: Bulletin 21 22 22 457 Circular 10 309 11 459 12 859 13 ..-_ 1061 Field Operations. 1903 (fourtli report) 658 XVI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bureau ov Statistics: Bulletin 25 294 26 .- 730 Circular 15 831 Crop Reporter, Vol. V, Nos. 1-3, May- July, 1903 199 V, Nos. 4-6, August-October, 1903 417 V, Nos. 7-9, November, 1903-January , 1904 730 V, Nos. 10-12, February- April, 1904 _ 1136 Weather Bureau: Bulletin 31 . 655 32 654 33 655 K..__: 230 L 755 Circular E, Instrument Division (second edition) 655 Document 228 343 290 654 Meteorologrical Chart of the Great Lakes, 1903, No. 1 125 2 957 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXI. Nos. 1-3, January-March, 1903. 18 XXXI, Nos. 4-6, April-June. 1903 230 XXXI, Nos. 7-9. July-September. 1903- 560, 563 XXXI, Nos. 10-12, October-December, 1903 855 XXXI, No. 13 855 Report. 1900-1901, Vol. II 1 18 Office of Experiment Stations: Bulletin 124 92 125.. 70 126 63 127 . 310 128 310 129 281 130 414 131 . 521 132 492 133 520 134 521 135 523 136 698 187 730 138 - 1025 139 1025 140 1024 141 988 Circular 50 94 51.-._. 418 52 523 53 729 Annual Report, 1902 ^ 132, 133, 170, 194, 197, 198, 199 PUBUCATIONIS ABSTRACTED. XVII Division of Biological Survey: Page. North American Fauna, No. 2:', January 2'\, 1904 753 Division of Entomology: Bulletin 41 595 42 692 43 692 CircularoB 57 54 596 Division of Foreign Markets: Bulletin 30 625 31 417 32 417 33 371 Circular 26 417 Division of Publications: Circular 1 (revised) 730 Office of Public Road Inquiries: Bulletin 26 415 Liirary: Bulletin 46 831 47 831 48 831 49 831 3596— No. 12—04 2 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Plate I. Wisconsin University, agricultural building 6 II. Fig. 1. — Exterior view of Kentucky Station dairy barn. Fig. 2. — View of cow stalls of Kentucky Station dairy barn 642 III. Front elevation of buildings for the Department of Agriculture. _ 947 IV. The respiration calorimeter 1038 V. Model of respiration calorimeter, showing general plan and details of constru.ction . 1038 VI. The meter piimp and absorption tubes 1042 VII. Arrangement of heating wires, cooling pipes, etc 1042 TEXT FIGURES. FiG. 1. Basement plan, agricultural building, Wisconsin University 8 2. First-floor plan, agricultural building, Wisconsin University 9 3. Second-floor plan, agricultural building, Wisconsin University. 10 4. Third-floor plan, agricultural building, Wisconsin University.. 11 0. First-floor plan of the farm mechanics" building, Iowa College 216 6. Second-floor plan of the farm mechanics' building, Iowa College 217 7. Balcony and third-floor plan of the farm mei-hanics" building, Iowa College 218 8. Ground plan of Kentucky Station dairy barn 643 9. Ventilation system of Kentucky Station dairy barn 644 10. Plan of Department of Agriciilture grounds, showing location of existing and proposed buildings 948 1 1 . Vertical cross sections of respiration calorimeter 1039 12. Horizontal cross sectjgn of respiration calorimeter i 1040 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editur: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farminji;, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson. Meteorolo^'v, Fertilizers and (Soils (including methods of analysis) and Agricultural Engineering — \V. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops^J. I. Schulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Hoi'ticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. i. Page. Editorial notes: The mission of the farmers' institute 1 Organization of farmers' institutes 3 Introduction of agriculture at the Mt. Hermon school 4 New agricultural building at the University of Wisconsin 6 Kecent work in agricultural science 12 Notes 98 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Report on progress in agricultural chemistry, F. Mach - 12 Th'^ chemistry of plant and animal life, H. Snyder 12 Ash constituents of cereals, W. P. Gamble 12 Ash analyses of some New Mexico plants, A. Goss 13 Detection and determination of ammonia in waters, Manget and Marion 13 Investigation of the fat of guinea corn, N. F. Andreyev 13 Action of sulphuric acid on legumen, 1). P. Pryanishnikov 14 A new eudiometer, ]M . Silberberg 14 Reports of the directors of the government analytical laboratories, 1902 14 BOTANY. Economic plants of Porto Rico, O. F. Cook and G. N. Collins 15 Studies of Mexican and Central American plants — No. 3, J. N. Rose 15 Certain Mexican and Guatemalan species of Polypodium, W. R. Maxon 15 Poison ivy, G. E. Stone 15 Textile plants cultivated in Brazil and Argentina, C. D. (Tirola 15 Effect of climate on the anatomical stru(;ture of plants, G. Bonnier 15 The upper temperature limits of life, W. A. Setchell 16 Chemical stimulation and the evolution of carbon dioxid, E. B. Copeland 16 The occurrence of spherulins in plant families, L. Petit 1' Experimental studies on inulase, A. L. Dean - 17 Influence of formaldehyde on the growth of fresh water algfc, R. Bouilhac. . . 17 The motility of Ehizobium mutab'de, A. Schneider 1 ' I 1 1 CONTENTS. MicriooHoi.oov — ci.iMA'roi/xiY. Page. Monthly Wi-alher Review, Vol. XXXI, N(.s. l-ll 18 Baroiiietry of the United States, Canada, and the West liidii's, F. 11. lUjrelow. 18 Meteorolojiical iH'cordH, J. K. JJonehri^dit 19 Meteon )!< )<,deal ol )servations, C. 1 ). \V( h .ds 19 ]Meteorolo)j;ieal observations at the I\Iiehij,'au Agrieultural C'()lle<,'e foi- IHOl 19 Rainfall and temperature, 1902, J. !>. Reynolds 19 IMeteorologieal observations at Chiswick in. 1902, E. JNIawley 19 Report of the Meteorological Covnicil 19 Weather forecasting according to the phenomena of light, 1*. 1. Brownov 19 Rainfall and simspots, W. J. S. Lockyer 19 Application of mathematics in meteorology, F. H. Bigelow 20 Handbook of climatology. I, General climatology, J. Hann 20 ■WATER SOILS. Normal and polluted waters in Northeastern United States, M. O. Leightoii .. 20 Waters, E. J. Russell and F. T. Holbrook 20 Pollution of well water, K. Wittman 20 Water content of the soil on the forage plats at Poltava, 8. T. Tretyakov 20 Report of the Kherson experiment field for 1899-1900, F. B. Yanovchik 21 Brack land in relation to irrigation and drainage, P. MacOwan 21 Alkali soils, their influence on plants and methods of examining, P. Kossovich. 22 Reclamation of alkali lands in Egypt, T. H. INIeans 22 Humus soil, W. P. Gamble 23 IMethods of maintaining the productive capacity of soils, C. G. Hopkins 23 The role of the plant in dissolving the j^lant food of the soil, P. Kossovich ... 23 Soil temperatures for the year 1901, J. E. Bonebright 23 Soil temperatures,' C. H. McLeod 23 Subsoil temperatures, J. B. Reynolds 23 Characterization of the soil according to species of animals, V. P. Vradi 23 The new soil science, R. H. Wallace and W. Dyke 23 Historical review of investigations on the fixation of nitrogen, L. Naudin 24 FERTILIZERS. Experiments in green manuring, Fruwirth 24 Local deposits of bat guano, H. H. Cousins 24 Hamilton sludge, R. Harcourt 24 Residue from the purification of sugar-beet juices, S. L. Frankfurt 24 Residue from purification of sugar beets as a fertilizer, A. Chevely 24 Experiments with molasses refuse on sugar beets, F. Strohmer 24 Some local refuse manures, H. H. Cousins 24 Experiments with the Rippert manure ^preservative, Gerlach and Vogel 25 The action of various phosphatic fertilizers on moor meadows, Bachmann 25 Value of the phosphoric acid in bone meal as plant food, H. G. Soderbaum. . . 25 Hoof meal, E. M. Paget ■ 25 Utilization of atmospheric nitrogen ("lime nitrogen"), M. Gerlach and P. Wagner 25 The potash salts, L. A. Groth 25 Phosphates and other mineral fertilizers, C. W. Hayes and E. C. Eckel 25 Salt and gvpsum deposits of southwestern Virginia, E. C. Eckel 25 Weight per bushel of different fertilizing materials, H. von Feilitzen 26 Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods 26 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin 26 Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills and C. H. Jones 26 Manures, E. J. Russell and F. T. Holbrook 26 FIELD CROPS. Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz 26 A rotation study, F. S. Shiver 30 Culture trials on Swedish moor soils, 1900-1902, H. von Feilitzen 31 Continuous culture without manuring for 75 years, W. Christiani 31 Growing and preparing crops for exhibition, B. C. Buffum and A. Nelson 31 Cassava, S. INI. Tracy 31 CONTENTS. Ill Sekvtiiiu' anil preparinji poed corn, J', ti. 1 lolden L-t ul 31 Cotton culture in Scrvia, V. J. .Masalski 32 Foni<:e crops, 15. C I'itluck 32 Some exiierimcnts on the ensiling' of grass and beets, L. Bauwens 32 The cowpea and soy beau in Illinois, I). 8. Dalbey 32 Experiments in top-dressing grass land, II. J. Wheeler and (1. V. Adams 32 Flax and llaxseed selection, H. L. BoUey - 33 Intlnence of kainit on the yield of flax, A. Alexandrov 33 Tearl millet, C. 11. Ball 33 Anatomical structure of cultural varieties of millet, A. L. Winti )n 33 The ash constituent of ])otato leaves, J. Seissl 33 Moileni rice culture, W. J. Boudreau ,---;: ^"^ Influence of soil and climate upon sugar beet, II. W. AViley 34 Sugar-beet experiments, C. D. Smith 35 Sugar beets in the Ui)i)er Peninsula, C. D. Smith and L. 'M. (ieismar 36 Sugar-l)eet experiments, E. Ilarcourt : . . . „ 36 Culture of sweet potatoes in the Azores, Bernegau 36 Irrigation of Sumatra tobacco, C. J. Blanchard 36 HOKTICLLTUKE. Tomato culture, F. A. Huntley 36 A manual of Egyptian farm crops and vegetables, G. Bonaparte 37 The new ideals in the improvement of plants, L. 11. Bailey 37 Systematic pomology, F. A. Waugh 37 Fruits for the home'garden: Varieties and culture, F. A. Waugh 38 The experimental fruit ga:rden, A. I). Hall 38 Report of South Haven Substation, T. A. Farrand 38 Rei>ort of the professor of horticulture, H. L. Hutt 39 Experiments in orchard culture, W. I\I. Munson 39 Apple growing in Montana, II. W. Fisher 40 The apple: Propagation, planting, pruning, and culture, W. F. Massey 40 Apples in North Carolina, T. K. Bruner 40 Preparing apples for market, T. K. Bruner 40 How to utilize the surplus apple crop, G. McCarthy 40 Cider vinegar, G. McCarthy 40 Peach growing in Missouri, W. L. Howard 40 Pruning peach trees, J. C. Whitten 40 Olive growing in Spain, J. G. Lay 41 Olives and olive oil in France, R. P. Skinner 41 The mandarin orange group, H. H. Hume 41 A new species of coffee from German East Africa, W. Busse 42 Bush fruits, F. W. Card 42 Notes on small fruits, M. L. Dean 42 The Lucretia dewberry, J. B. Gilchrist 42 Strawberries for forcing, C. E. Hunn - 42 Nitrate of soda in the culture of grapes, (t. Chap{)az 42 Phosphoric acid and the ciuality of wines, (t. Paturel 43 Composition and waste of fruits and luits, W. R. Lazenljy 43 The culture and preparation of vanilla in German East Africa, R. Blitzner 44 Trees, shrubs, and vines of the northeastern United States, H. E. Parkhurst . 44 School gardens and children's herbariums, 1902, H. L. Clapp 44 Chrvsanthemums and fertilizers, A. Buyssens 44 Multiplication of the Dutch hyacinth, S. Mottet 45 Aljiine flowers for gardens, ^^'. Robinson - 45 Manures for passion vines 45 The largest mint farm in the world, "W. E. Andrews 45 Luther Burbank — an appreciation, E. J. Wickson 45 FOKKSTHV. The wo( )dlot, 11. S. Graves and R. T. Fisher 45 Forestry and the hnnber supply 45 Continual supply of forest products, E. Brnncken 46 Railroad ties and forest supitly 46 A new method of turpentine orcharding, C. H. Herty 46 IV CONTENTS. Pajje. 8eas()iiiii<,' (if tiiHluT, II. von Schrenk and R. Hill 4(5 F(.rcstry in the United States, W. Schlich 47 Kijihlii annual report, of the chief firewarden of INIinnesota, 1902, C. C. Andrews. 47 The forest jiolicy of rennsylvania, G. II. Wirt 47 Report on the forest administration in the Andamans, 1901-2, (r. Rogers 47 Forest administration of the lower rrovinces of I'engal, 1901-2, J. H. Lace... 47 Forest administration of the Central I'rovinces, 1901-2, P>. Rol)ertson 48 Report on the forest administration in the Punjab, 1901-2, F. R. Bryant 48 SEEDS WEEDS. Clover and its impurities, I). -Finlayson 48 Germination of maize, L. II. ranuiiel and G. M. Lumniis 48 Effect of coal tar, coal oil, etc., on germination of maize, Cr. 31. Lummis 48 The grading and selection of seeds, C. D. Girola 48 The germination of weed seeds, L. H. Pammel and G. M. Lummis 49 Loco weed, J^. E. Hayre 49 Weeds, L. R. Waldron 49 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Coml >ating smut of cereals, S. Toporkov 49 "Wheat smut experiments in 1901, AV. Farrer 49 Experiments on the brown rust of brome grasses, E. M. Freeman 50 Critical notes on Sclerosjiora of Gramineie, G. B. Traverse 50 Plistology of Uredo dinpersa and the niycoplasm hypothesis, H. Marshall Ward. 50 Diseases of flax and flax-sick soil, H. L. Bolley 50 A study of PJtoma ht'i;c, J. Henry 51 The protection of cane cuttings during transportation, A. I loward 51 Comljating black rot of cabbage, F. C. Stewart and H. A. I larding 51 An unsuccessful cabbage rot remeily, F. H. Hall, F. C. Stewart, H. A. Harding. 52 A disease of the branches of fig, A. Prunet 52 The control of the sooty mold of the olive, IX Vidal 52 The bitter rot fungus, H. von Schrenk and P. Spaulding 52 Collar rot of the orange, C. Fuller 52 The peach ; its diseases and suggested remedies, W. A. Boucher 53 Peach leaf curl, G. E. Stone - 53 Quince rust, G. E. Stone 53 The witches' broom disease of cacao 53 The alternate form of .Ecidivm liibhciuttnn, W. A. Kellernuui 53 A rust of the cultivated snapdragon, W. C. Blasdale 53 Grai)e mildew and the use of sulphur, L. Degrully 53 Brunissure of grapes; its cause and remedies, L. Degrully 54 The conidial form of the black-rot fungus, G. Delacroix 54 The bluing and the red rot of the western yellow pine, H. von Schrenk 54 Some nematode diseases of tropical plants, G. Delacroix. 55 Disease-resisting varieties of plants, L. Lewton-Brain 55 Notes on albinism among plants, E. Pantanelli 55 Fungus diseases and spraying, H. H. Lamson 55 Spraying for the control of insect pests and fungus diseases, T. W. Kirk 55 Combined fungicides and insecticides, L. Degrully 55 ENTOMOLOGY. The enemies of agriculture, A. L. Ilerrera 55 Some injurious insects and fungus diseases of the year 1902, W. Lochhead 56 Entomological notes 56 Indian INIuseum notes 56 The chinch l>ug in JNIaine, H. AV. Britcher 56 The root borer of sugar cane, N. B. Watson 56 The yellow-winged locust {C(imnid<(. peUiicida), C. R. Simpson 57 The codling moth, E. D. Sanderson 57 The codling moth, J. M. Aldrich 57 The control of the codling moth, C. B. Simpson 57 Two common scale insects of the orchard, W. E. Britton 58 Report of the inspector of San Jose scale, 1902, G. E. Fisher 58 The scale insects of the Lesser Antilles, II, H. Maxwell-Lefroy 58 CONTENTS. V Page. Scale insects of the West Indies, H. Maxwoll-Lefroy 58 Scale insects and mites on citrus trees, C. L. IMarlatt 58 Two insects injurious to the strawljerry, J. M. Stedman 58 The organization of a campaign against the enemies of grapes, I. Pachoski 59 A disease of grai)evines caused by Dactylopius vitis and Bornetina corium, L. Mangin and P. A'iala 59 The white tly of greenhouses, C. M. AVeed and A. F. Conradi 59 Pests of coffee and means of combating them, J. Rossignon 59 Animal pests of the rose, and means of controlling them, F. R. von Binnenthal. 59 AntJiera'd ci/iheira on Ptnus insignis at Fort Cunynghame plantation, J. Sims. . 60 The net-winged midges (Blepharocerid;e) of North America, V. L. Kellogg... 60 Intraradical nutrition of trees for destroying parasites, I. Shevuirev 60 The [Alabama] horticultural law, R. S. Mackintosh 60 Report of the inspector of fumigation appliances, 1902, P. W. Hodgetts 60 Crude oil and soap, a new general insecticide, H. Maxwell-Lefroy 60 Spraying calendar for 1903, C. F. Curtiss, H. C. Price, and H. E. Summers... 61 Spraying calendar, L. R. Taft and C. D. Smith 61 Mosquitoes and other insects of the year 1902, R. H. Pettit 61 Mosquito extermination in practice, E. M. Bentley et al 61 The fly and mosquito as carriers of disease, H. D. Geddings 62 Report of lecturer on apiculture, H. R. Rowsome 62 Apiculture _. 62 Modern bee keeping, AV. F. Rei(i 62 Bee matters, A. Gale 62 Conditions and means of increasing the production of honey, A. Kirillov 62 Bees as related to fruit growing, T. AA\ Ditto 62 The causes of the sexual differentiation in colonies of bees, F. Dickel 62 A new beehive with trapezoidal frames, J. Farcy 62 Foul brood of bees and means of preventing infection of hives, A. Butkevich. 63 Bacillus mesentericus and B. alvei, F. C. Harrison 65 Raising silkworms in Algeria 63 FOOnS XUTKITION. Studies on the digestibility and nutritive value of bread, H. Snyder 63 Digestibility of peas cooked in soft and hard water, A. P. F. Richter 63 Hens' eggs, E. Carpiaux 64 Physiological economy in nutrition, R. H. Chittenden 64 Metal)olisni of matter and energy at high altitudes, F. Hueppe 64 Calculation of heat of combustion from the elementary composition, E. A'oit. . 64 Fuel value of the oxygen in some sul)stances, O. Krummacher 64 Examination of preserved fruits and fruit marmalades, von Raumer 64 Sustaining power of Demerara sugar 65 Respiratory metabolism during static work, A. Bornstein and E. Poher 65 The lecithans, their function in the life of tlie cell, E. Koch 65 Diuresis when excretion is hindered, \A". Filehne and AA^ Ruschhaupt 65 Further exjieriments on water absorption, AA^. Filehne and Biberfeld 65 The tramp's handbook, H. Roberts 65 Progress in the examination of foods and condiments during 1902, Utz 65 Regulations of the superior board of health of Porto Rico 65 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Cleavage of vegetable materials l)y bacteria, J. Konig et al 65 Meat meal, \. Schenke 66 Meat meal made from diseased animals, V. Schenke 66 F'ish meal, V. Schenke 66 The feetling value of fish meal, S. Hals and A. Kavli 66 New food f(jr live stock in (^ermany, B. F. Liefeld 66 The use of molasses in feeding farm animals, B. de Laujardicre 66 Cane-sugar molasses, A. and P. Andouard 66 Cocoanut oil meal 67 Local [])eanut] oil cake 67 Composition of green feed stuffs, J. C. Brunnich and AV. Ma.\.\\ ell 67 VI CONTENTS. Page. Additional notes on West Indian fodders, F. Watts 67 Analyses of cominercial feeding stuffs of Michigan, F. W. liohison 67 Frediiig stuffs, K. J . liussell and F. T. Holbrook 67 Glycogen, K. I'lliigci- 67 Concerning the nucleo-proteid of liver, I, J. Wohlgemuth 67 Concerning ri'sorptiou in the intestine, IV, li. Ilober 67 Chemical composition of tlie carcass of farm animals, L. (irandeau 67 Fxperiments with fattening steers, G. E. Day 67 rhosi)hatcs for cattle, E. Kyley - 68 Siiec)) breeding at the Agricultural College, J. Mahon 68 Fattening la-m))s, G. E. Day 68 I'ig feeiling exiieriments with cotton-seed meal, E. K. 1 iinwiddie 68 Experiments with swine, G. E. Day 69 The feeding of hay to pigs, A. E. MacLeod 69 The range hog as a forest i)roblem, C. H. Shinn 69 Bacon curing as carried out at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College 69 A digest of recent experiments on horse feeding, C. F. Langworthy 70 Principles of horse feeding, C. F. Langworthy 70 Green'food for farm horses 70 Report of manager of poultry depai'tment, W. R. (ilraham 71 Raising chickens, C. J . Calloway 72 The egg-producing hen, T. E. Orr 72 Preservation of eggs, E. Brown 72 About eggs, G. Bradshaw 72 A modern ostrich farm, E. H. Rydall - - - 72 Fish food, R. Harcourt 72 Two new textile tiljers, G. Bellergren 72 DA IKY FARMING — DAIRYING. Vetch, cowpea, and soy-bean hay as substitutes for wheat bran, J. F. Duggar. 72 Yield and fat content of milk from cows fed on mangels, J. Percival et al 73 Variation in the milk of a herd during winter, T. S. Dymond and B. AV. Bull. 74 The covered pail a factor in sanitary milk production, W. A. Stocking, jr 74 Bacteria in milk and its products, H. W. Conn 74 Report of the professor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean 74 Water in butter, R. Harcourt 77 Does the nitrogenous matter in butter affect its keeping quality? R. Harcourt. 77 Causes of low volatile fatty ai'ids in Netherland butter 77 Investigations regarding the ripening of cheese, R. Harcourt 78 Dairymen's associations of the Province of Ontario, 1902 79 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Experimental studies on bacterial antagonism, A. Lode 79 Protective bodies and their relation to bacterial virulence, E. W. A. Walker.. 79 The mechanism of agglutination, A. Joos 79 Introduction to serum diagnosis, E. JNIarx 79 Organotherapy, E. Joest 80 The first Pan-Russian congress of veterinarians in St. Petersburg 80 Reports of inspectors of stock for year ended INIarch 31, 1902, T. A. Eraser et al. 80 Report of the chief inspector of stock, J. R. Weir 80 Report of the spaying expert, D. Wilson 80 Bacteria in the lungs and bronchial glands of live animals, U. Quensel 80 Cry ptogenetic sepsis in young animals, H . Kaljitz 81 Parasitic disease of the lungs of cattle, sheep, and pigs, D. Hutcheon 81 Infectious epithelioses and epitheliomata, A. Borrel 81 Human and bovine tuberculosis, N. Raw 81 Recent evidence as to the identity of liuman and bovine tuberculosis 82 Tul )erculosis of man and cattle, O. Stenstrom 82 Professor Koch, and the danger from bovine tul)erculosis, P. Garnault 82 Specific nature of serum diagnosis of tuberculosis, P. P^isenberg and E. Keller. 82 Protective inoculation against tuberculosis in cattle, E. von Behring 82 Jennerization a.s a means of coml)ating bovine tu1)erculosis, E., von Behring. . . 82 Histological changes after the injection of dead tubercle bacilli^ G. Engelhardt. 82 Tuberculosis and herd records for over lifty-iihie years, T. Hermann 82 CONTENTS VIl Page. Tuberculosis in horses, 11. ]\Iarkus 83 Tuberculosis in cold-blooded vertel)rates, L. Terre 83 Tuberculous ulcerations on the face of cats, G. Petit 83 A new method for intensive staining of the tuben^le bacillus, Biot 83 Actinomycosis of tlie tongue of cattle, li. Ilohmann 83 Staining actinomyces in sections, S. Cieclianowski 83 Anthrax, D. Hutcheon 84 The diagnosis of anthrax, E. Gottstein 84 Anthrax, F. C. Harrison 84 Treatment of anthrax with carbolic acid, A. INIinder 84 The antianthrax properties of rabbit and dog sera, O. Bail 84 The destruction of carcasses of animals dead of anthrax, E. Zschokke 84 An experiment in steam sterilization, C. Eijkman -♦- . . 84 Foot-and-mouth disease in New England, J. W. Connaway 84 Foot-and-mouth disease, C. W. Gay 85 Foot-and-mouth disease, N. 8. ]Mayo 85 The treatment of foot-and-mouth disease, F. Lieutaud 85 Contagious jileuro-pneumonia of cattle, D. Hutcheon 85 Parturient paresis, F. W. van Dulm ^ 85 Treatment of parturient paresis with oxygen, Kniisel 85 Contagious mamniitis of milch cows, E. Thierry 85 A peculiar disease of cattle, ]\I. Strebel 85 The discoverv of the j^arasite of Texas fever and of carceag, V. Babes 86 The cattle tick situation, H. A. Morgan 86 The duration of active immunity to cattle T^lague, V. K. Tvaryanovich. 86 Petechial fever in cattle, A. 31inder 86 Necrosis as a result of Bacillus necrophorus, H. A. A^ermeulen 86 Combating dysentery of calves with coUargol, P. Stampfl 86 Infection of calves due to coli bacilli, Baer 86 The l^eef measle worm in southern parts of Austria-Hungary, F. Munih 86 Experimental study of sheep pox, A. Borrel 86 Sheep scab 87 Sheep yards and dips 87 Preliminary report on tlie fringed tajieworm of sheej), E. L. Moore 87 ]\Iaggots in sheep, G. T. Brown 87 New method of treatment and pro])hylaxis of swine erysipelas, A. Gregoire 87 Time required for penetration of the bacilli of swine erysipelas and fowl chol- era into the internal organs of mice after hypodermic inoculation, T. Tiede. 87 Statistical notes on sarcosporidia, A. M. Bergmann 87 Diagnosis of glanders, C. Troester 88 Seruna inoculation against lineumonia in horses, and its value, Walther 88 Contagious coryza of horses of the remount station, Becher 88 Filjro-opthilial neomorphs of the skin, liver, and lungs in horses, Tetzner 88 The action of the poisonous principle of Equisetum, Ludewig 88 Poisoning by Equisetum, Wiinsch 88 Sorghum poisoning, "W. INIax well 88 Some conditions of stock poisoning in Idaho, H. B. Slade 88 Results of treating tetanus by inoculation with cerebral emulsion, J. Fiebiger. 89 Fixation of tetanus toxin by the brain, Besredka 89 The power of the brain to neutralize tetanus toxin, E. Marx 89 Antitetanic properties of the central nervous svstem of immunized animals, K. Dmitrievski " 89 The symi)toms and prophylaxis of experimental rabies, D. Conradi 89 Behavior of rabies virus in the central nervous system, R. Kraus et al 90 Formation of su])stances immune toward rabies virus, R. Kraus and R. INIaresch . 90 A bacillus found in animals and resembling that of influenza, A. Wolff 90 A new bacillus belonging to the influenza group, E. Freidberger 90 Morphological characters and cultures of Bacteriiun pe^tis, B. Galli-Valerio 91 Influence of passing plague bacilli through animals, R. Otto 91 Short notes on a new cliicken disease, 11. Streit 91 Liver disease in poultry 91 The identity of human and avian dii)htheria, F. C. Harrison 91 VITI OONTEISTTS. AnRirT'I.TrKAI. excjinkering. Page. Report of irri3. No. 1. The place of the fanners' institute among the agencies for the advancement of agricultufe and the assistance of the farmer becomes better defined over}' yeav. The results have stamped it as a highl^^ important factor. Experience is demonstrating- its proper tiold and scope and establishing its relations to the other agencies in the system, and its special mission and the means of accomplishing it are becoming clearer. Like all movements of its kind, it has had to pass through an exper- imental period, ni which it has been alternately a social gathering, a political rail}', a lyceum, and a lecture course. It is now in a most important stage of its development, in wliich it is taking on more defi- nite and logical form and being considered in its relations to other agencies for the moral and material uplifting of farm life. The meeting of the farmers' institute workers at Toronto this year is a good illustration of the earnestness with which some of the funda- mental problems relating to it are being considered, and of the change of sentiment which is taking place in the minds of man}- of the leaders in this work. Questions invohing the future development of the work, of organization, and of providing a corps of trained institute specialists occupied a prominent place in the deliberations. The pre- dominating sentiments and the approval with which they were received show a deeper conception of the purpose and possibilities of this work. The president of the association, Prof. W. C. Latta, emphasized the high aun and purpose of the institute work in his annual address. He said: ""The farmers' institute should be something more than a means of making agriculture more profitable. It should be made the means of uplifting the people morally and socially. To tell how to earn a dollar is a good thing, but to instruct in the wise use of the dollar when earned is better. The institute should be made the means of forever ])anishing the farmer's low estimate of himself and his calling, and be made the means of ridding farmers of the petty jeal- ousies and suspicions which prev(Mit them from intelligently cooper- ating with each other for nuitual protection and advancement." In other words, it should strive not only to increase the productive- ness and qualit}' of the staple products, ])ut to elevate the id(>als of 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. living'. As long as tho farmer looks upon liis calling as a round of drudgvry and is unal)lo to derive stimulation and pleasure from that contaet and sympathy with nature whicli e(hic:ition makes possible, the prospect will 1>c one fiom whicli his sons will naturally shrink. Contentment is on(^ of the iirst recpiisites to success; and, as Professor Baile}' has said, "the compensation in farming is (piite as much the pleasure of farming and the joy of being in the country and the sat- isfaction of being independent, as the mere money that is macle." This is one of the things which secondary agricultural education and the farmers' institute work are seeking to inculcate into the farmer's children especialh\ Education is the best possible means of elevating agriculture as a calling in the minds of the public and of the farmer himself. And the increased resourcefulness which comes from it will not only bring greater contentment, but will reflect itself in the improvement of farm methods. A special feature of the institute w'ork in a number of States has to do directh' with the farm boys. Special sessions are held for them, and they are encouraged to conduct trials or experiments to add an interest to their work. In Illinois a corn-growing contest is going on this vear, which is limited to boj^s under 18 years of age. Mr. F. H. Rankin, of that State, described his work among the boys and the means he is taking to interest them in farm life and in agricultural edu- cation. Every year an excursion is run at a very low rate to bring bo^^s to the agricultural college at Urbana, in order that they ma}" see what is offered there, and have their horizon broadened, their respect for agriculture increased, and their enthusiasm for agricultural edu- cation aroused. The results are already apparent. The need for the farmers' institute springs i:)rimaril3' from the remarkable progress w hich agriculture has made in the past ten or fifteen years. Much of this is attributable to the work of the experi- ment stations. There is something new for the farmer to learn every year, which concerns his business as vitally as the latest improvement in labor-saving devices does the manufacturer. He not onh^ should, but must learn these things, if he is to continue to be a good farmer. And this is the mission of his institutes, which bring to him the prog- ress in science as applied to his art, presented in clear and concise form in which he can make use of it. The success of the undertaking will depend, of course, primaril}^ upon the institute worker, and as he is so important a factor it is not strange that much attention is now being given to the consideration of his qualifications. This matter was freely discussed at the Toronto meeting, and there was a ver}' evident abandoning of some old ideas. "If the work of the institute is confined to telling of what the speakers themselves practice, the institute itself will soon be at an end. What EDITORIAL. 3 we must aim at is to teacli men to think and reason for themselves." This Avas the eounnent of one speaker, and another stated that an insti- tute eoukl be most etiectually killed 1)}" a semi-oratorical speaker with visionary ideas, or by droning out platitudes. The standard of requirement has risen very material]}', and calls for men of education and training. It is for this reason that experiment station workers and instructors at the agricultural colleges have been much sought as institute workers. They have a message for the farmer, and they have won his confidence by their experimental work and their writings. It is very natural to look to them to explain their work to the farmers verbally; and within bounds this can be defended upon the ground of the mutual benefit which results. But the calls upon the stations should steadily be relatively less, and they should not l)e expected to bear the brunt of the institute work. It is a dis- tinct and independent line of work from that of the experiment sta- tions, and is in the domain of instruction or university extension. Its aims and its methods of work, as well as its particular field, give it an individualit}' and distinguish it from all other agencies. The growth of the movement emphasizes the increasing need for the work of the experiment stations. They will furnish the basis for the institute work, as they have shown the need for it. It is well, therefore, to hold to the true conception of the station as being primarily a genera- tor of information rather than a demonstrator and broadcast difiuser. The Ofiice of Experiment Stations is now engaging more largely than formerly in work directly relating to the farmers' institutes, but it is not the intention to abate in any degree our former contention that research is the chief and distinctive business of the experiment sta- tion. It will be our efiort to secure increased financial support for the institutes with a view to putting them on a more independent basis and relieving station workers from attendance upon the institutes which would in any degree interfere with their work as investigators. The institute work is now recognized as constituting one of the great factors in the s^'stem of agricultural instruction which is being- worked out in this countr}-. These factors — nature stud}^ and agricul- tural instruction in the elementary and high schools, agricultural schools and colleges, farmers' institutes, and the experiment stations — are being correlated and their respective fields outlined. In man}^ States the institute work has been put well on its feet, and is considerabl}" in advance of some of the related agencies. Farmers are believing in it more and more, and the attendance is increasing at a rapid rate. It nuist develop, as one of the speakei's stated, or it will go to seed; and this development will naturally be in the direction of greater individuality and a more efiective organization. The connec- tion between it and the stations and colleges will almost necessarily 4 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. ivmiiin \ (M'v close, for tlu'v arc imitually (Icpciideiit ; but it will need (Mciitually to develop a corps of ti'ained institute workers as a nucleus around which to rally the assistance* of tli<> colleoc ;ind station workers and others. This is the present tendency, and there was (piite o('iu'i'al a<>'reenicnt at tile Toronto nieetino' as to the (pialilications which these workers sliould possess. They should first of all l)e men well educated in the principles and practice of agriculture, and should keep themselves well informed throu<;h readino- and contact with the experiment sta- tions and agricultural colleges and with the centers of agricultural activity. The}- should be specialists in the sense that they (h'vote themselves primarilv to some division of thesubjectof agricultuic and aim to keep posted upon that. The da}' for the all-around worker who is a sort of encyclopedia of universal knowledge iias passed in most States. Agriculture is too vast a subject for any one man to cover, and the fund of knowledge is being added to too rapidly. They should, of course, have practical experience and be in thorough sympathy with farm life; and in addition to native ability the}' must needs be trained for institute work. Such a class of specialists can not be brought together in a few months. They must be developed graduallv, as our agricultural instructors and our station experts have been. Much time will be required, and hence the desirabilit}' of working in that direction. In the meantime much can be done in training the institute forces for the season's campaign. This is already engaging the attention of institute directors, and in several States a beginning ha.-: been made. The New York State department of agriculture will hold a normal institute for the technical instruction of institute workers during two weeks of November. One week of the meeting will be held at the College of Agriculture at Cornell University and one week at the agri- cultural experiment station at Geneva. The plan of bringing the work ers together for conference at the agricultural college once a year has been highly commended; and in several States steps have been taken to introduce a normal school plan for training lecturers as a part of their institute system. It is hoped that this Department may be able to contribute, directly and indirectly, toward the better equipment and training of these forces. The States will not long refuse to appropriate money to place so laudable and popular a work as that of the farmers' institutes on a substantial and independent basis; and the development of interest in agricultural education of different forms will promote this end. The Mount Hermon School, near Northfield, Mass., founded by the late D. L. Mood3% has decided to establish an agricultural department and to offer courses of instruction in that subject. This step on the part of one of the largest secondary schools in the United States will EDITORIAL. O be u mutter of interest to those who iire following the progress of sceondury agrieiiltural education. It is the more signitieant from the fact that the institution is iiot a technical school and that this is the first attempt to establish an industrial course. It is another indication of the hold which this grade of agricultural education is taking. The school has for some time had a farm of al^out a thousand acres, which is carried on quite largely with student labor. In consideration of the low rate of tuition and board, pupils are expected to work about tif teen hours a week and many of the boys have put in this time on the farm. As now operated it is said to yield a good profit. Much of the product finds a market at the boys' and girls' departments of the school and the Bilde school, which together have and aggregate of about nine hundred students. There is at present a dairy of al)out tAVO hundred cows, and fruit orchards of considerable proportions, together with a cannery for patting up vegetables, especially tomatoes, peas, and corn. There has, however, been no theoretical instruction in agriculture or horticulture. Mr. Harry Hayward, a graduate of the school and for several months past assistant chief of the Dairy Division of this Department, has now been called to the school as director of the agri- cultural department, and entered upon his duties August 1. The department will be organized into divisions for horticulture, dairying, and field work; and courses will be offered in different branches of agriculture, which it is understood will be mainh'^ elective. In other Avords, onlv such of the 425 bo3"s in the school as are especially inter- ested in agriculture will be required to take the courses, although others may be required to work on the farm as heretofore. It is planned to carry the farm on with student labor to even a greater extent than in the past, with practical foremen at the head of the sev- eral departments. As the school runs practical!}' the year round, there being three terras of sixteen weeks each, this plan will be feasible. An effort will be made to make the instruction as practical as experi- ence and the conditions surrounding the school will permit. A con- siderable number of the pupils come from the farming districts and expect to return to the farm, and the courses will be planned with special reference to their needs. With the equipment already at hand the opportunity" would seem to be an unusual one for demonstrating the high value of agricultural courses in secondary schools. NKW ACRICULTURAl. HUII.DIXrx AT THl: UXIAini>. 417-42.'). — A ])i-ief revifw \vith luinu'i-dus referenoes to literature pub- lished iluring the past year. The cheraistry of plant and animal life, H. Sxyder {Eaaton, Pa.: Chemical Puhlishing Co., 190S, pp. XVII ^- 406, ph. 3, figs. 102). — It is stated in the preface that this book is the outgrowth of instruction in chemistry given iu the School of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota since 1891. The opening chapters are devoted to the elements and simpler compounds of plants and animals and the laws governing their combinations, after which the composition of plant and animal bodies, chemistry of plant growth, composition of feeding stuffs, chemistry of diges- tion and nutrition, rational feeding of animals and men, and other subjects are dis- cussed. Exercises and questions are included. Ash constituents of cereals, W. P. Gamble {Ontario Agr. Col. and Exp>t. Farm Ejit. 1902, 2)p. 48-51). — Determinations were made of the total ash and the different constituents in the grain and straw of barley, the method used being that of Shuttle- worth (E. S. R., 11, p. 304). In the preparation of an ash from a cereal low in silica, as oat straw, the fusion of the ash in the author'^s experience was not pre- vented by this method. Lower figures for silica and higher figures for jwtash than those reported by older methods of analysis were obtained, indicating that previouslj' some of the potash was left in combination with silica. The results of the ajialy.^cs are given in the following tal)le: Compomt'inn of harleii asli. Constituents. (Jrain. .■^traw. Ornin.t. G rains. 20. 3200 34. 1240 .4460 3. 3370 . 0427 . 5674 .0107 . 0367 . 0187 . 2.536 . 053.=) .1635 .1347 .0701 . 1182 1.2847 . 04(57 . 0020 .0070 .1068 .1053 .8409 .all constitu- ents iu grainanil straw. Material.. Total ash . SiO., FCoOs CaO MgO PoOs k;o Na.,0 so; CI Per cent. Per rrnt. 19 9.70 61) 16.70 40 1.10 20 7.60 00 4.90 20 2.10 50 38.50 60 25. 20 40 .45 56 3. 20 13.8 3.4 13.6 3.06 0.52 10.87 0.04 15. 33 8.00 It is estimated that a crop of barley yielding 40 bu. i:>er acre would remove 11.5 lbs. of potash and 13 lbs. of phosphorii' acid in the grain and 12.5 lbs. of potash and 6.5 lbs. of phosphoric acis. of potash, and 8.2 lbs. of phosphoric acid, estimated at eastern prices at $11.14. A comparative study was made of the sulj^hur in ash as determined l>y the official method of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists and in the jilant as deter- mined by the method of fusion with potash and potassium nitrate. In the latter method large iron crucibles were finally used in place of platinum crucibles, which were seriously injured. Averaging the results for all the samples the sulphur in the ash was 0.29 per cent and in the plant 0.71 per cent. The percentage of sulphur lost in burning varied in different plants and ranged from 34 to 94 per cent. The determination of sulphur in the ash with a view to determining the amount origi- nally ])resent in the jdant is therefore considered a1)Solutely worthless. Detection and determination of ammonia in -waters by means of diami- nophenol, Manget and ]\r.\KioN {A7111. Chhn. Anahjt., S {1903), p. S-3; ahs. in Jour. Chcni. Sor. [London], S4 (A9/9.?), iVo. .^^7, 7/, ;>. -?.W).— It is stated that diaminophenol (amidol) is superior to Nessler reagent for detecting and determining traces of ammonia in waters. It very distinctly shows 1 ))art per million or even less. Investigation of the fat of guinea corn (Andropogon sorghum), N. F. Andreyev {Zltur. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. E.cpt. Landw.], 4 {IDOS) , No. 2, pp. 145-180) . — The seed of guinea corn {Andropogon sorghum) is an important cattle feed in Turkes- tan. Recently the question of its suitability as a fodder for military horses has attracted considerable attention, some enipii-ical trials having given encouraging results. In view of the fact that the favorable effect of oats on horses has l)een ascrilK'd l)y some to the high fat content, the author made a study of the fat of 14 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. guineu {■ovw. Tlio corn contains over 4 per cent of fat. The constants olitained for the fat weri' as follows: Specific gravity at 15° C, 0.9282; melting point of fat, :',!)-40°; melting jxiint of fatty acids, 43-44°; saponilication ecpiivalent of fat, 172.1; saponifi- cation eiiuivalcnt of fatty acids, 175.6; saponification equivalent of free acids, KISG; Hehner's mmiber, 96.1; Reichert-Meissl number, 2.1; iodin number of fat, 98.89; iodin numl)er of fatty acids, 101.63; acetyl number (after Benedict and Ulzer), 9.26, and acetyl number (after Lewkowitsch), 6.85. The ratio of the liquid to the solid acids was as 26.09:72.72. The total content of volatile acids was 0.32 ])er cent. These proved to be valeric and formic, in the ratio of 2:1. The fatty acids were converted into ethyl esters, which were subjected to distilla- tion under diminished pressure. The esters in separate fractions were saponilictl, and from the soaps the respective acids were set free and oxydized with potassium permanganate in alkaline solution. The conclusions of the author are as follows: (1) Among the solid acids, which form 96 per cent of the ether extract of the seed of guinea corn, erucic acid predominates and impresses on the fat some of its own characteristics. (2) The erucic acid is accompanied by small (piantities of oleic (ricinoleic) and linoleic acids. (3) The simultaneous presence of the predominating erucic acid and of oleic aciil imparts to the fat a certain likeness to the fat of oats, while the linoleic acid imparts a slight resemblance to the fat of maize. (4) The presence of a small quantity of linoleic acid accounts for the slow-drying of the fat and for the rapid changeability of guinea-corn flour. (5) Besides the acids mentioned, volatile fatty acids and oxyacids are present in the fat of guinea corn, valeric acid predominating among the volatile acids, and ricinoleic acid apparently predominating among the oxyacids. — p. fireman. Action of sulphuric acid on legumen, D. P. Peyanishnikov {Izv. Moxcow Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [A)ui. Li.P- 375-384).— The present investigation is an attempt to trace quantitatively, step 1)y step, the process of the decomposition of albumen (legumen) under the influence of weak (4 per cent) sulphuric acid. The conclusions of the author are as follows: (1) Four per cent sulphuric acid acts energetically on albumen on the api)lication of heat, causing a rapid decrease of that body and transforming it into compounds not i^recipitated by cupric oxid. (2) Among the latter compounds from the very first stages of decomposition appear substances not jirecapitable by phospho-molybdic acid, increasing rajudly in quantity; toward the end of the experiment two-thirds of the total nitrogen is present in this form. Hence, it is very probable that dilute acid causes the decom- position of albumen to proceed as far as the formation of amido-acids. (3) The nitrogen of ammonia as W'ell as of organic bases shows a gradual incrt-ase, the amount of the former reaching one-tenth toward the end of the experiment and of the latter up to two-tenths of the total nitrogen. (4) The peptones play the part of an intermediate product, and in accordance with this their amount is large at the ))eginning of the experiment and, after olnaining a certain maximum, falls off toward the end of the experiment. A more correi-t esti- mate of the (|uantity of peptones and similar compounds can be had when the precipitation with tannin is carried out in the absence of copper compounds. — p. FIREMAN. A new eudiometer, M. Silberbeiui {ZtsrJir. Landir. Ver^uchifV'. Oestevr., 6 {1903), No. 6, pp. 591, 59:2, fig. 1) . Resume of tlie reports of the directors of the g-overnment analytical labo- ratories, 1902 {Resume des rapports des direct eurs des laboratoires d' analyses' de I' etat BOTANY. 15 pour Vexerncc 1902. Brmi^eJs: P. Weissenbruch, 1903, i->p. 60). — During the year 21,715 sam])le8 were analyzed at the 7 government lal)oratories in Belgium. These included fertilizing materials, feeding stuffs, human foods, and miscellaneous materials. The maximum, minimum, and average results are reported in tabular form and the work at each lal)oratory is further discussed. BOTANY. Economic plants of Porto Rico, 0. F. Cook and G. N. Collins {Smithsn. Inst., U. S. Kat. Mm., ConUibidions from ihe U. S. National Ilevhanum, vol. 8, No. 2, pp. IIIA57-2G9, ph. 48, ficp. 2) . — A list is given of the economic plants of Porto Rico, the arrangement being an alphabetical one and the scientific and the Si)anish and Eiiglish popular names being given of the different plants, so. far as their identi- fication was assured. The authors have compiled this information from a number of sources, including their personal observations in 2 trips to Porto Rico and a study of the available literature relating to the botany of the island. In many instances descriptive notes are given and statements made regarding the economic value of the different plants descril^ed. Suggestions are given of a number of species of economic tropical plants which in the estimation of the authors would probably prove valuable if introduced into the country. Studies of Mexican and Central American plants — No. 3, J. N. Rose {Sin'dhsn. Ltd., U. S. Nat. Mus., Contrihatiuns from tlic U. S. National Herbarium, vol. 8, No. 1, pp. XI-\-55, pis. 12, figs. 11). — Descriptions are given of a number of hitherto undescribed species of plants collected by the author and others in various localities in Mexico and Central America. Notes are given on a number of species which appear to have economic value, and living specimens of some of the more interesting forms are now under ol)servation in this Department. A study of certain Mexican and Guatemalan species of Polypodium, W. R. Maxox {Sinltlisn. Inxt., U. S. Nat. J/«.s., (hntrilnUtoits from the T. S. Nat'ioiud. Herba- rium, vol. 8, No. 3, jyp. V^27 1-278, j^ls. 2), — Critical notes and descrijitions of new species are given of a number of ferns of the genus Polypiidium. Poison ivy, G. E. Stone {Massachusetls State Bd. Agr. Nature Leaflet 9, pp. 4, figs. 3). — Popular descriptions are given of the poison ivy {Rhus toxicodendron) and some of its related species, and remedies suggested for the poisoning produced by these i)lants. For this jjiirpose repeated applications of an alcoholic solution of lead acetate are recommended. The author has conducted some experiments on the extermination of this pest and has found that arsenate of soda is quite efficient for its destruction. Textile plants cultivated in Brazil and Argentina, C. D. Girola {BoI. Agr. y Gaiiaderia, 2 {1902), No. 34, pp. 43). — Descriptions are given of the textile i)lants which are native or introduced in Brazil and Argentina, and which are more or less exploited for their fibers. The list of fiber plants includes flax, hemp, jute, ramie, China grass, New Zealand hemp, Manila hemp, cotton, etc. The effect of climate on modifications of the anatomical structure of plants, G. BoxxiKK (Compt. Rend: Acad. Set. Paris, 13.5 {1902), No. 20, pp. 1 285-1 2S9).— In continuation of the experiments conducted by the author on the effect of climate in modifying the structure of various plants, a report is given showing the modified structure of plants grown in the vicinity of the Mediterranean and at tiie lal)oratory of Fontainebleau, France. The plants were selected in the Mediterranean region and one lot planted in pots in that region, the second lot together with soil trans- ferred to the lal)oratory at Fontainebleau and there grown in the open air. The only difference in conditions are those attributed to the difference in atmospheric phenomena. The climate of the 2 regions is compared, by which it is shown that the growing season of the Me EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. that till' availal)l(> tfini>fratun' at Toulon on tlio ^lediterraiu'aii is about 4600° C. us (•oniparfd to 2750° for t lie vicinity y the author's observations to be between 75 and 77° for the c^hlorophyll-bearing and 89° for the chlorophylless i)lants. In the calcareous waters the limits of endurance were between 00 and (V.]° for the chlorophyll-bearing Schizophyta and 70 and 71° for the chlorophylless species. No organisms were fountl in springs which had a decided acid reaction. A careful study of the species of thermal Schizophyta showed that they were either fdamentous or unicellular, but in each case the filaments or (>ells were inchwed within an abundant mass of jelly. Chemical stimulation and the evolution of curbon dioxid, 1\. B. Copeland {Bol. (luz., 35 {1903), A'o.s'. 2, pp. 81-9S; 3, jip. 100-183, Jigsi. «').— While engaged in a study of the poisonous properties of certain chemicals, the autlior noted the accelera- tion of growth in many of thecultures, which led to a. series of studies in water cultures to detennine the cause of this variation. In considering the growth of the plants the increased res])iration ^\as taken as the factor to be considered, and the effect of various substances on the liberation of carbon dioxid was examined. The methods are descrilied in detail. As subjects of the experiments the author used various aquatic plants, such as Cardamine, Callitriche, Ceratophyllum, Potamogeton, Elodea, BOTAISTY. 17 as well lis tadpole.s and some iwimature fish. The killing point of the different sub- stances for these plants and animals Avas deternnned and the death point was used in comparing results. From a careful review of the; results obtained the authoi' claims his method is reliable witliin a very slight degree of variation. Of a large number of so-called poisonous substances the author found that all acted in certain respects as stimulants. The metallic salts were found to drive the carbon dioxid from the carbonates in the cell sap. This pseudorespiration is in many cases as active as the real respiration of the plant. It was found that carbon dioxid would be given off from the filtered sap of crush-'d Elodea nmch more raiiidly than from the same plant without injury. The stinuilati(in of potassium salts was found to be greater than that (jf sodium salts in about the proportion of their relative toxicity. There was no constant difference found between the chlorids and nitrates. The excessive evolution of carbon dioxid under the conditions of the experiment is considered a feature in the death of the plant. Just when the plant begins to die is hard to determine, as the cells in a single leaf do not all die together, and dead cells may become conspicuous, while a large part of the plant is still evidently alive. The evolution of carbon dioxid may continue after the plant, as judged by its physical appearances, would be called dead. Tlie occurrence of spherulins in plant families, L. Petit ( Compl. Rend. Acad. Set. Paris, 135 {190J), No. 2.3, pp. 991, 903). — The author has given the name spher- ulin to certain substances which exist in chlorophyll cells of leaves of plants, l)eing present as minute globules which are strongly colored by a tincture of alkanna. He has investigated a large number of families of plants to determine the presence of this substance and arrives at the conclusion that it is of rare occurrence among the families of Apetahe and monocotyledons. Experimental studies on inulase, A. L. Dean \Bot. Gaz., 35 {1903), No. 1, pp. 24-35). — A study was made of the inulase of Aspergillus and Penicillium to discover whether or not it was identical with the inulase of artichokes reported by Green in 1.S88. Pure cultures of Aspergillvft luger and Penicillium glaucum were obtained and comparisons made with inulin prepared from Dahlia by alcoholic precipitation. The method of obtaining preparations of inulase is described at length, as well as the influence of various factors on the activity of the enzym. The author was able to confinn the presence of inulase in these molds, and as the enzym of these fungi does not pass into the culture medium it is to be classed as an endoenzym. Inulase acts most vigorously in a medium slightly acid, the enzym being destroyed l)y 0.01 nor- mal sulphuric acid. Alkalis hinder its activity, 0.0001 normal potassium hydroxid being injurious. The optinu;m temperature for the action of inulasi' wmh found to be al)Out 55° C. Influence of formaldehyde on the growth, of some fresh water alg-ge, R. I50UILHAC {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. Paris, 135 {1902), No. 26, 2)p. 1369-1371).— The effect of adding formaldehyde in weak solution to a culture medium in w hicii Nostoc jinnctiforme and Anab^'na sp. are grown was investigated, from whicli tlie author and that a certain amount of light is necessary to permit them to polymerize the formaldehyde. The limit of the amount of light required is very nearly that which is necessary for ])lants to decompose carljon dioxid of the air. The motility of Rhizobium mutabile, A. Bchneider {Bof. i. 21, <-li((rh Jl: J, j>p. oJ-lOS, Jigs. 2S, charlK 11; 3, pp. lOO-KU, jUj.^. IS, charts 10).— In addition to the nsual reports on forecast, warningn, weather and crop condi- tions, nu'teorolo<>;icai ta])leH and chartn for the nionth.s of January, February, and Marcli, litOo, recent i>ai)ers ])earin<,' on nifteor()lo<;y, etc., thene nuiiilters contain the following articles and notes: No. 1. — Special contributions on Synchronous Cluuijies in the Solaraiid Terrestrial Atmospheres (ilhis.), 1)y F. 11. Bigelow; High Wind.s in Mountain Valleys, l)y A. 1). Elmer; The Southern Limit of a Northwest Gale, by H. 11. Ten Rroeck; Inductive Studies in Weather Influence, by F. (!. Dexter; Elasticity at Low Tem- peratures (illus. ), by J. R. Benton; Violent Wind in South Dakota, by S. W. (denn; The Vertical Component of the Movement of Clouds Measured l^y the Nephoscojje, by L. Besson; Local Peculiarities of Snowfall, by V.. L. Mosely; and The Structure of Cyclones and Anticyclones on the .3,.500-foot and 10,000-foot Planes for the I'nited States (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; and notes on the meteorological reporter to the Government of India, Ijombarding against hail, horizontal curvilinear movement of clouds, the Scottish Antarctic Expedition, and the climates of geological ages. No. 2. — Special contributions on The Temperature and Rainfall De])artures at Hawaii, as Duplicated in New England Sixty Days Later, by A. D. Elmer; Some Higli Wind Records on the Pacific Coast (illus. ) , by A. G. McAdie and W. W. Thomas; Note on the Anemometer Exposure at Point Reyes Light, Cal., by C. F. 3larvin; Composite and Other Arrangements of Weather Types (illus.), by H. W. Richard- son; ^leteorology in the National Agricultural Institute of France, by Miss R. A. Edwards; and The Mechanism of Countercurrents of Different Temperatures in Cyclones and Anticyclones (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; and notes on .lames Glaisher, snow from a clear sky, sunshine records at Hamburg, Germany, aerial research in Denmark, courses of instruction in meteorology, Hann's climatologv in English, and origin of the word "barometer." No. ?>. — Special contributions on Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama (illus.), by II. L. Abl)ot; Mean Barometric Pressure at Sea Level on the American Isthnms, by H. L. A1)bot; Notes on a Feeble Eartliquake Recorded at Washington, D. C. (illus.), byC. F. Marvin; The Districts of the Dominion of Canada (illus.), by R. F. Stu|)art; The Semidiurnal Tides in the Northern Part of the Indian Ocean (illus.), by R. A. Harris; The Endowment of Research in Meteorology, by T. C. Chamberlin; and INIarch Winds, l)y B. C. Webber; and notes on second Russian congress on clima- tology, weather cycles and farmers' almanacs, Chavanne's Temperature and Rainfall in Argentina, the weather in Venezuela, the Cuban meteorological service, student assistants in the United States Weather Bureau, an arctic magnetical and meteoro- logi("il .station, William Kaucher, the first use of the word "barometer," and notes on the barometric i)ressure at Colon and Alliajuela. Report on the barometry of the United States, Canada, and the West Indies, F. H. Bigelow ( V. S. Depl. Agr., Weather Burean lipt. 1900-1901, II, Cliaptern 1, 2, G, S, pp. 1-117, 423-624, 640-771).— Thiti report "contains a revision of the meteorological data which have become available since the opening of the Govern- ment service in 1871, in order to prepare it on inodern scientific principles for the forecasting work of the Bureau. It contains the material necessary for constructing daily weather maps on three planes, the sea level, the 3,500-ft. jilane, and the 10,000-ft. plane; also normal values of the pressures, temperatures, and vapor pres- sures at the stations and on these 'i planes." Of the 4 methods which have previously been used in reduction of )>arometric data the author adopted that of Ferrid, l)ut "addeil another for local abnormality, computed tlie effect of the vapor pressure separately from that of the free air, and discussed thoroughly the tempera- METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 19 ture argument, 80 that these, adileil to the usual free-air rechictions, give the ones required for the jilateau districts." Meteorolog-ical records, J. E. JioxEBRKiHT {Idaho Sta. Bui. So, -pp. 1:20-133). — Daily ol)servations on temperature, pressure, precipitation, and cloudiness at Mos- cow, Idaho, for each month of 1901 are reported. Meteorolog-ical observations, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bal. 88, pp. 218-220). — A summary by months of observations at Orono, Me., during 1902, on pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement. Meteorolog-ical observations at the Michigan Agricultural College for 1901 {MlchUjan Sta. llpt. 1902, pp. 83-107) .—TahuMed tlaily and monthly summa- ries of observations during 1901 on temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc. The summary for the year is as follows: Mean temperature, 46.98° F. ; humidity, 91.71 per cent; atmospheric pressure (reduced to 32° F. ), 29.161; cloudiness, 47.58 per cent; amount of rain or melted snow, 32.23 in. ; snowfall, 42.05 in. ; number of thunderstorms, 28. Rainfall and temperature, 1902, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Agr. Col. and E.ipt. Farm Rpt. 1902, p. 13). — A tabular summary by months of observations at Guelph on temperatures and precipitation averages for 1902 and the two preceding years is given. Report on the meteorological observations made at the Royal Horticul- tural Society's gardens at Chiswick in 1902, E. Mawley {.Tour. Jloij. Ilort. Soc. [London'\, 27 {1903), Xo. 4, pp. 1073-1081, fitj.^. 3).— The temperature, humidity, and precipitation of each month of the year are reported in notes, tables, and dia- grams. The air temperature is also compared with soil temperatures at depths of 1, 2, and 4 ft. Report of the Meteorological Council {Bpt. Meteor. Council [Great I>rit((lii'\, 1902, pp. 163, 2)1. l,fig. 1, maps 5). — An account of the work of the council during the year ended ^larch 31, 1902, in the lines of ocean meteorology, weather telegrajihy and forecasts, climatology, and miscellaneous investigations is given, with state- ments regarding publications of the council and its library and finances. Informa- tion of a miscellaneous character is given in a series of appendixes. The success of 8.30 p. m. forecasts during 1901-2 was, complete 58 jier cent, partial 26 per cent, sum of complete and partial 84 per cent. The averages for the preceding 10 years were, complete 55 per cent, partial 27.1 per cent, sum 82.1 per cent. Weather forecasting according to the phenomena of light in the atmos- phere, P. 1. Brownov {Trud. Selsk. Khoz. Meteor., 1902, Xo. 2; abs. in Zhiir. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. E.vpt. Landir.'], 3 {1902), Xo. 6, j). 814). — A summary' of literature on observations on the atmospheric light phenomena, with a view to the study of the con- nection between the optical phenomena and the state of the weather. — p. fireman. Rainfall and sunspots, W. J. S. Lockyer {Xature [London'], 68 {1903) Xo. 1749, pp. 8-10; abs. in Science, n. ser., IS {1903), Xo. 446, p)p- 91, 92).— In a note in Science Professor Ward summarizes the author's conclusions as follows: "Smoothed rainfall curves for the British Isles, Brussels, Madras, Bombay, Cape Town, and the Upper Ohio Valley show a long-period variation at all the stations, and further, the occur- rence of the greatest rainfall generally in the years 1815, 1845, and 1878-83, with the minima about the years 1825-30, 1860, and 1893-95. A continuation of the curves, based on the assumption that the apparent law already recognized holds good, indi- cates that the year 1913 will be at about the middle of the next wet epoch. The sunspot curve shows a close correspondence with the rainfall curves. There apjiears to be a long-period solar change of thirtj'-five years, the minimum of sunspots cor- responding roughly with the maximum of rainfall. Dr. Lockyer concludes that 'since this long-period rainfall cycle synchronizes so well with the solar changes, the latter may render valuable assistance in determining the epochs of these dry and wet cycles.' " (See also E. S. R., 12, p. 724.) 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Application of mathematics in meteorology, F. II. Wicia.dw { J'liil. Soc Waali- i)ii/in,i, lini. i.; {I'M.;), PI,. 2i5-2.^r>\. Handbook of climatology. I, General climatology, J. IIaxn, Inin.s. by R. DkC Ward (.Ve/c )'}>. XIV -\-4S7, ill:). — Til is is not only a translation bnt a revision of the Jiiost important part of Ilann's well-known lfn after l)eets. — i*. fikemax. Report of the Kherson Gxperiment field for 1899-1900, F. 15. Yaxovchik {Kherson, 1902, vol. 9, -pp. Hi; ''''''• '» Pochvovedcnle [La Pcdoloyie'], 4, {1903), No. 4, pp. 4S3, 434). — The most interesting experiments described in the report are th(jse relating to the evaporati(jn of water l)y summer wheat as affected by the fertilizing and the different moisture content of the soil. Some of the results are as follows: (1) In the case of a large water content in the soil tillering begins earlier than when the moisture is low, while the other phases of development set in in the c(jn- verse order; (2) a high moisture content increases the effect of fertilizing; (3) the straw and the root system develoj) more strongly with the increase of moisture while the head becomes shorter. Regarding the amount of "water evaporated per unit of crop, the following data are given: (1) AVhen the moisture content in the soil was small (10 per cent) 500 units of water were required jier unit of yield, although the presence of nitrogenous fertilizers lowered this proportion; (2) with a medium moisture content (14 per cent) of the soil the plant evaporate more water; (3) with oi:)timum moisture (18 per cent) of the soil almost no further increase of evajioration took place, in the absence of fertilizer, but the evaporation strongly increased in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizer. The i)rogress of evaporation during the period of vegetation was as follows: (1) In the first period of develoj)- ment (until the middle of ^lay) the daily consumption of water in the vessels with- out fertilizer (nitrogenous) was greater than in those with fertilizer. (2) Aljoutthe middle of May the fertilized wheat began to grow raj^idly and overtook that without fertilizer and at the same time consumed considerably more water. (3) The maxi- nunn consumj)tion of water took place during the last days of May. This was the period of heading and flowering. In the i:)resence of a large ^^tore of water and fer- tilizer in the soil these processes continue for greater lengths of time during which the water consumption continues to be intense. (4) The increase of the consum])- tion of water corresponds not only to the increase of the evaporating surface (cor- responserved in case of such soils. Experiments on oats, mustard, flax, and the oak grown fn p(jts, each containing 4,7H5 gm. of tlry sandy chernozem soil to which were applied in addition to a Ijasal fertilizer of 0.15 gm. of potash in form of suljihate and 0.25 gm. of phosphoric acid in form of annnonia-sodium phosphate, sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, and gyp- sum each at rates of 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 9 gm. per pot. The growth of the j)lants during the experiments was on the whole (piite normal, the oak apparently suffering more than other plants, followed by flax and mustard, and lastly by oats. The mo.st injurious effect on the oaks was produced by sodium chlorid and was most marked in case cf the three larger applications. Sodium sulphate exerted a perceptible influence oidy in the pots containing 4.5 and 9 gm. of the salt. Gyr)suni was with- out effect of any kind. With the other plants the most injurious effects were ol)served in case of sodium chlorid, the greatest injury being observed in case of flax, followed in order by mustard and oats. The yield of oats was increased in c^se of the smaller applications of sodium chlorid and was injuriously affected only when the proportion of this salt reached 0.194 per cent. Similar results were obtained with mustard, but the yield of flax was decreased by the i>resence of only 0.032 per cent of sodium chlorid. The influence of sodium sulphate was in general the same as that of sodium chlorid, although less marked. Gypsum did not exert any injurious effect. Experiments by Loughridge (E. S. R., 13, p. 42) on the tolerance of various plants for alkali are referred to and observations on the germination and growth of wheat, oats, peas, and pjine seeds in a large number of alkali soils from Turkestan are reported. As a rule the seeds failed to grow in soils containing 0.125 per cent of chlorin. The jiine was able to grow in soils which contained not more than 0.039 per cent of chlorin, although it survived in soils which contained as mui-h as 1 per cent of soluble salts. Wheat and oats grew in soils containing 2 per cent of soluble salts provided the chlorin content was less than 0.125 per cent, showing that the composition of the soluble salts is of more importance than the total (juantity. No injurious effects were observed in case of gypsum. — r. fikemax. Reclamation of alkali lands in Egypt as adapted to similar work in the United States, T. H. .AIe.vxs ( T. ,S'. Depl. Ai/r., Bureau of Soils Bui. ^>I, pp. 48, pU. S,Jiijx. '!) . — This report is based on information collected during a visit to Egypt in the sunnuer of 1902. Some of the more important pieces of reclamation work which have been undertaken in Egypt are described in detail and the methods there in use are discussed in their relation to applicability to American conditions. Notes are also given on agricultural develoi)ment, climate, ])hysiography, geology, and soils of Egypt, and on tlie drainage area, flow, and com])osition of water of the Nile. The methods of reclamation reported to Ije in use in Egypt are (1) warping {col- viatage) which affords only temporary relief; (2) floodmg with open drains, which is the method in common use and thoroughly effective, l)ut wasteful of lands and inconvenient; (3) flooding with tile drains, which has been recently introduced and is still in an experimental stage, although promising to be the most rapid and effect- WATER SOILS. 23 ive method. In the experiments reported the drains were laid 80 inches deep and about 35 feet apart, at a cost of $30 per acre. The results in Egypt are held to warrant the conclusion that reclamation by drainage is entirely practicable and can be done at so low a cost "that much of the land of the West now lying idle on account of alkali or seepage water can be made to produce crops in from 1 to 3 years, with an expenditure much below the value value of the land when reclaimed." The use of tile drains is consitlered the roost practicable method. Humus soil, W. P. Gamble ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Far)ii Rpt. 1902, pp. 52,53). — The importance of humus as a soil constituent and of methods of deter- mining it are discussed. The following modification of the official method for deter- mining nitrogen in soils is recommended: "In digesting, use only 3 gms. of the soil. Start with a very low flame, and allow the contents of the flask to heat for about 15 minutes. At the end of that time the danger of frothing is over, and the flame may be raised. Just raise it, however, so that the tip will barely touch the flask. Allow it to boil until the liquid is clear, or of a light straw color. Thirty cc. of concen- trated sulphuric acid is all the acid needed in this digestion, and should be added to the flask at the beginning. A little pumice stone will reduce the bumping. Take care not to add any water before or during the operation. ' ' The following method for determining moisture in humus soils is described : ' ' Use 10 gms. of the soil. Weigh on a tared porcelain dish or watch glass (6 cm. in diameter). Place for 10 hours in a water oven, and k»eep it at the temperature of boiling water; also keep a constant stream of carbon dioxid passing through the oven." Methods of maintaining' the productive capacity of soils, C. G. Hopkins {lUi- nois iSta. Circ. 68, pp. 40). — This is an address delivered before the lllincjis State Farmers' Institute at Bloomington, February 25, 1903, in which the following five rules for maintaining the fertility of the soil are given and discussed: (1) If the soil is acid or sour, apply lime to it to make it sweet; (2) if the soil is poor in nitrogen only, grow clover or some other legume which has the power to secure nitrogen from the air; (3) if the soil is poor in phosphorus only, apply bone meal or some other form of phosphorus; (4) if the soil is poor in potassium only, apply potassium chlorid or some other form of potassium; (5) always save and use all the barnyard manure you have, and also all you can economically obtain from others, and make liberal use of green manures when necessary to maintain the supply of organic matter in the soil. The role of the plant in dissolving- the plant food of the soil, P. KossovicH {Ann. Sri Agron., 1902-3, I, No. 2, pp. 220-24-5, figs. 6).— See E. S. R., 14, p. 427. Soil temperatures for the year 1901, J. E. Bonebright {Idaho Sla. Bui. 35, pj). 134, 135). — Weeklyobservationsatdifferentdepthsat Moscow, Idaho, are reported. Soil temperatures, C. H. McLeod {Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 2. ser., 7 {1901), III, pi>. 13-lG, ])ls. 3). Subsoil temperatures, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Agr. CoL and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1902, pp. 11-13, figs. 2). — Curves show temperatures at depths of 1, 2, and 3 ft. during the growing seasons of 1901 and 1902, accompanied by data for air tempera- ture and rainfall during the same i:)eriod. Characterization of the soil according to certain representative species of the animal kingdom, V. P. Vraiji {Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov, 208 {1903), Mar., pp. 680- 690). — The author I'eviews the literature of observations which point to the fact that the presence of certain species of animals indicate soils of certain types and proper- ties, and gives a table in Mdiich this idea is worked out in detail. — v. fireman. The new soil science, R. II. Wallace and W. Dyke {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc, 27 {1902), No. 1, pp. 70-85). — The term "new soil science " is here used " to denote the J:<;78— No. 1—08 3 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. biological and more especially the bacteriological point of view in manuring, Avhich to a great extent is to-day supplanting the i^urely chemical views that have for nearly 60 years held the field." The nature and action of nitrifying and denitrifying organisms, as well as of the organisms whicli assimilate free nitrogen in symbiosis with legmninons phmts, are discussed, and the importance of the biological processes in tilt' soil from a practical standpoint is ixiintcd out. Historical review of investigations on the fixation of the nitrogen of the atmospliere by soils and plants, L. Nmidix ( Mmiit. Sr.l., 4. ser., 17 {190:}), p. ^25)- FERTILIZERS. Experiments in green manuring, Fkuwiktii {Mitt. Dent. Landw. Gesell., 18 {190.')'), .Yo.s\ 1//, pj). 77-7.)', • l'>, 2'1'- 75-77). — In field experiments on a deep, close loam soil with medium lime content to determine the value of green manuring for hoed crops as a general practice, of different cro^js for the purpose, and the best means of turning crops under, it was found that the largest mass of green manuring material was ftu-nished by field beans, followed, in declining order, by blue lupines, peas, and crimson ch)ver. In 2 years out of 5 green manuring was followed by bad results on the succeeding crop. Green manuring crops seeded after winter wheat or as late as August 12 to 15 were of doubtful value. Phosphoric acid gave better results when ai)j)lied to the green manuring crops than with the following hoed crop. Shallo\v plowing under of the green manures gave better results than deep. Local deposits of bat guano, H. H. Cousins {Bid. Dept. of Agr. Jamaica, 2 {190.1), X(i. 6-7, pp. 144-146)- — Analyses of 35 samples of Jamaica bat guano are reported. The average results are: Moisture, 30.9 per cent; organic matter, 33.4 per vcent; nitrogen, 4.5 per cent; phosphoric acid, 5.3 per cent, and potash, 1.3 per cent. The nitrogen varied in the different samples from 0.2 to 10.5 per cent; the phosphoric acid from 0.7 to 13. S per cent; and the potash from 0.4 to 4.7 per cent. Hamilton sludge, E. Harcourt {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expf. Farm lipt. 1902, p. 57).— Analyses of sludge from the sewage disposal works of Hamilton, Ont., are reported. The material is shown to have about the same amounts of fertilizing con- stituents as ordinary barnyard manure. Residue from the purifi.cation of sugar-beet juices, S. L. Frankfurt {VyeMn. Sakh. Pron., 1902, Nos. 39, pp. 467-471; 40, 2^P- 511-515; 41, PP- 537-540; abs. in Zkiir. Opuiin. Agron. [Jour. Expt. Landw.'], 3 {1902), No. 6, pp. 746-750).— ka analysis of this material is reported which shows it to contain lime 42.70 per cent, magnesia 1.21, phosphoric acid 0.66, nitrogen 0.41, potash 0.30, and carbon dioxid 32.40 per cent. — p. fireman. Residue from purifi.cation of sugar beets as a fertilizer, A. Chevely ( Vgemt. Salh. Pron., 1902, No. 31, pp. 168-173; ahs. In ZJiur. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. Expt. Lavdv'.'], 3 {1902), No. 6, pp. 750, 751). — The author's experiment indicates that this material is of no importance as a fertilizer on chernozem soils, but increases consi. ^', jk 104).— The following average figures were obtained 1)y actual weighings of ordinary commercial fertilizers found in the Swedish inarki-t: Xitrate of soda 100 11)S. per bushel, anunoniuiii sulphate 70 lljs., 20 per cent suiu-rpliosphate 80 lbs., Thomas phosphate l.')() lbs., kainit 100 lbs., 20 per cent potash 80 lbs., 37 per cent potash 80 lbs., muriate 75 lbs., lish guano 40 lbs., steamed bone meal (10 lbs. — f. w. woi.l. Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods {Mabic Sta. Bid. 90, p}!. 25-40) . — This Inille- tin contains analyses of 158 manufacturers' samples of fertilizers licensed before March 1, 15)0.'], with notes on sources of fertilizing materials, valuation of fertilizers, and the chief i)rovisions of the Maine fertilizer law. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin {South Carolina Sta. Bid. SO, pp. 26). — This bulletin reports analyses and valuations of 177 samples of fertilizers examined during the season of 1902-3, accompanied by information regarding the valuation and composition of fertilizers and the laws and regulations relating to fertilizer control in South Carolina. Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills and C. H. Jones ( Vermont Sta. Bid. 99, pp. 51-136). — This l)ulletin contains, in addition to analyses and valuations of 111 licensed brands of fertilizers representing the output of nine companies, with comments thereon, "a somewhat full discussion of several phases of the general subject of fer- tilization, including nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, lime, salt, meaning of analy- ses, guaranties, the valuation system, and a review of Vermont's use of fertilizers, as shown by the census returns. "Ninety-six per cent of the brands examined met their guaranties and none failed to afford a commercial equivalent thereof. The average fertilizer contained 10 per cent more plant food than it was said to contain. The quality of the crude stock used was found to be as a rule above reproach. The average selling price was S28.25, the average valuation, $18.59. "Vermont uses half a million dollars' worth of commercial fertilizers annually. The 'east side' uses three-fifths of this amount. The fertile Cham])lain Valley soil and the more intense dairy husbandry of the 'west side' are probably factors in this matter." Manures, E. J. Russell and F. T. Holbrook {Jour. Southeast. Ayr. Col., Wye, 1903, No. 12, pp. 108-129). — Analyses of the following fertilizing materials available for use in England are reported and discussed: Barnyard manure, guanos (nitrogenous, phosphatic, ichaboe, meat, and fish), sewage sludge, rape-oil residue, cotton-seed cake, husks of coffee berries, malt dust, bone, basic slag, superphosphate, greaves, silk waste, horn shavings, carpet waste, cloth cuttings, shoddy, wool waste, wool dust, hair, hair and wool, hair waste, horse hair, calf liair, American raljbit waste (fur, eti'. ), fur waste, leather waste, rags (linen, silk, and flannel), flock dust, leather dust, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, kainit, and lime ashes. FIELD CROPS. Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz ( (Mario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1902, pp. 105-138). — The experiments here reported consisted largely of variety and culture tests, which have mostly been in progress for some years (E. S. R., 13, p. 1032). The work of the season is reviewed in general, and the improvement of seed selection as indicated by the results of experiments is discussed. For 6 years oats, spring wheat, barley, and jieas have been grown separately and in various combinations for the jtroduction of grain and straw. Taking the average of 3 years with mixtures of oats and barley, the greatest yields of grain were as follows: 1 bu. of oats and 1 bu. of barley, 2,201 lbs.; 1 bu. oats and IJ bu. barley, 2,178 lbs.; 1 bu. oats and .V bu. barley, 2,161 lbs. per acre. These mixtures and the FIELD CROPS. 27 niixturcH of l^ bn. oats and Ih Im. l)arU'y also produced tlie best average yields of straw. In 1902 a mixture -of 1 l)u. of oats and IJ bu. of barley was compared with several mixtures containing the same quantities of oats and barley, and in addition I bu. of either Wild Goose spring wheat, emmer, grass peas, or flax. The experi- ment was conducted in duplicate and the average yield of oats and barley was 2,183 lbs.; of oats, barley, and spring wheat, 2,273 lbs.; of oats, barley, and emmer, 2,207 lbs.; of t)ats, barley, and grass peas, 2,159 lbs.; and oats, barley, and flax, 2,1r 1- years of Siln'rian oats was SH.tilm. per arre, and of American liainier, H4.7bn. Odcrhrueker, rrolwteer, Water- loo, and Bavarian liave also given good average results f(jr a series of years. Of oatM, 22 varieties, mostly imported, were grown for the first time this year, but none ec^ualed Siberian nor American Banner in yield. The best yielding varieties of (>-ro\ved barley in 1902 were as follows: Manshury 8(i bu., California lirewing 80 bu., Connnon Six-Uowed 77 Im., and Oderbrucker, 7n bu. per acre. Of 10 varieties grown for 9 years in succession the greatest yields in the order given were jjroduced by Mansluiry, California Brewing, Hcotch Improved, ('ominoii Six-Rowed, and Oderlirucker. Among 8 varieties of 2-rowed barley tested im !) years, French Chevaliei- and New Zealand Chevalier, with an average yield of (>2 l)u. per acre, were the leaders. Of huUess l)arley 11 varieties were tested this season, and of these, 8 umlcr test fill!) years liave given the following average results: Guy-Mayle 48 bu., Black lIulU'ss 45 bu., Burple 44 bu., (Juymalaya 42 bu., AVinnipeg No. 2 41 bu., Hungarian 41 bu., Large Skinned 40 bu., and Smooth HuUess 38 bu. per acre, ^\'■ith winter barley the exi)erience has been that the crop usually winterkills in unfavor- al)le seasons, but that it gives exceedingly good yields when the winters allow it to survive. Of 95 varieties of winter wheat grown this season Extra Early Windsor, Dawson Golden Chaff, Imperial Amber, Pedigree Genesee Giant, Prize Taker, Economy, New Colund)ia, White Golden Cross, Early Ontario, and Johnson, in the order mentioned, gave the higliest yields. Dawson Golden Chaff, Extra Early Windsor, Clawson Longberry, and American Bronze possess the stiffest straw, .\mong the red wheats, Michigan Amber and Turkey Red, and among the white varieties, Ivirly Genesee Giant and Bulgarian are considered good milling wheats. The average yields obtained by sowing 1, li, and 2 bu. of winter wheat per acre for 6 years were 40.2, 43.3, and 43.9 bu. per acre, respectively. Drilling and sowing broadcast have given practically the same results. The average results of experi- ments for 8 years favor sowing winter wheat the last week of August or the first week of September. For 4 years, field peas as a green manure, have given an annual average of 22.1 per cent more wheat than buckwheat used in the same way. Winter wheat after clover, in a 1-year test, yielded 20.7 per cent more grain than when grown after timothy. The average results of experiments in i:)rogress for 7 years to deteruune the value of seed from wheat cut at different stages of maturity show that the heaviest grain and the largest total yield were produced from seed taken from very ripe crops. The average yields of winter rye for 4 years were as follows: Mannnoth 57.4 bu.. Monster 54.9 bu., and Common 52 bu. j^er acre. The variety tests of bucikwheat show that on the average for 7 years Japanese has given 20.8 bu. per acre. Silver Hull 17.8, and Common (Jrey 16. In the yield of straw these varieties stood in the same order. Of 19 early varieties of flint aiid dent corn grown in 1902 the following in the order given led in productiveness: Dakota Gold Dollar, Longfellow, Farmers' Friend, Baily Mahogany, and Canada Yellow. The best average yields for 3 years were as follows: King Phillip 64.2, Genesee Valley 62.7, North Star Yellow Dent 61.1, Pride of Canada 59.9, and Longfellow 58.9 bu. per acre. The percentage of cob to ear in the different varieties showed wide variations. The 3 best kinds of sunflowers under test for 5 years and the average yields of seed per acre were AVhite Beauty 66.3, Mammoth Russian 64, and Black Giant 57.5 bu. per acre. In 1902 the yields were 80.9, 60.7, and 67.5 bu. per acre, respectively. California and Siberian varieties of millet have given the best yields of seed for a series of years. Field peas planted as late as June 25 did not escape the ravages of the pea weevil. The culture and uses of the grass pea are described and the results of culture tests reported. The plant is considered good for forage, but as not replacing the garden FIELD CROPS. 29 peas inr table line or tlie field peas for export. For 7 years the average annual yield of grain of the grass pea has been 25.7 bu. and the yield of straw 2.7 tons per acre. Tlie yields also compared very well with the yields of vetch. The chick pea ( (Jlcer arirthuDii) has given an average yield of 35. B Imi. of grain and 1 ton of straw per acre. lu a cooperative test of -4 years the average annual yield of ISO successful experi- ments was 21.1 bu. of grain per acre. Ccjwpeas did not generally mature at the college. Neither did lupines, lentils, and horse beans give very satisfactory results. Vetches grown for seed produced a little more than 7 bu. per acre from fall seeding. This return is considered profitable, as the seed sells at from $5 to $7 per bushel. The average results for (3 j-ears show that the following varieties of field beans have given the highest yields: White Wonder, Day Improved Leafless, INIedium or Navy, Pearce Improved Tree, and Schofield Pea. Based on tlie experiments with soy beans at the college, the Early Yellow is recommended for the imKluction of grain for feed, and the Medium (Ireen for ensiling with corn. Of flax, .3 varieties grown in 1900 gave the following results: ^lanitoba 16.8, Com- mon 15.7, and Russian 10.5 l)u. of seed per acre. The average yields for the num- ber of years these varieties have been grown are 18, 11.4, and lO.S l)u. per acre, respectively. This season 12-4 varieties of potatoes were under test. The following varieties lead in yield: Empire State, Molly Stark, White Elephant, Conroy, Rural New Yorker No 2, The Daisy, Rose New Invincible, Uncle Sam, Salzer Earliest, New Queen, and Carman No. 1. Of 21 varieties grown for 9 years the following lead in average pro- duction: Empire State 244, Convoy 242, Rose New Invincible 241, Rural New Y'orker No. 2 234, and American AVonder and White Elephant each 232 bu. per acre. I'^mpire State was found to be one of the best varieties for table use. An experiment to show the varieties producing the largest average yields 9, 12, and 15 weeks after planting is reported. In selecting seed potatoes it has been found that large potatoes or large pieces of potatoes produce greater yields than either small potatoes or small pieces. The results of planting 1, 2, and 4 pieces per hill, using equal weight of seed are in favor of planting 1 piece, both in total yield and in percentage of marketable potatoes. Coating potato sets by sprinkling them with lime and i^laster increased the yield at the college and in cooperative experiments throughout Ontario. It is shown by tests that it is best to i^lant potato sets immediately after they are cut. A fertilizer experiment with potatoes conducted in duplicate gave the following average results: No manure 105 bu., 5 tons barnyard manure per acre 144 bu., 1 ton of poultry manure per acre 125 bu., and 2 tons of poultry manure per acre 158 bu. The use of a corrosive sublimate solution was effectual in reducing the amount of scab in potatoes grown from scabby potatoes. Different methods of coml^ating the potato beetle are reported. The yields of varieties of sugar beets grown for feej;ar beets and carrots when the seed was planted (inly ;;, ill. deep. i>cvi'l cnlture is reported as having given ])etter yields of sugar beets than ridge culture. .\ niixcd fertilizer, consi.sting of 52J lbs. each of nitrate of soda and muriate of ])otash and lOHj lbs. of superphosphate, increased the yield of Swedish turnips a])out 4 tons per acre, at a cost of about ?1 j)er ton. In a test of 1.S5 varieties of corn grown for fodder or silage New I )cia\vaic I )ent and IVdrick Perfected (Jolden Beauty gave the greatest total yields, being 24 and 2:1H tons per acre, respectively. The greatest yields of husked ears were produced by (ioideii Leneway Hent, Simw White Dent, and P>lack Mexican Sweet corn, the yields lieing l.:i, 4.:;, and 4.2 tons per acre, respectively. Sal/,cr North Dakota, Compton Early, iuu\ King Phillip, flint varieties, and North Sttir Yellow Dent, a dent variety, are reconunended for central and southern Ontario. An average of 4 years' tests from jtlanting at different depths gave the following total yields: 2 in., 13.2 tons; 11 and ;> in., each, 11.8 tons; 1 in., 11.7 tons; i in., 10.0 tons; and 4 in., 9.8 tons. Other forage crops under test were millet, rape, sorghum, grasses, and clovers. The average yield of green crop per acre for 8 years for (lolden Wonder, Holy Terror. Gold Mine, Japanese Panic^le, Jajianese Barnyard, and !Magic varieties of millet was 11.6, 11.4, 10.4, 10.8, and 10.3 tons per acre, respectively. The results of an 8-year test with rape show that Dwarf Essex and Dwarf Victoria yielded 23.4 and 21.8 tons of green fodder per acre. Buckbee Wonderful Bonanza rape, grown foi- the first time, gave a satisfactory yield. The average yields of 16 varieties of sorghum, including sugar cani^, broom corn, Kafir corn, millo maize, Jerusalem corn, etc., under test for 3 years are tabulated. Early Minnesota sugar cane has given the highe-t average yields of green fodder per acre. Of 16 different leguminous forage crops, hairy vetch led in the production of green fodder, with an average yield for 2 years of 13.9 tons per acre. The yields of all the crops are recorded. The following mixtures of annual crops are reconunended for pasture: Oats, hairy vetches, and Early Amber sugar cane; spring rye, hairy vetches, and Hungarian grass; and barley, crimson clover, and Early Amber sugar cane. For i)ermanent pasture the following mixture of grasses and clovers has given the best results in several years' experiments: Orchard grass 4 lbs., meadow fescue 4 lbs., tall oat grass 3 lbs., timothy 2 lbs., meadow foxtail 2 lbs., alfalfa 5 lbs., alsike clover 2 lbs., white clover 1 lb., and trefoil 1 lb., making a total of 24 lbs. of seed per acre. Among the mixtures of grasses and clovers for hay tested for several years, tall oat grass and alfalfa; tall oat grass, orchard grass, Mannnoth red clover, and alfalfa; and timothy and alfalfa have given the best results, the yields of hay Ijeing 3.2, 3.1, and 3.1 tons per acre, respectively. The best yields in 1902 were i)roduced by timothy with JNIammoth red clover, tall fescue with Mammoth red clover, tall oat grass with Mammoth red clover, and orchard grass Avith Mammoth red clover. Cereal crops after clover gave on an average for 3 years, 833 lbs. of grain more per acre than the same crops grown after grass. A rotation study, F. S. Shiver {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 02). — The object of the exijeriments here presented was to ascertain the effects of different rotations on the composition of the soil, and whether or not there is any relation between the amounts of i)hosphoric acid and potash removed l)y the crops and the amounts of these constituents shown to have been removed from the soil l)y the present methods of analysis. The work was conducted on 24 plats, 12 of which received 200 lbs. each of cotton-seed meal and acid phosphate and 100 lbs. of kainit per acre and the rest no fertilizer at all. Cowpeas were removed from the fertilized plats, but were plowed under on the plats receiving no fertilizer. A 3-year rotation was practiced, and the soil and subsoil 'of each plat was analyzed before and after the experiment. The FIELD CROPS. 31 COiniHKsition of the aiimuil crops was alsodctvrniiiifd :uiecially eVident on the plats on which cotton was grown continuously. The maintenance of the sui)ply of hunuis in the soil was fully as good on fertilized plats with only the roots and stubble of eowpeas turned under as on the unfertilized jjlats on which the whole growth of the eowpeas was turned l)ack to the soil. On 13 of the plats a more or less close agreement between the yields of wheat in the fourth year and the losses and gains of nitrogen, humus, and humie nitrogen was observed, while in the other eases the results appeared contradictory. With reference to the relatit)ns l)etween the (quantities of phosphoric acid and potash removed by the crops and the (juantities shown to have been removed from tlie soil by the present methods of analysis, the author concludes from the data that none of the methods employed give absolutely reliable results for available phos- phoric acid and potash, and he believes that field experiments are much less adapted to the solution of the question than pot experiments, because the (conditions can be better controlled in the latter. Culture trials on Swedish, moor soils, 1900-1902, II. vox Feii.itzex [Srensk MosslnJt. TicM-r., 17 {190S), Nu. ^, ^jp- 105-1,35). — Accounts of a number of different experiments conducted by the Swedish Moor Culture Association during the years are given. Tlie exj^eriments include trials on moor soils with oats and barley, as to time of sowing and size of seed grain; inoculation experiments with soils and pure cultures of bacteria from legumes; green manuring; and tests of the value of barn- yard manure with peat litter, straw, or shavings used for bedding, etc. — p. w. woll. Continuous culture -witliout manuring- for 75 years, W. Christiaxi {Deut. Lundw. Presse, 30 {1903), Xos. 26, pp. 217, 2 IS; 27, pp. 226, 227; 28, p. 236) .—On the humus alluvial soil on which these experiments were conducted good yields of cereals were obtained after 75 years continuous culture. The soil, however, had become "beet sick." Growing' and preparing agricultural crops for exhibition, B. V. Buffum and A. Xelsox ( ]Vi/(»ni)Kj Std. Bui. 53, pp. 1 -') . — This bulletin gives detailed directions for the growing and preparation of grains, grasses, vegetables, and fruits for exhibition purposes. Suggestions for the selection of specimens and their exhibition are given, and the methods of labeling them are presented. Cassava, S. M. Tracy {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 167, 2)p. 32, figs. 11).— The varieties of cassava are described, the history of the plant briefly noted, and the regiori suited to its culture shown on a map. The soil and moisture requirements and the climatic conditions suitaljle for the growth of the crop are discussed, and directions for the use of fertilizers, preparation of the ground, and planting, cultivat- ing, harvesting, and storing the crop are given. Diseases attacking the plant and preventive measures for the same are noted. The yields and profits of cassava culture are estimated and the uses of the crop as a feed for cattle, hogs, and poultry, and its value for the manufacture of starch are pointed out. Selecting' and preparing seed corn, P. G. Holdex et al. {Iowa Sta. Bui. 68, pp. 273-286, figs. 11). — This bulletin gives information regarding the purchasing and testing of seed corn and its preparation for planting. The importance of planting a uniform number of kernels per hill is dwelt upon and it is recommended that the planter usetl should drop 93 to 96 times out of a hundred the number of kernels desired. Planter tests showing the number of kernels dropped when they were uniform and unequal in size are reported. When uniform-sized kernels were used the planter in one test dropped 2 kernels 8 times and 3 kernels 92 times out of a hundred. With kernels irregular in size the number of times 1, 2, and 4 kernels 82 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. were (Inipped per 100 was liir-ji'ly increased. Metliixls ol' selecting' sei'(l corn and makinji^ "lerniniation tests are described, an(■))!. Ayr., J90J, Aas. .^5, ^6'; abs. in. Zliur. Opiiitn. A(jrn)i. [Jour. J'Jxpt. Landir.], 4 {1903), No. 2, p. 235). — Experiments are in progress to determine whethei- or not cotton can be profitably grown in Servia. Tluis far American cot- t(m from Turkestan seed has given the l)est results, while Egyi)tian and Sea Island varieties were the least jjromising. Owing to the climatit- conditions of tlie country the results were not encouraging. Further experiments are considered necessary for definite conclusions. — v. fireman. Forage crops, B. C. Pittuck {Texas l^to. Bitl. t:n, pji. Jt:, jhji^. ij) . — This huiletin discusses the value and importance of alfalfa, i)eanuts, velvet beans, millet, and rape for forage and presents the experience of farmers with reference to the growth and adaptability of these various crops. The directions for the culture and uses of for- age crops are largely based on the results obtained at other experiment stations. The larger portion of the bulletin is devoted to alfalfa. At the station alfalfa seed from Utah and seed obtained in Texas gave practically equal yields the first year, but the second season the Utah-grown seed produced 2,071 lbs. of hay more per acre than the other. Some experiments on the ensiling- of grass and beets, L. Bat wens {Jour. Sue. Cad. A(jr., Jielg., 50 {1903), Xos. 5, pp. 200, 201; 6, pp. 229, 230) .—Bv'mi notes on simple methods of ensiling in pits, trenches, etc. The cowpea and soy bean in Illinois, D. S. Dalbey {Illinois Sta. Circ. 69, pp. 15, figs. 5). — The value of cowpeas and soy beans for Illinois is discussed and the results of variety tests of the 2 crops are reported liriefly. Popular directions for tlie culture of the crops are given and their feeding and fertilizing value are jjointed out. Drilling about J bu. per acre in rows 32 in. apart is considered Vjest for the pro- duction of seed. Among 22 varieties of cowpeas grown at the station Warren Extra Early and AVarren New Hybrid were the most prolific varieties, yielding 38.7 and 38.3 bu. per acre, respectively. Whippoorwill, which is very commonly grown, yielded only 15.6 bu. per acre in this test. A comparative test was made of 8 varieties of soy beans. Medium Green headed the list with a yield of 41.7 bu. per acre, fol- lowed by Early White with a yield of 38.2 bn. Late Mammoth did not mature seed. Further experiments in top-dressing grass land, H. J. Wheeler and G. E. Adams {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 69-86, figs. 4)- — This work is in continuation of experiments previously reported, and a description of the plats and their treatment has been given in a former abstract (E. S. R., 14, \). 32). This T)ulletin is mainly devoted to the results of the fourth year. The plat receiving the full application of 63 ll)s. of nitrogen per acre in the form of nitrate of soda yielded 3.4565 tons of hay per acre in 1899, 4.1 tons in 1900, 4.695 tons in 1901, and 4.1 tons in 1902, the value of the hay exceeding the cost of the fer- tilizers by 119.62 per acre the first year, $30.40 the second year, $40.70 the third year, and $32.74 the fourth year. The total excess in the value of hay over the cost of fertilizers for the 4 years was $123.46 per acre, or an average of $30.87 per acre for each year. The use of the full application of nitrogen gave much greater financial returns than the use of one-third of the application or the total omission of the same. In 1901 and 1902 the losses in weight of hay during storage ranged from 13.3 to 19.6 per cent. Redtop, grown on the same area and at the same time as timothy, was richer in nitrogen and also contained more silica, lime, magnesia, phosphoric acid, and potash than the timothy, but a greater percentage of nitrogen in the timothy than in the redtop had been changed to albuminoids. The amounts of plant food furnished by the fertilizers and removed by the crops are given as follows: FIELD CEOPS. 33 ] 'h nit. food furnisJied per acre hi. ihe fertilizers and removed hij the crops. Fertilizer. Nitrogen I'otasli Phosphoric acid Plat 17, no nitro- gen. Quantity in fertil- izers. Pounds. 0.00 150.00 130. 00 Quantity in crops. Plat 19, one-third ration of nitrogen. Plat 21, full ration of nitrogen. Quantity in fertil- izers. Pounds. 40.01 47.87 10.78 Poundg. 21.00 150.00 130. 00 Quantity in crops. Pounds. 33.56 55. 64 13.30 Quantity in fertil- izers. Pounds. 63.00 150. 00 130. 00 Quantity in crops. Pounds. 49.70 123. 35 25.58 Plant food removed per 1,000 Uis. of field-cared, hay hi IBOl-a Fertilizer. Plat 17, no nitro- gen. 1901. 1902. Plat 19, one-third ration ot nitrogen. Plat 21, full ration of nitrogen. Nitrogen Potash Phosphoric acid Pounds. 6.5 14.9 4.1 Pounds. 13.6 16.2 3.9 Pounds. 5.6 14.7 3.5 Pounds. 6.9 11.5 2.7 Pounds. 5.8 16.2 3.3 Pounds. 6.1 15.0 3.1 From the results of all the experiments up to date it is concluded that an applica- tion of 400 lbs. acid phofsphate, 200 to 250 lbs. muriate of potash, and 350 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre would probably have given better net returns than the quantities employed in this experiment. "Top-dressing 'run out' land which is not tilled with the proper kinds of gra.ss roots" is considered a waste of the fertilizer. For such grass lands plowing and reseeding heavily is recommended. Flax and flaxseed selection, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. Bal. 55, pp. 171- 186, Jigs. 8). — This bulletin reviews flax culture in the United States and other coun- tries, contrasts European and American conditions with reference to the culture of the crop, and summarizes the difficulties affecting the flax industry in this country. In discussing flax culture in North Dakota the author points out the use of mixed seed of poor quality, poor soil culture, and the lack of proper crop rotation as unsat- isfactory practices, and outlines methods of procedure to improve the culture of flax in general and to obtain more profitable results. Influence of kainit on the yield of flax, A. Alexandeov {Dokl. i Soobshch. 2. Hijezda Dyeyut. Selsk. Khoz. Opuitn. Dyelu, St. Petersburg, 1902, jjt. 1, jip. 104-110; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. Expt. Landw.l, 4 {1903), No. 1, p. 93). — In experiments conducted at the Vyatka Experiment Station and the Okunyen Farm kainit increased the yield of the seed as well as the straw of flax, the proportion of increase being the greater in the straw. The increase in the yield of straw was partly due to the increase in the length of stem. — p. fireman. Pearl millet, C. R. Ball ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 168, jjp- 16, figs. 8).. — This bulletin gives a description of pearl millet with directions for its culture and uses. The origin and history of the plant are reviewed and the different names applied to it are pointed out. A test of seed sold under the different names showed the resulting plants to be practically identical. The uses of the crop for soiling, ensilage, and hay are briefly noted. The composition of pearl millet cut at different stages of growth, as determined at different experiment stations, is compared with the average analyses of cured corn stover and corn fodder, and of sorghum used as green fodder. The anatomical structure of cultural varieties of millet, A. L. "Winton {Ztschr. Untersnch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 {1903), No. 8, pp. 337-345, figs. 5).— On the basis of microscopical studies the author discusses the anatomical structure of sorghums, broom corn, Kafir corn, etc., and related topics. The ash constituent of potato leaves at different stages of growth and under different systems of fertilizing, J. Seissl {Ztschr, Landw. Yersuchsw. Oesterr., 34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. G {lUO.!), X(i. .7, pp. r)S7-f>54). — Till' iiiiiicnil cniistitiicnts at live (liffcivnt stages of growtli of leavt'S of ])otatoeH grown witliout fcrtilizi'rs aiif Cheuiistrij Bui. 74, pp- 42, cJiarts :l). — The experiments here reported have been previously described and the data obtained in 1900 have been given in a former bulletin (E. S. R., 13, p. 736). The results here shown were derived in the same manner as those of the previous year. In addition to these data the analyses of the soils upon w'hich the experi- ments are in progress are given. The average results for the season are summarized in the following table: The arertii/e re.'fulls uitJi IHpjpe Kleinvxmzlehener Elite mxjar heefa grovn under d'lfferent conditions of soil and climate in 1901. Lof-ality. Washington. 1). C Lexington, Kv Madison, Wis" Blaeksburg, Va Ames, Iowa ;. . . IjOgan, Utah Agricnltnral follege, Midi Lafavette, Ind Ithaca, N. Y Geneva, N. Y Analytical data. Weight. Ounces. 7.9 10.4 10.9 4.5 14.2 •24.2 8.3 8.2 13.1 17.2 Yield per Sugar in acre. the beet. Tons. 8.1 8.0 11.0 10.0 12.9 23.4 10.2 5.4 12.6 13.8 Coeffi- eien t of purity. Per cent. 8.5 9.0 12.7 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.6 14.6 14.6 15.8 07. 3 71.0 77.4 77.6 80.2 79.1 81.5 82.5 79.9 83.9 Locality. Washington, D. C Lexington, Ky ISIadisou, Wis Blaclisburg, Va Ames, Iowa Logan, Utah Agricultural College, Mich Lafayette, Ind Ithaca, N. Y Geneva, N. Y Meteorological data; May to October. I Geodetic data. Temper- ature. Degrees. 69.0 69.3 65.6 63.8 67.9 64.0 62.8 68. 6 03. 4 65. 5 Frecipi- Sun- tation. .shine. Incites. 19.34 16.23 14.33 32. 08 16. 15 7.37 19.84 16.41 17.44 18.03 Per cent. 64.00 75.00 .53. 70 69. 85 76.30 01.80 69. 85 06. 00 60. 00 Average | length ofdav. 1 1 IT. M. 23 18 44 14 38 37 42 30 41 44 38 53 23 38 02 25 43 04 36 87 14 00 42 02 00 41 44 00 42 45 00 40 23 00 42 27 00 42 53 00 Altitude. Feet. 37.5 979.0 955.0 2, 100. 0 917.0 4, 506. 0 847.0 542. 0 810.0 4.53. 0 FIELD CROPS. 35 In several instances the meteorological data in the above table are taken from the records of the station nearest to the locality recorded. The analytical data shown from Layfayette, Ind., are based on one sample only; and the mean weight of topped beets with the estimated yield reported from Agricultural College, Mich., represents the average of early and late planting. As in the previous year, the results in gen- eral show that the sugar content varies with the latitude. The percentage of sun- shine seems to have but little effect upon the percentage of sugar in the beet and the actual predominance of clear days, in so far as it does not indicate drought, is not regarded as an important factor. The percentage of sugar was found to increase with the length of the day, and attention is called to the fact that these results coincide with the theory of the correlation of the functional activity of the chlorophyll cells and the light of the sun. The data with reference to the relation of temperature to sugar content show more irregularities than those representing latitude and length of day, still they indicate the tendency of the sugar to diminish as the temperature increases. A striking effect of altitude upon the composition of the beet is shown in the data obtained at Blacksl)urg, Ya., and at Washington, D. C. Blacksburg, v.ith the lowest latitude, shows almost the average sugar content produced at the other stations, while Washington, with a low latitude and the lowest altitude, gives the lowest percentage of sugar. As an illustration that altitude does not in every case tend to increase the content of sugar the author cites the results obtained at Geneva and Ithaca, N. Y., during the two seasons covered by the experiments, which show that although Geneva is almost 400 ft. lower than Ithaca the beets produced there were higher in sugar content. With reference to rainfall, it is concluded that the actual amount does not have as great an influence on the comiiosition of the beet as does its distribution. Sugar-beet experiments, 1902, C. D. Smith {Micldgan Sta. Bui. 207, pp. 6o-7o). — The work with sugar Ijeets in 1902 was largely in continuation of experi- ments reported in former bulletins 'of the station (E. S. R., 14, p. 244). The results of analyses of sugar beets by the station chemist for the years 1897 to 1902, inclusive, are tabulated. From these results the author concludes that it is practicable to grow ])eets rich in sugar in all parts of the State, but in general the beets are richer in sugar the farther north they are grown. Twenty-four varieties were tested at the station and on 2 different farms. The results of germination tests of the seed of the different varieties showing the number of sprouts from 100 fruits in 7 and 14 days and the total number for the entire period are reported. The data obtained in connection with the variety tests show that individual beets from the same plat vary as widely in sugar content as samples from different plats. With these facts in view the author calls attention to the inability to secure representative samples and dwells upon the consequent unreliability of tables comparing different varieties, and of the inaccuracy of paying for beets according to the sugar content of samples taken at the factory. On one of the farms the beets were grown on a low, wet, mucky soil; still, the average sugar content in the samples of the different varieties was higher than at the station and at the other farm. Owing to a wet season no conclusions as to the adaptation of the different varieties to various soils and conditions are drawn. The yields of beets and the yields of sugar, based on the sugar content of the samples analyzed, are tabulated. Coopera- tive experiments with this Department to determine the value of Bordeaux mixture for the prevention of the leaf l)light were ruined by frequent rains. The results of distance experiments show that the average yield of beets and the sugar content did not vary greatly for the several distances, 16, 18, 20, and 22 in. between rows. Where the Ijeets were grown in rows 2 ft. apart a slight decline in the yield was noticeable, but there seemed to be no decrease in the sugar content. As in a previous report it is again recommended that the rows V)e placed 21 in. apart. 36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A report <>f progress on an experiment to test the exhaustion of the soil by beets is presented. The tabulated results show a significant reduction in the yields of oats, Ix'ets, and corn on plats which had produced l)eets 2 and 3 years in succession followed l)y 1 year of oats. Cooperative work with this Department in the pro- duction of beet seed is also in progress. Sugar beets in the Tipper Peninsula, C. I). Smith and L. ^I. Geismak {Michi- gan Shi. Sjirc. Bid. IS, pp. S). — This bulletin reports the results of culture testa with sugar beets in the Upper Peninsula of Micliigan. This is the first season's work and no conclusions are drawn. Attention is called to the fact that from April 15 to October 15 the sun is above the hori/on for 69.13 hours longer at 47° north latitude than at 42°, and this is considered a dominant influence on the sugar content of beets grown at the higher latitude. The beets in the samples sent to the college for analysis dried out considerably and hence the results are inaccurate. An experiment was made l)y the station chemist to determine the loss of weight in beets subjected to conditions similar to those of the samples sent to the college, which were in transit for 3 days. The loss of weight varied from 15.8 to 21.6 per cent, the sugar content in the juice before drying from 14.68 to 16.6 per cent, and after drying from 18.6 to 20.9 per cent. Sugar-beet experiments, R. H.\rcourt {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1902, pp. 42-47). — A report is given on testing sugar beets grown for feeding and for factory purposes. The beets grown for feed, judged by their sugar content,. were all excellent for the purpose. They were cultivated in general as other root crops grown for forage. The results of cooperative tests of sugar beets to demonstrate the possibilitj^ of producing beets for the manufacture of sugar are presented. The average results obtained in 6 districts in 1902 by 189 experimenters show 16 per cent of sugar in the juice with a purity of 88.1; in 1901, the average of 15 districts with 335 experimenters was 16.4 per cent of sugar in the juice with a purity of 87.5; and in 1900 the average of 3 districts with 116 experimenters amounted to 14.4 per cent of sugar in the juice with a purity of 85.4. In connection with this work several fertilizer experiments were conducted. The use of Thomas slag apparently increased the average weight of the beets and decreased the percentage of solids not sugar in the juice, thereby increasing the yield and the purity. The results of a comparison of superphosphate, nitrate of potash, and nitrate of soda gave no other indication than that phosphatic fertilizers imjirove the purity of the juice. The culture of sugar beets in Ontario is discussed and the condition of the beet-sugar industry described. Culture of sweet potatoes in the Azores, Berxegac {Tropjenpfanzrr, 6 {1902), No. 0, pp. 2S5-29-'i, jigx. 9). — A detailed account of methods of sweet-potato culture in the Azores. Irrigation of Sumatra tobacco, C. J. Blanchard {Forestry and Irrig., 9 {1903), Kg. 6, 2jp. 292-29-'>, figs. 2). — A brief description is given of the methods of culture and irrigation practiced with Sumatra tobacco grown under sliade^n Florida. The method of iri-igation considered most satisfactory is spraying by means of overhead pipes and nozzles. HORTICULTURE. Tomato culture, F. A. Huntley {Idaho Sta. Bid. 34, pp. 108-117, ]>I. l,fig. 1). — Directions are given for the culture of tomatoes in Idaho. Methods of treating the plants in the hotbed and cold frame, as well as transplanting to the field and field management, are discussed. One of the new features brought out in experiments at the station is the use of coal ashes in cold frames where tomato plants are grown. After the colil frame is made the bed is given a slight elevation with earth and then covered over with 2 in. of sifted coal ashes. The coal ashes are watered thoroughly, and on top of these is placed about 3 in. of deep, rich, mellow soil c omposed of HOETICULTUKE. 37 about i well-rotted stable manure. The roots of plants grown in this soil do not permeate the eoal ashes and hence are easier to transplant in the field than plants grown in deep soil where the roots grow long and are likely to be mutilated in taking out for transplanting. Tomato plants were suoeessfully grown from cuttings taken from tlie vines in the fall after a crop of tomatoes had been secured. Plants thus grown were always larger and stronger than plants grown from seed, ripened about 10 days earlier, and the total yield to the end of the season was about 5 per cent greater. In one experi- ment tomatoes were seeded in the hotbed on March 1 and again March 22. The older plants made a slower, better growth in the beginning and ripened their fruit from 3 to 10 days before the others. They also gave a slightly better yield. In a test of growing tomato plants on land that had never been manured and on the same soil heavily manured, plants on the unmanured portion of the field ripened their fruit earlier, but the yield of every one of 18 varieties tested was larger on the manured plat. As a result of a test of 18 varieties the author recommends for the vicinity of the station the varieties Atlantic Prize, Spark Erliana, Trucker Favorite, Ignotum, Match- less, Noble, Ponderosa, and Stone. For northern Idaho and high latitudes where the season is shorter the varieties Atlantic Prize, Dwarf Champion, Spark Erliana, Fordhook First, and Ignotum are recommended. Atlantic Prize is specially recom- mended for the home garden. A cooperative experiment with tomatoes was carried out with 2 farmers living in the higher regions of the State. The same varieties used were also grown at the station. The ripening period at Lewiston began nearly 2 weeks earlier than at Moscow and the relative rate of ripening was as 5 to 1 in favor of the higher locality. A successful method of culture in one of these experiments was worked out by plow- ing the, rows east and west to more than a foot in depth. The plants were then set to within about 3 in. of the bottoms of the furrows and on the north side of the ridges. "These furnished shade from the hot sun at midday and jirotected the moisture at the roots, thus rendering each irrigation more effective and the necessity of applica- tion less frequent." As in previous years, blight was found most prevalent on poor unfilled soils. In one experiment on well-manured plats only 2 out of 80 plants blighted. In another test where the land was unmanured and the plants watered sparingly during the season, 30 per cent of the plants were lost by blight. On well-manured ground at the station only 1 plant out of 400 was lost by blight. A manual of Egyptian farm crops and vegetables, G. Bonaparte ( Ghizeh: School of Agriculture, 1903, pp. 81). — MetlK^ds of growing various farm crops and vegetables common in Egypt are described and an account given of their uses. The new ideals in the improvement of plants, L. H. Bailey [Country Life in America, 4 (1903), No. 3, pp. 181-185, fgs. i?l). — The new idea in plant breeding is defined by the author as breeding for certain definite attributes "that will make the new generation of plants more efficient for certain purposes." Thus, in corn breed- ing the object is not simply to produce a new variety, but to get a variety that will contain more protein or oil or starch in the grain, or that will give a heavier yield per acre. The work of the Illinois Station in corn breeding is noted at some length, as well as that of Professor Hays in Minnesota with wheat and corn, and that of Professor Webber, of this Department, with cotton, grains, fruits, etc. Systematic pomology, F. A. Watgh {Trans. Ma.^sachu.^etts Hort. Soc, 1903,1, pp. 51-G9). — A ])lea for the greater development of systematic pomology in this country, more particularly descriptive j)omology. Forms of ])lanks used in descril)- ing fruits at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the United States Dei)artmcnt of Agriculture are given, together with the rules of the Horticultural Club ()f Cornell University for i)omological nomenclature. 38 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fruits for the home garden: Varieties and culture, F. A. Waugii (.l/aswf- chim'Us Croji lipt., May, IDpo, ])p. ;J!>-39).—T\\v autlior enumerates and briefly describes the varieties of orchard and small fruits m()stdesira])le for the home p. S3-4ri). — An account in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., U, p. 14::")) of the behavior at the station of a large numV)er of varieties of raspberries, black- berries, currants, gooseberries, cherries, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, apples, crab apples, quinces, chestnuts, filberts, and walnuts, with descriptive notes in many instances of the more promising varieties. One of the features of the year has been the determination of the l)est methods of marketing different fruits. Red raspberries brought a good i^rice throughout the whole season, but with black rasp- berries, and also with blackberries, the best prices were obtained for the very earliest and very latest varieties. Cherry varieties of currants sold for SI .25 for a 16-qt. crate, while all other varieties brought only 40 to 60 cents a crate. In the case of cherries no satisfactory commercial results were secured with sweet varieties, and the latest varieties of the sour cherries were most profitable. In marketing peaches it was found that some of the better white varieties, well packed in open-slat, i-bu. baskets sold for a higher price in Chicago than many of the later yellow varieties. Plums were shipped on the same date to the same mar- ket in the following packages: One 16-qt. case, two i-bu. baskets, and one 4-basket crate, such as is used for tomatoes. The two 1-bu. baskets equaled in size the one 4-basket crate. The 16-qt. case sold for $1. The 4-basket crate, containing 5 qts. less, also sold for §1, while the two ^-bu. baskets sold for 35 cents each. There was thus a difference of 75 cents a bushel in favor of the 4-basket crate. The fruit in all the different Imskets was as near alike as it was possible to grade it. Four-pound ])askets of Delaware grapes sold for the same price as 8-lb. baskets of large blue grapes. Oldenburg and Jonathan l)rought the highest price among apjales. The demand for crab apples was found to l)egin the first week in September and to continue well into October. Hyslop brought the highest price throughout the season. In this connection it is stated that in harvesting crab apples the fruit must be picked while firm and crisp. If an attempt is made to hold it over it becomes mealy and sells for a lower price. April 1 was found to be the latest practicable date at which trees could be sprayed with copper sulphate for the prevention of leaf curl. In a test of pruning peaches in the spring and in the fall better results were obtained from spring pruning. In some instances trees pruned in the fall killed back during the winter, and generally the wounds did not heal over as well as when pruned in the spring. A test in thinning peaches to distances apart of 8 in., 5 in., and not thinning at all was started during the season, to continue for 3 years. The good results of thinning on the appearance of the tree was iioted during the first season, and the fruit from the thinned trees sold for nearly double as much as that from unthinned trees. Like results of thinning were also noted w'ith plums. Plums thinned so that the fruit did not touch each other were larger, brought a better price in the market, and were less HORTICULTURE. 39 affected by Itrown rot than plums uu iiuthinncd trees. The foliage was also of a better color and hung on tlie trees longer in the season. An experiment was also carried out during the season with various kinds of cover crops in the orchard. Different plats were all seeded August 10. Cowpeas used as a cover crop were practically a failure. Oats proved especially valuable during the season, followed in order by barley, buckwheat, and sand vetch. Crimson and mammoth clover proved about equally valuable. Report of the professor of horticulture, H. L. Hutt {Out. Aijr. Col. and Eipt. Fiirm Rpt. 1902, pp. 77-So). — An outline of the horticultural work of the year with an account of the growth of orchard and small fruits at the college. Experiments in orchard culture, W. jVI. jSIunson {Maine Sta. Bui. S9.,j)p. 24, figs. 1.')). — This l)ulletin contains accounts of fertilizer, culture and mulching experi- ments with apiile orchards, a test of the value of potash in controlling apple seal), and directions for topworking orchards. In the first experiment one half of an orchard of 80 trees was kept thoroughly cultivateii and the other half mulched with meadow hay or sawdust. Twelve trees on each half were left unfertilized, 14 were manured with stable manure, and 14 with commercial fertilizers. The work was begun in 1898 and the growth and condition of each tree in 1902 are commented upon. In general the trees on the cultivated area made the larger growth and produced the heavier yield of fruit. The growth in inches of the trees on the dif- ferently treated areas and the average yield per tree is shown in th.e following table: Grotiili and yield of apple trees differently treated. Variety. Treatment. Unfertilized. Stable ma- Commercial nure. fertilizer. Average yield per tree. fCultivated tMulched fCultivated Ineties. 7. .50-9. 66 5. 50-7. 50 Inrlie.s. 7. 00-8. 00 7.00-8.50 6.66-8.33 6. 50-8. 33 Inches. 8. .5- 9. 0 10. 0-12. 0 7.0- 8.5 5.0- 6.5 Barrels. 0.72 .59 .44 Tallmaii \Mulehed 2. 66-4. 33 .50 In the experiment to determine the effect of potash fertilizers on the development of apple scab, muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, and kainit, respectively, were used on the different plats at the rate of 1,000 lbs. per acre over an area of 15 ft. radius around each tree. The orchard was about 25 years old when the experi- ments began in 1898, and each year since then the trees have been regularly fertilized as noted. An examination of sample lots of apples of differently treated plats in 1902 shows 24 per cent of the fruit on the kainit plat free from scab, 28 per cent on the sulphate of potash plat, 47 per cent on the check plat, and 58 per cent on the muriate of potash plat free from scab. It appears from the figures given "that an excess of potash, in whatever form applied, has no effect whatever in warding off attacks of the apple scab." "Work in the renovation of an old orchard is announced as under way and the plan of the undertaking is outlined. Several different fertilizers were applied experimentally in 1902 and cultivation given. At the end of the season the good effects of both could be readily observed. The use of nitrogenous fertilizers alone greatly increased wood growth, but there was a noticeable lack of color in the fruit. Trees fertilized with acid rock alone did not appear l>etter than those in the check plat. Potash alone, however, produced a distinct improvement. One of the lessons learned in this work was that in order to control the bud moth and leaf roller the trees must be fed and cultivated as well as sprayed. Spraying to be effective must be done before the buds unfold for the bud moth and as soon as the leaves appear for the leaf roller. 4078— No. 1—03 4 40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Apple growing in Montana, R. W. Fimikk {MautdiKi Sla. Jhil. ^//, pji. .50-71). — Directions are };iven for the culture of apiiles in ^iontana and varieties snjifj:ested for plantin>j at liif^'li altitudes. It is believed that suliicient ai)i)les for home use can be grown anywlu'R' in the State below an altitude of 5,000 ft. Lists prepared from data obtained from growers are given shf)wing the varieties of apples best suited to the different sections of the State. The apple: Propagation, planting, pruning, and culture, W. F. Massey {Norlli Carol iixi Sta. Ilnl. 18.?, pp. .5-1.3, Jh/. 1). — Popular directions are given for the plantiiiir and maiiagenu'iit of ajiple orchards in North Carolina. Apples in North Carolina, T. K. Bkuxkk [Xorili Carolina Sta. Bid. 183, 2)p. 14-30, 2>l. l,fHI>^. -?^)- — A list is given of the a])ples grown in North Carolina, with brief descriptions of the different varieties most suited for the family orchard and for connnercial orchards. Varieties most suita])le for culture in central and eastern North Carolina are also noted. Preparing apples for market, T. K. Brunee {North Carolina Sla. Bui. 182, j)p- 31, 33, f[i>f. 3). — Popular directions are given for barreling apples. How to utilize the surplus apple crop, G. McC.\rthy [Xnrlh Carolina Sta. Bui. 183, 2^p. 34-38, figi^. 3). — A discussion of the preparation of dried and evap- orated apples and the making of apple Initter, marmalade, jelly, and fruit juices. It is l)elieved much more advantageous to evaporate apples than to sun dry them, since evaporated apples sell for al)out 6 cents a pound, while sun-dried apples bring only 22 to ?)\ cents a jiound. A profitable evaporator should have a capacity of not less than 300 lbs. of dried fruit per day. • Such a machine costs about $100. The author deprecates the bleaching of fruits l)y fumes of burning sulphur and suggests instead that they be dropped into a tub of weak salt brine, made in the proportion of 1 lb. of clean table salt to 16 gal. of water, and boiled together for 10 minutes. Cider vinegar, G. McCarthy {North Carolina Sta. Bui. 183, pp. 39, 40). — Brief directions are given for the home making of cider vinegar. Peach growing in Missouri, W. L. Howard {Mismuri Stale Bd. Agr., Mo. Bid. 3 {190-)), No. 3, p}>. 30-3 f). — Popular directions are given for the planting, growing, and marketing of jH'aches in Missouri. Pruning peach trees, J. C. Whitten {Mi.t.^onri Sta. Bid. 5.5, pp. 211-340, fir/s. 15). — An account of some experiments following the severe winter freezes of 1898-99 in pruning back peach trees. The cold had killed practically all the fruit buds, while the w^ood of the trees was badly discolored even to the heart. In the experi- mental work some of the trees were left unpruned for comparison. With others the new wood was pruned back about half, as is the customary yearly practice. In the majority of cases with the older trees the limbs were cut back into 3 or 4-year-old wood, leaving arms on the main branches 3 to 5 ft. long. Most of the pruning was done in FeT)ruary soon after the freeze, though in some instances it was continued until the leaves were just starting. The following spring the trees which were not pruned at all started into leaf growth first. They made a feeble growth during the summer, the growth being confined principally to the tips of the branches. There was almost no indication of growth in the body of the tree. Trees that had been pruned back severely were rather tardy in beginning growth in the spring. When growth finally started, however, it was very vigorous and continued through- out the season, some 6 to 9 ft. of new wood being made, which ripened up Avell during the season. Old trees that were cut back to the ground leaving only a stump died in many cases. Those that did sprout made an unsatisfactory growth. Trees pruned back by cutting away ^ to ^ of the 1-year-old wood also made unsatisfactory growth, but little better than where the trees were left unpruned entirely. The best results were secured in pruning back into the 2 to 4-year-old wood, the severity of tlie cutting depending upon the age and vigor of the tree. It was observed that trees with smooth, bright-looking bark sent out branches from their trunks more HORTICULTUKE. 41 readily than those whose l)ark was^ thick, rougli, and dull C(jlored. There was prac- tically no difference in the results obtained in cutting back the trees at different times from just after the freezing until the leaves had made some growth. In the reju- venation of orchards thus severely. i)rune[). l.'iJ-14'h fi'J- 1) ■ — -•^ 11^'^^' i^pecies of coffee (('o//m srlnnnnmiimia) found in (Jermaii East Africa is described. It differs from ('. anibica in that the latter has thicker leaves, more abundant bloom, larger fruit, and longer seed. Bush fruits, F. AV. Cakd {Rhode Island ,^ta. Ihil. 91, pj). 89-ll<;, pis. .f). — Besides some work with fertilizers for blackberries and raspberries and an account of the variation of jdelds with different plants and different varieties, which have been jjreviously noted (E. 8. 11., 13, j). 740), data are given on the yields of varieties in hills and in hedges and on the culture of l)luel)erries. AVhen red raspberries and blackl^erries were grown in hedge rows nearly 3 times as heavy yields were obtained as when they were grown in hills. Crimson clover was tried as a cover croj) for berries and gave very promising results. The strawberry weevil was found doing considerable damage to wild blackberries, but was not present to any extent in cultivated patches. Early Cluster and Taylor blackberries, Kansas, Eureka, and Nemaha black raspberries, and Cuthbert red raspberries have been found the most satisfactory varieties of these berries thus far grown. Experimental work with these fruits shows that in cnjssing it is necessary to remove the stamens of the flowers to prevent self-fertilization. Attempts have been made to propagate the swamp blue- berries ( VaccAnhun corymbosum) by means of root cuttings, stem cuttings, and root grafts. These attempts have been only moderately successful, for while shoots were readily produced it was difficult to get the plants to root. Better results were secured when soil was used in which the blueberries had been previously grown. A fungus is nearly always found growing with tlie roots of the l)lueberries, and it is suggested that this fungus, together M'ith an acid condition of soil, may be one of the essential conditions to the best development of blueberries. Notes on small fruits, JM. L. Dean {Mk-hujun Sla. Bui. 206, pp. 51-60). — Xotes are given on a number of varieties of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, (urrants, and gooseberries grown at the station during the season of 1902, with descriptions of some of the most })romising varieties. The Lucretia dewberry, J. B. Gilchrist {Delaware Slate Bd. Agr. Rpt. 190.', pp. 112-114) ■ — The author exi^erimented with a number of systems of training the dew- berry, as a result of which he has settled on the following method: No. 12 galvanized wire is stretched taut on cypress posts 3J ft. long and driven 18 in. into the ground. The vines are trained on this wire. About 6 vines are left in each hill. Each branch is cutoff about 4 ft. long and wound around the wdre 2 or 3 times, 3 l)ranches in each direction. The vines are fastened to the wire by a single piece of fine wire in the center. Thus treated, the approximate cost of growing an acre of Lucretia dewberries is placed at 179.50. The average net receipts per acre for 4 years has been $70.61 and the average yield 2,G40 qts. Strawberries for forcing, C. E. Hunn {xVmer. Florid, 20 {1903), No. 781, pp. 640, 641, fig- !)■ — The author considers Beder Wood the earliest variety of any value for forcing. The next in succession is Glen JNIary which, all things considered, is the best variety ever used for forcing in the author's experiments. Other good varieties for forcing are Brandy wine and Sharpless. Of 20 new varieties tested during the past winter but one, the President, proved of value for forcing. Nitrate of soda in the culture of grapes, G. Chappaz {Prog. Agr. et V'd. {Ed. L'Est), 24 {1903), No. IS, pp. 645-560) .—i:\w. effect of the different forms of nitrogen as represented in manure, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia, respectively, on the yield of grapes and quality of wine produceti is being studied experimentally. HOETICULTUEE. 43 The <1at:i secured in 1901 have already l)eeu noted (E. 8. R., 14, p. 358). In 1902 the lieaviest yields were again secured on the nitrate of soda plat though the differ- ences were not quite so striking as the year before. Classed according to the yield of grapes, the fertilizers rank in the decreasing order of importance as follows — nitrate of soda, barnyard manure, and sulphate of ammonia. Classed according to the quality of the products for wine, they rank as follows — sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, and barnyard niainire. Phosphoric acid and the quality of wines, G. Paturel {Prog. Ayr. d Tit. {Ed. L'Est), 24 {1903), Xo. 20, pp. G07-010). — The author notes briefly the work done along this line and gives the results of analyses of a number of samples of red and white wines in which it is brought out that those wines whicli sell for the highest prices contain the largest percentage of phosphoric acid. Composition and waste of fruits and nuts, W. R. Lazenby {Proc. Soc. Prom. Ayr. Sri. 1903, -^tp- 101-108). — The author made a study of the proportion of edible matter and waste of a number of varieties of grapes, apples, and nuts, and these data are here recorded in detail. Generally speaking, the better specimens of fruits con- tain the largest percentages of water. Thus in "nubbin" strawberries, "cull" peaches, and "runty" apples less than 80 per cent of water was found, while in the finest specimens of each of these fruits over 90 per cent was found. The total per- centage of edible matter in such varieties of grapes as Jefferson, Brighton, Concord, Niagara, and Catawba was found to vary between 71.5 and 75 per cent. With wild grapes only about 40 per cent was edible, the seed and skins constituting 60 per cent of the fruit. The number of grapes in a pound, the number of seeds in each grape, and the weight of the seed for 7 varieties are shown in the following table: Number and ireighl of .seeds in. f/rapei<. Variety. Number of grapes in a pound. Average number of seed for each grape. Average weight of seed in one berry. Niagara Wilder 168 180 200 200 216 480 1,984 2.7 2.1 2.6 1.7 2.2 1.3 1.2 Gram. 0.035 .042 .046 .063 .042 .032 .056 Tlu' composition of the juiivs of 4 i)()pnlar sorts of grapes is show n in tlie following table: Composition of (jrape juice. Variety. Juice in grapes. Sugar. Acid. Proportion of acid to sugar. Per cent. 55. 5 I'er cent. 7.1 10.3 6.5 8.8 Per cent. ■ 0.59 .59 .48 .67 1 to 12 69 5 1 to 17. 4 50.0 1 to 13. 5 Woodruff Red 70.0 1 to 13. 1 The edible portion of 25 varieties of apples as bought in the market was found to vary between 61 and 82.1 jjer cent, averaging 76.2 per cent; the average waste being 23.8 per cent. There was a tendency toward a higher percentage of waste in the smaller apples. 44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A huyc niimlHT of nuts were cxainiiieil. Tlie re.>fiuntl(iii,:i'r, 0 (190^.'], No. ./, p]>. .I(lhl74)- — This article deals with the jjlanting and after cidture of vanilla and with the fermentation, curing, and packing of the product. Trees, shrubs, and vines of the northeastern United States, H. E. Pakk- ni'KsT {Xi'ir York: Cliarles ScrHmrr's Son.'f, ]!M)3, jip. 4^1, pis. .'>0). — This is a popular work describing more particularly the trees and shrul)s found in Central Park, New York City. The second part of tlie 1 took consists of descriptions of native and natural- ized trees found in the northern Ignited States from Maine to Virginia and west to the Mississippi, classified by their leaves. The work is designed more i)articularly for the nonbotanical reader. Report of the committee on school gardens and children's herbariums for the year 1902, 11. L. Cl.vpi^ ( Tnms. .Uassa<-lii(sflts Hurl. Soc. 190?, II, jip. 2.i:!-JGS, fiijs. 1.')). — Tliis gives an account of the school garden work now being carried on in a number (jf different sections of the country, together with a chronological list of the articles published in this country on school gardens since 1890. In addition a list of persons actively engaged or interested in children's garden w'ork is given and of the prizes and gratuities awarded for school gardens and children's herbariums during the year. Chrysanthemums and fertilizers, A. Buyssens {Rev. Hurt. Beige, 26 {1902), pp. 265-270, figs. 3). — This is an account of growing 10 different varieties of chrysanthe- mums with different fertilizers. All the plants were potted in a soil comiiosed of 1^ parts decomposed sod, 1 part vegetable mold, and 1 part sand. One lot of plants was used as a control and received no fertilizer. Another lot had fertilizers mixed with the soil. With a third lot a solution of fertilizers was made and the plants watered with this. In a fourth lot fertilizers were mixed with the soil in the pot and the plant was also watered with a solution containing fertilizers. With a fifth lot the fertilizers recommended by G. Truffaut and based on an analysis of chrysan- themum plants was used. In this case part of the fertilizer was placed in the pot and a part in the water used for watering the plants. In the sixth lot a trade ferti- lizer designated as " Papillon " was used. The best results in these experiments were I i^ORESTRY. 45 obtained with lot 4 in whirli fertilizers were mixed with the i)ottin.ii snil and alno dissolved in the water used for watering the plants. Next in value stood lot 3 where no fertilizer was mixed with the soil hut all used in a solution for watering the plants. The special fertilizer recommended hy Truffaut gave the next best lot of chrysanthe- mums, while the control lot gave the poorest results. Multiplication of the Dutch hyacinth, S. Mottet {Rev. ITort., 75 {1903), Xo. I-.', ]>ji. JS.'-2S4, ti[i>f. ■>'). — The various methods of treating hyacinth bulbs to obtain a large number of l)ull)lets an- illustrated and descril)ed. Alpine fl.o^wers for gardens, W. Robinson {London: John Murray, 1903, 3. ed., pj). 344, pi- l,fig^- 11^)- — The author states.that Alpine plants are easily grown in Eng.ish gardens. Directions are given for the culture of Alpine plants, and the plants that can be best grown are arranged alphabetically and briefly describe poji- nlarly reviewed, and an appreciative account given of the man. FORESTRY. The woodlot, II. S. Graves and R. T. Eisher ( U. S. Dept. Ar/r., Bureau of Forestry Bui. 42, pp. 89, pis. 4, figs. 30). — This bulletin, which is called a handbook for owners of woodlands in southern New England, describes the forests of southern New Eng- land and suggests methods for the improvement of their condition. The handbook is prepared especially for the owners of woodland and its purjjose is to show how second-growth wood, which comprises the principal forest area of New England, may be treated in order to yield larger returns than under the present methods. The methods of cutting which are recommended are simple and can be applied with lieneficial results under conditions now existing in that region. The practice recom- mended by the authors for these second-growth forests consists of thinning the woods which are not mature so as to improve the conditions of growth and utilize material which is otherwise wasted, cutting in mature woods in such a way that the succeed- ing growth will follow quickly and be composed of valuable species, the pruning — which is only practicable in certain sorts of stands — protecting forest property against fire, and restocking waste land by planting and sowing. A number of diagrams are given which are sketched from actual conditions showing the application of the methods suggested for improvement cuttings. Forestry and the lumber supply ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Forestry Circ. 25, pp. 14). — This cnx'ular consists of 3 addresses in which it is shown that forestry is 4^) EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nec'OHsary for the i)er]H>tuation of the hiniber iinhiHtry of tliis <-onntrv. The i)ai)er8 are entitled Foreytry and Foresters, by President Tlieodore Koosevelt; The JCxhaus- tion of tlie Lumber Supply, by R. L. McCormick; and The Lumberman and the Forester, byf!. Pinehot. Continual supply of forest products, K. P>iun(ki;\ {Trxde.smfni, 49 [lUOS), No. 10, }). 52). — The autlior attempts to show the importanee of systematic forest con- servation as a means for providing a continual supply of forest products, and adapts his remarks to the conditions found in the Southern States adjacent to and ('nd)niced witliin the i)roposed Ap[)alachian Forest Reserve. Railroad ties and forest supply [Tradmnan, 49 [190.3), No. 10, pp. 77, 78). — It is stated tliat 7,000,000 railroad ties are annually required for the renewal of those Worn out on the various railroads throughout the country, and for the production of this number more than 300,000,000 linear feet of timber is required. An account is given of experiments which are being conducted by the Great Northern Railroad with a tie which is triangular in section instead of the ordinary 6 by 8 rectangular tie. This railroad tie jiresents a bearing surface of 12 in., and being triangular in section econoluizes very materially the amount of timber required. A number of these ties have been under observation in the terminal yard of the railway and it is claimed that the results show that this new form of tie is more effective under heavy service than that usually employed. A ne-w method of turpentine orcharding, C. H. Herty ( f^. ,S'. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Forestry Bui. 40, pp. 43, J)ls. 15, figs. 5). — This bulletin is an elaboration of Circular 24 of the Bureau of Forestry (E. S. R., 14, p. 874), in which a description is given of the proposed method of turpentine orcharding. In the bulletin this method is described in detail and the results of several years' tests are given. This new method consists in using galvanized iron troughs leading to earthen cups, instead of box cutting as in the former method. This new method has been given prac- tical tests, in one of which the first, second, third, and fourth year crops were selected, and half of each crop was worked ))y the old box system, the other half by the cup system. The results obtained showed an increase of 23^ per cent in the output from the cupped half of the first-year crop, with a corresponding increase for the other crops. In addition to this increased production the trees are said to be left in a better condition, as they are not so deeply cut in preparation. The cost of this new method, while somewhat larger than the old one, can probably be reduced, and is more than fully offset by the increased production. There is also less waste, and a better quality of resin is obtained. Seasoning- of timber, H. von Schrenk and R. Hill [U. S. Ih'pt. Agr., Bureau of Forestry Bui. 4h }>p- 4S, pis. IS, figs. 16). — This bulletin, which relates principally to the seasoning of railroad ties, telegraph poles, and railroad timber, gives a discus- sion of the distribution of water in timber, the relation of water to the decay of timber, the methods and objects of seasoning, and the advantages to be derived from the use of seasoned timbers. The principal investigations have been conducted with the seasoning of railroad ties. Different methods have been tested, and, so far as the authors' investigations have gone, the open piling is to be preferred at least with the lodge pole pine, which is principally used in Montana and elsewhere. It is believed that this method is to be preferred in the case of oak and other timbers. AVhenever timbers have been given a treatment to preserve them from decay they should invariably be thoroughly seasoned after coming from the retorts in which they are treated. This seasoning by crystallizing the chemicals in the wood tends to mate- rially prolong its efficiency against the entrance of destructive fungi. The general recommendations for seasoning timber are as follows: Green timber should be pded in as open piles as possible as soon as it is cut and so kept until it is air dry. No timber should be treated with chemicals until it is air drv, and timbers treated with a FORESTRY. 47 preservivtive diissolved in \v:vtt'r should l)e piled after treatment for several nionthn to allow the water forced into the wood to evajKirate. Under no circumstances should timber freshly treated with the water solution be exposed to weather conditions. Forestry in the United States, W. Schlich [Xature [London'], 67 {1903), No. 1737, pp. 353, 354). — A review is given of the forestry situation in the United States and an account presented of the organization of the forest schools, the policy of the Government as illustrated in the Forestry Bureau of this Department, and the forest reservation system of the Interior Department, and brief accounts of a number of the more recent publications relating to forestry in this country. The author highly recommends the beginnings that have been made, but points out that what has thus far been done will in no wise supi^ly the threatening deficiency in forest products. On this account the author believes that more reservations should T)e esta))lished and greater care exercised in exj)loiting the forests yet remaining. Eighth annual report of the chief fire warden of Minnesota, 1902, l'. C. Andrews {St. Paul: 1903, pp. 132, p^s. 22). — The author submits his annual report giving in some detail the results of the fire-protection system of Minnesota. During the year covered by this report forest fires were less destructive than formerly, due in part to the wet summer and autumn as Avell as to the more efficient patrol and suppression of incipient fires. The number of forest fires reported was 34, in which the damage is estimated at $!3,820, and 46 prairie and field fires were reported in which the loss was estimated at $12,318. The location of these different fires, the area burned over, and the causes of fire as far as known are given. The reports of the various county officers, who are made fire wardens under the law, are l)riefly given and the modifications of the law passed by the last legislature are shown. The condition of forests in a number of parts of the State is briefly described, and the report concludes with a review of European forestry, different countries being dis- cussed in some detail. The forest policy of Pennsylvania, (t. H. Wirt {Jour. Fraidiin Inst., 155 {1903), No. .5, pp. 341-355). — In this paper, which is a lecture delivered before the Franklin Institute, January 23, 1903, the author, who is State forester of Pennsylvania, out- lines the forest policy of the State. This policy consists in aiding private forestry to become profitable and in promoting public forestry by acquiring the forest about the headwaters of principal streams. These forests are managed for the protection of the watersheds as well as for working out other forest problems. Report on the forest administration in the Andamans, 1901-2, (1. Kogers {Forest Dept., Andaman J.^lands, India, lipt. 1901-2, pp. 46). — A progress report is given of the forest operations imder the direction of the writer, and general state- ments are given regarding the regulation and management of the state forests, the operations of the year, the preparation (jf working plans, and the exploitation of forests and cdllection of forest products. Report on the forest administration of the Lovrer Provinces of Bengal, 1901-2, J. H. Lace {Forest De2)t., Bengal, India, Ejjt. 1901-2, pp. 48 + IX). — Dur- ing the period covered by this report but slight changes have been made in the forest area. The area under the control of the forest department June 30, 1902, was 13,579 square miles of re.served, protected, and unclassified forest. A detailed account is given of the management of the state forests, the working plans discussed, and other administrative features presented. The improvement of forest growth by natural rei)roduction, artificial reproduction, thinnings, and various forms of cuttings are descriVjed at some length. A special report is given on the experiments being conducted with rubber-producing trees, and while the number of plants is somewhat limited the experiment with some species seems to be sufficiently promising to war- rant its continuance. More than 42,000,000 cu. ft. of timber were removed by the various cuttings during the i^eriod covered b)' the report. 48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Report on the forest administration of the Central Provinces, 1901-2, B. RoBEHTSON(7'>)n'.s7 Ihjtl., ('nitrtil I'rorincex, Tnd'ui, Rpt. 1901-2, pp. 50 | iA'A^A'^V). — A report is given of the iliief t'orrst commissioner, in vvliieh the annual reports of the conservators for tiie northern and southern circles of the Central Provinces are incluiled. On account of a reclassification of the forest there was a decrease of 111 square miles in the total under the management of the forest department. Consider- able progress is reported in the scientific working of the forest, and an increase of mon' tlian 400,000 cu. ft. of tindu'r is reported as having Ijccu removed. The finan- cial returns from both divisions are stated, sliowing not oidy increased gross receii)ts but a decided increasi' i n tlie net i>roceeds. The system of fore.st-fire protection is reviewed at consideral)le length, and very satisfactory results have Ijeen secured by a very simple method of tire protection. Heport on the forest administration in the Punjab, 1901-2, F. B. Bkyant [Fori'sl Dcpt., ]'i(iijn^), Xo. h:J, pp. 4^S7-4S'. gnuiiinicola and S. macroApont. The species which has been described as >S'. Iriegeriana he says is undoubtedly the same as S. macruKjxird. The species desciibed by Peglion as occurring on wheat is S. vtacro.spora insteail of S. (/nnniiiicoln, as that author has claimed. The histology of TJredo dispersa and the mycoplasm hypothesis, II. INIar- SHALL Ward {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London'], 71 {1903) , No. 473, pp. 3.53, 354).— An abstract is given of a detailed study of the histological features of the germination, infection, and growth of the mycelium of the Uredo in the tissues of grasses, the work refer- ring especially to the uredo form of Puccinia di.tprr.'ia in the tissues of Bromuft .^ecaVnus. The author critically examined the relation of the hyplue and haustoria to the cell contents of the host, and the evidence obtained not only failed to supi^ort P'ricksson's mycoi)lasm hypothesis (E. S. R., 10, p. 316) but so far as the histological facts ol)served are concerned they would indicate that Ericksson's observations are entirely reversed from the true order of events. The so-called special corpuscles observed by Ericks- son are said by the author to be the cut-off haustoria of the fungus, and have no relation whatever with the subsequent development of the mycelium. The haustoria have been formed by the hyphte, and not vice versa. Diseases of flax and flax-sick soil, H. L. Bolley {NorUi Dakota Sta. Bui. 55, pp, 1S6-19S, figfi. 5). — rsince the previous publication regarding the flax wilt (E. S. R., 14, J). 55) a number of new points regarding the disease have come to light. In addi- tion to the fungus {Fu.'^((rium llni) which was described as the cause of the charactei'- istic wilt, a number of other fungi are now known to destroy the young plants and persist in the soil so as to seriously interfere with the growth of flax. Examinations of flaxseed and soil from a numl)er of localities have shown the presence of the wilt organism, and in addition to the Fusarium there was found a species of Colletotrichum disp:ases of plants. 51 and 11. species of Alteriiaria, Ixith of w iiich are very destrurtive to yonnj? plants in damp soils. The effect of these fungi upon tlu' llax is described, and according to the author they may be carried not only in the soil but in the seed. On this account the selec- tion of pure, clean, mature seed is highly important; and wliere the seed is susjiected of being infected it is recommended that the flaxseed he treated with formalji. 9, fiij. 1). — A pojjular sum- mary of the aT)ove bulletin. A disease of the branches of fig, A. Prunet {CompL Bend. Acad. ScL Paris, 136 {1903), No. 6, pp. 395-397; Protj. A;/r. ct Vit. {Ed. L'Est), '24 {1903), No. 10, pp. 31,5, 316). — According to the author, lig trees in the southwest of France are particu- larly subject to a disease which destroys the younger branches. This disease is attributed to attacks of Botrytis which is developed in the fruit remaining upon the trees during winter. Ordinarily the immature fruits in autunni remain on the trees and are attacked by this fungus. The fruits become mummified and bear upon their surfaces the fructification of the Botrytis. During mild weather the spores begin germination and si)read through the peduncles of the fruits to the^young twigs, caus- ing their destruction. Another method of distribution is through the softening and falling from the branches of the decaying fruits. These frequently fall upon other branches and remaining there spread the infection from these centers. As a means for tlie prevention of this disease the author suggests the removal from the trees of all fruit at the end of Ww season. The control of the sooty mold of the olive, I). Vidal {Prog. Agr. cl Mt. {Ed. L'Est), ^4 {1903), No. 14,2)p- 439, 440). — The relationship between insects and fungi in producing the sooty mold of olives is shown, and the remits given of a number of treatments in which Bordeaux mixture was used in connection with kerosene emul- sion and Bordeaux mixture and turpentine. These treatments were found to be quite efficient, and in combating this disease a combined insecticide and fungicide should 1)6 used. The best results in his experiments were obtained with the Bordeaux mixture and turpentine solution. The spraying should be thorough, and can be done at a cost of about 5 cts. per tree per year. The bitter-rot fungus, H. von Schkenk and P. Spaulding {Science, n. .scr., 17 {1903), No. 436, pp. 750, 751). — As a result of the study of the synonymy of the bitter- rot fungus {GliKospor'mm fructigenum) the authors claim that the name should be Glomerella rufomaculans, n. sp., the previous names being preoccupied. The other well-known species of Glocosjiorium of this same group, according to the authors, would become O'lomerella cingulata, (I. piperaiinn, (,'. cinclitm, and G. rubicolum. Collar rot of the orange, C. Fuller {Agr. Jour, and Mhi. Eec, 6 {1903), No. 5, pp. 150, 151) . — The occurrence of collar rot, root rot, gum disease, yellow leaf disease, etc., in Natal is noted, and the author points out the identity of the diseases which have been given these various names. The collar rot, as he prefers to call the trouble, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53 (K-ciirs in Natal luultT alino^t all conditions of 8oil, and in many fasen it may be attri))nted to ])ad drainage, although in pome instances a lack of drainage will not ex})lain the occurrence of the disease. The peach; its diseases and suggested remedies, W. A. BofciiER {Nen: Zealand Dcpt. A(jr. Rpt. 1903, pp. 450-460, pi. 1). — The peach is said to be almost entirely free from insect pests in New Zealand, but is subject to considerable injury from a number of fungus diseases. Among the diseases described are peach curl, shot-hole fungus, peach rust, and attacks of Cla.^terosporitnn amygdaleannii. This last fungus attacks both the bark and leaf, resulting in the defoliation of trees and their subsequent weakness. The author recommends early and persistent spraying with Bordeaux mixture composed of 10 lbs. of copper suljihate, 10 lbs. of lime, and 40 gal. of water. Peach-leaf curl, G. E. Stone {Mtaoran- gium sj)p. , for the prevention of which the author recommends thorough and repeated spraying with I^ordeanx mixture. The witches' broom disease of cacao [Agr. Xeirx [Barbados'], ..-' {1903), Xo. 26, p. '117, fig. 1). — An illustrated description is given of the witches' broom disease of cacao which was first noticed in Surinam in 1898. This disease greatly damages the trees and is accompanied by a hardening of the cacao pods to such an extent that their production is seriously diminished. In the absence of more definite knowledge of the fungus the only remedy to be suggested is the cutting out of the tufted brandies and burning them as soon as observed. The alternate form of .fficidium hihisciatum, W. A. Kellerman {Jour. Mycol., 9 {1903), Xo. 66, pp. 109, 110). — The occurrence of the jccidium of this rust in great abundance on plants of Hih'n-rns moschentos led the author to search for its teleuto- sporic form. A number of plants were investigated whit-h grew in the immediate vicinity and finally by means of cultures and inoculations the author discovered that the Puccinia form was Purcin ia m uhlenhergipc, a common rust on Muhlenhergia mexicana. A rust of the cultivated snapdragon, W. C. Blasdale {Jour. Mycol., 9 {1903), No. 66, 2}p. SI, 82). — In 1895 the author reported the presence of the uredo stage of a rust on cultivated forms of snapdragon. Later the teleuto stages were produced and the fungus was determined to be a new one and named by Holway and Dietel Puccinia antirrhini. Since that time the fungus has appeared every season when attempts were made to grow this plant, completely destroying all plants before they reached the flowering stage. There appears to be no record of the occurrence of similar disease in other ]iarts of the country, and the author suggests that on account of its destructive character it would be well to guard against introducing it into other regions. Grape mildew and the use of sulphur, L. DEGRur.Lv {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst), 24 {1903) , Xo. 14, pp. 417, 418) . — Attention is called to the fact that for some years complaint has been made by certain viticulturists that the use of suljihur does not prevent tlie attacks of the powdery mildew of the grape. A number of these c-omplaints were analyzed and the author concludes that the failure to jirevent the development of the fungus Avas due in part at least to an insufficient use of sulphur. For the thorough protection of the grapevines at least 3 treatments should be given them in which either 130 kg. per hectare of triturated sulphur or 90 kg. of sublimated sulphur should be used. These figures are given as the maxima, which it is not always necessary to attain, but they should be fairly well approximated. 54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Brunissure of grapes; its cause and remedies, L. DKciKiLi.v {I'rorj. Ayr. ft ]'it. [Ed. L' J'Jst) , J// [19U.3), No. 15, pp. 44'J-45^). — A di«;ussiou is given of some of tlie supposed causes of this disease' among them various fungi, insects, the lack of nutrition, the effect of overliearing, etc.; and u review is given in which it is shown that there seems to be some relati(jnship between production and occurrence of tlie disease. Differenc-es in susceptibility of varieties are also shown, those of the Vinifera, Labrusca, and yKstivalis types being quite subject to disease, while liiparia, Berlandieri, and Cordifolia are seldom or never attacked. The author seems to incline to the opinion that this disease is due to a lack of nutrition as well as overV)earing. For its preven- tion he recommends thinning grapes to prevent overproduction, and l)etter culti- vation of the vines, furnishing tliem with an a])undance of water and fertilizers. The conidial form of the black-rot fungus, (t. Delackoix {(Joinpl. licnd. Acad. Set. P(tri.^, isr> {1902), Xo. 26, pp. 1372-1374) -—In a previous publication (E. S. R., 13, i>. 386) the author described a conidial form of the l)lack-rot fungus {(iuignardia bidiri'llii ) which he stated Avas more or less common in the United States and occa- sionally met with under favorable conditions in France. Other investigators have since contested the accuracy of this description, and the author gives an account of investigations conducted during 1902 which have confirmed his previous conclusions. The bluing and the red rot of the -western yellow pine, H. von Schrenk ( U. *S'. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bnl. 36, pp. 40, pU. 14)- — An account is given of the cause of the blue timber of dead wood of western yellow pine {Finus po)idero.'i, n. sp. The amount of diseaseil tindjer in this forest reserve is very great, and as tiie ])ark l)eetles are continuing their attack the amount is increasing. The investigations of the author show that if i^romptly used the timber is valuable and, so far as the blue timber is concerned, is not injured for the ordinary purposes to which this class of trees are put. Some nematode diseases of tropical plants, G. Delacroix {Reprint from Agr. Prat. Pai/s CJiaiids, pp. 19, figs. -J). — Descriptions are given of a number of nematode diseases which are caused by the widely distributed Hetcrodera rddicicola. To this nematode the author attributes the banana disease of Egypt and a disease of black [lepper in Cochin China (E. S. R., 14, p. 460), as well as a coffee disease in the West Imlies. Associated with the nematode in the coffee disease is the mycelium of one or more fungi which cause the rotting of the roots of the plants. Disease-resisting- varieties of plants, L. Levvton-Braix ( West Indiun Bid., 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 4S~57). — A critical review is given of some of the more important investigations that have been conducted in various parts of the world on the breeding and introduction of disease-resistant varieties of cultivated plants. Notes on albinism among plants, E. Pantanelli {Malpighia, If! {190^2), No. 11-1 J, pj). 4S7--'^17). — A critical study is reported of various forms of albinism, together with an inquiry into their causes and the various phenomena which attend this abnormal condition. Fungus diseases and spraying, H. H. Lamson {New Hainpsliire Stu. Bid. 101, jip. .5.7-67, ]>l. 1). — A brief general account is given descriptive of fungus diseases, and directions are given for the preparation and use of a number of the more common fungicides. Descriptions are given of a number of the more common diseases, special attention being given to those of the apple, grape, peach, plum, and potato. Where remedial or i)reventive treatments are known they are suggested. Spraying for the control of insect pests and fungu3 diseases, T. W. Kirk {Neiii Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pp. 4,34-449). — The author gives in tabulated form the answers to a circular which was extensively distril)utep. 56.5-568). — On account of the possibility of combating fungus diseases and insects with a single treatment, the author has suggested spray- ing with a combined solution which consists of a copper fungicide and an arsenical insecticide. ENTOMOLOGY. The enemies of agriculture, A. L. Herrera {IjOs plagax de la agrindtura. Mex- ico: MiiiiMerio de Fomento, 1902, 1903, pis. 3-7, pp. 179-434, pis. 5). — This is a contin- uation of the work of which the first and second parts have already been noted (E. S. li., 14, p. 467). The author discusses insects injurious to fruit trees; the eco- nomic importance of birds; the enemies of cacao, coffee, sugar cane, i-ereals, peas, asparagus, ornamental flowers; insect enemies of domestic fowls; ants, injurious locusts, etc. 4678— No. 1—03 5 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Some injurious insects and fungus diseases of the year 1902, W. Locuheao {Ontario Aijr. Col. ond K.rpl. luinii 1!/>I. 1UI)..\ pp. l!/-i.'S, jif.»r>u».s *ivV//''wo;/»(), wliidi eoninionly lives on species of jointweed, but which was found to be injurious to aj)ples. Brief accounts are also i)resented of the injuries (!aused by woolly aphis, bronze birch borer, leaf spot of sugar beet and horse chestnut, shot-hole disease of ])luni and cherry, apple scab, pear scab, sooty fungus of apple, late blight of potatos, etc. T. D. Jarvis calls attention to the dangers from close proximity of mountain ash, wild plum, and chokecherry to fruit trees. These Avild trees are infested with a number of insect and fungus pests which may readily spread to c-ultiviited trees. Entomological notes {Jour. JUL Ayr. [Loiiduii], 9 {I'jOS), No. 4, j}p. i]l!)-525). — Brief accounts of carrion beetles, Ilydnvcia vilcdcea, (Mania mintUi, llcdya ticidlana, Lavcrna aim, and J'lnrdon betuhr. The last-named insect is reported as very injurious to mustard. It is recommended that all nuistard plants be burned in the fall after being allowed to dry out. The destruction of these plants, together with other rul)- l)ish under which the beetles might hibernate, has been found to check the multipli- cation of the insects and to prevent a portion of the spring injuries. Indian Museum notes {Indian 3Ius. Xotcs, 5 {190S), No. 3, pp. 61-Jp;, ph. 14). — As with the jirevious nund)ersof this publication, this immber isoccuj)ied with orig- inal conmmnications on injurious insects and with numerous miscellaneous notes on economic entomology. W. H. Ashmead (pp. (H, 62) describes sla new the genus Eurycephalus, which belongs to the family Chalcididfe. E. E. Green (p. 63) describes a new species of scale insect under the name Chiona.tjji.^ decurvaia, which was found attacking rice. E. P. Stebbing (pp. 64-91) presents an account of insect pests of sugar cane in India. A large number of species are described and notes are given on the nature of the injury done by the different species and on means of com- bating them. J. Durrant (p. 92) describes a new genus of Tineid moth under the name Dasyses. E. E. Green (pp. 93-103) describes a number of new species of scale insects throughout India. These species belong to the genera Lecanium, Aspidiotus, Tachardia, Mohophlebus, etc. The remainder of this publication is occupied with notes on insect pests from the entomological section of the Indian INIu.seum and includes brief accounts of insect enemies of forest trees, fruit trees, garden vegetables, cereals, corn, indigo, sugar cane, tea, opium, cotton, etc. A " lake fly " nuisance due toa species of Ghironomus was investigated. It was found that this insect could be controlled by cleaning the borders of the lake, removing all weeds, and dredging away weeds and low mud banks which occur above the surface of the lake. The eggs of the fiy are usually laid in such material. The chinch bug in Maine, H. W. Britcher {Maine Sta. Bid. 91, pp. 41-52, figs. 2). — Descriptive biological and economic notes are given on this insect. The chinch bug is said to have been observed in Maine for the past 35 years. It is chiefly injurious to grasses and the remedies suggested are burning, spraying with kerosene or kerosene emulsion, and plowing under. A number of experiments were made for the purpose of testing the power of the chinch bug to withstand unusual conditions. As a result of these experiments it was found that the hiber- nation of the chinch bug does not represent a period of continuous torpidity, but a period which may be interrupted at any time during the winter by seasons of warm weather. Complete submersion in water, even for a considerable period, did not always prove fatal. Freezing in water was almost always fatal to chinch bugs, while freezing in a dry or moist atmosphere proved to be a less effective check. The root borer of sugar cane, N. B. Watson ( West Indian Bid., 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 37-47, figs. 3). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of Diaprepts abbreiyiatus. The insect is described in its various stages. The unusual mcrease of this species is believed to be due to the destruction of birds and reptiles by the ENTOMOLOGY. 57 nionguo«e. In order to cdiiti'il tin- insect it is recommen. Simpson {U. S. Dept. Atjr., Division of E)itomoJogy Circ. S3, pp. ,7, Jig. l). — This locust is said to have occurred in large iiunibers in Idaho and Utah during the last few years. Notes are given on its habits and life history. For controlling the insect the author recom- mends jilowing the fields, spraying with oil, the use of hopperdozers, and arsenical baits. The codling moth, E. I). Sandeksox {Ddairarc, Sta. Bui. 59, pp. .i2, pi. 1, fig. 4)- — The codling moth i3 described in its various stages and notes are given on its life his- tory. In Delaware there aj)pears to be only a partial second brood and the insect winters almost without exception as a caterpillar. Brief notes are presented on its natural enemies and on the results of insecticide experiments. As a result of 1 land- ing apple trees; from 4 to 15 per cent of the larvte were caught. The use of trap lan- terns was found tf) be of little value. Insecticide exjieriments were largely confined to spraying with arsenite of lime, Paris green, and Disparene, at the rate of 1 pt. per l)arrel, 1 11 >. per 150 gal., and 3 1V)S. per 150 gal., respectively. Arsenite of lime sprayed twice gave 20 per cent of benefit; Paris green sprayed twice, 61 per cent; Disparene with 1 application, 60 per cent, and with 2 applications, 87 per cent. Similar results were obtained in other series of experiments. The addition of 20 per cent of kerosene or crude oil appeared to have no bad effect upon the trees, but seemed to increase the number of wormy fruits. The addition of permanganate of potash, resin soap, molasses or glucose had no ])eneficial effect in increasing adhesion. Three applications of the insecticides appeared to be no better than 2. It was also found that the use of more than 1 lb. of Paris green to 200 gal. of water was no more effective than smaller quantities. Green arsenoid appeared to be equally effective with Paris green. The codling moth, J. jNI. Aldkich {Idaho Sia. Bid. 36, pp. 137-155). — Descriptive and liiological notes are given on this insect. There are said to be 4 apple growing regions in Idaho. In southwestern Idaho, the most important api^le shipping sec- tion of the State, great damage is done l)y codling moth, from 50 to 100 per cent of untreated apples being effected. Southeastern Idaho suffers but little injury from codling moth. In northern Idaho it is not a serious pest. Around Lewiston it once caused great damage, but at present apple trees are being replaced with other fruits which are not attacked by this insect. Observations made on the biology of the codling moth at Lewiston showed that the first worms entered the apples on June 19, the calyces of the apples having been open as late as INIay 10. The first moths appeared July 14 and moths from the larvte of the second brood appeared on September 3 and 4. On unsprayed trees 52 per cent and on once-sprayed trees 44 per cent of apples were found t(.) be infested when examined in October. This loss was believed to be almost wholly due to the third brood. In another instance the third brood ajjpeared between September 15 and 21. As a rule, however, there are 2 broods in Idaho. Four series of spraying experiments were made to determine the comparative effect- iveness of Paris green and arsenate of lead, to compare one application of spray at the time the blossoms fall with one made just before the worms enter the apple, and to compare 1 spraying with 2 or more. The results of these experiments show that Paris green is more effective than arsenate of lead and also more resistant to rain. Spraying just after the blossoms fall was more beneficial than applying as the worms were about to enter the apples. Two sprayings were recommended, where the larvse ap]3ear in large numbers. The control of the codling moth, C. B. Simpson ( f". *S'. Depl. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 171, pp. 24, figs. 4). — Descriptive and economic notes are given on the codling moth. 58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An accniiiil is ]irt'S('nt(il of tlie (lislril)iitiini nf tlic insect, itn natural enemies, and the artificial remedies to ))e adojited in controliini; it. These remedies include spraying with arsenical insecticides, such as Paris <;reen, Ixjiidon i)urj>ie, and white arsenic conijiounds, and handing the trees. When these remedies are applied intelligently from 85 to 9S ])er cent of the fruit is saved, while without the application of any remedial measures from Hr> to 100 per cent of the fruit >)ecomes infested. Tavo common scalo insects of the orchard, W. E. Brittox ( fonnedicul Si'ilr Sta. Bill. 14.3, pp. 10, ph. 2, Jigs. 5). — Bifilogical and economic; notes are given on scurfy bark-louse anresent of economic importance or likely to ])rove so in the West Indies. Notes are given for the pur- pose of rendering identification of these spe('ies comparatively simple for fruitgrow- ers, and apiiroved remedies are briefly discus'?ed. Scale insects of the West Indies, H. IMaxwell-Lefroy ( West Indian Bui., 3 {1903), Xo. 4, pp. 295-319). — Notes are given on the native and introduced species of scale insects in the "West Indies and lists are presented of these species, together with others which are likely to be introduced into foreign countries from the West Indies. Special attention is given to the habits, food jjlants, predaceous and para- sitic enemies, fungus diseases, and means of controlling these insects. Scale insects and mites on citrus trees, C. L. Marlatt ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers^ Bid. 172, pjp. 43, figs- 34). — This bulletin contains in a condensed form material already published on the same subject in the Yearbook of this Department for 1900 (E. S. E., 18, p. 266). T\70 insects injurious to the strawberry, J. M. Stedman {Missouri Sta. Bid. 54, l)p. 187-210, figs 5). — The strawberry false worm {Harpiphorits macidntus) develops only 1 brood per year in Missouri. The larvse hatch out about the time the first strawberry blossoms appear and remain on the plants until the berries are ri])e. Descrijitive and l)iological notes are given on this species. The insect may be con- trolled by thorough dusting with pyrethrum. This substance may be sprayed upon the plants at any time, even when the fruit is ripe. It may be necessary to make 2 or 3 applications to control the pest. The larvae may also be destroyed by spraying ENTOMOLOGY. 59 with powdered liellebore or Paris green, using tlie former in the pi'oportion of 1 Ih. to :> gal. of water, and the latter at the rate of 1 1))., together with 3 lbs. fresh lime, in ITiO gal. of water. The.se remedies, however, must not be applied after the berries l)egin to ripen. White hellebore is considered the best and safest remedy. The ooinmon strawberry-leaf roller (PJwxopteris cmnptuna) produces .'5 l>roods annually and the insect is found in one or more stages throughout the summer. No practical remedy was found for the first brood, but the second and third broods may l)e destroyed by mowing the strawberry plants inniiediately after harvesting and l)urning them as soon as dry. The org-anization of a campaign against the enemies of grapes, I. Paciioski [Zap. Imp. Ohshch. SeM. Khuz. Yuzli. Ross., 72 {1902), No. 11-12, pjp. 34-41) .—On account of the serious injuries to grapes froni the attacks of insects in the region of Odessa, the author recommends that the government be requested to establish 2 experiment stations for the protection of cultivated plants. It is also recommended that the regular agricultural societies be urged to distribute instruments and insecti- cides such as would be required for carrying out the instructions of experts. A disease of grapevines caused by Dactylopius vitis and Bornetina corium, L. Mangin and P. Viala {Compt. Mend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. G, pp. 397-399). — It was found that Dacti/lopius vitis causes considerable injury to grape- vine roots in Palestine where this disease was investigated. The scale insects punc- ture the roots and cause an escape of sap, which is used by the fungus for its own growth. The fungus mycelium finally covers the scale insects so that they are pro- tected against insecticides and other unfavorable conditions. The authors consider this to be a case of symbiosis. Experiments with remedies indicate that tlie scale insects are easily killed by injecting bisulphid of carbon into the soil before the fungus mycelium becomes too thick. The white fly of greenhouses, C. j\I. Weed and A. F. Conradi {Nnv Htunpshire Sta. liiil. 100, pp. 4■j-•'-^ ./'.'/. 1). — Various greenhouse crops in New Hampshire are said to be commonly attacked by the v;hite fly. According to the observations of the authors the eggs hatch within 13 days. No evidence was obtained to show that the insect can pass the winter out of doors. Brief notes are given on the injuries produced by this insect upon plants. Experiments were made with Kero water sprays, and with hydrocyanic-acid gas. The adult white flies were readily killed by s{)raying with a mechanical mixture of kerosene and water containing 5 per cent kerosene. The most successful and most satisfactory remedy, however, was fumiga- tion ^vith hydrocyanic-acid gas. A portion of a greenhouse containing 2,833 cu. ft. of space was treated by mixing 12 oz. of strong sulphuric acid, 12 oz. of potassium cyanid, and 1 gal. of water. The house was kept closed for 15 minutes. This and similar experiments were repeated, with the result that all adult flies ajipeared to be killed and none of the plants were injured. Directions are given for estimating the cu. ft. of space in greenhouses and for producing the gas. Pests of cofieo and means of combating them, J. Rossionon ( Cafetal, 1 {1903), No. 1, pp. 9, 10). — The author discusses briefly the habits and life history of Dady- lopius destructor, Melolordha ndgaris, Lecanium cqtfeic, and Ilemileia v((stutrix. For- nndas are presented for insecticides and fungicides which have been found effective in destroying these pests. Animal pests of the rose, and means of controlling them, F. R. vox Binnen- tiiai, {Die Rosnm-Jiiidrniijr aiix dciii Tierrcichc, dcrrn. irirksamc Alurehr und Bekiimpftmg. Stiittgart: Engen. Vlmer, 1903, pp. X^392, figx. SO).' — This volume constitutes a hand- book of information regarding insect pests of rosebushes, and various natural and artificial remedies for the control of these pests. The author presents an account of the typical forms of injuries to plants by insects, and also of the biology and life history of insects. One chapter is devoted to a discussion of remedies for the con- trol of insects. These in<'Iude tlic ultilizati'iii of natural enemies of insects and the 60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD artilicial ajiiilicatinn of various insecticides, sucli as tolmcco (U'coction, Xessit'r's fluid, (|iiassia, i>yictliniiii, lud lei tore, tiiriH-ntiiieoil, kerosene, cnide petroleum, carbolic acid, cresol, na|)tlialiiie, I'aris green, caustic lime, corrosive sublimate, carbon l)isuli)hid, kainit, co|>]icr sulphate, copperas, proprietary remedies, and fumigation with various gases, including hydnx-yanic-acid gas. The numerous uisectts which are known ot be injurious to roses are classified according to their systematic position, and dis- cussed imder the orders to which they belong, including Coleoptera, Ilymenoptera, Lepido])tera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera. The author alsodis- cusses the injurious effects of red spiders anil nematode worms. The volume is pro- vided with an index which renders the information contained in it very accessible. Antheraea cytlierea on Pinus insignis at Fort Cunynghame plantation, J. Sims ( Ai/r. Jour. Cape (load Jlopf, :;2 ( /.W.?), IS^o. 4, pp. 440-404, ph. S). — The cater- pillars of this insect are reported as having defoliated Pinus iusUjrds io a large extent and to cause some doubts as to the feasibility of successfully growing this tree in plantations. The depredations caused by the insects are becoming less pronounced from year to year, and the author believe.^ that the tree can be cultivated despite the attacks of thecater[)illars. Notes are given on the habits and life history of this insect. It is parasiti-sed in the egg and caterpillar stages, and is also affected by abacterial disease. No Inrds or mammals were observed feeding upon it. The net-winged midges (Blepharoceridaej of North America, V. L. Kel- Locc; {Contrlh. HioL, ILipJdnx Sea.vdr Lnh., J^ehtiid Stanford .Jr. Cnir., 1903, No. 30, pp. 1S3-232, ph. ,'i,fig. 1). — Notes on the anatomy, habits, and life history of species of this family, a number of species l)eing descril)ed as new. Intraradical nutrition of diseased trees for the purpose of curing them and destroying parasites, I. Shevuikev {Sehk. Khoz. i Lyesov., JO'.) (1903), Apr., pp. .58-103, Jig.^. .)).— The author describes a number of experiments in which vari- ous substances were introduced directly into the trunks and roots of trees, especially birch and api)le trees, for the purpose of testing the al)sorptive power of these trees and the effect of the substance upon injurious insects. A list of substances thus used included potassium silicate, copper sulphate, various solutions of eosin, fuchsin, carmin, etc. These substances were introducewn gall, peach yellows, peach and plum rosette, and woolly aphis. Notes are given on the ai)i)earance, habits, and means of combating these pests and formulas are suggested for the preparation of suitable fungicides and insecticides. Report of the inspector of fumigation appliances, 1902, P. \V. Hodgetts [Turonta: Ontario Dept. Agr., 1903, pp. 15, Jigs. 2).- — The condition of districts infested with San Jos^ scale is said to be quite serious. Brief notes are given on spring and fall inspection for this insect and on the results of experiments to deter- mine the influence of hydrocyanic-acid gas on plants. Extensive tests with this insecticide showed that plants of all species bear treatment without harm. Crude oil and soap, a ne-w general insecticide, II. Maxwell-Lefkov ( Wrst Indian Bui, 3 (1903), JVo. 4, pp. 319-326).— .Kttenium is called to the desirability of using crude oil in the place of kerosene wherever jjossible on account of the mudi r ENTOMOLOGY. 61 greatei- cost of the latter. A number of kinds of crude oil have been uped in the We!::t Indies in combination with soaps. One formula which has been found to be quite effective is as follows: 10 lbs. whale-oil soap, 51 pts. crude Barbados oil, 4 oz. nai)hthaleiie. Kerosene emulsions were tested at the rate of 1 lb. to 10 gal. water and were found effective against plant lice, mealy bugs, and the majority of scale insects. Spraying calendar for 1903, C. F. Curtiss, H. C. Price, and H. E. Summers {Ii))V(i Std. Sjirai/iiH/ Caleix'ar, 190S, pp. S, fig. 1). — This spraying calendar contains a list of econonuc plants, with notes on pests which attack them and approved remedies for controlling these pests. Fornuilas are also given for the preparation of the more important fungicides and insecticides. Spraying' calendar, L. R. T.\ft and C. D. Smith {Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 19, /bZro). —Formulas are given for the preparation of the more common insecticides and fungicides and a short list of economic plants is presented, showing the more impor- tant pests to which these plants are subjected, the remedies which should be applied, and the time of application. Mosquitoes and other insects of the year 1902, R. H. Pettit [Michigan Sta. Spec. Bill. 17, pp. ..'6, figs. ^6). — Representatives of the genera Culex, Anopheles, P.>^orophora, Conchyliastes, and Urotfenia are found in Michigan. An experiment was made on the college grounds in treating ponds with kerosene oil. The oil was applied at the rate of 1 oz. for 15 sq. ft. of water l)y the use of a knapsack pump. Applications were made at various intervals from April 26 to July 15. The season was unusually wet and strong winds helped to blow other mosquitoes into the grounds, so that the results of the experiment were left somewhat doubtful. Notes are given on the numl)ers of larvae and pupai in a given area. The effect of the oil persisted for about 3 weeks. A fungus belonging to the genus Entomophthora was observed living parasitii- upon mostpiitoes. The same fungus was found also on a fly and a species of Diplax. Notes are given on the habits and injuries caused l)y Lecanium longulum. This scale was found to be parasitised by a fungus which is described as a new species, under the name Isaria lecanifera. Notes are given on the growth of this fungus on agar, potato, and corn meal. Brief notes are also presented on Pseudococcas acericola, periodical cicada, Angou- inois grain moth, hickory-bark beetle, and Basilarchia artJiernis. The lajgt-named insect is reported as injurious to young apple trees. Periodical ci(^ada was found to be parasitised by the fungus MassosjMrra cicadiua. Mosquitoes and other insects of the year 1902, R. H. Pettit {Michigan Sta. Bid. 204, i>p- 13-30, figx. 4)- — A popular edition of Special Bulletin 17 noted above. Mosquito extermination in practice, E. M. Bentley et al {Lawrence, L. I.: Board of Health [1903], pp. 42, dgm. i).— The Board of Health of Lawrence, L. I., has undertaken the problem of destroying the mosquitoes in the vicinity of the town. The destruction of fresh-water mosquitoes was found to be very simple, while much more trouble was experienced in fighting the salt-water mosquito {Cule.c sollicitans). The use of oil or drainage of pools was found to be quite efficient in destroying the fresh-water mosquitoes. The observations made in Lawrence indicate that ( '. sollici- taiiH may deposit eggs not in water but on mud at the roots of grasses. Another imjjortant fact was determined, viz, that this mostjuito does not breed in places where the daily tides enter freely. Two plans were followed in fighting these mosquitoes — the use of petroleum on breeding pools, and ditches. The petroleum method was found to be too expensive, although quite effective. During the season about 6 nnles of shore line was treated by the ditching method. During the progress of this work about 20 miles of ditches were made at a cost of about $1,700. The results were very encouraging. Brief notes are given on breeding of mosquitoes in 02 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. barrels, cans, and small jxiols in oiit-of-thi'-way places. C B. I'cnnett presents l)i()l()i;i('Hl and ('cononiii- notes on C s()llicll((ys, ('. pipienx, and Anopheles. The iiy and mosquito as carriers of disease, H. I). ncv of flies and nios(initoes in carrying malaria, yellow fever, typhoid fever, and lilariasis, together with notea on the means of eradicating the fly and mosiiuito miisance. Report of lecturer on apiculture, H. R. Rowsomk {Ontario Af/r. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpl. 190J, pp. 147, ]4<'^). — As a result of a number of experiments in stimulative feeding of bees it was found that the temperature of the hive could not be reduced without injury. Feeding with sirup containing a large projjortion of water i)roved to be injurious, especially to old bees. Feeding with honey or ])roperly prepared sirup indicated an advantage for this system of stimulative feeding. Notes are also given on the protecttion of bees in winter in chaff hives, storing honey in paper sacks and using unfinished sections. Apiculture {.Tour. .Tamaica Agr. Soc, 7 {1903), No. 4, PP- 145-148). — Statistics are presented concerning the importation of honey into Great Britain, and the produc- tion of honey in California, Italy, and France. Brief notes are also given on the quality of honey produced in Jamaica. Modern bee keeping, W. F. Reio {Jour. Soc. Arts, 51 (1903), No. 2631, pp. 522- 529, Jigs. 9). — The author presents an historical account of the development of knowledge concerning the habits and life history of bees and of the production of various devices for the more convenient management of bees and for increasing the production of honey. Bee matters, A. Gale {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 3, pp. 247-251, figs. 2) . — The author briefly discusses the care of young swarms and the regulation of the time of swarming, together with an account of wire section-cradles and the use of these devices in ordinary hives. An outline of the conditions and means of increasing the production of honey, A. Kirillov {SelsL Khoz. i Lijesov., 20S {1903), Feb., pp. 3S9-422; Mar., pp. no.]-637, figs. 6). — This article contains a general account of the various practices which have been found beneficial in increasing the yield of honey. The author devotes particular attention to a discussion of the location of the apiary, the con- struction -jf hives, efficiency of various breeds of l)ees, artificial feeding of bees, and care of swarms. Bees as related to fruit growing, T. W. Ditto {Agr. Student, 9 {1903), No. 8, pp. 165, 166) . — A popular account of the agency of bees in the fertilization of fruits. The causes of the sexual differentiation in colonies of bees, F. Dickel {Arch. Phgsiol. [Pfiilger], 95 {1903), No. 1-2, ]ip. 66-106, fig. i).— This article is of a controversial nature and in it the author seeks to show that the queen bee does not have the power of predetermining the sex of the bees which hatch from different eggs. It is maintained as a result of an extensive series of experiments carried on by the author that the queen l)ee lays but one kind of egg, and that all eggs are fer- tilized. The production of workers, queen bees, and drones from these eggs is brought about by different care and food which is provided by the worker bees. According to the author's experiments the worker bee appears to be the only possible source of the peculiar nutritive or stimulating food which is required to produce a queen bee from an egg which, if treated in the ordinary manner, would have given rise to a worker bee. Anew beehive with trapezoidal frames, J. Farcy {.Jour. Agr. Prat., n.ser., 5 {1903), No. 9, }ip. 287-290, figs. 3). — The author describes the details of structure of a hive used by P. Chiris, and containing trapezoidal frames. The external wall may be double, and the chief advantages of this form of frame are the ease with which swarms maybe protected against (!old and the great con \enieiice in removing frames for inspection. FOODS NUTEITION. 68 Foul brood of bees; tlie symptoms, treatm.ent, and means of preventing- the infection of hives, A. Butkevich {SeM. Khoz. i Lyesor., 208 {1903), Jan., pp. 36-60). — A detivilt'il (1escri])tion is given of the symptoms of this disease and of the usual methods ])>• wliid; it is conveyed from one hive to another. For controlUng the disease the aiitiior makes a number of recommendations based on his own obser- vations and those of others. It is stated that foul brood is not as infectious or as ditHcnlt to eradicate as has usually l)een assumed. On the contrary, it appears to yield readily to treatment. In treating swarms for the presence of this disease the author reconuMciids that the queen be removed and that the bees be kept in a swarming basket for about 3 days, after which they may be placed in the hive on clean comb and fed for a short time on sirup containing a small quantity of salicylic acid. In order to prevent the development of foul brood it is reconmiended that all colonies be fed in the si)ring on sirup containing salicylic acid and that all sour honey be removed. Bacillus mesentericus and B. alvei, F. C. Harrisox (Rev. Internat. Apicult., 25 [1903), No. 2, pp. 29-32). — This is a controversial article in which the author presents a number of arguments against the identity of these 2 organisms as claimed by Lambotte. The author believes that if these organisms were identical, foul brood of bees should occur spontaneously in countries where bees have never been imported from infected localities. Raising- silkworms in Algeria [Bui. Agr. Algerle et Tunisie, 9 [1903), No. G, pp. 121-128). — Experiments have shown that both the mulberry and the silkworm thrive well in Algeria. The first definite experiments in this direction were begun in 1842. Notes are given on the life history of the silkworm, the feeding, and vari- ous other processes connected with the development of the worms, and the diseases to \vhi(-h silkworms are subject in Algeria. FOODS NUTRITION. Studies or the dig-estibility and nutritive value of bread, H. Snyder ( JJ. S. Depf. Agr., Office of E.i]>eriment Station.^ Bnl. 126, pp. 52, ph. 3). — A number of experiments are reported on the digestil)ility and nutritive value of bread made fjom whole wheat, patent, and graham flours ground from hard spring wheal; and soft winter wheat. In every case tlie different grades of flour were ground from the same lot of grain. Briefly stated, the most important deductions from the results of these investiga- tions with hard and soft wheat are in accord with the conclusions drawn from the earlier investigations of this series (E. S. R., 14, p. 770). The nutritive value of flour, in so far as the (juantities of digestible protein, fats, and carbohydrates, and available energy are concerned, is not iiK-reased by milling the wheat in such a way as to retain a larg-L^ proportion of ])ran and germ. The differences in the amounts of total nutrients furnished, the body by the various grades of flour are, however, relatively small, all grades being quite thoroughly digested. The coarser flours have a tendency to increase peristaltic- action, and are on this account especially valuable for some persons. Judged by composition and digestibility, all the flours are very nutritious foods, which experience has shown are wholesome as well. When also the fac^t is taken into account that they furnish nutritive material in an economical form, their imjiortance is evident. The fact nmst not be lost sight of that using different grades of flour for bread making and other household purposes offers a convenient method of adding to the variety of the daily diet, a matter which is of undoubted importance. The digestibility by man of peas cooked in soft and hard water, A. P. F. Rk-htek [Arch. Hyg., 46 [1903), No. 3, pp. ^64-273).— The author was himself the subject of experiments, each of 2 days' duration, in which about 600 gm. of cooked peas were eaten jut day. In the fust test the peas were cooked to a puree in dis- 64 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. tilled water and in the neeond in liard water, and in l)oth cases the cooked material was i)asHed 11ironp. 34.5-361). — The author gives a formula which he has found to lie useful for calculating the heat of combustion of chemical compounds by means of elementary composition, and discusses it at con- sideral)le length. The fuel value of the oxygen in some substances of physiological impor- tance, O. Krcmmachek {Ztschr. Biol., 44 {1903), No. 3, pp. 362-373). — Experiments which are reported lead the author to conclude that the heat of combustion of materials of complex composition can be calculateil by the method proposed by E. Voit. (See above.) Examination and valuation of preserved fruits and fruit marmalades, \ON Raumek {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. it. (ienus.sjtill., 6 {1903), No. 11, pp. 481-492).— ANIMAI, PKODUCTION. 65 Chemical studies are reported and discussed which had to do with the fermentation and the achilteration of preserves and marmalades, th.'> presence of added coloring matter, preservatives, etc. Sustaining power of Demerara sugar ( Itdenidt. Smjar Jonr., -> {1903), No. 52, p. 157). — A brief note quoting 8ir j\hirtin Conway to the effect that he found a quar- ter of a pound (if sugar per man per day of advantage as a food in mountain chmbing. Concerning respiratory metabolism during static ■work, A. Bornstein and E. P<>[iEH (.I/t/(. I'lii/sioL ll'jlihjer], 95 {190S), No. S-4, pp- i4e-/J7).— The effects of static work as distinguished from dynamic work were studied with special reference to changes in the respiratory quotient. The work consisted in holding a weight in the right hand, the arm being raised perpendicularly and the subject being in a reclining position. The authors conclude that metabolism is increased by static work, the amount being greater rather than directly proportional to the weight sus- tained, and also greater rather than directly proportional to the duration of the work. The article is followed })y a brief note by N. Zuntz. The lecithans, their function in the life of the cell, W. Koch ( Univ. Chicago Decen. Pahs., 10 {1902), p. 1; ab.'(g^r], 95 {1903), No. 9-10, pp. 409-438). — Experimental data reported and discussed. Contribution to the subject of diuresis. "VIII, Further experiments on water absorption, W. Filehxe and Bibekfeld {Ardi. I'liysioJ. \_Pjii'i(j('r'\, 95 (1903), No. 9-10, pp. 4^9-44'i)- — Continuing work noted above, experimental data are reported and discussed. The tramp's handbook, H. Roberts {London and Neir Yorl-: ,Tohii Lonr, 1903, pp. 175, pJx. 9, fiys. 34). — In this volume the author pays especial attention to meth- ods of camp cookery and gives information regarding the use as food of many sorts of game, fish, and vegetable products found in (ireat Britain, a number of which are not connnonly eaten. Progress in the examination of foods and condiments, including fats and oils, during the year 1902, Ttz {Ocstcrr. Chem. Ztg., (! (1903), Nos. c, pp. in-124; 7, p]). 143-150; 10, pp. 221-224). — -^ general summary. Regulations of the superior board of health of Porto Rico {San Juan: Board of Health, 1903, pp. 34)- — The text of the regulations governing the importation, sale, etc., of foods and drugs is given. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Decomposition of feeding stuffs and foods by micro-organisms. IV, Cleavage of vegetable materials by bacteria, J. Koxk;, A. SpieckeRxMann, and A. Olig {Ztschr. IJntersucJi. Nakr. u. Genussmil., 0 {1903), Nos. 5, pp. 193-217; G, pp. 241-258; 7, pp. 289-296). — An extended review of the literature of the subject is given and experiments are reported on the decomposition of cotton-seed meal by micro- organisms. The principal conclusions follow: The different sorts of micro-organisms decomposing cotton-seed meal have similar physiological characteristics and are affected by the composition of the meal and also by the air supply. When air is entirely excluded rod-like micro-organisms of the Bacterinin coli type, which form sugar with the evolution of gas, develop freely, as well as the coccus types, which produce sugar without gas evolution. Indifferent varieties are als( ) observed which do 66 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. not cause ffrineutatiou uiul iv(juirc only n small aiaount of jiuiterial for their nourisli- mciit. Oliliijati^ anaero])i(s du in.t onlinarily S {190S), Xo. 1-2, ]>j). 36-f>4). — The author has sunnnarized the available information regarding the composition, feeding value, and wholesomeness of meal made from contaminated meat, diseased animals, etc. {''Kudaverme.hr'), the product being, of course, sterilized during the process of manufacture. A bibliography is included. Fish meal, V. Schexke {Landw. Vers. Stat., ,58 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 55-64).— On the l)asis of available information the composition and feeding value of fish meal is discussed at length. Tlie artiide contains a bibliograis. of digestible fat and 56.3 lbs. of digestible protein per 100 Ibsi. Similar values for the offal meal were 11.9 and 42.6 lbs. The 2 kinds of fish meal, taking into account the fertilizer value, are to each other according to the author as 100 to 75. — f. w. woll. New food for live stock in Germany, B. F. Liefeld {JJ. S. Coiimhir Rpts., 71 {1903), No. 268, pp. 79, SO). — The manufacture and use of a l)lood molasses feed is described. The use of molasses in feeding farm animals, B. de Lau.jardiere {Bui. Agr. Alger le et Tuiiixie, 9 {1903), No. 7, pp. 153-155). — The value of molasses is pointed out in this article, which is quoted from Annales du Merite Agricole. Cane-sugar molasses, A. and P. Axdouard {BtU. Sia. Agron. Loire- Inferieure, 1901-2, pp. 39-42). — Proximate and ash analyses of cane and beet molasses are reported. Cane molasses is regarded as superior for animal feeding on account of itn ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 67 low ash content, which was found to be 2.23 per cent as compared with 11.45 per cent in tht' lieet molasses. Cocoanut-oil meal {Aiji\ Nnns [Barfiados], 1 {190£), Xo. 17, ]>. ii59). — Statistics are given concerning the prt)duction of cocoanuts and data are quoted regarding the composition and value of the nut and cake. Xiocal [peanut] oil cake (-l.'/r. Jour, and Min. Rec. Natal, 6 {1903), No. 5, pp. 151, 13 J) . — A l)rief note on the use of a peanut cake made from nuts grown in Natal. Composition of green feed stuffs, J. C. BBtJNNiCH and W. Maxwei.l ( (Queensland Ai/r. Jour., 1^ {190J), No. 5, p. 356). — Analyses are reported of samples of fresh Panicnm ma.vitnum, P. mnticuiii, and fresh and drought-dried Paspahun dUaiatinn. Additional notes on West Indian fodders, F. Watts ( TlWi Indian Bid., 3 {1903), No. 4, pp. o53-3'!J). — This paper includes analytical data and a discussion of tlu' feeding value of guinea grass {Panicuin inaximum), para grass {Panicuminuticitiu), bed grass {Sporoholnx imUcus), hay grass {Andropogon caricosus) , guinea corn (*S'or- (/Iiiiiii. viilfjan), Sttjlo^^an.lJu'it procwidiciiK, and sugar-cane to})s. Analyses of some of the commercial feeding stuffs of Micliigan, F. W. KoBisoN {Michiyan Sta. Bid. 203, pp. 11). — Feeding stuffs gathered from different parts of the vState w^ere analyzed. These include cotton-seed meal, oil-cake meal, oil meal (old jarocess), gluten meals and feeds, malt sprouts, oat middlings, bran, mixed commercial feeds, breakfast food by-products, starch refuse, starch feeil, and dried sugar-beet pulp. The ajiproximate cost of protein in the different feeding stuffs is discussed. Feeding stuffs, E. J. Russell and F. T. Holbkook {Jour. >Southea.^t. Ayr. Vol., Wijc, 1903, No. 12, pp. 129-143) . — Analyses of a number of feeding stuffs are reported, including among others compound cakes and meals, cocoanut meal, urhur (an Indian pea meal), peanut cake, malt coombs (the rootlets of germinating barley) , brewers' grains (fresh and dried), bean meal, and rice meal. The feeding value of a number of materials is discussed as well as the subject of balanced rations. Glycogen, E. PpLtJOER {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 96 {1903), No. 1-8, pp. 1-398).— An exhaustive summary of the subject, dealing with the origin, occurrence, and estimation of glycogen and related topics. Concerning the nucleo-proteid of liver, I, J. Wohlgemuth {yisclir. Phyxiol. ('hem., 37 {1903), No. 5-6, pp. 475-483). — P^lxperiments which are reportcj to Imy inorlerately lieavy aniinalH and fee*! tluMii for a nliort jieriod or ligliter, tliinner animals and con- tinue feediiiji them for a lonj^er j)eriod, 7 lar^e nteers were fed for 119 days and (i smaller steerH for 174 days, the larger animals ))eing jiiven 0.9-4 and the smaller ani- mals 0.59 11). of grain per day per 100 lbs. live weiglit. The heavy steers gained 1.88 lbs. jx'r head ]>er day, consuming Ki.lo lbs. dry matter ])rr pound of gain. Similar values for the other steers were l.H lbs. and 1.S.52 lbs. The author notes that although the results were markedly in favor of the longer feetling j>eriod it would be unsafe to draw conclusions from a single test and proposes to make further trials. In connection with the feeding experiments reported the relative gains made l)y 3-year-old and 2-year-old steers on the same ration were noted. The 8 older animals made an average daily gain of 1.87 lbs. per head for 119 days and the 4 younger ani- mals of 1.S2 llis., the dry matter required per pound of gain in the 2 cases V)eing 16.95 ll)s. and 15.74 lbs. "While the 8-year-old steers made slightly the larger gains, they i'e(juired more food for a pound of gain than the 2-year-old steers." Phosphates for cattle, E. Ryley {Agr. Jam: ftnd Min. Rcc, 6 {190.3), No. 4, pp. 130, lol). — Directions are given for preparing a mixture of phosphates and other salts for use as a cattle lick. Sheep breeding at the Agricultural College, J. Mahon ( (iueeiiduud Ayr. Jour., 12 {1903), Xo. 5, pp. 313, 314)- — Brief notes regarding the breeding and manage- ment of sheep at the Queensland Agricultural College. Fattening Iambs, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm ]\pl. 1902, }>. 71). — Using 2 lots of 10 lambs each the comparative merits of roots and silage sup- plementing a ration of liay with 1.5 lbs. mixed grain per head was studied in a test covering 15 weeks. The roots and silage were fed with the hay in the proportion of 2:1. The average gain per lamb per week on the root ration was 2.12 lbs. and on the silage ration 1.81 lbs., the dry matter required per pound of gain in the 2 cases being 11.1 and 12.94 lbs., respectively. Pig feeding experiments with cotton-seed meal, R. R. Dinwiddie {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 7>), pp. 133-14S) . — With a view to securing information regarding the liariii- ful effects observed when cotton seed is fed to pigs, a number of tests were under- taken in which this material constituted a larger or smaller part of the ration. In the first series, which included 12 i^igs, averaging from 30 to 50 lbs. in weight, 9 of the animals died in from 34 to 54 days when given a daily allowance per head of 0.6 to 0.8 lb. cotton-seed meal mixed with ground bran or corn. Three pigs fed bran and corn chops 1:3 only remained in good health, gaining 0.9 lb. per day for 56 days. It was noted that when mixed with wheat bran or wheat chops the cotton-seed meal was less dangerous than when mixed with ground corn. It is suggested that possibly this is because the corn mixture is not bulky enough. It is pointed out that the ration containing wheat bran or wheat chops, though the more satisfactory, is badly balanced and therefore wasteful. In a later test with more bulky feed 14 pigs were given a mixture of cotton-seed meal, wheat bran, wheat chops, and cut cowpea hay for a period of 6 months with- out evident harmful effects, the quantity of cotton-seed meal eaten per day averaging from 0.8 to 1.4 per cent of the body weight, or from 0.4 to 0.7 lb. for a pig weighing 50 lbs. In one test cotton-seed meal in the same proportion was fed to a sow during the last 80 days of pregnancy without harm to mother or progeny. It has been suggested that the harmful effects following cotton-seed feeding are due to the oil contained in the seed; therefore 8 pigs were fed for 20 weeks a ration of corn meal and wheat bran 1:2 (with some green feed during a part of the time) with from 1 to 4 oz. of crude cotton-seed oil added, an amount which is greater than that contained in a quantity of seed which proved fatal. No evil effects were noted ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 69 "and it is jiroliahle tiiat tiie harmful effects of overfeeding with cotton-se*^d meal are not attril)utable to the oil whicli it contains." In all cases post-mortem examinations were made of the pigs which died after consuming a ration containing cotton-seed meal. "The characteristic post-mortem feature of cotton-seed-meal poisoning in all our cases Avas an acute dropsy of the pleural and heart sacs with intense congestion (prol)al)ly secondary) of the liver and kidneys, [the] immediate cause of death being suffocation from compression of the lungs." . . . "The economy of feeding cotton-seed meal to pigs is a question which our experi- ments were not especially designed to solve, except in so far as this is influenced by the mortality of the feeding animals. Unless the percentage of deaths can be reduced to insignificant proportions, it is obvious that cotton-seed meal never can be an economical food. After a method of feeding has been evolved which secures this end, the comparative value of the food from an economic standpoint may be deter- mined by approjiriate tests. "As we have seen, the maxinnnn amount in which cotton-seed meal can l)e fed to hogs is alxjut one-half jjound per day to [young] pigs, and for larger animals prol)ably about 1 lb. It can therefore only form a small proportion — one-sixth or so — of any purely grain ration fed, but even in this proportion may prove to l)e of economic value since it contains the most expensive elements of the ration. . . . "As to the length of time which [a small quantity of] cotton-seed meal can be fed, it appears to ])e, if not indefinite, at least long enough to secure any economic advan- tages which this food could supply. A condition of relative immunity is probably acquired since none of our experimental animals died if they survived the first two months. On the other hand the poison of cotton-seed meal, when it produces symp- toms at all, is evidently cumulative in its action, its effects being latent during the first month or more, abrupt and violent when they do appear." Experiments with swine, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1902, pp. 12, 7^).— Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 13, p. 1078) brief notes are given on the comparative merits of pasturing and soiling pigs, the green materials used being vetch and later rape. The grain fed in addition consisted of barley and middlings 3:1 during a greater part of the time. The pigs on pasture required 5.45 IVjs. of grain per pound of gain and those fed in pens 5.47 11)S. Taking into account the fact that the pigs fed on pasture were superior at the start, the author concludes that inside feeding gave rather more economical gains. "In each of 2 years, hogs pastured on rape, with a liberal allowance of meal, and hogs fed in pens, with a small allowance of rape, in addition to a full meal ration, gave bacon of excellent quality as to firmness. "There seems to be no doubt that a moderate allowance of succulent food, such as clover, rape, vetches, or roots, has a beneficial influence upon the firmness of bacon." The feeding of hay to pigs, A. E. MacLeod {Agr. SfudenW Gaz., n. ser., 11 {1903), Xo. S, pp. 86, 86). — The author states that he successfully employed chopped hay mixed with grain in feeding pigs in West Virginia. Wheat seeded down with timothy and clover or with clover alone, the latter being preferred, was followed by cut clover, and this by maize, the last crop in the rotation being oats. The range hog as a forest problem, C. H. Shinn {Foresiry and Irrig., 9 {1903), No. 6, pp. 295-297, Jig. 1). — According to the author range hogs injure the seedling trees and pasturage in the Sierra forest reserves. The different plants eaten by the hogs are discussed. Bacon curing as carried out at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College {Queendand Agr. .Jour., 12 {1903), No. 5, pp. 827, 328).— Dry curing and brine cur- ing of bacon are described. 70 EXPERIMENT STATKJN KECORD. A digest of recent experiments on horse feeding, V. V. I.AxriWdRTHY ( U. 8. Dipt. Ayr., 0(1ici' of Krjxrliiieid Shitionn Bui. 1..'5, pp. 75). — The priiiciiiies l. 1). — A description of Aramina fiber from Brazil and of wool of the Swedish musk ox {Ovihos inoscliatus) . — f. w. woll. DAIRY FAEMING—DAIRYING. Vetch, cowpea, and soy bean hay as substitutes for wheat bran, J. F. Dug- gar {Alabama College Sta. Bui. 123, pp. 51-72). — In the first feeding experiment reported hairy-vetch iiay was compared witli wheat bran. Tlie test was made with 2 lots of 3 Jersey cows each and lasted 8 weeks. The aim was to feed equal (juantities of havand bran in addition to a unilorm basal ration. The results showed that 834 6 DAIRY BARMING DAIRYING. 73 lbs. of hay wa.s actually consumed in contrat^t to 890.4 Ihy. of bran. The average waste in feeding vetch hay was 6 per cent, which was not included in calculating the results. At local prices for feeding stuffs, including wheat bran at $20 per ton and vetch hay at $10 per ton, the daily cost of the vetch ration per cow was 10.3 cts. and the bran ration 14 cts., making a difference of $1.11 per month in favor of the vetch ration. On the vetch ration the average yield y.er cow per day was Ki lbs. of milk and 1.03 ll)s. of butter, and on the bran ration 15.8 lbs. of milk and 1.05 lbs. of l)Utter, showing that the 2 rations were practically of equal value a^ regards milk and butter production. The estimated saving in cost of producing 1 11). of butter on the vetch ration as compared with the bran ration was 3.4 cts., or 25 percent. In the second experiment, conducted on the same plan as the first, cowpea hay was substituted for wheat bran. As 16 per cent of the cowpea hay was rejected a greater ^.mount was fed than that of bran. In 30 days 6 cows were fed 1,411 lbs. of cowpea hay, of which the quantity actually eaten was 1,176 lbs. Under the same conditions the ]:)ran eaten amounted to 1,097 lbs. On the cowpea ration the average daily yield per cow was 17.3 n)s. of milk and 1.13 lbs. of butter and on tlie bran ration 16 lbs. of milk and 1.02 lljs. of butter. With bran at $20 jier ton and cowpea hay at $10 and including the waste in feeding cowpea hay the average cost of food for 1 lb. of butter was 12.3 cts. on the cowpea ration and 15.9 cts. on the bran ration, showing a difference of 23 per cent in cost. While the cowpea hay consumed was 7 per cent greater than that of bran, the yield of butter was increased 11 per cent. The waste in feeding cowpea hay was not decreased by running the hay through a feed cutter. The 2 experiments showed that in rations containing 6 to 10 lbs. of concentrated feeds, vetch hay or cowpea was substituted for a part of the wheat bran with satis- factorj' results. The extent to which this substitution of leguminous hay may be carried is to be studied in future tests. Two additional tests conducted for short periods are also reported. In one 6.8 lbs. of corn hearts, a by-product obtained in the manufacture of grits or hominy, was sub- stituted for 7 lbs. of wheat bran, the results showing a difference of 7 per cent in milk production and 8 per cent in butter in favor of corn hearts. Soy bean hay was compared with cowpea, the waste in this test being, respectively, 32 and 22 per cent. On the basis of equal quantities actually consumed, soy beans produced 3.5 per cent more milk and 4.5 per cent more butter than cowpeas, the difference being fully counterljalanced, however, by the greater waste. The digestible nutrients in the different rations fed in the experiments are given in tabular form. From determinations made at different periods it was found that manure, including bedding, was produced by cows at the rate of 1,749 lbs. per month. Under condi- tions of continuous stabling 56.8 lbs., exclusive of bedding, was produced daily per cow. Practically one-half the manure was produced during a stabling period of 16 hours as (-ompared with 8 hours out of doors. Yield and fat content of milk from co-ws fed on mangels, J. Fercival kt al. ( Unlr. Cul. Rendhtij Aijr. Dejtt., Ann. Jipf. Field Trials and E.rpls. 1902, pp. 39, dgms. 8).— An experiment was planned to compare the influence of 4 varieties of mangel-wurzels on the yield and (juality of milk. The results were inconclusive so far as this object was concerned. They are, however, of interest in showing the yield and fat content of milk M'ith intervals between milkings of 15 and 9 hours, respectively. Detailed data for 6 weeks are given for 8 cows milked at 6.30 a. m. and 3.30 p. m. The percentage of fat in the milk was lowest in the morning or after the long interval. The milk of indiviutter, by F. T. Shutt. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Experimental studies on bacterial antagonism, A. Lode {C'enthl. Baki. u. Par., 1. Aht., S.i [1903), No. 3, Orig., pp. 196-308, figs. 8). — Attention is called to the evident antagonism between different bacteria, as thus far observed in cultures by various investigators. A similar antagonism was found to exist between the filtered meta- bolic products of these bacteria. The active principles in this antagonism may be utilized. Detailed notes-are given on the behavior of antagonistic bacteria when cultivated close together on the same medium. Experiments were made on the animals to determine whether the metabolic products of bacteria could l)e utilized for curative or preventive purposes. These experiments were made on mice and gave entirely negative results, so that little is expected from this method. Some observations on the protective bodies and on their relation to bac- terial virulence, E. W. A. Walker (Cnitbl. Bakt. u. rat:, 1. Aht., 33 {1903), No. 4, Orig., pp. 297-311) . — The author's experiments were chiefly confined to rabbits and the organism used was the typhoid bacillus. It was found that the amount of the complement- present in the serum varies from hour to hour after the blood is shed and suddenly increases during the first few hours if the serum is left in contact with the blood clot. The complement does not belong so strictly to a given species of animal, but the deficiency may be made good by means of a complement from another species. The virulence of a bacillus was found to be increased liy passage through l>acteriolytic fluids in vitro. The mechanism of agglutination, A. Joos {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infectionskrank., 40 {1903), jVo. 2, pp. 203-230). — The results of investigations reported in this article may ~ be summarized as follows: The agglutinable substance when mixed with the agglu- tinating substance cond)ines with the latter without any macroscopic or microscopic alteration by which the oi)eration can be detected. Micro-organisms which are modified in this way remain free and motile. Agglutination innnediately results, however, if a trace of salt is added. The volume of the precipitate obtained stands in stri(;t relation with the (juantity of salt and serum added to the mixture. The function of the salt, therefore, is not a passive one; it actively assists in forming a combination between the agglutinable and agglutinating substances. A characteristic agglutination may be obtained in a fluid free from salt, provided that the bacteria contain salt. It was found during these experiments that the same results might be obtained from the use of a considerable variety of salts in addition to sodium chlorid. Introduction to serum diagnosis, E. Marx {ZturJir. Thierined., 6 {1902), Xo. 5-6, pp. 388-418), — A general account of the various bodies which have been obtained 80 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. from animal sera, and of the use of bactericiilal immune sera, agglntinatin<^ sera, antitoxic anS'. paradoxuii; while *S'. viirrnrus causes lung disease in calves. Notes are given on the symptoms, etiology, and treatment of this disease. Many remedies were tried in the treatment of the disease. It was found that kerosene oil produced good effects when given in doses of a teaspoonful to lambs and pigs and a tablespoonful to calves. Turpentine was also beneficial in similar doses. It should be mixed with milk or oil. Intratracheal injections were used with good results. One of these injections contained turpen- tine, chloroform, carbolic acid, and olive oil, and the other contained lilack i)oppy oil, oil of turpentine, carlxtlic; acid, and purified cade oil. Infectious epithelioses and epitheliomata, A. .Borrel {Ann. Inst. Pantevr, 17 {1903), No. 2, pp. 81-123, ph. 6) . — A number of related diseases were made the sub- ject of the author's investigations, including sheep pox, cow pox, smallpox, acne, foot-and-mouth disease, cattle plague, and epitheliosis of mice. From a histiological study of the lesions observed in sheep pox it is concluded that there is a characteristic and specific element in this disease, viz, a sheep pox cell with vacuolated nucleus having a pseudoparasitic content. When the localization of the sheep pox occurs the process appears to begin with the mesodermic lesion accompanied with a pro- liferated epithelial reaction and terminating, after a certain period, with ceUular vacuolation. The process exhibits the same type in the skin, lung, liver, and kidney. There is a production of epithelial tumors developed at the expense of preexisting elements of the organ. In sheep pox lesions of the serous membranes there may be very minute granulations scattered in the edematous tissue. As a result of a critical comparison of the various epithelioses discussed by the author it is concluded that cancerous diseases do not constitute a pathological group absolutely different from and without analogy to infectious diseases. The author's study of epithelioses has convinced him that the virulent organism of this disease may pass through Alters, and should therefore l)e classified with the smaller micro-organisms. Human and bovine tuberculosis, N. Raw {British Med. Jour., 1903, No. 2202, pp. 596-598). — The author had under his observation more than 2,000 cases of pul- monary tuberculosis in man and witnessed more than 500 autopsies on cases of tuberculosis. From the clinical and pathological o])servations thus made he is inclined to believe that primary intestinal tuberculosis and other tuberculous infec- tions of the serous membranes in cliildren are jirobably cases of l)ovine tuberculosis produced by milk and are not related to human tuberculosis. The author discusses the symptoms of tabes mesenterica, scrofula, tuberculous meningitis, and post-nasal adenoids. The author believes that "human and bovine tuV}erculosis are separate and distinct diseases, as shown ])y Professor Koch, but that the human body is susceptible to both, and especially to bovine tuberculosis in the early periods of life." Since the 2 diseases are so rarely seen together, it apjiears in the ojiinion of the author to be reasonable to suppose that they are mutually antagonistic to each other and that bovine tuberculosis may perhaps confer immunity against human tuberculosis. As a preventive remedy against bovine tuberculosis the author recom- mends thorough pasteurization of all milk consumed ])y young children. 82 EXPEKIMKNT STATION RECORD. Recent evidence as to the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis (Join: lloij. A(ji: Sac. Kiujldtnl, i!.i { lOO.'), jip. .W;-.W;J). — A l)ri('f criticiil review of some of the iiion^ iinitortaut literature relatiiif; to this controversy. It is stated tluit m Knghuid tlie laws regarding tiie sale of tulK'rcnlons meat and milk have not heen any less rigidly enforf-ed since the publication of Koch';; address. This staten»ent is made on account of a contrary statement at the Berlin Conference to the effect that great laxity in this regard had been observed during tlie past year or two. Tuberculosis of man and cattle, O. Stenstrom (ZtHchr. ThUrmi'd., G {100.i), Xn. 4, }>}>. ..'S'J-29I). — The author made a number of experiments in inoculating calves with the si)utum of tul)erculous patients. The results of these experiments are ojjposed to those of Koch, since in certain cases a true infection of tuberculosis with a ti'udency to become generalized Avas i)roiluced. Professor Koch, and the danger from bovine tuberculosis, 1'. (iAUNAULT [Le J'rofcsshir Koch, et le peril de la tuherculose bovine. Paris: InMiint luteriidtional de Bibliogrnphie, 1903, pp. A'A'A' + 1062, figs. 10). — In this volume the author presents a brief account of an attempt which he made to inoculate himself in the arm with tubercle material of bovine origin. The greater part of the volume is of a highly controversial nature, in which the author argues against the proposition of the dual nature of tu]>erculo.«is, as proposed by Koch, and seeks to disparage the latter's scientitic attainments, personality, and ethical ])rinciples. A bibliography of the literature relating to this controversy, and ])ul)]ished since the delivery of Koch's address, is appended to the volume. The specific nature of serum diagnosis of tuberculosis, P. Eisexbero and E. Keller [CentU. Bukt. u. Par., 1. Alt., S3 (1908), Ao. 7, Orig., pp. 549-5G7).— The literature of serum diagnosis in the investigation of tuberculosis is critically dis- cussed, in connection with a bibliography of 88 titles. The observations made l)y the authors on human patients and numerous investigations on experimental ani- mals indicate that serum reaction can not be depended upon in the diagnosis of tul)erculosis. It was found that the serum reaction was negative in 30 per cent of active cases of tul)erculosis. Directions for making protective inoculation against tuberculosis in cattle, E. voN BEHRixtf {Ztschr. Thiermed., G {J902), Xo. 5-G, pp. 328-33.5) .—^oia.^ are given on the best method for selecting cattle for the experiment, numbering the cattle, taking temperature, preparing and measuring the inoculation material, and the technique of inoculation and subseqiient hygienic care of the cattle and stalls. Jennerization as a means of combating bovine tuberculosis in agricultural practice, E. vox BEHRixti (7Asc)ir. Thienned., G {1902), Xo. 5-6, pp. 321-327).— The author makes a further report upon the experiments already referred to (E. S. R., 14, pp. 393, 394). It is now considered as demonstrated that cattle vaccinated according to the method of the author are immune against infection with bovine tu])ercle virus of sufficient strength to produce fatal results in control cattle. Histological changes after the injection of dead tubercle bacilli, (t. Engel- HARDT {Zlschr. H[ig. u. Infectionskrunk., 41 {1902), Xo. 2, pp. 244-^36).— The present discussion deals with the controversy as to whether the injection of dead tu])ercle bacilli can produce typical tubercles with ultimate caseation of the interior. It is believed that the irritation produced by the dead tubercle bacilli is chiefly chemical rather than mechanical. The reasons for this belief, as stated by the author, are that a desquamative pneumonia is observed in the lungs of experimental animals after injection with dead tubercle ])acilli and that this process closely resembles tliat which occurs in infection by living tubercle bacilli. Tubercles produced l)y dead tubercle bacilli were ol)8erved 80 days after the beginning of their formation, and a fibrinoid substance was not f(iund in the center in any case, and no sign of caseation was observed. Combating tuberculosis on the basis of herd records for over fifty-nine years, T. Hermanx {Ztschr. Thienned., 6 {1902), Xo. 5-6, pp. 336-368).— On an VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 88 estate near Bautzen 114 cases oi tuberculosis occurred among cattle ihiring the years 1842-1901. The relationship of heredity to the development of these cases was studied from the records kept concerning the herd. Among these various cases it was found that not a single one occurred which had not been subjected to one or another of the most important predisposing causes of tuberculosis. In order to prevent tlie development of tuberculosis among herds of cattle the author considers it of chief importance to avoid the presence of these predisposing causes. The 4 chief causes of this sort as outlined by him are the use of the last of a large number of offsj)ring by common parents, lack of ventilation, in-and-in breeding, and tuljerculous i:)arentage. Tuberculosis in horses, H. Makkus [Ztschr. Tlilermed., 6 (WOJ), No. .'>-i:, pp. 369-387). — The author made a detailed studj^ of this disease in 15 horses. It was found that the disease assumes a number of forms in the lungs of horses and that a distinction could readily be made between primary and secondary forms, or, in other words, between aspiratory and embolic tuberculosis. The author believes that the mode of infection is tlie only basis iipon which the different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis can be classilied. Tuberculosis in cold-blooded vertebrates, L. Tekre {Essai sur la tuberculose dcs iriirhn's a sangfroid. Dijo)i: Barhier-MariUer, 190^2, pp. 128). — The literature relating to tuberculosis in cold-blooded vertebrates is critically reviewed in connec- tion with a bibliography of 168 titles. A bacillus was isolated from dermal tubercles in carp and this organism was studied with special regard to its relationship to the bacillus of Koch. The organism is called by the author the bacillus of carp. The diseases produced in carp l)y this organism resemble in all particulars the tjqjical tuljercular lesions caused by the bacillus of Koch in warm-blooded animals. The organism itself appeared to be identical with the bacillus of Koch in all of its mor- phological characters. When inoculated into fish, amphibia, or reptiles, the bacillus of carj) causeil typical tubercles which showed necrosis and caseati(jn. Experiments with tubercle bacilli from mammals and birds indicate that these organisms could be gradually transformed into the bacilli of carp by passing through cold-blooded vertebrates. This transformation constitutes, in the opinion of the author, a new argument in favor of the identity of the various forms of tuberculosis. When injected in moderate doses the bacillus of carp is not pathogenic for warm- ])looded animals, but produces lesions of a regressive character. The soluble prod- ucts and extracts from the bacillus of carp possess similar properties to those of the bacillus of Koch. The organism as obtained from fish was found to be susceptible to agglutination by the serum of tuberculous warm-blooded animals. It is Itelieved by the author that the organism studied by him is identical with that found by Moeller in the blindworm. Tuberculous ulcerations on tbe face of cats, G. Petit {llec. Mid. ]Yt., 8. scr., 9 [1902), No. 22, pp. 651, 6,52, fig. 1) . — Notes on the symptoms and pathological anat- omy of a tuberculous affection of the skin on the face of ca^s. The retropharyngeal and other lymphatic glands of the head were swollen and infected. A new method for intensive staining of the tubercle bacillus, Biot {Ann. Acad. Macon, 3. ttcr., 6 {1901), }>}>. 85-91). — In ol)taining an intense coloration of tu})ercle bacilli the author found it desirable to use a mordant in connection with the staining method of Ehrlich or that of Ziehl. The preparations are immersed in a solution of formalin; they are then placed in a fuchsin bath slightly carbolized, to which a few drops of formalin have been added. Actinomycosis of the tongue of cattle, together with alterations in the lymphatic glands of the head and lungs, 11. Hoiimann {Ztsclir. Flekch u. Milchhi/g., 13 [1902), No. 1, pp. 14, 15, fig. 1). — Notes on the pathological anatomy of cases of wooden tongue, and on the condition of the lymphatic glands in such cases. Staining actinomyces in sections, 8. Ciechanowski [Ccnthl. Bakt. ti. J'ar., 1. Abl., 33 {1903), No. 3, Or'uj., pji. 238,239). — Great difficulties have been experienced 84 EXPERIMENT STATION KKCORD. in .«tainiiiiiiy<"t'~^ in sei-tioiiK ^;iu'ci's.sfiilly. The uiitlioi- dutliiK'H a method wliicli in his hands has given excellent results. Anthrax, J). Hi'tcheox (Afjr. Jour, ('ape (iuud J I opt, .; .' [I'JO.i], So. 3, pp. 293- 300). — Brief notes on the nature, source of infection, symptoms, and treatment of this <. 7).— The author was detailed by the Missouri State board of agriculture to investigate the extent of the outbreak of foot- and-mouth disease in New England and to advise the board as to the necessity of any quarantine action against cattle from New England. The results of the author's investigations indicate that the W(jrk of eradicating the disease is bemg vigorously prosecuted and that live stock in ^Missouri are in no apparent danger of infection. Notes are given on the symptoms, etiology, period of inculcation, and rate of mor- tality and fatal consequences of this disease. In order to prevent unnecessary excitement among cattle owners attention is called to the differences between con- tagious foot-and-mouth disease on the one hand and ergotism and mycotic aphthous fever on the other. Both of the latter diseases occur from time to time in j\Iissouri and neighboring States, and have occasionally been mistaken for foot-and-mouth VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 85 dint'ase. Tlie origin of tlie present infection in New England has not been definitely determined. The disease has been observed in 75 towns in Massachusetts and neighboring States, and the authorities have killed 1,848 cattle in order to check the sjiread of the disease. In this work the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Depart- ment and the board of cattle commissioners of Massachusetts have cooperated. Cat- tle are slauglitered and buried in deep trenches after being sprinkled with lime or other disinfectants, or in some instances have been burned. The indemnity paid for animals thus killed is 70 per cent of the appraised value. Foot-and-moutli disease, C. W. Gay {lou-a Agr., 2 {1903), No. 7, pp. 170-173). — Notes on u recent ontl)reak of this disease in New England, with a brief statistical account of the animals slaughtered by this Department and the appraised valuations and compensation paid for slaughtered animals. FoGt-and-moutli disease, N. S. Mayo {Indmtrlalut, 29 {1903), No. 25, pp. 397, 398). — Brief notes on the symptoms, pathological anatomy, and treatment of this disease. The treatment of foot-and-mouth disease, F. Lieutaud {.Toiw. Agr. Frat., n. set:, 5 {1003), No. 7, p. 218). — In the author's experience cauterization and other antiseptic treatment of wounds and the use of protective serum Avere without results in the treatment of this disease. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, D. Hutcheon {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 2^ {1903), No. 3, pji. 319-32 j). — The author recommends as the quickest and shortest method of eradicating this disease that all animals which have been directly exposed to infection should be slaughtered. It is suggested that in order to induce the natives to consent to the slaughter of their cattle, they might be granted per- mission to eat the meat after the internal organs had been removed and destroyed. Parturient paresis, F. W. van Dulm ( Tijdschr. Veeartsenijk. Maandblad, 30 {1902), No. 3, pp. Ill, 112). — A test was made of the efficacy of the method of pumping air into the udder in cases of this disease. Good success was had and it was found tliat the greater the jiressure produced inside the udder the more rapid was the recovery. Treatment of parturient paresis with oxygen, KxtisEL {Schveiz. Arch. Ticrh., 44 {1902), No. 6, pp. 261-267). — In his veterinary practice the author had frequent occasion to treat cases of this disease. The treatment adopted at first was the injec- tion of potassium iodid. Under the most favorable circumstances, however, about 40 per cent of the cases died after receiving this treatment. Better results were obtained from the use of air pumped into the udder under considerable pressure. Forty cases were treated in this way with complete success in every case. In expla- nation of the etiology of the disease the author suggests the possibility of ascribing the disease to the action of a toxin formed l)y some micro-organism. It might then appear that the free use of atmospheric air was luifavorable to the development of these organisms, which are assumed to be anaerobic. Contagious mammitis of milch cows, E. Thierry' {Jour. Agr. I^rat., v. ser., 5 {1903), No. 10, p. 318). — Notes are given on an outbreak of this disease in a dairy herd. The symiitoms and etiology of the disease are described and a short account is presented of preventive and curative treatment. The curative treatment recommended consists in intramannnary injections of a tepid solution of boric acid in water. A peculiar disease of cattle, INI. .Strebel {Sdurek. Arch. Tierh., 44 {1902), Nos. 5, pp. 231-238; 6, p. 293). — The author describes the symptoms which were observed in a numl)er of outbreaks of disease among cows. The secretion of milk was greatly diminished, the movements and general behavior of the animal were nearly normal and the appetite was only slightly diminished. In one outbreak of the disease a numljer of animals were affected and some of them were submitted to emergency slaughter on account of their evidently impending death. It was discovered upon investigating these cases that the affected cows had been fed upon clover which was 80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grown on land treated with some artificial fertilizer, and the anthor suggests the possible connection between the fertilizer and the disease observed in the cows. The discovery of the parasite of Texas fever and of carceag, V. Babes ( Centbf. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., 33 {1903), No. 6, Orig., j>p- 44^-458, figa. ^).— A controversial article in which the author presents evidence for his priority in the discovery of the organism of Texas fever and of carceag or ictero-hematuria of sheep. The cattle tick situation, II. A. Mor(;ax {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1903, pp. 7.J-74) . — Notes are given on the life history of the cattle tick. The author suggests that if infested cattle })e removed from their pastures and kept in feed lots or small pastures for a period of al)0ut 18 days the majority of the ticks would fall off and the cattle could then be taken back to other pastures which had been freed from ticks by rotation. The author believes that if some such plan were adopted in a cooper- ative w^ay the cattle-tick nuisance could be readily eradicated. The duration of active immunity to cattle plague, V. K. Tvaeyaxovich {Arch. Vet. Xanl; St. Petershnrg, 33 {1903), No. 1, pp. 25-27).— la. the experiments briefly reported by the author immunity to cattle plague in the calves, cows, and bulls upon which the author experimented was found to persist for a period varying from 4 to 6 months. Petechial fever in cattle, \. Mixdek {Schu-elz.Arch.TlerJi., 44 {1903), No. 6, pp. 271-275). — Detailed notes on the clinical symptoms and pathology of 3 cases of this disease. Necrosis as a result of Bacillus necrophorus, H. A. Vermeulen {Tijdschr. Yeeartmnijk. Maandhlad, 30 {1902), No. 3, j)p- 102-111). — The author investigated a number of cases of necrosis of the liver, in cattle and from material obtained from these cases inoculation experiments were made with laboratory animals to determine the effect of 7?. vecrojjhorus. It was found that the necrosis which is due to this organism may spread l)y means of embolism, by continuity, or contiguity. Combating- dysentery of calves with coUargol, P. Stampel {Zischr. TIdermed., 6 {1902), No. 4, pp- 284-288). — ^On the basis of the author's experiments with this disease it is concluded that dysentery of calves may be in the majority of cases pre- vented by repeated injections of collargol into the jugular vein during the first 3 days of the calf's life. Infections of calves due to coli bacilli, Baer {Schweiz. Arch. Tierh., 44 {1902), No. 5, 2)p- 223-228). — Attention is called to the agency of coli bacilli in producing total cataract and icterus in calves. The numV:)er of infections produced by organ- isms of this group is know^n to be quite large and the diseases are of a variety of forms. Notes are given on the history of cases of total cataract and icterus produced by these organisms. It was found that in cases of total cataract organisms were isolated from the liver, kidneys, and viterous humor. The beef measle worm in southern parts of Austria-Hungary, F. Munih {Ztschr. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 13 {1902), No. 1, pp. 11-13) . — Brief notes on the extent of infestation by this worm, especially in the cities of Trieste, Fiume, and Pola. While the number of cattle found to be infested with this ])arasite is very small it is believed that figures obtained from the present examination do not represent the actual condition, since the masticatory nmscles have not been thoroughly examined. Experimental study of sheep pox, A. Borkel {Ann. Imt. Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 2, pp. 123-137 , figti. 13). — Investigations undertaken by the author were confined largely to filtration of the virus, vaccination, and serotherapy. It was found that when filtration was performed rapidly the virus did not pass through the filter. Notes are given on the most suitable means for obtaining virus in large quantities. In experiments to tsst the value of serotherapy in this disease the results oljtauied were quite encouraging. It w'as demonstrated that 20 cc. of serum oljtained from a hyper-immunized animal was more than sufficient to prevent a serious mortality in a badly infested herd. Further exjieriments will be made to determine the mini- mum dose of serum required for effective prevention of the disease. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 87 Sheep scab {Bd. A-(], pp. 462-46S). — During the performance of trichina inspection the author examined the carcasses of 27,751 hogs from the southern part of Sweden, with the result that 30.62 per cent were found infested with sarcosporidia, while in the northern parts of Sweden 27.59 per cent were found infested among 46,610 hogs. The sarcosporidia were distributed quite unequally, certain muscles being most extensively infested. The chief seat of the sarcosporidia was the lumbar portion of the diaphragm. 4678— No. 1—03 7 88 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. Diagnosis of glanders, C. Thokstek (Ztxdir. \'ctevinark., 14 [lU(i.i), A'o. 8-u^ iqi. ,VJ-374). — In the autlior's exi)erience the inoculation of male j^ninea pigs Avith material .suspected of being glanderous does not furnish a sufficiently ra])id and cer- tain means for diagnosing glanders. The results are often uncertain on account of the frequent death of guinea pigs from septicemia and intermittent diseases. When- ever the results are unsatisfactory it becomes necessary to repeat the cultures of the suspected material, and juuch time is thus lost. Serum inoculation against pneumonia in horses and its value from a prac- tical standpoint, Wai.tmkk (Ztxelir. }'('ferinark., 14 (J90,^), Xn. 11, pp. 500-507). — The author concludes from his own experiments and those of others that the best method of supin'e.s(.;iug outbreaks of pneumonia among army horses is to subject all the horses of the scjuadron to serum inoculation. When carefully performe catarrh after recovery from the symptoms of contagious coryza. Fibro-epithelial neomorphs of the skin, liver, and lungs in horses, Tetzner {Zt.^rlir. VrlerUii'irl., 14 (190,:!), Xo. 7, 2>p. 296-.U0, pJs. I'h— The ])resent article is occupied with an account of the fibro-e])itlielial neomorphs in the lungs. The etiology anl microscopic anatomy of these structures are describeil in detail. The action of the poisonous principle of Equisetum, Lidewk; [Ztschr. Veierinark., 14 (1902), Nos. 10, m>. 44:7-461; 11, pp. 483-493) .—Dwrm^ the author's numerous experiments with these plants it was found that Equisetum Ihnosvm was very dangerous to horses, while cattle and sheep could eat it without harm. The converse was true for E. pahistre. It is believed that the contradictory results obtained in the investigation of these plants by various authors are to be explained hy the assumption of a coufusion of species. A chemical investigation showed the presence of an alkaloid in both species. Aconitic acid was also found in varying quantities. This substance occurred partly in insoluble condnnation with lime and partly in an easily soluble form of an alkaline salt. Poisoning by Equisetum, AVuxsch {Ztsdir. Veterinark., 14 {1902), No. 10, p]>. 461-407). — Notes are given on a number of cases of poisoning from this plant which were observed among horses. Some of the horses were affected but slightly, while others died. The various lines of treatment, such as administration of calomel, arecolin, eserin, spirits of camphor, iodid of potash, strychnin, etc., were without apparent effect. Sorghum poisoning, W. Maxwell [QiAcendaiid ^[yr. Jonr., 12 {1903), No. 3, pp. 172, 173). — A brief preliminary report upon investigations which are being conducted with various crops to determine the presence or nonpresence of certain poisonous bodies. As far as the work has been prosecuted it appears not to be safe to give cattle free access to sorghum imtil the seeds begin to develop. The younger stages appear to be more poisonous. Some conditions of stock poisoning in Idaho, H. B. Slade [Iihtho Sta. Bvl. 37, pp. 157-190, ph. 2, figs. 3). — A general discussion is presented on the nature of poisonous plants and the conditions under which poisoning occurs. The statements are largely based on European and American literature on this subject. From the replies to a circular letter distrilmted to stockmen it is estimated that the stock pois- oned by plants during the past year in Idaho aggregated a value of $50,000. Most of the shee]) lost in the State were poisoned by lupines. The author discusses the pop- ular and scientific remedies which have been used or can ]>e recommended in pre- venting fatal effects of plant poisoning. As a general remedy a mixture of potassium VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 89 permanganate and aluminum tt hi'^kspur, lupines, and Veralrmn rolifoDiicxm. Results of treating- tetanus by inoculation with cerebral emulsion, J. Fie- BKiER {Ztschr. Thiermed., 6 [1902), No. 3, pp. 161-170).— The author found that the rate of mortality from tetanus could be nmch reduced by treatment with cereljral emulsion. The results of this treatment appeared to be quite as satisfactory as those of other known treatments. A treatment, with cerebral emulsion is cheaper than serum therapy and the material is more easily obtained. The technique is not too oom}>licated for the ordinary practicing veterinarian. Fixation of tetanus toxin by the brain, Besredka (Aim. In.^t. Pasteur, 17 {IDO-i) , Xo. 2, pp. 13S-147). — The literature of this subject is critically discussed. The author made an emulsion of the lirains of guinea pigs, in testing the effect of the brain upon the tetanus toxin. During these experiments it was shown that the cerebral sul)stance is capable of fixing more tetanus toxin than it can neutralize. The fixative substance of the brain is, therefore, not the same as the antitoxic suIj- stance. The cerebral mass, when saturated with tetanus toxin, completely recovers its primitive integrity, after the addition of true antitoxin, whether obtained from an animal of the same or a different species. The combination of the brain sub- stance and the toxin does not give a substance as stable as that obtained by a mixture of toxin and true antitoxin. The power of the brain to neutralize tetanus toxin, E. Makx {Ztschr. ILjg. u. InfectionshxinJ:., 40 {1902), Xo. 2, pp. 2S1-2S8). — A brain emulsion was prepared from guinea pigs and experiments wei'e tried in testing the action of this emulsion upon tetanus virus in vitro. The results of these experiments may be stated as fol- lows: The effect of the brain of guinea pigs is united with that of the antitoxin in neutralizing the tetanus toxin in vitro. It is believed, therefore, that the effects of the brain sul)stance and of the antitoxin are functionally of al)oat eifual value. Antitetanic properties of the central nervous system of immunized ani- mals, K. Dmitrievski {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 17 {1903), Xo. 2, pp. 148-160).— The author's experiments were made with the Vjrains of immunized guinea pigs. Strict antiseptic conditions were ol)served in preparing emulsions of the cerebral hemi- spheres, the base of the brain, and the medulla oblongata, without separation of the latter from the upper portion of the spinal cord. Tetanus toxin was mixed with cerebral emulsions thus obtained from the guinea pigs which had received a single injection of tetanus toxin, those which had l:)een immunized for 1 or 2 months, and others which possessed an immunity of 3 or 4 months' duration. The author con- cludes from his experiments that the brain of animals which have enjoyed an immu- nity of short duration, as well as their blood, does not possess any great antitetanic property and does not differ in this respect from the normal brain. The brain and the blood of animals which have been immunized for a long time contains a large quantity of antitoxin and is capable of neutralizing a larger quantity of tetanus toxin than the brain of normal animals. The difference, however, is not very great since all animals which were injected with a mixture of toxin and brain substance from immunized guinea pigs i)resented certain symptoms of tetanus. The blood of animals which have enjoyed a lonsr immunity always contains more antitoxin than the brain. The symptoms and prophylaxis of experimental rabies, D. Coxradi {Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., 33 {1903), Xo. 5, Orhj., pp. 389-.i92) .—The pin-pose of the experiment reported in this paper was to determine the length of the incubation period of rabies under experimental conditions when the inoculation was made as nearly as possiljle in a natural manner. The virus was rul)bed into abrasions of the skin, which were purposely made, so slight that no bleeding took place. The abra- sions thus made and inoculated were washed with solutions of corrosive sublimate after the lapse of from 1 to 10 minutes. During the author's experiments 10 rabbits were treated in this manner, while ?> others were inoculated in the same manner 90 EXPERIMENT STATKJN RECORD. "without iivatiuL-nt of tlif abraded !^nrt'ace8 with (•t)rroHivt' (jul)limate. The 3 con- trol animals developed rallies after 174, J 77, and 2H9 days, respectively, and all died, the course of the disease occupying 12, 40, and 24 days, respectively. None of the other 10 animals developed symptoms of rabies durinjj: the period of (jbservation, which amounted to 582 days. The author believes that these experiments indicate the possibility of a longer incubation period for rabies than has usually been estimated. Behavior of rabies virus in the central nervous system of susceptible, nat- urally immune, and immunized animals, R. Krais et al. {Ztiirhr. Ilijg. a. Ivfec- tiouxkmnk., 41 {1902), No. S, pp. 4S6-o£6). — The extensive experiments of these authors were undertaken for the purpose of obtaining information on the question whether raljies virus is propagated throughout the organism by way of the nervous system. The experiments were made on rabbits, pigeons, and hens. It M'as found that the different portions of the centi-al nervous system, after a subdural infection with the virus of rabies, Ijecome infectious at different periods of time. The medulla was found to be infectious after 3 or 4 days when injection was made with laboratory virus, while from 6 to 10 days were required for the same process to take place after injection with virus from rabid animals just dead of the disease. The differences in the rapidity with wliich the 2 kinds of virus propagate themselves along the central nervous system is believed to be due to the difference in the active powers of multi- plication of the different viruses in the nervous tissue. Further experiments of the authors indicate that the virus is not propagated in the dead brain of susceptible animals, but only in the brain of living animals. The authors believe that they have demonstrated that rabies virus is capable of projjagating itself and that the negative results from transmission experiments with rabbits are due to the attenua- tion of the virus. Experiments with immunized rabbits showed that these animals are capable of resisting infection and that the virus of rabies is destroyed in the cen- tral nervous system.. Immunity toward the disease is therefore believed to reside in the central nervous system, but the actual mechanism of this immunity is not understood. The formation of substances immune toward rabies virus in naturally susceptible and insusceptible animals, R. Kraus and R. Maresch (Zt.^ehr. Ilyg. n. Infedioih^kraiil:,41 [1902), No. 3, pp. 527-539). — The results of the authors' exper- iments may be briefly summarized as follows: Suscei)tible rabbits and dogs do not normally possess any sulistance antagonistic to rabies in their serum. Such sub- stances are developed, however, in these animals after immunization with laboratory virus. In susceptible pigeons, only those which have been treated with laboratory virus develop any immune substance in the blood. Chickens, which are only slightly susceptible to rabies, normally have substances antagonistic to rabies in the serum, but do not produce any more of these antagonistic bodies after immunization with laboratory virus. A bacillus found in animals and resembling that of influenza, A. Wolff [Centhl. Bald. ii. Par., 1 Ahi., S3 {1903), Nn. G. Oritj., jyp. 407-411, til/, i).— In experi- ments undertaken for the purpose of securing a cholera toxin the author discovered an organism in rats which proved to be slightly pathogenic for these animals. The organism closely resembles the bacillus of influenza, and descriptive notes are given on its morphdlogy and biology. The organism is only slightly pathogenic for rats, guinea pigs, and other experimental animals, as shown by inoculation experiments. A new bacillus belonging to the influenza group, E. Freidberger {Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Ahi., 33 {1903), No. 6, Orig., pp. 401-406, jigs. 2).— The. author isolated from dogs an organism which he names Bacillus h;niioglohinophilus caiiis and which showed a striking resemblance to the bacillus of influenza. Notes are given on th-' behavior of this organism on various culture media. It proved to be slightly pathogenic for guinea pigs and other experimental animals. VETERlJfARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 91 Morphological characters and cultures of Bacterium pestis and the rela- tionship of this organism to B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium, B. Galli- Valekki [Cndbl. Bakl. u. I'nr., 1. Aht.,:li (190J), Xn. 5, Orig., pp. 321-330, ph. 2).~ A comparison wa? made l)et\veeu the morphological characters of these 2 organisms and their behavior upon various nutrient media. The organisms were compared also by means of inoculations of guinea pigs and other rodents. It was found that B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium was not pathogenic for rats but was pathogenic for guinea pigs, while B. pestis was pathogenic for rats and guinea pigs but did not produce tubercles so fi-equently as did the other organism. The influence of passing plague bacilli through animals upon the virulence of these bacilli for different species of animals, E. Otto (ZtscJtr. Hyg. u. lufect- ionakrunk., 41 (1902), Xo. 3, pii. 3S0-4O9). — During the experiments recorded in this paper plague bacilli were inoculated into ral)bits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice, for the purpose of determining the influence of these animals ujion the virulence of the bacilli. It was found as a result of these experiments that plague bacilli could be subjected to repeated passages without causing any diminution of virulence for the species of animal in question. It appeared to be impossible to produce any perma- nent increase in the virulence of the bacilli by passage through animals, but in the case of rats a tendency was manifested toward localization in the lymphatic glands accompanied with an increase in the toxicity of the organism. No alteration in regard to the virulence of the bacilli for different species of animals was observed after sul)jecting the organisms to repeatetl passages through one species. Short notes on a new chicken disease, H. Streit [Ontario Agr. Col. loul Expt. Farm I'pt. 190£, pp. 95-97, figs. 2). — An apparently infectious disease broke out at Preston, Ont., and caused a great loss among chickens. The clinical symp- toms are progressive anemia, sleepiness, paleness of the mucous membranes, and profuse diarrhea toward the termination of the disease, w^hich results in death after from 2 weeks to 2 or more months. In some cases the bones were softened as in rickets, the spleen was usually enlarged to some extent, and the liver greatly enlarged. The liver also exhibited gray nodules, from which rod-like structures were isolated. From the blood of the liver numerous motile protozoa were obtained, and experi- ments were made to determine whether the disease could be directly transmitted by inoculation with these organisms. Diseased fowls were kept with healthy ones for several weeks without definite results; healthy fowls were fed with diseased organs, also without positive results. Quinin administered in doses of 2 to 6 gr. twice a day appeared to have no influence upon the progress of the disease. This disease is believed to be distinct from the entero-hepatitis in turkeys, as described by T. Smith. Liver disease in poultry {Bd. Agr. [London], Leaflet 78, pp. 4)- — Notes on the external symptoms, pathological anatomy, cause, prevention, and treatment of this disease. The identity of human and avian diphtheria, F. C. Harrison [Ontario Agr. Col. and ExpA. Farm Rpt. 1902, pp. 98-104). — The author discusses the literature of this subject, with a bibliography of 48 titles. During the author's investigations 300 fowls have been under observation or have been inoculated. A number of fowls were inoculated with fresh serum obtained from A^accine manufacturers, and other birds were treated with fresh horse serum. The.se experiments showed that diph- theria antitoxin produced no effect when inoculated in chickens suffering from fowl diphtheria. Some positive results were to have been expected if the bacteria of human and avian diphtheria were the same. Ordinary horse serum gave better results than antidii)htheritic serum but was not a specific for fowl diphtheria. Inoculation experiments indicated that the bacillus of human diphtheria was not pathogenic for hens. Cultures were obtained from over 200 fowls which had died of fowl diphtheria or were killed in some stage of the disease, and no trace of bacilli '.^2 KXPJiRIMKNT STATION RKC\ BdclUnK (■fta/xiitna. It was^ aho found that roup with its various s\ nifitoins could l)e produced by inoculation with B. jii/oajaiieus. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Report of irrigation investigations in Utah i I'. S. J/rjt(. Aake Drainage System, by A. P. Stover; The Spanish Fork River Irrigation System, Ijy A. F. Doremus; Irrigation in the Weber Valley, by J. D. Stannard; Agricnlture Under Irrigation in the Basin of Virgin River and Court Adjudications of AVater Rights on Sevier River, by Frank Adams; and Appropriation of Water from J^ogan River, by (i. L. Swendsen. The l)ulletin is the second of a series of reports on irrigation laws and institutions of individual arid States, the first being devoted to California conditions (E. S. R., 13, p. 794). It also deals with the methods and results of irrigation, duty of water, crop values, cost of water, and improvement of methods and practices. The plan followed in the investigations reported was to select typical streams in various parts of the State, and descriV>e the actual conditions created by the appro- priation and use of their waters. Thus, the Virgin and Sevier rivers were selected in the s. The utilization of Utah Lake as a reservoir, W. V. Hakkesty i Engineer. Xeivs, 49 {190.i), So. 21, lip. 442-44o, Ji'jx. -J). — A description of the dams regulating the outflow of Utah Lake and of the pumping plant raising the water of the lake into the Jorilan River and thus maintaining the flow in the latter in seasons of low water. Preliminary report on artesian basins in south-western Idaho and south- eastern Oregon, 1. C. Russell ( Wad'r Snpplijand Inig. Baper-i, B. S. (ii-ol. /Purvey, Xo. 78, pp. S.J, pis. 2, Jigs. .3). — This report is based on investigations made in 1901 and 1902, "and contains a description of the geologic structure of .southwestern Idaho and southeastern (Jregon, with special reference to the occurrence of under- ground waters. The artesian basins are de.'^cribed as far as these are known, and facts are as.«embled as to the provabilities of obtaining deep or flowing wells." The f(jur j)rincipal areas in southwest Idaho and .southeast Oregon in which artesian water has already been discovered, or in which convincing evidence is found that it AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 93 may V)e obtained, are described. These are the Lewis basin, on the Snake Kiver, l>et\veen Glenn.s Ferry and Weiser; the Otis basin, in, the extreme northea.-tern part of Harney County, Oreg. ; the Harney basin, included in the inland l>asin draining into ^Malheur and Harney lakes, and the Whitehorse basin, in the southern part of Whitehorse Valley. The legal restrictions which sliouM i-ontrol the construction and use of artesian wells arc pointed out an.7 acres per miner's inch. The duty under canals was consider- ably less, about 2.5 acres, due to losses in conveyance. Water resources of Molokai, Ha-waiian Islands, W. Linik;rex ( Water Suppli/ (ind Irrlg. J'lijxis, I'. S. deal. Siirvi'ji, Xi>. 77, jip. G2, }>h. 4)- — This report is based on ol)servations made in 1900 and deals with the water supply in its relation to the decrease (jf the forested area, grazing, and other conditions. Tlie prol)lems of water conservation and utilization are discussed and it is shown that they are '" rather ly which are discus.se0, pp. 9). Practical irrigation in humid areas, B. Adams {Forestry mid Irrig., 9 {1903), Kus. (J, ])j). 285-288, figx. 8 ; 7, pp. 34(i-35S, fign. 4). — This article gives somewhat detailed descriptions of various irrigation plants used in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Kansas, and AVisconsin. The management of water in Java, Y. Bkkxakd {Amenagement den eaux cL Java. Parii: LIbralrie Poly technique, 1903, pp. SO, pU. lG,figH. 75). — A stndy of the Javan system witli reference to applicability to Indo-China. Since the Javanese so largely subsist on rice the report is substantially a treatise on rice irrigation. In the first part the development of agricultural industries since 1602 id briefly traced and the topograi)hy and other features of different parts of Java, the drainage basins, dams, canals, ditches, etc., are described. Maps show the irrigation system in detail and the nature and extent of the area irrigated. The second part deals with technical hydraulic and engineering details of construction and management of dams of vari- ous kinds, canals, aqueducts, siphons, weirs, etc. The third part is devoted to the actual distribution of water in rice culture. Government control is briefly discussed. The water is distributed gratuitously, the government being reimlmrsed l)y the tax on the crop. When works now in progress are completed the government will be able to irrigate 775,000 hectares (1,914,250 acres) of land. This has been done at an expense of 300 to 400 francs per hectare (S24 to So2 per acre). The restoration of the ancient irrigation works on the Tigris or the recre- ation of Chaldea, W. Willcocks {Cairo: National Printing Dept., 1903, pp. 71, ph. 10). — The author describes these works, especially the Nahrwan Canal, and dis- cusses their restoration. Appendixes give monthly summaries of observations on temperature, pressure, rainfall, and wind movement at Bagdad during 1888, 1894, 1899-1902, and an address on Egypt 50 years hence. The new directorate of agricultural hydraulics and improvement, L. MouGEOT {Jour. Ayr. I^rat., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. 6, )>p. 183-187). — The report, decrees, and regulations regarding the establishment of this directorate are given in full. Notes on the floods of February 28 to March 5, 1902; effect of proposed drainage works on Passaic floods, C. C. VERMErLE ( Geol. Survey New Jersey Rpt. 1902, pp. 27-57, ])h. 7). — A study of the causes and conditions of these floods, with a discussion of means of controlling such floods by means of storage reservoirs, drainage, etc. First annual report of the State board of public roads of Rhode Island {Providence, R. J.: E. i. Freeman it S, fig.t. 1903, pp. 0-9, figs. 6) . — An account is given of the construction of a cold-storage building using mechanical refrigeration, with a summary of results of experiments with it, Avhich have been reported elsewhere. (E. 8. R., 14, p. 866.) Cooperative granaries and structures for drying grain, M. RinctELmann {Jour. Ayr. Prat., 3. ser., 5 {1903), No. 19, pp. 600-003).— Prexious articles on this and related su1)jects are noted and a number of structures m actual use are described. Notes on stable ventilation, Noack {Devt. Landv. Presse, 30 {1903), No. 34, p. 2S9). — Brief remarks on the importance of adequate ventilation even for piggeries, and on means of securing it. Whitewash and lime paints for farm buildings, 31. RiN(iELjiANN {.Tour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. 16, pp. 501, 502). — Various fonuulas are given. MISCELLANEOUS. Fifteenth Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1902 { Looixlaiia, Stas. lipt. 1902, pp. 24). — This contains a summary of the work of the Sugar Station at Audu- bon Park, the State Station at Baton Rouge, and the North Louisiana Station at Calhoun, an outline of the work of the State geological survey, a list of publications issued by the stations, organization lists, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902. Results in 1901 and 1902 of conq)arative tests of sugar-cane seedlings are brifly rejiorted. Eighteenth Annual Report of Maine Station, 1902 (Maine Sta. H})t. 1902, pp. 226). — This is made of reprints of Bulletins 7vt-SS of the station on the following 9<1 EXPERIMENT STATKjN KE( ORD. snlijerts: rn ( I'. S. 1!.. i:!. j). 1075); fertilizer inspection ( E. S. K., 13, p. 1031); orchard notes (K. S. H., 14, \>. VI,; grasi^ thrips ( E. 8. R., 14, p. 373); cereal V)reakfast foods (E. S. R., 14, p. 376); fertilizer inspection ( E. S. R., 14, p. f)49); variations in TriUium grfnidijlannii (E. S. R., 14, p. H34); oat sinnt anil it^; prevention ( E. S. R., 14, p. 877); jKjtato insecticides and fnngicides in 1002 ( K. S. R., 14, p. SS6); linances, niete. 3S7, 3SS), and analysis of commercial fertilizers (E. S. R., 14, p. 343). Fourteenth Annual Report of Toxas Station. 1902 ( Ti:ra.< Sin. lipl. 1902, pp. 139-146). — This consists of a report of the director on the work of the station and substations during the year ani, ItiMoria 180.3-1902. Orehro: Orebro Daghladf, 1902, rol.<<. 1, pp. 4.30, ph. 14; 2, pp. S07, pi. l).—ln these 2 volumes the author has brought together an elaborate historical account of the development of agricultiwal industries in the district of Orebro from the earliest historical times until the present. Particular attenti;ers has awarded the contract for ri-ljuild- iiifr the hihoratory l)uilenitentiary belonging to former contractors were purchased for the station from State funds. There is thus added to the college and station equipment a farm of 320 acres, situated on the Laramie River, where an a1»un- dance of good water is at hand, and buildings which cost originally approximately $100,000. The final purchase of the old experiment station farm, consisting of 120 acres, has been authorized. The station is to take up work with live stock, and it is expected that some breeding stock of cattle, horses, and swine will be added during the year. It alreaily has the promise of a few brood mares with which to begin its work in horse breeding. Convention of Farmers' Institute Workers. — The eighth annual meeting of tlie Amer- ican Association of Farmers' In.^titute Workers was held in the Parliament Buildings, Toronto, Canada, June 23-26. Seventeen of the States of the Union and four of the Provinces of the Dominion of Canada were represented by their institute officials. The association was welcomed to Canada by the Honorable G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario, who spoke of the remarkable progress which agriculture had made in recent years, both in the United States and in the Dominion of Canada, and of the friendly competition that exists between the two countries. The president, AV. C. Latta, in his annual address, reviewed the scope and growing importance of the farmers' institute work, dealing particularly with the means of making it more effective for good. Referring to the training ()f the institute worker he said that this should lie special and "should include a Ijoyhood spent on the farm, a common and high school education, a thorough technical training at an agri- cultural college, and, after graduation, several years of experience in some line of practical agriculture." The qualifications of the workers and the organization of farmers' institutes was discussed at length. The programme included the following i:)apers, most of which were quite freely dis- cu.s.«ed: Training for Institute Work; Prime Qualifications; Should the Worker have Special Training? How may it be Secured? Franklin Dye, Trenton, X. J. Organi- zation for Institute Work — Should it be a Permanent Organization or should we work through other farmers' Organizations? L. R. Taft, Agricultural College, JNIich- igan. Acc-essories in Institute Work — Demon.strations, Judging Contests, Field Experiments, F. H. Rankin, Urbana, 111. How far is it Practicable to Conduct a Season's Campaign in some Agricultural Interest? What Interests may be Appro- priately and Successfully Advanced, such as Roads, Homes, Reforesting, Agriculture in High Schools, or Agricultural Education? F. E. Dawley, Fayetteville, X. Y. How to Advertise Institute ^Meetings, (leo. ]McKerrow, Madison, Wis. The Evening Ses- sion— How to make it Interesting and Instructiv^: (a) The Romance of Agriculture, C. C. James, Toronto, Canada; and (b) Local Help, Wesley Webb, Dover, Del. 102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Some Essentials tn the I'ennaneiuy of Farmers' Institutes, E. B. Voorhees, New Brunswick, X. J. How the Farmers' Institutes and the Agricultural Colleges may be mutually helpetl, Dr. James Mills, Guelph, Canada. How the National Depart- ment of Agriculture may through its Institute Office Assist the State Institute Meet- ings, John Hamilton, Washington, D. C. Women's Institutes, Miss Laura Rose, Guelph, Canada, and Miss Agnes Smith, Hamilton, Canada. How the Institutes can Bring the Mcjst Good to Our (iirls, INIiss Blanche Madilock, Guelph, Canada. How to Enlist the Interest of Our Boys in Agriculture. Hon. John Dryden, Toronto, Canada. There was a discussion of problems and methods in institute work, particijjated in by delegates selected from different sections of the country; and the institute work from the standpoint of the worker was discussed by D. C. Anderson, Andrew Elliott, and Henry (;lenett 153 Resistant vines and their hybrids, E. H. Twight 154 Specific recijirocal influence of scion and stock in grapes, L. Ravaz 154 "Headlight," a new early grape of the Delaware group, S. A. Beach 154 Home manufacture and use of unfermented grape juice, G. C. Husmann 154 The pests and blights of the tea plant, G. Watt and H. H. Mann 154 Caoutchouc and gutta-percha in the Dutch East Indies, P. van Romburgh... 154 The culture of walnuts in France, J. Arthaud-Berthet 154 Shade trees and ornamental vines in Montana, J. W. Blankinship 154 Budding the lilac, L. Daniel 154 Flowers of the home garden, F. W. Card 155 Children's gardens, Evelyn Cecil 155 Experiments with lawn grasses, B. D. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey 155 FORESTRY. Forestry at the California stations, C. H. Shinn 155 Forest conditions in the Northern Sierra Nevada, California, J. B. Leiberg... 156 The forests of Oregon, H. Gannett 156 Conditions in the Cascade Forest Reserve, Oregon, H. D. Langilleetal 156 Forest conditions in the Cascade Range, Washington, F. G. Plummer 156 Forest conditions in the Olympic Forest Reserve, Washington, A. Dodwelletal. 157 The forests of Washington, H. Gannett , 157 IV CONTENTS. PaKC. KxperiiiuMits in tree planting on Sal)le Island, \V . Saunders 157 Forest belts, W. T. IMacoun 157 Notes on trees and shrul)s, S. A. Bedford 157 Notes on trees and shrubs, A. Mackay 157 Ex]ieri mental forestry 158 A primer of forestry, G. Pinchot 158 SEEDS — AVEEDS. Intluenoe of sterilized soil on seed germination, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith. 158 Experiments in the germination of corn, F>. D. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey 158 C)n the behavior of nuitilated seedlings, B. J). Halsted and J. A. Kelsev 158 Tests of the vitality of seeds, 1901-2, W. T. Ellis " 158 Seed testing, J. S. Remington 158 Seed testing of alfalfa and medic, D. Finlayson 159 Impurities in farm seeds, (t. H. Clark 159 Notes on weeds, J. W. Blankinship 159 AVeed notes, B. I). Halsted and J. A. Kelsey 159 The broom rapes, H. Garman 159 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanists, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith 160 Experiments in heating soils, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith 160 Notes on plant diseases and spraying, B. D. Halstt-d and J. A. Kelsey 161 Report of the department of botany, H. L. BoUey 161 Cooperative experiments in treating for oat smut in 1902, W. Lochhead 161 The bacterial disease of the potato, E. Marre 162 Potato blight ( Cercospora concors) , G. Lagerheim and G. Wagner 162 Potato blight and rot, W. T. Macoun 162 Internal action of copper sulphate in resisting potato rot, E. Laurent 162 Spraying potatoes, W. T. Macoun 163 The effect of black rot on turnips, E. S. Smith 163 Fungus diseases and other injuries, W. T. IMacoun 163 Report on fungus diseases on cultivated fruits, F. W. Faurot 163 Fungus diseases of the apple, pear, and quince, F. L. Stevens 163 On scab and mildew of fruit trees, J. Eriksson 163 Crown gall, G. C. Butz 164 Studies on the white rot of grapes, G. Istvanffi _ 164 Phthiriosis, a disease of grapes, L. Mangin and P. Yiala 165 A disease of chestnut, L. Mangin 165 A disease of conifers 165 A new Bordeaux powder, R. N. Bird 166 ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist and botanist, J. Fletcher 166 Report of the entomologists, C. H. and H. T. Fernald 167 Entomological department, R. A. Cooley 167 Report of the entomologist, J. B. Smith 167 Report of the State entomologist, J. B. Smith 167 Report of the State entomologist of New York, E. P. Felt 167 Proceedings of the Entomological Societj- of Washington 168 Government entomologist's report, E. E. (^reen 168 Insect enemies of the apple, pear, and quince, F. Sherman, jr 168 Remedial measures against San Jose scale, W. B. Alwood 168 Insect pests of sugar cane, S. ]M. Hadi 168 Observations on hvmenopterous parasites of certain Fulgoridse, O. H. Swezey. 169 The potato moth, W. W. Froggatt 169 Turnip and cabbage aphis, C. Fuller 169 Larva and pupa of ai)ple-bud borer {Sieganoptycha pyricolana) ,Y,. D. Sanderson. 169 Bryohia ribis, R. von Hanstem 169 Torlrix plUerianu, J. Dufour 169 Precocious development of pupal and imaginal organs, H. Kolbe 169 Cicadas and their habits, W. \V. Froggatt 169 Galls and insects producing them. III, IV, and V, M. T. Cook 169 The more important insect remedies for the month of June, H. A. Surface — 169 Bug Death as compared with Paris green on potatoes, R. Robertson 170 CONTENTS. V Page. Chemistry of insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Shutt 170 Notes on spraying and spray machinery, F. W. Faiirot and J. T. Stinson 170 Pleasure and profit in honey production, I). E. Lyon 170 An original honey extractor, Blondet 170 Ripe and unripe honey, F. T. Shutt 170 Treatment of foul brood by means of eucalyptus, J. C'omtat 170 FOODS — N UTRITION. Dietary studies in public institutions, C. F. Langworthy 170 Canadian bakers' strong flour, F. T. Shutt 171 Micro-organisms of the fermentation of black bread, Budinov 171 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of feeding stuffs, E. F. Ladd , 171 Cattle-feed inspection, J. B. Lindsey 171 Fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt 171 Methods of steer feeding, G. C. Watson and A. K. Risser 171 Experiments with steers, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. ]\Iackay 172 Cattle: Beef production, J. H. Grisdale 172 Flesh and fat in beef, D. H. Otis 173 Division of animal nutrition, H. P. Armsby 1 73 Sheep, J. H. Grisdale and R. Robertson 174 Sheep, W. H. Dalrymple 174 Digestion experiments with sheep, J. B. Lindsey et al 174 The pentosans, J. B. Lindsey 174 Swine, J. H. Grisdale, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay 174 Profltable pig feeding, G. W. "Waters 175 The swine industry in ^Missouri 175 The production of firm bacon, J. H. Grisdale 175 Horses, J. H. Grisdale, R. Robertson, and A. Mackay 176 Experiments in chicken fattening, F. T. Shutt 176 Poultry experiments, AV. P. Brooks and H. ]M. Thomson 177 Report of the poultry manager, A. G. Gilbert 177 Subdepartment of poultry report, H. C. Gardiner 178 Cooperative poultry experiments, H. H. Wing 178 Poultry experiments, C. Curtice 179 Poultry, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay - 179 Report of cooperative experiments in poultry work, W. R. Graham 179 The preservation of eggs, F. T. Shutt 179 Further experiments with thoroughbred geese, T. H. Taylor, jr 180 Experimental studies in oyster propagation, 1902, J. Nelson 180 DAIRY FARMINCi — DAIRYING. Feeding dairy cows, D. W. May 181 The influence of a variety in the rations of dairy cows, H. Hay ward 181 Influence of the nutritive ratio upon milk and ])utter production, H. Hay ward. 181 Report of the assistant in dairy husbandry, C. B. Lane 182 Dairy herd records, J. H. Grisdale and R. Robertson 183 Tests of ])ure-bred cows, J. B. Lindsey 183 Milking experiments, J. ?L Grisdale 183 The bacterial contamination of milk, F. C. Harrison 183 Bacteria in milk and cheese ripening, E. von Freudenreich and J. Thoni 184 The jiresence of bacteria in the cow's udder, E. von Freudenreich 184 The so-called germicidal action of milk, H. W. Conn and W. A. Stocking 185 The physical constitution of the fat globules of milk, M. Beau. 185 Contribution to the study of churning, M. Henseval and L. Marcos 185 The percentage of waler in Canadian creamery butter, F. T. Shutt 186 Execution of the dairy law, J. B. Lindsey 186 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for 1902 186 Report for 1901 of the principal of the Royal VeterinaryCollege, J.McFadyean. 187 Differential diagnosis of certain pathogenic l)acteria, W. Omelianski 187 VI CONTENTS. Page. Further investifi;ations of Klein's ])ath()genic yeast, E. Cohn LS? New Streptotlnix pathogenic to man and auinial.s, C. Birtaml W. B. Leishman. 188 The absorption of tetanus toxin, V. Morax and A. iNIarie 188 The here.lity of all)inisni, W. E. Castle and (K M. Allen 188 Report on animal diseases, H. Mitchell 188 Insi>ection of cattle in Argentina - 188 Dangers of eating meat from abattoirs, E. M. Serrano 188 Virulence of tul)ercle l)acilli in cultures, E. Krompecher and K. Zimmcrinann. 188 A method of testuig the agglutination oi tubercle bacilli, A. Koppen 18i) Report of commission on tuberculosis in animals, F. Dye 18i) Combating tidjerculosis in Denmark, E. Power 189 Tuberculosis and the use of tuberculin, W. Robertson 189 The occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the milk of reacting cows, O. Stenstrom. 189 Observations on abortion and tuberculosis in cattle, J. Nelson 190 Do Koch's recent assertions justify a change of attitude? Dammann 190 Differences in virulence of different cultures of tubercle bacilli, K. Vagedes .. 190 Prevention of Texas fever and the tsetse-fly disease, R. Endlich 190 Prevention of the tsetse-tly disease and its economic importance, Schilling . . . 190 Directions for using vaccine for the prevention of blackleg, L. L. Lewis 190 Notes on an outbreak of cattle plague in Shanghai, A. Stanley 190 Sulphate of iron as a preventive of foot-and-mouth disease, G. Teisanu 191 Tympanites, E. Ruhvedel 191 Tests of fly preventives, J. B. Lindsey 191 Some diseases of sheep, T. W. Cave 191 Heartwater in sheep and goats, D. Hntcheon 191 Scab in sheep, D. E. Salmon and C. W. Stiles 191 Some commoner local internal parasitic diseases of sheep, W. H. Dalrymple. . 191 Parturient paresis in sows and its treatment, K. Egeberg 192 Mai de caderas, M. Elmassian and E. Migone 192 A study of mal de caderas, J. Lignieres 192 Horse sickness, investigations, H. W. Pitchford 193 Notes on the mallein test, G. Feist 193 Pathological importance of botfiy larvfe in the stomach of horses, E. Perroncito. 193 Insects which may aid in the spread of surra, J. C. Konigsberger 193 Natural immunity of dogs and chickens to anthrax, A. Pettersson 193 Rabies in South Africa, A. Loir 193 Antirabies vaccine at the Pasteur Institute in 1902, E. Viala 193 Histology of rabies corpuscles in the peripheral nerve ganglia, V. F. Otte 193 Occurrence of distemper among cats in Kazan, A. N. Alekasyeev 194 The need of legislation relative to diseases of domestic animals, H. B. McDowell . 194 First aids to injured and sick animals, H. B. McDowell 194 The veterinary pharmacopceia, G. , C. , and A. Gresswell 194 Disinfecting value of certain formaldehyde preparations, K. Kokubo 194 Panaceas in veterinary medicine, E. Thierry 194 Animal parasites of man, M. Braun - 194 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Review of irrigation investigations for 1902, E. Mead 194 Irrigation, C. H. Shinn 195 Irrigation, W. J. Allen 195 The amount of water used in tield irrigation, S. Fortier 195 Pumping for irrigation from wells, J. J. Vernon and F. E. Lester 195 Contributions to the study of drainage and irrigation, E. Risler and G. Wery. 196 Discharge of the principal rivers of Montana, J. S. Baker 196 The resistance of road vehicles to traction, A. Binnie et al 196 A text-book on roads and jiavements, F. P. Sj)alding 197 Highway construction in Wisconsin, PI R. Buckley 197 Machine thrashing and seed grains, M. Ringehnann 197 Comparative value of different forms of jjower in agriculture, H. Holldack. . . 197 Modern silage methods 197 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1902 197 Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1902 197 Fifteenth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1902 197 CONTENTS. VII Page. Ninth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1902 198 Annual KejKirt of New Jersey Stations, 1902 198 Thirteenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1902 . . ., 198 Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1902 198 Fifteenth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1902 198 Farmers' institutes in the United States, D. J. Crosby 198 Farmers' institute bulletin, 1902 198 Some features of recent progress in agricultural education, A. C. True 199 The imi»rovement of education in rural schools, J. W. Robertson 199 Cooperation between experiment stations and farmers 199 "Popular" editions of station bulletins, F. H. Hall 199 Crop Reporter 199 Agricultural statistics of Ireland, 1902 199 Agriculture for beginners, C. W. Burkett, F. L. Stevens, and D. H. Hill 199 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States — Continued. New York Cornell Station: P"Ke. Bui. 211, June, 1903 178 North Carolina Station: Bui. 183, Apr., 1903 163,168 North Dakota Station: Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1902 ... 124, 125,141,147,161,171,198 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 57, Mar. ,1903 190 Pennsylvania Station: Bill. 63, Apr., 1903 128 An. Rpt., 1902 121,124,128,143, 146, 147, 153, 164, 171, 173, 181, 198 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 92, Mar., 1903 146 Fifteenth An. Rpt. ,1902 124, 130, 144, 151, 155, 179, 180, 198 Virginia Station: Bui. 131, Dec, 1901 168 Bui. 132, Jan. , 1902 153 Bui. 133, Feb. , 1902 1 53 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Stations in. the United States. California Station: Page. Bui. 147, June, 1902 123, 126, 134, 148, 155, 195 Bui. 148, Oct., 1902 154 Circ. [1903] 131 Idaho Station: Bnl. 38, May, 1903 145 An. Rpt., 1902 124, 197 Kansas Station: Bui. 1 1 7, Mav, 1903 127 Bui. 118, May, 1903 173 Kentucky Station: Bui. "105, Mar., 1903 159 Bui. 106, Apr. , 1903 181 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 74 (second series), 1903. 174, 191 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 172-174, Apr. -June, 1903 124 Fifteenth An. Rpt. ,1902 131 , 139, 146, 158, 160, 167, 171, 174, 177, 183, 186, 191, 197 Michigan Station: Bui. 208, Apr., 1903 123 Mississippi Station: Bui. 79, Jan., 1903 142 Bui. 80, Mar. , 1903 198 Missouri Station: Bui. 59, Oct., 1902 145 Bui. 60, Jan. , 1903 166 Missouri Fruit Station: Bui. 5, Dec, 1902 170 Bui. 6, Mar., 1903 163 Montana Station: Ninth An. Rpt., 1902 126,140, 146, 147, 149, 154, 159, 167, 178, 195, 196, 198 New Jersey Stations: An. Rpt., 1902 127,128, 131,149,152,155,158,159, 161, 167, 180, 182, 190, 198 New Mexico Station : Bui. 45, Apr., 1903 195 Note.— The publications of the Uniterl States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be ])nr(liast'd frf)m the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. 191 158 145 1.54 153 163 123 Farmers' Bui. 159 Farmers' Bui. 173 Farmers' Bui. 174 Farmers' Bui. 175 Farmers' Bui. 176 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 29, Jan., 1903 (15 cents) Bui. 37, June, 1903 (15 cents) Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. 1-3, May-July, 1903 199 Weather JBureau: Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes, 1903, No. 1 (10 cents) Office of Experiment Stations: An. Rpt., 1902 (cloth, $1; pa- per, 75 cents) 132, 133, 170, 194, 197, 198, 199 125 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. October, 1903. No. 2. Amono- the important scientific meetings held during the past sum- mer and earl}' fall were several whose fields border on agriculture and horticulture, and which were this year of rather special importance. This was the case despite the tendency on the part of a considerable number of societies to change the time of their principal meetings from the summer to the winter season. The month of September was espe- cially rich in such meetings, and short accounts of several of them are given in the present issue. By far the largest meeting of this kind was the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden, Utah, September 15-18. This was attended by nearly 1,500 delegates and visitors, the largest attend- ance in the history of the congress, and attracted specialists from the agricultural colleges and experiment stations throughout the irrigated region. The Secretary of Agriculture was present as a guest of the congress and presented a paper setting forth quite fully the work of his Depart- ment in relation to irrigation and the needs of that region. Tliis paper was received with much interest and appreciation, and a resokition indorsing the work of the Department was unanimously adopted in open session. An extended programme of general and technical papers was pro- vided, but so much time was taken up in general addresses and debates that the majority of the special papers were presented onl}^ by title. The interest of the congress was largely centered in the plans and projects of the reclamation service under the national irrigation law, and the repeal of certain land laws. The lengthy debate on the policy of repealing the desert land act, the timber and stone act, and the commutation clause of the homestead act was concluded Iw a compro- mise resolution asking Congress to amend the laws so as to prevent fraud. A novel and interesting feature of the congress was a very fine display of the products of irrigation, exhibited in competition for prizes. The prizes consisted of four silver cups, valued at $500 each, 105 IOC) EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. donated by private parties, and were for the (inest fruit (won by Idaho), the best disphiy of l)arley (won by a Montana malting- com- pany), the finest hops (won by North Yakima, Wash.), and the best sugar-beet exhibit (won by a farmer of Garland, Utah). In addition, the Utah Station had an interesting exhibit iUnstrating some very striking results of irrigation expei'iments on wheat, rye, and sugar beets, and the ^^'yoraing Station made a tine showing of barley-. The meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Ottawa developed a unanimity of opinion regarding the desirability of fiu-ther improving veterinary instruction at some of the less thorough institutions. This is made necessary by the rapid progress in veteri- nary medicine, as a result of the extensive scientific investigation which is being carried on throughout the world, and by the increased demands upon veterinarians in public positions and in private prac- tice for thorough equipment and preparation in their profession. A proposition for sj^stematic supervision of veterinar}' instruction throughout the United States and Canada b}" the association, with a view to improving the standard of such instruction, met with verj'^ general approval. Perhaps the most important scientific event of the meeting was the discussion on the subject of tuberculosis. On the one hand, it was shown conclusively that human and bovine tuberculosis ma}' be inter- transmissible, and in view of the evidence presented this conclusion was generalh' accepted by the members of the association. On the other hand, the successful experiments of Hon. W. C. Edwards, of Rockland, Ontario, in the application of the Bang method, the results of which were inspected by the members of the association, demon- strated the practicability of this method on a large scale and showed that it is comparatively^ easy for the stock raiser to eradicate tubercu- losis from a herd without sacrificing valuable animals. It is interesting to note that some of the results relative to tuber- culosis announced at this meeting received strong corroboration at the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, held at Brus- sels September 2-8. This congress was largely attended \)y phy- sicians and veterinarians from European countries and America. The announcement of the results arrived at by the German Imperial commission precipitated a long and rather heated discussion relative to the duality of tuberculosis, during which the adherents of the Koch theory were compelled to admit the possibilit}" of transmitting the disease between man and animals. The sense of the congress was expressed in a resolution recognizing the possibility of the intertrans- mission of tuberculosis, and urging that the usual sanitary precautions for the prevention of such intertransmission should be continued in force without abatement. EDITORIAL. 107 Another important announcement made at this international con- gress was a report by Arloint^- to the effect that he had succeeded in inmumizing- cattle against tuberculosis by inoculation with attenuated cultures of tubercle bacilli. The results obtained by von Behring-, jVIcFadyean, Pearson, and others, previously noted," are thus sub- stantially corroborated. It will be remembered that von Behring's method consisted in pro- ducing- a mild form of tuberculosis in cattle by inoculation w4th an attenuated culture of the bacilli. The best results were obtained from the use of bacilli of human origin which had been cultivated on arti- ficial nutrient media for a number of years. It was found preferable to apply this method of immunization to yoimg cattle from live to seven months old, which received intravenously one milligram of a serum culture and four weeks later twenty-five milligrams of the same culture. The first inoculation usually produced a slight elevation of temperature, some loss in weight, and a susceptibility to tuberculin. The symptoms soon disappeared, however, and the animals were then found to be highly resistant to inoculation with large quantities of virulent tubercle bacilli. Various modifications of this method have been employed by von Behi'ing and other investigators, but the results obtained in Germany, the United States, and France agree in indicating that a high resisting power or practical immunity may be produced in cattle by this method. The biennial meeting of the American Pomological Society at Boston was the occasion of the formation of a new scientific organization by the horticulturists in attendance, and within the society several new matters of general importance were considered. Among these were the packing of fruit under Government supervision, such as is exer- cised in Canada; the scoring of fruit according to a definite scale of points, for which no satisfactory l)asis has yet been devised; and the nomenclature of new varieties. Two important steps have recentl}" been taken by the society which should tend to simplify the nomenclature of fruits b\" preventing the further duplication of names and the renaming of old varieties. These are the establishment of an ad interim committee on the examination of new fruits, and the adoption of a new code to govern the naming of fruits, the latter provided by a special conmiittee on the revision of the rules of nomenclature which was appointed four years ago. While this action will not prevent confusion and fraud in variety names on the part of unscrupulous persons, it will guard against miintentional mistakes by providing a practical means for entering supposedly new varieties. « E. S. K., 14, i>p. 39:5, 4H5, 609. 108 EXrEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Tho iisuiil lumihor of papers on the practical and technical phases of ponioloyv wore presented, which are noted 03. An unusually large num])er of meml)ers and visitors were in attendance, and the meeting as a whole was considered to be one of the most important and instructive in the histor}' of the association. The usual order of business was observed on the tirstda}', beginning with the address of welcome by Hon. Frederick Cook, ma3'or of Ottawa, followed b}' a response by Dr. D. E. Salmon of this Depart- ment; reports of committees and outgoing officers, as well as of State secretaries, and closing with the election of the following officers for 1903-4: President, R. K. Bell; vice-presidents, M. E. Knowles, J. G. Rutherford, C. J. Marshall, W. H. Dalrymple, J. E. Ryder; secretary. J. J. Repp; treasurer, W. H. Lowe. The president, S. Stewart, in his annual address, called attention to the necessity of improving veterinary education b}' raising the standard of entrance requirements and the courses of study in certain veterinary colleges. He recommended that the association make a special investi- gation of the courses of stud}' in all institutions which give veterinary instructions, in order that the status of veterinary courses ma}^ be made known to the profession, and especially to the association. He spoke in an optimistic manner regarding the prospects for young gradu- ates from veterinary schools and the demands for qualitied veterina- rians in various parts of the countr3^ Brief mention was also made of recent veterinary legislation in various States; and the subject of clinics in connection with meetings of the association was discussed and highly recommended. The connnittee on intelligence and education made a report on liter ature which may he ol)tained l)y members of the association. This literature includes public documents, State publications, and various other books and pamphlets. The conmiittee on army legislation reported that no further efforts had been made in that direction, but expressed the hope that conditions might soon become more favorable for legislation looking toward a more elaborate organization of the army veterinary staff'. 112 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 113 The following resident State secretaries made brief reports: B, D. Pierce, of Massachusetts, briell}^ outlined the recent outbreak of foot- and-mouth disease in that State, called attention to the presence of nianoe in horses, and discussed the status of tuberculosis in cattle. (J landers was said to be on the increase. M. E. Knowles, of Montana, reported veterinary conditions as favorabh^ Tuberculosis was found in a considerable percentage of dairy cows, ))ut not in range cattle. An efti(!ient and satisfactory meat inspection service has been estal)- lished in Montana. The position of inspector in the ditferent cities, however, has been tilled by physicians on account of the lack of (piali- tied veterinarians. C J. Ahirshall, of Pennsylvania, stated that four large veterinary associations have been formed in Pennsylvania, and that veterinary atf'airs in general are in a tiourishing condition. A movement is on foot for the establishment of meat and milk inspection in Philadelphia. Legislation is in force regarding the control of tuberculosis, the utiliza- tion of tuberculous meat, the regulation of ra))ies, and the quarantine of dogs. Brief notes were presented on veterinary instruction in the University of Pennsylvania, and on glanders, anthrax, and hemor- rhagic septicemia, influenza ot" horses, canine distemper, and forage poisoning. Attention was called to the urgent demand for a reliable serum treatment for influenza in horses and distemper in dogs. The experiments for perfecting a method of imnumizing cattle against tuber- culosis are not j^et concluded, but the belief was expressed that the method will prove practical. The application of the tuberculin test b}' laj^men was condemned, and retesting was urged at least once in six months. C. H. Higgins, of Ottawa, gave a brief account of the con- trol of glanders ])v the Dominion government, and presented notes on anthrax, blackleg, and tul)erculosis in Canada. The conditions for veterinarians were considered favorable, but the usual fees too small. T. E. Robinson, of Khode Island, stated that the veterinar}^ profession in his State was in better condition than ever before. A State veteri- nary association has been formed, but thus far no success has been had in securing veterinary legislation. G. W. Dunph}'^, of Michigan, reported that veterinary practice in his State had increased greatly during the past year, especially in country districts. This was attrib- uted to an increase in the value of live stock. Rabies was said to have prevailed extensively throughout the State. Cases of tu})erculosis, hog cholera, and glanders were observ^ed. The committee on pharmacopeia requested further instructions regarding its work, and this gave rise to considerable discussion of the character of the prospective volume and the place of its publica- tion, but no definite action was taken. M. E. Knowles presented a paper on Meat and Milk Inspection, in which attention was called to the importance of State control of meat 7130— No. 2—03 2 114 EXPERIMENT STATION KKCOKD. and luillv iiisj)C(ti()ii. ^Montana was the lirst State to j)as.s a law rof^u- latiii*;' all the details of this inspection. A bill was introduced into the State leyislatui'e in l.S!>7 and another somewhat ditterent 1)111 in llMJl. Both of these failed. In 11>()3, howevei', a bill was enacted containing wise and stringent measures concerning this matter. At present there are 8 inspectors in service in the State. Dairymen began to tight the measure from the tirst for the purpose of testing its constitutionality. Some litigation of this sort is still pending, ]>ut decisions thus far obtained are faA ora1)le to the constitutionality of the law. The sani- tary condition of the milk and meat supply has been much improved by the action of this law. The percentage of tuberculosis in the dairy herds thus far examined has \aried from 18 to 30 per cent. D. E. Salmon, in discussing this paper, called attention to the present demand for milk and meat inspectors, the special reipiirements in regard to the (jualitications of such experts, and the ditiiculties of obtaining enough (jualitied men. He argued that veterinary courses are defecti\'e in respect to instruction on the subject of meat inspection, and that in his opinion all inspectors should be veterinarians. J. Law agreed that veterinary instruction in most colleges is still defective with regard to the subject of meat inspection, and suggested that more attention might be paid to this subject if the salaries of meat inspectors were higher. Hon. Sidney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, addressed the associa- tion on the subject of the importance of veterinary science to agricul- ture. Attention was called to the cosmopolitan nature of veterinary science, due to the general spread of infectious diseases and the simi- larity of conditions throughout the civilized world. The veterinary conditions of the United States and Canada were considered as being practically the same, and the results obtained in either country were mutually useful. The prominence of the live-stock industry in ])oth counti'ies indicates the importance of veterinar}' science to their agri- culture. An account was given of the veterinary service of Canada and the close association between ^'eterinarv work and agricultural science in that countrv. A very optimistic opinion was expressed concerning the value of this international meeting and the prestige which would result to the association from it. On the second day of the meeting the association was entertained at the Pine Grove Stock Farm of Hon. AV. C. Edwards, Rockland, Ontario. The sessions of this day were devoted entirely to a dis- cussion of the sul)ject of tuberculosis. The lirst paper was })y Hon. VV. C. Edwards, and related to the results of his experiments with the Bang sj^stem among his own herds, the reacting and nonreacting herds being presented for the inspection of the members. This system of eradicating tuberculosis was introduced by Senator Edwards on his farm in 18DS. A certain percentage of the herd was found to be AMEEICAN VETERINAKY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 115 somewhat tuberculous, and the tuberculin test was made with all the animals. The health}- cows were then separated from the tuberculous cows and maiuta ned in separate pastures. The healthy and tubercu- lous animals were never allowed to come in contact by any means either direct or indirect. It was found possible to raise the calves from tuberculous cows on sterilized milk, Init this method proved too troublesome and healthy nurse cows were employed. Under these conditions it was found possible to raise at least 9in mav exercise a curative effect. D. K. Smitli l)rief1y discussed uialij^'iiaiit tumors, wdiich he stated need further study. Their histoU)oical structure is well known hut their etiolog-y is quite dou))tful. Mention was made of the various theories devis(»d foi- explainino- the cause of tumors, including" the embry- onic, intlannnatory, and mici'ohic theoi-ies. A call was made for a systematic study of these growths, and the hope was expressed that the cooperation of veterinarians along tliis line might lead to valuable discoveries. A. S. Wheeler related some experiments with stomach worms in sheep. Sfrr»)(/f//>fy ro/ifo/-fufi was reported as very prevalent in the flock of sheep at l^iltmore, N. C, where 00 sheep died. The author suggested that possibl}^ the eggs of this Avorm ai'e taken into the stomach from the outside of the udder of the ewr. Sucking lambs raised on grav(d and wood floors which had been thoroughly' disin- fected became badly infested with the stomach woi-m. Experiments were made in introducing male stomach worms directly into the fourth stomach, })ut this apparently was without results. Turpentine in 2 to -i oz. doses was used without beneficial results. Many of the lambs died Avith the stomach full of worms. Fluid extract of spigelia and senna in 2 to 4 oz, doses had no therapeutic effect. Benzine in -i oz. doses was equally ineffectiAC, and man}^ fatalities resulted from it. Chloro-naphtholeum in 6 oz. doses also proved ineffective. A num- ber of experiments were tried in applying vermicides directly to the worms in glass vessels. These showed that a 5 per cent solution of chloro-naphtholeum would destroy the worms in a few minuteit;; tur- pentine and santonin had no effect; lysol proved ({uite efficient, and coal-tar products in general were most satisfactory remedies. Great difficulty was experienced in getting the remedies into the fourth stomach and in distending this organ. Some success was had in reaching the fourth stomach by means of a probang, and experiments were made in introducing th(^ vermicide directly by means of a trochar and canula fi'om the outside. In these experiments 50 per cent of success was had with chloro-naphtholeum. This method of introducing vermi- cides, however, is considered to be impractical)le for the ordinary sheep raiser. Dr. P. A. P^ish presented a paper on The Effect of Certain Drugs upon Blood Pressure and Cardiac Iidiibition. The usual apparatus for determining blood pressure was employed and the carotid artery was connected with the appara-tu.*^. Various drugs Avere injected intra- venously. It was found that the vagus nerves of the two sides of the body vary greatly in the power of controlling the heart action. In dogs there was a decrease in cardiac action after stimulation of the vagfus AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 119 nerve. The blood pressure wus teniporiirily imich reduced; respiration was at first inhibited, then increased in power and frequency. In the horse a strong stinudation of the vagus caused death. The pulse was rendered intermittent. Similar results were obtained in experiments with calves. The cow exhibited no inhibition of the heart action, but a gTcat temporary increase. Eserin sulphate increased the force of the heart beat and slowed down its action. Nitroglycerin injected into the horse caused a fall of blood pressure, but increased the amplitude of the cardiac action. Barium chlorid, in doses of 12 grains, increased the force of blood pressure. Stinudation after the administration of this drug had an immediate inhibitive action. When the vagus was cut ])efore being stinudated the action was similar. The dog exhibited an enormous increase in blood pressure and foi'ce of the heart action after treatment with barium chlorid. Atropin sulphate in doses of i grain paralyzed the inhibitive action of the vagus in the dog. When the vagus was subsequently stimulated the blood pressure was increased. A cat treated with large doses of barium chlorid showed a great increase in blood pressure. The cardiac and diuretic effects of barium chlorid were similar to those of digitalis. W. Dougherty presented a plan for the foi'mation of a mutual benefit society of the veterinarians of the United States and Canada. After a thorough discussion of the matter a committee was appointed to inves- tigate the desira])ility of forming such a society, and report at the next meeting. The by-laws of the association were amended so as to make the time of meeting hereafter the third Tuesday in August in place of the first Tuesday in September. While the place for the next meeting was not definiteh^ determined, the executive committee was requested to consider the proposition to meet at St. Louis. During the various sessions of the meeting nearly 1(»0 new names were added to the list of active members. RECEXT WORK IX A(;RICrLTrRAL SCIl-XCH. CHEMISTRY. The standardization of analytical methods, II. D. RiCHjroND (Jour. Sor. Chem. Inch, 22 {lUi ).',), y<>. 11, pp. r,70, 077). — A general diseuHsion refnminen(]ingc'onibine77-684)-- — The author maintains "the necessity of investigating certain empirical methods of analysis with a view of ascertaining what they actually measure when carried out under certain defined conditions. This constitutes the standard- ization of the method in question, and in my opinion oiight l)e attempted only after the conjoint deliberations of those in tb" habit of carrying out the determinations and of applying the results. It is the first step toward the elal)oration of standard methods. ... It by no means follows that the ultimate re.sult of such work will be to reduce all methods to fine ]«ittern." On the unreliability of the citrate method for determining- phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, N. vox Lorexz ( < 'hem. Zt;/., 27 {1903) , No. 41, jip. 495, 496). — BiJttcher's later method, involving a preliminary test for silica (P.. R. R., 14, p. 1042), is considered too comi)licated for practical use. Choice seems to lie between the methods of Woy {E. S. R., 14, p. 1042) and the author (E. 8. R., 1."., ]>. 14). The latter is considered more rapid. Note on the citrate solution used in phosphoric acid determination, .A. Verwei.i {Ztschr. AiKih/l. f'liem., 42 {1904), j>)>. 107, ]>:s). — ( )ld citrate solution i.-; stated to give too high results, due to silica di.'^solveil from the glass vessels in which it is kept. The determination of phosphoric acid in organic substances by Neumann's method, K. I'ohkk (.1//;/. Si-i. Atjroii., 1902-3, 1, Xo. 3, pp. 441-447). — Neumann's later method of digestion in a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids is jireferred as more rapid and convenient than the older method u.«ing suli)luiric acid and ammonimu nitrate. Nitrogen and its most important compounds, L. Spiegel {Der StickMoff und seine ii-iclitKjsfeii Verli'uuhuKjnt. Brinisirick: Friedrirli yieire(i & Son, 1903, j>]>. XII-\- 912, fnia. 6). — A very full summary of information on this subject with numerous references to literature. Agricultural chemists will fiml the chapters on alkaloids, protein comiioumls, and analytical iiu'tiiods of special interest. On the determination of nitric acid by the XJlsch method, F. Stolha ( ('oxopis pro Prumysl Chem., 13 {1903), jh 171; ahu. In ('hem. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 53, liepert., p. 158). — The author calls attention to the fact that the results by this method are sometimes too high on account of the presence of nitrites in the soda or ])otash solu- tion used. He advises the testing of the alkali solution before use by distilling with ahuninum. 120 CHEMISTRY. 121 , The use of the Schloesing method for determining nitric nitrogen in presence of organic matter, P. LieI'hti and E. Ritter [Ztschr. AiKih/t. C'he)n.,4£ {790o), Xo. 4, pp. 205-232). — The authors report tests which refute Pfeiffer and Thunuanii's objections to this method and show its rehabiUty. Certain modifica- tions in detail are described. Action of potassium permanganate on indigo, with reference to the determination of nitrates by the indigo-carmine method, W. i\. Jj.wci and W. M. WiLKiE {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 22 {190S), No. 11, pp. 67S, «7^).— The dis- cordant resnits of a series of experiments witli dihite potassiun^ nitrate, si;l])luu-ic acid, and indigo titrated with tenth-normal potassium permanganate lead to the conclnsion that "if this method of estimating nitrates is to be of any accuracy, an absolute similarit}' of conditions, both as regards time and temperature, must be observed." Tintometric estimation of nitrites and nitrates in -water, F. W. Richardson and P. Rollings {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 22 {1903), No. 10, pp. 616, ei7).— Sutton's phenol-disulphonic acid method using Lovibond's tintometer is recommended. The preparation of ammonia-free water for water analysis, J. B. Weems, C. E. Gray, and E. C. Mvers ( Conirib. Ikp)t. Agr. Chem., Iov>a State Col. Agr. and Meclr Arts, No. 6, pp. 112, lis). — The use of sodium peroxid in i)reparing ammonia-free water is describeil. A new method for the titration of free and combined sulphuric acid, W. ]\ItJLLER (^(T. Dent. Chem. GeselL, 35 {1902), No. 9, pp. 1587-1589; ahs. in Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 30 {1903), No. 5, p. 478). — The method proposed dejiends upon the fact that when a solution containing sulphuric acid is added to a hot solution of benzidine hydrochlorate suli^huric acid is precipitated and may be removed by filtra- tion. The amount of sulphuric acid may be calculated by titration of a measured quantity of the benzidine reagent before and after precipitation by means of soda solution and phenolphthalein. The reaction which occurs is shown in the following e(juation: K,S0j-(V,Iis(NH.,),.2Il('l =2RC1 K'i,H,(NIL ),.ILS(),. A volumetric method of estimating free and combined sulphuric acid, (i. Frerichs {Arch. Pharm., 241 {1903), No. 2, pp. 159, ifiO).— The method, wiiich is Ijiiefly described, depends upon the fact that free and combined sulphuric acid give a silver salt insoluble in alcohol. Note on the determination of solids in the analysis of vinegars, W. Frear and C P. Bei.stle {Pnnisijlrama Sta. Ppjl. 7902, pp. 165-168). — Comparative tests were made of drying to a constant weight in a water oven at al)out 100° C, and dry- ing at ordinary room temperature over sulphuric acid. The solids determined bj' drying in the water oven averaged 1.39 per cent and by drying over suli)huric acid 2.03 per cent, making a difference by the 2 methods equivalent to 0.64 per cent of the entire vinegar. To determine the nature of this loss elementary analyses were made of the residues, which showed an average percentage of carbon calculated to the original weight of vinegar used of 0.48 by drying in the water oven and 0.72 by drying over sulphuric acid, making a difference of 0.24 per cent. The difference was greater than coulil be accounted for by the excess of the acetic acid in the residues obtained by MANN and W. H<)i,TscnMii)T [Fi'ihUiKfn Laiidir. ZUj., 61 {1902), No.s. 2.), jtp. 8(19-871; 24, ]>]>■ 895-901). — The conditions of tcinix'rature, moisture, etc., under which inu.«- tard oil is fornii'd were studied with esjx'cial reference to the conditions i)revailin {1903), No. 11, pp. 492-4^0) .—Chen\\vi\\ studies are reported of oil made from the seeds of Echhiop.t rilro, Prrilhi ori/moiilfK, watermelon, tea, garden cress, radish, and nmstanl. A new mill for laboratories, T. Koumer ( ( 'hnn. Zl(j.,27 {1903), No. 42, jfp- ■'>^^i 503, fig. 1). — The mill is construct('i). .->/:8-60J). The cohesion theory of the ascent of sap, 11. II. Dixon (*SV'«. Proe. Roij. DuhUn Soc, 10 {1903), No. 4, Pl>- 4S-G1). — This paper is a defense of the author's theory regarding the ascent of sap and a criticism of the conclusions of others relating to tliat theory. Formation of the spores in the sporangia of Rhizopus nigricans and of Phycomyces nitens, D. B. S\vin(;le [V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Barexta of I'lant IndiL^try Bui. .37,])p. 40, ph. G). — A technical paper giving the results of studies of the forma- tion of tlu' spores of llhcopui^ n'lgriraiin and of PJnjromyc.es nitens. Bacteria in modern economic agriculture, A. Schneider [Pop. Sri. Mo., GS {1903), No. 4', pp- 333-34S). — A popular ac-count is given of nitrogen assimilation by leguminous plants through the bacteria occurring in the tubercles npon their roots. Outline of the history of leguminous root nodules and rhizobia, with titles of literature concerning the fixation of free nitrogen by plants, A. Schneider {M'mneaota Bot. Studies, 3. ser., 1903, ]>t. 2, pp. 133-139). — A brief histor- ical resume is given of investigations regarding the assimilation of nitrogen through the root tubercles of leguminous plants, and a list of titles of recent ])nl)lications bearing upon this subject is a[>pended. The inoculation of leguminous plants and its practical importance, IIiltner (Clieiii. Zlg.,27 {1903), No. 40, p. Gil). — -A brief general discussion Ijefore the section of agricultural chemistry of the recent lnternatif»nal Congress of Ajiplied Chemistry. Alinit, its bacterial composition and physiological role in the soil, Severin ( Vyi'stuik Imp. Buss. Oh.sJi. Akkliiuat. Zliir. I JiH.st. Bukt. Agron. Stantz., No. 9,pp.3G-57; ahs.hi Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. PJ.ipf. L(iv(hr.'\, 4 {1903), No. 1, J)p. IIG, 117). — The author investigated a preparation of Alinit o))tained from Bayer's factory and found that it consisted of 2 micro-organisms: (1) Bacillus ellenhachensis, which is described 1)y all investigators, and another — its race variant — differing from the former mainly by its inability to re. rllen- harliensis (i. When growing in horse manure both races ajjpear to show little activity in destroying organic matter; neither induces ammoniacal fermentation in urine. The author, on the basis of his experiments, concurs with the conclusion of the majority of investigators that Alinit is of no value for agricultural practice. — p. fireman. Michigan mushrooms, E. O. Longyear {Michigan Sta. Bui. 208, pp. 79-100, figs. 21). — Descrij)tions are given of a few of the more common edible fungi known to occur within the State. Various species of Morchella and some of the juifflialls are described. METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. Climatic conditions at California substations, C. H. Shinx ( California Sta. Bui. 147, pp. S, 30, 4'"), G3, 90, lOJ). — Observations on temperature, rainfall, frosts, etc., during several years are recorded for the Foothills Substation near Jackson, the Southern Coast Range Substation at Paso Robles, the San Joaquin Valley Substation at Tulare, the Southern California Substation near Pomona, and the Forestry substa- tions near Santa Monica and Chico. Meteorological observations, W. T. Ellis, R. Robertson, W. S. Blair, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay, and T. A. Siiarpe {Canada Plvpt. Farnis Rpts. 1902, pp. 47, 231, 203, 318, 356, 389). — 01)servations of the same character as those of previous years are recorded. 124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Meteorological observations, Moscow, Idaho, 1901, .1. K. r.oxEHUKiiiT (/c/r/7/o S(((. Jljit. I90J, ]). a^i). — A tabular smmnary of (il)st'rvati(iiis on IciniHTatui'e, pressure, prt'i'ii)itatioii, cloudiness, and late and i-arly frosts. The mean temperature for the year was 47.4(5°, the precipitation 22.5(5 in., the barometric pressure 27.25 in., num- ber of cloudy days 121. The last killinji frost in the sprinji; occurred May 19, the lirst ill (he fall September HI. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostiiandkk, S. C. Bacdn, and F. F. IIkn- siiAW {MaxmchuHetln Hta. Mel. Buh. 172, 173, 174, pj)- 4 I'ocJi). — Summaries of oljser- vations on jiressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sun.shine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during April, May, and June, 1903. The data are briefly discusst'd in jfeneral nott'S on the weather of each month. Summaries of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, V.. F. Laijd {Xarlli ])aJ:ota St(t. apt. I'.iOS, pj). 13-19). — 01)servations at Fargo and at several other places in North Dakota during 1902 and previous years are sunniiarized. The mean tempera- ture at Fargo during 1902 was 39.4° F,, the rainfall 23.16 in. The average rainfall at Fargo for 11 years ending with 1902 w-as 20.62 in., for the State (17 places) h.^{'rralinii.'<, 1901. Barometer (inches): Mean Highest Lowest Temperature C^ V.): Mean Highest Lowest Mean daily range (Jreatest daily range Least daily range Mean daily relative humidity ( i)er ceiit ) Rainfall (inches): Total ■ Greatest tnoiitlily tTPeatest daily Number of days on which 0.01 iii. or more of rain fell Mean percentage of cloudiness Numberof dayson which cloudiness averaged 80 percent or more. Average hours of sunshine per day ." Maximum velocity of wind per hour (miles i Last frost in spring First frost in fall 29.993 :W.709 (Jan. -A) 29.280 (.Ian. 27) ■J8.1 94 (Julv 1) —2 (Dec. 22) 17.1 ■?,' (Mar. ]8-Dec. !•=>) 3 (Jan. 10-11) SI. 7 43.45 ,s.97 (Aug.) ... 3.19 (Aug. 18) 141 48.9 109 30 (Dec. 14). fjt rowing season (Apr.-Sept.). G3.f). 94 (July 1). 25 (Apr. 1). 18.8. 35 (Apr. 28-29). 78.8. 28.14. 3.19 (Aug. IS). 72. 4S.1. 7 h. :?9ni. June 9. Sept. 30. Report of the meteorologist, X. IIei.me [Wiodr Ixhutd Sta. Jijit. 1902, ]>p. 379- 39.5). — This includes general notes on the weather during the year ended June 30, 1902, and a tabulated record of observations at King.ston on temperature, precipita- tion, cloudiness, and prevailing wind.? during each month from July, 1901, to June, 1902, inclusive, with a summary for the year ended June 30, 1902. The latter sum- mary is as follows: Tempnriturr (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 9;5, July], 1901; minimum, — 1, January 4, 1902; mean, 4S; highest monthly mean, 72, July, 1901; lowest monthly mean, 24.8, January, 1902; highest daily mean, 80, July 1, 1901; lowest daily mean, . C'oxoek ( r. S. Ihjit. A(/r., Wnithcr Ihinnii, M(l.on,/i,(/irid Clutii of the (Irent Lakex, 190o, No. 1, lip. ..'.>, pi. 1). — This is tlie usual sunnuary of observations on the weather for the season of navigation; preciiiitation and ice during the winter of 1902-3; opening of navigation for the season of 1903; and maximum wind velocities, April to Decendjer. Meteorological observations on Ben Nevis, A. Buciian kt al. {Rpt. Brilhh J.v.vor. Adr. Sri., lUUJ, pp. 93-07). — Observations on temperature, pressure, rainfall, humidity, velocity of wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual ]>henomena are sum- marized for each month of 1901. The meteorological year, 1902 {Bid. S/a. AijnDi. [L(io)i], ..'. .ser., IS {1903), pp. 7-lG). — Observations at Laon on atmospheric pjressure, temperature, rainfall, cloudi- ness, condition of crops, etc., are recorded for each month of the year. The geographic determinants of climate, L. Dujias {L'Ing. Agr. Gemhlou.i; 13 (190o), Xo. ost unsettled during the passage of the sun from the southern to the northern hemisphere, less so during the return in the opposite direction. The isrincipal cen- ters of disturbance as regards Europe seems to be the Venezuelan llanos and the South Saharan desert. They cause a predominance of a marine climate over a con- tinental climate in western FAirope. The influence of the moon in dissipating acpieous vapor and on rainfall and the formation of lunar halos and coronas are also briefly discussed. Investigation of the upper atmosphere by means of kites in cooperation with a committee of the Royal Meteorological Society, W. M. Shaw et al. ( lipit. BrlthlL Axsoc. Adr. Sri., 190J, jip. 77-SO). — Apparatus installed on the island of Crinan, west coast of Scotland, is descriljed, and data for 68 flights are reported. The results indicate "that the apparatus and methods are effective for securing vahiable information as to the upjier air in various conditions of weather." WATER— SOILS. Evaporation from a -water surface, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. ^0, 31). — Observations were made as follows: "A galvanized iron tank 3 ft. square by 14 in. in depth painted black contained a second smaller tank 12 by 12 by 12 in. in dimensions, likewise blai-kened. These were sunk in a grass \Aa,t level with the surface of the ground. The small tank contained distille\ Sci., 1902, pp. 224-229, pi. 1). — An account is jliven of observations Ijy means of liuorescin. (See also E. S. li., 14, p. 847.) Stock waters, V. W. Tkai'hagen {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 64). — The amounts of chlorin, sodiuni chlorid, sulpluiric acid, and (Tlauber's salt in 8 samples of alkali waters arc rcportcil. Water investigations, M. .Moxhaui't {('hem. Zt;/., 27 {I'JOS), No. 42, pi>. 501, 502).—TvA'r^i\rv rcjKirttMl wliicli indicate that methyl oranfi:e is preferable to alizarin as an indicator in IMViffer's niodilication of Wartha's method for determining teni- l)orary and permanent hardness. Soil moisture in relation to crop yield, 8. Fortier ( Montana Sta. RjA. 1902, pp. 101-112, ph. 2, Jigs. o). — The apparatus used and methods , followed in experi- ments with oats grown in metal tanks sunk in the earth are described. In order to ki'ej) the temi)erature of the soil surrounding the tanks uniform "oak barrels were cut in half and placed with their top edge about 14 in. Ixdow the surface of the ground. Ciravel to the deptli of a few inches was placed in the l)ottom and ordinary soil on toj). Water was conveyed to the gravel through a |-in. iron pipe. It was hoped that tiiis device would not only lessen the temperature in the lower portion of the tank, ])ut that the water placed in the half l)arrel would be drawn up by capillarity and evaporated at the surface, thus tending to cool the upper portion. ... To afford a convenient method of hoisting and weighing the tanks, a i-in. steel cable was stretched over supports 93.2 ft. apart and 14 ft. high. Differential .pulley blocks were then suspended from a pulley on the cable and a strong bale and beam scale were attached to the blocks. ... In applying irrigation water to the tanks, about two-thirds of the amount was spread over the surface, the balance was run through the hose pipe to the bottom of the vessel. . . . The evaporation and transpiration from the grain was about 16 per cent greater than the evaporation from the l)are soil. For the period named, the former averages 1 1 in. and the latter /{,- in. per week over the surface. For the same period the evaporation from a water surface was 13 to 16 in. per week. . . . The crop in every case not only evaporated all of the irrigation water, but robbed the soil of part of the moisture which it con- tained at seed time." Observations on evaporation from stubble fields and from a water surface are also recorded. The conservation of soil moisture in orchards, F. T. 8hutt {Canada Expt. Fannx Rptx. 1002, pp. 137-1S9). — Studies in continuati(jn of those of the previous year (E. S. K., 14, p. 127) on the variation in moisture content of orchard soils (1) cultivated throughout the season, (2) cropped ])art of the season with clover which was turned under as a green manure, and (3) cropped in clover or in sod throughout the season are rei)orted. The autlior conc^ludes that moisture is most effectively con- served in cultivated soil, but that sod exhausts the water supply more than cover crops. Summer fallows, A. Mackay {Canada E.vpt. Farms Rpts. 1902, pp. 349-351). — A brief discussion of observations and experience tending to show the advantages of summer fallowing. Different methods are described, but deep plowing, 7 to 8 in., before the last of June has given the best results in the author's experiments. Conservation of soil fertility, F. W. Traphagex {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1902, ]>p. 61-63). — This is a comparison of the amount of fertilizing constituents removed from the soil by wh«it, with the amount returne'. piiiH-i/niinis iia.s tlie power of lixinj^ small (luantities of atmos- pheric niti'o^en; tliat this lixation is !ar}>. (i). — lii connection with a series of feeding ex])erinients with steers (E. H. R., IM, p. SSO) a study was made of the relative economy of (1) allowing the manure to accunailate during about 2 months (Ajiril and May, 1901) under the animals in cement-lined stalls, and (2) removing it daily and storing in heaps under a covered shed. The details of this study as here repcjrted show that: " (1) The trampled maimre suffered little lo.ss of fertiliz- ing constituents, though less than two-tifths of the dry matter (jf food and litter was recoveriMl in the manure; (2) The covered-shed manure lost one-third of Its nitrogen, one-(ifth of its potash, and one-seventh of its phosphoric acid. Only one- third of tlu- dry matter of food and litter was recovered in the manure. Tlu- ])ot- ash and phosphoric acid losses must be explained by seepage of li(juid manure into the clay floor. The loss of nitrogen is, however, chiefly due to volatilization of carbonate of annnonia; (o) The money value of the fertilizer con.stituents lost by the second as compared with the first method is equivalent to $2.50 for each steer stabled for six months; (4) Therefore, manure, if i)repared upon a tight floor and with such pi-oportion of litter that it can be trampled into a compact mass, loses very little, if any, of its fertilizer con.stituents so long as tln' animals remain upon it. This method of preserving steer manure is therefore distinctly superior to that of the covered shed, though the latter method may not always exhibit as great loss as that observed in this experiment." On the preservation of barnyard manure by chemical means, II. Im.mendorf {Mitt. Driit. Landw. (icsell., 18 {1903), No. 21, pp. 99-101).— Xs a result of the experi- ments here reported the author concludes that sulphuric acid is unsatisfactory, as a preservative because it is not easily obtained, is dangerous to handle, and imparts an ai-id reaction to the manure; superi)hospliate-g3qisum in amounts ordinarily employed is very unreliable in its action, and kainit and gypsum are of no value. " Utilit," like sulphuric acid, is an effective iireservative, but is expensive and is subject to nmch the same objections as apply to salphuri(t acid. Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, E. B. Voorhees {New Jeneij Stan. lipl. 1902, pp. 1S3-1S0). — This is a report of a continuation of experiments of jjrevious years (E. S. R., 14, p. 557), which " were undertaken mainly to determine the relative availability and value of nitrogen in farm manure and in the nitrogen salts and high-grade organic; nitrogenous materials found in the market. In the study of these substances, there was also included the study of the changes which take place when farmyard manures are exposed to the leaching action of rain. The changes in the manures thus exposed involve not only a loss of a portion of the fertilizing material originally contained in the manure, l)ut they also cause a, FERTILIZERS. 129 relative dfcrease in the availability of the portion still remaining'. Tiie soluble nitrogen, jiotash, and phosphoric acid are very readily washed out from the unpro- tected manure, and the resources of the farmer for rei)lacing the plant-food taken out of his soil by the crops are thus very materially diminished." Data for the composition of leaciied and unleached manure of various kinds and for comparative tests of the manure and other nitrogenous materials are reported as for previous experiments. The results show that the temperature and character of the sea- son, as well asthe length of exposure, are important factors in determining the lossfrom leaching of manure, the losses being greatest during periods of high temperature and abundant rainfall. "In all cases but one, the loss, both relative and absolute, was greater from the solid and liquid manure when taken together than it was from the solid manure alone. The absolute loss of phosphoric acid A\as about the same, although there was a relatively greater loss from the solid and liquid manure when taken together. The loss of nitrogen varied from 25 per cent to 46 per cent in the solid -manure and from 39 to 69 per cent in the solid and liquid manure. The loss of potash varied from 10 per cent to 80 per cent in the solid manure and iroin 28 to 72 per cent in the solid and liquid manure." Experiments were conducted on heavy loam soils with wheat follc^wed l)y timothy and on light sand}' loam Avith cabliage. The results with the wheat show that — "On the whole, the fresh manures have returned greater amounts of nitrogen in the crop than was returned by the leached manures. This is in accord with previous experience, and shows the greater availability of the fresh manures. The nitrogen in ammonium sulphate made greater returns in the crop, when used either alone or together with solid leached, than was returned by the corresponding series where dried blood was used. The proportion of the nitrogen in the grain to that in the straw is, on the whole, rather constant. The fresh manures, where iised alone, caused a more rank growth, and as a result there was more straw and more nitrogen in the straw in i^roportion to the grain on those series. . . . Through the long season the solid manure fresh was fully as efficacious as the solid and liquid fresh. . . . The solid fresh ijroved superior to the solid leached, and the solid and liciuid fresh superior to the solid and liquid leached." Nitrogen in the form of nitrate gave ?. greater return than ammonium sulphate or dried blood. The results of the experiments with cab- bage on the lighter soil in the main confirm those obtained with wheat. The relative availability of the nitrogt^n in the various nitrogenous materials experi- mented Avith is summarized as follows: lleluiive availahiUtij of nitrogen in different nitrogenous fertiUzers. Nitrate of soda 100 Sulphate of ammonia _ 94. 8 Dried blood 94. 7 Solid manure, fresh 36. 3 Solid manure, leached 36. 6 Solid and li(iuid, fresh 70. 5 Solid and li(|uid, leached 48. 1 "These figures show that the availability of the nitrate nitrogen is greater than that of the ammonia and of the organic nitrogen in dried blood. They show that the availability of the nitrogen in the solid and liquid fresh is greater than that in the other forms of manure. They show that the availability of the nitrogen in the solid and li()uid manure leached is greater than that in either the solid fresh or the solid leached. They show that the avilability of the nitrogen in the- ammonia or dried blood is greater than that of the nitrogen in any of the manures. These facts have been found t(j be so, with but few exceptions, in the other experiments." 7130— No. 2— U3 3 130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Data n-latini,'' lo chaiiircs in llif iiitr()t.'('ii cnntciit of sandy soils arc reported and discussed in detail. The duration of the effect of green manures, A. PetkkmaXxV {Bui. Ind. Chim. et Jktct. (iemUoiix, 1903, No. 7S, pp. 11-21; Jhd. Ayr. [Brvssel^], 19 [1908), No. 4, pp. 504-514). — Experiments with a nninher of crops grown on soil which had been in grass, the sod being tnrned nr.der, and on soi which had been underclean culture, indicated that tlu^ effect of such green manuring is quite noticeable on early potatoes, less marked on late potatoes, still less marked the second year, and disappears the tliird. The use of lime to accelerate the action of green manures is suggested. Fertilizer experiments on the sewage-irrigation fields of the town of Dortmund, IIeppk and Gxikss [DeiiL L(tndn: I'res.'j>. 373-378).— The results of 14 experiments with rye on sandy soils of different degrees of fertility show that on the average the yield of grain was dou])led by the use of mixtures of Thomas slag, kainit, or 40 per cent pcjtash salt, and nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. The use of fertilizers was profital)le in all cases. Investigations on the value of the new 40 per cent potash fertilizer as compared with kainit, W. Schneidewind et al. {Arh. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 1903, No. 31, fij). 168). — The results of 3 years' comparative tests on a variety of crops are discu.^sed in detail. Previous ex}ieriments have been referred to (E. S. R., 14, p. 852). Conditions determining the poisonous action of chlorids, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Haktwell {Pdtode Ishind Sta. lipt. 1902, pp. 287-304, fig^. 6') .—This ques- tion has been studied in a series of pot experiments l)egun in 1894. The experiments incluvled tests of the effect of calcium chlorid on potatoes, and magnesium and ammonium chhjrids on barley, rye, and oats. "Calcium chlorid and ammonium chlorid were fotmd to exert a marked poisonous action upon certain plants, w'hen applied to a soil which was already somewhat acid. Magnesium chlorid was not found to be poisonous under conditions where great injury from calcium chlorid and ammonium chlorid resulted. "Calcium carbonate and caustic magnesia used singly, also a mixture of basic slag meal with the carlxmates of jwlash and magnesia, were found to prevent or over- come the ill effect produced by applications of either calcium chlorid or ammonium chlorid. "TluM-e seems to l)i' no good foundation for the caution about using sulphate of ammonia and nmriate of potasli or kainit in the same mixture on account of the for- mation of anunonium chlorid, provided the soil is duly tested with blue litmus paper, and lime, wood ashes, or other suitable substances are applied to correct or partially overcome the existing acidity. "It is probable that all of the apparently conflicting evidence regarding the poisonous and nonpoisonous action of chlorids upon plants, when they are ai)plied in reasonable (juantities, could be explained Avithout difficulty, had due attention been paid in all cases to the chemical reaction of the soil." Field experiments with ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate, Kloepfer {Fidditufx L: tons, le exportation 1,;)99, 508.8, the consumption 1,320,969.8. The nitrate Avas distributed as followf: Germany 490,210.2, United States 212,714.5, France 205,309.8, Belgium 144,K31.2, Great Britain 109,790.2, Holland 9<5,225.6, Italy 30,381.4, Austria 8,012.5, Ha-waii 5,964.3, other countries 17,777.8 long tons. Tho utilization of the free nitrogen of tlic air in agriculou.ro and industry, A. Frank {Chem. Zty., 27 {1903), No. 46, p. 543). — Brief notes on the preparation and on testsof the fertilizing value of the so-called "limenitn^'cn " ('calcium cyanamid), a by-i)roduct of the manufacture of acetylene gas. The new fertilizer law {Califortiia Si4-15(J). — Analyses of 1 sample of squid, 1 of cajilin, 3 of peat, and 5 of limestones are reported. Report on official inspection of commercial fertilizer^ end a2'ricultural chemicals during- the season of 1902, G. A. Goess.maxn {Massnchusett.^ Sta. Rpit. 1902, pp. 9-21). — The results of examinations of 451 sampler representing 273 brands are summarized. Tables show the average composition of the different classes of all fertilizers analyzed, and the maximum, minimum, and average composition of si)e- cial crop fertilizers. There was found to be wide variations in the composition of different brands of fertilizers recommended for the same crop. Thus in the tobacco fertilizers examined the nitrogen varied from 1.76 to 6.68 per cent, the total phos- l^horic acid from 3.38 to 13.71 per cent, the available [)hosphoric acid from 2.84 to 11.59 per cent, the potash from 1.54 to 14.15 per cent A schedule of trade values of fertilizing constituents and a list of licensed manufacturers and dealers arc given. Report on general work in the chemical laboratory, C. A. Goessmann {Mas- s.icliiij. 749) with the addition of a list of manufacturers doing busine.-s in the State and data regarding market prices of fertilizers in New York during 3 ^ ears, 1899-1901, and a compilation showing the average composition of fertilizing materials examined by the staticm since its organization. Fertilizers, G. V. (.iARola {Engrdl.^. Paris: .1. 11. liaiiiHre d- Son, 1903, pp. XI -\- 502, jhjx. 33). — This volume forms a part of the Encyclopcdie agricule issued under the direction of (t. Wery. It treats in simple manner of general principles of j)lant nutrition; cal(;areous amendments; farm manures and miscellaneous organic fertiliz- ers; commercial sources of nitrogen, phosi)horic aciil, and potash; fertilizer laws, companies, and valuation; and practical methods of fertilizing cereals, hoed croi)S, leguminous ])]ants, grass lands, oil-producing plants, gardens, and ornamental i)lants. Recent progress in the fertilizer industry, R. vo.v GRrEUER {Chem. Ztg., 27 {1903), No 40, pp. 479-/fSl). — Reviews briefly g^-.ieral business ])rogress and discusses raw products, methods of prei)aration, technical and scientific phases. 132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FIELD CROPS. Annual Report of the Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations for 1902. C C (iE()1«;es()N ( ('. S. Jkpl. A(jr., (JiJicr aj J-J.rjicriiiiriil SUdion.'^ Rpi. l'.)0.i, jij). .i.i.i- SCty, ph. 11). — The agricultural work of the stations for the year is .summarized and (HiS<;iu«sed. Excessive rains very mucli interfered with the work. iVorl (it tSitka Station. — Excelsior winter rye .«eeded Hepteniljer 7 made a growth df (5^ ft , and was sufficiently mature for harvesting by August 15. Its strong elastic eiti^V>' enabled it to withstand storms and unfavorable weather for some time after cpiftplete maturity. While not as good as the Swedish winter rye, it is regarded as one of the varieties (jf value for Alaska. Carman wheat-rye, considered a hybrid between wheat i.nd rye, largely winterkilled. The straw is strong and stands up well, and this character is the only one which might suggest that rye is one of the parent i)lants. Komanow spring wheat was grown on old and new ground. The crop lodged on the olf. Agr., Office of Rrpcrlinod Stuliaus lijif. 1902, pp. ,309-.l.;(), j>h. 8). — The improvements made at the station during the year are briefly mentioned. Experiments with taro indicate that the root rot of the crop may be prevented !)y j)roper liming and fertilizing of the soil and by planting slips which are free from the disease. A test was made of 45 varieties of potatoes to find a variety resistant to the ])lack wilt disease. The seed potatoes were obtained from Maine. Only one variety, the June, was entirely resistant to the disease. Two varieties were partiallj^ resistant, while the rest were completely destroyed. The coffee industry is reviewed and the culture of different fiber i^lants, including sisal, malina {Furcrxa gigaidea) and olona { Touchardia lat'ij'ol'm) is described. An account of the occurrence and preparation of olona fiber is given. Notes on the culture and growth of pinea})i)les, figs, papayas, guavas, mangoes, alligator pears, grapes, limes, and peanuts are presented. The principal insect enemies of Hawaiian agriculture are enumerated, and the work of the station in deal- ing with this problem is outlined. Farmers' institute work in Hawaii is described and climatic conditions of the islands are noted. Annual Report of the Porto Rico Ag-ricultural Experiment Station for 1902, F. D. Gardner ( T". S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Siaiioiix Rpt. ]90:>, pp. 331-357, pis. 8, fig. l). — This report contains an account of the present status of the station and a general review of the principal work for the year. The station farm, together with its equipment, is described. The propagation of coffee plants from seed was accomplished in seed beds protected by straw-covered sheds, and the young plants were transj^lanted to continue their growth in nursery beds. An experiment in improving old coffee groves has been begun and arrangements are beinc made to test different varieties on a 25-acre tract of new forest land. Temporary field experiments were conducted at Rio Piedras with Held, garden, and forage crops, and with flowering bulbs. The results are summari.;; d in a tal)le, and the growth of the most important crops is briefly noted. Insect and jilant dis- eases attacked the garden crops, in some instances causing total destruction. A good stand of blue grass; was obtained, but so far nothing further as to its value under Porto Rico conditions has l)een learned. Alfalfa gave some i)romise of success, and cotton produced al)undantly, although the plants were small. Kafir corn and teosinte succeeded well. The problem of combating insect enemies is discussed. Special attention "is given to the changa, or mole cricket, and statements regarding its classi- fication and distribution are presented. Attention is called to the soil conditions existing in the island, and the influence of fertilizers is shown by the results of an experiment with sweet potatoes. The average yield per acre from fertilized plats was at the rate of 14,478 lbs., or an increase of 8,758 lbs. over unfertilized plats. The largest yield was obtained where 188 lbs. each of acid phosphate and muriate of potash and no nitrogen had been applied. The soil upon whii'h the experiments were made was found to be acid, and an application of 1,000 l])s. of lime per acre causeil a noticeable improvement in the croj). Notes on the growth and culture of tropical fruits, and the value of forest reserva- tions on the island are given, and meteorological records fitr 1899 to 1902, inclusive, are shown in tables. 134 p:xperiment station record. Culture work at the substations, 1899-1901, ('. 11. Shinn (Ca/iforuin Sla. Jliil. 147, j>j). ..'0-J7, .j(;-41, iVi-*:!, S.i-SS, fnix. '>). — This is a jj;('neral sunimary of tlu- liclii work of the California substations from 1S90 io liiOl, inclusive. (For the work in horticulture see p. 148.) The ex]»('rinients with held crops consisted mainly of culture tests of a large number of different plants, including plants and seeds sent out by this Department for trial. The FoolJi ill SuhHtation {at /acAso// ) ( p]). 20-27). — A large range of cultures has been under test since 1899 and the more striking results are here noted. Australian .salt- bu.«li did not show any di'cided advantage over other forage crops, but is considered worth growing on a small scale. Hairy vetch seemed better adapted to the region than the saltbush. Alrlplex Irptoatrpd did not naturalize at all, while Rhagodia spliicsreii--< iiimiiis furnished much fodder, but its adaj)tability has not yet been determined. Bi-oinns imTiiiis has been thoroughly tested and is recommended for extensive cul- ture. The gi-ass was improved and its season lengthened Ijy light irrigation. Ever- green and j)erennial rye grasses from England proved of great value when irrigated. Selected Perennial is regarded as one of the be.st. Sutton perennial red clover made a growth of 14 in. from 3Iarch 1 to June 1, 1900. Common white clover, alsike clover, Egyptian clover ( rc/fo,'/;/;;; alexandrhnnn), and snail clover (7'. iurldnatuni) gave good results when irrigated. Tests with root crops were carried on with and without irrigation on granite and slate soils. With irrigation Ijeets, mangels, parsnips, and carrots gave large yields. Champion Yellow Globe mangel yielded 72.5 tons per acre, and of the 20 varieties grown none yielded less than 30 tons. Notes on the growth at the station ot Jersey kale, tagasaste. New Siberian golden millet, buckwheats, flax, and lupines are given. California, Royal, "White Flower- ing, Belgian Improved, Russian Pskoff, Pure Riga, White Dutch, and Yellow Seeded flax produced excellent fiber and plump, !)right seeds. The flax plants ranged in height from about 2.5 to 42 in. Among the varieties of lupines the Large European White proved most satisfactory. Luplnioi tricolor and L. angusfifulius were failures. The yields of the best vetches sent out by this Department are given in the following table: Yields of vetches in 1900. Xanie. Infu bloor ,11 n. •1 , "5'' 2.5 1 4 1 Yield of green fodder per acre. Vicia pereoriiia June Pounds. 14, 620 Vicia do. 17. 240 Vifia fltl'll IIX . -do. 18,150 19,0d7 Vie in lii,/liiiuni June Virla Mav 25,400 June 25,410 ; do. 30,8)55 32, 670 do. Lentils when early sown are considered well adapted to the red soils of the region. Turkestan alfalfa seemed hardier and more drought resistant, Vjut did not yield better than the common varieties. Cuzco maize from Brazil and velvet beans did not succeed. Peruvian cotton did not mature, while Georgia upland varieties Uiatured well and made a medium growth without irrigation on the red soils. The safflower {Carihamrnis tindoriux) was not equal to Russian sunflowers in the yield of seed for oil or chicken feed. March rape proved l)etter than Essex, ami sown on slate soil yielded 47 tons of green forage per acre. Rape had no value for summer pasture in that locality. Notes are also given on tests of horse beans, field j)eas, and artichokes. The hard wheats grown at this substation showed a tendency to increase their starch content. FIELD CROPS. 135 Southern Coast Range Substation {at Paxo Entiles) (pji. .36-41). — Seventy-two peren- nial grasses were tested for their drought resistance, and the growth of the most promising species is l)riefiy described. In 1899, 50 varieties of wheat, including 13 Algerian varieties and a nundjer of cross-bred sorts, were under trial. All the Alge- rian wheats yielded above the average and ripened among the earliest. Some of the cross-bred sorts proved valuable. In a test of varieties of wheat for hay a cross between Frame New and Australian gave the heaviest yield and the best quality of hay. Notes are also given on the several varieties of wheat obtained from this Depart- ment. Caiiaigre, Dwarf Essex, and March rape, Bromus inermis, safflower, foxtail furze, and Jersey kale made good growths at this substation; but Egyptian clover, vetches, Turkestan alfalfa, Russian millet, horse beans, lentils, goat rue, Trispabularia, and Lathjirus si/lveslris were not so generally promising. The rye grasses and clovers on trial were nearly all in need of irrigation. Giant rye grass {Ebpnus condensatns) , in 1899, remained green without irrigation until autumn. The results with saltbushes at the substation have been jjreviously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 653). San Joaquin Valley Substation (at Tulare) (pp. 55-61). — ^A large number of salt- bushes have been under test at this substation and all withstood much drought and alkali. Those giving the best results, named in the order of their value, were Atri- ple.v semibaccata, A. pampaTfiin, and Rhagodia spinescens inermis. All varieties of alfalfa gave the best results with irrigation and withstood considerable alkali. Tur- kestan alfalfa grew m<)re compact and produced more foliage than the common form. Species of LafJtgrus, goat rue ( Galega officinalis) , horse beans, lentils, chick peas, and lupines have not generally given good results. Perennial rye grass, l)rome grass, Italian rye grass, and Texas blue grass {Poa arachnifera) were the best grasses under test. ]Most grasses and clovers needed some irrigation. The artichoke ( Cgnara scoly- mus) grew as well in strong alkali as the Australian saltbush. The growth of Tsama or Khama stock melon was much better than that of any other cucurbit, but the alkali in the soil reduced its yield. Southern. California Substation {at Pomona) (pp. 83-88). — Notes are given on the growth and value of a large number of field and garden crops. Turkestan alfalfa gave somewhat better results than the common varieties. The yields of carrots W'ere very low, which result is attributed to the effect of alkali. Egyptian varieties of cotton rooted much deeper and outgrew' the American ^-arieties with which they were compared. No definite conclusion as to the value of Egyptian cotton culture in that region has been reached. Bromus unioloides made a much better growth than B. inermis. Soy beans were grown, and early and medium early varieties are recommended. The vetches tried were not a success. The Tsama or Khama stock melon yielded much better than the Kansas stock melon and showed its superiority in drought resistance. Field experiments -with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. H. Grisdale, W. T. Macoun, F. T. Shutt, J. Fletcher, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay, and T. A. Sharps ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1902, jjp. 7-45, 81-89, 112-120, 156-160, 196-201, 232-249, 279-298, 319-339, 357-373).— The results of the work with field crops at the Canada Experimental Farms in 1902 are reported and discussed. The average results of variety tests carried on in this connection at the different farms with most of the crops here mentioned have been noted from a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 14, p. 751). The data obtained in the A'ariety tests at each of the farms are tabulated in detail, and include a larger number of varieties of the different crops than is given in the bulletin above mentioned. The report for 1901 is noted in E. S. R., 14, p. 130. mieat. — At the Central Experiment Farm at Ottawa 20 varieties of winter wheat were tested. The leading varieties were Dawson Golden Chaff, Imperial Amber, and Egyptian Amber, yielding 5Sl, 46, and 45 J bu. per acre, respectively. Ameri- can Bronze, the least productive variety, yielded 28| bu. Spring wheat at Ottawa yielded best when sown at the rate of 1 l)u. per acre on sandy loam and 2^ l)u. per 136 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. acn' on clay loam soil. N'arictics of siniiiu wheat <;ro\vii Iroiii srlc(tt' test of winter wheat at this farm was a complete failure. (kits. — At Ottawa the best yield on sandy loam was obtained l)y sowing li bu. of seed per acre and on clay loam l)y sowing 2j liu. At the experiment farm for the Northwest Territories, selected, well cleaned, and small oats for seed yielded 86/y, 80}2, and 72yV bu. per acre, n'si)ectively. Barley. — Different (juantities of seed ranging from l\ to 4 bu. per acre were sown on sandy loam and clay loam soil at Ottawa. On the sandy loam the Ijest yield was 45 bu. per acre, obtained from 4 bu. of seed, and the next best from the use of only IJ bu. On the clay loam soil 2 bu. of seed per acre gave the highest yield. Spelt. — The yields of spelt sown on May 6, 13, 20, and 27 at the Manitoba farm were 59, 52, 56, and 61 bu. per acre, respectively. Sowing at the rate of 87J lbs. of seed per acre proved most i)rofitable, the yield per acre being 54 bu. 40 lbs. At the station for the Northwest Territories a yield of 36 bu. 20 lbs. per acre was obtained and the crop required 108 days to mature. Corn. — At Ottawa, Champion White Pearl, Selected Learning, and Longfellow were sown in rows 21, 28, 35, and 42 in. apart. Champion White Pearl yielded best in rows 35 in. apart, and Selected Learning and Longfellow in rows 28 in. apart. At the farm in the Maritime Provinces the yields of these same varieties were all in favor of 28 in. between rows. At the Manitoba farm where these varieties were grown in rows 24, 30, 36, and 42 in. apart the average yield of green corn per acre amounted to 15 tons and 1,328 lbs., and was in favor of the greatest distance. The yield at the farm for the Northwest Territories was in favor of 35 in. with Selected Leaming and Longfellow, and 42 in. with Champion White Pearl. At the British Colundjia farm this same experiment was made but with the addition of plats planted in hills. The corn planted 6 in. apart in 21-in. rows gave the best yields in all cases, while the hill-planted crop of Cham])ion White Pearl was in favor of 21 in., and that of the other 2 varieties in favor of 28 in. The highest average yield of green crop was obtained in drills. Potatoes. — Experiments in planting at different dates have been conducted at Ottawa for several years. Plantings of an early and late variety were made at inter- vals of 2 weeks until late in the season. In 1902 the planting made May 15 gave the best results. The experiments, in general, have shown that a good crop of market- able potatoes can he obtained at Ottawa by planting as late as July 10. The best total average yield with the early as well as the late variety was obtained l)y planting during tlie last week of May. The average results of a 7-years' test of planting at dif- ferent distances show that planting in rows 2j ft. apart, with the sets 14 in. apart in the row gave the best yields. For 6 consecutive years the largest yields were obtained in sandy loam soil from planting the sets 1 in. deep. For field culture the author recommends planting from 4 to 5 in. deep. While the largest yields have been obtained by planting large whole potatoes it is believed most economical to use medium to large tubers cut into sets having at least 3 eyes with a good amount of flesh. In a fertilizer test with superphosphate of lime at the British Columbia farm the yield per acre on the check plats was 355 bu. 18 lbs., while on the jilats receiving 100, 150, and 200 lbs. of superphosphate of lime per acre the yields were 371 bu. 48 ll)s., 391 bu. 36 lbs., and 409 Ini. 12 lbs., respectively. FIELD CKOPS. 137 Sofi heanx ami liorsi' l)e((iix. — Soy beans were grown in rows 21, 28, and ;]5 in. apart. At Ottawa the jilat with the rows 28 in. apart gave the higliest yields of total green crop and of beans per aere, while at the farms in the IVhiritinie I'rovinces and the Northwest Territories the yields of green crop were in favor of the 21 and 35 in. rows, respeetively. Drills 28 in. apart gave the best resnlts at the Britisli Columbia farm but the yields for the other distances w'ere nearly as great. The same experiments were made on these farms with horse beans. At Ottawa the best total yield, 8 tons 160 lbs. per acre, was obtained from the rows 28 in. apart, while the 21-in. rows gave the best yield of beans, 37 bu. 20 lbs. per aere. At the farm in the Maritime Provinces the best yield was in favor of the 28 in. rows, while at tlie farm for the Northwest Territories the best yield was produced by the 28 and 35 in. rows, the yield being the same for Ijoth distances. A culture test at the Man- itoba farm showed agrowtli of 36 in. in height and a yield of 10,",^ tons per acre of green crop. Drills 28 in. apart gave the best yield at the British Columbia farm. Flax. — Experiments at Ottawa to detefmlne the best time for sowing and the quantity of seed required resulted in the beet yield of straw, 6,440 lbs. per acre, from 80 lbs. of seed per acre sown May 21, and the heaviest yield of seed, S) ]m. 20 lbs. per acre, from the same quantity of seed sown April 30. Five different quanti- ties of seed varying from 15 to 50 lbs. per acre were sown at tlie Manitoba farm, and the results showed that the yield of seed increased with the quantity of seed sown. Results on newly V)roken land were also in favor of the larger quantity of seed. In a test of several varieties made at tliis farm during the year, Novarossick yielded 22 bu. 28 lbs. of seed per acre, being nearly double the quantity yielded by any other variety. In the Northwest Territories sowing on May 17 gave better average results than sowing on May 26. Sixty 11)S. of seed per acre yielded 16 bu. 16 lbs., as C(jm- pared wdth 15 bu. for 80 lbs. of seed. Where 25 and 40 lbs. of seed had been used the yields were smaller. Millets. — Among 9 varieties of millet tested at Ottawa, Algerian and Japanese led in productiveness, both varieties yielding over 17 tons of green crojj per acre. The yields of hay per acre were 8 tons 800 lbs., and 8 tons 1,920 lbs., respectively. Ital- ian or Indian millet at the farm for the JNIaritime Provinces gave a yield per acre of 13 tons of green substant-e, w'hich was over 4 tons more than was ol)tained from any of the 4 other varieties grown. At the Manito1)a farm 6 varieties were sown June 6 and cut September 4. The best yields were obtained from Algerian or Early Pearl and Italian or Indian. Algerian produced the largest stems and Italian the longest heads. Italian millet also produced the highest yield at the farm for the Northwest Territories. At the British Columbia farm Round White Extra French led in pro- ductiveness, followed by Algerian. The yields of all varieties at this station were small. Buckwlieat. — Of 5 varieties grown at the farm for the Maritime Provinces, Silver Hull, Rye, and Tartarian or Siberian were the most productive, the yields being 46 bu. 32 lbs., 45 bu. 40 lbs., and 41 Im. 32 lbs. per acre, respectively. In a field teat 5 acres previously in buckwheat and fertilized, yielded 31 bu. 14 lbs. per acre, and 4^ acres of new land unfertilized produced 14 bu. 16 lbs. per acre. Miscellaneous. — The conclusions drawn from fertilizer experiments in progress at Ottawa since 1888 are the same as previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 130). The effects of clover as a green manure for oats, corn, and potatoes for 1 and 2 years after the crop was plowed under are noted. In every instance during the 2 years the yields were markedly in favor of the green-manured plats. Experiments to determine the effect of superphosphate of lime and Thomas slag, used singly i^neen in progress since 1900 and are to be continued for a. series of years. This year the best yield of spring wheat (both grain and straw) was with a mixture of 400 lbs. Thomas slag, 200 lbs. kainit, and 100 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre. In the 138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ex])t'riin»-iits with ();i(s llu' I'licck plats those of the fertilized plats. Theeoiii|>lete fertilizer ai)])lieat ion, containing suiJerphosphatiM if lime, yielded the largest (jnantity of green crop of broine grass, Imt the check i>lat, producing over 1 toil of green crop less ])er acre, gave the highest yield of hay. In a test at the farm for the Maritime Trovinces an application of muriate of jiotasli gave better results than nitrate of soda and superphosphate, applied singly or in combination with the muriate. The results of special fertilizer experiments at this farm with l)arnyard manure and c(jmj)lete conmiei-cial tV-rtilizers on different crops and crop mixtures are tabulated without comment. At the Manitoba farm, in a te.st with spring wheat, a mixture of 200 lbs. superphosphate, 100 lbs. nitrate of soda, and 100 lbs. muriate of potash i)er acre, one-half api)lied before sowing and the rest when the grain was 2 or ;5 in. liigh, gave the highest yield of straw and grain — 3,840 lbs. and 88 bu. per acre, respectively. In a test in the Northwest Territories the yield of wheat, and at the British Columbia farm the yield of oats, was also in favor of this combination and method of application. The yields of different root crojis and vegetables grown in various coml)inati(nis at Ottawa are given in a table. Shallow cultivation and management of soils is dis- cussed by the agriculturist of the Ottawa farm, and a series of crop rotations are recommended. The itemized cost of growing oats, mixed crops, hay, corn, mangels, turnips, sugar beets, and pumpkins is reported. The yields of hay obtained from different mixtures of grasses and clovers are shown and a number of important sj)eeies of grasses are described. The best yield of hay this year was obtained from a mixture of meadow fescue 6 lbs.,, orchard grass 2 lbs., Kentucky blue grass 1 lb., com- mon red clover 4 lbs., alfalfa 3 lbs., and white Dutch clover 1 IVj. The first cutting, July 10, yielded 2.6 tons of hay, and the second cutting, August 30, 3.16 tons. Austrian brome grass compared with timothy and a mixture of alfalfa and broine grass at the Manitoba farm led in the yield of hay. The results for 3 years of a plan of crop rotation followed at the farm for the Northwest Territories are summarized. Brief notes are given on the growth of various forage crops at the different farms. Cooperative experiments in agriculture, C. A. Zavitz {(Jnlario Ayr. and Kept. Lhiioit Ilpt. 1902, pp. W-J4) • — The average results of cooperative variety tests carried on by the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental X'nion in 1902 with oats, barley, v/heat, 1)nckwheat, peas, soy beans, corn, mangels, sugar beets, swedes, kohl-rabi, turnips, jiarsnips, carrots, millet, sorghum, vetch, rape, kale, clover, grasses, and other forage crops are reported in tables and briefly discussed. The leading varieties were Oderbrucker oats, Oder]>rucker Six-rowed barley, Black Hulless barley, Japanese buckw^heat. Early Britain pea, Medium Green soy bean, Compton Early corn, Dawson Golden Chaff winter wheat, Evans Improved mangel, New Danish Improved sugar beet, Sutton Magnum Bonum swede, Greystone and Early White Vienna kohl-rabi, Bruce Mammoth Intermediate "carrot, Improved Half Long parsnip, Wisconsin Earliest White Dent fodder corn, Japanese millet. Early Amber sorghum, hairy vetch. Dwarf Essex rape, Thousand Headed kale, ]Mammoth red clover, and tall oat grass. Alfalfa gave a larger crop than sainfoin and ])urnet. In a cooperative test fertilizers w;ere applied singly and in combination. Nitrate of soda and muriate of potash were each used at the rate of 160 lbs. per acre, and superphosphate at the rate of 320 lbs. The mixed fertilizer consisting of one part of nitrate of soda, one part of muriate of potash, and two parts of superphosphate was applied at the rate of 213.3 lbs. per acre. The average results for the number of years the work has been in progress show that the greatest yields were produced by the mixed fertilizer with oats, turnips, and corn for grain; l)y nitrate of soda with mangels, and l)y muriate of j)otash with corn for fodder. The fertilizer apparently exerted a greater influence on mangels and swedes than on either corn or oats. FIELD CROPS. 139 Anion") tests, led in prodiu-tiveiiess, with a yield of 197.5 bu. per acre, followed ))y Early Doiniiiion, Burpee Extra Early, and Stray Beauty. The average results in the yields of these 4 varieties did not vary 10 bu. per aere. In 1901 level culture l>roduced 8.5 bu. and in 1902 4.8 bu. more per acre than hill culture. Potato sets sprinkled with land jdaster gave an increase of 16.4 bu. per acre in 1900, 14.4 l)u. in 1901, and of J of a bu. in 1902 as compared with untreated sets. Report of the agriculturists, W. P. Brooks and H. M. Thomson {3I((.s>^(irhim'Us Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 102-15o). — The work here reported followed the general lines of the preceding years (E. S. R., 14, p. 133). In the comparison of dried blood, sulphate of ammonia, barnyard ujanure, and nitrate of soda as soun-es of nitrogen for potatoes in 1902, the yields obtained ranked the different fertilizers in the order mentioned. The average results since 1890 with different crops i:»lace them as follows: Nitrate of soda, barnyard manure, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood. Potatoes this year followed soy beans and the plats receiving no nitrogen produced a yield almost as large as the plats to which nitrogen had been applied }-early. Sulphate of potash was superior to muriate of potash as a fertilizer for cabbage, mixed timothy and clover, and potatoes. A summary of the results for the series of years shows that the best yields of potatoes, clover, cabbage, and soy beans have been obtained with the sulphate, while the yields of corn, grasses, oats, barley, vetch, and sugar beets were about equal for the 2 salts. The sulphate produced potatoes and sugar beets distinctly better in quality than the muriate. Nitrate of soda, dried blood, and sulphate of ammonia, used in connection with manure, ranked in the order mentioned as sources of nitrogen for garden cTops. A comparison of sulphate and muriate of potash for this class of crops indicated that the suljihate was better for onions, tomatoes, and celery, while the muriate gave slightly better results with strawberries and squashes. Among different potash salts used as fertilizers for clover, silicate, high-grade sul- phate and nitrate of potash were most effective. The salts containing chlorin, espe- ciallv kainit, proved injurious to the young clover. The results with phosphates in quantities furnishing equal amounts of phosphoric acid as fertilizer for onions were in favor of dissolved bone meal, tine ground raw bone, phosphatic slag, and steamed bone meal, in the order given. Tennessee phos- phate and Florida soft phosphate gave results very much inferior to all others. Soil tests were continued this year with corn and potatoes. The results indicate that potash was the most pi-ominent plant-food element controlling the yield of corn. The plat which had received 160 lbs. of muriate of potash per acre annually for 14 years yielded 47.7 bu. of shelled corn per acre, and the plat receiving 320 lbs. of dis- solved boneblack per acre in addition to the muriate gave a crop of 55.9 bu. In the entire series of tests the plat receiving annually 5 cords of manure produced the highest yield of corn and stover. Four plats which had not been fertilized for 14 years showed a high degree of exhaustion. The crop of potatoes on 'lime soil was increased more by muriate of potash than by fertilizers furnishing either of the other plant-food elements. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid were more effective in increasing the yield of potatoes than the yield of corn. IManure alone gave a larger yield of mixed grass and clover than manure applied with ])otash, but the increase was not sufficient to make it iirofitable. The preced- ing year corn was grown on these same plats with- like results. A mixture of grass and clover was also grown with a special corn fertilizer as compared with an ai)i)lica- tion richer in potash. The fertilizer mixture containing the greater cpiantity of jiot- ash produced 1,520 lbs. of hay more per acre than the special corn fertilizer which cost about $4 i)er acre more. The larger quantity of potash gave a greater relative abundance of ariiyard manure were in favor of the sprinjr a])])lication as compared with tlie fall ai»plieation, l)ut the dif- ference in yield was not sufficient to ]ia\' for the extra handling. The use of I'lO to 2o0 lbs. per acre of nitrate of soda on timothy sod gave a jmifit- ahlc increase in the yield of rowen in every instance. Jn a variety ti'st of ])utatoes, Beauty of Hebron (first and second generations from Maine seed), IXL, Pteuhen, Early Nancy, ^Million Dollar, Knsitrn Bagley, Early Rose, Gem of Aroostook, and Daughter of Early Rose, in the order of productive- ness, produced over 250 bu. of nuTchantable tubers per acre. Report of the agriculturists, R. S. Shaw and F. B. Linfikld {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 31-56). — Earlier results of the wo7-k descrilied have been i)reviously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 26), and the data here reported include tlie average results for 1899, 1900, 1901, and the yields obtained in 1902. The results of tests with 42 varieties of wheat are given in a table. The data include the yields of grain and straw, the weight per bushel, and the time required to mature. Onyx, Opal, Ohili, and Russian 2955 led in jiroductiveness and yielded 65.7, 65.2, 63.5, and 60.7 bu. per acre, respectively. The smallest yield olttained in the test was 36.6 bu. The macaroni Avheats, Kubanka and Wild (loose, were grown under irrigation without any apparent softening of the kernel- Russian 2955 was obtained through this Department and has i^roved a most promising milling wheat. Of 19 varieties of oats under test Swedish Select 2788, "White Swedish, White Danish, American Banner, and American White yielded 100.3, 98.1, 91.8, 91.3, and 90.7 bu. per acre, respectively. The smallest yield in the test was 73.3 bu. Among 6 varieties introduced in 1901, Salzer Big Four led with a yield of 129 bu. per acre, followed by Irish Victor and Alaska with 126.3 and 104.6 bu., respectively. Swedish Select 2788 and Nameless Beauty were selected by the station for distriliution throughout the State. Seventeen varieties of barley under test for the same period have given average yields ranging from 43.2 to 71.4 bu. per acre. The leading varieties were: Golden- thorpe. New Zealand, ]\Iandscheuri, and Plighland Scotch, yielding 71.4, 69.9, 67.6, and 60.6 bu. per acre, respectively. Eight varieties of huUess l)arleys yielded from 33.8 to 56.8 bu. per acre. The Black Hulless, New White Hulless, CJuy Male, and Delnoote yielded over 54 bu. per acre. The straw in the New White and Smooth Hulless barleys is considered superior to that of the Black Hulless for feeding pur- poses. A number of varieties of barley obtained from this Department and grown under extremely favorable conditions proved very jiromising. The yield of one of these varieties, Number 5473, was at the rate of 101.9 bu. per acre. Of the brewing barleys Chevalier, Goldenthorpe, New Zealand, and Mandscheuri have given the most satifactory results in field culture. Of 43 varieties of potatoes grown in the 3 years, 23 gave average yields of over 400 bu. per acre. The leading varieties, Montana Beauty, White Elephant, Charles Downing, and Rural New Yorker No. 2, yielded 478.9, 475.8, and 470.8 bu. per acre, respectively. The statement is made that early varieties may be grown at an altitude of 6,500 feet, 1)ut that medium sorts are not a success when grown above 4,750 ft. In 1902 the yields of wheat ranged from 29 to 77 bu. per acre, but there was only one yield below 50 bu. In oats the yields ranged from 90 to 174 bu., and with barley from 29 to 96.8 1)U. per acre. The Pringle Champion wheat, Early Everett oats, and Guy Male barley were the leading varieties. The cooperative work of the station with the farmers of the State is described, and the results of the same reported. In 1902, 86 farmers including 53 cooperators grew grain from station seed. The yields of cereals, hay, and root crops grown under irri- gation are reported. FIELD CROPS. 141 The reHult.s of ii (i-year rotation experiment completed tlii;^ t-eason are jiiven for the entire period. The rotation consisted of wheat, clover, barley, root crops, oats, and peas. No fertilizer was applied to any of the crops. The general conclnsion was that the fertility of the land had been maintained. The rotation is, however, not con- sidered practical and the Mork is to be continued in another form. Report on field crops, J. H. Shepperd and A. ]M. Tex Evck {yorth. Ihtkota >!tK. Rpt. 1902, pp. 66-132).— A. general description is given of the w'ork of the agricul- turtd department for 1902, and the results obtained in the different experiments^ are presented in tables and discussed. A review of the plant breeding work of the station shows that the nursery during the season contained the following number of individual plants: Wheat 10,800, oats 3,600, barley 3,200, buckwheat 1,525, flax 4,800, millet 2,300, and grass and alfalfa 2,002. During the season seed of improved grains and potatoes was sent to 119 farmers. Notes are given on the growth at the station of red clover from \aiious States and countries and of common Turkestan and Grimm alfalfa. Forty-eight varieties of macaroni, fife and blue stem wheats were tested. In yield- ing capacity the macaroni varieties stood first. The average yields of the 3 best pro- ducing varieties of each class were 32.6, 26.8 and 23 bu. per acre for the macaroni, life and blue stem varieties, respectively. The results for 9 years show that the blue stem varieties gave an average yield of 24.7 bu. and the life varieties of 24.3 bu. per acre. In 1901 and 1902 the average yields per acre for the leading variety in each class was as follows: Yellow Gharnoyka macaroni wheat 31.9 bu.; Selected Minne- sota No. 285 fife 27.6 bu., and Haynes Pedigree blue stem 26.1 bu. Sowing on April 30 gave better results than sowing on later dates, but there was only a slight differ- ence in the yields for April 30 and May 9 and 15. Forty varieties of oats were tested, and the best yields were obtained from the earliest and the latest sorts. Sixty Day stood at the head of the list with a yield of 72.2 bu. per acre, followed by Selected Tartarian with 63.9 bu. This same variety also gave the largest average yield for the last 2 years. The data for all varieties is given in tables. The results with barley for 9 years indicate ]Mansluu-y six-rowed to be one of the best varieties. This season 19 varieties were grown, Houston Golden Queen leading in productiveness with a yield of 59.4 bu. per acre.. For the past 2 seasons ]Mand- scheuri, Manshury, Minnesota No. 87, Barnard, Minnesota No. 32, and Silver King, in the order given, have produced the best average yields. 3IcEwan hulless has been the best producer in its class. North Dakota enuner, a variety gr(jwn in the State f}>. 3~>,fujs. l.l). — This bulletin contains a description of the station buildings and grounds, gives an account of how the land was cleared and improved, and reports the results of various fertilizer and culture experiments carried on during the year. • Wardweli Kidney Wax and lm})rovi'd Valentine beans were grown on new soil which received a complete fertilizer application. The general financial results were in favor of an application of 27 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 13.05 lbs. dried blood, 60 lbs. acid i)hosphate, and 25 lbs. kainit per acre. The Improved \'alentine variety yielded an average of 20 bu. more i)er acre than the AVari. 7. <1(/ti>. 1). — The results obtained from experiments with commercial fertilizers and barnyard manure, extending through a ])eriod of 2) years, are re])orted at some length. The experiments were designed to test the comparative effects of single fertilizer elements, complete and incomplete applications, and dif- ferent forms and different (juantities of nitrogen; to compare conunercial fertilizers with barnyard manure, and lime and plaster with conunercial fertilizers and barn- yard manure; and to note the influence of lime, ground limestone, and plaster. The commercial fertilizers supplying the essential elements of plant food w ere dried blood, nijtrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dissolved boneblack, and muriate of potash. The quantity of phosphoric acid and potash applied per acre every 2 years was in general 48 and 100 lbs., resjaectively, while the nitrogen was given in most instances in quantities of 24, 48, and 72 lbs. Barnyard manure was applied at the rate of 12,000, 16,000, and 20,000 lbs. per acre. Corn, oats, wheat, and clover and timothy were grown in rotation, and the fertilizers, save lime, which was applied to corn only, were apjjlied to corn and wheat. CoDi. — In the test with the plant food elements used singly, phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen ranked in the order mentioned in the iiroduction of grain, while in the yield of stover potash stood first and })hosphoric acid second. Where the 3 essential elements were given in combinations of 2, they ranked as follows: Potash and phosphoric aci«)tasli, witc aliiiufst ei^ually good, while the plats rweiviiig nitroixcii and potash gave a smaller total yield and a decidedly smaller yield f range improvement in the State is discussed and tlie value of 3 species of grasses, Agropyrun spiadum, Bouteloua uUgostacJq/a, and TUilhllisdactyloides, in connection with this work is pointed out. The soybean, G. E. Adams {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 92, pp. 119-127, figx. J).— This bulletin contains a popular account of the soy bean, its uses and culture. In the discussion the results of experiments obtained at the station and elsewhere are restated. For 10 years the Medium Early Green soy bean has produced good crops at the station and has never failed to ripen seed. Report of the sugar-beet experiments in Ontario, 1902, R. IIakcourt {Toronto: Ontario Ih'pl. A(jr., 1902, pp. .12, Jigx. 10, iiiojtl). — iSugar-beet experiments conducted on an extensive st-ale are described and the factories in operation in Onta- rio are enumerated. The value of sugar-beet i)ujp as a stock food is discussed and the composition of limestone rock from different points in the province is shown in a table. The results of culture experiments and fertilizer and distance tests here reported have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 36). The average weight, percentage of sugar, and coefficient of jsurity of beets harvested in September and October by the different experimenters are shown in tables. In general the later harvested samples were the best in <[uality. Progress of the absorption of phosphoric acid by sugar beets, A. Gregoire, {Bui. Z'/.s/. Chiiu. et Bad. Gemhlou.v, 1903, No. 73, pp. 22-31; IJIng. Agr. (jcwbloux, 13 {1903), Xo. 10, ])p. 425-437).— In these studies it was found that the phosphoric acid content reached 0.78 per cent of the dry substance. The maximum absorption occurred between July 27 and August 24. The phosphoric acid was taken up most rapidly at the beginning of vegetation. duality of svreated. tobacco produced by diiferent fertilizer treatments, W. Fkear {Pennnylvaiiid Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 34-4S). — These experiments have been previously described (E. S. R., 11, p. 924). A detailed report is here given on the quality of the same crops of Havana leaf for the several years the work w^as carried on. An apj)lication of cotton-seed meal, sulphate of potash, and dissolved Ixjneblack gave a better yield of uniform and lighter-colored leaf than horse manure. The sab- stitution of linseed meal for cotton-seed meal in this application apparently imjjroved the flavor of the tobacco. The use of horn meal instead of cotton-seed meal and the FIELD CKOPS. 147 imrtial replacement of cotton-seed meal by nitrate of soda reduced Iwtli yield and (luality. Sulphate of ammonia as a jmrtial substitute for cotton-seed meal slightly improved the yield and the wrapper qualities of the leaf, but the flavor and the aroma suffered a marked deterioration. Where double carbonate of potash and mag- nesia was substituted for the sulphate of potash the leaf was more uniform and of better texture and a slightly improved burning quality, without impairing the flavor or aroma. The use of basic slag and the omission of a phosphate from the applica- tion resulted in a low yield of poor quality. "jMost commercial tobacco manures contain much of their nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. . . . Such manures are capa])le of improve- njent for . . . the Lancaster county limestone clays by reducing the . . . nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia to a very small fraction and increasing tlie quantity of concentrated nitrogenous vegetable material used as a source of nitrogen and hunuis." Physical ineasurem.ents of tobacco leaf from plats differently fertilized, AV. Freak and J. A. Fries [ Fennsylvavia St'as api^lied, furnished the same quantities of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid. The variations in total yield and size and weight of single leaf were greatest in the best growing season, while the percentage of rib and the thickness and density of leaf were less subject to seasonal influences. The xise of horpe manure resulted in a large and heavy leaf with thick rib and vein, but with low thickness of web and less densitj^ than the leaf from any other applica- tion. The tobacco grown with cotton-seed meal, sulphate of potash, and dissolved ))oneblack was smaller in size and weight, but tliicker and of greater density of web. Where double carbonate of i>otasli and magnesia were substituted for the sulphate of potash a good yield was obtained and the tobacco had a thin web, was generally of a larger size, and had a thinner vein than the tobacco on adjacent i>lats. The use of nitrate of soda in place of jiart of the cotton-seed meal reduced the size of the leaf with a considerable increase in density. Where sulphate of anuuonia was substi- tuted for the nitrate of soda the size and weight of the leaf were increased, and the thickness of the vein, but the web was thinner and the density lower. Distribution of seed -wheat, A. K. Risser {Pemis'jlvania Sta. Bpt. 1902, pp. 2o8- 270). — A detailed report by counties is given of the results obtained in a cooperative test of Relialjle wheat, a variety distributed by the station. Thirty-five replies were received from 24 counties. The yields reported ranged from 17 to 35 bu. per acre, with an average of 27 bu. The variety proved to be a good yielder, as compared with other sorts, but several experimenters objected to its weak straw and tendency to lodge. Selection of wheat and corn, E. F. Ladd {Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 27- SO). — The selection of wheat was carried on at the station for the purpose of increas- ing the protein and gluten content. The results obtained during the last 3 years are given in a ta1)le without discussion. The corn selected for high nitrogen content in 1901 in nearly every case produced corn of a high nitrogen content in 1902. The physical method of selecting corn of a high nitrogen content was found quite reliable. Analyses of grasses, flax, and wheat, F. W. Traphacjen {Montana. Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. .',8-61, (iH, 67). — The results of analyses based on the air-dried and water- free substance of a list of grasses are tabulated. It is shown "that grasses of the same species, gathered at different periods a:t different stages of growth, may differ 148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in ((niiiiiisitioa to a liTt'ater ilc.inw than jxrasses of totally different {renora, colleftod under wniilar conditions." Analyses of 5 sjjeeies obtained from alkali districts are also "liven. The composition of a sample of Montana-jj;ro\vn flaxseed is f^iven, and its oil content compared with that of llaxsei-d in other conntrics. The cluin, 2S-o5, 41-55, 62-82, figs. 9). — An account is given of the climatic conditions and of the work done at the Foothill, Southern Coast Range, San .Joaciuin Vallej', and Southern California substations with orchard and small fruits, grapes, nuts, vegetables, and miscellaneous crops. (For the work with field crops see j). 134. ) Tlie Foothill S^ihatation {at Jackson) (pp. 7-19). — Apples have not done well at this substation. Pears have done fairly well on mixed granite and slate soil, and Jajjanese persimmons have been one of the most uniformly successful fruit crops at the sub- station. Almonds, apricots, and nectarines have done well in the ahsence of late spring frosts. Peaches are well adapted to much of the land about the substation, and the most relial)le general crop varieties appear to Ijc, in the order of ripening, Newhall, JSTewington Cling, Columbia, Salway, Beer Smock, Henrietta, and Wager. The value of plums and prunes is as yet ijroblematical. A numl^er of varieties have borne fruits, but yields have been low. Of the semitropical fruits grown the fig is the most promising. Olives also do excei^tionally well. A good quality of English walnuts is grown, but the trees do not always bear heavily and the nuts are not large. Nearh' all small fruits do well at the substation, but currants need protection from sunburn. Less water than is usually ajiplied with more thorough cultivation is recommended for these fruits. Southern Coad Range Substation {at Paso RoMes) (pp. 28-35, 41-43). — Much of the work here reported with deciduous fruits has been jjreviously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 252). A promising young apple orchard planted in 1897 is now coming into bearing. One of the best varieties of a])ples appears to be Gold Ridge Winter. Notes are included on the growth of a number of varieties of melons and squashes. San Joaquin Valley Substation {at Tulare) (pp. 44-55). — Frost has killed or seriously injured many of the semitropical fruits at this substation. Many olives have been seriously injured. Among those which 1 ave proved most hardy are Macrocarpa, Manzanillo, Mission, Oblonga, Pendulina, Redding Picholine, and Salonica. Most species of Eucalyptus have done well at the substation. In the deciduous orchard alkali has been controlled by small applications of gypsum. A large nvunber of varieties of apples have borne considerable quantities of fruit, but none kept beyond November 1. Pears have proved well adapted to alkali soils when not too strong, and the success ot a large number of varieties is rejiorted. Almonds, apricots, and nectarines all gave poor results. Peaches do well at the substation, with the excep- tion of Spanish and southern types. An amended list of the best varieties includes among the clings Seller, Grover Cleveland, Chinese, and Oldmixon, and among the freestones Alexander, Oldmixon Free, Elberta, Lovell, Morris White, Muir, Noblesse, Pickett Late, Salway, and Wheatland. Plums and prunes propagatetl on plum t^tock fail on the alkali soils of the substation orcnard, but give better results on peach stock. Large crops of American and FJuropean sorts are sometimes secured. Some varieties of figs also do well at the substation. One of the best varieties of grapes from the standpoint of bearing is the Tinta Yal de Pefias. Southern California Suhstalion {al Ponwna) (pp. 62-82) — The account of the work at this substation is prefaced by a l)rief history ot it and an account of the climate and the amoiuits of irrigation water used for a large number of different crops. HORTICULTURE. 149 Dei'p-fnrrow irrigation i.'^ advocated for orchards, and a. dia.irnuii is given sliowing how thissliould )k' carricping with ])eas and tomatoes. The usual summary of weather conditions is included. The average n'sults of 5 years' work with asparagus show the Palmetto U) be the heaviest yielding of 8 varieties inider observation. It yielded 30 per cent heavier than Donald Elmira, which ranked second, and 42 per cent heavier than ('onover Colossal, which ranked third. The total yield from the unirrigated i)lats on the whole has averaged about 3 per cent higher than on tlie irrigated plats. The top growth, however, averaged 4 per cent gr"ater on the irrigated plats. '^\\r best yields have been on plats receiving complete fertilizers. An extra su])ply of nitrate of soda was not particularly advantageous in these experiments. "With black] )errit'S, Eldorado has j)roved the most productive sort, for a period of 4 years, followed by Erie and Agawam. Arrangingthe results secured with irrigation for 4 years, the largest early yield has been obtained on the unirrigtited plats, while the total yield has l)een about 3 per cent larger with irrigation. The use of nitrate of soda has resulted in increased yields on unirrigated plats, but where irrigation was practiced the yields were the lowest obtained. Irrigation has ini-reased the early yield of raspberries L5.3 per cent and the total yield about 5.4 per cent. The use of an extra amount of nitrate of soda has not benefited this crop. The most prolific currant tested was Eed Dutch. The berrieSj however, are not so large nor do they find so ready a sale as Fay Prolific. A separate account has been kept of a numl)er of individual currant bushes. These have been found to vary greatly in yield, and it is therefore suggested that in propagating currants cuttings be taken only from the most productive plants. The average increase in currants for 5 years, due to irrigation, has been 10.76 per cent, and in gooseberries 3.3 per cent. Both of these fruits have also yielded heavier when manured with 20 tons of barn- yard manure per acre than when fertilized with 500 lbs. of complete fertilizer alone or combined with 1.50 lbs. nitrate of soda additional. Six varieties of straw]:)erries have been grown for 5 years. Bubach and Glen ]\Iary have proved the heaviest yielding sorts. The use of 500 lbs. of complete fertilizer applied in the spring has resulted in larger yields than the same amount applied with 150 lbs. nitrate of soda additional. The average total yields for 5 years have been greatest on unirrigated jdats. The work of the station witii orchard fruits is along the lines of variety testing, irrigation, and fertilizer experiments. Much of the data obtained thus far is reported merely as a matter of record. Plums, cherries, and pears have given on the average slightly increased yields on irrigated plats. Irrigation seemed to delay ripening in the case of the Lombard plum 6 days. On irrigated plats nitrate of soda appears to have been beneficial. Burbank has proved the most productive of several vai'ieties of plums, and Champion the most productive of 6 varieties of peaches. During the past 7 years the station has grown peas, beans, and sweet corn in suc- cession, followed by crimson clover seeded in the sweet corn as early as possible in August. This rotation has been carried out on a number of plats each differently fertilized. Good crops of peas, beans, and sweet corn have been secured each year, but the crimson clover has not jiroved satisfactory, making but little growth in the fall and being ^slowed under too early in spring to make any growth. It is believed that rye would have proved a more satisfactory crop. The heaviest yields of the different vegetables have been quite uniformly obtained from the plat fertilized with barnyard manure at the rate of 15 tons per acre. Com- mercial fertilizers in different proportions have resulted in poorer yields. The details of this work are fully tabulated. Doubling the num>)er of rows and the quan- tity of fertilizer used has not resulted in a proportionate increase in yield. Peas and HORTICULTl KE. 151 tomatoes have been very successfully grown upon the same ground. Liming the soil has not resulted in increased average yields of these crops. Report of the horticultural division, F. W. Card and L. P. Spk-vgce {llhodc IsUmd Sta. lipt. 1902, pp. 231-262, figs. 9). — This report includes accounts of experi- mental work done with flowers, beans, sweet corn, sand cherry, and strawber- ries. In order to determine whether the red color of flowers may be intensified by feeding sugar to plants, as is asserted in a standard work on plant physiology, experi- ments were made in growing plants (1) with the addition of sugar to the soil, (2) with the addition of muriate of potash, and (3) with the addition of nitrate of soda. Practically speaking, none of these substances had any influence whatever on the color of the flowers. The work reported with beans is along the line of l)reeding experiments to develop varieties more resistant to frost and is in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 944). A numl)er of detailed records of plants and their progeny subjected to cold are given, but so far no strain of beans has been developed hardier than the varieties conniionly grown. The work is being continued. In a test of the relative merits of board and slate for greenhouse benches as regards heat conduction, the data secured for a i^eriod of eighteen days are as follows: Aver- age mean temperature of house, 60° F.; soil temperature of bench over slate, 61°; temperature underneath slate, 62°; temperature of soil over boards, 58°, and tem- perature underneath boards, 57°. Lettuce was grown in both benches. The average weight of the first crop was 4.13 oz. per plant from the slate bench and 3.85 oz. from the board bench. For the second crop these results were reversed, the average w'eight per plant being 4.82 oz. for the slate bench and 4.92 oz. for the board bench. It is believed, therefore, that tmder favorable conditions slate does not jiromise any great advantage over boards in affoi'ding bottom heat. A greater difference might be shown perhaps if all the heat were confined underneath the benches. An experiment was made with corn to determine whether continued selection of the lowest ear on the stalk for seed would have any greater tendency to increase the . number of ears per stalk than selecting the highest ear each time. The experiment was begun in 1899. The relative ear production in 1902 was as follows: T]ie effect of selectbuj tlu' khjlied und loired ears of cor ii for i^eed. Proportion of plants with — Seed selection. No ears. One ear. Two ears. Three ^ ears. Four ears. Five ears. Per cent. 21.32 14.38 Per cent. 48.17 47.00 Per cent. 27.72 32.09 Per cent. 2. 72 6.28 Per cent. Per cent. From upper ear 0.13 0.06 These figures seem to indicate that there is no greater tendency toward increased ear production by selecting the lowest ear for seed than selecting the highest ear. It is believed that the quickest way to increase ear production is to select the best develojjed seed from the plants producing the largest number of ears, regardless of the point on the stalk from which that seed comes. The susceptibility of the sand cherry to fruit rot is pointed out as one of the rea- sons why this fi'uit is not likely to become useful in the moist climate of the East. Experiments made to determine (1) the effect of nmriate and sul])hate of potash upon the firmness, color, and keeping qualities of strawberries, (2) the relative value of different forms of nitrogen for this fruit, and (3) the question whether phosphoric acid in the form of ground bone and floats can be applied to the field before planting strawberries in sufficient quantities and as effectively as annual applications of more readily available forms, are reported in considerable detail. The results of the 2 years' work, which are recorded, are conflicting. No material difference was noted 152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in tlif co^ir (ir lirniiu'ss of ist^a^\iH•^l•i('^J with tlu' 2 forms of |M.l:isii. Tin- yield, liow- I'ViT, was gicalcT on the sulphate of ]>(jtafsh jilats. "In the nitrogen testw snl])liate of aiunionia has proved best in all eases, with nitrate of soda second in 1001, and dried blood second in ]9{)2. The yield from the plat with no nitrogen drojis decidi'dly the first year, but is better than from the nitrate of soda plat the second year. . . . "In regard to the third question, the indications so far as they go seem to show that it may be possible to add ground bone, at the time of planting, in sutficient quantities to furnish a supjily of phosphoric acid during the fruiting period of the plantation, but that attempting to do the same thing with floats is not likely to prove so satisfactory." A large number of crosses have been made between different well-known varieties of strawberries, including crosses between "Wm. Belt and the wild strawberry. Descri])ti(Mis of the seedlings and the fruit obtained are given, together with illustra- tions of the fruit. Manuring of market-garden crops, B. Dyer and F. W. E. Shrivell {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc. [London], 27 (1903), No. 4, pp. 995-1059, i^ls. ^0.)— The results of 7 years' work by the authors along the above lines have previously been noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 961). The i>i"esent account gives the results secured in 1902 and sum- marizes the whole work for the jjreceding 8 years. The summaries correspond so closely to those of preceding years that they need not l)e again repeated. In general the work shows that a small amount of barnyard manure supplemented by commer- cial fertilizers is likely to be more economical and result in better yields than an excessive use of barnyard manure without commercial fertilizers, or from the use of commercial fertilizers alone without manure. New experiences with, beans, C. L. Allen {Amer. Agr.,71 {1903), pp. 476,477). — Seven varieties of garden beans were grown in 3 different localities to study methods of culture and find out the increase likely to be obtained from a given amount of seed. Light sandy soil mixed with coarser sand thrown out from a cellar and made fairly rich with stable manure was used in one instance. It was further enriched by 2 applications of 100 IIjs. each of nitrate of soda. The soil of this plat was made as fine as possil)le with plow, harrow, and spade. The second plat was on light turfy loam in fairly good condition for ordinary farm cro])S. It was enriched in about the same manner as noted for the plat above. This plat was worked with plow and harrow only. The third plat was on low ground about 4 ft. from water. It was enriched with well-rotted stable manure and commercial fertilizers, costing at the rate of about $60 per acre. The soil of this plat was thoroughly pulverized with plow, harrow, spade, and rake. The beans in every case were planted singly 2 ft. apart each way. Shallow cultivation was given after rains, but great care was taken not to go deep enough to injure the roots. The average yield obtained was 168-fold on the first plat, 121-fold on the second plat, and 230-fold on the tiiird i)lat.' The exi)eriments ai'e interpreted by the author to indicate that for the Ijest results in bean culture the soil should have greater tilth before jjlanting than is usually given, but the cultivator should never be used after the seed is sown except in rare cases, and that 3 qt. of seed per acre is ample. On heavy soils the plants should stand \\ ft. aj^art each way. Experiments in crossing plants, B. D. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey ( New Jersey fStas. apt. 1902, pp. 377-395, ph. 6). — The rej^ort along this line is in continuation of that noted last year (E. S. E., 14, p. 568), with sweet corn, eggplants, tomatoes, salsify, Lima beans, cucumbers, and phloxes. The Avork for the most i)art has been with second generation hybrids, and the variations ol)tained have been exceedingly numerous. The attemi)t is now being made by further selection to fix the most desirable features of the strains selected. Further crosses in cucumbers were made between the Telegraph and Znaim varieties, and the hybrids obtained are illustrated. HORTICLTLTUKE. 153 A nnnilicr of crosi-ie.s between 24 eoiiiiiiercial varietie.s of J'hlo.v draminondU have been made and the different forms ilhiytrated. A paj)er summing up tlie results thus far secured in the station breeding experiments (E. S. R., 13, j). 516) is included in the rejiort. Orchard studies. V. Report on crab apples, W. B. Alwood and H. L. Price ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 132, pp. 14, figs. 4)- — This bulletin describes 13 varieties of crab apples and gives critical notes on their culture and quality, based on 14 years' work with the fruits at the station. Crab apples will grow on poorer soil than apples, and are of considerable value in making preserves, jelly, and marmalades. They are also believed to deserve a place on the farm as ornamentals, since they bloom profusely and the fruits are very attractive. Orchard studies. VI. Second report on the cherry orchard, W. B. Alwood and H. L. Price {Virginia Sta. Bui. 133, pp. 19-^^8, figs. 4)- — Notes on the behavior at the station of 20 varieties of cherries. The following varieties are recommended: Coe, Early Purple, Mezel, Rockport, Schmidt, Windsor, Hortense, Olivet, Ostheim, and Montmorency. The changing of the sex in plants ( Trap. Agr.,22 {1903), No. 11, pp. 789, 790). — The possibility of changing the sex of the date palm and of the papaw is discussed. About 80 per cent of seedlings of date palms are male. The method of the Arabs in some of the oases in the southern part of Algeria in changing these male plants into bearing trees is to tear off all the leaves from the foot stalks, at 2 or 3 j'ears of age, so that the medial nerve is split in two from the center to the leaf sheaf. It is believed that this tearing process brings about a concentration of the saj) movement in the same way as is the case in annular incisions, resulting in an accumulation of sap, ' ' which is more necessary for the vital functions of the female plant than for those of the male." Th,^ writer states that it has been his experience that cutting off the terminal buds of ' apaw trees {Carica papaga) as soon as the character of the flower is apparent results in altering that character, inducing the tree to yield good fruit in place of the ])oor sjiecimens borne by the so-called male trees. Small fruits in 1901, J. P. Pillsbury {FennHglvania Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 415- 443) . — The detailed records of variety tests with 62 kinds of strawberries, 31 of rasp- berries, 25 of blackberries, 8 of currants, and 11 of gooseberries are given, together with brief descriptions of the different varieties in some instances. During the sea- son of 1901 the largest strawberries were produced in matted rows in case of 35 vari- eties and in hill s in case of 22 varieties. The heaviest yields for a period of 5 years have been obtained from the matted rows, and of the varieties tested Crawford, Warfield, Henderson, and See No. 2 stand at the head. The heaviest yielding varieties grown in hills are Warfield, Henderson, Crawford, and See No. 5, in the order named. On an average the increase in yield from matted rows has been about 50 per cent greater than from the hills. The average yield of the Loganberry for 5 years has been 2,976 gm. per 12 plants. The 4 varieties of blackberries averaging highest in jiroduction are Eldorado, Snyder, Lovett Best, and Lawton. Report on cooperative experiments with small fruits, H. L. Hutt ( Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union lipt. 1902, pp. 25-31). — ^Each year the Experimental Union sends out a large number of plants to farmers in different parts of Ontario to be tested. This report contains an account of some of the results obtained up to the present time. The heaviest yielding strawberry in 1902 was Clyde; V^an Deman was the earliest and Saunders the latest. Among raspberries, Shaffer has proved the heaviest yielder, while of the black sorts, Hilborn has been the most i)roductive. Blackberries are reported much less hardy than raspberries. Snyder has proved one of the hardiest and, on the whole, given the best results. Victoria has given the best yields of currants tested, and Pearl and Downing lead in productiveness among the gooseberries. Cranberry culture, L. C. Corbett ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers^ Bui. 176, pp. 20, figs. 12). — A i)opular bulletin on the 14-iJ20, flip. 2). — This pai)er, which was read at the International Congress of Agriculture at Rome, in 1903, is al.so pul)lished as a separate. Experi- ments with a large number of species and varieties of grapes indicate that cuttings made from Vinifera grapes grafted on American stocks are no more resistant to phyl- loxera than cuttings grown on Vinifera stocks, and that the (juality of the Vinifera fruit is not injured by grafting on American stocks for a jieriod of years; neither is the (juality of the fruit of American vines improved by grafting on improvep. 15, Jigtf. 8). — Popular directions are given for the manufacture of unfermented grape juice in small and large (luantities. A few recipes are given for a number of culinary u.ses of grape juice. The pests and blights of the tea plant, (t. Watt and H. H. ^Iaxn {Calcntla: Supt. God. Priiding, 1903, })p. 4^9, ph. :.^4, _fif/K. 44)- — More than one-third of this book is devoted to tea culture, including such matter as races of the tea plant; seed gardens, and improvement of seed; hoeing, weeding, and tillage generally; drainage of tea gardens; j)rinciples of j^runing; tea picking, and manuring; thus making the book a very complete treatise on tea culture. The chapters on the insect pests and the fungus diseases of the tea plant discuss these subjects very fully. Other animal pests, such as spiders, mites, nematodes, worms, snails, slugs, millipedes, etc., are also iliscussed. Caoutchouc and gutta-percha cultivated in the Dutch East Indies, P. Van RoMBUKGH {Les pJantes a caoutchouc et a fjutta-percha cult'tvce>< oxx Jnde.^ Xi'crlanddises. Batavid, Java: G. Kolff & Co., 1903, pj). 208, ph. 15, map 1) . — This is a report of an exploring tri]) made with special reference to the caoutchouc and gutta-percha indus- tries of the Dutch East Indies, more particularly the dissemination anrl culture of these trees. Various species of caoutchouc and gutta-percha cultivated in the Dutch East Indies are described, as are also the methods of producing these substances. The culture of walnuts in France, J. Artiiaid-Bkrthet {An)i. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 2 {1903), Xo. l,pp. 19-144,. ti'J"- 8). — A treatise on walnut culture {.Turjluns rerjia) in France. The work discusses the botany of walnuts grown in France, classification of varieties, geographical distribution, climate best suited to this species, soils, methods of propagivtion, culture, manuring, harvesting, and tlie econ(jmic impor- tance of the walnut industry in France, etc. Shade trees and ornamental vines in Montana, .1. W. 1!lanki.\suii' {Montaiui Sia. Rpt. 1902, i> p. 75-79). — Notes on the most reliable and satisfactory shade trees that can l)e grown in different parts of Montana. Budding the lilac, L. Daniel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. J'((rls, 137 {1903), Xo. 2, pp. 143-145). — An account is given of some experiments in budding lilacs, in which conclusions are drawn for all grafts as follows: (1) The relative affinity or difference of functional capacities between stock and scion at different periods of the symbiosis plays a very important role in the success, duration, and biology of all grafts. (2) FORESTKY. 155 Environment, weather, etc., particularly sudden changes of environment, has a con- sifective nutrition resulting from l)adly assorted grafts. Flowers for the home garden, F. W. Cakd {Rhode hlnnd Sta. Jlpi. 190:.\ pp. 363-2SS, pi. 1, Jigx- 11). — This is a plea for the home flower garden, with directions for the culture of such hardy plants as sweet peas, pansies, poppies, nasturtiums, phlox, callioiisis, zimiia, asters, cosmos, carrot, gladiolus, dahlias, and certain herba- ceous perennials, like colund)ine and peony. The number of blooms obtained in 9 different sweet-pea mixtures is given. The results indicate that it is better to pay a fair price for a good qualitj'^ of seed than to buy a cheap mixture. Children's gardens, Evelyn Ckcil { London and New York: MacmlMan Co., 1902, pp. XV-j-^l^, ]>l. l,fig!^. 55). — The kinds of flowers that can be successfully grown in England during each of the four seasons are briefly described, with notes and occa- sional hints as to methods of culture. The work, while ostensibly written for chil- dren, contains but few details, and at the same time is likely to confuse by treating of so large a portion of the plant kingdom. Experiments with lawn grasses, B. I). Halstkd and J. A. Kelsev (Xew Jersey Slas. Rpt. 1902, pp. 395, 396). — A table is given showing the sj^ecies of lawn grasses seeded in a number of different plats at the station in the spring of 1896, and the condition and the stand of grasses, in percentages, during the past 7 years. Rhode Island bent, wood meadow, and Kentucky blue grass have proved most satisfactory, in the order named. FORESTRY. Forestry at the California stations, C. H. Shinn {California Sta. Bid. 147, pp. 89-119, figs. 9). — A progress report is given of the forestry work which has been car- ried- on at the Santa Monica and Chico Forestry substations. These stations were established under the State Board of Forestry in 1887 and transferred to the Univer- sity of California in 1893. Brief historical statements are given regarding the organ- ization and equipment of the different stations, and data regarding the climate and rainfall are api)ended. The condition of the different species of trees is given, the principal information being supplemental to that included in previous reports. At the Santa Monica Station, when taken charge of by the university, there were 44 species of eucalyptus growing, and this number has been extended to include more than 100 species, many of them represented l)y 50 or more growing specimens. The rate of growth of these different species, their adaptability to their conditions, and value for various purposes are shown. The same factors for acacias, oaks, and other hard-wood trees are given. Among the various plantings undertaken an experiment was carried on to test the drought resistance of different si)ecies. All the observa- tions seem to show that some of the tan-bark acacias are among the most drought- resistant trees, and with fairly good cultivation Acacia, decurrens and A. mollissima can 1)6 established without any irrigation where there is an annual rainfall of only 10 in. At the Chico Station the most striking features consist of the large pines, cyjiresses, sequoias, and other conifers planted in blocks. The size and rate of growth of repre- sentatives of these different groups are given. The experience obtained at this sub- station shows that for general planting in the Sacramento Valley and foothills the yellow pine of the Sierras, redwood, big tree, Monterey pine, and Oregon pine are the best. Among the exotic conifers tested the Deodar cedar and Austrian pine have given the best results. An account is al.so given of tree planting on a hilltop at Berkeley. This planting was begun in 1887, and the tract planted comprises about 250 acres and rises to an elevation of 950 ft. This has been jilanted at various times to eucalyptus, acacias, oaks, Monterey pine, etc. All the trees have been subject to pasture conditions and 156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. have received littlr m- no care. The lc sccracti(ally destroyed liy a I'uiil'US so that seed fur distribution liad to be ol)taineroved conspicuously successful for the region covered by the rejjort. Experimental foresty (Rpt. Gort. Forest Adminsfr., 1893-1902; ahs. in Zhnr. Ojiidtn. A'/roii. [.Iain: J-Zrpl. f,aiiihi:'\, .} {I!)0S), Xn. i*, jiji. B4I, 243). — A brief survey of the activity of the Russian forestry administration for this i)e,riod. A primer of forestry, (J. I'lNCiiox {V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Ihd. 17-i, pp. 47, JUjx. .?J). — This bulletin is a popularization of a former ])ublication of the Division of Forestry (E. H. R., 11, p. ublication. SEEDS— WEEDS. The influence of sterilized soil on seed germination, (i. E. Stone and R. E. Smith {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 4O-42). — The authors have observed for some time in their study on the influence of sterilized soil on various plant' diseases that the seedlings and subsequent growth of plants germinated in sterilized soil were more vigorous than those in soil not so treated. In the present report they give a brief account of experiments to determine the effect of sterilization of the soil on the germi- nation of seed. Old seed of low germinating capacity were selected for the purpose of the investigation, and results of the tests with radish, tomato, cucumber, lettuce, onion, mustard, turnip, and clover seed are given. Two hundred seeds of each kind were used in each experiment, in some instances the experiment being repeated 3 times. While the results can not be considered as conclusive, the preliminary experiment indicates that the germination of lettuce, cucumber, melons, tobacco, etc., is favored in sterilized soil. Experiments in the germination of corn, B. I). Halsied and J. A. Kelsey {Neir Jerseij Stas. Rpt. 1902, pp. 409-412, pi. 1) . — The results of a numl)er of experi- ments on the germination of corn are given in which an attempt was made to deter- mine some of the factors which might contribute to the production of an)ino . .V, jil. l) . — Illustrated notes are given on i?oine of the impurities found in alfalfa and medic seed, and results of tests for purity and germinative al)ility of these seeds. Impurities in farm seeds, (t. H. Clark {(hitario A(jr. ctud Krpl. I'liion Itpl. 1902, pp. 47-4'>)- — A discussion of some of the imimrities found in farm seeds, j)ar- ticular attention being given to those occurring in the seeds of cereal cro})S and forage ]>lants. Under the conditions described most of the weed seeds are found in oats, and many of the more troublesome weeds have been distributed Avith seed oats. Many Aveed seeds are distributed in timoth}% alsike, and red-clover seed, and a ta1>le shows the results of a large nundaer of investigations of these seeds and the ])rincipal weed seeds found in the sam2)les. Notes on weeds, J. W. Blankinship {Monianu Sin. Jlpl. 1902, pp. 70, 71). — Brief notes are given on the occurrence and distribution of the alfalfa dodders ( ('nxnila epitJd/minii and C. arvensis), a native Coreopsis, and the common dandelion. All of these weeds are said to be very troublesome under Montana conditions, and sugges- tions are given for their repression and warning against their introduction through the use of imjiure seeds. Weed notes, B. D. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey {Xcn- Jersei/ Stas. lipt. 190-2, pp. 390, 397). — In continuation of the previous investigations on weeds (E. S. R., 14, p. 578), the authors report on the relative prominence of different species of weeds in a plat of ground which has been abandoned to weed growth for 6 years. The most numer- ous species in order of individuals are Rume.v acetosella, Dauciin carota, Broniun racc- niosus, rolygonumpennsylvanicum, Ahutilon abutilon, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemuin. A number of other weeds have made their appearance, and at present the weed plat contains about 30 species of plants. Brief notes are given on the occurrence of horse nettle, corn chamonule, ground ivy, and ailanthus, and suggestions for their eradication. The broom rapes, H. Gakman [Kciducky Sta. Bid. 105, pp. 32, ph. (^,fiys. 9). — This bulletin is in continuation of a previous one (E. H. R., 2, p. 22). For 10 years or more the author has been obsi-rving broom rajtes, and of the 16 species enumerated three [Orobaiiche Indoriciaiui, O. minor, and T-obably to a lack of insect visitors. Experiments in heating- soils, O. E. Stoxe and R. E. Smith {Mdnfi/irJiiisdts Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 38-40). — On account of the widespread interest taken in the problems DISEASES OF PLANTS. 161 of soil sterilization, the f.nthors have conducted a number of experiments to test the efficiency of various methods of steam sterilization. The efficiency of 1 and 2 in. iron pipes, 2-in. colander tin, 2-in. galvanized-iron pipe with different numbers of perforations, and 2-in. tile was investigated. The experiments show that the 2-in. pipe is superior to the 1-in. pipe where the number and size of the perforations are the same, and for all practical purposes perforations 4 in. in diameter are better than smaller ones. The best results were obtained with a section of Cartter's tubes which contjiined 4 rows of perforations \ in. in diameter. In sterilizing soil there are njany factors which must be taken into consideration, among them the pressure and amount of steam supplied, the size of the apjmratus, and the an)ount of earth to be heated. Notes on some plant diseases and spraying experiments, B. D. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey {New Jersey Stas. Epi. 190:i, pp. 398-422, ph. 3, Jigs. 5). — Notes are given on the club root of turnips in which the authors discuss the possibility of infection through the eating of raw turnips and similar plants. Descriptions are given of the mildew of Lima beans and suggestions for the control of this disease, and notes on the asparagus rust, fungicides and spraying, fungi as related to weather, and a list of species of jiarasitic fungi observed in a number of localities. The observations on the asparagus rust seem to indicate that this disease is widely spread, reports having l)een obtained from many Avidely separated regions throughout the United States. From the continued experiments at the station the variety Palmetto seems to be most resistant of any under observation, and Argenteuil almost equally so, while Mammoth, Columbian, Colossal, etc., have at least 75 per cent of their plants affected. The authors note the occurrence of broom raj^e {Orobanche ramosa) as occurring on a coleus plant grown in a pot in the greenhouse. In a previous report this parasite was noted as occurring on tomato, and the present account probably adds a new host plant to the already long list of species known to be subject to attacks of this parasite. The experiments described with fungicides and spraying include the use of kero- sene emulsion as a fungicide in greenhouses, and tield trials with soda-Bordeaux mixture. The kerosene emulsion described proved to have considerable value as a fungicide under the conditions of the experiment, as shoAvn upon jilats of verbenas, phlox, and other ornamental plants. The field trials with soda-Bordeaux mixture gave negative results, the conditions following the second application being such that further sprayings were discontinued. Report of the department of botany, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Stu. Rpt. 1902, pp. 34-05, pis. 4, .fi'J''^- 'J ).— A detailed report is given of the principal operations con- ducted by the botanist and his assistant during the year, particular attention being given to the flax wilt, which has already been the subject of a bulletin (E. S. R., 14, p. 55), and a description of a continuous process of treating flaxseed with formalde- hyde vapor, which has already been described (E. S. R., 14, p. 983). Notes ai-e also given on water hemlock {Cicuta maculata) and water parsnip (Slum cicutafolium). The poisonous properties of tliese weeds are pointed out and suggestions made for their eradication. Brief outlines are given on the work on plant diseases, soil fungi, and bacteria; plant breeding, forage, and grass studies; economic plant survey of the State, seed-control studies, physiological experiments with trees, and bacteriological analyses. Results of cooperative experiments in treating- for oat smut in 1902, W. LocHHEAD {Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union Rpt. 1902, pp. 31-34)- — A brief account is given of the results of treating oats with copi)er sulphate and with formalin for the prevention of smut in the subsequent crop. Two methods of treatment were adopted. In the first the seed was sprinkled with the solution, and in the second it was immersed for 12 hours in the copper sulphate or for 20 minutes in the formalin solu- tion. Comparing the average number of smutted heads from the different plats, 713U— No. 2— U3 5 iri2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. botli Iriatmi'iits fcruatly reduced tin- itercentafi&of diseased onei^, thosje treated with formalin l)eing aliii().st entirely free from the smut. The author believes that where the convenienee and efticiency of tn-atment are coneerned the formalin is to be pre- ferred above any of the other methods that have l)een suojgested for the prevention of oat snmt. The bacterial disease of the potato, E. Marre {Prog. Agr. et Vil. {Ed. L'Est), 24 {190->), No. 17, ji/>. 5..'fJ-')2S). — A report ia given of investigations relative to the bacterial disease of j)otatoes due to Banlltts solanincohi. In(]uiries were sent out to a Dundjer of corresjiondents during ]902, and from the replies the author concludes that the disease is influenced l)y atmospheric conditions, dry, hot weather aiding in its si)read. The entrance of the organism to the ])lant is favored l)y the presence of leaf-eating and stem-sucking insects. Most of the correspondents reported less dis- ease on i>lants grown from whole tubers than from cut seed, and marked differences in varietal resistance are noted.- Early or very late ])lanting gave the best results, as such i)lant.s escaped the dry, hot weather which favored the sjiread of the disease. However, early and late seeding and resistant varieties can not be absolutely depended upon as means of preventing attacks of this disease. Treating the seed tubers with formalin, corrosive sublimate, and copper sulphate solutions gave no jwsitive relief. Sulplnir and ashes dusted over the tubers in the drills before covering was thought by some to be of value, and this treatment will be given further trial. Potato blight (Cercospora concors), G. Lagekiieim and G. Wagner {K. LarnU. Ahid. JIandl. och Tldslr., 42 {1903), Xo. 1, pp. 6-13, pis. J').— The history of the api)earance of this potato disease is discussed at some length. It has been observed during the last 10 years at a number of jilaces in Germany, Bohemia, and Austria. On its appearance in Uphland, Sweden, in August, 1902, it was studied by the authors as to its morphology and mode of development. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is suggested as the best method of combating the disease, besides burning all the infected plants. — f. w. woll. Potato blight and. rot, W. T. ]\Iacoun {Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union Bpt. 1902, pp. 4 --47, maps 2). — Popular descriptions are given of the early blight {Aliernaria solani) and the late blight or rot {PInjtophthora infestans). Coojierative experiments have been carried on in C)ntario for the prevention of these diseases, and the average net results show profits ranging from !f;37.22to ?69.62 as a result of the increased pro- duction due to the s[)raying. The internal action of copper sulphate in the resistance of potatoes to the potato rot, E. Laurent {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 135 {1902), No. 23,pp.l040- 1042). — On account of the great sensitiveness of the spores of Phytophthora infestans to copper salts, the author has conducted a series of experiments to test the possibil- ity of producing tubers that will not be susceptible to the attacks of this fungus. The experiment was begun in 1901, varieties of potatoes exceptionally subject to disease being grown in pots to the soil of which sulphate of copper was added at the rate of 1 part to 1,000 of soil. During that season the potato rot did not appear, so that the results of the treatment could not be determined. It was continued, however, a second year, and in August the disease appeared in considerable abundance. Tubers were harvested and those of one variety were cut in two, their cut surfaces placed in contact with the leaves of potato carrying the mildew. These were examined after 4 days, and those tubers which had V)een grown in the i)ot containing copper did not show any infection, while the check ones were infected in a very decided manner. An analysis of the tubers grown in the pots showed that they contained 1 part of copper to 20,000, while tubers grown without copper added to the soil did not show the presence of any copper. An attempt was made to protect tubers against the fungus by soaking them for 20 hours in from 2 to 5 per cent solutions of copper sul- phate. After this treatment they were washed in water and exposed to leaves carry- ing the Phytophthora. The parasite developed equally vigorously in all the speci- DISEASES OK PLANTS. 163 meii!^, showing that this method can not be relied upon to secure inimnnity from attack. Spraying potatoes, W. T. Macoun ( Canada Expt. Farms Rjits. 1902, pp. 117- 120). — -During the season covered by the report experiments were carried on to com- pare the vahie of Bordeaux mixture, either in connection with Paris green or with- out, and a patented fungicide and insecticide known as Bug Death. The comparative efficiency of the different treatments is shown, from which it appears that Bug Death is not nearly as economical for use as is Bordeaux mixture, with or without Paris green. In 9 out of 11 tests the yield, where Bordeaux mixture and Paris green were sprayed over the plants, Avas considerably greater than where the other fungicide was used. There is no evidence to show that Bug Death has any value as a plant food, as is claimed, and vines which had received this preparation were no more vigorous than those sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. The effect of black rot on turnips, E. S. Smith ( U. S. Depf. Agr., Bureau of Plant Indmlry Bui. 29, pp. 20, pis. 14) ■ — This bulletin consists of a series of photo- micrograjihs, accompanied by an explanatory text, and is in continuation of the pre- vious papers published by the author on this disease (E. S. R., 9, pp. 847, 849). In this paper attention is confined to the action of the parasite on the host plant, the previous discussions treating of the morphology and cultural peculiarities of the parasite. So far as the author is able to determine, the organism causing the l)lack rot is capable of dissolving the cell wall proper, and this action is progressive, as shown by the fact that many of the cell walls observed in the infected portion of the plant are only one-third to one-fourth as thick as the walls of adjacent uninjured cells. The action is probably enzymatic and proceeds rather slowly. Fungus diseases and other injuries, W. T. Macoun ( Canada E.fpt. Farms Rpts. 1902, pp. Ill, 112). — ^Brief notes are given on the occurrence of the sooty fungus or fly-sjieck fungus of apples, which is caused by Lepiothyrium piomi, a rusting of apples which is attributed fo improper spraying, a serious defoliation of trees, the cause of which was not definitely determined, and the black rot of cabbage. Notes are given on the preparation and use of fungicides and the value of these, particularly Bordeaux mixture, in controlling certain plant diseases. Report on fungus diseases on cultivated fruits, F. W. Fa urot( if tssoun Fruit Sta. Bid. 6, pp. 24, figs. 9). — Illustrated descriptive notes are given of a numbei; of fungus diseases observed during the season of 1902 as affecting apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, blackberries, and raspberries. Directions are given for preventing the occurrence of these diseases, so far as known, together with the results of the author's observations and experiments. Fungus diseases of the apple, pear, and quince, F. L. Stevens [Nortli Caro- lina Sta. Bui. ISo, pp. 64-82, figs. 10). — Popular (lescriptions are given, with sugges- tions for prevention, of apple scab, apple rust, rij)e rot, apple canker, black rot, and powdery mildew of the apple; fire blight, anthraimose, rust, canker, scab, and leaf spot of pear; and quince rust, fire blight, and fruit spot. On scab and mildew of fruit trees, and methods of combating these dis- eases, J. Eriksson (A'. Laudt. Akad. ILnidl. och Tidskr.,42 {1903), No. 1, pp. 58-71, j)l. l,figs. 10).~T\\ii diseases described are apple-tree sc-ab ( Venturiadendrilica), pear- tree scab {V. pi/rina), and mildew of fruit trees {Monilia fructigena). For com- bating the scab diseases the author recommends immediate removal and destruction of fallen leaves from affected trees, and spraying or washing the bare trees with Bor- deaux mixture or copper sulphate solution. In addition to this winter treatment, 2 or 3 sprayings during the spring and summer are advisable. The remedies advocated for combating Monilia are to gather and burn all rotten or dried-up fruit. On trees which have shown indications of disease all dried-up flower clusters are removed before the following spring and the diseased parts are cut off and burned. Affected trees, particularly the young branches, shouhl be sprayed at the beginning Ifi4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the winter :uici>. 4-'>-47). — During tlie year considerable attention was given to melhod.s (if eond)ating San Jose scale, as required by the nursery ins])ection law ot the State. The most important injurious insects during the year were brown-tail moth, gypsy moth, San Jose scale, elm-leaf beetle, etc. Entomological department, K. A. Cooley [Montana SUi. Rpt. li)02, pp. 80-87). — The author presents a list of the more important injurious insects which have been foun^. 2'). — Notes are given on the habits, life history, and means of combating brown-tail moth. This insist is believed not to occur in the State. The carrot-rust fly (Pnila ro^w) has been found injuring celery as well as carrots. Notes 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aro pivon on the introduction, (lintvil)ntion, and life liistory of this species. The insect is also descril)ed and notes are , with Notes and New Species, by D. W. Coquillett; Myrme- leonidjTe from Arizona; and the Odonata Collected by Messrs. Schwartz and Barber in Arizona and New Mexico, by R. P. Currie; Notes on Cramhns offectalis and Allied Forms {Evetria neomexicana); New North American Lepidoptera, with Notes on Larvfe; A Note on Pyrausta ochosalis; Note on a Wrongly Identified Species of Tortri- cid;e {PhlJihwloplnis indentamis) ; and a Review of the North American Species of the Lepidopterous Family Anthrocerida?, by H. G. Dyar; On the Cicindelidje of South- ern Venezuela, by W. Horn; A Letter from Cuba, by E. A. Schwarz; A Revision of the Boreal-American Species of Nonagria, by J. B. Smith. Government entomologist's report, E. E. Green {Roy. Bot. Gard. Ceylon AdminMr. Rpts. 1902, ])(. 4, pp- 11-14)- — Descriptive and economic notes are given on Xylehorus fornicatus, Capua coffearia, Ilelopeltis antonii, and Heienisia cingala, all of which are injurious to tea plants. Brief notes are also presented on insects injurious to cacao, rice, and cardamoms, together with an account of mosquitoes, white ants, acetylene trap, fumigating apparatus, scale insects, sericulture, lac insects, etc. Insect enemies of the apple, pear, and quince, with methods of treatment, F. Sherman, Jr. {Xorth Carolina Xta. P>iil. ISS, }ip. 45-63, fii>. J')0, ii.'>l). — Tlu' lar^H'Ht yield of i)otatoc,s was obtaiiu'd from plants tn'atcd with Bug Di'ath; but the i-ost per acre for a trei'tnient of tliis insecticide was §8.40 for 2 applications, while 2 sprayings with Paris green cost only $1.15 per acre. Chemistry of insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Siiutt ( Canada Expt. Fannie lipU. 100^, pp. 131-154). — The author presents results of analyses of potassium cyanid, linie-sulphur-salt wash, and Bug Death. One sample of a substance labeled potas- sium cyanid was found to contain no potash; it proved to be sodium <-yanid, from which apparently a larger quantity of hydrocyanic-acid gas could be obtained than from potassium cyanid. ^n experiment was made in adding potash to the California wash for the purpose of enhancing the value of this insecticide. The results indi- cated that the wash may be more apt to clog in the nozzle after the addition of pot- ash, if the mixture is allowed to cool before spraying. An analysis of Bug Death indicated that this substance is chiefly an impure zinc oxid, and it is believed that the material can not act as a fertilizer, as is claimed, but may exercise a slight fungi- cidal action. Notes on spraying- and spray machinery, F. W. Faurot and J. T. Stinson {Missouri Fruit Sia. Bid. 5, pp. 24, pis. 7). — The author discusses the subjects of insec- ticides and fungicides with special reference to their defects and the conditions of effectiveness. Measurements were made of the skin of a numl»er of common varieties of apples for the purjiose of determining whether the thickness of the skin was in any way connected with the degree of injury sometimes produced by Bordeaux mixture. No connection was found between these 2 factors. Detailed notes were given on the preparation of insecticides and fungicides and on the construction and management of spraying machinery. The bulletin includes a spray calendar in the form of a folio. Pleasure and profit in honey production, D. E. Lyon {New Jersey State Bd Ayr. Bpf. 190.?, jjp. 295-306 ]. — A popular account of the biology of the honeybee and of practical methods for managing it with profit. An original honey extracter, Bloxdet {Rev. Internut. Apicidt., 25 {1903), No. 5, pp. 92, 93, fig. 1). — A description of the advantages secured by the author in a simple form of hofiey extracter. Bripe and unripe honey, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpis. 1902, pp. 163, 164). — Analyses of capped and uncapped honey, which are taken as being equivalent to ripe and unripe honey, indicate that the honey from fully capped comb contains from 4 to 5 per cent less water than that from partly or entirely uncapped comb. The dif- ferences in moisture content observed in different samples of honey kept in bottles with glass stoppers and those covered with cheese cloth were exceedingly slight. Honey from uncapped or partly ca])ped comb was found to possess poor keeping qualities and fermented more readil>' than mature honey. Treatment of foul brood by means of eucalyptus, J. Comtat ( Iter. Internal. Apiridt., 25 [1903), No. 5, j)p. 95, 96). — Experiments were made with essence of eucalyptus as a remedy for foul brood. This substance was used in a number of ways, but without marked success, except when added in the form of a slightly alcoholic essence to the sirup used for feeding the bees in the spring. FOODS— NUTRITION. Dietary studies of groups, especially in public institutions, C. F. Lang- worthy ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Rpt. 1902, pp. 3S7-416).— The general problems which should be considered in providing a diet for large numbers fed under uniform conditions, as in public institutions, are discussed, and experi- mental data, which have to do with the feeding of armies, schools, hospitals, and other institutions and groups, summarized. ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 171 Canadian bakers' strong flour, F. T. Smrr {('(tnadn Expt. Farms E pi ><. 1902, pp. 160-16J ). — Analyt-e.'^ of 4 dimples of Hour are reporteil ami discussed. Micro-organisms of the fermentation of black bread, Bldixov ( Vyestnik Imp. Russ. Obsli. Akkihitat. Zhtr. i Hast. Bakt. Agron. Stantz., Xo. 9, pp. 17-35; abs. in ZJiur. Opuitn. Agron. {_Jour. E.rpt. Landiv.}, 4 {1903), No. 1, p. 116). — The author studied the yeasts present in 2 samples of sour rye bread. Only one bacterium [B. mesentericus panl viscosl II) was found to be common to both samples, but rejare- seutatives of the following 3 groups of micro-organisms were identified : ( 1 ) Pepto- nizing bacteria which turn the dough from thick to a more plastic state; (2) yeast which cause the dough to rise; and (3) lactic or acetic bacteria on which the sour taste and smell of the black bread depend. The cultivation of the isolated organisms on sterilized dough was unsuccessful, owing to the difliculty of obtaining sterilized flour. It was found that the complete sterilization of the flour required a half hour's heating in an autoclave under 2 atmos- pheres pressure, but in this treatment the flour bakes together, darkens, acquires a specific odor and becomes unsuited to the preparation of dough and the cultivation of micro-organisms. The action of ether during 2 weeks does not sterilize the flour, and while formaldehyde vapor apparently acts better, the experiments with this have not been concluded. The author has begun the study of an anaerobic flora of yeast preparations. — p. fieemax. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of feeding stuflEs, E. F. L.\i)d {Xurth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 21-27). — Analyses are reported of hay from different sorts of millet, pigeon grass, red clover, timothy, and brome grass; of fodder from corn planted at different thickness and on different dates; of a number of varieties of millet seed and emmer, barley, corn, oats, and the following forage crops: 3Iillet and oats, barley and oats, emmer, yellow Canadian field peas, white Russian oats, lupine grass peas, field peas and oats, 3Ianshury barley, German millet, Japanese barnyard millet, and corn. Several varie- ties of wheat, and a sample of macaroni wheat flour, were also analyzed, the gluten and gliadin content being determined in addition to ordinary constituents. Cattle-feed inspection, J. B. Lindsey [Massackusciis Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 52-34). — Notes are given on the extent of adulteration of feeding stuffs in the State during the year, and mention is made of new feeds placed on the market. Fodders and feeding stuff's, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1902, pj). 139-151) . — Analyses are reported of corn and clover silage, corn, clover, and sun- flower silage, awnless Ijrome hay {Bromus inermis), fleld brome hay {Bromus arven- si.'<), upland aild lowland hay, sedge hay {Spartlna juncea), barley, oil cake meal, cocoanut cake, cotton-seed meal, gluten meals, corn oil cake, corn bran, wheat bran, calf meal, and mixed cattle feeds. The author also analyzed a number of sanijiles of mangel-wurzels, Sweedish turnips and sugar beets, reporting the average weight of root, dry matter and sugar in juice. Methods of steer feeding, G. C.AV.\tson and A. K. Risser {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. I'lO:!, pp. 271-279). — In cooperation with the Pennsylvania State Department of Agri- culture the comparative merits of fattening steers in pens and stalls was studied with 3 lots containing 5 animals each, the tests being a continuation of earlier work ( E. S. R., 13, p. 880; 14, p. 684). After a preliminary period of 1 week the test began November 14 and continued 10 weeks. Lot 1 was fed in a large stall equivalent to 5 small ones. The steers in lots 2 and 3 each occupied small stalls. Lots 1 and 2 were supplied with water by means of automatic watering Ijasins, while lot 3 was watered in a yard. The average daily gain per steer was 1.99 lbs. for the lot fed in large stalls and 1.49 and 1.52 lbs. for those fed in small stalls. Practically the same amounts of hay and straw were consumed by the 3 lots, but the amount of grain eaten 17 'J EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. per ]pciiiii(l of Lr;iiii was SJi ll)s. lor tlic lot in the large stalls aw coniitiin'd with 11.2 and I l.(i'.> Ihs. I'or the lots in the small stalls. Less time was recjiiiri'd for attendance when tlic steers were kept in the large stalls (79.5 hours) than when they were watered in small stalls (87 hours) or turned out to water (91. :i hours). Considering this and the former tests the following general deductions were drawn: "While the gain was ])raeticallj' the same for an ecjual amount f)f food ('(jusumeil, it was apj)arently in favor of the steers running loose in pens. The difference in the economy of food consumed is too slight to warrant a very definite conclusion, but the difference in time rei]uired for attendance is decidedly marked. With the use of the same amount of bedding and much less labor, the steers in the pens were kept cleaner than it was j^ossible to keep those in the stalls." Experiments witli steers, R. Rohertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. ]Ma('kay {Oinada Expt. Farma RjM. 1903, pp. 25S-260, 298-300, 351-354).— In continuation of earlier work (p]. S. R., 14, p. 178) the advisability of dehorning fully giown steers when fed loose or tied in stalls was tested at the Maritime Provinces Farm with 3 lots, each containing 4 3-year-olds. All were fed hay, roots, silage, and mixed meals for 5 months in the winter. The average gain of the dehorned steers fed in box stalls was 356 lbs. per head; of the dehorned steers tied in stalls 313 lbs., and of those fed in stalls but not dehorned 315 lbs. Heavy and light steers for fattening were compared, using 2 lots of 4 animals each, averaging respectively 1,200 and 1,000 lbs. per head. In 5 months (December to May) the heavy steers made an average gain of 356 lbs. each and the lighter steers of 344 lbs. each. The cost of the feed was the same for both lots, "making a differ- ence [in profit] in favor of the heavy steers of $5.01 per steer." As in earlier work (E. S. R., 14, p. 178) limited and full rations were tested for a year with 2 lots of 5 calves each. Both lots were fed in the winter grain with roots and hay or hay and straw and were jiastured in the summer, the lot fed the liberal ration receiving considerably more grain than the other and for a greater part of the time. The steers fed the full ration averaged 490 lbs. in weight at the beginning of the trial and made an average daily gain of 1.13 lbs. at a cost of 5.63 cts. per lb. Those fed the limited growing ration weighed at the beginning 392 lbs. on an aver- age and gained 0.83 lbs. per head per day, the cost of a pound of gain being 3.99 cts. In a second test under much the same general conditions 5 calves averaging 191 lbs. each fed a full fattening ration for 198 days gained 1.64 lbs. per head per day, the cost of a pound of gain being 4.38 cts., and 5 calves averaging 121 lbs. each in weight made in the same time on a limited growing ration an average daily gain of 1.35 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain being 2.55 cts. At the Manitoba Farm spelt straw was compared with hay made from brome grass {Bromus inermis) and from western rye grass {Agropyron ienerum) as coarse fodder for steers, these being fed in each case with an equal quantity of Swedish turnips and from 6 to 11 lbs. of mixed grain. The 4 steers fed brome-grass hay gained in the 16 weeks of the test a total of 675 lbs. The same number fed the western rye-grass hay gained 660 lbs. and 3 steers fed spelt straw gained 355 lbs. The aver- age profit per steer for the 3 lots was about $19.80. A comparison is also reported from the Indian Head Farm of western rye grass, cut straw, and brome grass, using 3 lots of 5 steers each weighing not far from 1,130 lbs. In every case with 14 lbs. of the coarse fodder tested was fed 16 lbs. of silage together with mixed grain. In the 16 weeks of the test the steers fed western rye- grass hay gained 830 lbs. at a profit of $11.23 per head. Those fed cut straw gained 1,040 lbs. at a profit of $17.21, and those fed brome-grass hay gained 910 lbs., the average ])rofit being $11.74. Cattle: Beef production, J. H. Grisd.\le {Canada E.npt. Farms lipts. 1902, pjp. 62, 63, 72-80). — The station herd and Canadian cattle-feeding problems are briefly discussed, and in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 14, p. 178) several feeding tests are reported. Using 3 lots of 9 steers each, the relative merits of different ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 173 methods of handling steers were studied. The steers in h)t 1 were not dehorned and were tied in stalls, each animal having 56 sq. ft. floor space. Lots 2 and 3 were dehorned and were kept loose, havinj^ 84 and 38 sq. ft. of floor space per steer, respectively. The average live weight of the steers at the beginning was not far from 1,200 lbs. and all were fed meal, silage, roots and hay for 186 days. Lot 1 (tied up) made an average daily gain of 1.65 lbs. per head at a cost of 6.22 cts. per lb. Lot 2 ( large space) gained 1.77 lbs. at a cost of 6.02 cts. per head, and lot 3 (smaller space) gained 1.86 lbs. at a cost of 5.41 cts. per lb. The influence of the age on the cost of beef production was tested with 3-year-olds, 2-year-olds, yearlings, and calves, the first 3 lots containing 9 animals each and the la.'it 5. During the trial (180 days for the calves and 186 days for the others) all the animals were fed meal, silage, roots, and hay. The 3-year-olds made an average daily gain of 1.65 lbs. each at a cost of 6.22 cts. per lb. The 2-year-olds gained 1.67 lbs. at 5.7 cts., the yearlings 1.85 lbs. at 4.65 cts., and the calves 2.14 lbs. at 3.6 cts. per 11). "In daily gain and cost of production there is a quite remarkaljle gradation in favor of the younger classes." Under practically the same conditions as in earlier work (E. 8. R., 14, p. 178) the relative merits of light and heavy rations were tested with 2 lots of 5 yearlings each, averaging 443 and 405 lbs., respectively, and 2 lots of 6 calves each, averaging 111 and 113 lbs. each. In 1 year the yearlings fed the heavy ration made an average daily gain of 1.76 lbs. at an average cost of 4.33 cts. per lb., and those fed the light ration 1.15 lbs. at 3.37 cts. In 200 days the calves on the heavy ration gained on an average 1.45 lbs. per head per day at a cost of 3.7 cts. per lb. and those on the light ration 1.33 lbs. at 2.96 cts. per lb. Flesli and fat in beef, I). H. Otis [Kansas Stu. Bui 118, jjp. 185-2 l:i,fiys. 17).— For the purposes of class demonstration a large fat steer 38 months old weighing 1,790 lbs., a prime steer 24 months old Aveighing 1,240 lbs., a poor thin cow of the sort known as a "canner" weighing 975 lbs., a "baby beef" heifer weighing 775 lbs., and a mature grade bull were Judged by an expert. All but the latter were slaugh- tered and cut uji, the dressed weight ranging from 41 per cent in the case of the thin cow to 66.5 i^er cent of the live weight in the case of the large fat steer. The tallow of the latter constituted 6.7 per cent of the carcass and that of the prime steer 5.5 per cent. The various cuts from the different animals were compared and discussed at length, a veal calf being included in this part of the work to make the comparison more complete. The fat on both of the steers was pronounced of fine quality and not tallowy. Baby beef loin was free from waste fat and while not as juicy and pos- sil)ly lacking the flavor of the 2 steers, the meat was tender and everj^ portion of the carcass could be used. The cooked meat prejjared in several ways was judged ])y a number of persons, the fat steer, the prime steer, and the baby beef ranging as regards flavor in the order mentioned when broiled or roasted. When boiled the baby beef ranked first, the prime steer second, and the fat steer third. " However, each sample if served upon the home table would be classed as exc-eilent." The samples of boiled and roasted meat were weighed before and after cooking, but the data ol)tained are considered insufficient for general deductions. Division of animal nutrition, H. P. Aemsby (Pennsylvania Sta. li})t. 1902, pp. 280,281). — Brief statements are made regarding the work of the past year which had to do with the construction and calibration of the respiration calorimeter designed for experiments with animals, which has been built in coo]ieration with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Dei^artment. The author notes that in a check experiment in which 729.9 cc. of alcohol was burned in the respiration cham- ber, the carbon dioxid and heat measured agreed very closely with the theoretical amounts. It is calculated that this quantity of alcohol would furnish 1,023.19 gm. carbon dioxid and 3,844 calories of energy. The amounts measured by the calorim- eter were 1,023.60 gm. carbon dioxid and 3,829 calories. 174 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "It will ]>v seen tliat the orrois were lewH than one-half per cent, a degree of accu- racy which comparew favorably with the most exact laboratory methods. The results for the water produced were not so satisfactory, but the source of this error has been apparently discovered and it is anticijiated that later tests will give more satisfactory results." Sheep, J. H. Grisdale and R. Robertson {Ca}iada Expt. Fmins Rpt>i. 190J, jiji.SO, 261). — Brief notes regarding the sheep kept at the Central and Maritime Prfiviiices Experimental Farms. Sheep, W. II. Dai.kvmple {Louhktnn Stas. Hiil. 74, ■.^, ^cr., ])p. 197-216, Jix/s. 11). — The importance of improved breeds is urged, the principal breeds of sheep are described, and shee]) raising is discussed with special reference to local conditions, the experience of the station in raising sheep and the cultivation of different crojis suited to their needs l)eing lirietly cited. Digestion experiments with sheep, J. V>. Lixosey et al. {Mai^ndchnsctts Sla. Bpt. 1902, pp. 82-101). — This gives in tabular form the results of 185 trials with 73 feeding stuffs made at the station during the period from 1894 to 1902. The coeffi- cients of digestibility have been published from time to time in the reports of the station. The influence of drying and curing on digestibility was studied with wheat, sand vetch, and barnyard millet. The curing process ap[)arently did not affect the digestibility of the wheat and vetch, while it noticeably decreased that of barnyard millet. The pentosans, J. B. Lindsey {MasmchuKcits Sta. Itpt. 1902, p}i. 69-81).— The author reviews the literature relating to the determination and digestil)ility of pen- tosans, and reports in tabular form the experiments on this subject which have been made with sheep at the station, the principal data obtained being summarized in the following table: DujcdUtilitii of pentom.vs and oilier cou-'^lUunit^ in experiments iviih »heep. Pento- sans in feed. Digestibility. Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Crude fiber. Pento- sans. English hay, average 6 tests Meadow orswale hay Barnyard millet hay Black grass, average 2 tests Fox grass, average 8 tests Branch grass, average 2 tests Cove mixture (black grass and redtop) . Halt mixture (I'nx grass and branch grass) Flat sage {Sjxuiiiin .'ius 2 to 4 inonth.s old, weighinjj not far froiu oO \\)i>. each. Both lots were fed a ration olt 3 lbs. of buckwheat, shorts, and wheat bran with 5 U»s. of skim milk. In each case 3 of the pigs were fed for 85 days, 3 for 102, and the remainder for 120 days. The average daily gain of the pigs fed in ])ens ranged from 1.01 to 1.34 lbs., and those fed in pasture from 1.13 to 1.3 lbs. per head. At the Manitoba Experimental Farm the value of lamb's quarter seed (Clienujio- iliinn aUnon) as part of a ration was studied. This material was boiled, mixed with chopped oats, barley, and wheat screenings, 2:1:1, and fed wet for TH days to a lot of 2 crossed breed Tamworth pigs. They weighed together when purchased 337 lbs. and gained 221 lbs., the estimated profit being $5.04. Two similar ])igs fed the grain ration without lamb's quarter seed gained 230 lbs., the estimated profit being $4.22. "It would api)ear that lamb's quarter seed has a hmited value as food for l)igs." In a test covering S2 days the feeding value of roots (potatoes ami turnii)s, 2:1) as part of a ration was studied with 2 lots of 2 \ngs each, averaging less than 100 lbs. in weight. The roots were boiled, mashed and mixed with ground barley, oats, and wheat screenings. The ]>igs fed this mixture gained 201 lbs.; and the 2 fed the same grain ration but no roots gained 195 lbs. The estimated profit in the 2 i'a.se9 was $3.78 and $4.37. "It would appear from this test that potatoes and turnii)s can l)e used to rej)lace a ])ortion of the grain ration ])ut they are worth less than 20 cts. ]ier bushel for that puri)OSe." Profitable pig feeding, (i. W. Waters (Minsoiivi Slate lid. Ayr. Mi>. liiiL, J {I'.KIS), No. ]2,pp. 4-~0,jUji<. 7). — The possibility of feeding pigs ])rofitahly is discussed on the basis of experiment station work, and a number of tests at the INIissouri Station are briefly quoted on the comparative value of blue grass, red cloxcr, alfalfa, and rape as pasturage. In each case 0 jugs averaging about 40 Uis. in weight at the beginning of the trial were fed for a period of 90 days. One lot made an average daily gain of 0.71 lb. per pig on corn and blue grass, consuming 5.2 lbs. grain per pound of gain. On corn and green clover the second lot made an average daily gain of 0.87 lb. ])er pig, re(iuiring4.29 ll)s. of grain per pound of gain. On corn and green alfalfa the average daily gain was 0.95 lb., and on corn meal and rape 0.78 lb., the grain required per pound of gain in the 2 cases being 3.97 and 4.82 ll)s., respec- tively. For purposes of comparison, a lot of pigs Mas fed corn and skim milk and gained 1.81 lbs. jht head per day, on an average, requiring 2.44 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. In the authoi's opinion these exi)erinients emphasize the value of supi)U nienting a corn ration. It is further ])ointed out that when clover hay, alfalfa and skim milk were used cheaper and more rapid gains were made. The imptirtance of different forage croj)S is discussed. The swine industry in Missouri [MlnKouri Slate Ud. Aijr. Mo. Hid., ..' {1003), No. 1'2, pj). 3, 4)- — Statistics are given of the ])ig industry in iMissouri as compared with other States. The production of firm bacon, J. H. Grisd.\i,k {Ontario Af/r. and E.vpt. Union Rpt. 1902, pp. 41, 42). — A general discussion, based on the w(jrk of the Canadian experiment stations. Feeding pigs too rapidly " feedingoff," that is, marketing pigs Ijefore maturity, and feeding any ration not conducive to health tlie author believes will causesoft bacon. As regards feeding, "corn fed with a small jiroportion of skim milk or whey gives much better results [than corn only]. After the skim milk or whey constitutes 10 or 15 per cent of the dry matter of the ration, the proportion does not appear to greatly matter. ... A small proi)ortion of corn with the cereals, oats or barley, or with peas, does not appear to have a very injurious effect. Barley is unsurpas.sed as a feed for the production of firm bacon. Oats, also, are most excellent. Peas produce good results, and, mixed Avith othei- gi-ains, are exceedingly valuable. 17() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In concliiHion, s^kiiii milk or whey arc almost iiilailihlc guarantees of linn iK)rk. The cereals and peas jiroperly fed constitute an almost faultless ration. Corn maybe fed, but nuist liave some counteractinji; food along with it, or it will give ))ad results." Horses, J. II. Gkiso.vi-k, R. Roijiohtson', and A. Mackay {Canada. Expt. Farms liptx. 190J, jtji. 61-63, 25.^, 355. ) — I^>rief statements are made regarding the horses kept at the Canada experimental farms. On an average the cost of feed per horse per day was at the Central Experimental Farm 27.33 cts. and the cost of care 8 cts. addi- tional. In a test made at the same place of the relative value of mixed grains fed with hay chopped into pieces about half an inch long, 7 horses, weighing about 1,400 lbs. each, gained, on an average 83 lbs. per head in 91 days on a daily grain ration of 17.33 lbs. ground oats. Three similar horses fed 18 lbs. per head daily of a mixture of e(jual parts of ground oats and barley nuule an average daily gain of 70 lbs. per head in the same time, and 3 horses fed 17 U)S. per head of ground oats and ])arley, 2: 1, gained 52 lbs. each. " All the horses continued in good health during the experi- ment and so far as could l)e judged any one of the grain or meal rations was as good as another." Experiments in chicken fattening, F. T. Shitt {Canada Expt. Farms Repts. 1902, pj). 218-230, pi. 1). — The food requirements of poultry are briefly discussed and a number of feeding tests reported. The relative gains made by different breeds on a ration of ground oats, ground barley, and meat meal (4 : 3 : 1) with sufficient skim milk to make. a mash, and supplemented by whole wheat in the evening was studied with Barred and White Plymouth Rocks, Faverolles, Silver Gray Dorkings, Buff Orpington, Rhode Island Reds, White Indian Game, White Wyandottes, and Plymouth Rock X Light Brahma crosses. The number of chickens ranged from 4 to 6 per lot. In the 6 weeks of the test the average gains in weight ranged from 1 lb. 8 oz. with the White Indian Games to 3 lbs. and 2 oz. with the Plymouth Rock X Light Brahma crosses, the cost of a pound of gain ranging from 3.7 cts. with the cross-breed chickens to 4.7 cts. with Rhode Island Reds. Unground and finely ground grain were tested with 2 lots of 6 Barred Plymouth Rock chickens 12 weeks old, weighing about 3.25 lbs. each at the beginning of the test, the feeding stuffs used being the same as mentioned above. The chickens fed the grain whole made an average gain of 1 lb. 10.5 oz. per head in the 6 weeks of the test, the cost of a pound of gain being 7.1 cts. Similar values for the chickens fed the grain finely ground were 2.12 lbs. and 5.6 cts. In this and the experiments described below the chickens were killed and dressed at the close of the trial and the propor- tion of edible and nonedible parts was ascertained and the flesh was cooked and its quality judged. As regards the effects of whole and ground grain, the birds fed the latter when dressed were plumper, slightly yellower, of better appearance "and were also considered to furnish on cooking the juicier or richer meat, due evidently to a marked (though not excessive) deposition of fat in the tissues." The comparative merits of skim milk and water for wetting feed were studied with 2 lots each containing 3 Rhode Island Reds and 3 Orpingtons, weighing not far from 2 lbs. each, and 2 lots each containing 6 Barred Plymouth Rocks, averaging not far from 3.5 lbs. each. The ration was made up of ground oats, barley, and meat meal, 4:3:1. In the 6 weeks of the test the Rhode Island Reds and Orpingtons fed the ration wet with skim milk made an average gain of 2 lbs 2 oz. per chicken, while those fed the ration wet with water gained 1 lb. 13 oz., the cost of the pound of gain in the 2 cases being 4.7 cts. and 5 cts. The gains made by the Ply- mouth Rocks on the skim milk ration averaged 2 lbs. 10 oz. per head, the cost of a pound of gain being 5.7 cts. Similar values for the chickens fed the ration mixed with water were 1 lb. 15 oz. and 6.7 cts. It is stated that the chickens fed the ration wet with milk were decidedly better in appearance, being plumper and yellower when dressed, and more juicy and better flavored when cooked. ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 177 In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 14, p. 180) the relative merits of feeding chickens in pens and crates was studied with 2 lots of 6 Silver Grey Dorking pullets and 2 lots containing the same number of Barred Plymouth Rock cockerels, the former weighing about 2 lbs. and the latter between 3 and -1 lbs. each at the begin- ning of the trial. The ground oats, ground barley, and meat meal mixture wet with skim milk mentioned above were fed. The trial covered 4 weeks with the pullets and 6 weeks with the cockerels. The pullets fed in pens gained on an average 1 lb. 9 oz., and those fed in crates 1 lb. 6 oz. each; the cockerels fed in pens 3 lbs. 1.2 oz., and those fed in crates 2 lbs. and 7 oz., the cost of a pound of gain being, respectively, 3.3, 4.5, 5.7, and 6.8 cts. "All the birds were excellent table fowl, but the pen-fed presented the finer appearance as to color and size. Though it was difficult for some of those who tested the dressed meat to note any difference as regards juiciness, the majority considered the pen-fed fowl as the better in this respect." Gluten meal and clover meal were tested with 2 lots, each containing 6 Barred riymouth Rock I'ockerels weighing not far from 3 lbs. per head on an average. In 6 weeks the liirds fed ground oats and gluten meal wet with skim milk made an average gain of 2 lbs. 9 oz. per head, at a cost of 4.6 cts. per pound. The cockerels fed ground oats, ground clover, and meat meal, gained 2 lbs. 3 oz., the cost of a pound of gain being 6.6 cts. The chickens fed the gluten meal were better tilled out, of better color and finer appearance when dressed than the others, and their flesh was considered juicier and more delicate. According to the author the gluten-meal ration "has given such satisfactory results from every standpoint that it merits further investigation. Gluten meal has shown itself with other classes of farm stock an easily digested, concentrated food of great value, and we are encouraged in further work with jioultry to experiment with it in varying proportions with other meals. The indications are that it will prove a profit- able flesh-produi'ing food in chicken fattening." Taking into account all the tests in which such data were recorded, the proportions of different materials removed in dressing and drawing the 72 chickens of different breeds, calculated on the basis of the weights of the chickens as killed, was as follows: Dressed and drawn carcass, not including the giblets, 66.4; giblets, 5.5; head and feet, 11.2; feathers, 8.3, and entrails, 8.5 per cent. Poultry experiments, W. P. Brooks and H. M. Thomson {Massachusetts Sta. Rj)t. 1902, pp. 1.53-155). — A brief summary is given of the results of feeding experiments with poultry during the year. Several feeding stuffs were compared in rations having different nutritive ratios. The more important results are stated as follows: "In the comparison of wheat with corn, where beef scraps are the source of animal food, the egg production has been good and nearly equal on the 2 rations, although the hens receiving the wheat ration have been somewhat the most productive. "In the comparison of wheat with corn, with milk albumin as the source of animal food, the egg production has been less satisfactory, and the hens which have received the corn ration have been the more productive. "In the comparison of buckwheat and corn, with milk allmmin as the source of animal food, the egg yield has been rather small, with the advantage decidedly in favor of the corn." In the comparative tests of wheat and corn for several years the results have not been entirely consistent. Report of the poultry manager, A. G. Gilbert {Canada Expt. Farms Rptit. 1902, pp. 203-216, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The conditions of success in jwultry raising, early mar- ket types, and other problems are discussed and statements made regarding the prog- ress of the station poultry. In order to ascertain the effect of close confinement, aa compared with an abundance of fresh air, on the strength of germs and the luunber 7130— No. 2—03 «; 178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and vitality of the chicks, a record was kept of the eggs set and cliickens hatched from a number of lots of hens which were closely confined in a warm house during the winter, as compared with those which were allowed to run in cold, fresh air. According to the author, the results showed that "the chicks from the eggs of hens which had voluntary run during winter proved strong and lived, while the chicks from the closely confined died, with the exception of 2, which did not make satisfac- tory growth. . . . (Jerms evidently became strong at 12 or 15 days after the hens had a run outside. Tliis will answer a (luestiou often asked as to when the eggs of hens closely confined l)ecome strong. . . . Results from eggs put into an incubator during early springtime were very similar to those obtained from eggs under hens at the same period. There was a large and discouraging munber of chickens dead in the shell, at or about the i)ipping stage. This great mortality in fully developed chickens almost ready to leave the shell has been and is the subject of much discussion. . . . Investigation into and discussion of the subject, up to the present time seem to war- rant the call for ' fresh air and more of it for breeding stock and incubators.' " Figures are given showing the gains made by the station chickens in 3 months. The weight of cockerels ranged from 3 lbs. 2 oz. in the case of White Wyandottes and FaveroUes to 5 lbs. 1 oz. in the case of second cross Light Brahma X Barred Plymouth Rocks. The effect of early penning up of fowls was shown by the fact that 70 kept in a poultry house with a run during the month of November laid 192 eggs, while during the same time 147 hens and jiullets allowed to run at large in a field laid 132 eggs. "The advantage is apparently with the penned fowls." Brief statements are also made regarding the rations fed the station poultry, the eggs laid during the year, and during the months when prices were highest. Subdepartment of poultry report, H. C. Gardiner {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 96-100). — According to the experience of the station, poultry houses may profit- ably be heated, an average temperature of 45-50° F. V)eing regarded as most satisfac- tory. Little artificial heat is recpiired in a properly constructed house while the sun is shining. "The most successful method of heating poultry buildings, and the only practical method for poultry plants, is a hot-water pipe system, but for the average building a small stove serves the purpose admirably." The advantages of shade for poultry in summer are discussed. In the experience of the station. Mammoth Russian sunflower is very satisfactory for this purpose. The plant makes a large growth, affords abundant shade and also jirotection from hawks, while the mature heads are a useful feed. The need of green forage for poultry is also spoken of, clover being recommended for permanent pasturage and oats for early forage. In the experience of the station Brown Leghorns are the most satisfactory breed for raising under local conditions. The results of 3 years' experimenting shows that the large combs and wattles, which are a disadvantage in a northern climate, may be greatly diminished in size by care, breeding, and selection. Cooperative poultry experiments. The yearly record of three flocks, H. H. Wing [New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 211, pp. 261-279, fig. i).— With 3 of the flocks included in a test previously reported (E. 8. R., 14, p. 486) the station has con- tinued cooperative poultry experiments in order to secure data covering one year. The 3 flocks contained on an average from 290 to 509 birds, exclusive of males. In the year from Decem])er 1, 1901, to November ,30, 1902, which includes the 3 months of the earlier test, the average daily egg production for the 3 flocks representing 1,250 fowls was 34. 7 eggs per 100 fowls. The total yearly production per hen averaged 129. 7 eggs, the average cost of food per dozen eggs was 9.2 cts., the cost of feeding a hen for the year 99.6 cts., and the average selling price of the eggs 21.4 cts. per dozen. "The average value of the eggs at market rates exceeded the cost of food by 11.31 per hen. Forty-four per cent of the total value of product was required for food." ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 179 Poultry experiments, C. Curtice {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 333-373, pis. S). — Changes Avhich have been made in the location of the poultry houses and in the plans for poultry work are described, and experiments with different kinds of incu- bators under a variety of conditions are reported, part of the experiments being made in connection with the regular work of students at the agricultural college. In some of the tests differences were observed in the percentage of eggs hatched in different tiers of incubators, and this point Avas further studied to determine the effect of inside and outside temperature. It was found that the temperature inside the different tiers of incubators varied much less than the outside temperature. In some cases the largest hatch was obtained in an upper tier, in others in the lower, but in the author's opinion the increase in the percentage of eggs hatched could be directly attributed to more heat. The data obtained in the experiments, he believes, "show that too little heat arrests development. There seems to be no indication that an increase of heat to the amount used in these experiments kills the chicks in the later stages. The conditions found indicate that the majority exhausted their vitality in reaching the jiarticular stage where death ensued, and that more heat favored further advancement." The author states that, considering the year's work as a whole, only moderate suc- cess was obtained as regards the proportion of eggs hatched. "As a rule, the low percentage of efficiency in incubating eggs in winter has been ascribed to the condi- tion of the winter egg and the hen; that is to say, it is claimed that the winter embryos have less vitality than the spring embryos. The winter experiments show, however, that, while no entire lot of hatches was extra good in any month, there were some in all of the months that were good, and in fact much better than the average for any month. This indicates that the hatching is at greater fault than the eggs. In other words, until more miiformity is obtained in handling machines of the same make, set in the same room at the same time, we must consider the weather and incubator conditions before complaining of the eggs." Various problems connected with poultry hatching are discussed, and brief notes given regarding the l)roods tested and the post-mortem examination of chicks which died within 2 or 3 weeks- after hatching. Some experiments have been begun for the study of "blackhead " in turkeys, and it is proposed to continue the work. Poultry, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1902, pp. 261, 262, 302, 355). — Brief statements regarding the poultry kept at 3 of the Canadian experimental farms. At the station for the Maritime Prov- inces a large percentage of the chicKs hatched with incubators and under a hen died at the pipping stage, especially in the case of the early hatches. Report of cooperative experiments in poultry work, W. R. Graham ( Ontario Agr. and Ilrpt. Union Rpt. 1902, jtp. .37-39). — A T)rief report with discussion of cooperative experiments in hatching eggs with incubators. The preservation of eggs, F. T. Shutt ( Canada E.rpt. Farms A';>/.s. 1902, pp. 216-218). — The relative merits of different methods of preserving eggs was tested in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 14, p. 180), the materials used being satu- rated lime water, with and without common salt; sodium silicate (water glass), common salt, permanganate of potash, calcium chlorid, and magnesium chlorid. As in former years, the best results were obtained with the saturated limewater. "This fifth season's work with egg preservatives furnishes further corroboratory evidence of the value of limewater. Of the solutions experimented with, it has proved the most satisfactory. It is certaiidy equal to water glass in effectiveness and is to be preferred to this much advertised preservative on the grounds of economy and ease of jireparation. . . . The solubility of lime at ordinary temper- atures is 1 jiart in 700 i)arts of water. Such a solution would be termed saturated limewater. Translated into pounds and gallons, this means 1 lb. of lime is sufficient 180 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. to Haturatr 70 ^alu. of water. Howover, owinj;; to impurities in eomiucrcial lime, it in well to use more tliau is called for in this statement. It may not, however, 1)e necessary, if fjood, freshly hurnt quicklime can l)e obtained, to employ as much as was at first recommended, namely, 2 \n :> lbs. to 5 gals, of water." Further experiments with thoroughbred geese, T. II. Taylok, Jr. {Rliodc Island *Vto. Ilpt. 1902, j)}). S74-S7S). — Experiments with geese made in 1901 in contin- uation of earlier work (E. S. R., 10, p. 990) are reported, Embden, Toulouse, African, Brown China, and White China breeds being compared. Brief statements are made regarding rations fed the geese. The egg production ranged from 5.75 per bird with the White China to 22.25 with the Toulouse, averaging 13.3 for all the breeds. The percentage of fertile eggs ranged from 12 with tlu> ICmbden to 50 with the Toulouse, and the percentage of fertile eggs which hatched ranged from 31 with the Toulouse to 75 with the Brown China. After hatching, the goslings were fed at first fine cracked corn and bran moistened with liot water, and were allowed access to tender grass; when this was not available such green feed as cabbage, green rye, or lettuce was substituted. After 2 weeks they were given a mixture of equal parts of coarser cracked corn, ground oats, and bran, and after 8 weeks the oats were omitted and the amount of cracked corn increased. Twenty-three of the 25 goslings hatched lived to reach the age of 10 weeks, at which the birds were considered fit for market. The average weight then ranged from 4.75 with the Embden to 7.50 lbs. with the White Chinas. "Under the circumstances the experiment indicates that the preference should be given to the Africans, as they seem to have done the best when the numbers averaged are considered. This, too, is in line with the popular opinion among those who raise thoroughbred geese for market. The Africans are generally acknowledged to be the quickest growing of any of the thoroughbred geese." Experimental studies in oyster propagation, 1902, J. Nelson {New Jemey Stas. Ilpt. 1!)02, pp. S31-369, pi. 1, figs, tf).— Continuing work previously reported (E. S. R., 14, p. 602), special attention was paid to the early development of the oyster embryo, one of the principal objects being to ascertain whether varieties of oysters differed in their developmental viability. The failure of'fertilized eggs to develop as far as the shell stage, which was observed in most of the lots experimented with earlier, was attributed to one of the three following causes, namely, that the proper variety of oysters was not used, that the eggs were not properly handled, or that they were not in a proper stage of maturity. The experimental studies which were car- ried on do not, in the author's opinion, warrant final deductions, yet considerable information has been secured. "First of all we found that native seed is not superior in developmental vitality to oyster seed imported from distant localities. Contrary to expectation, southern plants were found to equal or possibly to exceed native seed in developmental con- stitution. We found that the successful viability is not confined to any one variety of seed. "Next, we found that the most careful handling of the eggs did not seem to secure the desired viability in the great majority of the experiments. In those experi- ments that showed the desired viability no especial care was taken. "Thirdly, we worked with eggs of the very choicest appearance and as mature as possible, using l)oth those that were just about to be spawned out and those that remained after the oyster had begun spawning. "Apimrently, as a result of careful selection in this regard, we obtained a higher percentage of viability during the season just past than during any previous season. This result is in harmony with our fundamental dictum, viz, that the success of oys- ter development depends on the inherent vitality of the eggs. Nevertheless, there are some puzzling features connected with the results of our experiments, and it seems as if it would be necessary to make a careful study of natural spawning on natural beds to clear up[ these matters," DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 181 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Feeding dairy cows, D. W. May {Kentvcky Shi. Bui. lOH, pp. 45-7'J,pls. 3). — This is a general discussion of the principles involved in the feeding of dairy cows, includ- ing observations and results of experiments at the station and a review of considera- ble literature on the subject, references to which are given. Some of the results at the station may be noted. A nutritive ratio of from 1 : 5 to 1 : 6 has given the best results. Animals of the station herd scoring highest have been the largest and most economical producers of milk and butter. The records of the herd for 4 years show an average decrease of about 5 per t-ent of milk and 3 per cent of butter per month during the first 4 months of the lactation period and an average decrease of 8.1 per cent of milk and 7.4 per cent of butter per month during the first 8 months. Data are given showing the decreased yield fol- lowing irregular milking and other unusual conditions incident to the exhibition of cows at local fairs. Considerable variations in the character of the feed were fol- lowed by only small monthly variations in the fat content of the milk. Exposure of 18 cows to a very heavy rain for 2 hours in December caused a decrease in the yield of milk of 24.4 and 12.5 lbs., respectively, on the 2 days following. Exposure of cows to storms in sununer had very little effect upon the yield of milk. Cows receiving heavy rations of grain, silage, and clover hay in AprU showed a marked increase in yield upon being turned on rye pasture. Feeding grain to cows on pasture was unsatisfactory, 60 lbs. of grain being required to gain 2.9 lbs. of milk during the first week and 5.2 lbs. the second week. Silage was fed to cows turned on pasture in the spring with good results. The addition of sugar beets to a ration containing silage was found to be unprofitable. Experiments to determine the amount of grain that should be fed indicated that no hard and fast rule can be given. Bran gave slightly better results than shorts in comparative tests. The addition of linseed meal to a ration including bran and corn in the spring profitably increased the yield of butter. In the summer the increased yield was not sufficient to pay for the additional cost. Cotton-seed meal gave better results than bran when fed to cows on pasture. Cotton-seed meal was also profitably substituted for a part of the corn ration. Germ meal was compared with corn-and-cob meal, with results which, while somewhat conflicting, seemed to favor the germ meal. Tlie influence of a variety in the rations of dairy cows, H. Hayward {Penn- sylvania Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 314-320). — Eight cows were fed a uniform grain ration for a period of 40 days, when they were divided into 2 lots, one lot being fed the same ration for a second period of 40 days and the other lot practically the sauie amount and kind of food but arranged in 2 rations alternating every 5 days. During a third period both lots were fed the control ration. Detailed data are given as regards the food consumed and the milk, fat, and solids-not-fat jiroduced, and the following conclusions are drawn tentatively from the results obtained: "A variety in the ration of a dairy cow as used in this experiment has no influence upon the amount of milk produced nor upon its composition. A constant, palatable ration may be fed with less trouble, perhaps more cheaply, and with better results than one which is being constantly varied." The influence of the nutritive ratio upon the economy of milk and butter production, H. Hayward {Pemuyhxinia Sta. Itpt. 1902, pp. 321-396).— The work here reported in detail consisted of 3 experiments, the first being made in 1896 and the last completed in 1899. Ten cows arranged in pairs and thus constituting 2 lots were used in each experiment, which was divided into 5 periods of about 40 days each. During the first and last periods all the cows, and during the intervening periods the 5 cows constituting lot 1 or the control lot, were fed a uniform ration. The other 5 cowS; during periods 2, 3, and 4, received rations having varying nutri- tive ratios. In the first 2 experiments the digestible matter in the grain consumed 182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. was computed from average analyses of feeding stuffs. In the third experiment the feeding stuffs were analyzed. The following table sumarizes some of the data for the three exj)eriments: Inllnriicf of the nutritire ratio njion milk pToduction. Experiment I : Period 1 { \ Period 2 | \ Period 3 { \ Period ■! [ \ Periods j \ Experiment II: Period 1 { }, Period 2 | \ Periods [ \ Period 4 | \ Periods [ }, Experiment III: Period 1 | \^ Period 2 | ^ Periods | \ Period 4 | \ Periods | \ Nutri- tive ratio. 1:3.46 1:3.55 1:3.46 1:5.75 1:3.36 1:6.60 1:3.57 1:5.82 1:4.05 1:4.05 1:4.01 1:4.01 1:4.11 1:5.96 1:4.24 1:7.78 1: 4. 27 1:6.25 1:5.31 1:5.31 1:6.13 1:6.12 1:6.50 1:8.50 1:6.50 1:11.3 1:6.40 1:8.30 1:6.20 1:6.30 Total digesti- ble nu- trients con- sumed. Lbs. 16.81 17.91 16. 82 _ 19. 46 16. 82 17.88 17.17 19.49 17.07 17. 72 17.69 17.48 17.96 17.56 17. 62 17.13 17.44 17.12 17. 29 16.97 14.90 16.27 14. 98 17.57 14.87 16. 58 14.55 15. a5 14.43 15.67 Dili Vic-ldof 'milk. Lbs. 22.53 22. 31 19.61 19. 75 17. 59 17. 20 16.40 16.28 15. 43 1.5. 10 21. 47 21. 48 18.10 18.66 17.01 17.44 16.02 15. 53 14.36 13. 12 20. 74 18. 90 17.50 17.10 14.74 14.28 11.74 13.02 10.89 12. 94 Daily Yield Daily yield of solids- not-fat. Fat content of fat. of milk. 1 Uys. Lbs. Per ct. 1.065 1.977 4.73 1.087 1.986 4.88 .914 1. 755 4.66 .936 1.815 4.74 .871 1.644 4.95 .867 1.643 5.04 .781 1.441 4.76 .810 1.480 4.98 .760 l.;?60 4.92 .780 1.360 5.16 1.010 1.900 4.70 1.030 1.950 4.84 .820 1..590 4.53 .860 1.660 4.61 .700 1.480 4.47 .790 1..570 4.53 .730 1.400 4.55 . 750 1.370 4.83 .670 1. 260 4.66 .640 1.160 4.88 .970 1.820 4.68 .890 1.640 4.71 .800 1.520 4.57 .780 1.500 4.59 .690 1. 250 4.76 .690 1.230 4.83 .600 1.090 5.07 .650 1.130 4.96 . 520 .960 4.77 .6.50 1.160 5.05 j Cost of Cents. 21.1 21.9 21.0 20.8 21.3 20.3 22.1 21.5 22.5 22.7 21.8 21.8 21.9 20.9 21.9 20.2 21.9 20.9 21.9 21.9 19.8 20.1 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.1 19.8 19.8 19.8 20.1 Protein Profit eaten from per milk, j pound ofmilk. Cents. 12.7 11.6 8.4 8.8 5.1 5.5 2.5 2.9 .6 0.0 10.4 10.4 5.2 7.1 3.6 5.9 2.4 2.4 - .4 - 2.2 11.3 8.2 6.4 5.8 2.3 2.3 -•2.2 - .3 -3.5 - .7 Lbs. 0.130 .130 .160 .110 .180 .108 .190 .140 .190 .190 .130 .130 .150 .110 .160 .090 .170 .130 .160 .180 .090 .097 .096 .086 .120 .075 .150 .100 .160 .140 The author draws the following conclusions tentatively: "The nutritive ratio between the limits of 1:3.4 and 1:11.3 had no effect upon the quantity or quality of milk production. One and three-tenths pounds of computed digestible protein was sufficient for a 1,000 lb. cow in full milk, the other conditions necessary to her wel- fare being met. Witliin certain limits the quantity, digestibility, and palatability of the food, and its effect upon the animal's general system was of more importance than the relative amount of digestible protein and carbohydrates the ration con- tained. The individuality of the cows experimented upon is an important factor to be reckoned with in investigations of this kind. The term 'balanced ration' is a very indefinite one and may be misleading." Report of the assistant in dairy husbandry, C. B. Laxe [Xeic Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1902, pp. 291-327, j>^8. 9). — Notes are given on the 12 kinds of forage crops grown for the dairy herd during the year, data as to yield, cost of production, etc., being tabulated. The average yield of alfalfa for 5 years was 19.32 tons of green forage, equivalent to 4.83 tons of hay per acre. The average cost of production was $26.57 per acre. Disking alfalfa proved beneficial. Of the several varieties of corn grown for forage the best yields were made ])y Monmouth White. Data are also given in tabular form for the different soiling crop rotations which have been practiced at the station. Conditions affecting the value of forage crops, such as stage of maturity, palatability, influence upon the flavor of milk, etc., are briefly discussed. During the period from May 1 to November 1, when soiling crops were fed, the average yield of the herd for 6 years was 3,457 lbs. of milk and 173.8 lbs. of butter. DAIEY FARMING — DAIRYING. 183 and during the other 6 months of the year, when silage was fed, the average yield was 3,050 lbs. of milk and 156 lbs. of butter. The use of nitrate of soda at the rate of 150 to 160 lbs. per acre was found to be profitable in the case of rye, wheat, and barnyard millet, and slightly unprofital)le in the case of barley sown very late in the season. Liming proved beneficial in all the tests made. Data concerning the fertilizing elements contained in the feeding stuffs purchased and in the milk produced by the dairy herd showed a decided gain to the farm dur- ing the 6 years in which dairying in relation to soil exhaustion has been studied. Four cases of milk fever, with 3 recoveries following the Schmidt treatment, are reported. The average cost of milk production for 6 years was 2.39 cts. per quart, which includes food, labor, and interest on and decrease in the value of the herd. A monthly record of 22 cows for the year ended April 1, 1902, is given. The average yield of milk per cow was 6,671.1 lbs. and the average fat content of the milk was 4.22 per cent. The waste in handling and delivering milk during the year was 2 per cent, as compared with 10.8 per cent in 1897. Dairy herd records, J. H. [Grisdale and R. Robertson {Canada Expt. Farms Upts. IDOJ, pp. 63-72, 252, 253). — Records for one year are given of 26 cows at the Central Experimental Farm and 22 cows at the Experimental Farm for the Maritime Provinces. Tests of pure-bred cows, J. B. Lindsey { Massaclimeits Sla. Bpt. 1902, })p. 57-60). — Seven-day tests of 10 Jersey cows are reported. Of the 133.38 lbs. of fat produced by the 10 cows, 128.59 lbs., or 96.41 percent, was recovered in the manufactured but- ter. Analyses of 16 samples of the butter showed the following average composition: Water 14.03 per cent, fat 82.88 per cent, salt 2.45 per cent, curd 0.74 per cent. Milking- experiments, J. H. Grisdale {Canada E.vpt. Farms Rj^ts. 1902, jj. 70). — Four ex])eriments to determine the effect upon the yield and quality of milk of milk- ing cows at unequal intervals are briefly summarized. The results are considered as indicating that — " (1) Slight inequalities in the intervals between milkings do not affect the average percentage of fat in the daily yield of milk, nor the average daily yield of milk. " (2) N'ery considerable inequalities in the intervals between milkings would appear to affect slightly both the quantity and quality of the milk produced, the quantity Ijeing reduced and the quality somewhat inferior. The amount of butter fat in 100 lbs. of milk seemed to be reduced by about 3^ per cent. " (3) Very considerable inequalities in the intervals between milkings affected the amount of milk and the percentage of fat in the milk at the different milkings. The amount of milk after the long interval was much greater than that yielded after the short interval, but the jiercentage of butter fat in the milk after the long period was much lower than the percentage of fat in the milk after the short interval. " (4) On the whole, it would appear that inequalities in the intervals between milk- ings need arouse no anxiety as to their effect upon the quantity or quality of the prod- uct, provided no considerable sudden changes are made." The bacterial contamination of milk, F. C. Harrison {Rev. Ghi. Laii, 2 {1903), Nos. 20, pp. 457-463; 21, pp. 481-4^9; 22, pp. 510-519; 23, pp. 538-546).— The author discusses the infection of milk by bacteria contained in the udder and contamination from the exterior of the animal, from the milker, from the air of the stable, and from dairy utensils, reviewing consideral)le literature to which references are appended, and reporting briefly the results of experiments conducted by himself. The experi- ments relating to the bacterial flora of freshly drawn milk have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 14, p. 907). In the author's experience the use of a milking machine greatly increased the bac- terial content of the milk. The purification of milk by centrifugal separation was investigated. The bacterial content of the cream and skim milk mixed after separa- tion was greater than that of the milk before separation in 24 out of 30 experiments. 184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The nuinber of liquefying liacteriii was largely increased by separation. The results tend to show that this method of i>urilication, so far as l)aeteria are concerned, is ineffectual. From 12,000 to 42,000 bacteria i)er minute were deposited in a 12-in. pail during bedding, while only 400 to 2,000 were deposited p^T minute 1 hour after thi.s oper- ation. From 215,000 to 806,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter were found in the wash- ings of cans i)Oorly cleaned, from 15,000 to 93,000 in the washings of cans washed in tepid water and then scalded, and from 800 to 1,800 in the washings of cans washed in tcpiil water and then steamed for 5 minutes. Bacteria in normal milk and their relation to the ripening of cheese, E. VON Freudexreich and J. Thoxi {Landiv. Jahrb. Schweiz, 17 {1903), No. 3, pp. 234-246; Ann. Agr. Suisse, 4 {1903), No. 4, pp. 215-229; Rev. Gen. Lait, 2 {1903), Nos. 11, pp. 241-W; 12, pp. 271-280).— &t\id\es, were made of the milkof 15 cows to determine the number and species of the bacteria present. The milking was done with the utmost care to prevent contamination, and gelatin plate cultures were made immediately, one droj:) of the milk from each quarter of the udder being used in separate cultures. Whey-agar stab cultures were also made for the purpose of deter- mining the presence or absence of lactic-acid bacteria. The experiments were made in INIarch, 1902, and repeated in April. As regards the total number of bacteria great variations were observed with the different cows and with the different quarters of the udder of the same cow. The species consisted practically of micrococci and a nonliquefying Bacterium. Lactic-acid bacteria were invariably absent. The micrococci consisted of both liquefying and nonlique- fying forms, of which the nonliquefying seemed on the whole to predominate. As the nonliquefying micrococci as well as the nonliquefying Bacterium disappear early in cheese, these organisms were not studied. The liquefying micrococci were grouped according to their morphological and cultural characters into 4 types, some of which included several varieties. The different forms are described, as is also a rapidly liquefying Bacterium isolated from cheese. Numerous small exi^erimental cheeses were made in order to study the influence of the different liquefying organisms. The milk used for this purpose was oVjtained with great care and contained on an average 104 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Bac- teriological and chemical examinations were made of the cheeses 7 days after making and again at the end of 5 or 6 months. As in earlier experiments, cheeses made without the addition of cultures showed almost no ripening. The best results were obtained by the use of a liquefying micrococcus isolated from Emmenthaler cheese and closely resembling a micrococcus isolated in one or two instances from milk. The results with the micrococcus isolated from milk were favorable as regards the taste of the cheese, and a further study is to be made of this organism. The other organisms isolated from milk rendered the casein soluble to a greater or less extent, but the cheeses inoculated with them did not undergo normal ripening. The micrococcus isolated from cheese is believed to be the only one of importance in the ripening of Emmenthaler cheese, and the role here played is that of render- ing the casein soluble, making it more assimilable to the lactic-acid bacteria which later preilominate and which are the principal agents in cheese ripening. The presence of bacteria in the cow's udder, E. von Freudenreich {Lundiv. Jahrb. Schweiz, 17 {1903), No. 3, pp. 201-222; Ann. Agr. Suisse, 4 {1903), No. 4, pp. 185-206; Rev. Gen. Lait, 2 {1903), Nos. 16, pp. 361-370; 17, pp. 385-394; 18, pp. 409- 417). — Following a review of the literature of this subject bacteriological examina- tions of the udders of 15 cows are reported. Gelatin cultures were made, using portions of glandular tissue from each half of the udder, pieces of mucous membrane from each milk cistern, and in some eases milk obtained from the milk ducts or the glandular tissue. The material for inoculation was obtained in most cases imme- diately after the death of the animal and with great care to prevent contamination. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 185 Bacteria were found in cultures from each of the udders examined. The possil)iHty of air contamination as accounting for this result was excluded by a series of control experiments in which pieces of sterilized paper were used in place of the animal tissue, the results showing no infection, and by the conditions and results of the experiments as a whole. The number of bacteria varied greatly in the different udders and was highest in the two which were not examined until the morning following the evening on Avhich the animals died, showing marked bacterial develop- ment overnight. Plates exposed for from 10 to 45 minutes to the air of the laboratory, in which the examinations were made, developed only 10 to 50 colonies, showing an insufficient number in the air to account for the results. The cultures did not show the diversity of forms to be expected from air contamination. More- over, it was necessary to heat the gelatin to 37° C. in order to secure the liquefaction of the gelatin and the penetration of the tissues in order to obtain a strong inocula- tion, which would not have been the case had the bacteria been confined solely to the exterior of the piece of tissue. The bacteria found were almost always liquefying and nonliquefying micrococci. Occasionally, however, a nonliquefying Bacterium was present, and in 2 instances other species, believed to be due to accidental infection, were met with. In 3 cases portions of the. udder showed morbid changes, cultures from which, contrary to expectiition, showed a low content of bacteria. In the udders of 3 cows, which had not been milked for several weeks, fewer bacteria were present than usual. The bacteria were apparently incapable of indefinite multiplication in the udder. The source of the bacteria in the udder was studied. Bacillus prodigivsMs injected into the teat of a goat was recovered in the milk during the 8 days following. Three days after a second injection the goat was killed and the bacillus was found in the glandular tissue. B. fluorescens similarly injected was not recovered. "While not so numerous as in the mammary gland, bacteria were also found in the normal kidney and spleen, indicating an infection through the blood. The evidence so far obtained is not considered sufficient to decide whether the infection of the mammary gland is hematogenous or results from an invasion by way of the milk ducts. It is suggested that perhaps the infection is produced in both ways. Studies concerning the so-called g-ermicidal action of milk, H. W. Conn and W. A. Stocking {Rev. Gni. Luit, J [1903], Xox. 12, pp. 265-271; 13, pp. 298-304).— The authors do not consider that the decrease frequently observed in the total num- ber of bacteria in milk during the first few hours after milking is due to a germicidal action possessed by the milk, but Ijelieve that certain species of bacteria, finding milk an unsuitable medium for growth, disappear more or less rapidly, and that when such species are more numerous than those finding milk a suitable medium a decrease in the total number of bacteria may result. Evidence is presented in support of this view, to which reference has j^reviously been made (E. S. R., 14, p. 533). The physical constitution of the fat globules of milk, M. Beau [Rev. Gen. Lait, 2 {1903), Nus. 15, pp. 341-350; 16, pp. 372-378; 17, pp. 395-399; 18, pp. 417- 424; 19, pp. 441-448) . — This is an exposition of the different theories which have been advanced, the evidence in support of each being reviewed in detail. Contribution to the study of churning, M. Henseval and L. Marcos {Rev. Gen. Lait, 2 {1903), Nos. 20, pp. 463-469; 21, pp. 489-499; 22, pp. 519-524).— The theory of churning is discussed and experiments relating to the influence of tem- perature and rapidity of churning, richness of cream, acidity, and jjasteurization are reported. The temperature and number of revolutions were varied in churning 3 lots of the same cream. With 60 i-evolutions and an initial temperature of 11° C. the time required for churnmg was 58 minutes and the final temperature was 14.2°. With the same number of revolutions and an initial temperature of 14° the time required was 34 minutes and the final temperature was 15.2°. With 80 revolutions and an initial teuiperature of 10° the time required was 62 minutes and the final 180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. temperature was 13.5°. Tlie miinber ol' rr\(ilutiuus per miuute i.s therel'ure .shown to be an important factor in lmriiiii- 241-257). — In experiments reported in this paper the author sought to determine the stage which tuberculosis nuist reach in cattle before the milk becomes infectious. Some of the cows from which the milk was obtained were affected with latent tuberculosis, while others were diseased to such an extent as to present clinical symptoms. None, however, were affected with the mammary fonii of the disease. Rabbits and guinea jiigs were used for the experimental animals. In all 83 inoculations wore made with the milk from these 190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cows, and in not a sinjjle case did the milk prove to be virulent. The author states, however, that in si)ite of the fact that all of these experiments and the majority of those of other investijjators tend to show that the milk of tuberculous cows not affected with the mammary form is not virulent, tul)ercle bacilli occur from time to time in the milk of such cows. It is suggested that the chief means by which tubercle bacilli gain entrance to milk is from uncleanliness in milking and from the failure to detect mammary tuberculosis. Observations on abortion and tuberculosis in cattle, J. Nelson {Ne%v Jersey Stuti. lipt. 190;?, }>j). 370-374)- — Notes are given on the temperature reactions and post-mortem findings in a number of tuberculous cows which were slaughtered dur- ing the year. Some of these animals had been subjected to 20 injections of tuber- culin, but this treatment, while perhaps prolonging the course of tlie disease, did not prevent its slow development. Do Koch's recent assertions justify a change of attitude toward bovine tuberculosis? Dammann (Jahrb. Deal. Landw. GeselL, 17 [1902), pp. 34-44). — The author reviews in a critical manner the literature relating to the controversy con- cerning the unity or duality of the tubercle bacillus. It is concluded from this dis- cussion that the dual nature of tubercle bacillus is not demonstrated and that sanitary precautions should therefore be strictly observed in dealing with the meat and milk of tuberculous animals. Remarks on Veszpremi's "Differences in virulence of diflFerent cultures of tubercle bacilli," K. Vagedes {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par. 1. Aid., 33 (1903), Xo. 9, Orig., pp. 679, 680). — A controversial article in which it is pointed out that while the results claimed by the 2 investigators differ to some extent, they agree in indicating that tubercle bacilli of different origin may exhibit considerable differences in virulence. The prospects for the prevention of Texas fever and the tsetse-fly disease, R. Endlich {Tropenptlanzer, 6 {1902), No. 6, pp. 269-285). — The author presents a brief critical account of the work thus far accomplished in connection with the study and prevention of Texas fever in the United States and elsewhere. Notes are also given on the work of Koch and other authors in the control of tsetse-fiy disease. The prevention of the tsetse-fly disease and its economic importance, Schilling {Tropenpflanzer, 6 {1902), No. 12, pp. 616-625). — Attention was called to the great need of draft oxen and horses in the Togo District of South Africa and to the rudimentary condition of soil cultivation. The prevalence of the tsetse-fly dis- ease is believed to be of great importance in determining the backward state of agricultural science in that country and the problem of its eradication is shown to be of great importance. Directions for using vaccine for the prevention of blackleg in cattle, L. L. Lewis {Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 57, pp. 15,Ji(jK. 3). — The Oklahoma Station has been dis- tributing vaccine to farmers for a number of years, the total number of doses being about 278,000. The vaccine is distributed free upon application of any stock raiser. Suggestions are given regarding the methods of vaccinating animals and a brief dis- cussion is i^resented on the symptoms of blackleg. It has been found best to vacci- nate young animals at least twice, and 3 times if they are vaccinated before 6 months of age. Vaccination of young calves does not furnish protection for any great period. Notes on an outbreak of cattle plague in Shanghai and its limitation by the gall immunization of Koch, A. Stanley {Jour. Hyg. \_Carahrldfje], 2 {1902), No. 1, pp. 43-46). — An outl)reak of this disease occurred in Shanghai and spread from herd to herd despite the efforts of the police to control it. It was therefore resolved to apjily Koch's method of immunization with gall. Gall bladders of cattle just dead of the disease were removed under antiseptic conditions and bile obtained from them was inoculated into the dewlap of healthy cattle in doses of 20 cc. During these experiments 68 cattle were injected with gall. In all, 11 of these animals died, but only 1 under conditions which precluded an infection previous to the vaccina- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 191 tion. The method is regarded as inexpensive and easily apjthed and also as of <,'re^t efficiency. Sulphate of iron as a preventive of foot-and-mouth, disease, (J. Teis.vnu {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. .str., 5 [1903), No. 17, p. 538). — This remedy was nsed as a wash in preventing a contagion of foot-and-mouth disease during an outbreak of this plague. The animals thus treated did not develop the disease. Tympanites, E. Ruhvedel [Jour. Khedir. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 4 {1902), No. 5. pp. 189, 190). — Brief notes on tympanites as caused by feeding on berseem and other related jilants. The usual remedies for this affection are recommended. Tests of fly preventives, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 190-2, pp. 61-03) . — A test was made of a number of ijrojirietary remedies for keeping flies away frf)m cat- tle and horses. These remedies included Sure Thing, Cattle Comfort, Stop Fly, Nor- wood Sanitary Fluid, Flylene, Shoo Fly, Fli Fly Chaser, Eureka, Rippley's Fly Eemover, and CH'pher's Anti-Fly Paste. The results obtained from the use of these remedies on cattle and horses indicate that while a number of the i^reparations are quite efficient in keeping the flies away from the animals, the cost is so great as to be almost prohibitive. Some diseases of sheep, T. W. Cave {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1903, No. 12, pp. 86-95) . — Notes on a number of bacterial and parasitic diseases, including teta- nus, gid, and tapeworms, together with an account of blackleg, which is referred to in jiarts of England under the term "struck." Attention is called to the desirability of exercising antiseptic precautions in the x^revention of tetanus. For reducing the prevalence of gid it is necessary to destroy the heads of infested sheep in order that they may not be eaten by dogs. Heartwater in sheep and goats, D. Hutcheox {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 22 {1903), N(t. 4, pp. 838-843). — A method of vaccination against this disease was devised by Dr. Purvis, and the veterinary department of Cape Colony was questioned regard- ing the value of this system of vaccination. A test by the department indicated that the method was no more efficacious than that in use by the departme::t veterinarians. Notes are given on the special facts which have been demonstrated in connection with tlie etiology and treatment of this disease. Scab in sheep, D. p]. Salmon and C. W. Stiles ( [/. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 159, pp. 4S,figs. 17). — A condensed form of Bulletin 21, revised, of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry (E. S. R., 10, p. 793). Some of our commoner localinternal parasitic diseases of sheep, W. H.Dal- rvmple {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 74, 2- ser., pp. 216-231, figs. 2). — The sheep botfly some- times occurs in such large numbers as to cause a great irritation and loss of flesh. The author found 42 larvae of this insect in a single sheep. Notes are given on the adult and larval condition of the insect and on the symptoms produced by its pres- ence in the nasal passages of the sheep. The remedies recommended are largely I^reventive and include smearing tar or fish oil upon the nose of the sheep, together with the destruction of the heads of infested sheep after slaughter. A brief account is also given of Taniia e.rpansa — the common tapeworm of sheep — and on the stomach worm {Strongylus contortus). The author discusses the habits and life history of these species. Especial attention was devoted to a study of the nodular disease of sheep, due to the presence of (Esoj^hagostoma columbianum in the walls of the intestines. These worms are so protected by their position that direct remedies are of little avail. The only means of checking their spread is found in the adoption of jireventive measures. Experiments were made for the purpose of determining whether pastures may be readily infected by the presence of sheep infested with this parasitic worm. It was found that sheep affected with nodular disease, when placed on a clean pasture, readily infected this land with the parasites which cause the disease. Healthy lambs when allowed to graze upon such land soon became affected from this exposure. 192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Brit'f sugjjestions are made with regard to a i)raftical method hy which liealtliy lanil)s may he ()l)tained from diseased ewes. Parturient paresis in sows and its treatment according to Schmidt's method, K. K<;i:BER(i {Xor.''}, No. 1, pp. 29, .iO). — Tlie author descril)es the symi)toms observed in cases of this disease in sows. In one instance a test was made of the recent method of treatment, wliich consists in inimping air into the udder. Tiie symptoms were reheved within a short time and complete recovery to<)k ])la('e. Mai de caderas, M. Elmassiax and E. Migone {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 4, pp. 241-267, figs. 4)- — This disease is due to the presence in the blood of the pro- tozoan organism known as Trj/panosoma equina. This organism is described in detail and notes are given on the most approved methods for fixing, staining, and studying it. Mai de caderas occurs in a number of clinical forms, the more common of which runs a tolerably rapid course. The disease also occurs in chronic and paralytic forms. Notes are given on the symptoms that are characteristic of these different forms and upon the pathological lesions which are produced during the progress of the dis- ease. The liver, spleen, and pancreas become much injected and swollen, while the lymphatic system is not affected. In addition to the horse, mule, and ass, which are most susceptible to the disease, a number of other animals may be infected, and the susceptibility of these animals varies from that observed in monkeys to the absolute refractoriness of birds. Aside from the horse tribe, the susceptible animals are as follows: INIonkey, white and gray mice, white rat, capibara, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, cattle, pig. A study of the disease of South American horses known by the name of mal de caderas, J. Lignieres {Contribution dVHiide de la trypariosonifisedes cquldU's Sud-Americaiv.s connue sous le nom de '^mal de cadera." Buenos Aires: 1902, Coni Brothers, pp. 120, pis. 3). — The author reviews in a critical manner the literature relating to this disease. Notes are given on the microscopical structure of Try- panosoma elmassiani, which is the causative organism of the disease. The author discusses also the method of multiplication of this organism, its abnormal forms, and the effect of various sera in agglutinating it. In a long series of experiments it was found that agglutination of the pathogenic organism of mal de caderas could be brought about Vjy the sera of normal sheep, pigs, rabbits, and horses, but more effectively by the sera of cattle, sheep, dogs, and cats affected with mal de caderas. Asa rule agglutination took j^lace immediately, and then became more pronounced by a gradual process. The organism of mal de caderas when subjected to a temperature of 53° C. for 5 minutes or 45° for 8 minutes was killed. It withstood a temperature of -44° C. for 5 minutes, but was destroyed by the same temperature when applied for a period of 15 minutes. Subjection to a temperature of — 20° for 5 minutes destroyed a considerable percentage of the trypanosoma. Experiments were also made with a number of antiseptic substances, such as car- bolic acid, lysol, boric acid, corrosive sublimate, and permanganate of potash. In general the antiseptics had the effect of causing agglutination. This process was most pronounced after the use of potassium permanganate. An extensive series of inoculation experiments showed that a large number of animals are susceptible to this disease. The susceptible animals according to the author's experiments, men- tioned in the order of their susceptibility, include white mouse, white rat, gray mouse, gray rat, dog, horse, rabbit, cat, sheep, cattle, dog, pigeon, duck, domestic fowl, and frog. The method of infection by this disease has not been determined. The author suggests the possibility of the organism being carried by Stomoxys calci- trans. The blood of infected animals when taken from the stomach of this species of flv was found to contain the organism of mal de caderas in a virulent condition. VETERIlSrARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 193 Horse sickness, investigation, H. W. Pitciiford {Agr. Jour, and Min. Rec, 6 [1903), No. 8, pp. 249-257). — The author continues an account of his studies on the etiology of South African horse sickness. It is believed that some flying insect, j)robably a mosquito, is the carrier of infection. Horses kept in stables in which smudges were maintained appeared to be protected against the disease, and the author interprets this fact as due to the effect of smoke ujjon mosquitoes. Notes on the mallein test, G. Feist (FortsrJir. Yet. Ilyg., 1 {lUOS) , No. 1, pp. 30-3S). — Attention is called to the difhculties exjierienced by official veterinarians in satisfying the minds of horse owners as to the diagnosis of glanders. Notes are given on 286 cases in which the mallein test was made; among these horses 26 reacted and were found to be glanderous upon post-mortem examination. In the author's experience no case was observed in which a glanderous horse failed to react, and no reaction was jjroduced in horses which were not glanderous. The patholog-ical importance of botfly larvae in the stomach of horses, E. Perroxcito {Fortschr. Vet. Ilyg., 1 {1903), No. 1, pp. 40-43). — A number of cases have been reported in the literature of this suliject in which the stomach wall was more or less injured by the presence of botfly larv;e. The author believes that the attacks of these insects brings al)0ut greater susceptibility to colic and infectious diseases. Insects which may aid in the spread of surra, J. C. Koningsberger ( Teys- inannia, 13 {1902), No. 6, pp. 314-322). — On account of the resemblance in symp- toms of surra and nagana the author believes that the former disease may be conveyed in Java by some species of fly, as nagana is transmitted by the tsetse fly in South Africa. Descriptions are given of several species of biting and sucking insects which might be suspected of being carriers of surra. — ji. m. pieters. Natural immunity of dogs and chickens to anthrax, A. Petterssox {Cenihl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Alt., 33 {1903), .Yo.. 251-314)- — Tlu' author matlc an cxhaui^tive study (jf a nuuiber of outbreaks of distemper among cuts whith (n-rurred coincidently with the distribution of mouse typhus cultures in the Province of Kazan. The literature of the suljiect ia critically reviewed in connection with a brief biV)liography. It is believed as a result of the auth.or's studies that cats may be affected with a disease resembling distemper in all resjH'cts and may die as a result of eating nnce which are infected with typhus. As a rule, however, it is believed that the distribution of mouse typhus cultures and the occurrence of distemper in cats are merely coincident and are not associated as tlie result of an infection of one aniu^al by another. A nund^er of organisms were isolated from cats which were affected with distemper. The need of legislation relative to diseases of domestic animals, H. B. McDowell ( Delaware State Bd. Agr. Rpt. , n. ser. , 1901-2, pj}. 43-49). — Attention is called to the necessity of further legislation, especially in the control of anthrax and tuber- culosis. It is said that at present the conditions are very favorable for the spread of anthrax in Delaware, on account of neglect of precautions which could easily be taken. First aids to injured and sick animals, H. B. McDowell {Delaware State Bd. Agr. apt., n. scr., 1901-2, pp. 57-03). — Brief notes on simple remedies which may be applied by stock raisers in assisting the work of veterinarians in the treatment of wounds, bruised shoulders, colic, scratches, and laminitis. The veterinary pharmacopoeia and manual of comparative therapy, G., C, and A. Gresswell {London: BaiU'Cere, Tindall & Car, 1903, 2. ed., pp. XII1^457). — In this edition numerous alterations and additions have been made for the purpose of incorporating material to represent the later discoveries in the field of veterinary medicine and therapeutics. A discussion of the various drugs is arranged in an alphabetical manner and involves an account of the composition, characteristics, therapeutics, and doses. Disinfecting value of certain formaldehyde preparations, K. Kokubo ( Centhl. Bald. i(. Par., 1. Aht., 33 {1903), Xo. 7, Orig., pp. 56S-57l).—X comparative test was made of carbolic acid, old and new Septoforma, and formalin soap in the destruction of anthrax spores, Staphylococcus aureu.^, Streptococcus, and typhoid bacilli. Anthrax spores were found to be alive after exposure for 95 days to a 1 per cent carbolic acid solution and were killed by exposure for 25 days to a 3 per cent solution. When exposed to a 10 per cent formalin soap the anthrax spores lived but a few hours. Panaceas in veterinary medicine, E. Thierry {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 5 {1903), Xo. 9, pp. 290, 291). — Notes are presented on a number of remedies which have been reconunended as I'apable of producing great curative effects in a large variety of diseases. The author believes that none of these remedies are as effective as represented. Animal parasites of man, ]M. Bkaux {Die tlderischen Parasiten des Menschen. Warzhurg: A. Stuber, 1903, 3. ed., pp. 360, figs. 272). — This volume constitutes a handbook on the animal parasites of man and is intended for the use of students and physicians. It includes a general discussion of parasites and their life histories, together with special accounts of the various jjarasites belonging to different orders and families of animals which have been observed in or upon man mider parasitic conditions. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Review of irrigation investigations for 1902, E. Mead ( f ". S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Rpt. 1902, pp. 359-385, pis. 6). — The causes of the recent rise in value of irrigated lands and water rights and the need of enactment of better irrigation laws are discussed; the purpose and scope of the irrigation investigations AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 1^)5 of this Office are explained; and the results obtained in studies relating t<> irrigation laws and institutions and to the duty of water are liriefly summarized. The practical bearing and intiuence of the work are also pointed out. Special attention is given to a discussion of losses by seepage and of drainage as a necessary accompaniment of irrigation; the importance of developing inquiries along other lines of agricultural engineering, including investigations relating to the pump- ing of water for farm uses and to farm buildings and machinery; the water-right problems of the arid region; and irrigation in the humid sections of the United States and in the insular possessions. A list of 7 publications issued during the year is appended. The drainage work has proceeded far enough to show that drainage in connection with irrigation presents some very different problems from those encountered in such work in humid regions and that to be effective different methods must l)e fol- lowed; for example, the drains must be placed at a greater dejath. As regards irrigation in the humid portion of the United States, the report says: "There are few sections in the United States where at some time during the grow- ing season a drought of greater or less severity is not experienced each year, and where the application of water, if for a brief period only, would not secure largely increased yields. It remains to be determined, however, whether this kind of irri- gation will pay. The number of farmers who are establishing experimental irriga- tion plants is already large, and the advice given by this Department during the last season affected the expenditure of several hundred thousand dollars. ... In addi- tion to this general assistance, systematic studies of the possibilities of irrigation in the humid portions of the United States are now being carried on in Wisconsin, Missouri, and New Jersey in cooperation with the State agricultural experiment stations of those States. The results in 1901 were all in favor of irrigation because the season was dry. The results in 1902 were less favorable because the season was wet." Irrigation, C. H. Shixx {California Stu. Bui. 147, j}p. 65-71, fiys. 4)- — The amounts of water used on a large number of fruits and other plants at the Southern California substation are reported. The amount applied during the 18 months from Septem- ber, 1897, to April, 1899, including 15.1 in. of rainfall, was on the average for all crops a little over 25 in. Irrigation of oranges by means of deep and shallow fur- rows was tested, with results decidedly favoring the use of deep furrows. (See also E. S. K., 13, p. 952.) Irrig-ation, W. J. Allen {Agr. Gaz.Xeiv South Wale><, 14 {l90S),Xo. 6, pp. 53S-545, Jigft. 8). — Practical information regarding the construction of water channels, the l?v- eling of land, and the application of water to different crops is given. Some results of the use of irrigation in different parts of New South Wales are also reported. The amount of water used in field irrigation, S. Fortier {Montana Sta. Rpt. rjO^, pp. 113-116). — This is a l)rief summary of observations made in cooperation with this Office and already published in detail in the bulletins of the Office. Pumping for irrigation from wells, J. J. Yernox and F. E. Lester {Xew Mexico Sta. Bui. 45, pp. 67,figii. 36). — This bulletin records the results of experiments in pumping water for irrigation at the station farm. "The conditions existing in the Mesilla Valley, where the experiment station is located, are probably fairly typical of those to be found throughout the greater part of the valley of the liio Grande. . . . "The various strata found throughout the valley consist of layers of soil, sand, and gravel, of varying degrees of coarseness, with occasional layers of hardpan or clay. Sand evidently forms the greater part of the strata in the valley and in many parts extends to the surface, although usually covered by a layer of sediment and rich soil varying in thicknes.s from a few inches to many feet. It seems to be generally true that most of the valley is underlaid at a reasonable depth with gravel beds sufficiently thick to procure from them by means of slotted strainers au ample water supply. In the ^lesilla Valley a gravel bed is usually found at from 20 to 80 ft. in depth, although \ 196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. thero is no certainty as in tlic ilc])th at which it will he I'nuinl or the thickness of the stratiun. . . . "Thruughuut tlie whule length of the valley proper water will be found at adejjth of from 4 or 5 ft. to 20 or 30 ft., depending upon the height of the ground above the level of the river bed. This water appears to be generally of a good and fairly uni- form quality throughout the valley, though near to the foothill.s tlie quality is an vmcertain thing. In the matter of quantity it seems to be more a matter of provid- ing means for making the water available than any question as to the underflow." The open well is considered in most resi>ects preferable to the pipe, but under present conditions is too expensive. ^lethods of sinking wells, installing pumps and strainers, and operating pumps are exijlained. The results of comparative tests of 8 pumps of various types (centrifugal and rotary) and sizes and of 4 kinds of fuel (cotton wood, tornillo, and coal) are reported. Data regarding pumping plants in New Mexico and other States are given. Summarizing the results of studies and observations, the authors state that — "An ample quantity of water for irrigating purposes exists throughout the Rio Grande Valley in southern New Mexico at a comparative shallow deptli. "This water, termed the underflow, can be easily made available by sinking jtipe wells, with slotted strainers, into the gravel strata at comparatively low cost. "The station at Mesilla Park sank an experimental well ii in. in diameter and 48 ft. deep from -which w'as pumped a continuous stream of over 1,000 gals, a minute. "From this well it was found possil)le, using a 20-horsepower steam engine with tornillo wood as fuel, to irrigate average land 3 in. deep at a maximum cost of from 51 cts. to 64 cts. an acre, according to the pumj) used. This estimate is for short runs; for long runs this cost will probably be reduced, ar point to be determined later. . . . "A study of the relative conditions existing in New Mexico and other States shows that in the Rio Grande Valley in southern New Mexico at least the conditions are unusually favorable for the successful and economical operation of pumping plants as a means of supplying water for irrigating purposes." Contributions to tlie study of drainage and irrigation, E. Risler and G. "Weky {Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 2 {1903), No. 1, pp. 5-18). — This article dis- cusses the consumption of water by plants and the relation between the distribution of rainfall in different parts of France and the water requirements of plants. Discharge of the principal rivers of Montana, J. S. Baker {Montana Stu. Ept. 1902, pp. 117-1.-! 1). — A tabular record of stream measurements made in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey. The resistance of road vehicles to traction, A. Bixxie et al. {Rpt. BrUi^h Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1902, pp. 314-349, ph. 4, fifjs. 4). — This is the report of the com- mittee appointed to consider this subject. It reviews the investigations of Correze and Manes (1832), Coriolis (1835), Morin (1837-1842), Dupuit, Edmund Leahy (1847), Charie-Marsaines, A. Michelin (1896), \V. C. Unwin (1897), H. S. Hele- Shaw (1897), and I. 0. Baker (1902), and describes the apparatus and methods used and results obtained in some tests made by the committee. The experiments undertaken were intended "to determine the relation between the tractive effort and the following, viz, load, diameter of wheel, width and section of tire, hardness of tire (in the case of pneumatics), effect of springs, and velocity for every type of road under all circumstances, and any other relations that may Ije sug- gested during the progress of the work." The special dynamometer apparatus used in the tests is described in detail. It consists of a castor frame in which can be mounted the wheel to be experimented on, a system of levers for transmitting to a small plunger the pull exerted on the wheel, and a recording pressure-gauge for registering the same, together with a record- ing tachometer. "In performing an experiment a given type of wheel is mounted in the frame and a run made over a piece of road of the desired type. Since the 2 graphs are side MISCELLANEOUS. 197 by side, the relation between tracti\-e force and velocity can be seen at every point of the run, and from those portions of the graph where the velocity is constant and of the required value a mean tractive effort can be obtained. After a number of exper- iments have been performed curves can be plotted and empirical formulae deduced for the various relations. "As the dynamometer has only been completed such a short time, the trials are as yet only preliminary. The general results, however, tend to onnfirm those of pre- vious investigators." A text-book on roads and pavements, F. P. Spaldixg {Nev> York: John Wiley /. 1902, pp. XVII~593). — This includes theorganization lists of the stations; a financial statement of the State station ff)r the year ended Octol)er 31, 1902, and of the college station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; a report of the director reviewing the different lines of station work; and reports of the chemists, assistant in soil chemistry and bacteriology, assistant in horticulture, assistant in dairy husbandry, biologist, botanist, and entomologist. Reprints of Bulletins 160 of the station on Feeding Stuffs (E. S. R., 14, p. 380) and 163 on Fertilizers (E. S. R., 14, p. 749) are included in the report of the chemists. Thirteenth. Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1902 (Xurtli JJaI:(/ta Sta. Rpl. 1902, pp. 128). — This includes the organization list of the station, a brief rejiort of the director, reports of tlie heads of the different departments int^luding the results of experimental work noted elsewhere, a summary of Bulletin 53 of the station on Food Adulteration (E. S. R., 14, p. 892), and a financial .statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, li)02. Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1902 [Pcniniiih-ania Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 4S3). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; a report of the director reviewing station work during the year and discussing the needs and future of the station; and departmental reports containing in addition to accounts of the different lines of work several articles noted elsewhere in this issue. The following articles in essentially the same form or abridged have already been noted from other sources: Pennsylvania sugar beets in 1901 (E. S. R., 14, p. 141), errors in manure sampling and analy.sis (E. S. R., 14, p. 938), effects of fermentation upon the chemical composition of cider and vine- gar (E. S. R., 14, p. 1027), changes in the composition of milk during its delivery (E. S. R., 14, p. 489), available energy of timothy hay (E. S. R., 14, p. 993), com- bustible gases excreted by cattle (E. S. R., 14, p. 994), rearing of calves on milk substitutes (E. S. R., 14, p. 479), and weeds in general — two newcomers into Pennsylvania (E. S. E., 14, p. 52). Fifteenth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1902 {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 190 J, pp. 203-412— Till). — This contains a brief biographical sketch of the late Joseph A. Tillinghast, a report of the director on the different lines of station work, reports of divisions and articles abstracted elsewhere, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, acknowledgments, and a complete list of the publi- cations (if the station since its organization. Farmers' institutes in the United States, D. J. Crosby ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Rpt. 1902, yip. 461-480). — A general survey is given of the insti- tute movement in the United States and of the work and appropriations in each of the different States during the year, Farmers' institute bulletin, 1902 (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 80, pp. 59, figs. 15). — This is a summary account of the round-up farmers' institute held at the college in August, 1902. Some of the suljjects discussed were as follows : The Relation of the Experiment Station to Mississippi Farmers, and The Functions of Live Stock on the Farm, by W. L. Hutchinson; Raising Beef Cattle for Profit in Mississippi, by E. R. Lloyd; Farm Drainage, by J. W. Fox; The Relation of the United States Department of Agriculture to the Farmer, by C. B. Smith; Commercial Horticulture in Missis- sippi, by A. B. McKay; Dairying in Mississippi, by J. S. Moore; The Breeding and Development of Dairy Cows, by Ada F. Howie; Some Diseases of Farm Animals and How to Treat Them, by J. C. Roberts; What Chemistry Has Done for the Farmer, by W. R. Perkins; and Mississippi Agriculture as Viewed Ijy an Outsider, by H. E. Stockbridge. MISCELLANEOUS. 199 Some features of recent progress in agricultural education, A. C. Trie ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Ei-perimeid Stations Rpi. 1902, pp. 417-4.59, pis. i^) . — This article presents some of the main features of recent advancement in agricuhural teaching and methods in this country. An account is given of the 4 weeks' graduate school of agriculture held at the Ohio State University in July, 1902. A paper was read by the author at that meeting showing that agriculture at the present time is as truly a science as is that of geology, geography, or medicine. The educational values of courses in agriculture are discussed at some length and concrete examples given of present courses in agriculture in colleges, secondary agrit'ultural schools, and town high schools. The improvement of education in rural schools, J. W. Robertson (Ontario Agr. and Erpt. Cnion. Bpt. 190J, jip. 78-84). — A general discussion of this subject. Cooperation between experiment stations and farmers ( U. tS. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Station.'i Rpt. 1902, pp. 491-540, ph. 5, fig. 1). — In this account an attempt is made to bring out the origin and history of the movement for cooperation between the experiment stations and farmers; the present status of the movement, including details as to the extent and character of different phases of the work; and the value of cooperative experiments to the station or college, the farmers, and to agricultural science. As typical of this work examples in the Southern States, Middle West, and ^North- ern States and Canada are cited. Southern Avork is illustrated concretely by the coop- erative experiments conducted by the Alabama Station, which are reviewed in detail by J. F. Duggar. Cooperative work in the West is illustrated by experiments carried out mider the direction of the Illinois Station and reported by E. Davenport. In the North the cooperative work done in New York State by the college of agriculture of Cornell University is selected for illustration, the work being described by J. L. Stone; and Canadian work is reported by C. A. Zavitz, of the Ontario Agricultural College. Cooperative work bet\\een farmers and stations has been found to furnish ready means for distributing and testing improved varieties of seeds and plants throughout the country, and for bringing the agricultural colleges and experiment stations into close and mutually helpful relations with the farming communities. Besides it is a valuable training for the farmers themselves in systematic and accurate work. "Popular" editions of station bulletins, F. H. Hall [U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bpt. 1902, pp. 4-81-489). — The author shows that simple con- densed summaries of station work are much in favor with farmers in New York, and that where stations puljlish more than 10 bulletins averaging 30 pages each in the year enough can be saved on printing to pay the expenses of an expert editor. Crop Reporter {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Statistics Crop Beporter, Vol. 5, Xos. 1, pp. 1-8; 2, pip. 9-16; S, pp. 17-24) . — These numbers, for ^lay, June, and July, 1903, contain the usual statistical information on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries. Agricultural statistics of Ireland, 1902 {Dublin: T>ept. Agr. and Tech. In.^tr., 1903, pp. XLIX-: 16.5, dgms. 3, map 1). Agriculture for beginners, C. W. Burkett, F. L. Stevexs, and D. H. Hill {Boston and London: Ginn & Co., 1903, pp. XII-r267, pi l,figs. ;?i-5).— The authors believe that the theory and practice of agriculture can and should be taught in the public schools, and they have prepared a suitable text-book for this purpose. They "see no difference between teaching the child the fundamental princijiles of farming and teaching the same child the fundamental truths of arithmetic, geography, or grammar." The book is written in a pleasing manner and is well illustrated. The subjects treated have been carefully and appropriately selected. Chapters are devoted to the soil; the soil and the plant; the plant; how to raise a fruit tree; the diseases of plants; orchard, garden and field insects; farm crops; domestic animals, and farm dairying. The book is a valuable addition to the facilities for teaching the elements of agriculture. NOTES Alaska Stations. — H. P. Nielpon, of Kansas, Avho has been in charge of the Kenai Experiment Station since April 1, 1899, has resigned, his resignation to take effect November 1. He ■will be succeeded by P. H. Ross, a ''raduate of the Kansas Agri- cultural College, who has been 'Sir. Nielsen's assistant the past summer. "\V. L. Neal, who has been assistant to the superintendent of the Copper River Station the past summer, has also resigned, hia resignation to take effect November 1. Arizona University. — President F. Y. Adams severed his connection with the uni- versity during the summer, and has been succeeded by Kendrick C. Babcock, Ph.D., assistant professor of American history at the University of California. California Station. — The poultry station authorized by the last legislature has been estal)lislied in the vicinity of Petaluma, Sonoma County, and H. O. Woodworth, of the New York State Experiment Station, placed in charge. V. A. Moore, of the Veterinary College at Cornell University, spent some weeks in California during the past summer investigating the pathology of poultry diseases for the station. Warren T. Clarke, the field entomologist of the station, has been appointed assistant super- intendent of university extension in agriculture or farmers' institutes. This will not, however, take him entirely from active work in investigations in entomolog}'. W. H. Volck has been appointed temporary assistant field entomologist in the codling moth investigation. Santa Cruz County has made an additional appropriation of $150, thus making the total appropriation for this investigation from Santa Cruz and Mon- terey counties §2,750. Several rooms are being added to the third story of the agri- cultural building to provide for the fertilizer control work. Connecticut College and Storrs Station. — B. B. Turner, Ph. D., recently instructor in chemistry at Cornell University, has entered ujion his duties as chemist to the college and station, vice C. A. Meserve, who has resigned to accept another position. A small laboratory has been fitted up for the station in the chemical building. The college has revised its course of instruction somewhat and hereafter will not give a degree to the four-year students who have entered the college from the grammar schools, but a diploma instead, two years' additional work being required for the bachelor degree. Delaware Station. — Clayton O. Smith has been appointed assistant in bacteriology. Hawaii Station. — A tract of about 100 acres of land in Kona, on the island of Hawaii, is to be turned over to the use of the station for the purpose of making experiments in tobacco culture. One crop of tobacco has been grown under shade at Honolulu and has been sent to this country for fermenting. The crop made a satisfactory growth but its quality is not yet known. Illinois College and Station. — The followiiig new appointments have been made for the ensuing year: Joseph W. Hart, formerly of the South Carolina College and Sta- tion and recently superintendent of the Kingston Dairy School, has become chief assistant in dairy manufactures in the station and instructor in dairy manufactures in the college; Cassius C. Hayden and Herbert A. Hopper, assistants in dairy hus- Ijandry in both college and station; and Carl E. Lee, assistant in dairy husbandry in the station. Louis D. Hall has succeeded E. B. Forbes, who has gone to Missouri, as instructor in beef cattle; "William Dietrich, a graduate of the University of Wiscon- sin, has been appointed assistant in swine husbandry in the station and instructor in 200 NOTES. 201 the college; P^dwin S. (ioud, ai^si^tant in animal husbandry in the station; and Rufu8 C. ()brecht, assistant in horse husbandry in both college and station. Albert X. Hume, a graduate of Purdue University, succeeds Dwight 8. Dalby as instructor in farm crops. Clifford Willis has been appointed assistant in soil physics in both college and station, and James H. Pettit, formerly assistant in chemistry, has become assistant in soil analysis in the station and in soil fertility in the college. Curt A.. Schroeder and Ira O. Schaub have also been added to the chemical force of the station, and James T. Barrett has become assistant in botany in the station. Iowa College and Station. — C. J. Zintheo, recently of the Xorth Dakota College, has entered upun his iluties as jirofessor of farm mechanics in the college. This work has recently been organized as a branch of the agronomy department of the division of agriculture, and is intended to cover instruction in all .kinds of farm machinery and appliances, including land drainage, rural telephones, farm water supply, and the various means of obtaining power for operating farm machinery, such as electric motors, gasoline engines, steam engines, water power, and wind power. A four-story fire-i:iroof building, 60 by 100 ft., is now being erected as a laboratory for conducting this work. J. J. Repp has resigned as veterinarian and professor of pathology and therapeutics, and has been succeeded by Carl W. Gay. M. Jacob, of Knoxville, Tenn., a graduate of the Pennsylvania Veterinary College, has been elected to the chair of veterinary medicine and .sanitary science. W. H. Stevenson has been advanced to the head of the department of soils and A. T. Erwin has liecome associate professor of horticulture. G. I: Christie has been appointed assistant in soils, and Wayne Dinsmore assistant in animal husbandry. Kansas College and Station. — The college has commenced the erection of a commodi- ous auditorium, for which an appropriation of $40,000 was made by the last legis- lature of the State. A building to be used exclusively by the dairy department is also being erected at a cost of $15,000, which will contain class rooms as well as cjuarters for dairy manufacturing. Oscar Erf, instructor in dairy husbandry in the University of Illinois, now occupies the chair of dairying and animal husbandry, and R. J. Kinzer, formerly superintendent of the Iowa College farm, has been elected assistant in the animal husbandry work in the college. F. D. Coburn, William Hunter, J. M. Satterthwaite, and S. J. Stewart, of the board of regents, have retired and are succeeded by C. E. Friend, of Soldier; R. J. Brock of Manhattan; J. W. Berry of Jewell; and J. 0. Tulloss of Sedan. Maine University and Station. — W. N. Spring has been appointed professor of for- e.stry; Edith ]\I. Patch, of the University of Minnesota, entomologist to the station, and S. C. Dinsmore, a graduate of the university, assistant chemist to the station. W. D. Hurd, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College, and during the past summer agricultural demonstrator for the Rhode Island College, has become pro- fessor of agronomy, and will have charge of the college farm. Massachusetts College and Station. — George A. Drew, assistant horticulturist, resigned early in September to accept a position as superintendent of a large estate in Greenwich, Conn. He is succeeded by George O. Greene, recently assistant horticulturist at the Kansas College and Station. Minnesota College. — F. D. Tucker, who for several years past has occupied the positi(jn of jjrincipal of the school of agriculture, has resigned to become president of Memorial University, ]Mason City, Iowa. Missouri University and Station. — E. H. Favor has been appointed assistant in horticulture at the university and station. W. L. Howard has been promoted to the position of instructor in horticulture, and Robert J. Foster has been appointed instructor in veterinary science. Montana College and Station. — F. W. Traphagen has resigned to accej)t the chair of metallurgy and assaying in the State School of Mines, at Golden, Colo. 202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New Hampshire College and Station. — Tlic inanjjrnratioii of Pre^^ideiU \V. 1). Gibbs ami the formal dedication of tTie new agricnltural building occurred October 28. Tlie dedicatory address wan delivered by Dr. A. C. True, of this Office. E. L. Shaw, formerly assistant in agriculture at the Missouri Station, has been appointed assist- ant professor of animal husbandry in the college, and F. W. Taylor, of the Bureau of Soils, professor of agronomy. Percy A. Campbell has been appointed superin- tendent of the college farm. Herbert H. Lamson, bacteriologist, has resigned to become professor of natural science in the State Normal School at Plymouth. New Mexico College and Station. — R. F. Hare, formerly assistant professor of chem- istry, has been clrcted professor of chemistry in the college and chemist to the station. The 22-horsepower oil-burning engine recently installed for pumping water for irrigation has proved quite satisfactory. The preliminary runs showed a cost of 30 cts. for irrigating an acre 3 in. deep, using crude oil at 5| cts. per gallon, as com- pared with 70 cts. per acre with wood and $1.30 with coal, the same pump being used in each case. Contrary to the prevalent belief that Irish potatoes could not be grown in this locality, several varieties in a test this season produced quite well. New York State Station. — Victor H. Lowe, until recently entomologi.*t to the station, died August 27, at Fort Collins, Colo., where he had gone in the hope of recover- ing his health. In his death the station loses a very successful and enthusiastic worker, thoroughly imbued with the spirit of scientific investigation, and alive to the importance of economic entomology in agricultural and horticultural practice. His work was marked by thoroughness and its practical nature, and he was one of the most popular of the New York State Institute speakers. Mr. Lowe was a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College in the class of '91, and was appointed to a posi- tion in entomology in the New York State Station in 1893, rising to the head of the department in a few years. His chief investigations at the station were on the army worm, case bearers, nursery stock pests, plant lice, cottonwood-leaf beetle on willows, raspberry sawfiy, tent caterpillars, the cankerworm, and San Jose scale; while considerable study was given to the matter of spraying with crude petroleum, with kerosene, and with lime, sulphur and salt mixture, and to the devising of a convenient box fumigator for small orchard trees. Mr. Lowe is succeeded at the station by P. J. Parrott, of the Ohio Station, formerly an assistant at the Geneva Station. Martin J. Prucha, formerly assistant to H. W. Conn, of AVesleyan Uni- versity, has been appointed assistant bacteriologist, and E. B. Hart has been pro- moted to the position of associate chemist. The construction of a horse barn has just been commenced, and the contracts let for fire protection. The latter inc-lude a chemical engine, a 15,000-gal. tank on a 100-ft. tower, hydrants, and 1,000 ft. of hose, with 15 carts. North Carolina College.— The following appointments in the chemical department of the college are noted from Science: William G. Morrison, M. A. (Virginia), instructor in chemistry; Robert W. Page, B. S. (Columbia), instructor of analytic chemistry and metallurgy; Albert A. Haskell, B. S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), instructor in dyeing; O. M. Gardner, B. S. (North Carolina College), instructor in chemistry. Ohio College and Station. — Friend Whittlesey, of the Iward of control, died Septem- ber 13. F. A. Derthick, master of the State Grange, has been appointed to succeed him. Oklahoma College and Station. — E. II. Riley, a graduate of the Minnesota School of Agriculture and of the University of ^Ininesota, has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry in the college and station, succeeding R. C. Obrecht. Rhode Island Station.— J. W. Hutchins, of the Michigan Agricultural College, has been appointed agricultural demonstrator to succeed W. D. Hurd, who, as mentioned above, has gone to the Maine College and Station. This officer, provided for by State appropriation, has proved a most satisfactory experiment. The demonstra- NOTES. 203 tor has o;one out to the farmers in response to calls, and during the summer months there were more calls for his services than could be met. He was frequently called upon to visit 4 or 5 farmers in a single day to give advice and demonstrations in spraying, the treatment of soils, and other practical questions. He carried the work of the station directly to the farmers, and also brought the farmers into closer touch with the college by explaining the opportunities which it afforded for agricultural instruction. The Avork of this officer was the more important from the fact that the State has no organised farmers' institutes. The station has obtained results indicat- ing that ignited alumina phosphate is of little or no value to most crops when used upon a very acid soil. This substance shows a high percentage of reverted phosphoric acid, and is said to be used quite extensively in certain ready mixed commercial fertilizers, upon which account these results are rendered particularly valuable. South Carolina College and Station. — O. M. Watson, poultryman, has resigned, and the division has been temporarily discontinued. C. O. Upton, chief of the dairy and live stock division, has resigned. An appropriation of §40,000 has been made for the erection of a central agricultural building. Thirty-two local institutes were held during July and August, with an aggregate attendance of 8,690. Attendance on the State institute held at the college is estimated at 1,500. The interest in the institutes is rapidly increasing. Texas College and Station. — John A. Craig, formerly of the Wisconsin and Iowa colleges and stations, but for several years not connected with station work, has been elected director of the station and lecturer on animal husbandry. G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., of the North Carolina College and Station, has been elected assistant chemist to the station. B. C. Pittuck has resigned to become adjunct professor of agriculture at Louisiana State University. Virginia Station. — J. B. McBryde has been appointed assistant chemist, and W. A. P. Moncure, assistant mycologist. Washington Station. — R. E. Snodgrass, assistant entomologist, has resigned. West Virginia University and Station. — Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, delivered an address at the convocation at the opening of the university September 23 on the sub- ject of The Place of Agriculture in the University. Preparation is being made for more extensive work in dairy instruction, the legislature having appropriated f!5,000 for that purpose. Eooms are being fitted up in the basement of one of the univer- sity buildings, and plans are being considered with reference to the formation of a herd. Walton K. Brainard, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College, has been placed in charge of the dairy work, and short courses will be offered during the coming winter. S. W. Fletcher, horticulturist, has resigned to accept a position at Cornell University in charge of the extension work. Wyoming University. — Charles W. Lewis, M. S., D. D., formerly president of Moore's Hill College in Indiana, has succeeded E. E. Smiley as president. New Agricultural College in Japan. — A new agricultural college, the third in that country, was opened at Morioka, Japan, in April last. The director of the new college is Professor Tamari, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College. The interest in agricultur 1 education in Japan is said to be quite widespread. Experiment Station for Rhodesia. — The government of Rhodesia has established an experiment station aljout two miles from Salisbury, the capital town. The work at j)resent will be conducted by the staff of the agricultural dejtartment, imder the direction of E. Ross Townsend, secretary. This year about 100 acres were planted to grains, corn, Kafir corn, sorghum, cotton, tobacco, hemp, flax, cowpeas, and other leguminous plants. Special attention will be given to the breeding of disease- resistant plants, and work will also be carried on in the studj' of animal diseases. The work at the station will l)e supplemented by cooperative experiments with the farmers of the country. The agricultural dei)artment is about to establish an agri- cultural journal as an official organ and f')r tlic dissemination of information. 204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Agricultural Education in Jamaica. — In an article on this subject Agriciiltunil News describes the attention which has been given to agriculture in the training of teach- ers for the elementary schools as a preliminary to the introduction of agricultural instruction in schools of that grade. Since 1900, 4 courses of lectures for teachers have been held, each lasting about 4 weeks, and including considerable practical work at the Hope (iardens. Nearly 200 of the Jamaica teachers in charge of schools have now attended such courses of instruction. Agriculture also occupies a prominent i)lace in the curriculum of the training colleges, regular instruction being given in that subject during the 2 (jr 3 years that the students are in residence, together with considerable practical work. For a year past opportunities have been given at the government laboratory for young men intending to become planters or farmers to obtain an education in agricultural science as related to tropical agriculture. The course lasts for 2 years, and at its close a diploma may be granted by the board of agriculture. In addition to the above agencies there are 2 traveling instructors wlio give their whole time to lectures and demonstrations among the small settlers, as well as .3 local instructors under the agricultural society. School Garden Exhibit. — What was probably the largest exhibit of tliis kind ever held in this country was made at the School of Horticulture at Hartford Septem- ber 18. There were 150 individual exhibits, made by the boys and girls who have been working in the gardens and teachers who have been taking the course in gar- dening this year. The exhibits consisted of a long list of vegetables and several kinds of flowers. Prizes were awarded for the best-kept gardens, the best kept notebooks, and the best exhibit of products grown. An attractive feature of the afternoon was the hoeing contest, participated in by the second and third year pupils. Although the ground was very heavy with recent rains, this contest showed very good results. Flax and hemp, especially the former, were shown in all stages of their development, from the seed to the finished cloth, two flax-spinning wheels and a loom being in operation. The experimental plats of the school showed a great variety of field crops and vegetables, medicinal herbs, nursery stock, flowers, etc., and a series of fertilizer experiments on vegetables. In the evening there was an outdoor exhibition of magic-lantern slides, showing school gardens throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. This year the school has had 120 boys and girls from the public schools, 27 from the AVatkinson Farm School, and a class of 22 teachers from the Hartford public schools. The teachers commenced February 14, working every Saturday morning, beginning with greenhouse work and concluding with a garden 10 by .30 ft. for each teacher. Much interest has l)een displayed in the work. Meeting of the American Pomological Society. — The twenty-eighth biennial meeting of the American Pomological Society was held in Boston, September 10-12. About 200 members were present, and the meeting was an enthusiastic and successful one. The sessions were held in the new Horticultural Hall of the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, where there was put on exhibition an extensive display of fruits repre- senting all sections of the United States and Canada. In his opening address President C. L. Watrous urged the desirability of experi- ments in cross pollination and the growing of seedling fruits in order that new varie- ties adapted to particular localities might be obtained. He favored a Federal law securing to originators of fruits exclusive right to their productions for a series of years, and also a law to control the shipping of nursery stock between States and foreign countries as a means for the 1)etter control of fungus and insect pests. Prof. L. H. Bailey delivered an address on The Attitude of the Schools to Country Life. He pointed out that our present school system originated with the universities, and the ladder of learning was thus let down from above. The agricultural colleges are not filling quite the place it was expected they would. They have developed agricultural literature, established agricultural science, and raised the tone of farm NOTES. 205 life, but they do not reach the mass of people who live in the country. He urged the teaching in school of the things that men are interested in. The kindergarten was declared the most important thing that has come into our educational system. The vital fai-tor in the teacher should be love and sympathy for the child, not the giving of information. The natural way to give agricultural education was believed to be through the schools rather than by bulletins. The gist of the bulletins should be embodied in the text-book. Some statistics were quoted to show that as pupils in the country schools grow older a smaller proportion affirm a desire to make a liv- ing by some phase of agriculture. One of the reasons for this would seem to be that the majority of the teachers in the country schools come from the city, and, con- sciously or unconsciously, attract the child's mind cityward. The announcement was made that it is proposed to establish a model country school building and grounds at Ithaca, under the auspices of Cornell University, at a cost of $1,000 to $1,500, to be supplied with pupils from the town, and to serve as a means for the better training of teachers in agriculture. In a paper on the Relation of Cold Storage to Commercial Orcharding, G. Harold Powell, of this Department, stated that cold storage is likely to have its greatest influence on the development of commercial apple growing. Quick-ripening fruits like the peach, summer pears, and small fruits are not generally adapted to cold- storage treatment. They ripen in hot w?ather, and the end of their life is quickly reached unless ripening is checked by immediate storage. Even then they can be held back only for a limited time. They rapidly lose their delicate aroma and flavor, and when placed on the market often deteriorate before reaching the con- sumer. If summer fruits are stored, success demands that they be well ripened and physically perfect when put in cold storage. They must be placed in small pack- ages, stored immediately after packing, and must be kept as cool as possible after removing from storage and sold at once. Under these conditions berries may be stored a week, peaches 2 weeks, and Bartlett pears a month or longer if there is a demand for the fruit. Refrigeration is likely to prove of special importance in the development of apple growing in the States farther south. The speaker held that when stored as soon as picked many of the best varieties of the South equaled the varieties of the North in keeping quality. The local warehouse is considered the ideal for quick storage and for the grower who is competent to handle his own crop. Cold storage is raising the standard of fruit growing by emphasizing the importance of physically perfect, well-developed fruit. It is directing attention especially to the fact that diseased, wormy, poorly colored, immature, or bruised fruit has poor keep- ing cjuality. It emphasizes the necessity of careful picking, jiacking, and grading. Where the cold-storage warehouse is properly managed the better apples, like Grimes and Mother, retain their finest qualities until March, and Jonathan, Northern Spy, and Esopus Spitzenberg until April or May. There is always an undersupply of these better varieties. J. H. Hale, of Connecticut, discussed the subject of Grading and Packing Fruits for Long Shipment. Fruits for long-distance shipment must be grown for that pur- pose. Sorts that carry best are those grown on high, well-drained land on open- headed trees. Color and quality in the fruit are secured by the liberal use of i)otash in the soil. The fruit when picked should be well matured, but not soft. It should l)e picked and shipped in rigid packages to prevent Ijruising. As soon as the fruit is taken from the tree it should l)e carried to the packing house and graded by hand into different sizes, colors, etc. The best package for peaches and plums is the (Tcorgia six-basket carrier, for apples and pears the 50-pound bushel box. All choice fruit should be wrapped in paper. It adds to the carrying and keeping qualities of the fruit, improves the color, and increases the returns from 10 to 25 per cent above the regular market price. When packed, the fruit should be placed in cold storage immediately. Stripping off part of the leaves of very vigorous trees helps the color, texture, and shipping capacity of the fruit, Imt is slightly injurious to the quality. 206 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. In a paprr untitlrd Sliould the Coiiinu-rcial (irowcr Plant Varieties of High Qual- ity? (r. T Towell called attention to thi- great desirability and profit in growing fruit of liigli quality. Fruit of poor spli(irii' acid toward orjiaiiic acids, (>. J)aikuhara 225 The analysis of silicates by tlie use of fonnic acid, A. Ijeclerc 225 Diecussion of ash analyses of plants, C. A. ( ioessmann 225 Determination of carbonic acid in water, F. B. Forbes and (t. H. Pratt 225 Detection of chlorids, bromids, and iodids, S. Benedict and J. F. Snell 225 Modification of tiie Avery-Beans metiiod for arsenious oxid, J. K. Haywood.. 225 Titration with potassium iodate, L. W. Andrews 226 Chennstry of dyestuffs, G. von Georgievics, trans, by C. Salter 226 The chemical industry in (Tcrmany, E. L. Harris 226 Keport of the senior analyst for 1902, Cape of Good Hope, C. F. Juritz 226 BOTANY. Studies in the Cyperacefic, T. Holm 226 Influence of stiniulants on the resjnration of ])lants, V. Zalyesski 226 Stimulants of plant growth and their practical application, O. Loew 226 The toxic effect of H and OH ions on seedlings of Indian corn, F. A. Loew .. 227 The physiologic^al role of mineral nutrients in plants, O. Loew 227 Bacteria and the nitrogen problem, G. T. Moore 227 ZOOLOCiY. Audubon societies in relation to the farmer, H. Oldys 228 Birds in their relations to man, C. M. Weed and N. Dearborn 228 Birds and man, W. H. Hudson 228 Birds and horticulturists, H. A. Surface 228 Birds V. gardening, C. E. Pearson 228 Two years with the birds on a farm, E. H. Forbush 228 Handbook of the birds of the United States and C'anada, T. Nuttall 228 Ornithology, M. W. Doherty 229 The best method of poisoning small birds, B. C. Aston 229 I'ood habits of the common garden mole, L. L. Dyche 229 Annual report of the New York Zoological Society for 1902 229 The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface 229 METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXI, Nos. 4-6 230 Storms of the Great Lakes, E. B. Garriott 230 The climate of Illinois, J. G. Mosier 230 Wet and dry seasons in California, A. G. McAdie 231 Rainfall and irrigation, E. A. Beals 231 Climate of the forest-denuded portion of the Upper Lake region, W. L. Moore. 231 Psychrometric observations in the forest and in the steppe, N. Adamov 232 Observations on the humidity of the air, T. O. Frizendorf 232 Spring frost in the Mediterranean climate, M. Chassant 232 WATER — SOILS. The contamination of public water supplies by algae, G. T. Moore 232 Potable waters, L. Grandeau 232 On the rate of movement of underground waters, E. Fournier and A. Magnin. 232 Analysis of waters and interpretation of the results, J. K. Havwood 232 The soil, A. D. Hall '. 233 Report on composition of muskeg soils, H. Snyder 233 Agricultural soils of the Province de la Union, C. W. Dorsey 233 Amounts of water-soluble salts in soils under field conditions, F. H. King 233 The nitrogen compounds of arable soils, G. Andre 233 Nitrification as dependent upon organic and humified substances, Smirnov. . . 233 Influence of forest strips on the moisture of the soil 234 Soil, cultivation, and irrigation, W. Maxwell 234 Reclamation of alkali lands in Egypt, T. H. Kearney and T. H. Means 234 FERTILIZERS. Influence of application of straws on the yield, D. N. Pryanishnikov 234 Gypsum as a means of fixing ammonia in manure, S. A. Severin 234 Sulphate of ammonia and organic nitrogen r. nitrate of soda, P. Wagner et al. . 234 Effects of a deficiency of nitrogen, phosplioric acid, or potash, H. Wilfarth and G. Wimmer 235 CONTENTS. Ill I'agc. A process for makino; availal)le phosphates, C. H. Dempwolf, jr 236 Frost and potasli fertilizers, A. (^outurier 236 Analyses of fertilizing substances, C. A. (loessmanii 236 Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. Hamilton anrotective substances of immune sera, E. W. A. Walker 296 The relationshi}) between toxin and antitoxin, P. Eisenberg 296 Bacteriolytic immunity, R. Pfeiffer and E. Friedberger 29^ Disinfection by means of formaldehyde and steam, H. Herzog 296 The parasites of man and domestic animals, E. Perroncito 2^>7 The dry-rot fungus, A. King 297 Observations on the flagella of the tetanus bacillus, S. de Grandi 297 A means of ])reventing tetanus, E. Thierry 297 Report on the veterinary service of St. Petersburg, 1898-1903, S. I. Samborski. 297 Division of veterinary science, J. A. Gilruth - 297 Semiannual rejjort of the chief of the cattle bureau, A. Peters 298 Governmental j^rotection against animal plagues, B. Plehn , 299 Some diseases of cattle, C. A. Cary and F. G. Matthews 299 Natural and artificial immunitv to anthrax, 0. Bail and A. Pettersson 300 Anthrax, A. R. Ward - •'^00 Blackleg, A. R. Ward -fO The inoculability of huwau tubenmlosis upow bovines, D. J. Hamilton 300 The present warfare agaiftst tuberculosis, O. Malm 300 Foot-and-mouth disease, JX E. Salmon 300 Foot-and'*J>outh dieease, D. ilutcheon 300 Serum tliQiupy in foot-and-mouth disease, E. Nocard 301 The serotherapy of foot-and-mouth disease, E. Nocard 301 Report on the cattle disease in southern Rhodesia, R. Koch 301 T\t^ cattle disease in southern Rhodesia, R. Koch 301 TJmj Rhodesian tick fever, A. Theiler 301 'Phe uew form of red water in the Transvaal, D. llutcheou 302 VIII oontp:nts. Page. Riiulorpept and redwater in eattle, S. Stockman 302 Redwater iniK'ulation, L. 1). (iilwon 802 N'inih'nt redwatiT in the Transvaal, D. Hntcheon 802 Kinderpcst in ('a]>e Colony 308 A note on tit-k infestation, C'. P. Lounsbury 808 A bacterial form of bovine i)iroplasmoeis, A. Laveran 808 iSpirillosis in Bovida', A. Laveran 808 Lamziekte and impaction of the third, stomach, 1). Hntcheon 808 Indigestion and ( liarrhea in calves, D. Hntcheon 808 Contagions abortion in cows, J. Law 808 Steri lity in cattle and sheep 808 I'lants injnrions to stock, C. W. Peterson 808 Loco weed, L. K. Sayre 804 liot in sheep 804 Contagious gangrenous mammitis in sheep, J. A. (iilruth 804 Parasites in sheep, J . A. Gilruth 804 Damaged wool and its relation to sheep dips, 8. B. Hollings 304 Takosis, a contagions disease of goats, J. R. Mohler and H. J. Washburn 304 Hog cholera, A. R. Ward 305 Glanders in the camel , A. P. Petrovski 305 Experiments in the treatment of glanders, M. Lavinovich 805 Disinfection of stables in cases of glanders, A. Theiler 306 Contagious skin diseases of the horse, A. Theiler 806 Post-mortem diagnosis of rabies, A. V. Byelitzer 806 Diagnosis of rabies, A . Anjeszky 806 Trichorrhexis nodosa: its etiology and treatment, Tennert . 806 Some diseases of poultry in South Africa, Huneberg 306 An epizootic among ducks, Kampmann et al 806 The chicken mite, J. J. Repp 307 The fowl -tick, C. P. Lounsbury 807 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A. Hassall. 807 Bibliotheca veterinaria, R. Klee '. 807 ACiRICrLTURAL EN(iINEERIN(i. Some engineering features of drainage, C. G. Elliott , 807 Drainage of irrigated land, E. McCuUough 807 The proper disposal of sewerage wastes in rural districts, J. Nelson 80tS The irrigation commission's report, C. Scott-jNIoncrieff et al 30S Practical irrigation a success in Florida .* 80S Irrigatic m at Bundaberg 808 The use of alkaline and saline waters for irrigation, T. H. Means 809 The water supply of A ustralia, W. G. Cox 309 Use of mineral oil in road improvement, J. W. Abbott 809 Thrashing machinery in Russia, C. J. Zintheo 309 MISCELLANEOUS. Some practical results of experiment station work, W. H. Beal 809 Systems of farm management in the United States, W. J. Spillman 809 Statistics of the land-grant colleges and experiment stations for iy02 310 Instruction in agronomy at agricultural colleges, A. C. True and D. J. Crosby. 310 Progress in secondary education in agriculture, A. C. True 310 Primary commercial education in Germany, E. L. Harris 310 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations i>i the United States. Alabama College Station: Page. Bui. 125, June, 1903 299 Cal i forn ia Station : Bui. 149, May, 1903 244 Bui. 150, Adi-., 1903 286 Circ. 2, Mav, 1903 300 Circ. 3, Jun'e, 1903 305 Circ. 4, June, 1903 300 Circ. 5, June, 1903 303 Connecticut State Station: An. Rpt., 1902, pt. 3 283, 289 Florida Station: Bui. 67, June, 1903 277 Hawaii Station: Bui. 4 244 Illinois Station : Bui. 85, June, 1903 292 Bui. 86, June, 1903 230 Iowa Station: Bui. 69, June, 1903 307 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 75 (second neries), Feb. 20, 1903 285, 286 Maine Station: Bui. 92, May, 1903 287 Maryland Station: Bui. 88, May, 1903 293 Massachusetts Station : Bui. 88. Mar., 1903 278 Bui. 89, Mar., 1903 225, 236 Michigan Station : Bui. 209, June, 1 903 252 Minnesota Station : Bui. 81, Mar., 1903 233, 236, 252, 260, 290 Missouri Station: Bui. 61, May, 1903 254 Bui. 62, June, 1903 276 Nebraska Station: Bui. 80, July 15, 1903 249 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 164, June 1, 1903 242, 251 Bui. 1 65, June 1 5, 1 903 288 Bui. 166, June 27, 1903 308 Bui. 167, June 29, 1903 274 Ohio Station: Bui. 136, Dec, 1902 276 Eul. 137, Feb., 1903 254 Eiil. 138, Mar., 1903 243 Stat it ill the Tiiited States. Ohio Station — Continued. Page. Bui. 139, Apr., 1903 268 Bui. 140, Apr., 1903 240 Oregon Station: Bui. 76, June, 1903 242 South Dakota Station: Bui. 79, Mav, 1903 237 Bui. 80, May, 1903 290, 291 U. S. Department of Ayricvltnre. Farmers' Bui. 177 292 Yearbook, 1902 (85 cents) 227, 228. 231, 232, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264, 278, 282, 291, 292, 295, 300, 307, 309, 310 Bureau of Animal Industry : Bui. 39, pt. 3 ( 10 cents) 307 Bui. 39, i)t. 4 ( 5 cents ) 307 Bui. 39, pt. 5 (5 cents) 307 Bui. 45 ( 10 cents) 304 Bui. 46 ( 15 cents) 292 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 75 (5 cents) 245 Bui. 76 (5 cents) 279 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 25 (15 cents) . "239, 247, 249, 265 Bui. 38 ( 15 cents ) 241 Bui. 39 (10 cents) 259 Bui. 40 ( 15 cents) 254 Bui. 41 ( 10 cents) 241 Bui. 42 (10 cents) 249 Bui. 43 (10 cents) 263 Bui. 44 (15 cents) 270 Bui. 45 (5 cents) 227 Bureau of Soils: Circ. 10 309 Weather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 31, Nos. 4-6, Apr.-June, 1903 (20 cents per number, $2 per year) 230 Bui. K (50 cents) 230 Ofhce of Exi)eriment Stations: Bui. 127 (20 cents) 310 Bui. 1 28 (5 cents) 310 Bui. 129 (10 cents) 281 Division of Statistics: Bui. 25 (5 cents) 294 Note. — The pul)licati()ns of the United States Department of Agriculture, excejit those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publicatioiis of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the ('hief of the Bureau. The price of the Reconl is |1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other teclmical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the l)ei)artment. ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 5. First-floor plan of the Farm Mechanics' Building, Iowa College 216 6. Second-floor plan of the Farm Mechanics' Building, Iowa College 217 7. Balcony and third-floor plan of the Farm Mechanics' Building, Iowa College 218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. Novp:mber, 1903. No. 3. The need of increased funds for the further development and extension of the experiment stations is brought out in the current report of the Director of this Office. The successful extension of their work in tlie case of a few stations, with the aid of special appro- priations from the States, is cited as illustrating the possibilities for enlarging the scope of the stations' work and the widespread benefits to agriculture which may result. The States have done much toward suppl3nng the stations with suit- able buildings and other facilities. This is in accordance with the intent of the Hatch Act. A number of States have gone further and have made appropriations for current expenses or for carrying on special lines of investigation. Notable instances of this during the past year are appropriations b}" the California legislature of $5,000 for the establishment of a poultry station and $3,000 for viticultural investigations; by the Illinois legislature of $25,000 for live-stock investigations, $25,000 for soil investigations, $10,000 for corn inves- tigations, $10,000 for horticulture, and $15,000 for dairying — a total of $85,000 per annum; by the Wisconsin legislature of $1,500 annually for two years for tobacco investigations and $2,500 annuall}^ for cran- berry investigations, $10,000 for the purchase of live stock, and a like sum for additional farm lands; in Hawaii, $16,800 in aid of the Fed- eral station for two years; in Missouri, a special appropriation of $10,000 for the station and large college appropriations in which the station will share; in Tennessee, $10,000 for the purchase of addi- tional farm lands and $600 for cooperative experiments with field crops and fertilizers on the type soils of the State; and in Utah, $11,650 for station equipment and maintenance. A number of States have also made special appropriations for sub- stations, several of which are new. For example, Kansas appropri- ated $32,550 for the equipment and maintenance of the new Fort Haj's Substation; Nebraska, $15,000 for the establishment and maintenance for two 3'ears of a substation for the semiarid region in the western part of the State; North Dakota, $5,000 for a substation to l)e located at Edgeley; and Utah, $12,500 for the establishment and maintenance 209 210 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. foi" two years of tive (^xporiment farms in different sections of the State, to test the possilnlitics of nonii rigable lands. Tliis, in addition to the reg-iilar appropriations which several of the States are makino-, the provision for printing tiieir l)nllctins and reports in a number of instances, and other assistance, makes a ver}' creditable showing for a considerable number of the States and indicates the appreciation in which the stations arc held. Less than half the sta- tions, however, were affected l\y such legislation, or receive any financial aid from the States for maintenance. During the past 3 ear fifty stations shared in the benefits of the Hatch fund. Twenty-three of these were given additional State aid and twenty -seven received none. Of the State appropriations for Federal stations, six did not exceed $1,0(M), and only eight equaled or exceeded the Hatch appropriation of $15,000. Several of the appropriations were for the support of substations and were not shared by the Federal stations. The total State appropriations for stations and substations were but little more than 51 per cent of the Hatch fund. The meagerness of the funds available for investigation in the twenty- seven unaided Federal stations is shown by the following figures from the statistical reports on the expenditures of the Hatch fund in those stations: The total receipts from the Hatch fund were $•105,000. The expenditures for administration and permanent improvements (salaries, labor, traveling expenses, postage, stationery, libraries, and fixtures) amounted to $313,086.38, or an average of $11,595 for each station. The average amount expended for publications was $7(50. This leaves an average for each station of onl}^ $2,6-15 for the general expenses of investigations (chemical supj^lies, fertilizers, feeding stuffs, tools, implements, and machiner}'^, scientific apparatus, live stock, seeds, plants, sundry supplies, freight and express, heat, light, water, and contingent expenses). Dividing this sum by the average number of investigators, we have an average of $264:. 50 for each inves- tigator. The whole amount ($2,645) would hardly pay the expenses of a good-sized feeding experiment or a field experiment involving tests in several diti'erent localities. How inadequate, then, does such a sum appear when divided among ten investigators. Under these conditions it is not strange that so many problems of the farm remain unsohed; it is wonderful that our smaller stations have accomplished so much. These figures show conclusively that, if our stations are to be con- tinued on the broad basis on which they are at present organized, they must be supplied with larger funds for the general expenses of investi- gation, in order to conduct their work in a thorough and satisfactory manner. The States can and imdoubtedly will supplement the National funds more fully as time goes on; but since the results obtained by the stations are in manv cases of general value to the agriculture of EDITORIAL. 211 the United States, it seems proper that they should receive additional financial aid from the National Government now that they have demon- strated their ability to stimulate and increase the agricnltural produc- tion of the country. This supplemental aid should, of course, be granted under conditions which will insure its exclusive application to meet the expenses of agricultural investig-ations, and which will stimu- late the States to increase their contributions to the support of the stations. In this connection it is well to consider that, with the increase of agricultural operations in this country, the States generally will be called upon to establish a much larger number of stations or substa- tions than at present exist. The areas over which many of the stations in this country are required to extend their jurisdiction are so large that they can not meet the demands for investigations adapted to the various conditions of soil, climate, and rational agricultural practice in their several States. In no section of the United States are there as many stations in proportion to land area as in France or Germany, In our smallest States along the Atlantic Coast we have one station for 2-1,000 square miles; France and Germany have eight times as many. The South Central States with their 10 stations are 40 per cent larger than all of France and Germany with their 151 stations, and Texas alone, with one Federal station, is 27 per cent larger than either of those countries. The ratio of stations to area in France and Germany is 96 to 1 as compared with Texas, 28 to 1 as compared with Minnesota and the Dakotas, and 39 to 1 as compared with the Pacific States. Under present conditions the stations as a rule are not able to grap- ple with the larger problems of our agriculture in a sufficiently broad and thorough manner to give the surest expectation of success. Gen- erally speaking, they are now in a position to utilize larger funds effectively, since questions relating to organization and methods and lines of work have been largely solved. The kind of work most needed at present is expensive, requiring investigators of the highest ability, ample facilities in the way of equipment and assistance, and opportunity for concentration of effort without interruption from inspection or routine work or for instruc- tion. The experiment station is a university department standing at the head of the institution, and the fundamental importance of its edu- cational function is already apparent. Its chief business is to find out new applications of science to agriculture which shall result in improved practices and products. On its success depends not only the advancement of agricultural practice in particular regions, but also the effectiveness of the agricultural colleges and other institutions for agricultural education. The amount of data published by the stations on many agricultural 212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sul)jcct,s is now \v\\ hir^c, uiul llii; altciiipts which hsivc been made to reduce this material to organized form, in order that it Jiiay be utilized for purposes of agricultural education, have shown that the stations are doing- a great work in supplying the materials out of which a defi- nite science of agriculture is l>eing constructed, and on which courses of instruction in agricultui'e of different gi-ades can be successfully based. Hence the highest interests of agricultural education, as well as the practical interests of agriculture, call for increased thoroughness and efficiency on tlie part of the stations in their efforts to solve prob- lems in agricultural science and practice. It is encouraging to note the progress of experiment station work in Alaska, as evidenced by the reports of Prof. C. C. Georgeson from year to year. The work there differs from that in an}^ other locality of this country owing to the conditions under which it is carried on and the fact that it usually precedes even primitive attempts at farming. There is as 3'et no basis of practical experience on which to fall back, but the woi-k is laying the foundation for a future agriculture. It par- takes of all the elements of pioneering in a new country, and from the inaccessibility of many parts of the country and uncertainties of trans- portation it is carried on under unusual difficulties. This is illustrated b}' the experience in opening the new station at Copper Center the past season. This station embraces a tract of about 775 acres of land in the valley of the Copper River, which has been temporarily withdrawn from entry by the Secretary of the Interior and set aside for the use of the station. The nearest port is Valdez on Prince AVilliam Sound. A luilitary trail has been constructed from Valdez to Eagle on the Yukon, a distance of about 500 miles, and Copper Center is located on this trail a little over 100 miles inland. A start was made from Valdez early in the spring to transport the equipment of the station which was absolutely necessary to begin the work. The team purchased for the station was used for this purpose, but proved inadequate for the undertaking, as the trail was verj^ diffi- cult, and transportation was completed by contract at a price which would ])e prohibitive to the ordinary individual. During the past season about lU acres of land have been cleared, plowed, and seeded to spring crops. These consisted chiefly of varieties of oats, ])arley, spring wheat, emmer, buckwheat, and various grasses. The season was rather backward, and some of the cereals were not received in time for early sowing. Their growth was impeded by dry weather following the seeding, but in spite of this all were in quite a flourishing condition July 20, and it was believed that many of the cereals would mature by the end of August if frost did not inter- vene. As noted in previous reports, the newness of the ground had an important influence on the growth of the crops. Where brush had EDITORIAL. 213 been l)urned or the ground previously cleared the growtli was much better than elsewhere. The superintendent in charge of the station succeeded in maintaining a fairly good garden, and peas, radishes, and lettuce were supplied from it by the middle of eTul}-. Other luu'd}' vegetables promised well. A log house 14 by 28 feet was constructed during the past summe'', and additional buildings and equipment are urgently needed. In addition to the ground seeded, 0 or 7 acres have been cleared and l)}- next spring it is expected to have at least 20 acres under cultivation, grains and forage plants being grown on a farm scale. Professor Georgeson estimates that there are about 1(),00() square miles of good agricultural landin this valley, with perhaps half asnuu-h more in mountain valleys which lead out into the interior plain. The soil is rich and well adapted to cultivation, and it is believed feasil)le to grow good cereal crops at least three yenvH out of four. Notwith- standing the rich mineral deposits of the Copper River countrj^, it is believed that the}^ will ultimately be exceeded by the value of the agricultural products, if this country is properl}^ opened up. We give in this issue the plans of the new building for farm mechan- ics at the Iowa Agricultural College. This department is not only new at that institution, but is one of the latest products of specialization in agricultural instruction in this country. It is an attempt to do for that part of rural engineering what has already been done for agron- omy and for animal production at many of the colleges — to l)ring together in a logical way the scattered instruction which l)ears on this branch of agriculture, and to work out systematic and well-rounded courses in it. A number of colleges are now considering the establishment of departments of rural engineering or farm mechanics, and there is much interest in the development of these subjects as independent lines of work. The Illinois College of Agriculture has had an instructor in farm mechanics for several years past; the Wisconsin College has received a State appropriation of §15,000 for a farm-engineering building, and the North Dakota College has of late l)een giving special attention to this su])ject. In Minnesota the College of Agriculture has obtained an appropriation of $5,000 for a building for its course on farm machinery, and the officers of the State fair have granted the college the use of a large pavilion in which machines loaned l)y man- ufacturers are to be housed for instructional purposes. The opportunity for useful and eflPective work, l)oth in instruction and in experimentation, is abundant; and the new courses will offer further opportunity for the agricultural student to specialize, and for the prospective farmer to receive systematic training in the theory 214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of farm-machiiicrv coiistruction, i'oi- cxaiiipU*, as well as in its prac tical ()p(M-ati()ii and nianaycincMit. In no other country is such extensive use made of farm machinery, and the scarcity of farm labor will tend to its increased use in the future rather than otherwise. The total value of implements and machinery on the farms of this country, according to the recent census, was ST61, 2^)1, ,550, an average of $V4'4 per farm, taking the country over, and of 90 cents per acre of farm land. Much of this machinery is elaborate and complicated in construction, and requires mechanical skill or genius for its most efficient operation and care, not to mention the making of small repairs. It represents an important part of the farmer's invested capital upon which he nuist pay or earn interest. That there is an enormous waste of money due to neglect and unskill- ful handling of this part of the farm equipment must be obvious to anyone who has traveled through the regions where it is most used. The record of two tenants on neighboring farms in Nebraska is a case in point as showing how nmch of this waste may be avoided. These two men have been li^'ing on the same farms for the past nine years. One of them is still using the same harvester which he pur- chased the iirst year he took the farm; the other has bought and ''worn out" three self-binders. In eight and a half 3'^ears there has been a difference of |1,900 in the outlay for farm machinery by these two men. Both farms are about equally equipped. The difference is that, as a result of ]>etter care and more skillful use, one man's tools have lasted about three times as long as the other's. Such examples of extravagant mismanagement are by no means uncommon. It is often one of the great leaks on the farm. The agricultural high school at Berlin has a w^ell-developed and efficient department of farm machinery. In the opinion of the head of that department, nothing has done more to improve agricultural methods in Germany than the study by the young men of the tools of their own and other countries; and out of it have resulted many improvements in construction. Other foreign institutions are giving attention to instruction and experimentation along these lines. While farm machinery is only one of several subjects embraced in this new department, it will naturally be quite an important part at the outset. Along with it will go questions relating to farm build- ings, silo construction, fence l)uilding, underdrainage, etc. Out of these can be constructed a department of instruction which will strength(Mi and round out the work of the agricultural colleges, and will also suggest luunerous lines of profitable investigation. NEW BUILDING FOR FARM MECHANICS AT IOWA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS. The buildino- for the new department of farm mechanics is an addi- tion to Agricultural Hall, and is connected with it b}^ a corridor 27 feet long b}^ 15 feet wide. The main part of the new building is 60 b}^ 100 feet and contains two main floors. Each of these floors has a balcony about 12 feet wide, which is supported by steel columns. The sec- ond floor balcony extends over only a part of that floor, the remainder l)eing inclosed and constituting an attic or third floor. The effect is, therefore, that of a four-story building, there being windows on each of the main and balcon}^ floors. The first or ground floor (fig, 5) contains a large machinery operat- ing room 66i feet long l>y the full width of the ])uilding, with an approach 11 feet wide and paved with brick. This room will be used for the stud}" and operation of farm motors, such as gas engines, steam traction engines, etc. At one side is a row of double forges supplied with l)last from a fan, and a double row of anvils, for students' use, and across the end is a row of benches. On this floor are also located wood-working and iron-working shops for experimental purposes, ))oth well equipped with hand and power machines, and also tool rooms, toilet room, and a supply of lockers. These rooms and the corridor all have a brick floor. The balcony of this floor will l)e used as a carpenter shop for students of this department, and be provided with circular saws, lathes, grindstone, emery wheel, etc. On the second floor (fig. 6) are located ofiices for the head of the department, a class room about 21 by 30 feet, a drafting room 22 by 27 feet, and a students' stud}- and reading room 17 by 22 feet. About half of this floor will be occupied by a smaller machine room 51 feet 7 inches by the width of the building. This room will be used for setting up, operating, and testing various kinds of farm machintny, such as binders, mowers, corn planters, corn shredders, plows, wagons, etc. The connection with the main building is upon this floor. The balcon}^ and third floor (fig. 7) will be used for storing farm machinery not in use, and will contain an office for assistants in the department, a mailing room, and several storage rooms. Photo- graphic and dark rooms for instructing the students of this depart- ment in photography Avill be located on this floor, 9330— No. 3—03- — 2 -'!•'> 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FARM MECHANICS BUILDING AT IOWA COLLEGE. 217 218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FARM mechanics' BUILDING AT IOWA COLLEGE. 219 The building has a hirge elevator with openings on each floor and balcony. It i.s very .su}).stantiall3^ constructed of brick, stone, and steel, and is tireproof throughout. The cost, including heating, plumbing, furniture, and other e([uipnient, will be ))etween $(5.5,000 and $70,000. Those familiar with such buildings state that when com- pleted it will be the best and most thoi'oughly equipped building for instruction in farm mechanics in this or any other country. Although this department is new at the college, it already has con- sideral>le material in the way of equipment. A 112-h()rsepower steam engine has been donated by a thrashing-machine company, to be used for instruction purposes, and a wagon company has furnished a farm wagon especially constructed for experimental work. The equipment of this wagon includes 10 sets of wheels of difl'erent heights and differ- ent widths of tire, to be used in tests to determine the best kinds of wheels for different roads, and sets of roller and l)all-beai'ing axles, which will be tested and compared with the ordinarj' friction axles to determine the relative draught. The roller bearings were espe- ciall^y manufactured for this wagon and are thought to be the first roller bearings used on a farm wagon. A steel grain tank having a capacity of 150 bushels also goes with the wagon. The department is also provided with a newl3^-invented dynamometer which registers maximum and minimum draughts on a sheet of paper, and by an ingenious device shows the average draught during the test. It will be the aim of the department to cooperate with the imple- ment manufacturers in various ways. A friendly spirit has already been exhibited by these manufacturers. Quite a number of machines have already been received from them which will be used for practice work 1)}^ the students, and many others have been promised as soon as the new building is read}'^ to receive them. Representatives of these implement manufacturers will be invited to lecture before the students in farm mechanics from time to time, explaining in detail the construction of the machines which they are manufacturing, with the aid of specimens of these machines for illustration. In this way it is hoped to obtain for the students the best possible information on implement construction by men who are specialists in their lines. The aim will be to make the collegiate course thoroughh' practical. Students will be trained in the fundamental principles of construction of farm machiner}^, and in the setting up, operating, and adjusting of various kinds of implements. Besides farm machinery, the depart- ment embraces instruction in farm drainage, road construction, irri- gation, planning farm buildings, mechanical drawing, carpentering, blacksmithing, and horseshoeing. Courses are provided in farm and field machinery, in farm power machinery, in drainage, and farm buildings, and opportunity is offered for postgraduate work. A num- ber of postgraduate students are taking farm mechanics this year as 220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. a major study, with the ('X])('ctatioii of tittin**- themselves for teaching this sul)iect; and many iiuiuiries are l)eing received from prospective students. The new (h^partment is in charge of Prof. C. »J. Zintheo, recently instructor in agricultural engineering at the North Dakota Agricul- tural ('oUege, who was formerly in the enqilo}- of a large implement concern, and has had experience in both the practical and theoretical aspects of the subject. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTEY. Nitrogen in protein bodies, T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 4, PJi- 323-353). — In studying the decomposition products of vari- ous i;)rotein preparations the authors have obtained fairly uniform resuhs with Haus- mann's method, which consists in Iwiling the sample with strong hydrochloric acid and then determining the nitrogen expelled in the form of ammonia by distillation with magnesia, the nitrogen i^recipitated by phosphotungstic acid from the ammonia- free solution, and the nitrogen in the filtrate from the phosphotungstic acid precipi- tate. Tests were made of the method, and under the conditions in which it was used by the authors it is believed to yield valuable comparative results. It has been found that preparations obtained from different sources and jireviously l)elieved to be the same substance have yielded l)y this method such different proportions of nitro- gen in the several groups as to show 1)eyond doubt that they are entirely distinct; and, on the other hand, confirmatory evidence has been obtained on the identity of other preparations of different origin. The following table indicates the source of the different proteins and summarizes some of the analytical data: Nitrogen in various protein bodies. Name and source of protein. Globulin (wheat) Globulin (cot'oanut) Globulin (squash seed) Edestin (hemp seed) Excelsin (Brazil nut) Corjiin (hazel nut) Globulin (cotton seed) Globulin (castor bean) Corylin ( walnut) Conglutin (lupin) Legumin (pea, lentil, horse bean, vetch) Qlolinlin (flax seed) Vit'ilin (jiea, lentil, horse bean) Nu('lef)Vi tellin ( egg yolk) Vigiiin (cowpea) Globulin (sunflower) Conalbumin (egg white) Amandin (almond) Phaseolin (kidney bean, adzuki bean) Glycinin (soy bean) Legumelin (pea, lentil, horse bean, adzuki bean) Leucosin (wheat) Casein (cow's milk) Ovalbumin (egg white) Glutenin (wheat gluten) Gliadiu ( wheat, rye) Hordein (barley )". , Zein (corn) Nitrogen as ammonia. Per cent. 1.42 1.36 1.28 1.88 1.48 2. 20 1.92 1.96 1.78 2. 12 2. 65 1.69 2.00 1.78 1. 25 1.91 2.57 1.21 3.05 1.74 2.11 1.04 1. 16 1.61 1.34 3.30 4.20 4.01 2.97 Basic nitrogen. Per cent. 6.83 6. 06 5.97 5.91 5.76 5.75 5.71 5.64 5.41 5.20 5. 13 5.18 4.77 4. 75 4. 65 4.28 4.27 4.16 4. 15 3.97 3. 95 3.71 3.50 3.49 3.30 2. 05 .98 .77 .49 Non-ba.sic nitrogen. Per cent. 9.82 10.92 11.04 10.78 10.97 10.70 11.01 11.00 11.51 10.38. 10.30 10. 92 11.47 10.37 10. 16 10. 81 11.52 10.49 11.55 10.18 11.27 10.96 11.83 10. 31 10. 58 11.95 12. 41 12. 04 12. 51 Nitrogen in magne- sium oxid precipitate. Per cent. 0.28 .14 .22 .12 .17 .16 Total nitrogen. Per cent. 18.39 18.48 18.51 18.64 18.30 19.00 18.64 18. 75 18.84 17.90 18.21 17.97 18.48 17.11 16.28 17.26 18.58 16.11 19.00 16. 20 17.45 16.09 16.93 15.62 15.51 17.49 17.66 17. 21 16.13 221 222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The wide range in the percentages of basic nitrogen in the different proteins is con- sidered the most striking feature shown by these figures. The ammonia also showed marked variations. Cotton-seed meal and gluten meal examined by the same method showed marked differences in the ])ercentages of nitrogen in the different groups, but the authors sug- gest that these chemical differences are a])]iarently of but little im])ortance from the standpoint of animal imtrition. The precipitation limits with ammonium sulphate of some vegetable proteins, T. B. Oshorxe and I. F. IIakkis {Join-. Arner. Cliem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 8, pp. 837-842). — In the determinatiP- 842-848) .—The averages of numerous determinations, calculated to degrees of circular polarization, are as fol- lows: Edestin (hemp seed) —41.3, globuhn (flaxseed) —43.53, globulin (squash seed) —38.73, excelsin (Brazil nut) —42.94, amandin (almonds) —56.44, corylin (filbert) —43.09, globulin (English walnut) —45.21, globulin (black walnut) -44.43, phaseolin (kidney bean) —41.46, legumin (horse bean) —44.09, zein (corn) —28.00, ghadin (wheat) —92.28. The globulin of the English walnut, the American black walnut, and the butternut, T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris {Jour. Amer. Chem. S<»:, 25 {1903), No. 8, pp. 848-853). — A study of protein preparations from the nuts of Juglans regia, J. nigra, and J. cinerea showed a close agreement as regards the percentages of nitro- gen in the different decomposition i)roducts and the specific rotation. The globulins from the different sources are therefore considered identical, and the name juglansin is given them. In comparison with the globulin (corylin) from the filbert the only positive difference was in the greater quantity of ammonia (about 0.4 per cent) yielded by corylin, which has led the authors to conclude that the globulins of Juglans and Corylus are chemically distinct. The carbohydrate group in the protein molecule, T. B. Osborne and I. F. H.\RRiK {Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 5, jip. 474-478) .—The Moliseh reac- tion was not ol)tained with avenalin, edestin, and globulin, and the reaction with a large number of other vegetable proteins was so sliglit as to be attributed to a con- CHEMISTRY. 223 tauiination of the preparation with some carbohydrate. "The evidence of a carbo- hydrate group in the protein molecule which Molisch's reaction affords can not, therefore, be accepted as conclusive, other evidence which shows that more than insignificant quantities of carbohydrate are present being also necessary." The tryptophane reaction of various proteins, T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris {Jour. Ainer. Cliein. Sor., 25 {1903), No. S, jip. 853-855). — The Hopkins-Cole reagent was applied to a number of proteins, 50 mg. of each l)eing mixed with 6 cc. of gly- oxylic acid solution and 6 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid added. The absence of the color reaction was not established in any instance, although in the case of zein it was very slight. The albuminoid substances in corn, Donarp and Labbe {Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL Paris, 137 {1903), No. 4, PP- 264-266). — The albuminoid material extracted from corn by treatment with potash alcohol was separated into 3 portions, one soluljle in ainyl alcohol, one insoluble in amyl alcohol but soluble in ethyl alcohol, and one insoluble in both alcohols. The 3 substances are thought to be sejjarated by only slight differences of constitution, sucli as different degrees of hydration. The analysis of oils and allied substances, A. C. Wright {London: Croshy Lockwood ct Son, 1903, 2^p. VI ^ 241, figs. 5). — It is stated to be the definite aim of this work to present "the subject in a form suited to the needs of the student and beginner, while at the same time including all recent developments likely to be found of \'alue in practical work. . . . An attempt has been made to indicate the extent to which reliance may be placed on methods for detecting adulteration. It is hoped that the subject has been treated throughout in such a manner that the book may serve as a laboratory guide for chemists who are not extensively engaged in oil analysis, or who have to deal with only a limited number of oils." Different chap- ters deal wfth the occurrence and composition of oils, fats, and waxes; the physical proi)erties of oils, fats, and waxes, and their determination; tlie chemical i)r()perties of oils, fats, and waxes from the analytical standpoint; detection and determination of nonfatty constituents; methods for estimating the constituents of oils and fats; description and properties of the more important oils, fats, and waxes, with the methods for their investigation; and the examination of certain commercial products. Olive oils and olive-oil substitutes, L. M. Tolman and L. S. Munson {Jour. Amer. ('hem. Sor., 25 {1903), No. 9, pp. 954-963). — Analyses were made of 38 samples of pure California olive oils, the average comiiosition being as follows: Specific gravity at 15.5° C. 0.9168, butyro-refractometer reading at 15.5° C. 69.2, index of refraction at 15.5° C. 1.4711, Jlaumene nundier 46.8, specific temperature reaction 101.6, Hiibl number 85.1, iodin number of liquid fatty acids 92.8, melting point of fatty acids 22.5° C, free fatty acids as oleic 0.85 per cent. The average composition of 18 samples of pure Italian olive oils was as follows: Specific gravity 0.9163, butyro-refractometer reading 67.8, index of refraction 1.4709, Maumene number 44.9, specific tempera- ture reaction 99.1, Hiibl number 81.5, iodin number 94, melting point 25.4, free fatty acids 1.11. Analyses of the following oils are also reported: Cocoanut, palm, lard, l)eaiiut, mustard, rape, almond, sunfiower, corn, cotton seed, poppy, and linseed. Does cholesterol occur in olive oil? A. H. Gill and C. C Tufts {Jour. Amer. CJtem. Soc, 25 {1903) , No. 5, pp. 498-503). — Determinations were made of the melting point of the alcohol obtained from olive oil, from which it is concluded that the substance is phytosterol and not cholesterol. A modification of the Babcock-Blasdale viscosity test for olive oil, II. Abraham {Jour. A ma-. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 9, pp. 968-977, figs. 3). The viscosity of the soap solution as a factor in oil analysis, H. C. Sherman and II. Abraham {Jour. Ami: Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 9, pp. 977-982). A contribution to the chemistry of rice oil, 0. A. Browne, Jr. {Jour. Amer. diem. Sue, 25 {1903), No. 9, pp. 948-954). — The con.stants of rice oil as determined in a sample obtained from rice bran were ns follows: Specific gravity 0.8907, niehing 224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. point 24° C, acid miiii))cr 1GG.2, saponification number 193.5, ether number 27.3, iodin nundier91.()5, Reichert-Meissl number 1.1, mean molecular weight of in.soluble fatty acids 289.3, melting jioint of in.soluble fatty acids 30°. The development of acidity in rice oil was found to be due mainly to a fat-splitting enzym. In experi- ments with steers the average coefficient of digestibility of rice oil in bran was 54.8 per cent, and in rice ixdish 73.6 per cent. The determination of commercial glucose in molasses, sirups, and honey, A. E. Leacji [Join: Amrr. Vlwm. ,%(■., :i', {lOO-i), Xo. !',2>P- .'']). S!'>6-S.'>7). — The author reports the absence of reduc- ing sugar in 4 samples of sugar cane grown in Florida and analyzed by A. Given. Inasmuch as the jjroportion of reducing sugar to sucrose in the cane is greatest in the early stages of growth and decreases as maturity approaches, this unusual occurrence is attributed to the perfect maturity of the plant and the absence of the deterioration due to overripeness or other causes. The author considers it probable that the meteorological conditions which pro(h;ced so comjdete a growth do not often obtain. Coloring matter in yellowish-gray sugar, Y. Nikaido {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 8, pp. 857-860). — A slight yellowish gray tint to crystallized l)eet sugar observed in a few instances was believed to be due to iron oxid, the evidence pointing toward the lime rock as its source. The volumetric determination of nitric nitrogen, Debourdeaux {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sd. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 26, pp. 1668, 1669).— The method is based upon the oxidation, at a boiling temperature, of oxalic ac.Vl by the nitric acid, the amount of oxidation being measured by titration in the presence of not more than 20 per cent of sulphuric acid with potassium permanganate. The method may be applied in presence of reducing substances by precipitating the oxalic acid with lime and determining it either gravimetrically or volumetrically. A colorimetric method for the determination of small quantities of potassium, L. A. Hill {Jour. Amer. Chem. Hoc, 25 {1903), No. 9, pp. 990-992).— The method here described is intended primarily for use in the analysis of soil extracts and drainage waters containing such small amounts of potassium that it is impracticable to use the gravimetric method. "The method depends ujion the pre- cipitation of the potassium in the usual way with chlorplatinic acid, and the subse- quent reduction of the potassium chlorplatinate with stannous chlorid in the presence of free hydrochloric acid. . . . "The analytical process, up to the point of adding the stannous chlorid, is essen- tially the same as that used in ordinary analysis. "To 50 cc. of the solution to be tested add 1 cc. of dilute sulphuric acid, evaporate to dryness, and ignite to whiteness. Dissolve the residue in hot water, acidified with a few droi)S of hydrochloric acid, and add an excess of chlorplatinic acid. The solution is then evaporated to a thick paste in a small dish and 80 per cent alcohol added. "Wash the precipitate thoroughly with 80 per cent alcohol, then dissolve in boiling water, cool, and make up to a definite volume (100 or 200 cc. ). "Transfer 50 cc. of this solution to a color-comparison cylinder and add 3 cc. of the stannous chlorid solution. A yellow color is produced, the intensity of which is proportional to the amount of potassium chlorplatinate present. This color is exactly matched by introducing into other cylinders quantities of the standard CHEMISTRY. 225 potassium chlorplatinatc; solution and 3 cc. of the stannous chlorid S()luti()n, as before." The results of a nimil)er of determinations are reported. On certain factors influencing- the precipitation of calcium and magnesium by sodium carbonate, J. M. Stillman and A. J. Cox {Jour. Ainer. Clwm. S'oc, 25 {190S), Xo. 7, pp. 7S2-74'2, figs. 4)- — A study is here reported of conditions "which modify the results of the usual processes for the purification of water for boiler-feed ])urposes," in which tests were made of the influence of sodium chlorid on the precip- itation of calcium by S(jdium carbonate and of sodium chlorid and sulphate on the precipitation of magnesium by sodium carbonate and calcium hydroxid. The influ- ence of time and other varying conditions were also studied. The results indicate that in every case the effect of the sodium chlorid and sulphate Avas to diminish the jirecipitation of calcium and magnesium by sodium carbonate, the sulphate exerting a greater influence in this respect than the chlorid. " Sodium chlorid appeared to have some influence on the precipitation of magnesium by calcium hydroxid, but nevertheless the preciiutation was quite comiilete." The simultaneous separation and determination of barium, strontium, and calcium, L. Robin (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sd. Paris, 137 {1903), Xo. 4, j^p- 258, 259). On the behavior of the phosphoric acid in the soils toward different organic acids, G. Daikuhara {Bui. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 5 {1903), Xo. 4, pp. 505- 508). — Comparative tests of the solubilitj^ of the phosphoric acid of soils in 1 per cent acetic, tartaric, citric, and oxalic acids and in varying strengths (0.25 to 5 per dent) of these acids are reported. As a rule the weakest solvent action was exerted by acetic acid, the strongest by oxalic acid. Simplification of the analysis of silicates by the use of formic acid, A. Le- CLERC {f'onipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 137 {1903), Xo. 1, pp. 50, 51). — In the author's methotl the fused silicate is treated with 5 jjer cent formic acid at 100° for 2 days. The silicic acid is precipitated without passing through the gelatinous state. By neutralizing the acid solution with ammonia and boiling, iron and alumina are com- pletely precipitated. The use of formic acid as a solvent in soil analysis is recom- mended on the ground that, except in case of alumina, it dissolves from the soil about the amounts of mineral constituents represented in the ash of plants. Discussion of ash analyses of plants, C. A. Goessmann {Massachusetts Sta. Bid. 89, pp. 8-11, fig. 1). — The importance of the analysis of the ash of plants is briefly discussed and the so-called ball mill (Kugelmiihle) for preparing samjiles for incin- eration and the Wislicenus platinum aj^paratus for incineration (E. S. R., 13, p. 713) are briefly described. The results of ash analyses of 8 samples of onions are reported. The determination of carbonic acid in drinking water, F. B. Forbes and G. H. Pratt {Jour. Ainer. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), Xo. 7, jip. 742-756). — Comparative tests of the Pettenkofer method as modified by Drown, and the Seyler and direct methods are reporte<;l. The Seyler method is preferred to the others. A method for the detection of chlorids, bromids, and iodids, S. Benedict and J. F. Snell {Jour. Anier. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), Xo. 8, pp. 809-814).— Potasi^'mm iodate and acetic acid are added to the neutral solution and the liberated iodin is expelled l^y boiling. Dilute nitric acid, equal in volume to nearly one-half the solu- tion, is added and the boiling continued until the solution is colorless. The excess of iodate is reduced by the addition of a small quantity of potassium iodid and the excess of iodid is destroyed by the nitric acid. The presence of chlorid is shown by testing with silver nitrate. A modification of the Avery-Beans method for determining total arsenious oxid in Paris green, J. K. Haywood {Jour. Ainer. Chem. ;SWr., 35 {1903), Xo. 9, pp. 903-968). — In the presence of considerable free arsenious oxid the Avery-Beans method has been found to give low results due to the insolubility of the free oxid by hydrochloric acid in the colil. The author proposes the separation of the nnG-7G1). — The nietliod proposed is based upon the titration of potassium iodid, for example, with jiotassium iodate in i)resenee of a large excess of hydrochloric acid, using chloroform or carbon tetrachlorid as indicator. The author has ada]ited the method to the determination of iodids, free iodin, chromates, chlorates, antimony, arsenic, and iron. The method "is adapted to the determina- tion of almost all the substances to which Bunsen's process of distillation with potassium iodid and hydrochloric acid is applicable, with at least equal precision, with less expenditure of time and far simpler apparatus. It is furthermore appli- cable in certain cases in which the Bunsen method is not, as, for examjjle, the titration of arsenic or antimony in the presence of copper and ferric comp(junds." Chemistry of dyestuffs, G. von Georgievics, trans, by C. Saltkr {London: Scott, (h-aenvood <.(■ Co., 1903, pp. YI-\r402). — A translation of the second German edition. The chemical industry in Germany, E. L. Harris {TJ. S. Comular lipts., 72 {1903), Xo. 275, j)p. 527-536). — Statistical information on this subject. Report of the senior analyst for the year 1902, C. F. Juritz ( Cape Town, 1903, pp. 73). — During the year analyses were made of 1,568 samples, including milk, but- ter, cheese, coffee, wine, water, soils, fertilizers, coal, etc., the results being reported in this ]iul)lication and discussed. BOTANY. Studies in the Cyperaceae, T. Holm {Amer. Jour. Set., 4. ser., IG {1903), No. 91, pp. 17-44, fig^- 14). — The author gives the results of his extended study of the genus Carex as rejiresented in Colorado, giving a synopsis of species and a description, together with critical notes on all material known to exist within that State. In addition he discusses the geographic; distribution of the species, comparing the dis- tribution of the sedges from the Arctic region, Europe, and portions of the Rocky Mountains. Influence of various stimulants on the respiration of plants, Y. Zalvesski {Zap. Novo-Ale.Kundri Inst. Selsl: Khoz. i Lyesov, 15 {1903), No. 2, pp.' 1-41; ubs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. Expt. Lcnidw.], 4 {1903), No. 3, jjp. 351, 55^).— After having determined the respiratory energy of gladiolus bulbs, the author made a study of the effect of various stimulants as shown by the modification of their respi- ration. In the first series the bulbs were subjected to the influence of ether. This was found to act as a marked stimulant, the influence of the ether being shown by a curve which expresses the influence of the ether on the respiration of the bulb, being one of excitation or depression when the respiration was above or below normal. Very large quantities of ether tend to diminish the respiration of the bulbs. In the second experiment the influence of change of temperature was studied and it was found that transferring the bulbs for 2 hours from a temperature of 16.8° C. to one of from 38 to 38.8° increased the respiration. After a number of days the respiration returned to its normal state. If the bulbs be kept at 38 to 40° for a considerable time the respiration is considerably lowered. This depression, however, is attributed not to the injury caused the bulbs, but to their continued drying. Bulbs so treated, after being placed 4 hours in w'ater, regained their energy of respiration. From this the author is led to conclude that water absorbed by bulbs acts as a stimulus in raising the respiration for a time. Other investigations were carried on to determine the effect of air pressure and the influence of mechanical injuries on plant respiration. — r. FIREMAX. Stimulants of plant g-rowth and their practical application, O. Loew ( Lwjirfw. BOTANY. 227 Jahrh., .3^i {W03), No. S, pp. 437-448, plx. ;?).— The rt'sults of experiinent.s with dif- ferent substances, iiichiding rubidium chlorid, sulphate of manganese, uranium nitrate, sodium fluorid, calcium iodid and iron sulphate, as stimulants of i^lant growth, are reported. The experiments were made with barley, rice, peas, oats, Brassica chiiiensis, and radishes, grown in pots and in the field. The data show that these substances have a stimulating effect, and the author believes this to be of value in agricultural practice, but states that through an accumulation of the same in the soil their influence becomes injurious. The toxic eiFect of H and OH ions on seedlings of Indian corn, F. A. Loew {tScicnce, n. ser., IS {1903), No. 453, pp. 304-308). — ^According to the author, attempts have been made within the past 5 years to determine the toxic effect of various chemical solutions upon plant life. This involved the theory of ionization and is based upon the electrical conductivity of the solutions. After discussing some of the theories and previous investigations, the author gives an account of experiments in which the effect of these various dilutions of potassium hydroxid, sodium hydroxid, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid on seedlings of Indian corn was tested. The test solutions were made in 4 different dilutions, and, after germinating the corn, the sprouted grains were placed in test glasses in such a way that the radicle was held in contact with the solution. The seedlings were then kept in a dark chamber for 24 hours, after which the growth or elongation was noted. The results obtained by the different experiments are shown in tabular form, from which it appears that the corn seedling lived and grew in a 1/128 normal solution of the alkalis and 1/512 nor- mal solution of the acids. This shows that corn seedlings live in an alkali solution more than 3 times as strong and an acid solution 12 times as strong as that in which the seedlings of white lujiine live, as previously reported (E. 8. R., 11, p. 1100). The physiological r61e of mineral nutrients in plants, O. Loew ( U. S. Dept. Ar/r., Bureau of Plant Indnstrij Bui. 45, x>P- 70. ) — This is a revised edition of Bulletin No. 18 of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology (E. S. R., 11, p. 1008), with some additions. The following is added to the final remarks: "A question of considerable importance for agriculture is the judicial regulation of the lime and magnesia content of the soil, especially when mineral fertilizers are employed. This regulation must be based on the knowledge of the readily assimi- lated amounts of these bases. Hence only the finer soil particles should serve for analysis^ When a soil is much richer in magnesia than in lime extensive liming is necessary. The liming should be done chiefly with the carbonate and only in part with slaked lime and the sulphate. On the other hand, when the magnesia content is much less than that of lime the addition of a powdered magnesian limestone or magnesite is necessary. Burned magnesite and artificially precipitated magnesium carbonate must be avoided under all circumstances, since they are too finely divided and too easily absorbed." Experiments by May (E. S. R., 13, p. 630) and by Aso and Furuta (E. S. R., 14, p. 14) are cited as having shown that "cereals thrive best when the lime content of the soil only slightly exceeds that of magnesia. Crops having more abundant foliage, however, require considerably more lime. For the most luxuriant development cab- bage needs twice as much lime as magnesia, while buckwheat requires three times as much lime as magnesia." Bacteria and the nitrogen problem, G. T. Moore {V. >S. Dept. Ayr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 333-342, ph. 6). — A review is given of the importance of nitrogen for plant growth and the different sources from which nitrogen is obtained. The assimilation of nitrogen through the root tubercle organisms which are found on the roots of many leguminous plants is discussed, and the results of investigations on the culti- vation of this organism for artificial inoculations are briefly described. The author found that the bacteria could be made to grow on media which did not contain any of the decoctions of the host plant, such as are used in the ( Jerman 228 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKJ). preparations; and a fonnnla of a medium was discovered in wliicli tlie l)acteria grew readily and were capable of active growth when placed in the proper conditions of inoculation. The organisms were found not only to be capa))le of fixing a large amount of nitrogen, but did not lose this power by" prolonged drying. On this account it is i)ossil)le to distribute the inoculating material, and arrangements have been made for that purpose. A descri^jtion is given of the methods by which the organism is to be ai)plied to the soil. ZOOLOGY. Audubon societies in relation to the farmer, H. Oldys {U. As. 20, figs. 172).— The ZOOLOGY. 229 present edition of Nuttall's Handbook of Birds has been revised and annotated by M. Chaml)erlain. The vokinie is divided into two parts, viz, land birds, and game and water I)irds. The habits and economic relations of each Inrd are discussed, in addition to descriptive notes, and an account of variations in distribution. Ornithology, M. W. Doherty ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpl. 1902, pp. 30-32) . — The author presents a table of notes on the migration of a number of species of birds. Tlie best method of poisoning small birds, B. C. Aston [Neiv Zealand Dept. Agr. Leaflets for Farmers, No. 66, pp. 3). — For destroying the P^nglish sparrow and other birds which are injurious to grain, the author recommends the use of wheat dampened with milk and sprinkled with powdered strychnin. Food habits of the common garden mole, L. L. Dyche ( Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 18 {1901-2), pp. 183-186). — The author examined the stomach contents of 67 moles taken at various seasons throughout the year. Earthworms were found to constitute 42 per cent of the entire food. The moles had eaten myriopods, grasshop- pers, insect eggs and larvpe of various kinds, as well as ants and other adult insects. About 4 per cent of the food taken by the moles was of vegetable origin. This included the seeds of grasp, hemp, and other plants, as well as small quantities of corn. Annual report of the New York Zoological Society for 1902 [New Yorh: Zool. Sac., 1903, pp. 205, pis. 41, figs. 15). — The executive committee, of which H. F. Osborn is chairman, presents a report of the general management, equipment, scientific work, and publications of the society (pp. 33-49). W. T. Hornaday, director of the zoological park, gives a report on the mammals, birds, reptiles:, administration, and miscellaneous work connected with the zoological park (pp. 56-79). H. Brooks, pathologist of the zoological jiark, gives an account of the diseases which prevailed among the animals of the park during 1902 (pp. 101-120). Deaths were most frequent among the primates, 67 out of 170 deaths having occurred in this group. Of the 67 deaths, 30 were from tuljerculosis. Notes are also given on pneu- monia, gastro-enteritis, i)arasitic diseases, actinomycosis, distemper, rabies, and on the pathological effects of captivity on wild animals. As chief among the effects of captivity, the author mentions fatty degeneration and certain changes in the blood vessels. The annual report of the veterinarian is presented by F. H. Miller (pp. 131, 132). Distemper occurred in 10 animals, while actinomycosis was observed in 4 antelopes. The affection was believed to have spread from a specimen cajitured in Montana. Notes are also given on the recurrence of Miescher's sacs, Trichodedes cervus, and blood filaria in sea lions. W. R. Blair discusses the modes of tubercular infection in wild animals in captivity (pp. 133-136). It is believed that in a large jjercentage of cases infection takes i>lace by inhalati(jn rather than by ingestion. The alimentary tract apparently becomes affected secondarily. The same author presents a report on cysticerci in wild rumi- nants (pp. 137-144). The following articles in the report may also be mentioned: Observations on the Development of Reptiles, by R. L. Ditmars (pp. 145-153); Some Notes on the Psychology of Birds, by C. W. Beebe (pp. 154-159); The Home of the Giant Tortoise, by R. H. Beck (pp. 160-174) ; The Caribou, by M. Grant (pp. 175-196). The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface {I'ennsgl- vania State Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Die. Zool., 1 {1903), No. 5, pp. 32, pis. 2). — Brief notes are given on plant diseases, method of preparing anmioniacal solution of copper carbonate, insects injurious in September, peach diseases, preservation of robins, flies on live stock, Pemisylvania law against peach yellows, peach rosette, and other dis- eases, gapes in fowls, San Jose scale, relation of forestry and zoology, and the destruc- tion of burrowing animals by fumes. 230 EXPERIMENT STATiUN KECOKD. METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY. Monthly Weather Review (J/o. Wenther Rev., 31 {1903), Nos. 4,Pli- 165-216, figa. 7, churls 10; 5, jjp- ,.'17-Jo6\ Jigs. 3, charts 22; 6, pp. 259-307, figs. 10, charts 9).— In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and croji conditions, meteorological tables and charts for the months of April, May, and June, 1903, recent papers bearing on meteorology, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes: No. 4. — Special contributions on The Water Equivalent of Snow on (iround, by C. A. Mixer; Eiver Floods and Melting Snow (illus.), by C. A. Mixer; Typical Octo- ber Winds on Our Atlantic Coast, by T. H. Davis; The Franco-Scandinavian Station for Aerial Soundings, by L. Teisserenc de Bort; Note on the Radiation Formulas and on the Principles of Thermometry, by E. Buckingham; The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal; The Fulton Auto- matic River Gage at Chattanooga, Tenn. (illus.), by W. M. Fulton; and Antarctic Research; and notes on climatic factors in railroad engineering, meteorological expe- dition to the Bahamas, and Weather Bureau men as instructors. No. 5. — Special contributions on March and Winter Winds (illus.), by W. B. Stockman; A Waterspout off Hatteras, by T. B. Harper; High Winds at Point Reyes Light, Cal., by W. W. Thomas and A. G. McAdie; Lantern Slides, by O. L. Fassig; Meteorological Observations Obtained by the Use of Kites off the West Coast of Scotland, 1902, by W. N. Shaw and W. H. Dines> A Curious Coincidence — Is it Accidental or Governed by Law [Periodicity in Rainfall and Pressure at Seattle, Wash.]? by G. N. Salisbury; Atmospheric Electricity Considered from the Stand- point of the Theory of Electrons, by H. Ebert; Abnormal Variations in Insolation, by H. H. Kimball; Hailstorms in Porto Rico (illus.), by W. H. Alexander; and Stages of the Mississippi River at Vicksburg, by W. S. Belden; and notes on cold weather in the Arctic and temjierate zones, meteorology at the next meeting of the French association, exhibition of meteorological apparatus at Southport, England, international aerial research, and currents in Sandusky Bay. No. 6. — Special contributions on "La lune mange les nuages" — A Note on the Thermal Relations of Floating Clouds (illus.), by W. N. Shaw; Tornado at Gaines- ville, Ga., June 1, 1903 (illus.), by J. B. Marbury; Weather Reports from Vessels at Sea, by A. G. McAdie; The Earthquake of June 2, 1903, at Washington, D. C, by C. F. Marvin; Autumnal Coloration of Foliage, by A. F. Wood; The Weather Bureau Seismograph (illus.), by C. F. Marvin; and Observations of Solar Radiation with the Angstrom Pyrheliometer, at Providence, R. I. (illus.), by H. N. Davis; and notes on Weather Bureau men as instructors, the climate and the sugar beet, and the moon's influence on the weather. Storms of the Great Lakes, E. B. Garriott ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Bui. K,pp. 9, charts 968) .—This bulletin consists of "charts that describe graphically 238 of the more important storms that visited the Great Lakes during the 25-year period 1876 to 1900. The purpose of the compilation is to furnish observers of the Weather Bureau and shipmasters a handy reference which will aid them to recognize on the daily weather maf)S the general atmospheric conditions that attend the approach of lake storms." The climate of Illinois, J. G. Mosier {lllmols tSta. Bui. SO, pp. 45-76, fig.^. 2). — This is a summary of climatic conditions in different districts of the State compiled largely from the records of the United States Weather Bureau. The general sum- mary given is in part as follows: "The rainfall for the northern district is 33.48 in., the least being 21.46 in. in 1891, the greatest being 47.22 in. Seventeen and four- tenths per cent of the rain falls in winter, 28.1 per cent in spring, 31.9 per cent in summer, and 22.6 per cent in autumn. METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY . 281 May is the wettest nioiitli. The rainfall of the eeutral distiict i.s oS.Ol in. The least rainfall was 22.S5 in. in 1S79, the greatest, 48.67 in. in 187(3. Eigliteen and eight- tenths per cent of the total rainfall occurs in winter, 29.7 per cent in spring, 28.9 percent in summer, and 22.6 per cent in autumn. May has heaviest rainfall. The rainfall of the southern district is 42. 19 in. The least was 30.05 in. in 1872, the great- est, 55.68 in. in 1882. About 21.6 per cent falls in winter, 30.6 per cent in spring, 26 per cent in summer, and 21.8 per cent in autunui. March has most rain. "The average rainfall for the State is 37.39 in. The least was 25 in. in 1901, the great- est, 47.39 in. in 1898. Six northern counties have 11.3 in. less than seven southern counties. The Ozark Ridge in the southern part of the State makes the rainfall of the counties in which it is situated 7.15 in. more than those immediately above the ridge. A rainy region is situated along the Wabash River up as far as Crawford County. The average temperature for the State is 52.3° F. Northern tier of coun- ties 46.9°, southern counties 57.6°. Northern summers are 7° cooler than southern, while northern winters are 17.2° cooler. " The average temperature for the northern district is 48.9°. January is the cold- est month, 22.1°; July is the hottest, 74.6°. Lowest temperature recorded, 31° below zero. The extreme range of temperature is 143°; average annual range about 115°. Highest temperature in summer of 1901. The average temperature for the central district is 52.7°, the extreme range being 139°; the average annual range being about 109°. Lowest temperature recorded was 28° below zero in 1884; highest, 112° in 1901. The average temperature for the southern district, 55.9°. Lowest temperature observed was 23° below zero, in February, 1899, the highest being 115° in 1901. Extreme range is 138°, with average annual range about 103°. "The average date for the last killing frost in spring is 15 days later in northern than in southern part, and the date for the first killing frost in fall is 12 days earlier than in the southern. The difference between dates of last killing and first killing frosts for extreme parts of State is 40 days. "November, December, January, February, March, and April are the cloudy months of the year, being cloudy for 56 per cent of the daylight in the northern, 53^ in each of the other sections. The other months of the year are less cloudy, having 45^ per cent in the northern, 40J in the central, and 42 per cent in the southern. Decem- ber is the cloudiest month for the northern and southern parts, and March for the central part." Wet and dry seasons in California, A. G. McAdie ( U. S. Depi. Agr. Yearbaok 1902, jjp. 1S7-204, pi. 1, figs. 7). — The available data for rainfall during the rainy season are compiled and discussed with reference to permanent change or periodicity in rainfall. " There does not appear to be any evidence of a permanent change in climate. Wet and dry seasons come and go with little regularity. A deficiency in rainfall seldom extends over two seasons, and the same is true of excessive rainfall." Rainfall and irrigation, E. A. Beals ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 627- 642, figs. 6). — A discussion of the amount and distribution of rainfall in different parts of the world with reference to the utilization of the water in irrigation. Climate of the forest-denuded portion of the Upper Lake region, W. L. ]\IooRK ( f '. >S'. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1902, jij). 125-132, pL 1). — "The tlistinguishing features of the climate of the Upper Lake States may be summed up about as follows: The winter climate is cold and dry, but there is considerable snow in the northern and eastern districts. The transition seasons, spring and autumn, are characterized l)y frequent alternations of clear, fair skies and cloudy, rainy, or snowy weather. The fluctuations of temperature are at times sharp. The summer is warm, with long days and short, cool nights. The rainfall is generally fairly abundant and nuich more constant than is the case to the west and southwest. The hot, desiccating winds that so often wither and kill the growing crops of the Lower Missouri and 9330— No. 3—03 3 232 KXl'EKIMENT STATION RECORD. Central IMiwaihisippi vuIIcvk aiv entirely al)Sfiit. The air is healthful and physically invij^orating to a remarkable degree." Psychrometric observations in the forest and in the steppe, N. Adamov {Trudi. Opuitii. Lyefoi., 1902, No. 1; ahu. in Zhnr. Opivitu. Agron. {^Jour. Expt. Landw.], 4 ( 1903), No. 2, pp. 249, 2.50). — The author reports the results of preliminary observa- tions made with the aid of a psychrometer on the distribution of heat and humidity in fields and woods, at the surface of the soil and at a height of j ft., and also in the tops and over the tops of trees. The results are not conclusive, l)ut indicate that, on open lields and clearings in the woods, the air is somewhat warmer tlian in the forest, while the humidity is, on the contrary, somewhat greater in the forest than on the field. — I". FIUKMAN. Observations on the humidity of the air, T. 0. Frizendorf {KJiozijain, 1902, No. 49; cfte. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Jour. Expt. Landw.'}, 4 {1903), No. 2, p. 251). — The author, on the basis of oljservations extending over 4 years, recommends Tres- ka's method of forecasting, which is as follows: If the temperature of the dew-point is higher than the mean temperature of the day a frost may be expected; if it is zero there will be a thunderstorm; if it is greater than zero and less than 3 there will be rain, a difference greater than 3 and less than 6 indicates more or less cloudiness; if the difference is equal to 6 fine weather may be expected; if it is 7 to 8 a strong wind- storm is probable. A barometric rise and an east wind increase the chances of fine weather, while a barometric fall and a west wind lower the chances. — p. fireman. Spring frost in the Mediterranean climate, M. Chassant {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, n. ser., -' {1903), No. 4, pp- 291-323, pis. 5).— This is a record of observa- tions made at the meteorological station of the national school of agriculture at Montpellier during the period from 1893 to 1902. The general characteristics of the climate of the Department of Herault, in which Montpellier is situated, are discussed. These are droughts and prolonged high temperatures in summer, irregularity of rain- fall, and extremes of temperature observed during some years, sometimes in winter, sometimes in summer. The observations which are summarized include tempera- ture, pressure, direction and velocity of wind, and cloudiness. The larger proportion of the frost observed occurred during periods of low pressure. The frosts were, it is claimed, a result of a current of cold air which acted in conjunction with nocturnal radiation. WATER— SOILS. The contamination of public water supplies by algae, G. T. Moore ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Ycurhunk 1902, pp. 175-186, pis. 2). — The importance of a more careful microscopic study of water with reference to wholesomeness is pointed out, and plant and other organisms affecting the color, taste, or odor of water are discussed, particu- lar attention being given to the structure, multiplication, and effects on water of Spirogyra of the Chlorophyce*, blue-green alg;e (Schizophycepe), Diatomace?e, and Syngeneticeie. Methods of jDreventing pollution, including covering reservoirs, keeping water free from organic matter, aeration, etc., are briefly described. Potable waters, L. Granueau {Jour. Agr. I'rat., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. 24, pp. 753, 754). — A brief general discussion of the (|ualities which potal)le water should possess. On the rate of movement of underground waters, E. Fournier and A. Ma(;nin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 14, PP- .9iO-Sia') .—Experiments with fluorescein, salt, starch, etc., in the region of Jura are reported. Among the facts brought out is that fluorescein is diffused more slowly than are cultures of micro- organisms and other contaminating agents. Analysis of waters and interpretation of the results, J. K. Haywood ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 283-294). — The significance of the various determina- tions made in sanitary and mineral analysis of water, and analysis of water for irriga- tion and boiler purposes is explained. WATEK SOILS. 238 The soil: An introduction to the scientific study of the growth of crops, A. D. Hall {London: J. Murray, 190S, pp. XV ^ 286, ph. 13, figs. .^).— The author states in his preface that this book "is primarily intended for the students of our agri- cultural colleges and schools, and for the farmer who wishes to know something al)out the materials he is handling day by day. While a certain knowledge of chemistry is assumed, it is hoped that the subject is so treated as to l)e intelligible to the non- technical reader wiio is without this preliminary grounding. Though the V)ook is in no sense an exhaustive treatise, it has been my desire to give the reader an outline of all the recent investigations which have opened up so many soil problems and thrown new liglit on ditRculties that are experienced in practice." The subject of soils is treated in its chemical, physical, and biological relations, and different chapters discuss the origin of soils, the mechanical analysis of soils, the tex- ture of the soil, tillage and the movements of soil water, the temperature of the soil, the chemical analysis of soils, the living organisms of the soil, the power of the soil to absorb salts, causes of fertility and sterility of soils, and soil types. Appendixes give chemical analyses of typical soils, and a classified bibliography of some of the more important works on soils. The subject is discussed, of course, mainly from the standpoint of British condi- tions, but the results of European and American investigations are drawn on freely, but discriminatingly. The book is notable not only for its general excellence, l)ut because it has none of the staleness of a mere compilation ; but possesses the originality and suggestiveness to be expected in the work of an author so actively interested, as teacher and investigator, in the subjects discussed. Report on composition of muskeg- soils, H. Snyder {Mhwesota Sta. Bui. 81, pp. ^S4-3S8). — Descriptions and chemical analyses of 10 samples of muskeg (peaty) soils are given. All the samples were decidedly acid, high in organic matter and nitrogen, and low in mineral matter. Suggestions are made regarding the treatment of the soils under cultivation. Agricultural soils of the Province de la Union, C. W. Dorsey {PliUijyphw Bureau Agr. Bui 1, pp. 12, pis. ^).— The physiography and soils of the province are described, together with the crops generally grown. The amounts of readily water-soluble salts found in soils under field con- ditions, F. H. King {Science, n. ser., 18 {1903), No. 454, pp- 343-345). — It is shown that by drying soils at a temperature of 110 to 120° C. a much larger amount of soluljle salts is obtained than is yielded by the same soils fresh from the field, the amounts in some cases being more than trebled. The causes of this are discussed. The readily water-soluble constituents in the first, second, third, and fourth feet of a Wisconsin soil unfertilized and receiving different amounts of manure and guano are reported, showing the comparatively large amounts of soluljle salts carried by ordinary soils. The nitrogen compounds of arable soils, G. Andre {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 13, ])p. 880-823). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 14, p. 1056) the author determined the total and annnoniacal nitrogen (by tlic methods used in previous investigations) in soil from the surface and at depths ul :!5 to 65 cm. on April 1 and 16, and October 27, 1902, and October 25, 1901. The largest amount of ammoniacal nitrogen was found in the lower layers of the soil in spring. Nitrification as dependent upon organic and humified substances, Smirnov {Mater. IzucJicn. Iluss. Poclir, No. 14, pp. 1-19; () (hiys 25.5 nifr. , and after 7.S days 28 nig. 1 n the soil with 3.55 per cent of humus containing 0.5 mg. of nitrate nitrogen there was found after the same lengths of time 21, 38.5, 50.5, and 53 mg. per 100 gm. of soil. — p. FIREMAN. Influence of protecting forest strips on the moisture of the soil of the sur- rounding- area ( TVdrfj. Opuitn. Lyesn., 1902, No. 1; abs. in Zhitr. Opniltt. Afjron. {.hiiir. Expt. Lh. 4,. figs. ;^).— Notes are given on the climate, soils, irrigation work and methods, methods of reclaiming alkali, and crops used in the process of reclamation in Egypt. The latter include barnyard grass {Panimm crus-galli), sorghum, rice, samar {Cyperus laevigatiis), ber- seem or Egyptian clover, and cotton. "Of the crops used for the specific purpose of aiding in reclaiming alkali lands in Egypt, probably only two, sorghum and berseem, will be found practically useful in tiie United States." FERTILIZERS. Influence of applications of straw on the yield, D. N. Pryanishnikov ( Vyestnik Sel'tk. KJioz., 1903, No. 52, pp.3, 4; <'bs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {^Jour. Expt Landw.'\, 4 {1903), No 1, p S9). — Finely cut straw was mixed with soil in pots at rates of }, h and 1 per cent of the weight of the soil taken (4.5 kg.). The yields of barley and oats obtained decreased uniformly with the increase of straw applied. — p. fireman. Gypsum as a means of fixing ammonia in the decomposition of manure, S. A. Severin {Syesd. Dyeat. Selsk. Klioz. Opuitn. Dyelu., St. Petersburg, 1902, Dec, pt. 1, pp. 124-132; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. \_Jour. Exp)t. Landw.], 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 88, 89). — In laboratory experiments by the autlior with unsterilized and sterilized manure (inoculating in the latter case with pure cultures of organisms capable of inducing ammoniacal fermentation as well as with a water extract of manure) the addition of 4 per cent gypsum to the manure intensified the decomposition of the manure 10 to 20 per cent, and at the same time jireserved the manure from the loss of ammoniacal nitrogen. — p. fireman. Fertilizing with sulphate of ammonia and organic nitrogen in comparison with nitrate of soda, P. Wagner et al. {Arb. Dent. Landw. GeselL, 1903, No. SO, pp. 340). — This is a detailed account of pot and field experiments made at the Darmstadt station and on a uniform plan by a number of cooperatihg experiment stations in different parts of Germany. The nitrogenous fertilizers employed included nitrate FERTILIZERS. 235 of soda, sulphate of ammonia, guano, ground bone, dried l)lood, cattle manurend, a a number of other organic forms of nitrogen. It was found in the pot experiments that 100 parts of ammoniacal nitrogen yielded 93 parts of nitric nitrogen in the soil. The average results of the pot experiments showed that the different nitrogenous fertilizers M'ere utilized by crops in the follow- ing relative proportions: Nitrate of soda TOO, ammonium salts 94, Damarara guano 91, Peruvian guano 87, green manures 77, horn meal 74, dried blood 73, castor pomace 73, poudrette (Bremen) 60, Krottnauer manure 51, Blankenburger manure 49, wool dust 26, concentrated cattle manure 22, ground leather 16, sea ooze 12, sediment from settling reservoirs 10. In experiments with oats, ammonium salts were 98 per cent as effective as nitrate of soda in producing grain and 97 per cent as effective in pro- ducing straw. It appears also from the results of experiments with oats, beets, and carrots that soda had a decided effect in increasing the yield. In the field experiments with barley, oats, wheat, rye, potatoes, and beets the rela- tive effectiveness of nitrate of soda and ammonium sulphate was as 100 : 70. The lower effectiveness of the latter is attributed to loss of nitrogen in form of ammonia. In the field experiments, as in the pot experiments, it was found that soda produced a decided effect in increasing yields and that nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia produced the same relative proportions of straw and grain or leaves and roots. The possible injurious effect on the physical properties of soils of the continued use of sodium salts, like nitrate of soda, is cautioned against. The method of making the field experiments is fully described. Tlie effects on plants of a deficiency of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, or potash, H. WiLFARTH and G. Wimmer {Jour. Landw., 61 {1903), No. 2, pp. 129-138, pis. 3). — A summary is given of the results of pot and field experiments extending over sev- eral years with potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, buckwheat, and a number of other plants, including fruit trees. The pot experiments were made by the method fol- lowed at the Bernburg experiment station, « using pure sand mixed with 6 per cent of purified peat. It was observed that a marked deficiency of any of the essential fertilizing con- stituents resulted not only in a decrease in yield, but often in some change in the percentage composition of the plant substance. The latter effect was most marked in the carbohydrates in case of a deficiency of phosphoric acid. With a marked deficiency of nitrogen, the percentage of carbohydrates was oftener higher than lower. With a deficiency of phosphoric acid there was a small decrease. Thus sugar beets insufficiently supplied with nitrogen contained a larger percentage of sugar than those abundantly supplied, while a deficiency of phosphoric acid resulted in a reduced percentage of sugar. The effect of a deficiency of one or the other of the essential fertilizing constituents was also shown in the relative proportion of roots and leaves, as in sugar beets, but especially in the appearance of the leaves. Observations on the latter i)oint are recorded in detail and it is claimed that in case of sand and water cultures the leaf appearance furnishes a reliable means of determining whether the plant needs nitro- gen, phosphoric acid, or potash. The indications are not so reliable in case of field experiments. The leaves of plants suffering from nitrogen hunger were light-green to yellowish, finally drying to a light brownish-yellow color. With a deficiency of phosphoric acid the leaves were deep green, but showed black spots beginning on the edges but spreading over the whole leaf, which finally dries up to a dark brown or dark green color. In cases of very severe phosphoric^ acid hunger the leaves of sugar beets curl under from the tips, but as a rule the leaves of plants suffering from nitrogen and phosi)horic acid hunger are of normal shape and general appearance, although reduced in size. «Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., Nos. 34 and 68. 23(5 p]xrEKiMp:NT station record. Thi> effects of iiotafjli hunger which are es])ecially cliaiacterislic liavebeen deHcribed elsewliere in the Record (K. S. E., 13, p. 1030). The effects produced by plant food deliciencies are very similar in many cases to those ])rodnced ))y insects or fnngus diseases or ))y injurious gases. A process for making available phosphates, ('. 11. Dempwoi.k, Jr. {.hmr. Amcr. Chciii. Snc.^ .;.', (jf)(),^), Xo. ,v, jip. SlS-cS'Jo). — An account is given of experiments undertaken with a vi(M\ to utilizing niter cake, a by-product of the manufacture of sulplnn-ic acid, in tlie i)roductiou of available phosjihate from bone a.«h and rock, phosphate. By heating the phosphate with niter cake and charcoal, as high as 73 per cent of the phosphoric acid was rendered available. By treating groimd rock phosi)hate with niter cake in solution and allowing to stand for 4 weeks, al)out 55 per cent of the phosphoric acid was rendered soluble in water. The latter method is considered the more practical from a business standpoint. Frost and potash fertilizers, A. Couturier {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {190,3), No. 30, pp. lis, 119). — Various observations are reported to show that crops fertil- ize. 208). — Analyses and valuations of 450 samples of fertilizers examined during the year ended December 31, 1902, are reported and discussed. Fertilizers, R. E. Rose and E. E. McLin {Florida Dejjt. Agr. Mo. BuL, 13 {1903), No. S3, pp. 17-35). — Notes on -s'aluation and tabulated analyses. FIELD CROPS. Review of the work of the Northeast Experiment Farm since its organiza- tion in May, 1896, H. H. Chapman {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 81, pp. 181-234, J>1. 1, figs. 7) . — A brief description is given of the equipment and improvements of this experiment farm, located at Grand Rapids, which is a branch of the Minnesota Sta- tion; and the results obtained since its establishment are reported and discussed in detail. Directions for the culture of the different crops here dealt with are also given. In a 6-year test of 7 varieties of oats. Improved Ligowo led in jiroductiveness with a yield of 49.8 bu. per acre, followed, in the order given, by Lincoln, Early Goth- land, Early Sweeal. jAtndw. J'resse, 240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 30 {1903), No. 38, p. 332). — Samplea of barley grown in cooperative fertilizer experi- ments were examined with reference to the purity of tlie grain, the size, i^liape, uniformity, color, and mealiness of the kernel and the texture of the hulls, resulting in an average num])er of points of 21.39 for the samples grown without fertilizers, and of 21. ()7 for samples from plats fertilized with nitrate of soda, Thomas slag, and kainit. These results are considered as indicating that tlie use of nitrate of soda does not injure the (luality of tlie barley for brewing jiurjjoses. Api)lications of nitrate of soda in connectit)n with phosphoric acid and jjotash for the purpose of increasing the yield are recommended. Variety tests with, red clover, 0. Pitscii {DcuI. Landw. Presse, 30 {1903), Non. 33, pp. 331, 332; 41, p. 362) . — The results of tests with 3 continental varieties and American red clover conducted for 4 years are given. Maas, a continental variety, ranked first in the yield of dry matter. The corn crop, C. G. Williams {Ohio /Sta. Bui. 140, pp. 67-88, fujs. 5). — This bulletin discusses at some length the selection of seed corn and points out the desirable and essential characters of corn used for seed. Directions for selecting the seed corn with a view to increasing the protein content are given, together with descriptions of the ears of 28 varieties grown at the station. The mean temjierature and rainfall at the station for the 5 months of the corn-growing season for 15 years are given in a table. The results of field experiments conducted Ijy the late J. F. Hickman are reported. A comparison of drill and hill planting covering a period of 4 years shows that planting 1 grain every 12 in. in the row gave the best yield. A distance of 18 in. between single grains gave a marked reduction in the yield. Plantmg 2 grains every 24 in. gave practically the same results as 1 grain every 12 in. Experiments in deep and shallow cultivation were carried on for 9 j^ears. Deep cultivation consisted in working the soil with a shovel cultivator to a depth of 4 in., and shallow cultivation in stirring the soil with a spring-tooth cultivator to a dejith of an inch and a half. The average results for the 9 seasons show that the shallow- cultivated plats yielded 4 bu. of grain and 213 lbs. of stover more per acre than the plats receiving deep cultivation. Of 47 varieties under test for a varying number of years, 22 never completely matured. The best maturing varieties were Hess "White, Leaming, Leaming Cuppy, Minnesota King, and Murdock 90 Day. The best yielding varieties stood in the fol- lowing order : Missouri Leaming, Reid Yellow Dent, Henderson Eureka, Farmer Favorite, Darke County Early Mammoth, and Leaming. Pride of the North, King of the Earliest, Early Butler, and Extra Early Huron Dent are pointed out as good early varieties. Leaming and Reid Yellow Dent are suggested as suitable for the section of the State south of the 40th parallel ; Learning and Clarage for the section between the 40th and 41st parallels, and Clarage and White Cap Yellow Dent for the northern jiart of the State. Improvement of corn by seed selection, C P. Hartley ( U. S. Depi. Agr. Year- fiool, 1902, pp. 539-552, pis. 7). — This article discusses the possibilities of increase in yield and improvement in quality of corn; points out the importance of stalk, ear, and kernel in selecting seed, and calls attention to other points to be considered in this connection. Directions are given for the selection of seed, the planting and cultivation of a seed patch, and the storing of seed corn. The results of 6 breeding experiments, show'ing the necessity of giving attention to the characters of stalk, ear, and kernel in selecting seed are briefly rejiorted. A stalk of Pedrick Golden Beauty corn, jiroducing exceptionally broad leaves was fer- tilized with pollen from the same plant, and the seed from the I'esulting ear pro- duced plants exhibiting the same character. The seed from these plants also produced broad-leaved plants. In one exjierinient 3 short and very leafy stalks of tall-growing white dent corn were cross pollinated one with another. The resulting FIELD CUOPS. 241 seed produced plants resembling tlie parent stalks. A test of seed ears varj-ing in tlie percentage of shelled corn showed that each seed ear transmitted its character in this respect to its offspring. Another test of seed eai's showed that the longer the seed ear the greater A\as the average length of the ears produced. Experiments have also been made to test the extent to which the size of the germ can be transmitted. The results ahuost without exception showed the germs of the progeny of the large-germed ears to ])e plainly larger than tliose of the progeny from the small-germed ears. The individuality of kernels was studied by planting red and white kernels from a spotted ear of white dent. About one-half of the ears produced had kernels like those planted and the rest of the ears were white. In a second test of this kind various kernels of a hybrid ear followed the same rule of transmitting their individual characters. The commercial grading of corn, C. S. Scofield {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bummof Plant Industry Bid. 41, pp- ^4, P^s- 4)- — This bulletin discusses the methods and pur- poses of grading corn; points out the value of definite grade standards and grade uniformity, and describes the methods of determining the percentage of moisture, color, damaged grains, and broken grains and dirt in a cargo of corn. The rules recently recommended by the Chief Grain Inspectors' National Association for the grading of corn are given, and the classes and grades of corn are defined. "In grading commercial corn there are two classes of elements to be considered: First, those which indicate condition — moisture, percentage of moldy, rotten, or otherwise damaged kernels, and percentage of broken grains, dirt, and other foreign material; and second, those which indicate quality — Qplor, plumpness, relative pro- portion of starchy to hard material, and relative size of germ." Moisture, percent- age of colors in mixtures, percentage of damaged grains, and percentage of broken grains and dirt are regarded as the essential elements in determining the grade. Improvement of cotton by seed selection, H. J. Webber ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 365-SS6, pis. 3, dgm. 1). — This article describes the methods of selection which may be used by cotton planters and breeders, and points out some of the important improvements and results that can be produced by such means. Improvements in the yield of fiber and seed, length of staple, strength of fiber, season of maturing, resistance to disease and storms, and adaptation to soil and climate are considered. Flaxseed production, commerce, and manufacture in the United States, C. M. Daugherty ( V. S. Dept. Agr. Ycarhooh 1902, 2>P- 421-43S) . — After considering the growth and development of flaxseed i^roduction and manufacture in the United States, the author discusses the products from flaxseed and their uses and describes the manufacture of linseed oil. Statistics on the cultivation and production of flax- seed, the internal commerce in the product, and the production of linseed oil are presented. Preliminary report on the commercial fibers of the Philippines, J. W. Gil- more {J'Jiilipplne Bnrrav. ^Igr., Farmers' Bid. 4, pp. 5S, pis. 4)- — Brief general infor- mation is given on the fibers exported from the Philippines and those largely used by the natives. The fiber jilants discussed include Manila hemp, maguey, pineapple, cotton, ramie, pangdan, burri or talipot palm, nipa, and rattan. A partial list of the fibrous plants of the Philippine Islands is given. The text of the bulletin is in English and Spanish. Forage conditions and problems in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northeastern California, and northwestern Nevada, I), (tkifkiths {(J. X Depl. Agr., Bureau of J'lant Lid.ustrg Bid. 38, pp. 52, pis. 5).— The field work of 1902, which is here reported, was largely supi)lementary to that of 1901 (E. S. R., 14, p. 136). The investigations of the season were confined to the drainage area of the Cohnnbia River and to the Great Basin. A general account of these regions is given, and the range is described with reference maiidy to its 'condition and its flora. The occur- 242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rence and value of a large number of range plants is noted, together with the cultivut^'d plants grown as meadow and luiy crops. Notes are also given on the re(;lanuition of swamp lands in this section, the needs of the region, poisonous plants, weeds of meadows and pastures, and a number of diseases injurious to forage crops. The cultivation in this region of alfalfa, timothy, redtop, awnless ]>rome grass, wheat, barley, ryi', cheat, and roots as forage crops is considered. The needs of the region, as summarized by the author, are summer i)asture for sheep, hay and pasture crops suited to the highland regions of the Blue and Warner mountains, an early maturing perennial grass for the desert l>asins where water for irrigation can be obtained for only a very short time, a variety of alfalfa requiring less water than the common form, and another one resisting the effect of soluble salts in the soil. The following native grasses are recommended as worthy of cultivation: Wild wheat {Eh/nms iriticoides), bunch blue grass {Poa hviigata), short-awned brome (Bromus marginatus) , mountain ryegrass {Ehjmus glaucusi) , bunch wheat grass {Agro- pyron xpicatum merme), and giant ryegrass {Elymus condensuhis). Brief notes on their value are given. Field experiment with, nitrate of soda on forage crops, E. B. Voorhees {Neiv Jersey Stas. Bui. 164, pp- 1-13, 28, ph. 3). — This work is in continuation of experi- ments with various forms of nitrogen begun in 1898 (E. S. R., 13, p. 742). In 1902 the crops were grown on acre plats. The following table is explanatory of the experi- ments and the results obtained. Results of field experiments with nitrate of soda in 1902. OJ Yield. Gain. S tH a S g be a 2 P. Kind. "5. ». . o '3 • "o a) 2 03 aj ^1 1. a " a P. O OS o 01 i (3 oj 3 o tan (S S ei a £ 03 0) O < O & B H Oh > c ^ Lbs. T071S. Tons. Tons. Perct. Rye Apr. 1 150 May 4-16 4.76 6.55 1.79 37.6 15. 37 13.38 $1.99 Wheat ...do.... 150 160 May 16-26 Aug.13-22 Oct. 13-16 4.64 7.63 7.50 13.38 2.86 5.75 61.6 75.4 8.58 17. 25 3.38 3.60 5.20 Barnyard millet July 10 13.65 Sept. 12 160 1.20 2.36 1.16 96.6 3.48 3.60 —.12 It is concluded that the use of nitrate of soda as a top dressing for wheat, rye, and millet increases the yield and improves the quality of the crop. An application of 150 lbs. per acre applied broadcast about April 1, is recommended for wheat and rye, and 150 to 200 lbs. per acre for millet and other summer cereals as soon as the crops are well started. lieg-uminous forage plants, J. Withycombe {Oregon Sta. Bid. 76, pp. 47-68, figs. 4).— This bulletin gives popular information relative to the growing of legumi- nous forage plants in Oregon. The different plants considered are red clover, vetch, alfalfa, crimson clover, field pea, sainfoin, soy bean, and cowpea. It ^\•as observed at the station that the roots of some alfalfa plants withstood the presence of water in the soil, while the roots of other plants either stopped growth or rotted off when reaching a certain degree of moisture. This effect is consideretl as indicating the possibility of developing by selection a type of alfalfa bett(.'r adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of western Oregon than the type suiteil to arid soils and grown under irrigation. Crimson clover sown in the fall of 1901 germinated about Sej^tember 1 and yielded the next spring 23.67 tons of green forage per acre, while in 1902 the seed germinated about November 1 and the yield of green forage in the spring of 1903 was only 6.67 tons ]>er acre. The field pea and the cowpea are not considered valuable for west- ern Oregon. FIELD CROPS. 243 Fertilizer experiments with hops [Deut. Landw. Prexse, 30 {1903), No. ^9, j). 324)- — The results of 8 years exi)eriments with nitrate of soda are reported. All plats received 720 kg. of Thomas slag and 360 kg. of 40 per cent potash salt per hectare. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of 400 and 650 kg. per hectare, either the entire quantity applied in the spring or \ of it applied in the fall. -One plat received barnyard manure instead of nitrate of soda. As compared with the chec-k plat, the increase in yield per hectare on the various plats receiving different fertilizers was as follows: Barnyard manure, 91 kg. ; 400 kg. of nitrate of soda applied in the spring, 109 kg. ; the same application ^ applied in the fall, 120 kg. ; 650 kg. of nitrate of soda applied in the spring, 204 kg. ; and the same amount, ajjplying I in the fall, 215 kg. On the check plat where no nitrate of soda was applied, and on the plat receiving barnyard manure, many strobiles ripened early and the lower leaves of the plant turned yellow, which is considered due to the insufficient supply of nitrogen in the soil. Where the largest quantity of nitrate of soda was applied the hops matured latest and were in general of a better quality than where only 400 kg. per hectare were used. The hops from the plats receiving the heaviest application of nitrate were stronger in aroma and the strobiles were of a deeper green in color, as com- pared with the crop obtained on the other plats. As a rule plants best supplied with nitrogen were most resistant to drought, plant disease, and insect enemies. In a separate experiment with the same fertilizer applications, but confined in each instance to a single hill, the yields were as follows: Without nitrate of soda, 195 gm. of dried hops; with 400 kg. of the nitrate per hectare, \ applied in the fall, 256 gm. ; and with 650 kg., ^ applied in the fall, 317 gm. Time of harvesting horse beans, A. Gregoiee {Bui. Agr. ^Brussels}, 19 {1903), No. 4, pp- 526-531). — A study was made of the composition of the horse bean at dif- ferent stages of growth and the results of the analyses made on different dates are shown. It was found that the formation of organic substance in the horse bean continues very actively up to the close of the vegetative period. During the last 2 months of growth the plant accumulates only nitrogenous substance and carbohy- drate material, with the exception of fat and cellulose. The composition of these substances at the close of the vegetative period was found to be the same as during the early growth. The percentage of nutritive matter and its digestibility increased continually during the growing season. With these results in view the author rec- ommends late harvesting. Ten years' experiments -with oats, C. G. Williams {Ohio Sta. Bui. 138, pp. 39- 52). — Previous results in this series of experiments have been noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 234). The results for the different seasons are here shown in tables and discussed. American Banner, Improved American, Colonel, and Clydesdale, all varieties of the Welcome type, gave the largest average yield per acre and heaviest weight per meas- ured bushel. Plowing sandy clay soil as compared with merely disking it proved profitable. The use of 9 to 10 pecks of seed per acre gave better results than the use of a smaller quantity. Using only the heaviest seed was found very advantageous, and sowing not over 1 inch deep gave better returns than deeper seeding. Broad- casting gave heavier yields than drilling 2 or 3 inches deep. The author does not conclude that broadcasting is better than drilling, but believes that oats are com- monly drilled too deep. Tests of yellow and. green grained, strains of different varieties of rye, A. Geerkens {Fuhlmgs Landw. Ztg., 52 {1903) Nos. 8, pp. 269-274; 9, pp. 311-315).— The experiments here reported were at once variety tests and breeding experi- ments. Petkuser rye proved to be the hardiest variety under test, and its superiority in this respect was esi)ecially shown on light soils. On heavy soils Russian Stauden- roggen was fully equal to Petkuser in resisting winter weather. Gottingen rye showed the lowest degree of hardiness. The best yields were obtained from strains origi- 244 EXPEKIMENT STATION UK<^()KD. iialol by till- selection of jireeiiish grain. sun coiujJaiHMl with strains derived from yellow- ish kernels. The greater i)roduetiveness of the progeny of the green kernels, was most apparent where the plant food supjjly of the soil was smallest. 01 nervations were also made to determine the relation ])etween the color of the grain and the form of the head. Former experiments have indicated that apparently there is a relation l)et\veen green grains and short and compact heads, and yellow grains and long loose heads. The author does not consider this relation a very close one, because it is observed only in classifications based on thecomjiactnessand length of the si)ike and never becomes apparent where th(.' classilication is made according to the cok>r of the grain. This feature is not regarded as hereditary. The strains with the least comjiact heads were the most productive. The author concludes that breeding for green grain and, within certain limits, for loose heads may be done simultaneously without connecting these two characters. The cultivation of sisal in Hawaii, F. E. Conter {Ilaimii Sta. Bui. 4, l>p- 31, tiijs. !)). — This bulletin after briefly noting the history of the sisal industry and describing the 2 varieties, Agave rigida elonguta and Agave rigida sisalaiia, contains an account of the culture of sisal and its preparation for market, with notes on the diseases and insect enemies of the plant and the prospect of the sisal industry in Hawaii. Culture and composition of the soy bean, G. Lechartiek {Ann. Sci. Agron., 2 sei:, 1 {1903), Nu. 3, pp. 3S0-396). — The results of culture and fertilizer experiments in progress for several years are reported, and analytical data for the green crop and the ripe seed are given in tables. It is estimated that the soy bean is capable of producing under the climatic conditions of Brittany a yield of 20,000 to 30,000 kg. of green forage per hectare. When sown in April the crop can be utilized in Septem- ber. The pods were found to constitute about one-third of the. entire crop by weight. The analyses presented show that the pods contain more nitrogenous matter and more fat than the stalks and leaves. The seed is especially rich in tliese substances and is considered superior in this respect to that of other leguminous crops. The yields of seed in the experiments varied from 1,500 to 1,800 kg. per hectare. The seed did not mature completely in Brittany in cool and moist seasons, and for this reason the culture of this crop for the seed is considered Ijetter adapted to the warmer and drier provinces of France. It is concluded from the result that the yield of 2,000 to 3,000 kg. of green crop withdraws from the soil 32 to 48 kg. of phos- phoric acid, 125 to 188 kg. of lime, 41 to 62 kg. of magnesia, and 71 to 106 kg. of potash per hectare. These figures for i^hosphoric acid and potash corresi)ond to 200 to 300 kg. of superphosi)hate and a maximum quantity of 200 kg. of chlorid of potash. The crop contains from 100 to 150 kg. of nitrogen per hectare. From 100 to 200 kg. of nitrate of soda per hectare is thought to be the proper quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer for the crop. Sugarhouse refuse as a fertilizer for sugar beets, F. Strohmer ( Mitt. Chem. Tech. Vers. Stat. Centralnr. Riibenz. Ind. Oesterr.-Ungar., 1903, No. 149, pp. 1-31). — Results obtained in 1902 are reported, but in summarizing the work the results of the previous year are also taken into consideration. In no case did the use of sugar- house refuse prove injurious to the quality of the beets. The substance did not show any special advantage, l)ut is regarded of value simply for the nitrogen and potash it contains. The nitrogen of the refuse acts like the nitrogen given in the form of nitrate of soda, and the potash similar to the potash given in the form of the sulphate. Beets for distillery and forage purposes, L. Malpe.vux {La bctterave de disiU- lerie et la hetterave fonrragire. Paris: Ifassoa A Co., j^p- 194, .figs- 13). — A popular treatise on the history and culture of beets for distillery and forage purposes. Chapters are also given on the feeding of beets and the manufacture of alcohol. The California sugar industry, G. W. Shaw {Califurnia Sta. Bid. 149, pj). 54, • FIELD CRm>ft. 245 firj!^. 15). — This bulletin contains a historical ivvicw of the beet-sugar industry in Cal- ifornia. The present magnitude of the industry is shown by a comparison of the value of the sugar jiroduced with the values of other products of the State, and by a list of factories in operation, the location, capacity, and invested capital of which is given. The history of the industry is considered in 3 periods — the early period from 1857 to 1880, the dormant period from ISSO to 1887, and the modern period from 1888 to 1902. The different factories an; described and statistics for each one are presented. Sugar-cane culture in the Southeast for the manufacture of table sirup, H. W. Wiley ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bure((u uf Chenusfry Bid. 75, pp. 40). — This bulletin presents the results of experiments with fertilizers for sugar cane conducted in Georgia, together with the reports of special agents on the culture of the crop in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The work is carried on under the supervision of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department. Fertilizer e.rperiments on sugar cane, ]V. B. Roddenbeni (pp. 5-L'-l). — The experiments were conducted on 2 fields, designated as A and B. Field A, in cultivation about 20 years, is in a low state of fertility. Field B, in cultivation only 5 or 6 yearr, and in a much higher state of fertility, produced a very rank crop, of velvet beans, which was plowed under the fall before the experiments were begun. On several series of plats different methods of api^lying a normal fertilizer formula were tested. Experi- ments with varying proportions of plant foods were carried on, and cotton-seed meal and nitrate of soda, cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, and kainit and muriate of potash, as fertilizers for sugar cane, were compared. The normal formula was as follows: 16 per cent acid phosphate, 1,200 lbs.; 8 per cent cotton-seed meal, 400 lbs.; 19 per cent nitrate of soda, 200 lbs., and 50 per cent muriate of potash, 200 lbs. An ajiplication of 1,200 lbs. per acre of this formula was used. The composition and cost of the fertilizer is reported. The results show that velvet beans have a high fertilizing value, but that the maximum is reached only Avhen phosphoric acid and potash are applied in the fertilizer. Applying a part of the fertilizer at the time of planting and the rest at intervals during the growing season gave the best returns. The use of different applications of the normal formula on the 2 fields indicated that on land in a good state of fertility, such as field B, an application of 800 or 1,000 11)S. per acre is the most profital:)le, while on poorer soil, as in field A, from 1.200 to 1.500 lbs. may be used to advantage. Fertilizers furnishing large quantities of phosphoric acid and potash were more effective than those furnishing small quantities of these ingredients. INIuriate of potash gave somewhat better results than kainit. Doubling the quantity of phosphoric acid given in the normal formula on field A gave a decrease of 1.5 tons of cane per acre and a gain of only 3.5 tons over the plat which received no phosphoric acid. For this soil 100 lbs. per acre of phos])horic acid is considered sufficient. Doubling the normal ration of this same element on field B gave a gain of 3 tons per acre and a gain of over 13 tons over the plat receiving no phosphoric acid. An appli- cation of about 200 lbs. of phosphoric- at'id per acre is believed to be the most profitable proportion for this soil. Applying double the (luantity of potash was of no advantage on either field, and it is concluded that 50 Il)s. per acre of actual potasli is sufficient for both fields. Nitrate of soda proved a better source of nitrogen than either cotton-seed meal or cotton seed on the poorer soil, while on the more fertile field nitrate of soda and cotton-seed meal gave the same tonnage. Cotton seed was found to be the moat expensive fertilizer of the 3 substances. Cotton-seed meal gave $14 per acre more profit than the same value in cotton seed, and nitrate of soda $12 more than the same value in cotton-seed meal. A higli p(;rcentage of nitrogen in tlie fertilizer was found to assist germination and favor suckering, while applying (piantities of complete fer- 246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD., tili/.erw in the furrow witli tlu'srt'ls. 3, figs. 10; 2, pp. 214-243, 2)1- 1; 4, pp- 4I0-4I8; 8, p. 850, pis. 3; 14 {1903), No. 6, pp. 546-549, pis. 4). — This series of articles discusses the value of a universal nomenclature of wheat and a uniform system of describing varieties. A sample description is given of Blount-Lambrigg wheat. In addition to this discussion the results of examining a list of wheats as to the structure of the aleurone layer are given. The biological analy- sis of the kernel, the flour cells, and other cell layers of the wheat grain, and meth- ods of staining and of preparing sections for the microscope are described. The series FIELD CROPS. 247 of varieties studied in this connei-tiou are classitied as to tlie color of the straw, tlieir late or early maturity, aud their high or low nitrogen c-ontent. Saragolla wheat, D. G. Faikciiild {!'. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bid. 2.5, pp. 9-1^). — This article calls attention to the value of Saragolla wheat for the manufacture of macaroni. The variety is grown in southern Italy, and is regarded as the best for the production of a fine-flavored product. A description is given of the process of making macaroni employed by the steam factories in one of the most important macaroni-manufacturing districts in southern Italy. A study of the wheats of the Province of Santa Fe, C. I). Girola (Estudio sohrc liiK Iriyo.t dc la I'rurincia de Santa Fe, Buenos Aires: Min. Agr., 190i^, pp. 47, maps ^).— A general discussion of wheat culture in the province, wath cultural direc- tions and statistical data. A number of varieties are described in detail, as are also the imi>urities which occur in wlu'at seed. Experiments with wheats of the Province of Cordova, C. D. Gikola {Estudio sohre trigos de la Proinncia de Cordoba. Buenos Aires: Min. Agr. \^1902'\, pp. I4) . — The results of i>hysical analyses of 40 samples of wheat comprising 6 varieties are reported and discussed. Seed wheat, N. A. Cobb {Sydney: Govt. Printer, 1903, j^p. 60, figs. 36; reprint from Agr. Gaz. Xeu: South Wales, U {1903), Nos. l,pp. 33-50; 2,pp 145-1G9; 3, pp. 193- 'Wo, figs. 36). — The method of grading seed wheat to show the proportion of 7 dif- ferent sizes of kernels in a sample is described, and the results of grading a large num])er of varieties of wheat according to this method are presented in a table. Trials with large plump and small shrivelled grains for seed are reported. Large, plump seed proved to be best in germination, plant-producing power, yielding capacity, and the production of grain of a high quality. The author discusses the advantages of grading seed wheat and describes a number of machmes used for this puri)Ose. Influence of the awns on the transpiration of the spike and the quality of the grain, L. Perlitius {Mitt. Landw. Inst. Univ. Breslau, 2 {1903), No. 2, pp. 305- 381, pis. 3; ahs. in Deut. Landw. Pre.^se, 30 {1903), No. 50, pp. 450, .^i).— Observations made to determine the ai-tivity of the awns of wheat and barley showed that a con- sideralile portion of the water transpired by the spike passes tlirough these organs and that the quantity increases with their length. Awned wheat spikes in some cases transpired double the quantity of water transpired by awnless heads or heads from which the awns had been removed. In the case of barley it was fourfold instead of being double the quantity. Transpiration was most active during the development of the spike and the grains. The jieriod of maximum activity varied witli the different types of spikes, aud it always occurred during the development of the grains before these had reached the milk stage. The length of the awns and the vegetative period of the spikes were inversely jn'oportional to each other. It is further concluded that the awns have a decided influence upon the volume and weight of the kernels, and that their action in this direction takes jilace shortly before the kernels are in the milk. The results of chemical analyses indicate that the grain of awn varieties is lower in nitrogen and higher in starch than that of awn- less sorts. The absolute amount of ash in the grain is believed to be increased hj the activity of the awns, and for this reason awn varieties are capable of using min- eral fertilizers to best advantage. The final conclusion from these cxi)eriments is that awn cereal varieties under normal weather conditions ripen earlier than the other varieties. The anatomical structure of the glumes and awns of wheat and barlej' was studied and is here compared in a series of illustrations. A list of 55 references l)earing on the different phases of the w'ork reported is given. Investigations on the stooling of grains, W. Rimpau {iMndw. Jahrb., 32 {1903), No. 2, i)p. 317-336; al,.^. in Deut. Landw. Presse, 30 {1903), Nos. 44, l>p- 392, 9330— No. 3—03 i 248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 393; 45, p. SOS). — Tlie results (if investigations on the iuiluenco of the stooling caiiacity on the jiroductiveness of different varieties of wlieat, oats, barley, and rye are reported and compared with the results ol)tained by Schril)aux in similar work. The ])lants under observation were grown in rows 6 m. long and 25 cm. apart. Single kernels were planted 5 cm. apart in the row. The different varieties entering into the experiments are described. The data for each plant, comprising the length of stem and head, the total weight, the number and total weight of the ki;rnels pro- duced, and the average weight per single grain are shown in tables. The author states that the results do not indicate, as Schriljaux asserted, that the most jiroduc- tive varieties of grain have the lowest stooling capacity. This was found to be the case in a number of instances, but is not regarded as occurring with sufficient regu- larity to be considered the rule. The different stems of the plant were studied in order to determine wliether any relation existed between the order of their appearance and their productivity. The data show that the stems thrown up in the stooling process were frequently as i^ro- ductive, and sometimes more so, than the initial stems, and this is regarded by the author as showmg that the initial stem can not be considered as being regularly the best. A comparison of the first 3 stems with the 3 following ones, with reference to the same point, did n(jt shijw a regular advantage in favor of the earlier appearing stems. It is shown that under normal conditions more than 3 stems per plant are seldom produced. For breeding purjjoses the selection of well-stooled plants, but only those with uniform stems and heads, is recommended. Stack ensilage, A. Conlon ( Council Agr., Tasmania, Bui. 7, pp. 8, figs. 0). — Direc- tions are given for the preparation of stack ensilage, and the temperatures recorded hi the stack are shown on a chart. HORTICULTURE. Cassell's dictionary of practical gardening, W. P. Wkigiit {London, Paris, Neiv York, and Melbourne: Cassell & Co., Ltd., 1902, vols. 1, pp. VII-\-4S0, pis. 10, figs. 335; 2, pp. 480, pis. 10, figs. 219). — This is a well-illustrated encyclopedia of practical horticulture, dealing with the jiropagation and culture of fruits, vegetables, foliage, and flowering plants and shrubs, out of doors and under glass. The articles on each subject are concisely written. Such matters as the derivation of ])lant names, habitats of different ])lants, history of introduction, and botanical details are omitted. Attention is centered on propagation, soil, and general culture, with a list of the best species or varieties. Notes are usually given also on the height, flowering period, degree of hardiness, and color of the flowers of different plants. Various horticul- tural practices are described and explanatory entries made under the different terms used in horticulture. The materials used in gardening operations are also described. New experiments in electro-culture, P. Van Biervliet [Rev. Gin. Agron. \Lou- vahi\, 12 {1903), No. 5, pp. 193-200). — The author conducted some electro-culture experiments with barley, oats, potatoes, strawberries, and carrots, using the elec- trical machine devised by S. Lemstn'im (E. S. R., 14, p. 352). The season for the experiment was very unfavoral)le. Nevertheless, the results on the whole show consideral)le increase on the plats subject to electro-culture. This increase was about 50 per cent for strawberries, 13.8 per cent for potatoes, 13 per cent for carrots, 10.5 per cent for barley grain, and 21.65 per cent for barley straw. Notwithstanding the unfavorableness of the season, and the necessity for interpreting the results ol^tained with caution, the author still believes that the application of electricity as proposed by Lemstrom has a decided influence on crop growth. Is it nacre advantageous to use seeds the year they are harvested, or after several years preservation? Grosdemange {Rev. Ilort. ^Paris'], 75 {1903), No. 13, HOETICULTUKE. 249 pp. S04, 305) . — This is an abstract of a paper read l)y the author at the Paris Horti- cuhural Congress, May 22, 1903. It presents residts of a prehniinary study on the germination of seeds. The author states that in the majority of eases fresh seeds give the best results, but with the following exceptions: With carrots, 2-year-old seed gives less leafy plants and more highly colored roots. The use of 3 or 4 year old chicory seed tends to prevent premature greening. With cabbage, the use of 2 or 3 year old seed tends to produce better heads than fresh seed. With gherkins, pumpkins, and melons, seed 2 or 3 years old is preferred ; fresh seed produces too leafy vegetation. Likewise corn salad seed 2 or 3 years old is preferred to fresh seed. With radishes, fresh seed is preferred for outdoor soil, since it produces more rol^ust plants, but seed 2 or 3 years old is preferred under glass because it produces a less leafy product. Commenting on these results, M. Bazin stated that fresh seeds should always be preferred when it is wished to produce plants with a strong leaf growth, while for plants which it is desired should head well, like cabbage, salads, melons, cucumbers, etc., it is preferable to use seeds 2 to 3 years old. With ornamental plants, particu- larly with balsams, seed more than a year old tends to produce double flowers to a much greater extent than fresh seed. Three new plant introductions from Japan, D. G. Fairchild ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of I'lant Industry Bui. 4^, pp. 24, }>ls. 6). — The 3 new plant introductions discussed in this bulletin are Mitsumata, a Japanese paper plant; Udo, a new winter salad; and Wasabi, a kind of horse-radish. These various i)lants are described and their culture, as observed in Jaj^an and the jilaces in the United States where each is likely to succeed, are noted. From Mitsumata {Edgeworthia pctpyrifera) a superior kind of paper is made. The plant grows about 5 ft. high, and the paper is made from the bark. Udo {Aralla cordata) is grown in a manner somewhat similar to asparagus. The edible portions of the plant are the young shoots which are blanched by being covered with earth, and are available for use the second year from seed and for a series of years thereafter. It is not expected that this salad j^lant will compete with lettuce, but it is believed that it will make a very desirable winter change. AVasabi {Eutrema wasabi) is propagated from suckers and grown 2 years in the field before being marketed. It is considered a very appetizing relish. Plant introduction notes from South Africa, D. G. Fairchild ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 25, pp. 13-22). — These notes consist of brief accounts of 3 Cape seedling grape varieties — the Eed Hanepoot grape, Vitis rupestris metaUica, and the Le Roux grape; two fruit-bearing hedge plants — Carissa grandiflora and (/. arduina, commonly called amatungulas; Rhodes grass {Chloris tirgata) , the Kafir plum, and the Natal pineapple. Attention is called in connection with these notes to the rooi-l>loem, a new corn parasite which is causing damage in the South African corn fields. Experiments in mulching, R. A. Emekson {Nebraska Sta. Bui. SO, pp. 2il).^ Coini)arative records are given of the yield and behavior of lettuce, cabbage, toma- toes, peas, beans, cucumbers, watermelons, muskmelons, sweet corn, beets, salsify, carrots, jiarsnips, onions, potatoes, and sweet potatoes when grown on jilats kejit cultivated throughout the season and on plats muk-hed with straw. The work has l^een under way for the 3 seasons 1900-1902. Irrigation was practiced on a portion of each plat in the dry year of 1901. In 1902 the comparison was made on both bottom land and upland. The mulch used for the most part was old straw applied about 4 in. deep after settling. Generally it was put on about a month after the seed was sown and after the plants had received 2 or 3 cultivations. A si)ecial test is reported of different kinds and depths of mulches for potatoes. Mulching proved of doubtful value with lettuce. It was difficult to api)l\- the mulch without injury to the tender plants, thus decreasing the stand, and in only 1 year out of the 3 was the size of the head larger on the nmlched than on the culti- vated area. 250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cabbage appeared to lu' ])eiu'litL'(l by iiiulclun'>-!-572). — A popnlar article dealing with the use of ferti- lizers for roses, violets, carnations, chrysantlieninnis, tomatoes, and lettuce. Suitable fertilizers in the cultivation of lettuce, Be.vucaire {Sd. Amcr. Sup., 5.') (i:>n.!), No. 1428, p. 228SS; tram, from Le Fho-tplmte) . — An account of the culture of lettuce in washed sterilized sands with (1) no fertilizers, (2) farm manure, (3) complete fertilizer, (4) special complete fertilizer, (5) nitrogen and phosphate, (6) nitrogen and potash, and (7) potassium phosphate. The lettuce in the jiot without fertilizer had sickly yellow leaves and produced no branches, notwithstanding the fact that it was sprinkled with a solution of ferric sulphate. The pots with farm manure and the complete fertilizers ])roduced perfect crops of lettuce. Plants in pot 5, without potash, made a poor development of stalk, while in pot 6, without phos- phoric acid, even a less development was made. In connnenting upon these results it is stated that lettuce, in order to produce seeds in (juantity, requires a soil rich in nitrogen, and that phosi^horic acid is more useful than potash. Ferric sulphate is also believed to prevent the plants from yel- lowing and to facilitate fructification. A 5 per cent solution is recommended when the fiowers l)egin to appear. Garden veg-etables, H. H. Chapman {Minnesota Sta. Bui. SI, p)p. 244-247). — In a review of the work of the Northeast Experiment Farm since its organization in May, 1896, an account is given of the growth of certain vegetables, fruits, and shrubs. The 2 varieties of w^atermelons that have ripened at the station are Hungarian Honey and Fordhf)ok. It has l)een found necessary to start tomatoes in the greenhouse in order to ripen them before frost. Sweet corn has always matured sufficiently for table use, even the later varieties. Strawberries ripen from July 4 to 20. It is recommended that new beds be set out in the spring in 4-ft. rows and 18 in. apart in the row. Matted rows give the best results. In the fall after the groimd is frozen they should Ije covered 2 to 3 in. deep with straw\ The most satisfactory varieties are Brandy- wine, Clyde, Splendid, Lovett, and Bederwood. Raspl)erries and blackberries can l)e successfully grown when trained to hills and bent over and covered with dirt or straw in the fall for Avinter protection. Only the hardiest varieties of apples like Hibernal, Patten Greening, and Duchess can be suc- cessfully grown in the extreme northern counties of the State. Poor success has fol- lowed the setting out of trees on sandy soil. A clay subsoil at not too great a depth is advocated with a northeast slope, but a level or southern slope w'ith suitable soil is better than a northern slope wdth sandy soil. Nearly all varieties of American native plums are hardy. Cheney is the best variety tested. Aitkin is recommended for planting at the same time for pollinating Cheney. Vegetable and busli fruits, L. R. Taft and M. L. Dean (Michigan Sta. Bui. 209, pp. 103-122). — Notes are given on the better varieties of pole beans, bush beans, cabbages, lettuce, garden peas, sweet corn, potatoes, tomatoes, raspberries, black- berries, currants, and gooseberries grown at the station during 1902. This work is a continuation of that carried on for a number of years at the station (E. S. R. vol. 14, pp. 143). New onion culture, T. Greiner {New York: Orange Jndd Co., 1903, rev. and cnl. ed. , pp. 112, Jigs. 52). — This work has been rewritten and considerably enlarged. The bibliograjihy given coptains a very full list of references to experimental work in onion culture done by the agricultural experiment stations. A new preserving melon, the "Triamble" {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 7, p. 5S7). — A description is given of a new preserving melon supposed to be a hybrid betw^een the Rio pumpkin and the common preserving melon. It is stated to be a very heavy cropper, exceedingly hardy, and able to stand dry weather HORTICULTURE. 253 well. Specimens weighing 561 H'i^- i^^e recorded, thrmgh tlie average size appears to be less than 20 lbs. Germination of truflie spores; culture and character of truffle mycelium, L. ]\lATKrciioT {('ompl. Rend. ^imSVv'. I'aris, J.l'l [lUO.l), No. IS, pp. 10^9-1 101). — The author succeeded in growing pure ('ultures of the spores of the Perigord trnttle {Tiiber melano>^porum) and of the Burgundy trufHe ( T. wicinatum) on cut jjotato tnbers to which a nutritive liquid was added and the whole rendered as asei)tic as possible. The spawn developed within a few weeks in practically unlimited (quan- tities and was clearly proven to be identical with wild spawn. Artificial culture of the truffle, R. Dubois [Omijit. Rend. Acad. Sri. /V/r/.s, /,'?6 {190.3), No. 21, pp. 1291, 1292). — The author sut-ceeded in growing trnttle spores by placing them in contact with living vegetable tissue. A thin piece of truftli^, the ujiper part of which contained the asci, was introduced into a tuber or root able to resist dessication for a long period. A notch or gash was first made in the tulier as aseptically as i)Ossible, and the piece of truffle fitted tightly into this. The whole was then kept in a moist dark place. Within a few weeks spawn developed at the point of contact. The spawn was gathered and sown in vessels containing a gelatin- ous mass, composed of cooked starch, glucose, glycerin, asparagin, and a little tan- nin. The spawn developed rapidly, appearing in large white spots, but at the end of the year had not produced fruiting organs. The spawn was then seeded at the foot of truffle oaks. The results have not yet been ascertained. Fung-US cultures {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., S3 {1903), No. 861, pp. 414, 4/5).— This is a brief review of the work of L. Matruchot and R. Dubois, noted above, who were successful in cultivating truffle spores. In addition the work of E. Boulanger, who succeeded in growing truffle spores as early as 1898, is noted. It is claimed that Boulanger succeeded in germinating the ascospores of the trufHe in a sterilized watery liquid. ' ' The spawn developed well on slices of carrot, on the same material buried in calcareous earth, in calcareous earth only, on mold, and under the ordinary conditions in which cultures are made, but carbonate or Insulphate of lime facili- tated development. " The ascospores of Tidier wicinatum jdelded a well-developed spawn, and this gave rise to a 'perithecium,' that is, to the truffle itself; tasteless, scentless, and deformed doubtless, but nevertheless an adult perithecium, inasmuch as it contained normal asci. The spawn also developed a conidial form, wherein the spores were united together in numerous clusters and connected by mucilage." American horticultural manual. II, Systematic pomology, J. L. Budd and N. E. Hansen {Neiv Yorl:- John Wiley d- Sons, 1903, pp. 491, pk. 9, Jigs. 3S6).— This volume supplements Parti (E. S. R., 13, p. 1044), and contains an outline of the numerous systems of classification which at one time or another have been iised for classifying apples. Descriptions are given of all those varieties of fruits so far as known which are recommended at the present time l)y horticultural societies and growers. Nearly one-half of the book is devoted to the apple and the remainder to the usual orchard and small fruits grown in the United States, including grapes, cranberries, and nuts, and such subtropical fruits as tlie banana, date, fig, guava, custard apple, loquat, olive, citrus fruits, pineapple, etc. Top-working' orchard trees, G. H. Powell ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 245-238, j)h. 4, Jigs. 8) . — A discussion of the purposes, methods, and advantages of topworking fruit trees with detailed directions for doing the work. Topworking is resorted to for the purpose of changing the variety, lessening the injury from sun scald and insects, modifying the vigor of the tree, hastening fruitfulness, and per- petuating desirable characteristics. Trees may l)e topworked either by budding or grafting. Budding is believed to be usually more satisfactory than grafting. "The operation is more simple, the wound heals more (]uickly, and tlie form of tlie tree can be regulated to better advantage by inserting the buds on the body, but the most 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. f^atisfaotory results follow the adoptioiutf both branch and body Iniddingon the same tree when one is needed to suiiplenient the other." It is not beliart of the tops of trees tliis old should be removed in any one year. The article, while applirable to all orchard fruits, deals more i)articularly with apples and i)eaches. Suggestions concerning apple culture, W. J. (jkebn {Ohio Sin. linl. 1.17, pp. 25-38). — Popular directions are "iven for planting, manuring, cultivating, and spray- ing apple orchards. Considerable space is given to a discussion of the grass-nmlch method of cultivating orchards advocated by Grant Hitchings, of New York, and Y. P. Yergou, of Ohio. In 1900 an orchard was i)lanted at the station to test the grass- mulch method in comparison with the usual method of cultivation. 8o far the results have l)een very favoral)le to the grass-nudch theory. Apple growing in Missouri, J. C. Whitten {Missouri Sia. Bui. 61, pp. l<)f>-130, Hgs. 6). — Concise i)oi)ular directions are given for the planting and care of orchards in Missouri, and marketing fruit, with notes on the varieties most suitable for com- mercial planting. It is stated that Ben Davis and Gano are grown to a greater extent in ]\Iissouri than all other varieties put together. Manuring the banana, M. A. Couturier {Jour. Agr. Trap., 2 {1902), No. L3,pp. 195-1!>7; trans, in Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 7 {IMS), No. 5, pp. 175-178). — A sununary of the practices of manuring bananas in different countries. It is stated that the ash of "the stems of the banana contains about 55 per cent of potash, while the ash of the fingers contains about 73 percent of potash. While tropical soils usually show high percentages of potash, the soils of Central America, IMadeira, and Guinea are quite deficient in this element. Soils on which bananas are grown continuously for a series of years are exhausted in the same manner as when other crops are grown and should therefore be given a complete fertilizer containing relatively large amounts of potash. In Madeira, on volcanic soil, poor in potash and phosphoric acid and rich in nitro- gen, a complete fertilizer analyzing 13 per cent of nitrogen, 20 per cent potash, and 16 per cent phosphoric acid has been used with good results. The manure was applied at the rate of about 1| oz. per plant in a trench made about 18 in. around the stem of the plant. This application is made twice a year. Instead of this fertilizer the author reconunends the trial of a manure testing 20 per cent potash and 10 per cent phosphoric acid, iising .sulphate of potash and mineral superphosphate for the mixture. To reduce the expense of trans])ortation, superphosphate containing 45 per cent phosphoric acid instead of a mineral superphosphate might be used. These should be mixed in the proportion of 844 lbs. of sulphate of potash and 530 lbs. of mineral superphosphate, or 211.2 lbs. of double phosphate per acre. With about 600 plants per acre each plant should receive from 14 oz. to 1 lb. 5 oz., care being taken to place the manure in a trench made around the stem. In commenting upon this paper Mr. James Neish, translator, states that in growing a few specimens (jf the Chinese banana ( Musa cavendish II), he sets out 2 closely-planted circles of the cowbean { VI gna sinensis) around each banana, for tbe purpose of fur- nishing nitrates to the bananas. The beans are dug into the soil at the period of flowering. Cultivation and fertilization of peach, orchards, M. B. Waite ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 607-626, pis. 6). — Popular directions for the cultivation and manur- ing of peach orchards in different sections of the country. The nursery, C. Baltet {La peplnlPre. Paris: 3fasson d: Co., 1903, pp. X-{-841, figs. 286). — This book deals comprehensively with the culture and practices observed in the nursery growing of fruits, forest trees, shrubs, vines, and many tropical plants. Cold storage, with special reference to the pear and peach, G. H. Powell and 8. H. Fulton ( T\ S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industrg Bui. 40, pp. 28, pis. 7).— Besides a general discussion of the subject of cold storage, particularly as applied to HORTICULTURE. * 255 fruit, an account is given of some experiments to determine the influence of degree of maturity, delayed storage, storing a't different temperatures, types of packages, wrapping, etc., on the keei)ing quaUty of pears and peaclies; also the influence of cokt storage on the flavor and aroma of fruit, and the behavior of fruit when removed from storage. Considering the whole country, it is estimated that al)out 300,000 hu. of pears are stored annually, mostly in the larger Eastern cities. In the experimental work reported Bartlett and Keiffer pears were the varieties principally used. The Bartlett is a tender variety of good quality, ripening in hot weather. It is withdrawn from storage before cool weather. The Keiffer is a coai-se, long keeping, hard pear, ripening in the fall and withdrawn from storage in cool weather. Work with Bartlett pears was carried out in western New York. Full grown ))ut still green fruit was picked early in 8eptend)er and ])acked in tight and ventilateed in parchment paper and unprinted newspaper and some left iniwrapped. The packages used were barrels, 40-lb. closed boxes, and |-bu. 1)askets. The results of the experiment show that Keiffer pears may be picked during a l)eriod of 3 weeks beginning when they are two-thirds grown and successfully stored until the holidays or much longer if necessary, providing the fruit is handled with the greatest care and placed in cold storage at 32° F. immediately after picking. Pears stored 10 days after picking soon began to discolor and soften at the core, though the outsirolica- tion are given. The agaves, a remarkable group of useful plants, K. W. Nelsox (T. X Dipt. Agr. )'ciirhouk 19()J, pp. 313-320, pis. 4)- — The range of culture of these plants, meth- ods of growth, and uses for food, drink, soap, fiber, etf., are discussed. The flower garden, Ida D. Bkxxett {New Yorh: McClure, riiillips it- Co., 1903, ph. 34,}ip. 257 ). — This book contains considerable information on the culture of hardy outdoor ornamentals, and suggestions on tools, equijjment, and methods of work. Chapters are given on annuals from seed, on vines, T^ulbs, and tuberous-rooted plants, aquatics, hardy lilies, window l)Oxes, foliage plants, roses, and shrubs. There are also chapters on the location and arrangement of the garden, soils, fertilizers, etc. Home floriculture, E. E. Rexford {Neio York: C)r(tnge Judd Co., 1903, pp. 300, figs. 72). — This book is intended as a practical guide to the care and management of flowering and other ornamental plants of the house and garden. The subject is dis- cussed from the standpoint (jf the amateur. Plants as a factor in home adornraent, L. C. Corbett ( U. S. Depl. Agr. Year- hook 1902, pp. 501-518, ph. 3, figs. 3). — This article discusses the aesthetic value of l)lants, their arrangement for adornment about the home, and gives the character- istics of a large number of shrubs and deciduous trees and plants used in landscape gardening. Lilac forcing in France {Gardening, 11 {190-i), No. 263, pp. 354, 3.55, figs. 3; 12 {1903), No. 265, pp. 3S5, 3SG,figs. 5). — An account of French methods of forcing lilacs. Blind versus flowering ^vood for rose cuttings, L. C. Corbett {Arner. Flori.'ft, 20 {1903), No. 773, pp. 298-300, fig. 1). — The author studied the effect on flower pro- duction of growing roses from cuttings made from blind wood and from flowering wood, respectively. By blind wood is meant a branch of the rosebush which is terminated by a leaf instead of a flower bud. The experiment was carried on for 5 years. Each year the flowering wood for propagation was selected from plants grown from flowering wood, while the blind wood was taken from plants proj^agated from blind wood. It was intendeine ]>lantation, 4 of Norway pine, and other areas of mixed plantings of white, Norway, and jack pine. An acre was also planted to test the relative merits of Norway and Scotch pine for Minnesota conditions. Practicability of forest planting- in tlie United States, W. L. Hall ( U. S. Di'jit. Ayr. YcKiiiook 1902, pp. 13S-144, ph. 4)- — According to the author forest plant- ing can not Ije considered practical )le throughout the entire United States, 1)ut there are a number of regions in which it is feasible. The considerations which determine the practicability of planting are the present sujiply of useful timber, the necessity of forests to provide shelter, protect the soil or conserve moisture, the capacity of a forest to produce another crop, the value of the ground for purposes other than forest growth, protection against fire or other serious injuries, and the probabilities of a fair return upon the investment. When these factors are considered the author believes that planting is at present impractica])le throughout the greater portion of the hardwood region of the eastern United States and the spruce forests of the Northeast, as well as the heavily timbered portions along the Pacific coast. In the eastern States un- 140-144)- — An account is given of some of the earlier experiments in forest planting in the Sand Hill region of Nebraska, begun under the supervision of the Division of Forestry of this Department in 1891. They were carried out in Holt County, Nebr., where a considerable area was planted with bull pine, Scotch pine, and Banks' pine, and a variety of deciduous species, such as black locust, birch, box elder, cherry, and red oak were also planted. The condition of the trees as shown after 12 years is stated. The larger trees of the Banks' pine are from 15 to 20 ft. high, the Scotch pine from 4 to 12 ft., and the bull pine from 3 to 8 ft. The grove at present is dense in growth and fully covers the otherwise almost worthless sand hills. It is said that on the success of this early planting was largely based the recent establishment of the forest reserve in western Nebraska, which is to be planted under the supervision of the Bureau of Forestry. Foresting in Nebraska sand hills, C. A. Scott {Forestry and Irriy., 9 (1903), No. 9, pp. 454-457, figs. 5). — Notes are given on the progress of the work of the FORESTET. 261 Bureau of Forestry in its attenij)!- to forest tlie sand liills in the western part of Ne))raska. The Bureau havintr decided to grow its own nursery stock, a description is given of the preliminary efforts made to provide the necessary grounds. These have been covered with slat shades, and a large quantity of red cedar, jack pine, etc., has been seeded in these beds. The pine lands of the South, 11. C. PutnaiM {Foresfrif and IrrUj., 9 {W03), No. 9, pp. 44t;-4,',j). — A description is given of some of the pine lands of the South, attention l)eing called to the jiossibilities of scientific forestry in promoting f(jrest production in the Southern Atlantic Coast States. The necessity for the protection of the pres- ent forests from fire, destructive lumbering, etc., is pointed out, and the possibilities of handling the forest so as to i)r(>duce a continuous crop is shown. Forest problems in New Hampshire, P. W. Ayres {Forestry (luart., 1 {190:3), No. 4, pp. 221-225). — The leading j^roblems in New Hampshire forests are said to be the reforesting of Avhite-pine areas, and the maintenance of the spruce output. Recent statistics show that nearly 2,000,000 acres of land have reverted from improved farm land to an unimproved state, and nnich of this is adapted to the growth of white pine. The author suggests the planting of areas upon which no reforestation has taken place, thinning when necessary, reforesting the cut-over areas, and extend- ing the forest area over all lands which are not adapted to agricultural crops. The question of the management of the spruce forests is a complicated one, and the author believes that the establishment of permanent reserves, which are to be economically managed, would aid in showing the possibilities of scientific forestry. The New York forest-fire law, C. R. Pettis {Forestry Quart., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp. 134-139) .—The text of the New York forest-fire law is given, and the author discusses the duties of the different officers who are made responsible for its enforcement. The forests of Canada, H. S. Culver {Forestry and Irrig., 9 {1903), No. 6, j)p. SSS-292). — A description is given of the present condition of the timber areas of Canada, the author dividing the region into 3 great timber belts — the northern or spruce belt, the southern or commercial belt, and the British Columbia l)elt, which is west of the Rocky Mountains. The princijial species of trees in these different regions are described and notes given on their proportionate abundance and their forest relations. Investigations on the introduction of exotic forest trees in Prussia and Austria, R. Hickel {Ann. ScL Agron., 2. ser., 1 {1903), No. 1, jip. 14'2~160).—A^n historical review is given of attempts which have been made to introduce exotic species of forest trees in the forests of Prussia and Austria. Lists are given of the different trees introduced, most of the species being American, the author dividing them into 3 groups based upon their acTaptability. Among the species found adapted to European forest cultivation are Pseudotsuga douglasi, Picea sitchensis, CJiamxcyparis lawsoniana. Thuya gigantea, Juglans nigra, Carya alha, C. amara, and Quercus rubra. A second group of species which are not adapted to as wide range of conditions but which are suited to cultivation in restricted regions includes Pinus rigida, Juniperas virgimana, Abies nordmannkma, Pinns laricio, Acer saccharintim, Betida lenta, Carya tomentosa, and C. porcina. The following species are not consid- ered worth further investigation: Pinm jefreyi, P. ponderosa, Acer dasycarpnm, A. californicum, Fra.imus pxd)escem, and Carya sulcata. A table is given showing the extent to which these different species have been introduced in the state forests of Germany between 1890 and 1900, and a review is also given for the introduction of similar species in Austria. After reviewing the conditions in general the author takes up a number of species descril)ing them and giving the results of the attempts made to cultivate them. The present publication is confined to species of fir and spruce. The forest flora of New South Wales, J. H. Maiden {Sydney: Govt., 1903, 262 EXPERIMENT STATION UKCORD. l>t. ■>, j)/). '>'>-74, pl-"^- 4)- — Botanical di'scriplioiis ami iKitcs arc f^ivcu of a nuiuber of Australian timber troef<, together witii their iliHtrihution and tlieir timber character- istii's and uses. The sjjecie.s liere described are the red cedar (Cedrcld australi'!) , red mahogany {I'jicdhjptiis ix'.thii/ern), and the she-beech {Vri/ptororya obovata). Forestry at Hongkong, M. Winchester {Forestry and Trrig., 9 {1903), No. 6, pp. 280-284, fiijs. 4)- — The author states that in 1842, when Hongkong was ceded to Great Britain, the surrounding country was i)ractically barren of vegetation. In 187H planting was bi'gun, the most extensive work being the setting out of 5,000 cocoa palms. By 184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Notes on the occurrence of mannan in the wood of certain trees and in various roots and fruits, F. II. Stoheh ( Ihtl. BiiKftei/ Im^l., .> {I'JO:',), III,jiji. 47-68). — In continuation of a previous article (PI S. R., 14, p. 21), the author given the results of his investigations on the occurrence of mannan in the wood of various trees, roots, and fruits. In the earlier ])ul)lication the conclusion was reached that mannan was probably more abundant in pine trees at certain seasons of the year than others. In investigating this subject sjiecimens were collected monthly during a year from a young, thrifty white-pine tree and subjected to examination by methods which are fully described. It was found that pines, and presumably other coniferous trees, contain late in summer and early in autumn a large reserve supply of mannan. The physiological relation of this substance is somewhat obscure, Imt it is thought that it prol)ably serves as a reserve food for the formation of new leaves to take the place of those which fall at the end of the season, or it may serve for the nourishment and growth during the winter of those leaves which, with the advent of spring, cause the falling off of the older foliage. The presence or absence of mannan in the wood of 17 other species as well as in the leaves, fruit, and other portions of a number of plants is indicated. Tests on the physical properties of timber, F. E. Olmsted {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1903, jyp. 533-5S8, pis. 2). — An outline is given of the timber testing work carried on in Euro^je, and a brief review of the timber tests that have been conducted in the United States, particularly those made some years ago by this Dejiartment as well as the ones conducted by other institutions. It is the intention to continue timber testing observations, and they will be made on a large scale representing different conditions of the timber market and of timber cutting. The experiments will \)e conducted on such a scale that the results obtained will be comparable and valuable to the lumber industry. Factors influencing the volume of solid wood in the cord, R. G. Zon {For- estry Quart., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp. 136-133).— ^Yith the rapid development of the pulp industry, the importance of the accurate determination of the contents of stacks of wood has been largely increased. A number of factors which influence the volume of solid wood in the measured cord are mentioned, and their varying effect is shown. The principal factors described are length and diameter of the sticks, their form, the species, method of piling, measuring, etc. Tables are given showing the volume of wood in stacks, the computations being made for different lengths, diameters, and classes of wood. The influence of forestry upon the lumber industry, O. W. Price ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1903, jjp. 309-313, pis. 3) . — The author states that the lumber industry ranks fourth among the manufacturing industries of the United States, representing an invested capital of $611,000,000, an annual outlay of more than $100,000,000 in wages, and an annual value of i^roducts of $566,000,000. Under the present system of cutting this production can not be long sustained, and the author seeks to show how, under conservative methods of lumbering, the industry may be prolonged and placed upon a stable basis. One of the results under a scientific system of manage- ment would be the elimination of the large sawmills and the erection of small mills in various localities. It Avould also tend to develop a class of trained forest workers such as are found in Europe, and by providing a steady supply of lumber it would caxise less fluctuation in the market prices. The forest and irrigation, Hefele {Bnl. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 5 {1903), No. 3,j)p- 345-371). — The importance of forest growth as a conserver of water is discussed. A bibliography of forestry, O. Williams {Forestry Quart., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp- 163-173). — A list of titles of articles relating to forestry which were published in United States Congressional documents and printed in what is commonly designated as the ' ' sheep set. ' ' SEEDS WEEDS. 265 SEEDS— WEEDS. Report on the introduction and distribution of seeds and plants by the bureau of agriculture, W. S. Lyon {Philijjpine Biindu Agr., J'hriiieni' Bui. 7, pp. IS, ph. .)). — A report is given of the introduction and dintribution of seeds and plants, must of which were field and forage crops and vegetable seeds. The origin of the different varieties of plants is given, many of them being introduced for test- ing tlieir a(laptal)ility to Pliilippine conditions. The seeds of rescue grass and chess, F. H. Hillman ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bid. 25, pp. 5-8, figs. 3). — This has been noted from advance sheets (E. S. R., 14, p'. 875). Report of the section of seed control for the year ended June 30, 1902, A. VoiGT {Bot. tStaatsinst . llarnhurg, Ber. Aid. Sarnenkontrollc, 1002, XI, pp. 10). — In this report the author gives an account of the investigations carried on by the section of seed control which is attached to the botanical institute of Hamburg. During the year covered, 2,760 separate investigations were made, the most of which were of clovers and other forage plants. The results of the different tests are shown in tabular form, and in general a decided improvement is noted in the purity and germinative vitality of the different samples of seeds over the results obtained the previous year. , Investigations on the presence of dodder in different forage plants showed about 34 per cent to contain dodder seed in greater or less abundance. Notes are given on the various samples of seed investigated, the author commenting upon their quality. Report of the Agricultural-Botanical Experiment and Seed-Control Station at Breslau, 1903, W. Remek {Brr. Ti'd. Agrhot. Fens. S((inenkoutrollsfat., Breslau, I'MS, -pp. 16). — A report is given of the seed investigations carried on under the auspices of the seed-control station of the Agricultural Society of Breslau for the year ended March 31, 1903, 3,957 samples of seed having been examined. The maxi- mum, minimum, and average percentage of purity, germination, and intrinsic worth of the different varieties of seeds are shown in tabular form. There were examined during the year 2,390 samples of red clover, 388 white clover, 473alsike, 187 timothy, 67 alfalfa, 68 serradella, and a lesser number of a great many other varieties of seed. The report also shows the presence of dodder seed in different samples of forage plants, the seeds of this parasite being found in 36.4 per cent of the samples of red clover, 26.2 per cent of white clover, 31.1 per cent of alsike, 15 per cent of yellow clover, 26.4 per cent of serradella, and 25.6 per cent of timothy seed. Brief notes are also given on plant diseases and other botanical subjects. The occurrence of many diseases of cereals, beets, potatoes, and other plants is noted, and suggestions are given of possible means for their prevention. Troublesome weeds, .7. B. Davy {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp- tlO- 112). — Notes on tlie l)urrweed {Xanthium spinosuvi) and sida {Sida rhombifolia), and suggestions for their eradication. Wild mustard, J. R. Anderson {Dept. Agr. British Columbia, Bui. 11, ]>ji. 12, figs. 2). — A description is given of the wild mustard {Brassica sinapistruni) wliii'h is widely spread through Canada and which is probably one of the worst weeds occurring in the grain fields of that region. The methods of distribution of this weed are noted and suggestions made for its eradication by spraying with copper sulphate or iron sulphate solutions. Eradication of wild mustard, II. Hitier {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 5 {1903), No. 21, pp. G')S, 059). — A review is given of 3 years' experience in si)raying fields of cereals for the era: leguminous i)lants such as clover, alfalfa, sainfoin, etc., which are seeded witli the cereals. Destruction of wild mustard, J. Vandervaeken {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. :M, pp. 131, 732). — The author describes a method of combating wild mustard which has been quite generally practiced in Belgium and which has thus far given excellent results. It consists in the distribution of 200 kg. of dry powdered sulphate of iron per hectare. This gives results equal to those where the herbicide is dissolved and sprayed over the fields, and is said to be not only cheaper but not to necessitate the use of as high-priced machinery for its application. The cost of spraying varies from 20 to 30 francs per hectare, deiiending on the material used, while the i)Owdered suli)hate of iron can be applied at a jirice not to exceed 12 francs Iter hectare. The copperas should be fresh and finely powdered, the hygroscopic suli)hate of iron not being as efficient. Destruction of wild mustard, D. Donon {.Tour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 30, pp). 110, 111). — The result of experiments with a 2 J per cent solution of copper sulphate and a 10 per cent solution of nitrate of soda is given, comparisons being made with untreated jjlats and those which had been sprayed with a 5 per cent solu- tion of copper sulphate. The reduction of the amount of copper sulj^hate and addi- tion of the nitrate of soda was equally as efficient in the eradication of mustard and was without injurious effect ujion the crop. Indeed, the addition of the nitrate of soda is believed to have had a beneficial effect when applied to oats. The nitrate of soda alone is not as efficient as cojiper sulphate, but when the two were combined the results obtained were highly satisfactory. The application of this herbicide twice during the season, at the rate of 400 liters per hectare, practically destroyed all the wild mustard. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Twelfth annual report of the special committee for plant protection, 1902, P. SoRAUERand M. Hollrung {Arh. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 1903, No. 82, j)p. XXVIII -\- 214). — This report gives the results of observations of a large number of vegetable pathologists and others upon the plant diseases occurring in Germany during 1902. After giving a review of the weather conditions for the year, the fungus and insect enemies of the different plants are noted, their distribution and amount of injury indicated, and where means have been adopted for combating them the results are given. The diseases are grouped under the principal headings of plant and animal enemies of cereals, l)eets, potatoes, leguminous plants, oil, vegetable and forage plants, fruit-producing plants, and grapes. A supplement is added in which is given a sunmiary of the results of various jareventive treatments, and the rejiort concludes with a discussion on the predisposition of some plants to parasitic diseases. Some diseases of cultivated plants, F. Corboz {Bid. Soc. Vaud. Ayr. et Vit., Lausanne, 1903, Nos. 162, 2)p. 323-329; 163, j^P- 351-355).— A.n account is given of various diseases of plants, grouping them under their respective causes. The author discusses those which are due to impoverishments in the jthysiological functions of the plant, those Avhich are caused by meteorological conditions, temjjerature, elec- tricity, etc., and those due to plant parasites. Among the plant parasites he describes not only the diseases caused by parasitic fungi, but parasites belonging to the higher orders of plants. Disease-resisting' varieties of plants, L. Lewton-Brain {West Indian Bid., 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 48-57). — The author discusses the topic of disease-resistant varie- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 267 ties of plants, describing what has been done in different parts of the world to ol)tain resistant varieties of grapes, wheat, cotton, coffee, potatoes, cowpeas, sugar (!ane, and violets. Frost injuries to cereals in relation to fungus diseases, P. Sokauer {Landv. Jahrh., 3i3 {1903), No. 1, pp. 1-6S, pis. 4, fig- I)- — On account of the unusual occur- rence of fungus diseases of cereals during a season following a number of severe late frosts, a series of experiments was undertaken to ascertain the effect of frost and its relation to fungus diseases of cereals. Tlie mechanical effect and physiological changes caused by freezing are described at I'onsiderable length. Inoculation experiments with quite a number of parasitic fmigi upon frost-injured jtlants and the effect of different times and conditions of seeding are reported upon. The author found certain injuries that could be attributed only to frost injury, but which resembled in their characteristics certain fungus diseases. Such, for instance, is the state of cereals known as blast, white heads, etc. Serious injury due to frost may be observed that in its earliest stages does not present any fungus mycelium, but later parasites may attack the plants. There are some fungi now lielieved to be obli- gate i^arasites which occur on sound healthy plants as well as upon those whose organs have become weakened from any cause whatever. The presence of some of the less active parasitic forms may be due to frost or other injuries in offering oppor- tunity of entering the tissues of the host. Care in sowing somid seed, although desirable and tending to reduce the amount of disease, will not wholly eliminate diseases in every case. Some wild grasses are hosts for some of the more destructive fungi of cereals, and their presence on these grasses may serve as a center to spread the infection. Plants weakened from any cause whatever are more subject to serious injury than healthy ones. Preliminary observations on disease of cereals in Tunis, F. Bceuf {Bui. Dir. Ayr. et Cum. ITunis], S {1903), No. 27, pp. 185-193, fi), N(i. 11, pp. 473-500). — This is a resume of an article by the same author, previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 1083). Concerning' the seed treatment of cereals with, copper sulphate, F. Porchet {Citron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 16 [190S), No. 12, pp. 352-357, jig. i).— On account of the rather common use of copper sulphate in solution for the prevention of cereal smuts, the author has made a study of the protective effect of the glumes of certain cereals, such as oats and barley. He conducted his experiments with equal numbers of seeds with and without the protective glumes, comparing the effect of treatment with wheat which was without the glumes. The seeds were soaked for 24 hours in a 0.5 per cent solution, after which they were placed to germinate. The effect of the treatment where the glumes were removed was apparent in the greatly reduced germinations of oats, the number falling from 91 to 53 in 28 days. Not only was the number greatly reduced, but the copper sulphate seemed to effect a retarding influence, a comparatively small number of seeds having germinated within the first week of the experiment. The germinations of oats from which the glumes had been removed, and wheat which was without any protective covering, showed l)ut little difference when soaked in the solutions for the same length of time. The browning- of maize in France, V. Ducomet {Jour. Agr. Prut., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. 16, pp. 507-511, figs. 4)- — A description is given of a disease of maize which has proved very destructive in the southwest of France, where this crop is extensively grown for green forage. The disease is characterized by the drying up of the leaves, and at first is quite localized, but spreads after a time, and in about 15 days. the entire field may become completely browned and dried up. On account of the peculiar browning or burnt condition of the leaves the author has suggested the name "brulure" for the disease. The disease makes its appearance \\\ion the leaves when the plants are from 20 to 30 in. in height as small discolored sjiots which rapidly increase until they attain a diameter of 2 cm. and a length of 6 or 7 cm. The spots are for a while limited by the veins in the leaves, the long diameter of the spot being parallel with the veins. Frequently the tips of the leaves are involved, and finally by the confluence of a number of spots the entire leaf is destroyed. About 15 days after the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease the spots occur in great abundance on both sides of the leaves, and from their centers appear numerous dirty, gray, cushion-like masses which are the reproductive organs of the fungus. The life history of the fungus, which has been determined as Ilelmintliosporiuin turcicum, is described at considerable length. In order to prevent the spread of this disease the author recommends the destruction of affected plants as soon as observed, and instead of sowing the grain closely to plant it at sufficient intervals to secure a better aeration of the plants. A new disease of white sweet clover, R. Laubert {Arb. K. Gesundheitsamte, Biol. Abt., 3 {1903), No. 4, pp. 44I-443 , fig.s. 5). — A description is given of Ascochyta caulicola, n. sp., a fungus which causes considerable injury to the leaves and stems of Melilotus alba. A rosette disease of potatoes, A. D. Selby ( Ohio Sta. Bid. 139, pp. 53-66, figs. 5). — Tlie author describes a disease of potatoes wliich is attributed to the sterile fun- gus Rhizoctonia. This fungus causes lesions on the stems below or near the surface DISEASES OF PLANTS. 269 of the ground and results later in a peculiar branching or clustering of the leaves. This clustering, which is possibly secondary, is so conspicuous that it affords a sufla- cient means for the detection of a large percentage of the affected plants. The disease has been under observation since 1900, and from the results obtained is apparently disseminated with the seed tubers. Attention was first called to it by the widespread occurrence through seed tubers that had been sent out from the station. Subsequent investigations seemed to prove that it spread from the station as a center, and methods of prevention were investigated. Tubers were treated with a solution of formalin before planting, and in 1902 there was practically no evidence of the rosette disease in the leaves of growing plants in the rows treated with formalin. Where the seed tubers had been given a treatment with corrosive sublimate previous to planting, there was no indication of immunity from disease.- This method of treat- ment has been continued, and based upon 2 seasons' work the conclusion is drawn that formalin treatment will prevent Rhizoctonia disease to a very marked extent. The author calls attention to the extreme diversity in injury among several varieties of potatoes grown at the station, and states that an average of from 6 to 20 per cent loss was due to this disease. For the practical prevention of the rosette disease, soaking the seed tubers for 2 hours in a solution of formalin composed of 0.5 pt. formalin to 15 gal. water is recommended. The bulletin concludes with citations to literature regarding Rhizoctonia diseases. Remedies for the root disease of sugar cane {Agr. N'eivs [Barbados], ,? {1903), No. 29, p. 162). — The writer suggests preventive measures for combating the root disease of cane. The means suggested consist of selection of resistant varieties, plant- ing healthy canes, careful cultivation and thorough drainage, rotation of crojjs, and the removal of diseased plants when discovered to prevent the fungus spreading to healthy ones. The diseased areas may be isolated by digging trenches a foot to 18 in. deep about the diseased plants, care being taken that the infested soil should not be thrown toward the healthy plants. In no case should the diseased canes be allowed to rattoon. The root disease, which is due to Marasmius, is said to have caused considerable loss to the planters of the West Indies during the past season. Pests of garden veg-etables, M. C. Cooke {Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc. \_London'], 27 {1903), No. 4, pp. SOl-831, pis. 3, fig. 1). — Descriptions are given of a large number of the more common fungus diseases which attack garden vegetables, and, so far as known, methods are suggested for the prevention of their attack. A new disease of beans, A. Maige {BuI. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 9 {1903), No. 14, p. 334). — A brief description is given of a disease of green beans which has proved very destructive in gardens during the past season. This disease is characterized by a development on the leaves of greenish-yellow spots which, extending little by little, finally involve the entire leaf. The fungus causing this disease has jiot been defi- nitely determined, but reasoning from analogy of other diseases the author believes that this disease could be held in check by the xise of standard fungicides. The parasitism and development of Sclerotium cepivorum on onions, P. VoGLiNO {Staz. Spcr. Agr. Itul., 36 {1903), No. 2, pp. 8^-106, ph. 2, fig. 1). — A study was made of the cause of the almost total loss of the onion crop in jiarts of Italy, and the results of investigations are given. The disease has been under observation since 1897, the last serious outbreak occurring in 1901 followed by a rare occurrence in 1902. The cause of the disease is attributed to l^rlcrotkun cepivorum, which develops a conidial form, that has formerly been recognized as Spltacelia allii, upon the dead leaves and bulbs. The biology of the fungus is described and its parasitism aflirmed. During hot weather the fungus develops with great rapidity in moist rich soils, par- ticularly in those containing a large amount of humus. The only suggested means for i)reventing this disease is the aljandonment of onion culture in infected soils. Notes on a disease of black salsify, R. AnEKnoLD {Arh. K. Gesumllieilsande, Biol. Aht., 3 {1903), No. 4, pp. 439, 440,fig.l). — The author describes a disease of black 270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. salsify which is due to the fungus Sporides^mmm scorzoner.r, n. sp. This fungus attacks the leaves and stems of the black salsify, causing considerable injury. It is believed that it could be controlled by S])raying the plants with Bordeaux mixture after its first appearance is noted. The bitter rot of apples, H. von Schrenk and I*. Spaulping ( U. S. Depl. Agr., Jliiiiiiii (if Jiuiil Iiidiistri/ Bill. 44, pp. 54, ph. 9,fujs. O) . — A description is given of the bitter rot of apples, which is believed to have caused very serious losses to the apple crop of the United States, the loss in 1900 being estimated at 110,000,000. An account of the history, distribution, and a general description of the bitter-rot fun- gus is given. The fungus, the complete stage of which is known as (llomerella nifo- manduns, is described and the relation of the cankers, which were discovered by an agent of the Department, to this disease is fully discussed. These cankers seem to be the centers from which the disease spreads in cone-like areas through the trees, and T)y inoculation experiments the authors have demonstrated that the conidial spores of the canker would jiroduce the bitter rot on the aj)])les, and cultures from diseased a])ples would produce the cankers on the tree branches. This fully demon- strates the relation between the cankers of the trees and the disease of the fruits. The fungus is said to attack ripening apples during Jul}' and August, and is most virulent during moist hot summers. It is widely distributed over the eastern United States, being most active from Virginia to Oklahoma and southward. For the pre- vention of the disease the authors recommend the cutting out of the canker-like areas whenever discovered, and as a further precaution frequent sjjraying with B(jr- deaux mixture until the fruits are nearly ripe. On the infection of apple trees vrith Fusicladium from species of Crataegus and Sorbus, R. Aderhold {Arh. K. GesundheHsamte, Biol. Aht., 3 {1903), No. 4, pp. 4-^'>-4SO,fiijs. 2). — Asa result of an extended investigation the author seems to be inclined to the belief that it ia possible to reciprocally inoculate certain of these organisms from one host to another. A cherry tree disease: its cause and prevention, R. Aderhold [Arb. K. Gesiimlheitmmte, Biol. Aht., 3 {1903), No. 4, pp. 309-363, j)h. 3, figs. 7).— Since 1898 there has been noticed on the cherry trees along the Rhine River a very destructive disease that has been referred to various causes, but is now definitely determined as due to the fungus J^dsa leiiros^toma. The fungus attacks the larger branches and main stems of the trees, gaining access, in part at least, through the injuries caused by late freezes. From these centers the fungus develops, causing a one-sided growth of the twig and presenting a cancer-like appearance accompanied by a copious flow of gum. By the subsequent growth and spread of the fungus the branch or stem becomes girdled, resulting in its destruction. The author discusses the history of the disease, the fungus and its parasitism, which has been definitely established by numerous inoculation experiments, and the relation of frosts to the disease, and suggests methods of control. The methods recommended include cutting and burning the dead and dying trees, cutting out infected areas where the attack is slight, and stimu- lating the tree growth in various ways. The sooty mold of the olive, E. Zacharewicz {Rev. Vit., 20 {1903), No. 505, pp. 209-215; Bid. Agr. Algcrie et Tunime, 9 {1903), No. 8, pp. 179-1SG).—X description is given of the sooty mold of olives which is due to the presence of the fungus Fumugo salirlna which develops over the various parts of the tree following the pres- ence of the olive scale {Lecanium olese). In addition to the sooty mold the olive is frequently attacked at the same time by the fungus Cycloconium oleaginum. This fungus develoi)s on both surfaces of the leaves, on the pedicels bearing the fruits, but rarely on the fruits themselves. To combat these diseases the author recommends the application of a combined insecticide and fungicide which is composed of soap 1 kg., petroleum 4 liters, copper sulphate 1 kg., and water 100 liters. Directions are given for the pre])aration of this mixture and suggestions for its application. Ordina- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 271 rily 2 applications should be given the trees, the first about April 15 and the second about May 20. One hundred liters of this solution should not cost more than about 50 cts. and this would be enough to treat from 10 to 20 trees, depending upon their development. Notes are given on a lumiber of olive insects, with suggestions for their eradic-ation and formulas for fertilizers which are recommended for use in connection with oUve culture. Cacao canker and its eradication ( Trop. Ar/r., 23 {1903), No. 1, p. 31). — xVtten- tion is called t(j the cacao canker in Ceylon and recommendations made for its eradi- cation. The canker is said to have increased, and for its further eradication the author suggests that some legislation should be provided to protect private property from injury through tlie neglect of those who do not attempt to combat the disease. The disease may be prevented to a considerable extent l)y i)runing and thinning out the sliade so as to secure a l)etter circulation of air through the trees, and l)y cutting out and burning all the dead trees and 1)ranches together with all the diseased areas shown on otherwise healthy trees. By concerted action of this kind it is believed that the disease can be almost entirely eradicated. Black rot and its treatment, A. Prunet {Rev. Vit., 19 {1903), No. 494, pp. 641- 645; 20 {1903), No. 498, j^p. 14-19) . — A resume is given of the author's investigations on the development and treatment of the black rot, the number, duration, and inter- val of the different invasions of the fungus being shown and the period of incubation l>eing described. For the prevention of the disease the author recommends thorough spraying with P>ordeaux mixture. Treatment of black rot of grapes, A. Pruxet {Rev. Vit., 20 {1903), No. 499, pp. 39-42). — According to the author, fungicides containing an equal amount of copper in solution have equal efficiency without reference to their acid or neutral reaction. When the cost of application is to be considered Bordeaux mixture, composed of 2 kg. of copper sulphate to 1 kg. of lime in a hectoliter of water is recommended. In spraying, all portions of the vines and leaves should be well covered with the fungi- cide and repeated applications should be made as conditions require. This application, while it has some effect on the powdery mildew, does not entirely {irevent it, and it is recommended that a sj^ecial application of sulphur should be given during July as supplemental to the other treatments. Black rot and grape mildew, J. Capus {Rer. Vit., 20 {1903), No. 500, pp. 70- 74). — An account is given of observations on the occurrence and treatment of l)]ack rot and downy mildew of grapes during 1902. The dates are given upon which the eing recommended for both the black rot and the Plasmopara. Notes on grape mildew, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. rEst),2'f {1903), Nos. 21, pp. 629, 630; 22, pp. 658-660, pis. '3). — Notes are given on tlic appearance of the <^owny mildew {Plaxmopara riticoJa) and its effect upon the grapevine. The first attack of mildew is said to be rather insignificant, followed by more destructive attacks. The subsequent occurrence of the fungus may be controlled to a large extent by the thorough application of copper fimgicides. Grape mildew, J. Dufour {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 16 {1903), Nos. 9, pp. 234- 247; 10, pp. 274-28(^ . — A description is given of the mildew of grape due to Plosmo- jKtra viticola, and an account of the very destructive outbreak of this disease during 11)02. Brief reports are given from a large number of grape growers on the occur- rence and characteristics of the disease and upon the various means ado{)ted t(j i)re- vent the spread of the fungus. The different fungicides used are described and their formulas and directions for ap])li<-ati(iii given. i; 272 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Grape mildew, J. Dufouk {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 16 [1903), Xo. 11, p. 485).— Till' author notes an unusual prevalence of grape mildew in many localities, and states that various treatments which have been recommended have jriven very un- equal results. In order to study the (question more fully a circular has Vjeen widely distributed from tiie experiment station at Lausanne asking for rej>orts on the results of different methods of treatment. It is hoped from the data thus collected that some i>ositive recommendation can be made for combating this disease. Treatment of gray rot, E. Combemale {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L' Est), 24 {1903), No. 31, pp. 138-140). — The author claims to have successfully used against Botry- tu cinerea a mixture of triturated sulphur 50 kg., powdered quicklime 25 kg., and eulpho-steatite 25 kg. By the use of this mixture a considerable saving is effected over the ordinary use of triturated sulphur. The author uses this powder alone or as supi^lementing treatments of Bordeau mixture, in which case he has given 2 or 3 applications of the powder to .'> or 4 of the Bordeau mixture. Treatment of gray rot of grapes, V,. Zacharewicz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est) , 24, {1903), Xo. 32, pp. 167, 168. ) — A description is given of a method of treatment of grapes for the prevention of attacks of Botrytis cinerea which has been successfully used by the author for a number of years. This consists of thorough application immediately after the first evidence of the disease of a powdered fungicide which consists of a mixture of gypsum 55 kg., powdered soap 5 kg., and sulpho-steatite containing 20 per cent copper sulphate 40 kg. Combating- grape chlorosis, G. Mottakeale {Bol. E. Scuola Superiore Agr. Por- tici, 2. ser., 1902, Xo. 6, pp. 3). — An account is given of grape chlorosis, which is particularly destructive to the American stock used in Europe as a means of prevent- ing phylloxera. The author summarizes the resistance of different stocks to chlorosis, and for the prevention of the disease he suggests treatment early in the spring by washing the vines with a 10 to 15 per cent solution of iron sulphate, by spraying the vines later in the season with a 0.5 to 1 per cent solution of iron sulphate, or by a third method, which is considered perhaps the most efficient-, washing the vines after the fall of the leaves in autumn with a strong solution of iron sulphate to which is added 40 per cent sulphuric acid. If the treatment is neglected until later in the season it may be given the vines in January or a little later, but in this case the amount of suli^huric acid should be reduced to not more than 25 per cent. Tlie effect of sulpliuric acid in retarding tlie grovrth of vines, J. I). Catta {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 24 {HM3), Xo. 12, pp. .?,56-J.5owdered sulphate of copper and some base, such as talc or stea- tite. Each of these forms has its advocates, and their relative efficiency is not com- mented upon. The formulas for the preparation of a number of the more common powdered fungicides are given. Notes on the powdered sulphate of copper, J. de Girard {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. V KM), 2.'f {1903), Xo. 26, pp. 773, 774). — Attention is called to the recent rec- ommendations of the use of powdered coj^per sulphate in combating the downy mil- dew of grapes and of its combination with sulphur against the powdery mildew. The author claims that powdered fungicides are less efficient than liquid ones, are more liable to injure foliage through their acidity, and are less adhesive and more troublesome to apply. To avoid the corrosive effect of the copper suli)hate, talc- is frequently used, the mixture being called copper steatite or sulpho-steatite. When pure magnesium silicate is used, the mixture Wi\\ l)e found to contain a fairly con- !-tant amount of copper sulphate, l)ut as much of the talc contains calcium carl)onate the copper undergoes a change by oxidization and instead of 10 per cent coi)per sul- jihate, as claimed in some samples tested, the actual amount found to be present as sulphate was 0.78 per cent and the reaction was but very slightly acid. On the other hand, a sample said to contain 8 per cent copper sulphate when examined showed 5 per cent free sulphate and was very acid. This difference is said to account for the widely divergent results frequently obtained where these fungicides are used. Sulphur and copper fungicides, J. M. Guillon {Rev. Vit., 19 {1903), Nos. 494, m^- 651-055; 495, pp. 681-684; 496, pp. 704, 705; 20 {1903), No. 498, pp. 9-14, .fi;/''- -'>)■ — Studies are reported ujxjn tlie physical and chemical characteristics of a number of 274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. funtrifiileswhicli arc fironpcd by the author into 4 classes — suliilinr fungici(le8, liquid copper funfiricide.s, ])n\v(lcr('(l (•(ipj)er and sulphur, and li(juid cojjper and sulphur mixtures. In all of these the lineness of the particles and thoroughness of aj)plica- tion have a most important bearing ujjon their efficiency. In the case of the diffei*- ent forms of sulphur used the precipitated sulphur is preferred to the sublimed or triturated form, on account of its muc-h greater fineness. Attention is called to some of the changes which take place in li(|uid fungicides when made up and allowed to stand for a consideniljle time. It is said to l)e sometimes necessary to apply a dress- ing of i)owdered suli)hur between the sprayings with liquid fungicides to ward off severe attat-ks of the powdery mildew. Some of the newer fungicides, B. D. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey {Nev> Jemey Stus. Ihil. ]G7, i>}>. l-'), pis. -J). — The authors review different formulas for the prepa- ration of Bordeaux mixture and give particular attention to the preparation and use of soda-Bordeaux. The use of this fungicide has been described in previous reports of the station, and in the present bulletin the authors recommend the following formula fur its jireparation: Soda (Lewis's Lye) 1 "pound" can, copper sulphate 3 lbs., lime 5 oz., and water 30 gal. This preparation has been successfully used not only in New Jersey, but elsewhere, and has the advantage of being equally as effi- cient as Bordeaux mixture made by the usual formula, but without the objectionable mechanical features of the ordinary Bordeaux mixture. Attention is called to the use of formalin as a fungicide for disinfecting seed grain and for the prevention of potato scab, and notes are given on kerosene emulsion as a fungicide. A preliminary report on the use of kerosene emulsion in this way was given in the report of the station (E. S. R., 15, p. 579). These investigations have been continued, and it has been found that for the prevention of mildew on orna- mental shrubs it is a very efficient treatment. ENTOMOLOGY. The elements of insect anatomy, J. II. C'omstock and Y. L. Kellogg {Ithaca: Comstock Pub. Co., 1902, 4- ed- rev., pp. 145, figs. 11). — In this volume the authors have outlined a course of study in the gross and microscopic anatomy of insects. The following topics discussed in the volume may be especially mentioned — external anatomy of locusts, internal anatomy of Corydalis cornuta, anatomy of the larvje of the crane flies, external anatomy of beetles, mouth parts of insects, venation of the wings, and methods of insect histology. Notes on economic entomology, F. V. Theobald {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col., Tl//f', 1903, Nil. 1"2, pp. 50-85, ph. 2). — The author discusses the sul>ject of injurious flea-beetles and their eradication. Notes are given on the damage caused by these insects, the method of invasion of beetles, and the effects of weather upon them. The more important genera of flea-beetles are briefly characterized and detailed notes are given on a number of .specially injurious species, including Haltica oleracea, Phyl- loireta nemorum, P. undulata, P. crucifcne, P. consohrina, P. atra, Crepidodera rufij)es, C. aurata, etc. The habits, life history, and means of combating sheep botfly are briefly discussed. The author reconnnends that tar should be smeared over the receptacles in which salt is kept, so tliat the sheep will come in contact with the tar in securing the salt. The tar serves as a deterrent to the sheep botfly. The author describes in consideralile detail the life history of Pemphigus spirotheav, which is reported as injurious to poplars. An article on the migration of the hop aphis, written by Plondey in 1849, is reproduced. Injurious insects, E. Fleutiaux {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 2 {1903), No. 12, pp. 74S- 760). — Notes on a weevil {Sphenophorus sordidut<) injurious to the trunks of bananas; an enemy of beeswax {Arhroia grisella); a species of grasshopper injurious to coffee; bean weevils; beetles injurious to mulberries, coffee, and other trees. ENTOMOLOGY. 275 Royal Station of Agricultural Entomology of Florence, G. del (Iuercio {Xiiove lielaz. R. Staz. Ent. Agr., 1 ser., 1903, No. 6, pp. XXXVI+354, pis. 9, figs. S')). — In this number of the report of the Eoyal Entomological Station the author presents a series of articles dealing with various injurious insects. A num))er of these articles may be briefly mentioned in this connection. Notes are given on tlie gnats of the olive, with jiarticular reference to CHnodlp/osis oli'Isitga. The anatomy of these insects is described, together with an account of the development of various species. For combating these insects the author recom- mends that the infested bark be scraped off and burned. Some of the more imix)rtant sjiecies of scale insects affecting the olive are discussed, including biolog- ical, descrii^tive, and economic notes on species of Pollinia, Philippia, and Lecanium. The conditions which are favorable or unfavorable to the distribution of these insects are described, together with insecticide experiments from 1896 to 1901. Good results were obtained by the use of a spray containing soap, oil of tar, and water. The cost and effectiveness of the insecticide methods are discussed by C. Campl)ell and G. Patriarca. Notes are given on the Diaspini of the olive, includ- ing a brief discussion of the anatomy and developmental stages of various species of Howardia, Leucaspis, etc. A description is given of peculiar alterations in the l)ranches of pears and of a leaf miner in the branches of olives attackea {Meddel. K. iMtidthr. Sti/r. [Stredcn'], 1003, No. 85,, pp. 60, fig. 1). — Notes are presented on the insect outbreaks during the year throughout various jiarts of Sweden as reported by various observers and correspondents. Ujion the whole, the insect outbreaks dur- ing the year were less pronounced than during the preceding year. Considerable injury was done to apple trees by Cheimatobia brurnafa and Illhernia defoliaria. A brief account is presented of the injuries caused to cereals by cockchafers, wire- worms, and frit fly. Notes are also given on pea weevil and a number of miscella- neous insects injurious to garden vegetables and fruit trees. Notes and practical suggestions relative to combating animals injurious to cultivated plants, G. del Guercio {Niiovc Ilelaz. R. Staz. Ent. Agr., 1. ser., 1903, No. 5, pj). :?os, j)ls. 7, figs. S8).- — Descriptive, economic, and biological notes are pre- sented on the more injurious insects of Italy, belonging to the following groups: Thysanoptera, Thrips, and Lepidoptera. The more important sjjecies are described in detail and notes are given on their habits, life history, food plants, natural ene- mies, and artificial remedies. The majority of the species considered are illustrated. Injurious insects and other animals observed in Ireland during the year 1902, G. H. Carpenter {Econ. Proc. Roy. Dublin Sac, 1 (1903), IV, No. 9, jjp. 195-218, pils. 2, figs. 7). — Economic and biological notes are given on Hepiahis humuli, crane flies, wheat-bulb fly, carrot fly, turnip fly, rose sawfly, Mediterranean flour moth, Anohium domesficum, A. j:>aniceum, Oniseus ciseUus, Syagrius intrudens, etc. The Hessian fly in Ohio, C. E. Thorne {Ohio Sla. Bid. 136, pp. 24, pis. 2, figs. 10). — During the past season the damage from Hessian fly is said to have exceeded that of any previous attack of this insect. Detailed notes are given on the previous important outbreaks of Hessian fly in Ohio. From a consideration of these out- breaks it appears that a warm autumn is favorable to the prevalence of the fly, but that the rainfall has little effect upon its relative abundance. In general the cli- matic conditions which favor the growth of wheat also favor the increase of the Hessian fly. In a few instances continuous October frosts appeared lo check the development of the Hessian fly. The liberal use of manure or fertilizers assisted in some instances in saving wheat from total destruction. According to statistics extending over a long period of years it appears that it is not safe to sow wheat earlier than from September 23 to October 10, according to the latitude of different pai'ts of the State. It is stated, however, that while it is possible to avoid injury from the Hessian fly by late seeding, "in average seasons the risk of w^inter injury to wheat sown sufficiently late to avoid the fly appears to be quite as great as the risk from the fly." It is recommended that a part of the crop be sown moderately early in order to determine wdiether the Hessian fly prevails to an unusual extent during any particular season, or that several sowings be made a few days apart in order to induce the insects to make their main attack upon the earlier sowing. Hessian fly in Missouri, J. M. Stedman (3//.s.so!(ri>S7rt. Bid. 62, pp. 131-149, figs. 6). — The Hessian fly is found throughout Missouri and is considered to be second only to ENTOMOLOGY. . 277 the chinch bug in the destruction of wheat. Notes are given on the habits, hie liis- tory, and food plants of this insect. In controlling the pest the author recommends late sowing of fall wheat and the l)urning or plowing under of all infested Htu1)ble. The eggs of insects which, are frequently found on sugar cane, W. Van Deventek [Mrdcd. ProefMat. Suikerriet West Java, 1903, No. 63, pp. 10, ph. 3). — Descrij)- tive, economic, and biological notes on a number of insects injurious to sugar cane, including ExprortiK minor, Procodeca adara, Chilo infuscateUus, and Dlatrxa striatalis. Enemies of tobacco, G. d'Utra (BoI. Agr. Sao Paulo, 4. ser., 1903, No. 3, pp. 111-12-2, figs. 3). — Notes are given on the habits, life history, and means of combating Protoparce Carolina, Epitrix jmrvula, Dicyphus minimus, and other less imjiortant insects. Insect enemies of stored grain, Poskin {Bui. Agr. IBrussels], 19 {1903), No. 4, pp. 532-557). — The author presents descriptive, biological, and economic notes on granary weevil, Angoumois grain moth, and a number of other insects injurious to stored grain, together Avith a detailed discussion of the artificial remedies which are usually reconmiended in combating these insects. These remedies include mechan- ical shock and the application of heat, cold, and poisonous gases. Insects that damage wheat and other food stuffs, AV. AV. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. Nav South W(d('s, 14 {1903), No. 6, pp. 4S1-492, pi. i).— Notes on the habits, life his- tory, and means of combating rice weevil, granary weevil, flour beetle, saw-toothed grain weevil, bean Aveevil, Mediterranean flour moth, Angoumois grain moth, etc. The pests and blights of the tea plant, G. AVatt and H. H. Mann {Calcutta: Supt. Govt. Printing, 1903, 2. cd., pp. XY+429, 2)ls. 24, figs. 44). —This handbook on the insect and fungus pests of the tea plant has been largely rewritten in the j)reseiit edition. The purpose of the volume is to i^resent a general account of cultural methods adapted to preventing the attacks of insects and fungus enemies, and to furnish biological and economic accounts of the chief pests of tea. As stated by the authors, the purpose of the cultural suggestions made by them is to furnish data regarding methods which "should necessarily accompany more specific efforts to battle with the pests and blights." About one-third of the A^olume is occupied with cultural details, while the remaining two-thirds is devoted to a discussion of insects and fungus enemies. The insects are classified into natural orders and discussed in a systematic manner. The majority of the species are well illustrated. Among the numerous species Avhich are discussed mention may be made of a few of the more important ones, including Lachnosterna impressa, Diapromorpha melanopus, Amatissa consorta, Bracliytrypes achatinus, Helop>eltis theivora, CMorita fiavescevs, Cvylonia the;r- cola, Termes taprobanes, and Tetranychus bioculatus. A number of fungus diseases of tea is considered (pp. 392-416). The more important of these are due to the fol- lowing si^ecies: Stilbum nanum, Cephaleuros mycoidea, and Nectria ditissima. White fly (Aleurodes citri), H. A. Gossard {Florida Sta. Bui. 67, pp. 595-666, pis. 6, figs. 3). — A general account is given on the family Aleurodida?, with special reference to the white fly. The original home of this insect is not definitely known, but it is believed to be Florida. It is also found in Louisiana, Georgia, North Caro- lina, Texas, and the District of Columbia. The insect is described in detail in its various stages. It is considered to be the Avorst orange pest of Florida, and is kno\\-n to be established in 14 counties of that State. There are 3 broods, Avhich occur from March to May, June to August, and September to November, respectively. The eggs are deposited uj)on the leaves. The insect is distributed greatly by nursery shipments, wind currents, and various vehicles. The chief natural enemies of the insect are brown fungus, Aschersonia aleurodis, and other species of parasitic fungi as well as ladybirds. In experiments to discoA'er the effect of cold storage the wliite fly Avas killed by subjection to temperatures of 10 to 20° F. for jieriods A'arying from 1 to 48 hours. Notes are given on the food plants of this insect. Among the insei'ti- cides discussed by the author mention should be naade of resin sprays, kerosene 278 . EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. eimiLsiun, wluile-oil Hoap, Montgomery's insecticide, ((jIku-co decoction, sulpliur dust, and hydrocyanic-acid gas. The most favorable time for spraying is during the winter period; at least 2 thorough applications should ])e made. Fumigatif)n with hydrocyanic-acid gas proved effective, but is not generally recommended. Hesin wash is considered to be a very satisfactory sjjray and potash whah'-<;il soap ma}' also be nse(l with good success and with little injui-y tp. 289, 290, fig. 1). — Notes are given on (Jeroplastea sinensis, which is consid- ered one of the most important enemies of the orange in Algeria. The San Jose scale: its native home and natural enemy, C. L. Maklatt {V. K Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 155-174, pis. 6, figs. 3). — A discussion of the history, distribution, natural enemies, and home of the 8an Jose scale. As a result of the author's travels in the Orient it is believed that China is the original habitat of this insect. Considerable assistance may reasonably be expected from Chilocorus mnilis in the destruction of the scale. This ladybird was introduced from China and has been distributed in a number of localities in the United States. A. catalogue of the Coccidae of the world, Maria E. Fernald {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 88, pp. 3H0). — The number (^f species of Coccidse recognized in this bulletin is al)Out 1,500. The preferred specific name is given in each case, followed by full bibliograiihic references and synonyms. A detailed index contains the names of subfamilies, genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies. This index enables the entomologist to make rapid references to the names and synonymy to the various species as contained in the text of the bulletin. Some w^ood-boring beetles and their habits, W. W. Froi^gatt {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. '5, pp. 414-417, 1)1. 1). — Descrii)tive, biological, and economic notes on Bostrgchus cglindricus, Nylehorus solidas, Lyctus hrunneus, and Gracilia pygnuea. Xyleborus was reported as causing considerable injury to apple and peach trees. The apple trees were most affected. In some cases limbs 1 in. in diameter were so ])adly eaten that they readily broke off. Some of the principal insect enemies of coniferous forests in the United States, A. D. Hopkins ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 265-282, jils. 2, figs. 10).— An account is presented of the habits, life history, and means of combating Dendroc- tonus piceaperda, D. frontalis, D. ponderosie, and other injurious species of this genus. The autlior briefly indicates the remedies which may be employed in checking the spread of these insects. The narcissus or daffodil fly, W. Wilks {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc. \_London'], 27 (1902) , No. l,pp. 181-185, fig. 1). — A study was made of the life habits and history of ENTOMOLOGY. 279 Merodon erjucMris, which is reported as greatly injurious to daffodils. According to the observations of the author, the eggs are de])osited in the scales near thi' top of the bulb, and the larva after hatching eats its way down through the bulb and finally emerges at the base. No practical remedies for this pest have been discovered. Locust destruction, W. H. Bushby {Agr. Jour, and Mia. Rec. INatal}, (! {1903), No. IS, pp. 457-404)- — This is the report of the chief locust officer for the Natal gov- ernment and contains a report of the operations conducted by the government in the destruction of these insects. The formula for the insecticide which was successfully used in various parts of Natal is as follows: 1 lb. arsenic, 0.5 lb. soda, 0.8 11). sugar, 1() gal. water. The solution was found to be quite harmless to stock excei)t when considerable quantities were taken at one time. The country was divided into dis- tricts for the purjiose of securing a more effective extermination of the locusts, and each district was placed in charge of a local officer who was made responsible for the destruction of the young locusts. Calls for aid from natives in locust-infested dis- tricts were not always met enthusiastically and the author complains that in many instances too much was expected from the government operations along this line. The invasion of locusts in Charente, J. Ricard {Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 2 {1903), No. 1, pp. 145-179, figs. 6). — The species of locust which is reported as hav- ing caused most damage in Charente is Odoptenns it'dlcas. Notes are given on the distribution of the insect and the depredations committed in 1901 and 1902, Little success was had trom the use of ordinary chemical remedies in combating this insect, and the author l)elieves that the main reliance must be placed upon the proper use of mechanical remedies, such as large hoijperdozers combined with the employment of a considerable force of men armed with small branches of trees to be used in driv- ing the young locusts. Among the natural enemies of locusts the author mentions parasitic fungi and unfavorable climatic conditions. Cicadas and tlieir habits, W. W. FROciGAxr {Agr. Gaz. New Soidh Wales, I4 {1903), No. 5, pp. 4I8-425, lAs. 2). — Notes are given on the following sjjecies of Cicada: Tibicina ciirvicosta, Macrouistria angularis, Psaltodafiavescens, MelampsaUa melanopygia, M. encaustica, Tetligarda tomentosa, Cystosoma saundersii, and C. vitripennis. A bibli- ography of the subject is appended to the article. Spraying crops, C. M. Weed {New York: Oirmge Judd Co., 1903, 4- ed., pp. 136, ph. 0, figs. 53). — In this edition an attemjit has been made to bring the discussion of insecticides and fungicides up to date by inclusion of some of the newer formulas which have been recommended by entomologists and botanists. Insecticide studies, J. K. Haywood ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry Bid. 70, pp. 63). — An investigation was made of pyrethrum powders containing poisonous metals. It was found that in some localities the public demands tliat pyrethrum powders be Ijright yellow. This color is produced l)y the addition of lead chromate. Since this chemical is poisonous to man, attention is called to the dangers from using l)yrethrum powders containing lead chromate, and a num1)er of cases of poisoning are reported from the literature on the subject. During this investigation 105 samples were analyzed, and 18 per cent were found to be colored by lead chromate. It is believed that where pyrethrum powders are sprinkled about houses for the destruction of fleas, cockroaches, and other household pests the pulverized leail chromate might produce serious cases of poisoning \)\ inhalation. A compilation of analyses of insecticides and fungicides was made from the i)ubli- cations of agricultural experiment stations and is i)resented in a talndar form, with comments on the methods used and on the results obtained. Copies are given of the State laws governing the composition and sale of insecticides. Paris green, T. Macfaklane {L}). — In this vohnne the autlior {)resents an acconnt of the ants and cnckoo wasps. The anatomy of tliese insects is described in detail, and l)rief notes are given on their food plants and distribntion. The destruction of ants by calcium carbid, Defgntaine {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauch, 2 {1903), No. 12, pp. 742-744)- — Three species of ants {Afta sexdens, CampovohiK rvfi- pes, and Dinoponera grandis) were found to be injurious to cassava in certain i)lanta- tions in South America. For the destruction of these ants the author recommends the use of calcium carbid for the purjiose of producing acetylene gas in the burrows of the ant colonies. The gas is then ignited and the ants are destroyed by the rapid combustion and explosion of the gas. Destruction of white ants by means of sulphurous acid, P. Lesne {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 30, pp. 116, 117). — An apparatus devised for the produc- tion of sulpliurous acid in combating various insect pests is briefly described. As a result of his observations and experiments the author believes that this remedy fur- nishes an excellent means of destroying ants, white ants, and other underground insects. Foul brood and ants, Delepine {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. 22, pp.691, 692). — The author advises against the use of salicylic acid as a remedy for foul brood. This remedy is not readily soluble in honey and exercises injurious effects upon the bees. The remedy recommended by the author consists in the use of naphthaline, which is hung in small sacks in various parts of the hives. In localities where ants prove to be a nuisance to bee raisers, from their habit of crawling into the hives, the author recommends that hives be surrounded with troughs of water for a limited period, so that the ants are unable to reach the entrance to the hives and finally go elsewhere for their food. The A B C of bee culture, A. I. and E. R. Root {Medina, Ohio: A. I. Root Co., 1903, ]jp. 482, pis. 34, figs. 397). — A revised edition of this cyclopedia of bee culture, including a discussion of recent experimental work in the management of Ijees, the treatment of honey, together with a discussion of the diseases and enemies of bees, etc. The book of the honeybee, C. Harrison {London and New York: John Lane, 1903, pp. 132, pis. 13, figs. 29). — The author presents an account of the arrangement of the apiary, bee pasturage, appliances and apparatus in use in bee raising, the practical operations involved in caring for bees and honey, and also an account of the diseases and enemies of bees. The volume is well illustrated from photographs by J. C. Doug- las, and contains such information as is required by the practical bee raiser. Apiculture {.Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 7 {1903), No. 5,j)p. 184-187). — A brief discus- sion of the production and composition of beeswax, together with notes on the adul- teration and importation of this substance. On account of the abundance and cheap- ness of Muscovado sugar in the West Indies it is suggested that this material might profitably be fed to bees throughout the season for the purpose of furnishing them material with which to make wax. Modern apiculture, A. Reinhold {Apicultura Moderna. Buenos Aires: Author, 1903, pp. 56, figs. 142). — A description of the beehives commonly used in North America, together with other apparatus necessary for the successful management of bees. The breeds of mulberry silkworm and their selection, D. Rowsinski {Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 209 {1903), May, pp. 375-413).— 'Notes are presented on the various races of mulberry silkworms as raised in various countries and the comparative merits of the different races for different purposes are shown in tabular form. The general subject of silkworm culture is also discussed. Silk culture in France, J. C. Covert ( U. S. Consular Rpts., 72 {1903), No. 273, FOODS N UTRITION. 281 pp. 237-239).— Tho author presents a detailed aoconnt of the extent of mulberry cul- ture in France and the methods employed in thi.s industry. Mulberries are planted either in orchards, with or without other crops between the trees, or in hedges. It has been found important to pick the leaves in a dry condition, since they keep longer than when picked wet, especially if prevented from being folded in handling. Silk culture in Greece, D. E. McGixley ( U. S. Consular Rpt.^., 72 {1903), No. 273, pp. 239, 240). — In Greece silkworms are not given any other food than mulberry leaves. Mulberry trees are transplanted from January to March, and the maximum age of mulberry trees varies from 50 to 70 years. The silkworm eggs used in Greece are largely imjiorted from foreign countries. Silk culture in Syria, G. B. Ravxdal [U. S. Comvlar Rpta., 72 {1903), No. 273, pp. 165, 166). — Silk raising is reported as in a less prosperous condition than in former years. Notes are given on the culture of the mulberry in Syria and on the utensils and methods used in the production of silk. FOODS— NUTRITION. Dietary studies in Boston and Springfield, Mass., Philadelphia, Pa., and Chicago, 111. {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office, of Experiment Stations Bui. 129, pp. 103). — Dietary studies carried on in a number of American cities are reported in this bulle- tin, which was edited by R. D. Milner. Dietary .ttudies at the Boston School of Housekeeping, 1901-2, Lydia Soutliard (pp. 7-26). — The first of the 4 dietary studies was made under the usual living conditions, to determine the cost and nutritive value of the diet ordinarily eaten and to compare with this dietaries of medium, low, and high cost, menus being planned beforehand. The general purpose was to learn something of the factors which influence the cost of food, the relation between cost and an attractive menu, and the possibility of applying practically the results of nutrition investigations. The range in cost, nutri- ents, and energy in the different dietaries is shown by the following summary: Summary of results of dietary studies at Boston School of Housekeeping. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbo- hydrates. Energy. Usual diet Cents. 28.1 23.1 16.3 51.1 Grams. 93 94 79 118 Grams. 156 131 94 115 Grams. 349 289 257 390 Calorics. 3, 156 Diet of medium cost 2,700 Diet of low cost 2,183 Diet of high cost 3,057 The diet in every case was adequate, but the more expensive menu was the one generally relished. "The results of tlie investigation as a wliole show plainly the impossibility of pro- viding a universally satisfactory bill of fare, as long as the attitude of peoi)le toward their food is so largely a question of personal whim. They do show, however, that it is possible to provide a diet of a definite cost which may vary within rather wide limits and which shall at the same time supply the protein and energy called for by the commonly accepted dietary standards." A dietary .study at tlie Boston School of Housekeeping, 1.901, Susannah I'sJier and Bertha M. Terrill (pp. 27-30). — For instruction in the practical application of dietary studies a class in the Boston School of Housekeeping planned their dietary for one week, the attempt being made to supply an adequate diet costing not over 25 cents per person per day. The menu pro\'ided, which was fairly satisfactory, cost 22.6 cents and furnished 94 gm. protein, 127 gm. fat, 317 gm. carbohj^drates, and 2,776 calories per woman per day. From this, according to the authors, it seems fair 282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to say tliat the cost of tlic daily fare may be often diminiphetl ])y intelligent planning of the menu in such a way that a reasonable projioitiim of moderate-priced foods is used and other justifiable ec(momies are practiced witliout making the diet so i)lain that it is unattractive. Dicktri/ studij at. the Bible Noi-mal College, 1U02, Bertha M. Terrill (pp. .'}!-.%). —The students of the Bible Normal College, situated then at Springfield, Mass., determined to save a certain sum of money which was desired, by dinnnishing the cost of food, the diet being jjlanned beforehand in such a way that though of low cost it would supply the needed jirotein and energy. The cost of foods (not including prepara- tion) was only 9.4 cents per woman per day. The diet sujiplied 75 gm. protein, 78 gm. fat, 312 gm. carbohydrates, and 2,243 calories of energy per woman j)erday, and was regarded as fairly palatable. The study is regarded as " an excellent illustration of what can be done when it seems desirable to make the cost of the daily fare as low as is consistent with a reasonably jialatable diet." Dietary studies in Pldladelphla and Chicago, 1892-93, Ellen H. Richards and Amelia Shapleigh (pp. 37-98). — Twenty-four dietary studies were made in the thickly con- gested districts of Philadelphia and 32 in similar localities in Chicago. Information was desired in order that charita)>le work might be carried on intelligently, especially as regards instruction in the selection and preparation of food, household manage- ment, etc. In Philadelphia the average cost of the diet was 22.8 cents per person per day, and it furnished 115 gm. protein, 102 gm. fat, 476 gm. carbohydrates, and 3,308 calories per person per day. In Chicago the cost of the daily food was 26.8 cents per person per day, the protein, fat, and carbohydrates supplied being 127, 149, and 457 gm., respectively, and the fuel value being 3,664 calories. The individual dietaries are discussed in detail and in many cases suggestions are made for improving the diet without materially increasing its cost. "Considering the net results of these dietary studies they were of undoubted value to the settlement associations under whose auspices they were made. They furnished more accurate information tlian could have lieen gained otherwise regarding the ways of living, the adequacy of the diet, and the faults in methods of purchasing, cooking, and serving food. The information gained, it is believed, has been utilized in many ways to the advantage of all concerned." The cost of food as related to its nutritive value, R. D. Milner ( V. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, -pp. 387-406). — The relative value of different foods is discussed, the fact being emphasized that the amount of nutritive material present determines the real value of the food rather than its cost per pound. Common food materials are divided into groups designated cheap, medium, and expensive, as regards sources of l;)oth protein and energy. The relative value of a numl^er of common foods is dis- cussed and ways suggested in which the results of nutrition investigations in general may l)e made of practical use. Inorganic salts in relation to nutrition {British Med. Jour., 1903, No. '2219, pp. 93, 94). — A discussion summarizing data on value of different inorganic salts in the nutrition of man and animals. The dietetic values of food stuffs prepared by plants, G. Hensloav {Jour. Roy. Ilort. So<: [London], 27 {1903), No. 4, ]>P- 908-970, figs. *-).— The author sum- marizes and discusses data regarding the food value of plants and the forms in which the nutritive material occurs. The physiolog-ical action of betaine extracted from raw beet sugar {British Med. Jour., 1903, -N^o. 2224, P- 380). — A brief note on a recent investigation by Waller and Plimmer which showed that betaine has a marked physiological effect. In view of this the need of careful purification of beet sugar is pointed out. The victualling of the royal navy: Past, present, and future, A. Turnbull {London: Elliot Stock, 1903, pji. 31). — A compilation of data regarding the rations issued to the British navy in the past and at the present time, together with a sum- FOODS — NUTRITION. 283 mary of the report of a committee appointed l)y tlie I.onls of the Admiralty which propoises a number of t-hanges. The food factor in education [Britl.sJt Med. Juur., 1903, No. 225, pp. 424, 425). The diet commonly found in Britif^h schools is discussed and suggestions for improve- ment are made, as it is regarded as inadequate. Composition of the principal proteids in foods, L. Gkandeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., V. xcr., 6 {I'jOS), Xo. 00, pp. 205, 206). — A brief summary. Food and food adulteration, J. B. Weems {Dktet. and IL/g. Gaz., 19 [190.3), Xo. 9, pp. 513-518).— The extent of food adulteration, the need of legislation to restrain it, and similar topics are discussed. Chemical composition of foods and condiments, J. Konig and A. Bomer [Cheinisdie Zamminensetzunrj der menschUchen Xuhriuujs- und Gemissmittel. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1903, vol. 1, 4- ed., pp. XX-\-1535, figs. 4)-—li is stated that the revision of the new edition of this valuable handbook has been prepared by Pro- fessor Bcmier. The original form of reporting the analytical data in considerable detail has been adhered to, the large amount of recent analyses pulilished since the earlier editions being included, in addition to the older material. The introductory chapter on the theory of nutrition has not been retained, as it is planned to elaborate this subject in a subsequent volume. Seventh report on food products, A. L. Winton et al. ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1902, pt. 3, x>P- 179-325, figs. 36).— In the introduction to this report, by E. H. Jenkins, it is stated that during the year 1,205 samples of foods and food products purchased by the station, or submitted to it, were examined, as well as 662 collected by the State Dairy Commission, making a total of 1,867 samples. Milk, A. L. Winton, M. Silverman, and E. M. Bailey (pp. 183-195). — Of the 292 sam- ples of milk purchased from milkmen, 10.9 per cent were found to i^e adulterated, in 4 cases ])y the use of added preservatives, in 7 cases by dyes, and in the remainder by watering and skimming. Analyses are also reported of a sample of preserved cream and a number of samples of milk which were not collected by the station. Carbonated nonalcoholic Leverages and fruit flavors, A. L. Winton, xi. W. Ogden, M. Silverman, and E. M. Bailey (pp. 195-215). — Two hundred and eleven samples of sirups, fruit juices, and carbonated beverages were analyzed, and 72 were found to be unadulterated. The majority of them contained coal-tar dyes. Added preserva- tives were also conmion. A sample of lemon extract and 3 samples of vanilla extract were examined and were all free from adulteration. Siveet 2>ickles, A. L. Winton and A. W. Ogden (pp. 216-221). — Only 1 of the IS sam- ples of sweet pickles (cucumbers and other vegetables) examined was free from glu- cose, saccharin, or chemical preservatiyes. Most of the pickles contained small quantities of alumina and sulphuric acid, and 1 sample was colored with copper. The methods of examination are described. Lard, A. L. Wintoyi and A. W. Ogden (pp. 221-227). — During the year 166 samples of lard were examined, 55 of which were adulterated. Cheese, A. L. Winton and E. M. Bailey (pp. 228, 229).— The fact that various soft cheeses sold in jars, tin-foil packages, etc., differ in keeping qualities led to an exami- nation Uiv ailded preservatives with the result that borax was found in 7 samples. Fourteen samples were not adulterated. Maraschino cherries, A. L. Winton and E. M. Bailey (pp. 229, 230). — Six l)rands of Maraschino cherries were examined and coal-tar dye found in all. Ground spices, A. L. Winton and E. M. Bailey (pp. 230-245). — During the year 233 samples of spices were examined, of which 40 were found to be adulterated. Coffee, A. L. Winton (pp. 246-248). — Only 3 of the 33 samples of coffee examined were found to be adulterated. A marked decrease in the adulteration of this class of goods during the last 7 years is noted. Cocoa, A. L. Winton, M. Silverman, and E. M. Bailey (pp. 248-255, 257-263). — Cocoa 284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. products and methudsof examination are described and analyses reported of samples of 45 brands. Of these 12 were found to be adulterated and 7 to be compound cocoa. Mmrlhnii'OKs mmpleK, A. L: Whiton, M. SUvernmn, mid K. M. Bailri/ (pp. 255, 256). — Proximate analyses are reported of gluten bread and a preservative for yeast, as well as examinations for the detection of adulterants of cream of tartar, sage, granulated sugar, butter, curd, canned beets, green tea, preserving mixture, baking powder, and vinegar, and the alcohol content of several samples of liquors. Food products examined for tlie dairy commissioner in the tivelre months ending July 31, 1902 (pp. 264, 265). — A number of samples of butter, molasses, honey, and vinegar were examined for the State commissioner in dairying, the results being briefly reported. The effects of roasting on the chemical composition of cocoa beans, A. L. Winton, M. Sil- verman, and E. M. Bailey (pp. 265-269). — Taking into account the work of earlier investigators, the changes brought about in cocoa beans by roastiiig are discussed and analyses reported of a test made with raw and roasted Caracas cocoa beans, one sample being roasted at a lower heat than is customary, a second in the usual manner, and a third at an abnormally high heat. The operation of roasting was conducted in a chocolate factory by skilled workmen in the presence of a representative of the sta- tion. So far as could be judged*by the analyses, the chemical composition of the cocoa nibs was altered little, if at all, by roasting. Apparently no starch was con- verted into dextrin or other soluble carbohydrates, nor were the percentages of fat or the fat constants changed, nor the theobromin, caffein or other nitrogenous sub- stances altered. The crude fiber content in the roasted samples was slightly increased, probably owing to the presence of a little finely-divided charcoal^ from the shells which was constantly present. "These results do not by any means prove that only the mechanical condition of the nibs is affected by roasting and no chemical change whatever takes place during the process. As a matter of fact, the flavor of roasted beans is materially different from that of the raw beans, and this must be due to some difference in chemical constitution, but this difference would appear to be slight and justifies the adoption of standards of composition based on analyses of beans roasted at a medium heat." Analyses of authenticated samples of cocoa beans, A. L. Winton, M. Silverman, and E. M. Bailey (pp. 270-287) . — Analyses are reported of a number of samples of roasted cocoa nibs, roasted cocoa shells, and roasted unshelled cocoa beans. Methods are described and the analytical data discussed with reference to its bearing upon the composition of chocolate and the fixing of standards of composition. The anatomy of edible berries, A. L. Winton (pp. 288-325). — Extended studies are reported of the following American edible berries: Cultivated strawberry, American field strawberry, American red raspberry, black raspberry, blackberry, dewberry, red currant, black currant, American gooseberry, European gooseberry, American cranberry, and huckleberry; and of some European species, including the forest strawberry, European raspberry, and mountain cranberry. While the special purpose was to ac(-umulate data for use in the examination of jams, preserves, etc., the author's investigations furnish a large amount of informa- tion regarding the macroscopical and microscropical appearance of the different ber- ries and their normal structure, the text being supplemented by numerous drawings. Detailed directions are given for the examination of jams and preserves made from the various berries, attention being called in every case to the more striking features which may be expected. A German translation" of this article has previously appeared. Canned meats, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Otta^va, Canada, 1903, Bui. 85, pp. 3, 4). — Ninety-nine samples of canned meats were examined. With the exception «Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 5 (1902), pp. 785-814. FOODS NUTRITION. 285 of 5 samples they were in good condition. Boric acid was found in 21 samples, l)ut in no ease "has it exceeded the limit fixed by tlie British Parliamentary Conunission, viz, 0.5 per cent, and in most cases it has fallen markedly below this amount." American corn meal and hominy in France, T. Haynes ( U. S. Consular Rpts. 73 {lOOS), No. J76, 2>P- 101, 102). — In order to secure any extended market for Amer- ican corn meal the author believes that it must be marketed in more satisfactory packages, sold for a more reasonable price, and methods of preparation suggested which are in keeping with the dietary habits of the French people. Arrowroot, C. T. Musson {Agr. Gaz. Neiv South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 5, pp. 452, 453, Jigs. 2). — Directions for extracting starch on a small scale from Carina edidis are given. Canned vegetables, A. McGill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Ottawa, Canada, 1003, Bid. 87, pp. 9). — With 2 exceptions all of the 100 samples of canned vegetables examined were found to be in good condition and in no case were added preserva- tives found. Traces of copper were found in 2 samples of canned peas and a larger amount in a sample of French peas. The principal vegetables used as food in the French Colonies, Balland {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 15, pp. 934-936). — The composition is reported of peanuts, Cajanus indicus, several varieties of beans, and the so-called African peanut ( Voandzia, suhteiTanea) . The chemical composition of nuts used as food, J. B. AVeem.s and Alice W. Hess {Proc. loica Acad. Sci., 10 {1902), pp. 108-111). — Analyses of a number of native and foreign nuts are reported and their food value discussed. Coffee substitutes {Agr. News [Barbados'], 2 {1903), No. 36, p. 281). — A note on tlic use <.A soy beans as a coffee substitute. Sources of sugar, C. A. Kern ( Dietet. and Hyg. Gaz. , 19 { 1903 ) , No. 9, pp. 522-524) ■ — A popular article discussing the manufacture of sugar from various sources, a num- ber of which are unusual. Preservation of cane sirup, W. K. Dodson {Louisiana Stas. Bid. 75, 2. ser.,j}p236- 249). — Believing in the desirability^of preserving cane sugar as a means of increasing its home consumption and sale, tests were undertaken to learn the value of various methods. Attempts to preserve sirups in small quantities by the ordinary house- hold methods employed in preserving fruit were entirely successful, but attempts to preserve sterilized sirup of 22° Baume density in large quantities in sterilized kegs did not succeed. However, sirup of 36° density so preserved fermented very little, while similar sirup not sterilized fermented very badly. The author believes, there- fore, that "thick sirup, sterilized in tight wooden vessels, can be kept practically without fermentation during the entire summer." The belief is rather widespread that filtering cane juice through Spanish moss materially increases the keeping qualities of sirup made from it and prevents crys- tallization. As shown by a number of experiments there is no foundation for this belief. A number of tests which had to do with the causes of fermentation are reported, leading to the conclusion that cane fermentation is due to micro-organisms intro- duced from without and not to enzyms present in the cane. Freezing the cane facil- itated the entrance of the micro-organisms causing fermentation. The enzyms of the sugar cane, C. A. Browne, Jr. {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 75, 2. ser., 2>p- 249-2.56). — The presence of enzyms was demonstrated in sugar cane, includ- ing a catalase, an oxidase, and a peroxidase, the first 2 being always and the latter sometimes present. Special device for keeping sirup in a sterile condition, W. R. Dodson {Louisi- ana Stas. Bui. 75, 2. ser., pp. 256-258, fig. 1). — A modified form of faucet is described which was designed to permit the withdrawing of a small quantity of sterilized sirup from a large vessel without disturbing the sterile condition of that which remains. 28() EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Relation of bacteria to the inversion of crystallized sugars, W. K. Dodson {LoulsiaiKt (SVa.s. Bui. 75, 2. scr., pp. 259-2GS). — Kecognizing the fact that unrefined sugars are subject to inversion during storage or transportation over long (hstances, bacterit)logical studies were undertaken, and a bacterium isolated whicli is regarded as the cause of tlu' inversion. The test led to the following conclusions: "Sugar that Mas sterilized and not inoculated with any organism did not deterio- rate in i)ui-ity. Sugar sterilized and inoculated with pure cultures of organisms found in inverting sugars show a decided inversion. There is no reason to believe that any other agent than the organism introduced was responsible for this inversion." The character of the bacterium was not fully determined, but it is planned to con- tinue the work. Preservation of eggs, R. Guenther {IJ. S. Consular Rpts., 73 [IDOS), No. 276, pp. ci:, c>7). — A note on the successful use. of water-glass solution for preserving eggs. Preserving eggs {Agr. Gaz. New ,Sout]i. Wale.':, 14 {1903), No. 5, j)p- 472, 473). — A inunber of experiments carried on in Germany are briefly quoted, which show that the best results were obtained when eggs were either varnished with vaselin, immersed in limewater, or in water-glass solution. Hens' eggs, E. Carpiaux {Bxd. Ind. Chim. et Bad. GemUoux, 1903, No. 73, p)p. .■?,9-5i).^Noted from another publication. (E. S. R., 15, p. 64. ) ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The value of oak leaves for forage, W. W. Mackie {California Sta. Bui. 150, pp. 21, figs. 10). — Having noted that live stock readily eat the leaves of certain oaks, the author studied the chemical composition and food value of the leaves of a num- ber of species found in the northern coast ranges of California, and also the leaves of poison oak. In addition to the usual data the tannin in the leaves was determined. The results oi analyses of the different kinds of foliage follow, the leaves being gathereil in every case in the fall when they were fully mature: Composition of oak and poison oak leaves. Species. Water. Pro- tein. Ether ex- tract. Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Fiber. Tan- nin. Ash. Live oaks: Scrub oak ( Qiirrcns (himosa) Per ct. 3.90 3.54 6.53 5.21 5.10 4.59 5.39 Per ct. 9.16 10.95 8.32 8.32 8.15 15. 05 6.85 Per ct. 5.26 5.86 3.50 4.25 7.06 5.47 6.50 Per ct. 31.41 30.89 31.52 34. 55 40.50 40. 18 41.05 Per ct. 26.79 29.48 30.35 33.35 19.22 16.26 25.13 Per ct. 14.06 9.62 10.16 5.00 10.62 9.01 6.42 Per ct. 9.42 9.66 Maul oak ( Q. clinjsolcpis) 9.62 Deciduous oaks: Blue oak (Q. douQlcisli) 9.32 9.35 Mountain white oak (Q. garryann) Poison oak ( Ehus diversiloba) 9.44 8.66 It was observed that the poisonous oil of poison oak is apparently volatile at a comparatively low temperature, as samples dried at ordinary room temperature did not i)roduce poisonous effects. In general all the leaves examined possessed a high crude fiber content and less nitrogen-free extract than leguminous crops. The resins present "have pungent and disagreeable flavors, which render them distasteful to stock. A good example of this is seen in the Qucrcus californica. The leaves of the young trees and shrubs of this species contain no more tannin than those of most of the other species, are only IJ per cent below^ alfalfa in nitrogen-free extract, have a fair amount of protein, are low in crude fiber, and are large and soft. These qualities should produce a feed superior to oat hay. This is not the case, however, for stock avoid it to a great extent on account of the resins and waxes in the dense tomentum covering the leaves. These ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 287 waxes and resins serve as a i^rotection against drying winds and severe weather, and all the oaks have more or less of them. "As compared with the crude fiber and resuis, tannin of oak leaves, as l)efore stated, is not only bitter and astringent, but interferes with digestion. ... In summing up the value of the forage oaks, from chemical analyses and observations in the field, the conclusion is reached that the facts observed in the field coincide in most cases with those determined by analysis. For instance, the deciduous oaks possess a higln>r luitritive value than the live oaks and are, as would be expected, more readily eaten by horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. In some cases, however, certain physical conditions modify these relations. This is true in the case of the live oaks. These contain a sufKciently high proportion of nutrients, and yet only sheei? and goats thrive upon them. This is due to the thick, harsh leaves with their spinescent teeth, which prevent horses and cattle from relishing them. "Although all stock prefer the deciduous oaks of the higher altitutles, yet indis- criminate pasturing causes much damage to the forests and ground-cover. When sheep and goats are allowed to browse on the deciduous oaks of the timbered area, they kill the seedling conifers by nibl)ling and tramj^ling, kill the shrubs by over- browsing, and cut up the slopes in trails which become deep gullies during the rainy season. This could be avoided by pasturing the sheep and goats on the ' live oaks' of the lower chaiaiiaral or brush areas, the only necessary precaution being to prevent too many congregating in one 2:)lace, thus avoiding too much trampling and gullying. "Since cattle and horses are unable to thrive on the live oaks, and since they do not browse close enough to kill shrubs, never browse on young conifers, nor cut up slopes by trails, they may profitably be pastured on the timbered areas and on the higher altitudes. Thus, this oak area, comprising half the whole State, can, by a conservative and well-regulated system of browsing, be made to pasture sheep and goats throughout the year, and all stock during the summer months; and also dur- ing seasons of drought or when winter conditions make other feed inaccessible." Feeding stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Baktlett ( Maine Stu. Bui. 9i^, pp. 53-6S). — In accordance with the State feeding stuff law, analyses w^ere made of a large number of samples of concentrated feeding stuffs sent by correspondents and collected by the Station, including cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, flax meal, gluten meals and feeds, Fourex (dried distillers' grains), bran, red dog flour, meat meal, animal meal, beef scraps, bone and meat meal, mixed feeds, proprietary feeds, cereal breakfast food by-products, and calf meal. In general it is noted that the amount of impure cotton-seed meal sold in the State was a very small percentage of the whole, and that the feeding stuffs compared favorably with the guaranteed composition. "In the fall of 1899 the State was flooded with low grade, adulterated wheat brans and mixed feeds. Because of the publicity given to these fraudulent goods and the cooperation of the best of the large dealers, they have quite largely disappeared, or are sold under a proper guaranty. There is so much profit in selling ground corn cobs and broom corn at the price of wheat bran that the consumer must ever be on tlie watch against this fraud. The safest thing is to buy only well-known reliable brands of this class of goods." The feeding value of the -dried distillers' grains was tested with 6 cows, all in milk, for about 3 months. They had been fed a mixture of wheat l)ran, cotton-seed meal, and linseed meal, 2 : 2 . 1, in addition to corn silage and mixed hay. Dried distillers' grain mixed with bran in the proportion of 30 to 5 was gradually substituted for this and fed for 22 days, and was then gradually replaced by the first ration. The total milk yield for 22 days on the oil meal ration (comprising 11 days before and 11 days after the period on dried distillers' grain) was 2,879.2 lbs. The total milk yiel different States and Territories are also compiled. There is some supervision of the milk supply in practically all the cities of the United States having a population of over 50,000, while in the smaller cities and towns supervision is the exception rather than the rule. The methods followed vary widely as well as the character of the work performed. The inspection work con- sists for the most part of testing samples of milk for the content of fat and other solids. So far as the composition of the milk is concerned laws, ordinances, and regulations are considered quite well enforced, but beyond that their enforcement is very imperfect. In the discussion of the information presented in the bulletin many suggestions are made for the improvement of present conditions. Economical methods for improving' the keeping qualities of milk, C. F. DoAXE {}[((rij}(ind Sfa. Bid. SS, pp. 117-164). — The author discusses the source of bacteria in milk and practical means for controlling their growth, including in the bulletin the results of considerable original work consisting for the most part of tests of methods in common use. Bacteria in milk are derived from the interior of the udder, from the exterior of the cow, from the milker, from the air, and from dairy utensils, nearly all of which sources can be regulated to a certain extent. The value of dampening the udder and flank before milking was shown by bacterial determinations in several trials. In cleansing utensils where steam is not available the author recommends the use of washing powders, the efficiency of this method having been shown in experiments reported in an earlier bulletin of the station. In the purification of milk several tests were made with filters and separators. Milk filtered through animal charcoal which had been thoroiighly washed in water was turned black, illustrating a difficulty in purifying milk by filtration as compared with purifying water. The use of separators for purifying milk by 2 city dairies failed to give satisfaction to consumers, the main objection being that milk so treated soured sooner than untreated milk. In 4 out of 5 trials made at the station the acidity of fresh samples of separated milk was found to be higher than that of unseparated samples, the difference in one instance being 0.03 per cent. The cause of this variation was not investigated. It is suggested, however, that it may be due to a change in the content of carbon dioxid, due to the process of separation. The results of the tests indicate that the use of the separator for purifying milk tends to lessen rather than improve its keeping qualities. Determinations were made of the number of bacteria and the percentage of acid in aerated and unaerated milk. At the end of 24 hours there was no noticeable dif- ference in the acid content, as shown by 11 trials conducted under ordinary dairy conditions. The development of bacteria was also unaffected to any marked extent by aeration. It is therefore believed that the keeping qualities of milk are not improved by aeration. In a series of experiments the effect of cooling milk in different ways was studied. As the temperature of the well water in the State is commonly 60° F, this temper- ature was used as a basis for comi^arison. Milk cooled immediately to 60° was com- pared as regards acidity and germ content with milk cooled gradually by setting in running water at 60°. At the end of 5 hours the milk kept in running water had a temperature of about 64° when it was cooled quickly to 60° and both lots were kept at that temperature. In one of the four trials the milk cooled immediately remained in a condition fit for use 15 hours longer than the milk cooled gradually. In all trials the keeping qualities of the milk were improved by prompt cooling. In the second experiment the keeping property of milk cooled immediately to 60° was compared with that of milk in a 5 gal. can set in a half barrel of water at 60°. At tlie end of 15 hours the milk set in standing water had a temperature of QQ to 74°, varying with weather conditions. It was then cooled to 60° and kept at that 294 EXrEKIMEJ^T STATION llECORD. temperature. The milk thus treated soured from G to 18 hours sooner than the con- trol lots. I'rac'tically all the samples cooled immediately were tit for use at the end of 48 hours. In a third experiment milk cooled immediately to 60° was compared with milk cooled after standing for 2 hours, the results showinjj; that the milk cooled immeiliateiy remained sweet for about 12 lK)urs, on an average, longer than the milk not cooled until 2 hours after milking, illustrating the importance of prompt cooling. I'ractii-al experiments were also made with the use of ice. A five gallon can of milk was set about 1 hour after milking in a half barrel of water to which a large piece of ice had been added, the temperature of the water being about 40°. This milk was compared with milk cooled within 15 minutes from the time of milking to 60° an('2)t. Agr., Dirixiou nf StatiMlrs Bnl. 25, jtp. 60). — This bulletin contains not only transportation charges relating to milk, but descriptions of the different means of transportation employed and some general information regarding the milk supply of each city. About 850,000 gal. of milk and cream are required daily to supply the 15 cities. Considerable lack of uniformity was oljserved in the freight rates. Clean milk, 8. D. Belcher {New York: Hardy Pub. Co., 1903, pp. UG, ph. 24).^ In the introduction to this book by W. H. Park the improvement of the milk supply and the transjjortation of milk are briefly discussed. The book itself is written from the standpoint of the bacteriologist and deals with means for lessening or preventing the contamination of milk. Such subjects as the construction and care of stables, the management of cows, nulking, cleansing dairy utensils, handling and sale of milk, etc., are considered. The sugar in the milk of the buffalo, C. Poecher {Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 29 {1903), Xo. 15, jjp. 828-830). — An examination of 2 samples from Italy and 2 from Egypt led the author to conclude that the sugar in buffalo's milk is identical with that in milk from other animals. Butter industry in the Argentine Republic, E. W. Ames ( U. S. Conmlar Ppts., 73 [1003), Xo. 270, pji. 115-11!)).— The exports in 1902 amounted to 9,021,020 lbs., nearly all of which was shipped to the United Kingdom. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 295 Annual report of the experiment station for cheese making at Lodi, 1902 {Ann. B. Staz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi, 1903, jip. 116). — This contains a review of the work of the station during the year, the results of experiments on the utilization of skim milk in the feeding of calves, an account of the manufacture and composition of a full cream cheese of Lombardy designated Mascarpone, a discussion of the food value of margarine cheese, and notes on milk with inseparable fat on an instrument desig- nated the coaguloscope, and on the progress of the dairy industry in Sardinia. Under the title of Milk with Inseparable Fat, G. Fascetti refers to a method of forc- ing milk through capillary spaces under a pressure of 250 atmospheres, which reduces the size of the fat globules and renders them incapable of rising to the sur- face on standing. In a sample of milk thus treated the fat showed no tendency to seisarate at any time, while an analysis showed the milk to be normal in composi- tion. It is announced that a plant for the treatment of milk by this method is to be established at Lodi. Dairying at home and abroad, H. E. Alvord ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 145-154, pis. 6). — Dairying in different countries of Eui-ope and in the United States are compared as regards breeds of dairy cattle, stal)ling, and feeding of cows, care and sale of milk, butter making, cheese making, etc. "While too much cannot be said in praise of the industry, frugality, and thrift of most of the dairymen of Europe, a close comparison leads one to feel that the conditions of this industry in the United States are decidedly more satisfactory in almost every particular." Dairying- in Belgium {Bid. Agr. \_Brussels], 19 {1903), No. 3, pp. 327-389). — This includes several papers as follows: History of the Dairy Industry, and Commerce in Dairy Products, by A. C. Bovy; Instruction in Dairying, by Devuyst; Cooperative Dairies, by O. Bolle; The Dairy Station of the Agricultural Institute, by M. Henseval; Construction of Dairy Apparatus, by J. Vandervaeren ; and Notes on Breeds of Cattle, by G. MuUie. Study of the societies for dairy control in Denmark and their possible organization in Switzerland, C. Bauverd {.Tour. Soc. Agr. Suisse Bomande, 44 {1903), No. 3, pp. 43-114). Elements of dairying, J. W. Decker {Columbus, Ohio: Author, 1903, pp. 115, Jigs. 21). — Introductory notes are given on the history and present status of the dairy industry, following which the secretion, composition, and physical properties of milk; butter and cheese; contamination of milk; testing cows; market milk; and dairy refrigeration are discussed in a popular manner, the results of considerable experiment station work being incorporated. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Text-book of veterinary medicine, J. Law {Ithaca: Author, 1903, vol. 5, pp. 532). — This constitutes the final volume of the author's text-book of veterinary medicine and is devoted to a discussion of parasites and parasitism. The general subject of parasitism is briefly discussed by way of an introduction to the volume. The various parasitic fungi and insects are arranged according to their systematic position and each parasite receives an elaborate discussion, together with an account of the symp- toms of disease produced by it and the best treatment to be adopted in combating it. The plant parasites discussed in this volume include the organisms of ringworm, thrush, and Actinomycosis, as well as various forms of Aspergillus. The parasitic insects which are discussed in the volume include the majority of important forms recognized as injurious to domestic animals. Elementary lectures on veterinary science, H. Thompson {New York: W. B. Jenkins, 1903, pp. 397, pis. 5i).— This volume contains 12 lectures, together with 3 appendixes, and is intended for use in veterinary instruction in all institutions offer- 9330— No. 3—03 7 296 . expp:riment station record. ing veterinary courses. The classification of tlie lectures is as follows: Introductory, including various anatomical and physiological data; bones; muscles; hoofs and shoeing; digestive organs; dentition; circulatory and lymj)hatic systems; respiratory organs; nervous diseases, including those of the special senses; skin diseases; and urinary diseases. The number of specific diseases of various sorts which are men- tioned in the volume is sufficient to include all the more important ones. In the appendixes valuable information is furnished in a brief form regarding the nature of various diseases and treatment to be given; the nature of various medicines; formulas for preparing veterinary medicines, and a tabulated list of medicines with the usual size of doses for horse, sheep, pig, and dog. Treatise on surgical therapeutics of domestic animals, P. J. Cadiot and J. Almy ( Traite de therapeutique chirurgicale des anbncmx dome»tiques. Paris: Asselin ifr Houzeau, 1903, vol. 2, -2. ed., x>p- 744, figs. 310). — In this volume the authors present a detailed and critical discussion of diseases of the withers, back, loins, chest, abdo- men, tail, legs, and feet. The diseases of the abdomen are classified according to the organ or parts affected. The pathological conditions and surgical instruments used in the treatment of these affections are well illustrated. The formation of precipitates during agglutination, M. Lowit {CentM. Bakt. u. Far., 1. Aid., 84 {1903), Nos. 2, Orlg., pp. 156-166; 3, Orig., pp. 251-259, pi. 1).— The author attacked the problem of determining the nature of agglutination in bac- terial cultures. It was found that a homogeneous connecting substance in varying quantities was always to be demonstrated in cases of agglutination. This connecting substance exhibited a considerable affinity for eosin and certain other stains, and could therefore be demonstrated with considerable ease. The author believes, there- fore, that he has furnished morphological proof of the fact that the agglutination of bacteria is to be considered as essentially a process of precipitation. The author con- cludes that in cases of agglutination precipitates are formed in and upon the bacteria concerned and perhaps also in the surrounding fluid. The substance necessary for the formation of the precipitate is believed to come from the bacterial cells. On the protective substances of immune sera, E. W. A. Walker {Jour. Ilyg. [Cambridge], 2 {1902), No. 1, pp. 85-100). — The experiments reported in this paper were made with typhoid bacillus upon guinea pigs. The following results were obtained: The quantity of immune body required for protection against a given number of minimum lethal doses of the bacterial organism is in general an equal number of cubic centimeters of the immune serum. The complement is a leucocytic ferment not strictly specific. It is increased by the process of immunization. The relationship between toxin and antitoxin, P. Eisenberg ( Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 34 {1903), No. 3, Orig., pp. 259-283).— The literature of this subject is critically reviewed in connection with a bibliography. The author found during his investigations that the relative amount of toxin required for the neutralization of the antitoxin varied according to the total amount of the mixture. Where large quanti- ties of each were used a relatively larger amount of toxin was required for the neu- tralization of the antitoxin. Further contributions to the theory of bacteriolytic immunity, R. Pfeiffer and E. Friedberger {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 34 {1903), No. 1, Orig., pp. 70-84).— The authors' experiments as reported in this article were concerned chiefly with the formation of immune bodies antagonistic to bacteriological amboceptors, with special reference to the vibrio of cholera. During these experiments it was found that in the serum of an animal treated with the immune serum of cholera, antiamboceptors arise which attack the cytophilous group of the amboceptors. The antiamboceptors pos- sess no affinity for the receptors of the cholera vibrio. Antiamboceptors are rela- tively stable bodies which are not destroyed by subjection to 60° C. for ^ hour. Experimental studies on disinfection by means of formaldehyde and steam, H. Herzog ( Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 34 {1903), No. 2, Orig., pp. 170-187, figs. 2).— VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 297 During the experiments reported in this paper it was found that tlie disinfec^tant action of steam was considerably increased by the presence of formaldehyde fumes. Spores of BacUlus mesentericus, which resisted the action of steam for a period of 145 minutes, were destroyed within 10 to 15 minutes when a 0.1 per cent formaldehyde solution was allowed to act simultaneously with the steam. Similar results were obtained in experiments with anthrax spores. Attention is called to the fact that by the use of a combination of steam and formaldehyde it is possible to destroy the most resistant spores at a temjierature which is harmless for substances such as leather, silk, etc. The parasites of man and domestic animals, E. Perroncito {I pnrassiii dell \iomo e degli auimali idili. Milan: Francesco MiUardi, 1901, pp. 632, pis. 25, figs. 276). — A brief account is given of parasitism in general with notes on the pathogenic bacteria of greatest importance. The greater part of the volume is occupied with a discussion of animal parasites, the diseases caused by them, and methods of prevention and cure of infestation by these parasites. Animal parasites are discussed in a systematic manner according to their position in the usual scheme of zoological classification. The groups which are discussed include protozoa of various families, tapeworms, fluke worms, nematodes, mites, insects, etc. The more important species are illustrated and reference to the various subjects is made easy by means of a subject and author index. The dry-rot fung-us, a pathogenic parasite of man and animals, with special regard to its action in causing cancerous tumors, A. Klug {Der Hausschwamm ein pcdliogener Parasit des menschUchenund. tierischen Organismus, speziell seine Eigenschaft ids Erreger von Krebsgeschundsten. Freiheit-Johannisbad: Author, 1903, pp. 139, figs. 44)- — An elaborate investigation was made for the purpose of determin- ing the relationship between il/crH/ras lacry mans Sind cancerous tumors in man and animals. A large number of cancerous growths of various forms were studied in human patients and the spores of this fungus were found in the tumerous growths. Experiments were made in inoculating rabbits, 15 of these animals being used during the progress of the investigation. All of the rabbits were killed within from 14 to 240 days after inoculation and were subjected to careful post-mortem examination. It was found as a result of these experiments that the dry rot fungus is capable of living as a parasite in animal tissue and that the meruliocytes obtained from tumors thus produced were identical with those obtained from the germination of basidio- spores of the dry-rot fungus. Observations on the flagella of the tetanus bacillus, S. de Grandi ( Centbl. Baki. u. Par., 1. Aht., 34 {1903), No. 2, Orig.,pp. 97-108, figs, ii).— A detailed descrip- tion is given of the flagella of the tetanus bacillus as they appear after treatment by various staining methods, and notes are presented on the microscopic technique which is required for demonstrating the flagella. A means of preventing tetanus, E. Thierry {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 27, pp. 23, 24). — It was found that the antitetanic serum could be desiccated to the form of a powder and that its active properties could be preserved in this form for a long period. A short historical report on the veterinary service from 1898 to 1903 and on the veterinary sanitation in St. Petersburg, S. I. Samborski {Arch. Vet. Nauk, St. Petersburg, 33 {1903), No. 4, pp- 417-442).— In this article the author pre- sents an account of the organization of veterinary service and sanitation in St. Peters- burg, with special reference to the prevention of the spread of animal diseases to man through the uncontrolled prevalence of animal plagues and through the use of the meat and milk of diseased animals. Division of veterinary science, J. A. Gilruth {New Zealand Dept. Agr. lipt. 1902, pp. 219-326, pis. 25, figs. 7). — A short account is given of the equipment of the laboratory of the bacteriologist and on the work done in this laboratory during the 298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. season. The author discusses the slaughtering and inspection act of New Zealand and describes a number of abattoirs and the methods of slaughtering and inspecting meat. Notes are given on the condition of horses selected for military service and on the chief defects found in these animals. The author advocates the compulsory registry of all veterinary practitioners in the C'olony. During the year three outbreaks of anthrax occurred at widely separated localities. It is feared tliat unless special care is exercised to prevent the further introduction of anthrax in bones used for fertilizing purjioses and otherwise New Zealand will become extensively infested with this disease. The total number of cattle inspected during the year was 80,987, and of this num- ber 3,919, or 4.8 percent, were found to be tuberculous. This percentage of tubercu- losis was found among cattle which had never been stabled or handled, and indicates the possibility of the spread of the disease under range conditions. Notes are given on tuberculosis of the larynx in cattle and on tuberculosis in fowls. A numVjer of outbreaks of the latter kind was observed during the year. Considerable loss was suffered from abortion, and this was believed to be of a contagious nature in every case and not due to ergot. Hog cholera had not been observed for a year, but broke out again under condi- tions which precluded a knowledge of the source of infection. Notes are given on blackleg and pseudotuberculosis in sheep. The pathological anatomy and symptoms of pseudotuberculosis are described in detail, and an organism was isolated with which inoculation experiments were made in sheep, guinea pigs, rabbits, and calves. The disease affects all these animals and also goats. In its pathology the disease resembles tuberculosis and glanders. An outbreak of a disease resembling braxy occurred among sheep which were fed on turnips. Post-mortem examinations were made, and the symptoms and lesions of the disease are described. An organism was isolated from diseased animals and inoculation experiments were made on sheep and guinea pigs. The disease is appar- ently due to a specific micro-organism whic-h differs from any other previously observed by the author. The chief symptoms of braxy are not present. There is no striking odor immediately after death, and very little gas in the cultures of the bacilli. A form of gangrenous mammitis was observed in sheep. It proved to be conta- gious and due to a specific micro-organism. No curative treatment was successful. Notes are given on a number of parasites of sheep, including lung and stomach worms, botflies, tapeworms, liver flukes, Ccenurus cerebralis, etc. The predisposing causes of infestation by these parasites are considered to be the following: Drinking stagnant water; constitutional weakness of the sheep; presence of the parasites in swampy, undrained lands; want of care in weaning; overstocking, and insufticient nutrition. Experiments with intratracheal injections of carbolic acid, turpentine, chloroform, olive oil, and doses of turpentine and oil indicated that these remedies are of little use. The author believes that the most rational method of prevention and cure for the lung and stomach worms consists in the provision of a generous diet. Cirrhosis of the liver in horses and cattle was investigated by the author, and was found to be connected in some way with the ingestion of Senecio jacobceus. The disease appeared only in animals which had eaten this plant. Notes are also given on a number of diseases, including among others the following: Omphalitis in colts, paralysis in salmon and trout, epithelioma of salmon, septic pleurisy in sheep, actinomycosis and a considerable variety of tumors in domesticated animals. Semiannual report of the chief of the cattle bureau, A. Peters {Massachu- setts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pp. 321-378). — As usual in these reports, the author presents a financial statement showing the expenses of the cattle bureau in the work of eradicating infectious diseases, the payment of indemnities for animals, etc. A large number of tuberculin tests were made for the purpose of determining the extent VETERINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 299" of tuberculosis in the State. During the progress of this work 898 cattle were con- demned, killed, and indemnities paid to the owners. A few experiments were made bearing upon the question of identity of human and bovine tuberculosis. These exper- iments were made by Dr. Theobald Smith. Four young cattle were inoculated with tubercle bacilli of human and bovine origin. The autopsies indicated that the dis- ease in the animals which were inoculated by bacilli of apparently bovine origin was much more virulent than in the others. The experiments, while not completed, indicated that the disease in children from which tubercle bacilli were obtained was of bovine origin. A number of cases of actinomycosis is reported. An elaborate review is recorded of the outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease which has recently prevailed in Massachusetts and neighboring States. In the war- fare which was waged for the eradication of this plague the Massachusetts cattle bureau cooperated with this Department. Copies are presented of the various orders which were issued by the cattle bureau and by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The number of animals killed by the Bureau of Animal Industry was 1,848, and the indem- nity paid for these animals was 162,050.25. This indemity was estimated at 70 per cent of the value of the cattle killed. A few cases of Texas fever occurred at Welles- ley, the animals having been imported from Michigan. No outbreak of anthrax was reported, but a few cases of blackleg occurred. Considerable attention is devoted to a discussion of the problem of glanders in Massachusetts. This disease appears to be on the increase in spite of all the efforts which are being put forth to control it. It is estimated that the annual loss in the State from this disease is about $60,000. The total number of cases on record is 1,027, which is an increase of more than 100 over the number reported for the previous year. Mallein has been used more extensively than ever in the identifica- tion of the disease. Brief notes are also presented on contagious diseases of swine, nodular disease of sheep, stomach worms in sheep, and rabies. Governmental protection against animal plagues, B. Plehn {Der staatllche Schutz gegen Viehseuchen. Berlin: August Hirsdiivald, 1903, pp. 549). — In this volume the author has brought together copies of German laws and regulations regarding the control and eradication of rinderpest, swine plague, influenza of horses, and other dangerous contagious diseases of domesticated animals, together with a discussion of the importance and effects of these laws. Reference to the various subjects discussed in the laws is made easy by the addition of a detailed index. In an appendix to the volume, Froehner gives an account of the nature, symptoms, and treatment of the various diseases mentioned in the German laws. Some diseases of cattle, C. A. Gary and F. G. Matthews {Alabama College Sta. Bui. 125, i:)p. 105-168, figs. 15). — Notes are given on the nature, symptoms, and eco- nomic importance of cow pox, varicella, furunculosis, obstructions to the flow of milk, dysentery in young animals, acute indigestion in cattle, abortion, milk fever, and mammitis. Feeding experiments were made with Kalmia lafifolia. A cow, a calf, and one horse were fed various quantities of the leaves of this jjlant, and all of the animals manifested decided symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms included an increase in the rate of pulse and respiration, together with disturbances of temperature and mus- cular convulsion. Whisky is recommended as a stimulant in cases of poisoning from this plant, and Epsom salts as a purgative. Similar symptoms were produced as a result of eating the leaves of ^Esculus pavia. Brief notes are given on poisonous plants which contain hydrocyanic acid. These plants include various species of the genus Prunus, as well as sorghum. A number of cases of poisoning are reported from Alabama. Phytolacca decamlra is said to produce symptoms of poisoning, w hich include chills, fever, and headache. When applied to the skin a decoction of this plant acted as a blister. Extensive experiments in the antiseptic treatment of aborting cows indicated that this method is of little avail in the control of abortion. It is suggested that the bac- 300 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. terial organism which causes the disease is located in the uterws as well as in the vagina, and that therefore the ordinary antiseptic washes are insufficient for destroy- ing infection. It is suggested that the expensive method of gradually establishing ininiuiiity in a herd of cattle may in the end be the cheapest method of controlling this disease. Studies on natural and artificial immunity to anthrax, O. Bail and A. Pet- TEKSSON {Centbl. Bakt.'u. Par., 1. AbL, 33 {1903), Noa. 5, Orig., pp. 343-353; 8, Orif/., pp. 610-612; 10, Orig., pp. 756-762; 34 (1903), No. 2, Orig., pp. 167-170).— An elabo- rate study was made of the reactions observed in the blood of different animals to infection with anthrax. Special attention was given to the study of the antagonistic action of rabbit and dog serum toward anthrax bacillus. Notes are given on the location of the complement in the body of rabbits. As a result of experiments car- ried on by the authors it was found that the mere power of the serum to undergo an increase in its immunizing properties by the addition of nonnal rabljit serum con- taining some complement has no apparent connection with natural immunity to anthrax on the part of the animal from which the blood was obtained. A test was made to determine whether the serum of various animals could be fortified by the addition of leucocytes and tissue cells from rabbits. In these experiments it was found that the organs of rabbits from which the blood had been removed exercised no influence in an indifferent fluid upon anthrax bacilli. The authors believe, there- fore, that the immune body and the complement do not exist simultaneously in rab- bits, or at least not to a high degree. The property of fortifying the sera of other animals appears to exist chiefly in the blood and to a less degree in the polynuclear leucocytes. A study was also made of the reaction of horse and rat sera to anthrax bacilli, and of the quantity of immune bpdy in the normal sera of different animals. Anthrax, A. R. Ward {California Sta. Circ. 4, PP- 3). — Brief notes on the symp- toms and post-mortem appearances of this disease, with an account of vaccination. Blackleg, A. R. Ward {California Sta. Circ. 2, pp. 3). — Brief notes on the symp- toms, post-mortem changes, etiology, treatment, and vaccination for this disease. The inoculability of human tuberculosis upon bovines, D. J. Hamilton {British Med. Jour., 1903, No. 2228, pp. 565, 566). — This article is of a controversial nature and in it the author presents arguments in support-of the correctness of the results obtained in his previous experiments, during which it was shown that cattle could l)e inoculated with tubercle bacilli of human origin. The present warfare against tuberculosis of domesticated animals, 6. Malm {Norsk Vet. Tidsskr., 15 {1903), No. 2, pp. 33-75).— In this article the author presents a summary account of the methods employed in combating bovine tubercu- losis in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, and other parts of Europe, and the United States. The method of immunization recently proposed by Behring is critically discussed. The author concludes from his review of this subject that no system of immunization thus far suggested can be relied upon to give satisfactory results under ordinary conditions. It is recommended, therefore, that the warfare against bovine tuberculosis be continued along present lines, viz, by the extensive use of tuberculin and quarantining infected animals. Foot-and-mouth disease, D. E. Salmon ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1902, pp. 643-658, fig. 1). — The author presents a historical account of the recent outbreak of this disease in the United States. Notes are given on the distribution of the disease at various times during the outbreak, and on the measures which were adopted for controlling it. The disease was confined to Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, and Rhode Island, and affected 220 herds of cattle containing 4,175 animals. The total compensation paid by the Government as indemnity for slaughtered animals of all kinds was $120,007.47. Foot-and-mouth disease, D. Hutcheon (.l^r. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 22 {1903), No. 6, pp. 681-684). — The symptoms, cause, means of distribution, and treatment of VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 301 this disease are briefly discussed, with special reference to recent outbreaks of the disease. Serum therapy in foot-and-mouth disease, E. Nocard {Jour. Agricole [Par/.s], 14 {1903), No. 161, pp. 137-141)- — This is a copy of the report made at a general agricultural congress in Paris. The method of applying this treatment is outlined and the advantages and disadvantages are mentioned. It is stated that the immu- nity persists for not longer than 15 days, and that at the end of that time the animals are as susceptible to the disease as before treatment. The serotherapy of foot-and-mouth disease, E. Nocard {Bui. Ayr. Alger ie et Tunisie, 9 {1903), No. 12, pp. 215-280). — Brief notes are given on the successful application of serotherapy in the treatment of various diseases of animals and man. In the treatment of foot-and-mouth disease the results from the use of serum have been much less satisfactory, but the author believes that a more lasting immunity will ultimately be produced by this method. Report on the cattle disease in southern Rhodesia, R. Koch {Ayr. Jour, and Mill. Rec. [Natal], 6 {1903), Nos. 10, pp. 313-319; 12, pp. 401-405).— KcdLTQlwl investi- gation of the virulent form of Texas fever, or red water, which has long been known in Rhodesia, led the author to the conclusion that this disease, while closely related to Texas fever, is quite distinct from it. The author observed a number of constant differences between Texas fever and the form of the disease which prevails in Rhodesia. In the latter form of the disease the red blood corpuscles are more abundantly infected with the blood parasites, but the destruction of the blood corpuscles is very slight as compared with that which is observed in cases of Texas fever. It was only in a few instances that the number of red blood corpuscles per cubic millimeter was reduced to 4,500,000. An examination of animals dead of the Rhodesian fever discloses certain post-mor- tem changes which are absent in cases of Texas fever. These changes consist in lesions in certain organs which indicate that parasites become accumulated in these parts in enormous numbers. In a number of ca.ses it was possible to determine definitely that the animals were simultanously affected with Texas fever and Rhodesian fever. The small parasites of the Rhodesian, or African Coast fever, as the author calls it, were present in the blood, together with larger pyriform organisms of Texas fever. Another striking difference between Texas fever and Rhodesian fever was observed in the fact that direct inoculation of healthy animals with the blood of animals affected with Rhodesian fever does not produce infection from the first inoculation but only after a second inoculation. It was observed that the animals which were immune to Texas fever were very subject to Rhodesian fever, but it was found pos- sible to produce immunity to the Rhodesian form of the disease by inoculation with the blood of animals infected by this form. The cattle disease in southern Rhodesia, R. Kocn {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 4, PP- 112-117). — A circumstantial account is given of the conditions which prevail in the infested territory. The symptoms of the Rhodesian tick fever are said to be very similar to those of Texas fever. The rate of mortality is very high, in some outbreaks 80 to 90 per cent. The blood parasites are considerably smaller than in the case of Texas fever and in the early stages of the disease are not very numerous. The destruction of red corpuscles is by no means so great as in Texas fever. There is therefore a much less pronounced anemia than is usually observed in Texas fever. Extensive experiments have been planned for the purpose of developing a successful method of inoculation and the author hopes for satisfactory results from these experiments. The Rhodesian tick fever, A. Theiler {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp. 93-110, pi. 1). — The name "Rhodesian tick fever" is proposed to differentiate this form of protozoan disea.se from the less malignant Texas fever of the United 302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. States. A historical at-count is given of the occurrence and distribution of the disease in South Africa. Tlie organism of the disease is a species of pyroplasma clo.sely related to that of Texas fever and exhibiting bacillary and coccal forms. The organism was readily found in the blood of infected animals. The shortest period of incubation observed was 10 days and the longest 20 days. The average course of the fever occupied about 13 days, and the period from infection to death about 25 days. The symptoms and post-mortem lesions are described in detail and notes are given on the history of various cases and on extensive inoculation experi- ments with the blood of affected animals. The tick which is believed to be instru- mental in carrying the disease is RJdpieepJiahis sJnpleyi, commonly known as the brown tick. Inoculation experiments were unsuccessful on account of the fact that under ordinary circumstances tlie blood of affected animals does not produce the disease when inoculat-ed into healthy ones. In a few instances it was observed that animals which had recovered from one attack of Rhodesian tick fever were still susceptible to the disease. The new form of redwater in the Transvaal, D. Hutcheon {Transvaal Ac/r. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 3, pp. 45-57). — A brief account is presented of the work of Koch and Theiler on this subject. Notes are also given on the history of the disease in Rhodesia and the Transvaal. The disease is undoubtedly carried by ticks and the author recommends quarantining known infected centers and the use of an arsenical dip for the destruction of ticks. AVhile little good can be expected from the use of drugs in the treatment of this disease, fairly satisfactory results have been observed by the author in a number of cases from the use of carbolic acid and certain coal-tar derivatives. Carbolic acid was given, thoroughly mixed with raw linseed oil. Attention is called to the failure which has attended attempts to immunize cattle by inoculation with the blood of animals recovered from Texas fever. It is necessary to use blood from animals recovered from the more virulent form of the disease which prevails in South Africa. Rinderpest and redwater in cattle, S. Stockman ( Transvaal Ayr. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 4, PP- 59-63). — The author conducted an elaborate .series of experiments for the purpose of determining whether animals could be infected with the.se 2 diseases simultaneously and whether the lesions caused by the 2 diseases could be readily distinguished. As a result of these investigations it was found that animals are fre- quently attacked by both diseases at the same time, and that the extensive intestinal lesions which had been attributed by some writers to an attack of redwater were really the result of infection by rinderpest. During experiments made by the author in the production of rinderpe.st serum a number of animals was inoculated with the virus of rinderpest and one of these animals developed redwater in addition to rin- derpest. Inoculation of other animals with the blood of these animals produced rinderpest only in animals which were immune to redwater, while both diseases developed in animals which were susceptible to both. The author concludes from his experiments that the possible coexistence of rinderpest and redwater must be admitted, and that this fact should be borne in mind in experiments with rinderpest serum, or in inoculation experiments for the purpose of preventing redwater. Redwater inoculation, L. D. Gilson {Agr. Jour, and M'tn. Rec. INatal], 6 {1903), No. 10, j)p. 310-313). — Excellent results are reported from inoculation experiments during which the defibrinated blood of diseased animals was used for inoculating susceptible animals. Virulent redwater in the Transvaal, D. Hutcheon [Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. 1, pp. 39-60). — The author presents a detailed report of his investigations regarding the history, distriljution, cause, nature, and treatment of the virulent form of Texas fever observed in the Transvaal. It is believed that this disease is identical with that reported in Rhodesia. The author observed that cattle which had been immunized against Texas fever were still subject to the virulent VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 303 form of the disease prevailing in the Transvaal. It is believed, however, that healthy animals may be successfully immunized against the virulent form of the disease, by using blood of animals which have recovered from this disease, under the usual i)recautions which are recognized as necessary to the success of such inocula- tion exi)eriments. Rinderpest in Cape Colony (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. 1, pp. 70-SJ, plx. 5). — This article deals chiefly with an accomit of the serum station at Aliwal North. Two extensive outbreaks of rinderpest have occurred in Cape Colony and the disease has been stamped out in both instances with considerable rapidity by inoculation of healthy animals with the serum or bile of recovered or diseased ani- mals. Detailed notes are given on the methods employed at the Aliwal North station in preparing serum and bile, and of the treatment and management of infected herds. A note on tick infestation, C. P. Lounsbury ( Transvaal Agr. .Tour., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp. 11, 12) . — Experiments are in progress to determine the species of ticks which are concerned in carrying the virulent form of Texas fever which prevails in South Africa. According to determinations made by G. Neumann, Rhlpicephalus sMpleyi and R. siimis are instrumental in carrying this disease. The author believes, however, that these determinations are only preliminary and may be shown to be incorrect after a larger amomit of material is examined. A bacterial form of bovine piroplasmosis, A. Laverax ( Compt. Rend. Acad. /Sfci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 11, pp. 648-653, figs. 18). — The bacterial form of Piroplasma higeminum was sent from Rhodesia to the author by Theiler. This organism is described in detail and notes are given on its prevalence in the cases of Texas fever which have recently been investigated in Rhodesia. The form of Texas fever which prevails there is unusually virulent. The organism is considered as a variety of the ordinary specific form. The possibility is suggested of this being a new species of piroplasma and the suggestion is based on the fact of its unusual virulence and peculiar symptoms manifested in affected cattle. Spirillosis in Bovidse, A. Laveran {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 16, pp. 939-941, fig. 1). — A species of Spirillum was found in the blood of cattle in the Transvaal. The author describes this organism in detail. The cattle in which the organism was found were also affected with Texas fever and the pathogenic action of the Spirillum therefore remains doubtful. liamziekte and impaction of the third stomach, D. Hutcheon {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. l,pp. 25-28). — Lamziekte is described as a lameness or nervous affection in cattle which may be due to congestion of the liver. The symptoms of the disease are described in detail. Impaction of the third stomach is described with especial reference to the cause and treatment of this trouble. Indigestion and diarrhea in calves, D. Hutcheon {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 22 {1903), No. 6, pp. 669-681). — The author describes in detail the symptams, etiology, and treatment of diarrhea due to sudden changes of diet or to intestinal parasites, as well as infectious diarrhea or so-called white scour in calves. A brief discussion is also presented on the subject of liver disease in calves. Contagious abortion in cows, J. Law {California Sta. Circ. 5, pp. 13). — A popu- lar account of the forms of abortion, together with a discussion of the etiology, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of this disease. Sterility in cattle and sheep {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 22 {1903), No. 6, jyp. 658-661).— A. brief discussion is given on the possible action of salt in causing ster- ility. It is not believed that any such effect can be produced by salt under ordinary conditions. Brief notes are also given on the veterinary use of Stockholm tar. Plants injurious to stock, C. W. Peterson {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Northwest Territories, 1902, pp. 33-44).— ^otes are given on Pulsatilla hirsutissima, spear grass, common horsetail, oat smut, ergot, larkspur, corn cockle, Thermopsis, lupines, loco weed, chokecherry, water hemlock, sneeze weed, death camas, Solanum iriflorum, and 304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. other plants which are known or suspected of having caused poisoning among cattle, sheep, and horses. Loco weed, L. E. Sayre {Trans. Kansas Acad. Set., 18 [1901-2), pp. 141-144)' — A number of experiments are reported in which feeding tests were made with Astragalus 77wllisshnus. The plant was not found to be uniformly poisonous — in fact, in some instances, no effects whatever were produced by eating it. A brief account is given of the various theories which have been suggested in explanation of loco disease. Bet in steep [Jour. Bd. Agr. [London:], 10 [1903), No. 1, pp. 22-26, Jig. 1).— Brief notes on the life history of the liver fluke, together with an account of the symptoms of infestation by this worm, and a discussion of preventive and remedial measures. Contagious gangrenous mammitis in sheep, J. A. Gilruth [NeiD Zealand Dept. Agr. Leaflets for Farmers, Xo. 63, pp. 4)- — An investigation of this disease dis- closed the fact that it is of an infectious nature and is caused by a specific organism of the Coccus type. Inoctilation experiments showed that the disease could be transmitted through the milk sinus. No direct curative treatment is practical and the only method of controlling the disease consists in stamping out the infection and the use of preventive remedies. Parasites in sheep, J. A. Gilruth {New Zealand Dept. Agr. Leaflets for Farmers, No. 64, pp. 10). — Notes on stomach and lung worms, tapeworms, liver flukes, and other parasitic worms of sheep, together with a discussion of the predisposing factors of the infection by these worms and a brief statement of the remedies commonly recommended for destroying the pests. Damaged ■wool and its relation to sheep dips, S. B. Hollings {Bradford, England: William Byles tl- So7is, 1903, pp. 15). — The author made an extensive inves- tigation of the relationship between sheep dips and damaged wool. These investi- gations covered the greater part of Europe, Australia, Tasmania, etc. It was found that as a rule the low prices paid for inferior grades of wool were due to injury from the use of certain dips. The lime and sulphur dip is condemned as always injuri- ous. It was found to cause trouble in scouring, dyeing, and weaving of the wool. This dip is said to have been abandoned in Australia, Tasmania, the Argentine Republic, Ireland, and certain other sheep-raising countries. Tobacco dips were found to stain the wool in a large percentage of cases, except where sheep were dipped immediately after shearing. Tobacco dips are objected to furthermore on the ground of injurious action upon the sheep. Carbolic dips, and especially pitch oil, formerly used in Scotland, are condemned as causing consider- able injury to the wool staple, except when properly made. The author believes that arsenical dips are effective in curing scab, and his investigations indicate that these dips cause the least injury to wool when properly prepared and applied. If, how- ever, an excess of either alkali or arsenic be present in the dip as a result of careless preparation or inaccurate measurements of ingredients, great harm results to the wool. The author recommends that no home-made arsenical or carbolic dips be used, on account of the careless methods which are so frequently observed on farms and ranches. On the other hand, arsenical dips, when accurately made, so as to avoid any excess of either alkali or arsenic, are recommended as safe and as least liable of all dips to cause serious harm to the color or structure of the wool fiber. Takosis, a contagious disease of goats, J. R. Mohler and H. J. Washburn ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bid. 45, p>P- 44, pls. 5). — An extensive outbreak of an apparently new disease occurred among Angora goats in Pennsylvania during December, 1901, and was investigated by the authors. While the common goat is comparatively refractory to ordinary diseases, the authors believe that the VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 305 Angora has developed "a perceptible retrogradation in vitality and power of resist- ance against diseases." An outbreak occurred on premises where goats had been maintained for a number of years, but the greater part of the flock had recently been purchased in Texas. The symptoms of the disease were great emaciation and weakne.ss, combined with diarrhea, pneumonia, and a considerable elevation of temperature. Rumination continued and the appetite persisted fairly good. The disease assumed either a sub- acute or chronic type, and its course varied from 8 days to 6 or 8 weeks. Young goats appeared to be most susceptible. The visible mucous membranes are pale in cases of this disease, and the limgs exhibit an extensive inflammation. The heart is pale and shows inflamed areas. The spleen is somewhat atrophied. Cultures made from the heart, lungs, spleen, liver, and mediastinal lymphatic glands showed the presence of a new organism, which is described under the name Micrococcus caprinus. It occurs either singly or in chains of 2, 3, or 4 elements. No- capsules were observed on the organism. This organism develops as an aerobe, but may also occur under anaerobic conditions. The growth of the organism on various culture media is described in detail. It did not produce gas, and the indol test gave negative results. The organism was killed by exposure for 6 minutes at a tempera- ture of 62° C. and desiccation for 12 hours, and subsequent exposure to diffuse light for 9 days, destroyed its virulence. Low temperatures had no effect upon the organ- ism. It was killed, however, by exposure for 26 minutes to a solution of bichlorid of mercury in the proportion of 1 to 2,000, or for 57 minutes to a 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid, or for 31 minutes to a 2 per cent solution of formalin. Inoculation experiments showed that the organism was pathogenic for goats, chickens, rabbits, guinea pigs, and white mice, but not for sheep, dogs, or rats. A toxin was obtained from cultures of the pathogenic organism, which was destroyed by subjection to heat, but which, when inoculated without being subjected to heat, produced considerable immunity in the animals thus treated. The number of red blood corpuscles was not diminished during the progi'ess of the disease. Medicinal treatment was as a rule unsatisfactory, but in certain cases encouraging results were obtained from the administration of calomel, followed by powders con- taining arsenic, iron, and quinine. The authors believe that the method of immuni- zation devised by them will give good results on a large scale when further perfected. Hog- cholera, A. R. Ward (California Sta. Circ. 3, pp. 6).— A. short account of the symptoms, methods of distribution, treatment, and quarantine regulations for hog cholera. Glanders in the camel under conditions of natural and artificial infection, A. P. Petrovski {Arch. Yet. Naid; St. Fetersburg, 33 {1903), Nos. 2, pp. 10.3-150; 3, pp. 274-295; 4, pp. 383-416; 5, pp. 511-539). — The eradication of glanders among camels is an important economic problem in certain parts of the Russian Empire on account of the large numbers of camels which are raised and the considerable per- centage of infection with glanders. The author made an extended investigation of the conditions under which natural infection takes place in camels, and conducted a number of experiments in artificial infection for the purpose of determining the sus- ceptibility of camels to the disease, and the possibility of protecting them by means of repeated injections of mallein and serum of glanderous horses. The experiments have thus far not led to results which can serve as a practical working basis regard- ing the treatment of glanders. Experiments in the treatment of glanders, and immunization of cats and guinea pigs against this disease, M. Lavinovich {Arch. Vet. Nauk, St. Petersburg^ 33 {1903), No. 3, pp. 211-226). — The author discusses the subject of the treatment of glanders, in connection with a bibliography of 34 titles. The experiments reported by the author indicate that a considerable degree of immunization may be conferred upon cats and guinea pigs by repeated injections of the serum from glanderous ani- 306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mal8. The author l)eUeves that the methods which he employed may be extended to the treatment of horse and man for the name disease. Disinfection of stables in cases of glanders, A. Theiler ( Transvaal Acjr. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 3, pp. 16, 17). — The recommendations offered by the author include the immediate isolation and quarantine of glanderous horses, the thorough cleaning and disinfection, by burning and the use of various antiseptic substances, of all bedding, harness, stalls, and utensils which may have become infected from the glanderous animals. Contagious skin diseases of the horse, A. Theiler {Transvaal Ar/r. Jour., 1 {1903), Xo. 3, pp. 14-16). — Xotes on Sarcoi)tes, Dermatocoptes, and Dermatoi)hagus as causes of different kinds of mange in horses. The remedies recommended for the treatment of mangy horses include carbolic acid, creolin, benzine, kerosene, tar, tobacco, sulphur, etc. Post-mortem diagnosis of rabies according to the method of Nelis, A. V. Byelitzer {Arch. Vet. Nauk, St. Petersburg, S3 {1903), Nos. 4, PP- 347-382; 5, pp. 463- 492, figs. 3). — During the experiments recorded in this paper, the author found that by the method of Nelis it is possible to make a rapid diagnosis of rabies in dogs in all cases of natural death from this disease and in' the majority of cases in which the animals were killed during the progress of the disease. In horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs dead of rabies the changes in the ganglion nodosum, although sufficiently conspicuous to permit a diagnosis, are of less importance than they are in dogs. A post-mortem diagnosis of the early stages of rabies in the larger domesticated animals from an examination of the ganglion nodosum is exceedingly difficult. The superior cervical ganglion is commonly affected in rabies less extensively than the ganglion nodosum, although the changes in it are identical with those which occur in the latter. The alterations in the nerve ganglia in cases of rabies do not begin with a proliferation of the endothelial capsule of the nerve cells, but with an infiltration of cellular elements of connective tissue. The author believes that all positive results obtained in examination of supposed cases of rabies according to the method of Nelis may be confidently relied upon. Experimental investigations in the diagnosis of rabies, A. Au.jeszky ( Vet- erinarius, 25 {1902), No. IS, pp. 5o0-554). — The author made a study of the brain of 63 animals and 1 man suspected of being infected with rabies. Of the 6-4 cases, the investigation was without results in 12, while in 10 it was shown that the ani- mals were not affected with rabies. The incubation period in the 42 cases in which positive results were obtained averaged 16 days after subdural inoculation and 19 days after intramuscular inoculation. The course of the disease after the appear- ances of pronounced symptoms was from 3 to 6 days. It was shown during these experiments that subdural inoculation is much more certain than intramuscular. Trichorrhexis nodosa, with special regard to its etiology and treatment, Texnert {ZAschr. Vetermurk., 14 (1902), No. 8-9, pp. 361-372, figs. 5).— The literature of this subject is reviewed in connection with a brief bibliography. The author believes that the name of this disease has been used incorrectly in many instances in cases of other closely related skin diseases. Detailed notes are given on the pathological anatomy of the disease and on the symptoms by which it may be recognized. The disease is due to the attacks of a micro-organism similar to that which produces favus. Some diseases of poultry in South Africa, Huneberg (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 1 {1903), No. 4, pp. 65-67). — Serious digestive disturbances are said to occur in fowls after excessive feeding with corn or fermented cereals. Notes are also given on roup, gapes, and eye diseases in young chickens. An epizootic among ducks with diphtheria bacilli upon the conjunctiva, Kampmannetal. {Centhl. Bakt. u. Par.,lAht., 34 {1903), No. 3, Orig.,i}p. 214-222).— A report is made upon an outbreak of an apparently new disease among ducks. This AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 307 disease affected a large number of ducks and was fatal in about 25 per cent of cases. One of the more characteristic symptoms of the disease was an intense conjunctivitis with the formation of a purulent discharge. An organism was isolated from the material obtained from the eyes of affected ducks and it was found to resemble closely the diphtheria bacillus. Notes are given on the growth of this organism on various nutrient media. Inoculation experiments with white mice and other experi- mental animals were without positive results. The chicken mite, J. J. Repp {loiva Sta. Bid. 69, pp. 285-294, figs^- 2). — Der- maiD/ssus galUiuc is said to be one of the most formidable enemies of chickens in Iowa. Sitting hens often die on the nest from excessive infestation with this mite, and a mortality as high as 90 per cent is reported in young chicks. The mite is described in its various stages. The author tried experiments in ridding henhouses by means of fire applied with a torch. The attempt, however, was unsuccessful, since it is impossible to apply sufficient heat to kill the mites without running the risk of setting the henhouse on fire. The best results were obtained from spraying with kerosene emulsion diluted with 10 volumes soft water. Three applications should be made in succession on the same day. After 2 or 3 days, w'hen the eggs have hatched, another crop of mites will appear and the spraying should be repeated. The extermination of the mites may be hastened by dusting the fowls with pyrethrum powder while the spraying experiments are going on. Incidentally it was observed that all of the eggs of the chicken mite which are moistened by the kerosene emulsion are killed by this insecticide. The fowl tick, C. P. Lounsbury (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. 3, pp. 261-273, pis. 3). — The fowl tick of South Africa is Argas persicm. The author worked out anew the details of the life history of this pest and describes the tick in its various stages. All stages of the tick were found to be capable of living many weeks without food or drink. The tick infests chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys, and is believed to cause more serious depredations than has been supposed. The remedies recommended for controlling the tick include destruction by insecticides applied to infested birds, insecticide methods applied to roosts and to poultry houses, and isolation of roosts and nests by means of special methods of construction or by the use of repellants. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoolog'y, C. W. Stiles and A. Hassall ( r. ;S'. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Anbual Industry Bid. 39, pts. 3, pp. 199-324; 4, pp. 325-403 ; 5, pp. 404-435). — An alphabetical list of authors whose names begin with the letters C, D, and E. Bibliotheca veterinaria, R. Klee {Leipzig: Hermann Seemann Nachfolger, 1901, pp. 247). — In this volume the author has made an attempt to present a list of veter- inary works produced in Germany, either in a book form or in periodicals, up to the present time. The list is arranged alphabetically according to authors, and the volume is provided with an alphabetical list of important catchwords with references to the main text of the book. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Some engineering features of drainage, C. G. Elliott {U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- book, 1902, pp. 231-244, p^- i,.figs- 2). — A discussion of some general features of drainage illustrated by plans made by the author for the drainage of lands near Greeley, Colo., swamped by excessive irrigation. "Sufficient work has been done in Colorado to demonstrate that judicious drainage will reclaim lands already saturated; that it will prevent the rise of alkali, and that land which has become water-logged and injured by alkali may by this means be restored to its former productiveness." Drainage of irrigated, land, E. McCullough {Engineer. News, 50 {1903), No. 8, 308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pp. I0S-J6O). — Referring to the work of this Department the author discusses the need and methods of drainan agriculturist, vice B. C". Pittuck, who, as previously noted, has gone to Louisiana; and F. R. Mar- shall, recently of the Iowa College and Station, has been elected associate professor of animal husbandry. J. K. Robertson has been made superintendent of the Bee- ville Station, vice S. A. McHenry; and W. S. Hotchkiss, of Illinois, superintendent of the Troupe Station, which for some months past has been under the direction of E. C. Cxreen, of the horticultural department. H. H. Harrington has been given a year's leave of absence for travel and study in Europe. R. L. Bennett, recently director of the Arkansas Station, has been elected superintendent of farmers' insti- tutes. The contract has been let for a dairy l^arn to cost $8,000. Washington College. — R. K. Beattie has l)een appointed acting professor of botany, vice C. V. Piper, who, as previously noted, has accepted a position in this Department. Wisconsin University. — G. N. Knapp has been appointed assistant professor of agri- cultural engineering in the college of agriculture, in accordance with provision made for this new department by the last legislature. He is now connected wuth the United States Geological Survey, but will enter upon his new duties next ]March. West Virginia Station. — T. C. Johnson has been appointed assistant horticulturist of the station. Cotton Boll Weevil Convention. — A convention attended by 1,200 officials, farmers, and business men, with delegates from the Southern States and from Chicago and New York, was held at Dallas, November 5-6. The object of the convention was to consider ways and means of averting the danger to the cotton interests from the rav- ages of the cotton-})oll weevil. The Secretary of Agriculture, B. T. Galloway, A. L. NOTES. ;^1.3 Quaintance, S. J. lliintt-r, II. J. Webber, and others from tliis Department, deliv- ered addresses, and stereopticon lectures were given during the evening on the boll weevil, the 1)()llworm, and root rot. There were numerous testimonials as to the effectiveness of proper cultural methods. Resolutions were adopted urging intensive culture of cotton by approved methods and diversification, and calling on organiza- tions of the State to en<;ourage the adoption of tested methods by farmers. A per- manent organization was formed with George N. Aldredge, of Dallas, as president, and J. H. Connell, secretary. The proceedings of the convention are to be i>ublished. Meeting of American Public Health Association. — The thirty-first annual meeting of this association was held in this city October 26-30. A number of the papers had a more or less inunediate bearing upon agriculture, and are briefly noted. • D. E. Salmon presented a report of the committee on animal diseases and food, the main part of which was occupied with a discussion of the relationship between human and 1)ovine tuberculosis. The conclusion from the paper and from the dis- cussion which followed was that these forms are mere varieties of one disease and are intertransmissible between man and animals. M. P. Ravenel pointed out that the transmission of tuberculosis from man to animals, and vice versa, had been shown by numerous direct experiments and clinical observations. The bovine bacillus was stated to be from 25 to 30 times as virulent as the human bacillus as a rule, although human bacilli have been found of considerable virulence for various animals. Suc- cessful experiments by the speaker in transmitting the disease from man to various species of animals were reported. Thirty-eight cases were cited in proof of the pos- sibility of infection of man through ingestion of tuberculous milk and meat, and post- mortem statistics on intestinal tuberculosis in children as related to the ilrinking of tul^erculous milk were discussed. The speaker briefly referred to experiments, the results of which have not yet been published, which show that infection of the lungs and lymphatic glands may be produced by ingestion of tubercle bacilli without the development of intestinal lesions. In dogs fed on butter mixed with tubercle bacilli, the bacilli were found in the chyle within 35 hours after feeding in 8 out of 10 cases. Problems connected with the disposal of garl^age and other refuse were discussed liy a number of speakers. The use of the.se materials for feeding pigs and for ferti- lizer was shown to be quite common, especially in small cities. Several of the speakers spoke favorably of the use of garbage for feeding pigs, but the general opinion seemed to be that for large cities the burning of such materials- is often less expensive and preferable from a sanitary standpoint. In Memphis, where a furnace 50 ft. long has been constructed for destroying garbage, the expense thus far has averaged 15 cts. per ton, which is believed to be cheaper than feeding it to pigs. Attention was called to the utilization of heat from burning garbage and waste material in the form of steam power. From statistics obtained in England it ap)pears that 1 ton of such refuse furnishes 40 horsepower hours of energy. The temperature in the destructors should not be 400 or 500° F., but preferably 3,000° F. It was pointed out that certain animal refuse may yield considerable revenue when treated for the extraction of oil, and that in Cleveland a digestor is in use for the removal of fats from fish refuse, which yields a revenue of from |!30 to $40 a ton, the residue being burned or sold as a fertilizer. The purification of water by filtration was discussed by I\I. O. Leighton. The speaker gave a historical account of filtration, and stated that the results have shown that most impurities, including typhoid bacilli, are removed by it. His conclusions regarding the value of filtration were based on analytical evidence and on the eradication rif typhoid fever in different localities. Statistics from Euroj)ean and American cities were favoral)le to filtration. It was stated that many filter plants in America are defective in construction. 314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Considerat)le attention was^ given to a general (li«cutf.-^ion of the yelhjw-fever prob- lem, with special reference to the agency of Stegomyia faaciata in carrying the dis- ease, the habits and life history of this mosquito, its location in different parts of the world, and the means of destroying it. The general sul)ject of disinfectants was discussed and attention was called to the importance of killing insects in infected premises as a part of the process of disinfec- tion after the prevalence of infectious diseases. Steam, formalin, liot carl)onate of soda, and tobacco were reconnnended, and also hydrocyanic-acid gas. The latter has proved very effective in the destruction of bedbugs, cockroaches, nujsquitoes, fleas, rats, and mice. Ciuite striking differences were reported in the resisting power of different insects and animals to this gas. For most insects it was recommended that 20 gm. of potassium cyanid be used per cubic meter of space. Certain enamel paints have been found to possess a considerable germicidal power which persists for a long period. ?Iavana, Cuba, was chosen as the next place of meeting, and the following officers were elected: President, C. J. Finlay; first vice-president, J. R. Monjaras; second vice-president, W. C. Woodward; treasurer, F. W. Wright; and secretary, C. O. Probst. New Experiment Station in the Philippine Islands. — Press reports state that Governor Taft has issued a i)roclaniation setting aside Government land adjacent to the towns of Trinidad and Baguio, in the province of Benguet, for an experiment station. This action is in accordance with the recommendations of Prof. F. L. Scribner in his report last year. Attention has repeatedly been called to the exceptionally fine climate and other natural advantages of this province, which make it well suited to the growing of a great variety of agricultural plants. An especially fine coffee is produced there, the bushes coming into bearing in 3 years. Professor Scribner says: "In the gardens of the governor of the province one sees healthy coffee trees loaded with berries, vigorous growing tea plants, hothouse gardenia, caladiums, dracsenas, frangi pani, and mango trees, all plants of the Tropics; also phila tree ferns, scarlet hibiscus, passion fruit, begonias, hydrangeas, and many others of the subtropical regions, while near by are potatoes and other garden vegetables, monthly roses and pines, strictly plants of the temperate zone. Probal)ly in no other part of the world could there be grown side by side the gorgeous vegetation of the Tropics and the pines of temperate regions, orchards of coffee, celery, and Irish potatoes." Lord Rosebery's Experiment Station at Dalmeny Park. — It appears from information furnislied l)y Mr. I). W. May that the Earl of Kosebery has for several years main- tained a private experiment station at his estate of Dalmeny Park, 6 miles from Edin- burgh. The experiments are carried on in the interest of the estate, which comprises about 6,000 acres. The work is mainly of a quite practical character and is carried on by the men in charge of the various departments, no trained specialists being employed. Experiments are made with fertilizers for different crops, especially in the use of lime and in studying the residual effects of fertilizers. The combating of plant diseases also receives attention. Plant selection is practiced, especially with the potato to develop varieties, as the whole crop of potatoes is sold for seed. Con- siderable work is done in feeding cattle for the market and in crossing Aberdeen Angus and Galloway with the Shorthorn, pure-bred stock being used in all cases. While not of a scientific character, the results of the station's work have proved very helpful as a guide to good practice. No publications are issued. Improvement of Agriculture in Bombay. — An influentially signed memorial on the subject of the improvement of agriculture was recently sent to the government of Bombay, and is summarized by Nature from the Pioneer Mail. The memorialists propose that two botanic gardens should be established, one at Poona and one near Bombay, the former as the center of investigation for the Deccan, and the latter for the Konkan and ( lujarat. Each garden should be provided with a herbai'ium and NOTES. 315 with chemical and Ijotanical laboratories, and to each should be attached a farm for agricultural and horticultural experiments. It is suggested that the number of the experiment stations should be increased and the scope of the experiments extended; that local bodies should be encouraged by grants to aid in conducting experiments on lines prescribed by the department; that publicity should be given to the work of the department, and results of practical interest should be comnmnicated through leaflets printed in the vernacular; that further measures for the improvement of agricultural stock should be taken by the State; and that the forest department should be invited to cooperate with the agricultural department in the work of experimenting with products likely to succeed in forest areas. New Horticultural and Agricultural Terms. — This subject is discussed by H. J. Web- ber in a recent article in Science, who points out the need of a suitable term to apply to plants which are propagated vegetatively by buds, grafts, cuttings, suckers, run- ners, slips, bulbs, tubers, etc. "The plants grown from such vegetative parts are not individuals in the ordinary sense, l)ut are simply transplanted parts of the same indi- vidual, and in heredity and in all biological and physiological senses such plants are the same individual." Last year he suggested the word "strace," a combination of the words "strain" and "race," but he now recommends the term "clou," which he lielieves to be better suited to the purpose. The generic term variety would then include in cultivation groups known as "races," "strains," and "clons." He also believes the phrase "transmitting power," as applied to the faculty which an indi- vidual organism has of transmitting its individual ijeculiarities to its progeny, to be preferable to "prepotency," which has several other meanings. Training of Rural Teachers. — The legislature of Michigan at its last session provided for the estaljlishment of 10 county normal schools for the training of rural teachers in that State. The first of these schools is to be established at Standish, Arenac County. Personal Mention. — Prof. E. W. Hilgard, of the California University and Station, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation as doctor of philosophy on October 7. On that occasion he received from the University of Heidelberg a new diploma reconferriug the title and giving a general summary of the scientific work done by him, with the congratulations of the faculty. Professor Hilgard was also l^resented with a congratulatory aildress from his colleagues of the University of California. Frederick Law Olmsted has been appointed to the chair of landscape architecture in Harvard University known as the Charles Eliot professorshiji, in honor of Presi- dent Eliot's son. Otto Luebkert, Assistant Forester and Chief of the Division of Records of the Bureau of Forestry, who has been connected with the forestry work of this Department for the past 13 years, has resigned his position to engage in commercial lines. We note from Science that W. J. Palmer, a graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College, has been appointed director of agricultui-e in the Orange River Colony at a salary of .S6,000 per annum. H. Maxwell Lefroy has, according to Xadtre, been appointed entomologist to the government of India, and will be stationed at Surat, in the Bombay Presidency, pending the establishment of the permanent headquarters of the imperial agricul- tural department now being organized under the orders of Lord Curzon. Prof. L. H. Uillier has been made director of the meteorological observatory at Nantes. S. I. Kuwana, who recently spent several years in study in this country, has been ajipointed entomologist at the Central Agricultural Experiment Station at Xishi- gahara, near Tokyo. Prof. Julius Stoklasa, formerly director of the plant-physiological institute at Prague, has been called to the technical high school at Vienna. k 816 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Prof. A. I'. Hall, director of the Kotluuiif^ted Experiment Station, is delivering a course of lectures to advanced students in the TTniversity of London on the subject of The Relation of the Composition of the Plant to the Soil in which it Grows. Miscellaneous. — A State hygienic laboratory has been organized in Wisconsin in accordance with the legislative enactment of last winter. The lal)oratory is located at Madison, in connection with the bacteriological department of the university, and is under the directorship of Dr. H. L. Russell. G. J. Marquette has been appointed lirst assistant in the new lalioratory. By recent legislation certain powers relative to the fishing industry in Great Britain have been transferred to the Board of Agriculture, which will hereafter be known as the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. An additional assistant secretary is pro- vided for to have charge of the fishery interests, and \Yalter Edward Archer, formerly chief inspector of fisheries under the Board of Trade, has l:)een appointed to that position. Announcement is made that the first meeting of the Society for Horticultural Science will be held in St. Louis during convocation week, in connection with the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Conference on Tuberculosis will be held at Washington, April 4-6, 1905, and not at St. Louis in 1904, as previously arranged. This will avoid clashing M'ith the International Congress on Tuberculosis to be held in Paris in 1904. An international competition of apparatus for the pasteurization of milk is to be held at the Imperial Agricultural Museum, in St. Petersburg, in the spring of 1904, imder the direction of the minister of agriculture and imperial domains. The competition is open to apparatus of foreign make. Prizes of 1,500 rubles (1772.50) and 500 rubles ($257.50) are offered. Our Farmer Youth and the Public Schools is the title of an article by Prof. Willet M. Hays, of Minnesota, in the American Movthly Beriew of lieriews for October. The article deals with the movement to provide better educational facilities for the country boy, especially in the things which pertain to his prospective vocation. The plan of consolidated rural schools and agricultural high schools is described, and, leading out from these, the collegiate courses in agriculture. One of the benefits mentioned which may be expected to result from this system of education for the farmer is successful cooperation in many matters of mutual interest. The possibilities in this direction are illustrated by the cooperative enterprises carried on by associations of graduates from such schools and colleges in a number of States. "With the assistance of a large body of ex-students, organized to promote cooperative business, social, and other merged efforts among farmers, the agricultural college, agricultural high schools, and experiment stations would lie profoundly infiuential in civic as well as in educational affairs." An Introduction to Nature Study, by E. Stenhouse, is a new book on the teaching of nature study, or elementary agriculture and rural economy, intended primarily for the orientation and systematic guidance of teachers who take up this subject. It is designed for teachers who are lacking in training for this work and who have not gained from previous books on the subject a true conception of what nature study is. It serves as a guide to the methods to be followed, and gives detailed directions for carrying out simjile experiments within the reach of school-teachers. The book is published in London by Macmillan & Co., and contains over 400 pages. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., Assistant Director. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — Tlie Editor and H. W. L\wson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. II. Beal. Botany. and Diseases of Plants — Walter H.- Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. Y. Wilcox, Ph. i). Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientitic divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. 4. Editorial notes : Page. Eeport of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1903 317 The personnel of the Department of Agriculture 320 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 322 Recent work in agricultural science 335 Notes 419 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Determination of available phosphoric acid and potash in calcareous soils, H. H. Cousins and II. S. Hammond 335 Determination of free phosphoric acid, A. D. Herzf elder 335 Quantitative determination of phosphates in stomach contents, G. H. A. Clowes 335 Modification of Dumas' method for nitrogen, R. Bader and A. Stohmann 335 Applicability of Dumas' method for nitrogen to gas mixtures, C. Charitschkoff. 336 Methods of estimating nitrogen and protein in feces, A . Zaitschek 336 Oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by electrical dischai-ges, F. von Lepel 336 Table for calculating protein from nitrogen, O. Goltschke 336 The determination of nitric acid in water, A. Miiller 336 A new quantitative method of determining ammonia, A. Bayer 336 Progress in the field of the chemistry of waters, A. Goldberg 336 New- method for tlie determination of organic substances in waters, C. Lenor- mand 336 The influence of distilled water on the determination of tlie reducing power of jiotable and sewage water l)y means of ]H'rmanganate solution, II. Noll 336 Solubility of gypsum in solutions of sodium chlorid, A. d' Anselme 33() On the protamins and the constitution of albuminoid substances, A. Kosscl . . 337 A new method of determining sulphuric acid, F. Raschig 337 Titration of sulphuric acid with benzidine chlorhydrate, W. J. Midler 337 Determination of sulphuric acid by means of benzidine, F. Raschig 337 Estimation of suljihur in urine by means of sodium peroxid, G. Modrakowski. 337 Hoppe-Seyler's handbook of chemical analysis, Thierfelder 337 I II CONTENTS. Page. The xanthin Ixxlies of meat extracts, K. INlicko 337 Electrolytir estimation of ininute quantities of arsenic, T. K. Thorpe 337 Determination of vanilhn in vanilla, A. Moulin 337 Detection of mineral acid in acetic acid and vinegar, P. Schidrowitz 337 New method for determination of halogen compounds, II. Baubigny and G. Chavanne 337 The use of normal sodium oxalate in quantitative analysis, S. P. L. Sorensen. 337 Testing sodium oxalate and its use in volumetric analysis, B. P. L. Sorensen. . 337 Absorption of nontanning substances by hide powder, H. K. Procter and F. A. Blockey 337 Select methods of chemical analysis, A. Classen and H. Cloeren 337 Textbook of chemical technology, F. Fischer 338 Plant and agricultural chemistry for students and agriculturists, M. Soave 338 Introduction to the study of agricultural chemistry, K. Asoand E. Pozziescot. 338 An apparatus for the determination of nitrogen, P. Marquis 338 A method of calibrating burettes, D. W. Horn and Elizabeth M. van Wagener. 338 Picnometers, R. Leimbach „ 338 A new condenser, Braconnier and G. Chatelain 338 A pressure regulator for fractional distillation, G. Bertrand 338 A new absorption apparatus and safety tube, H. Vigreux 338 A gas furnace for laboratories, K. Friedrich 338 On the history of the thermometer, F. Burckhardt 338 International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry, II 338 BOTANY. The synthesis of albuminoids by plants, E. Laurent and E. INIarchal 338 Influence of light and darkness upon growth and devolopment, D. T. MacDougal 339 The influence of a lack of oxygen on plants, M. Dude 339 The effect of sulphurous acid on plants, A. Wieler 340 The presence of hydrocyanic acid in the buds of Prunus, E. Verschaffelt 340 The presence of solanin in tobacco seed, J. Starke 340 The role of diffusion and osmotic jiressure in plants, B. E. Livingston 340 The electro-motive force in plants, A. B. Plowman 340 Recent investigations in plant hybridization, C. Correns 341 Temperature of the subterranean organs of plants, H. H. Dixon 341 Vegetation of the Landes and that of Fontainebleau, G. Bonnier 341 Ferns, C. E. Waters 341 METEOROLOCJY — CLIM.\TOLOGV. Methods of meteorological investigation, W. N. Shaw , 341 Tables of daily precipitation for the years 1893, 1894, 1895 342 Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and F. F. Henshaw 342 Annual precipitation in Oklahoma, C. M. Strong 342 Meteorological observations, C. B. Ridgaway 342 British rainfall, 1902, H. S. Wallis and H. R. Mill 342 "Red rain" and the dust storm of February 22, T E. Thorpe 342 Meteorological annual for 1903, A. Lancaster 342 Meteorology of the spring of 1903 342 A study of the climate of Tmiis, G. Ginestous 342 Indian rainfall, J. Eliot 342 Variations in barometric pressure and the forecasting uf weather, J. Peroche . 342 WATER SOILS. The artesian waters of South Dakota, J. H. Shepard 343 Significance of silicic acid in Avaters of mountain streams, \V. P. Heatlden 343 On the application of fluorescein in underground hydrology, E. A. JNIartel 343 Soil moisture investigations for 1901 and 1902, J. J. Vernon and J. D. Tinsley. . 343 On the mechanical analysis of soils, T. Schloesing 344 Assimilation of the minerals of the soil by plants, J. Crochetelle 344 Practical methods for maintaining the fertility of the soil, W. Saunders 344 Soils — their requirements and improvements, H. J. Wheeler 344 Unprocluctive black soils, II. A. Huston 345 Soil conditions in the Philip])ines, C. W, Dorsey 345 The preservation of the soil from damage caused by sluits, E. B. Bradfield . . 345 Reclamation of drift sands in Cape Colony, C. D. H. Braine . . . 345 Agricultural geology, J. E. ]\Iarr 345 CONTENTS. Ill FEKTILIZKKS. Fertilizer experiments, C. A. Mooera :'yU) Notes on the management of barnyard manure, 11. Buhlert ;j47 Derivation of animal ammoniates, E. M. Paget 347 A new source of nitrogen for agriculture, L. (irantleau 347 Rendering atmospheric nitrogen available for agriculture and industrv, A. Frank _. I ' 347 Preliminary report of the Cyanid Com];)any of Berlin 348 The preimration of alkali cyanids from cahMum cyanamid, (i. Erlwein 348 The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, F. Rothe 348 Progress in the potash industry, ]M. Hagen 348 Frosts and potash fertilizers, L. Dumas 348 Fertilizers, R. E. Rose and E. E. McLin 348 Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M- Bartlett 348 Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. M<;Donnell et al .. 348 Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances, C. A. CToessmann. 348 Fertilizer analyses, F. W. Robison 348 Analyses of commercial fertilizers 348 Conunercial fertilizers and commercial poisonous insecticides, H. H. Har- rington 348 Fertilizers, 1903, T. Macfarlane 349 Conmiercial fertilizers in Portugal, O. Klein 349 Is the assimilation of free nitrogen due to bacteria? II, A. A. Bonnema 349 FIELD CROPS. Report of the Upper Peninsula Sul)station, L. I\I. Geismar and C. D. Smitli. . . 349 Cooperative work with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, E. Nelson 350 Report on cultural tests in 1901-2, A. Damseaux 351 Content of fodder beets at different stages of growth, J. A. Le Clerc 351 Improvements in cereals, W. Saunders 352 Structure of the corn kernel and composition of different parts, C. G. Hop- kins et al 352 Field experiments with maize, G. L. Sutton 354 Why popcorn pops, ]\I. I. Wilbert 354 Cotton in the United States, Y. Henry 354 Experimental investigations on hemp, INI. Molliard 354 Pasture and forage plants for South Dakota, E. C'. Chilcott 354 Some native and exotic grasses at Bathurst Farm, R. W. Peacock 355 Nitrate of soda and muriate of potash as top-dressing for grass lands, C. D. Woods 355 Hydrocyanic acid in fodder jDlants, J. C. Briinnich 355 A monograph on rice, C. D. Girola 355 Variety tests with rye, E. Sierig 355 Progress of the l)eet-sugar industry in the United States in 1902, C. F. Saylnr. 356 Single-germ beet balls for imjtroving sugar-beet culture, T. G. Palmer 356 Sugar-beet seed: Its importance and production, J. E. W. Tracy 356 Experiments in the culture of the sugar beet, T. L. Lyon and A. T. Wiancko . . 356 Alkali lands and sugar-beet culture. III, 11. C. Myers 357 The sugar industry of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, S. M. Hadi. . . 357 The manufacture of cane sirup, H. H. Harrington 358 The cultivation and treatment of the Kumara (sweet i)otato ), AValsli 358 Tobacco, O. J. A. Collet 358 Fertilizer experiments with tobacco in Japan, M. Lehmann 358 Description of wheat varieties, C. S. Scofield 358 The stooling of wheat, F. Antonis 358 HORTICUI/rtKIO. Report of the assistant in horticulture, E. Nelson 359 New vegetal)les, G. Wythes 359 Vegetables and fruits at the Ui)per Peninsula Snt)station, L. M. Geismar and C. D. Smith 359 Vegetables, V. H. Davis 359 Vegetaltles for profit, T. W. Sanders 359 Vegetables and fruits of Madagascar 360 Storage of some common vegetables ". 360 IV CONTENTS. I 'age. Cabbage: Varieties, fertilizers, B. C. Pittuck and S. A. Melleiiry HbO Dandelions, AN'. M. Munson 360 Cf inseng, W. M. Munson 360 Experience witli ripening tomatoes after frost 360 The influence of electricity on vegetation, F. Paulin 361 The root and stem development of leaf cuttings, H. Lindemuth 361 Orchard cover crops in Delaware, C. P. Close 361 The feitilization of apple blossoms, II. S. Peart 362 The grading and packing of apples, M. A. McNeill 362 Investigations on the structure of the grape berry, A. Bonnet 362 The book of the peach, H. W. AVard 363 Notes on A'arieties of Domestica plums, W. B. Alwood and II. L. Price 363 Crossbred fruits, W. Saunders 363 A failure with root-pruned trees 363 (Questions on grafting, L. Daniel - - 363 On the effects of the graft, L. Ravaz 363 Preservation of fruits by cold storage, L. Loiseau 363 Cold storage on the farm, J. C. Blair - - 364 The preservation of fruits, with description of fruit evaporators 364 Preservatives in fruit shipping 364 Sterilized fruit must, R. Otto 364 Orchard studies, IX, X, XI, XII, AV. B. Alwood 364 Modern cider manufacture, G. Jacquemin and H. Alliot 364 Strawberry culture, P. Evans and F. AV. Faurot 365 Crawford's July rei)Oit on strawberries, M. Craw ford et al 365 Paraguay tea ( Verba mate) , F. W. Neger and L. Alanine 365 Tea, VV. B. Marshall - 365 Propagation of tropical fruit trees and other plants, (I. W. Oliver 365 The Smyrna fig at home and abroad, G. C. Roeding 366 The cocoanut in the Philippines, AV. S. Lyon 366 The manuring of cacao, A. Couturier 366 Elements of prairie horticulture, N. E. Hansen 366 Trees and shrubs for English gardens, E. T. Cook 367 The etherization of plants, T. Jannock - 367 The best hardy perennials for cut flowers, F. AV. Meyer 368 Commercial violet culture, B. T. Galloway 368 Sweet violets and ])ansies - - 368 Soil-carrying machine, C. H. Roney 368 Directory of florists, nurserymen, and seedsmen - 368 FORESTRY. Principles of American forestry, S. B. Green 368 Our northern shrubs, Harriet L. Keeler - 368 With the trees, Maud Going 368 Forestry for the farm, J. Gifford 369 The economic value of foi'ests, E. Bruncken 369 Should the forests be preserved? 369 Restoration of forests, O. H. Baker - 369 Making the wood lot more profitable, W. Mulfoi'd 369 A working plan for forest lands in South Carolina, T. H. Sherrard 369 The diminished flow of the Rock River in Wisconsin and Illinois, and its rela- tion to the surrounding forests, G. F. Schwarz 370 Injuries to shade trees from electricity, G. E. Stone - - 370 The honey locust in western Kansas, R. S. Kellogg 370 The culture and uses of the species of Eucalyptus 371 The redwood p71 The Unalaska spruce plantation, B. Adams 371 Bamboos in the United States, L. Harrison - 371 AVood preservation, P. Dumesnv 371 Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1902, F. II. Hitchcock.. 371 SEKDS WEEDS. The effect of light on seed germination, E. Heinricher 371 Observations on the duration of the vitality of seed, J. Poisson 371 Report of the Seed Control Station of Christiania, 1902, O. Qvam 372 CONTENTS. Some weeds of Iowa, L. H. Pamniel 372 I lawkweedy, W. ]M . Muiison 372 The chemical extermination of weeds, J . O. IMorgan 372 Noxious-weed inspection, T. N. Willing 372 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Immunity to plant diseases by absorption of fungicides, E. Marchal 373 Parasitic fungi, G. P. Clinton 373 i'athological plant anatomy, E. Kiister 373 A study of some diseases of cereals in ^lexico, 8. Bonansea 373 A cotton disease at Montserrat, H . H . Ballon 373 Experiments in the prevention of oat smut, T. Johnson _ 373 Investigations on the black shank of potatoes, O. Appel 374 The infection of sugar beets by Rhizoctonia violacea, F. Bubak 374 The rind disease of sugar cane in the West Indies, A. Howard 374 The Sereh disease in the West Indies, F. A. F. C. Went 374 A bacterial disease of tobacco, G. Delacroix 374 On the occurrence of the wilt disease of sesame, A. von Jaczewski 375 Tomato wilt, A. Despeissis 375 A disease of peas due to Fasarhun vasiufection, C. van Hall 375 Two decays of stored apples, H. J. Eustace 375 Two new apple rots, F. H. Hall and H. J. Eustace 376 Spraying the plum orchard, W. B. Alwood and H. L. Price 376 Occurrente and treatment of tire blight in the pear orchard, W. B. Alwood. . . 376 A remedy for cranberry scahl, C. L. Shear 376 A bacterial disease of grapes, A. Zschokke 377 A new disease of mountain ash, A. von Jaczewski 377 Bacterial spot of carnations, A. F. Woods - - - 377 Sulphate of iron for chlorosis in trees and plants, H. M. Stringfellow 377 ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, F. Sherman, jr 377 Injurious insects. Spraying for insects and diseases, F. Sherman, jr 377 The insect problem, H. Osborn 378 Some destructive insects, D. A. Saunders 378 The horticultural law of Utah, T. Judd et al 378 Entomological studies in Jylland in 1902, N. Fritz 378 Report on the injurious insects of Finland for 1902, E. Renter - . 378 Insects injurious to fruit and garden crops in Russian Poland, I. K. Tarnani. . 378 Insect pests, A. Lehmann 378 Insect notes <^^8 Short notes on some insects, F. AV. Hilgendorf 378 The Mexican cotton-boll weevil, W. C. Stubbs 379 The Colorado potato beetle, G. W\ Herrick 379 The principal insect enemies of the sugar beet, F. H. Chittenden 379 Fungi parasitic upon VIeonus pvndiventris, J. Danysz and K. Wize 379 The root borer of sugar cane, N. B. Watson 379 The codling moth in Australia, A. Despeissis - 379 Arsenical spraying against codling moth, 1902-3, < 1. Quinn 380 Fruit fly, G. Buchanan ^^^ San Jose scale, C. A. Keffer 380 The destruction of the woolly aphis 380 Ilyponomeuta jjudt'IJa, S. G. de Laharpe 380 The rust mite of the orange 381 The pith moth ( Larerna atra) - - 381 Insects injurious in cranberry culture, J. 15. Smith 381 Is the fight against phylloxera futile? J. Dufour 381 Fumigation for the destruction of the grape-leaf roller, J. Perraud 381 A dipterous parasite of the grapevine flea-beetle, C. Vianey and 1 1 . ( 'ontc 381 Cankerworms, W. INI. Munson - 381 Departmental notes on insects that affect forestry, IT, E. P. Stebbing 381 Atlas of forest entomology, E. Henry 382 The pine beetle {Ilylesinus piniperd(i) 382 Tree borer 382 VI CONTENTS. rage. Two insect pt'sts, R. A. Cooley 382 The greenhouse aleurodes and the strawberry aleurodes, A. AV. Morrill 382 Benetieial parasiten, W. B. Wall 383 The riuif^niidfe, or walkin^'stieks, of the United States, A. N. Caudell 383 The Coleopterous fauna of the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, C. il. T. Townsend 383 Insects of the order Thysanoptera inhalnting North America, AV. V.. Hinds. . . 383 Grasshopper destruction and white ants, H. Tryon 383 The destruction of white ants, A. Ijnv 383 The white ant citv, AV. \V. Froggatt 383 Flies, E. L. Aloore : 383 The structure and biology of Anopheles, G. H. F. Nuttall and A. E. Shipley . 384 Mosquitoes and malaria, AA\ E. Jiritton 384 Mosquitoes and suggestions for their extermination, W. L. Underwood 384 Cheese mites, H. Tryon 384 Fumigation dosage, C. AV. AVoodworth 384 Arsenical insectisides, G. E. Colby 384 Fungicides, insecticides, and spraying calendar, R. E. Rose 385 Silk culture in Manchuria, H. B. Miller 385 Report of the Bee-Keepers' Association of Ontario for 1902 385 Parthenogenesis in bees, E. Pfiiiger 385 Partitions in beehives, J. Crepieux-Jamin 386 Report of the bee inspector, J. Sutton 386 FOODS XUTRITIOX. The baker's book, E. Braun 386 The complete cookbook, ]Vlarion Harland 386 Breakfast and savory dishes, Florence B. Jack 386 The art of cooking for invalids, Florence B. Jack 386 Treatise on hygiene, P. Smolensky 386 A study of dietaries at Lawrence, Kans., E. H. S. Bailey 386 The diet at a A^ienna restaurant for young men, M. Hamburg 387 Changes in dietary habits, Grotjahn 387 The food of the Italians, II. Lichtenfelt 387 Food products of Tuhoeland, E. Best 387 Food requirements in winter at high altitudes, Ranke 387 Subsistence stores. Division of the Philippines, W. L. Alexander 387 The chemical composition of human foods graphically shown, C. Jiirgensen. . 387 Report of State chemist, J. Hortvet 387 A plea for the proper medical supervision of "refreshments" purveyed on railways in the Tropics, H . C. AlcCulloch 387 Bleached wheat compared with unbleached wheat for flour, F. AV. Guthrie. . . 387 The existence of arsenic in hens' eggs, G. Bertrand 388 Examination of food products containing egg yolk, A. Juckenack 388 Normal occurrence of salicylic acid in vegetable products, A. Desmouliere 388 Examination of cucumbers and of sour pickles made from them, B. Heinze. . . 388 Some of the constituents of cocoa and their estimation, J. Decker 389 Nitrogenous materials in food substances, L. Grandeau 389 The nutritive value of alljumins and their derivatives, Plumier 389 Digestiltility of the albuminous constituents of human milk, F. W. Tunnicliffe 389 The nature of tibrin ferments, C. A. Pekelharing and \A^ Iluiskamp 389 The preservation of chopped meat with neutral sodium sulphite, E. Altschiiler 389 The fermentative processes at low temjjerature in flesh foods, M. Midler 389 The nutritive value of sugar for man and animals, L. Grandeau 389 The luitritive value of fllled cheese, G. Cornal))a 390 Tlie capacity of man to perform physical work, M. Blix 390 The effect of certain coal-tar colors upon digestion, A. J. AVinogradow 390 The chemico-physical constitution of mineral waters, AV. Meyerhoffer ... 390 The influence of condiments upon the secretion and muscular activity of the stomach, L. R. von Korczynski 390 Standards for flavoring extracts, AV. L. Scoville 390 Blueberry wine, a natural iron manganese preparation, E. Ostermayer 390 AVater cress and typhoid 390 International catalogue of scientific literature. Q — Physiology 390 CONTENTS. VII ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Page. The isodynamic replacement of nutrients, H. P. Armsby 391 Laboratory manual of animal physiology, E. H. Stein 391 The influence of the retention of bile on gastric digestion, F. d' Angelo 391 The average composition of the animal body, L. ( irandeau 391 The principal constituents of the animal body, L. Grandeau 391 The iron content of the animal body, M. Schmey 391 Stable hygiene, E. A. A. Grange 391 New molasses products in the feeding of farm animals, L. (Trandeau 391 Sugar, molasses, and molasses products in the feeding of animals, II. Van de Venne 391 Sugar cane 391 Corn silk as a feed stuff, F. D. Taylor 391 Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and F. M. Hollister 392 The Argentine live-stock show, 1902 392 The animal industry of Argentina, F. W. Bicknell 392 Experiments in cattle feeding, J. N. Price _ . - 392 Fattening steers, F. C. Burtis and J. Fields 392 Utilization of skim milk for feeding calves, C. Besana 393 Horse raising, C. Bauverd 393 The improvement of horse breeding in Jamaica 393 Poultry experiments in 1902, G. M. Gowell 394 Farm poultry, with some experiments in fattening chickens, W. R. Graham . 394 Artificial incubation and brooding, E. C. Huffaker 395 Artificial incubation of chickens, O. M. Watson 395 The care of poultry 395 Methods of caring for and fattening turkeys, W. E. Wright 395 Eggs fresh the year round 395 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Feeding dairy cows, J. W. Wilson and H. G. Skinner 395 Economies in dairy farming, E. Mathews 395 Elementary treatise on milk and milk hygiene, 0. O. Jensen 395 Milk from the standpoint of economics and public health 396 Suggestions concerning care of milk and butter making on the farm, H. E. Van Norman 396 Studies on milk hygiene, G. Schweitzer 396 Bacteria in milk and its products, IM. Henseval 396 Hygiene of milk production, H. Raquet 396 The composition of milk, H. D. Richmond 396 Paying for separator cream at the creainery, J. L. Hills 397 The keeping quality of butter, G. L. M'Kay and C. Larsen 397 The cold curing of cheese 398 Experiments in curing cheese at different temperatures, L. L. Van Slyke et al. 399 Rennet enzym as a factor in cheese ripening, L. L. Van Slyke et al 399 Conditions affecting chemical changes in cheese ripening, L. L. Van Slyke and E. B. Hart 400 Types of strictly anaerobic butyric acid bacteria in hard cheese, A. Rodella. . . 401 How can the P^ast compete with the West in dairying? J. L. Hills 401 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Immunity and immunization, L. Hopf 401 Immunity in infectious diseases, E. Metchnikoff 402 Toxins and antitoxins, J. Bordet 402 Cellular hemolysins, C. Levaditi 402 On some factors in bacteriolytic action, E. W. A . Walker 402 The existence of hemolytic alexin in the blood i)lasma, A. Falloise 403 The active substance ofnormal sera — The plurality of alexins, L. Reiny 403 Staphylococci and staphylolysin, P. van Dunne 403 Treatment of fatal intraperitoneal streptococcal infections, R. Emmerich and R-. Trommsdorff - - 403 Influence of diphtheria and tetanus toxins on hemoglobin, H. Kucharzewski. 403 Antiferments, E. Weinland 403 Vni CONTENTS. Page. Nonidentity of agglutinins, T. Smith and A. L. Eeagh 403 Agglutination affinities of related bacteria, T. Hniith and A. L. Reagh 404 The appearance of agglutinins after cutaneous infection, W. Hoffmann 404 The agglutinating properties of bile, A. Cantani 404 Bactericidal action of the bone marrow, A. Hencke 404 Determination of the bactericidal and antiseptic action of Bacillol, L. Hauman. 404 Intestinal antisepsis, J. H. Crawford 40"> Etiology and prevention of infectious diseases of animals, V. A. Moore 405 The pathology of infection, J. B. Sanderson 405 Bacteriology and pathological microscopy for veterinarians, T. Kitt 405 Protozoa and disease, J. J. Clarke 405 Studies on Coccidlum cuniculi, R. Metzner 405 Plant disease and its relation to animal life, E. F. Wright 405 Experiments on animals, S. Paget 406 Report on the veterinary service for the year 1902, W. Little wood 406 Report of the State veterinarian, D. F. Luckey 406 Agreement between Austro-Hungary and Germany with regard to animal plagues 40() Suggestions regarding the modifications of the animal-plague law 40(i Human and bovine tuberculosis, E. Nocard 406 Tuberculosis in children: Its relation to bovine tuberculosis, N. Raw 406 Tuberculosis of the dairy cow, S. Stewart 407 Inoculation of animals with dead tubercle bacilli, N. Panov 407 The intermediary body of the tubercle bacillus, J. Bordet and O. Gengou 407 The possibility of immunizing guinea pigs against tuberculosis, E. Levy 407 Use of air and oxygen in checking tuberculosis, V. A. Moore 407 Fight against tuberculosis in Australia and New Zealand, J. P. D. Leahy 408 The etiology and treatment of tetanus, E. Thierry 408 Two cases of tetanus, T. A. Kragness 408 Plague in domestic animals, J. Cantlie 408 A disease of cattle in south-central Nebraska, A. Bostrom 408 Common ailments of breeding cattle, C. L. Willoughby 408 Milk fever, abortion, diarrhea 408 Milk fever, J. W. Connaway 409 Parturient paresis, A. W. Baker 409 Parturient paresis, D. R. Kohler 409 Preliminary report on a new method of preventing milk fever, A. S. Wheeler. 409 The treatment of parturient paresis, J. B. Caughey 409 Tricresel in the treatment of parturient paresis, S. Brenton 410 Contagious vaginitis in cattle, E. Thierry 410 Hygienic conditions of parturition as a prevention of calf diseases, M. G. de Bruin 410 Blackleg and malignant edema and differential diagnosis, G. Gutzeit 410 Psoroptic scabies in cattle 410 Cattle tick and its relation to the cattle industry of North Carolina, T. Butler. 410 TricJuxlectcn geomydis expansus and the ticks of Mexico, A. Duges 410 Wasting diseases caused by animal parasites, W. A. Knight 410 Dijaping tanks, G. S. Armstrong 411 Dipping tanks, G. D. Alexander 411 The loco and some other poisonous plants in Montana, J. W. Blankinship 411 Plants injurious to stock, T. N. Willing 411 Hog cholera, C. L. Willoughby 411 Hog cholera, D. Hutcheon 411 Hog cholera, W. C. Quinnell 411 Lungworms in swine, C. F. Dawson 412 The etiology of heaves, W. L. Williams 412 Purpura hiemorrhagica, J. W. Cook 412 Cerebro-spinal meningitis, B. K. Dow 412 Biliary fever or malarial fever in the horse, A. Theiler 412 Ulcerative enteritis in the horse, G. L. Bufiington 412 Facts and theories regarding surra and ulcerative lymphangitis, C. Nockolds. . 412 The tsetse-fly disease and other related diseases, C. Schilling 412 Action of human serum on the Trypanosoma of nagana, etc., A. Laveran. . 412 Nagana, surra, and mal de caderas as distinct diseases, A. Laveran and F. Mesnil 413 CONTENTS. IX Page. Glanders in camels, A. P. Patrovski 413 Rabies or hydrophobia, H. F. Palmer 413 Malignant enzootic anemia of kennel dogs, F. H. Miller 413 Diseases of poultry, F. H. Robertson 413 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Egyptian irrigation, C. T. Johnston 414 An irrigation project, J. Crevat 414 Irrigation works 414 Irrigation on the Murray: Utilization of the swamp lands, A. J. Perkins 414 The relation of rainfall to run-off, G. W. Rafter 414 California hydrography, J. B. Lippincott 414 Water conservation, H. G. McKinney 414 Riparian rights and the necessity to declare and define the law with respect to natural water, AV. Deacon 414 Rural hydraulics, V. Niccoli 415 Historic highways of America, A. B. Hulbert 415 Proceedings of the National Good Roads Convention at St. Louis 415 Annualreportof the commissioner of highways, Ontario, 1902, A. W. Campbell. 415 Road dragging 415 A proposed agricultural vehicle of the Arabian type, Marechal 416 Utility of motor cars for carriage of produce in country districts, J. T. Bell et al . . 416 Applications of electricity to agriculture, E. Guarini 416 Farm power, R. Hoggan et al 416 Farm engines and how to run them, J. H. Stephenson 416 The use of agricultural machinery in the United States, G. Fischer 416 Markets for agricultural implements and vehicles in foreign countries 416 MISCELLANEOUS. Index to Wyoming Station bulletins, Grace R. Hebard 417 Sources of the agricultural imports of the United States, 1898-1902, F. H. Hitch- cock 417 Distribution of agricultural exports of the United States, 1898-1902, F. H. Hitch- cock 417 Belgium's foreign trade in agricultural products for 1902 417 Agricultural returns for Great Britain for 1902 417 Letters on agriculture in West Indies, Spain, and the Orient, D. G. Fairchild. . 417 Handbook for settlers _ 418 List of State directors and farmers' institute lecturers, J. Hamilton 418 Bibliographia agronomica universalis, E. Ottavi, A. Marescalchi et al 418 List of journals, with abbreviations used in the catalogue as references 418 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations in the United Staten. California Station: I'use. Bui. 151, May, 1903 384 Bui. 152, June, 1903 384 Delaware Station: Bui. 61, June 1,1903 3()1 Georgia Station: Bui. 60, Mar., 1903 408 Illinois Station: Bui. 87, Aug. , 1903 352 Indiana Station: Bui. 95, Mar., 1903 345 Bui. 96, July, 1903 396 Iowa Station: Bui. 70 (pop. ed. ), July, 1903. 372 Bui. 71, July, 1903 392 Louisiana Stations : Circ. 1, Aug. 25, 1903 379 Maine Station : Bui. 93, July, 1903 394 Bui. 94, Aug. , 1903 348, 355 Bui. 95, Sept., 1903 .... 360, 372, 381 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 90, July, 1903 348 Bui. 91, Aug. , 1903 370 Tech. Bui. 1, Aug., 1903 382 Met. Bills. 175-177, July-Sept., 1903 342 Michigan Station: Bui. 210, June, 1903 348 Spec. Bui. 20, Aug., 1903... 349,359 Mississippi Station: Bui. 81, June, 1903 379 Missouri Fruit Station: Bui. 7, June, 1903 365 Montana Station: Bui. 45, June, 1903 411 Bui. 46, June, 1903 382 Nebraska Station: Bui. 81, Sept. 1, 1903 356 New Mexico Station: Bui. 46, May, 1903 343 New York State Station: Bui. 233, June, 1903 .399 Bui. 234, July, 1903 399 Bui. 235, July, 1903 375 Bui. 236, July, 1903 400 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 58, June, 1903 392 Twelfth An. Rpt., 1903 342, 416 South Carolina Station: Bui . 81 , June, 1903 395 Bui. 82, June, 1903 348 South Dakota Station: Bui. 81, June, 1903 343, 354, 366, 378, 383, 395 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Sujierintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The ]irice of the Record is $1 per yolume, or 10 cents per number. Tlie prices of other technical publications are given in the list aboye. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. Stations in the United States — Contd. Tennessee Station: P'age. Bui., yol. 16, No. 1, Jan., 1903. 346 Bui., vol. 16, No. 2, Apr., 1903. 380 Texas Station: Bui. 67, July, 1903 348 Bui. 68, July, 1903 358 Bui. 69, July, 1903 360 Vermont Station : Bui. 100, Aug., 1903 397 Bui. 101, Sept., 1903 392 Virginia Station: Bui. 1.34, Mar. , 1902 363, 376 Bui. 135, Apr., 1902 376 Bui. 136, May, 1902 364 Bui. 137, June, 1902 364 Bui. 1.38, July, 1902 364 Bui. 139, Aug. , 1902 364 Wyoming Station: Index Bui. C, July, 1902 417 Thirteenth An. Rpt. , 1903 342, 350, 359, 417 U. S. Department of Agrieidtnre. Farmers' Bui. 178 381 Rpt. 74 350, 356, 379 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 48, July 8, 1903(20 cents) Bui. 49, Aug. 1, 1903 (10 cents) Bureau of Forestry: Bui. 43, June 27, 1903 (15 cents) Bui. 44, June 27, 1903 (10 cents) Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 27, Nov. 20, 1902 417 Bui. 46, Aug. 8, 1903 ( 10 cents) 365 Bui. 47, Aug. 18, 1903 (10 (;ents ) 358 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. 4—6, Aug. -Oct. , 1903 417 Weather Bureau: Doc. 228 Office of Exoeriment Stations: Bui. 130^ May 20, 1903 (30 cents) Circ. 51, Aug. 1, 1903 418 Division of Foreign Markets: Bui. 31, Mar. 4, 1903 ( 10 cents) Bui. 32, INIar. 10, 1903 ( 15 cents) Bui. 33, Mar. 31, 1903(5 cents) Circ. 26, Mar. 31, 1903 417 Office of Public Road Inquiries: Bui. 26, June 3, 1903 (5 cents) 392 398 369 370 342 414 417 417 371 415 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. December, 1903. No. 4. The report of the Secretary of Agriculture should prove an inter- esting document to all who are concerned, even in a general way, with the progress of agriculture in the fields of both investigation and edu- cation. It gives nioi'e attention to matters relating to agricultural education and the training of specialists than any previous report. The opening paragraph deals with the Department as a training ground or post-graduate institution for experts and specialists. The supply of these men fitted to the Department's special lines of work has not been equal to the demand, and has necessitated training them in its labora- tories and ofiices. Since 1S9T, 496 students have been admitted to the Department for instruction as experts, 249 of whom have remained in its service and 18.5 gone elsewhere to teach, to experiment, or to demon- strate in private enterprises what they have learned. This educational work has increased from ye?Li to year, and ma}" now be said to form a feature of no little importance. The Depart- ment is concerning itself with practically every phase of agricultural instruction, from the assistance of the farmers by demonstration tests, popular bulletins and correspondence, the promotion of farmers' insti- tutes, and the development of agricultural courses for various classes of institutions, to the post-graduate training of specialists. The Weather Bureau ofiicials have taken an actiA^e part in education along meteorological lines at colleges, universities, and schools, and the Secretary announces that the new meteorological laboratory at Mount Weather, Bluemont, Va., which is to be very completely equipped for scientific research in pro])lems pertaining to weather phenomena, will provide facilities for a school of instruction in advanced meteorology. The movement in the direction of improving and strengthening the courses of instruction at the agricultural colleges, and the accompany- ing increas(> in the number of students pursuing agricultural courses is commented upon, and reference is made to the d(>velopments in sec- ondary and elementary schools of agriculture, and to the growth of interest in popular agricultural instruction. 317 318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Referring to the .success of the experiment sttitions '' in leading the way to the improvement of agricultural practice on a grand scale," the Secretary points out the need of larger funds for these institutions, and commends the matter of additional aid from the National Govern- ment for consideration. Frequent mention is made in the report of cooperation with the stations, as a means of carrying the field of obser- vation and experiment and the inlluence of the Department to the var- ious sections of the country. The Bureau of Plant Industry is coop- erating- with more than 4(> stations in the improvement of forage crop conditions, the extension of the w^ork on cereals, the testing of new seeds and plants, demonstration work in the treatment of plant dis- eases, and numerous other lines. Announcement is made that the Department is considering the wisdom of undertaking systematic coop- eration with the stations in the development of types of domestic ani- mals suited to varying latitudes and conditions, with a view to greater ecouomj' in production. This would serve to round out the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and would furnish the initiative and the means which are necessary for entering upon work of this char- acter in a scientific manner. There are many indications that the Secretary regards the stations as important agencies through which the Department should operate in extending its work throughout the country, and appreciates the mutual aid which these closely related agencies can render each other. Referring to the aid which the Department is preparing to extend to the farmers' institute organizations of the various States, the Secre- tary states that "it is difficult to realize the extent and importance of the farmers' institute movement and its vital relation to the successful incorporation of the results of scientific investigations in our agricul- tural practice," and points out that '"it is of the greatest importance that our adult farmers shall receive definite information regarding improved methods of agriculture and the principles ^v"hich lie at the foundation of progress in agricultural practice." The main part of the report is occupied with a brief survey of the scientific w^ork of the Department and its administrative functions. This indicates not only the broad field the Department is covering in its investigations of problems related to agriculture, but the extent to which its work is at present specialized. The litter constitutes an element of strength and is one of the important developments in the recent reorganization. Some of the larger enterprises which are prominently mentioned are the eradication of the foot-and-mouth disease in New England, which was accomplished in a little over five months at a total expense of less than $300,000, the aid which is being rendered in the introduc- tion of forestry methods on public lands and in the management of EDITORIAL. 319 private tracts and wood lots, tlic continuation of the .soil survey over nearly 15,000,000 acres during the year, irrigation investigations, and the work on the cotton ])oll-weevil in Texas. The Secretary points to the results with macaroni wheats as an indi- cation of what may be accomplished in plant introduction. It is estimated that 10,000,000 bushels of this wheat were harvested the past season, and at least 20 mills are now handling it. Tests of the bread- making (|ualities of macaroni wheat flour at several of the experiment stations and on a large scale by the Department have shown that a XQYj good quality of bread can be made from such flour. The application for advice and working plans for forest lands increases steadily, indicating the widespread interest which has at length been aroused in improved methods of management. This work, however, should not obscure the investigations which the Bureau of Forestry is conducting along other lines, among which may be men- tioned tests of the strength of timber, the preservation of wood by cheap means, the control of forest insects, and a new method of gather- ing crude turpentine, which within a single jear has revolutionized the naval stores industry, nearly doubling the yield of turpentine with practicalh' the same labor, and greatl}^ prolonging the life of the tree. The studies of the duty of water form an indispensable basis for a more economical use of water in irrigation, the excessive use of which not only reduces the yield of crops and ruins large areas of fertile lands, but deprives other lands equally fertile of a water supply. An area of approximate!}^ 10,000,000 acres is now under irrigation, and canals already built cover an added area of at least 5,000,000 acres. The studies already made lead to the belief that the application of better methods would make possible the cultivation of the added 5,000,000 acres now under ditch, with very little expense for canal con- struction. In Oregon it is estimated that there are 3,000,000 acres of land whose products can be greatly increased by the adoption of proper methods for conserving the moisture which falls outside of the irrigation period, and equally good results are probable in other States. The Secretary refers to the importance of undertaking work in agricultural engineering, especially on the application of power to farm machinery, and recommends that the irrigation Avork be enlarged to include both irrigation and agricultural engineering. Much attention is given in the report to the ravages of the cotton boll-weevil in Texas, which menaces cotton production in that and adjoining States; and a plan is outlined for combating the invasion of this insect. An appropriation of half a million dollars for this pur- pose is recommended, to l^ecome immediately available, in order that the campaign may be made comprehensi\'e and efl'ective. The publications of the Department during the past year, which in a way may be taken as an indication of its activity, far exceeded those of 320 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. any other year. In all. '.>88 publications were issued, as against 757 in any previous year, and 375 of these were new publications. The total number of copies of all the publications issued aggregated nearly 12,000,00(1, 7,000,000 of which were Farmers' Bulletins and were dis- tributed quite largely through members of Congress. It is a striking evidence of the general appreciation of the publications of the Depart- ment that over 30,000 copies were sold by the Superintendent of Documents, in the face of the enormous free distribution, the supply of copies for sale being inadequate to the demand. Plans for the new buildings authorized by the last Congress have been adopted and are being worked up in detail. These plans provide ultimately for the erection of a series of ten buildings, connected by pavilions in such a wa}^ as to make practically one harmonious struc- ture. The central feature of this series is an administrative building, and grouped about it are the laboi-atory buildings to be used by the various bureaus in their research work. The amount authorized by Congress ($1,500,000) will suffice for the erection of three of the laboratory buildings, which will provide a floor space of about 100,000 square feet, and will enable compliance with the terms of the appro- priation act in housing those branches of the Department that are now pacing rent. The erection of the administrative structure will require further appropriation. Some interesting facts bearing upon the working force of the Department of Agriculture and the development which has taken place in this respect are presented ih the annual report of the appoint ment clerk for the past year. The Department was established July 1, 1862. Its immediate pred- ecessor w^as the Agricultural Division of the Patent Office, the force of which included 9 persons the year that the transfer w^as made. In 1863, the second year of the Department, the number of emplo3^ees had reached 29, and four years later it was about a hundred. This number was not exceeded until 1881, and in 1889, soon after the Depart- ment was raised to the first rank, the total number of employees was less than five hundred. With the transfer of the Weather Bureau to the Department in 1891, the number was increased to 1,577 persons. Since that time the force has increased several hundred in number every year. During the administration of the present Secretary, from 1897 to 1903, the growth has been especially rapid, showing a net increase of 1,756 per- sons. In the past two years over -100 persons a year have been added to the force. The present enrollment (July 1. 1903) is -1,200 persons. Of these, 1,-110 are in the Weather Bureau, 1,386 in the Bureau of Animal Industry, 324 in the Bureau of Plant Industr^^, 297 in the Bureau of EDITORIAL. 321 Forestry, 187 in the Bureau of Statistics, 180 in the Bureau of Soils, lUG in the Office of Experiment Stations, 151 in the Division of Pub- lications, and 58 in the Bureau of Chemistr}', the remainder being- distributed through the various divisions of the Department. The above number inchides the inspectors, microscopists, and taggers engaged in the meat and other inspection work of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the forecast officials and observers in the regular service of the Weather Bureau, and a considerable number of special agents, student assistants, collaborators, etc., in various branches of the service; but does not include the voluntary observers and corre- spondents of the Weather Bureau and the Bureau of Statistics. The latter have an important part in the collection of data by these l)ureaus, as is indicated by the aggregate number, which reaches 67,337. The Weather Bureau has 3,811 voluntary observers and 13,996 vol- untary crop correspondents. The voluntar}- service of the Bureau of Statistics includes 11,000 county correspondents and their assistants, 9,000 State statistical aids, and 3(>,000 township correspondents, from whom monthly reports are received, and these reports are supple- mented from time to time by reports from farmers and planters, cotton ginners, millers, and others, bringing the total number of voluntary" correspondents in its service up to approximately 256,000 persons. In the classification of the regular force of the Department nearly two thousand fall under the head of " scientists, scientific investigators, and their assistants.'' While this classification does not show the number who are stricly occupied with investigation, it indicates in a general wa}" the present magnitude of the scientific force of the Depart- ment engaged in investigation and in inspection, and undoubtedly places the Department in a class by itself among institutions of its kind in this or any other country. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN ACxRICULTURAL COLEEGES AND ENPF.RIMENT STATIONS. The seventeenth annual convention of this association, held in Wash- ington, November 17-19, 1903, was one of the largest meetings in point of attendance which has ever been held. Something over 200 delegates and visitors were registered, and the representation was verj'^ general from different sections of the country. The meetings were held in the Shoreham Hotel, where ver}' satisfactory provision was made for the general sessions and the section meetings. A very pleasant social feature was a reception tendered the convention by Secretary and Miss Wilson on the evening of November 18 at their residence. This was largely attended by the members of the associa- tion and visitors, the scientific staff of the Department of Agriculture, and others. By special arrangement the delegates paid their respects to President Roosevelt at the White House on the aftei-noon of November 18. As has been customary for several years past, the annual meeting of the Oflicial Horticultural Inspectors was held during the days of the convention, in conjunction with the meetings of the section on entomolog3\ A brief account of their meetings is given elsewhere in this number. The convention as a whole was notable for its harmony and the expedition with which l)usiness was transacted, and was remarked by many of the delegates as a most satisfactory meeting. GENERAL SESSIONS. The address of the president of the association, James K. Patterson, of Kentucky, was given on the evening of the first day of the conven- tion. It dealt with the general topic of the origin and work of the colleges and universities represented by the association, and the influ- ence of these institutions upon the development of technical and industrial education. It was an eloquent and scholarly review of the conditions in English and American historj^ which have led up to the newer education, the influences which have had to be met and over- come in its development, and the recognition which technical education is now receiving, due in no small degree to the influence of the land- 322 CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 323 grant colleges of this country. A high tribute was paid to the great work of these institutions, which the speaker declared have given a new conception of manual training and set the pace for scientific study and experimentation in America. The application of their work he pronounced far in excess of the original conception, and their experi- ence and the methods which they have worked out have served as an example to other countries. The speaker pictured the future of this country — agricultural, industrial, and social — and along with it the future development and position of the land-grant colleges, which he conceived to be destined to occupy an increasingly prominent and important part in promoting industrial development and in contributing to the advancement of both general and applied science. Pursuant to a resolution adopted by the association last year, pro- vision was made for memorial addresses on the late President W. L. Broun, of Alabama, and the late President W. M. Beardshear, of Iowa. An address on the public life and services of Doctor Broun was deliv- ered by President P. H. Mell, of South Carolina. Doctor Gunsaulus, of Chicago, who was to have delivered the address on President Beardshear, was prevented from being present, but he was requested to furnish the manuscript of his address for publication. One of the most important items of business was the consideration of the amendments to the constitution proposed at the Atlanta meeting. These amendments had been before the association for a year, and were adopted with practically no discussion. They provide for a reduction in the number of sections to two, one on college work and administra- tion and the other on experiment station work, three members of the executive committee to be chosen by the first section and two by the latter. No action on public and administrative questions is to be final without the assent of the college section. There is provision for each section to create such divisions as it ma}" find desirable, but no such divisions have yet been made, and the report of the committee on the organization of the new section for station work recommended that for the present no such divisions be made. The section on horticulture and botany, however, expressed a desire to continue its meetings in the future, and appointed a committee to confer with the executive com- mittee with reference to this matter. The reduction in the number of sections to two will necessarily bring about a material change in the programme of these section meetings. The committee on the organization of the new section for station kwor recommended that the section be open to the considera- tion of all phases of station activity, including matters of administra- tion, and the discussion of methods and appliances of research, but should not include the presentation of results of work as such, or of general papers. The papers and discussions at a given convention are to be concentrated upon one general subject, as a rule, and it is expected that there will be a rotation of subjects from year to year, so 11776— No. 4—03,-^3 32-4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. as to cover the various lines of station activit3\ A standing commit- tee on progrannne was provided for l)y each of the new sections to which subjects for discussion ma}' be suggested. The executive committee in its report, read b}- H. C. White, noted the efforts of the committee to secure the consideration of the mining school bill, and the steps which have been taken toward making a campaign for an increase in the Federal appropriation for experiment stations. The success in securing an appropriation for a college and station exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition was referred to. The com- mittee has ascertained that the agrfcultural colleges will not be dis- criminated against in distributing the benefits of the Cecil Rhodes bequest. The committee was directed by resolution to continue its effort to secure the passage of the mining school bill and an increase in the appropriation for the experiment stations. On reconnnenda- tion of the committee it was voted that hereafter vacancies in stand- ing committees caused by resignation or death may be filled by the respective committees. The report of the treasurer, E. B. Voorhees, showed the total receipts during the year to be 11,688.55 and the total expenditures $1,425.29, leaving a l)alance in the treasury' of $263.23. It was voted to continue the annual assessment at $15. The report of the bibliographer, A. C. True, called attention to the more important bibliographies which have appeared during the year, a list of 110 bibliographies with explanatory notes constituting the main part of the report. Special mention was made of the Inter- national Catalogue of Scientific Litei-ature, several parts of which have been noted in this journal. The incompleteness of this catalogue in regard to certain lines of work in agricultural science, notably the work of the experiment stations, was a matter of nuich regret. The standing committee on indexing agricultural literature called attention in its report to the index cards for the publications of the Department of Agriculture which are being prepared by the Library, and also to the cards for the accessions to the Department Library. The latter are now being printed by the Library of Congress, and can be obtained at small cost, as may also the catalogue cards of the Library of Congress relating to agriculture. The card catalogue of the Depart- ment Library now contains over 110,000 cards, and the Library is thus in position to render more efficient aid than ever before to the agricultural colleges and experiment stations by furnishing them information in regard to the literature on particular topics, loaning books, etc. Attention was called in this report to the combined index, now in press, of the first twelve volumes of Experiment Station Record, and to the card index of agricultural literature issued by this Office. It was requested that this report be published at an early date for the assistance of librarians of the colleges and stations. CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 325 The report of the committee on methods of teaching- agriculture, presented by A. C. True, was on the relation of the natural sciences to agriculture in a four-j'ears' course, and presented a plan for a course of stud}'^ including these iiatural sciences and noting in ))rief the prin- cipal subjects under each to be covered. The report pointed out that the older method of arranging the courses in agriculture tended to make specialists in such subjects as agricultural chemistry or vegeta- ble pathology, rather than to make trained agriculturists. It was urged that there should be a sufficient period of general study before specialties are taken up, and that the paths of the specialist and the agriculturist should early diverge. The college course can not be expected to tit men for expert work in this Department, the experi- ment stations, and similar institutions, but for such work at least a master's degree and ere long the doctor's degree will likely be re(iuired. This paper brought out much discussion, illustrating the marked interest which has developed within the past few years in the matter of courses of study and in agricultural education of dif- ferent grades. The work of this committee was highly commended and was pronounced one of the most important features of the asso- ciation's work. There was considerable discussion of the subject of the graduate school of agriculture, and the hope was expressed that it may be pos- sible to arrange for a session of this school next summer. This matter was placed in the hands of the committee on graduate study at Wash- ington, whose title was changed by dropping "at Washington," so as to make it the committee on graduate study. President Northrop withdrew from this committee, owing to his inability to satisfactorily look after its interests, and President C. W. Dabney was appointed chairman in his place, the vacancy on the committee being filled by the appointment of L. H. Baile3^ The report of the standing coumiittee on military instruction in land-grant colleges was made by G. W. Atherton. The conmiittee reported interviewing the officials of the War Department in charge of military instruction in the land-grant colleges, and receiving from them an unfavorable report relative to any change ])eing made in General Orders 94, which increases the amount of military instruction in the colleges and reduces the detail of officers to two years. This order was characterized by the chairman and })y other speakers as impossible of execution, and called forth a vigorous discussion which resulted in the adoption of a resolution requesting the committee on military instruction to continue its efforts to secure a modification of General Orders 94, and to fornudate a practicable scheme for mili- tary instruction at the colleges. The standing conmiittee on agricultural engin(?ering presented its lirst report through W. E. Stone, chairman. The report pointed out 326 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tho increase in the number of engineering- pro))lems in agriculture and their prominence, the enormous extent to which agricultural machinery, and especially that of a complicated (;haracter, is being used by Amer- ican farmers, the problems of irrigation and of drainage, the terracing of hillsides, the construction of roads, and other matters, as illustrating thfe desirability of more sj'^stematic attention to instruction in these topics in connection with the college courses and of extended scientific investigation. The courses in engineering in the colleges, it was stated, have not kept pace with the progress of the times. The com- mittee declared in favor of separate departments of rural engineering in the colleges, and the enlargement of the work of this Department to include agricultural oigineering in addition to irrigation, and recom- mended that the executive committee of the association aid in securing the increased appropriation asked from Congress for the latter purpose. This report was adopted, and tho association also adopted a resolution commending the work of the Department along the lines of irrigation and agricultural engineering. The report brought out considerable discussion and indicated that this matter is occupying the attention of a number of institutions at this time. A special request was made that the report of the committee be speedily published in circular form in order that it ma}^ be available. The report of the conunittee on collective college and station exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition was presented by W. H. Jordan, chairman, who outlined the origin and history of this movement, and gave an abstract of the law making appropriation for installing and maintain- ing an exhibit of animals and materials belonging to or used by the land-grant colleges and experiment stations. Details concerning the exhibit, such as the position, classilication, allotment of space, and allot- ment of funds, were entered into, and a list was given of the persons in charge of the different exhibits. Doctor Jordan urged the hearty cooperation of the colleges and stations in the preparation of this exhibit. The report of the committee on cooperation between the stations and this Department, presented by E. A. Bryan, called attention to the statement of fundamental principles embodied in the two previous reports, expressed gratification at the appointment of a committee within the Department of Agriculture for perfecting the details of a system of cooperation, and reiterated its belief that a full and free consultation between the stations and the members of the Department forces in regard to the work undertaken in the several States is very desirable, and would do much to remove possible sources of friction. In this connection mention may be made of a conference held just prior to the convention, on cooperation between the Department and the stations in expei'iments relating to irrigation and agricultural engineering. The conference was attended by representatives of the CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 327 stations interested and of this Otlice. After discussion of the mutual advantage of cooperation in these laroer eatf rprises, and of the facili- ties of the Office for ])ring-ing together the , "suits of work along simi- lar lines for publication, a plan of cooperation was suggested. It was projjosed that lists of subjects should be submitted upon which coopera- tion is deemed desiral)le, those subjects which are thus shown to be of the most general interest to be taken up first. In conducting the cooperation the stations would furnish the facilities and men, and the Oflice of Experiment Stations would furnish a part of the necessary funds and the general supervision and publish the results, full credit being given to each station for the work done by it. A resolution favoring this plan of cooperation and pledging the hearty support of the stations interested was adopted by the conference. The standing committee on uniform fertilizer laws, of which H. J. Wheeler is chairman, called attention to the satisfactory progress which is being made in the direction of greater uniformity, the recom- mendations of the association having been of value in securing the recent passage or amendment of fertilizer laws in Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Missouri, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. This report also included recommendations concerning the provisions of laws for feeding stuii" inspection. The report of the standing committee on pure-food legislation, made by W. A. Withers, noted considerable progress along the line of pure- food legislation during the j^ear. New legislation was enacted in two States, and provisions made by Congress for the inspection and control by this Department of foods imported from foreign countries. This was pronounced an unusualh' important step in food legislation, and its execution has resulted in considerable progress in the preparation of standards of purity. The report of the standing conmiittee on animal and plant breeding was presented by the chairman, W. M. Hays. The progress made during the year was reported as most satisfactory. The announcement was made of a meeting to be held at St. Louis, December 29 and 30, for t;he purpose of forming an association of plant and animal breeders. The committee on revision of methods of seed testing recommended certain changes in the previous report, published as Circular 34 of this Office. These changes relate to an improved germinating chamber and other apparatus, instructions for sampling, etc. The farmers' institute work which the Department has taken up through this Ofiice was outlined by A. C. True, who stated clearly the policy of the Department in regard to this work. There will be no attempt to interfere with the State management of farmers' institutes in any wa}^, but rather to cooperate with the State officials and to aid them in building up the institutes in the several States. The Depart- ment will be a general agency for coordinating and strengthening this 828 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. work tlii-ouuliout tlic coiiiiliy. One of the iiijiin <)l)jocts at present is to lu'lp to increase the etiiciency of the institute lecturers, now num- herino- over SOO, less than half of whom are connected with the work of the colleges or the stations. A corps of specially trained institute workers was recommended as eventually desirable, to relieve the col- lege and station men of much of the burden of this work, as it is still the opinion of the Ofiice that the prime object of college men is to teach and of station men to investigate. The speaker pointed out the greatness and importance of the farmers' institute enterprise as a means for the future development of agriculture, the building up of a proper system of agricultural education and research, and developing a generation of farmers who will be in position to appreciate and apply the results of the work of these institutions. A resolution presented by C. E. Thorne commended the reviews furnished by the Experiment Station Record, and suggested an exten- sion of these to include more full abstracts in the case of some of the foreign publications, which are accessible to only a portion of the sta- tion workers, and directed the executive committee of* the association to urge upon the Secretary of Agriculture the securing of additional funds for this purpose. The plans of the new building for the Department of Agriculture were exhibited and explained by B. T. Galloway. A very cordial invitation was extended to the association to hold its next meeting at Portland, Oregon. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, W. O. Thompson, of Ohio; vice-presidents, D. F. Houston of Texas, J. C. Hardy of Mississippi, J. H. Worst of North Dakota, H. J. Wheeler of Rhode Island, and B. C. Buffum of Wyoming; secretary and treasurer, E. B. Voorhees, of New Jersey; bibliographer, A. C. True, of Washington, D. C. ; executive committee, H. C. White of Georgia, G. W. Atherton of Pennsylvania, J. L. Snyder of Mich- igan, W. H. Jordan of New York, and C. F. Curtiss of Iowa. Section on coUege%oorh and adrriinisty'ation. — Chairman, W. E. Stone, of Indiana; secretar}^, G. E. Fellows, of Maine; committee on pro- gramme, W. E. Stone of Indiana, G. E. Fellows of Maine, and H, W. Tyler of Massachusetts. Section on exjperiinent station work. — Chairman, E. H. Jenkins, of Connecticut; secretary, M. A. Scovell, of Kentucky; committee on programme, J. H. Shepperd of North Dakota, B, W. Kilgore of North Carolina, and M. A. Scovell of Kentuck3^ GENERAL SESSIONS. No sessions were held b}^ the section on mechanic arts. The pro- grammes of the other sections were quite full and are briefl}^ noted below. CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICTTLTURAL C()LLE(4E!^. 829 SKCTION ON AGRirULTl'RK AND CHEMISTKV. Tlie three sessions of thi.s section were occupied chietiy witli papers und discus- sions relating to soils, especially soil fertility. Throughout these discussions there were frequent references to the principles laid down in a recent bulletin of the Bureau of Soils," and their conflict with views which have previously Ijeen held regarding soil fertility and its maintenance. The chairman of the section, C. (x. Hopkins, of Illinois, in his opening address on The Present Status of Soil Investigations, pointed out the conflicting conclusions reached by various investigators, particularly with reference to the value of chemical methods of studying the fertility of soils. He illustrated the valuable service that chemical analysis may render in this connection by citing the results of his ow^n studies on various typical Illinois soils, and suggested that discordant views might be harmonized and the work promoted ])y keeping clearly in mind the fact that functions of soils are of two kinds: ( 1 ) to furnish favorable physical conditions for plant growth, and (2) to supply the necessary plant food; i. e., they are both physical and chem- ical, and one is as indispensal)le to the successful growth of crops as the other. The use and value of leguininous crops and fertilizers and manures in rotation for main- taining and increasing soil fertility were illustrated from results of field experiments. Milton Whitney, of the Bureau of Soils, in a discussion of Methods for the Extension and Practical Application of Soil Surveys, summarized the work of his Bureau during the past year in surveying and mapping typical soils in different parts of the United States. The main portion of his address, however, was devoted to a discussion of the work of the Bureau on the chemistry of soils as related to crop production, and a preliminary statement w'as made regarding investigations in progress in continuation and extension of those which were made the basis of Bulletin 22 of the Bureau. These include a further study of the physical properties of soils with reference to the movement of the soil water, which has shown little or no difference in the movement of water in widely different soils; studies of the behavior of the soil water as the drought limit is approached, which differs in a marked degree from that of the water of saturated soils or water in mass; experi- ments on the growth of plants in soil extracts, which gave results similar to those obtained in experiments with the original soils, and studies of transpiration as related to the functional activity of plants grown in good and poor soils and in the extracts of the same. Transpiration- was less active in the poor soils and their extracts than in good soils, and was influenced by the kind of salts present, but not by the amount. The effect of certain salts in retarding root action and of others in accelerating it was suggested as a possible explanation of the apparent influence of the use of fertilizers. The effect of aeration in correcting the poor results obtained with poor soils or their extracts was noted, and was thought to confirm the position taken in Bulletin 22 that the use of fertilizers appears to have the same effect as good cultivation. "It appears now that if we have perfect aeration . . . fertile and poor soils grow plants of equal vigor and feeding capacity." The speaker proi)hesied the development of a method, to be used in the field, in studying the conditions of the soil as related to the growth and functional activity of the plant, and the possible determination of h(jw far these conditions may be changed by aeration or physical treatment. "Certainly I think it is going to be possible for us to determine what fertilizers can be used to correct these difficulties under the conditions of our experiment, which is a long way ahead of anything that we have at the present time." A paper by E. W. Hilgard, of California, on The Chemistry of Soils as Related to Crop Production was read in his absence. This paper was an analysis of Bulletin 22 « U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils Bui. 22. 330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the liureuu of Soiln. Doctor Hilganl (HK-stioned the reliabihty of the water- extrat-t method as a means of determining tht* fertiUty of soils, and strongly dissented from many of the conclusions and generalizations contained in the bulletin. The pa})er cited numerous illustrations of the value of chendcal methods for determining the productiveness of soils, and laid especial stress on the importance of the relative proportion of soil constituents as distinguished from their total amounts. Three papers were read on Methods of Conducting Investigations Relating to the Maintenance or Increase of Soil Fertility. In the first of these G. E. Thorne dwelt upon the relation of laboratory and field experiments, and laid stress ujjon the value of the latter when continued for long ])eriods on the same plats. Compared with sucli work laboratory work was declared to ])e comparatively simple. The require- ments of plat experiments were pointed out and the necessity of great care in exe- cution was emphasized, illustrations being drawn from the experience at the Ohio Station. The speaker was unable to see how the results of the i)ast 10 years at that station could have been forecasted in the laboratory by a chemical or physical exam- ination of the soil or otherwise, or how any time could have been saved. In conclu- sion, he laid down the general proposition that deductions relating to soil fertility must be confirmed in the field; that field work should be as scientific in its methods as laboratory work; and that when this is the case, the results are as reliable as any scientific laboratory work. The second paper on this subject, presented by E. B. Voorhees, took up the dif- ferent methods practiced to maintain and increase tlie fertility of the soil, considered the relation of income and outgo of plant food to crop production, and compared the availability of nitrogen from different sources for leguminous and nonleguminous crops. The discussion of these topics was based on the results of experiments con- ducted at the New Jersey Station. The methods of Investigations pursued in this connection were described in detail in the course of the paper. H. W. Wiley, the third speaker, outlined the reasons for the depreciation of soil fertility, and discussed at some length the results obtained by the Bureau of Chem- istry of this Department, in pot culture experiments with soils from different parts of the United States. The speaker presented a comparison of the amount of phos- phoric acid and potash removed by oats grown in these pot experiments, and the mount of these elements which were found soluble in two-hundredth normal hydro- chloric acid under definite conditions. Attention was also called to the nitrifying power of the different soils used. In a paper on Differences between four Southern and four Northern Soils, and Improvements in Soil Management which these Differences Suggest, F. H. King, of the Bureau of Soils, gave an account of cooperative jilat exijeriments with different amounts of manure and guano on corn and potatoes, on typical soils in North Caro- lina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. In connection with these experi- ments observations were made on temj^erature, evaporation, rate of nitrification, soluble salts, and other physical and chemical conditions. The southern soils studied were more compact, i. e., less granular, had more defective aeration and drainage, but carried less water, showed a slower rate of nitrification, contained less soluble salts, and gave smaller yields than the northern soils. The means suggested for improving the productive capacity of the southern soils included deeper plowing, the turning under of more organic matter, the raising of more live stock, and the growth of smaller varieties of corn. R. H. Forbes, of Arizona, discussed the Methods for the Extension and Practical Application of Soil Surveys, pointing out the great value of soil surveys for selecting lands adapted to new crops and industries under pioneer conditions, and especially of alkali surveys and quick and easy methods of determining the location and amounts of alkali in soils. L. G. Carpenter, of Colorado, presented a paper on Methods and Value of Securing Irrigation Supplemental to Rainfall for Humid and Semi-arid Districts, in which he CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTUKAL COLLEGES. 881 considered tlie .subject from the standpdint (if ( 1 ) insuniiice against failure, and (2) securing maxinuim yields, as applied to humid regions and those of deficient rainfall. The advantage of supplemental irrigation as a means of securing greater diversifica- tion of crops was pointed out, and the quantities of water applied as related to the kinds of (toi)s produced and the system of farming pursued were discussed. A pajjer on Experiments in Animal ]^reeding was read by F. B. Mumford, who pointed out the m-ed of experiments where all the conditions can be controlled. He gave illustrations of the kind of problems that needed to be studied in animal breed- ing, among others questions of prepotency, an investigation of which should form the foundation of the study of principles of breeding. Mendel's law, although it has received much attention from plant breeders, has not been demonstrated as far as animals are concerned. The need of a standard of measurements was pointed out, and birth weight was suggested as perhaps coming nearer to representing the effect of breeding than any other known standard. Experiments on the birth weight of land)s were briefly mentionetl, whic-h showed that the size and breed of the male had no relation to the birth weight, l)ut that the latter was intimately associated with the weight of the female. A heavy birth weight was found to be intimately asso- ciated with vigor, thrift, rapid growth after birth, and early maturity of the lambs. If this is found to hold true the result is thought to be a very important one. The studies are being continued. A paper on the same subject sent by C. 8. Plumb was read by title owing to the lateness of the hour. SECTION ON HORTICULTURE AND BOTANY. In the absence of the chairman, H. L. Bolley, the sessions were presided over by J. C. Arthur. Several papers dealt with the teaching of botany and horticulture in the agricul- tural course. L. H. Pammel, in a paper on Botany in the Agricultural Course, referred to the botanical work provided for in the syllabus for agronomy of the com- mittee on methods of teaching agriculture, and reviewed the courses of required botany in various agricultural colleges and other institutions. He recommended that special courses in botany should be provided, as preparatory to courses in theoretical botany and the practical application of botany to horticulture and other sciences. F. A. Woods presented, for the committee on courses in botany, an outline of a course in elementary botany, together with some suggestions as to more advanced courses. This conunittee was continued, and was directed to fornuilate its courses in reference to cognate courses on economic lines. The appointment of a committee to act in conjunction with this committee and to report courses of study in horti- culture was also authorized. The Foundation of Agricultural Teaching was the subject of a paper by H. Metcalf, in which it was contended that a few subjects pursued for a long period give better results than a larger number of topics covered in the same time. The speaker believed that agricultural botany should be developed to occupy as important a position in an agricultural course as mathematics does in mechanical or civil engineering. Plant production being the object of agronomy, plant life should be the j^rimary study and economic ])lantH should be the ones studied before all others. It was believed that botany should be extended over the 4 years of the college course, even if the amount of time devoted to it each year was relatively small. In a paper on Methods of Practical Instruction in Horticulture, H. L. Hutt described the instruction in horticulture at the Ontario Agri(!ultural College, which includes fruit growing, gardening, floriculture, and landscape gardening. Instruction is by means of lectures, laboratory work, lil^rary work, observation excursions, and prac- tical work in the orchard and garden. Each of these methods of instruction waa 332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (liscussfd at soiuc U'ligtli. In tlu' more ;ulvamv(l work seniiiiary luetliodH of instriK;- tioii were followed to a great extent and have proved very profitable. F. y. Covillc gave an account of the e.stal)lishnient of the Desert Botanical Labo- ratory, wbicli has been equipped by the Carnegie Institution near Tucson, Arizona. The relation between the purely botanical subjectH which are to be studied at this laboratory and agricultural and horticultural practice was pointed out, attention being called to studies on the effective use of irrigation waters and also their eco- nfniiical employment. The laboratory is in charge of Dr. W. A. Cannon, formerly of Columliia University. Cooperation was the theme of a paper l)y F. L. Stevens. Experiments of this character, carried on with farmers or through the rural schools, were believed to be of great value for demonstration purposes and to reach a class which bulletins do not. Numerous illustrations drawn from the speaker's own experience were cited. In discussing this paper, J. C. Arthur referred to the treatment of seed at elevators. The proprietors of one large elevator treated 150 bu. of seed oats with formalin at a cost of abf)ut 40 cts., the results being so satisfactory that the seedsmen propose treat- ing all of their seed grain in the future. II. L. Hutt testified to the value of cf)op- erative experiments, stating that the Ontario Agricultural College has nearly 5,000 cooperative experiments in jirogress. In a second paper F. L. Stevens gave an account of the Granville tobacco wilt, which was illustrated by lantern slides. This will form the basis of a bulletin of the North Carolina Station, now in press, and will be noted later. K. E. B. McKenney, of this Department, in discussing the paper believed the disease to be the same that occurs in Ohio and other districts widely removed from North Carolina. It was pronounced due to a Fusarium-like organism. Crop Rotation as a Factor in Combating Plant Diseases was the subject of a paper by W. A. Orton, of this Department. Many plant diseases were stated to owe their spread and injury to improper soil conditions, which may be corrected by rotation, green manuring, etc. A lack of humus and potash waste was said to )je incidental to cotton rust and shedding of bolls, and these diseases can be almost entirely eliminated by rotation, green manuring, growth of winter cover crops, and application of potash. Rotation appears to be one of the most efficient ways of combating the watermelon wilt, and the cotton-root rot, which has been referred to species of Ozonium, can be readily controlled by this means. The tomato Fusarium disease requires rotations with 5 or more years intervening between crops of tomatoes. Diseases which spread through the air, whether of fungus or bacterial origin, are less easily influenced by rotations, but the vigor of the plant can be increased by the restoration of soil fer- tility. In addition to rotation, resistant varieties are necessary for sucli diseases as cotton wilt, nematodes, etc. Rotations for the orchard and nursery were also dis- cussed with reference to root rot, nematodes, etc. M. A. Carleton exhibited forms of notebooks and records, which he has found very well adapted to field and laboratory work in his investigations with cereals. The system described was designed to secure accuracy, rapidity, uniformity, and perma- nenc}' of records. A report was made from the committee on plant-breeding nomenclature, favoring the use of the word " clon," which has lately been proposed by H. J. Webber for plants grown from cuttings, bulbs, etc., the progeny all being members of the same individual. SECTION ON KNTOjMOLOGV. The sessions of this section were presided over by .1. B. Smith in the absence of the chairman. In a paper on Problems of Forest Entomology, A. D. Hopkins called attention to the need of special methods of eradication in fighting forest insects, since manj' of CONVENTION OF AMERICAN A(}KI('ULTTJKAL COLLEGES, 383 the iiit'thods uned on lu'ld und >j,ardt'ii ('r(ii>s arc nut prolitablr. The most inipoi-tant |)oiiit is that the methods sliould l)e inexpensive, and fortunately sucli methods have l)eeu found in tlie control of certain forest insects, especially insects injurious to tan hark. Trees infested with the pine-bark beetle should be cut between (lctoV)er and May. In the control of forest insects tjood results may be had from trirdling trees to serve as trap trees. The importance of laboratory and field \v subjects were discussed : The Mission of the Land-Grant Colleges, and Short Courses. The first subject was introduced by W. O. Thompson, of Ohio, in a paper setting forth (1) the history of the movement bringing the land-grant col- leges into existence, and (2) the writer's interpretation of the first and second Mor- rdl Acts, based partly on the discussions in Congress l)earing on those acts. Briefly stated, the writer's conclusions were that those favoring the establishment of the land-grant colleges were of the opinion that some other form of education than the classical may be liberal; that it was the intention of these men to give a liberal as well as a practical education, implying that industrial education is liberal; that pre- cedence was to l)e given always to agriculture and mechanic arts, and that military instruction was intended to occupy a subordinate position. In his opinion the act of ]8i)0 did not indicate a change of mind on tlie part of Congress regarding the 334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iiiissioii of tlu' laiHl-jrrant colk'gt-r^, l)iit latluT an attciiijit tP- 338- 240). — The method of Dyer was found to give unsatisfactory results when used with the highly calcareous soils of Jamaica. By following the practice advocated by Hil- gard of neutralizing the carbonates in the soil before subjecting it to the solvent action of the citric acid solution, results were obtained which agreed with the known productiveness of the soil. The solvent action of the liberated carbon dioxid and of the neutral citrate formed have been urged as objections to this modification of the method, but comparative tests made by the authors on soils free from carbonates and on those to which car- bonates were added showed that the solubility of the phosphoric acid remained absolutely constant whether carbonates were added and neutralized or not. "As regards jiotash, the figures indicate that in two cases the carbonic acid has exerted an additional solvent action. Our experience in Jamaica leads us to doul)t whether citric acid is an adequate detective solvent for all forms of potash in a soil available for j)resent consumption by plants." On the determination of free phosphoric acid and the amount of this sub- stance in superphosphates, A. D. Hekzfelder (Landw. Vers. ,Sl(tt., 58 [1903), No. ,5-6, jip. 471-479). — The method of the association of German fertilizer manufactur- ers, viz, titration of the water extract with soda solution, using methyl orange as an indicator, is described, as well as the official Austrian method and that of ^Miintz, in both of which free phosphoric acid is determined gravimetrically in the alcohol extract. Comparative tests of the methods are reported and objections to all of them are pointed out. The author proposes the following methoel {Ber. Thiit. ('hem. GeselL, 36 {1903), No. >',,pp. 1251-125S).—X brief account of studies of conditions favoring the process. Table for calculating protein from nitrogen using the factor 6.25, O. GoLTscHKE {Ztschr. Amdyt. Cheni., 42 {1903), No. S, Sup., pp. 10). — The protein values are given corresponding to amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0.01 to 16 per cent. The determination of nitric acid in -water, A. Muller {ZtsrJtr. Angev. ('Jicni., 16 {1903), No. 31, pp. 746, 747). — The method of Schulze-Tiemann is considered preferable to that of Frerichs (E. S. R., 14, p. 940). A new quantitative method of determining ammonia, A. Bayer {Chem. Zig., 27 {1903), No. 66, jjp. S09, 810). — The method is applicable to such solutions as sew- age, liquid manure, tanning liquors, etc., and is as follows: To 100 cc. of the solution add 2 cc. of fuming hydrochloric acid and 2 drops of phenolphthalein and for each 50 mg. of NII3 per liter 15 cc. of 10 per cent magnesium chlorid. Add 12 to 15 gm. of pulverized disodium phosphate and shake in a rotary apparatus until the phos- phate is completely dissolved, then add sodium hydrate solution drop by drop until a faint permanent rose color is obtained. The gelatinous precipitate formed becomes crystalline after standing -4 hour and the rose color disappears. Add soda solution until the color remains permanent, allow to stand \ hour, and filter without washing. Distill annnonia from the filter and contents by means of magnesium oxid. Progress in the field of the chemistry of waters, including natural and artificial mineral waters, A. (toldberc^ {Chem. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 71, pp. S69- S74). — A review (with numerous references) of the literature published on this sub- ject during 1902. A new method for the determination of organic substances in waters, more particularly in those containing chlorids and bromids, C Lenormand {Bui. Soc. Cliiiii. Bans, 3. ser., 29 {1903), No. 15, pp. SIO-8I4). — A colorimetric method is proposed in which the color obtained by adding permanganate to the Avater without further treatment is compared with that obtained by adding sodium bicarbonate along with the permanganate and boiling. The infl.uence of distilled water on the determination of the reducing power of potable and sewage water by means of permanganate soKition, H. Noll {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 16 {1903), No. 31, jyp. 747, 7^9).— Distilled water was found to introduce a decided error, which should be determined and corrected. Solubility of gypsum in solutions of sodium chlorid, A. i)'ANSELME(i^t/i. Soc. Chilli. Boris, 3. ser., 29 {1903), pp. 372-374; (tf>s- >»' -four. Chem. Sor. [London], 84 "Monatsh. Chem., 7 (1896), p. 9. CHEMISTRY. 337 {1903) , Xo. 4^sv, //, p. 478). — The solubilities obtained in solutions of different con- centrations ajiree with those reported by Cameron (E. S. R., 13, p. 927). On the protamins and the constitution of albuminoid substances, A. Kossel {Bui Sac. Chilli. Parl.'<, .1. ser., 29 (190.)'), Xa. 14, pp. I-XVIII) . A new method of determining sulphuric acid, F. Raschig {Zt.srlir. Auijcn: Cheiii., 16 {1903), Xi>. 26, pp. 617-619). — A discussion of some of the difficulties encountered in using the method proposed by Muller (E. B. R., 15, p. 121). Titration of sulphuric acid with benzidine chlorhydrate, W. J. Muller (Ztsclir. Aiignc. Clieiii., 16 {1903), Xo.27, pp. 6.'>.]-6.53). — A reply to the above article. Determination of sulphuric acid by means of benzidine, F. Raschig {ZtscJir. Angcir. Cliciii., 16 {1903), Xo. 34, pp. S'1S-S23). — Further comments on Miiller's method. The estimation of sulphur in urine by means of sodium peroxid, G. iNIodka- KOWSKi {Zt.schr. I'liyxioL ('hem., 38 {1903), Xo. 5-6, pp. .562-566). Hoppe-Seyler's handbook of physiological and pathological-chemical analysis, TuiEUFELDEit {Iloppe-Scijki'.^ IIiiiiilhnc]i der jihijsiobxjhch- imd palJuiloyixcJi- chemisdien Analyse. Berlin: Hirschwald, 1903, 7. cd., pp. 618; rev. in Hijy. Rundsclnui, 13 {1903), Xo. 5, pp. 227, 228) .—A revised edition of this valua]:>le text-book. The attempt has been made to include the material which has accumulated since the previous edition. The examination of meat, yeast, and other extracts for xanthin bodies. I. The xanthin bodies of meat extracts, K. Micko {Ztschr. Untersuch. Xaltr. u. Genussmtl., 6 {1903), Xo. 17, ^yp. 7<9i-7.9i).— Analytical methods are described. The electrolytic estimation of minute quantities of arsenic, more espe- cially in brewing materials, T. E. Thorpe (.Tour. Chein. Soe. [London], S3 {1903), Xo. 489, pp. 974-986, fg.^ 2) . Determination of vanillin in vanilla, A. Moulin {Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 29 {1903), Xo. 7, pp. ^78-280).— The decolorized ether extract is treated with a mixture of sulphuric and acetic acids and crystals of potassium nitrate are added. The formation of methyl picrate from the vanillin gives the solution a yellowish color, which is compared with a scale prepared with known amounts of vanillin. The detection and estimation of mineral acid in acetic acid and vinegar, P. ScHiDROwiTZ {Analyst, 28 {1903), Xo. 329, pp 233-237). A new method for the determination of halogen compounds in organic substances, H. Daubigny and G. Chavanne {Bui Soc. Chini. Paris, 3. ser., 29 {1903), Xo. 15, pp. 807-810). The use of normal sodium oxalate in quantitative analysis, S. P. L. Soren- SEN {Ztschr. Anahjt. Chem., 42 {1903), Xo. 6-7, pp. 333-359, fig. 1). — The author con- cludes from the results of experiments which are reported that sodium oxalate when carefully prepared and dried at 230° C. can be used in the titration of acids without noticeable error, even in work requiring very ai-curate determinations. The testing of sodium oxalate and its use in volumetric analysis, S. P. L. SoRENSEN {Ztschr. Analyt. ('hem., 42 1 1903) , Xo. 8, pp. 512-516). — ^Methods for deter- mining the presence of water, sodium car))onate, and inorganic and organic impuri- ties in sodium oxalate are given, with brief directions for the use of this material in volumetric analysis. The absorption of nontanning substances by hide powder and its influence on the estimation of tannin, H. R. Procter and F. A. Blockey {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 22 {1903), Xo. 8, pp. 482-484) ■ Select methods of chemical analysis, A. Classen and H. Cloeren {Ausgewdhlte Metlioden der analytischen Cheniie. Brunswick: Friedric.h Vieweg »(,- /S'r>//, 1903, vol. 2, pp. XVI~\- 831, pis. 3, figs. 133). — This is the second volume of this work, previously referre. 632). BOTANY. The synthesis of albuminoids by plants, E. Laurent and E. Marchal {Bid. Acad. Roy. Belg., CI. Sci., 1903, No. 1, j)p. 55-114). — A historical review is given of the sources of nitrogen for plants, the investigations of many authors being critically summarized. After reviewing the literature the authors describe at considerable length their experiments on the synthesis of albuminoids by various flowering j^lants. The methods of determining the different forms of nitrogen are described and com- parisons are drawn between the action of flowering plants and some of the lower orders. The authors conclude that in the case of the lower orders of plants, such as Clos- tridium pa.steurianum, various bacteria, Rhizobium, etc., these organisms are able to assimilate free atmospheric nitrogen, either when living autonomously or in sym- BOTANY. 339 bio.«is with legiiminons or otlier plants. Amnionlacal nitrogen 'is readily assimilated by the lower orders of phmts without the intervention of sunlight, but in the higher j>lants the assimilation, while taking place in darkness, is much more active in the light. Nitric nitrogen is assimilated by the lower organisms in darkness, but among green plants with few exceptions the assimilation of nitrates is most rapid when the plants are exjiosed to the light and particularly in the more refrangible rays of the spectrum. Whenever free nitrogen, ammonia, or nitric nitrogen are assimilated in darkness there is a considerable consumption on the part of the plant of carbo- hydrates, W'hich furnish the necessary energy for the reduction and synthesis (^f the albuminoids. The lower plants in general are able to synthesize albuminoids in the dark, l)ut in higher plants, as a rule, this takes place only in the light. Among the higher })lants amid bodies in limited quantity are produced in portions of the plants which are free from chlorophyll, as in the instance of germinating seeds in darkness. There does not seem to be any transformation of nitric acid or ammonia in a full-grown flower- ing plant except that taking place in the sunlight. The influence of light and darkness upon growth and development, D. T. MacDougal {3h'm. New York Bot. Gard., 2 {1903), -pp. XIII ^ 319, figs. 176; ahs. in Bot. CenthL, 93 {1903), No. 14, pp. 296, 297). — After summarizing the. previous inves- tigations on the effect of light and darkness on the growth of plants, the author gives the results of his own experiments with over 100 species, representing many orders of plants. The etiolated condition of the leaves of different plants, the effect of darkness on flowers and inflorescences, and the effect on spores and sporangia of ferns are described. In discussing the theories of etiolation and the effects of light and dark- ness, the author says that etiolation is not an adaptation to darkness, and that the forms which plants assume in the dark are not governed by an effort to reach the light. The various phenomena of etiolation are, in the first instance, due to the mere absence of light, and subsequent modifications appear which may be regarded as beneficial to the plant, but at times may prove disadvantageous. The comparison of normal and etiolated plants shows that growth and differentiation are not only inilependent phenomena, but are easily separable. Light acts as a stimulating influ- ence in inducing morphological differentiation, but it is not necessarily direct in its action, since the stimulative influence may be received by one portion of the plant and transmitted to another. The impulse may often be communicated to organs which are not actually formed at the time of the stimulation. The amount of growth or increase in volume that may be accomplished l)y the extension of the imperfectly developed tissues in the absence of illumination is sub- ject to great variation. In many instances the total length, diameter, and volume of the etiolated shoot may be less than that of a normal one, while in other instances it may be decidedly greater. The author states that there is no evidence afforded by the behavior of plants in darkness to warrant the conclusion that light directly affects the rate of growth. A bibliography of more than 200 references accompanies the work. The influence of a lack of oxygen on plants, M. Dude {Flora, 92 {1903), p. 20.5; ahs. in Bot. CenthL, 93 {1903), No. 27, p. /. 55G; abs. in But. Cerdbl., iU {190.3), No. 10, p. ;?a5).— Sulphurous acid is shown to have a more or less detrimental effect upon the assimilative activity of all plant tissues. In the experiments of the author Ficn.s elaMica and Ahutilon sp. lost all power of assimilation when subjected to atmospheres containing a considerable quantity of the gas. The beech tree was found sensitive to 1 part in 814,000, and the fir to 1 part in 500,000. Grapes were less injured by small (]uantities of suljthurous fumes, and oaks were still more resistant. The author shows that the stomata are left open when exposed to the gas and the carbon dioxid assimilating mesophyll is liable to injury. A somewhat prolonged exposure to the gas causes the green tissues to become yellow and the chlorophyll loses its ability to normally regenerate the destroyed chloroplasts. Another effect of the sulphurous-acid gas is to drive the water from the leaf cells into the intercellular spaces, as can be readily seen by the examination of such susceptible leaves as those of the beech. The presence of hydrocyanic acid in the buds of Prunus, E. Verschaffelt {Arch. Neerland. Sci. Exact, et Nat., 2. ser., 7 {1902), pp. 497-509; ahs. in Bat. Centhl., 92 {1903), No. 9, pp. 183, 184). — A report is given of studies made on the variation of hydrocyanic acid during the opening of buds of species of Prunus. The proportion of hydrocyanic acid in the buds and young shoots shows that the absolute quantity increases very materially during the opening of the buds, while the relative quan- tity in the different parts may remain the same. The cause of the variation is not positively determined, but it was found that the hydrocyanic acid in the internodes was not less below closed buds than open ones. In the case of Prunus laurocerasus the evergreen leaves placed in darkness retained their hydrocyanic-acid content much longer than the recently developed leaves. These begin to turn yellow and rapidly lose their prussic acid. There does not appear to be any less hydrocyanic acid in the leaves after the liudding of branches which carry them. It seems proliable that the buds and the young shoots contain glucosids of the amygdalin type. The presence of solanin in tobacco seed, J. Starke {Rec. Inst. Bat. Univ. BriLvelles, 5 {1902), pp. 295-298; ahs. in Bot. Centbl, 92 {1903), No. 9, pp. 182, 183).— The author investigated the claim of Albo that tobacco seeds contain an alkaloid similar to, if not identical with, solanin. The method employed was checked by testing potato shoots for solanin, after which 12 gin. of tobacco seed and later 124 gm. of the seed of Nicotiana macrophylla were tested in the same manner without finding a trace of solanin or any analagous suljstance. The role of diffusion and osmotic pressure in plants, B. E. Livingston {Decen. Pubs. Univ. Chicago, 2. ser., 8 {1903), pp. 162; abs. in Bot. Centbl, 93 {1903), No. 27, p. 19). — In the first part of this work the author summarizes the physical side of diffusion and osmotic pressure, while in the second portion he considers the physio- logical problems involved. A summary is given on the effect of turgidity on plants, and chapters are given on the al)sorption and transmission of water and materials held in solution. In regard to the latter the author concludes that by far the most important factor in their distribution through the plant bod}' is simple diffusion. Concerning the influence of osmotic pressure, the author concludes that while weak solutions may accelerate vital activities, concentrated ones retard them. The effect of high concentration seems to be due to the extraction of water from the living cells of plants. Whether this is the direct cause of response to these concentrated solu- tions is not known. The electro-motive force in plants, A. B. Plowman {Ainer. Jour. Sci., 4- ser., 15 {1903), pp. 94-104; a}>s. in Bot. Centbl., 93 {1903), No. 29, p. 61).— In a prelimiiaary METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 341 paper giving the results of experiments on white hipine, Codiimm regalh, and I'oin- setlia sp. the author foncliKie.s that the functional activities of the i)iant cause differ- ences of electrical potential in its various parts, and the intensity of these differences depend, in part at least, on the piiysiological condition of the jilant. Recent investigations in plant hybridization, C. Correns [Bot. Zty., 2. Abt., 61 {1903), No. 8, pp. 114-126; abs. in Bot. Centbl, 92 {1903), No. 21, pp. 418-488).— The author gives a critical review of the more important contributions to the subject of plant breeding which were published during the autumn of 1901 and the spring of 1902. Observations on the temperature of the subterranean organs of plants, H. H. Dixox {Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., 32 {1903), pt. 3, Sec. B, pp. 145-170, ph. 3).— According to the author, while the temperature of the above-ground part of the plant has l)een a subject of considerable investigation, but little attention has been given to the underground portions. He reports experiments in which the temperature of hyacinth bulbs, tubers of anemone and peony, roots of Ficiis carica and Vitis vinifera, etc., were examined. He found that subterranean organs, like the aerial parts of plants, may have dur- ing active growth a higher temperature than their surroundings. After the period of active growth has passed this elevation of temperature is no longer noticeable. There does not appear to be any true diurnal periodic rise in the temperature of sub- terranean organs such as has been reported by many investigators for aerial organs, and whatever rise does take place is due to the increased respiratory activitj' of the plant. In the less massive subterranean organs, such as fibrous roots, the variation in temiierature is not sufficient to make itself appreciable above the fluctuations of the surrounding medium. The author discusses the errors affecting the thermoelectric method of determining plant temperatures and gives some suggestions for reducing them to a jninimum. A comparison of the vegetation of the Landes and that of Fontainebleau, G. BoNxiKR {Bid. Sac. Bot. France, 50 {1903), No. 2, p)p. 174-176). — A comparison is made between the character of plants of the same species grown in the Landes dis- trict of France and in the vicinity of Fontainebleau. The soil of the Landes is very sandy, underlaid at no great depth with a moist subsoil, while at Fontainebleau the sandy soil is of great depth. The plants of the 2 regions show marked differences in their general aspect, in their structure, and in their physiological functions. One striking difference was the entire absence of nectar and consequent insect visitation of plants at Fontainebleau that produced abundant nectar in the Landes. Ferns, C. E. Waters {New York: Henry Holt d- Co., 1903, pp. NII+362,figs. 228).— A manual for the northeastern States, with analytical keys based on the stalks and on the fructification. The book is popular but thoroughly scientific, and describes and illustrates all the ferns known to occur in the range of Gray's Manual of Botany. Keys are furnished for the identification of all the species, and aitled by the excellent illustrations it is possible for even an amateur to recognize any species met with. Many of the illustrations are from photographs made especially for this work and are not excelled by any similar publication. A chapter is devoted to the subject of fern photography, which with slight modification would doubtless be adapted to use in photographing other groups of plants. This work will be found to be one of the leading popular books on the ferns of the region included. METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. Methods of meteorological investigation, W. N. Sh.\w {Science, n. ser., 18 {1903) , No. 459, pp. 487-497) . — This is an address before the subsection of astronomy and meteorology of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at its Southport meeting. It is a jjlea for closer cooperation between the universities and state weather services in order to build \\\i a more thorough and effective sytem of 342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. meteorological investigation. The unf^atisfactory condition of j)reHent knowleilge relating to the movement of the atmosphere and its relation to weatiier conditions is pointed out, and attention is called to Uw importance of simultaneous barometer readings in different parts of the world witli corresponding weather observations in order that a synchronous weather chart for the world may be constructed. The imjwrtance of correlating the results of studies of the upper atmosphere with condi- tions prevailing at the surface is also pointed out. In general the author concludes that "the real requirement of the time is not fewer observations, but more men and women to interpret them." Tables of daily precipitation at special river and rainfall stations of tlie United States Weather Bureau for the years 1893, 1894, 1895 {U. >S. Dept. Agr., Weather Buredu Doc. 22S, pp. '25(i) . — The arrangement of the tables is alpha- betical and the record is complete to the letter P. Notice of this comi)ilation has been delayed in expectation of its completion. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and F. F. Henshaw {Massa- chusetts Sta. Met. Bids. 175, 176, 177, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July, August, and September, 1903. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Annual precipitation in Oklahoma, C. M. Strono ( Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1903, p. 65) . — A tabular summary of the precipitation records for 25 places in the Territory, including data for 1902 and previous years (extending in some cases to 1889) and general averages. Meteorological observations, C. B. Ridgaway ( Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 49, 50). — A summary of observations at Laramie, Wyo., on temperature, relative humid- ity, dew-point, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, evaporation, and direction and velocity of the wind during the year 1902. British rainfall, 1902, H. S. Wallis and H. R. Mill {London, 1903, pp. LXXVI ^ 250, Ulns.). — 01)servations at 3,500 stations are summarized. "Bed. rain" and. the dust storm of February 22, T. E. Thorpe {Nahire \_Lon- don], 68 {1903), No. 1758, pp. 222, 223). — Analyses of the dust are reported and dis- cussed. (For previous note see E. S. R., 14, p. 1054.) Meteorological annual for 1903, A. Lancaster {Annuaire meteor ologique pour 1903. Brussels: Observatoire metecjr ologique de Belgique, 1903, pp. 660). — This annual contains, among other papers, articles on A Study of the Force of the Wind in Bel- gium, by A. Lancaster; The History of Meteorology in Belgium, by J. Vincent; A Study of the Movement of Cirrus Clouds in Cyclones and Anticyclones, by E. Van der Linden, and Bibliographic Notes on Clouds (Classification and Nomenclature), by J. Vincent. Meteorology of the spring of 1903 {Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com. [Tunis'], 8 {1903), No. 28, pp. 400-405). — Observations at a number of places in Tunis on rainfall, tem- perature, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc., are summarized for the months of March to May, 1903. A study of the climate of Tunis, G. Gine.stous {Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com. [Tunis'], 8 {1903), No. 28, pp. 347-394, pis. 3, figs. i!(-'r., 16 {190o), No. 92, jjp. 169-184)- — Chemical studies of the waters of the Cache la Poudre River and some neighboring streams are reported which show a very high percentage of silicic acid (15 to 46 per cent of the solid mat- ter) in the waters. This is believed to be "due to the action of water and carbon dioxid, and, perhap.s, also of the acid products arising from the decomposition of vegetable matter on the feldspars of the granite of the region." On the application of fluorescein in underground hydrology, E. A. Maetel {Compt. Rend. Amd. Set. Park, 137 {1903), No. 3, p]).- 325-227).— X sunmiary of results of observations by the author and others on the efficiency of fluorescein as a means of studying the movement of underground waters. Soil moisture investigations for the seasons of 1901 and 1902, J. J. Ver- non and J. D. Tixsley {New Mexico Sta. Bui. 46, pp. 46)- — The investigations here reported are a continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 13, p. 430). The later experiments, however, were transferred to land which was thought to be more uniform than that used in the experiments of 1899 and 1900. The soil of the plats used is in the main made up of river deposit with more or less wash from the foot- hills. "The first and second feet are mainly clay loam, passing into loam in some places and into clay in others. . . . The third foot varies from loam to clay loam^ and in some places there are thin strata of clay. The fourth foot is generally g reddish sand, and under this lies a fairly clean sand down to the water table at about 14 ft." The soil "is variable enough to prevent the results on the different plats, from being strictly comparable. ' ' The ground was plowed to a depth of about 6 in. in November, 1900. Borders were thrown up around the plats and the first irrigation was given December 18, 1900, the second February 7, 1901. In March following 2 plats were subsoiled to ^ depth of about 20 in. The seed bed was prepared by disking the soil 3 or 4 in. deep and leveling with a smoothing board. Corn was planted April 10 and on May 8 all the plats were irrigated. For the crop of 1902 the ground was prepared in about the same way as in the previous year. It was plowed in December, 1901, and 2 plats were subsoiled. All except 3 plats were given a heavy irrigation on March 12. On April 3 the soil was stirred to a depth of 2 or 3 in. with harrows and corn was planted. All plats were again irrigated on April 23. Certain plats were not irrigated after the spring application of water in order to determine the amount of moisture in the soil when corn shows decided effects of drought; some plats were irrigated when the corn seemed to need it; some were irrigated only twice — when the corn was a few inches high and at time of tasseling; some were irrigated in the ordinary Mexican way — at time of planting, before tasseling, and when the grain Avas forming; and iinally, certain plats were irrigated every 10 to 14 days. Observations on the growth of the crop and the moisture content of the soil at frequent intervals were made as in previous experiments. The conclusions reached are as follows: " While the ' Mexican method' of 3 irrigations will produce a fair crop of corn, it is itrobable that in ordinary seasons from 1 to 3 additional irrigations may be given with advantage. "In general, the moisture content of the soil and yield of corn increase with the number of irrigations; but on the individual i)lats there is little if any connection between moisture content and yield. 344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "The custom in this valley of partially suh.stitutiii",'' irrir(>i)ortioii of nitrogen and dry matter was 1:28 and at the end 1:70. On July 28 the proportion of nitrogen to sugar was 1:19 and on October 30 1:40. The dry matter and the sugar increased nmch more raj)idly than the nitrogen. The thinned beets had a liigher nitrogen content than the unthinned and smaller Ijeets. It is believed that owing to a greater assimilating surface the larger plants al^sorbed more nitrogen salts, especially nitrates. In the thinned and unthinned beets 35 and 48 per cent, resjiectively, of the nitrogen was in the form of nitrates. The nitrogen content was largest in the crown and dimin- ished toward the point, Iteing in this respect tlie reverse of the sugar content. The author discusses the albuminoid, nitric, and anud nitrogen content of fodder beets. All of the nitrogenous compounds except the amido acids increased relatively much faster in the roots during ripening than in the tops. The roots contained approximately 0.7 of the dry jnatter, 0.8 of the sugar, more than half of the total nitrogen and albuminoids, and 0.7 of the amids. The feeding value of the roots and tops is considered. Improvements in cereals, W. Saunders ( Connecticut State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pp. 119-129, ]tl. 1). — This article contains a brief review of the work in this line by a nund)er of plant })reeders, and has special reference to the improvement of wheat, barley, and oats by the Canadian Experimental Farms. General directions for car- rying on the work are given. A partial record of the crossing with wheat at these farms shows that from 1,650 flowers carefully worked, only 220 kernels were obtained. Crosses of Hard Red Cal- cutta and Gehun, early Indian varieties, and Ladoga, an early maturing Russian sort, with Red Fife and White Fife, were made to combine the earliness of the Indian varieties with the vigor, i^roductiveness, and high quality of the Fife wheats. The cross-bred varieties thus obtained ripen 3 to 4 days earlier than tlie Fife varieties and are vigorous and productive. Of the different new sorts, Preston, a cross of the Red Fife with Ladoga, has taken the lead in productiveness, showing an average yield for 6 years of 33 bu. and 53 lbs. per acre, or an increase of 1 bu. and 28 lbs. over Red Fife. Laurel, a cross of Red Fife with Gehun, has produced even higher yields, but has been under observation only 3 years. The best results for earliness were obtained from a cross with Onega, a variety from the most northern wheat district of Russia, and Gehun, which comes from a high elevation in the Himalayan ]\Iountains. Two of the resulting crosses. Early Riga and Harold, ripen a week earlier than Red Fife, but the grain is small and the yield only medium. In the author's experience any marked gain in earliness has usually involved a reduction in the weight of the crop. In a recent experiment Red Fife was fertilized with pollen from the large-grained Triticum polonlcnm for the purpose of producing a v^ariety with a larger kernel than the ordinary grain. The progeny thus far obtained has shown remarkable variation. Distinct hybrids of 2-rowed and 6-rowed barleys produced at the Experimental Farms are described in a general way and the work with oats and peas is mentioned. The structure of the corn kernel and the composition of its different parts, C. G. Hopkins, L. II. Smith, and E. ]\I. East [lUinoix Sta. Bui. S7, pp. 77-112, figs. 4). — This bulletin contains additional data relating to the improvement in the chemical composition of the corn kernel, as treated in previous bulletins (E. S. R., 11, p. 633; 14, p. 855). The chemical and physical composition of the different parts of the corn kernel was further studied and the additional results, together with some of the data previously obtained, are here given in tabular form and discussed. The authors consider the corn kernel to consist of the following 6 physical parts: Tip cap, hull, horny gluten, horny starch, white starch, and germ. The tip cap is described as covering the tip or base and comprising about 1.5 per cent of the grain, and the hull as the very thin outer coat, comprising about 6 per cent of the kernel and containing a lower percentage of protein than any other part of it. The horny FIELD CROPS. 353 gluten lies immediately under the hull, comprises from 8 to 14 per cent of the gr?.in, and is more abundant in the kernels with a high protein content. This part contains from 20 to 25 per cent of protein, and is the richest in this substance of all the parts of the kernel. The horny starch, the chief substance in the sides and back of the kernel, com- prises about 45 per cent of ordinary corn, but the percentage is much higher in corn with a high protein content and lower in corn with a low protein content. This part of the kernel is rich in starch, and contains about 10 per cent of protein. Owing to the large proportion of the kernel which it constitutes, it contains a greater total amount of protein than any other part. The white starch, occupying the center of the crown end of the kernel and usually partially surrounding the germ, comprises about 25 per cent of the kernel, being less in high-protein corn and greater in low-protein corn. It contains only from 5 to 8 per cent of protein. The germ comprises about 11 per cent of the kernel and varies according to the oil content, constituting a larger proportion in high-oil corn and a smaller proportion in low-oil corn. In oil the germ ranges from 35 to 40 per cent, and furnishes from 80 to 85 per cent of the total oil content of the kernel. Corn high in protein is described as containing a large pro- portion of horny gluten and horny starch, and a correspondingly smaller proportion of white starch. In corn of a high protein content the horny parts comprise over 60 per cent of the kernel and contain about 80 per cent of the total protein present. In 1900 comparison was made between 2 strains of corn bred for 4 years for high oil and low oil content, respectively. The plants representing the 2 strains were grown this season under identical conditions. The results show only an average difference of 1.97 per cent in the oil content and of 0.18 per cent in the protein con- tent. These figures show that there is less than 5 per cent of a perfect correlation between the oil and protein. From these and previous results it is concluded that as the percentage of protein increases in corn, the starch decreases and the oil content remains practically unchanged, and that the selection of high-protein seed corn should be governed by a large proportion of horny parts, and of high-oil seed corn by a large proportion of germ. The chemical composition of 4 strains of pedigreed corn compared for high and low protein and high and low oil was determined from samples of 10 ears each taken from the crop of 1902 and representing the seventh generation. The protein content of the low-protein ears varied from 6.36 to 7.9 per cent, with an average of 6.71 per cent, while the protein content of the high-protein ears varied from 13.98 to 15.01, with an average of 14.44 per cent. The average oil content of the low-protein ears was 4.21 per cent and of the high-protein ears 4.93 per cent. A slight correlation was noticed to exist between the average percentages of pro- tein and germ, but there were some marked exceptions. In one case an ear with 6.37 percent of protein contained 9.53 per cent of germ, while in another instance an ear with 14.74 per cent of protein contained 9.51 per cent of germ. One of the lowest protein ears with a protein content of 6.48 per cent contained 10.79 percent of germ, while the highest protein ear, with 15.01 per cent of protein, contained only 9.82 per cent of germ. The results of analyses of the low-oil and high-oil ears show an aver- age for the low-oil corn of 2.52 per cent of oil and 9.98 per cent of protein, and for the high-oil ears of 7 per cent of oil and 11.31 per cent of protein. In these figures the slight correlation between oil and protein again becomes apparent, the high-oil corn containing nearly 3 times as much oil as the low-oil corn, but being less than one-seventh richer in protein. A very marked correlation between oil and germ is shown in the results obtained in studying tlie oil and germ in low-oil and high-oil corn. The 10 low-oil ears contained an average of 2.52 per cent of oil and 7.74 per cent of gfcim, and the 10 high-oil ears an average of 7 per cent of oil and 13.84 per cent of germ. 354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The effect of breeding in clianging the composition of the different physical i)arts of the kernel is shown by tlie fact that the germs from the low-oil corn contained about 25 per cent of oil and those from the high-oil corn nearly 42 par cent, while the endosperms from the low-protein ears contained less than 6 per cent of protein and those from the high-i)rotein ears nearly 14 per cent. Results further show that breeding for high or low protein produced no marked effect upon the ash content or the oil content of either the germs or the endosperms, and that it only slightly influenced the protein content of the germs. As calculated on the basis of 100 lbs. of corn, there was a maximum difference of only 0.75 lb. of protein in the germs from 100 lb.«. of low-protein and high-protein corn, and a difference of 7.06 lbs. of protein in the endosperms. The composition of parts of the corn kernel separated l)y hominy mills is com- pared with the composition of these same parts separated by hand. Field experiments ■with maize, G. L. Sutton {Agr. Gnz. New South Wales, 14 {1903) , No. 7, pp. 6.56-664, figs. 19). — Descriptions of 25 varieties of corn tested at the Hawkesbury Experimental Farm in 1902 and 1903 are given. The details enumer- ated have reference mainly to the ear. A number of the varieties were imported from the United States. Why popcorn pops, 31. I. Wilbert (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 75 {1903), No. 2, pp. 77-79). — Observation and experiment led the author to the conclusion that the pop- ping of popcorn is caused by the expansion of moisture in the starch cells. It was found that old and dry corn did not pop readily. Such corn " will at best only split open from a number of cells near the center of the corn kernel. If the application of heat be made slowly, it is possible to dry the kernels of corn, parch, and even char them without rupturing the outer coat in any way." It was also noted that "at the base of the kernels, or at the point of attachment to the cob, the cells are less compact and are seldom, if ever, ruptured by the generated steam. It is from this point too that the kernels of corn appear to dry most rapidly. ' ' The bearing of this point on the theoiy that popping is caused by an explosion of steam is found in the fact that " popcorn invariably l)ursts first at the densest portion of the kernel, and never at or near its base or point of attachment." When old and dry corn was soaked for 12 hours and then dried for an equal time it did not pop well. If kernels were allowed to dry on the surface for 24 hours longer "the resulting kernels of popped corn were not only very large, light and flaky, but had absolutely no suggestion of toughness." As regards the loss of weight in popping, the author noted that 100 grains of whole or unpopped corn weighed 13 gm., the same quantity partially popped 11 gm., fully popped 9.2 gm., and dried and parched 7.5 gm. The author states that studies should be made of the changes in cell structure caused by popping, as well as determinations of the amount of material rendered soluble by the heating of the starch. Cotton in the United States, Y. Henry {Le colon aux Etats-Unis. Paris: Angus- tin C'haUamel, 1903, pp. 61, fig. 1, maps 3). — A brief review of cotton culture in the United States, including descriptions of a number of varieties grouped according to the period of their maturity. Experimental investigations on hemp, M. Molliard [Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 50 {1903), No. 2, pp. 204-313). — The influence of the size, number, and weight of the akenes on crop production of hemp is shown, as well as the effect of soil, humidity, light, etc., on the growth and seed production. The effect of the weight of seed on the sexuality of the plants was investigated, and while the weight of the seed seemed to have an influence on determining the sex of the plants, the results obtained were not sufficiently marked to warrant generalization in this respect. Pasture and forage plants for South Dakota, E. C. Chilcott {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 81, 2)p. 1-36). — This bulletin discusses in a popular manner the culture and FIELD CROPS. 355 uses of corn, saccharine and nonsaccharine sorghums, rape, oats and peas, sand vetches, spurry, millet, winter rye, and root crops in South Dakota. In connection with this discussion some of the results obtained at the station with these crops dur- ing the last 10 years are briefly reviewed. Directions are given for the extermina- tion of weeds in pastures by sheep, and a scheme of cropping is suggested which it is believed would furnish green forage continuously throughout the season. Of all the grasses grown for pasture at the station, Broinus inennv^ is reported as having given the best results. In 1896 experiments were made with corn and sorghums grown for silage and for seed. The yields, together with the quantity of seed sown per acre of corn, Kafir corn, Jerusalem corn, amber cane, and yellow millo maize are tabulated. Amber cane stood first, with a yield of 6,850 lbs. of green forage per acre, and Jerusalem corn ranked last, with a yield of 3,075 lbs., while corn gave about an average between the two. The results in the test for seed production were largely in favor of corn as com- pared with Kafir corn and Jerusalem corn. Early Essex and Victoria rape were found equally good. A mixture of 2 bu. of vetch and 1 bu. of oats sown at the rate of 120 lbs. per acre produced 18,440 lbs. of green forage per acre. Vetch grown alone yielded about 5 tons of green forage, which amounted to 2,532 lbs. of hay per acre. Spurry, 7 weeks after sowing, yielded 18,680 lbs. of green forage, or 2,920 lbs. of dry feed per acre. Three varieties of winter rye sown in the fall came through a severe winter in almost perfect condition. Some native and exotic grasses at Bathurst Farm, R. W. Peacock {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {190S), Xo. 7, pp. 579-58S, figs. 11).— The adaptability of differ- ent grasses to Australian conditions as observed at the farm is discussed and the value of each species is briefly noted. Nitrate of soda and muriate of potash as top-dressing for grass land, C. D. Woons [Maine Sta. Bui. 94, pp. 107, 108). — A brief account is given of an experiment in applying these substances in solution by means of an automatic spray j^ump, such as is used for spraying potatoes. The season was unfavorable and the potash seems to have been of no benefit, but tlie nitrate of soda was probably profitable. Hydrocyanic acid in fodder plants, J. C. BRtJNNicH [Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 83 {1903), No. 488, pp. 788-796). — The author made a study of the conditions under which hydrocyanic acid is formed in sorghum and other plants. It was found that the amount of hydrocyanic acid gradually diminishes as the crop matures, but it was impossible to state at what age the cro^) becomes absolutely safe for use. As a rule, however, it may be assumed that sorghum is safe for fodder as soon as the seeds are fully developed. Drying sorghum does not remove the hydrocyanic acid. The amount of poison appears to be increased by the use of heavy nitrogenous fertilizers. A certain amount of the poisonous glucosid was found in corn in various stages until the formation of the cobs, but never in dangerous quantities. The author recom- mends that all forage plants related to sorghum should be used with discretion in the green or dried state and should not be fed in an immature stage or to animals which have fasted for a long time. A monograph on rice, C. D. (tirola ( Monografla del. arroz. Buenos Ayres: Min. Agr., 1899, pp. 65, figs. 5). — After giving brief general notes on the rice plant the author discusses the climatic conditions suitable to the culture of the plant, describes different species and varieties under cultivation, and gives directions for the culture and harvesting of the crop with special reference to Argentine Republic. The com- position of a number of varieties is shown in tables. The culture of rice in different countries is Ijriefly noted. Variety tests with rye, E. Sierig {Deut. Landw. Presse, 30 {1903), No. 72, p. ei"/).— Eight varieties were under test; the yields are given and the growth of the different varieties is compared. An application of 100 kg. nitrate of soda per hectare seemed to be the maximum utilized by Hanna, Petkus, Pima, and Selchow, while 11776— No. 4—03 4 356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Schlaiisted, lla). — This report is similar to those for previous years (K. S. K., 14, p. 350). It, here considered, reviews the prospects of the beet-sugar industry, enumerates its collateral and indirect benefits, points out the results of experience with reference to the culture of beets and the building of factories for the manufacture of beet sugar, and discusses the improvement in factories and farm conditions. The value and uses of sugar-beet pulp are considered at some length. The Brussels conference and countervailing duties are discussed, and the history of the industry in the United States is outlined. The condition of sugar-beet culture and of beet-sugar manufacture is noted by States and summarized as follows: Number of factories, with their capacitij for ivorking beets and producing sugar for 1903, by States. State. Number of fac- tories. Daily ca- pacity in beets. Annual ca- pacity for production of sugar. Michigan 21 8 9 7 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 Tons. 13,100 10, 200 6, 2.50 3,350 1,200 1, 200 500 3.50 350 350 3.50 Tbns. 115, 542 89,964 55 125 Utah 29, .547 10 584 10, 584 4,410 3,087 3,087 3,087 3,087 Ohio Total 55 37,200 328, 104 Three of the factories in Utah are slicing stations only. Statistics of the production of sugar beets and the manufacture of beet sugar, collected from the factories, and other statistical data with reference to consumption, imports, exports, etc., are pre- sented. Selected farm results in different States, showing the possibilities of sugar- beet culture for the respective localities, are also reported. In 1902, 1,895,812 tons of beets were worked, costing on an average !?5.03 per ton and producing a total of 436,811,685 lbs. of sugar. Single-germ beet balls and other suggestions for improving sugar-beet culture, T. G. Palmer {U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 74, pp. 141-15-2).— Thxa article dis- cusses the financial returns in sugar-beet culture, the use of machines for planting beet balls and for pulling and topping beets, the cultivation of the crop, the effects of sugar-beet culture on the land and the succeeding crop, and the lowering of the cost of producing sugar. Sjiecial consideration is given the subject of multiple-germ and single-germ lieet balls. The author points out that the use of single-germ beet balls would very materially reduce if not practically eliminate the labor of thinning beets. Sugar-beet seed: Its importance and production, J. E. W. Tracy ( f/. S. Dept. Agr. lipt. 74, pp- 153-156). — The quantities of sugar-beet seed used and produced in the United States are estimated and the history of domestic seed production, together with the condition of the industry at the present time, is briefly reviewed. Experiments in the culture of the sugar beet in Nebraska, T. L. Lyon and A. T. WiANCKO {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 81, pp. 13, fig. 1) . — The cooperative experiments FIELD CEOPS. 357 here described were made in 1902 and are in part a continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 14, p. 34). About 200 acres of deep, friable loam soil, uniform in physical character and fertility, were devoted to the experiments. The results of a test of 28 varieties from imported and home-grown seed apparently showed that the quality of the seed is more important than the variety. The home- grown seed compared very favorably with the imported seed, which gave rather irregular results. Contrary to previous results barnyard manure applied this season at the rate of 22 tons per acre seemed to have no effect on the yield and quality of the crop. All beets grown Avhere salt was used as a fertilizer were relatively good in quality and showed no difference in susceptibility to disease as compared with beets from other plats in this experiment. The results from early-planted beets were decidedly better than irom late-planted beets. This season, which was much wetter and cooler than normal, rather deep cultivation gave the best results. In previous years cultivation al)out 3 in. deep was most profitable. Deep hand-lioeing when the plants were 4 to 5 in. high gave a con- siderable increase in yield. Beets grown on weedy fields showed a low sugar content. In the series of cultivation tests the plat on which cultivation was continued late into the season after the leaves were full grown produced the largest tonnage per acre The beets on 1 plat in these tests were strii)red of half of their leaves on July 8 when they had reached their full size. It was found that while the beets on the other plats were affected with leaf spot to the extent of about 50 per cent, the plat from which half the leaves had been stripped showed only about 30 per cent. Breaking off the leaves did not injuriously affect the yield and quality of the crop. Alkali lands and sugar-beet culture, III, H. C. Myers {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 22 {1003), No. 13, 2U)- 78.J-7So,fg^. 7). — A study of alkali soils in Utah and Colorado, with special reference to sugar-beet culture, is presented. An examination of ITtah soils j^roducing beets of low purity showed that the surface foot of soil contained very little alkali and that the low purity was due to the injurious salts brought up from below the surface foot by improijer irrigation. In another instance it was found that the average purity of beets on soil containing 1,880 lbs. of alkali per acre in the surface foot was 81.3, and that when the alkali content was reduced to 376 lbs. the purity rose to 84.9. The alkali content of the second foot of soil as determined in this work seemed to vary between 3,120 and 5,600 lbs. per acre. The percentage of carbonates, nitrates, sulphates, and chlorids found in the surface foot, and the com- position of white alkali are shown in tables. In studying the bottom lands near Greeley, Colo., the quantity of alkali removed from the soil by a beet crop was determined to be 322.5 lbs per acre, of which 134.3 lbs. were removed in the tops. Investigations on the upland soils in this same vicin- ity are also reported. Analyses of virgin desert upland soils and of soils under culti- vation for 30 years and similarly situated are compared. The cultivated soil had produced wheat, potatoes, and alfalfa in rotation without fertilization. The analysis of this soil was made after the first crop of sugar beets had been harvested. In both soils the nitrates, phosphates, and humus were low, while potash averaged well in the virgin soil and showed a marked increase after 30 years of cultivation. The per- centage of humus was also highest in the cultivated soil. The sugar beets produced on this soil were high in sugar content and purity. The treatment of a crop of sugar beets injured by hail and its recovery are recorded in this connection. The following plants collected by the author on virgin alkali soil in Utah are recorded as indicators of alkali: Artemisia tridentatn, DisficJiH.'i npicata, Atriplex conferti folia, Siurda torreyana, Airiplex canescens, Lydum andersonii, Gutierrezia euthamise, AmardntJmH alhux, Btgeloria gr(treofciis. The sugar industry of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, S. M. Hadi {Allahabad: Govt. Printer, 1902, pp. 112, pis. 10, figs. 58).— This book treats of the species and varieties of sugar cane grown in these Provinces and of the methods employed in the cultivation of the crop and the manufacture of sugar. 358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The manufacture of cane sirup, H. II. IIakkington {Tc.nix Sta. Bid. r,S,pp. 20, figs. 12). — After briefly noting the manufacture of glucose sirup this t)ulletin discusses the culture of sugar cane for sirup making and describes the niamifacture of the product. A plan of a sirup mill is shown. The chemical composition of cane, sor- ghum, maple, and glucose sirups is given in a table. The cultivation and treatment of the Kumara (sweet potato) by the primi- tive Maoris, Walsh ( Tram, and Proc. Netr Zealand Inst., 35 {1902), pp. 12-24). — The mi'tliods of cultivating the sweet potato {Ipormea ehrijsnrrMza) grown 'hy the New Zealand natives before the introduction of European foods are described, as well as nietiiods of harvesting, storing, and cooking. Tobacco, O. J. A. Collet (Le tahac. Paris: Augusiin Challamel; Brussels: Falk, 1903, pip. 282, ph. 30, figs. 34) ■ — A detailed description of the tobacco industry on the eastern coast of Sumatra, with special reference to Deli. Fertilizer experiments with tobacco in Japan, M. Lehmann {Landir. Vers. Stat., 58 {1903), No. 5-6, pp. 439-470; ahs. in Deid. Landw. Presse, 30 {1903), No. 74, p. 643) . — Fertilizer experiments conducted during 1900 and 1901 are described and the results and conclusions reported. The tobacco plants under investigation were grown in wooden frames and pots. The work will l)e repeated to determine whether the results thus far obtained will be confirmed by the results of future tests. The tobacco ])lants seemed to be more in need of nitrogen than of either potash or phosphoric acid. The nitrogen was required in equal degree by all parts of the plant, while potash was apparently mainly utilized by the leaves and roots and phos- phoric acid by the stems. After nitrogen, potash was most needed and its effect was especially marked immediately after transj^lanting. The best results with the differ- ent nitrogenous fertilizers applied were obtained wath nitrate of soda, but satisfactory returns were also obtained where sxdphate of ammonia and dried blood were used. The tobacco fertilized with dried blood showed an especially good glow. Of the vari- ous potash fertilizers, "martellin" seemed to be decidedly the best, followed by wood ashes, nitrate of soda, and carbonate of potash in the order named. Liming the soil appeared advantageous to the plants during early development, but later on its influence seemed to cease and the difference between plants in limed and unlimed soil gradually disappeared. It is, however, recommended that the lime supply of the soil be not allowed to become exhausted, because a strong development in the early stages of growth gives to the plant greater resistance to injurious agents. Soy-bean cake was apparently more economical as a tobacco fertilizer than rape cake, and this is considered of importance to Japanese agriculture, because soy-bean cake is much the cheaper. The glow of tobacco fertilized with soy-bean cake was very good. "Martellin" and carbonate of potash also seemed to have a good effect on the glow, while the chlorids and sulphates apparently reduced or totally destroyed it. Very heavy applications of fertilizers are considered injurious on account of the resulting high-water content of the leaves and stronger development of the roots and stems at the expense of the leaves. From 0.5 to 2 per cent of perchlorate in nitrate of soda did not seem to act injuriously. The results indicate that the perchlorate in this proportion had a favorable effect on the development of the leaves and especially of the roots. Description of wheat varieties, C. S. Scofield {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Indnxtrg Bui. 47, pp. 19, pis. 7). — This iHilletin presents a form on which are given in regular order a list of adjectives considered of the most importance in describ- ing a variety of wheat, together with an explanation of all the listed terms. The adjectives proposed for use in variety descriptions are grouped under the following heads: Young stool; half -grown plant; mature plant; head (field notes); head (lab- oratory notes); awns; spikelet; grain; milling qualities; general characteristics. The stooling of wheat, F. Antonis ( Ann. Sta. Agron. Oise [ France'] , 1903, No. 35, pp. 11-13). — A discussion of the subject which chronicles an instance of a stool of wheat yielding 4,875 grains from one grain of seed. HOETICULTUEE. 359 HORTICULTURE. Report of the assistant in horticulture, E. Nelson ( Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 54-o7). — A brief outline is given of the horticultural work of the station during the season of 1902. . Canaigre seed planted at the station germinated and made a fair growth during the season. Plants grown from roots remained green until very late in the fall, but those allowed to remain in the soil over winter were killed. A native form of flowering currant, producing yellow berries of fair size and valued for culi- nary purposes, has been secured and planted with a view to its domestication and improvement. Burpee Quarter Century tomato is reported as giving good yields. New vegetables, Ci. AVythes {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 34 {1903), No. 876, pp. 250- 253, figs. 6). — New varieties of cabbage, vegetable marrow, artichoke, and beans are illustrated and described. A pear-shaped custard marrow was obtained by crossing the bush with the old custard variety. The plants have a trailing habit and fruit freely. The variety Early Gem cabbage is a very small early variety, having a single row of outer leaves. It was obtained by crossing Ellam with Sutton Little Gem. The variety of cabbage called St. Martin was originated with the object in view of secur- ing a perfectly hardy cabbage for use from November to April. It was obtained by crossing the Rosette Colewort with the Christmas Drumhead cabbage. The plant is dwarf and the heads roundish and of medium size. The new long white artichoke described was obtained by means of rigid selection for several seasons. The dwarf bean Progress was obtained by crossing Mohawk or Six Weeks with Canadian Wonder. These beans yield produce from June to October when properly handled. They are not considered vigorous enough to withstand red spider and drought. The dwarf bean Early Favorite was obtained by crossing Mohawk and Veitch Ne Plus Ultra. It is considered especially valuable for forcing and also for cultivation in the open ground. It is especially early and a good cropper. Another variety obtained from a batch of seedlings which has been given a name is Wythes Early Dwarf, secured as a result of crossing Syon House with Mohawk. Vegetables and. fruits at the Upper Peninsula Substation, L. M. Geismak and C. D. Smith {Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 20, pp. 25-52). — An account is given of the growth during the seasons 1901 and 1902 of a number of varieties of turnips, car- rots, parsnips, kohl-rabi, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes, lettuce, onions, scjuashes, cucumbers, bush beans, sweet corn, tomatoes, peas, spinach, gar- den beets, celeriac, celery, pumpkins, mangels, herbs, sunflowers, musk and water- melons, orchard fruits, strawberries, gooseberries, currants, blackberries, raspberries, and cherries. Descriptive notes of a number of the more promising varieties are usually given for each crop. It has been found that carrots, parsnips, and salsify can be safely left in the ground over winter at the station and harvested the following spring in perfect condition. Experiments in warding off frosts by the use of extensive fires made with logs and stumjjs resulted in keeping the temperature 2° above the surrounding uninfluenced portions of the (irchard. The insect Baniktrchia arifunniH was found injuring the buds of apples. Vegetables, V. H. Davis {Jour. Cohunhus Hort. Soc, IS {1903) , No. 3, pp. 95-97). ~ Notes are given on the growth in the Ohio University gardens of strawberries and a number of vegetables. From 1 acre produce was sold as follows: Cabbage $68.75, peas $61.30, onions 150.22, radishes $13, spinach $3.80, corn $20; total, $215.07. Asparagus which had been treated with sodium nitrate the preceding summer showed a marked increase in strength of growth as a result of the application. Magnus is preferred as a market tomato, and Stone for canning. The author believes that it will pay to train early tomatoes if for no other reason than to facilitate gathering. Vegetables for profit, T. W. Sanders {London: W. H. & L. CoJlingridge, 1903, pts. 1, i>p. 93, figs. 22; 2, pp. 101, figs. 30; 3, pp. 96, figs. 25; 4, pp. 116, figs. .■^.•^).— This is a 8r)0 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hories of small iiainlhooks (k'nigned to meet the I'equirements of market gardeners in England. Part 1 is devoted to green crops — broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauli- flower, herbs, etc. ; part 2 to root crops — potatoes, onions, beets, parsnips, carrots, tur- nips, and other roots and tubers; part 3 to asparagus, beans, peas, rhubarb, sea kale, marrows, etc. ; and part 4 to mushrooms, cucumbers, salads, tomatoes, etc. Each book contains detailed information on planting, cultivation, and harvesting the various* crojis which it pnrports to treat of, and, in addition, describes the insect pests and fungus diseases affecting them, giving suggestions as to methods for their control. Recipes are frei[nently included as to methods of cooking the different vegetables. Vegetables and fruits of Madagascar {Legumes et fruits a Madagascar. Paris: Augustin Challamel, 1903, pp. 40, jjIs. 4, fig. 1). — An account is given of a large num- ber of tropical and subtropical fruits grown on the east side of Madagascar, with an account of the installation of a vegetable garden and orchard at the Goverrnnent experiment station. Storage of some common vegetables [lova Agr., 3 {1903), No. 6, pp. 176-178). — Directions are given for the winter storage of potatoes, root crops, cabbages, onions, squashes, and celery. Cabbage: Varieties, fertilizers, B. C. Pittuck and S. A. McHenry {Texas Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 2S-4S). — This Ijulletin presents in text and tabular form the results of tests of a numl)er of varieties of cabbage at the Beeville Substation for the years 1898-1902. The yields obtained at Beeville and in cooperation with farmers in 5 dif- ferent localities with 5 different fertilizer formulas are also included. No definite conclusions have been drawn from this work. The method of building reservoirs at the station and of applying water to cabbages is given in some detail. Water is first applied by opening furrows close to the drill. When the plants get older a large flat sweep is used to level the middles and spread the water. From 20,000 to 40,000 gal. of water is applied per acre before transplant- ing, and about 35,000 gal. at each irrigation thereafter. The cost of irrigation varies from 2 to 8 cts. per 1,000 gal. of water ajiplied. The crop is cultivated from 6 to 9 times during the season and hoed at least once. The harlequin cabbage bug is con- trolled by means of the blow torch. In shipping cabbages in carload lots good venti- lation has been secured by erecting a triangular shaft 2^ ft. wide and 3j ft. high, and running the entire length of the car. This shaft is latticed by use of 1 by 3 in. stuff, using about 6 to the side. The cost of growing an acre of cabbages to maturity is estimated at $12.85 per acre. Dandelions, \\. M. Muxson {Maine Sta. Bid. 95, pp. 109-113, figs. 7).— The author calls attention to the injurious effects to lawns caused by cutting off dandelions a little below the crown early in spring. Dandelions thus mutilated send up from 2 to 6 new crowns and soon completely infest a lawn. Some illustrations are given show- ing seedlings of the common dandelion and of the plants developed from root cut- tings and from cutting off old roots. Brief notes are also added on the cultivation of dandelions for market. For this purpose it is recommended that seed be sown early in spring in drills 12 to 15 in. apart and covered } to 2 in. deep. Cultivation is the same as for carrots. Plants should be partially l)lanched by placing a covering of boards or boughs over the rows. French Ciarden and the Imi)roved Thick Leaved are considered the most important varieties. Ginseng, W. M. Munson {Maine Sta. Bid. 95, pp. 117-120, figs. 4). — Popular information is given on the nature and culture of ginseng. Tlie author does not encourage the culture of ginseng in Maine. Experience ■with, ripening tomatoes after frost {Rural JVeio Yorker, 62 {1903), No. 2799, p. 658, fig. 1). — After a frost which killed tomato leaves, but did not injure the fruit, about 600 bu. of green tomatoes were gathered and placed some in a cold frame and some in a storage room of a canning factory. They ripened up well. But few rotted. Most of them were solid when ripe and made a fair canned product. HORTICULTURE. 361 The influence of electricity on vegetation, F. Paulin {uinn. Sta. Agron. Oise [Fj-nncel, 1903, No. 35, }yp. 35-40). — In the work conducted electricity was con- veyed to the plants by means of urpight rods placed in the ground with a network of wire connecting them below, and placed deep enough in the ground not to interfere with cultivation. Under the influence of the electricity thus generated tiie yield of potatoes was increased 50 per cent. Cauliflowers matured a month earlier than plants not imder the influence of electricity. The yield of beans and peas was nearly doubled. Figs matured perfectly out of doors, as did also grapes for wine. In another experiment 50 tomato seeds subjected to the influence of electricity produced 45 plants, while 50 other seeds not thus treated gave but 35 plants. With another variety 49 seeds subjected to electricity produced 45 plants, while 49 untreated seeds produced only 33 plants. It is stated in this connection that no dif- ference was noticed in the after-growth of tomato plants whether the seed had been subjected to electricity or not. It is also stated that the seed not subjected to elec- tricity was sown dry, while the other seed had been moistened. Preliminary report on the root and stem, development of leaf cuttings, and its importance in plant reproduction, H. Lindemuth ( Gartenflora, 52 {1903) , No. IS, pp. 479-4S5). — The author discusses the propagation of plants from leaf cut- tings, and gives a table showing the length of time required for the rooting of some 28 species of plants propagated by leaf cuttings. A list is also given of 13 species which could not be propagated by leaf cuttings. The author states that with the citrus leaf cuttings have often rooted, but in his experience never produced stems. Orchard cover crops in Delaware, C. P. Close {Delaware Sta. Bid. 61, pp. 32, Jiga. 9). — This bulletin contains an account of the seeding, growth, and comparative value of a large number of different plants and combinations of plants as orchard cover crops on different soils in Delaware. The work was begun in 1901 and the results secured during 2 seasons are reported upon. The weight of the top growth and the root growth to a depth of 12 in. of the different crops grown at the station was determined. The tops and roots were analyzed and the total amounts of nitro- gen, potash, and phosphoric acid in each are recorded. The moisture content of the soil in which the cover crops grew, as compared with cultivated soil alongside, was also investigated. All these matters are reported in considerable detail, the behavior of each crop or combination of crops in each of the different localities for each of the 2 years being noted under separate headings. An idea of the growth and fertilizing value of several of the more prominent crops is shown in the table below. These crops were seeded July 22 at the station on a clay-loam soil and were harvested from November 7 to 22 following: ]]^eight and composition of orchard cover crops in Delaware. Crop. Weight of green tops. Cowhom turnip Rape Crimson c:lover Red clover Alfalfa Hairy vetch Cow peas Soy beans 11,297 20, 020 1«, «00 G,909 5, 430 13, l.'SO 5, 933 10, 952 Weight of tops and air- dried roots. Pouv(h. Pounds. 31,819 27,484 19,213 8,121 7,410 13, 750 6,327 11, 708 Nitrogen in- Tops. Pounds. 64.4 116.2 128. 2 69.8 54.8 108.0 65.2 130.9 Tops and roots. Pounds. 109. 5 161.3 134.4 103.0 95.2 121.2 69.5 140. 2 Potash in — Tops. Pomids. 80.3 148. 2 84.0 46.5 32.2 78.4 47.4 46.2 Tops and roots. Pounds. 142. 6 161.3 88.2 56.4 41.7 85.5 49.8 48.0 Phosphoric acid in — Tops. Pounds. 14.3 41.8 59.2 18.9 13.1 22. 5 16.6 37.8 Tops and roots. Pounds. 26.0 46.9 61.2 29.0 21.6 27.2 18.9 40.2 The root growth to depths of 8 and 12 in., respectively, of some of the more important croj^s was determined. The weight of the roots of crimson clover in the first 8 in. of soil was 381 lbs., of red clover 1,185 lbs., of alfalfa 1,972 lbs., of hairy vetch 584 lbs., of cowpeas 301 lbs., and of soy beans 717 lbs. In the next 4 in. of soil 362 experimj:nt station record. there was found Ml' ll>s. uf roots of criiiisou chiver, 27 ll)s. of red clover, 8 lbs. of alfalfa, 1(3 lbs. of hairy vetch, 93 lbs. of cowpeas, and 39 lbs. of soy beans. These figures show that with all these plants by far the greatest amount of roots is found in the first 8 in. of soil. Some of the crops which have proved most satisfactory at the station are hairy vetch, rye, crimson clover, alfalfa, and red and mammoth clovers. Other crops that were used were cowhorn turnips, dwarf Essex rape, Egyptian clover (Berseem), cowpeas, soy beans, velvet beans, Australian saltbush, and Canada field peas. These were used alone and in various combinations. One of the best combinations consisted of hairy vetch 40 lbs. and rye 30 lbs. per acre. The amount of seed to use per acre for different crops in combinations is given by the author as follows: "Rye 1 to H l)u. ; cowhorn turnips 1 to 2 lbs.; dwarf Essex rape 8 to 10 lbs.; red, mam- moth, or crimson clover 15 to 20 lbs. ; cowpeas 90 lbs. ; soy beans 90 ll)s. ; hairy vetch 40 to 50 lbs. ; alfalfa 30 lbs. ; hairy vetch 40 IIjs. and rye 30 lbs. ; hairy vetch 20 lbs. and cowpeas or soy beans 45 lbs.; hairy vetch 20 lbs. and turnips 12 oz. ; hairy vetch 20 lbs., crimson clover 8 lbs., and turnips 8 oz. ; hairy vetch 20 lbs. and red, mammoth, or crimson clover 8 lbs.; turnips 8 oz., rye 20 lbs., and red, mammoth, or crimson clover 4 lbs. ; turnips 12 oz. and crimson clover 8 lbs. ; turnips 12 oz. and soy beans or cow peas 40 lbs.; dwarf Essex rape 4 lbs. and rye 1 bu. ; rape 4 lbs., soy beans or cow peas 40 lbs., and rye 20 lbs.; alfalfa 15 lbs. and red, mammoth, or crimson clover 7h lbs. "Many other combinations may be used successfully. The object should be to use such a mixture of crops that a part, at least, shall live over winter. A few of the combinations above contain all fall crops, and for that reason are not so desiraV)le as though they contained a part of those that live through the winter and grow in the spring." The soil moisture determinations made indicate that cultivated soils, during periods of dry weather, contain considerably larger quantities of moisture than soils seeded to cover crops, the variations ranging from 1 to 11 per cent in favor of the cultivated areas in these experiments. The fertilization of apple blossoms, H. S. Peart {Canad. HorL, 26 {1903), No. 9, pp. 361-363). — The author covered a certain number of apple blossoms on trees representing 29 different varieties with paper bags. Only 8 of the varieties produced any fruit at all under the bags, and only 1 or 2 fruits developed from the covered blossoms on any one tree. The varieties thus showing a certain amount of self- fertility were Alexander, Baldwin, Chenango, Early Harvest, Greening, Holland, Twenty Ounce, and Ontario. Only 8 of the remaining 21 varieties which bore no fruit when self-fertilized under the paper bags are named in the account. These are: Blenheim, Ben Davis, Canada Red, King, Mann, Fameuse, Spy, and Ri])ston. A discussion is given of the desirability of intermixing varieties in the orchard which shall bloom at about the same period. It is stated that the Spy is in full bloom at the same time as Ben Davis and Princess Louise. The grading- and packing of apples, M. A. McNeill {Canad. Ilort., 26 {1903), No. 9, pp. 364-366). — A general discussion of this subject, dealing particularly with the requirement of the Fruit Marks Act of the Dominion of Canada of 1901, which designates the marks which must be used throughout the Dominion of Canada for different grades of apples. Under this act apples of best quality are marked No. 1, or XXX; second quality No. 2, or XX, and third quality No. 3, or X. The last two grades of apples are not defined, but apples that are graded as No. 1 .must be well- grown specimens of one variety, sound, of nearly uniform size, of good color for the variety, of normal shaiJe, and not less than 90 per cent free from scab, worm holes, bruises, and other defects, and properly packed. Investigations on the structure of the grape berry, A. Bonnet {Ann. tlcole Nat. Agr. MontpeUier, n. ser., 3 {1903), No. 1, pp. 58-102, pis. 3, figs. 15).— This gives an HORTICULTUBE. 363 account of the aiiatoniical e^tructure of the grape ])erry at different stages of maturity, and is ilhistrated by a hirge inmiber of drawings. Detailed accounts are given of the structure of a large nundjer of Yinifera varieties and of the structure of the skin of a number of American species. Great differences were found in the thickness of the skin of Yinifera and American species. For instance the species Vitis coriacea had a thickness of 9.9 //, T'. berlandieri 8.5, V. aestivalis 8.3, V. cinerea 8, V. rubra 7.8, T'. labrusca 7.6, T'. monticola 6.7, T'^ ripnria 6.5, T". arizonicn 5.7, T. rupesfrif! 4.6, and Vinifnri. 3.8. A discussion is given of the relation between the structure of the skin and the resistance to cryptogamic diseases. The book of the peach, H. W. Ward {London: The Walter Scott Pub. Co., Ltd., 190-3, pp. lis, pi. 1, Jigif. 28). — This is a practical handbook on the cultivation in Great Britain of peaches under glass and out of doors against walls. The work takes up the details of building and managing peach houses, trellising peach trees against walls, pruning and training, packing and marketing, and the control of the injurious insects and diseases affecting peaches. Orchard studies. VII, Notes on varieties of Domestica plums, W. B. Alwood and H. L. Price {Virginia Sta. Bui. 134, pp. 40-4(>, figs- 3). — Descriptive notes are given on 13 varieties of plums. The following varieties are recommended: Medium rarbj — Bradshaw and Washington; Mid-season — Yellow Egg; Medium late — Gueii and Naples; Late — Agen, Grand Duke, Shropshire, and Heine Claude. Crossbred fruits, W. Saunders, {Connecticut State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pp. 129-133). — An account is given of the improvement of certain fruits by crossbreeding and selection in Canada and elsewhere during recent years. The origin of the Canada and Othello grapes, Ontario apple, and American Wonder pea are noted. The author originated the gooseberries Pearl and Red Jacket, and the grapes Kensington and Emerald. Efforts to cross the blackberry and raspberry have met with but little success. Seed has sometimes been obtained, but it usually failed to germinate, and even when it did germinate the plants were weakly and worthless. A number of apples have l)een secured by crossing with the Siberian ci'ab, Pi/nis baccata, which have been found useful in the colder regions of the Northwest. A failure with root-pruned trees {Rural New Yorker, 62 {1903), No. 2799, p. 661 ) . — The writer states that he closely follow^ed the system of close-root pruning in New Jersey in setting out 1,000 peach trees. A drought occurred during the summer and 800 trees died, while the remainder made a very poor growth. Questions on grafting-, L. Daniel {Rev. Vit.,20 {1903), No. 510, pp. 355-357). — The author notes an experiment in which Raparia Gloire was grafted with a bud of Siebel 2003, taken from stock which had also been grafted on Riparia the preceding year. The fruit of Siebel 2003 is black, the berries large, and it is a second early sort. As result of this graft a small white grape was obtained whose season of ripen- ing was earlier than that of Madeline, which is considered the earliest grape in that section. These results are considered to clearly indicate a reciprocal action between stock and scion and to refute, therefore, the conclusion of L. Ravaz, who read a paper at the recent Agricultural Congress in Rome to the effect that the reciprocal action of grapes between scion and stock is null. On the effects of the graft, L. Ravaz {I^rog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 24 {1903), N'o. 41, pp. 438-442). — A controversial article in which the value of the evidence cited by L. Daniel on the reciprocal action of scion and stock in grape grafting, noted above, is minimized. Preservation of fruits by cold storage, L. Loiseau {De la conservation des fruits jKir les prockUs buses sur V euiploi du froid. Paris: Librairie et Imprimerie Ilorticoles, 1903, pp. 31, figs. 2). — An account is given of some experiments in preserving peaches and other fruits in a small refrigerating apparatus. The temperature was kept at 3()4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. abontO to 1° ('. In one exj)erinient at the end of a montli tlie (iOO peaches used were all in good condition. At the end of 35 to 40 days 10 per cent of them had deteriorated, and at the end of 2 months about 75 per cent had deteriorated. Peaches that had been wrapped in tissue paper or wadding did not keep better than those without any wrapping whatever. One of the striking features of the experiment was that i)eaches submitted to cold storage kept longer after removal than those picked fresh from the trees. Peaches picked from the trees could not be exposed for sale more than 'S days at the maxinuim without deteriorating, while the refrigerated peaches preserved a good appearance for 6 to 7 days after removal. Some of the peaches placed in cold storage were harvested 5 to 6 days before maturity. The conclusion drawn from this work is to the effect that for the best results it is absolutely essential that the fruit should be allowed to develop on the tree until it has attained its maximum quality before placing in cold storage. If gathered too green it loses fragrance and quality in cold storage. Mention is made of an experiment in shipping peaches to New York. Peaches were successfully sent from Havre, France, to New York City without loss of quality. Cold storag-e on the farm, J. C. Blair {Amer. Agr., 12 {1903), Nos. 14, pp- 268- 270,figx. 4; 15, pp. 288, 200, figs. 2). — Details of construction are given for a cold- storage house suitable for farm conditions and costing about $650. Many of the details are brought out in diagi-ams and plans. The preservation of fruits, with description of fruit evaporators ( Conserva- cion de las frutas con deseripdon de las evaporizadoras de frutas, etc. Buenos Ay res: Alejandro Keinhold, 1903, pp. 34, figs. 21). — This pamphlet is devoted largely to descriptions of American and German machinery used in the preparation and evap- orating of orchard fruits. Preservatives in fruit shipping {Queensland Agr. .Tour., 13 {1903) , No. 1, p. 31) . — An accoifnt of California methods of preserving citrous fruits in shijiping. It is stated that there is usually a loss of from 5 to 15 per cent from rot in shipping oranges and lemons and that this can be prevented by fumigating the cars with formaldehyd. The method observed in preserving cars of fruit is to pour 6 oz. of formalin into a pint of water and place the vessel containing the fluid upon a small oil stove so that the water will simmer, after which the car is tightly closed. Sterilized fruit must, R. Otto {Proskauer Obstbau-Zig., 8 {1903), No. 8, pp. 118, 119). — The author presents the analysis of sterilized and unsterilized fruit must after it had been stored in a cellar for 4^ months. The sterilized must had been heated to 65° C. for a half hour. The chief difference \\\ the analyses was in the sugar con- tent. The total sugar in unsterilized must was 10.63 per cent and in the sterilized 10.71 per cent. The invert sugar of the unsterilized must was 6.52 per cent and the cane sugar 3.90 per cent, while the invert sugar of the sterilized must was 8.35 per cent and the cane sugar 2.24 per cent. It is thus seen that the sterilized must imder- went a considerable decrease in cane sugar during storage and an increase in invert sugar. Orchard studies, IX, X, XI, XII, W. B. Alwood ( Virginia Sta. Bids. 136, pp. 71-96; 137, pp. 99-133, figs. 14; 138, pp. 139-172, figs. 12; 139, pp. 176-184).— Part IX treats of An investigation into the character of cider apples in Europe and com- parisons with American fruit; Part X, A consideration of the commercial handling of cider fruit — grinding and expressing the must; Part XI, A consideration of the prin- ciples and technique involved in the fermentation and final finishing of ciders; and Part XII, The chemical composition of ciders. The material contained in these bulletins has already appeared in Bulletin 71 of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department (E. S. R., 14, p. 1026). Modern cider manufacture, or the art of making g-ood cider, G. Jacquemin and H. Alliot {La cidrerle nwderne, ou V art de f aire Je bon cidre. Malzevillc-Nancy: Edg. Thomas, 1902, jjp. VII+712, figs. 140, dgin. 1).— This work is an exhaustive HORTICULTUEE. 365 treatise on the culture of apples and pears and the inanufacturi> of cider and perry from them. Statistics are given on the 2>roduction of cider, and notes on the history of cider making. About one-third of the book is taken uj) with a discussion of the proi)agation and culture of ajiples and pears and of the insects and diseases affecting them. The remainder of the work, which deals with cider and perry, contains chapters on washing fruit, extraction of the juices, fermentation and the use of pure yeast cultures, sulphuring, clarification, and bottling of the manufactured products, the utilization of sj^ecies of sorbus apples in cider making, pasteurization of cider, the diseases and defects of ciders, and the methods of handling such products. Chapters are also given on the manufacture of distilled spirits from cider, the production of vinegar, the preservation of api)les and pears by drying, and the utilization of the pomace of these fruits. Strawberry culture, P. Evans and F. W. Faurot {Missouri State Fruit Exp. Sta. Bui. 7, pp. 14, I'ils- 9) . — This is a pojaular bulletin containing directions for the plant- ing, selection, and cultivation of strawberries. The opinions of a number of growers representing 16 counties in the Ozark region on the best varieties for home and com- mercial use are tabulated. Sixty-nine per cent of the number replying recommend planting the medium and late varieties, and 31 per cent recommend early varieties. Crawford's July report on strawberries, M. Crawford et al. {Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc, IS {1903), No. 3, pp. 103-10:>). — Notes are given on a test of 55 varieties of strawljerries. Paraguay tea (Yerba mate), F. W. Neger and L. Vanino {Der Paraguay-Thee {Verba mate). Stuttgart: Fr. Grub, 1903, pp. 56, figs. 21). — A botanical account is given of the various species of Ilex and other plants from which the tea yerba mate is produced in Paraguay. A chemical account is given of Paraguay teas and of the preparation and culture of mate and of its value from a commercial standpoint. A bibliography of the subject, including papers written by 29 different authors, is included. Tea, W. B. Marshall {Amer. Jour. Pharm., 75 {1903), No. 2, pp. 79-94).— k. descriptive article summarizing information on the botany and culture of tea, its preparation for the market, and related topics. The propagation of tropical fruit trees and other plants, G. W. Oliver (K S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industrg Bui. 46, pp. 26, pis. S). — Detailed direc- tions are given for the propagation of mangoes, loquats, figs, tea, and Manila hemp. It is stated that the mango grows to perfection over a large tract of land in southern Florida. Tests of various methods of propagating this plant at the Department indi- cate that the most satisfactory unions have been secured when bud wood taken from branches from 1 to 6 years old has been used. As stocks, 2 to 3 year old seedlings and moderate-sized trees are best. Stems at least an inch in thickness are desirable. Budding was most successful when a rectangular piece of bark, having a bud in the center, was fitted into a section of the stock corresponding in shape and just a little smaller. After fitting the bud patch in the bark a small quantity of grafting wax should be smeared around the edges and then tied firmly in place with thick strands of raffia. The inserted buds should then be shaded from the sun. Another method is described, in which one end of the bud patch is pointed. Directions are given for raising seedling stocks, transplanting young seedlings, and importing mango scions. A batch of mango scions was successfully forwarded to the Department from Ceylon by covering the ends of the scions with collodion, dipping the bud sticks in clay mud, and then packing in a small amount of moist coir and shipping in cylindrical tin tubes. The (;ommon shield method of budding has been found most successful with the loquat. With the fig a very successful method of propagation has been to prepare the stock as in shield budding and then insert a small twig having 1 terminal and 2 3(>() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. latiTiil ])iids. Tlu' scions sliDuld lie sclcH'tcd, wlu'ii possiVjIi', I'nmi liranchcs not over .] in. in diainetvr. The experiments in propagating tea at Sumnierville, S. C, have shown tliat varie- ties do not come true to seed, and hence some method of vegetative propagation is desirable. It is stated that the quickest and least troublesome method of propagation is by cuttings of the newly-ripened shoots. These cuttings should be taken from moderate-sized branches of the current season's growth of wood and cut into lengths of from 4 to 5 in. At least 2 leaves should be left on each cutting. Methods of veneer grafting and herbaceous grafting of tea are also described. Seedlings of Manila hemp were successfully shipped to the Department from the Philippines by gathering the seed as soon as ripe, mixing witli finely powdered charcoal, and shipping in small cylindrical tin tubes. Upon arrival at the Depart- ment the seeds were sown in garden fiats filled to within an inch of the surface with clean, large-grained river sand, into which the seeds were firmly pressed and then covered with i in. of sand. A sheet of glass was then placed over the box and the sand kept at a night temperature of about 75°, and a day temperature of 80° F. It recjuired about 14 days for the seed to germinate. The publication is accompanied by several plates which illustrate the different methods of propagation described in the text. Th.e Smyrna fig at home and abroad, (1. C. RoEDiNCi (Fresno, Cal.: AutJior, 1903, ]>p. 87, pi. i, figs. 45). — Part I of this work discusses comprehensively the cul- ture of the Smyrna fig in its native home, giving details as to methods of harvesting, drying, packing, labor conditions, etc., and the extent of the industry abroad. Part II gives the history of the development of the Smyrna-fig industry in California, with an account of the introduction of the wild, or Capri fig, and of the fig wasp {Blasto- pJiaga grossorum) . The cocoanut with reference to its products and cultivation in the Philip- pines, W. S. Lyon {Plnlippiin' Bureau Agr. Bid. .S', pj>. 34, ph. :.',figs. 3). — This is a popular bulletin dealing with the history, botany, uses, cultivation, harvesting, and enemies of the cocoanut in the Philippines. It is believed that under jiroper condi- tions the cocoanut is one of the most profitable crops that can be grown in the Philippines. The manuring- of cacao, A. Couturier {Jour. Agr. Trop., 3 [1903), No. 27, pp. 259-263). — Analyses are given showing the composition of good cacao soils, and sug- gestions made for the rational fertilizing of cacao. Elements of prairie horticulture, N. E. Hansen {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 81, pp. 67-110). — This account contains suggestions based on work at the station for the culture of orchard and small fruits, vegetables, wind-breaks, and ornamental shrubs and fiowers. The State is divided into 12 districts, and varieties of fruits which it is thought will succeed best in each district are indicated. No apple less hardy than the Duchess should be planted in the northern half of the State. To prevent root killing in winter a mulch of stable manure spread several feet out beyond the branches of the trees is recommended. If the fall is dry heavy soaking of the soil with water before the mulch is put on is believed to be of great service. Varieties uf the hardy northern native plums are the only sorts that can be success- fully grown, and the only reliable stock is Prunus americana. In other words, the onh' plums recommended for South Dakota planters are the native M'ild ones. Sug- gestions are given on growing plums from seed. The author finds it advisable to graft 2-year-old trees before the buds start in the spring, by inserting the graft in a side cut 2 or 3 inches below the soil surface, using a wedge-shaped scion. The earth is replaced and no grafting wax used except to cover over the top of the scion to pre- vent drying out. HORTICULTURE. H67 The culture of cherries is precarious. The Early Richmond has been succes^sfully ,i,'ro\vu in a few southern counties, otherwise the general exjierience with this fruit is unfavorable. It is believed a waste of time to attempt to grow quinces, apricots, peaches, or pears in the State. Russian apricots are hardy, but the blossoms are killed by late frosts. Some sorts of Russian pears are also i)erfectly hardy, but are killed by blight. Raspberries, blackberries and dewberries have failed to make satisfactory growth at the station. Currants and gooseberries, however, are easily raised and have proved perfectly hardy without winter protection. Red Dutch, Victoria, and White Grape are the best varieties of currants, and Houghton the best gooseberry. Strawberries can be successfully grown. No grapes other than the native wild sorts have thus far been successfully grown. Extensive experiments in the breeding of native northwestern fruits at the station are underway. It is believed that the native Juneberry, sand cherry, buffalo berry, gooseberrj^ cherries, plums, grapes, currants, strawberries, raspberries, etc., can be bred up equal in size and quality to the cultivated varieties. Over 100,000 fruit seed- lings of these different sorts are now being tested on the station grounds. Special attention is being given to the improvement of the native sand cherry (Prunus besseyi) . Some 75 varieties have already been selected as being worthy of propagation. Crosses of 225 varieties of strawberries have been made with the wild strawberry. In this connection the author notes that the ever-bearing strawberries imported from France winterkilled, but that the hybrids of this sort with Dakota wild strawberries proved hardy. Settlers in South Dakota are urged to plant and cultivate the native fruits before investing heavily in the tender varieties common in nurseries. Many suggestions are given on methods of work in improving the wild fruits. "Wind-breaks are considered very essential, and the native plants, such as ash, elm, boxelder, and hackberry, are commended for this purpose. Imported trees, such as white willow, Russian golden willow, and for large thorny shelter belts, the Russian wild olive, are also noted as valuable. Planters are cautioned against securing trees from States farther south, singe these are nearly certain to winterkill when planted in South Dakota. Special care is necessary in setting out evergreens on the lawn. Trees not more than a foot in height are recommended. Larger evergreens may be successfully transplanted in late winter with a frozen ball of earth attached to the roots. In general spring planting for all trees is recommended. Evergreens most likely to succeed are the Black Hills or Ponderosa pine, the red cedar of northern regions, and the Jack pine from northwestern Minnesota. Where several rows of evergreens are set the rows should be at least 16 to 20 ft. apart. The poplars, especially cotton- wood and Certinensis, are considered particularly desirable pioneer trees for use until better sorts can be established. Suggestions are given on the care of street and lawn trees, and in planting on hardpan. Of several varieties of tomatoes tested Earliest of All, Early Ruby, Early P)ird, and Early Leader are considered desirable sorts. Peppers and eggplants can be success- fully grown when the plants are started under glass. Directions are given for mak- ing a cold frame and for planting a nxnnber of different sorts of vegetables. Trees and shrubs for English gardens, E. T. Cook [Loyidon: George Newnes, Ltd., 1902, pp. 471, pis. 129). — In this work the author brings out specially the beauty in trees and shrubs and their usefulness in landscape gardening. Directions are given for the propagation and pruning of the various ornamental trees and shrubs commonly grown in Great Britain, and of i)lanting and caring for them. The etherization of plants, T. Jannock {Gard. Chron., 3. ser.,34 {1903), No. 875, p. 240). — The author reports that he etherized lilacs August 24. By Septembei 18 the etherized plants were in full bloom and foliage. Lilac blooms from etherized plants were finer and lasted longer than those from retarded plants. 368 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The best hardy perennials for cut flowers, F. W. Meyer [Liverpool: Blake & yktckenzie, 1901, pp. I04, col. ph. 48). — Descriptions illustrated by colored jjlates together with cultural directions are given for a large number of the more i)opular hardy perennials used for cut flowers in Ureat Britain. Commercial violet culture: A treatise on the growing and marketing of violets for profit, B. T. Galloway {Neiv York: A. T. De La Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., Ltd., 1903, -2. ed. rev., pp. 239, figs. 67). — The first edition of this treatise, previ- ously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 852), has been slightly revised to conform to the changes in the methods of growing violets for the market that have occurred during the past 4 years. Sweet violets and pansies {Netv York: Chas. Scnbner's Sons, 1903, pp. 100, pis. 13, figs. S). — Practical information is contained in this book on the culture of pansies, sweet violets, and wild violets. It has been written by several authorities and edited by E. T. Cook. Soil-carrying machine, C. H. Roney {Amer. Florist, 21 (1903), No. 801, pp. 392, 393, figs. 5). — A description is given of a machine used in carrying soil into green- houses. The machine is believed to be a decided advantage over wheelbarrows or any other contrivance used by florists for this purpose. Directory of florists, nurserymen, and seedsmen of the United States and Canada [Chicago: Amer. Florist Co., 1903, pp. 414)- — In this directory the addresses are given of the florists, nurserymen, seedsmen, gardeners, horticulturists, landscape architects, parks, cemeteries, botanical gardens, societies, and horticultural supply concerns of the United States and Canada. The matter is arranged both bj' States and post-offices, and all names alphabetically. Considerable statistical matter has been incorporated from the United States Census of 1900. FORESTRY. Principles of American forestry, S. B. Green [New York: .John Wiley & Sons, 1903, pp. XIV -j- 334, figs. 73). — This is a book on elementary forestry which has been prepared especially for students and other beginners of the subject, as well as for the general reader who wishes to secure a general idea of forestry in North America. INIuch of the matter included was originally published by the author under the title Forestry in Minnesota (E. S. R., 14, p. 361), the material being largely rewritten for the present volume so as to be more general in character and better adapted to the whole countrv. Our northern shrubs, Harriet L. Keeler [New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903, j)p. XXX -{- 521, figs. 240). — This is a handbook of the shrubs indigenous and introduced in the region extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi Valley, and from Canada to South Carolina, Georgia, and westward. The arrangement of the shrubs is by families, each representative being scientifically and popularly described; and keys are furnished whereby almost every shrub found in the region embraced may be identified and its habits learned. The book is designed not only for the amateur who desires a more complete description of our shrubs than that usually given in text-books, but gives valuable information for the utilization of shrubs in the establishment and decoration of parks, roadways, school yards, railway stations, and home grounds. With the trees, Maud Going [New York: Baker & Taylor Co., 1903, pp. X+ 335, figs. 40) . — A popular book designed to awaken an interest in trees and their surround- ings. The author defines and describes the different plant organs and describes their functions, after which different tree associations are discussed. In addition to popu- larizing scientific truths regarding trees, the author has introduced considerable folk- lore and legendary fancies regarding them, the whole being woven together in a very attractive manner. FOEESTRY. 869 Forestry for the farm, J. Gipford {Connecticut State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 190J, pp. 85-95, pis. 5). — It is flaimed that on nearly every farm there are some areas which by reason of soil conditions are better fitted for growing a wood lot than for general farming. If properly cared for these places may be made profitable by planting with suitable species of forest trees. In choosing species for planting adajitability to soil and climate, rapidity of growth, ease of propagation, freedom from disease, and utility must be considered. Directions are given for collecting forest-tree seed, their propagation in the nursery, and methods of j^lanting. The value of the forest nursery is pointed out and suggestions given for propagating forest seedlings, as well as for planting the seed where the trees are to stand. The economic value of forests, E. Bruncken [Forestry and Irrig., 9 {190S), No. 7, pp. S53, 354)- — Attention is called to the fact that American and English writers on economics have paid but little attention to the economic consideration of forests and forest products. This is attributed to a lack of information on the peculiar posi- tion of the forest as an economic factor. The forest yields its crop at intervals of 50 to 150 years and consequently is often disregarded. The author thinks this subject an imi)ortant field for investigation l)y intelligent economists and foresters. Should the forests be preserved? {San Francisco: California Water and Forest Js.soc, 1903, pp. 4S,figs. 10). — This is a pamphlet which has been prepared by the Water and Forest Association as an answer to objections that have been raised regard- ing the establishment of new forest reserves and the enlargement of the old reserves in California. It is stated that the preservation of the forests is essential to the })ermanence of agriculture, and the fruit-growing and lumbering interests of the State, and that the establishment of reservations will tend to conserve these interests as far as possible. Restoration of forests, O. H. Baker {Tradesman, 50 {1903), No. 2, p. 6"i).— On account of the rapid destruction of the forests in the United States, the author calls attention to the qualities of various Australian species which are believed to be adapted to cultivation on the denuded lands, especially on hilly and rocky ground unfit for general farming. The trees described are mostly species of Eucalyptus, many of which have been successfully grown in California and in other regions with a similar climate. Making- the wood lot more profitable, AY. INIulford {Connecticut State Bd. Agr. Rpt. lUO:.', p)p. 71-84, ph. 5). — In a popular lecture the author points out some of the sources of loss and results of mismanagement, and endeavors to show how this may be avoided and the farm wood lot made a source of permanent income. A working- plan for forest lands in Hampton and Beaufort Counties, South Carolina, T. H. Sherr,\rd ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Forestrg Bid. 43, P2^- 54, pis. 13, dgms. 11). — The working plan here presented is a result of investigations made by the Bureau of Forestry on a tract of land owned by the Okeetee Gun Club in Beaufort and Hampton Counties, S. C, about 30 miles northeast of Savannah. This tract comprises an area of about 60,000 acres and embraces low, flat sand l)lains bordered liy broad swamps along the streams and brooks. Most of the timber has been culled and in some places agriculture has been practiced, but some of the areas have been abandoned and are now growing up to young forests. The original forest comprised dry sand lands and swamp forests, the latter remaining practically intact. Upon drier situations the forest was originally almost a pure forest of long- leaf pine, while in places was a mixture of loblolly, Cuban, and pond pines. The swamps support a varied growth, the most characteristic trees of which are cypress and gums. The different forest types are described at considerable length and esti- mates given of the present stand of a number of measured areas. The object of the working plan is to reforest the area and manage it as a forest without interfering in any way with the tract as a game preserve. Suggestions are 370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. given for carrying out thonc; plans, and statements regarding tlie future yield, mar- ket, (>ecupati(in. etc., ami directions fur the lunil>ering of the tract are also given. The diminished flow of the Rock River in Wisconsin and Illinois, and its relation to the surrounding- forests, ( f. F. Schwakz ( U. S. Dcjd. Ayr., Bureau of Forcxtr)/ Jlul. 44, }>]>. '^7, pix. f many seeds depends upon the teni])erature in wliieh they are stored, the dryness of the atmosphere, and the action of oxygen and of light. He claims that light exerts a positive effect on seeds asidt; from that of influ- encing them through a rise in temperature. Report of the Seed Control Station of Christiania, 1902, O. Qvam {Ber. Stat. Kem. Kontrolxtat. og Frokontroland. Kristiauia, lUOJ, pp. 35-54). — A report is given of the seed control investigations conducted during the year 1902. During this period 1,287 samples of seed were tested, of which 573 were cereals, 279 grass seed, 346 leguminous forage plants, and the remainder seed of garden plants, forest trees, etc. The form of contract and guaranty are given, together witii data regarding the fees for seed testing. The maximum, minimum, and average germinations of all the species of seed tested are shown in tabular form. Some weeds of Iowa, L. H. Pammel {Iowa Sta. Bui. 70, jjoptilar cd., pp. 295-372, figs. 63). — This is a condensed and popularized edition of a more extended bulletin to be published relating to the weeds of Iowa, and is to take the place of previous publications of the station relating to weed problems. After describing the duration of weeds and giving general observations upon their eradication, the author describes at considerable length various weed pests, grouping them under the headings of weeds of corn fields, grain fields, clover fields, timothy meadows, pastures, garden crops, and poisonous weeds. Hawkweeds, W. M. Munson [Maine Sta. Bui. 95, pp. 114-ilG) .—The author com- ments upon the wide distribution of the orange hawkweed {HieracUim aurantiacuni) throughout the State, stating that it has become one of the worst weeds destroying all grass in its vicinity and being of itself of no value for hay. Numerous attempts have been made to destroy this weed by the application of salt, kerosene, or other chemicals, but the experience at the station shows that the only certain remedy for its eradication is clean culture with some hoed crop. Notes are also given on the king-devil weed {H. prealtum), which is sometimes associated with the orange hawkweed and has proved in some regions more trouble- some even that pest. It may be distinguished from the orange hawkweed bj* pro- ducing stems 2 or more feet high and several from the same root. For its eradication the same plan recommended for the orange hawkweed should be adopted, and the treatment should begin early in the year and continue throughout the growing season. The chemical extermination of weeds, J. O.Morgan {Agr. Education, 6 {1903), No. 1, pp. 10-12) . — The results of a number of experiments with different chemicals for the destruction of w^eeds are given. Weed plats of one-fourth rod each were selected and received applications of solutions of copper sulphate, corrosive sublimate, potassium sulphid, common salt, and sodium arsenate. The weeds embraced a large number of species of different genera of plants and as would have been expected the effect on the different forms varied widely. The potassium sulphid appeared to have no effect whatever in checking the weed growth, and the copper and corrosive sublimate solutions were without very much effect in deterring them. The best results were obtained where sodium arsenate was used, and where considerable areas are to be treated it is suggested that spraying with this solution would give the best and cheapest results. Noxious weed inspection, T. N. Willing {Rpl. Dept. Agr. Northivest Territories, 1902, pp. 30-3 J). — A review is given of the condition reported by the weed inspectors in the Northwest Territories, and the author calls attention to the fact that compe- tent inspectors can not be retained and do good work at the jiresent rate of compen- sation. The advantage of weed inspection is pointed out and some progress is being made in securing the compliance with the laws relating to weed destruction. Atten- tion is called to the danger of the distribution of noxious weeds through the sowing of flaxseed, and to extensive farming is attributed the distribution of many of the worst weeds in the country. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 373 Elevator inspection, which is inchided as part of the (hities of the inspector of noxious weeds, is briefly reported upon. In the main it was found that the elevators through- out the Northwest Territories are careful in cleaning and distributing their seed. Some instances were found in which large amounts of noxious weed seed were pres- ent in the screenings from wheat and oats. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Immunity to plant diseases secured by the absorption of fungicides, E. Mar- ch al (/h*;. Agr. Gemhloux, 13 {1903), No. 12, pp. 524-527). — On account of the apparent success which certain investigators had reported on securing the immunity of potatoes to the downy mildew, the author investigated the possibility of securing immunity to lettuce and various cereals against some of their more destructive parasites. In the lettuce experiments young seedlings were removed to culture media con- taining from 6 to 8 parts of copper sulphate in 10,000, and after growing in this for some time were inoculated with spores of Bremia lactuca\ The plants seemed to show considerable resistance and the immunity seemed to be in proportion to the strength of the solution. Where grown in solutions containing 1 part in 10,000 or less of the fungicide no predisposition to immunity was shown. The experiments with cereals were for the protection against rusts and mildew. In these experiments no immunity was secured. The author believes that immunity against such fungi as the downy mildews may to some extent be secured by the absorption of fungicides by the growing plant. Parasitic fungi, G. P. Clinton ( Connecticut State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1902, j)p. 253-265). — In an address the author popularly describes parasitic fungi and their methods of attacking numerous economic plants. Suggestions are given for the control of para- sitic fungi, selection, pruning, and treatment for fungicides being described. In con- clusion, the author briefly describes bacteria, rusts, smuts, downy mildew, and powdery mildew as causes of plant diseases. Pathological plant anatomy, E. KItster {PathoJogische Pflanzenanatomie. .Tena: Gusfav Fischer, 1903, pp. VII -^312, figs. 121).— This is an outline study of the anatomy of pathological plant tissues in which the author treats of the modified structures produced by various factors that induce departures from normal. It is an outgrowth of a previous publication by the author on the anatomy of plant galls. A study of some diseases of cereals in Mexico, S. Boxansea {Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cieni. "Antonio Alzate,''' 18 {1903), No. 3, pp. 125-136). — A list is given of the various cryptogamic parasites of cultivated cereals in Mexico. This includes various smuts, rusts, etc., and suggestions are given for their prevention so far as any means are known. A cotton disease at Montserrat, H. H. Ballou {Agr. News [Barbados'], 2 {1903), No. 38, p. 309).^ A l)rief description is given of a disease of cotton caused by a leaf- gall mite, Phytoplus sp. This pest has destroyed a considerable amount of cotton and so far as the author has been able to determine it has not previously been reported upon this plant. He states that all ratoon cotton should be destroyed and active measures taken for the destruction of the mite, as it threatens to become one of the most serious pests of the cotton plant. Experiments in the prevention of oat smut, T. Johnson {Econ. Proc. Roy. Dublin Nor., ; {1902), pp. 119-131; .^. in Bot. CcntbL, 92 {1903), No. 20, p. 465).— A report is given «of tests of formalin, hot water, sodium sulphid, and potassium sulphid for the ])revention of oat smut in Ireland. Based upon the results obtained, the author recommends soaking the seed before sowing in solutions of potassium sulphid or sodium sulphid for simplicity of procedure and efficiency of treatment. 374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations on the black shank of potatoes, O. Appel {Arb. K. Gesund- h('il>f(iiitt( , llinl. Aht., o (lUO.S), Xo. .'/, pp. o>;4-/f,lJ, pi. Ijjiy.s. 15). — The author gives a desorij:)ti()n of a bacterial disease of potatoes due to a iiitherto undescribed s[)ecieR, B(tcilhi:< pluitophtltorui^. This organism causes what is known as black sliank of the stems and the rotting of the tu})ers. The attack on the stems is most apparent near the ground. The stems are blackened and become rotten; hence the name black shank or stem rot. Later the tubers are affected, being rendered useless by the rot. The organism, which is fully described, is said to be quite distinct from B. solana- cearum, widely known in this country. Numerous infection experiments in the laboratory and field have been made which show the infectious nature of the disea.se. Inquiries were instituted on the distribution of this disease, and from the replies received it was found to be quite generally distributed throughout Germany. Marked differences in the susceptibility of varieties of potatoes are noted, and experi- ments are reported which were carried on to test the ability of the organism to live on other host plants than potatoes. The bacteria were found capable of infecting horse beans, lupines, carrots, certain varieties of turnips, cucumbers, etc. Soaking the seed tubers in Bordeaux mixture was found to reduce the amount of disease considerably but not entirely. As practical suggestions for combating this disease the author suggests a rotation of crops in which neither potatoes nor any of the above-mentioned crops should occupy the ground for a number of years, the planting of whole potatoes, disinfecting them with fungicides, and the avoiding of strong nitrogen fertilizers, especially Chili saltpeter and ammonium sulphate. The infection of sug-ar beets by Rhizoctonia violacea, F. Bubak {Ztsclir. Zuckerind. Bohmen, 190S, No. 8, pp. 5; ahs. in Bot. fhifbl., 9.3 {190S), No. 34, p. 193). — During 1901 and 1902, sugar beets in Central Bohemia were attacked by the root-rot fungus Rhizoctonia violacea. In one locality, at least 15 per cent of the beets was destroyed by the disease. It was not definitely determined whether the infec- tion was through the soil or introduced through spores upon the seed when planted. The author recommends for the prevention of the disease treating the soil with quick lime, better attention to drainage, and a rotation of crops so that beets will not be cultivated more than once in 4 years. The rind disease of sugar cane in the West Indies, A. Howard {Internal. Sugar Joiir., 5 {1903), No. 53, pp. 215-2.25, pi. 1). — The results of several years' study of the diseases of sugar cane are given, particular attention being devoted to the so-called rind disease. This disease in the West Indies is said to be identical with the red smut disease of Java, and is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. This fungus is able to infect ripening canes at wounds and old leaf bases, and can attack the young canes in any of the rapidly growing tissues. The Melanconiuni found on diseased sugar canes in the West Indies is a saprophyte and is not to be considered as a cause of the rind disease, but readily attacks plants which have been Aveakened l)y the Colletotrichum. Experiments have shown that the destructive- ness of this disease may be reduced by burning the diseased canes at time of harvest, stripping the growing canes, planting from the best cuttings, and controlling the cane-boring insects. The Sereh disease in the West Indies, F. A. F. C. Went {Indische Mercuur, 25 {1903), Jlerinnering.snmnmer, p. 19; ahs. in Bot. Centhl., 93 {1903), No. 29, p. 66). — The author reports the presence of the Sereh disease in the cane fields of the West Indies and northern South America. From the leaf sheath of stalks has been taken the Verticil liuni form of ITupocrea sacchari, which seems to substantiate the author's hypothetical relationship between the Sereh disease and this fungus. A bacterial disease of tobacco, G. Delacroix {Jour. Agr. Prat*, n. .?er., 6 {1903), No. 3S, j>p. 385, 386). — A preliminary account is given of the bacterial disease of tobacco which has been observed in a lunnber of regions in central France. The first appearance of the disease was noted in July when the plants had attained a DISEASES OF PLANTS. 375 hei^'lit of from 0.2 to 0.;'> meter. At tliis time the stems and the jirincipal veins of tlie leaves were ohserved to lie more or less covered with o])lonj5 spots in which the tissue was discolored and depressed. As the disease progressed the stems and veins became covered with spots, the central portion of which became dry and white. The diseased stems lost their rigidity and the leaves became wilted. The names canker, anthracnose, smut, etc., have been given this disease, which, according to the investigations of the author, is caused ])y atta(;ks of a sjjecies of bac- teria to which the name Banllns uruginosus has been given. The disease is to be studied further and the cause and possible means of prevention will be fully described later. On the occurrence of the wilt disease of sesame, A. von Jaczewski {Ann. ^[licol., 1 {1903), Xo. 1, pp. SI, 3£; ahs. in Bot. Centhl., 92 {1903), No. 23, p. 543).— The author reports the presence of the fungus Xrocosmo.spora rasinfectn on the culti- vated sesame. An examination of diseased j)lants showe. ], pp. 29, 30; ahs. in Bot. Centbl., 92 {1903), No. 23, p. 543).— A report is given of the presence on the leaves of Sorlms aucuparia, of grayish-white round spots with con- centric brown layers, which the author claims is due to a species of Leptosi^hseria, to which he has given the name L. sorhi. Bacterial spot of carnations, A. F. Woods {Science, n. ser., 18 {1903), No. 4G0, })p. 537, 538). — A report is given of a new disease of carnations which has been under examination, specimens having been received from Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia. In the earlier stages the disease resembles stigmonose or insect puncture (E. S. R., 12, p. 460), but the small spots are usually surrounded by a narrow water- soaked area, while the center of the spot is usually light brown. As the spots grow larger they resemble the ordinary carnation spot. The spots increase in size more rapidly in soft-leaved varieties, which soon collapse and dry, leaving a brown sunken area. Examination showed that in all stages the spots are filled with bacteria which have been isolated, cultivated on various media, and used in inoculation experi- ments, showing that the bacteria are the cause of the disease. They are quite different from the form described as the cause of bacteriosis of carnations (E. S. R., 8, p. 235). The bacteria seemed to gain entrance through punctures, injuries of any kind, or possibly through the stomata. When the disease has not progressed very far it may be checked by cleaning the plants of all diseased leaves and stems and spraying with a solution of 1 part formalin to 500 j^arts water. The disease is to be the subject of further investigation, which will be duly reported. Sulphate of iron for chlorosis in trees and plants, H. M. Steingfellow {Texas Faria and Ranch, 22 {1903), No. 38, p. 10). — The author was successful in curing chlorosis of vines and fruit trees by the use of sulphate of iron dissolved in water and sprinkled about the roots. He believes that 5 to 10 lbs. would cure a large bearing tree. ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, F. Sherman, Jr. {Rpt. Comr. Agr. Nortli Carolina, 1902, pp. 34-39). — Brief notes are given on the methods best adaj^ted for destroying the common injurious insects, together with a summary of the work of the entomolo- gist for the past 2 years in the inspection of nurseries. Injurious insects. Spraying for insects and diseases, F. Sherman, Jr. {Bui. North Carolina State Bd. Agr., 24 {1903), No. 6, pp. 39, figs, ^i).— Short descriptive, biological, and economic notes on harlequin cabbage bug, cabbage plusia, cabbage butterfly, white grubs, Hessian fly, tobacco flea-beetle, black grain weevil, corn billbug, bagworm, elm-leaf beetle, San Jos6 scale, scurfy scale, oyster- shell bark-louse, woolly aphis, codling moth, peach-tree borer, blackberry-cane borer, and plum curculio. Formulas are also given for the preparation of approved insecticides and fungicides. 378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The insect problem, II. Osbohn' (Jour, ('ohniihvx Uoit. Soc, /.S" (190:i), Ko. 2, pj). 40-4S). — Statiytirs are ])resente(l for the purpose of sliowiiitr tlie extent of lossen due to insect depredations in various parts of the country. The damage caused by codliii7-2^1, Jigs. (;'>). — An elaborate account is presented of the most important insect enemies of the sugar beet. These include species of flea-beetles, rootwonns, carrion beetles, blister beetles, cutworms, army worm, webworms, zebra caterpillar, locusts, spinach-leaf miner, tarnished plant bug, leaf hoppers, plant lice, white grubs, wireworms, red spider ( Tetranychus hirnacuiatus) , etc. The various reme- dies which have proved effective and practical in the control of these insects are men- tioned in connection with the discussion of each species. Fungi parasitic upon Cleonus punctiventris, J. Danysz and K. Wize {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 6, pp. 4~ 1-446, figs. 2). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of this enemy of sugar beets, with special reference to the requirements for the successful remedy to control the insect. A number of parasitic fungi are known to attack this pest, and special mention is made of Oospora de.^tructri.r, Sorosporellu uvella, Isaria farinosa, and Sporotriclmm glohulifenun. A number of experiments were made in distributing cultures of Oospora in sugar- beet fields infested with Cleonus. While the results were not all that could have been desired, the authors believe that they will be more apparent later and that the method is to l)e recommended on the ground that the soil will gradually become infected with the parasitic fungus and will thus have a tendency to destroy the beetles. The root borer of sugar cane, N. B. AVatson ( West Indian Bui., 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 37-47,. figs. 3). — Notes are given on the appearance, habits, and life history of Dia- prepes abbreriatus. The insect is described in its various stages, and the different stages in its life history are presented in a tabular form. A number of natural enemies are known to attack this pest. The artificial remedies recommended by the author include the })lanting of sweet potatoes near the sugar-cane field as a trap for the beetles, and the direct use of lime as an insecticide. The codling moth in Australia, A. Despeissis {Jour. Dept. Agr. West Au.'ttralia, 7 (1903), No. 2, pp. 87-98, fig. 1). — Until recently Western Australia has l:)een com- paratively free from the codling moth. This was due to special efforts which were made by the provincial government in preventing its introduction. Notes are given on the distribution of the codling moth in various parts of Australia, the insect is described in its various stages, and a brief account is presented of the extent of dam- age done by the insect. The life history of the codling moth in Australia and the external evidences of infestation are also discussed. • In combating this pest the author recommends that all rubbish in orchards, espe- cially windfall apples, should be destroyed, that bandages be applied to the trees and regularly inspected for the detection of the larva?, and that arsenical sprays be applied at the proper seasons. The author recommends the use of Paris green, London 380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ))iir])lt', and arseiiitc of lead. Notes are alf^o triveii on tlic natnial enemies of tliecod- lin;_' moth. Arsenical spraying" against codling moth, 1902-3, . ">'!, ;>/.s'. 4^'). — Illustrations are given of a large numlxT of forest insects helonging to tlie various orders of insects, together with explanatory notes relating to these s])ecies. The pine beetle (Hylesinus piniperda) {Btl. Agr. lL(jiicl(jn], Lmjlet HI, jtji. (J, y/r/.s. ;?). — This is said to be one of the most destructive of forest insects in England. The pest is described and notes are given on its habits and life history. In combat- ing it, it is recommended that certain trees be left as trap trees upon w hich the eggs are depositeil and which may be destroyed together with the inspects. Tree borer {Jour. Dept. Agr. Went Anstralia, 7 {1903), No. 6, pp. 440, 441, fig. 1). — Notes on the injuries suffered by eucalyptus from the attacks of insects Ijelonging to the genera Phoracantha and Stigmodera. Two insect pests, E. A. Cooley {Montana Sta. Bui. 46, pp. 107-118, figs. 2). — Notes are given on the rosebud curculio {Rhyndutes hicolor) , which causes injury to roses in various parts of the State. The beetles appear in June and continue until the latter jiart of August. The eggs are generally laid in the rosebuds. In some cases hand picking is sufficient to secure relief from this insect, but jarring and sjjray- ing with Paris green are also recommended. A sawfly {Pontania bozcmani) which folds the leaves of poplar is saiil to have been steadily increasing in numbers for several years. The insect appears to be native to the State. The adult hibernates among the leaves on the ground and emerges in ]\Iay to lay its eggs on the young leaves. In combating this species it is recom- mended that the leaves be gathered and burned in the fall and that the trees be sprayed in July and August with Paris green or arsenate of lead. The greenhouse aleurodes (Aleurodes vaporariorum) and the strawberry aleurodes (A. packardi), A. W. ]\1orrill {Masmclmsdts Sta. Tech. Bui. 1, pp. 66, pis. 6). — An elaborate account is presented of the systematic position of the genus Aleurodes and methods of study. The greenhouse aleurodes is described in detail in all its stages and notes are given on its life history and habits. The eggs hatch within from 10 to 12 days. During the last few days of the pupal life the insect does not feed or increase in size. Experi- ments made by the author indicate that unfertilized eggs may hatch and develop into adult males. The adult life of the insect may extend over several weeks. Notes arc given on the origin, distriliution, food plants, and economic importance of this species. Before starting crops in greenhouses in the fall it is recommended that all weeds and other vegetation sh(juld be removed from the house. Experiments were made with a large number of insecticides in coml)ating this insect. Contact insecticides were found to be destructive to larvie and young pupfe, less so to mature insects, and quite harmless to eggs. Lemon-oil insecticide was easy to prepare, but was too expensive; laundry soap was found to be cheap and fairly effective; Stott's fir-tree-oil soap was altogether too expensive for use; kerosene emul- sion proved to be cheap and effective, while Permol kerosene soap was too expensive; Bowker's tree soap Avas found to be cheap and the most effective of all the contact ■ insecticides; whale-oil soap was almost equally effective. A number of materials were used for fumigation, including Nicoticide, Bush's Best Brand Fumigating Compound, Thriiiscide, carbon bisulphid, and hydrocyanic-acid gas. The last named substance jiroved to be cheapest and the most effective of all materials used in fumigation. Carbon bisulphid required long exposure in order to secure good results and is considered too expensive. While fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas is recommended as the most effective in.'uted for the purpose of assisting in the control of injurious insects. Tho Phasmidse, or walkingsticks, of the United States, A. N. Caudell {Proc. U. >S'. Nat. Mm., 2G {1903), pp. 863-885, ph. 4). — Notes are given on the anatomy of this family of insects and an analytical table is presented to assist in the identifi- cation of species belonging to the family. A brief account is presented of the habits and life history of the various species. Contribution to a knowledge of the Coleopterous fauna of the Lower Rio Grande "Valley in Texas and Tamaulipas, C. H. T. Townsend {Trans. Texas Acad. Sri, 5 {1903), pp. 51-101). — Notes on the habits, life history, and geographical distril)ution of a number of beetles which occur in this region, 552 species being listed in the article. Contribvition to a monograph of the insects of the order Thysanoptera inhabiting North America, W. E. Hixds {Pruc. U. S. Xnt. Mus., 26 {1903), pp. 79-242, }th. 11). — The author's investigations on the classification, biology, and means of combating injurious members of this order of insects are systematized in this paper in a monographic form. Notes are given on the history of investigations relating to this order; systematic position of the order; methods of collecting, pre- serving, and mounting; external anatomy; development; and on beneficial and inju- rious species. Various species of thrips are found on flowering jilants, grasses, and other cultivated plants. These pests are subject to the attacks of a number of parasites, both of an insect and fungus nature, and to the injurious effects of unfavorable climatic conditions. They may be combated directly l)y means of whale-oil soap or other contact insecti- cides and by cultural methods. A bibliography of 480 titles relating to this order of insects is appended to the article. Grasshopper destruction and, white ants, H. Tryon [Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 3, pp. 282-285). — Notes on the prevalence, life history, and means of combating grasshoppers and white ants. The methods recommended for grasshop- pers include various mechanical devices, the use of poison baits, and spraying with arsenical preparations and contact insecticides. Where the white ant colonies are accessible it is possible to dig them up and destroy the ants, or to apply water or contact insecticides. The destruction of white ants, A. Loir {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Pctrls, 136 {1903), No. 21, jip. 1290, 1291). — Various remedies were tested in the destruction of these insects. The best results were obtained from the use of sulphur fumes, which were drawn through the galleries of the white ants by suction; after introducing a tube into either end of the gallery. The white ant city, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. New Suutli Wales, 14 (1903), No. 8, pp. 726-730, pi. 1, figs. 7). — A popular account of the habits and life history of Termes lacteus. Flies, E. L. Moore [South Dakota Sla. Hid. 8/, pp. 41, .;/).— A mixture containing fish oil, oil of tar, and crude carlwlic acid is recommended for ridding animals of flies. This mixture was prepared at a co.st of about 35 cts. per gallon and was applied by means of a hand spray pump. One application was found to be effective for 2 days. The milk was not tainted by the odors of the insecticide. 884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The structure and biology of Anopheles, (i. II. F. Nuttall ami A. E. Siiir- Li;v {Jour. II'KJ. lCaiiiljrl(l;/t''\,o {WO.l), Xo. ..\ pp. 1G6-:^15, pis. 4)-—'^oteii am '/wen on the gross and microscopic, anatomy of the digestive organs of Anopheles and experiments were made in testing the action of the salivary secretion of Cule.v /li/iii'n!^. A bibliography relating to mosquitoes is appended to the artir](>. Mosquitoes and malaria, W. E. Britton { Conned IciU Slate Bd. Aijr. lipl. 1'j02, pp. 245-252). — Brief notes on the habits and life history of mosquitoes with special reference to their agency in spreading malaria and means of comliating them. Mosquitoes and suggestions for their extermination, W. L. Undekwood {Pop. Sri. Mo., 6.1 {IMS), Xo. ■',, j'p. 45o-4'''', Ji'J--'- T'>). — The author presents a popu- lar account of the chief features in the life history of mosquitoes of various genera, including Culex, Anopheles, Eucorethra, etc. E. underwoodl is described in its vari- ous stages and notes are given on its larval habits and life history. As a larva it feeds upon the larvee of other mosquitoes and it is believed to be an important natural help in checking the multiplication of these pests. Cheese mites, H. Tryon {Queensland Arjr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 1, pp. 56-58, figs. 3). — Notes are given on the possible connection between this mite and a skin dis- ease common with persons who handle cheese. The mite is described in its various stages and notes are given on means of combating it. The fumes of sulphur, bisul- phid of carbon, and hydrocyanic-acid gas are all effective in destroying this species. Care must be exercised, however, in the use of bisulphid of carbon since otherwise the cheese may become tainted by absorbing this chemical. Fumigation dosage, C. W. Woodworth ( California Sta. Bui. 152, pp). 17, Jigs. G) . — The purpose of the studies reported in this bulletin was to determine the reliability of estimates of space in tents as made by the practical fumigators of the State. Dur- ing this investigation 2,314 trees were measured, representing the estimates of 30 fumi- gators. The results of this study indicate that "the judgment of all fumigators is thoroughly unreliable." The estimates vary greatly in one direction or the other, the fairly good result obtained by different fumigators showing conclusi\'ely that the process of fumigation allows a wide margin of variation in the quantity of gas employed. The author recommends a simjjle apparatus for measuring the volume of tents before the chemicals are placed in operation. It was found that the leakage of gas was greatest during moist days or when the tent was wet, and that this leakage was of such importance that allowance should be made for it in estimating the quantity of chemicals. Arsenical insecticides, G. E. Colby {California Sta. Bui. 151, p>p. 38, figs. 10). — The author estimates that about 25 tons of Paris green are used annually in combat- ing insects on the Pacific Coast. Tables are given showing analyses of Paris green made before and after the passage of the California law governing the sale of this chemical. Of the samples examined before the passage of the law only 20 per cent was satisfactory in composition; while in the second group 46 were satisfactory and 45 objectionable. In the examination of Paris green it is stated that any great varia- tion in color, especially a pale shade, is an indication of adulteration, and the same may be said for any tendency to caking. The method of microscopical examination is briefly described. The amount of soluble arsenious oxid found in 50 samples of satisfactory Paris green varied from 1.69 to 4.09 per cent, while in 54 samples of objectionable Paris green this ingredient ranged from 4.7 to 29.4 per cent. Detailed notes are given on the method of determining soluble arsenious oxid and copper oxid in Paris green. Analyses were made of a large number of arsenicals which have been proposed as substitutes for Paris green. Paragrene was found to contain nearly \ of its weight of soluble ar.senious oxid; Laurel green is not I'ecommended for spraying under any conditions, since the material was found to consist chiefly of gypsum and green sand; ENTOMOLOGY. 385 Calco-greeu proved to he uiis^afc on account of the large amount of HoUible arssenic; Gray Arsenoid and White Arsenoid are objected to on the same basis; (ireeu Arsen- oid contains the guaranteed amount of arsenious oxid, but too much of it is sohible; no objections were made to Pink Arsenoid, which was found to be uo more danger- ous to foUage than Paris green. The majority of these substitutes for Paris green are thus condemned. Home-made arsenicals, liowever, especially arsenate of lead, arsen- ite of lead, and the various lime compounds of arsenic are highly reconmiended. Disparene proved to be equally as effective as arsenate of lead, but it was found difhcult to break up the paste and mix it thoroughly with water. A table is presented showing the relative power of different arsenicals to remain in suspension. Coarse Paris green was found to remain in suspension for the shortest period, and lead arsenite the longest. Notes are also given on the cost of preparing various forms of arsenical sprays. The author recommends the extensive use of insoluble arsenate of lead, arsenite of lead, and arsenite of calcium. Fungicides, insecticides, and spraying calendar, K. E. Rose {M(j. Bill. Flor- ida Dept. Agr., 13 [1903), No. S3, pji. 39-53). — Formulas are presented for the prepara- tion of approved insecticides and fungicides and combinations of these. A spraying calendar is also given, showing the time of application of various remedies for the more common insect and fungus diseases of cultivated plants. Silk culture in Manchuria, H. B. Miller ( U. S. Consular Bpts., 73 (1903), No 271, pp. 274, 375). — The amount of silk exported from Manchuria is said to be very large, although definite data can not be obtained. The autumn cocoons are kept over winter and silkworms are hatched in April. The worms are allowed to feed on the native scrub oak which is planted on rough hilly ground. The removal of the silk from the cocoon is accomplished by hand work. Annual report of the Beekeepers' Association of the Province of Ontario for 1902 {Ann. Rpt. Beekeepers' Assn. Ontario, 1903, pp. 84). — At the 2ord annual meeting of the Ontario Beekeepers' Association, held at Barrie, December 16-18, 1902, a number of papers were read, a few of which are briefly mentioned in the fol- lowing notes. J. D. Evans in his presidential address called attention to the impor- tance of the association and the benefits to be derived from a large attendance and active participation in the various discussions. J. L. Byer read a paper on market reports, in which attention was called to the necessity of giving close heed to these reports in order to avoid unwise sales as a result of sensational accounts of variations in prices. R. F. Whitesides discussed l)riefly the operations which are necessary in the successful management of bees in spring. J. Fixter reported on experiments which were undertaken to determine whether bees injure sound fruit. It was found that under ordinary circumstances they do not. P^xperiments with brood foundation of different sizes indicated that full sheets of foundation should be used, both in sections in the supers and in the frames of the brood chambers. F. T. Shutt read a paper on honey from capped and uncapped comb. The author found that honey from uncapped comb shows a somewhat higher moisture content and that the keeping qualities of ripe honey are superior to the immature honey in uncapped comb. W. McEvoy discussed a me'thod of treating foul brood. He recommended that the combs be removed in the evening and the bees shaken into their own hives, which should be provided with frames with foundation starters. After four days these frames should be removed and the bees given a fresh set of frames with foundation. It is believed that all infection with foul brood will tluis be eliminated. Parthenogenesis in bees, E. PklItger [Arcli. Phi/siol. [PfU'tger], 99 (1903), No. 3-4, pp. 243, i'^-^).— Arguments are presented against the assumption of the pos- sibility of parthenogenesis in bees. The author believes that the cases of apparent 386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ])arthi'iu>geiu'!jifs in bees aii'. 'J, figx. 212). — -As was the case with the preceding volume (E. S. E., 14, p. 1102), this second volume summarizes information of use to bakers and others interested in this trade. The material has been gathered from a variety of sources, and includes recipes and practical directions for making various sorts of bread, as well as miscellaneous articles on a variety of topics connected with bread and bread making. The complete cookbook, Marion Harland {Indianapolis: The Bohhs-Merrill Co., 1903, pp. XIV -{-7 SO, ph. 33, figs. 16). — In addition to a large number of recipes for various foods, beverages, etc., which it is said have been carefully tested, this volume contains discussions on marketing, carving, kitchen utensils, preparation of foods, and related topics, and furnishes a large amount of useful information. Breakfast and savory dishes, Florence B. Jack {London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1903, pp. V-\- 142). — Concise and clear directions are given' for the preparation of a numljer of dishes with eggs, tish, meat, cheese, vegetables, etc. The art of cooking for invalids, Florence B. Jack {London: T. C. cC- E. C. Jack, 1903, 3. ed., pp. VIII -{^205). — The author discusses the general i)roblem of cookery for invalids, and gives a number of recipes for preparing suitable dishes, the directions in every case being very explicit. In most cases the time of preparation and the probable cost of the dish are also given. Treatise on hyg-iene, P. Smolensky {Traite d'hygihie. Paris: G. Steinheil, 1904, pp. XXXII-\-752,figs. 119). — This volume, which is translated from the Russian by S. Broi'do and A. Zaguelmann, is designed as a laboratory manual for the examination of foods and for the detection of adulteration or sophistication. It treats also of the general principles of nutrition and the princii^al groups of foods. The extended sum- mary of Russian investigations is an interesting feature, and the work as a whole is a valuable digest of availaV)le information on the subjects treated. The volume con- tains notes by L. Guiraud and A. Gautie, and an extended bibliography, and is thor- oughlj' indexed. A study of dietaries at Iia-wrence, Kansas, E. H. 8. Bailey ( Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., IS {1902), pp. 49-53).— T\iO dietary studies with students' clubs at the University of Kansas are briefly reported. During the first study, which covered 1 month, the average cost of the food was 19.5 cts. per person per daj-, the club includ- ing 46 members, one-third being men and two-thirds women students. The fuel value of the diet was 3,923 calories per person per day, and the nutritive ratio about 1:8. In the second and more recent study the club comprised 22 persons and records were kept for 65 days. The author states that the average cost per jjerson per day was 17.8 cts., the fuel value 3,437 calories, and the nutritive ratio 1 : 7.6. The numl^er of men and w^omen included in the study is not stated, but from available data it was calculated that there were 10 of the former and 12 of the latter, and that the FOODS NUTRITION. 387 average amount of nutrients eaten per day was 99.70 gni. i)r()ttMii, 1I^H.()8 gin. fat, and 449.06 gni. earl)ohydrates. In another study, regarding which no details are given, it is stated that the aver- age cost of food per person per day was 18.8 cts. The diet at a Vienna restaurant for young men, M. H.\mbukg ( Wehier Klin. WchuKchr., 190 J, No. 10, p. 259; ahs. in Hyg. Rmuhcliau, IS {1903), No. 6, j)p. 320, 321). — With the aid of a large number of analyses and other data the author calcu- lates the nutritive value of the diet studied and suggests methods for imi>roving it, as it is regarded as inadecjuate. Chang-es in dietary habits, Grotjahn ( Ueher WaiuUangen in der Volksernahnmg. Leipzig: Dunclrr c(- Hiimhlot, 1902, pp. 72; rev. in Hyg. RundHchan, 13 {1903), No. 4, jip. 193-195). — In this treatise, which is part 2, volume 20 of the series entitled Staats- und socialwissenschaftlidie Forschungen, edited by G. Schmoller, the effect of occu- pation and environment upon diet is discussed. The food of the Italians, H. Lichtenfelt {Arch. Physiol. [Pflilger'], 99 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 1-29). — On the basis of figures given in recent statistical publications the author calculates the nutrients ami energy in the diet of Italian laborers of differ- ent regions, and discusses the results at considerable length. Food products of the Tuhoeland, E. Best {Trans, and Proc. Neiv Zealand Inst., 35 {1902), pp. 45-111). — This article contains data regarding the food supplies of the nonagricultural native tribes of New Zealand, as well as notes on native customs, superstitions, etc., pertaining to foods. Food requirements in -winter at high altitudes, R.\nke {Munchen. Med. Wchnschr., 1902, No. 19, p. 787; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 13 {1903), No. 11, p. 573). — A dietary study of which the author was the subject showed that at a high mountain altitude while becoming acclimated he required the same amount of fat and larger quantities of protein and carbohyP- 1-141)- — From an extended review of the litera- ture (A the sul)jectand the experiments which have been reported from time to time, the conclusion is drawn that sugar is a nutrient of great value for man and animals, 3'.>() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. esptH'ially as a source of energy, and the iniportanc(^ to tlie snj^ar industry of cncour- agin<^ its use is ])ointed out. The nutritive value of filled cheese, (I. Counalba {Aim. 11. Via:. S/ifi: CitmJ. Lodi, 190J, i>p. 73-80). — The nutritive value of tilled cheese is disciussed on the basis of analyses and artificial digestion experiments. The capacity of man to perform physical Avork, M. Blix [Skand. Arch. Physiol., 15 {1'jOo), Nu. 1-J, ])]). 122-14'), Ji'J'^- 4)- — A number of experiments are reported. In some of these work was performed with an ergometer of special construction, in others the subjects climbed stairs. The eflPect of certain coal-tar colors upon digestion, A. J. Winogradow {Ztschr. liiiermch. Nahr. n. GenussmlL, 6 [190S) , Nu. IS, pp. 589-593). — Even when the amount present was only a few milligrams the following colors markedly dinnn- ished or entirely hindered the digestion of protein, according to artificial digestion experiments: Safranin, ponceau rr, azofuclisin g, orange II, coerulein .s, pliloxin r. h. n., iodeosin, chrysanilin, niagdala red, azofiavin, benzopurpurin, and cerise. The follow- ing colors were less marked in their action, but could not be called indifferent: Ghino- lin yellow, methyl green, acid green, iodin green, azoacid yellow c, yellow t, napthol yellow, anilin green, primnlin, auramin o, anilin orange, martius yellow, and metanil yellow. The chemico-physical constitution of mineral w^aters, W. Mkyekhoffer [Die c}u'inisc]i-pIiij,siL-a!is('hi' JtcscJKtJf'eidieit di'r lleilqiicllen. Jlaiidturg and Leipzig: Leopold Voss, 1902, pp. 32, map. 1; rev. in Britis^li Med. Jour., 1903, No. 2230, p. 752). — Among other topics this volume includes matter which has a bearing upon the condition in which mineral matter is assimilated. The influence of condiments upon the secretion and muscular activity of the stomach, L. R. von Korczynski ( Wiener Klin. Wchnschr., 1902, No. 18, p. 4(^8; abs. in Ilyg. Randsrhau, 13 {1903), No. 6, p. 323). — Tests in which the stomach con- tents were removed and examined show that with healthy subjects the condiments studied, namely, paprika, mustard, ginger, pepper, horse-radish, and onions, at first increased and then for a considerable time diminished the stomach secretions, this depression being frequently followed by a second period of stimulation. The mus- cular activity of the stomach was increased by condiments. Tests Avere also made with subjects not in normal health. Standards for flavoring- extracts, "\V. L. Scoville (.l»u'/'. Jour. I'}utrm.,75{1903), No. 4, pp- 151-155. ) — According to the author, the only standard that can be legally applied to flavoring extracts is that of wholesomeness, since the delicacy, correctness of flavor, and other qualifications must be determined by individual preference. Blueberry wine, a natural iron manganese preparation, E. Osteemayer {Phariii. Ztg., 47 {1902), p. 316; abs. in Ifijg. RumhcJiaii, 13 {1903), No. 4, P- 201).— Blue1)erry wine is stated to contain much larger amounts of manganese and less phosphoric acid than grape wine. Analyses are reported of 2 commercial blueberry wines. Water cress and typhoid {British Food Jour., 5 {1903), No. 4^>, pP- 7, 8.) — The possible dangers from water cress grown in polluted streams are pointed out. International catalogue of scientific literature. Q, — Physiology {Internat. Cat. Sci. Lit. , 3 { 1903 ) , pt. 2, pp. XLL-\- 664 ) ■ —This volume of the international catalogue issued by the Royal Society of London contains titles on physiology, including experimental psychology, pharmacology, and experimental pathology. In the cafe of the various topics connected with the nutrition of man and animals only a very little of the important work iniblished is referred to, although the few articles cited show that an attempt was made to cover these subjects. For instance, out of over 60 feeding experiments with farm animals reported during the period covered by the catalogue less than a dozen are noted. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 891 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The isodynamic replacement of nutrients, II. I'. Akmsby {Science, v. ser., 18 {I'JU.i), Xo. 439, pp. 4^'1-4S7). — On the basis of results obtained in experiments with a steer, made with tlie aid of a respiration calorimeter, the author discusses the replacing value of luitrients and related topics. Since different materials recpiire varying amounts of energy for their assimilation, the fact is pointed out that they are not replaceable in a ration in direct proportion to their theoretical heat value. The author notes that the error involved in considering food as the fuel of the vital furnace is based on the assumption that "the production of heat in the body is an end in itself. The truth ajjpears to be that it is, in a physiological sense, an inci- dent. The energy of the food is needed for the performance of the vital processes. During these processes it undergoes various transformations, but finally the larger part, or in the resting animal, all is degraded into heat, which incidentally serves to maintain the temperature of the l)ody, and, as it would seem, is amjdy sufficient for this purpose under a wide range of conditions." Laboratory manual of animal physiology, E. H. Steix {Tierphysiologisches Prakiihun. Stuityari: Ferdhumd Eiike, J90o, pp. VIII -\- 144, ./'V*'- ~^)- — This volume is designed as a laboratory manual for veterinarians and agriculturists, and contains chapters on general methods, nutrients, foods and feeding stuffs, digestion, blood, urine, milk, and butter. The influence of the retention of bile on g-astric digestion, F. d'Angelo [Rend, e Mem. li. Accad. Set., Let. ed. Aii. Zehudi Aeireede, S. ,sr;'., 1 (1901-:?), pp. 34). — Results of experiments with dogs are reported. The average composition of the animal body, L. Grandeau [Join-. Aijr. Prat., n. ser:, 5 {190S), No. IS, pp. 561, 562). — A brief summarj' and discussion of analytical data. The principal constituents of the animal body, water and mineral matters, L. Grandeau [Jour. Ae/r. Prat., n. ser., 5 (1903), No. -21, pp. 657, 658). — A summary and discussion. The iron content of the animal body, M. Schmey {Ztschr. Plu/siul. Chem., 39 (1903), No. 3-4, pp. 215-282). — The results of a large number of analyses of different sorts are reported of the flesh of normal animals and those fed iron preparations. The conclusion is drawn that the red color of the muscles of rabbits, chickens, and swine is not determined by the iron content. Feeding iron preparations increased the amount of iron in the body. Data are also given regarding the analyses of the eggs of hens fed 011 iron preparations. Stable hygiene, E. A. A. Grange {Breeders' Gaz., 43 {1903), No. 24, pp. 1173, 1174, fig. 1). — A l)rief account of the successful use of a ration of 3 qts. of molasses mixed with 6 lbs. of finely chopped hay, fed 3 times a day, for bringing a horse into good condition. At the end of 2 months the horse weighed 1,000 lbs., having made a gain of 90 lbs. New molasses products in the feeding of farm animals, 1j. Grandeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 5 {1903), No. 19, pp. 592, 593). — One of the newer molasses feeds is described. Sugar, molasses, and molasses products in the feeding of animals, II. Van DE Venne {Brussels: Lainertiii; rev. in lug. Agr. Clendilou.e, 13 {1903), No. 12, p. 572). — A summary of available data on the subject. Sugar cane {Agr. Jonr. and Min. Pec, 6 {1903), No. 15, p. 539). — The value of sugar cane as a fodder, especially for horses, is pointed out. Corn silk as a feed stuff, F. D. Taylor {Breeders' Gaz., 44 {1903), No. 15, p. 569). — Analyses made at the chemical laboratory of the University of Wisconsin of a number of samples of corn silk are rejiorted, in several of which only the protein and water were determined. The average percentage composition was as follows: Water 13.56, i)rotein 18.28, fat 0.95, nitrogen-free extract 46.92, crude fiber 16.6, and 392 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ash 5.06. Corn silk constitutes the principal constituent of screenin. 50, dgin. 1). — In tliis bulletin, which is edited by A. Ben- golea, the exhibits of the Argentine live stock show held in September, 1902, are described, and much information given regarding the character of horses, sheeji, and cattle raised in that country, the present condition and possibilities of the live stock, dairy, and leather industries, etc. An English translation of this publication has been issued by the society under the title of The Argentine Estancia. The animal industry of Argentina, F. W. Bicknell ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Indastvij Bid. 4S, pp. 7:2, ph. 16). — With the object of showing the possi- bilities of Argentina as a market for pure-bred American live stock, the author dis- cusses the opportunities for stock raising in Argentina, the kind of animals raised, and the general business conditions as relating to animal production, and gives data regarding exports and imports, prices o})tained for live stock, and related subjects. Experiments in cattle feeding, J. N. Price {Rpt. Missouri State Bd. Agr., 3-5 {190;?), pp. 361-367). — Summarizing data obtained in experiments at the Missouri Station, the relative merits of different methods of cattle feeding are discussed. Information was secured from a large number of cattle feeders in Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois regarding the gains made on full feed in winter and summer. On an average the winter gain reported was 2.2 lbs. per steer per day as compared with 2.85 lbs. in summer. Fattening- steers; using cotton seed, cotton-seed meal, wheat meal, wheat straw, and hay {OHahonia Sta. Bid. 58, pp. 47). — Conditions and results, F. ('. Burtis (pp. 1-38, 42-45). — Methods of feeding cotton-seed mixtures and the length of time they should be fed were studied with 5 lots of 5 steers each, the test covering 105 days in the winter. The lots were all fed in j-ards with sheds open to the south, and in every case the rations selected were made up in such away that at a minimum cost they supplied as nearly as possible the nutrients called for by the feeding standards. Lot 1, on cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, 4 : 1, with wheat straw and i^rairie hay, gained on an average 1.77 lbs. per head per day, the cost of a pound of gain being 8.8 cts. On wheat meal and cotton-seed meal in about the proportion of 3 : 1, fed with the same coarse fodder as above, lot 2 made an average daily gain per head of 2.62 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain being 8.5 cts. Lot 3 on cotton seed and wheat meal in about the proportion of 2 : 1, with the same coarse fodder, gained 2.07 lbs. per steer per day at a cost of 8.1 cts. AVhen cotton-seed meal and wheat straw 1 : 2 were fed, as in the case of lot 4, one-half the straw being cut and mixed with the meal, the average daily gain was 1.76 lbs. per head and the cost of a jsound of gain 9.3 cts. In the case of lot 5, cotton seed was fed with practically an equal amount of coarse fodder (wheat straw and prairie hay), the average daily gain being 1.25 lbs. per head and the cost of a pound of gain 10.5 cts. The grained consumed per pound of gain ranged from 5.75 lbs. in the case of lot 2 (fed the wheat meal and cotton-seed meal) to 7.32 lbs. in the case of lot 1 (cotton seed and cotton-se^d meal). The amount of coarse fodder eaten per pound of gain ranged from 3.82 lbs. with lot 3 (cotton seed and wheat meal) to 10.67 lbs. with lot 5 (cotton seed with wheat straw and prairie hay). The steers were sold and slaughtered, the net returns per lot ranging from $24.25 with lot 5 to !?47.57 with lot 3. The dressed weight ranged from 53.2 per cent with lot 1 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 398 (cotton seed and rotton-seed meal) to r>7.() i)er cent with lot 2 (wheat meal and cotton- seed meal). There was consideral)le difference in the lots and none of them was regarded as fully finished, although lots 2 and 3 were considered fairly well fattened. Feeding cotton seed often has an unfavorable effect on the appearance of the flesh, producing a dirty yellow fat, but nothing objectionable was noted as regards the color of the dressed carcass of any of the lots. Throughout the test no serious illness was noted. Two pigs followed each lot of steers and were fed some wheat meal in addition. The daily gain per pig averaged from 0.71 lb. in the case of those following lot 2 (wheat meal and cotton-seed meal) to 0.95 lb. in the case of those following lot5 (cottonseed, wheat straw, and prairie hay), and the grain eaten per pound of gain ranged from 3.10 lbs. with the latter lot to 4.13 lbs. with the former. The gains were regarded as very good and as adding much to the net profits. ' ' The fact should be noted that all the pigs lived, and part of them were behind steers that were fed cotton-seed meal as grain." On the basis of the test, "it is suggested where cotton seed is to be used in the ration of cattle that not more than 8 lbs. of it be fed per day as a maximum amount, and genei-ally 4 to 6 lbs. will prove more satisfactory. In order to use it in the ration of the fattening steer it must be fed with other highly nutritious feeds, and jirefer- ably those belonging to the nitrogenous group, as alfalfa or cowpeas. . . . "While many steers are fattened in the South on cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls, there is no doubt but what, as a rule, much better gains would be procured and at a less cost if some grain as corn, wheat, or Kafir corn were mixed with the cotton- seed meal and hulls, and it is a question if a little of some other roughage besides the hulls should not be used for the best and mt)st economical results." It is stated that cotton seed and cotton-seed meal are regular constituents of the grain ration of the college and station herd, the rations being so planned that a mature cow will receive not over 2 or 3 lbs. of cotton-seed meal or 3 or 4 lbs. of cotton seed per daj', corn or Kafir corn being always mixed with these feeds. Chemical study vf the experiment, J. Fields (pp. 39-41, 46). — Analyses are reported of the feeding stuffs used in the above tests. Experiments on the utilization of skim milk for feeding- calves, C. Besana {Ann. R. Staz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi, 1902, jjp. 17-67, figs. i2) .■ — The value of skim milk as a feed for calves is discussed, as well as methods of feeding it, and related topics, and a number of experiments are reported in which this material alone or supplemented by starch, oleomargarine, or bone meal was fed to calves. In the first test, 4 calves gained from 0.475 to 1 kg. per day on skim milk and starch, consuming from 6.77 to 22.36 liters of milk per kilogram of gain. In a sec- ond test the average daily gain of 2 calves on skim milk and starch was 0.955 kg. per head and the average consumption of skim milk per kilogram of gain was 12.42 liters, as compared with 0.850 kg. and 12.49 liters on skim milk and oleomargarine. When ground bone and oleomargarine were compared, each being fed to 2 calves, it was found that the average daily gain on the ground bone fed with skim milk was 0.709 kg. per head per day, and on the oleomargarine 0.916 kg., 15.59 liters of skim milk ])eing required per kilogram of gain on the ground-bone ration and 11.82 liters on the oleomargarine ration. In a 5 weeks' test it was found that 3 calves gained on an average 1.037 kg. per head per day on skim milk and oleomargarine, consuming 12.11 liters of milk per kilogram of gain. Horse raising, C. Bauverd {Jour. Soc. Agr. Suisse Romande, 43 {1902), No. 12 p)). 276-282; 44 {1903), No. 1, pp. 4-11)- — Horse breeding is discussed with special reference to local possibilities and requirements. The improvement of horse breeding- in Jamaica {Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 1 {1003), No. 9-10, pp. 193-240). — Oi)inions regarding horse and nmie breeding in Jamaica were gathered from a number of sources and summarized. 3V)4 EXPERIMENT STATION RKC'ORD. Poultry experiments in 1902, (i. M. Gowkli. (Maine ,Sta. Bui. f/.i, pji. 69-92, fi'jx. 12). — Tlie selected l)ree(liiig tests at the station for egg pr«' M'dckiuul litre Bi-dcuiunij f'u r I '(tlkturirtsclKift vnd T '(iIksgt;Kiin(JIieil. Ilnrn/iii nj: < '. Jiuiineii , 1D03, pp. r>2ii). — This hook, w hich was prepared under the direction of the scientilic division of the Public Exhibition for Hygienic Milk Supply at Hamburg, 1903, con.sists of 19 articles treating in a somewhat popular manner of different subjects related to the pubhc milk supijly. A very valuable feature of the work is the extended bibliography accompanying nearly every article. The different subjects treated are as follows: The Principal Phases in the Historical Development of the Dairy Industry during the Last Ten Years, by W. Kirchner; Statistics of the Cattle Industry and Dairy Industry in Different Countries, by H. ]\Iohr; Elements of Stable Hygiene, by W. StiJdter; Feeding Milcii Cows, by Noll; The Injurious Effect of Diseases of Cows and of Certain Drugs and Unsuitable Foods with Reference to the Properties of Milk, by F. Glage; The Thorough Cooling of Milk as an Essential in Providing Hygienic Milk, by W. Helm; The Handling of Milk with Especial Reference to the Conditions at Hamburg, by G. H. Sieveking; The Role Played by Milk in the Spreading of Typhoid Fever, Diphtheria, and Scarlet Fever, by G. H. Sieveking; Milk and Tu1)erculosis, by T. Rosatzin; Milk Preserva- tives and Their Injurious Effects, by C. Hagemann; INIilk for Infants and jNIilk Prepa- rations, ])y Edlefsen; Infant Mortality and the ^lilk Supply, by von Ohlen; The Care of jNIilk in the Home, by AV. Weichardt; Cheese Poisoning, by Lochte; Tlie Injurious Effects of Butter and Other Milk Products due to Micro-organisms, by I. Kister; The Saprophytes of Milk and their Relation to Dairying, by H. Weigmann; Patho- genic Bacteria in Milk and Milk Products, by H. C. Plaut; Chemistry of Milk, by Eichloff ; and Chemical Analysis of Milk, by J. Zink. Suggestions concerning care of milk and butter making on the farm, H. E. Van NormIn {Indiana Sta. Bid. 96, pp. 36, figs. 8). — Statistical information is given on the dairy industry in Indiana, and suggestions are made concerning the feeding of cows, care and handling of milk, washing dairy utensils, separation and ripening of cream, churning, weighing, and testing milk, etc. Figures are given showing the fertilizing elements removed in farm products and several pieces of dairy ajiparatus are illustrated. Studies on milk hygiene, G. Schweitzer {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AJ>L, 10 {1903), Nos. 16-17, j)p. 501-514; 18-19, pp. 563-570, fig. i).— The care of milk in the home is discussed in connection with a report of tests of the Kobrak pasteurizing apparatus, the morphology and culture characteristics of a number of lactic acid bacteria are described; and observations on the souring of milk at different tempera- tures are reported. A list of 23 references relating to this subject is appended. Bacteria in milk and its products, M. Henseval {IjCS microbes du laii et de ses dtrirls. Lierre: J. Van In tfe Co., 1903, pp. 126; rev. in Rev. Ghi. Agron. [Lonvaiii], 12 {1903), No. 5, pp. 236-239). — Chapters are devoted to the source of bacteria in milk, pasteurization, ripening of cream, the composition of butter and the causes of rancidity, and the ripening of cheese. Hygiene of milk production, H. Raquet {Conditions d'hijgiene a radiser dans la jwoduction dn, la it. Brussels: Lamartin, 1902, jjp. 80). The composition of milk, H. D. Richmond {Analyst, 28 {1903), No. 331, pp. 289- 292, fig. 1). — The average fat content of 12,914 samples of milk as received at a milk depot in London during 1902 was 3.82 per cent. The lowest figures were obtained in May, June, and July, and the highest in October, November, and December. The percentage of total solids averaged 12.73 and the average specific gravity was 1.0321. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYINC4. 397 Paying for separator cream at the creamery, J. L. Hills ( Vcriimtit Stendix. The keeping quality ofbutter, (I. L. M'Kay and C. Larsen {loira Sta. Bui. 71, pp. 30). — The causes of deterioration in butter are briefly discussed, and experiments to determine whether the keeping quality of butter is affected by its content of moisture and by the quality of the wash water used in its manufacture are reported. The results of experiments with butter made under uniform conditions, except as regards the amount of working, were considered as indicating that the butter con- taining the smaller amount of moisture possessed the better keeping quality, though the individual experiments did not justify such a conclusion. . Incidentally in this connection the authors discuss the effect of working upon the water content of but- ter, concluding that the proper time to control moisture is before or during churning rather than afterwards. In each of 3 experiments the butter from one-half of a vat of ripened cream was washed with well water, and the butter from the other half, churned under the same conditions, was washed with well water which had been pasteurized and cooled. In each of 2 experiments 1 portion of the cream was also pasteurized before ripening. Pasteurization of the wash water improved greatly the keeping quality of the butter, and pasteurization of both cream and wash water had a still more favorable effect. In each of 3 other experiments the butter from one-half of a vat of well- ripened cream was not washed at all, while the butter from the other half was washed with unpasteurized well water. The unwashed butter kept as well as the Avashed butter, and in some instances it kept better. It remained normal for about 40 days. Wliere the wash water is not of good quality it is therefore believed that as good or better results can be obtained by working the buttermilk well out of the butter and omitting the washing, providing the cream to be churned is of good quality and the butter can be sold within 35 days after its manufacture. The favorable action of salt upon the keeping quality of butter was also shown in other experiments. Three objectionable flavors, described as a turpentine flavor, a strong cheesy flavor, and a fishy flavor, developed in butter made in these experiments. The purity of well water in general is briefly discussed. In the unpasteurized well water used in the above experiments the germ content averaged 113 per cubic centi- meter, while in the pasteurized water it averaged 3. The methods available for the purification of wash water are filtration and pasteurization. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered. Filtration is deemed preferable to pasteurization inasmuch as this method removes organic matter and other impurities as well as bacteria, and is very inexpensive. In the experiments at the station con- tinuous filtration removed 95 per cent of the germs. The filter bed used consisted of the following layers, mentioned in order beginning at the bottom: Coarse gravel 2 in., fine sand 22 in., fine coke 12 in., charcoal 9 in., and coarse gravel 2 in. Sug- 398 EXPFRIMENT STATION RECORD. g(>.sti()HH are iiiiule concerning tlio care of filters. The cost of i>asteuri/,ation of l)oth milk and wash water was estimated at 0.1 ct. per pound (if butter i)roid change: (1) Increase of temperature in ripening; (2) larger amount of rennet; (3) higher moisture content of cheese; (4) decreased amount of salt; (5) large size of cheese, and (6) moderate amount of acid. Cheese made and handled so as to ripen slowly is of higher com- mei'cial value." The regular appearance of different types of strictly anaerobic butyric- acid, bacteria in hard cheese, A. Rodella {Centhl. Bakt. u. Far., ,?. Abt., 10 {lOOS), Xoa. 16-17, pp. 499, 500; 24-25, pp. 753-755).— in these two articles, with slightly different titles, the author reports the regular occurrence in numerous samples of several kinds of hard cheese of anaerobic bacteria, especially forms capable of producing butyric-acid fermentation, and describes briefly the methods used in their isolation and culture. It is tlie author's purpose to discuss the relation of the butyric-acid l)acteria to the rii)ening of cheese in a concluding article. How can the East compete with the West in dairying? J. L. Hills {New Jei-sei/ State Bd. Agr. L'pt., 1902, pp. 175-201). VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Immunity and imraunization, L. Hopf {Immunitdt und Immunisirung. Tubingen: Franz Fietzcker, 1902, ^Jp- VI-\-9G). — A general account of the subject of immunity from a historical standpoint. The author discusses immunity toward various poisons as well as toward infectious diseases. Notes are given on the methods of immunization and on the theories of inununity which have prevailed among various civilized and uncivilized races. The latter part of the v(jlume is devoted to a dis- cussion of the nature of immunity as understood from the recent* investigations of bacteriologists. 402 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. Immunity in infectious diseases, E. Metchnikofk {L' iimmuiiU: (kms les maladies wji'ctieuHcs. J^irix: ^faxso)l cO Co., 1901, pj). IX-\-600, fiija. 45). — This volume contairiH ail elaborate discusyion of the general problem of immunity. The subjects disrussed by the author include the imjKtrtance of a study of immunity; immunity in unicel- lular organisms, in plants, in the animal kingdom; resorption of organized elements; resorption of albuminoid fluids; natural immunity against ])athogenic organisms; the mechanism of natural immunity; a review of the facts of accpiired immunity; rapid and temporary immunity conferred by specific and normal sera; natural aixl artificial immunity against toxins; immunity of the skin and mucous membranes; preventive vaccination for sheep pox, rabies, rinderpest, anthrax, blackleg, swine erysipelas, pleuro-pneumonia, tetanus, diphtheria, etc. ; and a historical review of the present knowledge of immunity. The volume concludes with a resum^ of the whole subject as viewed from the author's standpoint. Toxins and. antitoxins, J. Bordet {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 3, pp. 161-1S6). — A review of the literature of this subject indicates that the majority of authors are 'agreed on the proposition that antitoxins do not jjroduce immunity by direct action upon the animal organism, butthattheir chief action is a partial neutral- ization of toxins. It has been shown, however, that a mixture of a toxin and an antitoxin is not strictly neutral, and portions of both toxin and antitoxin remain uncombined, while the remainder of the toxin and antitoxin combines and becomes neutralized in varying degrees. The anthcjr briefly discusses the results of an experiment with an alexin and anantialexin. It is found that a c^uanfity of antialexin insuflicient for completely neutralizing more than 6 fatal doses of alexin, nevertheless exercises an influence such that in its presence 24 fatal doses of alexin produce hemolysis less rapidly than a single dose is capal)le of doing in the absence of the antialexin. Cellular hemolysins, C. Levauiti {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 3, pp. 187-216). — The objects of the experiments reported by the author in this paper were to determine the nature and method of production of hemolysins and the relative activity of macrophages and polynuclear leucocytes in the production of hemolysins. The extracts were obtained from the 2 kinds of leucocytes by a rapid and slow process. Experiments were then made with these hemolysins as obtained by the different methods. It was found that the principal hemolysins contained in the extract obtained by the slow method were soluble in dilute and strong alcohol. The hemolysins obtained from the lymphatic ganglia can not, in the opinion of the author, be identified with the cytase of fresh sera, since the former are thermostable and may be neutralized by normal serum. It was shown during the author's exjieri- ments that the extract of polynuclear leucocytes is quite deprived of hemolytic, prop- erties with regard to the red (;orpuscles. The bacteriolytic properties of this extract, however, were considerably more pro- nounced than those of the extract from the macrophages. It appears t bereft) re that the macrophages of the lymj^hatic ganglia, as a result of the autolytic jiroperties and the composition of the cytase in the ganglia, are an important source of hemolysins, while the polynuclear leucocytes in the peritoneal fluid are without any trace of hemolytic properties which can be demonstrated in vitro. The polynuclear leu{;o- cytes, however, play the principal part in the destruction of bacteria. On some factors in bacteriolytic action, E. W. A. Walker {Jour. Ilyg. [CW»i- bridfje}, 3 {1903), No. 1, jjp. 52-67). — iV study was made of the bacteriolytic proper- ties of rabbit serum after inoculation with typhoid bacillus. It was found that the amount of complement in the serum undergoes a steady increase during the first few hours, provided the serum be left in contact with the clot. Serum removed from a vessel containing the clot, however, shows no such increase in the eomijlement. It is concluded, therefore, that the complement is a product of leucocytes appearing in the blood plasma or serum as the result of the disintegration of the leucocytes. 1 VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 403 The existence of hemolytic alexin in the blood plasma, A. Falloise {Bui. Acad. Roy. Belg. CI. ScL, 1903, No. 6, pp. 521-596). — The author conducted experi- ments upon a number of mammals and birds, including dogs, rabbits, cattle, sheep, pigs, pigeons, and other species of birds. The results obtained indicate that an alexin exists in the blood plasma in all these animals. This alexin was found with- out regard to whether the blood had been treated with a chemical reagent or not. it is argued, therefore, that this alexin is secreted by the leucocytes in the circu- lating blood, and that these blood elements therefore play an important part in immunity. The active substance of normal sera — The plurality of alexins, L. Remy [Ann. Inst. Pastetir, 17 {1903), No. 5, pp. 343-356) .—Dwr'mg these experiments, which were conducted chiefly with the serum of rats, it was found that the serum of these animals when not heated exercises a destructive influence upon the majority of bac- teria. The action of a temperature of 5& to 56° C. for 35 minutes attenuates without destroying the bactericidal properties of the serum. The bactericidal substance which resists the action of heat is an alexin. This alexin in the serum of rats resists a temperature of 55 to 56° C. and is therefore considered not to be hemolytic, since it does not have the power of enforcing hemosera. Staphylococci and staphylolysin, P. van Dl-rme {Hijg. Rundschau, IS {1903), No. 2, pp. 66-68). — Experiments with different species of Staphylococci showed that there is a close connection between the pathogenic action and the hemolytic power of these organisms. The formation of hemolysin is much less extensive in the case of S. alltus, as might be expected from its slighter }iathogenic power. Successful treatment of fatal intraperitoneal streptococcal infections in rabbits by means of injections of pyocyanase, R. Emmerich and R. Tromms- DORFF, Ccntbl. Bakt. u. Far., 1. Ab(., 33 {1903), No. 8, Orig., pp. 627-633, figs. 2).— During a series of experiments by the authors it was found that 31 per cent of rabbits treated with pyocyanase successfully resisted fatal intraperitoneal do-^es of strepto- cocci, and 46 per cent of the rabbits thus treated were favorably influenced by the treatment, but ultimately succumbed to the infection. The influence of diphtheria and tetanus toxins on hemoglobin and on the morphology and specific gravity of the blood, H. Kucharzewski {CentU. Bakt. u. Par., 1. AJd., 34 {1903), No. 4, Orig., pp. 381-384). — The experiments reported in this paper were made on rabbits. It was found that the diphtheria toxin in large or medium doses caused a diminution in the number of red blood corpuscles and in the quantity of hemoglobin. Small doses were without effect. When large doses of toxin were used the density of the blood was increased and a hyperleucocytosis was observed. Inoculation with tetanus toxin also diminished the number of red blood corpuscles and the quantity of hemoglobin, and diminished the density of the blood. Antiferments, E. Weixlaxd {Ztschr. Biol., 44 {1902), No. 1, pp. 1-15).— The purpose of the experiments reported in this jiaper was to determine the cause of resistance of intestinal worms to the action of the digestive juices of the host animals. The worms upon which exi^eriments were made included cysticerci of a number of species, Ascaris suilla, Txnia expansa, and T. iticdiocaradUda. An antiferment was extracted from the bodies of the worms, which had the effect of protecting fibrin and other readily digestible substances against the action of proteolytic ferments. The protection furnished by the antiferment was not unlimited in time or extent, but was sufliciently pronounced to indicate that the antiferment Avas capable of pro- tecting the parasitic worms against the action of digestive juices. The antiferment was not readily extracted. A second extract contained more of the antiferment than the first. The nonidentity of agglutinins acting upon the flagella and upon the body of bacteria, T. Smith and A. L. REAtui {Jour. Med. Research, 10 {1903), No. 1, pp. 89-100). — During a series of experiments made by the authors it was found that the 11776— No. 1—03 7 404 p:xperiment station record. iionmotile and the motile race!^ of liof treatment. The fight against tuberculosis in the Australian Colonies and New Zea- land, J. P. D. Leahy ( Trmts. and Pror. New Zealand Inxf., 35 [WOJ), pp. 220-225). — The usual means of distribution of tubercle bacilli are briefly mentioned and notes are given on the legislative and sanitary work which has been done in controlling this disease in the various Australian colonies and in New Zealand. The legislation with regard to meat and milk of tuberculous animals is considered as quite defective. The etiology and treatment of tetanus, E. Thierry {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ner., 6 {1903), Xo. 30, p. J 27). — Notes are given on the tetanus bacillus and on methods which have been tested in devising a cure for tetanus. In cases where the mastica- tory muscles are not affected the animal usually recovers, while the majority of cases in which these muscles are attacked ultimately die. Favorable results are obtained in some cases from the use of a chloral or belladona ointment applied to the muscles of mastication. T-wo cases of tetanus, T. A. Kk.\gness {^Imer. Vd. Rev., 26 {1903), Xo. 11, prp. 1060-1062).— The author reports success in treating 2 cases of tetanus without recourse to the serum method. Calomel and fluid extract of gelsemium were admin- istered, followed by anodynes, enemas, and other symptomatic treatment. Plague in domestic animals, J. Caxtlie {BvUixh Med. Jour., 1903, Xo. 2230, pp. 715, 716). — Attention is called to the fact that a considerable number of domestic animals are subject to plague and that the disease may exist in them for a consider- able time without developing any pronounced symptoms. After infection turkeys may live 44 days, ducks 54, geese 35, sheep 34, and other animals may also resist the action of the disease for long periods. The prophylaxis of plague is therefore believed to be a more difficult matter than has been assumed, and will in the author's opinion remain so until a method has been devised for diagnosing plague in its early stages in the domestic animals. A disease of cattle as seen in south-central Nebraska during 1899 and 1900, A. BosTKOM {Aiiter. Vet. Per., 27 (1903), Xo. 4, pp. 331,332).— X description is given of a disease which appears suddenly and affects about 10 per cent of the herd. A stiffness is noticed at first, combined with an appearance of lesions in the mouth, and sore eyes. The sucking calves of affected cows did not take the disease. The course of the disease is from 2 to 3 weeks, and the rate of mortality is about 2 per cent. The author is uncertain as to the nature of this disease, but believes it to be contagious. Common ailments of breeding cattle, C. L. Willoughby {Georgia Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 44, figs. 16). — The purpose of this bulletin is to present in a popular and conven- ient form an account of the more important diseases to which cattle are subject, together with a discussion of the most efficient remedies. The subjects discussed include breeding, pregnancy, abortion, parturition, j^arturient paresis, uterine diseases, affections of the udder, l)loating, and impaction. An account is given of the causes of barrenness, and brief notes are presented on the more important farm medicines and the methods of administering them. In the treatment of jiarturient paresis success was had in 2 cases from the application of Schmidt's method. In a discussion of the various diseases many practical sugges- tions are made which can be readily utilized to good advantage by the farmer and^ dairyman. Milk fever, abortion, diarrhea {Jersey cattle, their feeding and management. Lon- don: Vinton d- Co., Ltd., 1903, 2. ed., pp. 29-73). — A detailed account is given of the symptoms and treatment of these diseases. A number of members of the English VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 409 Jersey Cattle Society have tried experiments in the treatment of cows before calving in order to prevent the development of milk fever. This preventive treatment, which has proved to be quite satisfactory, consists in giving special attention to the comfort, temperature conditions, etc., of cows for a period of 4 to 6 weeks before calving. During the latter i:)art of Ihis period it is considered desirable to take the temperature of cows daily, or oftener if any abnormal conditions appear. It is recommended that some laxative feed be given, but that otherwise the feed should be somewhat reduced in order to prevent excessive development of internal fat. It is also recommended that cows be dried off at least 4 weeks before calving. In treating cases of milk fever success is reported from the application of drastic poultices to the spinal cord, ice about the head, and giving laxative drinks. Schmidt's treatment also proved successful. Reports are given from various member-s of the society concerning the prevalence and treatment of abortion. Several members report success from the application of external antiseptic washes. Prevention is considered better than treatment, how- ever, since treatment is not always uniform in results. The best method of preven- tion, in the experience of the members of the society, consists in giving attention to the hygienic conditions of the animal and the application of strict disinfectant meas- ures in case of an outbreak of the disease. The form of diarrhea which was investigated was found to be due to the presence of stomach worms. A number of experiments were made in testing the action of ammonia upon these worms. This substance was found to exercise a very rapid effect upon the worms. The parasites were killed within 3 minutes when placed in a solution containing 1 part ammonia to 2,400 parts of water, and in 90 minutes in a solution containing 1 part of ammonia to 30,000 parts of water. Milk fever, J. W. Coxnaway {Missouri State Bd. Agr. Rpt., 1902, pp. 3S2-334). — A short account of the prevention and treatment of this disease. It is recommended that cows be put on short rations for a week or so before calving. In treating the disease the Schmidt method is recommended, combined with the use of Epsom salts as a laxative. Parturient paresis, A. \V. Baker {Amer. Vet. Rev., 27 {1903), No. 3, p. 235). — • Tlie author frequently has occasion to treat cases of this disease and has had best success from the administration of magnesium sulphate together with infusion of potassium iodid and creolin every 8 hours. If necessary this treatment may be fol- lowed by ;-timulants, such as nux vomica, belladonna, or aromatic spirits of ammonia. Parturient paresis, D. R. Kohler {Amer. Vet. Rev., 26 {1903), No. 11, pp. 105.3- 1055). — Notes on the cause, symptoms, course, and treatment of this disease. In the author's experience the best results were obtained in the administration of strychnin, Barbados aloes, nitrous ether, and aromatic spirits of ammonia followed by infusions of potassium iodid. Preliminary report on a new method of preventing milk fever, A. S. Wheeler {Amer. Vet. Rev., 27 {1903), No. 1, pp. 57, 58). — An experiment was made on 30 cows in testing the method used by certain dairymen in England in the treatment of milk ftiver. The method consists in partially milking the cows every 6 hours after calving for the first 3 or 4 days. The purpose of this treatment is to partly relieve the pressure in the tidder, Init not to reduce it too quickly. None of the 30 cows developed milk fever, and this result is considered as highly satisfactory, since heretofore it has been impossible to avoid the occurrence of the disease. Further experiments will be made with this method. The treatment of parturient paresis, J. B. Caughev {Amer. Vet. Rev., 26 {1903), No. 10, pp. 958, 959). — Excellent results are reported from the use of potas- siinn iodid "in treating this disease. The author states, however, that where any drench is used unsatisfactory results are obtained in a large percentage of cases. The aujthor is inclined to believe from his experience that considerable danger attaches to the use of magnesium sulphate as a drench in cases of parturient paresis. 410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tricresol in the treatment of parturient paresis, S. Buenton [Anicr. Vet. liev., ;%■ {i;i<)3), No. J2,pp. 1124, It,.'')). — The authdi'luis liad good mikh'chh ill treating cashes of this disease with a mixture containing 2 gni. of tricresol and glycerin in a quart of sterilized water. This mixture is injected in equal quantities into each (juarterof the udder. In the majority of cases 1 injection is all that is required, hut the treat- ment may be repeated at intervals of 6 to ls. 5). — The author conducted an elaborate series of experiments and made numerous observations on the development of glan- ders in camels from natural infection and also from artilicial inoculation. Material obtained from glanderous camels was inoculated by various methods into small experimental animals and also into cattle and horses. The disease was found to be identical in all these animals. Notes are given on the symptoins and post-mortem findings in glanders in camels, and on experiments made for the purpose of developing a rapid method for diag- nosing glanders in these animals. The inoculation of guinea pigs was found to be one of the more successful and rapid methods of diagnosis. The question of the agglutination of glanders bacilli was studied and it was found possible to produce this process by treatment with serum of diseased animals, but the method is not recommended as reliable in all cases. Rabies or hydrophobia, H. F. Palmer {Amer. Vet. Rev., 27 {1903), No. 4, ]>p. 32S-330). — Brief notes on the etiology and treatment of this disease. Malignant enzootic anemia of kennel dogs due to infection with blood- consuming worms (Dochmius trigonacephalus), F. H. Miller {Amer. Vet. Rev., ,V {1903), No. 6, pp. 491-511, fujs. 4). — While distemper is the most important disease to which dogs are subject, a great loss is suffered from intestinal parasitic worms. Notes are given on the appearance and life history of D. trigonacephalus, which is parasitic in the small intestines of young dogs. This disease is, according, to the author's experience, very prevalent in New York City and neighboring local- ities and has proved to be very difficult to treat. The disease is most frequent in young puppies up to 10 weeks of age, since up to that age the animals apparently have no resisting power to the disease. The parasitic worm which causes this disease has been found almost as abundantly in kennels maintained under the best sanitary conditions as in filthy locations. The disease appears suddenly, and the chief symptoms are depression, loss of appetite, staring coat, weak pulse, subnormal temperature, and anemia. The pathological anatomy of this disease resembles closely that of D. duodenalis in man. The author believes that the dog is the only host of P. trigonacephalus. Little success was had in treating this disease. Experiments were made with thymol, male shield fern, creolin, and other antiseptic substances, but the results were not very satisfactory. For preventing infestation with this worm the author reconmiends that the kennel should be provided witli concrete floors, which would thus be impervious to worms. Diseases of poultry, F. 11. Robertson {Jour. Bevt. Agr. West Australia, 7 {1903), No. 5, 2)p. 357-362). — An account is presented of the symptoms, cause, and treatment of apoplexy, bronchitis, bumble foot, chicken pox, chicken cholera, canker, roup, leg weakness, and other diseases to which chickens are susceptible. Various recommendations are also made regarding the general sanitary conditions which should prevail in poultry houses in order to prevent the spread of diseases. 414 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD- AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Egyptian irrigation, C. T. Johnston ( T. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Sta- tions Jill I. J JO, pp. 100, ph. J-i-, figs. 9). — This bulletin gives the results of observations matk' during the winter of 1901-2 of the irrigation works, practices, and administra- tive system of Egypt, discussed with reference to their ajiplicability to American conditions. An irrigation project, J. Crevat {Jour. Agr. I'rat., n. ser., 5 {1903), Nos. 16, pp. 513-.'>L',; 17, pp. 532-53.5; 18, pp. .566-568; 20, pp. 63.5-638, figs. 5; 6 {1903), Nos. 32, pp. is.5-187,fig. 1; 34, pp. 249-254, fig. 1)- — This article discusses the general features of a i)lan for irrigating the plain of Loyettes from the River Ain, with formulas and tables relating to velocity of flow in canals, capacity of canals, etc. Irrigation works {Nature [Loudou], 68 {1903) , No. 1765, pp. 404-406). — Notes on recent reports on irrigation in India, South Africa, and elsewhere. Irrigation on the Murray: Utilization of the swamp lands, A. J. Perkins {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 6 {1903), Nos. 8, jjp. 489-494, figs. 5; 9, p>p. 532-536; 10, pp. 592-595; 11, pp. 659-664). — The possibility and means of reclaiming the swamp lands along the Murray and the phj'sical and chemical properties and fertilizer requirements of the reclaimed soils are discussed, special attention being given to the soluble salts present. The relation of rainfall to run-oflf, G. AV. Rafter ( Water Supply and Irrig. I'apers, U. S. Geol. Surveg, No. 80, pp. 104, fig>^. 23) . — This bulletin discusses the cause, measurement, variation, and distribution of rainfall; the measurement of run'off and the calculation of the results; evaporation as affecting run-off; the move- ment of ground water, and the relation of geological structure and forest growth to run-off. The author claims that the cause of rainfall, Ijeyond the cooling of the air below the dew point, is not well understood, and that it is micertain whether rainfall is to any extent increasing. He holds that there is no general expression giving accurately the relation of rainfall to run-(jff, every stream Ijeing in effect a law unto itself. For convenience of discussion the rainfall and run-off records given in the bulletin are divided into storage, growing, and replenishing periods, and it is shown that a large percentage of the total water supply runs off during the storage period. It is claimed, however, that the run-off of streams has been generally overestimated. Evaporation is shown to be a very uniform element, the largest evaporation occurring in deforested catchment areas. A study of ground water is shown to be of impor- tance in explaining the peculiarities of stream flow. Forests exert an important influence in increasing ground water flow, so that it may be said that the removal of forests notably decreases the miniiiiuni flow of the stieam. From the evidence adduced it is uncertain whether forests in any way influence the quantity of rainfall. California hydrography, J. B. Lippincott( Water Sujjply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Surrey, No. 81, jip. 4S8, figs. 4, map 1). — This is "a summary of as much of the data concerning the water supply of California as is available from printed records and from observations of other engineers and investigations made by this Sur- vey. . . . The discharge measurements include both low-water and flood records and are accompanied by useful precipitation data." Summaries of observations on eva|)oration at a number of places in Nevada and California are included in the bulletin. Water conservation, H. G. McKinney {Agr. Jour, and Min. Rec. \_Natal'\, 6 {1903) , No. 12, jjp. 429, 430). — This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the construction of dams on an extended scale for the conservation of water in Natal. Riparian rights and the necessity to declare and define the law with respect to natural water, W. Deacon {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 2, pp. 130-133). — A brief discussion of this question as applied to Queensland. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 415 Hural hydraulics, V. Xkcoi.i {Idrau/Ica rurule. Firenze: G. Bnrhlra, 1902^ pp. ,!.U, figi<. 70). Historic highways of America, A. B. Hulbert [Cleveland, Ohio: ArtJtnr H. Clark Co., 1903, vols. 4, pp. 21S, pis. 4, maps 4; .5, pp. 205, pi. 1, maps 3; 6, jjp. 207, pis. 2, map 1; 7, pp. 194, maps 2). — Volume 4 deals with Braddock's road and three relative papers; volume 5, the old glade (Forbes's) road (Pennsylvania State road); volume 6, Boone's Wilderness road; and volume 7, portage paths, the keys of the continent. These historic highways are described and discussed in their relation to national development. For a notice of previous volumes of this series see E. S. E., 14, p. 928. Proceeding's of the National Good Roads Convention held at St. Louis, Mo., April 27 to 29, 1903 ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Public Road Inquiries Bid. 26, pp. SO). — This convention was largely attended, most of the States and Territories being represented. Among the papers and addresses included in the bulletin are The History and Purposes of the Good Roads Movement, by W. H. Moore; Our National Policy, by jNI. Dodge; Congress and the People, by A. C. Latimer; Improvement of Our Highways, by J. B. Killebrew; Good Roads and Civilization, by N. A. Miles; The Farmers' Right to Recognition, by R. H. Kern; The Relation of Roads to Schools, by R. H. Jesse; Remarks on Ways and Means, by J. Hogg; Factors in America's Progress, by S. Hill; The Road Problem, by W. J. Bryan; The Press and the Roads, by R. W. Wright; Good Roads and How to Get Them, by R. Stone; Pennsylvania's Xew Road Law, by W. L. Rhodes; Bitumen as a Road Material, by F. J. Warren; Road Laws, by M. R. Campbell; Practical Road Building under the State-aid Plan, by W. L. Dickinson; What the South Wants, by C. P. Lane; Earth Roads by the Missouri Method, by G. W. Waters; Self-help better than Government Aid, by L. Young; Education of the People on the Good Roads Question, by J. H. Brigham; The Iowa Idea of the Good Roads Problem, by A. B. Cummins; and Good Roads as an Element in National Greatness, by T. Roosevelt. Seventh annual report of the commissioner of highways, Ontario, 1902, A. W. Campbell {Toronto: Ontario Dept. Public Works, 1903, pp. 152, pi. 1, figs. 37).— This is a report on road and street improvement in Ontario during 1902, and con- tains articles dealing with the following subjects: The good roads movement in Ontario; county roads; various laws of the province affecting road making; town- ship reports on progress in highway improvement; modern road making, including brief discussions of road surfacing, drainage, use of broken stone and gravel, dirt roads, repair of roads, use of graders, crushers, rollers, and scrapers, hauling and spreading road metal, location with reference to hills, tile and concrete culverts, highway bridges, and snow roads; and reports from various towns on methods and progress of road improvement. There are also given specifications for macadam streets, concrete sidewalks, concrete curb and gutter, and for testing Portland cement. Road dragging {Mo. Bui. ifissouri St<. 1J).—A two-wheel cart is described in detail, with results of tests of draft on different kinds of roads and descTii)tions of harness to be useil with the cart. The utility of motor cars for the carriage of produce in country districts, J. T. Bell ei- al. {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1003), No. 2, pp. 110-121). — A general discussion of the proposition to substitute motor freight cars for the so-called agri- cultural railways, whicli aro clainied to have been unprofitable in Queensland. Applications of electricity to agriculture, E. Guarini {Engineer. Mag. and Ind. Eev., 25 {1903), No. 4, PP- 550-561, figs. 9). — The agricultural applications of electricity discussed in this article are measurement of rainfall and for storm warn- ing (Lancetta's apparatus), telegraphy and telephony, operating plows, appliances for felling trees, thrashing machines, etc. An electrically operated farm at Crottorf, Saxony, is described, especial attention being given to the installation of the elec- trical ai^paratus. Figures are quoted to show that the cost of electric plowing has been reduced as low as $2 to $2.50 per acre. Two systems are employed — single motor and double motor. Farm power, K. Hoggan et al. {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 2, pp. 123- 130). — A discussion of the adaptability of gasoline engines to farm work, with an account of the construction and oijeration of such engines. Farm engines and how to run them, J. H. Stephenson ( Chicago: Frederick J. Drake & Co., 1903, pp. 215, pi. 1, figs. 63). — "A simple, practical handbook, for experts as well as for amateurs, fully describing every part of an engine and boiler, giving full directions for the safe and economical management of both; also several hundred questions and answers often given in examinations for an engineer's license, and chapters on farm engine economy, with special attention to traction and gasoline farm engines, and a chapter on the science of successful thrashing." The use of agricultural machinery in the United States, G. Fischer {Deut. Landw. Fresse, 29 {1902), Nos. 101, pp. 813, 814, figs. 2; 102, pp. 821, 822, figs. 6; 30 {1903), Nos. 1, p. 4, fig. 1; 3, pp. 20, 21, fig. 1; 4, p. 26; 7, pp. 47, 48, fig. 1; 10, p. 74, figs. 6; 12, pp. 91, 92, figs. 11; 16, p. 127, figs. 5; 18, p. 148, figs. 2; 20, pp. 164, 165, figs. 6; 22, p. 184, figs. 7; 25, p. 211, figs. 2). — The implements and machinery dis- cussed include plows, harrows, fertilizer distributers, seeding machines, harvesting machines, thrashing machines, elevators, hay handling and loading apparatus, wind- mills, cold storage and drying rooms, road shovels, silos, machines used in maize culture, dairy apparatus and utensils, and apparatus for preserving and canning fruit. Markets for agricultural implements and vehicles in foreign countries, {HpKC. [ V. »S'.] Consular Rpls. 27, 1903, pp. XL VIII [^ 181, figs. 34). — The questions con- sidered in these reports are the cost of hand labor as related to labor-saving machin- ery; suitability of roads and draft animals in foreign countries to American vehicles; the extent to which agricultural implements, vehicles, etc., are used in the different countries; and the possibility and means of extending the trade in these articles. MISCELLANEOUS. Twelfth Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1903 ( Oklahoma Sta. Ept. 1903, pp. 15-71). — This includes a report of the director, a summary of the press bulletins issued during the year, meteorological data noted elsewhere, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903. The j^ress bulletins, which are to a certain extent a repetition of matter contained in the regular bulletins of the station, deal with a variety of subjects, including the culture of wheat, oats, alfalfa, and peanuts, mak- ing lawns, testing seeds, comparative feeding value of cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, feeding experiments with steers and pigs, Texas fever, pink-eye, borers in trees, Hessian fly, body blight of pears, grapevine-leaf hopper, melon louse, striped cucum- MISCELLANEOUS. 417 ber beetle, bagworms, chinch hua, planting speeds of forest trees?, peach culture, and varieties of fruit for Oklahoma. Thirteenth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1903 {Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 6S). — This includes the organization list of the station, a report of the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, and reports of members of the station staff, parts of which are noted elsewhere. The report of the director discusses, among other subjects, the origin and purpose of the station; coop- erative work; station equipment and buildings, and lines of work that may profit- ably be undertaken by the station, especially in stock feeding and breeding; and includes abstracts of the regular bulletins issued during the year, and reprints of press bulletins dealing with storage reservoirs, food adulteration and inspection, the prevention of grain smut, and the Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes. Index to Wyoming Station bulletins, Grace R. Hebard ( Wyoming Sla. Index Bui. C, pp. 33). — A list of the publications of the station since its organization, and a subject index to Bulletins 38-53, issued from September, 1898, to June, 1902. Crop Reporter ( JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Siati.stics Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. 4, pp. 25-32; .5, pp. 33-40; 6, pp. 41-48). — These numbers, for August, September, and October, 1903, contain the usual statistical information on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries. Sources of the agricultural imports of the United States, 1898-1902, F. H. Hitchcock {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Foreign Markets Bnl. 31, pp. 150).— The total value of the agricultural imports during the fiscal year 1902 was 1413,744,557 and the average value for the 5 years covered by this report was $379,124,315. Of the im- ports for 1902 Brazil supplied 15.07, the United Kingdom 8.74, Cuba 7.09, Japan 6.32, France 5.56, and Italy 5.19 per cent. The principal agricultural imports were coffee, animal fibers, hides and skins, sugar, vegetable fibers, fruits and nuts, alcoholic liquors, tobacco, tea, vegetable oils, and cocoa and chocolate. A similar statistical report for the years 1S97-1901 was publislied as Bulletin 28 of the Section (E. S. R., 14, j). 508). Distribution of the agricultural exports of the United States, 1898-1902, F. H. Hitchcock ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Foreign Markets Bui. 32, pp. 224). — The total value of the agricultural exports of the United States during the fiscal year 1902 was $857,113,533 and the average value for the 5 years covered by this report was $861,037,815. Of the agricultural exports during 1902 the United Kingdom re- ceived 48.62, Germany 15.39, the Netherlands 5.56, and France 5.34 per cent. Cotton constituted 34.02 per cent of the total agricultural exports, grain and grain products 24.9 per cent, and meat and meat products 22.85 per cent. A similar statistical re- port for the years 1897-1901 was published as Bulletin 29 of the Section (E. S. R., 14, p. 508). Belgium's foreign trade in agricultural products for 1902 ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Foreign Markets Circ. 26, pp. 8). Agricultural returns for Great Britain for 1902 {London: Bd. Agr., 1903, pp. XL + 264, fig. 1, maps 2). — A report on the agricultural returns relating to acreage and produce of crops and number of live stock in Great Britain, with summaries for the United Kingdom, British possessions, and foreign countries, and particulars of prices, imports, and exports of agricultural produce. Letters on agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, and the Orient, D. G. Fairciiili) ( r. >S'. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 27, pp. 40, pis. 5).— This contains the author's ol)servations on agricultural conditions in the British West Indies, the Philippine Islands, Spain, China, the Persian Gulf region, and Japan. Comments are made especially upon the preparation being made in the British West Indies for the establishment of experiment stations and agricultural colleges, the culture of yams in Jamaica, the opportunities for agricultural and botanical research in the Philippine Islands, and breeds of milch cattle and carabaos for these islands. The author speaks very highly of the Jamaica yam, especially the variety Yampie. 418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Handbook for settlers (Pretorid, Tnau^ntdl: Dept. Ayr., 190^, pp. 96 i-XV,fig.l). — This publication, which is edited by A. R. E. Burton and designed to aid settlers in the Transvaal, contains descriptive and statistical matter regarding the country, dis- cussions of the possibilities of various agricultural and live stock industries, and much miscellaneous information. A glossary of 8outh African words, including many agricultural terms, is also given. List of State directors of farmers' institutes and farmers' institute lectur- ers of the United States, J. Ha.mu.tox ( T. ,S'. Jhjit. A'jr., Office of E-fperinunl Stu- tion.'i Circ. 51, pp. 2S). Bibliographia agronomica universalis, E. Ottavi, A. Marescalchi et al. {Casale: Ottavi Bros., 1903, No. 1, pp. 56). — This is a list of 445 publications relating to agriculture which have appeared since January 1, 1903. The publications are for the most part in Italian, the intention being to include the foreign publications in the second number, soon to appear. The references are arranged alphabetically by authors under the following headings: General agriculture; soils, agricultural machinery, crops and their utilizatit)n; pests and diseases of cultivated plants; special crops; forestry; horticulture; zootechny; animal products; beneficial insects; hunt- ing, fishing, i^isciculturc, and miscellaneous. liist of journals, ■with abbreviations used in the catalogue as references {Internat. Cat. Sci. Lit., List of Journals, 1903, pp. XV+S12). — This contains lists of periodicals in different countries as prepared by the regional bureaus engaged in the preparation of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. Some 4,500 periodicals are listed. Instructions for the use of the regional bureaus are appended. NOTES California Station. — A press report states that it has been decidetl to elose the sub- station near Jackson, known as the Amador or Sierra Foothill Station. The station has been in existence for 6 years. Georgia College. — Science Hall was completely destroyed by fire the night of Novem- ber 19. The building was insured for S25,000 and some additional insurance was car- ried on the apparatus. Iowa College. — W. W. Smitli lias been appointed to a fellowship in animal husbandry. Missouri Station. — The Missouri Louisiana Purchase Commission has appropriated $7,000 to be given in prizes for Missouri corn. Each county is to hold a corn show, and the best corn from the several counties will be exhibited at St. Louis in Decem- ber, where 81,000 will be distributed in prizes for corn. In connection with each county corn show a farmers' institute will be held, at which corn experts will give thorough instruction in breeding, growing, and harvesting corn. As a climax to this effort to interest ^Missouri farmers in better methods of corn growing, the Col- lege of Agriculture will give a ten-days' corn school. Important results are expected to follow these organized efforts. South Carolina College and Station. — B. H. Rawl, B. S., has succeeded C. O. Upton in charge of dairy and animal husbandry work in the college and station, Professor Upton having resigned at the beginning of the college year, as previously noted. Tennessee Station. — A new wing has been added to the dairy barn, which provides ample room for young calves, heifers, and dry cows. It is a three-story structure with stable below, storage for implements on the second floor, and seed room on the third floor. H. H. Hampton, a graduate of the university, has been appointed fertilizer chemist, the samples collected in the fertilizer inspection now being turned over to the station for analysis. The station has recently received several gifts of pure-bred cattle and hogs, and this winter will feed 32 head of beef cattle, 16 of which are grade Herefords from native cows. This is the first attempt the station has made to study the benefits from crossing the pure-bred Hereford sire on native stock. Under the appropriation made by the last legislature for farmers' institutes an endeavor is being made to hold an institute in every county in the State. These institutes are much appreciated, as is evidenced by the very large attendance. "Wyoming University and Station. — E. E. Slosson, chemist, has resigned to engage in literary work. Plant and Animal Breeders' Association. — The call has been issued for a meeting of plant and animal breeders at St. Louis, December 29 and 30, 1903, with a view to organizing an association. The objects of the proposed association are to study the laws of heredity; to devise better methods of breeding plants and animals; to bring about cooperation in breeding, testing, and increasing the use of improved animals and plants; to better develop the work of registry associations and competitive shows of animals and plants, and, in general, to perfect the knowledge of breeding, and to aid in the better organization of the business of plant and animal breeding. It is proposed to divide into two sections — a plant section and an animal section. 11776— No. 4— U3 8 419 420 EXPERIMENT STATION KECURD. The programme for the St. Louis meeting will provide general sessions for perfecting an organization-and for the discussion of topics of interest alike to animal and plant breeders and biologists, and sessions of the two sections. Agricultural Schools and Experimental Farms in Quebec. — A royal school has been incorporated under the laws of the Province of Quebec for the purpose of establishing and carr3-ing on agricultural schools and experimental farms. The school is to main- tain two or more schools and experimental farms in the jtrovince, one to be located in the district of Montreal and one in the district of Quebec. Each school will contain accommodations for at least 50 j^upils and will give a 3-years' course, tuition and board being free of charge. The course will include all branches of agriculture, horticulture, aboriculture, dairying, slaughtering and curing of meats, carpentering, blacksmithing, and such other trades as may be useful to farmers. The school will establish experi- mental farms and "farms for tuition purposes," will clear and improve land and dispose of the same to its graduates and others, and will make advances to settlers to enable them to take up lands. Primary Agricultural Schools in Saxony. — According to a recent issue of the Con- sular Reports there are 12 primary agricultural schools in Saxony and 2 horticultural schools. Candidates for admission to these schools must be at least 14 years of age, and no one will be considered who has not completed the prescribed course at some ordinary public school. The subjects taught in the primary agricultural school at Meissen, for example, include German, arithmetic, surveying, general agriculture, bookkeeping, writing, geometry, natural history, fruit raising, political economy, his- tory, draAving, agricultural history, and stock raising. New Correspondence Agricultural College. — A correspondence college for agricul- ture has been organized at Sioux City, Iowa, with the following professional staff: Director, Carl C. Magee, Sioux City, Iowa; dean of agricultural de})artment, W. A. Linklater, Sioux City, Iowa; animal husbandry, W. J. Kennedy, of Iowa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts; agronomy, P. G. Holden, of the same institution; and veterinary science, A. T. Peters, of the Nebraska Experiment Station. The courses of study offered include animal husbandry, agronomy, veterinary science, stock feeding, stock judging, and short courses in castration, obstetrics, spaying, and sanitary and preventive medicine. Miscellaneous. — According to a recent announcement a colonial school has been established in connection with the University of Nancy, France, in which instruction is given in forestry, agriculture, economics, etc., the object being to prepare students for positions in the French colonies. The number of students matriculated for 1902-3 was 34. In connection with this school biweekly conferences are held which are open to the public and have been quite largely attended. The director of the new school is Edmond Gain. The commission appointed to inquire into the steps to be taken toward the estab- lishment of a university for the Transvaal has recommended the acquisition of a site within a convenient distance of Johannesburg and Pretoria, upon which shall be located the teaching university, an agricultural school, and state laboratories for chemistry and animal and vegetable pathology. The appointment of a principal of the highest scientific attainments and ajiproved organizing capacity is urged. Mean- while H. S. Hele-Shaw, professor of engineering in Liverpool University, has been appointed to organize technical education in the Transvaal and the Orange Eiver Colony. Thomas Kosutuny, director of the Chemical Experiment Station at Altenburg, Hungary, has been appointed director of the Chemical Agricultural Institute and Central Chemical Experiment Station at Budapest, and Josef Adorjiin has been appointed head chemist in the above institute. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson. Meteorology, FertiUzers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. 5. Editorial notes: Page The American Association meeting at St. Louis 421 Rural economics at the St. Louis meeting 422 Acquisition of the nitrogen of the air by calcium carbid 423 Agricultural research and the Carnegie Institution 425 Convention of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1903, H. W. Lawson 427 Recent work in agricultural science 444 Notes --- 525 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Determination of small amounts of potassimii, F. K. Cameron and G. H. Failyer 444 Volumetric determination of potash, F. W. Kiister and M. Griiters 444 Colorimetric method for phosphates in jjresence of silica, O. Schreiner 444 Reduction of nitric acid to ammonia by electric current, W. H. P^aston 444 A small improvement in the Kjeldahl method, Gregoire and Carpiaux 444 SoluVjility of lime in the presence of alkalis, A. d' Anselme 444 Solubility of gypsum in presence of metallic chlorids, N. A. Orlov 445 Standardization of potassium permanganate solution, H. Walland 445 Laboratory method for ordinary chemical examination of waters . ,... 445 Use of calcined magnesia in the incineration of organic substances, H. Klein.. 445 Studies on the vegetable proteins, T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris 445 Solubility of globulin in f-alt solutions, T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris 445 Concerning avenin, St. Weiser 445 Suljjhur content of gelatin and its estimation, O. Krunuuacher 445 Action of diastase on starch granules of raw and malted barley, A. R. Ling. . . 445 Animal and vegetal)le fixed oils, fats, butters, and waxes, C. R. A. Wright 446 Thermodynamics and chemistry, P. Duhem, trans, by G. K. Burgess 446 I II CONTENTS. HOTANV. Page. Morpholojry of anation investigationsj for 1902, E. jNlead et al 520 Plans of ptnu'tures in use on irrigation canals in the United States 521 Storage of water on Cache la Poudre and Big Thompson rivers, C. E. Tait 521 Storage reservoirs on Stony Creek, California, B. Cole 521 Report of progress of stream measurements for the year 1902, F. H. Newell. . 521 Agricultural importance of the waters of mountain areas, F. W. Toussaint.. . 521 Drainage and the agricultural sanitation of soils, L. Faure 521 Drought, drainage, and subirrigation, \V. Clatworthy 522 The value of water power, L. Koch 522 Roller gins for cotton, F. Main 522 Time and cost of making earthworks, M. Ringelmann 522 Reduction of nitrates by sewage, Letts, R. F. Blake, and J. S. Totton 522 The misuse of physics by biologists and engineers, W. S. Franklin 522 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual report for the year 1902 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Ploti . 522 Reprints from Vynlletins and reports of Oklahoma Station 523 Bulletins and annual reports of Arizona Station, \V. O. Hajes 523 Legislation relating to farmers' institutes, J. Hamilton ' 523 A few good books and bulletins on nature study, etc., D. J. Crosby 523 History of German agriculture, T. von der Goltz 524 Agricultural education in Germany 524 Agricultural returns for Great Britain, 1903 524 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United Statett. Arizonia Station: Page. . Bui. 4(), Oct. 12, 1903 456 Index to Vol. Ill, Buls. 33-40, and An. Rpts. 1900-1901 . . . 523 California Station: Circ. 7, June, 1903 490 Circ. 8 445 Colorado Sta,tion: Bui. 82, June, 1903 454 Connecticut State Station: An. Rpt., 1902, pt. 4 445,467, 472, 475, 480, 482, 495, 497, 509, 522 Florida Station: Bui . 68, June, 1 903 459 Illinois Station: Bui. 88, Aug. , 1903 469 Circ. 70, May, 1903 465 Circ. 71 , June, 1903 491 Iowa Station: Bui. 72, Oct., 1903 475 Maryland Station: Bui. 89, June, 1903 461 Minnesota Station: Bui. 82, June, 1903 514 Bui. 83, July, 1903 573 Nebraska Station: Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1902 460, 484, 514, 522 New York State Station: Bui. 237, July, 1903 508 Bui. 238, Aug., 1903 496 Bui. 239, Sept., 1903 474 Bui. 240, Sept. , 1903 497 North Dakota Station: Bui. 56, June, 1903 483 Bui. 57, Sept. , 1903 495 Slati tlie [lilted ,SVa/«;— Continued. Oliio Station: l'«se. Bui. 141, June, 1903 464 Oklahoma Station: Bui . 59, Sept. , 1903 523 Tennessee Station: • Bui., Vol. 16, No. 3, July, 1903. 501 Bui., Vol. 16, No. 4, Oct., 1903. 467 AVest Virginia Station: Bui. 84, Jan., 1903 465, 466 Bui. 85, Dec. 31, 1902 463 Bui. 86, Apr., 1903 477 Bui. 87, May, 1903 480 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 100, Apr., 1903 463, 498 Bui. 101, July, 1903 509 Bui. 102, Aug., 1903 502 . Bui. 103, Sept., 1903 504 Bui. 104, Sept., 1903 499 r. S. Department of Agricnhure. Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 50 (5 cents) "... 495 Nineteenth An. Rpt., 1902 (cloth,$1.10; paper, 95 cents) 498, 499, 502, 505, 509, 511, 512,513,515,518,520,522 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 22 (Scents) 457 Circ. 11 459 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 131 (60 cents) 521 Bui. 132 (5 cents) 492 Bui 133 (25 cents) 520 Bui. 134 (10 cents) 521 Bui. 135 (5 cents) 523 Circ. 52 523 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau, recjuests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is |1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. January, 1904. No. 5. The meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science brought together at St. Louis, during the closing week of the year, nearly five hundred persons interested in various lines of scien- tific inquiry. Although the attendance was smaller than last year, it was a typical gathering of representatives of pure and applied science as related to the heavens above and the earth beneath and, it should be added, upon the earth, for agriculture was there, not in a single section or afiiliated society, but in so man}- of the meetings as to be much in evidence. It had the unusual distinction, for it, of a promi- nent place in the presidential address, which was upon the subject of Scientific Investigation and Progress. In considering what the world gains bj" scientific investigation, Dr. Remsen emphasized the importance of investigations relating to the problem of food suppl3\ Referring to Berthelot's dream of the syn- thetic preparation of food from water and the carbonic acid of the air, he concluded that *' although science is not likelj', within periods that we may venture to think of, to do away with the necessity of cul- tivating the soil, it is likely to teach us how to get more out of the soil than we now do, and thus put us in a position to provide for the gen- erations that are to follow us. And this carries with it the thought that unless scientific investigation is kept up these coming generations will not be provided for." That there is to be no abatement of this investigation was indicated ^y the inauguration of two new societies whose fields are distinctly agricultural, and by the programmes of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science and the Association of Economic Entomol- ogists, as well as several sections of the association proper. The American Breeders' Association, as it was finally decided to call the new organization for plant and animal breeders, eft'ected an organiza- tion of which the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture was chosen president, which provides for two sections, for plant breeding and animal breeding, respectivel3^ An interesting programme of papers and discussions, relating for the most part to plant breeding, was 421 422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. presented; und the Societ}' for llorticulturul Science formed at Boston last summer carried out a quite lengthy programme. The initial meetinos of these organizations developed an enthusiasm for earnest work which promises to make them useful factors in pro- moting investigation and advancement along their respective lines. They also increased the general confusion and conflict of programmes which has been evident in the past, and made it increasing]}' difficult to follow up the papers in a particular line. This became so apparent that joint sessions of several of the associations were held to listen to papers covering common ground. A brief account of the papers relating to agricultural science which were presented at the St. Louis meeting will be given in the next issue. The attention which the subject of rural economics received is w^orthy of special mention, in view of the increasing interest on the part of associations of various sorts in matters pertaining to agricul- ture and rural life. This is an encouraging indication of the impress being made in directing popular attention to agricultural education and investigation, and the improvement of farm life. One session of the section on Social and Economic Science was given up to the economic aspects of agriculture. Four papers were read. In the first, on The Function of Forestry in the New Agriculture, T. H. Sherrard called attention to the fact that from one-third to one- half of the forests of the United States belong to farmers, and that their interest in forestry is primarily concerned with the maintenance of wood lots in a productive condition. The method of cooperation which the Bureau of Forestry carries on with farmers in managing forest areas was outlined, and a brief account given of the science of sylviculture as related to farming. C. F, Curtiss, of Iowa, discussed The Econonuc Functions of Live Stock, pointing out the relationship between live stock and the main- tenance of fertility of the soil, and urging the advantages to the soil and from a business standpoint of combining crop growing and animal production. Animal by-products, which were at first used solely as fertilizers, have nearly all been found to be valuable feeding stuffs for farm animals. They are now^ first fed to animals and later returned to the soil as manure. The speaker expressed the hope that when diversified farming and animal industry are properly combined the use of artificial fertilizers may become unnecessary. Agricultural Economics was the subject of a paper by H. C. Taylor, of Wisconsin, which was treated from the standpoint of instruction and of agricultural practice. The chief problem in agriculture is how to secure the largest net return from the land. The productive efficiency of the farmer was stated to vary as greatl}^ as the fertility of the soil, and it was urged that theoretically the degree of efficiency of the EDITORIAL. 423 farming should be regulated to the i)r()(lucti\it3' of the land. The lack of such an equilibrium was held to be responsible for the dis- satisfaction of the farmer and the attempt to better his condition bj^ making a change. This was thought to be reflected in a general way in the ownership of land. It was shown from the statistics compiled by the recent census that the percentage of land-owning farmers has been on a decline for the last twent}^ years. The causes for this decline apparently- vary in diflerent localities. In some cases the g-reat advance in the price of land has brought about an increase in the tenant system, whik^ in other localities the loss of productivity of the soil has necessitated the combination of farms into larger areas under the ownership of fewer individuals, with tenants. Land is often retained for sentimental reasons long after it has become so infertile as to render other occupations necessary for the support of the family. The showing of decline in land ownership caused surprise and led to considerable discussion of the causes and effects. In a paper on Improvement in Farm Management, W. M. Hays, of Minnesota, urged the desirability of improving the social and educa- tional conditions of farmers, in order to make their living conditions more pleasant and to retain the most active and progressive boys upon the farm. Attention was called to the various factors operating for the development of scientific agriculture and increasing farm production, and thus making the business of farming more attractive from a financial standpoint. The problem of arranging a rotation of crops and making combinations of profitable crops was discussed in considerable detail. The methods followed at the Minnesota Agri- cultural College in teaching farm management were described, in which the students are required to prepare plans for the la3'ing out and management of their home farms, wnth the proposed crops for a period of ten j^ears in advance. The preparation of these plans in a definite form necessitates a careful consideration of all the practical problems of farm management, as applied especially to each individ- ual's farm. The adoption of a definite system of farm management, with a simple system of bookkeeping, it was urged would enable farmers to estimate accurately the profits derived from various lines of w'ork, and to abandon the production of unprofitable crops. The discussion which followed the presentation of these papers evi- denced the interest which they aroused in the economic and sentimental features of agriculture and the conditions of rural life. It was agreed that the practical solution of the problems concerned in maintaining a large percentage of farming population and in securing the greatest net returns from the farm is to be accomplished along educational lines. Ever since the discovery I)}" Priestley and Cavendish in 1Y85 that the nitrogen and oxygen of the air can be made to combine under the 424 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. influence of the electric spurk, the (luestion of preparino- nitrogenous compounds from the free nitrogen of the air has engaged the attention of sci(MitiH(' men from time to time. It is only within comparative!}^ recent years, however, that the great industrial importance of utiliz- ing this vast store of nitrogen has been full}' realized, and serious attempts made to develop practical processes of rendering it available for connnercial purposes. The matter is highly important from an agricultural standpoint, for, as every one knows, nitrogen is the most expensive of the fertilizing constituents and is restricted in supply. The exhaustion of the nitrate deposits which constitute so prominent a source of supplv has been placed by reliable estimates at a matter of only a generation or so dis- tant. The air contains nitrogen enough for all, and it has seemed highly probable that ultimately a way would be found for utilizing it for other plants than legumes. Siemens and Lovejoy and Bradley have made important advances in this direction by the use of high power electric currents for producing nitric acid from the nitrogen of the air. The development in 1894 by Moissan and Willson of an efficient electrical method for preparing calcium carbid has done much to insure the success of a very different process of fixing the free nitrogen of the air, namely, in the form of cyanamids of the alkaline earths. The recent work of Frank and Caro, Ptieger, Erlwein, Rothe, and others in the development of this method gives reasonable ground for hope that the problem of the manufacture of nitrogenous compounds from the nitrogen of the air in a practical way has to a large extent been solved. The investigations of these men, which have been briefly reviewed in the Record., show that by fusion of the carbids of the alkaline earths, especialh^ calcium carbid, in the presence of atmospheric nit- rogen freed from the larger part of the associated oxygen, calcium cyanamid is produced. In practice it is found best to combine the preparation of the calcium carbid and of the cyanamid into a single operation, b}^ starting with a mixture of calcium carbonate and coal (as in the making of carbid) and fusing these in the presence of the deoxj^- genized air. The crude product formed has admixed Avith it more or less lime and carbon, and contains from 10 to 22 per cent of nitrogen. By further treatment this product can be made to yield free ammonia, cyanid, or a dicyanamid containing 66 per cent of nitrogen, and other compounds. The experiments of Gerlach and Wagner, however, indi- cate this to be unnecessary from an agricultural standpoint, since the cj^anamid can be used directly as a fertilizer. It has no injurious effects on plants, and shows an efficienc}' fully equal to, if not exceed- ing, that of the ammonium salts, and but slightly inferior to that of nitrate of soda. EDITORIAL. 425 The preparation of the calcium cyanamid is comparatively simple and cheap. A company has been org-anized in Berlin for the manu- facture of nitrogenous compounds by this process, and if further experience fulfills the promise of the earlier work, it seems (juite probable that this new source of nitrogen for fertilizing- purposes will soon lind its way into the markets, and the experiment stations will be called upon to definitely determine its agricultural value. It is worthy of note that Dr. Remsen, in his presidential address before the Association for the Advancement of Science at St. Louis last month, referred at considerable length to this new discover}^ in its relation to the nitrogen supply of farm crops, and pronounced it to be " full of promise." The list of grants made ])y the Carnegie Institution for research during the past year affords little ground for congratulation to those interested in the promotion of agricultural science. The great field of agriculture has no representation in this list, and the grants made to the related sciences are, from the nature of the subjects to be inves- tigated, of onl}" remote and indefinite application to agriculture. In all fift3"-five separate grants were made, aggregating $147,670, and in addition the sum of $25,000 was set aside for research assistants. Of these grants botany, zoology, and physiology received a total of $41,200, and the physical sciences over $64,000, while engineering received $8,620, anthropology and exploration $6,500 each, psychology $3,600, history $2,000, and bibliography $15,000. These grants were mainly for research in the domain of theoretical and pure science, rather than for investigations bearing directly on any phase of science as applied to the arts and industries. This is true of the investigations provided for in the biological sciences, as well as in chemistry, astronomy, geology, etc. In botan}^, for example, the work authorized is mainly systematic and cytological, and for the maintenance of the desert botanical laboratory at Tucson, Arizona; and the two grants under physiology are for researches in connection with human nutrition. Zoology received the largest number of grants among the biological sciences, aggregating $18,000, none of which was for economic work. Among the principal topics in zoology are a study of recent and fossil corals, the blind fishes of Cuba, a mono- graph on American mosquitoes, investigations in experimental embry- ology, morpholog3^ and classification of deep sea sponges, and $11,000 for the maintenance of twenty tables at the Marine Biological Labora- tory at Woods Hole and two at Naples. The foundation of the composite science of agriculture is so wide that in a broad sense nearly all progress of general knowledge in the natural sciences may ultimatel}' contribute toward the advancement of 426 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. agricultural science. But there is such need for fundamental researches on scientific problems immediately related to agriculture, and there are at present so f(Mv agencies through which this higher research can be carried on, that it was hoped some of the funds of the Carnegie Insti- tution might be turned in that direction. Such researches are for the most part beyond the means of the individual experiment stations, whose very work has developed the need for them and has brought us to a point in the development of agricultural science where they are well-nigh indispensable to progress. This is true in the nutrition of farm animals, for example, the biology of the soil, the improvement and the nutrition of agricultural plants, the complex operations of cheese making and ripening, and a score of other subjects which are too large and too far-reaching for an experiment station to undertake single handed. In this field especially would the problems seem to be so broad and fundamental in their character, and so far-reaching in their relations to human life, as to ''show the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind." It would appear that the workers in agricultural science have been very modest in their requests for aid, as the list of applications received up to the close of October, 1908, shows only four under the head of agriculture; three of the applicants did not state the amount desired, and the fourth named $5,000. A larger number of definite topics for investigation would have made the need of aid more evident and imperative, and impressed the claims of agriculture more forcibly upon the attention of the authorities of the institution. The largest number of applications for grants were in zoology (109), chemistr}' (89), botanj" (60), and astronomy and ph3'sics (58 each). The total amount of the 142 applications received aggregates $2,200,398, which far exceeds the present income of the institution. The recommendations of the advisory committee carried an additional $900,000 per annum, $100,000 of which was for phj^sics and geophysics, $230,000 for astronomy (with a plan for $2,000,000, extending over twelve or fourteen years), and $120,000 for explorations. While the report of the institution for the past year may perhaps be taken as an indication of its tendencies, the aggregate amount of these grants and recommendations ($3,111,898) clearl}^ shows that the Carnegie Institution will not be able to cover the ground of general science, let alone the special field of science as applied to agriculture. This emphasizes the great need of special provision for research in agriculture, in a form which will insure to the workers a large measure of freedom from distracting influences and from direct responsibilit}' to a popular constituency. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL A(;RICULTURAL CHEMISTS, 1903. H. W. Lawson, Office of Experiment Stations. The twentieth annual convention of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists was held at the Columbian University, Washington, D, C, November 19-21, 1903, the president of the association, R. J. Davidson, presiding. In his opening address the pi"esident called attention to the desirability of uniform fertilizer laws and proper standards for use in inspection work. An examination of the ferti- lizer laws of 23 States showed no mutual agreement as regards requirements or the form of statement of composition of fertilizers. The association was urged to exert its influence in bringing about a conformity of fertilizer laws to some definite standard, and having plain, simple, and intelligent statements made regarding fertilizer constituents. The limit of error or deficiency allowable in the per- centage composition of fertilizers was considered, and attention was called anew to the resolution adopted by the association in 1900 recom- mending that the form of nitrogen in fertilizers be determined and reported upon. The speaker commended to the consideration of the association the matter of a uniform method of stating the results of investigations, a change in the temperature used for the graduation of measuring apparatus, and the republishing of Battle and Dancy's chemical conversion tables: and urged the importance of a more hearty cooperation by members of the association in the testing of methods. The latter point was also emphasized in a brief address by H. W. Wiley, l)earing on the needs of the association. The matter of repub- lishing the conversion tables was referred to a committee consisting of H. B. McDonnell, C. B. Williams, and B. B. Ross, with directions to report upon this subject to the secretary of the association. Hon. James Wilson, Secretar}^ of Agriculture, and Dr. Charles W. Needham, president of Columbiaii University, were present upon invi- tation, and addressed the association. Secretary Wilson characterized the work of the association as of great value to the country, and spoke briefl}' of the progress being made in the execution of the law regarding the importation of food products, declaring that we have 427 428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. come to the (^oiu-lusioii in this c-ountry that food products not g"Ood enough for the peo])le in the countries in whicii they arc produced are not good enough for us. The enforcement of the law Avas reported as l)eing heartily welcomed by American merchants. The establishment by the Federal (xovernment of interstate pure food laws was consid- ered desirable. The total attendance at the convention exceeded that in previous 3'ears. Nevertheless, toward the close, when final action was taken upon the more important matters, such as the adoption of methods, the actual attendance was quite small. Reports were received from all of the referees and from man}^ of the associate referees, and sev- eral papers were I'ead. These and the action of the association are referred to in the following summar}^ under appropriate headings. PHOSPHORIC ACID. The referee on this subject, B. H. Hite, reported that no coopera- tive work was undertaken by him during the year, but that attention had been paid in his laborator}' to certain modifications of well-known methods, involving the weighing of the yellow precipitate, a report upon which was considered inadvisable at the present time. The report of the associate referee dealt with comparative tests of the gravimetric and volumetric methods for the determination of total phosphoric acid in soils. The determination of phosphoric acid in different classes of phosphates was discussed by several members of the association. In a communication from E. W. Hilgard, attention was called to the desirability of a better method for the valuation of basic phosphatic slags, and on account of the growing conmiercial importance of this class of fertilizers the association was urged to take up again the con- sideration of this question. The referee for next year was accordingl}' instructed to reconsider this question, with special regard to the estab- lishment of a standard for total phosphoric acid and degree of fineness. Further study of Redonda and precipitated phosphates was also recom- mended. A paper on the determination of phosphorus in organic materials was presented in this connection. Report of associate referee, C. B. AVilliams. — The volumetric and gravimetric methods for the determination of total phosphoric acid in soils were compared by the associate referee and two other analysts. The average results by the gravimetric method were higher than by the volumetric method. The volumetric method was believed to be preferable to the gravimetric method, and was reconunended for adoption as an optional method for the iletermination of total phosphoric acid in soils. Further sttidy of different solvents for jihosphoric acid in soils was also recommended. The determination of organic and inorganic phosphorus in vegetable and animal materials, E. B. Hakt and W. H. Andrews. — The work reported was directed mainly to the elaboration of a method for the determination of inorganic CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AUKICITLTURAL CHEMISTS. 429 phosphorus. Uniform results for total ])lios])li(irus were obtained V)y the magnesium nitrate and Neuuianu methods. The method finally adopted as giving best results in the determination of inorganic phosphorus consisted in extracting 5 gm. of the sample with 125 cc. of 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid, the mixture being shaken vigorously for 15 minutes, decanting through a filter paper, and washing the residue with water until 500 cc. of filtrate was C'btained; neutralizing 200 cc. of the filtrate with ammonia, using litmus as an indicator; adding 10 gm. of ammonium nitrate; warming the solution to 65° C, and adding 2 cc. of nitric acid and 25 cc. of neutral ammonium molybdate, the solution being kept at 65° for 15 minutes and filtered after 1 hour. After ignition and puri- fication by dissolving in dilute nitric acid the phosphorus was weighed as magnesium pyrophosphate. This article has also appearetl in Bulletin 238 of the \ew York State Station, and an abstract setting forth more fully the results obtained by the use of these methods is given on page 496. DETERMINATION OF NITROCiEN. The referee reported further tests of methods for determining- avail- able organic nitrogen in fertilizers. A change in the neutral perman- ganate method providing for the use of 2 gm. of material in the case of mixed fertilizers, and as heretofore an amount containing approxi- mately 0.075 gm. of nitrogen in concentrated goods was approved. Further stud}" of methods for available nitrog-en was recommended. A paper on the electrolytic reduction of nitrates was read. Report of referee, F. W. Morse. — Eight laboratories cooperated in testing modi- fications of the alkaline permanganate method in comparison with the neutral per- manganate method for determining available organic nitrogen as used last year. Preliminary work with the alkaline i^ermanganate method showed the necessity of a fixed amount of distillate and the probable advantage of a larger volume of solution. Samples of dried blood and cotton-seed meal were sent out with the request for tests of 3 modifications of the permanganate method. Nine analysts reported on total nitrogen and 8 on the methods for available nitro- gen. The determinations of total nitrogen agreed closely. The percentages of total nitrogen recovered from blood as available were 86.5 by the neutral method, 63.4 by the alkaline method as given in the report of the referee last year, and 69.4 by the alkaline method modified by the use of 150 cc. of the alkaline permanganate solution and distilling off 100 cc. The corresponding percentages in the case of cotton-seed meal were, respectively, 91.6, 46.1, and 58.1. The referee recommended that in the neutral method a 300 cc. low-form Griffin beaker be used and that 2 gm. of material be taken if the sample is a mixed fertilizer, and also that tl.e study of methods for the determination of available organic nitro- gen be continued. The electrolytic reduction of nitrogen in metallic nitrates, S. H. Sheih. — The electrolytic reduction of nitrates to ammonia, as described by Easton (see p. 444), was tried b}' Sheib on chemically pure and commercial sodium nitrate and or. potas- sium nitrate with results stated by him to be far from satisfactory SEPARATION OF NITROGENOUS BODIES. The referee, L. L. Van Slyke, reported investig-ations on the sepa- ration of nitrogenous bodies in milk and cheese, giving methods for 15293— No. 5—04 2 430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tho estimation of oasoin monolactate and casein dihu'tate which were adopted provisional!}' by the association. The report of R. Harcourt, associate referee on vegetable proteids. was not ready for presenta- tion, but by vote of the association will be included in the proceed- ings. It was announced that this report would consist largel}' of compiled matter. W. 1). Bigelow, as associate i-eferee on meat proteids, called attention to the comparisons made by H, S. Grindley of the amounts of proteids in the water extracts of raw and cooked meats precipitated b}- various reagents, and reported investigations made b}^ himself and F. C. Cook during the year. In the examination of meat proteids the association recommended that further trial be made of phosphotungstic acid alone in hot and cold solutions, phosphotungstic acid followed ])v bromin, phospho- tungstic acid followed by zinc sulphate, and tannin and salt followed bj" zinc sulphate; and that precipitation by bromin alone and b}' bromin in the filtrate from zinc sulphate be discontinued. The work b}" Dr. Grindley is noted below, as is also a paper on the determina- tion of gliadin and glutenin which Avas presented in this connection. Report of referee on milk and cheese proteids, L. L. Van Slyke. — A prelim- inary report was made upon a study of the official method for the determination of casein in milk, explanations being offered for some of the reactions met with in the use of that method. It was believed that the official method could be improved, and the referee announced that the results of the completed investigation along this line would be ready for presentation another year. A study was made of the relation of casein monolactate and casein dilactate to the Hess and Doolittle method of detecting process or renovated butter. It was pointed out that the characteristics of the curd upon which this test is leased depend upon the presence of one or the other of these compounds, and furthermore, that these compounds are dependent upon the amount of acid produced in the ripening of the cream. It was found possible to make genuine butter which would respond to the Hess and Doolittle test for process butter or vice versa, and also that different reac- tions could be obtained with butter when fresh and when several weeks old. It was believed, therefore, that the test must be regarded as worthless. The methods devised by the referee and E. B. Hart for the separation and estima- tion of casein, casein monolactate, and casein dilactate in milk are given below in the form presented: (1) Dderw'ination of casein monolnrtale hi milk. Casein mono- lactate in milk coagulates readily at -10° C. Hence, in a milk containing only casein and casein monolactate, the monolactate can be separated by heating the milk to about 40° C, filtering the precipitate formed, washing, and determining the nitrogen in the precipitate. Ten gm. of milk diluted with 90 cc. of water give good results. (2) Separation of casein monolactate and casein dilactate. Casein dilactate coagulates completely at 40° C. and below. In milk containing casein mono- and dilactates, we heat 10 gm. of milk diluted with 90 cc. of water to 40° C, and these two salts precipi- tate and are separated from the milk casein 1)y filtration. The washed precipitate is then treated with 100 cc. of a 5 per cent solution of sodium c-hlorid and the whole heated to 55° C. with frequent agitation for 2 hours. The process is facilitated some- what ])y the presence of pure quartz sand. The casein monolactate goes into solution and is separated from the casein dilactate by filtration and washing. (3) Separa- tion and determination of casein, casein vwnolactate, and casein dilactate in mill:, (a) The total amount of nitrogen precii^itated by acid is determined by the official method CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICtJLTUEAL CHEMISTS. 431 prescribed for detenuining caKeiu in milk, (b) AVe beat 10 giii. of milk diluted with 90 eo. (if water to -10° C. for 15 or 20 minutes, filter the preci])itate formed, and wash with distilled water. The precipitate is tlien transferred to a small Erlenmeyer flask, provided with a stopper, treated with 100 cc. of a 5 per cent solution of sodium chlorid, and heated at 55° C. for 2 hours, with frequent agitation. The mixture is then filtered, the remaining precipitate washed with water, and the nitrogen deter- mine otticial method, were e()nii)ared. Tlie average resnlts l)y the official method were I4.9(> percent for distillers' grains and 11.74 per cent for l)ran, by the Konig method 1W.73 per cent for distillers' grains and 12.49 for bran, and l)y the modified Konig method 12.12 per cent for distillers' grains and 10.48 f(jr bran. Inasmucli as the official method does not remove the })entosans and the Konig method fails to remove all)uminoids, the two methods were not considered comparable. The modi- fied Konig method gives a much purer fiber. The nitrogen content of the crude fiber obtained from distillers' grains by the official method was 0.27, by the Konig method 1.94, and by the modified KiJnig method 0.26 per cent. In the crude fiber obtained from wheat bran by the K(')nig method the nitrogen content was 0.195, none being obtained from the crude fiber by the other two methods. The referee did not believe that the higher results by the official method were due entirely to the presence of j)entosans, })ut that the glycerol- sulphuric acid mixture exerted a hydrolytic action upon the fiber in the Konig methods. From practically pure cellulose prepared by treating absorbent cotton successively with dilute sulphuric acid and dilute sodium hydrate only about 87.6 per cent of crude fiber was recovered by the Konig method. The referee recommended research work to determine the true nature of the ether extract obtained after digesting the residue from the ofiicial method of fat extraction with pepsin and to prove or disprove that the glycerol-acid mixture of the modified Konig method has a hydrolytic action upon crude fiber. Notes upon the analysis of feeding materials, C. A. Browne, Jr. — The atten- tion of tlie association was directed one year ago by Dr. Browne as referee on cattle feeds to work by Beger, in which additic^nal quantities of fat were obtained from certain materials rich in protein ])y suV>jecting the residues from ordinary ether extraction to digestion with pepsin and again extracting. During the year pepsin digestion before extraction was compared with the oflScial method of the associa- tion on samples of rice bran and rice polish, the results showing no appreciative differences. In the examination of the feces from steers fed these materials, on the contrary, very decided differences were obtained, the excess of fat extracted by the pepsin method amounting in one instance to over 4 per cent. In this particular case the coetficient of digestion of the feeding stuff calculated from the results obtained by the official method was 78.2 per cent and from the results obtained by the pepsin method 66 per cent, indicating the possibility of introducing a serious error in tables of digestive coefficients by the incomplete extraction of the fat. A similar source of error was observed in mixed feeds containing molasses, the occlusion in this ease being attributed to the dried residue of sugars instead of to the protein constituents. In determining the total acidity of feeding stuffs the author found extraction with 90 per cent alcohol and titration with deci-normal alkali very satisfactory. The results by this method in the case of rice meal were slightly higher than those cal- culated from the acid numl)er of the fat, iuflicating the presence of other acids than free fatty acids. FOOD ADULTERATION. Upon the suggestion of the referee, W. D, Bigelow, the reports and papers on this subject were this 3^ear considered by the association as a whole, instead of in committee as heretofore. No reports were presented b}^ the associate referees on saccharin products, wine, beer, vinegar, baking powder and baking chemicals, meat and fish, cereal CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 437 products, infants' and invalids' foods, \'oo(>tjd>los, <'ondinients other than spici's, and tea and cott'ee. Attention was called to tlie report on cocoa and cocoa ])roducts, which is to l)e printed and sul)niitted to the referees for criticism and approval l)efort' beino- formally presented to the association. Considera])le work was done during- the year on meat products and cereal products, l)ut as the repoi-ts or papers upon these subjects related maiidy to the separation of nitrogenous l)odies they were considered under that heading. The reports were presented l)}^ the associate referees on colors, fruit products, distilled li(iuors, flavor- ing- extracts, spices, oils and fats, dairy products, and preservatives. The four recommendations of the associate referee on distilled liquors, noted below, were approved. The report of the committee, favoring the insertion of the Hanus method of determining iodin absorption as a provisional method, was accepted. The methods recommended by the associate referee for the detection of preservatives and coloring matters in dairy products, the estimation of fat in cheese, and the analysis of condensed milk, were adopted provisionally, as was also a modification of the provisional method for determining glucose. A paper on the subject of saccharin products was read by A. E. Leach. Report of associate referee on colors, W. G. Berry. — Owing to tlie large amount of work required in the preparation of a complete and systematic resume of the subject of colors in connection with food stuffs, the associate referee presented only a provisional report upon this subject, deferring the complete report until another year. Some portions of the synopsis were elaborated. Collaboration was requested on the following points: (1) Solubility of the coal tar and vegetable dyes in various solvents; (2) extractive values of the various solvents for d3'es in neutral, acid, and alkaline solutions; (3) characteristics of the natural coloring matters in fresh fruits, vegetables, and wines; (4) testing new methods noted in the various chemical journals. Report of associate referee on fruit products, L. S. Munson. — It was stated that practically nothing had been done on this suV)ject daring the year. Several changes in the provisional methods necessitated by changes recently made in the official methods were recommended. Report of associate referee on distilled liquors, C. A. Crampton. — Letters requesting cooperation were sent to a number of chemists, but reports were received from only two. These reports contained analytical data and suggestions for the determination of free and combined acids, aldehydes, furfurol, and coloring matters, and were given in full. The associate referee had expected to report upon a line of work relating to the establishment of standards which had been carried on by him for 5 years, and which formed the subject of a preliminary connnunication to the American Chemical Society at its last annual meeting (E. S. R., 14, p. 524), but found it necessary to postpone the report for another year. The following modifications of the provisional methods of the association were recommended: (1) In the determination of alcohol, a higher dilution of the liquor before distillation; (2) in the determination of extract, evaporating nearly to dryness on the water bath, then transferring to a water oven and drying at a temperature of boiling water; (3) in the determination of fusel oil, the distillation of the sample with alkali to remove free acids and saponified esters; (4) in the determination of 438 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. etlici-cal salts, tli" titiatioii nl" tlii' excess of iiiiiu-ral aciil ami all> the Wijs nietliod.' The maxiimuu differences were, i-espectively, 3.3, 1.9, and 2.8. In the extended investigations of tl\e associate referee comiJarative tests were made of the Wijs sohition of iodin monochlorid in glacial acetic acid, tlie Hanus solution of iodin monobromid in glacial acetic acid, and the Mcllhiney solution of l)romin in carbon tetrachlorid. The objects in testing the Wijs and Hanus solutions were to determine the excess of reagent necessary, the length of time required, and the effect of light on the reaction. In tests on linseed oil an excess of the AVijs solution of 37 per cent gave the same results in 30 minutes as an excess of 62 per cent. An excess of the Hanus solution of about 70 per cent was found necessary to insure complete absorption in that time. Neither solution was appreciably affected by light in 30 minutes. It required 30 minutes with the Hanus solution to reach the constant stage reached by the Wijs solution in lOnunutes, after which the absorption was con- stant in both cases to the end of one hour, when a gradual rise occurred. Tests were also made of the bromin solution and of the substitution of carbon tet- rachlorid for acetic acid in the preparation of the Hanus and Wijs solutions. It was shown that good results could be obtained by the bromin solution only with dry reagents and in the dark, and furthermore, that the figures could not be compared with those of other methods. While solutions of iodin monochlorid and iodin mono- bromid in carbon tetrachlorid gave more reliable results, their use was also considered unsatisfactory for ordinary purposes. Work on the Dalican titer test was carried on with the cooperation of the chemists of a number of packing houses. The detailed report upon this work was presented as preliminary. The larger number of chemists cooperating used practically the same modification of the Dalican test which was described. Particular attention was paid to the effect of the two methods of saponification in use, the use of tubes and air baths of different sizes, and the results obtained by different methods of stirring. The need of a uniforni method of procedure was considered evident from the work so far done. The associate referee recommended the adoption of the Hanus metiiod in place of the Hiibl method, a change in the official method for determining the index of refraction of oils and fats, as regards the factor used in the correction for temperature, and certain changes in the provisional methods as regards Halpen's test for cotton- seed oil, and Renard's test for peanut oil. Report of associate referee on dairy products, A. E. Leach. — The associate referee gave several methods to supplement those already int-luded in the provisional methods of the Association for the analysis of foods, and recommended their adoption as i)rovisional methods. These methods relate to the detection of formaldehyde, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid in milk; the detection of annatto in ))utter; the detec- tion of azo dyes and annatto in oleomargarine; the detection of boric acid in butter; the determination of fat in cheese, and the analysis of condensed milk. Report of associate referee on preservatives, W. D. Bigelow. — It was reported that no definite results had l^een obtained. No field in connection with food chem- istry was considered to be more in need of study than the determination of preserv- atives. It was thought that in the near future it would be important to determine the amount of preservatives present in foods, and the methods suggested for this pur- pose were considered inadequate. During the year considerable attention was given to qualitative methods for the detection of formaldehyde and quantitative methods for the determination of salicylic acid and benzoic acid, the intention being to con- tinue this work during the coming year. The referee requested as full collaboration as possible. The determination of commercial glucose in some saccharine products, A. E. Leach. — The determination of commercial glucose in such products as honey, 440 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. jaiii^:, aixl jcllii's l)y tlu' i)i(ivisi()ii:il iiictli(i(l ul' tlu- Association was reported as pre- sentiii<^ certain (lillii-iillit'S ait to liie action of the acid used in inversion njxin the maltose and dextrin. 'I'o ohviatc this it was recommended to neutralize the sample immediately after inversion. This method as elaborated was applied to 5 samj)les of commercial glucose, the polarization at .S7° C. after inversion averaging 95.6 per cent of that at 22° after inversion and 98.8 per cent of the direct reading. To express results in terms of connnercial glucose polarizing at an assumed figure, it was therefore considered necessary in the case of jellies and jams to divide the read- ing at 87° by 93 per cent of the assumed factor. It was announced that thv? study of this i>roblem was being continued with the hope of working out a reliable formula for the calculation of invert sugar in the presence of commercial glucose. K. (iudeman compared the metbods given by himself and by Dr. Leach in the pro- ceedings of last year's meeting, claiming greater accuracy for his method. Dr. (Jude- man believed that the Association should adopt a constant for the polarization of glucose or accejit a constant for the percentage of water and use these factors irre- spective of the article vmder examination. He also contended that but one grade of glucose is manufactured in the United States at the present time, which statement met with considerable objection. The proposition to express results in terms of glucose polarizing at a definite figure seemed to meet with general approval. L. S. Mxinson considered the factor 175 too high. SUGAE. It was stated by the referee that ver}" little work had been done on this subject during- the year. The associate referee, L. S. Munson, reported progress on work with reducing sugars, stating that he had prepared a solution which had about one-third the action on cane sugar as the regular Soxhlet solution. The associate referee on reducing sugars for next year was instructed to communicate with a commit- tee of the International Conuiiission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis with a view to cooperating in obtaining a uniform method for determining reducing sugars. The appointment of an associate referee on molasses was authorized and a continuation of the work on beet-sugar methods was also requested. The method of determining the copper reduced by direct weighing of the cuprous oxid and the German official method for the determination of sucrose and raffinose were adopted as official methods in essentially the same form as recommended last year. The methods recommended last year as provisional methods were this year adopted as such. The principal recommendations made by the International Commission were briefly explained b}' H. W. Wiley. One paper relating to the analysis of molasses was presented. Report of referee, L. M. Tolman. — This consisted of brief statements concerning the work on sugar during the year and of the seA'^eral recommendations for next year's work noted above. Remarks on molasses analysis, H. E. Sawyer. — The methods in use for testing molasses were considered unsatisfactory when applied to low-grade goods. In clari- fying such molasses it was found more satisfactory to use a solution of basic lead acetate of greater dilution (26 gm. in 500 cc. ) than that required in the official method. Tests were made of this method during a period of 2 years; and while it CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AOKICULTUKAL CHEMISTS. 441 was not claimed that sucrose could be determined ])y it with absolute aocuracj- in the case of a dark molasses, nevertheless the method was believed to insure increased accuracy, and the association was asked to give it consideration. TANNIN. Cooperative tests of methods for tho deteriiiination of solii})le solids and acidity in extracts were reported b}' the referee and several recom- mendations were made. The proposed changes in methods were referred to the referee for next yenv for consideration. Report of referee, CI. A. Kerr. — Samples of a fluid chestnut extract and a (|ue- bracho extract were sent to 16 analysts for the purpose of making comparative tests of the single filter paper in determining the soluble solids, investigating the correction for filter paper absorption adopted by the International Association of Leather Trades Chemists, and comparing a specified dilution with the variation allowed by the official method. Samples of hemlock liquor acidified by the addition of 0.15 per cent of acetic acid were also sent out for the purpose of testing methods for determining acidity. Reports were received from 12 analysts. The results favored the use of the single- filter paper, confirming the work of the previous referee. The evidence relating to the correction of the tannin absorbed by the filter paper was not conclusive. Favor- able results were obtained by diluting 1.6 gm. of the chestnut extract to 100 cc. and 0.6 gm. of the quebracho extract to 100 cc. and determining solids by the official method. The referee suggested that further exi>eriments with varying quantities of extract be made for the purpose of comparing the total solids and assumed tannin content as bases for dilution. The acidity of the hemlock liquor averaged 0.1668 per cent by the provisional method and 0.1368 per cent by the animal charcoal method tested by the referee last year. The apparent loss of acid in the charcoal method was considered worthy of further study. Changes recommended by the referee in the official method were aimed to prevent the loss from evaporation during the weighing and filtering. INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. The referee reported considerable cooperative work, and made a number of recommendations concerning the adoption of methods and regarding work for next 3'ear. Method I for the determination of total arsenious oxid in Paris green as given in Circidar 10 of the Bureau of Chemistry was adopted as an official method. The sugges- tions of the referee for future work were in the main approved. The general discussion relating to the determination of nicotin indicated a desire for an improved method. The subject of disinfectants was assigned to the next referee for investigation. Report of referee, J. K. Haywood. — Further tests of old methods modified in some cases and of new methods were made by several analysts in collaboration with the referee. Reports were received from 8 analysts on Paris green, 8 on London purjile, 4 on copper carbonate, 4 on potassium cyanid, 3 on soda lye, 2 on tobacco extract, and 3 on formalin. The analytical data with the comments of the analysts were reported in full. The referee recommended that the following methods, given in Circular 10 of the Bureau of Chemistry and reported upon by the referee last year, be adopted as offi- 442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cial iiii'tlioils: .Mctliod I fur tdtal arscnious dxiU in Paris j^reen; tlR' electrolytic iiiethoil for ilcteniiiiiiiii^ ciippfr in I'aris ^rcn-n and copper carbonate; the volumetric . N . . eiher nitrate metliod for deterinininir cn ano;j;cn in potassium cyanid, .^.. silvt'r nitrate bein<; mibstituted for the ,„ solution; and the Kessling method for determining nicotin. It was also recommended that further study l)e made of the 4 nKjditications of the Avery-Beans method referred to in the report for determining total arsenic in Paris green, with a view to the adoption of the best modi^cation as an optional offi- cial method; the volumetric method for determining copper in Paris green and copper carbonate; the removal of some of the organic matter in the analysis of London purple; the methods for the examination of soda lye; and especially the methods for determining formaldehyde. ASH. The vacancy caused during the year by the resignation of E. G. Runyan as referee on ash was filled by the appointment of G. S. Fraps, Avhose report dealt with the determination of sulphur and sulphates. The report called forth some discussion on the suitabilit}' of the sodium peroxid method for determining total sulphur. It was stated by G. E. Patrick that the use of sodium peroxid free from sitlphur was found b}' him to give good results. The method for the determination of sulphates, which was descril)ed in the report of the referee last year, and which provides for the extraction of the substance with 1 per cent hydrochloric acid, was adopted provisionally. The Association approved the referee's recommendation for further study of the sodium peroxid method. Report of referee, (J. S. Fraps.— The nitric acid method, which is the provisional method of the Association, and the sodium peroxid method for the determination of total sulphur were compared by 5 analysts on samples of cowpeas and cotton-seed meal sent out by the referee. The average results showed that 0.466 per cent of sul- phur as SO3 was obtained by the nitric acid method and 0.544 per cent by the peroxid method in the case of cowpeas, and 1.048 and 1.135 per cent, respectively, in the case of cotton-seed meal, showing that the nitric acid method gave lower results than the peroxid method. Considerable difhculty was experienced by some of the analysts in the use of the peroxid method. Sulphates were determined in a sample of sorghum by 4 analysts, the method used being that descril)ed in the report of the referee on ash last year. The results obtained by the different analysts ranged from 0.324 to 0.4 per cent and Avere considered fairly satisfactory. The referee recommended that the method referred to for the determination of sulphates be adopted provisionally, and that the peroxid method of determiningsuli)hur be subjected to further study with a view of replacing the nitric acid method by it. MISCELIANEOUS. W. Frear as chairman of the committee on food standards reported upon the work of this committee during the j^ear. Definitions and standards were formulated by the committee and submitted to the Secretar}^ of Agriculture for his approval and use in fixing standards C(JNVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 443 for food products as required b}^ law. The report of the committee was accepted and the committee continued. H. ^y. AVilcA' as chairman of the conmiittee on fertilizer legislation reported that the members of the committee were individually in favor of National legislation on the subject of fertilizers, but that there had been no expression on the part of the committee as to the form which this legislation should assume. The committee upon motion of the chairman was therefore instructed to confer with interested parties with a view to presenting at the next meeting a definite report upon this subject. A committee of the American Chemical Society, appointed for the l)urpose of investigating the purity of chemicals, held a meeting in Washington, November 20 and 21, and by request presented to the Association an outline of the work being done. A resolution was adopted inviting the Bureau of Standards to coop- erate with the referees as far as possible in establishing the accuracy of methods of analysis. Provision was made for the appointment of an additional referee next year on the subject of medicinal plants and the drugs made therefrom. B}' a resolution introduced by L, L. Van Sh^ke the secretar}- was requested to print the recommendations of the referees as approved l)y the association for distribution at as early a date as possible. A resolution in favor of holding the next convention of the Associa- tion at St. Louis was adopted. OFFICERS AND REFEREES. The following officers were elected: President, M. E. Jaffa, Berkeley, Cal. : Yice-President^ C. L. Penny, Newark, Del.; Secretary, H. W. Wiley, W^ashington, D. C. ; Addi- tional members of executive committee^ W. P. Headden, Port Collins, Colo., and W. R. Perkins, Agricultural College, Miss. The referees and associate referees have not as yet been appointed. Thej" will be announced later. RliCKNT WORK IX ACrRICULTURAL SCIl^NCE. CHEMISTRY. The determination of small amounts of potassium in aqueous solutions, F. K. Cameron and G. H. Failyek {Jour. Amer. Cliein. Sac, ^5 {I'JO.i), No. 10, pp. 1063-1073). — The method proposed is based on a suggestion of Morrell, and in })rief "is to separate the potassium from other bases in the form of the potassium platinic; chlorid, carefully free from an excess of reagents, take up in water and then add an excess of potassium iodid, when, on standing, a l)eautiful pink or rose coI(jr develops, which gradually deepens to a maximum intensity. By matching the ihtensity of the color against that which would be developed in a standard solution of known concentration, a measure of the amount of potassium present could be obtained." Tests of different modifications of the method under a variety of conditions, which are reported, lead to the conclusion that the method is simple, easy of manipulation, and susceptible of a high degree of accuracy in the determination of minute ipianti- ties of jjotassium. The volumetric determination of potash as potassium bismuth thiosul- phate, F. W. Kuster and M. Gruters [Ztschr. Anorgun. Chem., 36 {1903), pp. 325- 331; ahs. in Chem. Ceidbl., 1903, II, No. 16, p. 908). — As a result of numerous tests of Carnot's method of determining potash as potassium bismuth thiosulphate the authors conclude that it is impossible to obtain this salt free from the sodium salt, and therefore the method is unreliable. On a colorimetric method for the estimation of phosphates in the presence of silica, O. Schreiner {.Tour. Amer. Chem. Soc, J5 {1903), No. 10, jJp. 10.56-1062) . — The method here descri))ed in full has already been noted {K. S. R., 14, p. 524). The reduction of nitric acid in metallic nitrates to ammonia by the electric current, W. H. Easton {.Tour. Amer. CJtem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 10, pp. IO42-IO44).— A brief account is here given of a study of the precautions to be observed in using Vortmann's modification « of Luckow's method, '> which is as follows: "The solution of the nitrate is placed in a platinum vessel with a sufficient amount of pure copper sulphate and it is then electrolyzed. It is advantageous to use a feeble current (1 to 2 cc. of oxyhydrogen gas per minute). When all of the copper is deposited, the residual liquid is evaporated to a small bulk and the ammonia distilled off as usual." A small improvement in the Kjeldahl method, Gregoire and Carpiaux {Bui. Js.sur. Belye Chlm., 17 {1903), No. 1, p. 36; .s. in Bui. Soc. Chim. Pari.s, 3. ser., 30 {1903), No. 18-19, p. 1102). — It is suggested that the difficulty due to frothing in case of substances rich in fat may be overcome by adding to the liquid in the distilling flask a small quantity of calcium chlorid. The relation between the solubility of lime in the presence of alkalis and the caustification of alkaline carbonates, A. D'Anselme {BuL Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 29 {1903), No. 18-19, pp. 936-939, fig. 1). «Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 23 (1890), pp. 2798-2801. ft Ztschr. Anaiyt. Chem., 19 (1880), pp. 324-327. 444 CHEMISTRY. 445 Solubility of gypsum in the presence of metallic chlorids, N. A. Orlov {Zhnr. RutfS. Ft. Kliini. Oh.shch., 84 (190:.^), pp. 940-951; ah.s. in Zhur. Opuitn. Acjron. {Jour. Expt. Landw.'], 4 {190,>), No. 2, p. 199). — The author studied quantitatively the influence of varying quantities of the chlorids of sodium, calcium, and magnesium on the solubility of gypsum in water. Solubility decreased with an increase in concentration of the calcium chlorid st)lution and increased with an increase of the strengih of the sodium chlorid solution up to 10 to 15 per cent. The solubility in the latter was much greater tlian in the former, and in magnesium chlorid was greatt-r than in cither, being about 10 times as great as in calcium chlorid solution of 10 jicr cent strength. — r. FUiEMAN. The standardization of potassium permanganate solution for determining calcium and oxalic acid, H. "Wallaxd {Clwm. Ztt. 4, pp. 4r,4-4G7) . — This is a brief account of inves- tigations which it is the intention to extend and report upon in detail. Statements are made concerning the solvent action upon edestin of each of a large number of salts. Many unexpected relations between protein and salts were found to exist. A further study is considered necessary before generalizations can be made. Concerning avenin, St. Weiser {Arch. Physiol. [P/Zwr/cr], 98 {1903), No. 11-12, pjj. 623-630). — An alkaloid called avenin has been reported by earlier investigators as present in oats. A repetition of such work and additional studies led to negative results, and the author cont-ludes that no alkaloid is present in oats. The sulphur contents of gelatin and its estimation with the Mahler bomb calorimeter, O. Krummacher {Ztschr. Biol., 45 {1903), No. 3, pp. 310-323). — Accord- ing to the author's investigation commercial gelatin contains, on the dry matter basis, 0.62 per cent sulphur, of which 0.36 per cent is present as sulphate and 0.04 per cent as sulphite, and purified gelatin 0.28 per cent sulphur, 0.01 per cent being suljjhate and a like amount sulphite. The organic forms in which sulphur can occur in gelatin are spoken of, together with the bearing of the analytical data reported on the use of gelatin in feeding experiments. The determinations of sulphur were made after the combustion of a sample in the bomb calorimeter and this method of analysis is descriVied and discussed. Action of diastase on the starch granules of ra-w and malted barley, A. R. Lixi; {Clieni. Neu:'<, 88 {1903), No. 2288, pp. 168, i6-.9).— "The stan-hes of l)arley and other cereals differ from that of the potato in being readily attacked l>y a solution of diastase in the ungelatinized condition." Different barleys give different constants, and it is proljable that the i)roducts formed in barley mashes differ from those resulting from the hydrolysis of starch paste. 15293— No. 5—04 3 446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Animal and vegetable fixed oils, fats, butters, and -waxes, (". It. A. Whkiht {LoinliDi, 1903, 2. ed., pp. XVI-\-SO.',,Jig!<. 164) ■ — This work lian been eiliti-d and partly rewritten by C. A. Mitchell, mainly with a view to rendering it capable of being n8e). — A study was made of quite a number of species of trees, shrubs, and t)ther jjlants during their dormant period, to determine the localization of alkaloids and other active principles which are characteristic of the plants. As a result of the investigations it seems that the alkaloids, glucosids, and other active principles are stored by the plant similarly to the ordinary reserve material, and that in certain plants there may be a slight transfer of the material during the dormant period. With those plants whose aerial portions are amnial the active principles are localized in the sub- terranean organs. With those having perennial stems the concentration of the active principles is in the region of the buds, although frequently deposited to con- siderable extent in the underground organs. 448 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations on the presence of alkaloids and g-lucosids in the Ranun- culacese, E. Vandeklinden {Rec. Inst. Bol. Univ. linue/len, 5 {1902), pp. 135-178, ph. ,.'; n}»^. In Hot. Cerilhl., 9J {1903), No. 8, pj). 167, 168).— A report is given of inves- fi^iitions of ."i!) spwieH which represent the more iinixirtant types of the Itanun- cuhicea'. Tlie methods for recognizing the i)resence of alkaloids and ghicosids are described, and the autiior reports tlie presence of alkaloids in Caltha paln,stris, Del- pliiiiiinii Jn/hrirlian, I), conmlida, D. (ijac'iK, J), i^tttpliisayria, D. grandiforuin, Aconitum li/corldiiKiii, A. (tiitlioni, A. iidpellus, Nigdhi dumdscena, &m\ AdoniH verndliH. In the case of the last species the substance found was an alkaloid glucosid. .Glucosid reactions were observed in Hellehorus niger, Nigella H(dmi, and Arjullegia vidgaris, while neither alkaloid nor glucosid was found in a ninnl)er of other specimens examined. In pursuing his studies the author found the alkaloids localized in the woody tissue and parenchyma of the roots, in the epidermis, and in the woody tissue and pith of the aerial organs. As a rule, the alkaloids w^ere not found in the growing tips of the plants, but they appeared later in the developed portions. The alkaloids seem to be present as a waste product, and are found in the tissues which store up the starch, and when the carbohydrates are utilized liy the plant they are left behind. On the contrary, the ghicosids seem to be present as reserve material. Microscopical examinations of some glucosids and tannins, A. (tokis ( TJicvs, Farix, 190.',; lants it stores its reserve starch in its cells. In its ability to take nitrogen from nitrates, and under certain conditions from ammonia, it resembles ordinary green plants. A study of the structure of Botrytis cinerea, J. Beauverie and A. Guillier- MOND ( Ceydbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AbL, 10 {1903), Nos. 9, pp. 275-281; 10, pp. 311-320, figs. 14). — As a result of their studies the authors claim that there are 3 forms of Botrytis FERMENTATIOK BACTEEIOLOGY. 449 cineren, a typical spore-bearing form, an intermediate or transitory form, and one that is wholly sterile. These different forms, the authors maintain, are due to the nature of the medium in which the fungus is grown. Tlie poisonous mushrooms of France and Europe, U. (iuos-iKAX {Lcs clicun- pig)iu7ix vcnhienx df France et d' Europe. Samt-Hikdre, Roulans {Doubs): Author, 1903, pp. 4S, ph. S, Jig.i. -2, chart 1). — A manual for schools as well as for private use, in which directions are given for the recognition of the poisonous or suspected species of mushrooms. Synoptical tables of edible and poisonous mushrooms, C. Manoet ( Tahlean.v sijnoptiqiies des champ'ujnuiis comestihlcs et vencneu.r. Paris: J. B. BaiUicre A Son, 1903, pp. 128, ph. 6, figs. 23). — Synoptical tables are given for the determination and recog- nition of a large number of edible and poisonous mushrooms. Notes on their food value and suggestions for counteracting the poisonous effects when eaten are also given. FERMENTATION— BACTERIOLOGY. The classification and identification of bacteria, 8. De M. Gage and E. B. Phelps {Reprint from Proc. Aincr. Pid,. Ih(dih Assoc., 1902, pp. 12-23). — An outline is given of a scheme for the classification and identification of bacteria, with special reference to a description of the card catalogue system in use at the Lawrence Experi- ment Station for the records of species. These cards, which are specially jjrepared, are arranged to show all the necessary data for the classification and identification of species of bacteria and may be arranged by any system of grouping that is desired. Experiments -with nitrogen-assimilating' bacteria, M. Gerlach and I. Vogel {Centfd. Bdkt. u. Par., 2. AJ>t., 10 {1903), Xo. 20-21, 7)p. 636-643).— In previous pub- lications the authors have shown the necessity of grape sugar in nutrient solutions for the best growth of bacteria of the Azotobacter group (E. S. R., 14, p. 10-18). Continuing their investigations on this group of nitrogen-assimilating bacteria, the necessity for other materials in the culture media was studied. The organisms were shown in flasks containing the same quantity of a nutrient medium to which was added various forms of potash, soda, and lime, and the growth and nitrogen assimilation noted. In those flasks which contained neither lime, phosphoric acid, nor potash there was no growth of bacteria nor gain of nitrogen. In flasks to which neither potash nor soda was added, but the other compounds were supplied, it was found that limited growth and nitrogen assimilation could take place. The effect of age on the organisms was studied and cultures from 18 to 328 days old were compared, the greatest gains in nitrogen l)eing shown for the younger cultures. As reported in the previous paper, increasing the content of grape sugar increased the amount of nitrogen added l)y the organisms to the solution. The presence of a niimber of yeasts and molds in the cultures was investigated, indicati'ig that some of these organisms were apparently able to independently add small quantities of free nitrogen to their solutions. When grown in connection with Azotobacter the efficiency of the latter organisms to assimilate free atmospheric nitrogen seemed to be diminished. Assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria, E. de Freudenreich {Ann. Atjr. Suisse, 4 {1903), Xo. 4, pp. 201-214; aho In Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt, 10 {1903), No. 16-17, J)P- 514-522). — The results of the studies of Azotobacter chroo- coccinn are given, in which the author demonstrates the ability of this micro- organism to assimilate free atmospheric nitrogen when grown either in liquid cultures or upon gypsum culture plates. Flasks containing liquid culture media inoculated with the bacteria added about 3.5 rag. of nitrogen in 9 weeks. When grown on gypsum the amount of nitrogen added was considerably in excess of that assimilated in the licpiid media. The in vestigation shows that soils rich in bacteria are uniloubtedly able to assimilate and fix free atmospheric nitrogen. 450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Concerning- bacteria which assimilate carbon from the air, M. W. Bei.te- RINCK and A. vax Dei.den {('nilbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Aid., 10 {190.i), Xa. >, pp. 3.^-47).— T1k> rewnlts of a l)i<)lo<^i('al study of BuciUun (ditfoc(irJ)oj)hilit.'i, an or<>:ani8m said to l)e eai)able of derivin<^its carl)on from the air, i)rol)a])ly from volatile hydrocarbons and not from the carbon dioxiil of the air. The organism has been cultivated on a number of media containing no source of carbon except that found in the air, and favorable growth was made under such conditions when all carbon dioxid was eliminated. Recent progress in the field of soil bacteriology, II. Buhlert {Fahllng'it Ldtidn: Zhj., 52 {1903), Nos. 13, pp. 4-51-457; 14, J>l>- 4''4-500) .—X review of- work along this line, including a reference to the recent work of Beijerinck on BacilluH oUgocarboplnlns, which is capable of deriving its carbon from the carbon compounds of the air (not carljon dioxid). (See above. ) Some experiments -with luminous bacteria, B. Issatchexko {Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Alt., 10 {l!)03), No. 16-17, pp. 497-499).— kitenWow is called to experi- ments by the author on some of the phenomena exhibited by luminous bacteria. Cultures of Photohacterium phosphorescens were made, and after several days' growth in culture tubes were placed with etiolated seedlings of clover, rye, and oats in an abso- lutely light-jjroof chamVjer. After remaining in this chamber from 24 to 48 hours the seedlings were examined, and it was found that the intensity of the light given off by the bacteria was sufficient for the formation of chlorophyll in the plants. This would seem to indicate that the quality of the light rays plays little j)art in the- process of chlorophyll formation if the light is of sufficient intensity. Notes on Bacillus coli and allied forms, S. De M. Gage and PI B. Phelps {Reprint from Proc. Amer. Pub. HealtJi Assoc, 1902, pp. 1-11). — Studies with Bacillus coli and allied forms, with special reference to the neutral red reaction, have been carried on at the Lawrence Experiment Station, at Lawrence, Mass., for a number of years. The authors found from their investigations that as a preliminarj^ test the neutral red reaction is as sensitive and accurate as any which has been hitherto propose*!. This reaction, however, has given pf)sitive results for other organisms than B. coli. For more delicate tests the authors recommend the dextrose Ijroth method, which is fully described. The spore germination of Bacillus subtilis and B. megatherium, L. F. RETTCiER {CentlA. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Aht., 10 {1903), No. 14-13, pp. 433-43S, figs. 3) .— The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a " hanging-block " method recently described for the morphological study of micro-organisms, and to present in some detail the processes involved in the germination of these 2 species of organisms. The author finds that although these 2 species resemble each other closely in most respects, they differ very conspicuously in their method of spore germination. These differences may be readily made out in " hanging-l)lock " cultures. The cleavage of nitrogenous organic substances by bacteria, ( ). E.mmerling {Die Zersetzung stickstoffreier organischer Substanzen durch Bakterien. BrunsuAck: Friedrich Vieweg cC: Son, 1902, pp. 141, pl^- 7; rev. in Zischr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 {1903), No. 12, p. 574). Fermentation organisms, A. Klocker, trans, by G. E. Allan and J. H. Millar {Neiv York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1903, pp. XX-^SSl, figs, i.^).— In this text- book the author gives a review of the biology of fermentation organisms, espe- cially in the manufacture of beer. In spite of this limitation, the book is varied in character and treats of the general phenomena of fermentation. The subject-matter is divided into '.^ sections, the first of which traces the develop- ment of the science of fermentation. This is followed by descriptions of laboratory equipment and methods, special attention being given to the preparation of pure yeasts upon a commercial scale, after which the more imjjortant micro-organisms of alcoholic fermentation are treated at length. Bibliographies of the more important FERMENTATION BACTERIOLOGY. 451 researches in each department treated are given, and in many instances the experi- ments cited have been verified by the author. The practical appUcations are treated as well as the theoretical aspects of chemistry and botany in their relations to the science of fermentation. Fermentation investigations, L. Matiuchot and M. Molliard {'Rer. Gm. Bot., 15 {1903), Xos. 17S, pp. 19S-2^'0; 174, pp- 253-274; 175, pp. 310-327, ph. 4, figs. 10).— In addition to the fermentation produced by yeast and similar organisms the authors, following investigations by Pasteur, Lechartier, and Bellamy, show that there is a fermentation which takes place in fleshy fruits, tubers, etc., that is independent of yeast or other foreign organisms. The methods of the experiment are described in detail, fruits of pumpkins and apples, onion bulbs, beet roots, etc., being kept under aseptic conditions for a considerable time, and the alcoholic fennentation and carbon- dioxid evolution determined. In the first part of the report a morphological study is given of the cells undergoing self-fermentation, after which the results of cytological studies are given. A critical review of the theory of fermentation, A. Richter [Centhl. liitld. II. Par., 2. AJd., 10 {1903), No. 14-15, pp. 43S-451,fig. l). — A critical review of the fermentation of sugars by yeast. The micro-organisms of black bread fermentation, L. Budinoff {Centbl. Bukt. n. Par., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), Xo. 14-15, jjp. 4-38-463). — A review is given of the work of Halliger on the bacteriological investigations of bread fermentation, and the results of tlie author's investigations, particularly Mith Russian black bread, are reported. Notes on recent -work on vegetable ferments, W. G. Freeman ( Wed Indian Bnl., 4 {1903), Nu. 1, pjp. 22-28). — A summaiy is given of some of the more recent investigations I'elating to vegetable ferments, particular attention being paid the fer- ments which have l)een discovered in the papaw {Carica papaya), the pineai)ple, and j.itcher plants. In addition notes are given on various oxidizing ferments such as oxidases, laccase, tobacco ferments, etc. The ferment of the tea leaf, II, II. 11. Mann {Calcidta: Indian Tea Assoc, 1903, pp. 15,fi(is. 2). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 14, p. 741) the author called attention to the nature of the ferment of the tea leaf, whicli was said to Ije an oxydase, the ({uantity present in the leaf depending in some way upon the percentage of available phosphoric acid in the soil. The action of this ferment in producing the tea of commerce was shown, and in the ^jresent pul)lication the author considers the subject in some of its practical applications. The (Question of adding enzyms from some other source to fermenting tea leaves was considered, but no advantage was found to follow such treatment. The increase of ferment during the withering of the tea leaves, as well as the changes taking place in the leaves, are described, and the conclusion is drawn that there is a point in the withering of the leaf when the enzym which causes the fermentation of the leaf is present in greatest quantity. The effect of withering too quickly or too slowly upon the action of the enzym and the chemical content of the leaves was examined, and it was found that Ijy a loss of moisture the leaves may become withered before the ])roper amount of oxidizing enzym is present, or in wet weather it may become chemically ready for rolling long betVjre the leaves are properly withered. Investigations were continued on the effet-t of light and darkness in the production of the enzyms, and it was found that leaves exposed to ordinarily diffused daylight gave slightly better results than those kept in darkness. In a second experiment, where the bushes were covered, no difference could be detected after 2 weeks in the amount of oxidizing enzyms in 2 lots of leaves. It was found, however, that leaves plucked early in the morning contained a much larger amount of total enzyms than those gathered late in tiie afternoon. Wliether this can be turned to practical account can not yet be told. 452 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiniciits Avere condnctol on tlic iVrnu'iitation <>i tea umlcr iiMcptic conditions, which resulted in tlie discovery that tlie addition of a small (juantity of salicylic acid to the fermenting tea leaves, hy excluding foreign organisms, ])roduced an improved (juality of tea. Some notes on proteolytic enzyms associated, vrith. rennet in plants, M. Javilliek {f'omjjt. Rend. Acad. ,Sri. Paris, Lit; {lUO.i), JVo. 17, pp. 10 J 3-1015). —In a ])revious jjublication (E. S. R., 14, p. 549) tlie author has shown the presence of rennet or an analogous substance in certain plants, and in the present ctjmmunica- tion an account is given of certain proteolytic ferments which were found associated with the rennet in his studies on plants. In experimenting with the expressed juice of darnel under aseptic conditions it was found that the coagulunrformed hy the rennet was gradually dissolved and in it« place was formed a semitransparent liquid, upon the surface of which floated globules of milk fat. This substance was not j)recii)itated by acids, and gave, in gen- eral, the reaction of peptones. The diastase which has been fotnid in a large nundter of plants is a casease comparable with that previously described as occurring in li(jnid cultures of Tyrothrix. The })lant juice of darnel contains a gelatinase which liquifies gelatin, but does not coagulate egg albumen nor fibrin. In these experiments the author has shown that certain of the higher- plants pos- sess ferments similar to those discovered in experiments with bacteria, yeasts, molds, etc., and that the casease and gelatinase present in the plants studied are quite simi- lar, if not identical. The diastatic precipitate separated from the darnel was found after a few days to dissolve peptone in a way (]uite similar to that of the diastase occurring in tlie mucus membrane of the intestinal canal of certain mammals. A study of the proteolytic enzyms of malt, F. Weis {Compt. Tteud. Trav. Lab. C'arlshcrg, r, {1903), No. 3, pp. 133-385, ph. 17). — After giving a historical resume of the study of proteolytic enzyms and their presence in various plants, the author describes the methods of his investigations on the proteolytic enzyms of malt. As a result of his experiments he states that an aqueous solution of fresh malt was found to contain marked proteolytic properties, as is shown by the self-digestion of the malt and liy the splitting up of alTiuminoid materials which may be added to the solution. By means of precipitations with tin chlorid and tannic acid 2 phases were recog- nized in the proteolysis of protein separated from wheat, one a hydrolytic phase resulting in the formation of albumoses, the other a tryptic phase producing non- proteid crystalline compounds. These 2 phases are supposed to be caused by separate enzyms, peptase and tryptase. The action of various elements, such as temperature, moisture, acids, alkalis, etc., on these enzyms is shown, as well as the physical and chemical ])roperties of each. In the unsprouted barley grain the author was unable to demonstrate the presence of these ferments, but on the fourth day of germination tliey appeared (juite abundant and increased to a maximum production in 10 days. There appeared to lie jiroenzyms present in the unsprouted grain which at the ]>roper temjierature were rendered <]uite active upon the addition of very dilute acetic acid. Investigations on the two kinds of catalase, (). Loew {Centhl. Halt. v. Far., 2. Alt., 10 {1903), No. G, pp. 177-179). — In the previous investigations of the author 2 forms of catalase were recognized, one of which is insoluble and the other a slightly soluble form. The insoluble form lias been held to be a chemical combination of the soluble form with some nucleo-proteids. Criticisms having been made against this statement, the author has reviewed his experiments, arriving again at practically the same conclusion. Tlie catalytic decomposition of hydrog-en peroxid, and nature and func- tion of catalase, A. S. Loevenhart and J. H. Kastle {Amer. ('hem. Jour., 29 {1903), Nofi. 5, pp. 397-437, fig. 1; 6, pp. 563-588). — According to the authors it has METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 458 been found that in many instances the inhibition of the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxid ))}' various metals is due to the formation of thin insoluble pro- tective films over the surface of the metal, the formation of which is brought about by the action of the inhibitor on the metal. During the decomposition of hj'drogen peroxid, the authors could observe no evi- dence of the formation of atomic oxygen. It has been found, however, that various catalyzers act as oxygen carriers in the presence of hydrogen peroxid, and tliat with the exception of catalase all substances which break down hydrogen peroxid act as oxygen carriers. It is believed that the physiological function of catalase is not to effect the decomposition of hydrogen peroxid as a means of protecting the cell against the toxic action of this substance, but rather that catalase is a substance or mixture of substances having a tendency to combine with hydrogen peroxid to form a very unstable holoxid derivative which immediately decomposes wi"th the evolution of molecular oxygen. The authors are inclined to look upon catalase as a reducing substance, wliich may under some conditions combine with atmospheric oxygen to form an oxidase. METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY. Meteorology at the British Association, A. L. Rotch {Science, n. ser., 18 {1903), No. 4*^4, l^P- 657-661). — The author reports that meteorology received much "attention at the Southport meeting of the association. This was largely due to the fact that the International ]Meteorological Committee met with the association, and thus brought together jirominent meteorologists from different parts of the world. Meteorology also predominated in the Physical Section of the association, which was divided into two subsections, one of which recognized meteorology as a distinct branch of physics. A commission was appointed to study the relations of solar phys- ics to meteorology; the continuation of exploration of the upper atmosphere by means of kites was recommended; and the author's project to study the atmosphere over tropical oceans by means of kites flown from steamships was indorsed. "Professor Hildebrandsson announced that the discussion of the cloud observa- tions which had been made simultaneously in various parts of the world indicated the following to be the circulation of the atmosphere at different heights: (1) Above the thermic equator and the e(juatorial calms there exists throughout the year a cur- rent from the east; (2) al)ove the trades an anti-trade blows from the southwest in the northern hemisphere and from the northwest in the southern; (3) this anti-trade does not pass the polar limits of the trades, but deviates more and more to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern, so as to become a current from the west over the barometric maximum of the tropics where it descends to increase the trade; (4) the regions situated at the equatorial limit of the trade join sometimes that of the trade, sometimes that of the equatorial calms, according to the season; (5) the jaressure of the air diminishes gradually toward the poles, at least beyond the polar circles; (6) the upper layer of air in the temperate zones flows over the high pressures of the tropics and descends there; (7) the irregularities found at the surface of the earth, especially in the regions of the Asiatic monsoons, generally disappear at the height of the lower or intermediate clouds; (8) it is necessary to abandon couipletely the idea of a vertical circulation between tropics and poles, hitherto assumed, according to James Thomson and Ferrel." The weather and. practical methods of forecasting' it, E. B. Dunn {Neit^ York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, ],p. VIII-{'356, ]:>ls. 7, Jt(jx. 21).— It is stated that in this work "it has been the aim of the author to avoid all mathematics, and scientific and technical terms, and ])resent the subject in the simplest and most popular form. Rules and methods for determining weather changes are given from a personal and practical experience of tlie author Cf>vering nearly HO years." The topics treated in 454 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. different chapters are tlie atino.splicn', iiistniiiH'iits, ])ressurc of the air, temperature, winds, evaporation and luunidity, ^(jndi'nsation and ])rei-ii)itation, optical and elec- trical phenomena of the atmosphere, atmo.spheri(- disturbances, local storms, weather maps, climate, and how to foretell weatlicr changi-s hj' the use of the barometer and local atmosi)heri<' conditions. Weather conditions, \X. Elliott {lijd. Dept. Ayr. Northwest Territories, 1902, pp. 5-21). — Tlu' general weather conditions of the Northwest Territories are described and tables are given which include data for rainfall at a large number of i)laces dur- ing 1902 and previous years, temperature observations during 1902, and the relation between daily temperature, total precipitation, and crop yields for different districts from 1S98-1902. Heport of tlie meteorolog-ical ■work of the Ploti Agricultural Experiment Station, J\I. Svolinsky [Rap. An. Sta. Expt. Ayron. I'loti/, S {1902}, pp. 1-23, charts 3). — Observations on temperature of the air and soil, atmospheric pressure, humidity, jirecipitation, evaporation, cloudiness, sunshine, solar radiation, wind movement, and miscellaneous phenomena are recorded. WATER SOILS. Colorado irrigation ^w•aters and their changes, W. P. Headpen ( Colorado Sta. Bui. S2, p]>. 77). — This bulletin discusses the source, character, and conditions affecting the nature of the irrigation waters of Colorado, especially as typified in the waters derived from tlie Cache la Poudre River. Analyses of the waters of this stream at different points in its course, of the stored water of the stream, and of the ground water, drainage, and return seepage resulting from the use of the water in irrigation, are reported and discussed in detail. Analyses of the waters of a few other Colorado streams are also reported for comparative purposes, and a brief account is given of a study of the suspended matter carried by the Cache la Poudre in times of high water. The results show that the character of the water of the Cache la Poudre, and of the mountain streams of Colorado in general, changes rapidly as soon as they enter the plains section of their courses. The amount of total solids in Cache la Poudre water was found to increase from 2.9 gr. per imperial gallon as tlie river leaves the mountains to 10.2 gr. as delivered to the town of Fort Collins less than 8 miles away. From the results of laboratory experiments and from the occurrence of strontium and lithium in the Cache la Poudre water the conclusion is drawn that the mineral matter held in solution by the streams in their mountain courses is due i)rincipally to the solvent action of water containing carbon dioxid on feldspar. "The amount of mineral matter which the Poudre carries through its canyon daily, assuming a flow of 300 second-feet, is nearly 26 tons." This is only aljout one-half as much as was brought into solution by laboratory experiments with line-ground feldspar and car- bonated water, viz, 4.536 gr. x»er gallon. "The effect of storage is to increase the mineral matter held in solution. Some of the increase is derived from the ditches through which the water flows and from seepage directly into the reservoirs. A small increase, 0.5 gr. per gallon, is due to evaporati(jn, but by far the largest increase is shown in instances where seepage water is either intentionally stored or flows into the reservoir." The mineral matter held in solution by stored water varies considerably with different reservoirs, and also differs from that of the streams from which it is derived. "The salts predomi- nating in the water of the Poudre while it is a mountain stream are the carbonates, with some chlorids and sulphates, but as stored in Terry Lake and Windsor reservoir the carbonates have almost disappeared and tlieir place has been taken by the sulphates. The amounts of calcium, magnesium, and sodium sulphates which WATER SOILS. 455 I appear in the stored waters are large. ' ' The amount of potash present is not large and comes mainly from seepage water or other sources besides the river water. "The amount of nitrogen, including all forms, added with the irrigation water, being less than 4 lbs. per acre, is negligible. . . . "Water used in direct irrigation, that is, water conveyed by means of ditches directly from the river to the land irrigated, suffers less change than when stored, but , PP- '-71-.'96, Jiureau of Soils "from the fact that the ordinary methods of determining the plant foods which a soil contains have not given results apparently related in any definite way to the yield of crops." Discarding the various methods more commonly employed for the chemical exami- nation of soils, for reasons which are explained, the water extract was adopted as the most satisfactory measure of the available plant food in soils, and methods for the rapid determination of small amounts of mineral matter in the water extracts have been worked out. After trying various means of getting soil solutions, inc4uding the use of a powerful centrifugal machine, "the Bureau finally adopted the convention of taking 100 gm. of the soil sample, stirring it vigorously for 3 minutes with 500 cc. distilled water, allowing it to stand 20 minutes for tlie coarser soil particles to sub- side, and decanting the supernatant solution containing more or less suspended clay and other solid matter." This solution was filtered under pressure through a Cham- berland-Pasteur unglazed porcelain filter, and examined by methods which are briefly outlined as follows: "The bicarbonates are determined by titrating the fil- tered aqueous extract of the soil with a dilute acid solution, using methyl orange as an indicator; the chlorids by titrating with a dilute S(dution of silver nitrate, using carefully prepari'd potassium chromate as an indicator; the sulphates photometric- ally, using a modification of a method proposed l)y Hinds and Jackson; the nitrates by developing tlie color resulting from the addition of phenol-disulphonic acid, mak- ing the solution slightly alkaline with ammonia, and then comparing photometrically with a standard solution of potassium nitrate similarly treated; the jihosphoric acid by comparing the color produced by adding molybdic acid to a solution containing phosphates in the presence of nitric; acid with the color produced in a standard solu- tion of sodium phosphate treated in a similar manner; the silica by the use of the nitric acid and molybdate solution, after allowing the soil solution to stand at least 1 hour, reading against the i)hospliatc standard and subtracting the previous reading for phosphate; the potassium from the color ])roduced when an excess of potassium iodid is added to a solution of a platinic salt and photometrically compared with a standard similarly treated, and the calcium and magnesium by an adaptation of th.e well-known Clark soap method, modified by Winkler, Wartha, and others." - 458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. TIk' ivsults of ik'ld cxiuuinationw liy tlies^e inethods of the water extracts of several hundred oveu-dried sami)les of (5 typical soils of varying degrees of productiveness from New Jersey, Maryland, and North Carolina are reported. From these results and from those of analyses of air-dried samples of tyi)e soils from various parts of the humid region of the United States the conclusion is drawn that " there is no a])j)ar- ent relation between tiie dissolved salt of the soils, as determined by the methods outlined a1)ove and the yield of crops, and that there are no constant differences l)etM('en the h. more by applyinji sulphates at time of planting; crop. . . . "None of the results show a very marked increase of j)roduct as a result of potash fertilization, yet they do point toward muriate as Ixnng the most etticient in produc- ing an increase of crop. Sulphate of potash stands second; carbonate of potash and kainit indicate negative results." All of the fertilizers furnishing potash in the form of carbonate were effective in increasing the yield. " Cotton-seed hull ashes proved the most effective. . . . The carbonate of potash and magnesia, which is one of the Stassfurt productions, did not seem quite as active at the start, but with the 6 crops it produced a larger increase than wood ashes. . . . The carbonate of potash and magnesia produced on the 6 crops over double as much increase as was produced by the muriate of potash when compared to their respective nttthing plats. . . . "The use of lime with muriate and sulphate did not prove of any material advan- tage. . . . The use of lime with sulphate of potash was more effective in increasing yields than wood ashes, while the muriate of potash and lime was less so. Supple- menting muriate with phosphoric acid, and with lime and phosphate in combination, gave [inconclusive] results." The results of these experiments as well as of others made at the station indicate that the soil used is not as deficient in potash as in phosphoric acid. It also lacks organic matter and nitrogen. No special effect of the potash fertilizers on the /t' Fabrikatlon dcs Suj)erplt().'ij)hals mil Biriick.siditii/uiu/ tlcranderen gebrduchlichen DungermiUel. Brunswick: Fricdrich J'ieweg cO Son, 1903, pp. XI-r336, pis. 4, fifjs. 79) . — The manufacture of superphosphates is treated from both theoreti- cal and practical standpoints. The prei)aration of' phosphoric acid, double super- phosphates, Thomas slag, bone meal, precipitated phosphate, and other citrate and citric-acid-soluble phosphates, etc., is also discussed. A chapter is devoted to methods of examination of fertilizers and another to means of preventing accidents, and various tables useful in connection with the manufacture and examination of the products are given. A new adulterant of commercial fertilizers, A. Bruttixi [Staz. Spcr. Agr. Ital., 36 {1903), No. 7, pp. 584-590). — It is claimed that the residue from the mother liquor obtained in preparing salt from brines is used in the preparation of fertilizers. Its fertilizing value is shown to be low. FIELD CROPS. 463 Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell ET AL. {Mart/land A(jr. Col. Quart., 1003, No. 21, pp. 54). — The results of analyses of 489 samples of fertilizers examined from March to June, 1903, are reported, with notes on valuation, the text of the State fertilizer law, and a brief discussion of pro- posed amendments of the law. Complete report on commercial fertilizers for 1902, J. H. Stewart and B. H. HiTK ( West ]'lrgiiiia Sta. Bui. 83, pp. 110). — This report contains a list of the fer- tilizers registered for sale in the State during the year and the results of analyses, with notes on the operation of the new fertilizer law and the source and value of various fertilizing materials. Licensed commercial fertilizers, F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 100, pp. 3-1'i, IS, 19). — The text of tlie State fertilizer law is given and analyses of 17 samples of fertilizers licensed in the State during 1903 are reported with a brief general dis- cussion of the subject of fertilizers. FIELD CROPS. Report on work at the Ploti Experiment Field in 1901-2 {Rap. An. Sta. Expt. Aijroii. I'lotij, S {1902), pp. 1.^9-142). — The work has been continued along former lines (E. S. R., 14, p. 340), but has been extended. This season winter wheat after corn yielded 930 kg. of grain and 2,400 kg. of straw, and winter rye after a cereal crop 960 kg. of grain and 480 kg. of straw per hectare less than a crop grown on cultivated fallow. Green manure seemed to increase the yield of winter wheat over cultivatelat receiving 400 lbs. acid phosphate ranked first, with a yield of 40 bu., while thei)lat receiving the same amount of nitrate of soda and sulphate of potash yielded 23.08 and 23.1 bu., respec- tively. The check plat in this series gave a yield of 22 bu. per acre. The results of 1901 show that amounts of acid phosphate in excess of 150 lbs. per acre increased the yield but slightly. The i>lat which received no fertilizer in addition to 30 bu. of stone lime per acre applied in 1899 yielded this season 32.1 bu. per acre as compared with 22.7 bu. on the no-fertilizer plat. The last year of the experiments acid phosphate again showed its supeTior effect, and nitrate of soda and sulphate of potash gave the best returns when used in connection with each other. In the experiments at the station acid phosphate did not sliow sut-h marked results, yet its beneficial effect was apparent. In a variety test the average yields for 3 crops, 1 grown at the station and the others at Reedsville, were 31.3, 19.6, 18.1, and 20.8 bu. per acre for Japanese, Silver Hull, Gray, and Russian Ijuckwheat, respectively. Seed from Ontario, Canada, yielded 3 bu. per acre more than seed grown in West Virginia. Buckwheat was sown on 8 different dates, from May 5 to July 13, and the best yield was ol)tained from the sowing May 28, which was closely followed by that made June 6. Suggestions on the culture of the crop are given. The continuous growth of mangels for 27 years on the same land, Barn Field, Rothamsted, A. I). Haij. {.Jmir. Rdij. A(jr. Sac. EugJarul, Co {WO;.^), jijj. -27- 59, figs. 9). — An account is given of the experiments in the continuous growth of mangels on the same land, which form a part of the Rothamsted investigations. 466 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. After doscribiii}^ tlic cxperimtMit and icjiortiiig the ivHiilts in detail, the aiitiior con- cludes— "That mangels can be irrown continuously on the same land without injuring the tilth of the land or the health of th(> crop. That a liberal dressing of farmyard manure forms the best basis of tlu; manure for mangels. Tliat the crop will further respond to considerable additions of active nitrogenous manures to the dung, jiarticu- larly of nitrate of soda. That a free supply of potash salts is essential to the proper develoi)ment of the jnangel, hence a specific. i)otash maimring is desirable even when dung is used in large (juantities, and on a strong soil initially rich in potash. When nitrogenous manures are used in addition to dung, tlie potash salts should be increased pro rata, in order to maintain the health and feeding value of the croj) and to bring it to maturity. That, in conjunction with dung, superphosphate or other phosi)hatic manure is hardly necessary and will give little appreciable return, especially when the crop is grown in rotation. That, as soluble alkaline salts are beneficial to the mangel crop, either as direct foods or as economizers of potash, a dressing of salt should always be included among the manures for the mangel crop." A variety test of oats, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood ( West Vinjirda Sin. Bnl. S4,j)p. 475-480). — Of 24 varieties grown in 1900 Extra Swedish, Black Prolific, Silver Mine, White Bonanza, American Banner, Big Four "White, Imperial American, and White Russian, given in the order of their productiveness, yielded from 60 to 67.8 bu. per acre. The lowest yield ol:)tained from any variety was 35 bu. In 1901, 5, and in 1902, 7, of these varieties were again among the 8 leading sorts. The influence on the yield of the distriljution of rainfall during the growing season is shown. On tlie viability of shelled oats, J. A. Andersson {Landtmannen, 13 (1902), No. 42, pp. G76-(!7S). — Trials conducted by the author showed that shelled oats are con- siderably inferior to unshelled oats, not only as regards viability and germinative energy, but also in yield. The latter was 20 to 25 per cent lower in case of the shelled oats, under similar cultural conditions for liotli kinds of grain.— f. w. woll. The rape plant; its culture, use, and value, J. 11. Grisdale {Canada Cent. E.ijit. Farm linl. 4-'-, pp- '>)• — General and l)rief directions are given for the culture of the rajie plant, and the uses of the crop in feeding different kinds of farm animals are noted. Distance experiments -with sugar beets, J. J. YAxnA {Centbl. Aijr. Chem., 32 {1903), No. S,pp. 538, 539). — Sugar beets were grown 20, 25, and 30 cm. apart in rows 35, 40, and 45 cm. distant. The distance allowed each plant ranged from 700 to 1,350 sq. cm. The smallest yields were obtained from the 35 cm. rows with the plants at intervals of 30 cm. Planting the beets 30 cm. ai)art in rows 45 cm. distant gave nuich the best yields. Distribution of sugar in the beet, I. Zlobinski ( Vyestnik Sakh. I'rom., 1903, No. 21; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [.Tour. E.ipt. Lnndw.'\, 4 {1903), No. 4, P- 499). — Taking his investigations as a basis, the author describes the portion of the beet richest in sugar to be a narrow zone around the center of the root. — p. fireman. The effect of removing or injuring the leaves of sugar beets on the devel- opment of the plant, H. Claassen (Centbl. Agr. Clietn., 32 {1903), No. 8, pp. 639-541)- — Experiments were made to determine the effect of removing some of the leaves of sugar beets while the plants are still growing. In one row the small inner leaves of the plant were entirely cut away; in another row the larger outer leaves were removed; while from all except the smaller inner leaves of the plants in a third row, one-half of the leaf surface was cut away; and in the fourth row the leaves were mutilated in a manner approximating injuries due to hail. The smaller inner leaves were soon replaced after their removal by a new growth. The larger leaves were not replaced, but the remaining ones made a good vigorous FIELD CROPS. 467 growth, so that by the enci of the season the ground was again well covered. The injured leaves remained green and fresh, and the smaller inner leaves of these par- ticular plants were induced to make a better growth by this treatment. The results showed that the removal of the leaves and injury to the same had practically no effect on the sugar content, but that it reduced the weight of the beets. Cutting away the inner leaves had the least effect. It is estimated from the data obtained that the removal of entire leaves, or parts of the same, whether by hail or otherwise, may cause a reduction of 30 per cent in the weight of the crop. Investigations -with sugar cane ( Verslag. Proefstat. Suikrrriel, ]]'est Jura, 1903, pp. 85-94)- — Water cultures of sugar cane were successful in development when nitrogen was furnished in the form of nitrate of potash, while plants given nitrogen as ammonium sulphate i)erished. The plants seemed to absorb the ammonium sul- pliate, but were incapable of assimilating it. It is concluded from these results that under field conditions cane draws upon the nitrates for its nitrogen supply and that ammonium sulphate can be useful to the plants only after it has undergone nitrifi- cation. The increase in the weight of dry matter was studied by making 200 sections of a leaf in the morning, and the same number at different times during the day from leaves of the same plant and apparently ecjual in all respects to the one from which the tirst lot of sections had l)een made. The dry matter in these sections was deter- mined and the increase noted. It is concluded that under favorable weather condi- tions an increase in weight of the dry matter of more than 15 per cent in the course of a forenoon indicates good growth, an increase of 10 to 15 per cent, medium, and from 5 to 10 per cent, poor growth, while an increase of only 5 per cent may be regarded as practically a stagnation in growth. Observations with reference to the transpiration of water by the cane plant showed that the quantity was approximately 5 liters per day. lixperiments on the respira- tion of the plant w^ere made and the daily quantity of carl)on dioxid formed and glucose consumed in different varieties is given. Cuttings of 4 or 5 internodes are recommended for planting. Experiments in grow^ing tobacco of the Sumatra type under shade, E. H. Jkn'kins {Cuinii'ctlcnt tStalc Sta. Jijtl. J:h)J, pt. 4, pp. 441I, 447). — It was found that mos- quito netting as a covering for tlie growing crop was as durable as cheese cloth and shaded the plants to a much less extent. The author does not consider shade at all necessary in that latitude, and believes the value of shade to lie in the protection from insects, high winds, hail, and drought, and in providing a higher and more equable temperature and a damper atmosphere. Owing to an unsatisfactory growth of part of the crop an intended comparison of curing on the stalk and curing the primed leaves became impossil)le. The pole-cured crop of this season was about 250 lbs. less than the pole-cured crop of 1901 and also inferior to it in quality. The finished crop of 1901 was sold at an average price of $1.59 per pound. Preliminary report on fertilizer experiments -with tobacco at the Deli Experimental Fields in 1902, I). J. IIissink {Meded. ' >S Lands Flantentuin, 1903, Xo. (J J, pi. 3, pp. GS). — The plan and purpose of the experiments on the different fields are described, and data with reference to planting, cultivating, and harvesting the crop, together with meteorological records, are presented. Influence of climate and soil on the composition and milling qualities of winter wheat, A. M. Soule and P. O. A\\natter ( Tcmiessee Stu. Bid. Vol. XVI, No. 4, j>j>. ol-ss, fifjii. 22). — The experiment here reported is cooperative between the fetation and the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Former results of similar work have been previously noted (E. S. K., 13, p. 546). 468 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Of 4S varieties of wlieat test('(l for several years, not more than 0 are considered first class. The results for the (1 leading; varieties are snniinarizt'd in tlir following table: Jicaiillx irilli nirii'tics (if v'lnicr irlieat. Name of varietv. Yield per acre, 1903. Average yield of grain for 4 years. Number of grains per ounce of seed used in 1903. In crop of 1903: Av. number of grains— Average weight of grain per bushel for 4 years. Relative hardness for 3 years. Protein, average for 4 years. Grain. Straw. Per head. Per ounce. Poole Bu. 48.54 47.60 44.27 45.21 39.27 42. 55 Tons. 3.77 3.42 3.09 3.69 3.06 3.18 Bu. 37.23 37.21 36. 77 36.56 36.25 36.18 776 759 619 19.58 21.09 19.01 965 888 736 914 772 821 Lbs. 58.56 58. ,56 .59.00 .59. 00 59. 76 59.91 72 71 127 106 138 124 Perct. 1.5. 43 Improved I'oole . .. Niger 15.22 15.20 Imp. Fulcaster 704 1 20.00 093 1 19.02 16.01 17.06 Mediterranean 715 19.33 17.39 These varieties ripened June 10 and 11. Poole is the onlj- variety brought into the State which is recommended for general culture. The yield of straw in 1903 was heavy, and the varieties given above were among the heaviest producers, Poole lead- ing all varieties. The lowest average yield of the varieties tested for 4 years was 24.11 bu. per acre. Some of the reasons given for low yields in the State are disre- gard of rotation, improper preparation of the seed bed, deficiency of vegetable mate- rial in the soil, late seeding, and growing unsuitable varieties. The number of grains per ounce in the varieties tested varied from 589 for Red Cross to 1,068 for No. 5342, a foreign variety furnished by this Department. The average number of grains per head ranged from 15.58 in Velvet Chaff to 34.86 in Mealey. This last mentionesphates, potash, and lime are recommended for impover- ished soils. Soil treatment for -wheat in rotations, with special reference to southern Illinois soils, C. (1. Hopkins {J/llnoln Sta. JiuL S6\pj). 113-143, Jigs. 8). — Cooperative rotation experiments have been in progress for 2 years at Vienna, Odin, Cutler, and Mascoutah, in southern Illinois, and the results thus far obtained are reported. The plan of the experiment is as follows: First year, corn or wheat with a legmninous catch croi? on certain plats; second year, oats with a leguminous catch croji on the same plats as in the first year; third year, clover, cowpeas, or some other leguminous crop. All leguminous catch crops are plowed under for the benefit of the land. The quantity of lime applied is governed by the need of the soil, as indicated by a deter- mination of its acidity. Phosphoric acid is given in applications of 400 lbs. of fine- ground steamed bone per acre the first year, and of 200 lbs. each year thereafter, and potash in applications of 200 lbs. i^er acre of potassium chlorid or potassium sul- phate the first year and afterwards 100 lbs. ammally. The fertilizers are not applied uniformly to all plats, but only to certain ones. Barnyard manure is used alone and in comljination on some i)lats, and is applied only once in a rotation at the rate of 2 tons per acre. The results obtained on each experimental field are shown in tables and discussed. Owing to the very uniform soil on the Cutler experiment field, the results there obtained are taken as the basis for a general discussion of the effects of the soil treatment. Making allowance iuv the value of the fertilizing materials removed by the wheat crop, a i)iat on which leguminous cro})S were i)lowed under gave a net return of $1.42 per acre of wheat, while the check plat gave ^O.SS. The results of 2 other j^lats indicated that the omission of this treatment with luguminous crops had reduced 470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the jirofits l)y $1.73, oven alter allowinj; SI fur the expense of growing and turning under a leguminous crop and disregarding its residual effect. Tlie plat receiving barnyard manure gave a return of $.'157, against $0.88 with no fertilizer of any kind. Moderate apj)lications of ground limestone to acid soils gave a marked improvement in the growth of leguminous crojjs, but tiie full extent of this improvement has not yet been determined. The application of i)hosi)horic aciil proved a very jjrofi table treatment for this soil. IJme and a leguminous croji turned luider gave a return of $2.73, and the addition of phosphoric acid ai)parently increased this return to $7.30 per acre; and the returns with manure ($3.39) were apjjarently increased to $8.30 by tlu^ addition of ])hosphates. Potash also pi'oved profitable, especially when used with a leguminous <-rop and ])h()sphoric acid, the profit of $7. .30 an acre noted above being brought up to $11.88 where jjotash was added. The use of i)otasli without phosi)horic acid is considered improfitable on nearly all Illinois soils, the swampy soils excepted, since with the excejition of swampy and sandy lands, the subsoils contain large supplies of 2>otash, and attention is called to the probability of making these stores more availal>le to growing crops by tile drainage. The effect of tile drainage was observed on the Odin experiment field. In. 1902 2 plats, one of which was tile-drained, were treated with a leguminous crop, lime, and phosphoric acid. The yield of oats on the tile-drained plat was 19.2 bu. per acre, and on the other, 16.7 l)u. In 1903 the tiled plat yielded 13.4 bu. of wheat per acre, and the imtiled plat 5.8 bu. An untiled plat treated in all respects the same as the foregoing, and receiving in addition an application of potash, yielded 14 bu. of wheat per acre, while on the tiled land the increase in favor of the potash plat was only from 13.4 to 15.2 bu. Comparing 2 plats on the tiled land, the use of potash appears to have reduced the yield of oats by 1.5 bu. The beneficial effect of nuilching land with wheat straw, which was incidentally observed, is briefly noted. The structure and color of wheat kernels, W. von Gromann and F. Schindler {Fufding' s Landw. Ztg., 52 {1903), No. 4, PP- 117-121). — Microscopical examinations were made to determine the possibility of differentiating varieties of wheat by the internal structure of the kernel, and to determine whether widely different climatic conditions influenced tlie color and thickness of tlie pericarj), and whether the color of the grain is due to any extent to the outer layer. No regular and well-defined differences in the internal sti'ucture of the kernel of wheat varieties was di.scerniljle. The pericarp of Tril'icnin spelta, T. dicoecuiii, and T. 'iitonococcum differentiated itself from the i)ericarp of tlie naked wheats l)y its weaker development. Wheats from various countries were also studied, but no regular structural differences were observed which might be attributed to climatic conditions. The authors believe, however, that the climate may effect the structure of the pericarp and that, to demonstrate this point definitely, kernels varj'ing practically only with reference to the climatic conditions under wliicli they were produced should be obtained. It was found that the color of the pericarp of different varieties of wheat is uniform and the conclusion is drawn that for this reason the difference in color of wheats must be due to the color of the seed coat. The outer layer of the seed coat is colorless, while the color of the inner laj'er accords with the color of the grain. Reports on the investigation of Russian Avheat, I. I). Kolesjsikov, A. I. KovENKO, and P. B. Bldkin ( Trudl Sijez. Dijeyat. Sehk. KIioz. Opuitii. Dyelu, 1901, pp. 109-124; uh><. hi Zliur. Opuiln. Agron. [Jour. E.vpt. Lundw.'], 4 {1903), No. 4, pp- 486, 4S7). — Attention is called to the fact that the varieties of Russian wheat on the market are little known, and that there is neither a correct botanical description of them nor an established nomenclature. The establishment of at least one special station in Russia for the investigation of agricultm-al plants is recommended. — p. FIREMAN. HORTICULTURE. 471 HORTICULTURE. The relation between hybrid characters and those of their parents, H. De Vries (7i'(7-. (ii'n. Bill., 7.7 ( 1903), No. 174, pp- 241--o2). — The laws governing the production of hybrids are stated by the author as follows: (1 ) Crosses between forms corresponding to elementary or progressive species give constant hybrids. Some common examples are ^-Egilnps Kpelt.Tformis {^E. ovaia X Triiicum vulgare) and Medl- cago media (M. faleaUi X sativa). (2) Crosses between forms corresponding to prop- erly called varieties, retrogressive or "degressive," give hy1)rids whose offspring separate according to the law discovered by ilendel for peas. (8) When the differ- ence between the 2 jiarents of a hybrid is in part of a progressive nature and for the other characters of a retrogressive or "degressive" nature, the offspring of the hybrid does not change for the first, but separates ai'ccirding to the latter. The author states that the first 2 cases are simple, Init relativel}' rare. The third is the ordinary (>ase for the large majority of crosses made l)y different investi- gators. A number of examples are cited under the different laws. As explanatory of the words "progressive" and "retrogressive," the author notes that when new characters are being acquired by an individual this constitutes a "progressive" mutation. Once acquired, however, a character may not always remain visible in the development of an individual. AVhile not apparent it may be present in a latent state. This the author calls a "retrogressive" mutation. The forward movement in plant breeding, L 11. Bailey {Pror. Atiter. Phil. Soc, 4^ {1903), No. 172, jjj). 54-G8). — This is a comprehensive review of the work in plant breeding now being carried on in America. It deals with the methods, ideals sought for, and results obtained. Tlie woi-k with corn in Illinois and wheat in Minnesota is noted in considerable detail. Forcing rhubarb in the dark, V. 11. Davis [Jonr. C'ohunJniR Hort. Soc, h9 {1903), No. 3, pp. 86-01, fiy a. 3). — The details and results secured in winter forcing seedling rhubarb roots are recorded. Usually only crowns from 3 to 5 years old are used for winter forcing. In the present experiment seedlings obtained l)y sowing seed in April in drills 2-1 in. ajiart were used. The seedlings made a remarkably good growth during the sunnner, many leaves attaining a foot across, with stalks ir> to 20 in. long and an inch thick. After the ground had been frozen and thawed out once in the fall the roots were plowed out and placed in a dark cellar. They were packed closely together, with the crowns up and soil sifted between until the roots were covered 2 or 3 in. deep. They were then thoroughly soaked with water and the room made perfectly dark. The stalks pushed rapidly into growth and within 4 weeks an excellent growth of rhubarb was secured. These seedling roots furnished 2 pullings of first-class stalks, 2 more of fair stalks, and 2 or 3 more small pullings of rather small and spindly stalks. In all, the one crop lasted about 4 weeks. The exhausted roots were then removed and a new supply grown in like manner. It is stated that in this work the tempera- ture should never be allowed to go above 60° F., unless quick results are wanted at the expense of quality and quantity. The crop grown in this experiment sold for from 60 to 75 cts. per dozen bunches, and there were from 4 to 6 stalks in each bunch. From an area of 370 scj. ft. of cellar space rhubarb to the amount of $35.55 was sold, and it is believed that the yield obtained in this experiment can be materially increased when more attention is given to the growing of the seedlings. Special mention is made of the desirability of growing the roots in absolute dark- ness, since by this method the strength of the root is directed into the stem of the rhubarb rather than into the production of foliage. "By i)lanting the seed on 472 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. licavily iiiannrcd loam soil and Ihiniiiiij,' tlic plants to a distance of 1 ft. in the rows, with i)roper cuhivation and nmlching if need bo, we believe roots can be grown in a single season which will give twice the yield received from onr experiment. If it can be done with certainty from year to year the question of obtaining crowns for forcing purposes will be solved." Storing- and forcing' of chicory, H. W. AVarp {(lard. Cliron., S. fter., 34 {1903), No: 870, 2>p. 299, 300). — In blanching chicory the author states that as soon as the plants die down in the fall he finds it advisable to sjirinkleasmall quantity of wood- ashes around and over them. Troughs about 10 in. deep, 9 in. wide, and 8 ft. long are i)laced over the rows and covered with a quantity of clean, and slightly fermenting leaves to a depth of 2 ft. When thus handled it is claimed that well-blanched chic- ory may be cut within 2 or ?> weeks. It has been found desirable to blanch contiguous parts of G or more rows at one time, as a better and more even degree of heat is secured from the leaf l:)ed by this method. As the season advances and the weather becomes warmer the depth of the leaf bed should be reduced. Where this method cannot be followed, successive batches of roots may be taken up and placed 3 or 4 in. apart in shallow boxes or pots, with light mold packed mod- erately firm about them, and placed in a dark frost-proof cellar, cave, or shed. When thus forced in boxes they should also be covered over with boxes at least 8 in. deep. Results of variety tests of veg-etables during tlie last 5 years, E. Junge {Bcr. K. Lelmnut. Wein, Ohxt n.. (Uirtenlxtn, (ki.^ciiliclm, 1902, pp. 125, 126). — The best varieties grown in the gardens of the horticultural school at Geisenheim for 5 years are enumerated for a large number of different kinds of vegetables. The white truffle mycelium, E. Boulancjer [Les m;/celhim iruffiers hlancs. Paris: Olferthnr, 1903, pp. ,i3, p]>s. 3). — A technical botanical description is given of truffle mycelium, with microscopic drawings showing the development of different stages of the mycelium. The gist of this paper has been noted from another source ( E. S. R. , 15, p. 253), as has also a paper on the artificial culture of truffles, by L. Matruchot (E. 8. R., 15, p. 25.S), which is included in the article. Systematic pomolog-y, F. A. Waugh {New York: Orangr Jtald Co., 1903, ]>p. 288, fiyfi. 3.5). — This is a text- book on systematic i)omology. It treats of the description, nomenclature, and classification of fruits, including the usual orchard fruits, small fruits, and grapes. The l)lank forms used in describing and classifying fruits at a number of agricultural colleges and experiment stations and at this Department are reproduced. The l)ook contains exercises in fruit nomenclature, classification, and description, as well as others in judging fruits. Blank score cards are given for judging all the more usual fruits seen at fairs and horticultural exhibitions. The book concludes with a glossary of the terms used in systematic pomology, and an index. The work as a whole deals with methods an; 780 acres with a j^ielcl of 40,(50;^ bu., as compared with an area of 3,616 acres and a yield of 312,174 \m. in 1902. Report of the fruit experiment stations of Ontario, L. Wolvektox kt al. {Ontario Fruit E.rpt. Stas. Bpt. 1902, pp. 104, map 1, figs. 36). — A. further report is given on the success or faikire of the orchard and small fruits grown at each of the 15 experiment fruit farms in Ontario. Descriptions and full-sized illustrations are given for purpose of identification of several varieties of apples, blackberries, cher- ries, grapes, peaches, pears, plums, and strawberries. The report also contains a catalogue which shows in tabular form the values of the different varieties of orchard and small fruits grown in Ontario, and their adaptability to the various parts of the Province. The plan of the report is similar to those previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 41). Japanese plums have proved very successful as far north as Georgian Bay. Special methods of cultivation for special conditions, W. T. 3I.\coUN [Ontario Fruit Groivers' Assoc. Rpt. 190£, pp. 56-59). — Notes are given on the good results secured in the vicinity of Montreal by growing orchards in sod. This prac- tice is considered very desirable in young bearing orchards in that vicinity, where winter-killing of the roots is extremely likely unless protected by grass, sod, or some clover crop. Some data are given on the yields and i^rofits obtained in planting Wealthy apple trees 10 ft. apart each way. For the 4 years, 1899 to 1902, the total receipts per acre were §940.15 and the expenses $454.62, leaving a net profit of $485.53, or an average profit of $121.38 per year from this method of growing Wealthy trees. An experiment in planting fruit trees too deep {Ber. K. LeJiranst. ITfen, Obst u. Gartenbau, Geisenhrim, 1902, pp. SS-SS,fi(js. 3). — A number of different kinds of fruit trees were set out to a normal depth; others were i)lanted 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 cm. deeper than the normal, to see what effect this would have on the root development of the trees. In general the size of the tree and the extent of the root development decreased witli every increase in depth of planting Ijeyond the normal. Apples and apple growing in Minnesota, S. B. Green (Minnesota Sla. Bui. 83, pp. 31, ph. 49, figs. 7). — Bopular directions are given for the culture of apples in Minnesota, including details as to methods of planting, protection of the trees from sun scald, manuring, cultivation, and selection of hardy stocks, and descriptions of 67 varieties grown in the State. Half-tone illustrations are given of the whole and halved apples of 55 varieties. The most successful varieties grown in Minnesota consist of a few Russian varieties and seedlings of local origin. Some of the varieties recommended for planting are as follows: Of the first degree of hardiness — Duchess, Hibernal, Charlamoff, and Pat- ten Greening, and of the second degree — Wealthy, Longfield, Tetofsky, Malinda, Okabena, and Peerless. The crabs and hybrids reconmiended for general cultivation are Virginia, Martha, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Minnesota, Sweet Russet, Gideon No. 6, Briar Sweet, Florence, and Transcendent. While seedlings of Pyrns baccata have i)roved most resistant to root killing they are not entirely adapted to all varieties of cultivated apples. Hybrid crabs at pres- ent form the most promising source for hardy stock. For the severest locations in Minnesota and Manitoba it is believed to be a good plan to grow only hyl)rid crabs and have theni grafted on pure Pyrus baccata. Root-grafted trees are believed to be more hardy than top-grafted. In light, dry soils it is recommended that the trees be jjlanted 12 in. deeper than they naturally grow in the nursery. On steep hillsides they should l)e planted deeper yet, in some instances being set as deep as 20 in. or more, for the i>urpose of affording 474 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. protection to tlu' roots. The author rccomnu'iiiLs that the orchard be plowed late in the autumn to act as a winter mulch. On steep hillsides where cultivation is not possible the orchard should be mowed and the grass piled around the trunks. When the snow is not over 6 in. deep it is recommended that in addition to late plowing the trees be mulched with coarse manure or litter for a distance of 3 to 6 ft. from the trunk. Thinning apples, S. A. Be.U'it {Ncv York StateSta. Bui. 239, pp. 107-224, ph. 2). — Exiu'rimcnts were made V)y the author covering a period of 4 years in thinning apples, to determine the effect of thinning on size, color, cjuality, and yield of fruit; the amount of the different grades of fruit; the influence of thinning in promoting regular annual bearing; and finally the cost and profitablene.ss of thinning apples. The varieties of apples under observation were Baldwin, Hubbardston, Nonesuch, and Rhode Island Greening. Three methods of thinning w'ere practiced. By the first method all wormy, knotty, or otherwise undesirable fruits were removed and each cluster thinned to 1 fruit. The second and third methods were similar to the first, except that the fruits were thinned to not less than 4 and 6 in. apart respec- tively. The data obtained in the experiments are given quite fully in tabular form and discussed. In seasons of heavy crojis, thinning was found to heighten the color of both yellow and red fruits and to increase the size of the fruit. When only a small crop was set thinning had no appreciable influence on either color or size. With Rhode Island Greening, which has a tendency to bear more regularly and produce smaller crops, the effect of thinning was less noticeable than with Baldwin and Hubbardston. As to the influence of thinning on the regularity of bearing, the experiments with all 3 varieties are fairly uniform in showing no material cliange in either the amount of fruit grown or the regularity of its production by thinning. Data sufficient to furnish a basis for specific directions as to distances apart to thin apples were not ol)tained in this experiment. This is a matter that depends upon the amount of fruit that sets, its distribution on the tree, and the ability of the indi- vidual tree to bring fruit to perfection. Supplementary evidence covering a i)eriod of 10 years and tending to show the variability in productiveness of trees of the same variety from year to year are given for several Rhode Island Greening trees. The data bring out the fact that some trees regularly produce year after year heavier crops than others. Where thinning is practiced the author advises that the work be begun within 3 or 4 weeks after the fruit sets, even if the June drop is not yet over. In these experi- ments the time required for thinning and harvesting the apples on the thinned trees was about twice as great as the time required for harvesting the fruit from the unthinned trees. It is believed that the cost of thinning a well-loaded apple tree should not exceed 50 cts. As to the market value and profitableness of thinning, the experiments show that the thinned trees bear a larger percentage of first-grade fruit than unthinned trees, and that the fruit is mucii better adapted for making fancy grades. When this fancy fruit can be marketed in boxes or barrels in quantity buyers are likely to give i higher price for it. The opinion of a practical grower, in whose orchard the experi- ments were conducted, is to the effect that when there is a heavy set of apples and the likelihood of a large crop of small fruit general, it will pay to thin to such an extent as to insure good-sized fruit; otherwise not, except as a protection to the tree. Should apples be thinned ? F. H. Hall and S. A. Beach {New York State Sta. Bui. 239, pojmlar ed.,]ip. 10). — A popular summary of the above bulletin. The effect of grass on [apple] trees, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering ( Wohvrn Expt. Fruit Farm Bpt. 1903, pp. 56, ph. 3). — Some data showing the injuri- ous effects of grass on the growth of fruit trees were reported by the authors 3 years HORTICULTURE. 475 ago (E. S. R., 12, p. 749). The present pamphlet gives the details of investigations made to determine why grass has such a serious effect on the development of apple trees. Experiments have been made with both dwarf and standard trees. The details of the experiments reported by the authors clearly indicate that the injurious action of grass is not due to its harmful effects in absorbing or evaporating the moisture of the soil about the trees, nor of removing the plant food from the soil, nor of interfering with the air supply in the soil. On the other hand, it is thought probable that it may be attributed to the action of some product, direct or indirect, of grass growth which exercises an actively poisonous effect on the roots of the trees. Data are given which show that the temi^erature of the soil on bright days in sum- mer, 6 in. below the surface in land covered with grass, is quite uniformly about 3 degrees lower than in cultivated soils. This, however, is not considered an item of importance, since the average soil temperatue of one summer often differs by more than this from that of another without producing any of the injurious effects caused by grass on tree.s. Orchards in grass not only made a very much smaller growth, but also blossomed earlier in the spring and the leaves yellowed up and dropped much earlier in the autumn than with cultivated trees. Calculating the growth of trees in cultivated ground as 100, trees in grass have made a growth in the case of Bramley of 50 per cent, Cox 33 per cent, and Potts 41 per cent. "When Aveeds have been allowed to grow Bramley made an a^■erage growth of 66 per cent. Cox 52 j>er cent, and Potts 73 per cent. It is thus seen that weeds are not nearly as harmful in orchards as grass. Cold storag'B of apples, H. C. Price [loiva Sia. Bui. 7^, pp. -U-44, latH for the vearH lSi»<) to 1!»02 is shown in the subjoined table: Yidd of jyt'dches on plain differi'iithj fertilized. Plats. Fertilizers applied. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. Baskets. Baskets. Baskets. Baskets. 3.2 5.6 3.3 1.6 3.8 6.3 3.3 3.6 3.5 5.2 2.8 2.1 4.1 5.8 3.6 2.2 4.3 6.3 4.2 3.8 4.7 6.1 4.6 2.3 Average. 65 lbs. muriate of potash, 160 lbs. acid phosphate 65 lbs. muriate of potash, 160 lbs. acid pliosphatc. and 170 lbs. cotton-seed meal 65 ll)s. muriate of potash, 160 lbs. acid pliiisphate 130 lbs. muriate of potash, 160 lbs. acid phosphate 260 lbs. muriate of poUish, 160 lbs. acid phosphate 260 lbs. high-grade sulphate of potash, 160 lbs. acid phosphate Baskets. 3.4 4.3 3.4 3.9 4.6 4.4 Peach-bud dropping, G. Abbey, Jr. {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 34 {1903), No. 879, pp. 307, 308) .—The author calls attention to the statement in The Book of the Peach (E. S. R., 15, p. 363) that peach-bud dropping is due primarily to looseness of soil, absence of lime, and want of water at the roots, and gives the results of some personal experiments in which peach-bud dropping was found to be due to "the premature development of the buds, caused by the necessary closing of the ventilators on account of plants being put in when the peach house should have been kept cool and open." Reports of experimental shipments of pears and peaches {Cariad. Hart., 2G (IDOo), Xo. 11, pp. 453-455). — An account is given of a shipment of a carload of Bart- lett pears from Grimsby, Canada, to Glasgow, Scotland. The pears were picked perfectly green and packed without wrapping in half cases with excelsior padding. They were carried across the ocean at a temperature of 44 to 46° F., as a result of which 71 cases arrived over-ripe and had to Ije thrown out. The remaining pears sold for from 30 cts. for 20 lbs. to $3.47 for a 40-lb. box, and averaged for the whole lot about $1 net per box. Fifteen half l)oxes of peaches shipped at the same time under like conditions Avero wholly decayed upon arrival. With suita))le ocean stor- age it is believed this trade could be made very profitable. Plum culture and district lists of plums suitable for Ontario and Quebec, with descriptions of varieties, W. T. Macoun ( Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Bid. 43, jip. 54, pis. 2, Jigs. 4)- — This is a popular bulletin on plum culture, dealing with methods of propagation, preparation of the soil, and particulars as to planting and subsequent care of the trees. Lists are given of varieties most suitable for the differ- ent fruit districts in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and descriptions given of 38 American, 34 European, and 4 Jajianese sorts. A popular paper on Fertilizers for the Plum Orchard, by F. T. Shutt, is included in the bulletin, and another of like nature on Plum Insects, by J. Fletcher. Notes are also given on canning and preSLrving American plums, and a number of the formulas that have been found useful in station experience are given. With American varieties of plums it has been found desirable in nearly every case to peel the fruit before preserving. The Bixby variety was the best of those tested cooked with the skin on. The usual diseases affecting plums are described and remedies suggested. The truth about the strawberry-raspberry {Ruhus illecehrosus), A. Rehder {Amer. Gard., 24 {1903), No. 457, p. 603, fig. l). — According to the author this plant was introduced into America from Japan about 1895, and probably takes its name from the shape of the fruit. It is not a cross between the strawberry and raspberry. It differs from the Indian raspberry {Rubus roseef alius), by which name it has been HOETICULTURE. 477 souietimes oalle'l, in a nniulHT of details. The fruit is very attrat'tive in appearance, and while rather insipid is considered by the author very agreeable when made into jam or preserves. It grows readily in most any soil in the Northern States, and is not easily eradicated. The article contains a botanical description of the fruit. Cranberries in West Virginia, L. C. Corbett { TVV.s/ Vinjinia StSV<(. E.rpl. Agron. Ploii/, 8 (190:3), pjp. 126-133). — An account is given of the yield, sugar, and acid content of grapes when fertilized with a number of differ- ent fertilizers. Phenological notes are included on a number of varieties of European grapes. Fertilizing grapes with nitrate of soda [Ber. K. Lelirau^t. Wc'nt, Ohst v. Gar- tnihau, Geisenheim, 1902, pp. 15, 16). — In an experiment in which about 160 lbs.- of nitrate of soda was used per acre in 3 separate apj^lications, it was observed that the wood growth was much heavier than where the nitrate of soda was omitted, and the development and yield of grapes was most satisfactory. The nitrate of soda was most effective with the v-iriety Sibling, followed by Sylvaner. It was least effective with the Reisling variety, the effect on this variety being only about one-third as great as with the Elbling. Influence of the method of storing grape cuttings in -winter on the rooting of the same, Goethe and Zeissk; (Bit. K. LiJu-diisf. HV/;;, OIikI h. (riirtciilKin, Gciften- Jieitn, 1902, pp. 56-58, fig. 1). — In this experiment 4 l)undles of grape cuttings were used. One bundle was placed, immediately after being made, in dust, another in sand, a third half in sand, and a fourth was left standing free. All were kept in a cellar. The following spring they were planted out in a nursery. The strongest growth was made by the cuttings preserved in the dust, followed by those wholly in sand, and then by those half in sand. Those left standing in the open in the cellar gave the poorest results of all, only about a fifth as much growth being obtained as where the cuttings W'ere preserved in dust. Investigations on the process of ripening of one-year-old grape wood, Zeissk; (i?er. K. Lehransf. Wein, OJid v. Garfeiihau, Geisenheim; 1902, pp. 59-64, fig. 1) . — The changes in the physical structure which occur in the ripening of one-year- old grape wood were investigated. The wood was examined at intervals between August 16 and November 3. It was observed that with the increase in maturity of the wood there was an increase in the size of the starch grains and in the total quan- tity of starch stored up, particularly in the bast. The fibrovascular tissue was further developed, the secondary bast fiber and sieve tubes developed in the bast portion, and finally the whole external bark shrank and became separated from the inner tissues ])y the formation of a periderm. An examination of a number of shoots, the upi^er portion of which were more or less unripe, showed that there was a considerable increase in the pith from the ripe portion of the shoots ujiward, and a corresponding decrease in the wood and bast tissue in which the reserve material is stored up. This fact is believed to account for the greater suitability of ripe shoots for cuttings over immature shoots. 15293— No. 5—04 5 478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The pcridi'iiii ot'tcii failed to develop in the unripe jiorlioii of the shoots. The periderm was found essential to the protection of tlie shoots over winter. Whenever it failed the shoots died, whether tliey contained starch or not. Poorly ripened ■wood having an imperfect ])eriderm may withstand mild winters, but not a rigorous one. The secondary bast tissue appeared to play no important role in t he wood-ripening process. Starch, on the other hand, appeared as the factor of importance in determin- ing the quality of the ripe wood. The periderm was found to develop earlier with grapes grown on a south wall than on a west wall or on the north side of a large post. The specific gravity of one-year grape shoots and its relation to the ripe- ness of the wood, Zeissk; {Bit. K. Jjchrand. Wr'm, OliM u. (iniiinlxni, (,'ciscnhri)ii, 1902, pp. (;4-(jS, Jig- !)■ — A review is given of the work of (Jouin and Andouard, in which it is shown that they found the specific gravity of rijje grape w(jod lighter than unripe wood. Kavaz and Bonnet, on the other hand, ])y first eliminating the air from the wood by soaking in water or alcohol, found the ripe wood the heavier. In the author's investigations along the same lines he found that the specific gravity of grape shoots decreased from the ripe into the unripe wood toward the end of the shoots. This was true, however, only when the whole round cutting was taken. When the shoot was split and the pith removed, then there was but little difference in the specific gravity of the ripe and unripe wood. Sportiveness of grapevines, J. C. Tallack [Gard. CJirou., 3. ser., 34(1903), No. S80, p. o2o) . — The autlior states that of 2 stems taken from a single Muscat of Alex- andria vine one stem produced normal Muscat of Alexandria grapes with typical berries, while "the other stem developed into Canon Hall Muscat, with all that variety's characteristics as regards bad setting, form of bunch, and of berry." In another instance a vine of Black Hamburgh produced a bunch with berries double the normal size, and different in form to all the rest of the vine. "The spur which produced this carried 2 laterals, each of which bore a bunch, one being aVjsolutely normal." Cross-fertilizing experiment with grapes {Ber. K. Lehraust. Wein, Obst u. Gufienbuu, Geisenheim, 190.:!, pp. 58, 59) . — In some cross-fertilizing experiments with grapes it was found that pollen of several varieties was capable of germinating and fertilizing grape blossoms after being preserved a year. It is noted, however, that the berries obtained from blossoms fertilized with this pollen were poorly developed. Very satisfactory results were secured when the pollen was preserved only a month or so. Concentrated must from frozen grapes {Ber. K. LeJiranst. Weill, Obst u. Garten- bau, Geisenhrhii, 1902, pp. 14S, 149). — It is noted that in the season of 1902 a portion of grapes late in the season were frozen on the vines. These were gathered in the morning and quickly pressed before they thawed out; as a result a concentrated must was secured. Analyses are given of this must and of must obtained from the grapes afttr they had thawed out, a nuxture of the 2 musts, and of the must obtained from the second pressing, i. e., after the frozen grapes had been once pressed and then allowed to thaw out and pressed again. Tea cultivation and curing in India, E. E. Osgood ( U. S. Consular Rpts., 73 {1903), No. 278, pp. 554-558). — This article discusses briefly the methods observed in India in planting, pruning, plucking, withering, rolling, fermenting, sorting, and packing tea. Report on the cultivation of rubber, cacao, and other agricultural products in Ceylon, W. H. Johnson {London: Wntcrlow -l.i'i., jils. ,?, figs. ™^). — Notes are given on the comparative dural)ility of greenhouse walls as indi- cated l)y station experience, and suggestions given on building greenhouses. For practical j)urposes in West Virginia the authf)r considers a 9-in. wall, con- structed of ])rick laid in doul)le courses with about 2 in. air space between the 2 lay- ers, the most satisfactory. The desirability of having s])ace left at the back of benches so that warm air can ])ass nj) from below is pointed out. The author's exj)erience with various kinds of metal benches indicates that over a series of years these may be as cheap as wood benches, and are much more satisfactory as regards snbirrigation. A 7-ft. bench in the center of the greenhouse was found much more efficient for rose growing when divided into 2 benches each 3 ft. 4 in. wide, with a 4-in. space between the 2 sections. The current of warm air passing up between the benches was very beneficial. In the author's opinion an ideal ventilator should consist of "two narrow lines of sash, one on either side of the comb and hinged at the l)ottom of the sash so as to make a broad flue or opening in the top of the house when the ventilators are open." A desi'ription is given of a device for fumigating the greenhouse with sulphur. The author discusses the use of large-sized glass and of sash bars in greenhouse construc- tion, and suggests that where 16 by 20 in. or 16 by 24 in. glass is used the sash bars should be I2 by 3 in., while for glass 14 by 20 in. or less sash bars may be 2\ by I5 in., and for 12 by 14 in. glass with bars 12 in. apart a bar 1 by If in. is considered satisfactory with proper i^urline supports. Directions are given for laying lapped glass roofs nmch more rapidly than by the usual methods observed. FORESTRY. Sylviculture, A. Fron {Sylviculture. Paris: J. B. Bailli^re & Sons, 1903, pp. XII -j-563,figs. 55). — This volume, which is one of a series issued as an agricultural ency- clopedia, is designed not only as a handbook on forest culture, but as a source of information on all branches of forestry. The principles of tree growth are discussed, after which the tree as a factor in forestry is considered, and the principal species of forest trees are described, their distribution, habits, and uses being shown. In practical sylviculture reforestation is discussed at length, various cultural prac- tices being described. The principal types of forests are mentioned, their uses and advantages being pointed out. The concluding portion of the l)ook relates to forests as business enterprises and gives directions for their management, exploitation, estimation of standing timber, valuation tables, etc. Courses in forestry at agricultural colleges, S. B. Green {Forestry and Irrig., 9 {1903), No. 11, pp. 55^-554). — The author briefly reviews some of the courses of instruction that should be embraced in or collateral to courses in forestry in agricul- tural schools. Second annual report of the forester, W. Mulford ( Connecticut Slate Sta. Bpt. 1902, pt. 4, pp- 4f^S-470, i>h. 2). — In his work on the development of the farm wood lot, the forester reports the experimental work carried on by the station in which 64 experimental plantations are described, as -well as cooperative plantings made by 2 private parties and l)y the city of Middletown on its waterworks property. The treatment of the forest is described and an outline given for the future plantings of this tract. As State forester, the author reports upon the purchase of 698.5 acres as a site for a State forest, at a cost of $1,110.12. This area has been surveyed and marked, and preliminary investigations begun for its reforestation. The forestry act under which FORESTRY. 481 this work was undertaken has been amended so that the State forester is authorized to make wliatever thinnings or changes that are thought necessary in the woodland, and to sell the timber and devote the proceeds to the maintenance antl care of the forest. t The Minnesota National Forest Reserve, E. S. Bruce {ForeMry and Irrly., 9 {190S), No. 10, pp. 489-496, figs. 5). — An account is given of the work done by the Bureau of Forestry in the Minnesota National Forest Keserve, which was established by act of Congress in 1902. Under the conditions of the law establishing this reserve, a tract of land endjraced m the northern 2)ortion of Minnesota was set aside under conditions of selection and cutting which should he determined by the Bureau of Forestry of this Deiiartment. The Luquillo Forest Reserve, Porto Rico, J. Gifford {Forestry and Irrig., 9 {19()S), No. 11, pp. 5S7-541, fi'js. 5). — A brief report is given by the author of the forest reserve which was established in Porto Rico by presidential proclamation on January 17, 1903. The principal timber trees are enumerated and described and the forest conditions are shown. The object of this reservation is not so much a source of timber as to protect the headwaters of streams that rise in this region. An ecological study of the Big- Spring- Prairie, Wyandot County, Ohio, T. A. BoNSEK {Ohio Staff Acad. ScL, Spec. Paper 7, pp. 90, figs. ^iO, map 1). — The region included in this study embraces a tract of about 10 square miles, and is located in Wyandot, Seneca, and Hancock counties, Ohio. The various factors which influence the distribution of plants in this region are considered in detail and the various plant associations are described. The investigaticjns included the study of the climatic, physiographic, historical, and ecological factors. The water content and low temperature of the soil is said to account for the distribution of plants, and artificial p. 338-394). — A report is given of the routine work carried on at the seed-control station at Vienna, together with investigations at the various substations connected with this institution, for the year ending December, 1901. During the period covered by this report 26,629 samjjles of seed and their prod- ucts were analyzed, and 12,584 lots of seed certified to. Of these, clover, alfalfa, and timothy formed the greater portion. The maximum, minimum, and average germinations of all the different lots of seed tested are reported, comparisons being made with the same factors for the previous year's report. Detailed statements are given regarding the purity, germinative ability, presence of dodder, and special examinations of beet seed, cereals, etc. Noxious -weeds and how to kill them, L. R. Waldeon {North Dakota Stu. Bui. 56, pp. :m1-24.3, ph. 5, figi>. 10). — This bulletin aims to present in a simple manner information regarding the noxious weeds of North Dakota, and to give suggestions for their eradication. After discussing the effect of weeds in agriculture, the author calls attention to the necessity of being able to recognize the more troublesome species. Methods of eradication are discussed, particular attention being paid to the Russian thistle and the tumbling mustard. Other species of weeds are described, those of special interest being pigeon grass, wild oats, quack grass, wdld buckwheat, Russian thistle, tumbling mustard, yellow mustard, French weed, and Canada thistle. Under the discussion of the Canada thistle a brief account is given of an experi- ment to test the efficiency of frequent cutting as a means of eradicating this jjlant. A i^lat of about 5 sq. rods was cut over at intervals of 4 to 7 days during the season of 1903, and the number of plants counted. During the time covered by the experi- ment 23 cuttings were made and the number of plants decreased from a maximum of 2,000 to a minimum of 15. Other methods of eradication are discussed. Some common Ontario -weeds, F. C. Hakrison and W. Lochhead {Ontario Agr. Cut. and Expt. Far in Bid. iriS, pp. 96, figs. 43). — An increasing demand for informa- tion regarding the weeds of Ontario has led to the preparation of this bulletin to supplant that issued in 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 1052). A number of additional weeds are described, and the methods of eradication are in many instances given in greater detail. More than 60 species of weeds are described, some of them being figured. In addition to describing the weeds, information is given concerning w'eed seeds, and a number of the more common fomid niixed with clover and grass seeds are figured and described. 484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and the American ■white ■weed, M. L. Fernald {Rhodora, 5 {WOd), pp. J78-181, Jiyn. xl; «/w. //(, But. Cevlhl., US {190.1), No. 37, pp. 259, 260). — According to the author the American white weed, or ox-eye daisy, which is quite common throughout the eastern i)art of the United States, Ls not the typical Cliriisanthemum Icuvuntheiiium, but is a fonn which has long been recognized and for which the name C leucanthemum subpbinatifidum is given. Poisonous ■weeds, C. E. Bessey {Nehrmkn Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 14-62, figsi. 14). — A special investigation has been inaugurated in the study of the poisonous weeds in Nebraska, the investigation being made possible by an appropriation of the State legislature for the study of poisonous weeds and the causes of disease in horses and cattle. Notes are given on the distribution of the poisonous weeds in general and their classification. The different poisonous or suspected plants are grouped accord- ing to the physical characteristics of the localities in which they are usually found, as well as by geographic distribution, following which an annotated list is given of the stock poisoning and suspected plants which have been commonly met with dur- ing the progress of the investigation. The list includes only those plants which are known to be poisonous to stock or are strongly suspected of being so.- DISEASES OF PLANTS. A disease of clover and alfalfa seed, Y. PECiLioN {Staz. Sper. Agr. Itah, 36 {1903), No. 3, pp. 198-204)- — A preliminary note is given of a diseased condition of alfalfa and clover seed. The seed appeared to be of an unusual brownish color, and ■when examined was found deficient either in germination or the subsequent growth of the seedlings. The cause is apparently due to some fungus, although the parasite was not determined. The affected seed can be readily distinguished and the author condemns the use of sucli seed. Studies of a root rot of carrots -with special reference to its distribution, J. Eriksson {Centbl. Bait. v. Far., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), Nos. 22-23, p>p. 721-738; 24-26, j)p. 766-775, pi. 1, figs. 4)- — In the autumn of 1897, on the experimental grounds of the Royal Swedish Agricultural Academy, an apparently new root rot of carrots was noticed. At the time of harvest many of the roots were more or less covered with a mycelium of a reddish violet color. This occurred in felt-like mats, usually present in zonal areas on the roots, the disease sometimes being confined to the upper por- tions, while at other times only the middle or lower parts of the roots were affected. A study of the organisms showed that it was lihizoctonia riolacea and every variety of carrot examined seemed lial^le to attack. On the different varieties studied spe- cialized forms of the fungus were discovered and these were found capable of affect- ing other plants besides carrots. Thus far it has been found possible to inoculate fodder and sugar beets, alfalfa, potatoes, and many weeds, but not red clover nor parsnips. The different plants are affected with varying severity, but beets seem especially subject to injury. The second generation of the fungus grown on beets is much more destructive to l)eets than the first generation, but the organism seems less able to withstand unfavorable climatic conditions. Experiments carried on during 1899 and 1900 showed that slaked lime, even when used in considera1)le quantity, was of little use in combating this fungus. A combi- nation of carbolized lime and "petroleum water" in small quantities proved in some experiments to be valuable in destroying the fungus. Culture experiments -with some rusts of Leguminosae, E. Jordi ( Centbl. Bakt. II. Far., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), No. 24-25, pjp. 777-779). — A preliminary note is given on culture experiments with Uromycesfabse, U. ervi, U. antJujllidis, U. Itedysari obscuri, and U. astragali The experiments showed that these different fungi were specialized upon certain species of plants and could not be inoculated upon others that were more or less distantlv related to them. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 485 Some culture experiments with, rust fungi on Um.bellifer8e, O. Semadeni {Cniihl Bakt. u. Pur., 2. Aid., 10 {100S),No. 16-17, jjp. 522-5,?4).—The results of studies of several species of fungi which normally occur in umbelliferous i)laiits are reported. The author found that Puccinia pimpinellx, P. clmrophnUi, and P. petro- .s'('?uh' were auttecious, while .Fjc'idnim mei, P. caribistorix and P. poliigoni riripari were hetenecious, one phase occurring on species of umV)elliferous plants and the other on species of Polygonum. Club root of cabbages ( Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 34 {1903), No. 878, p. ;?9-:?).— Accord- ing to the writer's observations the club-root fungus remains alive in tlie soil for a nmch longer pei'iod than has been previously supposed. An account is given of a crop of crucifers on soil that had not carried a similar crop for at least 20 years, having been planted continuously in dahlias, chrysanthemums, and potatoes. The resultant crop was badly infested with club root. Experiments with lime are reported, showing it to be a specific for the jirevention of this disease. Club root of cabbages {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 34-{1903), No. 870, p. 163).— In & brief note the successful use of gas lime for the prevention of club root of cabbages is reported. A new cucumber disease, M. C. Cooke ( G^arrf. Chron., 3. ser., 34 {1903), Nos. 867, p. 100; 871, p. 172, fig. 1). — The author describes a disease of recent appearance on cucumber fruits, in which the fungus forms on the surface of the fruit dark depressed spots, which gradually enlarge and become quite black, cracking either across or around and exposing the paler tissues underneath. The organism has not been definitely determined, but it has been provisionally called Cladosporium scabies. In a subsequent note the author states that the mycelium evidently permeates the entire fruit, and that every fragment of the infected cucumbers should be collected and burned. If spraying should be undertaken, the author believes that Condy's fluid, diluted, would be less liable to injure the fruits than copper fungicides. A cucumber leaf disease {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 10 {1903), No. 2, pp. 166- 170, pi. 1). — A report is given of the recent observation of a leaf disease of cucum- bers, which in general appearances resembles the ordinary leaf spot of that plant. An examination of diseased material showed, however, that it was caused by an entirely different fungus {Dendrgphivm comosum). This disease which, according to the account, is confined to cucumbers grown under glass, appears early in March and attacks the plants while quite young, destroying the tissues of the leaf, and in bad cases also infecting the growing points of the shoots. The fungus is usually recognized as a saprophyte and was probably introduced into the cucumber houses by the manure that was used. So far only the conidial phase has been discovered, but the fungus is still under observation. The writer believes that l)y ventilating the houses and securing a drier atmosphere the disease can be greatly restricted, and if necessary spraying the plants with a weak solution of potassium sulphide would prove advantageous. Cucumber leaf spot, G. Massee {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 34 {1903), No. 871, p. 184). — In reply to a correspondent the author gives a description of leaf spot of cucumbers which is caused by Cercospora melonis. For the eradication of the disease it is recommended that the soil in the cucumber house should be disinfected by spraying with fungicides and care should be exercised to prevent too soft a growth of the foliage and the introduction of the fungus from without the greenhouse. A mildew of rbubarb, A. Ostekwalder {Centbl. Bakt. n. Par., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), No. 24-25, pp. 775-777, figs. ,?).— The author reports the presence of a species of Peronospora on the variety of rhubarb PJteuin undrdatum. This mildew appears upon the leaves early in the spring, producing small reddish spots, which are more or less limited by the veins. Later the spots increase in size and coalesce, destroy- ing the leaf tissues. The author has compared the sjiecies with P. rumicis, which lius been previously 486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. reported on species of KluHini, and with ]'. p<>liie adopted in com])ating plant diseases in greenhouses. The chrysanthemum rust, E. Jacky {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), No. 12, pp. 369-381, figs. 8). — In the author's previous report of studies on the rust of chrysanthemums (E. S. R., 13, p. 153) the identity of the fungus Puccinia chrysan- theini and other forms was discussed, and this species was considered different from P. tanaceti in its mor])hological and j)hysiological characters. The form occurring in Japan and lately described as P. chrysantheml ckinetms is reported upon in the present paper. Inoculation experiments with Japanese mate- rial showed that the rust is a Ilemipuccinia and is capable of invading Chrysanthe- rnum iiuUrum, as well as its usual host, C. chinense; and it appears to differ from the usual form of P. chrysanthemi mainly in the character of its teleutospores. The author has investigated the question of varietal 2>redisposition t(j rusts, and so 488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. far as liis exporiinents fjo could liiid no evidence of such variation, and believes the resistance of certain varieties to disease is not as coinnion as j>reviously clainted. Infection takes place, so far as P. cliri/simihoiii is c-.T77 ).— Attention is called to the investi- gations of Jacky, in whi{;h the possible identity of species of chrysanthenuim rust is suggested and tlie fact pointed out that the Puccinia produces teleutospores in Japan but only uredospores in Europe. Other examples are cited of somewhat similar phenomena among related fungi. The cause and. prevention of a tulip disease, J. Ritze.ma Bos ( Centbl. Bald. u. Pur., 2. Aht., 10 {1903), Nos. 1, pp. 18-26; 3, pp. 84-94).— k. description is given of a disease of tulips and some other bulbous plants, which is due to attacks of Botrytis parasitica. This article is essentially the same as one by the author noted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 273). Standard fungicides {Gard. C'hron., 3. ser., 34 {1903), Xo. 864, pp. 40, 41). — A detailed note desci'iljing the use of fungicides, and giving quotations from a number of pul )lications relative to the preparation and use of Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal- copper carbonate, etc. On the adherence of copper fungicides, M. Eremont {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. IJE.^t), 24 {1903), Xo. 38, jjp. 351-353) . — The results of a study of a number of fungi- cides to test their adhesiveness are given. The author tested 4 fungicides, each of which contained copper sulphate and car- bonate of soda in about the same proportion, to which was added soap, permanganate of potash, and a commercial product known as alkaline polysulphate. These differ- ent fungicides were prepared and carefully sprayed in order to distinguish the rapid- it}' of their drying, as well as the duration of their adhesiveness when exposed to ordinary weather conditions. All of the fungicides adhered very well to the foliage. The mixture containing the polysulphate dried most rapidlj^ being thoroughly adhesive in 10 to 15 minutes. Next in adhesiveness was the mixture containing soap solution, followed by that containing the potassium permanganate. The simple solution of sulphate of copper, carbonate of soda, and water required the longest time to dry and was less adherent than the other forms. ENTOMOLOGY. Observations made by the entomological service of the agricultural insti- tute in 1902, PosKix {Bui. Agr. \_Brus.'p. 197-517, pis. 52, Jigs. 26). — This bulletin constitutes a compendium of the general study of aquatic insects in New York, conducted under the direction of E. P. Felt. The subjects discussed in the bulletin include an account of the station 490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. work for the HiininuT of 1901 (j)]). 200-204), tlic food of the ln-ook In.ut (pp. 204- 217), life historii'H of dragon flien (pp. 218-279), and lift- histories of Diptcra (pp. 279-287); the.Me 4 artiel(>s l)einj>; ])repared by J. (i. Needhain. The bulletin also contains a discussion of a(]uatic Chrysomelida', by A. D. MacGillivray (pp. 288-327); aquatic nematocerous Diptera, by 0. A. Johannsen (pp. 328^41); and the Sialidid;e of North and South America, by K. C. Davis (pp. 442-486) . It is well illustrated, and is intended as a basis for the study of the eco- nomic relations ot aquatic insects and food fishes, and for the stimulation of similar lines of inv(>stit:ation by students in entomology and economic zoology. Remedies for insects, C W. AVoodworth {California Sta. Oirr. 7, j>]>. 1!)). — This is a second revision of Bulletin 115 of the same station (PI R. R., 9, pp. 157, 158). Fumigation, W. J. Allen {Agr. Gaz. New Smith Wab's, 14 {190:i), No. 7, pp. 597- 606, pi. J, figs. S). — The chief causes of failure in fumigation are l)elievep. 327, j)p. 111). — A popular account of the general subject of rearing and managing bees, with notes on the recent methods of feeding and wintering bees, swarming, and care and manipulation of bee products. The combination of swarms of bees, A. Delepine {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 42, p. 510). — The author describes briefly 2 methods of bringing about the combination of 2 swarms of bees, viz, that in which the 2 hives are placed side by side, and the method of superposition. FOODS NUTRITION. 491 Experimental researches on heredity in silkworms, (t. Coutaone {Bui. Sci. F)-ance et Belg., 37 (190,1), pp. 1-194, pfs. 9, figs. 7). — An extended study was made of the influence of various conditions upon the various races of silkworms with special reference to the transmission of these characters in hybrids or pure-bred descendants of the iniiivichial silkworms upon which experiments were made. These experiments were undertaken chiefly from a biological standpoint, and thus far have not led to definite results which can be utilized in practical sericulture. It was found that the quality and quantity of the silk could be considerably influ- enced by temperature, moisture, and other conditions under which the silkworms were maintained. In a certain percentage of cases success was had in securing the transmission of especially desirable characters from parents to offspring. It was found that the probability of the transmission of acquired characters to offspring could be stated with some degree of accuracy according to mathematical formulas. FOODS NUTRITION. Roasting- of beef, Isabel Bevier and Elizabeth C. Sprague {Illinois Sta. Circ. 71, pi>. 30). — The influence of different shapes and sizes of pans, time of cooking, heat of the oven, and other factors upon the character of roasted meat (beef) was studied with the special i)urpose of securing data on the effects of cooking. In a comparison of an oval concave pan with oj)en and closed rectangular pans with flat bottoms, it was found that so far as total losses in weight were concerned, the shape and size of the pan did not seem to be of great importance. So far as color and consequently the flavor of the drippings were concerned, the area of the pan and its shape were important, the pan with the smaller area giving the lighter colored drippings in the experiments reported. "If the whole amount of drippings was used for gravy, the darkening if not exces- sive might not be undesirable, but because of the number of uses for the excessive fat in drippings, it is desirable to avoid the darkening of them. Moreover, authority can be found for the idea that this darkening means that the fat was heated to such a temperature as to render it less digestible. ' ' The results obtained with different sized pans were not definite as regards the losses in weight in cooking. In comparing open and closed pans it was found that the total losses in weight in roasting were greater in the open pan. However, when cooked in a closed pan the meat was inferior in flavor, and was not as attractive in appearance, since it did not brown well, nor was the color satisfactory if browned outside the pan and subsequently cooked. The meat cooked to a greater degree in the closed pan in 15 minutes than in the open pan. When cooked in a closed pan a larger percentage of the material lost was recovered in the drippings, owing to the fact that in the open pan the drippings are almost water free, while in the closed pa.n considerable water is retained. As regards the effect of temperature, in the 14 experiments in which this factor was considered the heat of the oven ranged from 83 to 260° C, and the total loss in weight from 5.9 per cent to 20.6 per cent, which was less than one-sixteenth of the total weight of the beef roast used. In general, the higher the temperature the greater the loss in roasting. A temperature of not less than 249° C. was required for the development of the so-called osmazome and the flavors in the meat. When meat is baked for a short time at a very high temperature, 260° C, the outside layer is apt to be overdone and the center too rare for use. When baked very slowly in a special oven at a comparatively low temperature it was very evenly cooked throughout and the juices were well retained, but the savoriness and flavor produced by higher tem- peratures were lacking. Even if the meat was seared before cooking in this oven it did not retain this appearance, but came from the oven gray and miattractive. "If 492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. browned at the eii«l of the ])r()cess tlie outside beeaiiie toiiirh and seemed to have the charaeteristies of over-cooked albumen emphasized." The effect of basting was studied, and in tiie oi)inion of the autliors the only definite conckision which can be drawn rejrarding the differences between the basted and the unbasted meat was that when cooked under otherwise identical conditions the former was always the rarer. Evidently the temperature of the roast was low- ered by basting it. Summarizing the results of 21 tests, the total meat l)efore roasting weighed 62 lbs. and after cooking 52.25 lbs., the loss being about one-sixth of the original weight. The average cost of the cooked meat was 19.2 cts. per pound, "an increase of 4 cts. a pound over the original cost." The possibility of using drippings, the loss of weight in l)oning, and some other problems were also considered. Relative merit of butter or oil in cookery {Dietet. and Hyg. Gaz., 19 {1903), No. 5, p. 303). — A brief note quoting exijeriments with animals by P. Carnot and Miss Deflandre, in which the digestibility of fat is shown by the action of osmic acid on sections of liver substance. The quantity of fat thus obtained was greater after the ingestion of Iratter than after cod-liver oil or neat's-foot oil. ^'egetable oils, such as olive oil, were not found to be as well assimilated by the liver as animal oils. On the basis of these experiments the superiority of animal to vegetable oils for cul- inary i)uri)oses is pointed out. Further investigations among fruitarians at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1901-1902, M. E. Jaffa ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office of Experi- ment Stations Bui. 13 J, pp. SI). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 13, p. 974), 9 dietary studies and 31 digestion experiments with subjects on a more or less strictly fruitarian diet were carried on at the University of California. Some of the subjects had for years confined their diet to vegetables and fruits; others were used to the ordinary fare. While part of the dietaries make it plain that it is i)ossible to obtain the requisite amount of ]>rotein and energy from a fruitarian diet, the majority of those studied fell l)elow the tentative dietary standards, but, as the author notes, it is not just to ascribe this to the form of diet, since the same people might have consumed no larger quantities of nutrients on a mixed diet. In several cases small quantities of cereals and other common foods were eaten to render the rather unusual food com- binations more palatable. The dietaries which contained cereals furnished more protein and energy in most cases than those which were limited strictly to fruits and nuts. The cost of the food per person per day ranged from 18 to 46 cts. Considering the digestion experiments as a whole, the fruit and nut diets had the following coefficients of digestibility: Total organic matter 90.26 per cent, protein 75.30 per cent, fat 86.43 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 95.10 per cent, crude fiber 78.54 per cent, and ash 54.76 per cent, the available energy being 86.13 per cent. "As shown by their composition and digestibility, both fruit and nuts can be favorably compared with other and more common foods. As sources of carbohy- drates, fruits at ordinary prices are not expensive, and as sources of protein and fat, nuts at usual prices are reasonable. "In the present investigations the question of the wholesomeness of a long- continued diet of fruit and nuts is not taken up. The agreement of one food or another with any person is frecjuently more or less a matter of personal idiosyncrasy, but it seems fair to say that those with whom nuts and fruits agree can, if they desire, readily secure a considerable part oi their nutritive material from such sources." Concerning the diet in public institutions, E. 0. Hultgren {Versamml. Nord. Naiurf. V. Aerzt., Vcrhandl. SeL Anat., Physiol, u. Med. Chem., 1902, pp. 77-8.5).— Studies of the diet in a number of hospitals in Stockholm are briefly reported. Notes on the feeding of troops, Varges [Dent. Mil. Aerztl. Ztschr., 1902, No. 5, p. 251; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 13 {1903), No. 15, pp. 785, 786).— A tablet composed FOODS NUTRITIOK. 493 of i^kim milk and egg yolk is descrilted, whioli is j^roposetl as a substitute for the canned meat in the ration of troops on the march. iSkim-milk tablets containing sugar, cacao, and citric acid are also spoken of. Cost of living ( U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, Biorau of Labor Bui. 49, pp. 11S7~ 1141) •- — Data are given regarding the income and expenditures of 2,567 families in 33 States for the year 1901, the basis of selection being "that the head of the family must be a wage worker or a salaried man earning not over $1,200 during the year, and must be able to give information in regard to his expenditures in detail." It appeared that the expenditure for food represented 42.54 per cent of the total family expenditure. This was an increase of 16.1 per cent over the corresponding expenditure for 1896, the year of lowest prices in the period covered by the data recorded by the Bureau, and an increase of 10.9 per cent as compared with the aver- age of the period extending from 1890 to 1899. The article also includes data regard- ing the retail prices of food in the regions represented by the families studied. Feeding- adults ■with co-ws' milk and human milk, A. Schlossmann and E. MoRo (Ztxclir. Biol., 4o {lOOS) , No. S, pp. 261-291). — A comparative study of the nutri- tive value of coAvs' milk and human milk, one of the authors being the subject. On the influence of diet, muscular exertion, and loss of sleep upon the formation of uric acid in man, H. C. Sherman {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 25{1903), Xo. 11, pp. 1159-1166). — The formation of uric acid was studied in connection with experiments with professional athletes of the effect of severe and prolonged muscu- lar work on food consumption, digestion, and metabolism previously reported (E. S. R., 13, p. 375), and similar studies with a professional man on the effect of loss of sleep (E. S. R., 14, p. 788). According to the author's summary "both with professional athletes and with the subject of sedentary habits, the elimination of uric acid was primarily dependent upon the food consumed. "While very small changes, apparently, resulted from large variations in the amount of a bread-and-milk diet, the elimination of uric acid was mainly determined by the quantities of meat products consumed. "In the case of well-trained professional athletes very severe and prolonged mus- cular exertion had little influence upon the formation and elimination of uric acid, except indirectly, l)y inducing an appetite for stimulating foods such as meat extracts. "Marked loss of sleep had no apparent influence upon the amount of uric acid eliminated." The effect of different foods on the water content of organs and the hemo- globin content of blood, J. Tsuboi {Ztschr. Biol, 44 [1903), No. 3, pip- 376-406). — Experiments with animals led to the conclusion that the hemoglobin content of the blood can l)e influenced by the food, being diminisheil in the experiments reported. When on an insufficient diet of bread and potatoes the carbohydrates were very abundant in comparison with protein. At the same time the insufficient food causes an increase in the water content of the ]>lood and of the whole body. The hemoglobin content of muscles, K. B. Lehmann et al. (ZtscJir. Biol., 4^ (1903), No. 3, pp. 324-343). — The author summarizes the results obtained by 5 of his students on the occurrence of hemoglobin in different sorts of muscular tissue. Some of the principal conclusions follow: The nuiscles of young animals in general contain less hemoglobin than those of adults, apparently owing to the fact that they are less used. In young animals of the same kind marked differences were oliserved in the blood content of correspond- ing muscles, which could not be explained by a difference in age, but seemed to be due to heredity or other special cause. With adult animals the differences were often greater and were more difficult of exj)lanation. The effect of exercise on the color of the muscular tissue is spoken of in connec- tion with the flesh of game, attention being directed to the high blood content of 15293— No. 5—04 6 494 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. venison ami thf dark-red color of S(ininvl fiesh. In liirds, the groups of muscles whieh are most used contain about 3.7 jier cent l)lood and those least use0S), No. 1, pji. J7-^6').— Artificial digestion experiments led the author to conclude that rennin inhibits the digestion of milk proteids and that rennin ash does not possess this property. The inhibitory action of rennin upon the digestion of milk proteids was not modified by preliminary contact with pepsin solution at 40° C. for 30 minutes. Paracasein was found to be somewhat more difficult of digestion than casein. Rennin retarded the pancreatic digestion of milk proteids in alkaline or neutral solution, but had no inhibitory action upon the gastric digestion of fluid egg albumen. Results of tests ■with man and animals of 50 coal-tar colors, (t. W. Chlopin {Ilyj. lliiii(hi-luiu, l-i {1903), Xo. !■'>, }>p. 7o3-7o6). — The author summarizes briefly the results of an extended investigation of coal-tar colors from a hygienic standpoint, the results of which have not yet been published in detail. Experiments of 8 to 14 days' duration were made with dogs, in which 1 to 3 gm. of the different colors studied were introduced into the stomach daily. The effect of the colors on human skin was also studied, subjects wearing on the hands or feet for 10 or 14 days woolen or cotton bandages colored with the dyes studied. Fifteen colors, or 30 per cent of the dyes studied, are regarded as poisonous, since they caused the death of the dogs or marked symptoms of poisoning. Seven of these 15 colors belong to a group whose constitution is not known, namely, the so-called Widal colors containing sulphur. Forty per cent of the dyes were regarded as harmful since they caused serious functional disturbances, as vomiting, diarrhea, or the excretion of albumin in the urine. FOODS NUTRITION. 495 In the test of the effect of the colors upon the skin only 2 were found to be poison- ous, namely, Ursol (/ and Auraniin n, the effect of the former l)einji much the more pronounced. In the author's opinion, with the data at present availalile no relation can be traced between the chemical classification of the coal-tar dyes and their physiological and toxicological properties. It should be noted, however, that he, as well as other investigators, did not tind that any of the red dyes were poisonous. Compositioii of East Indian foods according to analyses made in the labor- atory of the Colonial Museum at Haarlem, M. Greshoff and J. Sack ( Bui. Kolunutal Muk. Haarlem, lyO.i, jS^o. ~\s', Sup.). — In continuation of earlier work" by the authors and J. J. van Eck, analyses of 100 samples of East Indian food materials are reported in tabular form, together with brief descriptions of the samples. The composition of Indian food materials, M. Greshoff {Chem. Zig., 27 {1903), No. 4~, ]ip. 499-501). — Analyses are reported of 200 food materials from the Dutch East Indies, mcluding cereals, legumes, flours, starches, ])read, pastry, seeds and fruits, edible fungi, preserves and pickles; fresh, dried, and preserved fish and meat; oysters and other sea food; eggs of different sorts, edible birds' nests, and miscellaneous food products. Some of the fruits, fresh and preserved, which were analyzed follow: Bananas, dates, box myrtle {Myrica sapida), durian {Durio zibethinus), Indian mulberry {Morinda cilrifolia), Gnetum gnenion, Arerrhoa carambola, Bouea inacropJiylla, and Zalaccn edidis. These analyses were made under the author's direction by J. Sack and J. J. van Eck, and the present account, which includes only analytical data, is a summary of material which has been reported in publications of the Haarlem Koloniaal ^Museum (see above), later figures being given in a few instances. Concerning plum jam, R. Wov {Ztvlrr. Oeffentl. Chem., 8 {1902), pp. 270, 271; abs. ill Hyg. Rundschau, IS {1903), No. 15, p. 793). — Three analyses of plum jam are reported. Nut menu, A. S. Flowers {Mount Joy, Pa.: Author, 1903, pp. 42, ph. 7). — A large number of recipes are given for the preparation of \'arious dishes from chestnuts and other nuts. The value of nuts as food is also briefly discussed. Cocoa and chocolate, C. B. Cochran {Penns^jlvania State Ikpt. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pt. 1, pp. 662-679, ph. 4 ) • — Cacao beans, chocolate, and other cacao products are described, as well as their principal chemical constituents, the object being to present data useful for the detection of adulterants. The author also gives information concerning several adulterants of cocoa butter, ' ' chocolate glazing, ' ' and the starches used as adulterants of chocolate. Analyses of salt {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1902, pit. 4, p- 4-^4) ■ — Analyses of 4 brands of salt are reported. Some food products and food adulteration, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Bui. 57, pp. 249-315). — In compliance with the State Pure Food Law, analyses were made of a number of samples of camied fruits and vegetables, vinegars, and flavoring extracts. The detection of sulphites and formic acid in canned goods when the man- ufacturers state positively that such materials had not been added leads the author to suggest that possibly these materials are added to fresh berries by producers and shippers. " Future investigations must determine whether this supposition is cor- rect." The use of saccharin is briefly discussed. Seventeenth annual report of the Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner, J. E. Blackburn {Ohio Dairy and. Food Com. Rpt. 1902, pp. 100). — In addition to the financial report of the State dairy and food commissioner, statistics are given of the number of foods and condiinents examined, and the results of the examination. German meat regulations ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bui, 50, a Bul. Koloniaal Mus. Haarlem, 1900, Nos. 22, Sup. ; 23, Sup. ; 1901, No. 25, Sup. 49G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pp. 51). — For tlie information of American packers and exporters, a translation of the (ierman otlicial regnlations and proclamations which have a direct ])earing upon the meat-inspection law have been ])ublished. The translation is accompanied by the orijrinal < Jerman text. Encyclopedia of household enconomy, Emily Holt {Neir York: McCiure, Phil- lips roprietary feed, and cereal breakfast food by-products, and calf meal. " The composition of most of the feeds which have guaranties is in substantial agreement with these guaranties. The only evidence of deliberate fraud in the feed market which is shown by the analyses is the mixing of finely-ground corncob or corn bran with mixed wheat feed, and selling this mixture in packages which do not bear the name of the manufacturers nor any statement giving the composition of the mixture. . . . The prices charged at present for commercial feeding stuffs often bear no relation to their chemical composition or feeding value. It therefore requires special care and intelligence to select feeds which shall be economical for the dairy- man or feeder of other stock. The standard feeds sold by reputable dealers are, as a rule, nuich 'cheaper' and more satisfactory than the low-priced factory wastes." Inspection of feeding stuffs, W. H. Jordan and F. D. Fuller {Nnc York State Sta. Bill. 240, pp. 213-250) .—From October, 1902, to February, 1903, 518 samples were analyzed under the State feeding-stuffs law, including cotton-seed meal, dis- tillers' grains, brewers' grains, ground linseed cake, linseed-oil meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, hominy feed, malt sprouts, germ-oil meal, ground oats, corn meal, bran and corn meal, mixed feeds (bran and middlings) , wheat offals (bran and middlings, unmixed), proprietary and mixed feeds (mostly corn and oat products), chicken feed, pigeon feed, duck feed, animal meals and similar products, rye flour, rye feed, buckwheat feed, and barley skimmings. "No adulteration was observed among the cotton-seed and linseed meals, gluten products, and brewery and distillery residues, as shown by the official samples. Corncobs were shown to be present in 3 brands of licensed feeds, in 2 samples of unlicensed bran, and in 1 sample sold as pure corn meal. Several proprietary feeds were found, as usual, to be made up in part of oat hulls. Many samples of wheat offals, bran, middlings, and the same mixed, were found to be unadulterated and of good (juality. The same can be said of numerous samples of corn and oats ground together. 498 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. "The markets are offering many inforior feeding stuffs. At the same time, the great bulk of commerfial cattle foods available to l^uyers are unadulterated and of good quality." Licensed concentrated feeding stuflfs, F. AV. Woll and G. A. Olsen ( Wisconsin Skt. Bill. 100, ])]). 13-17, 20--22) . — This contains a list of 49 brands of commercial feeding stuffs licensed for sale in the State during 1903, suggestions as to the pur- chase of concentrated feeding stuffs, and the text of the Wisconsin feeding-stuff law. Farm products and foods, F. T. Shutt [Ottawa: House of Commons, IVO.i, pp. 22). — The comparative value of different cattle feeds, tlie feeding and management of chickens, and other topics are included, the matter being summarized from pul>- lications of the Canada experimental farms. Concerning an animal meal, Glage {Monatsh. I'rakt. Tliierh., 13 {1902), p. 550; ahs. in Zlschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 13 {1903), No. 11, p. 353).— The possible value of sterilized animal meal made from the bodies of animals which have been destroyed is discussed. Intensive feeding of animals with fenugreek, Schlagdenhauffen and Reeb {lice. M(d. 1V^, 0^. ^er., 9 {1902), No. 5, pp. 161-165; ahs. in Ztsrhr. Fleisch u. MUchh/g., 13 {1903), No. 5, p. 146). — Noted from another publication (E. S. R., 14, p. 8S1). Different applications of the results of recent investigations in animal production, M. Fischer and O. Kellner {FiiJiling's Landw. Ztg., 52 {1903), Nos. 9, pp. 305-310; 10, jjp. 346-351; 11, pp. 396-402; 13, pp. 475-482) .—A controversy between the authors regarding this point. Sheep ranching in the Western States, E. V. Wilcox ( IJ. S. DepA. Agr., Bureau of Animal Bidastry Ept. 1902, pp. 79-98, ph. 12). — The management and care of sheep on ranges is discussed on the basis of data gathered by the author on the sheep ranges of the western United States. It is pointed out that the natural conditions have neces.sarily resulted in the evolution of a different system of management from that followed in other regions, the system followed being tolerably uniform through- out the range States from Mexico to Canada. As a general rule the sheep ranches are so located that they may be readily divided into summer and winter ranges, the summer range being located in the higher alti- tudes or in localities where a comparatively large amount of rainfall occurs, insuring an abundant growth of grasses and other forage crops. In some of the mountain ranges buffalo grass prevails, and in others bunch grass and various species of blue joint. Though some sheep seem to prefer grasses, there are hardly any other native plants which are not eaten to some extent, all such being classified under the local term "weeds." Some of the plants are poisonous, and as it has been found that the danger from poisoning is greatest in the early part of the season, it is a common custom to delay entering the mountain pastures until the time of greatest danger is past. The importance of water in summer is pointed out. In winter it is less necessary, as snow takes its place. If the winter feeding ground is favorably situated, little feed is needed in addition to the self-cured grasses. With the increasing scarcity of suitable land for winter ranges the custom of supplementing the natural feed has increased, alfalfa being most commonly raised for this purpose. The number of sheep which can be maintained on an acre naturally depends upon the region. Under favorable conditions an acre will maintain 2 sheep during a whole season, while under others 2 or 3 acres will be required for a single sheep. The cost of sheep raising naturally varies, 25 cts. per head per year being regarded as a fair estimate where the sheep raiser simply makes use of public lands, and if he be fortunate enough to find suitable grazing in localities where winter feeding is not necessary. On the other hand, sheep raisers who maintain extensive plants, feed their flocks in winter, and rent or own a considerable tract of land for grazing esti- mate the cost at from 75 cts. to $1.25 per head jier year. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 499 The author also discusses ])ree(ls, lambing, shearing, l)uildings, and other toi^ies of iniportani'e in this cnnnection. Welsh mountain sheep, (1. F. Tiiomi'son {U. S. Dcpt. .!///•., Bureau of Animal JiKlustry Itpt. 1902, pp. 99-102, pis. 2). — A descriptive article. The food requirements of pigs from birth to maturity, W. L. Carlyle ( Wis- consin Sta. Bill. 104, pp- 51, figs. IS). — The object of this investigation was to deter- mine the food consumed and the gains made by pigs of different breeds and types from birth until they were slaughtered, and also to secure data regarding the amount and comiiosition of st)w's milk. The animals studied included 12 sows (Berkshires, Poland Chinas, Razorbacks and crosses) and their litters. The sows ranged in age from 1 to 5 years, and in weight from 206 lbs. in the case of the yearling Razorback to 532 lbs. in the case of a -l-year-old Berkshire, the average weight being 343 lbs. The average number of pigs in a litter ranged from 5.5 pigs with the small sized sows to 9.2 pigs with the large ones, the average weight of the litters ranging in the 2 cases from 14 to 27 lbs. The age of the sows also apparently influenced the number of pigs and the weight of the litters, fewer and lighter pigs being farrowed by the younger animals. According to the author the older and larger sows are much better mothers than the younger and smaller ones, and he believes that the common practice of many farmers in disposing of their old brood sows each year and reserving young and immature animals for breeding purposes is not to be commended. The pigs were separated from the sows and were allowed to suckle every 2 hours during the day and every 4 hours at night. On 2 days during the fourth and eighth week each litter was carefully weighed immediately before and after nursing, the difference in weight being assumed to represent the milk yield. "The time actually si)ent by the pigs in nursing varied from 1 to 2 minutes, with fully one-half of this time taken in getting the milk started." On tlie basis of the recorded data, the average estimated daily milk yield for 12 weeks for Berkshire sows was 6.31 lbs. per head per day, for the Poland China sows 4.86 lbs., and for the Razorback sows 5.17 lbs., the average for all being 5.44 lbs. It was observed that "some sows yield almost double the quantity of milk given by others, hence it seems evident that there is as much variation in the amount of milk given by different sows as there is among dairy cows. A marked falling off is also apparent in the quantity of milk given by all the sows from the fourth to the eighth week. . . . "A sow is very slow in giving down her milk under normal conditions, and although not generally known it is imjjossible to get any milk from the udder except while some of the pigs are nursing. . . . We also learned that the forward teats on the breast of the sow gave a larger quantity of milk and gave it more freely than the teats farther back, the hindermost teats apparently yielding least of all. . . . Each pig has its particular teat at every imrsing period. After the milk had been started by the rooting and kneading process of the pigs with their noses on the udder of the sow, the herdsman and his assistant quickly drew into flasks what milk they could from the vacant teats." In nearly every case at least 2 oz. was thus obtained, samples of which were analyzed. On an average the sow's milk had a specific gravity of 1.0412, and the following jjercentage composition: Total solids 19.49, casein and albumen, 6.06, fat 6.89, milk sugar, 5.64, and ash 0.98 per cent. For the first few days after farrowing the sows were fed very sparingly of shorts, oil meal, and skim milk. Later corn meal was added to their ration, the feeds being supplied ad libitum until the pigs were weaned, which was done when they were 12 weeks old. After weaning the ration was continued for 8 weeks, but the (luantity was limited to an amount calculated to be just sufficient for maintenance. The data recorded show that after weaning the litters the sows required for maintenance on an 500 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. average l.lil ll)s. of grain anl)t;iin('(l in tliis test are discussed at cniisiderahle leuuftli in relation to breeds and rations fed. Corn, wheat and soy-bean meal with skim milk for pork production, A. M. SouLE and J. R. Fain ( Tentu'KSce Sta. liul. Vol. XVI, No. .i, pp. 33-48, Jigs. 5). — Two tests, the first of (iO days' and the second of 77 days' duration, were undertaken for the purpose of studying the value of corn meal alone and fed with different amounts of skim milk, and also the effects of substituting wheat meal and soy-bean meal for part of the corn meal when combined with skim milk. In the test made in 1892 each lot contained 3 grade Chester White pigs, while in the test made in 1893 each lot contained 4 grade Berkshires. The rations fed and the general exjierimental conditions were practically the same in the 2 tests, l(jts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 being fed corn meal and wheat meal, 2:1, with skim milk, the pro- portion oi grain to milk ranging from 1:3 in the case of lot 1 to 1:12 in the case of lot 4. In each case lot 5 was fed corn meal only; lot 6 corn meal and skim milk, 1:8; and lot 8, corn meal and soy-bean meal, 2:1, with skim milk in the proportion of 1 part grain to 8 parts milk. The gains on corn meal, wheat meal, and skim milk in 1892 were practically uni- form, being about 1.5 lbs. per head per day. With lot 8 (corn meal, soy-bean meal, and skim milk) the average daily gain was 1.6 lbs. per head per day. Witli lot 5 (corn meal only) it w^as 0.9 lb., and with lot 6 (corn meal and skim milk) 1.7 lbs. In 1903 the gains on corn meal, wheat meal, and skim milk ranged from 1 lb. per head per day with lot 7 (grain and skim milk 1:8) to 1.3 lbs. with lot 3 (grain and skim milk 1:9). With lot 6 (corn meal and skim milk) and with lot 8 (corn meal, soy-bean meal and skim milk) the average daily gain in each case was 1 lb. jier head per day, and with lot 5 (corn meal only) 0.24 lb. Considering the averages for the 2 years, the smallest gain, 0.5 lb. per head per day, was made with lot 5 (corn meal only), and the greatest gain, 1.4 lbs., with lot 3 (grain and skim milk 1:9), and lot 4 (grain and skim milk 1:12). The largest amount of grain per pound of gain, 4.1 lbs., was required on corn meal alone. When grain was fed with skim milk the amount required per pound of gain ranged from 1.4 lbs. with lot 4 (grain and skim milk 1:12) to 2.2 lbs. with lot 1 (grain and skim milk 1:3). In the latter case the smallest quantity of skim milk, 6.5 lbs., was required, and in the former the greatest amount, 16.4 lbs. With lot 1 the gains were made most economically, costing 4.4 cts. per pound, while with lot 5 the gain was most expensive. The profit ranged from $3.38 per lot on soy beans to $7.63 per lot on grain and skim milk 1 : 3. "The cost of soy beans in the case of the [former] group was jirobably responsible for the small profit shown, which indicates the importance of studying and utilizing those grains best adapted for the cheap production of pork." At the conclusion of the test the pigs were slaughtered, the weight of the carcass and other data being recorded for lots 5 to 8 in the first test and for all the lots in the second test. "The best slaughter tests were made by the hogs receiving corn meal, wheat meal, and skim milk, there being little choice between the 4 groups; while those receiving corn meal and soy-bean meal were somewhat lower. That these hogs were not so profitable as those of higher grade is shown by the fact that certain well-bred animals, reared and fed on the University farm, sold and slaughtered at the same time, dressed from 81 to 83 per cent, a difference of from 2 to 10 ])er cent in favor of the better-bred hogs. ' ' Peptone feed tested with pigs, W. Muller {Fiddhiy's Landw. Ztg., 5,i {1903), No. 17, pp. 597-604, dgm. l). — Using 4 lots of 4 pigs each, the value of a so-called peptone feed, with or without meal, was compared with meal alone and with bran and a molasses mixture, potatoes forming a i)art of the ration in all cases. The pep- 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tone feed used is a slaughter liouf^e l)y-i)r(Hlnct made from tlie partly-digested con- tents of the paunches of cattle. The ])igs given this feed made tlie largest percentage gains in the 66 days of the test and at the least cost. The American saddle horse, J. B. C.\stleman ( T. ,S. Depl. A(/r., Bureau of Ani- VKil liidiixlnj Rpt. HXKJ, pjt. 62-78, ph. 5). — The origin and development of the vVmerican saddle horse, sizi', and other refjuirenients are discussed. Fattening horses for market, W. J. Kknnedv ( Wallaces' Farmer, 28 {1903), No. 4^, p. 1S63). — The fact that increased profits may attend fattening liorses before marketing them is pointed out, a full grain ration with an abundance of forage being recommended for the purpose. The author states that many find clover a satisfao tory coarse fodder, and corn, oats, and l)ran a good grain mixture. Coolied or steamed grain twice a week is recommended with some oil meal or flaxseed added. Glauber salts once a week is also useful, especially as the horses are given little or no exercise. Feeding horses 4 or × a day is recommended. "Horses on full feed should gain from 3 to 5 lbs. per head per day." Distribution and magnitude of the poultry and egg industry, G. F. Thompson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Rpt. 1902, pp. 149-213). — A statistical article based largely on reports of the last census. A part of this article has been noted from another publication (E. S. E.., 15, p. 291). DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Studies in milk production, W. L. Carlyle and F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 102, pp. 88, figs. 10, dgm. i).— During the period from the fall of 1898 to May, 1903, complete records were obtained of 38 cows, comprising 8 grade and 4 pure- bred Jerseys; 9 grade Guernseys, 1 grade and 4 pure-bred Holsteins; 8 grade and 3 pure-bred Shorthorns; and 1 grade Red Polled cow. The records obtained during the first 2 years of this period were discussed in previous reports of the station (E. S. R., 12, p. 83; 13, p. 81). The main part of the data previously presented, how- ever, is included in this bulletin, which contains illustrations and descriptions of the cows, detailed data for the food consumption and the production of each, and a discussion of the results from different standpoints. "The primary object of the investigation has been to ascertain the capacity of the various cows for a large and economical production of milk and butter, and to study the system of feeding which was required to reach this end, in case of the individual cows in the herd. The general plan of feeding adopted has been the one which we consider the fundamental requirement in the successful management of a modern dairy, viz, to feed each cow as much rough feed as she will eat iip clean and, in addition, such amounts of the available common concentrated feeds as she will give returns for in production of milk without any material change in live weight, the character and amounts of grain feed being therefore adjusted according to the peculiar characteristics of each cow." The average annual production of the 38 cows for 4 years was 7,340 lbs. of milk, and 307 lbs. of butter fat, equivalent to 370 lbs. of butter per head. The main results of the work as summarized by the authors are as follows: "(1) The average annual yield of milk for the various cows in the herd ranged from 10,960.3 to 4,033 lbs., the production of fat ranged from 474.73 to 183.64 lbs., and the net profit returned by the cows from $79.31 to $19.59. The highest average production per year for any cow in the herd was that of the Jersey cow, Gold, which is credited with a production of 7,621.6 lbs. of milk and 474.73 lbs. of ])utter fat, and a net profit (value of butter and skim milk minus cost of food) of $79.31. This cow also produced the maximum amount of butter fat of any cow in the herd during 365 consecutive days, viz, 502.12 lbs., and returned the highest net profit of any cow during this time, with $84.55. Twenty-two of the cows produced more than 300 lbs. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 503 of butter fat per year, on the average, and 25 out of thi' total number of .SS cows yielded a profit of $40 or more, over the cost of tlie food eaten. "(2) The average production of 10 cows during their year of maxinunn production wa^ 376.51 lbs. of butter fat, and their average net profit $5S. 21. During the year following their maximum production the same cows yielded, on the average, 281.47 lbs. of butter fat and a net profit of $40.82. Cows making exceptionally high records for a single year are almost certain to require a portion of the succeeding year for recovery, and will therefore give a much smaller production and lower net profit for that year. "(3) Cows ))elonging to the different breeds represented in the lierd yielded, on the average, as follows: Red Polled (1 cow), 461.81 lbs. of butter fat per year; Hol- stein (5 cows), 351.62 lbs.; Guernsey (9 cows), 319.35 lbs.; Jersey (12 cows), 301.13 lbs., and Shorthorn (11 cows), 281.73 lbs. The average net profit returned by cows of these breeds decreased in the same order from |56.70 (Red Polled) to $36.09 ( Shorthorn ) . "(4) The cows in the university herd may be considered as representing three dif- ferent types of cows, viz, extreme dairy type, large dairy type, and dual-purpose type. If the results for cows of the same ty]ie be averaged, we find that the large dairy cows lead in average annual production of fat with 325.23 lbs., the extreme dairy cows being next with 310.21 lbs., and the dual-purpose cows last with 292.99 lbs. The rank of the cows, according to net profit returned, decreased in the same order from $45.31 for the large dairy cows, to $37.82 for the dual-purpose cows. In the opinion of the authors, cows of the large dairy type of the particular breed suiting the fancy of the farmer and weighing, say 1,000 lbs. or more, will, everything considered, be found the most satisfactory for the dairy farmer; cows of the dual-purpose type, on the other hand, are to be recommended for farmers who wish to utilize more or less of the rough feed produced on their farms for raising beef for the market, in conjunction with keeping a number of cows for milk production. It is not, in our opinion, the part of wisdom for our dairymen to select small refined cows with a square habit of body in an extreme degree as the most desirable type of dairy cow. "(5) Cows of exceptional merit as producers were found within all the different types or breeds represented in our herd; the main reliance in selecting cows for the dairy herd should therefore be placed, not on any particular type or breed, but on individual excellence for dairy purposes. The best indications of true merit in dairy cows are a large digestive capacity, as evidenced by great depth and length of body, and a general refinement in conformation, as shown by fineness of bone in the legs, a clean-cut feminine head, a long and fine neck, light shoulders, prominent back- bone, a fine, elastic quality of udder, and a well-developed milk vein system. Minor X^oints are fine, silky hair, thin unctuous and movable skin, large bright eyes, and a general sprightly appearance. "(6) The milk produced by the cows decreased somewhat in quality as the cows advanced in age. The average per cent for the year with cows in our herd came as follows: 1st year, 4.49 per cent; 2d year, 4.40 per cent; 3d year, 4.29 per cent, and 4th year, 4.17 per cent. "(7) The flow of milk decreased, on the average, for all cows in our herd and for 4 years, with 8 per cent for each month during the progress of the lactation period, and the production of butter fat decreased with 7.3 per cent for each month. "(8) Our dual-purpose cows maintained their flow of milk during the progress of the lactation period, as well or better than cows of the dairy types; the shrinkage in the production of milk between the third and the fortieth weeks of the lactation period for the same cows was 44 per cent for the extreme dairy cows, 59 per cent for tlie large dairy (;ows, and 49 per cent for the dual-purpose cows, and in the produc- tion of fat for the same types of cows, 43, 60, and 46 per cent, res])ectively. 504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "(9) Tlu' rations iVd to tlie In'st producers in the herd (hiring the winter periods contained, on the avi'rage, 25.28 lbs. of dry matter, 2.05 llw. of digestiljle protein, 15.22 lbs. of digestible carbohydrates and fat, and had a luitritive ratio of 1 : 7.4. The low-producing cows received, on the average, 21.14 lbs. of dry matter, 1.56 lbs. of digestible protein, and 12.20 lbs of carbohydrates and fat (nutritive ratio, 1 : 7.8), while intermediate figures were obtained for the cows with a medium production. " (10) Only 10 cows out of a total of 33 required more than 2 lbs. of digestible protein in their average daily winter rations under our system of feeding for a large and iH'onomical i)roduction. The erase of the cow Ella, weighing about 1,000 lbs., is especially woi'thy of note, from the fact that she received only 1.48 lbs. of digestible protein per day in her winter ration, and 12.19 lbs. of digestible carbohydrates and fat (initritive ratio, 1:8.2), and produced 343 lbs. of butter fat yearly, as the average for 4 years. According to our present knowledge, we believe that only cows of large capacity will give ec;ononiical returns for a supply of more than 2 lbs. of digest- ible protein per day, under the conditions present in the Northwest; and in the majority of cases with good average dairy cows, a supply somewhat less than this may be found most economical." Soiling crops for dairy co-ws in Wisconsin, W. L. Carlyle, J. R. Danks, and G. E. Morton {Wixruiimi Sta. Bui. JO:], pp. 14, fiya. S). — A comparison is made of the average monthly yield of milk for 4 years of 15 farmers' herds and the average monthly yield for the past 2 years of the university herd, which was fed in part on soiling crops. In the case of the farmers' herds a rapid falling off from the highest yield in June to almost the lowest yield for the year in August is shown. The milk production of the university herd reached its maximum in April, remained almost constant until June, after which it decreased gradually and reached its lowest point in October. The results of culture tests with various soiling crops at the university farm from 1900 to 1903 are presented in the following table: Average data ohtained in culture tests with soiliny crops. Variety of crops. Fall rye Hulless barley Alfalfa Red clover Peas and oats Oats Vetches and oats. . Dent corn Rape Sweet corn Sorghum Giant fodder corn. Millet Rye and vetches . . Flint corn Num- ber of crops aver- Seed per acre. Lbs. 140 120 20 15 150 88 148 2.5 35 54 35 140 35 Dates of sowing Period of growth, Sept. 10. Apr. 2 . . Apr. 11-May 4 . . Apr. 14-May 4 . . Apr. 20 May 10 May 2-Julv 11 . . May 16-May 20 . May 20-June9.. May 19 June 15 May 10 Days. 248 04 72 70 75 71 85 67 102 Average yield per acre. Forage. Tons. 8.41 10.08 16.5 10.0 9.08 9.38 0.95 12.20 20.83 24. 39 29. 83 23.30 12.19 10.0 15.52 Dry matter. Tons. 2.0 2.2 4.7 2.9 3.4 3.0 2.0 4.2 5.1 0.1 4.8 3.0 Digestible nutri- ents in 100 lbs. gross yield. Protein. 2.1 i.y 3.9 2.9 1.8 2.6 1.0 1.5 1.5 .0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Carbo- hydrates. Lbs. 14.2 10.3 12.8 15.0 7.2 21.4 12.6 8.6 13.7 13.2 12.6 17.0 12.6 The discussion of the subject considers variety, culture, yield, value, feeding stage, and cost of production of the crops, and a succession of the same that would supply succulent feed at all times. Nearly all of the crops grown are most palatable and satisfactory when fed at or a little before full bloom. Thick seeding in general gave a much greater yield and a better quality of forage than thin seeding. In 1901, sow- ing 25 lbs. sorghum seed per acre with alternate spouts of the drill open, and 25 and 50 lbs. with all the spouts open yielded, after a period of 82 days, 17,552, 21,200, and DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING 505 24,21() lbs. per acre, respectively. In UH)2 an acre of sorgliuni sown IMay^d and har- vested September 4 yielded 40.4 tons. Early Amber sorghnm from northern-grown seed is considered the most valuable soiling crop for Wisconsin. Evergreen sweet corn gave almost as good results as sorghum. It was found that cows fed on soiling crops alone without pasture cujnsumed from 75 to 100 lbs. of forage daily. Experiments with g-Iuten meal for m.ilch. cows, H. Isaachsen and H. Solvs- BEKG [Xorsk Landmmulshlad, -32 {190S), No. 12, pp. 153-157).— TYna is an account of a feeding experiment with 20 milch cows conducted at the agricultural college of Norway, in whicii the effect of feeding 2 kg. of gluten meal per head daily, in place of corn and fish meal, was studied. The gluten meal ration produced 0.2 kg. less milk per head daily than the regular ration fed to the herd, but the fat content of the milk was increased 0. 12 per cent. The authors conclude that 100 kg. of gluten meal was worth 48.2 cts. more than 97 kg. of equal i:)arts of corn and fish meal. — F. W. WOLL. On tlie production of milk, B. Boggild {Mdlkerltid., 16 {1903), Nos. 31, pp. 535- 544; 32, pp. 551-559, figs. 3; 33, pp. 569-575, figs. 2; 34, pp. 585-593, figs. 7; 35, pp. 601-60S). — Notes on lectures on dairying delivered at the Royal Danish Agricultural and Veterinary College at Copenhagen. Recent experimental inquiry upon milk secretion, C. I). Woods ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jhircan of Animal Tnihistnj lipt. 1902, pp. 234-253) . — This is a popular summary of the more important data and conclusions relating to the subject of milk secretion, and is reprinted from the report of the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture for 1900. Variations in the proteids of cow's milk during lactation, A. Trunz {Ztschr. Plujsiol. Chan., 39 {1903), Xo. 5, pp. 390-395). — This investigation was begun by G. Simon, « who reported some of the data along with a discussion of methods of anal- ysis. The present article completes this data and discusses briefly the results. The milk of 2 cows was analyzed at frequent intervals during the course of lacta- tion. Omitting the colostrum period, the protein content of the milk of one of the cows was about 3 per cent for the first 7 months, after which it gradually increased to 5.54 per cent. The albumin and casein bore a ratio averaging 1:3 for the entire period. The protein content of the milk of the other cow was about 3.5 per cent for the first 9 months, after which it increased to 6.29 per cent. The ratio of albumin to casein was 1:5.2. Observations on several breeds showed no constant difference in the ratio of albu- min to protein. This variation is pointed out as of practical importance inasmuch as milk with a relative and absolute high content of albumin is best suited for infant feeding, while the reverse is true for cheese making. XJlander's milk strainer, L. F. Rosengren {Nurd. Mejeri Tidn., IS {1903), No. 17, pp. 223-225, figs. 2) . — In a series of trials this strainer removed all l»ut 3.52 mg. of the impurities in 20 liters of milk, as compared with 22.18 )ng. left l)y a conunon strainer. — f. w. woll. Comparative skimming- trials w^ith milk from old and new^ milch cow^s, L. F. Rosengren {Nord. Mejeri Tidn., 18 {1903), No. 13, pp. 173-174)-— T^^a trials reported in this paper were conducted at the Alnarp Dairy Institute, and were made with milk from either old or new milch cows, or mixtures of the two kinds of milk. The skimming was done with an Alpha Dairy separator, having a stated capacity of 200 kg. per hour, the crank l)eing turned 52 times per minute. The skimming temperatures ranged from 30 to 50° C. The skim milk from the nulk produced by old milki-rs had uniforndy a higher fat content than that from milk of fresh milch cows, although the difference was not great when the amount of milk run through the separator was reduced by one-fourth a Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 33 (1901), No. 5-6, pp. 466-541. 506 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to niu'-tliinl. l^y rvihu-\i\'^ the flow of milk to this I'xtcnt the fat coiitcut of tlic skiiu milk from old milkers was reduced to about oue-teuth, wlicii the separatioii took place at 50° or above. — f. \\. avoli,. A hitherto unexplained cause of poor skimming', C. Bahthel {Laiidtmannen, 14 {IDOd), No. 20, pp. .Ul~.il5; Xord. Mejeri Tidii., 18 {190S), No. 18, pp. 235, 236).— It was found that milk which was emptied out of a pasteurization apparatus by means of a steam injector gave a skim milk nmch richer in fat when separated than milk whii;h was run through the pasteurization ai)paratus without pressure; the fat contents of the 2 kinds of skim milk, as determined by the Gottlieb method, being on an average 0.31 and 0.13 per cent, respectively. In investigating the sutjject the author found that violent agitation of the milk at separating temperatures caused a division of the fat globules, the minute globules remaining in the skim milk in the process of separation. Milk churned for 5 min- utes at 50° C. and afterwards pasteurized at 75°, gave skim milk containing 0.69 per cent of fat, against 0.12 per cent found in skim milk from milk not previously churned. When the milk was churned at a very low temperature (5.5°) for 5 min- utes, a similar fat content was obtained as in the case of the skim milk from milk not previously churned. Similar results were obtained in a number of different trials. — F. W. WOLL. Influence of pasteurizers on clean skimming, T. Berg {Lundtmunncn, 14 {1903), No. 29, jip. 460-462). — The results of the work by Barthel, noted above, have been corroborated Ijy the author. In experiments with a steam turbine pasteurizer no increase in the fat content of the skim milk was observed when the stirrer was turned at a speed of 200 to 250 revolutions per minute; but with 300 to 500 revolu- tions an increasing amount of fat remained in the skim milk, the average percentages in the 2 cases being aVjout 0.118 and 0.225 per cent. In trials with milk pumps no appreciable difference was obtained in the fat content of the skim milk, whether the milk passed through the i:)ump at 50 or at 17°. — f. w. woll. Influence of clean skimming on the yield of butter, T. Beko {Nord. Mejeri Tidn., 18 [lHOo), No. 22, pp. 301-303). — Experiments conducted by the author showed that a decrease in the fat content of the skim milk from 0. 223 to 0. 147 per cent increased the amount of butter obtained from 50 kg. of milk from 1.691 to 1.734 kg., or 0.043 kg., while a further decrease in the fat content of the skim milk from 0.147 to 0.092 per cent increased the yield of butter only 0.022 kg. In the former case the differ- ence in the fat content of the buttermilk was 0.086 per cent, in the latter 0.039 per cent. There is apparently a limit below which it does not pay to skim the milk; the nearer this is reached the more expensive the reduction in the fat content of the skim milk becomes. It is shown l)y the results published in the i)aper that 0.01 kg. of butter may be obtained per 100 kg. of milk for every 0.01 per cent of fat more or less in the skim milk. — f. w. woll. Influence of clean skimming on the yield of butter, L. F. Rosengren {Nord. Mi'jtri Tidn., 18 {1903), No. 23, pp. 307-309). — The same conclusion was reached as in the work by Berg, noted above, that somewhat more fat is, as a rule, left in the buttermilk by close skimming; but that this is much less than the amount going over into the butter. Of the 88.3 gm. which the cream from 100 kg. of milk in one series of trials exceeded that in another series, 12 gm. remained in the buttermilk while 76.3 gm. went into the butter. The closer skimming reduced the fat content of the skim milk 0.0984 and increased the yield of butter 99.6 gm. Calculated per 100 kg. new milk, a decrease of 0.01 per cent in the fat content of the skim milk is equivalent to an increase of 10 gm. in the yield of butter, even if the milk is skimmed so as to leave only 0.05 per cent of fat in the skim milk. — p. w. woll. Researches on the fermentation of milk, H. Tissier and P. Gasching {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 8, pp. 540-363). — In connection with a study of the bac- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 507 terial flora of the alimentary tract the autliors have iiive.stij;ateut es{)ecially i^ropionic acid and butyric acid. All bacterial growth was stopjied at this stage by the presence of 0.4 to 0.6 per cent of acid, when the development of Oidium lactis and RJdzopus nigricans caused a reduction in the amount of acid and also a decomposition of the remaining lactose and of the casein. Finally the simple ferments completed the breaking down of the casein and its products. In the absence of predisposing causes the ordinary l)acteria concerned in the putre- faction of milk and meat are not believed to cause digestive disturbances. This view is supported by the results of several experiments made by the authors with animals and men, and here reported. Studies on the antag-onism bet-ween the bacteria of the lactic-acid group and the Bacillus subtilis group, F. AV. Bolska {Landu-. Jahrb. Schweiz, 17 {1903), No. 6, pp. 349-357; Rev. Gen. Lnit, 3 {1903) , No. 1, pp. i-ii).— Bacteria of the 2groups were grown together under different conditions. Both types developed rapidly dur- ing the first few hours, the lactic-acid bacteria, however, developing more rapidly. Later the development of Bacillus subtilis stopped, their number gradually decreas- ing until in old cultures only a few were found. •- The growth of the lactic-acid bacteria on the contrary continued until about 0.8 per cent of lactic acid was formed, when their multiplication stopped. In a medium containing sugar the antagonistic power of the lactic-acid bacteria is believed to be due, for the most part, to the acid produced. In general, however, the rapidity of their growth gives them an advantage over the other forms. In the absence of sugar they are also capable of supplanting B. subtilis and preventing the growth of this species. It is believed to be very probable that the lactic-acid bacteria produce other products than acid inhibiting the growth of B. .mbtilis. Hygiene and dairying, K. Gappikii {Arch. Vet. Nauk, St. Petersburg, 33 {1903), No. 9, j)p. 960-980) .—The author discusses in a general way the relation between the dairy industry and public hygiene, and concludes that the attention of dairymen should be calleil to the urgent necessity of observing greater precautions in the con- duct of this business from a sanitary standpoint. Efifect of pasteurization temperatures on tubercle bacilli in milk, J. Svens- SON {Landtuutnnen 14 {1903), No. 18, pp. 273-^76). — In an apparatus in which the 508 EXPEEIMENT STATION KK(M)RD. milk was heak'd nii)i(lly l)y being in a thin layer, a tenn)erature of S0° C. for 2 min- utes was snllicient to destroy the tul)ercle bacilH. This was not true in experiments in which the temperature was 75° C. — f. w. woll. On the water content of butter, L. F. Rosengken {Landtmannen, 14 (1903), No. 33, pp. 520-527). — A discussion of the various factors influencing the water con- tent of butter, with the results of a number of experiments bearing upon this point. — F. W. WOLL. Report of Swedish butter exhibits, 1902, N. Engstrom [Meddd. K. Landtbr. Styr. [Stveden'], 1903, No. S4, ]>p. 53). — The report presents the usual annual sum- mary of the butter exhibits in Sweden. The number of creameries which took jjart in the exhibits was 346. The total number of tubs of butter exhiliited and scored was 1,491. The main results of the examination of the butter as to scores, water content, loss of brine on storage, etc., are given in the report; as well as the average results of examinations of skim milk, buttermilk, and butter made during the year. — F. W. WOLL. The role of the lactic-acid bacteria in the manufacture and in the early stages of ripening of Cheddar cheese, H. A. Harding [Neiv York State Sta. Bid. 237, pp. 165-lSO). — In the introduction to this bulletin brief explanations are given concerning 3 theories of cheese ripening namely, (1) that ripening is due mainly, if not entirely, to lactic-acid ]>acteria, (2) that ripening is brought about by liquefy- ing bacteria, and (3) that the breaking down of the casein is largely due to the enzyms naturally present in milk. The results of some experimental work are included, and other investigations at the New York State Station are referred to in supijort of the views which are expressed concerning the role of lactic-acid bacteria in the ripening of cheese. In factory milk lactic-acid bacteria are always present, and at the time of souring commonly make up more than 95 per cent of the total number. The rapid develop- ment of the lactic-acid bacteria checks the growth of other species, due to the conversion of milk sugar into lactic acid. The action of this acid has been found in practice and shown experimentally to hasten the curdling action of rennet. Inves- tigations have shown that the lactic acid combines with paracasein to form 2 salts, one the unsaturated j^aracasein monolactate, insoluble in water but soluble in dilute salt solutions, and the other the saturated paracasein dilactate, insolpble in both water and dilute salt solutions. That paracasein monolactate is formed in cheese curd l^y lactic-acid bacteria was shown experimentally as follows: Fresh milk was curdled by rennet in the presence of ether to prevent bacterial growth, and the curd was washed with water to remove the greater part of the sugar. After sterilization portions of the curd were inoculated with lactic-acid bacteria, with and without the addition of sugar. Without the addition of sugar only very small quantities of paracasein monolactate were formed, while with the addition of sugar considerable amounts were produced. In normal cheese during the first week after it is made it is stated that from one- half to three-fourths of the nitrogen is found in the form of paracasein monolactate. In forming the amount of monolactate ordinarily present the bacteria use up an amount of sugar equal to from 2 to 4 per cent of the weight of the cheese. The presence of the monolactate is considered essential to the digestive action of the rennet enzym. As the part played by the enzyms of the milk itself is not confined to the first stages of ripening, this sul)ject is to be treated in a separate bulletin. The action of rennet enzym is not believed to extend much beyond the formation of peptones, leaving the formation of the simpler nitrogenous compounds characteristic of a rijaened cheese to be explained in some other manner. Some changes in a ripening cheese, F. II. Hall et al. {New York State Sta. Buls. 214, 215, 219, 231, 233, 236, 237, popular ed., pp. 14)-— This bulletin summarizes the more important points brought out in recent investigations at the station, and VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 509 reported in l)ullctin8 already noted (Iv S. It., 14, ])[). 07, 545, 805, 1115; and 15, pp. 400, 508). Shrinkage of cold-cured cheese during- ripening, S. M. Baucock, H. L. Rrs- SELL, and U. 8. B.\er ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 101, i^p. 30, figa. 11). — This is essentially the same as that i)ortion of the report of cooperative work previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 398) , which deals with the effect of cold curing U2:)on the loss in weight of cheese. The duration of the life of the tubercle bacillus in cheese, F. C. H.\rrisox ( r. S. Ihpt. A(jr., Bureau of Animal Imlu.^try Rpt. 190S, j>p. 217-233). — This is a translation of articles previously noted (K. S. R., 12, p. 985; 14, p. 292), with an introductory statement by H. E. Alvord. Examination of Babcock test apparatus ( Connecticut Stute Stu. Rpt. 1902, pt. 4, p. ./-■')■ — T'uring the year 600 pieci-s p- 159-165). — The author briefly reviews the literature relating to intravascular injection of antiseptics in the treatment of infectious diseases. The antiseptics employed were formalin, guaiacol, and chinosol, and the experimental animals were rabbits. Preliminary experiments were made for the purpose of determining the maximum doses of these antiseptics which could be given without causing serious consequences in the experimental animals. The organism with which the rabbits were infected was Bacillus j)yocyaneus. Additional experiments were also made w^ith the tubercle bacillus. The experiments showed conclusively that the course of septicemia pro- duced by B. pjyocyaneus was not checked, but on the contrary was somewhat acceler- ated by the intravenous injection of the antiseptics already mentioned. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 511 The formalin appeared to 1)e al)Sorl)e(l rapidly by the tisHues, otherwise it is be- lieved that some antiseptic action would have been manifested, since the quantity of formalin injected stood in the ratio of 1: 1,500 to the blood. Kabbits were inoculated with tuberculosis and subsequently treated with formalin in intravenous injections. The rabbits were given formalin in doses of 5 to 10 cc. The injection of formalin appeared to exercise no action whatever upon the development of the disease. The author concludes, therefore, that no advantages are derived from the intravenous use of antiseptics. Transplantation of tumors, L. Loeb {Arch. PaiJi. Anat. n. rintsiol. [^'irc}^ow'\, llii {190S), X(i. ■■!, jt/t. 34.')-S68). — In the author's investigations rats w^ere used as experimental animals, and numerous experiments were made in transj)lanting tumors from one animal to another. These tumors were placed in pure glycerin for a period of 17 to 24 hours and were then transplanted upon normal animals. In one set of experiments tumors developed upon 7 out of 13 inoculated rats. The author concludes from his experiments that a micro-organism found just out- side of the tumor cells, and small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter, wasprol)- ably not the cause of the sarcomata. A similar conclusion is drawn regarding another organism which closely resembles the tubercle bacillus. Detailed notes are given on the constancy and variability of the structure of sarcomata, the growth of these tumors, and the phagocyte action of sarcomatous cells. During these experiments it was shown that sarcomatous cells may be removed from an infected animal and propagated for many generations on other animals by the process of transplantation. The eye and its diseases, D. Hutcheox {Agr. Jour. Cape (lood Hope, 23 {190.3), Xo. 4, pp. 405-415, ph. x!). — The author discusses the anatomy of the eye, with spe- cial reference to certain diseases to which it is subject in South Africa. These include conjunctivitis, recurrent ophthalmia, keratitis, trichiasis, bleeding fungus tumor, amaurosis, and a disease due to the presence of Filaria lacltrt/malis in the inner angle of the eye. In the author's experience keratitis has been most successfully treated by the use of nitrate of silver or l)y a mixture containing boracic acid, sulphate of zinc, fluid extract of belladonna, and water. The poisoning- of stock, D. Hutcheon {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. 4, pp. 390-399, pi. 1). — In Cape Colony losses of cattle are sometimes suffered as the result of feeding on Morsxa polystachya. The poisonous effects are rapidly mani- fested, and consist in acute gastro-enteritis accompanied with nervous prostration and collapse. Experiments were made in feeding M. tenuis and M. polystachya to steers; fatal results w'ere j^roduced with either plant when fed in quantities of Ij lbs. Notes are also given on the p>oisonous effects of Cestrum nocturnum, oleander, Nicotkina glauca, stramonium, and other plants. Report of State veterinarian, T. Bctler {Bpt. Comr. Agr. North Carolina, 1902, pp. 40-47). — The author briefly relates the progress in animal industry in North Carolina during the past year, and gives an account of cattle quarantine, losses from Texas fever, methods of exterminating the cattle tick, staggers, tuberculosis, glanders, hog cholera, and blackleg. Contag-ious diseases of animals in foreign countries, G. F. Thompson ( U. S. Depi. Ayr., Bureau of Auhnal Industry Rpt. 1902, pp. 417-425). — A statistical account showing the prevalence of the more important animal diseases, such as hog cholera, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders, anthrax, and sheep scab in Great Britain, Switzer- land, France, German Empire, Belgium, Italy, Demnark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and New Zealand. Note on the correlation of several diseases occurring among animals in South Africa, A. Edington ( .7oi(7-. Hyy. \_Cuiiibrldge'\, 3 {1903), No. 2, pp. 13S-154). — In various parts of South Africa goats and sheep are extremely susceptible to the attack of a disease known as heartwater, and a high mortality in horses and mules is brought about by horse sickness. 512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. TIk' author studieil the conditidii,^ umlcr wliicli tliis ilisseasti ocfuri'cd fm- the pur- pose of lU'terminiiig if possible the im-ans of infection. Some ob8ervati(jns were made on a disease of cattle known by a nuni])er of different names, but usually by the term veld sickness. Experiments were nuule to determine the relation Vjetween lu)rse sickness and veld sickness. Cuttle were inoculated with the blood of horses affected with horse sickness, and as a result of tliese exj^eriments it was found that cattle are somewhat susceptil)le to liorse si(;kness. Tiic le under certain conditions for the infection of various other species of domestic animals in South Africa. Bovine tuberculosis and other animal diseases affecting' the public health, 1). E. Salmon ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bpt. 1902, pp. 332^353). — This paper was read at the American Public Health Association at New Orleans, and deals w'ith the inter-relationship between human and bovine tuberculosis. The lit- erature of the subject is critically reviewed, and the conclusions are reached that great differences of virulence are observed in tubercle bacilli obtained from different human patients, and that some of these bacilli may be virulent for cattle and others not. The author believes that tuberctilosis may be transmitted from animals to man or from man to animals. An account is also presented of rai)ies, glanders, and anthrax, with special reference to the methods of control of these diseases and the prevention of the infection of man. A discussion of the tuberculosis question, ]\I. Sciiottelius {Beitr. Path. Aiuit. u. Allg. Path., 33 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 32-50). — A critical review of the recent contro- versy concerning the problem of the unity or duality of tuberculosis. The au'.hor outlines the positions of various authors on the subject. A number of experiments were made in testing the possibility of transmitting tuberculosis from man to animals. In these experiments 3 cows and 2 calves were used, the cows l.)eing 2 years old and the calves 4 to 5 weeks old at the beginning of the experiments. Each animal received from 50 to 60 gm. of human sputum in the milk or upon green fodder. No alteration of temperature was observed in any of the animals during the course of the experiments. After a period of 4 months the 3 animals which had received virulent sputum were killed and examined. In all cases infection had taken place and was apparent in the various abdominal organs; the origin of the infection appeared to have been in all cases the lymphatic glands in the region of the pharynx. Positive results were obtained from the exannnation of diseased glands for the pres- ence of tul^ercle bacilli. The author believes that the sputum of tuljerculous human patients is one of the important sources of tuberculosis in cattle. The tuberculin test of cattle in Great Britain, D. E. Salmon ( U. S. Dipt. Agr., Bureau of Animal Bidustrtj Bpt. 1902, pp. 550-553).— Before March 1, 1900, cattle shipped to this country from Great Britain were inspected after arrival in the United States. Since disease frequently developed on shijjboard in animals which did not appear to be affected at the time of shipment, great losses were suffered by cattle dealers. In order to avoid inflicting these losses upon the individuals concerned, arrange- ments were made for the application of the tuberculin test in Great Britain to cattle about to be shipped to this country. The test is applied to all cattle over 6 months old, and has been made in Great Britain for the past 2 years. The inspector of the Canadian government and the inspector of the United States have made arrange- ments l)y which each government accepts certiflcates of the other's inspector. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 513 Durinu; the years llHtl and HtOl*, l,()r>o cattle were tested and 13.9 per cent were found to be tulierculous. The tests show the gn-at prevalence of tuberculosis among pure-bred herds in (jreat Britain, but the cattle on the islands of Guernsey and. Jersey were found to be ])ractically free from tuberculosis. Mammary tuberculosis in cattle, A. Conte {Rev. Gen. Med. Vtt., 1 {1903), No. 10, j)p. d5S-566). — Statistics are presented showing the prevalence of mammary tuber- culosis in cattle with special reference to the ratio which this form of the disease bears to general infection from tuberculosis. Notes are also given on the legal regu- lations which prevail in various countries regarding the sanitary control of milk from tuberculous cows. Mammary tiiberculosis in a mare, C. Parascandolo and Y. de Meis {Arch. Wiss. II. I'niLf. Thierh., ,?.9 {190S), Xo. 1-2, pp. 198-208).— The author presents a de- tailed description of a ca.se of mammary tuberculosis in a mare, with notes on the symptoms, course, and history of the disease. From pus obtained from the diseased tissue tubercle bacilli were isolated of sufficient virulence to cause the death of guinea pigs within a period of 2 weeks. The tubercle bacilli were found in small numbers inside of the tubercles in immediate connection with the giant cells. Foot-and-mouth disease, D. E. Salmox {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau vf Animal IiiduMrij ]i))t. 1902, 2>p. 391-410, jjU. 13, map 1). — This is a general account of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in New England, with notes on the meas- ures undertaken by the Bureau of Animal Industry and the affected States for its repression. Quarantine regulations were made prohibiting the shipment of cattle and sheep, other ruminants, or swine from one affected State to another, or out of any affected State into other States or foreign countries. The measures for eradication adopted by the Bureau of Animal Industry were stringent, and involved the destruction of infected animals and disposal of the car- casses by deep burying or burning. Notes are given on the occurrence of the disease in Europe and the measures adopted in various countries for its control. In order to avoid imposing too great hardships upon cattle owners indemnities were paitl for the animals which were destroyed. Serum therapy for foot-and-mouth disease, E. Nocard {Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., 1 {1903), Xo. 7, pp. 309-375). — A general account is given of the various methods which have been used in combating this disease. It has been found that a serum can be produced which will confer an immediate beneficial effect upon treated animals, but the immunity produced by this treatment is only of short duration. Ne-w systems of treatment for parturient paresis, E. Leclaixche {Rev. Gen. Med. IV/., 1 (1903), Xo. 2, jip. 0.5-71). — A general review of the results obtained from the application of Schmidt's metliod and also from the use of the hot water, air, and oxygen methods in the treatment of parturient paresis. All of these methods bring about the same condition in the udder, viz, a dilatation of the sinus and the large milk chiefs. The possibility of an undue diminution of jiressure within the udder is thus avoided. In addition to infusions of iodid of potash or water, or the injection of air or oxygen, the author recommends in cases of cardiac weakness intrarectal injections of .salt water in the proportion of 9 : 1,000 parts. The etiology of so-called parturient blackleg, S. Carl {Arch. Wlss. u. Rralt. Tkierh., 29 {1903), Xo. 3-4, pp. 22.5-285).— The author undertook a comparative study of cases of true l)lackleg and so-called ])arturient blackleg. The latter disease was studied with special regard to the symj)toms and the pathological anatomy. Parturient blackleg is ob.«erved quite frequently in thedraiul Duchy of P.ailen in regions where true blackleg is also apt to be prevalent. As a rule the disease appears within from 2 to 5 days after calving, or in some cases not until a lapse of 2 to 3 weeks. The course of the disease is from 1 to ."> days and fatal results are observed in almost ail cases. A bloody exudation is found in the thoracic cavity and also in the paricanlial cavity. The symptoms and patho- 514 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. logical liiulingH diffi-r (juiU- (lcci(k-(lly I'lom those observed in eases of true blackleg, and a bacteriological study condnned with inoculation experiments witli white rats demonstrated that in all cases the organism of malignant edema was present, and that t'onsecjuently tlu' disease called jiarturient l)lackleg is nothing more nor less than malignant edema. Infection apparently comes about as the result of the pene- tration of the spores of this organism through the walls of the reproductive organs at the time of parturition. Passive immunity in various forms of hemorrhagic septicemia, K. Z. Klki'TZov [Arch. Vet. Xaufc, ,St. J'l'ter.^hur;/, SS [190^'), A'ci.s. 6, pp. .5.53-381; 7, pp. 68.5- 700; 8, pp. 781-815). — The literature relating to swine plague, hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, and other related diseases is critically discussed, in connection with a bibli- ography including 67 titles. The author conducted an elaljorate series of experi- ments for the purpose of obtaining imnumizing sera and determining their preventive action. These sera were obtained from experimental animals according to the vari- ous methods generally employed in such work. As a result of these experiments it is concluded that it is possible, by means of inoculation with the organisms of hemorrhagic septicemia, to obtain sera which exercise a preventive action even in comparatively small doses. A. blood serum obtained from animals strongly innuunized against a single species of bacteria from this general group exhibits immunizing power, not only against different races of this organism, but also against other organisms of the same group. Hemorrliagic septicemia, 31. H. Keyxolds {Minnemta Sla. Bid. 8'2, jyp. 249-280, pis. 10). — Hemorrhagic septicemia has been known in Minnesota for more than 2 years and during this time has occurred in 80 outbreaks on 52 farms, and with a loss of 551 cattle. Thus far it has been impossible to trace any connection between one outbreak and another, or to determine the method of infection. The specific cause of the disease is considered to be Bacillus bovisepCicus. This organism is not distingnished in cultural and morphological characteristics from the bacillus of swine plague. The disease appears suddenly and in acute cases results fatally within a short jieriod. Some chronic cases recover. It has been frequently mistaken for anthrax, blackleg, cerebro-spinal meningitis, cornstalk disease, and parturient paresis. The disease is known to occur in many parts of the United States. It appears not to depend upon seasonal or climatic conditions. During the author's investigations 17 cases were studied in detail. As a rule the temperature remains normal or subnormal. The prominent symptoms were those of cerebro-spinal meningitis. The symptoms, however, are not characteristic. Post- mortem findings give more definite information. Subcutaneous hemorrhages are almost always present and are readily recognized from their sharply defined borders. Detailed notes are given on a number of outbreaks which occurred at the experi- ment station or in various parts of the State. A description is also given of 1 case in a sheep, and of a supposed case of milk fever which was probably hemorrhagic septicemia. A number of outl)reaks of cattle disease have occurred in various parts of the State, believed to have been hemorrhagic septicemia. No treatment has been discovered for this disease. Hemorrhagic septicemia, J. Black (Amer. Vet. Rev., 27 {1903), No. 3, pp. 202- 205). — The cases first observed by the author had been diagnosed as cornstalk dis- ease. They occurred near St. Clair, Mich. Notes are given on the symptoms as seen in 5 affected cattle. Later other cases were observed in this neighborhood and the author believes that the disease was hemorrhagic septicemia. In 1 case recovery took ijlace rapidly after the administration of potassium iodid. Hemorrhagic patches were oliserved under tlie skin in these cases. The cornstalk disease, A. T. Peters and S. Avery {Nebraska Sta. Bpt. 1902, pp. 63-94). — A special appropriation made by the Nebraska legislature in 1901 enabled the station officers to undertake an elaborate studv of the cornstalk diserise. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 515 Various theories regarding the cause of cornstalk disease have been suggested, including impaction, insufficient salt and water, poisonous plants, corn smut, chinch bugs, bacteria, saltpeter, and other substances which have been assumed to be pres- ent in the cornstalks. The theory of impaction was found to be untenable, as was also the theory that disease was caused by a lack of salt and water. An examination of 434 reports concerning losses from this disease shows that the animals died in the field under quite different conditions. The literature relating to the effect of corn smut on cattle is critically discussed, and the conclusion is reached that this can not be considered as the cause of the trouble in cattle. The Burrill disease of corn is also shown to have no connection with cornstalk disease. The symptoms of cornstalk disease closely resemble those of sorghum poisoning, and it is believed that some poison may yet be found in the cornstalks to account for the disease. In the seasons of 1902 and 1903 the losses from the disease were not severe, but losses occurred only where corn was somewhat checked in its growth. Detailed reports are given of the conditions surrounding several outbreaks of the disease. It occurs most frequently in yearlings and 2-year-olds. The disease appears suddenly without premonitory symptoms and runs a course of from 24 to 36 hours. Post- mortem examinations showed that the organs are usually in a normal condition. Xo satisfactory treatment can be recommended. While moldy corn may have no injurious effects upon cattle, it is believed to cause disease and death in horses. This fact has been proved by feeding experiments and by other evidence obtained from natural outbreaks of the disease among horses. An examination was made of 23 samples of stomach contents from cattle which had died of cornstalk disease. The presence of coniin, which is the active principle of water hemlock, was demonstrated in 1 case, and appeared to be present in 2 others. It was not considered, however, as being the cause of the disease. Tests were also made for the presence of minerals which might be connected with the disease. Various mineral elements were found, especially potassium in the form of potassium chlorid. Potassium in some form or other was found in all of the 16 stomachs which were examined for mineral salts. The amount of potassium found in the stomach, however, was in no case sufficient to produce fatal results. Samples of cornstalks from various fields were analyzed, and potassium nitrate was found in such material in all of the 14 samples examined. These analyses were made in 1901. In 1902, however, an analysis of cornstalks received from fields where stock had died failed to show more than mere traces. It was concluded, therefore, that the disease was not due to vegetable alkaloids, and that the cause can not be determined without further investigation. Report on an enzootic among cattle caused by a bacillus of the entiritidis group, J. R. MoHLER and J. S. Buckley ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal IndKstry Ept. 1902, pp. 297-S31, p)Js. 5). — A peculiar, highly infectious disease appeared among cows on a dairy farm near Washington, D. C. A motile micro-organism was obtained from the infected animals and cultivated on various nutrient media. The sanitary conditions of the stable were satisfactory except for the fact that the manure was allowed to accumulate in the basement to a great extent. The symptoms of the disease were excessive salivation, drooping of the ears, puru- lent lachrymal discharges, occasional convulsions, and a temperature of 102.7 to 104.1°. Affected animals died within from 48 hours to 5 days. Petechial hemorrhages were found under the endocardium in all cases, the lungs were uniformly in a normal condition, while hemorrhagic extravasations were found in the small intestines. In 1 case which ran a chronic course the liver shoM'ed punctiforra hemorrhages and areas of necrosis. The Tjacillus isolated from these cases is aerobic or facultatively anaerolnc, does not form spores, and is pathogenic for rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, dogs, sheep, 51(5 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECORD. hogs, and calves, but not for chickens. Notes are given on the behavior of the organism on various cuhure media. This organism was destroyed by expo.sure for 12 minutes to a temperature of 58° C. or for .3 minutes to a temperature of 70° C. Desiccation and exposure to p- 13S-137 , figs. 4)- — A detailed description is given of a larval form of this worm found in the esophagus and other portions of the alimentary tract of horses. A parasitic Ang-uillula of the horse, Jerke (Arch. Wiss. n. Prakl. Thierh., 29 {1903), Xo. 1-2, i^p. 113-127, pi. 1). — Notes are given on Oxyuris curvula, 0. masti- godes, and 0. viripara. In the author's opinion the last-named species should be referred to the genus Anguillula. Detailed notes are given on the gross and micro- scopic anatomy of this species and on its economic importance. The author believes that the pathogenic action of this worm is very slight. Ascaris megalocephala, Schimmelpfennig {Arch. Wiss. v. Prakl. Thierh., 29 {1903), Xo. 3-4, pp. 332-376). — A study was made of the chemistrj- of fluids found in the body of this worm, of the physiological action of these fluids, the chemical com- position of the body of the worm, and the toxic effect of the presence of these worms. During these investigations it was found that there is a diastatic enzym in A. megalo- cephala with an action similar to the pancreatic juice, and also a number of proteolytic enzyms especially active in alkaline solutions. Xotes are given on the anatomy of the male and female worms of these species. As a result of infestation by these worms it is believed that sufficient nutriment may be removed from the alimentary tract to produce emaciation and anemia. Analyses of the worm showed the presence of 1.3 to 2.1 per cent glycogen. A ne-w filarial parasite of the blood, J. C.\rougeau and G. Marotel {Rev. Gm. Mkl. Vet., 1 {1903), Xo. 8, pp. 447-4-54, figs. 6). — .A. new species of Filaria, for which the name F. blini is proposed, was discovered in the aorta of the Asiatic buffalo {Biiffelus indicus). The parasite is partly embedded in the tubercle produced by its presence on the inside of the aorta. The remainder of the parasite hangs free in the circulating blood. This parasite has thus far n(it been found in cattle. The tapeworms of the dog and coenurus of sheep, E. Thierry {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), Xo. 39, pp. 418,419). — A list is presented of tapeworms which infest the dog and notes are given on the life history and other hosts of these sjiecies. Studies on so-called crude carbolic acid with special reference to its use in disinfecting- cattle cars, C. Fischer and F. Koske {Arb. K. Gesundheitsande, 19 { 1903), Xo. 3, pp. 577-671, figs. 2). — Experiments in disinfecting cattle cars, especially in destroying bacteria commonly found in such cars, were made with crude carbolic acid of 3 strengths, 25 to 30 j)er cent, 50 to 60 per cent, and 95 to 100 per cent. The latter form is also known as crude cresol. The experiments also included tests with commercial carbolic acid imported from England, and various mi.xtures of cresol with sulj)huric acid, etc., as well as with Sanatol, Bacillol, Cresolin, Cresai)olin, etc. During these investigations it was found that the ordinary commercial preparations of crude cresol vary considerably in chemical composition, and that the disinfectant action of these prejiarations is therefore not uniform. Standard cresol only should 520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. be used ill the pn'paratiDii of cresol mixtures and cresol solutions. In gross disin- fection of cattle cars it was found that, as a substitute for the i)rescri>)ed use of a 5 per cent solution of crude carbolic acid, good results Avere obtai)ied from the use of a 3 ]>er cent aqueous si)lution of crude cresol and crude sulj)huric acid combined in the jiropoition of 2:1. This solution is easily soluble in water and exercises a pro- nounced disinfectant action. A 2^ per cent mixture of crude cresol and sulphuric acid destroyed glanders bacilli within 1 to H minutes, hog cholera bacilli within from 1 to 2 minutes, and SUipJiylo- rocrui^ pyogenes aureus in from 2 to 3 minutes. The disinfectant power of the other substances mentioned above, all of which were used in a 5 per cent solution, stood in the following order of effectiveness: C'rude carbolic acid, Sanatol, Bacillol, Cresolin, and Cresapolin. The quarantine station at Athenia ( U. S. JJept. Agr., Bureau of Animul Indus- trij Rpt. 1902, }ip. J9S-29t">, pis. 6"). — A general description of the buildings, grounds, and capacity of the ijuarantine station of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Athenia, N. J. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Heport of irrigation investigations for 1902, i>. Mead et al. {V. S. Dept. Agr., Office of E.iperiment Stations Bui. 133, pip. 266, ph. 12, figs. 16). — Investigations during 1902 similar to those of previous years (E. S. R., 14, ja. 713) are here reported in part. The bulletin contains reports of special agents and observers as follows: Irrigation in Mountain Water District, Salt Lake County, Utah, by E. R. Morgan; The Use of Water from tlie Wood Rivers, Idaho, by J. D. Stannard; Irrigation Investigations on Sand Creek, Albany County, Wyo., by B. P. Fleming; Irrigation in Washington, by O. L. Waller; Irrigation Investigations in Montana, 1902, by S. Fortier; Irrigation Systems on Stony Creek, Cal., by W. T. Clarke and C. W. Landis; Irrigation in the Black Hills, S. Dak., by A. B. Crane; Rice Irrigation in Louisiana and Texas, by F. Bond; Third Progress Report on Silt Measurements, by J. C. Nagle; Irrigation Experiments at the Missouri Experiment Station, 1)y H. J. Waters; Irrigation in Wisconsin in 1902, by A. R. Whitson; Irrigation Investigations in New Jersey, 1902, byE. B. Yoorhees; and The Use of Pumps for Irrigation in Hawaii, by J. G. 'smith. These reports deal primarily with duty of water in irrigation. That of Mr. Morgan on Jordan River and its tributaries shows the large losses from these streams and discusses means of saving the water now lost, among which is the running of the spring floods onto the lands along the upper reaches of the streams, thus storing the Avater in the soil. Mr. Stannard' s report shows the large losses of water occur- ring on the Wood Rivers and discusses the advisability of using special structures to prevent these losses. Mr. Fleming's report deals with the use of the water of Sand Creek for the production of forage, and with the effect of the diversion of the water of the stream in Colorado on the supply to Wyoming users. The latter is of special importance because of its bearing on the use of other interstate streams. Professor Waller's report calls attention especially to the damage being done by excessive irrigation in parts of Washington. Professor Fortier' s report gives a large number of measurements of the duty of water on special crops. The rei^ort on irrigation systems of Stony Creek, Cal., shows especially the profit resulting from irrigation and diversification of crops as opposed to exclusive wheat growing without irrigation, and calls attention to what is being done by farmers in that region in storing storm water. Mr. Crane's report on irrigation in the Black Hills shows that storing storm water is profitable in that region also. Mr. Bond's second report on irrigation of rice in Louisiana and Texas shows that the demand for water for rice-growing is in many cases outrunning the supply both from streams and from wells. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 521 Professor Xagle reports as a general average of all of his measurements that the .Brazos River carries " 1.2 per cent of silt by volume at the end of one week's settle- ment and 0.9 jier cent at the end of one year's settlement. He thinks the Brazos fairly represents the streams of the State of Texas." Professor "Waters reports a decided residual benefit to strawljerries and asparagus at the ]\Iissouri Station from water applied the previous year. Observations at the Wisccnsin Station on the residual effect of irrigation in the previous year show that irrigation may result in a decrease in yield the second year if the soil is not manured. Professor Voorhees' report for 1902 is a study of methods of distributing and applying water. He found that open ditches lost large percentages of the water turned into them. Tarred canvas used as a ditch lining proved very effective and not expensive. Clay thrown in the water and puddled did not do so well. Pro- fessor Voorhees also gives the records of wells in several sections of New Jersey, in order to show the i:)ossibilities of this source of water supply. Mr. Smith's report on pumping water in the Hawaiian Islands gives valuable data on the efficiency and cost of operation of various kinds of pumps. Plans of structures in use on irrig-ation canals in the United States ( ['. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. ISl, pp. 51, pih. 22). — This is an album of 22 plans of irrigation structures designed by leading irrigation engineers of the United States. The plates Avere made from drawings exhibited at the Paris Exposi- tion in 1900 and the Buffalo Exposition in 1901. Storage of -water on Cache la Poudre and Big Thompson rivers, C. PI Tait ( r. H. Dept. A(jr., Offce of E.ipernnent Stations Bui. 134, pp- 100, ph. o,figs. 10). — This bulletin gives details of areas, capacities, and construction of reservoirs in northern Colorado, in the watersheds of the Cache la Poudre and Big Thompson rivers, and the profits froni their use. Storage reservoirs on Stony Creek, California, B. Cole ( Water Supply and Irrig. Pap>ers, U. S. Geol. Surre)/, Xa. S6, pp. 02, pis. 16, figs. 3S). — "The paper treats of the possibilities of reclaiming by irrigation large areas of land in the vallej' of Stony Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River, and on the west side of the Sacra- mento Valley, which have been cultivated by dry farming, Ijut on which irrigation may apparently be introduced with much advantage." From the investigations reported the conclusion is drawn that "several commer- cially valuable reservoir sites exist in the water shed of Stony Creek and its tribu- taries. The annual run-off is sufficient to fill these reservoirs in years of average rainfall. In the case of the 31111 Site reservoir the supply is many times greater than the capacity of the reservoir. There would probably not be sufficient run-off to fill the Briscoe Creek and Little Stony Creek reservoirs in years of A'ery low rainfall. . . . The conditions are favorable for long life of the reservoirs on account of the small amount of silt and debris carried by the streams." Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1902, F. H. Newell ( ^yater Supjply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, Xos. 82, pp. 199; 83, pp. 304, figs. 7; 84, pp. 200, figs. 2; 85, pp. 2.50, figs. «>).— These 4 papers give the results of hydrographic measurements made during the year 1902, the first 2 cover- ing the territory east of the Mississippi and the last 2 that west of the Mississippi. "These papers contain, for the various gauging stations, the original data as collected, and the results obtained from the discussion of these data, also such other informa- tion as is of interest in hydrographic studies." The agricultural importance of collecting and utilizing the waters of mountain areas, F. W. Toussaint {Fii]iling's Landtr. '/.tg., 52 {1903), Ao. 19, pp. 689-695). — A general discussion of this suljject. Drainage and the agricultural sanitation of soils, L. Faure {Drainage et assainissetnent agricole des terres. Paris: Ch. Bcranger, 1903, pp. XIV -^ 279, figs. 120, dgms. 4)- — Under the head of drainage the removal of water 1)y means of tile drains 522 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. is considered, aiul under agricultural sanitation the use of open and covered ditches torthispurpo.se. Princii)les and practical inetlmds are given full treatment, espe- cially in their engineering asjjects. Drought, drainage, and subirrigation, W. Clatworthy {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), Xu. 2, pp. 133-137). — A brief Jiccount of experiments in which there was used "for the purpose of subirrigation and drainage combined a 2-in. per- colating, porous pipe made in 18-in. lengths, which served admirably the double purjiose of irrigatif)n and drainage for small areas. . . . The number of pipes per acre, laid 15 ft. apart, was about 2,000, the cost of which was 10s. per 100 ft. at the factory, making the total cost for pipes alone £15 ($75) per acre." The value of water power, L. Koch {Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 52 {1903), No. 19y pp. 712-715). — A l)rief discussion of the relative cost of steam and water power. Roller gins for cotton, F. Main .(Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 40, ]>p. 443-447, Jigs. 5) . — Several impjroved roller gins are descriVjed. Time and cost of making earthworks, M. Ringki.mann {Joxir. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 40, pp. 447-450). — Simple methods of making estimates of these factors based on an examination of the character of the soil. On the reduction of nitrates by sewage, Letts, R. F. Blake, and J. S. Totton {C'hcm. Neii:<<, ,9S {1903), No. 2289, ]>j>. 16'2, 1S3). — A brief account is given of a study of this subject with reference to the ])acterial purification of sewage. The misuse of physics by biologists and engineers, W. S. Franklin {Science, n. ser., IS {1903), No. 464, pp- 641-657, Jigs. 2). — In this paper the author argues that there is a sharp line of demarcation "between systematic physics and what we may call statistical physics . . . suggesting in a general way the error of the indiscrimi- nate application of the philo.sophy of the exact sciences in the study of natural phe- nomena. ' ' The author' s position in brief is ' ' that the idea of quantitative relationships and the idea of one-to-one correspondence in general, as these ideas are known in physics, are inapplicable and necessarily fruitless in sucli fields as physical psychology and meteorology." MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1902 {Connect- icut State Sia. Ppt. 1902, pp. XV). — These pages accompany part 4 of the report and contain the organization list of the station, an announcement concerning the work of the station, a brief report of the board of control, and a financial statement for the year endeil September .'>0, 1902. Sixteenth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1902 {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 129). — This includes the organization list of the station, a review of station work during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, and 3 articles al)stracted elsewhere. Annual report for the year 1902 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Ploti {Bap. An. Sta. Expt. Agron. Ploty, S {1902), pp. XXII +151, ph. 2, jigs. 2, charts 5). — Detailed reports in the Russian language, Avith summaries in French, cov- ering the work of the station during the year on meteorology (see p. 454), in the chemical laboratory (see p. 456), and in the experimental field and vineyard (see p. 463). The work during 1902 was mainly a continuation of that of previous years (E. S. R., 14, p. .340). Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1902 {JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Ppt. 1902, pp. 651). — This includes a report of the chief of the Bureau reviewing the different lines of work during the year, 15 articles noted elsewhere in this issue, and 6 articles already noted from other sources as follows: Scabies in cattle (E. S. R., 14, p. 191); feeding native steers (E. S. R., 14, p. 598); the relation of protein in cotton-seed meal, cowpea hay, and wheat bran MISCELLANEOUS. 523 (E. S. R., li, p. 605); the water content of creamery Imtter (E. S. R., 14, p. 11L5); the phj'siology of milk secretion (E. 8. R., 13, p. 884; 14, p. 608) ; and takosis, a conta- gious disease of goats (E. S. R., 15, p. 304). Statistics are given on the value of animals sold and slaughtered on farms in 1899, imports and exports of animals and animal products, receipts and shipments of live stock during 1902, and on the -wool product of the United States in 1902. Some agri- cultural experiment station work is reviewed, a list is given of State sanitary officers having charge of live stock matters, and the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Anirnal Industry issued in 1902 are included. Brief articles based largely ui3on consular reports are included on the following subjects: Death of cattle supposed to be due to Stnmgylus micrurus; demand for American horses in France; horse breeding in Germany and France; importation of cattle into Cuba; meat and cattle trade in Barcelona; German meat inspection; fees for inspecting meat in Germany; meat inspection expenses in Germany; the price of pork in Germany; meat imports into England; price of beef and scarcity of cattle in Belgium ; meat and dairy products in New Zealand ; slaughtering of cattle for jerked beef in River Plate districts, 1899 to 1902; exports of animal jiroducts from the Transvaal; sausages in Spain; jerked beef exports to Cuba; frozen meats, and statistics of live stock in Uruguay; meat, butter, and eggs in Russia; Russia's export of poultry; numbers of live stock in United Kingdom; loss of live stock in Australia; live stock statistics of France; exports of animals and animal products from Argentina; wool production in Australasia; Australian wool for the United States; wool trade in Australia; imports of Angora goatskins; imports of mohair at Bradford, 1897-1902; salt for sheep; cattle food from sugar cane in the West Indies; milk powder in Sweden; Persian lamb, Gray Grimmer, and Astrakhan; and the musk ox. Reprints from Bulletins Nos. 47, 50, and 52, and Annual Reports 8 to 11 {OJdahoma Sin. Bnl. oi), pp. 200). — The articles reprinted are as follows: Reports of wheat raisers (E. S. R., 12, p. 850); experiments with wheat, 1900 (E. S. R., 12, p. 846) ; manuring the soil (E. S. R., 13, p. 235); the potato crop (E. S. R., 13, p. 845) ; variety tests of cabbage (E. S. R., 13, p. 853); feeding experiments, 1896-1899' (E. S. R., 11, p. 1069); wheat culture experiments, 1898-99 (E. S. R., 11, p. 1036); destruction of insects (E. S. R., 11, p. 1067); disease among horses (E. S. R., 11, p. 1090); summary of results of experiments with field and orchard crops (E. S. R., 11, p. 1036); means of preventing Texas fever (E. S. R., 12, p. 691); hog cholera (E. S. R., 12, p. 692); diversified farming in Oklahoma (E. S. R., 12, p. 640); summary of press bulletins (E. S. R., 12, p. 697; 13, p. 598; 14, p. 406); wines and wine making (E. S. R., 12, p. 693); grape growing (P]. S. R., 12, p. 648); fungus diseases of grapes (E. S. R., 12, p. 657); insects affecting the grape (E. S. R., 12, jj. 664); insecticides and fungicides (E. S. R., 12, p. 664); stock feeding (E. S. R., 12, p. 677); some Oklahoma feeding stuffs (E. S. R., 12, p. 677) ; cotton-seed meal as pig feed (E. S. R., 13, p. 583); cowpea hay for swine (E. S. R., 13, p. 584); the orchard (E. S. R., 13, p. 553). Several of the above articles have been abridged. The bulletin is intended to furnish information frequently asked for by new settlers in the Territory, and as no new matter has been included in the bulletin it will not 1)e sent to the regular mailing li,st. Bulletins and annual reports of Arizona Station, W. O. Hayes {Arizona Sta. Iiiih'x to Vol. II f, Biih. .U-40, Stalt(/ari (tiid Berlin: J. G. Cotta, 1903, vol. 2, pp. TY-r^-s'O).— The first volume of this work has been noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 718). This second volume, which completes the work, treats of German agriculture in the nineteenth century. Agricultural reform in the first half of the century, the agricultural development along scientific lines since 1850, and the causes and chara(-ter of the recent agricultural crisis in Germany are discussed. Agricultural education in Germany {.Tour. Bd. Agr. {^London'], 10 {1903), No. '^, jtp. 1S4-193). — An outline of the scoj)e of the agricultural educational work carried on in Germany. Courses of studies are given in some instances, with the number of hours devoted to each. One of the special features of German agricultural education is the advanced lecture course for owners, managers, agents, and farmers, which has recently been introduced at a number of the colleges and universities. This course is held for 1 week in winter. The year's progress in agriculture and natural science, jurisprudence, political economy, and all other subjects which may be of interest anil importance to owners, managers, and fai-mers is summarized by 20 or 30 uni- yersit}" and Government lecturers. Agricultural returns for Great Britain, 1903 {London: Bd. Agr., 1903, pp. T'/-r 53) . — Tables showing the acreage under crops and grasses and the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine in each countj' of Great Britain, with summaries for the United Kingdom. NOTES. Alabama Station. — C. !M. Floyd Jias been appointed farm gnperintendent, vice T. U. Culver, who has resigned to engage in farming. A small herd of Herefords and additions to the Shorthorn and Angus herds have recently been purchased. Feeding experiments with four lots of grade Shorthorn steers are in progress. The veterinarian has inoculated several carloads of thoroughbred Hereford cattle as a protection against Texas fever. These will be sold at auction in Febrviary. Connecticut State Station. — Max Silverman, assistant chemist, resigned his jiosition December 1, 1903. Connecticut College and Storrs Station. — Dr. B. F. Koons, for many years president of the Storrs Agricultural School and later of the college which grew out of this school, died December 17 at the age of 55 years. The cause of his death was cancer of the throat. At the time of his death Dr. Koons was consulting entomologist to the Storrs Station and professor of natural history in the college. He had been connected with the institution for over 20 years. The station has arranged for cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department in investigating the principles involved in the manufacture of varieties of soft cheese similar to those common iu western Europe. An expert in the manufacture of soft cheeses has been engaged for this work and curing rooms will be erected. Georgia Station. — D. A. Duffee has become foreman of the horticultural department of the station. University of Illinois. — Press reports state that the appropriation act of the State legislature for the University of Illinois includes an item of 6100,000 for extension of the engineering department. It is planned to start a State engineering experiment station, where advanced work in cn<_nneering may be carried on. The "station" will provide not only for uiidergraduaU' instruction, but for the working out of new prob- lems in engineering which are of importance to the construction and transportation industries of the State. Iowa Station. — W. AV. S:iiith has been elected assistant in animal husbandry. Kentucky Station. — (t. X. Keller has been appointed assistant entomologist and botanist. Cornell University. — A journal to be known as the Cornell Countri/man has recently been started l)y the students of the college of agriculture. South Carolina Station. — Two small flocks of Shropshire and Southdown sheep have been added to the stock of the station. South Dakota College and Station. — The new $12,000 barn provided for by the last legislature is nearly completed. This barn has been made of sufficient size to amply accommodate the stock of the college farm and experiment station for several years to come. One-third of the space, or 40 by 60, is to be used for animal feeding experi- ments, and a similar space is to be used for classes in live-stock judging and farm meclianics. The barn is a frame building with cement floor, and has a comj^lete set of drains which empty into a large cistern. Exjaeriments will be conducted in the future on the value of li()uid manure as compared to other manure. The college now has representatives of 17 different breeds of live stock and intends to add several more the coming year. 15293 -No. 5—04 8 525 526 EXPKKIMENT STATION HEOOFtD. West Virginia University. — Ivxtt'iisivc |>ivi)anitii)ii lias 1)ccm iiiaile for the winter sclioul for farifier.s, wliicli will include a course of 100 lectures on various ])hases of agriculture during January and the early part of February. The counse will last 4 ■weeks, with 5 lectures each day on such subjects as dairying, poultry industry, horti- culture, veterinary science, animal breeding and feeding, plant diseases, economic relations of farming, chemisti\\' of soils and fertilizers, agriculture and geology, agri- cultural physics, rural water supply, rural schools, farming as a business, etc. Arrangements were made for the meetings of the State Grange, the State Live Stock Association, and the Conference of Farmers' Institute Instructors to be held during the winter school, and also a meeting for (he purpose of organizing a State Dairy- men's Association. The regents of the university have established a department of dairying in the school of agriculture, and a dairy herd and modern apparatus for home dairying and for a working laboratory in this department liave been provided. It is stated that at present there is not a creamery in the State, only one cheese fac- tory, anil comparatively few uji-to-date, well-managed dairies. "Wisconsin College and Station. — During the weekended Deceml)er 12 the Wisc(jnsin farmers' institute field workers were in attendance at the agricultural college and experiment station, receiving instruction to l)etter aid them in the conduct of their meetings among the farmers of the State. About 25 workers registered for the week's instruction. The benefits of bringing the institute workers into such close connection with college and station will be apparent to all. The college announces a two Aveeks' farmers' course to begin February 5. Only persons 25 years of age or over will be admitted to the course. No fees are charged residents of the State. Half a dozen agricultural experts from other States will assist tlie instructors in mak- ing this course intensely practical and helpful to the busy farmer. Special attention will be given to corn judging and to stock judging. A number of animals will be slaughtered for a study of carcasses and various parts of the same. Attendance at the college of agriculture the present year is as follows: Graduate students, 3; four- year course students, 57; short course students (two winter terms of 14 weeks each), 308; dairy students (12 weeks' course, 5 months' previous experience in creamery or cheese factory required), 148. Wyoming University and Station. — Meniy G. Knight, of the State University at Seattle, Wash., has accepted the position of chemist in the university and station recently vacated by E. E. Slosson, who has been granted leave of absence for 8 months, but whose return to the university is uncertain. Some changes are being made in the requisition system of the station which will make the director more definitely responsible for the station expenditures; and the station work is being reorganized so as to separate it more definitely from the university and relieve tlie station workers from teaching duties as rapidly as this can be brought aliout. Bills before Congress. — The following bills and resolutions have been introduced in Congress relative to the publications of this Department: A joint resolution provid- ing for the puljlication of 200,000 copies of the Siaecial Keport on the Diseases of Cattle, prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry; a resolution looking to the reprinting in one volume, and with such revision as may be needed to bring the same up to date, of numerous publications issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry on hog cholera and swine plague; a joint resolution j^roviding for the printing of an additional 42,000 copies of the Yearbook of this Department for the purpose of sup- plying the same to the students of the various agricultural colleges; a joint resolu- tion directing the publication of 8,500 copies of the set of food charts jirepared by this Office several years ago; and a bill increasing the edition of the Yearbook (now 500,000) to 1,000,000 copies and the Department's quota to 00,000 copies, and increasing the edition of the report of the Bureau of Animal Industry (at present 30,000) to 150,000 copies. NOTES. 527 Hon. II. ('. AdaniH, of Wisconsin, ;i nii'inber of tlie Comniittee on Agriculture of the National House of Representatives, introduced a bill in that body January 4 to provide for an increased annual approjiriation for agricultural experiment stations. The initial increase named ij !?5,000, with an additional $2,000 a year until a total of §15,000 is reached. These funds are "to be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States." The emergency appropriation made last year to eradicate the foot-and-mouth disease has been amended so as to make $250,000 of the appropriation immediately available " to meet the emergency caused by the ravages of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil and other insects an:l diseases affecting cotton." A bill extending the franking privilege to the State and Territorial departments of agriculture in mailing "documents relating to agriculture to the farmers Avithin the borders of their respective States or Territories." Meeting of Horticultural Inspectors. — Tlie Association of Official Horticultural Inspectors met in Washington November 17 and 18. No formal papers were pre- sented, the time being occupied with a discussion of the topics which had been suggested by the vice-chairman, J. B. Smith, in the announcement of the meeting. The question as to what provisions in inspection laws are likely to prove uncon- stitutional if tested was thoroughly discussed. It developed during this discussion that nurserymen's associations and various horticultural inspectors had submitted the inspection laws of different States to comiietent attorneys for opinions on their constitutionality. The unanimous opinion of attorneys on these points indicated clearly that no inspection law is constitutional which contains requirements discrim- inating against nurserymen living outside the State, for the reason that it is an inter- ference with interstate commerce. It appears, therefore, to be illegal to require the fumigation or other treatment of nursery stock before it is admitted into a State, although it is legal to require its fumigation after it has been introduced and before it is distrilnited. A resolution was adopted to the effect that no State law should discriminate against nurserymen of other States, and that fumigation or other treatment should not be required before the introduction of stock from outside States, but only after its introduction, and then only in case similar treatment is required of local nurserymen. Discussing the attitude of nurserymen's associations toward inspection laws, G. G. Atwood suggested that an attempt be made in all States at cooperation between inspectors and nurserymen in the enforcement of inspection laws. As long as nurserymen and inspectors are at odds harm results to both parties. More drastic measures are taken by inspectors, with the result that more stock is eradicated or destroyed, and the nurserymen suffer ]oss; while the active opposition of nursery- men brings about a loss of respect for the ol^inion^i of inspectors. In Georgia and Maryland the sentiment of nurserymen was said to be in favor of inspection, while in New York, according to (t. G. Atwood, decided objections have been raised against inspection before the introduction of nursery stock, but at present the nurs- erymen are inclined to abide by the inspection laws. In Ohio complaint was made that there is too much formality and delay in the operation of the inspection law; otherwise, nurserymen are favorably disposed toward the inspection laws. In New Jersey J. B. Smith found conditions under which he believed that nurserymen should be allowed to sell stock, whether it is infested or not, to men who are willing to buy the stock with the full knowledge of its condition. Similar experience had als(j been had in Georgia. As the result of this discussion, the association adopted a resolution to the effect that inspectors should attend to the technical si-ientilic matters concerned in all cases, and should not be required to take any part in civil or criminal proceedings resulting from violation of inspection laws. 528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. CoiKrrniii",' Hit- i)r(>tcctinii to wliirli a iiurHL'rymaii is entitled against scale-infested surr<)uniliiirize for yearling carcass and ciiani|iion was awarded to the Iowa Station for a steer which had received the fifth jirize in the live exhilnt. The first and second prizes for dressed carcasses of yearling wethers were awarded to the Wisconsin Station, and the third prize to the same institution for the carcass of a lamb. In the case of hogs of the bacon type, weighing from 100 to 200 i^ounds, the first j^rize was awarded to the Iowa College for a Berkshire, this being the animal which had received the first prize before slaughtering, and the seconf knowledge concerning root tubercles, K. Stormer 557 A contribution to the mycorrhiza problem, L. Hiltner 557 A contribution to the mycorrhiza subject, F. W. Neger 557 Mycorrhiza formations on pine trees and high moors, C. von Tubeuf 557 Form of root tubercles on moor plants, C. von Tubeuf 557 (^)ntril)ution to the knowledge of the purple melic-grass, C. von Tubeuf 557 Form and structure of the mycodomatia of Myrka ccrifera, J, W. Harshberger . 557 ZOOLOGY. Cusack's glossary of biological terms, W. E. Clarke 558 First lessons in zoology, V. L. Kellogg 558 A review of papers on agricultural zoology, J. Poskin 558 Zoological yearbook for 1902, P. Mayer 558 Index to zoological yearbooks for 1891-1900, E. Hentschel and E. Schoebel . . 558 International catalogue of scientific literature. L — General Biology 558 Animals useful ti i agriculture, C. Landes 558 Catalogue of Canadian birds, II, J. Macoun 558 The economic value of birds to the State, F. M. Chapman 558 The economic value of our native birds, H. A. Surface 558 Birds in relation to agriculture. Gunning 559 The bird as the lalwrer of man, W. T. L. Travers 559 Observations on birds, S. P. James 559 Our smallest birds and their habits, W. Why te 559 Report of the Ornithological Society of Munich for 1901-2, C. Parrot 559 The duck hawk ( Palco j)eregrinus anatiun ) in Iowa, B. H. Bailey 559 A rabbit drive in Riverina, New South Wales, Daisy M. Bates 559 Soil and topographical influence upoii the European mole, V. P. Vradi 559 The destruction of rats on ships, Nocht and Giemsa .' 559 The monthly bulletin of the division of zoologv, H. A. Surface 559 Game laws for 1903, T. S. Palmer, H. Oldys, and R. W. Williams, jr 560 METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXI, Nos. 7-9 560 Report of the meteorologist, W. H. Bishop 560 Meteorological summary for 1901, C. A. Patton 561 Meteorological observations by the use of kites, W. N. Shaw and W. H. Dines. . 561 Meteorology, J. L. Soutter et al 562 Meteorology of New Zealand 562 Observations on agricultural meteorology at experiment stations, B. B. Viner. . 562 Climate of the Argentine Republic, W. G. Davis 562 Agricultural climatology, Gregoire and Vandervaeren 563 Rainfall observations in Australia from 1881 to 1900, V. Raulin 563 A cheap and simple rain gauge, S. F. Lundstrom 563 Daily and yearly periods ( if storms and hail, J. Hann 563 Harmonic analysis of the diurnal movement of air over Hamburg, J. Schneider. 563 Height of the atmosphere, T. J. J. See 563 WATER — SOILS. The industrial uses of water, H. de la Coux, trans, and rev. by A. Morris 563 Soil temperatures and vegetation, D. T. ]\IacDougal ' 563 Influence of volume of soil on yield and composition of plants, O. Lemmermann. 564 On the lime requirements of soils and its determination, Immendorff 564 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Iinjwrtanct' of calcinm and magnesium salts in the nutrition of plants, Gossel. 5(34 Fertility of .soil according to the most recent data, S. Bogdanov 565 The green sandstone soils of Lower Bavaria and the Oberpfalz, Puchner 565 Some investigations on the physical properties of soils, W. Bagger 565 Mechanical and physico-chemical analyses of soils 565 A new theory of the soil, A. I). Hall 565 Origin, properties, and applicability of Swedish moor soils, K. Tolf 565 Worn-out farms, W. M. Mnnson 565 St'idies in soil bacteriology, F. D. Chester 565 Tiie activity of bacteria in soils, F. Muth 566 FERTILIZERS. Cover crops aa green manure, C. L. Penny , . 566 On the management and effect of barnyard manure, Schneidewind 567 Nitrate of soda c( mtaining perchlorate, II. Pellet and G. Fribourg 567 The utilization of the nitrogen of the air, A. Wiesler 568 Fertilizer experiments with carbide nitrogen (calcium cyanamid), P. Bolin. . . 56eaches, C. L. Penny and C. P. Close.. 584 The orange on Citrus trifoliata 585 Production and consumption of oranges and lemons, R. M. Bartleman 585 Hyl)rid mangoes 585 Bush fruits, second report, H. L. Price 585 Grapes and small fruits, W. F. Massey 585 American vines; their adaptation, culture, etc., P. Viala and L. Ravaz 585 On the budding of cacao, T. J. Harris 586 The Leeming system 586 The culture of the Central American rubber tree, O. F. Cook 586 New caoutchouc from New Caledonia. R. Schlechter 586 India-rubber and gutta-percha, T. Seeligmann et al., trans, by J. G. Mcintosh. 586 New species of gutta-percha from New Guinea, R. Schlechter 586 ^Modern jirogress in horticulture, F. W. Burbidge 587 The daffodil; its root progress from planting to flowering, AV. Bartholomew .. 587 Flower culture for distilling in Southern France, A. Piatti 587 Manufacture of perfumes in Grasse, R. Guenther 587 The lighter branches of agriculture, Edith Bradley and Bertha La Mothe 587 FORESTRY. Shade trees and other ornamentals, F. Garcia 587 Ornamental and commercial tree planting 588 Tree planting for timber and fuel, C. B. McNaughton 588 Trees and tree planting in the upper districts of Natal, T. R. Sim 588 Forest administration in Baluchistan for 1901-2, C. B. Sen 588 Mountain pine and spruce in Jutland heath culture, P. E. Miiller 588 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Studies in plant diseases, F. D. Chester 588 Letters on the diseases of plants, N. A. Cobb 589 A guide to fungus parasites, H. Vanderyst 589 Injurious mildews on cultivated plants in German East Africa, P. Hennings.. 589 Precautions against rust of cereals, H. Hitler 590 A bacterial disease of rice, P. Voglino 590 The specialization of Erysiphe graminis, E. Marchal 590 Notes on the biology of Cystopus cnndidus, A. Eberhardt 590 Some observations on crown gall of apple trees, W. B. Alwood 590 Inoculation experiments with Neclria ditissima, R. Aderhold 591 Fungus enemies of the peach, plum, cherry, etc., F. L. Stevens 591 Clasterosporium rarpnjihiluii) and the gummosis of stone fruits, R. Aderhold. . . 591 A new group of fungi, the Bornetinea', L. Mangin and P. Viala 591 The brunissure of the grape, L. Ravaz and L. Sicard 591 Black rot of the grape in North Carolina and its treatment, A. W. Edson 591 The use of copper in combating gray rot of grapes, C. de James 592 Powdery mildew and some grape hybrids, J. de Bouttes 592 Change in coloration of copper and sulphur fungicides, J. M. ( iuillon. 592 A pepper vine disease, C. A. Barber ...,., 592 CONTEISITS. V Page. Tlu' dry-rot fungus, C. von Tubeiif 592 A disease of plane trees, J. Beauverie 593 The ' ' stagheadedness ' ' of spruce, C. von Tubeuf 593 Structure of stagheaded coniferous trees, C. von Tubeuf 593 The leaf cast of Fimi.i ceinbra, H. C. Schellenberg 593 A disease of Phoenix, W. H. Taplin 593 ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, E. D. Sanderson 593 Report on the noxious insects of the State of Illinois, B. D. Walsh 594 Report of State entomologist, W. M. Schciyen 594 First report on economic zoology, F. V. Theobald 594 Hessian fiy reared in the laboratory, F. L. Washburn 594 Remlgia latijies, A. Hempel 594 Insect and fungus enemies of the peach, plum, cherry, etc., F. Sherman, jr 594 Fighting the San Jose scale inseet in 1903, W. E. Britton and B. H. Walden.. 594 The treatment of orchards infested with San Jose scale, W. Newell 595 The codling moth, C. B. Simpson 595 When to spray for codling moth, G. Quinn „ 595 The peach-tree borer, C. L. Marlatt 596 Depredations of lietliiiatnrionann, J. Ritzema Bos 596 A study of insect metamorphosis, C. Perez 596 The cocooning habit of spiders, T. H. Scheffer 596 INIillipedes and centipedes 59(5 The Trichodectidte, M. Morse 596 The Diplopoda, P. Silvestri 596 Certain new cercomonadines in the intestines of insects, L. Leger 596 The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface 596 Report of the economic zoologist, B. F. MacCartney 596 Canadian law relative to imports of nursery stock, F. S. S. Johnson 596 Use of hydrocyanic-acid gas in the control of insects, H. Faes 597 Insecticides, C. L. Penny 597 Remedies for insect and fungus pests of the orchard and farm, A. M. Lea 597 A monograph of the Culicidte or mosquitoes, F. V. Theobald 597 Soil nitrification v. the incidence of malaria, A. R. Waddell 597 Bees and bee keeping, H. Pillar, jr 598 The use of bee escapes, E. Bertrand- 598 Means of ridding combs of the larvae of drones, N. Barthelemy 598 Experiments with the glossometer, J. Maistre 598 Silk industry of the United States and of France, J. C. Covert 598 FOODS NUTRITION. Foods, their composition and analysis, A. W. and M. W. Blyth 598 The microscopical examination of food and drugs, H. G. Greenish 598 The acid content of bread or similar bakers' goods, A. Schmid 598 Analyses of bakers' goods, Balland 598 Concerning tropical flours and starches used as foods, Balland 598 Food stuffs made from cassava, Balland 599 The utilization of rice and rice by-products 599 Sorghum flour 599 Banana flour, E. Leuscher 599 Leuscher's method of preparing banana flour, J. Neish 599 Baking quality and value of East Prussian wheat, E. Reisch 599 Milk in powdered form 599 Studies of the more important milk preparations in Switzerland, F. Sidler 599 Holland's export meat trade, T. A. L. Beel 600 The sorghum beer of the Matabeles, H. Neuville 600 Means for the prolongation of life, H. Weber 600 The digestion of proteids with papain, L. B. Mendel and F. P. Underbill 600 The value of calorimetric examination, A. Schlossmann 600 Bomb calorimeter for determining arsenic in the body, (t. Bertrand 600 Phosphorus metabolism by adult men, R. Ehrstrom 600 \- r CONTENTS. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Pago. Conccntraterl feeds, C. Bolimer 600 The valuation of feesis of fowls, A Weber and H. Bofinger 614 Tul )erculosis in cats, W. Lellmann 615 Attenuation of tubercle bacillus in cold-blooded animals, H. Herzog 615 The tuV)ercle bacillus of the turtle, F. F. Friedmann 615 The appearance of jiseudo-tubercle bacilli in cattle, P. Moeller 616 The acid-resistant Ijacilli of butter, milk, and soil compared with the tubercle bacillus, P. Courmont and M. Potet 616 Lesions in the central nervous system produced by tetanus toxin, A. Zinno. . . 616 Meningo-encephalitis in rabbits, P. Misch 617 The susceptibility of rabbits to anthrax, O. Bail and A. Petterson 617 The incineration of anthrax carcasses, L. Fabritius 617 Contagious malignant vaginitis of cattle, Ellinger 617 ^ The treatment of parturient j)aresis by means of the air catheter, Zehl 617 Notes on hemoglobinuria, Simon 618 Ticks and African coast fever, C. P. Lounsbury 618 Ringworm in cattle 61 8 WarV)les or grubs in cattle hides, R. C. Jacobson 618 Inspection of sheep on the range 618 Sheep pox and the epitheliomata of this disease, F. J. Bosc 618 Conditious of commerce in tanned sheepskins, M. L. Blumenfeld 619 A form of hog cholera not caused by hog-cholera bacillus, E. A. de Schweinitz and M. Dorset 619 Swine epizootics and means of repression, Roder 619 The liacterial flora of the intestines of hogs, E. Heinick 619 Experimental vaccination with Septicidin in Hungary, J. von Kukuljevic 619 Special report on diseases of the horse 619 The diseases of the army horse, G. Joly 620 Acute articular rheumatism in horses, Altmann 620 Articular inflammations in young colts, E. Thierry 620 The treatment of pneumonia with oxygen, Toepper 620 Use of barium chlorid in the treatment of colic in horses, Miiller 620 Horseshoeing, J. W. Adams 621 A monograph of the tsetse flies, E. E. Austen 621 Spirillosis of fowls, E. Marchoux and A. Salimbeni 621 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Administration of public works department in Egypt, 1902, W. Garstin et al . . 621 Sanford system of irrigation 622 Irrigation in Tonkin 622 Irrigation Ijy means of artificial underground water, K. A. Widegren 622 I'uinjjing as an auxiliary to irrigation, F. Frank 622 Pumps and water-raising appliances for the farm, A. H. S. Baker 622 Puuips, R. Masse 622 Irrigation engineering, H. M. Wilson 622 Device for flood gate and for clearing silt from before intake gate, F. Frank.. 622 Trials of agricultural machinery at Alnarp, 1902, A. Sjr)strom et al 622 Trials of agricultural machinery at Ultuna, 1902, G. Timberg et al 622 Wagons with l)road aud narrow tires, F. Bokelman and E. Jiirgensen 622 Trials with small thrashing machines for horsepower (2-3 horses), C. V. P>irk. 622 Experiments w'ith electrical plow installations, M. Schiller 623 VFIl CONTENTS. Page. Till' Scott nidtor ciiltivatoi- 623 A-jricnltural iiu])k'ineiits and v( liiclcH in lorei'rii countries 623 l\oaach part of the country is, and every count}^ should be persuaded to carry out its share of tlie work." Mr. Dymond expresses the belief that the conuuercial development of agriculture in Great Britain "would take place far more physiological problems of sap pressure and flow, iiicluding the source and direction of pressure, the relation of tree temperatures, and the direction and rate of movement, as well as a variety- of practical problems in the management of the sugar orchard, such as the tapping of trees with reference to the points of the compass, the height on the tree trunk and the depth and size of the orifice, and a variety of other points. The bulletin clearly shows that certain conditions which influence the production of sugar are within the control of the farmer, and suggests the possibility of improvement in a number of lines. For example, the studies of trees in different locations brought out the marked advantages of exposure to the sunlight to enable the tree to store up during the growing season the starch which is later trans- formed into sugar. Too thick growth and shading by other trees, notably evergreens, were also detrimental in this respect. Great dif- ferences were found between individual trees in regard to the sap flow and its richness in sugar, certain trees yielding nmch more profitable returns than others. These matters have a practical bearing in the management of sugar orchards, and suggest their own remedies. The bulletin furnishes a scientific basis for the intelligent discussion of a wide range of practical questions relating to this industry. As such it will serve a very useful purpose, and will help to round out our knowledge in another branch of farm practice. A(;RICUi;niRAL science at the ST. LOUIS MEETING. E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D., Office of KxpermiPiit Stations. The fifty-third annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at St. Louis, December 28, 1903, to Januar}^ 2, 1904:, was the occasion for the presentation of many pajjors relating to agriculture and agricultural investigation. The most of these were given before affiliated societies — The Society for the Pro- motion of Agricultural Science, The Society for Horticultural Science, The American Breeders' Association, and The Association of Economic Entomologists, although several papers in this field were presented before the association proper. Mention of the meeting as a whole was made in the last issue (p. 421). HORTICULTURE. At the first meeting of the recently formed Society for Horticultural Science, papers of a general nature were presented, in addition to symposia on shading and cover crops. L. C. Corbett discussed Coordinaton of Horticultural work, urging that local problems require special treatment and should be solved largely by local workers, and that in cooperative work a coordination of results must be based on a detailed, uniform system of note taking. Attention was called to the necessity of securing in this manner reliable data on the cultivation and the varieties of common cultivated plants, which the society might well assist in. As a result of this paper a committee was appointed to consider the matter and report at the next meeting. D. G. Fairchild described the mangosteen and called attention to its value. It was suggested that experiments be made to determine the possibilit}^ of growing this fruit in Hawaii, Porto Rico, and perhaps in Southern Florida. The fruit has recently been grafted on a com- [)arativel3^ hardy stock, so that its cultivation in these countries is considered possible. The mangosteen apparently requires a ver^- moist soil. The seeds are planted singly in pots, and the trees should not be transplanted until about 2 ft. high. R. A. Emerson presented a report on the principles underlying the use of cover crops. Orchards are more easil}" injured in winter on bare ground than on ground under cover crops. Peaches mature the wood earlier on cover crop plats. Cover crops may decrease the 538 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AT THE ST. LOUIS MEETING. 539 moisture ))y transpiration, but may conserve or even increase tlie mois- ture by their action as wind-breaks, thus preventing evaporation, and also b}" the absorptive action of the added humus. The}' ma}' also prevent loss of heat from the soil and deep freezing. The amount of transpiration of plants imder actual field conditions is not known and needs systematic study. Cover crops may be classified in two groups, according as they are winterkilled or not, and their value depends in a considerable degree upon the class to which the}' belong. In experi- ments in Neljraska it was found that rye has a drying efl'ect on the soil and that the most successful cover crops are those which are killed by the frost. The roots of fruit trees are hardier in a soil con- taining 20 per cent of moisture than in one containing 15 per cent. The effect of cover crops in preserving this moisture is therefore very important. Their effect upon soil temperatures is not well understood, but the soil is protected from deep freezing by their presence, espe- cially through their action in holding snow upon the ground. In a comparative tost there was 18 in. of snow on ground occupied by cover crops, while check plats showed only 2 in. Dry soils were found to freeze and thaw much more rapidly than wet soils. Cover crops should stand erect. Millet is considered as the best cover crop in Nebraska. In the symposium on shading L. C. Corbett discussed the practice in a general manner, reviewed the work which has been done in .shad- ing tobacco, citrus fruits, studies of humidity and temperature of the soil, and the effect on plant foliage, earliness of crops, and decrease in yields. It was argued that the practice is best applicable to plants grown for foliage. B. M. Duggar called attention to the fact that many studies on etiolation have been published, but few studies on shading from a horticultural standpoint. In general there appears to be more acid in plants under shade and the reserve materials are greatly diminished. Attention was called to the desirability of carry- ing on quantitative work to determine the amount of transpiration of plants. The subject of shading strawberries was presented by V'. A. Clark and O. M. Taylor. Varieties of strawberries were grown on difierent soils. In some varieties the yield was increased, in others diminished. When a heavy form of cheese cloth was used in shading in a test of 16 varieties, the yield was diminished 13 to 70 per cent. P. H. Rolfs discussed the subject of shading pineapples and citrus fruits. This practice was first tested in the South as a protection against frost. It has been found that on light Florida soils shading doubles the amount of soil moisture. Orange trees require consider- able light, but shading prevents transpiration and thus partly com- pensates for the diminished light. \n shading the shoots grow longer. 17<)72— No. 6— 01^ 2 540 EXPERIMENT STATION HKCORD. (iood rosiilts wore obtiiincd ])y the use of !i wiiKl-hrcuk 20 ft. hii^h. This allows access of lig-ht hut chocks the wind and j)rovonts oA'apora- tioii. Pineapples grown inuhM- sha(h» arc lar- of starchy and sug-ary parts in the same kernel. The starchy tendency, however, is the dominant character and prevails in three-fourths of the ofl'spring. The dark color in corn has a tendency to show at the base of the kernel. In a test with red ears it was found that certain ones produced KJO per cent of red corn in the third generation. D. G. Fairchild discussed the subject of Plant and Animal Introduc- tion, calling attention to the work which the Department of Agricul- ture has been doing in agricultural explorations throughout the world. The possibility of breeding plants resistant to disease was discussed by W, A. Orton, who referred to the results already obtained in breeding watermelons resistant to wilt, potatoes resistant to Phytophthora, cow- peas and cotton resistant to wilt. F. B. Mumf ord presented a paper on The Influence of the Size of the Parent on Birth Weight. During the speaker's experiments it was found that the sire has but little influence on the birth weight of the progeny. The influence of the male as to size and other characteris- tics of the ofi'spring appears not to be manifested conspicuousl}' until after the birth of the young. Evidence was obtained that certain characteristics of the parents never appear until late in the life of the offspring. C. F. Curtiss spoke of some Ijreeding experiments with domestic animals. An attempt is being made to produce a race of sheep espe- cially adapted to western ranches, and Shorthorn cattle are being crossed to produce blue-gray hybrids. A number of other papers were presented, especiall}' on Distributing Valuable New Varieties and Breeds, by W. M. Hays; Experiments in Corn Breeding, by C. G. Hopkins; Breeding from Tame v. Wild Species, by H. W. Groff; Theoretical Studies in Breeding, W. J. Spillman; Relation of Life History Studies to Breeding, by W. T. Swingle; Grape Breeding, by S. ^. Beach; Breeding Hardv Fruits in the Northwest, by N. E. Hansen; Bean Breeding, by R. A. Emerson; An Application of the Theory of Evolution to Breeding, b}^ O. F. (^ook; and Studies in Inheritance in Mice, by C. B. Davenport. Secretary Wilson was elected president of this association, and W. M. Ha3^s secretary, with H. J. Webber as chairman of the plant section and J. Dryden as chairman of the animal section. SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. This societ}^ held a number of sessions, alone and in conjunction with the Societv for Horticultural Science and the Association of Economic Entomologists. L. H. Pammel presented an account of AGRICirLTURAL SCIENCE AT THE ST, LOUTS MEETING. 543 Some rmisiial IMant Discasi's in Iowa. Notes wore o•i^■oll on the occurrence and |)rc\alcnce of i'ljli ndvot^poriuin jxid!, soptoria disease of currants and gooseberries, l)lack knot, and the l)acterial carrot dis- ease. The hitter was said to be very prevalent during the season of 1903. The Water-Sotuble Plant Food of Soils was discussed by H. Snyder. Data were presented showing- the amount of phosphoric acid removed from the soil l)v wheat and several other crops at different stages of growth. In a specific instance the amount of wheat growing on 1 sq. yd. of soil contained 1,106 gm. of dry matter and 10.1(S gm. of phos- phoric acid. It was shown that the amount of water which, according to Hellriegel, would he required to produce this 1,106 gm. of dr}^ matter in wheat, "could dissolve onh' 1.9 gm. of phosphoric acid from the soil upon which the wheat was grown," using the methods for extracting given in Bulletin 22 of the Bureau of Soils, except that the water was left in contact with the soil for 15 days instead of 20 minutes. The conclusion was drawn that over 81 per cent of the phosphoric acid of the \vheat crop was secured from forms insoluble in water. It was calculated that the wheat crop mentioned in Bulletin 22 would require more water-soluble phosphoric acid than was con- tained in the soil to a depth of 8 ft., and the limit to the capacity of crops for a])sorl)ing water was pointed out. J. B. Weems presented a paper on The Relation of Research to Sci- entific Agriculture, referring to the necessary mental and physical equipment of investigators, and discussing the difficulties met with by many. The responsibility of overloading promising investigators with tedious routine work was placed upon those in authority at various institutions, C. E. Bessey presented an informal account of agriculture in the Caucasus Mountains. The geography and general topography of the countr}^ were described. The steppes north of the Caucasus are like the Great Plains of America. The chief crops are hay, wheat, and corn. Improved farm machinery are in use and the cattle are of fair conformation. The sheep are of a very dark color. The Caucasus Mountains are occupied by farmers who raise wheat, r3^e, and barley. South of the Caucasus corn is grown extensively, and there are improved races of hogs and horses, and also the big-tailed sheep. The Relation of the Date of Digging to the Development of Potato Rot was discussed in a paper by L. R. Jones and W. J. Morse. Dur- ing the reported experiments it was found that sound tubers were not infected during storage. It was determined that there is more loss from rot in early digging than in late digging. W. R. Lazenby discussed The Waste Products and the Keeping Quality of Apples. During the speaker's experiment 25 standard varieties of apples were tested to determine the percentage of waste. r)44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. riic averMiic waste was round to ])e 'Ji'A per cent. Another test with (•are fully selected apples showed a waste of only 18 per cent. The per- (•(Mitaoe of Avatcr was found to be highest in theV^est sann)lesof apples (!H) per cent), Avhile it was 85 per cent in the second g-rad(> and 81 per cent in cull apples. Apples were picked, l^eginning tiie middle of September, and every week thereafter, until November. This test was made on 10 varieties and the samples were stored in the cellar. Neither the earliest nor the latest picked apples kept longest, and apparently the best time for picking apples iii Ohio is about the middle of October. In a discussion of the paper attention Avas called to the fact that this work corroborated the work of this Department in storing apples, and the further fact was brought out that some varieties must be picked earh' in the morning in order to keep best. D. G. Fairchild presented a paper on Hop Culture in Europe. In America male hop plants are numerous, while in Europe the male plants are not tolerated in the hop field. It was argued that the variet}' of hop is of more importance than the soil or climatic conditions. Lit- •tle work has been done along this line, and the field of hop breeding is therefore open. Various other papers presented before this society are noted else- where. BOTANY. A large programme of botanical papers was presented before Section G of the association, the Botanical Society of America, and other bod- ies. B. T. Galloway gave an address as past-president of the Botanical Society of America, on the subject of the Twentieth Century Botany. The advances thus far made on the subject of botany were outlined in a general manner, and special attention was given to a discussion of the present requirements of the botanist and the problems to be solved in the future. The speaker urged the consideration of botanical ques- tions from a practical view-point, and stated that the doctrine of science for science's sake is less applicable at present than in the past. It was also argued that a successful scientist should be a practical man of affairs, possessed of an abundance of common sense. The dangers of too great specialization and consequent limitation of view were pointed out. The speaker stated that important advances in the future are to be expected in morphology, physiology, and pathology. J. H. Harris presented a paper on The Dehiscence of Anthers by Apical Pores. Most plants which possess this character occur in South America, there being 1,200 species in that country, and only 400 in the rest of the world. Its importance is not clearly understood, but according to investigations thus far pursued it appears to be closely correlated with the distribution of bees, and is therefore apparently an arrangement to favor cross-fertilization by this method. AaRICULTURAL SCIENCE AT THE ST. LOFIS MEETING. 545 Aiiiont;- othei- bottmic-ul papers of oconomic importance may be men- tioned Tlie Distribution of Some Iowa Plants, I)}' L. H. Panmiel; Unpul)lish('(l Notes on the Tredineie, by M. A. Carleton; The Histology of Insect (Talis, by M. T. Cook; and The Type of the Genus Agrostis, by A. S. Hitchcock. ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. The entomological papers were presented before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, and the Association.of Economic Entomologists. L. O. Howard gav^e an account of the work of the Department in combating the cotton- boll weevil. This work has been prosecuted for a number of years, and has included experiments with a number of insecticides and a test of cultural methods. The results thus far obtained indicate that by proper attention to cultural details a fairly successful crop of cotton can be produced, even in the worst infested, localities. The outlook is therefore not believed to be so gloomy as has sometimes been supposed. A paper on the same subject was presented by E. D. Sanderson, who outlined the work of the Texas Station in combating this insect. Atten- tion was called by this speaker also to the desirability of combining proper cultural methods with insecticide treatment. No cotton plants should be allowed to stand in the fields over winter, and other material in which the weevil could be successfully concealed or carried from place to place should be destroyed. The same speaker discussed a card index system for entomological records. The literature of this subject was briefly discussed, with special reference to schemes for keeping a correspondence record, accessions catalogue, and an experiment record. F. M. Webster discussed the subject of Buflalo Gnats in the Missis- sippi Valley, with special reference to the life history of these insects. Gnats are most abundant along the Mississippi between Cairo and New Orleans. A historical account was given of the various outbreaks of this pest, with statements of losses. The gnats are most prevalent in years of high water. There appear to be two forms of female, one sterile and one fertile. The sterile female is apparently the only form of gnat which wanders far away from water courses and is the one to which the losses of stock are due. The worst outbreaks of this insect are due to overflow from the Mississippi, and these outbreaks have become less frequent and less serious since the establishment of sub- stantial levees. C. P. Gillette spoke on The Insects of the Year in Colorado. Grass- hoppers were very numerous and experiments Avere made with fungi in controlling them. Apparenth^ the Australian grasshopper fungus was (piite ineffective, while Empma grylU destroyed a number of grasshoppers. The speaker tested the use of a mixture of horse 540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Miiuiurt' and Paris otchmi without Ncrv i^-ood results. Army culworui.s occ-ui-rcd ill uiuisual aluindiincc. 'I'hcre wore, 2 l)roods of this species. Notes were also i;iveM on o-oose))errv fruit worm, plant lice, and false chinch bug-s. ^V. Lockhead discussed Injurious Insects of Ontario. The Hessian tly and pea Avecvil were unusually abundant. It Avas stated that there are man}' voluntary observers studying- the ha})its of these insects. The pea weevil can now be controlled by proper insecticide and cul- tural methods. The clover-seed niidoe destro3^ed aliout one-fourth of the clover seed of Ontario, and is considered a very serious pest. The lime-sulphur-salt treatment was found to be exceedingly efiective for San Jose scale and pear psylla. Notes were also given on squash bug, asparagus beetles, and cucumber beetles. fl. f'letcher spoke on The Insects of Canada. Clover thrips is always abundant on clover blossoms in Canada, but it is not certain how much injury this insect does. It apparently damages oats. Notes were presented on oyster-shell bark-louse, asparag'us beetles, cut- worms, pear-leaf blister-mite, cabbage maggots, onion maggots, horn- fl}'^, fleas, and bedbugs. The author argued that all insecticide fornui- las must be made as simple as possible in order to induce farmers to apply them properly. ; H. Osborn discussed Ohio insects) with special reference to fall web- worm, apple maggot, Capsida?, and leaf hoppers. E. D. Sanderson spoke of the injurious insects of Texas for 1903. There are apparently 3 species of grain plant lice in Texas. The chinch ))ug has 3 broods and is reported to have caused considerable loss during the A^ear. Insect injury to cotton was chiefly due to grass? hoppers, white grubs, white-lined sphj'nx', and Zoxostege similalis. Pecans were injured b}^ a species of Phylloxera and by AcroJxtsis carycje. Notes were also given on the fowl tick, sweet- potato weevil, and Aphis scotti, which was referred to as a new species injurious to plums. T. B. Sj^mons discussed the Maryland insects. The San Jose scale is now controlled by lime-sulphur-salt wash. Economic notes were given on apple aphis, strawberry weevil, fruit-tree bark-beetle, tent caterpillars, cucumber beetles, asparagus beetles, melon aphis, straw- berry aphis, scurfy bark louse, and oyster-shell bark-louse. The cigarette beetle was said to be in almost every tobacco warehouse in Mar\'land and great difficulty has been experienced in exterminating it. The speaker recommended a regular inspection of tobacco ware- houses. F. L. Washburn spoke of injurious insects in Minnesota. Notes were given on plant lice and white grubs, especially Lachnosterna rvgos<(^ which were said to be unusually abundant and injurious to sorghum, wheat, barle}', evergreen trees, and other plants. Mention AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AT THE ST. LOUTS MEETING-. 547 was also made of the injui'ics from o-rasshoppci's, chinch huo-, and Hessian Hy. Some evidence was presented by the author for the appar- ent occurrcMu-e of i^ broods of this insect in Minnesota. M. V. Slingerland gave an address on Insect PhotogTaph}'. The history of the work was outlined, with special reference to the devel- opment of microphotography and half-tone work. Attention was called to the occasional abuse of photography in scientitic work, and suggestions were given regarding the field of greatest usefulness of photography in illustration. Necessary apparatus and methods of preparing specimens were outlined. The same speaker gave an account of New York grape pests, with special reference to the grape- root worm and grape-leaf hopper. Experiments in spraying with arsenate of lead gave promising results in controlling the root worm. The leaf-hoppers were successfully captured by the use of a large sticky shield, or were destroyed by a weak oil or soap spray. The grape fruit moth can be controlled by hand picking. Infested fruits may ])e recognized and picked oti' for about $2 per acre. The same speaker also presented a general paper on insect depredations in New York, with special notes on plant lice, pear psylla, skigs, rose chafer, cabbage maggots, onion maggots, plum curculio, apple bucculatrix. and apple-leaf blister-mite. Arsenate of Lead as a Remedy for Codling Moth was the subject of a paper by A. F. Burgess. Experiments were made on an orchard of 1,700 trees. Without treatment only one-fourth of a crop had been obtained. Disparene and arsenate of lead were used, being applied 3 times. The quantitj^ of perfect apples varied from 7 to 81 per cent, whil'e the cost of application ranged from 7 to 13 cents per tree. The same speaker discussed the treatment of nurser}- buds. Peach buds were fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas or were dipped in whale-oil soap. The Inids were not injured In^ either treatment. The gas was found to be ver}- effective in killing the San Jose scale while whale-oil soap was less so. The speaker also presented a paper on economic insects in Ohio for 1903, with special reference to chinch bug, Hessian fly, apple aphis, cankerworm, white grubs, grape-root worm, woolly aphis, San Jose scale, grape berry moth, willow curculio, and oyster-shell bark-louse, F. M. Webster discussed the relation of the systematic and the eco- nomic entomologist. The systematist may greatly assist the economic entomologist in identification of species. Attention was called to the great need of care in description of species. Mention was made of nomenclatural troubles and uncertainties. The same speaker presented a paper relating to the distribution of Mi/ochroHs denticollis, M. squa- mo.si(s^ asparagus Ijeetles, and harlequin ca))bage bug. C. P. Gillette discussed the (|uestion of what credit is necessarv to be given. Attention was called to the diti'eren(^e between skilled and 548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. unskilled ussi.stsints, and it was urj^cd that original and indcpondont work of assistants was most worthy of recognition and personal erodit in tlM> pul)lieation of entomological literature. O. H. Swczey discussed the life history of Lihiirnia campestrtH. It was found that the larva^ appear about 2 weeks after the time of pair- ing of the adult insects. The young nymphs reach full growth in al)out 0 weeks. L. hitidenta was compared with the above species and notes were given on h3aiienopterous parasites of this insect. The sessions of Section I on Social and Economic Science, were devoted to the labor problem; the economic aspects of the new agri- culture; the status of instruction in social and economic science in schools, colleges, and universities; and on commerce, tinances, and government. The session which proved to be most interesting and developed the most lively discussion was that on the economic aspects of agriculture, previously referred to (p. 422). RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAE SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. Chemical methods for the determination of the fertility of the soils with respect to phosphoric acid, K. K. (Ikdroitz {Zliur. Opujtri. Ai/roii. [Jour. Expt. lAtndiv.], 4 {1903), No. 4, pp- 403-432). — The author reviews his previous investiga- tions on this subject, and reports further pot experiments with oats and mustard on 19 widely different soils. The pots contained 5 kg. of dry soil and were fertilized with various amounts and combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime. The phosphoric acid was determined separately in the straw and grain of the harvested crops, as well as in the roots in a few cases. The solubi'lity of the phos- phoric acid of the soil in 2 per cent citric and acetic acids was also determined. From a comparison of the data thus obtained the conclusion is drawn that ])lants vary widely in their capacity for utilizing the phosphoric acid of the soil. There was no close agreement between the amounts utilized by the oats and mustard on the same soil, and similar results are reported for 12 different kinds of plants grown on the same soil, namely, sandy chernezem. It was further shown in studies on 19 different samples of soil that there was no agreement between the availability of the phosphoric acid of the soil as measured by solubility in 2 per cent citric or acetic acid and the amounts taken up by jilants. In studies of the relative assimilability of the phosphates of iron, aluminum, and calcium by flax, oats, and mustard, as compared with their solubility in citric and acetic acids, it was found that as regards the yield produced the relative efficiency of these phosphates was, beginning with the highest, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate, and iron phosphate. As regards solubility in 2 per cent acetic acid, the order was calcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, and iron phosphate, the latter being almost insoluble in acetic acid. The aluminum and calcium phosphates were about equally soluble in 2 per cent citric acid, thus showing a closer agreement with the actual availability of these phosphates as determined by means of the plant. — p. FIREMAN. Studies in soil analysis, A. Atterberg {K. Landt. Akad. Ilandl. oeh T'uMr., 42 {1903), No. 3, pp. 185-253). — A discussion of methods of mechanical soil analysis, and suggestions for a new terminology of soil grains. The relation of soil particles of different diameters to hygroscopicity, air content, volume, weight, caijillarity,. etc., were studied experimentally, as well as the rapidity of drying out, the floccu- ;ati(jn of fine sand grains, the relation of sandy soil to plant roots, etc. — f. w. woll. On recent efforts to simplify soil analysis, Emmerling {Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., 6 {1903), No. 18, p). 412). — This is a brief note on an address before the International Congress of Applied Chemisti-y at Berlin in 1903, and refers to Rodewald's method of determining the fineness of the particles of a soil by means of its hygroscopicity, the importance of tlie determination of the loss on ignition, the comparatively little value of determinations of nitrogen by means of the Kjeldahl method, and the sub- stitution of weaker solvents for stronger acids like hot hydrochloric acid in the chem- ical analysis of soils. 549 550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Chemical analysis of soils, K. ('orradi ( llol. ('him. Farm., 4~{i''0.3), P]>- 482-/^6; nliK. ill i'hcin. Cciitlil., 1903, If, .\. .svr,).—\\i coiitiimation of a i)revii)us article (K. S.R., 14, p. SS4) tho author tk-scrihc's luethocls of determining chlorin and manga- nese and explains a correction for the presence of coarse particles. Some results of examination of samples of Sicilian soils rich in lime and poor in nitrogen are rejKH-ted, and the general sul)ject of fertilizer recjuirements of soils is discussed. Contribution to the knowledge of the molybdo-phosphoric acid reaction, C. Rek iiAin) (Clii'iii. Zti/.. ,.-'7 (1903), No. 6S, pp. SSS-So'>). — This is an account of a stihly of this reaction under varying conditions of proportion of reagents and presence of certain acids (hydrochloric, tartaric, citric, and oxalic). The results obtained indicate that the molybdic reagent used in amounts furnishing as much as .'iO parts of M0O3 to one part of P^Oj, in case of solutions containing as little as 0.000186 gm. of phosphoric acid per cubic centimeter after several hours' standing, gives no trace of a precipitate. In the majority of cases to insure the precipitation of one part of P^Og, it is necessary to add 200 parts of ammonium molybdate, and that the solution of molybdate should be of at least 4 per cent strength. The presence of hydrochloric acid was found to seriously interfere with the forma- tion of the yellow precipitate, but this was (\vercome by neutralization, preferably with ammonia. Dilute solutions gf the acid interfered more with precipitation than stronger solutions. The organic acids were variable in their behavior toward the reaction, but in all cases interfered with precipitation. Oxalic acid was especially marked in its preventive action. Neutralization of the organic acids in a measure prevented interference with precipitation, and it appeared to be immaterial whether ammonia or the other alkalis were used for this purpose. A method for the estimation of chlorids, bromids, and iodids, 8. Bexedict and J. F. Sxell {.Tour. Atner. Clteni. Soc, S5 {1903), Xo. 11, pp. 113S-1U1).— In con- tinuation of a previous article (E. S. R., 14, p. 225) the authors outline the following method for the determination, either gravimetrically or volumetrically, of the 3 halogens : "For the determination of the iodin, a suitable quantity of the substance (contain- ing not over 0.5 gm. iodin or 0.15 gm. chlorin, if tenth-normal solutions are to be used) is dissolved in water and made up to about 50 cc. in a 100 cc. glass cylinder with close-fitting glass stopper. Neutral potassium iodate is added in about twice the quantity necessary to react with all the bromin and iodin believed to be present. The mixed solution is acidified with 4 or 5 ec. fifth-normal (30 per cent) acetic acid and shaken with 30 to 40 cc. carbon bisulphid until all the lil)erated iodin has been taken up by the latter. The aqueous phase is now separated from the carbon bisul- phid j)hase by filtration through a wet filter, and the carbon bisulphid is thoroughly washed with cold water on the filter. The filtrate and washings are reserved for the chlorin determination. The carbon bisulphid solution is transferred to another beaker by puncturing the filter and is covered with 20 to 25 cc. of 75 per cent alcohol. Any carbon ])isulphid left adhering to the filter is rinsed down into the beaker with a portion of the 75 per cent alcohol. The iodin is now titrated with sodium thiosul- phate with constant stirring. No starch indicator is necessary. "For the determination of the chlorin, the aqueous filtrate from the carbon bisul- phid is treated with 5 cc. fifth-normal nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.18) to lil)erate the bromin and is boiled in a covered beaker until colorless. The excess of iodate is next destroyed by adding a quantity of i^otassium iodid slightly in excess of the amount necessary to react with it. The solution is again boiled until colorless, 2 or 3 cc. more of the dilute nitric acid being added, if the color is not completely discharged after 10 or 15 minutes' boiling. A minute or two after the color has completely disappeared the solution is taken from the flame, cooled, and neutralized with sodium carbonate. To secure exact neutralization, a little calcium carbonate may be added at first and CHEMISTRY. 551 then sodium carbonate solution until a precipitate just forms. The chlorin is then determined by titration with standard silver nitrate, using potassium rhromate as indicator." The results of 12 analyses of mixtures of potassium iodid and bromid and sodium chlorid are reported. These show a very close agreement between the calculated and determined amounts of the halogens. On the formation of nitric acid by electrical energy, C. W. Volney ( Trans. Amer. Eledro-Cheni. Soc, 1903, pp. 285-289; ahs. in Jour. Chim. Phys., 1 {1903), No. 4, ]). 325). — In experiments to determine the rapidity of decomposition of NO into NO2 and N by means of electrical discharges, the following results were obtained: In 5 minutes 2.7 per cent, in 10 minutes 3.3 per cent, ni 20 minutes 3.58 per cent of NO was decomposed. Various equations explaining the reaction are given. The oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by electrical discharges, F. von Lepel {Ber. Deut. Clievi. Gesell, 86 {1903), pp. 1251-1260; abx. in Jour. Cluui. Phys., 1 {1903), No. 4, p. 310) . — After a brief review of the work of other investigators on this subject, the author describes a large series of experiments made to determine the influence of various factors, such as the nature of the electrodes, the rapidity of rota- tion of the anodes, and the nature of the solution in the apparatus, upon the produc- tion of nitric acid by means of a continuous current. The determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method, S. P. L. Sorensen and C. Pedersen [Ztsdir. Physiol. Chrm., 39 {1903), Xo. 6, pp. 513-525, fig. i).— The Kjeldahl method was fomid to give good resnlts with such substances as creatin, creatinin, and uric acid. The results, however, were believed to be a little too low; while those by the Dumas method was considered a little too high. Methods of analysis of separator skim milk, C. Barthel {Nord. Mejeri Tidn., 18 {1903), No. 35, pp. 71, 72). — A comparison of the Adams and Gottlieb methods for the analysis of skim milk. The results presented show that if the fat content in the skim milk is greatly increased through the application of self-cleaning pasteur- izers, the stirrer of which is turned at a considerable speed, the Adams method fails to show any appreciable increase in the percentage of fat in the skim milk, while Gfittlieb's method gives all the fat contained therein. — f. w. woll. A further contribution to the methods of fat determination, M. Muller {FiMinf/s Landw. Ztg., 52 {1903), Nos. 21, pp. 767-771; 22, pp. 831-834) .—The author found it extremely difl&cult, if not impossible, to prepare casein free from fat by ordinary methods of fat extraction. In tests with casein, beef, and yeast the Leh- mann method was considered the most satisfactory. The Soxhlet method gave results much too low, and the Dormeyer method much too high. The percentages in the case of yeast were 1.891 by the Soxhlet method, 4.908 by the Lehmann method, and 5.456 T)y the Dormeyer method. In tests with the brains of horses the results by the 3 methods were respectively 49.924, 50.192, and 50.75 per cent. The 3 methods were therefore considered of nearly equal value on substances rich in fat. Olive oil and its substitutes, L. M. Tolman and L. S. Munson ( U. S. Dept.Agr., Bureau of Chemistry Bui. 77, pp. 64, pis. :?).— The nature and extent of the investiga- tion reported in this bulletin are outlined in an introductory note by W. D. Bigelow, Chief of Food Laboratory. The bulletin proper contains statistics of the olive-oil trade; an account of the manufacture of olive oil; the methods of analysis used, with a full discussion concerning the interpretation of results; and analyses of a number of salad oils sometimes fraudulently substituted for olive oils, olive oils of known origin, and of commercial olive oils. A briefer account of the work relating to the pure olive oils and the olive oil sub- stitutes has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 223). The l)ulletin is summarized by the authors as follows: "(1) The olive oil consumed in this country is largely imported from France and Italy. The amount produced in California is relatively small, although reports war- rant the statement that California is cai)able of supplying the entire home demand. 552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "(2) The cost of i)i()(liu'ti(iii of ("alil'ornia oil is so imicli lii]i. 1112-1127). — This article discusses (1) the chemical changes involved in the change of color of indicators and (2) the cause of the characteristic differences in sensitiveness of such indicators as phenolphthalein and methyl orange toward various acids and bases. Under the first head the ionization theory of Ostwald and the chromophoric theory are considered. The first is considered inadequate, ionization and change of « Two samples recently received from the custom-house have contained cotton- seed oil. BOTANY. 553 color being in the opinion of the author merely a coincidence. The conclusion is reached that " the color change must be primarily due to a change of constitution involving a chromophoric complex." It is held that as regards the sensitiveness of indicators "too much emphasis can not be laid on the fact that the lack of sensitiveness of phenolphthalein in laboratory practice in the titration of a weak base like ammonia or of methyl orange in the titration of a weak acid like acetic acid is ultimately due chiefly to the fact that a weak base or a weak acid is very much weaker (less ionized) in the presence of its own salts than in pure aqueous solutions." The testing of chemical reagents for purity, C. Krauch, trans, by J. A. Williamson and L. W. Dupre {New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1903, 3. ed., pp. 350). — This is an authorized translation of the third edition of this work, containing many additions and corrections as well as references to English works, in place of many of the original references to German works. Comparison of diflferent types of calorimeter, J. S. S. Brame and W. A. Cowan {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 22 {1903), No. 22, pp. 1230-1233, fig. i ).- Comparative tests of the Lewis Thompson, William Thomson, F. Fischer, and Mahler bomb calo- rimeters with reference to their use in determining the calorific power of fuels (coal) are reported. The Mahler calorimeter gave the most satisfactory results. A new form of platinum resistance thermometer, specially adapted for the continuous-flow calorimeter, H. T. Barnes and D. ^IcIntosii {Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci., 6. ser., 6 {1903), pp. 350-352). Fourth session of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, F. G. AVeichmann {Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 11, pp. 1208-1215). — A summary of the proceedings of the session held at Berlin, June 4, 1903. Report of the principal chemist upon the work of the government labora- tory for the year ended March 31, 1903, T. E. Thorpe {London: Govt. Lab., 1903, pp. 26). — A brief summary is given of the work of this laboratory in connec- tion with the revenue departments (customs and excise) and with other government departments. Report of the chemical department of the Royal Agricultural Academy, 1902, II. G. SoDERBAUM {K. Landt. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 42 {1903), No. 2,j)p. 103-121, figs. 3). — Of the subjects investigated by the department during the year and treated in this report, mention may be made of experiments to determine the content of assimilable plant food in a soil through treatment with very dilute acids; the effect of increasing quantities of nitrate of soda on the quantitative and qualita- tive development of sugar beets on Gottland marsh soils; culture trials with barley on clay soil from Ultuna; determination of the lime content of oats grown on limed and unlimed soil; culture trials with precipitated phosphate of calcium manufactured through electrolysis, for the determination of its value as a fertilizer for peas; culture trials with oats, with a view of determining the effect of increasing lime fertilization with different phosphatic fertilizers; culture trials with oats for the purpose of deter- mining in how far the action of different phosi^hatic fertilizers depends on the char- acter of the nitrogenous fertilizers applied at the same time; and analysis of Rippert's preservative for barnyard manure. The usual accounts of the administration of the department, officers, donations, etc., completes the report. — f. w. woll. BOTANY. Botanical work in the Philippines, E. D. Merrill {Philippine Bureau Agr. Bui. 4, pp. 53, pi. 1). — An account is given of investigations on the Philippine flora between 1611 and the present day. This report includes notes on the investigations of the Spanish botanists, as well as the lx)tanical work published on the Philippine flora in Europe and America, together with sketches of the herbaria, libraries, and 554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. botanical j^anU-ns of Manila. NoteB on the work accomplisluMl since Anierican occu- pation and a l)il)liofjrai)hy of the more essential books relating to the botanical work in the Philippines are also fi;iven. A study of the distinguishing characteristics of oat varieties, Drporu and Dassonvillk {Jicr. (iai. Hot., 15 {1903), No. 175, pp. i.'S!>-.109, figs. ,5).— The authors have made a botanical study of color, awns, size, form, weight, proportion of seed to chaff, size of pedicels, and the cicatrix at the base of the grain, as characters for the differentiation of the numerous varieties of oats. They conclude that there is no one character upon whitrh to base varietal differences, but that many varieties may be distinguished by a combination of characters. The color of the grain is one character which is the most easily recognized and one of the most important, but in using this character for the differentiation of si)ecies it is necessary to consider the color of the grain in mass rather than that of individual seed since slight variations are frequently noticed in individuals of the same variety. Descriptions are also given of the seed of a number of other species of Avena and directions given for distinguishing them from those of ^1. sativa. The effect of gases and fumes upon cultivated plants, U. Brizi {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, 36 {1903), No. 4-5, pp. 279-384, pis. 2, figs. -^).— Attentit)n is called to the effect of gases and fumes from various industrial establishments, such as gas works, chemical works, smelters, foundries, etc., in their bearings on croji production, as well as the important legal aspect of the subject. A review and summary is given of considerable literature relating to the subject, and the author gives the results of his observations and experiments along this line. The effect of sulphur dioxid, sulphurous and sulphuric acids, hydrochloric acid, fumes of various minerals, such as arsenic, zinc, mercury, etc., the vapors arising from the manufacture of superphosphates and sulphuric acid, nitric fumes, coal smoke, illuminating gas, etc., upon a large number of economic plants is shown, and experiments are reported which were conducted to discover, if possible, some means of preventing or moderating the injurious effects i)roduced by these agents. Many of the gases, especially the sulphurous and hydrochloric acids, rapidly plasmolyze the cell contents of the plant, causing a discoloration that is often mistaken for a fungus attack, and finally result in the disorganization of the chloroplastids. Coal smoke was found to be injurious princiimlly from the mechanical effect of its deposition on foliage, although the gases often had an important effect on the plants. A bibli- ography of more than 100 titles completes the paper. Influence of medium on the acids of plants, E. Charabot and A. Hebert {Compi. Rend. Acad. Sci. Pari.'t, 136 (1903), No. 17, pp. 1009-1011). —Alter briefly summarizing previous investigations regarding the formation of ethers, alcohols, and acids in plants, an account is given of the author's investigations on the influence of the medium in which plants are grown on the volatile acids which they contain. At the same time the variation in the alkalinity of the ash of the plants was studied. The experiments were made on peppermint cultivated in soils to which different mineral salts were added, and the results compared with check plants grown in the standard soil. The quantity of volatile acids was determined in leaves from different parts of the plant and the averages taken. In general it was found that mineral salts added to the soil increased the amounl of volatile acid in the fresh leaves, but this difference seemed to be apparently due to differences in the hydration of the plants. It was less noticeable when compared with the dry weight of the leaves. It was found that the chlorids and sulphates slightly increased the proportion of volatile acid to dry weight of the leaf, the nitrates reducing it slightly, while disodium phosphate increased the proportion very materially. Tables are given showing the proportion of the volatile acids to the total acid of the plants. The salts which favor the reduction of water in the plants tended to increase the proportion of volatile acids to the total acids. BOTANY. 555 In considering the effect of different wilts on the ash, the autiiors found that at the beginning of phint growth the ash of the above-ground parts of the plants was more alkaUne than the roots. As the plants developed the alkalinity of the ash of the aerial parts of the plant decreased and that of the roots increased, until finally the ash of the roots was decidedly more alkaline than that of the aerial organs. This indicates that mineral salts in general increased the j^roportion of combined acids in the aerial organs of the plant, while in the roots the differences are less noticeable. Influence of medium on the formation and evolution of perfumes by plants, E. Charabot and A. IIebert {Coinpt. Raid. Acad. >S. 165,fujs. '£51). — A list of the more common technical terms nsed in the description and discussion of plant and animal species in laboratory and class-room work. The volume is intended as a guide for students in familiarizing themselves with the meaning of these terms. First lessons in zoology, Y. L. Kellogg {New York: Henry Holt ct Co., 1903, pp. A'4-J6'J, pi. l,fig-'t. 257). — This volume is intended for the use of pupils in gram- mar schools and high schools in which laboratory facilities are not provided. It is written to serve as a guide in the personal observations of pupils. The subjects dis- cussed in the volume, include the life history of mosquitoes, silkworms, dragon flies, toads, and certain species of birds, the anatomy of various types of animals, classifica- tion, relationship of animals to one another, and notes on the rearing, collection, and distribution of various animal species. A review of papers on agricultural zoology presented, at tlie Cercle d'i^tudes during the year 1901-2, J. Poskin {Bid. Cercle d' Etudes Agron. [Brtis- sels], 1908, No. 7,2jp. ^i^^-^.i-^).— Brief notes on the literature discussed before this body on the subject of economic mammals, birds, batrachians, moths, worms, mites, and insects. Zoological yearbook for 1902, P. Mayer {Zool. JaJiresber., 1902, pp. 17//+ 5S4). — As in previous years this rei)ort contains brief abstracts of the work done during the year in various lines of zoology, in connection with classified bibliograph- ical lists. Author index to the zoological yearbooks for 1891-1900, E. HENTscHELand E. ScHOEBEL {Autorenregisterzu den Zoologhchen Jahresherichtenfur 1891-1900. Berlin: R. Fricdlduder cfc Son, 1903, pp. 226). — A ILstof all the names of authors whose works have been mentioned in the zoological yearbooks during the i:)eriod 1891-1900. International catalogue of scientific literature. Li — General Biology {Inter- nat. Cot. Sci. Lit., in {1903), pp. XIII-\-l44). — This number of tlie international catalogue is prepared along the lines followed in previous numljers, and includes literature relating to general biology, methods and apparatus, general mori^hology, physiology, and cytology. Animals useful to agriculture, C. Landes {Jour. Aijr. Prat. IToulouse], 99 {1903) , No: 3, pp. 142-171). — Notes are given on the economic relations of birds, with special mention of the feeding habits of a number of species, and on insectivorous mammals, reptiles, batrachians, and beneficial insects. Catalogue of Canadian birds, II, J. Macoun ( Ottawa: Geol. Surveij of Canada, 1903, jij). 219-413). — This part of the author's catalogue of Canadian birds includes a discussion of the distribution and habits of birds of prey, -woodpeckers, flycatchers, crows, jays, and l>lackbirds. The economic value of birds to the State, F. M. Chapman {Albany: New York State Forest, Fish and Game Com., 1903, pp. 66, pis. 12). — The author discusses the economic relation of birds to forests, fruits, and field crops. A brief discussion is given of the laws which have been passed for the protection of birds and of modifica- tions which should be made in these laws. Brief mention is made of the methods ordinarily employed in studying the food of birds, and statistics are given on the feeding habits of vario.us water l)irds, grouse, doves, hawks, owls, cuckoos, woodpeckers, flycatchers, crows, jays, blackbirds, robins, sparrows, swallows, etc. A number of species are illustrated in colors by L. A. Fuertes, and a brief bibliography of articles relating to the food of American birds is also given. The economic value of our native birds, H. A. Surface {Pennsylvania State Depl. Agr., Zool. Quart. Bui. 1 {1903), No. 2, 2U'- Id^ .fig- !)■ — ^n analytical key is ZOOLOGY. 559 given f. 121-134). A cheap and. simple rain gauge, S. F. Lundstrom (7v'. Ldiidt. Alctd. Ilandl. och Tidskr., 42 {1903), No. 2, 2>p. 134, 135). The daily and. yearly periods of storms and hail in Steiermark, Karnten, and Oberkrain, J. Hann {Meteor. Ztschr. [Vienna'], 20 {1903), jrp. 436-42S) . The harmonic analysis of the diurnal movement of the air over Hamburg, J. Schneider {Meteor. Ztsclrr. [Mnina], 20 (1903), pp. 385-39S). Height of the atmosphere determined from the time of disappearance of blue color of the sky after sunset, T. .7. J. See {Nature \_Londim'], OS {1903), N'o. 1770, p. 626). WATER— SOILS. The industrial uses of -water, H. de la Coux, trans, and rev. by A. Morris {Neiv York: D. Van Nostraiul Co., 1903, rev., j)p. 364)- — Treats of the composition, effects, and defects of water from an industrial standpoint — for use in boilers, dj^e, print, and bleach works; in textile industries; soap works, laundries, tanning, paper- making; photography; sugar-refining; making ices and beverages; cider making; brewing; and distilling. Methods of purifying waters and correcting their defects are described. Soil temperatures and vegetation, D. T. MacDougal {Mo. Weather Rev., 31 {1903), No. 8, pp. 375-379, figs. 7). — This is an account of experiments with an auto- matic apparatus for determining soil temperatures, described in a ])revious immberof the Record (E. S. R., 14, p. 125). The installation of the apparatus in the grounds of the New York Botanical Gardens is described, and records obtained with it during 14 months are discussed. 564 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The roconls sliow that "the inaxiiuuiii (hiily temperatures occurred hetween 8 and 1 1 |i. 111., and the niininunn 12 hours later, or between 8 and 10 a. rn. The oi)tiniuin temperature for al)sorption ])y roots hes well above that of the soil at the depth at which the observations were made. It follows, therefore, that the temperature of the soil approaches this optinmm most nearly, and offers most favorable conditions for the taking up of watery solutions at a time of the day when the amount of water fhrown off by the shoot and of mineral matter used in metabolism are nearing the minimum l)y reason of the absence of light, lowered air temperature, and consequent increased humidity of the air." The influence of these inharmonious conditions in causing guttation excretions from plants is explained. The greatest variation in temperature recorded during 24 hours was 2°C. (3.6° F. ) on June 28 and July 16. The maximum temperature recorded Avas 13.2° C. (56° F.) in July, and the minimum —3° C. (26.6° F.) in December, giving a total annual variation of 16.2° C. (29.4° F.). "Both the maxima and minima are higher in January than in December and are still higher in February, at which time the temperature of the air reaches its annual minimum. As a consequence of the above conditions the roots of plants at a depth of a foot (30 centimeters) in this locality find increasingly more favorable conditions for activity after the latter part of December. . . . The approach of the spring season in this locality therefore finds the root systems and absorbing organs of the vegetation which penetrates the soil to the given depth in a state of comparatively great activity, and it needs but the exposure of a few days or even of a few hours in some plants to allow for very marked development of the stems, leaves, and flowers." A notable difference in temperature of the aerial and subterranean portions of plants was observed, and the influence of this condition on the transport of fluids and solutions from one part of the plant to another is explained. Investigations on the influence of the volume of the soil on the yield and composition of plants, 0. Lemmermann {Jour. Landw., 51 {1903), No. 3. pp. 219-285'). — The residts here reported confirm those of previous experiments (E. S. R., 14, p. 1056) in showing a decided relation between the yield and the volume of the soil in which the crop is grown. The experiments here reported were made in 2 series of pots, in one of which each pot contained 30 and in the other 15 kg. of soil. All of the pots except those used as checks were supplied with a sufficient amount of the necessary fertilizing constituents. The author concludes that the larger yield with the larger pots and the smaller yield from the smaller pots had no relation to the supply of plant food, but depended entirely upon the space which was available for the root development of the individual plants. On the lime requirements of soils, and its determination, Immendorff {Oes- terr. Chem. Ztg., 6 {1903), No. 18, p. 412). — This is a brief note on an address before the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Berlin in 1903. The calcium compounds which are considered of importance in relation to plant nutrition are cal- cium carbonate, calcium combined with humus acids, zeolitic lime compounds, and calcium silicate. As regards their lime requirements, the author classifies soils as follows: (1) Acid soils, prominent among which is sour moor soil, and in which the author recommends that humus acid be determined by means of Tacke's method; (2) neutral soils tested by means of boiling with sulphuric acid and titration; and (3) alkali soils, which almost always contain calcium carbonate, which may be detected l)y means of hydrochloric acid. In the author's opinion soils should not contain kss than 0.25 per cent of soluble calcium salts. In case of alkali soils the physical properties must also be taken into consideration. The importance of calcium and magnesium salts in the nutrition of plants, GossEL {Chem. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 78, p. 952).— h. brief account is given of experi- ments with water cultures and soils to test the accuracy of Loew's hypothesis regard- WATER SOILS. 565 ing the necessity of maintaining a certain ratio between calcium and magnesium compounds in the soil. The results indicate that plants grow well in media contain- ing more magnesium salts than lime salts. The highest yields were obtained in water culture with 0.4 part of lime (CaO) to 1 part of magnesia (MgO) and hence the results did not bear out Loew's hypothesis. Fertility of soil according- to the most recent data, S. Bogdanov {Selsk. Klioz. i L)/esov., 210 {1903), Sept., j)p. 628-667). — The author attempts a systematic discussion of the question of the fertility of the soil, giving a summary of his previ- ous articles ^on the subject (E. S. R., 12, p. 725) and supplementing it with results obtained by other investigators. He gives especial attention to the sulphur require- ments of i)lants, which he believes have heretofore been underrated, and reports experiments made in 1898 and 1899 with special sulphate fertilizers in comparison with other more common fertilizing materials on white mustard grown in pots of clayey chernozem. The api)lication of sulphuric acid in form of sodium sulphate greatly increased the yield in lx)th years. — p. firkman. The green sandstone soils of Lower Bavaria and the Oberpfalz, Puchner ( Vrtljschr. Bayer. Landw. Rath., 8 {1903), No. 3, pp. 530-533). — Physical and chem- ical examinations of several of these typical soils are briefly reported. The results show that the soils are as a rule light and have only medium retentive power for moisture. They need phosphoric acid most of all, occasionally potash, and usually nitrogen. Some investigations on the physical properties of soils, W. Bagger ( Ugeskr. Lnndm., 48 {1903), Xo^. 12, pp. 133-135; 13, pp. 152, 153). Mechanical and physico-chemical analyses of the soils of the provinces of Forli and Cesena, Italy {A)m. li. Staz. Agr. Forli {1902), No. 31, p>p. 65-74). A new theory of the soil, A. D. Hall {Nature [London], 69 {1903), No. 1777, pp. 58, 59). — A critical review of Bulletin 22 of the Bureau of Soils of this Department (E. S. R., 15, p. 457). On the origin, properties, and applicability of Swedish moor soils, R. Tolp {Svemk. Mosskult. TUMr., 17 {1903), No. 4, App., pp. 32). Worn-out farms, W. M. Munson {Maine [Univ.'] Bid., 6 {1903), No. 2, pp. 9-24).— A general discussion of the causes of soil exhaustion and of practical means for the restoration of worn-out lands. Studies in soil bacteriology, F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Ept. 1902, pp. 46-78,^ figs. 6). — Studies are reported on the variation in the number of bacteria in soils, the effect of stirring and pulverizing soil on its bacterial content, the effect of mineral fertilizers on the development of soil bacteria, the predominating bacteria in a soil sample, and on the nitrogen-assimilating bacteria of soils. In the previous report (E. S. R., 14, p. 232) the author showed the wide variation in the number of bacteria in soils of adjacent plats bearing different cover crops. The variation within narrow horizontal limits was investigated, samples being taken at intervals of 12 in. and the number of bacteria per gram of dry soil determined. The determinations, which are given in tables, show that within a range of 5 ft. the num- ber of bacteria in the soil do not vary greatly. In order to test further the limit of variation, plats were planted with peas and vetches and at intervals of 10 ft. soil samples were removed for examination, the sample being taken to a depth of 8 in. The determinations made in these experiments indicated that a fairly reliable aver- age of the number of bacteria in the soil of the field can be obtained by taking samples at intervals of 10 to 20 ft. and thoroughly mixing them. The effect of stirring and pulverizing soil on its bacterial content was investigated to see what relation tillage would bear to the development of soil bacteria. Samples of soil were collected and thoroughly mixed, all lumps being reduced to uniform size. This mixing and pulverizing was assumed to be equivalent to thorough tillage. The bacterial content of the soil was determined immediately after filling the pots and at 5G() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. inttTvals of a week to 10 dayw. It was found that Htirrin^r and ])nlveri/.in},' the f^oil stimulated tlie development of soil bacteria. The niiiidK-r ])er gram of dry soil inerease.1 from 2,000,000 to 12,600,000 in 24 days. The (-ffeet of mineral fertilizers on the development of Sdil ))act(Tiu was investi- gated, the experiments being conducted in galvanized-iron pots. The soil samples were i)laced in the pots and a complete fertilizer composed of sodium nitrate, potassium chlorid, and sodium phosphate was added to each. Bacterial analyses of the soil in the pots were made at intervals and the results showed that even the liberal use of mineral salts, which actas great stinuilators toi)laiit gniwth, were with- out appreciable effect on the bacterial development. A study was made of the predominating bacteria in a soil sample, which was exam- ined by methods of dilution and culture. It was found that 3 species of bacteria predominated. The first, which is designated as "Bacterium A" and to which the author has given the name Streptothrix soli n. sp.,was represented by 1,600,000 per gm. of dry soil; the i^eeond. Bacterium Jiocosum n. sp., 1,200,000; and Bacillus deJarari- ensis, 300,000. These different organisms are described in considerable detail and their relationship pointed out. Stuflies are rej)orted on the nitrogen-assimilating l)acteria of soils, the author reviewing the investigations of Berthelot, Winogradsky, Beijerinck, and others. A preliminary report is given of his own studies of oligonitrophilous bacteria, which were isolated from Delaware soil. Three organisms, designated as Azotobacter I, Pseudomonas I, and Bacillus I, were studied. At the end of 28 days the first species had shown no gain of nitrogen in its culture, seeming to indicate that this organism when growing alone in pure cultures in nitrogen-free media is without the power of utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen. The other 2 organisms showed a decided increase in the amount of nitrogen, the gain in the case of the Pseudomonas species being 4.3 times the original content, while for the Bacillus the gain was 3.4 times the original content. The characters of these organisms are briefly described. The activity of bacteria in soils, F. Muth ( Verhandl. Naturw. Ver. Karlsruhe, 16 {1902-3), pp. 69-124, figs. '-0). — A summary of information on this subject. FERTILIZERS. Cover crops as green manure, C. L. Penny {Delaware St((. Bid. 60, pp. 44, figs. 2.) — This is a discussion of this subject based on yields and analyses of crops grown on the station plats in a series of experiments begun 2 years ago in cooperation with this Department. In connection with the report of the results of this investigation the author summarizes "the generally accepted views of the present day on plant nutrition in so far as it relates to the use of cover crops." incorporating much of the data which have been reported in previous bulletins of the station. The tabular data reported include the weights per acre of the portion above ground of each crop in the state in which it was harvested, with the percentage content of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid, and the weight per acre of each of these con- stituents; the air-dry weight per acre of the roots of several crojis, in some cases in 2 layers, tlie first 8 in. and the next 4 in., with the percentage composition; the weight per acre and the percentage of the portion above ground and of the roots separately, both on the air-dry basis, and the weight per acre of the 3 chief constituents; for comparison a money valuation of each crop, the nitrogen being rated at 12 cts. a pound, the potash at 5 cts., and the phosphoric acid at 3 cts.; the relative yield of dry matter, nitrogen, potash, and pliosphoric acid found in the tops and the roots, stated as a percentage of these respective constituents found in the whole crop; the moisture content of the surface soils used to grow the cover crops, both plowed and unplowed; and the moisture content of the corresi)onding subsoils. The 8 crops giving the highest money valuation for the nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid produced per acre were as follows; Rye and vetch S!25.84, rape 124.99, crimson clover |22.37, cow horn turnips $21.01, soy beans $20.44, rye and FEKTILIZEKS. 667 vetch $19.(38, vetch §19.(54, and red clover $17.90. Three of these crops contained a cons-iiderable proportion of their fertihzing value in the roots, viz, " the cow horn turnip 42 per cent, the alfalfa 40 per cent, and the red clover 30 per cent. None of the remaining 5, the soy bean, the cowpea, the vetch, the rape, and the crimson clover, had more than 10 per cent of the total value in the roots. Of the 'nitrogen gatherers' the alfalfa showed the highest relative value in the roots, while the red clover was but a trifle lower. On the contrary the crimson clover had, at least in this experiment, the lowest relative value in its roots, viz, 5 per cent. The pre- ponderance in most cases was due chiefly to the greater weight of the tops, but due also in a less degree to the higher percentage of nitrogen and potash usually found in the tops. The potash was invariably richer in the tops, sometimes nearly three- fold richer; the nitrogen was likewise richer with but one exception, the red clover. The phosphoric; acid was nearly ecjually distributed, sometimes richer in the tops and sometimes in the roots. The relative amount of dry matter in the tops and roots, at least in the case of crimson clover, was variable both with the particular field of clover and with the stage of growth; the percentage composition was likewise subject to considerable fluctuation." It is the author's opinion in view of these facts that the relative fertilizing value of the roots of plants is often overrated. "In many cases, at least, it is small, some- times quite insignificant." The crops as a whole showed an average of only 4 per cent of the total roots below a depth of 8 in. The value of the phosphoric acid fur- nished by the crops was comparatively insignificant, the most important element being the nitrogen. The highest potash value, $8.07 per acre, was found in rape, being 32 per cent of the total value. The cow horn turnip furnished $7.14 worth of potash and the rye and vetch $6.76 worth, this being in each case about 34 per cent of the total value. The changes which the organic matter of green manures undergo in the soil by which they are rendered available as plant food are discussed in detail, and the great benefit due to improvement in physical condition by the use of such manures is explained. On the management and effect of barnyard manure, Schneidewind {Oesterr. Cliciii. Zt(j., 6 {1903), No. 18, p. 41~)- — This is a brief note on an address before the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Berlin in 1903, calling attention to the fact that the most effective manure is made up of the fresh liquid portion com- bined with the decomposed solid portion and litter. Such manure may be ol^tained by the sei^arate storage of the solid and liquid manure, but this method is as a rule impracticable. The use of sulphuric acid effectually prevents loss of nitrogen, but it also interferes with the proper decomposition of the manure. All preservative mate- rial, such as lime, gypsum, copper sulphate, etc., as well as the various acid salt prep- arations which are found in the market, are useless. Peat and earth are the most serviceable preservatives that can be used. Nitrate of soda containing' perchlorate and its effects on plant growth, H. Pellet and (J. Fribourg {Ann. Sci. Agron., 2. str., 1902-3, II, No. 2, jjp. 199-225, fig. 1). — In this paper, which was jiresented to the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Berlin in 1903, the authors give results of investigations by themselves and others on this subject, especial attention being given to methods of chemical examination of nitrate of soda containing perchlorates. It is sh(jwn that commercial nitrate of soda may contain considerable amounts of perchlorates, the proportion varying from traces to 1.5 per cent. In some samples the amount present runs as high as 3.2 per cent to 6 per cent of perchlorates calcu- lated as potassium perchlorate. The injurious effects which have frequently been observed as a result of applications of nitrate of soda have generally been attributed to potassium perchlorate. The investigations of de Caluwe, however, have demon- strated that sodium perchlorate in the proportion of 1 per cent is also injurious to vegetation and that potassium perchlorate and chlorate are much less injurious than sodium perchlorate. 5(>8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlic aiitliors ,«lio\v that it is comparatively easy to dctcrniine the perchlorates and associated dilorates in commercial nitrate of soda. It is necessary simply to deter- mine (1) the chlorin in the original sample and (2) the total chlorin in the calcined nitrate. The difference corresponds to the chlorin in the form of chlorates and per- chlorates. By treatment of the solution left after the determination of chlorin in the original sample with lead nitrite the chlorin corresponding to chlorates is obtained. Nitrate of soda containing i>erchlorates as a rule contains little chlorate. Commer- cial nitrate always contains a certain amount of potash. It is recommended, there- fore, that a complete analysis of nitrate of soda shall include determinations of chlo- rates, perchlorates, and potash, the chlorates and perchlorates, however, being calculated as sodium salts. The utilization of tlie nitrogen of the air, A. Wiesler {Oesterr. Chcm. Ztlied which varied from 150 to 225 kg. per hectare (1.34 to 801 lbs. per acre). — F. W. WOLL. Experiments on methods of applying fertilizers { Vcrslay. Proefstat. Suikerriet, West Java, 1903, pp. 108-111). — Forty -four samples from a soil top-dressed with nitrate of soda and sul2>hate of ammonia, tested 10, 25, and 40 days after the applica- tion, showed that the distribution of the nitrogen in the soil from this source was mainly confined to a surface layer 5 cm. in depth. Where sulphate of ammonia had been applied in small depressions made into the soil, the distribution of this sub- stance in a horizontal direction 10 days after the application varied from 6 to 9 cm. These samples showed only traces of nitrate nitrogen in the surface layer of the soil, but samples taken 15 days later plainly showed its presence. The lower layers of the soil showed neither ammonia nor nitrates and not until 40 days after the application and after a rain of 100 mm. was nitrate detected 30 cc. below the surface. Culture trials with, a fertilizer manufactured from beet-molasses refuse, H. G. SoDERBAUM (A". Laudt. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 42 {1903), No. 2, pp. 85-94). — The fertilizer experimented with was manufactured by the Wenck process, in which the refuse from the beet molasses, after this has been used for the manufacture of sugar or alcohol, is mixed with calcium carbonate and dried. During the drying a definite quantity of sulphuric acid is added. The resulting product forms a solid, pulverizable mass containing 10 to 12 per cent of potash, 3 to 4 per cent of nitrogen (largely in organic form), and about 0.1 per cent of phosphoric acid. Experiments with the fertilizer were conducted in glass or zinc cylinders of 0.3 square meter surface, filled with sandy soil. The fertilizer was applied to barley oats, potatoes, and sugar beets, being compared in different trials with sulphate of potash, kainit, 37 per cent potash salt, or nitrate of soda. The yields of barley with the molasses fertilizer were similar to those obtained with sulphate of potash, whether much or little potash was added, the maximum returns being obtained wdth applica- tions of 200 kg. per hectare (189 lbs. \}QV acre) of potash in the form of sulphate of potash and of 300 kg. of molasses-fertilizer potash. In the oat experiments, in which the molasses fertilizer was compared with nitrate of soda, the former gave a decided increase in yield over that obtained in the cylin- ders which did not receive any fertilizer, but the increase was only about half as large, on the average, as that obtained in the nitrate of soda cylinders, and the effectt was somewhat more pronounced in the yield of grain than in that of straw. In the potato experiments the molasses fertilizer gave somewhat better results than corresponding quantities of kainit, without depressing the starch content of the 7)otatoes. FERTILIZERS. 569 The fertilizer is, in general, to be eonsidered iirimarily a ixftanh fertilizer, and its potash is of about the same value as that of sulphate or kainit. The cost at which it can be manufactured will determine the extent to which it can be used economi- cally.— V. \y. woLL. Report of cooperative fertilizer experiments in Sweden for 1902, P. BoLiN (A". Landt. Akad. Handl. och TidskT.,1903, App.,pp. 183, charts 2). — The experi- ments were conducted in different parts of Sweden by the author under the auspices of county agricultural societies. Two hundred and forty-six experiments, including 6,497 trial plats, were arranged for in all, in 16 different counties. Of these experi- ments 174 were with spring grains, 47 with root crops, and 25 with pasture. The following fertilizers were applied : Nitrate of soda, poudrette, superphosphate, Yiborgh phosphate, Thomas phosphate, steamed bone meal, 37 per cent potash salt, and kainit. In the discussions of the results obtained, the author calls attention to the fact that an abundant fertilization with nitrogenous fertilizers may in a season of much precip- itation, like that of 1902, have a deleterious influence on the yield of crops by devel- oping the vegetative growth of the plants at the expense of seed formation and ripening. An abundant nitrogenous fertilization retards the ripening of the grain, and in seasons when the spring work has been delayed and there is therefore danger of late ripening, a relatively smaller use of nitrate is to be recommended than in the case of early sowing, and late-ripening varieties can stand less nitrogen fertilization than earlier varieties. On the whole, a smaller effect from nitrogenous fertilizers was noted on soils rich in humus than on those low in humus, but even in the case of the former the increased yields obtained were sufficient to jiay for the fertilizers used with small grains, 100 to 200 kg. per hectare (90 to 180 lbs. per acre) proving an economical fertilization, whether the nitrate was applied alone or in conjunction with other mineral fertilizers. The results obtained in the experiments with meadows indicate that nitrate of soda and other nitrogenous fertilizers give best returns on land where the true grasses predominate, or in general on old meadows, while phosphates and potash fertilizers are to be preferred where there is considerable clover mixed with the grasses. An application of 200 kg. superphosphate jjer hectare (180 lbs. per acre), or a cor- responding quantity of other phosphates, proved sufficient in case of spring grains, when not more than 100 to 200 kg. of nitrate of soda was applied, or when the soil itself was not especially rich in nitrogen from a large humus content. The average relative weights of 1,000 kernels of oats and of barley from plats that received different fertilization are shown below, that of grain harvested on unferti- lized plats being placed at 40 gm. : Influence of fertilizers on weight of kernels. Oats: Clay soils Loam soils Sandy soils Sandy loam soils Average .. Barley: Clay soils Loam soils Sandy loam soils Average Number of trials. Weight of 1,000 kernels. Two appli cations ni trogen + One appli- cation ni- trogen -f- phosphoric phosphoric acid -1- I acid -h potash. potash. Phosphoric acid -f- potash. Grams. 41.39 40. 55 42. 54 40.51 Grams. 41.00 42.56 43.01 40.03 41. 25 41.65 Grams. 41. 33 41.51 42. 41 40. 96 41.55 Nitrogen -t- potash. Grains. 41.39 41.03 42. 62 40. 80 41.46 43.65 43.97 43. 73 43.11 43.36 43.17 41.35 41.98 42. 65 41.99 41.64 43.06 Nitrogen + phosphoric acid. Uram.s. 40. 35 40. 39 40. 96 38.93 40.16 41.52 41.28 42. 19 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The (lata piTM-nti-d show tluit the fertilizers applied had in general a favorahle intiiience on the ripening of the grain, l)oth in the case of oats and barley, and on all soils. A rather surprising result is shown in the fact that the fertilization with nitrogen and phosphoric acid both in case of oats and barley gave, on the average, ' smaller iniTease in the weight of kernels than the nitrogen -| potash fertilizers, which suggests that the potash had at least as much influence on the seed formati(jn as the phosphoric acid. It is noted that the results obtained on this point in the experi- ments of 1901, conducted by the author, point in the same direction (E. S. R., 14, p. 758). F. W. WOLL. Cooperative fertilizer experiments in MalmOhus County, Sweden, 1902, M. Weibull {Krart(dssk-)\ Mahnuhiis Ldns K. HmhM. Sdhk., 1903, A'o. 1, pp. 146-213). — The report presents a full account of 66 cooperative fertilizer experi- ments conducted under the auspices of the Malmohus County Agricultural Society by the author, with results obtained and discussions. Twenty-three of the experi- ments were with sugar beets, 1 with carrots, 5 with potatoes, and the rest with pastures and small grains. Samples of the different kinds of soils on which the trials were conducted were subjected to chemical and mechanical analysis, and the crops harvested were also examined chemically. Discussing the value of the analysis of crops grown for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils the author concludes that a single analysis of grain and straw from an unfertilized plat will not disclose the fertilizer requirements of the soil, but this can be done to a considerable degree of certainty by analyses of plants grown under different systems of fertilization. Fertilizer trials On a light clay soil sown to barley and oats showed that the soil was in need of nitrogen first of all, and then of potash, but not of phosphoric acid. The analysis of the soil itself gave evidence that it contained only a small amount of phosphoric acid or lime (nitrogen, 0.13 per cent; phosphoric acid, 0.06 per cent; potash, 0.09 percent; lime, trace; iron oxid, 2.80 percent; aluminum oxid, 3.70 per cent). The results of analyses of the oats grown on the various plats were as follows: Analyses of oats grovm on different ■plats. Plat A, 110 fertilizer applied Plat B, nitrogen Plat C, nitrogen + phosphoric acid Plat E, nitrogen + phosphoric acid+pot ash Plat H, phosphoric acid + potash , Atterberg's standards: Maxima Minima Average Grain. Nitrogen. Per cent. 1.26 1.37 1.36 1.32 1.24 1.95-2.72 1.20-1.36 1.65 Phosphoric acid. Per cent. 0.86 .91 .96 .94 .86 0. 91-1. 09 .37- ..50 .70 Straw. Potash. Per cent. 1.61 1.41 1.55 2.10 1.86 2. 21-2. 81 .28- .73 1.45 Lime. Magnesia. Per cent. 0.30 .28 .32 .28 .36 0.58- .75 . 14- . 21 .37 Per cent. 0.13 0. 34- . 43 .08- .13 .22 The results of the analysis of the oats corroborate those oljtained in the fertilizer trials, viz, that the fertilizer requirements of the soil are in the following order: Nitrogen, potash, and lime, with some magnesia. Other examples are given illus- trating the correctness of this method of determining the specific fertilization which a certain soil demands for the production of maximum and economical yields. Fertilizer experiments with sugar beets gave the result that the sugar content of the beets was increased slightly, but decidedly, by the ai^plication of nitrate of soda, while both phosphoric acid and potash depressed somewhat the percentage of sugar m the beets and reduced their purity. The richest beets were obtained on the plats receiving nothing but nitrate of soda (200 kg. per hectare, or 189 pounds per acre), FERTILIZERS. 571 viz, 18.6 per cent sugar in the beet, with a purity coefficient of 92, the corresponding figures for the unfertiUzed plats being 17.8 per cent and 85. The variations in the quaUty of the beets harvested were of minor importance in all cases, suggesting strongly, therefore, that under normal conditions the quality of sugar beets is not affected to any appreciable extent by the application of the ordinary artificial fer- tilizers. F. W. WOLL. Some plant culture trials with, a new artificial fertilizer, A. Ystgaard ( Tk't^skr. JVorskc Landhr., 10 {1903), Nu. S, pp. 357-365).— T\w. fertilizer experimented with was manufactured by fusing a mixture of phosphatic materials (apatite, rock phosphate, bone ash) with carnallite and kieserite for 10 to 15 minutes at 650 to 800° C. A sample of tlie fertilizer analyzed by the author contained 20.71 per cent total phosphoric acid, 15.23 percent phosphoric acid soluble iia a 2 per cent citric- acid'solution, 9.92 per cent lime, 10.20 per'cent magnesia, 6.85 per cent potash, and 16. 47 per cent chlorin. The effect of the fertilizer when applied to oats and peas was somewhat better than that of Thomas phosphate, especially as regards the yields of grain obtained. — p. w. woll. Welters phosphate, P. Wagner [Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 18 {1903), No. 46, pp. 357, 258). — This material, which is prepared by fusing 100 parts of coarsely crushed phosphorite with 70 parts of acid sodium sulphate, 20 parts of calcium car- bonate, 22 parts of sand, and 6 to 7 parts of coal, was compared with superphosphate and Thomas slag in 29 pot experiments during 1903 with oats grown on loam soil. The superphosphate used contained 17.7 per cent of water-soluble phosphoric acid, 18.9 per cent total phosphoric acid; the Thomas slag 18 per cent of citric acid soluble phosphoric acid, 19.9 per cent total phosphoric acid. All of the phosphoric acid of the Wolters phosphate (15.7 per cent) was soluble in citric acid. The Wolters phos- phate was as quick acting and as effective as the superphosphate and was ajiparently much more readily assimilated by plants than Thomas slag. Experiments of the Royal Bavarian Moor Culture Station on the effect of potash fertilizers on upland moors, A. Baumann ( Vrtljachr. Baijer. Landv. Bath., 8 {1903), No. 2, Snp., pp. 425-452). — The results of experiments with various kinds and combinations of fertilizing materials are reported, from which the general con- clusions drawn are that the application of Thomas slag in the spring should under all circumstances be avoided on account of the solubility of harmful constituents of the slag in the acids of the moor soils. Fertilizing with potash and phosphoric acid should, however, be d<, 14 {1903), No. 9, pp. 852-857, 884-887, 903-926, 929-936, 941-944, 947-950, 952, 953, pis. 7). — The work with field crops, consisting mainly of variety and culture tests with cereals and forage crops, including grasses, roots, and leguminous plants, conducted at the Hawkesbury College, Wagga, Bathurst, Wollongbar, Coolabah, Moree, Belindigarbar, and (ilen Innes experiment farms in 1902, is briefly noted. The different crops and varieties grown at the vari- ous farms are enumerated. Varieties of wheat quite rust-resistant when sown before midwinter were badly affected when sown in the spring. Macaroni wheats compared well with other kinds in rust and drought resistance. At one of the farms the viability of seeds of different varieties treated with copper suljjliate varied from 2 to 70 per cent. Field crops at the Queensland Experiment Farms, J. Mahon et al. ( Queens- land Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 5, pp. 408-446, pis. 2). — In connection with reports covering all the work of the different .State experiment farms at the Queensland Agricultural College, Westbrook, Hermitage, Biggenden, Gindie, and Cairns, the experiments with a large number of field crops, consisting mainly of variety and culture tests with cereals, grasses, roots, and other forage crops, are briefly noted. The varieties of the different crops under test are enumerated. Results of experiments with lime as a fertilizer, D. Pryanishnikov {Zhur. Opuitii. Agron. IJour. Expt. Landw.l, 4 {1903), No. 3, pp. 257-266) .—The use of lime as a fertilizer for a mixture of oats and vetch gave varying results, the i)ercentage of vetch increasing in some instances and decreasing in others when lime was applied. FIELD CEOPS. 573 These differences in the results are considered due to the action of lime on the min- eral constituents of the soil in some cases, and on the nitrogenous organic substances in others. Wheat and yellow lupines gave an increase in yield as the amounts of lime applied were increased to 1 per cent of the weight of the soil. This result with lupines was unexpected. In acid clayey soils, oats was benefited when lime was applied at the rate of i or 2 per cent of the soil weight, but when the lime was increased to 1 per cent the yield was greatly reduced. From these experiments the author concludes that lime on other than sandy soil may be beneficial to lupines, while on some soils too great amounts may prove injurious to cereals. In studying the influence of lime on the nitrogen content of the soil in the absence of plants the author found that an application of 0.2 per cent of the soil weight very appreciably increased nitrification in chernozem soil. — p. fireman. Top-dressing: for moorland pastures, H. von Feilitzen {Svensk. MossktUt. Tidskr., 16 {1902), No. 2, pp. 171-185). — The results of cooperative fertilizer experi- ments on 24 different farms during the year 1901 indicate that top-dressing moorland pastures is profitable. The author states that, if the moor is of such a character that a yield of about 4,450 lbs. per acre may be expected, an application of about 85 IIjs. of potash per acre with large quantities of phosphoric acid is advisable during the first years of cultivation. The application can later be decreased to such (juantities as are taken off in the hay crop or washed out with the rainfall. From 30 to 35 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre is considered an average application. On land kept in grass for several years a top- dressing with barnyard manure or compost has proved advantageous, especially on incompletely decayed moors. — f. w. woll. On the improvement of natural meadows on humus soils, H. von Feilitzen and R. Tolf {Svensk. MosskuU. Tidskr., 16 {1902), No. 4, pp. 311-322). Cooperative forage experiments in Southern Victoria, F. J. Howell {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 2 {1903), No. 2, pp. 97-120, pis, 13).— Corn, Amber cane, teo- sinte, Egyptian corn, Kafir corn. Pearl millet, mangels, beets, and alfalfa were tested, and the yields together with the increase on plats receiving commercial fertilizers are given in tables. Brief notes on the tests and apparent value of the different crops are presented. The experiments showed that these crops may be grown in succession and sup- ply green forage from the time the spring pastures fail until early-sown winter crops are available. For improvement of corn for forage a greater stooling tendency and a larger proportion of leaf are considered requisite. Amber-cane sorghum and Japan- ese millet proved successful, and rai)e produced very* large yields. For Long Eed and Yellow Globe mangels, yields of 31.31 and 47.56 tons respectively are recorded. The superior yield of the Yellow Globe is believed to be due to the fact that this variety is better adapted to shallow and not very friable soils than the Long Red. Rape and mangels showed the same wide range of adaptability to the soils of the region. Cowpeas and soy beans gave promise of value; and the use of commercial fertilizers on soils of poor and medium quality producing forage crops was found profitable. Forage plants, D. O. Nourse ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 145, pp. 15-19).— This bulletin presents in brief notes the results obtained with a number of forage crops at the sta- tion in 1901 and 1902. Several varieties of sorghum, cowpeas, and soy beans were grown in this connection. Competitive culture of fodder beets, E. Voglino {Concorso per la coltimzione delle hariiahielole daforraggio. Turin: <1. Deremi, 1903, pp. 27, fig. 1). — Nine varieties of f(j(lder beets were grown in a prize contest and the methods of cultivation are described and the results reported. The sugar content ranged from 3.66 to 8.28 per cent, and the yields from 367 to 594 cwt. ner hectare. It is concluded from the 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. results obtained tluit the sueen transplanted. This difference was jiartly due to the greater area given each plant in transplanting, but mainly to the abnormal branching of the transplanted specimens. The growth of crimson clover, C. L. Penny [Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 79-34). — A comparison was made in 1901 between the weight and the composi- tion of roots and tops of crimson clover 3 or 4 weeks before full bloom and during full bloom. The samples studied were taken from a loose sandy soil and from heavy clay. At the earlier stage of growth the roots of the samples from the sandy soil consti- tuted about 40 per cent of the whole plant, and those from the clay soil about 25 per cent, and at the later stage of growth approximately 32 and 12 per cent, respectively. In discussing these results the author calls attention to the greater ease of recovering roots from the sandy soil, and to the fact that during the interval the samples were taken the tops on the sandy soil increased consideralily less than those on the clay soil, thus materially affecting the ratio between tops and roots. It is further stated that root development may possibly be greater in sandy soil. About three-fourths of the roots on both soils were found within 6 in. of the surface, and it is concluded that quantitatively the manurial \'tilue of the crop is almost entirely in the portion near the surface. The fertilizing constituents as determined in these experiments are shown in the following table: Fertilizing constituents of crimson clover at different Mages of growth. Date of cutting. „^-ti- 1 Composition of air-dry sub- stance. Quantities per acre. Yield per acre. Potash. Phos- phoric acid. Nitrogen. Potash. Phos- phoric acid. Nitrogen. Sandy soil: April 22 Tops.... April 22 Roots... May 17 i Tops May 17 Roots... Clay soil: April 26 Tops Ai>ril 20 Roots... ' May 22 Tops May 22 Roots... Per ct. 1.88 .59 1.13 .54 3.72 1.88 2.77 1.18 Perct. 0.49 .40 .36 .36 .64 .44 .48 .55 Per ct. 3.35 2.31 2.16 1.% 3.25 2.73 2.68 2.51 Lbs. 50.2 10.8 51.2 11.4 110.3 19.0 175. 2 10.2 Lbs. 13.1 7.3 16.2 7.7 18.8 4.4 30.3 4.8 Lbs. 89.6 41.9 97.9 41.4 96.4 27.6 166.4 21.8 Lbs. 2,672 1,813 4, 532 2,114 2,965 1,008 6, 326 867 FIELD CROPS. 575 The (latiiobtainc'd (Ml the sandy soil show Imt a small incrt'ase in fertilizing; con- stituents (luriiils. 2). — This has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 352). Thirty-fifth annual report of the Flax Supply Association for the improve- ment of the culture of flax in Ireland {Belfuxf: Flax Supply J.t.svx-., 1903, pp. 103). — The statistics given have reference mainly to the United Kingdom, but in addition statistics I'egarding the industry in different countries are briefly presented. The cold storage of hops, C. Armstronc} {Proc. Cold Storage and Ice Asmc, 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 26-34). — A brief paper, followed by general discussion. Oats, Denaiffe and Sirodot {U Avoinc. Farh: J. B. BallUh'e & Sons, 1902, pp. 848, Jigs. 213). — This work presents at some length the description, classification, and anatomical structure of the grain of French and other varieties of oats, together with a consideration of the culture, composition, uses, storing, and national and international commerce of the crop. In addition to the topics mentioned, insects and diseases attacking the oat plant, injurious effects of weeds, cost of production, financial returns, transportation, and tariffs affecting the production and the price of the crop are discussed. Tests of oats and wheat at Uniontown in 1903, J. F. Duggar and J. M. Rriieson {Alabama Canehrake Sta. Bui. 19, pp. 11).— The average results of 3 experiments show that fall-sown oats which received 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre yielded 14.75 bu. of grain per acre more than the check tests, while the plats receiving 200 lbs. yielded 25.3 bu. more. I^stimating the cost of the nitrate at $60 per ton, the increase with 100 lbs. of nitrate was produced at a cost of 20.3 cts. per bushel, and with 200 lbs., at a cost of 23.8 cts. per bushel. The oats were estimated at 50 cts. per bushel. The average yield fif straw on the check plat was 1,070 lbs. ; on the plat receiving 100 lbs. nitrate, 1,738 lbs.; and on the plat receiving double this quantity, 2,608 lbs. per acre. 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Thoroujilily i-nrc(l sheaf oats from the uiitVrtili/cd plats and from those receiving the smaller and the larjxer (|nantity of nitrate of st)da contained UH, '.W, and 33 per cent of grain, respecti\ely. A jilat of oats sown January 31 and fertiHzed at the rate of 80 Ihs. nitrati' of soda per acre showed an increase of 8 l)n. per acre over the check plat, which was eijuivalent to a i)rofit of $1.(>0. Oats receiving an excessive applica- tion of 3,46t) lbs. fresh cotton seed per acre yielded 39 bu., or 18 bu. more than the unfertilized crop, while the plat receiving an equal quantity of nitrogen in the form of cotton-seed meal jiroduced only 23.2 bu. per acre. Nitrate of soda at the rate of 160 lbs. per acre on oats sown March 25 proved detrimental. On these late oats 200 lbs. cotton-seed meal i)er acre was practically without effect. Tlie results of these and previous experiments were in favor of fall sowing. Seed of Red liust Proof oats scalded for 10 minutes in water at a temperature of 133° F., pro- duced a croj> free from smut, while the oats from untreated seed contained 3 per cent of smutted heads. The scalded seed also produced 1 bu. of grain more per acre than the mitreated seed. Of different methods of soil preparation for oats, plowing and harrowing the soil, plowing in the seed, and tlien rolling the ground gave the best results. Leaving the surface a little rough is considered a partial ])rotection against winterkilling. Ow'ing to rust, fertilizer experiments with wheat did not give reliable results. On the improvement of the Sw^edish potato industry, -with a report on culture trials ■with potatoes, II. Juhlix-Daxxfelt (A'. Landt. Akad. Ilandl. och Tkhkr., 42 {1903), Xu. 2, pp. 147-180). Sugar beet experiment, C. L. Penny {Delaware Sta. lipt. 1902, p. 84). — Only one test was made. The average weight of the beets was about S^- oz., the sugar content of the juice by weight 20.7 per cent, and the purity 87.2. The beets lost 19 per cent in topping, and the yield of topped beets per acre was 11,887 lbs. On this basis the yield of sugar would ainount to 2,209 lbs. per acre. The experiments in this line thus far conducted by the station are not regarded as conclusive, but the results given above are not considered favorable for the sugar-beet industry in Delaware. Respiration in the sugar beet, F. Strohmer {Abs. in Centbl. Agr. CJiem., 32 {1903), Xo. 7, pp. 465-469) . — Experiments were conducted to study the cause of the loss in sugar occurring in stored beets. The respiration products in several series of sample beets, all of the same variety and obtained from the same source, were determined and the infiuence of various factors was noted. The tops of the beets were removed and only a few" buds allowed to remain at the ci'own. Each sample beet was under test from 70 to 72 hours. The results did not show that the respiration products of the sugar beet contain other carbonaceous gases in addition to carbon dioxid. The loss of sugar in stored beets was found to be larger than was indicated by the quantity of carbon dioxid exhaled. A definite relation ]>etween the original sugar content of the beet and the quantity lost by respiration could not be established, and tlie total loss in sugar, other conditions being equal, was not parallel with the increase in sugar content. Neither did the quantity of sugar lost during storing and the quantity reduced to nonsugars show any connection. Respiration is regarded as the strongest factor in causing loss of sugar in nonsprouting beets. Storing at the low'est possible temperature is recommended because it reduces the loss in sugar to a minimum and in other ways preserves the quality. In sprout- ing beets the loss from reduction to nonsugars is much greater than the loss due to respiration. It is stated that cane sugar in the beet serves as material used in respi- ration, in which connection it is broken up into carbon dioxid and water and as a reserve substance utilized in the development of new organs, or in growth in gen- eral, in which a mere rearrangement of its atoms takes place. According to results obtained l>y the author and others the fodder and sugar beet are injuriously affected by a temperature between — 1° and — 1.1° C A temperature FIELD CKOPS. 577 of 0° C. will keep beets in perfect condition for weeks. Even slightly frozen beets may ))e brought back to a normal condition if allowed to thaw out slowly and gradu- ally, which shows that freezing is not necessarily destructive. There was no indication of a relation between the activity in respiration and the content of either sugar, total nitrogen, or albuminoid nitrogen. A high sugar con- tent was not always associated witli an intense activity in respiration. Intramolecular respiration, which takes place when oxygen is lacking, was also observed in the beet, and at temperatures ranging from 2 to 4° C. perceptible quan- tities of carbon dioxid were given off. Ethyl alcohol is considered a product of intramolecular respiration in the beet root. The following table shows the range in loss of sugar under normal respiration at different temperatures: Range of loss in sugar and its carbon, dioxid equivalent per 100 kg. of beets during 24 hours of storage. Temper- ature. 0 5 10 Sugar. I Carbon dioxid equivalent. Grams. 2. 30- 5. 18 10. 35-18 69 23. 01-29. 62 Grams. 3. 55- 7. 99 15. 98-28. 86 35. 52-45. 73 Seedling- and other canes in the Lieeward Islands, 1902-3, F. Watts {Imp. Dept. Agr. Wed Indies, Painpldet 21, 1903, pp. 39). — The results obtained with plant and ratoon canes in Antigua and St. Kitt's are briefly summarized. In Antigua seedling cane B 208 gave the best average results. Other promising canes were B 109, B 156, B 130, and B 306. The ratoon croj) of these new seedlings retained the promising character. In the St. Kitt's experiments Caledonian Queen and B. 208 headed the list of plant canes. Among the ratoon canes B. 306 gave the best results. The data obtained seem to indicate that selection affects the resulting canes to some extent. Cane tops proved superior to cuttings for iilanting, and Bordeaux mixture was most efficient in protecting the tops and cuttings against the attacks of fungus diseases and thus insur- ing the growth of the buds. Placing the tops and cuttings vertically and covering the ends produced better results than other methods of planting. Ridge V. level culture for sweet potatoes, R. A. Emerson ( West. Fruit Grouer, 13 {1903), Xo. 4, p- ~3). — An account is given of growing sweet potatoes in Nebraska on ridges and with level culture, both with and without irrigation and A\ith and without mulching. Level culture gave considerably the best results on the unirri- gated and consequently dry soil. There was considerable advantage, on the other hand, in ridging where the soil was irrigated; and this difference was especially marked when the rows were also mulched. The increased yield secured by ridging on irrigated land amounted to 29 i>er cent, and to 53 per cent when the ridges were also mulched. Variety tests of tobacco, E. Chuaed and G. Martinet ( Chron. Agr. Canton ]^aud, 16 {1903), No. 23,2yp. 637-643). — Of 6 American varieties, Improved "White Burley showed the greatest adaptability to the new conditions and is considered of greater value for the region than any other of the varieties tested. The seed obtained from America gave a larger yield than the seed produced by this crop. Report of the tobacco expert, R. S. Nevill {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 5, 2)p. 437, 45.5'). —Six varieties of tobacco, Lax, Blue Pryor, Yellow Pryor, Hes- ton. Conqueror, and Burley, were grown. The season was dry, and of the varieties tested Lax proved by far the most drought-resisting and the only one giving a fair yield. 57s EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Wild rice; its uses and propagation, 1*1 Brown ami C S. Scofiki.i) ( [\ S. Dc/it. Atjr., Jiiiiran of J'lant InduMrii Bnl. r>0, pp. '^4, pi>^- 7). — This bulk'tin discusses tlie distribution and hal)itat of wild rice, tofjether witli its life history and natural pnjpa- ^ation; gives the botanical description and a discussion of the ji;eneral morphology of the plant; notes the methods of harvesting the seed and j)rei)aring it for food purposes; and presents suggestions for harvesting, storing, and jilanting. In the consideration of the food value of wild rice its chemical composition is compared with thi' chemical composition of a number of coiiimon cereal grains. Analyses furnished l)y the Bureau of Soils of this Department, of soil samples taken from wild rice beds near Bemidji, Minn., on the Potomac Flats near Washington, I). ('., and from Chesapeake Beach, I\Id., are reported. Measurements of wild-rice seed obtained from the Potomac River, Port Hope, Ont., and Minnesota, were made by the authors to show the difference in size of seeds from different regions. The northern-grown seeds were found to be larger and much thicker than the seeds from the Potomac. The results of a series of experi- ments, partly cooperative, seem to indicate "that wild rice can be successfully grown from seed either by sowing the fresh seed as soon as it is gathered or Ijy keeping it in water over winter and sowing in the spring." Report on the agricultural work in the botanic gardens and the govern- ment laboratory for the year 1902-3, J. B. Harrison ( Georcjetovn, British Guiana: Govt. Priiitt')', mos, pp. 40). — The results of culture tests of seedling sugar canes and of older varieties are reported. The areas occupied by various seedling varieties in 1902 and 1903 and the number of plantations on which each kind was in cultivation are given in a table. The composition of the soil samples from fields u.sed in this connection is also given. The general deductions from fertilizer experiments in progress since 1891 are similar to those previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 857). The Estate Brody, E. Weiss {Mitt. Landw. Inst. Univ. Breslau, 2 (1903), No. 3, pp. 437-510). — The management of an estate devoted to the production of crops in connection with keeping comparatively little live stock is outlined. The cultivation of different crops, the treatment of the different kinds of soils, the rotations followed, the methods of applying fertilizers, and the system of })ookkeeping used are described. The world's grain production in 1903 (7>;> Gcireidejirodnktion der Welt im JaJtre 1903. Budapest: Min. Agr., Hungary, 1903, j)p. tW). — Statistics for 1903 of the grain production of the world by countries, as published by the Hungarian ^linister of Agriculture. The geographical distribution of grain prices in the United States from 1862 to 1900, T. H. Engelbrecht {Die GeograjMscheVerteilung der Getreidepreisein den Vereinigten Staaten von 1S62 his 1900. Berlin: Paid, I'arey, 1903, j)p. lOS, pis. S). — The fluctuations in the prices of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, buckwheat, potatoes, and hay in different sections of the United States from 1.S62 to 1900 are discussed and shown in tables and graphical illustrations. Report of the [Queensland] secretary for agriculture, 1902-3, D. Denham {(Queensland Agr. .roar., 13 {1903), Xo. 5, pp. 375-393, pi. 1). — This report includes statististical information regarding the production of field crops in (Queensland. Season and crop report of Bengal for the year 1902-3, S. L. Maddox {Cal- cutta: Dept. Land Records and Agr., Bengal, 1903, pp. XXXIII). — T^e character of the season is described and detailed statistics of all the important crops of the country are given in tables. HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, C. P. Close {Delaware Sta.Bj^f- 1902, pp. 89-108).— The subjects considered in this report are the value of spring ai^plications of nitrate of soda for asparagus; thinning experiments with apples and peaches; pollination experiments with pears, peaches, and apples; root forcing of fruit trees; orchard cover crops; and notes on the station orchard. HORTICULTURE. 579 In the experiment to determine the vahie of spring applications of nitrate of soda in the culture of asparagus, 200 lbs. was applied per acre in 4 equal portions at inter- vals of about 10 days. The first application was made about 2 weeks before the cut- ting season began. The weight of stalks obtained from a half acre fertilized with nitrate of soda was 460 lbs. On the unfertilized half acre the weight was 448 lbs. This slight difference in the yield of the fertilized over the unfertilized plat is not believed to be of any special significance. The use, therefore, of nitrate of soda on asparagus beds during the cutting season is not recommended. Results of thinning experiments with apples for 1 year show an increase of from I5 to ;> times as much first-grade picked fruit on the thinned as on the unthinned trees. The yield of second and tliird grade picked fruit was also usually larger on the thinned trees. As regards dropped fruit, there was al)out 7 times as much first- grade fruit obtained from the thinned as from the unthinned trees. Of eecond-grade dropi)ed fruit the greater amount was obtained under the untliinned trees. In total yield, 4 unthinned Lankford trees produced 117| baskets of apples, while the thinned trees produced 116i baskets. One of the peculiar features of this experiment was that notwitlistanding all wormy fruit was first removed in thinning, at the end of the season 60 per cent more of tlTe thinned fruit was wormy than of the unthinned fruit. The experiments with peaches included comparisons between the percentages of fancy fruits and firsts obtained from unthinned trees, and from trees on which the fruit had been thinned inmiediately after the June drop to 4, 6, and 8 in. ai)art, respectively, and to these same distances apart on other trees about 3 weeks later, when the pits were beginning to harden. The results secured with well-loaded Elberta trees are shown in the following table: Comparative yield of peaches from thinned and unthinned trees. Method of thinning. Fancy fruits. Firsts. Per cent. Per cent. 48 49 51 47 60 39 80 20 49 51 80 20 73 26 Yield of tliinned as compared with un- thinned trees. Unthinned Thinned early 4 in. apart Thinned early 6 in. apart Thinned early 8 in. apart Thinned late 4 in. apart. Thinned lateO in. apart. Thinned late 8 in. apart. Per cent. 100.0 85.8 104.0 71.0 101.5 71.0 84.5 The table shows a considerable increase in the percentage of fancy fruits and firsts due to thinning. Tlie author recalls in this connection that in previous experiments early thinning to Sin. apart has given the best results. The last column of the table shows the comparative yields obtained on the thinned trees, calling the yield from the unthinned trees 100. The work in pear and apple pollination is in continuation of that previously reported by the station (E. S. R., 14, p. 252). Out of a total of 612 cross-pollinations between apple blossoms of Paragon, Stayman, Winesap, and Lily of Kent only 1 fruit set. Kieffer and Angouleme pears also proved practically self-sterile. In testing the self-fertility of Old Mixon, Reeves, Elberta, Globe, Crawford Late, and Fox peaches the self-fertility of the blossoms was found to vary between 70 and 88 per cent, the average being 81 per cent. These fruits may therefore he safely planted in solid blocks without danger of reducing the set of heavy crops of fruit. An attempt was made to secure an increased root development of young orchard trees by increasing their callusing surface. Strips of bark \ in. wide were cut from the side of the main root and the larger side roots, with the expectation that numer- ous new roots would be sent out from these places. The experiment was made with 580 kxi'ekimp:xNT station record. a mimbi'r of I'l-iiits, Imt mily tlic ri'sults scnu'cil witli pciiclu'S an' ivportt'd. The (lata ohtaiiu'il witli this I'niit sliovv that no iiiort' roots vvfre obtained from those trees from wiiieh strips t)f bari< had been renioveeach twirjs, buds, blossoms, ami fruit. Moisture. Potash. t'^^^P^^"^ Nitrogen. Sugar. Starch. Twigs Buds Blossoms Entire peach, June 6 Entire peach, June 28'. . . . Entire peacli, Aug. 25 Flesli of peach, Aug. 26o. Shells of pits, Aug. 2.5o. . . Kernels of pits, Aug. 25a. Per cent. 52.87 55.61 81.41 87.97 82. 76 83. 24 Per- cent. 0.29 .74 .57 .29 .33 .29 2.32 .33 1.02 Per cent. 0.11 .38 .16 .02 .05 .03 .24 .08 .64 Per cent. 0.50 1.23 .69 .16 .18 .10 .63 .19 4.08 Per cent. 2.88 .93 2.86 2.95 1.98 7.42 61.94 3.21 Per cent. 16. 55 5.10 2.06 2.31 3.64 1.98 7.31 25. 10 a Absolutely dry state. It is stated that the average weight of 100 peaches when thinned June 6 was 2.8 lbs.; June 28, 6 lbs.; and at nuiturity, August 25, 28.6 lbs. HORTICULTURE. 585 The orange on Citrus trifoliata (Pacific Rural Preiis, 66 {1903), No. 22, p. 337, figs. 3). — The results obtained in different parts of California from the use of Citrus trifoliata stock for oranges are discussed. It appears that in open culture trees on this stock make a very good growth. Satsuma and other varieties of the Mandarin class, varying in age from 5 to 9 years, make a growth in height and spread of from 8 to 10 ft. The stock appears to be especially resistant to drought, and varieties of orange and other citrus fruits worked upon it appear to stand 10° more cold than on any other stock. Trees budded on this stock are also reported to come earlier into bearing. Production and consumption of oranges and lemons, R. I\I. Bartleman ( U. S. Consular Epts., 73 {1903), No. 279, pp. 620-622). — Some statistics are given on the production and consumption of oranges and lemons in 15 different countries. Hybrid mangoes {Agr. News [Barbados'], 2 {1903), No. 42, p. 374). — Attention is called to the difficulty in the improvement of mangoes by hybridization, since the seeds of mangoes are polyembryonic, and it would therefore be practically impossible to tell whether a particular plant was a hybrid or not until it had grown and fruited. Bush fruits, second report, H. L. Price ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 147, pp. 51-78, figs. 9). — A report was made by the station in 1892 (E. S. R., 4, p. 728), on tests of a number of varieties of bush fruits. The work has been continued, and in the present bulletin an account is given of methods of cultivating raspberries, blacklierries, cur- rants, and gooseberries. Descriptions are given of the varieties of each fruit which have proved most successful at the station. The Success Juneberry is described as being more j^rolific and bearing larger fruit than the wild sorts. A few bushes are recommended for every garden. Such fruits as the Japanese wineberry. Loganberry, and dewberries have proved more or less hardy at the station, but are not considered worthy of cultivation except as novelties. Grapes and small fruits, W. F. Massey {North Carolina Sta. Bui. 187, pp. 51-74, fig. I). — This bulletin contains jiopular directions for the propagation, culture, and management of grapes, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, goose- berries, and currants. The author states that since the advent of fungicides it has become possible to suc- cessfully cultivate nearly all varieties of grapes in the South. Remarkably good grapes have been produced on the pine barrens of North Carolina. For the Scup- pernong and other varieties of the Vulpina class of grapes, which are most cultivated in the South, the author advocates an overhead arbor made with stout posts to which wires are stretched overhead high enough to work under with teams. The use of commercial fertilizers rather than sta])le manure is advocated. A mixture, consisting of about 3 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent phosphoric acid, and 4 ])er cent potash, applied at the rate of about 500 lbs. per acre, is recommended for most soils. A large number of varieties which are thought most useful for cultivation in the South are briefly described. In the notes on the culture of strawberries directions are given for winter forcing of these fruits in North Carolina. The Loganberry has been found very unpro- ductive. The most successful method of propagating it, in the author's experience, has been to pot old plants in the fall and keep them in a cool house until midwinter and then bring them into a growing temperature; as the side shoots grow to a length of an inch or two, they are removed and rooted in the propagating bed with strong bottom heat. While of no value in North Carolina for market purposes at present, because of its unproductiveness, it is thought possil)le that the Loganberry may become the parent to better kinds in the hands of skillful improvers. American vines ; their adaptation, culture, grafting, and propagation, P. Viala and L. Ravaz {S<(ii Francisco: ('aHfornia Wine Assoc, 1903, pp. 299, figs. 150). — This is the second editiim of this work. It has been translated by R. T)id)ois and E. H. Twight fmm tlic (iriginal French and issued as a California edition. 58() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlu' work suiiiiiiarizeH Frencli eyperience in reestaljli^hin^ tlieir vineyards on American stocks. It diseupses in detail the value of the different American species of jrrapes and hyhrids as stocks for vinifera varieties on different soils and in different localities. An estimate is also given of the character and value of many vinifera hybrids. The concluding chapters deal with methods of culture, grafting, and nursery management. A bibliography of the writings of 72 authors is contained in the appen- dix. It is V)elieved this book will be found especially useful to California vineyardists, as it shows the early mistakes of the French in the use of miscellaneous American stocks in reestal)lishing their vineyards destroyed by the Phylloxera, and clearly indicates the best methods, so far as known at present, in building up Phylloxera resistant vineyards. On the budding- of cacao, T. J. Harris {Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 1 {1903), No. 11, pp. 'j.'>')-,:!57). — Detailed directions are given for budding cacao trees. The Leeming system {Planting Opinion, 8 {1003), No. 4S, pp. 753-755). — Under this heading a successful method of coffee culture observed in India is described. The chief characteristics of the system are a thinning out of the trees so that not more than 300 are grown per acre, and a total neglect of pruning and handling the trees. By preventing the trees from overcrowding the leaf disease, drying up at the end of the branches or ripe fruit, and inability to ripen crops are laigely eliminated. The trees are not cultivated at all. Drains are dug to a depth of 3 ft. and at intervals of about 20 ft. throughout the orchard. For shade and fertilizer Erythrina is grown. Under this system a heavy crop of berries is secured only every other year; but the amount of fruit is stated to average up heavier than where a small crop is produced every year. The culture of the Central American rubber tree, O. F. Cook ( JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 49, pp. 86, i^h. 18^).- — A discussion is given of the status, botany, and culture of Castilla rul)l)er in Central America, with an account of methods of coagulating the latex, productiveness of Castilla, and the profits and pros- pects of Castilla culture. It is shown that "a continuously humid climate is not necessary to the growtli and productiveness of Castilla; the indications are rather that the quantity of milk and the percentage of rubber are both increased by an alternation of wet and dry seasons." Shade does not appear to be essential in Castilla rubber culture, plants thriving better in the open than in the dense forest. Experimental plantings of Castilla in Porto Rico and the Philippines are recommended. Gathering rubber from trees less than 8 years old is believed to be undesirable. Profits in rubber culture are not believed to be anywhere near as large as prospective investors have been led to believe. The indications are that Castilla is likely to produce rubber in paying (luantities only at low elevations. Castilla rather than the usual spelling Castilloa is believed to be the correct sjielling for this species of rubber. New caoutchouc from New Caledonia, R. Schlechter {Tropenpflanzer, 7 {1903), No. 11, pp. 526-530, fig. 1). — The author describes a new caoutchouc tree {Ahtinua durckheimiana), which he found during a botanical trip in New Caledonia. India-rubber and gutta-percha, T. Seeligmann et al., trans, by J. G. McIntosh {Neiv York: D. Van Nosirand Co., 1903, pp. 412, pU. 3, figs. 86).— This book treats very fully of the botany, culture, and preparation of these substances. New species of gutta-percha from New^ Guinea, R. Schlechter ( Tropenpflan- zer, 7 {190.3), No. 10, pp. 467-471, fig. 7).— The author discovered a tree in New Guinea from which a very satisfactory quality of gutta-percha was secured. German cable manufacturers believe that the material is suitable for their purposes and for other manufacturing uses. A botanical description is given of the plant, which has been given the species name of Palaquium supfiannni, and illustrations of the differ- ent parts of fruit, flower, and leaves. FORESTRY. 587 Modern progress in horticulture, F. W. Burbidge (Jour. Hoy. Hori. Soc. [Lon- don],38 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 135-141). — A jiaper on this subject, written largely from the florist's standpoint. The daflFodil; its root progress from planting to flowering, W. Bartholo- mew {Jour. Boij. Hori. Soc. lLon], 28 {1903), Xo. 1-2, pp. 163-lSO, fias. 16).— The author investigated the root development of 28 varieties of daffodils grown in soil and in water cultures. The root development made in these 2 media are illustrated for tlie different varieties and tabular data given showing the diameter of the bulbs used, date of planting, number of days before signs of rooting appeared, time from rooting to flowering, date of flowering, length of root when plumule first appeared, number of rootlets, etc. Flower culture for distilling in southern France, A. Piatti ( U. S. Consular Epts., 73 {1903), No. 279, pp. 662-666).— General notes on methods of culture, with statistics of production, and the prices paid in the Nice district during the years 1898 to 1903. The kinds of plants used in the preparation of essences are the Parme violet, acacia, jonquil, mignonette, roses, orange flowers, jasmine, tuberose, and carnation. Eelative to the subject of rose geranium leaves for distilling purposes, it is stated that the annual production reaches about 3,300,000 lbs. One hectare (2.471 acres) produces 55,000 to 66,000 lbs. of leaves, which are sold at from |;1.14 to $1.33 per 220 lbs. About 2.2 lbs. of pure essence is obtained from each 2,204 lbs. of leaves. Manufacture of perfumes in Grasse, R. Guexther ( U. S. Consular Epifs., 73 {1903), No. 279, pp. 666, 667). — Xotes are given on the extentof the perfume industry in the city of Grasse. The annual rose consumption for the purpose of perfume manufacture is estimated at about 2,650,000, and of orange flowers 660,000 lbs. The most important product in the region is the oil of neroli, which is made from flowers of the bitter orange. The so-called oil of roses is manufactured from the grass Andropogon schoenanthus. The oil of geranium is produced from flowers of Pelargo- nium capitatum. Other flowers used are jasmine, violets, tuberoses, jonquil, citro- nella, etc. The lighter branches of agriculture, Edith Bradley and Bertha La Mothe {London: Cluipman & Hall, Ltd., 1903, pp. 346, pis. 30, figs. 42).— This is Volume VI of The Woman's Library, edited by Ethel M. M. McKenna. Its purpose is to encourage women to engage in some of the lighter branches of agriculture. Different chapters treat of market gardening, fruit growing, dairying, poultry keeping, and bee keeping. In addition chapters are given on the marketing of produce and women's agricultural settlements. The subjects are discussed entirely from the English stand- point and do not apply, except in a very limited way, to American conditions. The chapter on dairying is perhaps most complete. The chapters on market gardening, fruit growing, and poultry keeping are largely rambling, general discussions, ai^pareiitly intended rather to inspire than to direct. FORESTRY. Shade trees and other ornamentals, F. Garcia {Neiv Mexico Sta. Btd. 47, pp. 5o, figs. 29). — The planting of shade trees and shrul)S in New Mexico is followed to but a limited extent, and the present bulletin is designed to give information regard- ing those that are available for planting in that region. Suggestions are given on the planting and care of trees, after which a number of species are described. The author states that black locust, Russian mulberry, box elder, China berrj' tree, elm, a.sh, honey locust, and the common pear and apricot seedlings are all adapted to New Mexico conditions. AVhere a low-headed dense foliage is desired the southwestern species of elder and the Texas umbrella tree may be planted, and where irrigation water is al)undant and rapid growth desired various species of 17672— No. (5 (i-i 5 588 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. oottonwDod may ho cmployctl. A nuiubiT of fVLTf^reeii ^^lirub.s uiitl viiH'« whicli are adai)ted to the region indicated are also suggested. Ornamental and commercial tree planting {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 1 (1903), No. 2, jy). 22-24). — An interview witli reference to the best method of planting the streets of country towns with suitaltlc trees. Tree planting for timber and fuel, C. B. McNaugiiton {Agr. Jour. Cape Good JIt)/)c, 2:> {1903), No. 4, j)}). 415-431). — An exi)eriment in tree planting is being made by the municipal authorities of Oudtshoorn, South Africa. This planting is intended not only for a protection of the watershed on which the water supply is caught, but also for the production of timber and fuel. The scheme is highly commended not only for its economic advantages, but from the indirect benefit which is expected to accrue from the successful establishment of a large plantation of selected timber trees. The author rcA'iews the various conditions of temperature, soil, exposure, etc., and gives directions for the sowing of seed and planting out of trees. A considerable lAnnber of trees are described whose value for planting in this locality is believed to be assured and the different species are grouped according to their ])est uses. Trees and tree planting in the upper districts of Natal, T. R. Siit {Agr. Jour, ami Min. Ecc. [Natal], 6 {1903), No. IS, pp. 657-663).— Miention is called to the fact that general directions for tree planting over a large area can not be given, as a number of factors must be considered. The different objects for which tree planting is practiced are described and a list of different trees adapted to Natal conditions is given. Most of the species described are of Australian origin, the author stating that European and northeastern American species have not proved altogether satisfactory when planted in that locality. Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1901-2, C. B. Sen {Forest Bept., Balachisian, India, Bpt. 1901-2, pp. ]"I-{-22). — This is a progress report on the management of the reserve forests in Baluchistan, together with the forest administration report of the Zhob Agency. This area amounts to about 203 square miles, and the question of reserving further areas is said to be under consider- ation. During the period covered by the report the natural reproduction of the forest was seriously interfered with on account of the extreme dryness of the season. Brief rejiorts are given on the artificial reproduction in which the value of walnut, ash, tamarisk, black locust, etc., is commented upon. Comparative tables are given showing the ol^tput from the different forests for the 3 previous seasons, a decided increase l)eing noted in the output of timber and firewood for the season covered by this report. The relation between the mountain pine and spruce in Jutland heath cul- ture, P. E. MtJLLER {Naturn: Ztschr. Land- u. Forstw., 1 {1903), Nos. S, pp. 289-306; 10, pp. 377-396, figs. 10). — It is claimed that through the mycorrhiza on their roots a sort of symbiosis is established between the mountain pine and spruce, which should be taken advantage of in forest plantings in Jutland, mixed plantations to be preferred over pure stands. DISEASES or PLANTS. Studies in plant diseases, F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 40-46, figs. 3). — Brief notes are given on experiments in the treatment of pear canker, pear blight, a blight of currants, a blight of Japanese chestnuts and peach stock, and spraying tomatoes for blight. During the season covered by the report the author attempted to combat the pear canker, or body blight, by thorough application with a brush of a formaldehyde-glycerin mixture composed of formaldehyde (40 per cent) 1 i)art, glycerin 2 parts, and water 17 parts. This mixture was applied to cankered pear trees with such beneficial results that the author is inclined to recommend it as a treatment for pear canker. Continued experiments are to be conducted along this line. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 589 During the latter part of April the author's attention was called to a milky fluid which was exuding from blighted limbs of pear trees. This fluid was examined and found to be swarming with bacteria. In order to test its virulence dilutions were made of some of this fluid and applied with a camel's-hair brush to pear blossoms. As a result the terminal growth of all shoots whose blossoms were inoculated showed the blight. The organism was separated, grown in pure cultures, and inoculation experiments conducted, in one of which the blight extended down the shoots 14 in. in 4 weeks. In another instance the diseased tissue was observed for 24 in. on the shoot, and all the leaves were blackened. Inoculations made on jjear leaves showed that they were easily infected. A peculiar blight of red and black currants was observed that was found to be due to some sterile fungus. The blight may show itself at any point on a live cane as a black discoloration of the bark around a spur. The cause of this disease is believed to be the same as that described in New York State Station Bulletin 167 (E. S. R., 12, p. 154). As remedial treatment the author suggests cutting out and burning all blighted canes and protecting the healthy ones by a thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture. A blight of Japanese chestnuts was investigated in which the cause was determined as a species of Cytospora, possibly C. ceratophora. All attempts to produce the dis- ease by inoculation with spores have thus far been unsuccessful. A similar disease was observed on newly set peach trees, and inoculations made with masses of spores resulted in the destruction of the wood about the point of inoculation, but there was no marked spread from that i:)lace. The experiments in the spraying of tomatoes for blight were performed on a plat of about one-fourth acre, the vines being given 2 applications of a 6 : 6 : 50 solution of Bordeaux mixture. The sprayed plants seemed fresher and freer from blight than the untreated ones, but the amount of disease on the unsprayed j^lants was so slight that little commercial benefit would have arisen from such an experiment. Letters on the diseases of plants, N. A. Cobb {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 8, ijp. 681-712, pi. 1, figs. 26). — Notes are given on banana scab, stigmo- nose, moldy core of apple, and quince rot. The banana scab, which is described at considerable length, affects the fruit, render- ing it unsightly and seriously impairing its quality. The author has separated a fungus which he believes to be the cause of the scab, but has not yet determined its botanical relationship. The banana scab can be prevented by spraying the plants with Bordeaux mixture, but care must be exercised not to discolor the fruit by the adherence of the fungicides. In addition to occurring on the bananas in Australia a scab disease of bananas from the Fiji Islands is reported. The stigmonose disease described was due to insect punctures and is said to seri- ously affect apples and pears in Australia, rendering fruit of certain varieties iin^ightly and almost worthless. A shot-hole effect is produced on apricot leaves by attacks of several species of thrips, and the author has described this disease as the shot-hole stigmonose of apricot leaves. The moldy core of apples is described as due to attacks of certain molds f)n a fruit, entrance being secured through the calyx end of the apple. Different varieties of apple are unequally affected, and a list is given of a number of species indicating their liability to infection. The paper concludes with a brief description of (piince rots caused l)y species of Alternaria. A guide to fungus parasites, H. Yandekvst {licv. Gen. Agron. [Loiivalii], 12 {1903), No. 9, pp. 3.58-36S). — The present paj^er gives in condensed form descriptions of the Ustilaginea.', their characteristics, distribution in Belgium and elsewhere, host plants, and notes on their economic importance. About 20 species are enumerated. Some injurious milde-ws on cultivated plants in German East Africa, P. Hennings {Notizbl. K. Bot. Garten u. Mm., Berlin, 4 {1903), No. 32, pp. 80-82).— 590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Brief uoU-h are {2;iven on a nnml)cr of parasitic fungi whicli liavo been ol)served in German East Africa, and tlescriptions are given of several which are considen-d as hitherlo undescribed. Among tliose described are Limacinia tangensis, which has been found parasitic upon mangoes and also on the cocoanut palm, Ztikalia shihlman- niana on seedlings of the cocoanut palm and other species of palms, Pleomoliola h;/ph:mcs on the leaves of PIyph;ene, and Asterina stuhlmanni on pineapi)le leaves. Precautions against rust of cereals, H. Hitier {Jour. Agr. Prut., n. ser., 6 {J90.>), Xo. 40, jip. 4-35, 4o6). — Attention is called to the influence of soil, fertilizer, rotations, time of seeding, etc., on the production of cereal rusts. In order to pre- vent tiieir destructive occurrence the author recommends the selection of resistant varieties^, early seeding, and proj^ier fertilization of the crop. A bacterial disease of rice, P. Voglixo {Turin: Derossi, 1902, pp. 48,fgs. 11; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 93 {1903), No. 37, pp. 274, 275). — An account is given of a disease of rice known as Brusone, in which the history, description of the disease, its path- ology, etiology, and results of artificial inoculation experiments are included. This disease, which has been known for some time, has been attributed to a great number of causes, such as climatic conditions, physical conditions of soil, various fungi, etc., all of which are reviewed by the author. From his observations he is led to believe that the disease previously described as due to Pi/ricularia oryzw, is in reality caused, in many instances at least, by the bacteria which are found i)resent in the discolored tissues and which he has called Bacillus oryzie. He states that bacteria have recently been found in Japan accompanying this disease, and that what has been frequently attributed to the above-named fungus is really caused by the bacteria, the fungus occurring as a secondary agent. The bacteria are found to develop with great rapidity in acid media, and as the roots seem to be the portion first attacked, the author recommends rendering the soils neutral or slightly alkaline by the addition of lime to them. All attempts to combat the disease by fungicides have failed, and at present the use of lime and the selection of resistant varieties seem to be the most practical means of combating the disease. The specialization of Erysiphe graminis, E. Marchal {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 21, pp. 1280, i;?.?i).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 14, p. 667) the author has given the results of his investigations with cross inocula- tion of the conidia of this mildew on certain grasses. He has continued his investi- gations and in the present paper reports experiments in cross inoculation with the ascospores of the fungus. A number of cereals and grasses were inoculated, and as a result of the experiments it is claimed that no difference was observed between inoculations with the ascospores and where the conidia were employed. This is said to prove the specialization of the parasitism of this mildew, it having developed certain physiological races which are well established and which can not be carried from one host to another except within very definite limits. Notes on the biolog-y of Cystopus candidus, A. Ebebhardt {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), No. 20-21, pp. 655, 656).— A study was made of the biology of the white rust of cruciferous plants, and it was found possible to cross inoculate a number of host plants with the conidia of the fungus. There appeared to be no specialized forms of the organisms which were limited to certain genera or species of Crucifene. Similar investigations with the conidia of the form growing upon salsify showed that this species was confined to this and closely allied host plants. Some observations on crown gall of apple trees, W. B. Alwood ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 140, pp. 1S7-212, figs. 11) . — Previous to 1896, the author states, there was practically no acquaintance in the State with the crown gall of apple trees, but the inspection work in connection with the San Jose scale showed that this disease was prevalent and since that date it has increased to an alarming extent. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 591 Experiments are reported in which cuttings were made of diseased roots and stocks grafted upon tliem, the young plant being set out to determine the development of the fungus. Several varieties of apples were used in this experiment, and as a further experiment inoculations were made into grafts on healthy stock. The author claims tliat the organism causing the crown gall gains entrance to the apple seedlings in the nursery. The diseased seedlings may be detected by inspection, the unusual aliundance of fibrous roots at and below the crown being an indication of the presence of the disease. Care should be exercised to avoid the planting of such trees, as they will succumb sooner or later to the crown gall. The experiments: reported show that the disease may be readily transferred to healthy stock; hence, diseased trees should not be allowed to remain among healthy ones in the orchard. Inoculation experiments with Nectria ditissima, R. Aderhold ( Centhl. Bakt. ?t. Par., 2. Abt., 10 {1903), No. 24-35, pp. 763-766) .—Th.\H is a critical review of a recent paper by Brzezinski,« which assigned, the cause of apple canker to a new species of bacteria to which the name Bacterium, mali was given. The author reports a number of inoculation experiments which seem to show that the true cause of canker of apple trees is Nectria ditissima, and claims that additional evidence will be required to establish the bacterial origin of this disease. Fungus enemies of the peach, plum, cherry, fig, and persimmon, F. L. Stevens {North Carolina Sta. Bui. 186, pp. 33-46, figs. 10). — The more common and destructive diseases of peach, plum, and cherry are described and notes given for their prevention wherever definite means are known. Attention is also called to the fungus diseases of the persimmon and fig, and requests made that diseased material of these plants should be sent to the station. The relation betw^een Clasterosporiunx carpophilum and the gummosis of stone fruits, R. Aderhold {Naturio. Ztschr. Land- u. Forstw., 1 {1903), No. S, pp. 120-133, figs. 3). — A discussion is given of the effect produced by this fungus on the fruit and leaves of cherries and other stone fruits, the material being condensed from a previous publication (E. S. R., 14, p. 776). A new group of fungi, the Bornetineae, L. Mangin and P. Viala ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 36, pp. 1699-1701).— As a result of their studies on phthiriosis of the grape (E. S. R., 15, p. 165) the authors have established a new grouping to include. the fungus Bornetina corium, the cause of the disease. This fungus has many affinities and the special group to which it is assigned is arranged provisionally between the Ustilagineai and the Basidiomycetes. The brunissure of the grape, L. Ravaz and L. Sicard {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 31, pp. 1376-1378).— T\\e authors have claimed that brunissure is the result of an overproduction of fruit, and they now report analyses of sound and diseased leaves, cuttings, and roots in which comparisons are made of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, lime, magnesia, and iron contents. The data indicate a considerable influence on the part of the disease iu reducing the chemical composition of the tissues of the plant and also the quality of the fruit. In general, the diseased tissues are impoverished, their nitrogen, phosjihoric acid, and potash being considerably reduced, while the lime and magnesia contents are higher. The authors conclude that fruit-bearing in excess drains the plant of its fertilizing prin- ciples and carbohydrates similarly to the action of parasites. The black rot of the grape in North Carolina and its treatment, A. W. Edson [North Carolina Sta. Bid. 185, pp. 133-156, figs. 10). — The investigations on which this bulletin is based were conducted in cooperation between the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, the State Board of Agriculture, and the North Carolina Station. After briefly describing the black rot and its effect upon the grape, the author describes the action of this disease as observed in North Carolina during 1902. «Bul. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, 1903, Mar. 592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiments were conducteil in 2 .separate localities, and the time of appearance and subsequent reappearance of the fungus in an epidemit;al form is given. Con- siderable difference in susceptibility of varieties is noted, Delaware, Brighton, Catawba, Concord, and several others being but little affected, while Goethe and Salem grapes were badly diseased and Niagara was affected the wonst of all. Most of the experiments were on the latter variety, although small blocks of other varie- ties were sprayed. The fungicide used was J5ordeaux mixture, several different formulas of the preparation being used, and as a rule 6 applications were given the vines. In addition to spraying, the effect of inclosing the launches of grapes in paper bags, picking off diseased leaves and berries, and tlie effect of fertilizers were investigated. The results of the different treatments are shown, together with the relative cost. The experiments showed that ordinarily spraying with a 6:4:50 solution of Bor- deaux mixture gave the best results, but in wet seasons, or during hot, wet, or muggy weather a stronger solution should be used. Bagging was found to protect the fruit from the fungus, but did not have the advantage possessed by the Bordeaux mixture of protecting the foliage and thus prolonging the growing season of the vines. The cost of spraying averaged $15.52 per acre. The use of copper in combating- gray rot of grapes, C. de James {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'K^l), 24- {1903), No. 46, P- 571).— Aw account is given in which the author complains of the inefficiency of copper compounds as a means for the pre- vention of this disease. Applications were made of a mixture of triturated sulphur, sulphosteatite, and superphosphate, but after a brief period of rain the disease appeared with great destructiveness on both treated and untreated vines. Powdery milde-w and some grape hybrids, J. de Bouttes {Prog. Ayr. et Vit. {Ed. L' Est), 24 {1903), No. 43, pp. 547, 548). — An account is given of the resistance of certain hybrids to powdery mildew. These hybrids have been produced at Flamarens, and represent the crosses of a number of different varieties. Some of the best hybrids are found to be the most resistant to the powdery mildew, as shown by their appearance at the close of the season. Where no fungicides had been used, one particular variety was found not only resistant to powdery mildew, but to the downy mildew as well. The change in coloration of copper and sulphur fungicides after prepara- tion, J. M. GuiLLON {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 136 {1903), No. 24, pp. 1483, 1484)- — In a previous communication (E. S. R., 14, p. 669) the author called attention to the possibility of combating downy and powdery mildew of grape by applications of Bordeaux mixture and sulphur. This mixture simply holds the sulphur in sus- pension, and it is found that if not used immediately a decided change takes place in the color of the solution, which at length becomes nearly black. This change is the result of the formation of insoluble sulphur compounds. If this change does not take place it is an indication that the adherence of the compound has been diminished and that the solution should be used immediately after preparation. A pepper vine disease, C. A. Barber {Planting Opinion, 8 {1903), No. 35, pp. 618-621). — The author describes some diseases to which pepi^er vines are subject, dividing them into 3 classes, one of which is called "canker," the second due to the attack of nematodes, while the third is caused by the presence of the mycelium of some fungus growing in the vessels of the plants to such an extent as to prevent their water conduction. Each of the diseases is briefly described and a suggestion is given for a possible prevention. The dry-rot fungus, C. von Tubeup {Naturw. Ztschr. Land- u. Forstw., 1 {1903), Nos. 3, pp. 89-104; 7, pp. 249-268, ph. 2, figs. 4).— On account of its economic import- ance studies were made of Merulius lacrymans, the dry-rot fungus of timber. The occurrence and distribution of the fungus are commented upon, and investigations reported on the possibility of the fungus living parasitically in the living trees, its winter condition, spore formation, growth, and results of culture experiments. ENTOMOLOGY. 593 A disease of plane trees, J. Beauverie [Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL Paris, 136 {1903), No. 25, pp. 1586-15S8). — A description is given of a disease of plane trees caused by Glceosporium nervisequum. This fungus, which is usually supposed to con- fine its attack to the leaves, has been found to infest the extremities of young branches and sometimes even the larger ones and the trunks of the trees. When attacking the stems and branches of the trees the fungus destroys the cambium and j)hloem and survives from year to year as a mycelium in the tissues of the host, ap]H^aring in the spring to spread to other plants. From this form it spreads directly to the leaves, and so severe has been the attack in certain regions that it is feared the I)lanting of plane trees will have to be abandoned. The "stagheadedness" of spruce, C. von Tubeuf {Naturiv. Ztschr. Land- u. Forsiw., 1 {1903), No. 1, pp. 1-9, figs. 4)- — An examination was made of some of the causes of the frequent occurrence in spruce and other trees of ' 'stagheadedness, ' ' by which is meant the death of one-third or more of the tops of the trees. This condi- tion is of wide extent and has been attributed to various causes. The author seems inclined to the opinion that the preliminary injury is due to electric discharges through the trees, followed by attacks of bark beetles, fungi, etc. The anatomical and pathological structure of stagheaded coniferous trees, C. VON Tubeuf {Naturw. Ztschr. Land- u. Forstw., 1 {1903), Nos. 8, pp. 309-315; 9, pp. 367-37^2; 10, pp. 413-416, pis. 2, figs. 7). — The anatomical and pathological structure of larch, spruce, pine, and other coniferous trees, as modified by the disease known as staghead, is described. The leaf cast of Pinus cemtora, H. C. Schellenberg {Natww. Ztschr. Land- u. Forstw., 1 {1903), No. 8, pp. 306-309). — A discussion is given of the leaf cast of Pinus cembra, which is attributed to LopJioderminrn pinastri. A disease of Phoenix, W. H. Taplin {Amer. Florist, 21 {1903), No. 806, p. 587).— A brief account is given of an attack of palm leaves by the fungus Peronospora phoenixx. This fungus is often found upon a number of species of Phcenix, and renders the leaves unsightly as well as interfering with their functional activity. When specimens are badly affected the author recommends as a means of checking the further spread of the disease burning, or thorough applications of Bordeaux mixture of moderate strength to the mfected foliage. ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, E. D. Sanderson {Delaimre Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 109- 151, pis. 6, fig. 1) . — Experiments were made with remedies for codling moth. Trees in various parts of the State were sprayed with different arsenical insecticides, and the results indicated that arsenate of lead applied at the rate of 1 lb. to 50 gal. of water gave a larger percentage of perfect fruit than the arsenites of lime or soda, or Paris green or green arsenoid. All these arsenicals, with the exception of the arsen- ate of lead, were of about the same value. It was found to be unnecessary to make 3 applications provided the first 2 were properly done and the addition of adhesives to the arsenical sprays proved to be of doubtful value. The addition of kerosene to arsenical applications was made without harm to the trees. The benefit from the most successful sj^raying for codling moth was estimated at from 25 to 75 per cent. Notes are also given on insect parasites of the codling moth, and on banding trees. About 4 per cent of the larvse were captured by banding. Spraying experiments with various contact insecticides and fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. Aphis Punk, Nikoteen, tobacco leaves, and Nicoticide were made in the control of plant lice, including Aphis porni, A. sorhi, and A.fitchii. The best results were obtained by hydrocyanic-acid gas. The San Jose scale was successfully controlled by the use of the California wash and by summer applications of crude petroleum or kerosene. The kerosene was not as effective as crude jjetroleum. A number of Asiatic ladybird 5V)4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. beetles were received from tlu- Division of Entoiiif this Dcitartiucnt, l)ut tlicir value in Delaware has not yet been deterniined. In controlling the strawberry root louse the best results were obtained l)y ))Uiiiing over infested patches and by fumigating with hydrocyanic-acid gas or dii)i)ing in tobacco water. Whale-oil soap and kerosene emulsion injured a large number of the plants which weredii)iK'd into tlu'se solutions. Notes are also i)resented on the jHTiodical cicada, harlequin cabbage l)Ug, white-marked tussock-moth, fall web- worm, strawberry weevil, a])pl('-tree tent caterjiillar, ])lum cnrculio, etc. First annual report on the noxious insects of the State of Illinois, l>. J). W.\LSii {Bloombujton: Illinois State Hort. Soc, 1903, 2. ed., pp. I40, ]>!. 1). — In a pref- ace to this edition, written by S. A. Forbes, it is stated that the report has long been out of print and that this edition is issued on account of the value of the material contained in the report. The subjects treated include grape curculio, grape-leaf gall-louse, rose bug, grape-root borer, codling moth, apple maggot, oyster-shell bark-lotise, woolly aphis, plum curculio, plum moth, locusts, etc. Report of the State entomologist, W. INI. Schoyen {Aan^Jxr. Ojfcnt. Foranstalt. Laiidhr. Frcmme, 1902, pt. 1, 2^P- 110-153, fuja. 21). — As usual in these reports the entomologist presents descriptive biological and economic notes on the insects which were of most importance during the year in Norway. Among the numerous species discussed mention may be made of the following: Crane flies, frit fly, pea weevil, cabbage-leaf maggot, flea-beetles, cabbage butterfly, carrot fly, tarnished plant bug, ajjple weevil, pear-leaf blister-mite, Argyresthia ephippella, currant sawfly, Bomhi/x pini, and various other species injurious to pine and other cultivated trees and i)lants. First report on economic zoology, F. V. Theobald (London: British Mus. Nat. //^s^, 1903, pp. XXXIY^192, figs. IS). — This volume includes a large number of mis- cellaneous articles on economic zoology and is intended for iise by the Board of Agri- culture of London. The introduction was prepared by E. R. Lankester and contains a classification of animals into groups, from the point of view of economic entomol- ogy. The various ways in which animals affect man are mentioned, with examples of species mider each group. A large number of miscellaneous insects and other noxious animals are discussed under groups according as they are injurious to field crops, horticulture, trees, domestic animals, household materials, etc. Copies are also given of reports to for- eign and colonial offices on the subjects of tsetse fiy, white ants, locust plagues, etc., and a list is presented of North African locusts and white ants. Hessian fly reared in the laboratory, F. L. Washburn [Canad. Ent., 35 {1903), No. 11, J). 316) . — The author presents data obtained from breeding experiments with the Hessian fly in the laboratory and also from observations in the field. The possi- bility of a second brood of Hessian fly is suggested by these observations. Remigia latipes, A. Hempel {Bol. Agr. Sclo Paido, 4- ser., 1903, No. 7, pp. 314-320. ) — The caterpillars of this species are injurious to corn, millet, and other cultivated plants. Notes are given on the appearance of this insect in its different stages, on the means of distribution, natural enemies, and artificial insecticide treatment. Insect and fungous enemies of the peach, plum, cherry, fi.g, and persim- mon, F. Sherman, Jr. {North Carolina Sta. Bid. 186, jyp- 5-22, figi^. 7). — Notes on fruit-tree bark-beetle, San Jose scale, plum curculio, fig eater, peach-tree borer, peach-twig borer, black i)each ajihis, twig girdler, fall webworm, etc. Fighting the San Jose scale insect in 1903, W. E. Britton and B. H. Walden {Connecticut State Sta. Bid. 144, pp- 26, pAs. 3). — During the season of 1903 spraying experiments were made on about 11,500 trees, including peach, pear, and apple. The insecticides used were lime, sulphur, and salt; lime, sulphur, and copper sul- phate; lime and sulphur; lime and potassium sulphid; whitewash; strong Bordeaux mixture; and a 25 per cent mechanical mixture of crude oil, all being applied to dormant trees, while kerosene soap emulsion was used upon growing trees. ENTOMOLOGY. 595 The California wash was used more extensively than any other insecticide, and the lime-sulphiir mixture and the lime and potassium sulphid proved about equally efficacious. Whitewash and Bordeaux mixture proved unsatisfactory. The Oregon wash was also less effective than the California wash. Crude oil is regarded as a very effective insecticide, but is considered somewhat dangerous in the hands of the average orchard ist. Throughoiit the State nearly 40,000 trees were sprayed by orchardists with the lime-sulphur mixture with satisfactory results. This remedy adhered longest to the trees when apidied just before the appearance of the leaves. Kerosene emulsion i)roved rather unsatisfactory as a summer treatment. The treatment of orchards infested with San Jose scale, W. Newell {Georgia Stale Bd. Eiit. Bid. S, pp. 20, figs. 2) . — The author briefly discussed the insecticide work which has been done by the Georgia State Board of Entomology since 1898. During this period various materials, washes, and patent insecticides have been tested, but none has proved satisfactory except oil treatments and lime-sulphur-salt wash. In the use of oils the best results were obtained when they were applied in the form of emulsions. In February, 1903, a large orchard was sprayed with regular strength of lime-sulphur-salt wash, all trees being thoroughly coated. The results of this application are presented in tabular form. It appears that the lime-sulphur-salt is not immediately destructive to adult insects, but has the power for a considerable time of preventing the larvae from establishing themselves. This insecticide also destroys the scaly covering and exposes the mature insects to the action of the weather and jjredaceous enemies. Further experiments with lime-sulphur-salt wash were conducted in a number of other orchards and with uniformly gratifying results. In no instance was any injury done to the trees except where the wash was applied after the buds were beginning to open. Further experiments showed that this remedy could be applied as a sum- mer treatment provided care was exercised not to cover the foliage and undergrowth. The lime-sulphur-salt mixture was believed to be more effective and safer than any of the emulsions and mixtures of oils. It is recommended that this remedy be applied in December and again toward the end of February or first of March. The codling- moth, C. B. Simpson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bui. 41, pp. 105, ph. 16, figs. 19). — The present Inilletin is the final report of the author on his investigation of the codling moth of the Northwest. Previous preliminary reports have already been noted (E. S. R., 14, pp. 468, 536). The subject of the codling moth is discussed in a general manner, the following topics being included in the bulletin: Systematic position of the codling moth, vari- eties, geographical distribution, means of spread, depredations, food habits, life his- tory, and means of combating the insect. The author concludes that there are but 2 broods of codling moth per year in the arid parts of the West, and that the exist- ence of a third brood is not yet proved. In controlling the codling moth spraying with arsenicals is recommended at 2 periods corresponding to the 2 generations of the insect. At the early period 2 applications should be made, 1 a few days after the petals fall and the other about 2 weeks later. In Idaho the second generation of larvfe begin to enter the apples about the last week in July and the third spraying is required at this period. In addition to spraying, banding the trees and the destruction of larvaj in wind- falls are recommended. The author concludes that by the use of proper preventive measures, such as spraying and banding for a period of years, the injury from the codling moth may be reduced from nearly 100 per cent to from 5 to 10 per cent. A bibliography of literature on the codling moth is appended to the bulletin. When to spray for codling- moth, G. Quinn {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 7 {1903), No. 3, p. 140). — The author recommends that the first spraying should be made when the young fruits are just formed, and the second 9 or 10 days later. 596 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Other iijiplications may be inado at intervals of from 14 to 20 days. As an insecticide Kedzie'.s formula foraryenite of lime is recommended. The peach-tree borer, C. L. Maklatt ( f7. S. Dept. A)>. 0,fip. i.'41-J')0, Ji(j>^. 2). — Economic and ])iological notes are presented on Relima resinella, Ii. duplana, Ii. huoliaiui, and 7t. turionana. The last-named species is very injurious to pines in Holland and elsewhere in Europe and notes are given on its injurious effects, manifested in the malformations of growing twigs of jjines. In controlling this species in the nursery or in young trees the author recommends that the larvte be crushed in the infested buds, and that badly infested trees be removed. It is desirable that deciduous trees be planted around areas of conifers. A study of insect metamorphosis, C. Perez {Bui. Sci. France et Belg., 37 {1903) , pp. 195-4^7, ph. 3, figs. 32). — The author made an elaborate study of the metamor- phosis of Formica rufa. Notes are given on various details of gross and microscopic anatomy as observed during the different developmental stages of this insect. The literature of the subject is critically discussed in connection with a bibliography. The cocooning- habit of spiders, T. H. Scheffer {Lulustriali^l, 30 {1903), No. 6, pp. S8-93). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of various species of spiders with special reference to the purpose and method of constructing cocoons. Several species of spiders were studied, including Araneus trifolium, Argiope auran- tia, etc. Millipedes and centipedes {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries \_London], Leaflet 94, pp. 4, tigs. 3) .—Notes are given on the habits and life history of these animals and on the means of combating them. Since they are usually distributed in leaf mold and similar substances, it is recommended that such material be mixed with lime or that infested soil be treated with bisulphid of carbon. The Trichodectidse, M. Morse {Amer. Nat., 37 {1903), No. 441, pp. 609-624, figs. 18) . — Notes are given on the feeding habits of the genus Trichodectes and a key is presented to assist in the identification of the 18 species which are recognized as occurring in North. America. A brief list of literature relating to this genus is also presented. Detailed descriptive notes are given for each of the species. The Diplopoda, P. Silvestri {Classis Dijjlopoda. Portici: E. Delia Torre, 1903, vol. 1, ]ip. 272, pis. 4, figs- 346). — In this first volume of the author's account of the Diplopoda the anatomical structure of species of this group is described in detail, and the most important features are illustrated. Especial attention is given to the anatomy of the integument, muscles, and body segments. Certain new cercomonadines, little-known parasites in the intestines of insects, L. Leger {Arch. Proiistcnkunde, 2 {1903), No. 1, pp. 180-189, figs. 4)-— Notes are given on a number of protozoan organisms parasitic in' the intestines of common insects, such as the house fly and species of Tabanus, etc. The parasitic organisms include iiZer/>eto?«ona.s musac, II. gracilis, H. lesnei, and species of Crithidia. The monthly bulletin of the Division of Zoology, H. A. Surface {Pennsyl- vania State Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Dlv. Zool, 1 {1903), No. 4, pp. 32, X)h. 2). — Brief notes on plant diseases and insect pests of the month of August, carpet beetle, grain weevil, game birds, and weeds. Report of the economic zoologist, B. F. MacCartney {Pennsylvaida Slate Dept. Agr. lipt. 1902, jjt. 1, pp. 171-178). — A brief account is presented of the nursery inspection in connection with a list of the nurserymen of Pennsylvania. Canadian law relative to imports of nursery stock, F. S. S. Johnson ( U. S. Considar Rpts., 73 {1903), No. 279, pp. 637-639) .—The attention of nurserymen is called to the inspection law of Canada relative to trees, plants, cuttings, buds, etc., liable to infestation by San Jose scale. Such shipments will be fumigated by the ENTOMOLOGY. 597 Canadian government officials at the risk of the shijijjers or consignees. A list of plants exempt from fumigation is also given. The use of hydrocyanic-acid gas in the control of insects, H. Faes {Bui. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., 4. ser., 39 {1903), No. 146, jip. 65-6";?).— Attention is called to the disadvantages in the use of carbon bisulphid as compared to hydrocyanic-acid gas. A number of experiments were made by the author in fumigating greenhouses which contained a large variety of plants of different hardiness, infested with scale insects and plant lice. The amount of cyanid of potash used per cubic meter of spa(!e varied from 2 to 5.25 gm., while the sulphuric acid and water were used at the rate of 4.5 cc. and 6.75 cc, respectively, for each 3 gm. of cyanid. The period of fumigation varied from 25 to 35 minutes. It was found on ventilating the greenhouse after fumigation that the gas had entirely disappeared within 15 minutes. A list is given of the plants in the various greenhouses in which experiments were made. The insects which it was specially desired to kill were Dactylopius adonidum and Aphis dianthi. When cyanid was used at the rate of 3.5 gm. per cubic meter and the greenhouse was fumigated for 30 minutes, all species of scale insects, includ- ing the one just mentioned, were killed. Equally satisfactory results were obtained in the destruction of plant lice. Observations were also made to determine the effect of the gas upon other ani- mals. When the cyanid was used at the rate of 3.5 gm. per cubic meter, white mice and guinea pigs were killed within 5 minutes, and cats succumbed after 15 minutes. Frogs and salamanders were destroyed during a fumigation period of ordi- nary length. No injury was done to plants except when a large quantity of cyanid was used. The author considers that 5.3 gm. per cubic meter is too much and recommends for the fumigation of greenhouses a charge of 4.25 gm. per cubic meter. Insecticides, C. L. Penny {DeUmare Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. ^4-87). — An analysis of a samijle of arsenite of lime as prejiared by a fruit grower showed that only 6.77 per cent of arsenious acid was present and that probably some of the acid was lost in boiling. The addition of sodium arsenite to Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 2 oz. per barrel was found to leave about 2.75 per cent of the total arsenious acid in solu- tion. This quantity, however, is considered harmless in Bordeaux mixture. When Paris green, Bordeaux mixture, and crude petroleum were shaken together it was found that after being allowed to stand for some time a greenish blue scum formed on the surface, consisting of petroleum, while a clear middle layer consisting of the clear portion of the Bordeaux mixture was formed, and a blue precipitate, consisting of the sedimentary portion of the Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, collected at the bottom. In mixing whale-oil soap, Paris green, and Bordeaux mix- ture it was found that the clear solution of soap was completely precipitated by the Bordeaux mixture, and that an insoluble lime soap was thus formed. Neither cop- per hydroxid nor Paris green was found to have any perceptible chemical effect on whale-oil soap when the latter was mixed and agitated with either of the former. Remedies for insect and fung-us pests of the orchard and farm, A. M. Lea {Tasmania: Dept. Agr., 1903, ;?. ed., pj). 53, figs. 30). — This is an enlarged and revised form of the original edition (E. S. R., 14, pp. 466, 467). A monograph of the Culicideo or mosquitoes, F. V. Theobald {London: British 31us. Nat. Hist., 1903, vol. 3, pp. XVI-i'359, jils. 17, figs. 193).— This is a con- tinuation of the author's monograph on mosquitoes (E. S. E., 13, p. 770), and was issued for the purpose of including descriptions of new species and other interesting material which has been examined since the publication of the 2 previous volumes. More than 100 additional collections have been received and from these collections 88 new species and 8 new varieties have been found and described. Notes are given on the biology and life history of the more important species. Soil nitrification v. the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases, A. E. Waddell {Lancet [Londonl, 1903, J, Nu. 23, p>p. 15S9-1590; abs. in 598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A(jr. AVc'.s- [JhirlxidoH], 2 (lOO^i), So. Sr>, ji. 270). — " Tlu' author utates that one part of etroiij^ liijuor ainiiionia' in 4,000 parts of water is fatal to the mature mosquito larva, and concludes that the addition of nitrogen compounds to surface waters, through tlu' medium of actively nitrifying soils, should jirove an effective means of checking the multiplication of mosquitoes and of preventing malaria." Bees and bee keeping, II. Pxllak, Jr. {Rpl. Supt. Farmers^ Inst}<. Brithh Colum- bia, 4 {1902), pp. 37-40). — A brief outline is presented of the operations which are necessary in the successful management of bees, including notes on drones, hives, swarming, honey plants, etc. The use of bee escapes, E. Bertrand {Rev. Internal. Apicull., 25 {1903), No. 10, pp. 201-203, figs. 2). — A Vjrief description of the mechanism of these devices and on the advantages of using them in the management of bees. Means of ridding combs of the larvae of drones, N. Barthelemy {Rev. Inter- mit. Apicull., 25 {1903), So. 10, pp. 207, 20S). — The author calls attention to the desirability of examining the combs for the presence of male larvfe, and gives brief notes on practical methods for removing them from the comb. Experiments with, the glossometer, J. Maistre {Rev. Internal. Apicull., 25 {1903), No. 10, pp. 198, 199). — The author made a number of measurements of the tongues of bees for the purpose of determining the possible effect of crossing Italian and native bees upon the lengthening of the tongues. The results are encouraging, but not yet conclusive. Silk industry of the United States and of France, J. C. Covert ( U. S. Consular R]}tf<., 73 {1903), No. 279, pp. 625-628). — Statistics are given on the value of silk fab- rics produced in the United States and France and on the general conditions of this industry. • FOODS— NUTRITION. Foods; their composition and analysis, A. W. and M. W. Blyth {New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1903, 5. ed., pp. 616).- — The authoi's state that this volume has, to a great extent, been rewritten, much new material being added to the text, as well as new tables and diagrams. Chapters on the detection and estimation of arsenic, the composition and analysis of spices, and the bacteriology of water constitute a part of the new material. The microscopical examination of food and drugs, H. G. Greenish {London: J. and A. Churchill, 1903, pp. 321, pis. 168; rev. in Public Health, 16 {1903), No. 2, p. 99). — "The book is divided into 12 sections, dealing respectively with starches, hairs and textile fibers, spores and glands, ergot, Avoods and stems, leaves, barks, seeds, fruits, rhizomes and roots, with 2 apjaendices, one on the preparation of reagents and the other on the varieties of cell wall and cell contents." Directions are given for preparing and mounting specimens, and much information is included regarding the foods, etc., descril)ed. The acid content of bread or similar bakers' goods, A. Schmid {Jahresber. Thurgau. Kanton. Lab., 7 {1902); abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 {1903), No. 21, p. 1008). — As shown by the results of 26 analyses of goods from 4 bakeries the acid content varied from 2 to 9 degrees. The acid content of 9 samples of grits varied from 2.5 to 3.7 degrees. Analyses of bakers' goods, Balland {Jour. Pharm. el Chim., 6. ser., 16 {1902), No. 11, pp. 533-535; ab.9. in Ztschr. Uiiterstich. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 {1903), No. 21, p. 1009). — Analyses are reported of a number of Ijiscuits, cakes, and similar goods. Concerning tropical flours and starches used as foods, Balland {Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6. ser., 17 {1903) , No. 10, pp. 476-478). — Analyses are reported of ape starch {Arum macrorhizum) , conophallus meal from tubers of an Amorphophallus, tavolo starch ( Tacca pinnatifida) , mape starch {Inocarpus edidis), nete meal {Parkia biglobosa), arrowroot {Maranta arundinacea), banana meal, caryot starch {Caryota urens), sago FOODS NUTRITION. 599 starch {Sagus rumphii), talipot starch or raw pahnirah root flour (Corypha umhra- ctilifera), and bread-fruit flour. Foodstuffs made from cassava, Balland (/o«r. Pharm. et Chlm. , 6 . ser. , 17 (1903) , No. 7, pp. 316-319) . — The author reports the composition of cassava meal, starch, tapioca, cassava cakes, and other products. The utilization of rice and rice by-products {Bol. Agr. Suo Paulo, 4. ser., 1903, No. 6, pp. 269-271). — A descriptive article quoting analyses. Sorghum flour {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 4- ser., 1903, No. 6, pp. 272, 273).— The manufacture and uses of sorghum flour are described. Banana flour, E. Leusciier {Jour. Agr. Trop., S {1903), No. 28, pp. 304-306). — Information regarding banana flour is summarized and l)riefly discussed. Leuscher's method of preparing banana flour, J. Neish {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 7 {1903), No. 11, pp. 439-441). — The method referred to is essentially as fol- lows: Selected green bananas are plunged into water at 80° C. to facilitate peeling and after remaining in the water from 4 to 5 minutes are removed, peeled, and intro- duced into a vacuum dryer having a pressure of 700 mm. While drying the bananas are kept in motion by means of stirrers which alternate and move between fixed knives. The drying is completed in about 2 hours, after which the mass is passed through sieves with 120 meshes to the square inch. Any material which may remain is passed through a simple mill and sifted afresh. A banana flour of good keeping quality, it is said, contains about 15 per cent water. The determination of the baking quality and value of East Prussian wheat, E. Reisch {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 52 {1903), No». 15, pp. 545-552; 16, pp. .576-585; 17, pp. 605-624; 18, pp. 654-670, figs. 5; 19, 2^p. 700-712, figs. ^).— In the author's opinion laboratory methods for determining the baking quality of flour are better fitted to give reliable results than practical tests in a bakery. Using such methods an extended investigation was made with flours ground from East Prussian wheats. The results obtained showed that there was considerable variation between winter and spring wheat grown on the same land, and between the crops of different sea- sons, the amount of rainfall, for instance, having a marked effect on the composition of the crop, and that such considerations must be taken into account in judging of the quality of the wheat from any given region. Other conclusions have to do with details of the methods followed. Milk in powdered form {Breeders' Gaz., 44 {1903), No. 18, p. 724).— The method of manufacturing a desiccated and powdered product from skim milk, which it is claimed can be used in many ways as an article of diet, is briefly described. Studies of the more important milk preparations in Switzerland with special reference to the chemical composition, germ content, coagulability, and the digestibility in vitro, F. Sidler {Arch. Hyg., 47 {1903), No. 4, pp. 327- 4O6) . — From investigations made with a large number of samples of pasteurized, sterilized, and condensed milks prepared in Switzerland on a commercial scale the following conclusions were drawn: All the milk preparations examined conformed to the requirements of the Swiss Food Control. On account of the heat employed in manufacture the amount of so-called soluble protein in all the samples, with the exception of one brand, was about one-third less than in normal unheated milk. One of the sorts of modified milk did not agree with its purported composition, doubtless because the heat employed in sterilizing had changed the ratio of casein to dissolved proteids. As shown by cultures, 28 of the 109 samples of bottled and canned milk examined con- tained bacteria, although in most cases no change could be noted in the milk. In Switzerland as in Germany "sterilized" milk is not always free from micro- organisms. The effect of hydrochloric acid upon the milk was found to vary with the degree of heat which had been employed and the method of manufacture. Coagulation 600 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with remu't also varied with the degrt-o of heut I'lnjiloyed. (lenerally speaking, the higher the temperature the slower the rate of coagulation. As shown hy artifirial digestion experiments, the different milk preparations varied little in digestibility, condensed milks being somewhat less thoroughly digi'sted than tlu' bottled goods. It was noted that the amount of hydrochloric acid used had a marked effect upon the digestibility of the sample, much more being digested when 1 per cent was added than with either 0.5 or 0.25 per cent. A bibliography is aj^pended. Holland's export meat trade, T. A. L. Beel {Ztschr. Fleich- u. Milchhyg., 13 {1903), Xo. 9, pp. 273, J79). —Tlw official regulations governing the export meat trade are quoted. The sorghum beer of the Matabeles, H. Neuville {Jour. Agr. Trop., 3 {1903), No. 28, pp. 296-298). — A descriptive article quoting an analysis by S. A. Pingstone. Among other topics the author discusses the character of the fermentation which takes place in the manufacture of sorghum beer. Means for the prolongation of life, H. Weber {British Med. Jour., 1903, No. 2240, pp. 1445-145 1). — In addition to other matters the author discusses food and diet in relation to longevity. Moderation in eating and drinking is recommended, especially as old age approaches. Observations on the digestion of proteids with papain, L. B. Mendel and F. P. Underhill ( Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., 11 {1901-3), pt. 1, pp. 1-14)- — The data reported have been noted from another publication (E. S. R., 14, p. 680). The value of calorimetric examination, A. Schlossmann {Berlin. Klin. Wrhnschr., 50 {1903), No. 12, pp. 264, 265; ah.t. in British Med. Jour., 1903, No. 2234, p. 61. ) — The importance of determining the fuel value of food and excretory products for clinical purposes is fjointed out. The emplojrment of the Berthelot bomb calorimeter for determining the existence of arsenic in the body, G. Bertrand {Ann. /».s^ Pasteur, 17 {1903), No. 9, pp. 581-586). — On the basis of experiments which are reported, the author recommends the determination of arsenic in the residue remaining in the bomb after combustion is completed as a suitable method for estimating this element in materials of animal origin. Phosphorus metabolism by adult man, R. Ehrstrom ( Yersmnml. Nord. Naturf. ti. Aerzt., Verhandl. >%±. Anat., Physiol, u. Med. Chem., 1902, pp. 87, 88).— A. brief account of an investigation included in a report noted from another publication (E. S. R., 14, p. 1100). ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Concentrated feeds, C. Bohmer {Die Kraftfuttermittel. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1903, pp. XII-\-650, figs. 194). — This volume, which is designed as a practical handbook, takes into account the sources from which concentrated feeds are derived, their method of preparation, composition, digestibility, and uses, special attention being paid to the detection of adulteration and to microscopical analysis. The sections into which the book is divided are cereals and milling processes; microscopical examinations of feeding stuffs for the detection of adulterants and determining age; cereal grains, milling products, and by-products of fermentation; leguminous seeds and their liy-products; l)y-products of oil making; and meat meals and condimental feeds. "Weed seeds and a number of other topics are treated of in an appendix. The valuation of feeding stuflfs, C. Kromphardt, G. Faye, et al. ( Ugeskr. Landm., 48 {1903), No. 23, pp. 249-253). — According to the authors, the value of a concentrated feed is represented by the protein multiplied by 1.5, plus the fat multi- plied by 2.4, plus the nitrogen-free extract, plus 0.5 times the crude fiber, digestible a«trients being considered in every case. The factor 1.5 represents the cost of nitrog- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 601 enoiis conipoiK^nts wlion tlit> nonnitrngenons snl)stances, according to average prices of different feeding stuffs in common use in Denmark, are assumed to be equal to 1. Protein is taken as equivalent to nitrogen multiplied by 6.25. — f. w. woll. The nutritive value of feeding- stuffs, G. Faye ( Ugesh: Lanchn., 4S {ifiOS), No. 28, pp. 303, 303). — In continuation of the above, the author advocates the use of isodynamic units for the comparison of the value of feetKng stuffs, as follows: Protein plus 2.4 times the fat, plus nitrogen-free extract, plus 0.5 times the crude fiber. — f. w. vroLL. Concerning- the nutritive value of cellulose, B. TJstyantsev {Zap. Novo-Alcx- andri Iti.^f. SrM. Klioz. i X?/t'.sor, L5 [1002), No. 2, pp. 101-191). — In view of the great differences of opinion regarding the nutritive value of cellulose, the author undertook a series of investigations on the subject, using 2 sheep and 3 rabbits, studying with the sheep the effect of the influence of crude fiber on the metabolism of nitrogen and with the rabbits taking into account the metabolism of carbon as well. The resjnratory products were studied hy the method elaborated by Pashutine and his associates. The principal conclusions follow: In the case of sheei> the digestible crude cellulose exercised little influence on the cleavage of protein. Wh«n pentosaHS and pure cellulose were considered, the effect of the cellulose was more marked. Digestible crude cellulose, as well as pure cellu- lose and pentosans had a much smaller protein-protecting power than starch and sugar with both sheep and rabbits. In the case of rabbits, the experiments showed that the addition of cellulose to a ration practically free from it decreased the outgo of nitrogen in the urine. However, this was largely compensated for by the larger ])roportion of nitrogen excreted in the feces. Cellulose was found to protect fat from cleavage to a c-ertain extent and, therefore, the author believes, may justly be called a nutrient. — p. fireman. The feeding value of whale-flesh meal, S. Hals and A. Kavli {Norsk Land- mamJiiJihul, 22 {1903), No. 30, ;);>. .m5-^S»7) . —Analyses of 27 samples of whale-flesh meals of different origin are given, together with figures for the digestibility of pro- tein as determined by the Stutzer method, and for the ammonia content. The following table shows average results, the material designated No. 1 being a pure product, and No. 2 a product containing considerable quantities of bone, which it is stated might be properly considered as a whale guano: ^ Composition of whale JiesJi and ivhale-flesh meal. Whale-flesh meal, No. 1 (pure product)... Whale-flesh meal, No. 2 (meal with bone) Fresh whale flesh Water. Per cent. 7.28 .5.60 81.58 Protein. Per cent. 62. 27 51. 11 10.37 Per cent. 25. 07 21.87 .86 Ash. Per cent. 4.78 19.18 .39 Coefficient of digesti- bility of protein. Per cent. 71.4 72.8 98.3 The relatively low figures for the digestibility of the protein of whale-flesh meal was attributed to the high temperatures employed in drying it. A low water content was ac-companied by low digestibility and a small percentage of ammonia. In the case of 7 samples, containing on an average 5.6 per cent water, the average coefiicient of digestibility of protein was 62.8 per cent and the average ammonia content 0.15 I)er cent, as coinimred with a digestion coefficient for j)rotein of 76.7 per cent and an ammonia content of 0.39 per cent in the case of 15 samples containing on an average 8.24 jier cent water. — f. w. woll. Molasses in the feeding- of farm animals, P. Dechambke {Bui. Agr. Alger ie el Tunisie, 9 {1903), No. 19, pp. 438-445). — A summary and discussion of work in this line. (102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Stock and poultry powders or condimental foods, J>. O. Noukse and M. FKiwii'sox (Virginia ,Sl(i. Bui. 144, j^p. 10). — Micros(;upifal analyses are reported of 23 kinds of condition powders, stock foods, condimental poultry foods, and similar goods. AVithout exception they were found to contain small amounts of such materials as charcoal, sulphur, alum, fenugreek, epsom salts, gentian, common salt, cayenne, and ginger, the greater bulk consisting of ordinary feeding stuffs such as grouud wheat feed, corn meal, linseed meal, cotton-seed meal, gluten, etc. Tlie authors point out that the actual cost of manufacture nmst be small, probably not exceeding $40 ])er ton, while the cost to the consumer varied from $140 to $1,600 per ton. The use of these condimental feeds is discouraged. "Whenever the condition of an animal is such as to require tonics or medicines of any kind, it is far better and much less expensive to employ a veterinarian to pre- scribe a treatment peculiar to its ailment, or when a veterinarian can not be had, the family physician can often advise a treatment which will be infinitely more reliable than an indiscriminate mixture which may have absolutely no value as a medicine." Colonial products of animal origin, H. J. de Cordemoy {Les produits coloraaux iVorir/iiie animale. Paris: J. B. Bailli^re & Son, 1903, pp. VIII-\-391, Jigs. 94). — In this volume, which is largely made up of descriptive and statistical matter, the author discusses food materials and industrial products. Under food materials are included preserved meats and meat i:)roducts, fish and fish products, edible birds' nests, etc. The industrial products include silkworms, fur-bearing animals, ivory, sponges, feathers, etc. The digestibility of dry and moist albumen with, and without the addition of meat extract, M. Voit {Ztschr. BioL, 45 {1903), No. 1, i)p. 79-103).— In experi- ments with dogs the digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, and nitrogen of dry meat meal was much less than in the case of freshly extracted meat. The addi- tion of meat extractives did not imjirove the digestibility of the meat protein. The bearing of the experiments on general questions of digestibility is discussed at length. Decomposition of vegetable feeding stuflfs by bacteria, J. Konig (Fiihling's Landir. Ztg., ,52 {1903), No. 9, pp. 322-326) .—Tha investigations here summarized have been noted from another publication (E. S. R., 15, p. 65). Products formed by rotting barley, J. K. Lermer {Ztschr. Gesam. Brauv., 1902, No. 25, p. 165; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 13 {1903), No. 18, pp. 948, 5.^.9).— The author studied and measured the gaseous products formed from barley at different stages of decomposition. Disembittering lupines, B. Shiryayev {Zap. Novo-Alexandri Inxt. ScM. Klwz. i Lgesov, 15 {1902), No. 2, pp. 193-197). — Good results were obtained in removing the bitter matter from lupines by boiling them for an hour and then washing for 24 hours in running water at 8° C. Detailed analyses of the lupines before and after treat- ment are reported. The total loss of dry matter varied from 16.5 to 18 per cent, the losses consisting largely of the less valuable constituents rather than alljumen. — v. FIREMAN. Meat production in Queensland, H. Dexler {Ztschr. Fleisch- u. Milchlujg., 13 {1902-3), Nos. 3, pp, 65-72; 4, pp. 97-105, figs. 4).—-^ descriptive article. Information concerning common goats, G. F. Thompson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bturau of Animal Industri/ Circ. 42, 2>P- U)- — The term "common goats" is used to include all mongrels, in order to distinguish them from Angora goats, which are a Sjiecific breed. Goat leather, according to the author, is always in demand, that of the conunon goats being useful for the manufacture of shoes and kid gloves, while that of the Angora is used for making morocco leather and to a considerable extent for the manufacture of heavy working gloves. In general, the longer the fleece the poorer the skin for leather making. Statistics are quoted regarding the number of goats in the United States and imports of goat skins. The fact is emphasized that though the total numl)er of goats kept in ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 603 the United States is large they are widely scattered and are seldom kept in large flocks, a fact which would render it diftlcult to secure any considerable number of common goats of desirable quality for breeding for leather. The value of goat flosh, the use of these animals as destroyers of brushwood and as milk jiroducers, as well as other topics connected with the industry, are discussed. The high-bred sheep and swine industry of England and its importance for German breeders, E. A. Brodermann {Schaf- unci Schweine-hochzuchten in Eng- land und Hire Bedeutung fur deutsche Zilchter. Berlin: Deut. Landw. Gesell., 1903, pp. 20). — Sheep and swine raising in England is discussed with special reference to its bearing upon similar industries in Germany. Refrigeration as applied to bacon curing, L. M. Douglas {Froc. Cold Storage and Ice Assoc, 4 {1903), Xo. 1, pp. 7-20, pis. 3). — A brief paper with discussion. Feeding stuflfe for horses, P. DechAxAibre and E. Curot {Les aliments du cheval. Paris: Asselin tt IFonzeau, 1903, ])p. XVIII -\r 455, Jigs. 5). — In this volume the authors discuss the composition of the body and the food requirements of horses, as well as the principal horse feeds and their nutritive and economic value, the whole consti- tuting a useful summary of information on these topics. There are also chapters on poisonous feeding stuffs and veterinary medicine. Cooperative records of the cost of producing eggs, H. H. Wing {Xew York Cornell Sta. Bui. 212, pp. 48, fig. i).— In continuation of j^revious work (E. S. R., 14, p. 486) the station has cooperated with a number of j)ractical poultry feeders for the purpose of obtaining data regarding the cost of the winter production of eggs under different conditions, the present investigation being in its essentials a duplicate of that reported earlier. At the start the flocks included ranged in number from 43 to 700, exclusive of males. In every case some died or were removed during the test, which began Deceml)er 1 and closed March 28, the time being divided into 4 periods, the second of 5 weeks anil all the others of 4 weeks each. "No restrictions were jilaced upon the owners as to how the fowls were to l)e fed, cared for, or managed. In brief, they were asked to produce, by their usual methods, the greatest possible mimber of eggs at the lowest possible cost and to re^iort each week the kind and amount of food consumed and the number of eggs produced." The average cost of feed jier dozen eggs was 18.7 cts. and the average price of eggs 23.4 cts. per dozen. Considering this and the- earlier test 29 flocks representing 10 owners and 5,200 fowls produced daily 22.8 eggs per 100 fowls, the average cost of feed per dozen eggs being 17.7 cts. The flocks which laid the most eggs during December and January also laid the most in March, and the hens which laid the most eggs produced them at the lowest cost per dozen regardless of the cost of the ration. The egjr production of pullets was noticeably in excess of that of hens, particularly dur- ing the early part of the winter when the price of eggs was highest. The average cost of feed for 17 weeks was $35.33 per 100 fowls, and the average value of the i)roduct exceeded the cost of feed by 116.13 i>er 100 fowls. A productive farmyard; ducks, swans, geese, and rabbits, L. Brechemin ( La liasse-cour j^rodvx;tive: PalmipMes et lapins. Paris, 1903, j)p. 344, .figs. 60; rev. in Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), Xo. 44, P- 581). — This volume, which is included in the Lihrairie agricole de la maison rustique, treats of the raising of ducks, swans, geese, and rab))its for profit. Concerning the passage of fat from food to the egg, and concerning the fatty acids of lecithin, V. HENKiQUEsandC. Hansen {Skand. Arch. Physiol., J4 {1903), X(i. I), pp. 390-397). — From some experiments with hens fed linseed products, and espe- cially some in which hemp seed was fed, the conclusion was drawn that a considerable portion of the fat of food can i)ass into the egg unchanged. In this respect the egg fat is comparable in formation with body fat rather than milk fat. 17672— No. 6—04 6 (',04 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Studies were made of lecithin from various animal sources and other fatty acids tlian stearic, palmitic, and oelic were identified, a fact which is not in accord with c-ommonly accepted theories. The fat of the lecithin molecule, the authors believe, has a different structure from that found in other animal fats and is constant, being iudejH'ndcnt of tlie kind of animal or the character of the fat in the feed. Concerning' the formation and composition of chicken fat, A. Zaitsciikk {Arrh. Fhysiol. lPjin'J<'r'\, 98 {I90S), No. 11-12, pj). 614-62^).— The effect of feeding milk on the composition of chicken fat was studied, one hen being given maize and milk and the other maize only. Cramming was resorted to in order that large amounts might ])e eaten. The conclusion was drawn that feeding whole milk induced the formation of a body fat which was similar to butter fat in composition except that no volatile fatty acids were formed. The nitrogen, phosi)horic acid, and ash in the llesh of the 2 hens were determined in addition to the fat. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Dairying' as a factor in the profitable utilization of farm lands, A. T. Neale {Ddairare Sta. Kpt. 1902, pp. 7-39). — A brief description is given of the dairy herd under observation and of its management. During the calendar year 1902, 13 cows were in the herd. The total yield of 10 cows of the herd was 39,987 lbs. of milk, containing on an average 4.9 per cent of butter fat. At creamery prices for butter fat the income from this source amounted to $;520.06. Five calves were sold for veal for $47.20, and 4 heifers were reserved for breeding purposes, their value being placed at $41.25; 2 other calves died during an experi- ment with a calf food. The skim milk was fed to pigs, the detailed data from the experiment being given. An actual balance of $28.24 was credited to the skim milk. Considerable explanations arp entered into concerning the small returns from this source, and the feeding of the pigs is discussed at some length. The avoidable losses and wastes in this experiment, amounting to $56.05, were attributed largely to the failure to combine rational feeding with practical care and attention. The total income from the herd of 10 cows was therefore $636.82, the cost of pur- chased feed was $91.80, and the cost of the 68 tons of silage produced and used for this purpose was $101.75. Notes are given on the production of the silage. The allowance for jiasturage of the cows was $53.62, and for labor and attendance $152.80. The total expense for food and labor was therefore $399.97, to Avhich was added $32.23 interest at 6 per cent on the capital invested. The net profit from the herd during the year was $204.62, or $20.46 per head. The land used in pasturing the herd was estimated as returning a net profit of $11.34 per acre, and that upon which the silage crops were grown a net profit of $16.36 per acre. The nature of the cap- ital involved is stated, the silo used is described, and the construction and value of silos in general is discussed (see p. 623). Had the milk been sold to a condensed milk factory instead of to a creamery, the skim milk being fed to heifers and pigs, the total income as estimated would have been $622.93 in jjlace of the $636.82 which was received. Furthermore, had the milk been sold to the wholesale market of Philadelphia, the income as estimated would have been $618.74; the conclusion being drawn that under the conditions of the experiment the creamery afforded the most satisfactory market. Investigations on the cattle of "Cowland," E. Fkank {Mitt. Landw. Inst, rnir. Breslau, 2 {1903), No. 3, j)p. 511-558). — The region referred to is located in the northern part of Austria, and includes portions of Moravia and Silesia. A descrip- tion is given of the region and of the cattle, together with considerable data relating to the different types of cows. Feeding experiments with linseed cake, K. H. M. van der Zanpe {Verdag Ver. E.vploit. FroefzuivelbocrderiJ, Hoorn, 1902, pp. 14-^2). — Linseed cake having an DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 605 unusually high percentage of acid decreased slightly the amount of milk produced. For practical purposes the author believes that the factor of acidity may be neg- lected. H. M. PIETERS. The cow-protector "Simplex" {Norsk iMndmandsblad, 2^2 {1903), No. 19, pp. 24O-242, fig. 1). — A simple Swedish device for keeping cows clean in the stable. A broad piece of sail cloth is attached behind the cows and suspended so the droppings fallin,:^: thereon do not come in contact with the animal or the liedding. — f. w. woll. Methods of milking-, with special reference to the manipulation method, F. W. Woll {Pennsylvania State Dept. Agr. Bui. 113, pp. 96, figs. 23). — The author discusses the structure of the cow's udder and the secretion of milk; describes the various methods of milking, paying particular attention to the Hegelund method, and gives the results of tests previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 14, p. 694). On the art of milking- {Landtm. Mdnadshl, 1903, No. 7, pp. 107-110). The lime content of the udder, M. Toyonaga {Bid. Col. Agr. Tokyo Imp. Univ., 5 {1903), No. 4, pp. 4o5-4-57). — In continuation of earlier work on the relation of lime to magnesia in animal tissues, the author determined the lime and magnesia in the udder of a cow. The water content of the specimen was 66.7 per cent. The lime content of the dry substance (as CaO) was 0.25 per cent and the magnesia was 0.06 per cent. The calcium content was higher than that reported by other investigators in the case of the spleen and muscle, while the content of magnesium was much lower than in these tissues. Influence of stimulating' substances upon milk secretion, G. Fingerlino {./our. Landu:., 51 {1903), No. 3, pp. 287, 288).— The, influence of malt sprouts and fenugreek was studied with a sheep, and of hay extract and fennel with a goat. Some variations in the yield and quality of the milk were attriljuted to the different sub- stances. Fennel in particular increased both the yield of milk and the percentages of fat, sugar, proteids, and ash. The fat content of cows' milk, Vanderplancken and A. J. J. Vandevelde {Repr. from Handel. Zesde I'l.aamsch Natuur- en Geneesk. Cong., Kortrijk, 1902, pp. 8) . — Data obtained at a creamery during 3 years showed that the highest percentage of fat occurred during the months of December, January, and February. — h. m. pieters. On variations in the fat content of cows' milk, L. Funder ( Tidsskr. Norske Landhr., 10 {1903), No. 4, pp. 168, 169). — A discussion of the various factors that influence, or are believed to influence, the fat content of cows' milk. — f. w. woll. The relation of temperature to the keeping property of milk, H. W. Conn ( Connecticut Starrs Sta. Bid. 26, pp. 16) . — This bulletin emphasizes the importance of low temperatures in keeping milk. In an experiment referred to in the discussion as an extreme case, the bacteria in milk multiplied 5-foid in 24 hours when the tem- perature was 50° F., and 750-fold in the same time when the temperature was 70°. Milk kept at 95° curdled in 18 hours, at 70° in 48 hours, and at 50° in 148 hours. So far as the keeping property of milk is concerned, low temperature is^onsidered of more importance than cleanliness. In milk kept at 95° the species developing most rapidly is the undesirable one known as Bacillus lactis serogenes. At a temperature of 70° this species develops rela- tively less rapidly in the majority of cases than B. lactis acidi, which latter is very desirable in both cream and cheese ripening. ' ' The bacteria in milk kept at 50° increase slowly, and later consist of very few lactic organisms but of miscellaneous types, including many forms that render the milk unwholesome. These bacteria continue to grow slowly day after day, but the milk keeps sweet because the lactic organisms do not develop abundantly. Such milk in the course of time becomes far more unwholesome than sour milk, since it is tilled with organisms that tend to produce putrefaction. . . . "Although the temperature of 50° is to Ije emphatically recommended to the dairy- man for the purpose of keeping his milk sweet and in proper condition for market, he must especially be on his guard against the feeling that milk which ia several days 606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. old is proper for inarki't, I'vi'ii though it is still swcutund has not curdled. Quite the reverse is tlie case. Old milk is never wholesome, even though it has been kept at a tenijierature of 50° and still remains sweet and nncurdled. This very considerably modifies some of our i)revious ideas concerning milk, for it has been generally believed that so long as the milk remains sweet it is in good condition for use. Quite the contrary is the case, if it has been kept at a temperature of 50° or in this vicinity. It is not unlikely tliat it is this fart that leads to some of the cases of ice-cream poisoning so connnon in summer. The cream is kept at a low temperature for several days until a considerable quantity has accunnilated or a demand has come for ice cream, and when made into ice cream it is tilled with bacteria in -great numbers and of a suspicious character." The author also discusses briefly other means of improving the keeping property of milk, such as the proper care of cows and stables, the use of covered milk pails, the cleansing of dairy utensils, straining, and aeration. The Casse pasteurizer, A. Sjostrom [Nord. Mejcri Tidn.^ IS {1903), No. 21, jyp- 2S1, 282, fig. l). — Rejtort of trials made at the station for trials of agricultural machinery at Alnarp, Sweden. — f. w. woll. Trials of regenerative pasteurizers at Alnarp Dairy Institute, A. Sjostrom {Nurd. Mcjeri Tidn., 18 {lOOS), No. 20, pp. 273-275, figs. 2). — The following pasteur- izers were tried: C. Holmberg, Paasch & Larsen, Petersen, and Rudelius & Boklund. — F. W. WOLL. Bacteriology of milk, H. Swithinbank and G. Newman {London: John Murray, 1903, 2ip- 605, pis. 33, figs. 35, charts 3, map 1). — A vast amount of information relat- ing to dairy bacteriology is presented in this extended and excellent treatise. The opening chapter deals with some general considerations, such as the properties and comiiosition of milk, milk secretion, and milk as a medium for bacteria; following which is a detailed discussion of teclini(]ue. A chapter treats of the examination of air and water in their relation to milk sup- ply. Three chaj^ters are devoted to the bacterial content of milk, fermentation in milk, and economic bacteria in milk and milk products. The tubercle bacillus is taken as a type of pathogenic bacteria in milk, and this subject is discussed at length. Other pathogenic bacteria in milk and the investigation and prevention of milk- borne epidemics are also fully considered. Descriptions are given of a large number of species of bacteria which have been claimed to have an important relation to milk, butter, or cheese. The species are arranged in alphabetical order, no attempt being made at classification. The concluding chapters are devoted to the control of the milk supply by the State, by private enterprise, and by the trade. A series of appendixes contains milk regulations, forms of contract for supplying milk, etc. The footnotes throughout the volume serve as a valuable bibliography to the wide field of literature reviewed. American work is frequently cited. The book is well printed and illustrated, and will undoubtedly prove very useful to those interested in this subject, especially in its relation to preventive medicine. Tallow-like butter due to the influence of light, A. Lidow ( Vyestnik Shirov. Veshch., 4 {1903), p. 151; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 81, Jiepert., p. 253).— Butter subjected to the influence of artificial light was found to change in color from yellow to white and to develop the taste and smell of tallow. Analytical data are reported. Influences aff'ecting the content of fatty acids in butter, K. H. M. van deb Zande {Verslag Ver. Exploit. Proefzuivelboerderij, Hoorn, 1902, pp. 45-72, dgms. 4). — Reference is made to previous work along this line, and feeding experiments made during the fall and winter of 1902-3, are reported. Four lots of 5 cows each were used. Lot 1 was kept on plain pasture as long in the fall as possible. Lot 2 was also pastured late, but was fed in addition after October 7, a special food consisting of sirup mixed with finely ground cornstalks. Lot 3 was stabled early and fed freshly cut grass. Lot 4 was also stabled early, but was fed hay and linseed cake. DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING, 607 The severe weather occurring while the cows were still on pasture decreased apparently the content of fatty acids. The author also concludes that the special food rich in sugar lessened but did not entirely overcome the bad effects of exposure. No decisive results were obtained as regards the feeding of grass as compared with hay and linseed cake. It is believed, however, that there is no advantage in sta- bling and feeding linseed cake over late pasturing, provided the pasturage is abundant and the weather not too severe. The results of an experiment with parsnips are considered as indicating that these roots have a prompt and j:)ronounced effect in increasing the content of fatty acids in butter. — H, M. PIETERS. The "butterini" of Sorrento, C. A. Neufeld {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Ge- nussmtl, 6 {1903), No. 14, pp. 637-640, fig. 1). — "Butterini" or "mantecchi," a peculiar product made in Sorrento, is described. This consists of a gourd-shaped yellow cheese of which the interior is tilled with butter. The composition of the cheese and butter, fresh material, and that 3 months olp- 472-474)- — In the author's opinion the present law regarding the control of animal diseases is too slow of operation and involves delays which frequently result in the unnecessary spread of highly infectious diseases, such as pleuro-pneumonia. Experience in the use of Ichthargan, Bernhardt {Berlin. Ticrarztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 6, pp. 77-79). — According to the statements of the manufacturers of this product it contains 30 per cent of silver, it is readily soluble in glycerin, and in the author's experiments exhibited a bactericidal power considerably superior to that of nitrate of silver. Ichthargan was used in the treatment of a number of diseases both externally and internally. It was found possible to administer the drug internally as a powder in milk. This use of Ichthargan proved beneficial in the treatment of mammitis in mares. The drug was also administered intravenously in casesof vaginitis with good results. In the treatment of vaginitis it was administered intravenously and also as a vaginal wash. The author believes that Ichthargan is superior to all other silver products with which he has experimented. The first international conference on tuberculosis, Pannwitz {Berlin: Cent. Internat. Bureau for Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1903, pp. 461). — A report of the pro- ceedings of the international conference on tuberculosis held at Berlin October 22-26, 1902. The various papers which were presented and the discussions are reproduced in German, French, and English. The proceedings of the conference included an inaugural meeting, at which gen- eral topics were discussed, and meetings of the general council, at which papers were presented relating to a review of measures for the prevention of tuberculosis and special reports on methods of repression as practiced in various countries. At this session also the means of furthering the propaganda for the suppression of tubercu- losis were discussed. At the second meeting of the general council the following subjects were discussed: Obligatory notification, polyclinics and dispensaries, work- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 613 shops, and means of collecting sputum. Attention was also devoted to the various methods of caring for human consumptives. One meeting of the general council was devoted to a discussion of human and bovine tuberculosis (pp. 295, 296). At this meeting papers were presented by Kohler, Nocard, Arloing, De Schweinitz, Schroeder, and von Behring on the question of the unity of the various forms of tuberculosis. All of these speakers except Kohler came to the definite conclusion that tuberculosis of man and cattle is one and the same disease and may be transmitted from man to animals, or vice versa. Kohler expressed the opinion that the question of the unit}' or duality of tuberculosis was not j'et satisfactorily determined. The warfare against tuberculosis, M. P. Ravenel {Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 42 {1903) , A'o. ns, j^p. 212-219). — A discussion of the problem of tuberculosis from the viewpoint that the disease is transmissible, preventable, and curable in its early stages. The relationship between the human and bovine bacillus is discussed and notes are given on the most important method of repression of animal tuberculosis and on the recent methods for producing immunity by means of serum therapy and otherwise. Modifications of the human tubercle bacillus, J. Auclair (Arch. Mkl. Exper. et Anat. Path., Paris, 1. ser., 15 {1903), No. 4, pp- 469-488). — A series of experiments was undertaken by the author for the purpose of testing the possible modifications to which human tubercle bacillus was susceptible when cultivated on various nutrient media. Detailed descriptions are given of the appearance of this organism when cultivated on bouillon, agar, potato, gelatin, and other media. The morphological characters and staining reactions of bacilli treated by different methods are also compared. Inoculation experiments were made on rabbits and guinea pigs by subcutaneous, peritoneal, intratracheal, and intravenous methods. For these experiments the homogeneous form of the bacillus was used. During these experiments it was found that by cultivation on various media and especially by the use of artificial devices, such as agitation, the tubercle bacillus could be transformed into a saprophyte. In this form the bacillus grows on ordinary media in the form of a homogeneous culture. Growth is rapid. The bacillus is motile, strictly aerobic, ferments lactose, liquefies gelatin, and takes ordinary stains. When this form of the organism is inoculated into animals it is found to have lost it^ virulence and infectiousness, but is still slightly toxic. The toxin of the homo- geneous form of the tubercle bacillus is quite different from the tuberculin of a viru- lent form of the bacillus and when inoculated into animals does not cause pneu- monia, caseation, or sclerosis. Notes on the article of Krompecher and Zimmermann concerning- the virulence of tubercle bacilli, Vagedes {CentM. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Alt., Orig., 34 {1903), No. 6, pp. 507, 508). — A controversial article occupied with a discussion of the possibility of variation in the virulence of the tubercle bacillus. The action of the tubercle bacillus in experimental pulmonary tuberculo- sis, G. Herxheimer {Beitr. Path. Anat. u. Allg. Path., 33 {1903), No. 3, pp. 363-408, pis. 2). — The problems connected with a general study of tuberculosis are briefly outlined by the author. Experiments were made for the j^urpose of studying the behavior of the tubercle bacillus in cases of pulmonary infection. In these experi- ments the bacilli were injected directly into the lungs or by the intratracheal method. Fresh culture of tubercle bacilli in glycerin-bouillon were used. The experimental animals were rabbits and guinea pigs. In some cases the bacilli were introduced in a dry form into the trachea. The experimental animals were killed at periods varying from \ hour to 7 weeks after inoculation and microscopic preparations were made for further study. Detailed notes are given on the patho- logical findings of this investigation. According to the results obtained by the author (514 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. the tulxTcle bacillus passes down tlu' trachea and arrives in the alveoli. During this passant' it oxorcisi's considiTaMc cluMiiotactic action upon tho polj'nnclear leucocytes in the walls of the bronchi. Ah soon as the bacilli arrive in the alveoli tliey are surrounded ])y the alveolar epitlielial cells and exercise a destructive influence upon the elastic fibers. The epithelial and connective tissue elements undergo considerable proliferation in the presence of the tubercle bacillus. Wherever the bacilli occur in large quantities the neighboring tissue is entirely destroyed and an accumulation of polynuclear leucocytes takes place. These in turn become destroyed, and round cells appear on the periphery of the tubercle. Comparative investigations on tubercle bacilli of different origin, H. Kos- SEi,, A. Webkr, and Heuss ( TuhcrhdoKc-Arh. K. Ges^vnclheitsamie, 1904, No. 1, ])p. 1-S3, ph. 4) ■ — The literature of this subject is discussed in connection with a bibliog- raphy of 19-1: titles. The plan of the experiments reported in the paper included the following features: The collection of the largest possible number of human tubercle cultures from different cases and from different tuberculous organs; inhalation experi- ments with virulent cultures of human tubercle bacilli in calves 3 to 6 months old; feeding experiments with similar cultures repeated daily for a period of 3 months in calves 3 to 6 months old and pigs 5 to 8 weeks old; one or repeated passages of slightly virulent human tubercle cultures through goats, and subsequent inoculation of calves 3 to 6 months of age with cultures thus treated; hypodermic inoculation of calves 3 to 6 months old with fresh cultures of bovine tubercle bacilli; inhalation experiments with similar cultures and with the same experimental animals; feeding experiments during which calves and pigs were fed daily for a period of 3 months milk containing bovine tubercle bacilli. Detailed notes are given concerning the cultures obtained for these experiments. Inoculation experiments with rabbits, cat- tle, and other experimental animals showed that hypodermic inoculations of cultures which came from tuberculous organs of cattle and hogs produced almost without exception a generalized tuberculosis in cattle and led to fatal results within 6 to 8 weeks in one-half of the cases. Experiments with tubercle bacilli from fowls indi- cated that this form of the bacillus was not capable of producing a progressive tuber- culosis in the organs of cattle. In the majority of cases human tubercle bacilli were found to be distinguishable — from morjihological, cultural, and pathological stand- points— from l)Ovine tubercle bacilli. In a few cases, however, human and bovine tubercle bacilli appeared not to be distinguishable. The authors consider the bearing of these results upon the question of the treatment of tuberculous milk and meat, and conclude that the possibility of . infection of man by tuberculous products must be admitted, but that this infection takes place with comparative infrequency. Tuberculosis of fowls, A. Weber and H. Bofinger ( TuberJculose-Arb. K. Gesund- lieitsamte, 1904, No. 1, pp. S3-158, pi. 1). — The authors present a critical review of the literature of this subject, in connection with a bibliography of 183 titles. A series of experiments was made for the purpose of gaining additional information concerning the identity or nonidentity of mammalian and avian tubercle bacilli. The authors maintain that the identity of the organisms has not been shown in a single unexcep- tionable case. No indication was found from their own experiments, or from the lit- erature of the subject that fowls suffer from tuberculosis of the ovaries, and it is therefore concluded that infection is not transmitted by means of the egg, but chiefly in the feces. The authors' experiments were made largely with 11 original cultures of avian tubercle bacilli. Detailed notes are given on the morphology and cultural characters of these organisms. Inoculation experiments w^ere made with fowls, rab- bits, guinea pigs, and mice, by the feeding, intravenous, hypodermic, and inhalation niethods. The results of the authors' investigations may be summarized as follows: The avian tubercle bacillus, as a rule, shows morphological and cultural characters, which distinguish it clearly from the mammalian tubercle bacillus. Occasionally, VETERINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 615 however, the organisms appear to l)e identical in these respects. It appears that under natural conditions tuberculous infection in fowls takes place through the ali- mentary tract. The avian tubercle bacillus is pathogenic to some extent for rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs. In guinea pigs, however, the progress of the disease is quite limited. The tubercle l)acilli obtained from fowls retain their original pathogenic properties unchanged after passage through the body of mammals. In the authors' experiments these organisms could be recognized readily after being cultivated in guinea pigs and mice for a period of from 1 to 2 years. A typical culture of mam- malian tubercle bacilli was obtained from the organs of a parrot affected with tuber- culosis. The authors also succeeded in obtaining a typical culture of avian tubercle bacilli from the caseified mesenteric glands of a pig, which otherwise showed no symptoms of tuberculosis. Under natural conditions, therefore, the authors were unable to find any tendency of the mammalian tubercle bacilli to become modified into the avian form in the body of fowls, or of the avian bacillus to become modified into the mammalian form in the body of mammals. Tuberculosis in cats, W. Lellmann {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 7, pp. Ill, 112). — The author presents details concerning the symptoms and patho- logical anatomy of 2 cases of tuberculosis in cats. An examination of the blood showed a great diminution in the number of red blood corpuscles, so that the ratio of red to white blood corj)uscles was 50:1. The mesenteric glands were enlarged and innumerable small white tubercles were found in the spleen and liver. The bronchial and mediastinal glands were also tuberculous and enlarged. Attenuation of the mammalian tubercle bacillus in cold-blooded animals, H. Herzog {Centbl. JBakf. u. Par., 1. Abt, Orig., 34 {1903), Nos. 6, j)p. 535-539; 7, pp. 675-685, pi. 1). — The literature of this subject is reviewed in connection with a brief bibliography. The author's experiments were made on frogs, fish, and other cold- blooded animals. Detailed notes are given on the methods of cultivation of the tubercle bacilli and the staining of affected tissue. The inoculation of guinea pigs with mannnalian tubercle bacilli after an extended sojourn in the organism of cold-blooded animals indicated that the mammalian tubercle bacillus preserves its virulence for at least 190 days when inoculated into cold-blooded animals. It was apparent during these experiments that the guinea pigs succumbed to reinfection by tubercle bacilli treated in this manner more slowly than by bacilli taken freshly from infected mammals. Distinct lesions were produced in cold-blooded animals by inoculation with bacilli of mammalian origin. A supplemental series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determin- ing the effect of a sojourn in cold-blooded animals upon bacilli obtained frojn tuber- culous calves. Inoculation of guinea pigs was made after the bacilli had been allowed to remain in frogs for periods of 62, 90, 140, and 191 days. These experiments also showed that the guinea pigs succumbed to infection more slowly, the longer the organism had been allowed to remain in frogs. The tubercle bacillus of the turtle; its culture, biology, and pathogenic action, F. F. Friedmaxx {Centbl. Bali. u. Par., 1. Abt., Oruj., 34 {1903), Nos. 7, pp. 647-658; 8, pp. 793-804, pi- !)■ — Tubercle bacilli were isolated from cases of pulmo- nary tuberculosis in turtles and pure cultures were readily obtained. The growth and behavior of the organism on various culture media are described. The organ- ism was found to grow luxuriantly at a temperature of 37° C, but some growth took place at various temperatures ranging from zero to 43°. The bacillus obtained from turtles was readily distinguished from that obtained from other cold-blooded animals by the appearance of the cultures, and especially by its rapid growth at 37° C. Detailed notes are given on the morphology of this organism and on the changes of form which take place in cultures of different ages. A number of inoculation experiments were made on turtles of several species, snakes, blind worms, lizards, frogs, carp, chickens, doves, dogs, rats, white mice, rabbits, OIG EXrERIMENT STATION KECORD. and guinea pigs. The organism was found in all investigated species of cold-blooded animals, with the exception of carp, multiplied rapidly, and showed a wide distri- l)ution in these species. Turtles died of niiUary tul)erculosis within periods ranging from a few weeks to a few months after intraperitoneal or intrapulmonary injections. Similar conditions were observed in other cold-blooded animals. Birds, dogs, rats, and white mice were resistant to the organism. Guinea pigs, however, when inoculated with large doses, died within 4 to 8 days and exhibited tul)erculous formation in the peritoneal cavity, especially in the omentum. In cases in which guinea pigs lived for 12 to 14 days after inoculation true tubercles were formed. When small doses were used for inoculation of guinea pigs the tuberculous processes ultimately healed and entirely disappeared. During these investigations it was found that cultures of tubercle bacilli obtained from turtles and grown at a temi)erature of 37° C. were absolutely indistinguishable from human tubercle bacilli. The appearance of pseudo-tubercle bacilli in cattle, P. Moeller {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 10, pp. 156, 157, figs. i^). — A study of a number of cases of tuberculosis in cattle showed that while the pseudo-tubercle bacilli may be present in the secretions and excretions, or even in the diseased organs of tubercu- lous cattle, they can not be considered as having any etiological connection with the disease. The acid-resistant bacilli of butter, milk, and soil compared with the tubercle bacillus, P. Courmont and M. Potet {ArcJi. Med. Exper. et Anat. Path., Paris, 1. ser., 15 {1903), No. 1, pp. 83-128, pi. 1). — The subjects discussed in this article include a general history of acid-resistant bacteria, their habitat, cultures, morphology, staining characters, biological characters, and iiathogenic action. A considerable variety of these organisms has been found in butter, milk, fertilizers, forage, soil, and elsewhere. As a result of the authors' experiments, it is concluded that while under ordinary circumstances it is comparatively easy to differentiate between tubercle bacillus and other acid-resistant bacteria, none of the tests are universally ajiplicable. Nearly all of the acid-resistant bacteria can be obtained in sufficient virulence to produce typical tubercles when inoculated into experimental animals. The pathogenic power of the tubercle bacilli, on the other hand, may be completely destroyed by cultiva- tion under certain conditions. The possibility of relationsliip between the various forms of acid-resistant bacteria is suggested. Lesions in the central nervous system produced by tetanus toxin, A. Zinno (Arch. Med. Exper. etAnat. Path., Paris, 1. ser., 15 {1903), No.3,iyp. 335-363, fig. 1).— The author conducted a double series of experiments, in the first of which portions of nervous tissue were prepared according to the methods of Courmont et al., and in the second of which greater care was exercised in preventing any contamination of the portions of the nervous system used in the experiment. After animals were inoculated with tetanus toxin obtained from portions of the nervous system they were killed at various periods and a microscopic study was made of the nervous system. The experimental animals were dogs, guinea pigs, rabbits, and pigeons. These animals were inoculated with doses of different sizes, but always from a very virulent form of the bacillus. As a result of these experiments it is concluded that the injection of tetanus toxin in ordinary experimental animals produces characteristic clinical symptoms which correspond with the nervous lesions. The lesions are observed in the chromato- philous cells, simultaneously in the centrosome and nucleolus. The neuroglia and nerve fibers are little affected except in advanced stages of the disease. In certain cases a secondary infection will spread rapidly to other organs and to other parts of the nervous system than those in which the primary attack appeared. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 617 Meningo-encephalitis in rabbits, P. Misch {Arch. Path. Anat. u. Physiol. IVirchow'], 172 (1903), No. 1, pp. 158-174)-— Detailed notes are presented on the course and outcome of a number of cases of this disease in rabbits. The scanty Hter- ature of the subject is critically reviewed. Abscesses were found in the cerebellum, with evidences of fresh suppuration. These lesions in the brain caused the various abnormal movements of affected animals. An exudation was observed upon the surface of the brain. Cocci were isolated from the cerebro-spinal fluid and cultivated under artificial conditions. Rabbits inoculated intravenously with bouillon cultures of this organism died within from 1 to 3 weeks with symptoms identical with those observed in cases of spontaneous infection. An attempt to explain the susceptibility of rabbits to anthrax, O. Bail and A. Petterson [Centhl. Bakt. n. Par., 1. Abt., Orig., 34 {1903), Nos. 5, pp. 445- 45'J; 6, pp. 540-550). — A detailed study was made of the blood of rabbits for the purpose of detecting the presence of any property in normal blood which could explain the known susceptibility of these animals to anthrax. As the result of these experiments it is concluded that the marked destruction of anthrax bacilli by rabbit serum in vitro does not take place in the body at all, or at least only under special conditions. The reason for this difference in the action of the serum in and out of the body is that the intermediary body contained in the serum while the blood is in contact with the organs of the body is always united with the cell receptors in accordance with Ehrlich's theory. The affinity of the intermediary body for the cell receptors is greater than that for the anthrax bacilli. As a result of the intermediary body, a complement of a bacteriolytic nature becomes associated with the cell receptors, so that the bactericidal complement contained in the serum is without effect, on account of the absence of a suitable intermediary body. In view of these. facts it is readily understood why the anthrax bacillus is not checked in its development inside the body of rabbits. The incineration of anthrax carcasses, L. Fabritius {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 4, P- 50). — Attention is called to the desirability of burning bodies of animals dead of anthrax in order to prevent the further spread of this dis- ease. In burning such bodies the author recommends that the carcasses be dumped into ditches in such a manner that no material which may escape from the effect of the heat will be in a position where it is likely to cause reinfection of other animals with anthrax. Contagious malignant vaginitis of cattle -with special reference to the necrosis bacillus, Ellinger {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 2, pp. 25-29). — The literature of this subject is critically reviewed. Contagious vaginitis, in the author's experience, is usually associated with inflammation of the udder, calf diar- rhea, and abortion. The author observed a large number of cases in cows, all of which occurred soon after parturition. The cause of this disease, according to the author's investigations, is the necrosis bacillus, which is found in abundance in the vaginal secretions. Notes are given on the pathological anatomy, differential diagnosis, and course of the disease. The treatment recommended by the author consists in thorough and repeated irrigation of the vagina with a 2 per cent solution of lysol or creolin, together with the use of tampons saturated with Lugol's solution. In preventing the disease attention should be given to strict quarantine and disinfectant measures. Incipient septicemia may be checked in many instances by intravenous injections of CoUargol. The treatment of parturient paresis by means of the air catheter, Zehl {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 1, pp. 5, 6). — Notes are given on 15 cases of this disease which the author treated by forcing air into the udder. In all these cases recovery took place within a reasonable length of time, but in 13 out of the 15 cases a decided improvement or almost complete recovery was noted within 3 hours 618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aftor the adiiiinistratioii oi the air. In comparison with the results obtained l)y this nietlioil, tlio author states that in treating the same disease hy the Schmidt method a mortahty of 20 per cent was observed. The author V)elieves, therefore, that the air tri'atment is in cvi'ry way superior to the use of infusions of potassium iodid. Notes on hemoglobinuria, Simon {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 4, pp. 51, 52). — The author observed a number of cases of this disease during a general pmctice and describes the most connnon symptoms. As a rule a considerable anemia and emaciation were observed associated with an increase in temperature and a yel- low coloration of the conjunctiva. In the majority of cases death took jilace within a few days. In controlling this disease the author recommends proper drainage of the soil in fields and corrals where cattle are allowed to run, and the free use of such well-drained })astures. Ticks and African coast fever, C. P. Lounsbury {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 2 {1903), X(i. 5, p)). 4-l.i). — During the past season the author made a study of this disease in the Transvaal. The term African coast fever is preferred to Rhodesian cattle disease, Rhotlesian tick fever, Rhodesian red water, virulent red water, etc., under which the same disease has been referred to by other writers. The disease is unquestionably different from ordinary Texas fever, but is transmitted by ticks, probably a species of Rhipicephalus commonly known as the brown tick. Notes are given by way of com]ianson showing the methods of transmission of other diseases by ticks and other animal jiarasites. It is of considerable importance to determine definitely just which species of ticks are concerned in the transmission of African coast fever. Experi- ments were made to determine the pathogenicity of Rhipicephalus dccolorafus, R. sJiiph'i/i, R. everfsi, R. simiis, Hyalomma scgyptium, and Amhlyomma hehrieum. Posi- tive results were obtained only with R. shipleyi, commonly known as the brown tick, and this tick was fomid to be pathogenic only in its adult stage. Detailed notes are given on the habits and life history of the various species of ticks. In combating infestation with ticks the author recommends burning over infested fields wherever this method is possible, and the dipping and spraying of cattle with arsenical solu- tions. Carbolic dips are not recommended. Kerosene oil ai:)plied in various ways has given fairly satisfactory results. It is believed that 1 year is not too long a period of (|uarantine for infested fields. Ringworm in cattle {Bd. Ayr. and Fisheries [London], Leajkt 95, j>p. 2). — Brief notes on the cause and treatment of this disease. A number of preparations are recommended for treating affected herds. Good results have l^een obtained from the use of a preparation containing 5 parts train oil and 1 p^rt sulphur. Warbles or grubs in cattle hides, R. C. Jacobson {Proc. Nat. Live Stock Assoc, 6 {190S), pp. 202-204)- — The author calls attention to the injury produced in cattle hides by the presence of the larvte of the ox warble fly. It is stated that ]>ackers have agreed to classify cattle hides according to the number of warble holes in each hide. Class No. 1 includes only those hides which have not more than 4 warble holes. The author calls attention also to the irritation the presence of these grubs produces and of the consequent loss of flesh. The treatment for these parasites is conqiaratively simple and the author urges its prompt application. Inspection of sheep on the range {Proc. Nat. Wool Growers' Assoc, 38 {1903), pp. 75-84). — This is a discussion by members of the association on the general subject of inspection of sheep on the public range, with special reference to its bearings upon the use of summer range, particularly in forest reserves. It was urged by some of the members that the general inspection of sheep for scab might result in some limi- tation of their privileges upon the public range. Sheep pox and the epitheliomata of this disease, F. J. Bosc ( Centbl. Bakt. n. Par., 1. Aht., Oriy., 34 {1903), Nos. 5, pp. 413-420, Jigs. 2; 6, pp. 517-526, figs. 6; 7, pp. 667-674, pl»- 3). — A detailed descrij^tion is given of the lesions observed in cases of this disease in the skin, cornea, rumen, fourth stomach, lungs, liver, kidney, pan- VETERIISrAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. fil9 creas, and mammary glands. The disease attacks not only the epithelia of lining membranes, l)ut also the various glandular epithelia. A number of products of cel- lular degeneration were ol)served in the foci of the disease. The author made a careful examination of this degenerated material and believes that he found sporozoa which may be considered as the parasitic organism of the disease. The various stages of transformation were observed in the cellular elements which were found in the diseased foci along with the supposed pathogenic organism. Tlie conditions of commerce in tanned sheepskins and its sanitary regula- tion in the Government of Moscotv, M. L. Blumenfeld {Arch. Yet. Xauk, St. Petershurg, 33 {1903), Xo. 9, pp. 980-991) . — The author discusses the dangers con- nected with the indiscriminate shipment and handling of the pelts of infected sheep and calls attention to the necessity of applying antiseptic treatment to these skins in order to prevent the development of infectious diseases. A form of hog- cholera not caused by hog-cholera bacillus, E. A. de Schwei- NiTZ and M. Dorset ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bnremi of Animal Industry Circ. 41, pp- 4)- — An infectious disease of hogs was studied in southwestern Iowa and later in Washing- ton in hogs which were imported from the original locality. Experiments and obser- vations on this disease show that it is highly infectious, can not be distinguished clinicall}' from hog cholera, but may be reproduced by inoculation with material which contains no hog-cholera bacilli. The period of incubation varies from 5 to 12 days. The inoculation experiments made by the authors were on pigs which weighed from 15 to 40 lbs., and it was suggested that the period of incubation may be of longer duration in older hogs. Notes are given on the lesions observed in different parts of the body. Rabbits and guinea pigs were found to be refractory to the disease. The isolation of diseased animals and disinfection of infected premises has been found to be efficacious in controlling the disease. Swine epizootics and means of repression, Roder {Mitt. Oekon. Gesell. Sachsen, 190^-3, pj). 9o-119). — Statistics are given regarding the jjrevalence of swine erysipelas, swine plague, and hog cholera, together with a discussion of the remedies and means of prevention which have proved most successful in combating these jjlagues. The literature of the subject is l)riefly discussed. The author presents an account of vari- ous proprietary and commercial vaccines which have been manufactured for use in preventing the development of swine epizootics. The results obtained from the use of these vaccines by various investigators have differed considerably and further experiments are required to determine their value. The bacterial flora of the intestines of hogs, E. Heinick {Berlin. Tierarztl. ]Vrhnsc}ir., 1903, N'o. 9, pp. 141-143). — The author's observations were carried out on a large number of hogs from Avhich samples of the intestinal contents were taken for the purpose of comparing the bacterial content of this material. The results of these investigations are presented in the form of a table and indicate that a large number of known and unknown species of bacteria are conmionly present in a hog's intes- tines. Culture experiments, together with the inoculation of experimental animals, failed to show the presence of pathogenic bacteria except in the rarest instances, and no bacilli of swine erysipelas were found in any case. Experimental vaccination with Septicidin in Hungary, J. vox Kukiuevic {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnsdir., 1903, No. 6, })p. 79, 80). — In the treatment of swine plague and hog cholera the author found that Septicidin applied at the right time and in the proper manner furnished a good means for preventing the further devel- opment of the disease and exercised a strong immunizing action in animals which were subsequently exposed to the disease. The details of the author's experiments are presented in tabular form. Special report on diseases of the horse ( Washington: U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry, 1903, rev. ed., pp. 600, ])ls. 41,fig>^- 18). — The first edition of this 17672— No. 6—04 7 620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. report was issued in lSi»0 (E. S. R., 2, p. 518). The present edition has been revised and eonsiderahle new matter has been added, eHi^ecialiy the article by L. Pearson on the exaniination of sick horses, and that on surra, by C. W. Stiles. The following is a list of subjects treated in the volume: Examination of a sick horse, L. Pearson; methods of administering medicine, C. B. Micheuer; diseases of the digestive organs, C. B. Michener; diseases of the urinary organs, J. Law; diseases of the respiratory organs, W. II. Harbaugh; diseases of the generative organs, J. Law; diseases of the nervous system, M. R. Trumbower; diseases of the heart, bloodves- sels, and lymphatics, M. R. Trumbower; diseases of the eye, J. Law; lameness, A. Liautard; diseases of the fetlock, ankle, and foot, A. A. Holcombe; diseases of the skin, .7. Law; wounds and their treatment, C. B. Michener; general diseases, R. S. Huidekoper; surra, C. W. .Stiles; shoeing, J. W. Adams. The diseases of the army horse, G. Joly {Les maladies du cheral de troupe. Paris: J. B. Bailliere & Sons, 1904, PP- XII-\-4S6, figs. 39). — The present volume is intended as a handbook on the diseases of the horse, with special reference to the diseases of greatest importance among army horses. The special subjects discussed by the author include glanders, contagious coryza, epizootic lymphangitis, horse pox, intestinal diseases, overwork, skin diseases, broken knees, ruptures of tendons, bone diseases, wounds, important diseases observed in the French colonies, and the com- mon diseases of camels. Acute articular rheumatism in horses, Altmann {Berlin. Tierarzil. Wdin- schr., 1903, No. 4, pp- 50, 51). — This disease has commonly been supposed to be of rare occurrence in horses and other domesticated animals. Undoubted cases were observed by the author and notes are given on the symptoms and pathological anatomy of this disease. The articular cartilages were found to have lost their glis- tening appearance and the synovial secretion was considerably increased. In some instances pathological alterations of the heart were associated with the disease. Articular inflammations in young- colts, E. Thierry {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 6 {1903), No. 44, p- 574)- — The symptoms of this disease are briefly described. The author believes that infection takes place through the navel and recommends anti- septic treatment in ]»reventing tlie disease. The treatment of pneumonia with oxyg-en, Toepper {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wclm- schr., 1903, No. 3, pp. 37-42, figs. 2). — A number of cases of this disease in horses were treated by inhalation of oxygen under pressure. A suitable apparatus for the administration of oxygen is described by the author. The effect of inhalation of oxygen upon the internal body temperature, pulse, respiration, and behavior of the animal is shown in a tabular form. No decided and uniform influence ujjon the rate and depth of the respiratory movements was observed. The discolored mucous membranes assumed a brighter red color. The chief effect of oxygen when administered in cases of pneumonia is seen in the heart action. Oxygen appears to act as a heart stimulant and improves the general condition of the animals. When administered during the earlier stages of the dis- ease it is believed that many cases may be prevented from running a fatal course, and the expense is not prohibitive. Experiments in the use of barium chlorid. intravenously and per os in the treatment of colic in horses, Muller {Berlin. Tierarztl. ]Vc]nisc]rr., 1903, No. 7, pp. 109, 110). — The author tested the value of this drug in about 40 cases of colic. During these experiments it was found that when administered intravenously in a solution at the rate of 1:10, barium chlorid frequently gave rise to paralysis of the heart and sudden deatli of the horse. In some cases death resulted even when administered in a solution at the rate of 1:40, and the author recommends that the drug be used in much more dilute solutions. When administered in solutions suffi- ciently dilute to avoid any injurious effect upon the heart the general action of the drug Avas quite satisfactory. AGEICULTUEAL ENGINEEEING. 621 Horseshoeing, J. W. Adams (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 179, pp. 31, figs. 18). — A systematic discussion of the problems of horseshoeing of most concern to the farmer and horse raiser. The subjects discussed include the anatomy of the foot and hoof, the ijhysiological relations of these parts, the formation and various abnormal forms of the feet, the form and preparation of the shoe, the rubber pad, bar shoe, hot fitting, and various peculiarities in the form of the hoof as related to the requirements in the form and thickness of the shoe. A monograph of the tsetse flies, E. E. Austen [London: British Mns., 1903, pp. 1X^319, pis. 10, figs. 16). — This volume contains an elaborate monograph of the genus Glossina, of which the following species are recognized: G. f>aUidipes, G. longi- pennis, G. morsitans, G. longipalpis, and G. fusca. This genus of flies is confined to Africa and its distribution is described in detail in connection with a map. The author discusses the life history, habits, and systematic position of these flies, and presents bibliographies of literature relating to tsetse fly and the Trypanosoma of nagana, and kindred species. The mouth parts of Glossina and Stomoxys are described by H. J. Hansen. In appendices to the volume the author presents abstracts of some of the more important literature relating to tsetse flies, with notes on native methods of protecting animals against attacks of these flies, the geographical distribution of nagana and trypanosomiasis on the Upper Niger. Spirillosis of fowls, E. Marchoux and A. Salimbeni (Ann. Imt. Pasteur, 17 (1903), No. 9, pp. 569-580). — An outbreak of an infectious disease occurred in Rio Janeiro and caused the death of large numbers of chickens. This disease was found to be due to a spirillum which was also pathogenic to geese, ducks, guinea fowls, pigeons, turtle doves, and sparrows, but not to guinea pigs or monkeys. Affected fowls exhibit diarrhea, loss of appetite, a pale comb, and in acute cases die suddenly in convulsions. A certain percentage of chronic cases recover. The pathogenic si)irillum is found in the blood of affected birds, and the disease may be transmitted by inoculation with such blood. The disease is also produced by injection of the spirillum in cultures or of the excreta of affected birds. Under ordinary conditions Jrf/asj9ersicus is the carrier of the infection. The virulence of the spirillum is greatly diminished or lost after a period of about 48 hours. Success- ful vaccination may be produced by the use of blood and virulent serum preserved for from 48 hours to 4 days, or after heating for from 5 to 10 minutes at a temperature of 55°. The serum of animals which have recovered from the first attack possesses strong inununizing properties, and the same serum in vitro exercises a pronounced agglutinative action. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Report upon the administration of the public works department in Egypt for 1902, W. Garstix et al. {Cairo: Puhlic Works Ministry, 1903, p)p- 476, pis. 15, (h/ms. 11). — This includes a summary account and detailed reports of operations in the different departments of the Public Works Ministry during the year. The fea- tures of the report of the greatest agricultural interest are those dealing with the irri- gation service. The report of this service includes, among other topics, a discussion of the more efficient utilization of the Nile supply during the low water of 1902 by means of rota- tion in the use of water, the pumping of water for irrigation and drainage, the duty of water, drainage for removal of excess of water and alkali, and the filling and utilization of the water of the recently completed Nile reservoirs. The report on the soil and water of the Wadi Tumilat lands under reclamation includes a discussion of situation, climate, geology, early history and present condi- tion, nature and effect of the injurious salts present, cause of deterioration, and reclamation. Analyses of samples of the alkali efflorescences, the soil, and the drain- age water of these lands show that the harmful salts present are sodium carbonate, (;•_>•_> EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. liicarlxmati', chlorid, and siilithate. Tlu' accnmuhition of these salts in the soil is stateiilv of this rel(ived consists nf drainaj^v and Hooding to wash out the harmful salts. Sanford system of irrigation {Queensland Agr. .Jour., IS {WO.i), No. 4, PP- 308, 309). — A conil)ined system of subirrigation and drainajje by means of glazed and iinglazed tile, which is claimed to be in successful operation at Sanford, Fla., is l)riefly described. "The field is gridironed with a system of earthenware tile, about 18 in. below the surface, in S(iuares of about 20 ft. The pipes running down the incline are of glazed tile, water-tight; these are the conducting pipes. The cross- ]iipes are of unglazed tile, not water-tight; these are used both for drainage and irri- gation." Irrigation in Tonkin [Jour. Agr. Trop., 3 (1903), No. 29, p. 349).— A ))rief note on l'\'sch's device used for raising water for irrigation in the uplands of Tonkin, based on an article in Bui. Econ. ludo- Chine, Fih., 1903. Irrigation by means of artificial underground water, K. E. Widegren {Agr. Jour. Qxpe Good Hope, 23 {1903), Nos. 4, pp. 456-461; 6, pp. 659-665, figs. 3).— In this article the author discusses the feasibility of storing the water of streams in time of abundance by running them onto lands which present suitable infiltration areas, thus increasing the underground supply, which may be drawn on in time of scarcity, and explains in some detail the jirinciples w'hich underlie the suggested l)lan. Pumping as an auxiliary to irrigation, F. Frank {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, '23 {1903), No. 5, j)p. 554-557, pi. 1). — The value of a pumping plant in case of a shortage of the usual supplies of irrigation water is explained and 7 designs of such plants a''e l)rietiy described and illustrated. Pumps and water-raising appliances for the farm, A. H. S. Baker {Trans- vaal Agr. Jour., 2 {1903), No. 5, pp. 61, 62). — Brief notes on various appliances suited to raising water for farm uses, especially irrigation. Pumps, R. Masse {Les jtompes. Paris: Vve. Ch. Dunod, 1903, pp. 528, illus.). Irrigation engineering, H. M. Wilson {New York: John Wiley ti- Sons, 1903, pp. XXni^o73, pis. 41, figs. 142). — This is the fourth edition, enlarged and rewritten. Device for flood gate and for clearing silt from before intake gate, F. Frank {Agr. Jour. Cajie Good Hoj)e, 23 {1903), No. 5, p. 519, pi. 1). — Drawings and a brief description are given of a gate which automatically closes when a flood reaches a given height, and causes an acceleration of the current past the intake gate so that accumulations of silt are removed. Report on trials of agricultural machinery at Alnarp, 1902, A. SjostrOxM, N. Engstrom, et al. {Meddel. Stgr. Maskin-oeli Bedsk. Prufningsanst. [Stockholm], 1903, No. 8, pp. 107, figs. 49). — The report gives the results of trials of feed grinders, cake crushers, root cutters, plows, self-binders, and a number of smaller machines, and of dairy machinery, regenerative pasteurizers, milk forewarmers, the hand- separator "Perfect," Casse pasteurization regulator, Ulander.milk strainer, etc. — F. W. WOLL. Report on trials of agricultural machinery at TJltuna, 1902, G. Timberg, 0. Nycander, et al. {Meddel. Styr. Maskin-och Redsk. Profningsanst. [Stockholm], 1903, No. 7, p>p. 126, pis. 4, figs. 75). — The report includes trials and critical exami- nations of feed cutters, steam locomobiles, scythes, harrows, manure spreaders, mowing machines, etc. — f. w. woll. Trials with wagons with broad and narrow tires, F. Bokelman and E. Jor- gexsex {Tidsskr. Landdkon., 1903, No. 3, pp. 113-138). Trials with small thrashing machines for horse power (2-3 horses), C. V. Birk ( Tidsskr. Landdkon., 1903, No. 3, j)p- 139-200). AGRICULTURAL ENGOEERING. 623 Experiments with electrical plow installations, M. Schiller [Arb. Deut. Landv. (JeselL, I90.i, Xu. 85, pp. 70, Jiijx. 4^1) ■ — Three series of field trials of double- motor systems are reported, the apparatus and machines used l)eing described in detail. The power was sup[)lied from a central plant and the tests included deep plowing (80 to 36 cm.) on heavy soils and shallow plowing (14 to 18 cm.) on light soils, the object being to secure data on rapidity of work, amount of soil moved, loss of power, cost, and time required to move from field to field. The results are not co'nsidered conclusive and further tests are recommended. The Scott motor cultivator {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903)., No. 4, pp. 316, 317, fig. 1). — A petroleum motor adapted to a variety of farm operations is described and a comparison is made of the efficiency of motor and horse cultivation. Agricultural implements and vehicles in foreign countries ( U. S. Con.mlar Rpts., 73 {1903), No. 279, pp. 720-742). — This is a series of reports in continuation of those already noted in the Record (E. S. R., 15, p. 416). The countries reported on in this artii'lc are Denmark, Kritish India, rruguay, and Honduras. Roads; their construction and maintenance, with special reference to road materials, A. Greenwell and J. V. Elsden {London: D. Fourdrinier, 1901, pp. 280, figs. 4^). — An elementary treatise suited especially to English conditions. An essay on the history of rural engineering, M. Ringelmann {Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 2 {1903), No. 2, pp. 181-21 J, figs. 22). — The development of rural engineering during the prehistoric period is briefly traced in this article. [The octagonal silo], A. T. Neale {Delaimre Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 30-35). — The methods and cost of construction as well as the practical advantages of octagonal silos are discussed. "The octagonal silo may be regarded as a compromise between the old style square shaped, heavily framed or thick walled stone form and the modern lightly constructed stave silo, circular in shape and bound by iron hoops." The experience on a number of farms in Delaware with silos of this type constructed upon plans and specifications furnished by the station is cited to show that such silos have proven very satisfactory in practice, and as regards cost, availability of material, ease of con- struction, durability, and efficiency possess many decided advantages. The construction of such a silo 13 ft. from face to face and 22 ft. deep, having a capacity of 68 tons when properly filled with settled corn and cowpea silage, is thus briefiy described : "If eight pieces of seasoned white oak, each 3 in. thick, 6 in. wide, and 6 ft. long, are so placed as to form a regular eight-sided figure with the corners bolted together, the sill of the silo will have been formed, and this drawn down into soft cement by the corner bolts which extend into the masonary foundation 10 in. will make an air- tight base. Posts of black or red oak, each 3 in. thick, 6 in. wide, and 18 in. tall are set upright at each of the eight corners of this sill and firmly spiked to it; upon the top of said posts a second eight-cornered hoop of black or red oak, but in all other respects similar to the sill, is built. Seven similar hoops are in turn built one upon the other, upon posts which increase in length as the height of the structure increases, until the posts which bear the plate are reached and these may safely measure 3 ft. in length. These hoops may be compared with those which bind together the staves of a barrel. "In the silo the staves are of inch boards, 1 ft. wide, firmly nailed both to plate and sill, as well as to all of the intermediate hoops. These boards may be of hemlock, or poplar and of second or third rate quality, for their province is simply to hold plastering lath, which in turn sujiports a coating of good cement. If after this cement has hardened and dried thoroughly it is treated to a coat of gas tar thickened with slate ground to flour, an enduring and perfectly impervious lining will result, examples of which after 16 years in constant use may be cited in this State. L 024 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Just as boards used as staves are nailed upon the inner surface of the hoops, so weather boarding is nailed to their outer edges. When roofed to suit the owner's taste the silo is completed." The cost of construction of such a silo is estimated to be $150.10. "Octagonal silos without cemented linings are in use, and one in particular has been tilled three times at least with satisfaction. . . . The lining is made of two thicknesses of chestnut boards with tarred paper between them. . . . The wastes have been moderate and the lining shows few if any signs of decay. The owner is, however, inclined to feel that losses of silage would have been smaller had he . . . used the lath and cement construction." The utilization of town refuse in agriculture, Von Kahlden- {Milt. Oekon. (u-xcll. ,Saclixi)i, I'.iO.'-o, j>}>. 1-Sl, d(jin. 1). — A general discussion of the subject with descriptions of methods followed by different municii)alities, tmt especially in Dresden. Artificial refrigeration and its industrial, commercial, and agriciiltural applications, J. De Loverdo {Le froid artifidel et ses apj}lications industrieUes, com- vierciales et agricoks. Paris: Vre. Ch. Dunod, 1903, pp. VII+652,figs. 156). — Differ- ent chapters treat of the machines and equipment for mechanical refrigeration; refrigeration plants; applications of artificial refrigeration in the management of foods, fruits, vegetables, and miscellaneous materials, in storage and in transport; and the development of the refrigeration industry. Cheap power for cold stores and ice factories, G. D. Hunt [Proc. Cold Storage and Ice Assoc, 4 {1903), No. 1, j)p. 35-41). — A brief paper followed by general dis- cussion. MISCELLANEOUS. Fourteenth Annual Report of Delaware Station, 1902 {Delatvare Sta. Rpt. 1902, pji. 163) . — This includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; the organization list of the station; and reports of the agriculturist, mycologist, chemist, horticulturist, entomologist, and meteorologist, abstracted elsewhere. Sixteenth Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1903 ( Illinois Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. IS). — This consists of a list of the publications of the station during the year, mention of the principal lines of work, a subject list of Bulletins 1-88, of the sta- tion, and a dt'tailed financial statement for thr fiscal year ended June 30, 1903. Sixteenth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1903 {Maryhoid Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. XXXII-]- 200). — The report of the director includes a brief history of the station; statements concerning the organization, equipment, and work of the station; a discussion of some of the results of station work with special reference to their practical application; a subject list of station publications; financial statements for each year from 1888 to 1903, inclusive; and a summary of observations on tempera- ture and rainfall. Appended to the report are reprints of Bulletins 85-89 of the station on the following subjects: Alfalfa for Maryland (E. S. R., 14, p. 433); the infiuence of preservatives upon the food value of milk (E. S. R., 14, p. 679); the perioilical cicada, and its appearance in Maryland in 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 988); eco- nomical methods for improving the keeping qualities of milk (PI S. R., 15, p. 293); experiments upon the use of potash as a fertilizer (E. S. R., 15, p. 461). Twenty-First Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1902 {Ohio Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. XXIV ). — This includes the organization list of the station; a report of the Board of control; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; and a report of the director containing a review of the work of the station during the year, and a list of acknowledgments. Report of the agricultural chemical experiment station at Vienna for 1902 (Ztsrltr. Landir. Vrr.':.sem])ly, also gave considerable attention to the need of more adequate provision for agricultural instruction, citing the example of other States in this respect. In conclusion he said: "We should maintain a State agricultural college ecjual to the best in the Union. It is for our interest to do so, and our large agricultural population and the amount of capital invested in their industry, which is the basis of all prosperity, constitute a claim that should no longer be ignored." Keferring to the Cornell School of Forestry, the governor expressed the belief that the school should not be discontinued, "because with the lapse of years a proper understanding of scientific forestry will become more and more a necessity. This is particularly true of farm forestry, w'hich will form an important part of the future of agriculture within the State. That our people do not desire, however, that public lands shall be denuded is beyond question." He recommends immediate legislation to recover the property to the State, embracing about 30,000 acres, and suggests an adjustment of the contracts made with the Brooklyn Cooper- age Co. either by the executive or the courts, relieving Cornell University of any burden in the matter. The university has acquiesced in this plan. Ohio Station. — George M. Lummis has resigned as assistant botanist on account of ill health. Oregon College and Station. — Hon. "William W. Cotton, of Portland, Oreg., has been ajjpointfd regent, vice Benton Killin. Pennsylvania Station. — John Foster has been aj^pointed assistant chemist. Porto Rico Station. — Hendrick C. Hendricksen, of the subtropical laboratory con- ducted by this Department at 3Iiami, has been appointed assistant horticulturist to the station. During the year prominence has been given to the investigations with coffee, tobacco, and tropical fruits. Experiments with reference to improving the old coffee groves were commenced immediately after the crop of 1902 was harvested, and record was made of the yield of each of ten plats before the treatment began. Several acres of virgin forest have been cleared and planted with coffee trees from the nurseries. A number of foreign varieties have been planted, and the plantation of Porto Rican varieties will be used for studying the best distances for growing the trees, making experiments with shade, manures, and pruning. The tobacco investi- gations consist of a preliminary survey of the principal tobacco districts, and experi- ments with methods of cultivation, manuring, curing, and fermenting. The cultural work is being carried on in cooperation with a farmer at Aguas Burnas. The work ■with tropical fruits has been confined mainly to the assembling of plant material and the propagation of nursery stock. The station nurseries contain all of the citrus A^arieties to be found on the island, most of the stock being large enough to bud. The orchards now contain 45 varieties of bananas, 24 of l^udded oranges, lemons and grape fruit, 12 of cacao, and about 65 varieties of miscellaneous tropical fruits. Experimental plantings have been made of cassava, yautia, malangas, yams, and other tropical tubers, as well as vegetables from Northern-grown seeds. Vermont Station. — The station has recently added to its farm 1)uildings a hennery, 16 by 80 ft. in size. The building is constructed of novelty siding and paper, with slate roof, and is sealed inside with pine. A feed and tool room, 8 by 12 ft., is pro- vided at one end, and the remainder of the space is divided into 4 general sections for separate flocks, each having a scratching shed, 12 by 12 feet, with southern exposure, protected by long glass windows hung with hinges at the top and balanced with Aveights. One section has oiled cloth in place of windows to test this ])rotec- tion in comparison with glass. Adjoining each scratching shed is a laying and roosting room, 6 by 12 ft., and a yard on the south side 56 ft. deep. Each section is intended to accommodate 40 fowds. At present only three breeds — Barred Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, and White Wyandottes — are being kept. Referees of Of&cial Agricultural Chemists. — The appointments of the referees and associate referees of this association for the year 1904 had not been made at the NOTES. 629 time the account of the annual meeting of the association was published. These have just been received from the secretary, Dr. H. W. Wiley. The list of referees is as follows: Phosphoric acid, C. B. Williams, Raleigh, N. C. ; nitrogen determination, C. H. Jones, Burlington, Vt. ; separation of nitrogenous bodies, Fj. B. Hart, Geneva, N. Y. (milk and cheese proteids); potash, F. B. Carpenter, Kichinond, Va. ; soils, C. G. Hopkins, Urbana, 111.; dairi/ products, G. E. Patrick, Wasliington, D. C. ; foods and feeding stufs, J. O. LaBach, Lexington, Ky.; food adulteration, W. D. Bigelow, Washington, D. C. ; sugar, L. S. Munson, Washington, D. C; tannin, G. A. Kerr, Damascus, Va. ; insecticides, B. H. Smith, Washington, D. C. ; «.roducts, A. McGill, Ottawa, Canada; infants and invalids' foods, H. W. Wiley, Washington, D. C. ; vegetables, F. W. Bedford, St. Paul, Minn.; condiments other than spices, J. D. Hird, Washington, D. C. ; cocoa and cocoa products, E. N. Eaton, Chicago, 111.; tea and coffee, H. C. Lythgoe, Boston, Mass.; and preservatives, W. D. Bigelow, Washington, D. C. ; sugar — molasses methods, H. E. Sawyer, Boston, Mass.; special analytical methods, C A. Browne, jr., Audubon Park, New Orleans, La.; tannin, H. C. Reed, Stamford, Conn.; insecticides, S. Avery, Lincoln, Nebr. ; ash, F. T. Shutt, Ottawa, Canada. Diversification Farms. — The Department of Agriculture has arranged for conducting during the coming season 30 farms in the Southern States to serve as demonstrations in farm management. These farms will be of from 40 to 50 acres each and are located as follows: Texas, 14; Louisiana, 5; Mississippi, 3; Alabama, 3; Georgia, 2; South Carolina, 2; Florida, 1. These farms will be located on private farms and will be under the direction of officers of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who will visit them frequently during the season. The Department will furnish the seed and one- half of the fertilizer, and the expense of carrying on the farms will be borne by the owners, who will enter into an agreement to carry on the areas set aside according to plans prescribed by the Bureau of Plant Industry. General farm crops will be grown with reference to demonstrating the practicability and the methods of diversi- fied agriculture. The immediate charge of this will be in the hands of W. J. Spillman, the agrostologist. Challenger. — The December-January number of Agriculture, the publication issued by the agricultural students of the University of Nebraska, gives an account of the raising and feeding of Challenger, the champion steer of the International Live Stock Exhibition. Challenger was raised by a farmer in Nebraska, his dam being a Short- horn cow with enough Holstein blood to give her a blue-white color and quite ordi- nary in appearance, while his sire was a registered Hereford bull of unusual individual merit. He was selected by Prof. H. R. Smith, of the department of animal hus- bandry, from a bunch of 2-year-old steers last INIay. At that time he weighed 1,300 lbs. and was j)urchased for 5 cts. a jiound, or a total of $65. The breeder, who was 630 EXrERIMENT STATION RECORD. alHO his feeder until May 1, showed him no preference, for, as he says, "we noticed notiiiii!,' in him to give him a preference." He was fed by the university from May until tlie time he was sliipped to Chicago, and during the latter part of the period "was under extremely high-pressure feeding, consuming 25 lbs. of grain per day, be.sides a few pounds of sugar beets and about 8 lbs. of alfalfa and prairie hay." He gained 200 lbs. in the last two months and weighed 1,760 lbs. when he was shipped to the show. His total cost to the college, not including freight and labor, was $105.72. He won $430 in prize money and sold for 26 cts. per pound, or approxi- mately §450. Challenger dressed 1,135 lbs. of meat, or 65 per cent of his live weight. It was reported at the ])lace where he was slaughtered that " he made a magnificent carcass of beef, by far the best our cattlemen had ever seen." Challenger is being mounted for the St. Louis Exposition, after which he will be returned to the Uni- versity of Xel)raska for class-room illustration. Farmers' Institutes in Georgia.— The past year a very successful series of farmers' institutes was held in the State, which aroused much interest. This was the first systematic attempt to introduce the farmers' institutes, and was supported by the University of Georgia, the trustees of which set aside $1,000 for the purpose. Dur- ing the year 44 institutes were held, one in each senatorial district of the State. One of the objects of the first year's work was to organize the institute system thoroughly, and with this end in view a president and secretary were elected for each district, and a vice-president from each county in the district. One-daj' sessions were held, with an average attendance of between 150 and 200. The faculty of the agricul- tural college and the staff of the experiment station took part in these institutes, presenting papers at a considerable number of meetings, but neither organization was made responsible for the management of the institutes, which was placed in the hands of Hon. Harvie Jordan, of Monticello, as director of institutes. It is hoped that provision will be made for carrying on the institutes another year so that at least one meeting may be held in each county and the sessions continued for two days in each place. Hawaiian Sugar Chemists' Association. — An association of chemists who are or have been engaged in sugar work, either in sugar factories or in experiment station labo- ratories in Hawaii, has been formed with a membership of over thirty. The object of the association is the study of sugar chemistry and the methods of analysis used in the chemical control of sugar-house work, with a view to arriving at uniformity both in methods and statement of results. A meeting was held October 26 and 27, 1903, at which provisional methods were adopted and these, together with specimen blanks for the rendering of reports, have been issued in pamphlet form. The presi- dent of the association is P. A. G. Messchaert, of Waipahu, Oahu, and the secretary- treasurer is E. C. Shorey, chemist to the Federal experiment station at Honolulu. School of Practical Gardening for Girls. — A recent issue of the Brttii^h MedlcalJournal descril)es the women's l)ranch of the Practical Gardening School of the Royal Botanic Society. The pupils in this school are for the most part young women who have obtained scholarships from the London school board, and w^ho intend to adopt gar- dening as a profession. They are nominated by the technical education board of the London County Council. The students are allowed to work in a portion of the grounds of the botanical gardens in Regent's Park,, and also learn practical hothouse work in the conservatories. "The longest course is three years. The first-year students are taught ground operations, flower and vegetable gardening, and everything connected with the operations. During the second year the sulijects taught are outdoor work, indoor work, and theoretical work. The third year is devoted to pruning, mowing, care of conservatory, plant houses, frames and pits, etc., and to theoretical work, such as keeping accounts, elementary meteorology, landscape gardening, sprays and washes for insect pests, and to classes and laboratory work in botany and horticultural chemistry. NOTES. 631 "A new laboratory has lieeu built for the us^e of students, and theoretical lectures followed by practical teaching are given on botany, elementary and advanced gen- eral histology, morphology, and physiology. Those students who wish to learn gardening as a pastime are. allowed to attend on special days. The course of study in the botanical and horticultural laboratory is under the direction of Prof. E. J. Schwarz. Owing to the satisfactory report of the progress made by the scholars, the board has doubled its grant to the Royal Botanic Society, and now offers twenty scholarships instead of ten. Students readily find situations, and it is interesting to note how many people now employ lady gardeners in preference to men." Bills before Congress. — A l)ill introduced into the Senate calls for an appropriation of !?250,000, to be expended at the rate of $50,000 a year, to enable the Department of Agriculture to carry on, in conjunction with the experiment stations in the noncorn-growing States, experiments in the breeding, rearing, and finishing of live stock for market, the introduction and development of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine suitable for such regions and conditions, and the introduction and cultivation of suitable crops and forage plants. The agricultural appropriation bill was reported in the House of Representatives February 4, and passed the following day. It carries a total appropriation of $5,711,240, an increase of $233,080 over that for the j^resent year. The chairman, in presenting the bill, stated it to be the judgment of the connnittee that "although the estimates have not in all cases been allowed, the several amounts recommended will be ample to keep all branches of the Department of Agriculture in progressive motion, and will fulh^ meet all the proper and justifiable demands of the country upon the Department." In reply to the assertion of some that the United States is not spending money enough toward the promotion of agriculture, statistics collected l)y the Census Bureau were presented showing that as nearly as could be ascertained the aggregate yearly expenditure for agriculture by the States and Territories amounts to something over $4,500,000, "which added to the $6,250,000 spent annually by the United States Government for the same cause makes a total of $10,750,000 spent annually for the promotion of agriculture. Certainly this is a most liberal figure, and much more than is being expended by any other Government in the world for the same purpose." The bill contains a new clause relating to the experiment stations, which authorizes and directs the Secretary of Agriculture "to coordinate the work of the several stations and the work of the stations with the Department of Agriculture, to the end of preventing unnecessary duplication of work, of increasing the efficiency of the stations and the Department of Agriculture, and to unify and systematize agricultural investigations in the United States." This is in line with the trend of discussion in the hearings of the Committee on Agricul- ture. An amendment to the bill, offered by Hon. H. C. Adams, providing for an increase in the appropriation to the stations along the lines of the bill previously introduced by him, was ruled out on a point of order. A joint resolution has been introduced in Congress authorizing the printing of 4,000 additional copies of the Report of Irrigation Investigations in Utah, which was issued in a limited edition last summer as a bulletin of this Office. Several bills have been introduced in both branches of Congress for the construc- tion and improvement of roads and the establishment of a Bureau of Public High- ways in the Department of Agriculture. Four of these call for an appropriation of $24,000,000 for road building in cooperation with the various States and Territories, to cover a period of 3 years. Another appropriates $50,000,000, and provides for the issuing of bonds for this purpose if necessary. Personal Mention. — F. H. King, Chief of the Division of Soil Management of the Bureau of Soils, has resigned to take effect June 30. He was relieved from charge of the laboratory February 1, and will prepare a report upon his investigations. Professor King entered the Bureau of Soils in November, 1901. 632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, i;. K. Ewell, for s^everal years connected with the P>urean of Chemistry of this ])i'|iartnient, and for tiie i)ast year in charge of the Atlanta oftice of the (ierman KaH Works, died in New Orleans February 7. Director E. B. \'oorhees, of the New Jersey Stations, has been appointed president of the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture. W. B. ^Madison, of the National Farm School at Doylestown, Pa., goes March 1 to the Mount llennon School, near Northfield, Mass., as horticulturist. Prof. Pierre ]\Iouillefert, professor of horticulture and forestry at the National Agricultural School of Grignon, France, died December 26, 1903. He had been con- nected with the institution since 1864, as student and assistant, and subsequently as professor. He published a book on the vineyards and wines of France, and a brief treatise on the culture of truffles, and wrote largely for French agricultural journals. A treatise on sylviculture, consisting of four volumes, of which two have appeared and the otliers are in press, is also from his pen. In 1874 he was commissioned l)y the French (iovernment to investigate the destruction of vineyards by the Phylloxera. Miscellaneous. — Wellesley College announces a course in general horticulture and elementary landscape gardening. The course includes lectures on the prepara- tion of soils, the propagation, cultivation, and pruning of plants, school gardens, and planting designs; and a brief consideration of the plants used in practical plant- ing. The lectures will be supplemented by reading, work in the greenhouse, prac- tice in making planting plans, practical work in the field, and visits to gardens, nurseries, and estates in the vicinity. The course covers one year and includes 3 hours a week for that period. It is in charge of Henry S. Adams, instructor in botany. The college has also offered for a couple of years past a course in trees and forestry, covering one year and including forest botany and sylviculture, the forests of the world, value and uses of their products, and the protection of wood lands. Simmons College, Boston, offers a course in theoretical and practical horticulture designed to aid yoimg women who wish to undertake the cultivation of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for commercial or other purposes. The course serves also as a practical basis for landscape gardening. It will extend over either three or four years, the first two years to be spent in Boston studying the underlying sciences and theoretical elements of horticulture, and the third year at the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College, as mentioned elsewhere. The Girls' Industrial College, at Denton, Texas, which was opened to students the latter part of last Septemlier, will give consideraljle attention to the teaching of hor- ticulture and ornamental gardening. This is provided for in the department of rural arts, in charge of A. J. Seiders, which will embrace floriculture, horticulture, truck and berry growing, dairying, bee keeping, and poultry keeping. Three new greenhouses 18 by 40 ft. have been completed and a small nursery has been estab- lished. The campus of about 70 acres will be devoted largely to landscape garden- ing and forestry. The department of economics and sociology recently established by the Carnegie Institution, in charge of Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, has undertaken the preparation of an economic history of the United States, embracing eleven sub- jects. The second of these subjects, relating to agriculture and forestry, including public land and irrigation interests, has been assigned to President K. L. Butterfield, of the Rhode Island College. This part of the work, it is understood, will be carried on with the collaboration of experts in various branches of agriculture. According to press reports, George C. Creelman, superintendent of farmers' insti- tutes in Ontario, has been appointed president of the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, to succeed Dr. James Mills, who has retired after twenty-five years of service to become a member of the railway commission newly appointed by the Dominion government. Mr. Creelman entered upon his duties Fel>ruary 1. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and IL W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — "Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. 7. Editorial notes: Page. ^\'ork of the Bureau of Agriculture in the Philippines 633 Experiment stations iu the Philippines 634 A card index to periodical literature on agricultural science 639 Bimonthly list of experiment station publications 640 New dairy barn at the Kentucky Station, D. W. May 642 Recent 'work in agricultural science 645 Notes 731 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CHEMISTRY. Determination of citric-acid soluble phosphoric acid, P. Wagner et al 645 Investigations on phosphorus and phosphoric acids, H. Giran 645 Solul;ility of magnesium ammonium phosphate in ammonium citrate, A. Bolis. 645 AmiiK )iiium salts iu preventing the precipitation of magnesium, F. P. Treadwell. 645 Quantitative separation of lime and magnesium by the indirect method, A. C. Christomanos 645 A contribution to the knowledge of calcium car))onate, W. Meigen 645 Detection and estimation of ammonia by means of sodium picrate, C. Reichard. 645 A method f( ir the determination of ammonia, A. Schittenhelm 646 Estimation of nitrates by Schultze-Schlossing method, L. L. de Koninck 646 Determination of nitrate nitrogen in presence of organic nitrogen, T. Pfeiffer . 646 The determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method, R. B. Gibson 646 The results of recent investigations in proteid chemistry, P. A. Levene 646 On vegetal>le protein, O. Nagel 646 A new Kjeldahl apparatus, M. Vogtherr 646 Phosphomolybdic acid for the detection of the amino group, F. Seller and A. Verda 646 Provisional methods of the Hawaiian Sugar Chemists' Association 646 <')n the polyrotation of sugars, E. Roux 647 Notes on the hydrolysis of starch by acids, G. W. Rolfeand H. W. Geromanos. 647 I II CONTENTS. Page. MaltoHC in aoid-hyaratioii of modified nulk, S. Szekely. 703 Report of the Ciovernnient Hospital for the Insane 703 Cookery for the sick and convales{;ent, C. 11. Senn 703 Diet wi'thout salt and its effect upon the body, C. M. P.elli 703 Proteid svntliesis in the animal body, Y. Henderson and A. L. Dean 703 On the i)iiysioloKical action of the j)roteose8, F. P. Underbill 704 ("oncerninir the tryptic dijjestion of gelatine, T. R. Kriiger 704 Formation of glycogen from glycoproteids and other proteids, L. B. Stookey. . 704 Formation of dextrose in metabolism, P. G. Stiles and G. Lnsk 705 Salivary digestion in the stomach, W. B. Cannon and H. F. Day 705 Oxidations in the animal organism, E. Enriguez and J. A. Sicard 706 The sugar-forming ferment of the liver, L. Borchardt 706 Effect of lecithin on the growth of the white rat, S. Hatai 706 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Commercial feeding stuffs, H. J. Wheeler, A. W. Bosworth, and J. W. Kellogg. 706 Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell 707 Beef diffusion residue and molasses, M. Schmceger 707 Groundnuts in the West Indies 708 Some results in steer feeding, D. W. May 708 Steer feeding, F. B. Linfield 709 Experiments in fattening lambs, F. B. Linfield 709 Sheep feeding, F. B. Linfield 710 Sheep-feeding experiment, 0. C. Higbee 710 The college lambs, J. D. Towar 711 Experiments in feeding swine, E. E. Elliott 711 Clovers: Indispensable in a poultry dietary, H. E. Moss 712 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Methods of milking, H. H. Wing and J. A. Foord 712 Milk; its production and uses, E. F. Wilk)Ughby 713 The composition of milk in the north of England, II, S. H. Collins 713 Aerated preserved milk 714 Homogenized milk, P. Buttenberg 714 Results with pure and impure milk in infant feeding, W. H. Park and L. E. Holt. 715 Pasteurization of milk, M. Henseval and G. Mullie 715 Efficiency of pasteurization of milk, H. L. Russell and E. G. Hastings 716 Destruction of tubercle bacilli in heated milk, W. Rullmann 716 Process butter, R. W. Clark and J. A. Crockett 716 Influence of feeding cotton-seed meal and sesame cake on the properties of butter fat, A. J. Swaving 716 Composition of butter fat of individual cows in Holland, J. Klein and A. Kirsten . 716 Variations in the composition of butter, A. Bonn 717 Making butter with ferments containing starch, J. Vanderplancken and A. J. J. Vandevelde 717 Bacterial content of cheese cured at different temperatures, F. C. Harrison and W. T. Connell 717 Notes on Cheddar cheese making, R. T. Archer 718 Improved cream separator 718 Thirty-first annual report of the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association 718 Missouri Dairy Association 718 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The care of animals, N. S. Mayo 718 Animal diseases, J. M. Christy 718 The diseases of stock and how to treat them, D. Hutcheon 718 Veterinary studies for agricultural students, M. H. Reynolds 718 Surgical and obstetrical operations for veterinary students and practitioners, W. L. Williams 719 Progress in pathogenic micro-organisms, P. von Baumgarten and T. Tangl 719 Italian literature on general pathology and pathological anatomy, 1902, O. Bar- bacci 719 CONTENTS. VII Page. Immunity and narcosis, J. J. Sncl 719 The morphological processes in infection and immunity, A. Wolff - 719 Annual report of the State Board of Live Stock Connnissioners of Ohio, }\ Fisher and W. W. ^liller 720 Report of the chief inspector of stock for the year 1902, T. A. Tabart 720 Report of the government veterinarian, J. D. Stewart 720 Report of the chief inspector of stock and brands, 1902, P. R. Gordon 720 Notes from practice, R. Schmidt 720 Animal and human tul^erculosis, A. Cipollina 720 The identity of bovine and human tuberculosis, Troje 720 Experimental demonstration of the unity of tuberculosis, S. Arloing 721 Inoculating cattle with tubercle bacilli of different origin, H. Kossel 721 Ingestion tuberculosis, D. von Ilansemann - 721 Pernieal)ility of young gastroenteric mucous lining for tubercle bacilli, Disse. . 721 Combating tuberculosis, E. von Behring - - 722 Pulmonary tuberculosis and means of combating this disease, E. von Behring. 722 Vaccination against tuberculosis in cattle, G. Regner and O. Stenstrom 722 Immunization against tuberculosis, F. Neufeld 722 The immunization of the organism against tuberculosis, E. Maragliano 722 Cause of error in diagnosing tubercle 1)acilli in blood clots, E. Bezangon et al . 723 Legal requirement for determination of tul^erculosis in all living animals, Thiro 723 Action of dead tubercle bacilli and toxins of tubercle bacilli, Y. Klingmiiller. 723 Generalized tuberculosis in hogs, K. MiiUer 723 The diagnosis of anthrax and blackleg, R. Ostertag 723 Verification of the diagnosis of anthrax and blackleg, Tillmann 724 Action of iodin on virus of anthrax and blackleg, Y. Galtier 724 A new" method of vaccination for blackleg, Baer 724 Investigations on foot-and-mouth disease, LofHer 724 Treatment of cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease, I. Sacchini 724 Texas fever, A. R. Ward 725 How can we exterminate the cattle tick? H. A. Morgan 725 Some experiments in inoculation for redwater, E. B. Maclean 725 Rhodesian tick fever, S. B. Woollatt 725 Cause of the cornstalk disease in cattle, R. E. Buchanan 725 Hemorrhagic septicemia, Krueger 725 Puerperal metritis, A. Rodrigo 725 Tetanus in cows. Burgeon 725 The antitoxin treatment of tetanus, E. von Behring 725 Cattle poisons of the Transvaal, J. B. Davy 725 Bacteriological findings in chronic mammitis of milch cows, F. Glage 726 The etiology of swine plague, W. Grips 726 The etiology of swine plague, R. Ostertag - 726 Vaccine material for swine erysipelas, L. Detre-Deutsch 726 The most convenient position of hogs for vaccination, K. Miiller 726 Paralysis of young colts, Zwicker 726 The army horse in accident and disease, A. Plummer and R. H. Power 727 Diseases and disorders of the horse, A. Theiler 727 The transmission of horse distemper by coitus, A. Grimme 727 Data on petechial fever in horses, J. J. Ibars 727 Epizootic lymphangitis, A. Theiler 727 Poisoning from moldy clover, Bansse 727 Intestinal coccidiosis in fowls, Eckardt 727 A study of the nature of fowl plagues, D. Calamida 727 Parasitological notes, B. (ialli-Valerio 728 The beef measle worm in the slaughterhouse of Triest, J. Spadiglieri 728 Trichinosis and heredity, A. O. de Landdzuri 728 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation engineering, H. M. Wilson 728 Murray waters and irrigation, R. T. McKay 728 Water supply, R. E. Middleton - 728 Windmill irrigation in Kansas, P. Eastman 728 Windmills, M. Ringelmann 728 The practical working of trench-excavating machinery, E. McCuUough 728 Trial stations for machinery, implements, and tools used in agriculture and dairying, F. Witting 728 VIII CONTENTS. Page. German and English agricultural macliiue industry, < i. Kiiline 729 Steam ])lowing a sui-coss, J. II. Connell 729 Electricity in agriculture, E. (iuarini 729 Alcohol motor cars fur agricultural jHirpoHcts, A. Usclunann 729 Reenforced concrete and its applications, 1'. Christophe 729 The story of refrigerati( m, R. (_'nnv(^ 729 Report of the committee on rural engineering of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, W. E. Stone et al 729 MISCELLANEOUS. Growth and management of American agriculture, F. T. Carlton 729 Animal reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1903 730 Organization of Dejuirtment of Agriculture, 1903-4 730 Organization lists of tb.e agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the 730 United States Sixteenth Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1903 730 Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1902 730 Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1903 730 Press Bulletins Nos. 71 to 124 730 "Wages of farm labor in the United States, J . 1 1. Blodgett 730 Crop Reporter - 730 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama College Station: Page. Texas Station: Page. Bui. 120, Oct., 1903 689 Circ. 3 697 Arkansas Station: Circ. 4, Aug. 10, 1903 692 Bui. 77, 1903 666 T'tah Station: Bui. 78, 1903 700 Bui. 78, Sept., 1902 709 California Station: 695 696 Bui. 79, Jan., 1903 716 Bui. 153, June, 1903 Bui. 80, Dec, 1902 Washington Station: 655 Bui. 154. Jujie, 1903 Circ. 1, May, 1903 725 Bui. 54, 1902 687 Colorado Station: Bui. 55, 1902 658 Bui 83 Oct 1903 657 688 Bui. 56, 1903 Bui. 57, 1903 693 Bui. 84, Oct., 1903 673 Connecticut State Station: Bui. 58, 1903 711 An. Rpt., 1903, pt. 1 663 Bui. 59, 1903 689 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 27, Dec, 1903 701 U. S. Department of Agriculture Illinois Station: An. Rpts., 1903 730 Circ. 72, Nov., 1903 657 Fanners' Bui. 182 701 Kansas Station: Circ 10 702 Bui. 119, Sept., 1903 730 Rpt. 75 666 Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1903 730 Rpt. 76 730 Kentucky Station: Bureau of Chemistry : Bui. 107, Mav 23, 1903 693 Bui. 78 (5 cents) 670 Bui. 108, July 18, 1903 708 Bureau of Plant Industrv : Bui. 109, Sept., 1903 663 Bui. 51, pt. 1 (5 cents) 685 Massachusetts Station: Bureau of Soils: Bui. 92, Nov., 1903 663 Field Operations, 1902 ( Fourth Met. Buls. 178-180, Oct.-Dec, Report) (13.80) 658 1903 653 Bureau of Statistics: Montana Station: Bui. 26 (5 cents) 730 Bui. 47, Sept., 1903 710 Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. Bui. 48, Sept., 1903 709 7-9, Nov., 1903- Jan., 1904.. 730 New York Cornell Station: Weather Bureau: Bui. 213, Sept., 1903 712 Bui. 31 655 North Carolina Station: Bui. 32 (15 cents) 654 Bui. 188, Sept., 1903 Porto Rico Station: 684 Bui. 33 (35 cents) 655 Circ. E, Instrument Division Bui. 3, Sept., 1903 (10 cents). 658 (seconded.) (10 cents) 655 Circ. 1, Oct. 26, 1903 669 Doc. 290 654 Rhode Island Station: Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 93, June, 1903 663 Bui. 136 (20 cents) 698 Bui. 94, June, 1903 706 Bui. 137 (5 cents) 730 Bui. 95, July, 1903 665 Circ 53 729 Bui. 96, Aug., 1903 672 Division of Entomology: Bui. 97, Oct., 1903 663 Bui. 42 (5 cents) 692 South Dakota Station : Bui. 43 (5 cents) 692 An. Rpt., 1902 730 Division of Publications: An. Rpt., 1903 730 Circ. 1 (rev. ed. ) 730 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may ])e purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical pubhcations are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate II. Fio;. 1. — Exterior view of Kentucky Station dairy barn. Fig. 2. — View of cow stalls of Kentucky Station dairy barn 642 Fig. 8. — Ground plan of Kentucky Station dairy barn 643 9. — Ventilation system of Kentucky Station dairy barn 644 X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. March, 1904. No. 7, The progress which has been made in organizing agricultural work in the Philippine Islands appears to be most gratifying and encourag- ing when the island conditions and the short period of operation are taken into account. The prime importance of agriculture in the development of the islands, the diversity of this industry, and its crude and crippled condition combine to make the held one of unusual oppor- tunity" and attractiveness to the agricultural expert and experimenter. The introduction into the islands of American methods for the improve- ment and promotion of agriculture has been full of interest to those who have watched its progress from afar. Something of the present organization of the Bureau of Agriculture and the lines of work which have been inaugurated is learned from the second annual report of its chief, Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner. Pro- fessor Scribner entered upon the work of organizing the bureau about two years ago, and at the time the above report was concluded (last August) had been in the islands only about eighteen months. The difficulties of securing a competent staff of emploj^ees, the natural conditions of the islands, ravages of disease among the domestic ani- mals, and the distance from the base of supplies have presented many obstacles and inevitably impeded progress, but in spite of this the bureau has been placed upon a sul)stantial working basis and work undertaken in the leading branches of agriculture in the islands. The organization now includes a central office at Manila, with experts in charge of .seed and plant introduction, fiber investigations, soil studies, and animal industry; an experiment station and testing grounds near Manila, and six other stations and farms located at various points in the islands. At most of these outlying stations and farms buildings have been erected for the officers in charge and for laborers and animals, and a large amount of preliminary work has been performed in the direction of securing draft animals and farm machinery, getting the land into condition, establishing plantations, constructing the necessary roads, and other pioneer work. The total number of employees in the bureau last August was 205, 29 of whom were Americans and 176 natives. Most of the latter were lal)orers, although several natives were satisfactorily filling positions of consid- erable responsibility. 633 (i84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. l)uiiiio- the year seven farmers' bulletins and four regular bulletins were issued, mostly in both Eng-lisli and Spanish. The editions of these varied from '2,(nj{) to '6^oih}, and it is noted tliat the first editions of several of the farmers' bulletins have been exhausted, necessitating rei)rints. On the IkisIs of replies to a circvdar of incjuiry sent out ])y the bureau regarding- the agi'icultural products of the islands, an annotated list of the principal agricultural plants and products, exclusive of til)ers, has ])een i)rei)ared for pu))li('ation. Information has also l)een gathered regarding the cost of land, conditions of labor, the cost of establishing and maintaining plantations of abaca, cocoanut, tobacco, and other leading crops, as many inquiries came to the bureau from prospective planters. This gives an interesting insight into the pre- vailing conditions and methods, and should prove very useful. Nearly 22,000 packages of assorted seeds have been distributed, reaching almost every province in the archipelago. These have included 137 varieties of American-grown field and garden seeds, and it is pointed out that the requests have come very largel}' from native farmers. It has been clearly demonstrated that many garden vege- tables of American origin may be grown to perfection in the islands. A number of native fruits and vegetables are thought to be very promising and worthy of experiment to determine the cost of culture, possibility of improvement by selection, etc. A variet}' of the most modern agricultural implements and farm machinery have been introduced by the bureau and put in use. It is interesting to learn that the natives take readily to these and soon get to use them skillfull3^ Native teamsters emploj^ed on the experimental grounds have learned to operate disk and sulky plows, cultivators, and similar implements very satisfactoril}. A machine for thi'ashing rice which the bureau imported for use on its rice farm has attracted much attention, and there has been considerable demand for its serv- ices from native rice growers, who were willing to pa}' a good toll for having their rice thrashed out b}' machiner}^, in preference to hand labor, which otherwise prevails. The experiment stations and farms in the Philippines are spread over a wide area of country, and embrace a diversit}^ of agricultural interests. The experiment stations proper include those at Malate, just out of Manila; at Batangas, in Batangas Province; at Trinidad, in Benguet Province; and at La Carlota, in Western Negros, where an agricultural college has also been located. The farms include the government farm at San Ramon, in Zamboanga; a rice farm at Alurcia, Tarlac Province; and a live stock farm on the Island of Culion. The farms at La Carlota and San Ramon were inherited from the Spanish regime, and were in a generally dilapidated condition when the bureau took hold of them. The San Ramon farm is only T degrees removed EDITORIAL. 635 from the equator, and is in the midst of tropical surroundings, while the work in Benguet Province has been carried on at a high elevation in a climate so cold that difficulty has been experienced in growing American vegetables. An unusually wide range of climatic conditions is therefore represented b}' the experiment farms. The experiment station at Malate, upon which work was begun in October, 1902, comprises about 12 acres of land. It is used largely as a testing ground and for growing improved seeds for distribution. An adequate water supply has been provided and a water tower built, with the necessar}^ pumping and distributing outhts for irrigating during the dr}' season. Special mention may be made of the experiments at this place with teosinte and Sumatra tobacco. The teosinte was a great success, as will be noted later; and the experiments in growing Sumatra tobacco gave most satisfactory results. The yield of two crops was at the rate of 1,470 pounds to the acre. Plants grown under shade had very thin, elastic, and delicately veined leaves, with a line silky luster. The great superiority of the shade-grown tobacco was clearly demon- strated. In Benguet Province the experiments in growing American vege- tables and field crops at Baguio have been transferred to Trinidad, four and a half miles distant, and about 900 ft. lower in elevation. The establishment of an experiment station at this point is well under way. In Batangas Province the work at the Batangas Station is devoted chietl}^ to the growing of forage plants and American vegetables; and at Lipa, in the same province, which lies about 1,000 ft. higher, experiments in the rehabilitation of the coffee industry have been undertaken. A coffee plantation has been established on a tract of about 10 acres, in cooperation with a planter and imder the immediate supervision of an expert of the bureau. Prior to 1S91 there were extensive coffee plantations in Batangas Province covering thousands of acres of land, which yielded large incomes to their owners. Since that time the plantations have been almost totally destroyed b}'^ attacks of leaf blight and borers, accom- panied by almost absolute neglect of the trees and their cultivation. The bureau has imported seed and reared a large number of plants of the Liberian and Maragogj^pe hybrid, which have been successfully transplanted to the thoroughly prepared ground. Experiments will be made in securing resistance to disease and insect injuries by the selection of vigorous-growing varieties and the adoption of the best system of cultivation and treatment. The agricultural college and experiment station at La Carlota, in Western Negros, was transferred to the Bureau of Agriculture from the Bureau of Education in November, 1902, and a director appointed the following March. This estate, which comprises at present about 2,000 acres, is located in a province where the chief industry is sugar 036 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. makinu'. It will he made essentially a sugar station, and devoted mainly to problems connected with the culture and improvement of sugar cane. An ap])ropriation of $15,000 was made for beginning improvements on th(> farm, and $25,000 has been appropriated for the erection of a main building of l)rick, to be made on the grounds, which will serve for laboratories, class rooms, offices, and dormitories. The government farm at San Ramon, in Zamboanga, includes about 5,000 acres, and was formerly used as a penal colony by the Spanish Government. It will be used principall}" for studying the problems in the management of cocoaiuit plantations, the preparation of copra, and the culture of abaca (Manila hemp). The farm already has a large number of cocoanut trees in bearing, which have improved in condi- tion since the bureau took charge, and 2,000 additional trees were planted during the year, making a total of 10,7<>() on the farm. Ground for 8,000 hemp plants was broken during the year, which are reported to be in a thrifty condition. The advantages of cultivation to lessen the damage of drought were abundantly demonstrated on this tract during the season. The revenues from hemp and copra on this farm amounted during the year to nearly $9,000, and it is thought that b}^ further planting it could be easil}^ made a source of considerable revenue. The prospects for stock raising as a lucrative industry in the islands are believed to be good, l)ut this will require the exercise of greater care in the prevention of contagious diseases and more attention to the cultivation of forage crops. The industry is at present at a low ebb and there continue to be heavy losses from disease. The stock found in the 'islands is for the most part of an inferior quality, owing prin- cipally to injudicious and careless breeding, lack of care during development, and inattention to feeding. To aid in developing the industry a stock farm was established on the Island of Culion in January, 1903, after exploring several regions for a suitable location. The farm lies in a large, well-watered valle}" which affords excellent grazing, and although the island is rather isolated the location is thought to be well suited in all respects for a stock farm. Buildings have been erected for the foreman and laborers, and a stable 2-1 b}^ 132 ft.; and improved stock of horses, cattle, hogs, milch goats, milch buffalo, and a number of varieties of fowls are being imported to place upon the farm, together with some native stock. The effort of the bureau will be to ascertain the breeds and crosses best adapted to existing conditions, to introduce new breeds of animals for breeding purposes, and to study questions relating to the improve- ment of the forage suppl}'. The forage problem is an acute one, and experiments in that line are closely connected with the development of animal industry. The EDITORIAL. 637 chief forage for cattle and horses in the cities and towns is grass cut fresh each day, and sold by local dealers to supply the dail}^ needs. The most conniion kind of grass grown for this purpose, called zacate, is extensively cultivated in the vicinity of Manila, being grown in shallow water in paddies very similar to those prepared for rice cul- ture. Nowhere in the Philippines is an}" attempt made to produce hay, although it is thought that hay farms in the vicinity of Manila would be both successful and profitable. Teosinte has proved very productive and prorttable as a forage crop, and is thought to give great promise for that countr3^ From experi- ments at the Malate Station it is estimated that on well-fertilized land with frequent irrigation, ten cuttings could be obtained in a year, yielding over 100 tons of green fodder or approximately 30 tons of dr}' fodder per acre. The crops grown by the bureau were sold green in Manila at $10 (gol^) per ton. Where the seed was allowed to mature an abundant crop was produced, yielding at the rate of 800 pounds of cleaned seed per acre during a dry season; and it is thought that two and probably three crops of seed could be grown annuall}^ which would give a return for seed alone of over |1,4:00 an acre. Several varieties of Indian corn have been grown in the islands for man}^ years, but little attention is paid to its culture and care, and the returns are light. It is used mostly as a human food, but nothing is known of the many methods of preparing it for food in the United States. American varieties have shown a tendenc}^ to dwarf and ear out close to the ground. Promising results, however, have been secured from the second generation of seed in Batangas, the crop being in considerable contrast to that grown from native seed. The indications are that the use of acclimated American seed will increase the jaeld one-fourth or more, and that proper cultivation will bring about an increase of an additional one-fourth, thus adding full}' 50 per cent to the present output without increase of either acreage or farm labor. The consumption of rice — the staple article of food for the Fili- pinos— is estimated at approximately 5,000 tons a day, which is far in excess of the amount produced in the islands. Last year ten million dollars' worth were imported. The Bureau of Agriculture believes that with more extensive culture of rice and the use of modern methods of cultivation the islands are capable of producing not only their own supply but a large surplus for exportation. Steps were taken during the year to secure land and establish a rice farm for the introduction of machiner}^ and better methods. The farm is located at Murcia, Tarlac Province, on the line of the Manila and Dagupan rail- road, and embraces about 1,800 acres. About 1,000 acres were put in shape for planting and for irrigation, and were seeded with an American drill. The crop was cut with a reaper and binder, similar to the methods followed in Louisiana and Texas, and was thrashed out <>38 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with u rici' tlmishci' of tlic hitcst American nniko. TlicMiiost approved methods of rice cuhiirc will be followed on this farm, whicli is expiH'ted to serve not only as a demonstration farm, l)ut to yield con- siderable revenue also. Professor Scribner points out some of the opportunities and some of the needs of agriculture in the Philippine Islands. Manila hemp, the product of abaca, is known the woi'ld over, and is the most important source of revenue and the leading industry of the archipelago. The reasons for its prominence are found in the existing natural and indus- trial conditions. With the development of other forms of agricul- ture it is l^elieved tiiat the crude methods in practice will have to be improved upon. A more careful selection of the species of hemp grown and l)etter methods of culture w^ould greatly increase the yield of merchantal)le liber. In the extraction, drjdng, baling, and transpor- tation of the tiber there is also opportunity for great improvement, and it is believed that the perfection of a machine for stripping and cleaning the hemp liber would aid more than any other one thing in developing the industry. Up to the present time no practical machine has been devised for this purpose, and the work continues to be done b}' hand, resulting in great variation in the quality, color, length, and texture of the fiber, as well as difficulty in securing the necessary labor. Sisal hemp forms an article of considerable commercial importance in some sections, and will grow in regions entirely unsuited to abaca and upon soils otherwise of little A'alue. The opportunity for extend- ing the indiistr}" and for importing suitable machinerv for extracting the fiber is thought to be unusually good. The preparation of copra from the meat of the cocoanut, which is a staple article for export, is carried on in many places by exceedingly crude methods, the drying being done over pits or ovens dug in the ground Avhich are little less than smokehouses. The method is thought to be in urgent need of improvement, and it has been suggested that desiccators or ovens especially constructed for this purpose could be introduced to great advantage. From this brief outline it will be seen that in the short period of its existence the Bureau of Agriculture has accomplished a very credita- ble amount of work in agricultural exploration, experimentation, and investigation. It has been somewhat restricted by the limitations of its organization, since all work of a scientific character requiring laboratory equipment is assigned to the Bureau of Government Laboratories. Under this provision the studies of diseases of plants and animals, the composition of crops and agricultural products, and similar problems which requii-e laboratory investigation are without the domain of the Bureau of Agriculture. The botanical work, which was in its charge EDITORIAL. 639 during the first 3'ear, was transferred to the Bui-eau of Government Laboratories hist summer. The Avork on ru])l)er production appears also to be assit^ned to that bureau. This division of the work into the practical and the scientific, or that of the fiekl and the laboratory, will call for the most cordial coopera- tion between the two bureaus. Such cooperation will be essential to the rounding- out of the work in agriculture, and the efficient investiga- tion of the various scientific phases which are sure to develop as the work progresses. Some time ago it was mentioned that the Department Library- had undertaken the preparation of a card index of the articles contained in the more important scientific periodicals devoted to agriculture. This undertaking is in line with the suggestion of the Committee on Indexing Agricultural Literature and is intended as an aid in looking up the investigation on a given subject. Considerable progress has been made in this work and the Library is now read}' to begin issuing the cards. A circular has been distrib- uted explaining the scope and cost of the index and as soon as returns are received showing the number of subscribers the printing of the cards will begin. Subscriptions will be received for complete sets, including author and subject cards, for author sets alone, or for the cards relating to any particular subject, as soils or horticulture, or animal production or entomology; and furthermore, a single card or a set of cards for any particular article may be purchased. The "author entr}' set" will include one card onh' for each article listed. As the articles are frequently quite broad in their scope and might be classified under several subject headings, and as the index is analytical, additional cards will be required to make up the complete set. The cards in the author set will be sold at one cent each, and the additional cards for making the complete set at one-half cent each. For the cards subscribed for in a particular class, as soils or ento- molog}', a charge of two cents will be made for the first card and one- half cent for each duplicate card, as considerable more work will be involved in making up such sets. The scheme of subjects from which selection may be made follows in general the classification of the card index issued by this Office, although some changes have been made to better suit it to this particular purpose. Single cards or a set of cards for any article can be purchased at the regular price of two and one- half cents for the first card and one-half cent each for duplicates. In beginning the preparation of these cards three prominent jour- nals devoted to agricultural science were selected, and the work in analyzing them has progressed to a point where a considerable number of volumes have already been covered and an estimate secured of the 21250— No. 7—04 2 (UO EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. iiiiiiihrr of rut rics wliicli will he iiiV()l\(Hl. Fur the set of Annalesi de hi Science A(/r(»ioiii!tjn(., from 1884 to ll>0;->, the author set will incliido 328 cards, costing $3,28, and the coini)Iete set (with author set) will include 844 cards, costing $5,92. The 31 \olunies of LandwirUchaft- J'lche Jahrhi'iclwr^ covering the i)eriod from 18T2 to 1!>03, will recjuire 838 cards for the author set, costing- $8,38, and 2,500 cards for the complete set, costing $17. Similarly, for Die Idndivirtschaftlichen Yersuchs-Stationen from 1859 to 1903, 1,378 cards will be required for the author set, costing $13.78, and 4,100 cards for the complete set, costing $27, The form adopted for the printed card leaves the classification to the individual, so that the scheme is very elastic both in the matter of classification and of purchasing the cards. The card for a particular article will contain the name of the author, the exact title of the article in the original language, the reference to the page and number of the journal, and in small tj^pe at the bottom, the principal subject or subjects covered b}^ the article. The latter is merely suggestive and is intended as an additional guide to the contents of the article, as the title is freciuently not sufficiently definite. No free sets will be distributed either to libraries or individuals. The price charged is barel}" sufficient to cover the cost of printing and distribution. If a sufficient number of sets are subscribed for in advance, this mechanical work will be undertaken by the Library of Congress as a part of its card distriljution work, although the prepara- tion of the index will remain in the Department, Prospective subscrib- ers are requested to communicate promptly with the Department Libra- rian in order to hasten the printing of the cards, and notice will be sent out when the}' are read}' for delivery regarding the proper method of payment. While the cost for the complete sets of cards is considerable, it should be borne in mind that the labor of preparing these cards is contributed by the Department Li})rary, and that no private concern would be warranted in attempting the work. The cost of complete sets of cards for the three serial publications noted above is approxi- mately $50, but these sets cover 108 volumes with over 2,500 articles, and include nearly 7,500 cards. Other periodicals are to be taken up later as the work progresses, beginning in each case with the earlier volumes. The value of this index to the investigator will )ie readily appreciated. It constitutes one of those bibliographic helps which no experiment station or large well-equipped agricultural library can afford to l)e without. The issuing of a list of current experiment station publications has been commenced by this Office, and the first number has lu'ought many expressions of approval and commendation. The list will be EDITOEIAL. 641 issued bimonthly in future, and will contain brief synoptical notes regarding each publication listed. It will bo in the form of the monthly list of publications of this Department, which it will supple- ment so far as the station reports and bulletins are concerned. The latter are noAV so numerous that few people can expect to receive them all, and moreover the widespread distribution of complete tiles would result in the waste of many bulletins. The new list will enable farmers' institute workers, agricultural editors, various specialists, and others interested in the work of the stations to select such bulletins as are of particular interest and value to them. In order that the list may be issued promptly and maj^ be complete, it is very desirable that the experiment stations should send copies of their publications to this Ofiice as soon as issued. The plan at present followed at some stations of sending out several bulletins together frequently results in considerable delay. The adoption of a uniform plan of mailing the separate bulletins to the Office as soon as they are received from the printer, would materially facilitate not onl}" the preparation of the new liht, but the review of the station work in general. NEW DAIRY BARN AT THE KENTUCKY STATION. D. W. May. Kentucky Expnhnent Station. The new daiiy barn at the Kentuck}' Experiment Station is an adap- tation of the Swi.s.s stA'le of architecture of deep, overhanging eaves (PI. 11). The building consists of a main portion of two stories and a l)asement, ()S ft. long b}" 37 ft. wide, two ells each 60 ft. long, and a milk room 14 by ^2 ft. (fig. 8). The basement underlying the entire main portion of the barn has a natural limestone bottom. This space is used for the heating plant, the storage of ice, etc. The barn is lighted by electricit}-, and a motor is to be installed for power. The first floor of the main portion con- tains two offices, a dair^nnan's room, bathroom, and feed room. This floor is ceiled throughout with hard pine, natural finish. The second story is used for the storage of hay and grain feeds, the grain bins being connected with the feed room below b}" chutes. The cow stable, in one of the wings, is 60 by 39 ft., with a loft above for the storage of hay and bedding. The floor is cemented with cement plaster extended on the walls to a height of 4 ft. all around. The remainder of the walls and ceiling are finished in hard pine and varnished. Stalls (PI. II) are fitted up to accommodate 30 cows. These are constructed of gas pipe embedded in the cement floor, and the upper spaces being fitted with 2-inch netting made of No. 9 wire. The objects in view in the stall construction were to have as little material as possible for necessary protection of the animals, and at the same time to economize the available space. The animals are fed from galvanized iron troughs 14 in. wide and extending across the front of the stalls. A drop 1i' I'imI. A system of ventilation is provided for lioth w inj^s, illnstrated in Houre !», The niiliv room is cemented throu<^hout on steel latli. It is litted with shite shelving;, porcelain basins, and nickeled trimmings, so that it may he sterilized readily with hot water or steam. The silo at one corner of the building is 38j ft. high by 1(3 ft. in Fig. 9.— Ventilation system of Kentucky Station dairy t)arn. diameter. The outside is weather boarded like the barn, and the inte- rior lining is constructed of two sheathings of seven-eighths in. ship- lap siding, with two layers of tarred paper between. The cost of the barn complete, including stalls and plumbing, was approximately $8,500. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. The determination of citric-acid soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, P. Wagner et al. {Die Be^timmuug der zitromnisiXiu'elodidien l'h(ii EXPERIMKNT STATION RECORD. the :iniiii()iiiuiii salt (chlorid or siilpliatc) is dissolvi'd in the smallest possible quan- tity of cold water. The solution is then heatiMl to l)oiling and mixed with an excess of l)oilini!; 10 percent solution of sodium picrate. The liquid is allowed to cool gradually, and when (luite colil is decanted, the portion adhering to the crystals l)eing removed by means of lilter i)ai)er. The crystals are then dried at (50 to 70° C. and weighed. Carl)onates, cyanids, and compounds of potassium, rul)idium, and caesium (hut not of lithium) interfere with this reaction. A method for the determination of ammonia, A. ScniTTENnELM {Ztf^chr. Pkysiol. Cheiii., .iO (/.W;/), j>. 7.>'; .s. In ('hem. Zlg., 27 {190S), No. 81, Repert. IS, p. 251). — A modillcation of the Kriiger-Reichs method, adapted to clinical purposes, is described. Estimation of nitrates in waters by the Schultze-Schloesing method, L. L. DE KoNiNCK [Bul. Assoc. Belxjc Chilli., J7 [190o),pp. 117-120; ahs. in C'hem. Centhl., 1903, II, No. 7, pp. 461, 462; Jour. C'hem. Soc. [London], 84 {WOS), No. 493, II, p. 754). — In this method the gas evolved by tlie action of hydrochloric acid and ferrous chlorid is collected over potassium hydroxid and the resulting nitric oxid is finally measured over water. The author, however, prefers to first decompose the carljo- nates. It was found that bromids do not interfere with the reaction. In estimating silica in water containing nitrates the author prefers to acidify with sulphuric acid instead of hydrochloric acid, especially when a platinum dish is used. On the determination of nitrate nitrogen in presence of organic nitrogen, T. Pfeiffek {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 42 {1903), No. 9-10, pp. 612-617; abs. in Chem. Centhl., 1903, II, No. 20, p. 1145). — Referring to a recent article by Liechti and Rit- ter (E. S. R., 15, p. 121), the author reports further studies of the accuracy of Schloesing's method, which bear out his conclusions drawn from previous investiga- tions, that the presence of annnonium salts and organic compounds of nitrogen seri- ously interfere with the accuracy of this method, causing the results to be too low. . The determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method, R. B. Gibson {Jour. Arner. Chem. Soc, 26 {1904), ^^o. 1, pp. 105-110). — Owing to the recent discussion of the reliability of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in organic compounds, the author made control determinations of nitrogen in uric acid, hippuric acid, tyrosin, leucin, urethane, thiourea, i^henylmethyloxypyrimidin, aminobenzoic acid, and caseinogen by the Kjeldahl-Gunning method. The results are believed to afford no occasion to question the usefulness or accuracy of the the Kjeldahl method as applied to physiological-chemical work. It is stated that "when due care is exercised to procure a proper decomposition and oxidation of the substances analyzed, uniformly satisfactory determinations can readily be obtained. For substances of unknown structure, however, the results furnished by the Kjeldahl process should not be accepted without verification by other methods." The results of recent investigations in proteid chemistry, P. A. Levene {Science, n. .'ui. Chini. el PIii/x., 7. ser., oO [1908), Nov., pp. 4-^-432). Notes on the hydrolysis of starch by acids, G. W. Rolfe and II. W. Geroma- Nos [Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 10, pp. 1003-1014, dportion of l)utter, the nature (if the components can be ascertained with a reasoiial>le degree of accuracy." The iodin number of cotton-seed, oil, peanut oil, and some other oils and fats, J. J. A. Wi.JS {ZfHchr. Untersuch. Nalir. u. GenussitdL, G {1908), No. 16, pp. 692- 697). — Determinations made by the author's method of the iodin absorption of a nnmlier of sam])les of oils and fats are reported. Readings on the Zeiss butyro-refractometer of edible oils and fats, H. C. Lythgoe [Tech. Quart., 16 {1903), No. 3, pp. 222-226).— The author reports actual readings of cocoanut oil, beef stearin, cacao butter, beef tallow, mutton tallow, lard stearin, beef oleo, lard oil, peanut oil, rape-seed oil, yellow and black mustard oils, sunflower oil, and poppy-seed oil, most of the samples being of known purity. A table is given, in which the calculated readings of these oils and fats at different temperatures are incorporated with the butter readings of Zeiss, the lard readings of Hefelmann, and the olive oil and cotton-seed oil readings of Leach. The iodin num- ber and specific gravity of beef stearin, lard stearin, beef oleo, and lard oil are also reported. Acido-butyrometric analyses of whey, P. Wieske {Bev. Gen. Lait, 3 {1903), No. 2, pj>. 30-34, fig. 1). — The Adams, Gottlieb, and Gerber methods of determining fat were compared on 16 samples of whey. Duplicate determinations by the (jerber method showed no greater variations than by the gravimetric methods. The results of the 3 methods agreed closely. The determination of fat in skim milk, C. Barthel {Rev. Gen. Lait, 3 {1903), No. 2, pp. 25-29). — The Adams and Gottlieb methods were compared on whole and skim milk. The Adams method gave too low results in the case of skim milk obtaineil from milk subjected to considerable agitation liefore separation, Avhile the Gottlieb method was believed to give reliable results under all c-ircumstances. Determination of fat in milk by the Adams, Gottlieb, and Gerber methods, M. SiEGFELD [Ztschr. UittersucJi. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 6 {1903), No. 6, pp. 259-271). — A large number of duplicate determinations by each of these methods, extending over a number of years, are reported. No more accurate results are believed to be obtained by one of the methods than by another. The possible sources of error in each method are pointed out. Investigations on the Gottlieb-Rose method of fat determination, M. Popp {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. n. GenussmtL, 7 {1904), -Vo. 1, pp. 6-12). — According to the author's experience the Gottlieb- Rose method is simpler, shorter, and more accurate than other gravimetric methods of determining fat in milk. In one series of experi- ments a study was made of the effect of allowing the sample to stand for varying periods, from i to 6 hours, after the addition of the ammonia, alcohol, ether, and petroleum ether. About 1 hour is recommended. In another series of experiments comparison was made of ammonia of different concentrations (sp. gr. 0.98 to 0.91, corresponding to NH3 4.8 to 24.99 per cent). The result showed no greater variations than with the use of the concentration (sp. gr. 0.96) recommended by Gottlieb. Practically the same figures were obtained by the weakest ammonia and double the usual amount of the strongest ammonia used. Qualitative reactions of hydrogen peroxid and their use in the examina- tion of milk, C. Arnold and C. Mentsel {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 6 {1903), No. 7, pp. 305-309). — The different tests for hydrogen peroxid are men- tioned and their application to the detection of this substance in raw and heated milk is briefly described. CHEMISTRY. 649 New reactions for disting-uishing- raw and heated milk, as w^ell as for the detection of hydrogen peroxid in milk, C. Arnold and C. Mentsel {Ztschr. Uiiterttuch. Xdhr. u. (h'tuisxintl., 6' {1903), No. 12, pp. 64S, 549). — Characteristic color reactions arc reported as o])tained ])y 2 aromatic amins, p-diethyl-p-phenylenediamin and p-diamido-diphenylaniinhydi'ochlorid. The examination of milk samples containing unduly large quantities of preservatives, M. Siegfeld {Ztschr. Vidermcli. Nahr. u. (lenuxxmtl., 6 {1903), No. 9, pp. 397-408). — Fat was determined by the Gerber method in milk containing var- ious Cjuantities of formalin and potassium bicliromate. The results were materially influenced by large quantities of these preservatives. A comparative study of methods of determining formaldehyde, B. H. Smith {Jouv. Amcr. Chem. Soc, -25 {1903), No. 10, pp. 1028-1035).— The Blank and Fink- enbeiner method of determining formaldehyde was found very satisfactory for strong solutions. The Legler method gave lower results but was fairly satisfactory. The gravimetric hexamethylenetetramin method was considered practically worthless. The iodiometric and potassium cyanid methods gave good results on dilute solutions. It was considered possible to determine with accuracy 1 part of formaldehyde in 100,000 by the potassium cyanid method. In the anilin volumetric method the author found it impossible to ascertain the end point. The estimation of formaldehyde in milk, B. H. Smith {.Tour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 25 {1903), No. 10, pp. 1036-1038, dgm. 1) . — Several experiments a.re reported, the results of which are summarized by the author as follows: "It may be said that considerable time and trouble may be saved by using a Kjeldahl flask and a round, flat evaporating burner in the distillation of milk; that the quantity of suli^huric acid added has a decided effect upon the amount of formal- dehyde obtained in the first part of the distillation; that, if the treated milk is kept in a cool place, the percentage of formaldehyde found will remain practically con- stant for at least 48 hours; and that where 100 cc. of milk are treated with 1 cc. of sulphuric acid of a dilution 1:3 and distilled, the first 20 cc. of the distillate will con- tain very close to 33 J per cent of the total formaldehyde present." A chemical method for detecting and measuring the addition of low-grade jSour to wheat flour, G. Volpixo {(rior. Farm e Cliim., 52 {1903), pip. 337-346; abs. in Chem. CenthL, 1903, II, No. 15, p. 844)- — Contrary to the opinion of other investi- gators the author maintains that when a mixture of wheat flour and barley, rye, maize, or rice meal is washed out with water by means of a water pump, only gluten possessing the qualities of wheat gluten will remain, and in about the proportion in which wheat gluten is present in the original mixture. The insoluble proteids of barley, rye, maize, and rice meal are found in the water used for washing the gluten, and are removed from the water by filtration. The estimation by the Kjeldahl method of these insoluble proteids obtained after the removal of gluten furnishes information regarding the quality of the flour and the kind and amount of adulteration. Flour is regarded as adulterated which contains, after the removal of the gluten, more than 0.02 gm. of proteid insoluble in water. The kind of adulteration can be determined usually with a microscope. Spoiled wheat flour shows an increase in the insoluble proteids remaining after removing gluten which is proportional to the degree of change. These insoluble bodies do not equal the amount found in other sorts of flour besides wheat. Volumetric determinations, A. Wohl {Ber. Deut. Chem. GeselL, 36 {1903), pp. 1417-1422; ahs. in Bid. Sor. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 30 {1903), No. 22, p. 1230) .—The author explains the application of his method, previously described (E. S. R., 14, p. 1043), to the determination of ammonia and carl)on dioxid. Potassium tetroxalate as a titrating reagent, O. KtJHLiNG {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 16, {1903), pp. 1030-1033; abs. in Chem. CenthL, 1903, II, No. 25, pp. 1390, 650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, U'iOl). — The author claiius that ])iitas8inni tetroxahite of constant composition can be prcpareil from oxahc acid whicii lias ])cen carefully jjurilied ])y crystallization (from hot hydrochloric acid and boiling water), by recrystallizing the tetroxalate obtained on adding potash solution to the oxalic acid, jiressing between sheets of hardened filter paper, and allowing to air-dry until the crystals no longer adhere to the sides of a glass vessel. It is pointed out that the dilticulty which has often been encoun- tered with this reagent was probably due to the fact that the tetroxalate was prepared by desiccation over sulphuric acid. On tlie titration of sulphuric acid with, benzidine hydrochlorate, W. J. Mui.i.Eij and II. Di'RKKs (Ztsrhr. Aiuilyt. Cherii., 4'-^ {1903), pi>. 477-492; ahs. in Chem. CcnihI., 1903, II, Xo. 17, pp. 904, 9()')). — The investigations reported are a continua- tion of previous work (E. S. R., b5, p. 337) and relate to conditions of accuracy and applications of the method to various compounds. On the impurities in compressed oxygen and their role in combustion by means of the bomb calorimeter, ]\I. Berthelot {Ann. Chim. et Phys., 7. ser., SO {1903), Axg., pp. 43.3-440, fiy. 1). The determination of carbon dioxid, A. Wohl {Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell.,-36 {1903), pp. 1412-1417; abs. in Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 30 {1903), No. 22, p. 1230). — The method described is based upon the loss of weight due to the expulsion of carbon dioxid, aqueous vapor generated within the flask being used for the latter purpose. The apparatus employed and the precautions observed to prevent inaccurate results due to altsorption of carbon dioxid ])y condensed a(iueous vapor are de.scribed. The determination of argon in atmospheric air, H. Moissan {Compt. Rend. Acad. >Sci. Paris, 137 {1903), No. 16, pp. 600-606). On the determination of the composition of chemical compounds without the aid of analysis, G. Tammann {Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 37 {1903), No. 2, pp. 30-3-313, figs. 6). — The method described is based upon the melting or fusing point and the relation of the properties of the crystallized fusion to chemical composition. The general principles of physical science, A. A. Noyes {New Yorlc: Henry Holt & Co., 1902, p)p. VII +172; rev. in Science, n. .ser., 19 {1904), No. 472, p. 102). The progress in agricultural chemistry, 1902, A. Hilger, T. Dietrich, et AL. {.Tuhresher. Agr. Chem., 3. ser., 5 {1902), pp. XXXVI + 580).— Thia contains abstracts of the more important articles in agricultural chemistry j)ublished in 1902, and titles of articles of less imijortance. The subjects are classified, as usual, under plant production, animal production, agricultural technology, and methods of investigation. BOTANY. Acidity of plants, A. Astruc {Ann. Sci. Nat. BoL, S. ser., 17 {1903), pp. 1-108; abs. in Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London'], 28 {1903), No. 1-2, j)p. 229, 230).— An account is given of investigations on the occurrence of free or partially combined acids in different plants, and in different parts of the same plant under varying conditions. In the case of nonsucculent plants the chief conclusions drawn are that vegetable acids are present in greater quantity in young leaves and diminish as the leaves become older, and that the younger parts of the leaf contain more acid than the more mature parts of the same leaf. The organic acids are gradually fixed Ijy satu- ration or etherification and disappear as free acids. The production of organic acids is intimately associated with the processes of respiration and assimilation. In the green parts of variegated leaves the acids are more abundant than in the paler parts, and in etiolated i)lants the acids increase on exposure to light. In the stem the greatest acidity is found in the young growing parts. The acidity of the flowers decreases as development goes on, but begins to increase as the flowers begin to fade. This change is said to be due to the commencement of the growth of the ovary into fruit. BOTANY. fi51 In the second part of the report the investigationK arc confined to succulent iilants. These liave long l)een known to lie peculiar in their absorption and excretion of oxygen and i-arbon dioxid gas, as well as in their acidity. The author has shown that the acidity of tliese plants, -which is chiefly due to malic acid, increases consid- erably during darkness. In a leaf partly exposed to full sunlight the acid content is distinctly greater in the shaded parts and less in the exposed parts. This disap- pearance of acids in succulent plants is said to be due not to their fixation, but to the processes of respiration and assimilation. The transpiration of the succulents studied was influenced more by the salts present in the different organs of the plants than by their acid content. The significance of ethereal oils in xerophytes, C. Detto {Fiord, 92 (1903), pp. 147-i:)9,fi. Jnur. Ixoij. ITort. Sac [Lovdon], 28 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 250, 251). — The author has examined the functions of ethereal oils in their significance toward desert 2>lants. The theory of Tyndall that they serve to check excessive heating by the opacity of their vapor to ultra-red rays is held to be improbable. Dixon's theory that the function of essential oils is to check transpiration was exam- ined and found to depend on the presence of these oils in the vapor. The author regards the function as protective against many animals, such as mollusks, herbivo- rous mammals, etc., and justifies his view by a careful series of experiments. Carbonic acid assimilation in submerged plants, O. Treboux (F/oro, 92 ( 1903), pp. 77-97; uli-^. in Jour. Boi/. Hurt. Soi: [Londou], 2S {1903), No. i-^, p. ^-55).— Experi- ments are reported on Elodea in a dark room illuminated l)y an incandescent lamp. Various substances were added to the water and the rate of assimilation estimated b}' counting the gas bubbles given off in 5 minutes. Asgimilation was found to be reduced by the addition of neutral salts, while salts of the heavy metals, alkaloids, and ansesthetics, which in minute jiroportions increase respiration, had no effect on assimilation. Chloroform was found to arrest assimila- tion temporarily. All acids when sufficiently dilute not to be harmful increased assimilation. Sufficiently dilute formaldehyde was indifferent to the rate of assimi- lation, and neither in the presence of light nor in darkness was there any additional starch formed from it. In stronger solutions formaldehyde was found to be injurious. Growth without oxygen, A. J. Nabokicii {Bot. Ccnthl., Beihefte, 13 {1902), No. 3, pp. 272-33Q; ahs. in Jovr. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London}, 28 {1903), No. 1-2, p. 264).— A report is given of experiments in growing sunfloMer hypocotyls in flasks which had been exhausted by an air pump and then sealed. The investigations showed that a distinct elongation is perceptible in the absence of oxygen, and that practically no effect is produced by traces of oxygen where the amount present is less than 0.06 per cent. The effects of temperature on the individuality and character of the mother plant, of the duration of the experiments, and of the use of sugar solutions or water in the experiments were investigated. It was found t-hat when seeds were germinated in an atmosphere dejirived of oxygen there was a reduction tif nitric acid, although bac- teria were absent from the substrata and from the seeds. The point of interest in the paper is that the anaerobic life followed by many bacteria can be adopted by the cells of higher plants under certain conditions. The effect of the temperature of the soil on the growth of roots, P. Kossovicn {Zhur. Opui/n. Aijron. [Jour. Expt. Landu'.~\, 4 {1903), No. 4, pp- 389- 399). — The experiments reported upon were carried out in vessels having 3 zinc walls and 1 of glass, permitting the examination of the root systems from time to time. Each vessel received the same amount of soil and fertilizer, and the humidity was maintained at 27.3 per cent of the dry soil. 'ihe plants used in the experiments were oats, mustard, and liax; and the differ- ent vessels were kept throughout the growing season at different temperatures liy placing the vessels in zinc boxes sunk in the ground and the temperature regulated 652 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. hv wiiriii or cool watt'i-. In one scrii-s :i t('iii|>ci;iliiii' of (> to S" ('. was inaiiitaiiu' smallest produc- tion t)f tlie different i)lants was in the inverse order of the maxinium. In regard to the underground development, the weight of the roots of all tlii- jilants was found to be greatest in the ccjolest soil. This was ijarticularly noticeable in tlie c-ase of the oats. The weight of the roots of the oats in the cooled soil was 21.87 gm., as com- pared with 14.98 gm. in the warmest, and 17.27 gm. in tlie medium temperature. From this it is concluded that a soil temperature of from 6 to 9° is the Ijest for the develojiment of the roots of oats. — p. fireman. The influence of colored glass on the red and yello'w pigments in plants, E. Laurent (Rev. Hort. Beige, 28 {1902), No. 11, p. 243; abs. in. Jour. Ituij. Hurt. Sac. [London], 28 (190.3), No. 1-2, p. 244)- — Experiments are reported with Teluntliera versicolor of a jironounced red foliage in frames with red and blue glass. None of the glasses was monochromatic. Under the red and blue glass the leaves all became green, and after a month's interval the leaves produced were smaller than normal. A variety of Coleus, with large leaves, green at the base and reddish-violet toward the tips, bore normal leaves under clear glass, but under the red and blue glass the leaves were diminished and the colored parts became more and more reduced, while the flowers were green. Similar results were obtained with a number of other plants. A zonal pelargonium became entirely green under the red and blue glass. The results of the experiments show that a brilliant light favors high coloration of foliage, as can lie shown in purple-leaved trees, the coloring matter of the leaves being dependent upon their assimilation. Trees and shrubs wdth golden leaves when poorly illuminated became green. Red glass induced etiolation in some species, and under the blue glass the stems of many were decidedly shortened. These experiments are said to show that the yellow pigment of the foliage is a product of assimilation. The influence of Aspergillus niger on the transformation of the albumi- noids in peas, I. S. Kosyachenko [Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. \_Jour. Expt. Landn'.], 4 [1903), No. 4, PP- 4^9-449).— Since 1896 the hygienic laboratory of the Kharkov Veterinary Institute has conducted investigations relative to the transformation of the nitrogenous substances in various fodder products w'hich were infested with molds. These investigations have shown that, in the development of molds on grain products containing in their comj^osition more than 10 per cent proteid substances, simultaneously with the decrease of the total quantity of nitrogenous substances there is a decrease of the true albuminoid sul^stances. A quantitative analysis of the prodiicts of decomposition under the influence of molds was made, the studies being carried on with ground peas subjected for 64 days to cultures of Aspergillus niger. The products of the decomjiosition of the proteid substance of the peas under the influence of pure cultures of the fungus were found to be tyrosin and leucin, and varioxis hexose bases such as arginin, lysin, etc. — p. fireman. The physiological principles of plant culture, C. Kraus {Naturir. Zischr. Land- u. Forstiv., 1 {1903), Nos. 5, pp. 180-200; 6, j)p. 220-236; 7, pp. 268-279; 9, pp. 342-367).— A discussion is given of the principles of plant growth, breeding, and improvement as illustrated with beets. Poisoning by Lepiota morgani, F. L. Stevens {Jour. Mycol, 9 {1903), No. 68, pp. 220-222). — An account is given of the injurious effect on the author of this mush- room, which is frequently considered as edible. The symptoms produced by the METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 653 eating of a small portion of a freyhly jtickeil specimen are desfrihed at some length. The conservation and cultivation of medicinal plants, M. Kraejier (Atner. Jour. I'h(irti)., 7-'>(l!>03), Xo. 13, }ip. of>o-56'.)). — Classitications are given of plants yielding drngs and it is shown that about three-fonrths of all the medicinal i)lants are either growing wild or in cultivation in this country. < >f the remaining one- fourth probably one-half could be grown in this country, U'aving ])ut a compara- tively small number of plants that could not be economically grown. METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY. Meteorological observations, J. E. OsTRANDERand F. F. Henshaw {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Bulf. 17S, 170, ISO, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, hmnidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenom- ena during October, November, and December, 190.3. The general character of the weather of each month is liriefiy discussed and the December l^uUetin gives a sum- mary for the year. The principal data in this summary are as follows: Pressure « (inches). — Maximum, 30.70, November 21; minimum, 28.93, February 17; mean, 29.996. Air temperature ^ (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 97, July 9; minimum, — 12, Januarj' 20; mean, 46.7; mean sensible (wet bulb), 43; maximum daily range, 45, February 21, March 14, May 12; minimum daily range, 3.5, June 15, October 11; mean daily range, 21.7. Humidity. — Mean dewpoint, 37.6; mean relative humidity, 73.5. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 45.45 in.; number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 116; total snowfall, 33.5 in. Weather. — Total cloudiness recorded by sunthermonieter, 2,328 hours, or 52 per cent; number of clear days, 119; number of fair days, 98; number of cloudy days, 148. Bright sun- shine.— Number of hours recorded, 2,126, or 48 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direc- tion, west southwest; total movement, 46,256 miles; maximum daily movement, 402 miles, April 17; minimum daily movement, 4 miles, August 27; mean daily movement, 126.7 miles; maximum pressure per square foot, 22 lbs., February 12, W. Dates of frost. — Last, IMay 2; first, September 25. Dates of snow. — Last, April 4; first, October 26. Central meteorological observatory of Mexico, M. E. Pastrana ( i^oL Sec. Fo- mentt) \_Me.vico'], 2. ser., 3 {1903), No. 6, IV, pp. 99-1J6, j^ls. 3, dgm. 1). — A report on meteorological observations during the months of July, August, and September, 1902. Meteorology of Tunis, G. Ginestous {Bid. Dir. Agr. et Com. ITunis], S {1903), No. 29, ]jp. /> 10-532). — A detailed summary is given of observations during the summer (June, July, and August) of 1903 at 42 different places in Tunis on pressure, tem- perature, rainfall, humidity, cloudiness, direction of the Avind, and miscellaneous phenomena. The average temperature for the summer of 1903 is compared with that of [irevious years, in some cases extending as far back as 1885. Meteorology of British Guiana, J. B. Harrison (ii^j/. Agr. Work Bot. Gard. [British, Chiiana'], 1903-3, pp. 3-5). — A record is given of the rainfall and duration of sunsliine at the government laboratory, Georgetown, during the 18 months ended June 30, 1903. The record includes not only measurements of the rainfall, l)ut its contents of chlorin and of nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitric acid. The rain which fell during the period referred to contained 244 lbs. of chlorin, equal to 402 lbs. of common salt per acre, and 4.67 lbs. of combined nitrogen, equivalent to 22 lbs. of ammonium sulphate. For the year ended June 30, 1903, the figures were 3.1 lbs. combined nitrogen and chlorin, equivalent to 205 lbs. of common salt per acre. The total rainfall for the same perioil was 98.9 in. Meteorological observations in Rhodesia, (t. Duthie {Ppts. Administr. Rho- desia, 1900-100.;, App.,pp. 103-124). — A sunnuary is given of observations on atmos- « Keduced to freezing and sea level. ^ In ground shelter. C54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pliirii- ix-fssiirc, IcniiH'raturc, rainfall, and dircrtioii of tin- w iml iliirin^ 1900-1902 at a iiumbiT nf places in different juirts of Kluxlesia. Weather conditions of South Australia, A. .1. Tekkixs (Rpt. Min. Acjr. South AuHiralkt, IMS, pp. f>,6 1. — A tabnlar sunnnary is given which shows the ilistribution of rainfall over the agrienltnral districts of Sonth Anstraliu dnring 1902 as compared with previously recorded means. Normals of the air pressure reduced to 32° F. and constant gravity, lati- tude 45, J. Eliot {Jndlan Met. Memoir.^, 16 {1903), pt. 1; rcr. in Science, n. ser., 19 {i:i04), Xo. 47'2, pp. 115, 116). — "The memoir includes the monthly and annual means of the barometric observations at all observatories in India which have been in operation at least 20 years. At most of the observatories the observations date from 1875, when the department Mas 'imperialized.' " In June, 1878, the government of India sanctioned arrangements for the publica- tion of a daily weather report, which included observations made at 10 a. m. at about 100 stations. The hour was later changed to 8 a. m. It is to be noted that certain persistent discrepancies apj>ear when the observations, after reduction to sea level, are compared, the most noteworthy cases being those of stations which are more or less completely shut in by hills of considerable elevation. The result of this condition is to check somewhat the horizontal movement of the air and to give too high a pressure during the morning. At the three stations where this topographic effect is most marked the excess of pressure averages about 0.02 in. at 8 a. m." Studies on the meteorolog'ical effects in the United States of the solar and terrestrial physical processes, F. H. Bicelow ( T. .S'. Dcpt. Ayr., Weather Bureau Doc. 290, pp. S7,figs. IS, charts 24). — This includes the following papers reprinted from Monthly Weather Review for December, 1902, and January and February, 1903: The semidiurnal periods in the earth's atmosphere, synchronous changes in the solar and terrestrial atmosphere, the structure of cyclones and anticyclones on the 3,500-foot and 10,000-foot jjlanes for the United States, and the mechanism of counter currents of different temperatures in cyclones and anticyclones. Hurricanes: Especially those of Porto Rico and St. Kitts, W. H. Alexan- der ( ['. .S'. Dept. Ayr., We((f]ier Bureau Bui. .1.', ])p. 79, figs. 7). Weather changes and the appearance of scum on ponds, H. R. Mill, W. Ramsden, and F. J. Hillig {Nature [London], 69 {1903), Nos. 1775, p. 7; 1779, p. 104; 1780, p. 127). — These articles note the occurrence of scum on ponds preceding any decided change of weather and offer various explanations of this phenomenon, the most plausible being that the formation of the scum is due to the rise of marsh gas from the ooze at the bottom of the ponds following a sudden fall in barometric pres- sure, the gas carrying along wdth it some of the solid matter of the ooze and thus forming the scum. Influence of cultural operations on the production of white frost, A. Petit {Jour. Soc. Xat. Jlort. France, 4- ser., 4 {1903), May, pp. 300-305). — Observations on the effect of watering (irrigation), pulverizing and compacting the soil, and the application of compost and manure on the temperature of the soil are reported. It was observed that saturating the soil with water retarded the radiation of heat, saturated soil being 2.6° C. warmer at a depth of 1 cm. and 1.1° to 2.2° warmer at the surface than dry soil the morning after the water was applied. Soil which had been pulverized was about 2° warmer than that which was left in a cloddy condi- tion, and soil which had been first pulverized and then compacted was 4.2° warmer than cloddy soil. Soils with which. compost had been incorporated showed at first a higher temperature in the surface soil, but practically the same temperature at a depth of 15 cm. as soil not so treated. The surface temperature, however, w^as appar- ently maintained at the expense of that of the lower layers of the soil, and in time the manured soil became colder than the unmanured. It is suggested that if large amounts of fresh and fermenting manure had been used instead of compost the results might have been different. WATEE — SOILS. 655 The influence of coverings of various kinds, including a layer of sand 10 to 12 cm. deep, as proposed by Rimpau, mulches, and living plants is discussed; and observa- tions are reported which show that mulched soil has a lower temperature than unmulched, thus indicating that mulching increases the danger of frost. Measurement of precipitation, C. F. Marvin ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Circ. E, Iiwtminent Division, pp. 27, figs. JO). — The second edition of this pamphlet of instruction for the measurement and registration of precipitation by means of the standard instruments of the U. S. Weather Bureau. Tlie new cosmical meteorolog-y, F. H. Bigelow {Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 470, j)p. 30-34, figs. 3). — In this article the attempt is made to present in orderly form the sequence between sun spots and meteorological conditions on the earth. Weather folklore and local weather signs, E. B. Garriott ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Bui. 33, pp. 153, charts 21). — In this bulletin proverbs and sayings relating to wind, clouds, atmospheric pressure, temperature, and moisture, the habits and actions of animals and birds, and to plant life applicable to the United States are briefly quoted and discussed. Finally, a summary illustrated by charts is given of local weather signs as observed at regular stations of the Weather Bureau. Proceeding's of the second convention of Weather Bureau officials held at Milwaukee, Wis., August 27-29, 1901, edited by J. Berry and W. F. R. PuiLLiPS ( U. S. Dejit. Agr., Weather Bureau Bui. 31, pp. 246, pis. 37, figs. 9). WATER— SOILS. Irrigation experiments in 1901, J. A. Widtsoe et al. {Utah Sta. Bui. SO, pp. 65-199, ph. 9, figif. 5). — The experiments here reported represent the cooperative work of three departments of the station, and "deal wholly with the proper use of water by the farmer." The experiments were made on 90 plats 2 by 4 rods and 8 plats 2 by 5 rods in size on the deepest and best land of the college farm, which is situated on typical "bench" land formed by former Lake Bonneville. The soil is underlaid at a variable but usually shallow depth by coarse limestone gravel, which secures perfect drainage, but increases the difficulty of thorough irrigation. Physical and chemical analyses of the first, second, and third feet of the soil are reported, and the specific gravity and water-holding capacity were determined. Data relating to temperature, sunshine, humidity, rainfall, and evaporation during tlie irrigating season are also given, as well as the temperature and composition of the irrigation water used. The water was very constant in composition during the irrigating season. "Nitro- gen was absent; phosphoric acid and potash were present only in small quantities. The fertilizing value of the water was therefore very small." The temperature varied from 54° F. in June and September to 60° in July and 62° in August. "All the water used on the plats was measured by means of a very carefully constructed Cippoletti weir" and a self-recording water meter. "The water was distributed entirely in small wooden flumes. One main flume passes across the whole system of plats, and lateral branches supply the different belts on either side of the main line." The construction of these flumes and their use in distributing the w' ater are described in detail. In the experiments reported an attempt was made to follow in considerable detail the downward and lateral movement ot the water applied to the soil, by means of moisture determinations in samples of soil from different locations and depths and at different times; and to study the influence of irrigation on the growth, yield, and composition of crops, including, corn, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets,* alfalfa, red clover, timothy, and English rye grass. The results, which it is pointed out apply primarily to shallow bench lands, are summarized as follows: 21250— No. 7—04 3 656 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, "At the tiiiii' of the lirst irrifiatioii wheat an. ( U. K Dept. Ayr., Field Opemtlom of the Bureau of Soih, 1902, 2)p. 842, pis. 60, figs. 25, maps 44). — This report contains ii general review of the work of the Bureau of Spoils during 1902 by the Chief of the Bureau, together with the following accounts of surveys: Soil Survey of tlie Bigflats Area, New York, by L. Mesnier and W. E. llrani; Soil Survey of the Lyons Area, New York, by W. E. Hearn; Soil Survey of the Trenton Area, New Jersey, by R. T. A. Burke and H. J. Wilder; Soil Survey of the Albemarle Area, Virginia, by C. N. Mooney and F. E. Bonsteel; Soil Survey of the Hickory Area, North Carolina, by T. A. Caine; Soil Survey of the Mount Miti;hell Area, North Carolina, by T. A. Caine and A. W. Mangum; Soil Survey of the Abbeville Area, South Carolina, by F. W. Taylor and T. D. Rice; Soil Survey of the Darlington Area, South Carolina, by T. D. Rice and F. W. Taylor; Soil Survey of Perry County, Ala])ama, by R. T. A. Burke et al.; Soil Survey of the Smedes Area, Mississippi, by W. G. Smith and W. T. Carter, jr. ; Soil Survey of the Brazoria Area, Texas, by F. Bennett, jr., and G. B. Jones; Soil Survey of the Vernon Area, Texas, by J. E. Lapham et al. ; Soil Survey of the Toledo Area, Ohio, by W. G. Smith; Soil Survey of the Columbus Area, Ohio, by W. G. Smith; Soil Survey of Union County, Kentucky, by H. W. Marean; Soil Survey of Posey County, Indiana, by H. AV. Marean; Soil Survey of Tazewell County, Illinois, by J. A. Bonsteel etal.; Soil Survey of Clinton County, Illinois, by J. A. Bonsteel et al.; Soil Survey of St. Clair County, Illinois, by G. N. Coffey et al. ; Soil Survey of Clay County, Illinois, by G. N. Coffey et al.; Soil Survey of the Janesville Area, Wisconsin, by J. A. Bon- steel; Soil Survey of the Dubuque Area, Iowa, by E. O. Fippin; Soil Survey of Howell County, Missouri, l)y E. O. Fippin and J. L. Burgess; Soil Survey of the Stuttgart Area, Arkansas, by J. E. Lapham; Soil Survey of the Wichita Area, Kansas, by J. E. Lapham and B. A. Olshausen; Soil Survey of the Grand Forks Area, North Dakota, by C. A. Jensen and N. P. Neill; ■Soil Survey of the Billings Area, Montana, by C. A. Jensen and N. P. Neill; Soil Survey of the Lewiston Area, Idaho, by L. Mesmer; Soil Survey of the Walla Walla Area, Washington, by J. G. Holmes; Soil Survey of the Lower Arkansas Valley, Colorado, by M. H. Lapham et al. ; Soil Survey of the Yuma Area, Arizona, by J. G. Holmes; Soil Survey from Arecibo to Ponce, Porto Rico, by C. W. Dorsey, L. Mesmer, and T. A. Caine. During the field season of 1902, 17,996 square miles or 11,517,440 acres were sur- veyed and mapped on a scale of 1 in. to the mile. Prior to that year the total area surveyed and mapped was 15,871 square miles or 10,157,440 acres. The average cost of the work in 1902 was $1.93 per square mile. The accounts of the individual sur- veys include, as heretofore, data relating to the location, history, topography, physi- ography, geology, climate, agricultural conditions, type soils, and crop adaptations. Soil survey from Arecibo to Ponce, Porto Rico, C. W. Dorset, L. Mesmer, and T. A. Caine {Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 3, j)p. 53, pfe. 4, fig- 1, map 1). — This bulletin, of which there are both English and Spanish editions, is a reprint from Report of Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils of this Department for 1902 (see above). The area reported upon extends 5 miles each side of the proposed government road from Arecibo to Ponce, and embraces many types of soil which are represented in other parts of the island. The report deals with location and boundaries of the area, history of settlement and agricultural development, climate, physiography and geology, water supply for irrigation, underground water and drainage, alkali in soils, and agricultural methods and conditions, and maps, and gives results of detailed sur- veys, including notes on crop adaptations of 18 type soils found in the area. "Washington soils, E. Fulmer {Washington Sta. Bui. 55, pp. 5;^').— Chemical analyses of 25 soils from eastern Washington and 54 from western Washington, made by the same methods and with the same oliject in view as in previous investigations (E. S. R., 7, p. 375), are reported. The results confirm the conclusions drawn from the earlier analyses. FERTILIZERS. 659 "The soils of the western, central, and eastern portions of the State show marked differences in their percentages of potash and lime. The potash content is generally greatest in the eastern part, and least in the western, while in the central portion the amount is intermediate. The lime content is greatest in the central part, where the minimum amount of rain falls. It is least in the western part, especially in those portions where the rainfall is 40 in. or more. An intermediate amomit is found in that portion where the rainfall varies from 18 to 30 in. " In many of the samples here reported, the amount of soda exceeds that of potash. This is unusual (except in alkali soils) and is doubtless due to the basaltic origin of the soil, and to the climatic conditions attending the soil-forming period." The fertilizers likely to give best results on the different soils are indicated. Ground temperature observations at Manila, 1896-1902, J. Algue {Manila, 1902, pp. 10, ph. S) . — A record is here given of a long series of observations on soil temperatures at depths varying from 9.84 to 59.06 in. From the data which are given in tables and diagrams the following conclusions are drawn: In the cool season the soil temperature at a depth of half a meter is lower than the air temperature, and at 1 meter oscillates around the maximum temperature of the air. On warm days the temperature below 19.68 in. ranges higher than the air tem- perature, but at 1 meter also oscillates around the highest temperature at the surface. The temperature at 39.38 in. remains stationary from sunset to sunrise, and 19.68 in. from midnight to sunrise. The maximum temperature was observed at 10 a. m., both at 39.38 and at 19.68 in., from 6 a. m. at both depths. "Changes become more accentuated at 19.68 in., the rise of temperature being very remarkable after 6 a. m. This may clearly explain why at 8 a. m. underground temperature at 19.68 in. ig con- stantly higher than the air temperature, even during the cool season. Underground temperature is lower during the warmest hours above the ground." The relation of soil temperatures to sickness and disease is discussed. The alkalinity of soils and its effect on the growth of cereals, V. Peglion {Staz. Sper. Agr. Itah, 36 {1903), No. 8-9, pp. 6S4-694).—The results of observations on this subject by the author and others are summarized. Are soluble iodids absorbed by the soil? S. Suzuki {Bid. Col. Agr. Tokyo Imp. Vnir., 5 {1903), No. 4, PP- 519-521). — Tests are reported which show that an iodid is more quickly and completely absorbed by the soil than a chlorid. Guide to the scientific study of soils, F. Wahnschaffe {Anleitung zur wissen- schaftlichen Bodenuntersuchung . Berlin: Paul Parey, 1903, pp. 190, figs. 54) • — The second revised edition of this well-known work. FERTILIZERS. The fertilizer value of various nitrogenous fertilizers, with especial refer- ence to green manure and barnyard manure, A. von 'Sigmond {Landw. ]'ers. Stat., 59 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. 179-215). — Three series of pot experiments carried out during 1900 and 1901 are reported. The pots used were of glazed clay 30 cm. deep and having a surface area of 410 sq. cm. The soil used was a calcareous sand poor in nitrogen. The fertilizers used were nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, horn meal, dried blood, dried pig manure, fresh and well-rotted barnyard manure, and green manures of various kinds. These were applied in amounts fur- nishing about 135 kg. of nitrogen per hectare (120.49 lbs. per acre). The crops grown in the different exj)eriments included barley, Vlehkrant] white mustard, summer rape, and buckwheat. The influence of the fertilizers was studied on 2 suc- cessive crops, the fertilizers being applied only to the first. Detailed data are given for the yields and nitrogen content of the crops, and from mo EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tliew' (lata tlic utilization of tlie nitrogen of the various fertilizers during the first and second year is ealculated. The results are summarized in the following table: Utilization of nitrogen in various fertilizers. Kiiiii of iiUroKi'uoiis fertilizer. In the first year. First se- Second Third se- ries, series. ries. In both years. First se- Second ries. series. Nitrate of soda Sulphate of ammonia Horn meal Dried blood LiiHiid manure Dry i)igf manure Green vetches turned under in the fall Alfalfa hay turned under in the fall Alfalfa hay turned under in the spring Well-rotted liurnyard manure aiiplied in the fall .. Fresh barnyard manure applied in the spring Fresh barnyard manure applied in the fall Well-rotted barnyard manure applied in the spring . Per cent. 71 62 68 56 53 44 44 39 Per cent. 46.0 41.0 38.0 22.0 19.0 19.0 35.0 25.0 29.0 14.0 4.6 16.0 1.0 Per cent. 77 60 61 40 24 31 50 30 50 19 20 16 10 Per cent. 71 67 67 69 54 52 60 41 Per cent. 53 46 46 27 26 27 45 32 33 22 18 The relative effectiveness of the different fertilizers as compared with nitrate of soda is shoM'n in the following table: Relative effectiveness of different nitrogenous fertilizers, taking nitrate of soda as 100. Kind of nitrogenous fertilizer. Sulphate of ammonia Horn meal Dried blood Liquid manure Dry pig manure Green vetehes txirned under in the fall Alfalfa hay turned under in the fall Alfalfa hay turned under in the spring Well-rotted barnyard maniire applied in the fall Fresh barnyard manure applieil in the spring Fresh barnyard manure aiijilied in the fall i Well-rotted barnyard manure applied in the spring First Second series of series of experi- experi- ments. ments. Per cent. Per cent. 94 87 94 87 83 51 76 49 73 51 70 85 58 60 62 41 58 49 34 48 53 42 (13) Average. Per cent. 90 90 67 62 67 781 59^69 62j 49 "I 41 60 42(27) 45 The metliods of exact field manurial trials {Jour. Bd. Agr. [^London'], 10 {190S), No. 2, pp. 220-225). — This is a summary of Wagner's views regarding the principles whi(;h should be borne in mind in conducting field experiments with fertilizers. The main factors upon which emphasis is laid are uniformity of soil; the use of numerous control plats; the employment of accurately laid out, square, fortieth-acre plats; the careful preparation, measurement, weighing, and application of fertilizers; and the weighing and sampling of the crop on the plats as soon as harvested. The fermentation of tooengkil, H. A. C. Van der Jagt {Meded. Proefstat. Suiker- riet Me.^t Java, 1903, No. 66, pp. 25; reprint from Arch. Java Snikerind, 1903, No. 17) . — Boengkil is a fertilizer made from peanut-oil cake. This material, when piled in large heaps, ferments and the heat has been known to cause spontaneous combustion. Since the rise in temperature may be prevented by the addition of chloroform or carbolic acid, the'author concludes that it is due to micro-organisms. The addition of water to the boengkil was found to be necessary to start fermentation. It is explained that tiie water brings some of the material into solution and thus enables the organ- isms not only to multiply rapidly, hut also to make use of those portions of the food material not already in solution. FERTILIZEES. 661 It is further shown that the fermentation is due to aerobic organisms, since exclu- sion of air prevents a rise in temperature. Attempts to cause spontaneous combustion failed, the author being nnaljle to secure a temperature above 55° C. He thinks that for spontaneous combustion to occur the boengkil must ])e in large masses. A study of the losses due to fermentation gave the following results for each of the principal constituents: Lostten due to fermentation of hoengkil. Nitrogen. Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Per cent. 9.55 18.11 23.34 24.62 Per cent. 80.30 79. 12 70. 97 50.40 Per cent. 16.56 31.48 44. 50 36.86 Dry mat- ter. Per cent. 22.14 31.53 35.26 38.69 H. M. PIETERS. The management and use of barnyard manure, A. Stutzer [Die Behandlung und Anirendung des Stalldungcrs. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1903, 2. ed., enl., pp. VIII-^168, figs. 19). — This is a second enlarged edition of the author's treatise on the work of bacteria in barnyard manure, and discusses in detail the action of bacteria in manure and in soils, the production and management of barnyard manure, and the action of the manure when applied to the soil in various ways and for various crops. A list of 102 references to literature on the subject is given. On green manuring light land, T. S. Dymond and B. W. Bull {Essex County Council, Education Corn., Tech. Labs., 1903, Oct., jip. 28, 29). — A brief account is given of a comparison on wheat and oats of plowing under mustard and pasturing it off by shet>p. The results are slightly in favor of pasturing off the crop. Manures in the Natal market, season 1903, A. Pardy {Natal Dept. Agr. Bid. 4, 2'1'- ^'•)- — Analyses are reported with general discussion. The menhaden industry {Amer. Fert., 19 {1903), No. 6, pp. 7-14).- — The nature and habits of the menhaden and the methods of catching the fish are described. The uses made of the fish and the methods of treatment for preparation of oil and ferti- lizer are explained. Analyses of samples of fish scrap are reported, and the fertilizing value of the material is discussed. The names of a number of firms which prepare fish fertilizers are given. Atmospheric nitrogen for fertilizing purposes, F. H. Mason ( U. S'. Consular Bpts., 74 {1904), ^''>- '-80, pp. 36, 37). — A brief note referring to the preparation of calcium cyanamid and its value as a fertilizer (E. S. R., 15, jip. 25, 347, 423). Fertilizers and amendments for soils deficient in lime, T. Bieler {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 17 {1904), No. 1, pp,,l-14)- — Simple methods of determining the lime content of soils are described, and means of supj^lying deficiencies of this con- stituent are briefly discussed. The mineral industry: Its statistics, technology, and trade for 1902 {New York and London: Engineer, and Min. Jour., 1903, vol. 11, pp. XXX -\- 891, figs. 123). — This, the eleventh annual volume of this series of reports, gives the usual summary of statistics, with special articles by different authors relating to the mineral industry in the United States and other countries, prepared under the editorship of J. Struthers. Among the sul)jects treated which are of special agri- cultural importance are ammonia and ammonium sulphate, cement, clay, gypsum, phosphate rock, potassium salts, (common salt and other sodium salts, and stone. "The production of ammonia (reported as its equivalent sulphate salt) and ammonium sulphate by by-product coke-oven plants in the United States during 1902 is estimated at 65,000 metric tons, and for 1901 at 60,000 metric tons, which ()G2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hho\V8 the active (levelopiuent of tliis industry, <\uv chietiy to tlic increase in the nunilKT of l)y-pro(Uict coke ovens now in operation." The worid's^jroduction of anunt)ninni snlpliate during 1902 is stated to be 548,500 metric tons, and the imports into the United States 16,119 terns. The i)roduction of cement, in the United States during 1902 was as follows: " Port- land cement, 16,535,000 1)1 )ls. (of 400 lbs.), valued at $16,637,500, as compared with 12,711,225 l)])ls., valued at $12,532,360, in 1901; natural hydraulic cement, 9,083,759 bbls. (of 300 lbs.), valued at $4,087,692, as compared with 7,084,823 bbls., valued at $3,056,278, in 1901, and slag cement, 547,175 bbls. (of 400 lbs.), valued at $465,099, as compared with 272,689 bbls., valued at $198,151, in 1901. . . . " The pro(Uiction of clay products in the United States during 1901 increased con- siderably over the output of the preceding year, the aggregate value being $87,747,727, as compared with $78,704,678 in 1900. . . . "The production of gypsum in the United States continued to inc'rease greatly durin'g 1902, although statistics of produc'tion during this year are not now available. The production during 1901 was 659,659 short tons, valued at $1,577,493. . . . "The production of all varieties of jihosphate rock in the United States during 1902 amounted to 1,464,668 long tons, valued at $4,636,516, as compared with 1,483,723 long tons, valued at $5,316,403, which shows a decrease of 38,955 long tons in quantity and $679,887 in value from the statistics of the earlier year." Of the output for 1902, South Carolina supplied 313,365 tons, Florida 759,784, North Carolina 25,000, Tennessee 390,799, other States 720 tons. "The imports of potassium salts into the United States in 1902 were as follows: Potassium chlorid, 140,980,460 lbs. ($2,141,553); crude potassium nitrate, 10,505,474 lbs. ($299,416); potassium chlorate, $1,209,148 lbs. ($60,429); all other potassium salts, 92,857,009 lbs. ($1,820,585) ; a total of 245,552,091 lbs., valued at $4,321,983, as compared with a total of 231,146,770 lbs., valued at $4,268,067 in 1901. The exports of domestic potash and pearl ash in 1902 were 1,408,342 lbs., valued at $66,027, as compared with 1,077,605 lbs., valued at $52,802 in 1901. The exports of foreign potassium salts in 1902, consisting of potassium chlorid, chlorate, nitrate, and other salts, aggregated 1,266,125 lbs., valued at $59,789, as compared with 633,100 lbs., valued at $43,446 in 1901." The world's supply of potash still comes in the main from the great natural deposits of Germany, but explorations in Death Valley and elsewhere in the United States for natural deposits of potash salts are being made with some promise of success. "The total production of salt in the United States during 1902, including that used for the manufacture of alkali and heavy chemicals, amounted to 23,849,221 bbls., valued at $5,668,636, as compared with 20,566,661 bbls., valued at $6,617,449 in 1901." The leading salt-producing States in the order of percentage of output during 1902 were as follows: Michigan 34.1 per cent, New York 35.8 per cent, Kansas 9.1 per cent, and Ohio 8.9 per cent. " The production of soda and sodium salts [including soda ash, bicarbonate, and crystals] in the United States for the year 1902 is estimated at 562,000 metric tons, as compared with 480,000 metric tons for the year 1901." While extensive beds of nitrate of soda are being exploited in northern San Ber- nardino County, Cal., most of this salt used in the United States is imported from abroad and comes from Chile. The import of nitrate into the United States in 1902 was 330,674.4 short tons, valued at $5,996,205, as compared with 233,692.5 tons, valued at $5,997,595 the previous year (see also E. S. R., 15, p. 131). The value of the stone produced in the United States during 1901 was $55,488,137, FEETILIZERS. 663 against $45,0<)6,70S in 1900, not including slate and the sandstone used in the manu- facture of grindstones and whetstones. The potash deposit in the Werra district, C. Bauer [Chem. 7Ag., 27 {1903), No. 88, pp. 1085, 1086). — The deposit is briefly described and the composition of the various salts found in it is given. The conversion of hartsalzs and mixed crude potash salts into potassium chlorid, C. BArEU {Chan. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 104, pp. -1268-1270). Commercial fertilizers, E. H. Jenkins et al. {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1903, pi. 1, pp. 112) . — This includes a statement of the duties of manufacturers and dealers and of the experiment station in connection with the ins})ection under the State fertilizer law; a list of firms licensed to deal in fertilizers in the State during 1903; notes on the methods followed in sampling and collecting fertilizers; ex2)lanations regarding the analysis and valuation of fertilizer; a review of the fertilizer market for tlie year ended October 31, 1903; and tabulated analyses and valuations of 489 samples.of fertilizing materials, including nitrate of potash, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, castor pomace, dissolved rock phosphate, carbonate of potash, sulphate of potash, double sulphate of potash and magnesia, muriate of potash, kainit, bone manures, slaughterhouse tankage, dry ground fish, bone and potash, nitrogenous superphosphates and guanos, tobacco stems, vegetable ashes, ashes of tobacco stalks, cotton-hull ashes, wood ashes, limekiln ashes, oyster- shell lime, sheep manure, garbage tankage, cocoanut pith, and mixed fertilizers. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell and H. E. Curtis {Ken- tuck ij Sta. Bui. 109, pp. 117-191). — "There were 331 different brands of commercial fertilizers registered from January 1 to August 22, 1903. Of these different brands 192 were complete fertilizers, or fertilizers containing all three of the essential ingre- dients, namely, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and jiotash; 33 were acid phosphates, or superphosphates; 10 contained a mixture of acid phosphates and nitrogen com- pounds only; 44, acid phosphate and potash salts only; and 52 were classed as bones or tankage. "Two hundred and sixty-seven samples were collected by deputy inspectors, or were sent by farmers from various parts of the State. Three hundred and thirty-one samples were those sent in by firms as official samples. Of these samples 519 were analyzed by the station. "The results of the analyses show that of the 519 samples analyzed, 89, represent- ing 79 brands and 29 firms, fell so far below the guaranteed analyses in jihosphoric acid, nitrogen, or potash, or any two, or all three of these ingredients, that the defi- ciencies could not be accounted for by variations in sampling or analj'sis. It is probable that in most cases variations can be accounted for by hurried or careless mixing at the factories, or gross mistakes in shipping one brand for another, but in one or two instances the results show a desire on the part of the manufacturer to guarantee a higher percentage of the essential ingredients than the goods contain." Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances, C A. Goess- MANN {Massuchaaiits Sta. Bui. 92, pp. 36). — A report of analyses of 324 samples of fer- tilizing materials, including wood ashes, lime ashes, cotton waste, bone dust, wool waste, mill refuse, dried blood, peat, cotton-seed meal, manure, Peruvian guano, Belgian phosphates, soils, and mixed fertilizers. A scale of jirices for 1903 is given. Commercial fertilizers, IT. J. Wheeler et al. {Rhode Mand Sta. Buls. 93, ■pj'). 131-147; 97, ]>p. 47-60). — These ])ulletins report analyses and valuations of 117 sam- ples of fertilizing materials inspected during 1903. The fertilizers sold in the State during the year were found "to correspond more nearly with the guaranties than in any one of the i)ast 5 years." 664 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FIELD CROPS. Cooperative field experiments, 1902 (Jour. Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ire- land, ■> {lUOS), No. .?, jip. 490-52^). — In a fertilizer test with potatoes, the hest yield was obtained on a plat fertilized at the rate of 15 tons of harnyard manure, 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 ewt. of superphosijhate, and 1 cwt. of muriateof potash peracre. The results in general indicate that the use of commercial fertilizers with a moderate application of barnyard manure is profitable. The plat receiving 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre yielded 8.9 tons, and the plat receiving onlj- 15 tons produced 8 tons per acre. In a te.«t of varieties Beauty of Bute, Charles Fidler, Up-to-Date, and Dr. Matthew produced the 1)est yields. In another series of cooperative tests Black Skerries and Champion II proved much superior in yield and quality to Reliance. The results with turnips also indicate that barnyard manure and commercial fer- tilizers may be profitably used in combination. Ten tons Ijarnyard manure with 4 cwt. of superphosphate gave fully as good returns as 20 tons applied alone. Among 9 varieties of swedes Triumph, Best of All, and Magnum Bonum gave the best yields, and of 5 varieties of yellow turnips Centenary produced the heaviest yield. In growing fodder beets it was fomid that an addition of 4 cwt. of superphosphate, 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, and 2 cwt. of kainit to 15 tons of barnyard manure per acre, representing an outlay of 43 shillings for commercial fertilizers, resulted in a profit of 26 shillings. A substitution of 4 cwt. of salt for the kainit in this applica- tion gave somewhat contradictory results, but the average yields are in favor of the salt. It was found that complete applications of commercial fertilizers in growing oats are more likely to give uniformly good results than incomplete applications. Kainit when used alone resulted in a loss. Sulphate of ammonia was the only fertilizer which gave a profit when applied alone. Among the varieties tested in 1900 Waverly, Goldfinder, and Canadian Banner led in productiveness. In a second series of coop- erative tests Tartar King gave better satisfaction than Waverly, Goldfinder, and Pioneer. The different varieties of oats are described. A discussion on the use of fertilizers in connection with the different crops based on the results of experiments is presented. Tlie Essex field experiments, 1896-1903: No. 2.— On tillage crops, T. S. Dymond and B. W. Bull {Chelmsford, Eng.: Essex Education Committee, 1903, pp. 48, fig. 1, map J). — This is a compilation of results of experiments carried out by 15 farmers of Essex. Tabular statements of the data obtained with the various field crops are given, together with brief discussions and summaries of the results. Winter beans, spring beans, and clover required, in connection with 12 tons of barnyard manure per acre, an application of 3 cwt. of superphosphate. Without barnyard manure 4 cwt. of superphosphate per acre, or the same quantity of basic slag, on soil deficient in lime gave good results. These applications were also most remunerative at the commencement of rotations beginning with beans or clover. One cwt. of sulphate of ammonia in addition to the superphosphate was found advan- tageous only when the crops were grown for fodder. It has been found that kainit applied with barnyard manure decreases the yield. With peas on clay soil, barn- yard manure and sulphate of ammonia had very little effect. Nitrogenous manures are not recommended for leguminous crops when these are to be followed by cereals in rotation. In a rotation of peas, wheat, barley, and clover, barnyard manure for peas, sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda for wheat, and sui^erphosphate or basic slag for barley or clover are suggested. Of 6 varieties of oats, Garton White Abundance led in yield of grain and straw, as well as in weight of grain per bushel. This new variety is considered as having distinct advantages over the older sorts and as being the most profitable for the FIELD CEOPS. 665 region. Nitrate of soda in ordinary seasons is regarded as being the more effective in increasing the yield of grain and straw, but as showing a lesser influence with regard to quality of grain. On light gra.velly land a complete application of commercial fertilizers for cereals was unprofita1)le, and pasturing a crop of green mustard proved of greater advantage than plowing it nnder. Cooperative fertilizer experiments with, potash in Alsace-Lorraine, A. Wolf {Deut. Landw. Presse, SI {1904), No. 1, pp. 3, 4, figs. 8). — In these experiments barley, potatoes, and fodder beets were grown on light and heavy soils, and clover on heavy soils only. Each test consisted of a check plat, 1 plat receiving super- phosphate or Thomas slag and nitrate of soda, and another receiving, iji addition to these, either 40 per cent potash salt or kainit. The clover received no nitrogen. In all the experiments the application of potash resulted in a profit. The most profit- able resnlts in the series were obtained from fodder beets on light soil, receiving an application of 450 kg. of superphosphate, 400 kg. of nitrate of soda, and 300 kg. of 40 per cent potash salt per hectare. Potash also gave very profitable results on both kinds of soil when used as a fertilizer for potatoes in combination with nitrate of soda and superphosphate. Cooperative experiments in top-dressing- grass land, H. J. Wheeler {Rhode Island Sta. Bid. 95, pp. 19). — Previous work of this character has been noted (E. S. E., 15, p. 32) . In 1902 cooperative experiments were conducted on 11 farms, in various sections of the State. The application used as a top-dressing during the latter part of April consisted of 350 lbs. nitrate of soda, 300 lbs. muriate of potash, and 600 lbs. acid phosphate per acre. Results obtained at the station indicate that a reduction of 50 to 100 lbs. in the quantity of muriate of potash and of 100 lbs. in the quantity of acid phosphate applied would have been more profitable. The experiments in general showed the necessity of carefully preparing the seed bed and of seeding heavily for the purpose of obtain- ing a good stand of grass. The greatest loss per acre in the tests was $11.23 and the greatest net profit $23.59; the next greatest loss and gain were $5.18 and $18.64 per acre, respectively. In some of the experiments, owing to the natural fertility of the soil and the kinds of grass grown, smaller applications would have been profitable where the full application resulted in a loss. The average result of all experiments, estimating the hay at $16 per ton, shows a net profit of $3.60 per acre and a return of 20.9 per cent on the investment in top-dressing. In addition to the report on the experiments, directions for grass culture in Rhode Island are given. Composition of the oils contained in the seed of Robinia pseudacacia, Caragana arborescens, Trifolium repens, and T. pratense, V. Jones {Ahs. in Chern. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 93, Repert. 21, p. 302). — Brief notes are given on the com- position of the oils in the seeds of the different plants. Tlie oil in the seed of red clover belongs to the series which unites the drying and nondrying oils. The solid fatty acids in the oil of this seed contain palmitic and stearic acids and the liquid fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, the oleic being predominant. The oil in the seed of white clover was of the same composition, with the exception that it contained a higher percentage of oleic acid. The content of dry matter, sugar, and nitrogen compounds in fodder beets at different stages of growth, J. A. Le Clerc {Landiv. Vers. Stat., 39 [1903), No. 1-2, pp. 27-81; ahs. in Chem. Centhl., 1903, II, No. 23, p. 1291).— This article has been noted from another source (E. R. R., 15, p. 351). Culture experiments with red clover from different countries, (iisevius {Arb. iJevt. Landw. GcselL, 190.3, No. 83, pj). 182). — Under the direction of the Ger- man Agricultural vSociety cooperative culture tests by 9 different experimenters were made with red-clover seed from Germany, Russia, Austria, Italy, France, Canada, and the United States. The collection of seed represented 15 different sources, and coo EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. eacli fxpi-riinentfr was furnisfd with 30 ooinmercial samples, which wore sown in dupHt-ato (>u ])lats 1 are in si7x». The seed was sown in 1900, and the results obtained, together with the observations made in 1901 and 1902, are reported and discussed at some length. The seed samples are described in detail and the number of weed seeds found jier kilogram of seed is shown in a tal)le, which reconls in this connection seeds from 174 species. The prev- alenct' of dodder and the ability of tlie different kinds to withstand the winter, and the differentiating characters of the various sorts, are mjted. The conclusion is drawn that German red-clover seed, especially the kind pro- duced in Silesia and East and West Prussia, proved superior to seed from any other source. The seed from Russia and Austria ranked next in value, the seed from France gave comparatively small returns and the seed from Italy ranked lowest. The relative values of all samples ranged from 66 to 111, and in this class seed obtained from Pennsylvania stood fourth, with a value of 103, and seed from Missouri eleventh, with a value of 99. Indian corn in Argentina: Production and export, F. W. Bicknell (U. S. Dcpt. Atjr. R}>t. 75, pp- -U^, pflt. 7). — Tliis report descriVjes quite fully the climate of Argentina in its relation to corn culture, and discusses at S(jme length the production and exportation of the crop. Statistics on the acreage, yield, and quantities exported are presented, together with records of meteorological data. In connection with a description of the methods employed in the cultivation of the crop the varieties com- nionh' grown are briefly noted. The results of a test made by the Argentine govern- ment of newly introduced varieties are summarized in the following table: Results ivith foreign varieties of com in Argeritina. Time of planting. . Seed planted. Yield. Pounds. Pounds. 4.4 418 4.4 330 4.4 264 4.4 176 2.2 88 2.2 66 2.2 88 4.4 209 2.2 165 6.6 176 4.4 110 4.4 44 Time of Yellow varieties: Queen Pedriek Golden Golden Precious of Auxonne. Canadian Flint Chester Giant Lombardy King.Philip (brown) . White varieties: Hickory King Horse Tooth Neapolitan Grand White Head November 1 do End of October. December 1 End of October. November End of October . do November End of October. November End of October. May. May. March. April. March. May. March. May. May. May. April. Six of these varieties were obtained from North America. Pedriek Golden and Golden are recommended as the best yellow varieties. In considering the exportation of corn the author discusses shipping facilities and proposed improvements, grading, inspection, freight rates, and prices, and quotes the opinions of experts as to the conditions necessary for successful ocean shipment. Cowpea experiments, C. L. Newman {Ar'kansas Sta. Bui. 77, pp. 32). — In 1902 over 350 plats of cowpeas, including 54 planted with sports, selections, and crosses, were grown. The results from 1898 to 1902, inclusive, show that the largest yield of peas was oljtained in the years with the least rainfall. The highest average yield of hay was also recorded for the year having the smallest precipitation. In wet weather the plants are likely to suffer from mildew, and hence rainy seasons have a tendency to decrease the yield of peas and to a lesser extent the yield of hay. Directions for the culture of cowpeas and their use as a catch crop are given. Drilling the seed has generally given better results than broadcasting. More favorable yields were also obtained from thin than from heavy seeding. In 1900 Whippoorwill peas sown at the rate of 1 and 8 pecks per acre gave 3,314 lbs. of hay FIELD CROPS. 667 and 31.4 bu. of peas, and 1,748 lbs. of hay and 16.4 bu. of peas per acre, respectively. In 1901 peas sown at the rate of 12.5 lbs. per acre yielded 400 lbs. of hay and 16.51 bii. of peas more per acre than peas sown at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre. A good preparation of the soil with subsequent cultivation of the crop gave very profitable returns. The increase in the yield of hay on cultivated plats at the station was in some instances over 50 per cent and in others over 100 per cent greater than the yield on uncultivated plats. The results of fertilizer experiments conducted in 1901 and 1902 indicate that applications of nitrogen did not benefit cowpeas on the station soil. Plats receiving phosphoric acid or potash, in combination or alone, showed a substantial increase in the yield of peas and hay. Attention is called to the fertilizing value of cowpeas by the results of growing the crop in rotation with oats or wheat. In one instance a plat sown to cowpeas in the spring produced $18 worth of hay, and afterwards a crop of oats valued at $18.50, while a plat of oats not following cowpeas gave a return of only $11.58. In another instance cowpeas produced $19.33 worth of hay and the stubble plowed under increased the following crop of wheat by 61 per cent, as com- pared with wheat not following cowpeas. The values of the crops in this case were $32.53 and §8.08, respectively. A series of experiments in progress for 4 years show an average yield of wheat of 10.05 bu. per acre on i^lats on which no fertilizers were used and no cowpeas were grown. During the 4 years the plats upon which a whole crop of cowpeas had been plowed under before the first crop of wheat was sown yielded a total of 15.55 bu., and the plants upon which only the stubble were turned under, a total of 10.45 bu. more per acre than the plats receiving no treatment whatever. The use of cowpeas as described gave better returns than 100 or 200 lbs. nitrate of soda or 200, 400, 600, or 800 lbs. of complete fertilizers per acre applied for the first crop of wheat. Plats of corn planted with cowpeas, either in drills or broadcasted at the last culti- vation, produced an average value of total product for 2 years of $50.99, where both peas and hay were harvested, as compared with an estimate of $54.31 for the plats on which peas were gathered and the remaining portion of the crop was grazed by cattle. The average value of the total product for the 2 years on the plats without cowpeas w'as $23.80. Warren Extra Early, a variety suited to late planting, was used in these tests. A series of plats which had produced a crop of wheat preceded by cowpeas sown broadcast were again planted to cowpeas in drills in June, 1901. One plat was left bare as a check. The cowpeas were harvested in the fall and a second crop of wheat sown. The average value of the wheat and the cowpeas grown as a catch crop on 7 plats in 1901-was $26.85 per acre, while the crop of wheat on the check plat was worth only $11.84. The plats i)lanted to cowpeas in 1901 produced in 1902 an average of 2.43 bu. more wheat than the check plat, an increase of 17.8 per cent. A test of 123 samples of cowpfeas, embracing about 35 varieties under about 45 names, was made in 1902 and the results are tabulated. Calico, Coffee, Extra Early Black Eye, Iron, New Era, Eed Yellow Hull, Speckled Java, Warren Extra Early, Warren New Hybrid, Watson Hybrid, AVhippoorwill, and White Brown Eye produced the highest yields of shelled peas. The heaviest yield of hay. 8,700 lbs. per acre, was secured from Clay. New Era, Old INIans, Warren Extra Early, Extra Early Black Eye, and Warren New Hybrid gave a greater proportion of peas to vines than the other varieties tested and are recommended for their early maturity. Flax experiments, 1902 {Jour. Dept. Agr. and Tech. Insir. Ireland, 3 (1903), No. 4, pp. 663-681).— Resulis for 1901 have been previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 348). Three plats for the purpose of testing salt, rape meal, and basic slag were added to the series in 1902, and larger quantities of kainit and muriate of potash were used. The results of all cooperative tests showed that the flax on all plats excej)ting those receiving potash was slightly yellowed, that superphosphate encouraged the growth 608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of woeds, especially fliarlofk and sparry; and that the muriate of potash plat pre- sented tlie l)est appearand', Ijeing followed by the i)lat receiving kainit. Muriate of potash api>arently increased the percentage of scutched flax to retted straw and also slightly inii)rove(l the quality of the flax. The kainit plats show a greater yield of retted straw, hut no increase in scutched flax as compared with the check i)lat. Kainit was applied at a loss, which is considered due to the unfavorable season. The use of potash gave profitable returns in sonu^ instances. The plat receiving 4 cwt. of salt per acre produc-ed a smaller yield of retted straw and a higher percentage, but a lower total yield of scutched flax than the unmanured plat. The use of salt did not affect the quality. A mixture of kainit and superphosphate was more effective than either of these fertilizers api>lied alone. The results with a mixture of kainit, superphosphate, and suljihate of annnonia were in accordance with those of the previous year. The use of 5 cwt. of rape meal i)er acre seemed to have increased the yield of retteractice the author has noticed that on marled soil potatoes following rye, which had received a heavy appli- cation of kainit, were free from scab. With one exception liming and marling increased the yield of tubers in weight, and also their content in dry matter. The lime as well as the marl appeared to increase the yield of tops more than the yield of tubers. The proportion of dry matter in the tops and tubers varied from 1:3.05 to 1:3.7, the limed and marled plats invariably showing the narrower ratios. The plants grown in limed and marled soil contained more nitrogen in the stems and leaves and a little less in the tubers than the check plants. • The nitrogen content of the leaves and stems increased with the increase of magnesium carbonate applied in the fertilizer. The smallest quantity of phosphoric acid was found in the tops of plants grown on lime-free soil. The limed and marled soil also produced plants with a higher potash content in the tops than the soil not so treated. With the excep- tion of 4 tests both substances apparently decreased the nitrogen and potash con- tent of the tubers. Ground limestone reduced the lime and magnesia content of the portion of the plant above ground almost in proportion to the quantity applied. When magnesium carbonate was used in connection with lime the quantity of lime in the tops was reduced and that of magnesia increased. From this result the con- clusion is drawn that magnesia may, within certain limits, replace lime in the plant organism. The lime content of the tubers was only slightly increased by heavy applications of lime and marl, while the magnesia ciintent remained practically constant. A study of the soil after the plants had been produced showed that only a small fraction of the soil supply of lime and magnesia had been removed in the crop. Sansevieria, 0. Barrett [Porto Rico Stu. Circ. 1, pp. 4)- — A discussion is given in Spanish on the culture and uses of several species of sansevieria, or bowstring hemp, together with brief references to the value of maguey and sisal culture for Porto Rico. Soy bean, N. Ssemenow (Ahn. in Chem. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 93, Repert. 21, p. 302).— In jManchuria from ^ to \ of the land under cultivation is reported as devoted to this crop. Southern Russia is considered well adapted to the cultivation of the soy bean, which prefers a light deep soil and a dry climate. The average of 16 analyses shows ()7() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the following conipositiou: Water 9.49, proteids 34.80, fat 17.(J7, nitrogen-free extract 28.44, cellulose 4.79, anil ash 5.. SI i)er cent. The crop is grown for forage and the production of oil. The influence of environment upon the composition of the sugar beet, 1902, 11. W. Wiley (T. a),pp. 4G-5S). — Thi.s is a jjopular account of the possibilities of the fig industry in the South, with a discussion of the different classes of figs, method of propagation, pruning and training, winter i)rotection, diseases, varieties, etc. Irrigation in small fruit growing, C. Deckner {Proc. Georgia State Ilort. Soc, 21 {1903), jtp. 34-3S). — The method followed by the author in irrigating 20 acres of orchard and gardens in Georgia is described. On light, loose, sandy soil the appli- cation of the water by sprinkling is advocated, but where the soil is lieavy and inclined to l)ake it is held that the water should be applied in narrow furrows between the rows of the crop. In the plant described the water is delivered to the field direct from the pump in a 2-in. iron i)ipe. In the case of straw l^erries, holes are made in the i>ii)e at proper intervals so that 10 or 12 rows can be irrigated at one time. The water is kept run- ning slowly until the ground is thoroughly saturated. Growing fancy strawberries, F. E. Beatty {West. Fruit Grower, 13 {1903), No. 3, pp. 1, 2, fig. 1). — The 5 jirincipal varieties grown by the author are Warfield for the early sort, fertilized by Michel Early and Lovett Early— 1 row on each side with 3 rows of Warfield between — followed by Clyde and in turn by Gandy. The 3 varieties — Warfield, Michel Early, and Lovett Early — are grown jsreferably on rich, sandy loam with a southern exposure. All these varieties are inclined to run to vine, and to pre- vent this as much as possible plants are selected that show a tendency of strong fruit- ing-bud power. The largest crowned plants which stool low to the ground are selecte J. The fertilizers used for these sorts are much richer in phosphoric acid and potash than in nitrogen. In the case of Clyde, which has a fault of producing more fruit than foliage, plants are selected which show a disposition to run to plant and runners, rather than those showing a tall upright position. In setting out plants of this variety the soil is first heavily fertilized with composted manure, which is then plowed under and a crop of cowpeas grown. The jaeas are turned under in the fall and the ground dressed with about 50 bu. of wood ashes per acre. The plants are kept thoroughly cultivated throughout the summer, and the following spring are fertilized with about 75 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre when the straw is taken off them. With the Gandy variety, low heavy-crowned plants are used and a much more sparing application of nitrogen- ous fertilizers made. Instead, larger quantities of bone meal and muriate of potash are used. In picking for market the berries are graded in the field. The picker is furnished with a stand with 4 boxes, 3 of which receive the first-grade fruit as picked, and the other the second-grade fruit. Ringing the currant vine, T. Hardy {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 2 {1903), No. 2, pp. 147, 14s). — The author states that in South Australia it has been definitely proved that not only larger crops but also larger-sized berries are obtained as a result of ringing the currant grape. In some instances the crop has been increased one-half by ringing. On the other hand, the ripening of the fruit has been retarded from 10 days to 2 weeks, and the grapes from ringed vines are distinctly less sweet and lighter in color. The weakening effect of ringing on the life of the vine is discussed. Definite experiments on this phase of the problem appear to be wanting. The author has found, however, that a simple incision without removing any of the bark has proved as effective in increasing the yield as when a ring of bark was removed, and caused considerably less injury to the vines. In whatever manner the ringing is done it is held that it should be made when the vine is in bloom, as HORTICULTURE. 679 it seems that the check then given ciinses the setting to be more satisfactory. Weakly vine-s should not be ringed in any case. This process should be reserved for only the more vigorous vines. Specific variations of grapes, A. Jurie {Rer. Vit., 20 {1903), No. 520, pp. G47- 652,fi(j!<. 9). — An account is given of a number of specific variations in the normal product obtained by grafting grapes. Illustrations are given of several of the more striking results oljtained, showing reciprocal action between stock and scion. The author states as a result of his investigations that the graft is a more certain and more powerful means of hybridization than sexual hybridization, and that, as with herba- ceous plants, it may be carried out with a perfectly definite end in view. On the variations in grafted vines, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 24 {1903), Xo. 51, })p. 743-750, fig.^. JiK'CH\«sfiilly grown in Oregon. These varieties are all late bloomers and often bear full crops when the tender soft-shell varieties are destroyed by frost. The nuts are of good size and flavor, and while not as large as the paper and soft shell varieties, they are considered eiinally good. The trees are reported free from the bacteriosis which seriously affects soft-shell nuts in California. Trees come into bearing (> to 8 years after })lanting. Relative to fill)ert culture the author mentions 1 plantation in Oregon, planted with the Barcelona variety, in which the yield was upward of 15 lbs. of nuts per tree. At this rate filbert culture is believed to be more profitable than prune culture. Other good varieties of filberts are the red and white Avelene and the Du Chilly. They are described as good and prolific bearers, thin shelled, hardy, early, and free from ])ests. Grafting chestnuts {Aiim: Agr., 72 (790.3), No. 24, p. 5(9.?) .—A writer states that in grafting chestnuts on sprouts in cut-over land he has secured a growth of 85 to 97 per cent of the scions set. The scions for grafting are cut late in winter and kept in moist sawdust in a cool place. Grafting takes place after freezing weather is over and the buds are just beginning to expand. Whip or tongue grafting is preferred. The graft sliould be well covered with grafting wax. Relations of climate to horticulture, .J. W. Smith {Jour. Columhus Hort. Soc, IS {1903), No. 4, pp. 143-1.'>1). — A number of tables are given. One table shows the monthly and annual mean temperatures at Wauseon, Ohio, for the years 1870 to 1902, inclusive; another shows the total monthly and annual precipitation from March 1871 to 1902, inclusive; and a third shows the dates of blossoming of apples, peaches, pears, plums, and cherries at that place for the years 1877 to 1903. Report of the first meeting of the Society for Horticultural Science {Amer. Gard., 25 {1904), No. 466, pp. 25, 26). — This is a report with abstracts of the papers and discussions presented at the recent meeting of the Society for Horticultural Science, held at St. Louis, December 28 and 29, an account of which is noted else- where (E. S. R., 15, p. 538). On the use of ether and cMoroform for the forcing of shrubs and of lilacs in particular, E. Lemoine [Jour. Ron. IJort. Soc [London'], 2S [1903), No. 1-2, pp. 45-51). — This is a review of European experimental literature on the forcing of plants by the use of ether and chloroform. Tried to force by ether and failed, J. Hutchinson {Amer. Gard., 24 {1903), No. 463, p. 702). — An account is given of an attempt made to force Lily of the Valley pips after subjecting them to etherization as a substitute for freezing. Well-matured pips were lifted before frost and the plumpest selected and treated to ether for 72 hours, after which they were put in a dark place and kept at a temperature of 80° with strong bottom heat. The results were not satisfactory, as the pips did not respond to the heat and moisture as they would have done had they been well frozen. SEEDS— WEEDS. The Georgia seed-growing industry, N. L. Willett {Proc. Georgia State Hort. Soc. , 27 {1903), pp. 15-28). — This is a popular account of the seed industry in Georgia. The cultural methods observed in growing crops for seed are given for the following plants: Collards, turnips, mustard, okra, pearl millet, cotton, oats, burr clover, chufas, asparagus, melons, second-crop Irish potatoes, beardless barley, rye, multi- plying onions and shallots, Mexican June corn, Spanish peanuts, upland rice, John- son grass, vetches, sorghum, cowpeas, Lima beans, peaches, etc. The author holds that second-crop Irish potatoes which are obtained from plant- ings made in July or August are much better for seed in the Southern States than the best Maine-grown sorts. SEEDS WEEDS. 683 Sainfoin, D. Finlayson {Aynsome Agr. Sta., Grange-over-Sands, Cent. Seed-Testing Lab. Fanner.'^' Bid. 4, PP- 7, figs. 8). — A description is given of a sainfoin {Onobrychis saliva) and its variety, the giant sainfoin. Descriptive notes are given of the seed of sainfoin and the more common adulterants are briefly described. The seed of sain- foin should have a purity of at least 98 per cent and a germination of 88 to 90 per cent. Report of the Seed Control Station at Lund, Sweden, for 1902, B. Jonsson {Krartahshr. Malmohus Lan.'< K. Hu.'^hcdL ,S'(//.sA-., 1903, Xn. 1, pp. l.l.'-143). Report of the "Wermland County Seed Control Station, Chemical Labora- tory, and Milk Control Station at Molkom for 1902, J. A. Anderssox {Red. Verm. FrdkontwUanst. och Kem. Lab. Molkom, 1903, pp. 30). The weed problem: Some observations and experiments, E. Korsmo {Tid.^skr. Norske Landbr., 10 {1903), Nos. 6, pp. 247-280; 7, pp. 295-330) .—The mate- rial of this report is arranged in 2 parts, the first describing the author's observations in different Scandinavian countries, the second giving the results of his investigations in Norway. Auiongthe investigations the author reports on the influence of weeds on the yield and money value of different crops. These observations include 3 crops, grass, bar- ley, and potatoes, grown on different plats, each comprising areas of the same size and same crop, one of which served as an example of clean land and the other of weed-infested land. The harvested product was carefully weighed and calculated to the yield per hectare, and the following results were obtained: Effect of toeeds on yield and money value of crops. Yield per hectare. Percent- age lost in money value. Crop. Clean. Weedy. Hav . . . Kg. 6,180 2,286 3,795 22,101 Kg. al,740 + 2,890 8331 a 1, 735 + 2, 407/ 11,330 Per cent. 47 Barley: Straw 46 Potatoes 49 a Weight of weeds included with hay and straw. Investigations were carried on to determine the number of viable weed seeds in a square meter of a fallow field to the depth of 25 cm. As determined by 3 different weedings, the viable weed seeds in the field investigated were 10,332 per 'square meter. In the field intended for spring grain, the same crop having been sown for 4 successive years, 33,574 vialjle seeds were found per square meter. In a third field, which was fallowed, the viable weed seeds found were 1,755. Some experiments are reported on the effect of grinding screenings for the destruc- tion of the weed seed. Two lots of mill screenings, which contained from 25 to 47 per cent weed seed, were ground and the samples examined for weed seeds. In 100 gm. of screenings thus ground only 1 weed seed was found capable of germina- tion. A report is given on the number of seeds produced by different species of weeds and the effect of the use of unclean seed or grain on the distribution of weeds. The viability of different varieties of weed seeds is commented upon, and notes are given on the chemical composition of 18 weeds which were subjected to analysis. Experiments were conducted on the use of barnyard manure as a source of weed distribution, and it w^as found that a considerable number of weed seeds go over in the solid feces in a viable condition. A discussion is given on different methods of (combating weeds, and in the opinion of the author no single treatment will suffice to destroy weeds completely, but the work must be continued from year to year with the means at hand. — f. w. woll. 684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An injurious weed, C. French {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, £ (1.903), No 1, pp. 65-67). — A description is given of St. John's Wort [Hypericum perforatum), which has become a serious pest in parts of Australia. Various suggestions are given for its enulication and estimates of the proba1)le cost. Some introduced species of dodder in Germany, W. Kinzel (Naturu: Ztaclir. Laud- u. Furstw., 1 {1903), No. 5. pp. 177-180). — Notes are given on a number of si)ecies of Cuscuta which have been recently introduced into Germany in clover and other seeds. Among those mentioned are C. planiflora, C. racemosa, ('. lupuUformis, C. (p'onoini, etc. Concerning' the germination of dodder seed, W. Kinzel {Naturu: Ztschr. Land- u. Fordic, 1 {1903), No. 3, pp. 104-110). — The results of the study of the germina- tion of a number of species of Cuscuta are given. DISEASES OF PLANTS. The Granville tobacco wilt, F. L. Stevens and W. G. Sackett {North Carolina Sta. Bui. 188, pp. 79-96, figK. 1.5). — A preliminary accoimt is given of a very destruc- tive disease of tobacco which has made its appearance in Granville County, N. C. Inasmuch as there may be other wilt diseases found to affect tobacco plants, the authors purpose distinguishing this particular form under the name of the Granville wilt, and have stated that a preliminary description of the disease was given in a press bulletin issued by the station August 22. The first indication of the disease is seen in the drooping of the leaves, which become soft and flabby as though suffering from want of water. The wilted leaves soon die and finally the whole stalk is destroyed. At the early stages of the dis- ease a cross section of the stem show"S a yellowish discoloration of the woody por- tion. In more advanced stages the wood is found to be filled with black streaks, and these become so abundant in the later stages that the woody tissue is almost entirely discolored. The root seems to be the seat of the original infection, and any plant sufficiently advanced with the disease to show symptoms in its foliage will have its roots in an advanced stage of decay. The disease is most conspicuous in the largest roots, but the smallest fibers on close examination are similarly affected. When all the roots of the i)lant are diseased the death of the plant naturally follows very quickly, and in such cases the progress of the disease in the stem is cut off by the death of the plant. If only one root be affected, the disease in the stem will be on the side near- est the affected root. The spread of the disease is much more rapid in a longitudinal than in a transverse direction. There are said to be a number of diseases of tobacco which are recognized by tobacco growers, but the Granville wilt may be readily distinguished by the diseased roots and the black streaks in the wood. Corroborative evidence is at hand which seems to show that the disease increases in severity year by year after the first infec- tion in a field. It is further noticed that soil once seriously affected may recover to some extent if tobacco should not be raised on the ground for a number of years. The disease may be carried from an affected field to one lying below it by the flood water which has been contaminated on the upper field. In the region covered by this report tobacco is the chief money crop, and as some fields are almost entirely destroyed, the loss is very great. The history of the observation of the disease and its distribution are briefly out- lined, and a number of factors are suggested as to its probable cause. As a result of a careful examination, the authors have found the blackened portions of the root, stem, and leaves to be filled with bacteria. They are never present in healthy parts of the plant, but being so abundant in the diseased portions it is strongly believed that these germs cause the Granville wilt. This hypothesis can not be definitely DISEASES OF PLANTS. 685 established, however, until the disease has been artificially produced by the inocula- tion of healthy plants. Various methods of carrying on investigations are suggested, and notes given as to the length of time which the organisms are able to survive in the soil. As means of preventing loss, the authors suggest the destruction of the diseased plants, great care in preventing infection through soil carried on implements or the feet of animals from infected to other fields, crop rotation, and the jjlanting of resistant varieties of tobacco. The wilt disease of tobacco and its control, R. E. B. McKenney ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 51, pt. 1, })p. 6, fig. 1). — A description is given of the wilt disease of tobacco, which has been under observation for some time in North Carolina. The disease makes its appearance when the tobacco plants have attained about one-third of their growth, and the first evidence of the disease is the sudden wilting or drooping of one or more of the leaves. This is followed by the wilting of other leaves, and later the stem blackens and rots, the plant being destroyed. The cause of this disease is said to be similar to that which causes the wilt of cot- ton, watermelon, and cowpea and, as shown by comparison with these diseases, the Fusarium to which the disease is attributed, gains entrance to the plant through the fine roots. It is a soil fungus, and for its eradication all diseased plants should be collected and burned. Tobacco and other susceptible crops should be cultivated in long periods of rotation, and as an additional means of getting rid of the fungus in the soil the author recommends autumn plowing and burning of the stubble. Breeding resistant varieties is thought to possibly be of value and experiments along this line are under way. As an additional precaution it is recommended that no fertilizers containing kainit or muriate of potash be used. Observations and experiments on this disease are being continued, and it is hoped that some definite method of con- trol may be discovered in the near future. The mosaic disease of Sumatra tobacco. I, Report of experiments con- ducted at Deli during 1901-2 on the mosaic disease, F. W. T. Hunger {Meded. 'aS Lands Plantentuin, 1903, No. 63, pt. 1, pp. 108). — The report is given in 3 chapters, covering the field work, the laboratory work, and the discussion of remedies and preventives, respectively. The field experiments were designed to show whether various methods of treating the seedlings and mature plants did or did not influence the occurrence of the dis- ea.se. A number of seedlings were transplanted 1, 2, or 3 times before being finally planted in the field, but it was found that this had no effect upon the occurrence of the disease. Seedlings that were pulled while the soil was dry and transplanted were afterwards more seriously affected than seedlings that were pulled out of wet soil. At different ages plants were topped to determine the effect of this operation upon young and older plants. It was shown that of plants topped at 3 weeks of age the percentage of diseased plants was less than when the plants were topped at 6 weeks of age. But it also developed that out of 1,200 plants on new ground not one devel- oped the disease, though they were topped at ages varying from 2 to 6 weeks. Cuttings from healthy and from diseased plants were rooted. Those from the dis- eased plants did not flourish and all developed the disease, but while those from the healthy plants grew well every plant subsequently became diseased. When scions from diseased plants were grafted upon healthy stems the old leaves on the healthy stems did not become diseased, but all the new growth on the old stems was diseased. Scions from healthy plants grafted upon diseased stems developed the disease imme- diately after the union was formed. Tests were made to determine the effect of fertilizers, potassium nitrate an. S). — The author estimates the losses in 1902 to the oat and wheat harvest, in Washington, due to smut, at |2,500,000. Notes are given on various indi- vidual losses, followed by a brief popular description of the smuts attacking the cereals. Soaking the seed grain for a few minutes in copper-sulphate solutions is quite extensively followed, but the investigations of the author show that the treatment is not sufficiently prolonged. Instead of dipping the grain and allowing it to remain in the solution from 5 to 20 minutes, as is the common practice, the author suggests that the soaking should be for at least 12 hours. A better treatment, however, is recommended in the substitution of formalin solution for the copper-sulphate solu- tion. The method of treatment is described in detail. "Takeall" and "whiteheads" in wheat crops, W. L. Summers {Jour. Agr. and Iiid. SoutJi AusfraUa, 7 {IDOS), No. 5, pp. 297-299). — Notes are given on the disease of wheat which has been determined to be caused by the fungus Ophiobolus gramini.s. This fungus has been the cause of considerable loss in various parts of the country, and while in Europe it is said that the use of phosphates has been beneficial in reducing the amount of disease, their use in Australia has not been followed with a reduction of loss. The greatest benefit has been found by burning over the stubble fields prior to plowing. TJredinous infection experiments in 1903, W. A. Kellerman {Jour. Mycol.,9 {1903), No. 68, pp. 225-238). — In continuation of experiments reported for 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 530), the author has carried on experiments with various species of rusts (luring 1903, 22 species being used and 9 successful inoculations secured. As in the former investigations, very early inoculations have proved advantageous in this kind of investigation. The occurrence of Puccinia phragmitis in Nebraska, J. jNI. Bates {Jour. Mycol., 9 {1903), No. 68, pp. 219, 220). — The author reports having found jecidia, which proved to be Puccinia phragmitis on rhubarb in Nel)raska, ■\\hicli appears to be a new host for this country. By subsequent investigations a number of species of Rumcx were found affected in a similar way. Iietters on the diseases of plants, N. A. Cobb {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 10, pj>. 955-9SG, figs. 31). — The author discusses ajiple canker, peach curl, various diseases of citrus fruits, diseases of passion vines and walnuts, leaf curl of the potato, and various root rots and timber rots. So far as known remedies are given for these different pests. A method for rendering cucumber and tomato plants immune against fungus parasites, (t. ^NIassee {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc. {^London'], 28 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 142-145) . — Cucumbers and tomatoes grown under glass are highly susceptible to disea.se, the principal reasons for which are tlie soft foliage and the presence of fungi 21250— No. 7—04 5 688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ami iiciiiatnili's in tlic snil. Tlic author ))riefly describes a number of the more com- mon :. 3). — This l)ulietin is designed to call attention to one of the fungus diseases of oak trees that threatens to di'stroy many of these trees, particularly in cities and towns. The disease makes its aj)pearance early in the spring before the 690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. new I'.'Hvcs arc inatuiv. At tliis time j:;ray or bluish spots appear on the leaf, and by tlie rapid growtli of tlio leaf at these points the surface becomes convex on one side and concave on the other. In some of the narrow-leaved species of oaks the spots become confluent over a larj^e portion of the leaf, so that it is as l)adly curled as in the case of the i)each-leaf curl, which is due to a closely related parasite. By the rapid spread of the disease from li-af to leaf partial or complete defoliation of the tree may occur early in sunnner. This defoliation has a weakening effect upon the tree, and a i-umulative effect may result in the final destruction of the tree. The fungus causing the disease has been determined as Taphria ajcrulescais, a description of which is given. The fungus is not perennial within the tissues of the host plant, and experiments with Bordeaux mixture have shown that it can be suc- cessfully combated l)y -5 or 4 sprayings of that fungicide. The applications should be begun early in the season and continued until the leaves have attained their mature size. A list is given of 10 species of oaks w'hich are known to have been infected by this fungus, and the distribution of the parasite throughout the State of Alabama and the United States is indicated. A bibliography of the more important arti(rles relating to the disease concludes the bulletin. Dead h.orse-cliestnut trees, M. C. Cooke {Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc. \_Lond(>n'\, 28 {1903), No. 1-2, p. XXII). — A brief report is given of the destruction of horse-chest- nut trees, which is believed to be due to Stereum purpiireum, although it does not appear that this species has been hitherto recognized as causing the destruction of forest trees. A related species, S. hirsutum, which is common as a saprophyte, is also known to become parasitic and it is thought probable that the species in ques- tion has the same faculty. ENTOMOLOGY. The enemies of agriculture, A. L. Herrera {Las jjlagas de la agricidtnra. Mex- ico: M'miderio de Fumento, 1903, pp. 435-626, pis. 9, Jigs. IS). — This is a continuation of the author's general work on the subject of insect pests and fungus diseases (E. S. R., 14, p. 467). Notes are presented on the insect pests of beans, peas, and other legumes, and on insects injurious to corn, apples, citrus fruits, olives, pear, pine, and other forest trees, and cultivated plants. A discussion is also presented on mosqui- toes, grasshoppers, the use of parasitic fungi in the destruction of insects, and San Jose scale. Entomology and agricultural parasitology, G. Guenaux {Entomologie et par- nsitologie agricoles. Paris: J. B. Bailliere & So7is, 1904, pp. XII-\-5S8, Jigs. 390). — This volume constitutes one of a general series entitled Agricultural Encyclopedia, and edited by G. Wery. The subject-matter includes a description of the various forms of lower animals which are injurious to crops and domesticated animals. The pests discussed in the volume include protozoa, worms, mollusks, myriapods, arach- nids, and insects. The injurious insects are classified according to their systematic position and also according to the crops, animals, or products which they attack. Chapters are also presented on l)eneficial insects and on remedies for controlling injurious species.' Report of the chief inspector of nurseries and orchards, A. F. Burgess {('olainhns: Ohio State Bd. Agr., 1902, pp. 34, Jigs. S). — Brief notes on the inspection work of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture during the year 1902, with statistical data concerning the number of trees and amount of nursery stock inspected and the remedies recommended. Brief notes are also given on peach yellows, black knot, cankerworm, gypsy moth, and San Jose scale. A copy is given of the nursery and orchard inspection law of Ohio, together with a list of nurserymen of the State, and an ai)pendix in which remedies for various fungus and insect pests are described. Insects injurious and beneficial, E. P. Venables {Rpt. Supt. Farmers' Insts. British Coluiiibia, 4 {1902), pp. 45-48). — During the season of 1902 plant lice, espe- ENTOMOLOGY. 691 cially the apple plant louse, were unusually abundant, but they were somewhat reduced (hiring the latter part of the season by the presence of parasites. Plant lice also occurred in large num])ers on hops and other cultivated plants. Notes are pre- sented on Ran Jose scale, cutworms, grasshoppers, wireworms, etc. Report of tlie entomologist, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 9, j)p. 797-80S, pi. l). — A short account of the operations of the ento- mologist during the past year. Brief mention is made of the Hessian fly, codling moth, woolly aphis, fowl tick, l>otfly, various scale insects, locusts, Iramble bees, and other species. Insectarium notes and insects found about the Hawkesbury College, W. W. Froggatt [Agr. Gaz. Nen: Soxtli Wales, 14 {1903), No. 10, pp. 1019-10J7, j'lx. 2, fig. 1). — Economic and biological notes are presented on Proioparce convobmU, Earias fahia, Tein anarloides, Ocinara leivinse, Gelechiu simplicella on soy beans, Pen- tadon australis, Aleurodes raporariorum, Heliotlmps hxmorrhoidalis, etc. Report of the inspectors under Vegetation Diseases Act, J. Martin, Jr. , et AL. {Agr. Gaz. New Soutlt Wales, 14 {1903), No. 9, pp. 870-875).— 'titSiilsiic^ are pre- sented on the quantities of fruit, nursery stock, etc., reported at various points and inspected by various officials. The greater part of this material was fumigated Avith hydrocyanic-acid gas, and in this connection notes are presented on the extent of infestation of fruits and trees with San Jose scale. Fruit and plant inspection, G. Quinn {Rpt. Min. Agr. South Australia, 1903, pp. 22-26). — A report is presented on the progress of orchard and garden inspection in various parts of South Australia and on the inspection of imported fruit and nur- sery stock. Particular attention is devoted to a discussion of the codling moth and Asjjidiotus coccineus. Report of the entomologist and vegetable pathologist, H. Tryox ( Queens- land Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 5, pp. 4^0-466). — Brief notes are given on a large number of injurious insects and fungus diseases which prevailed during the year. The author also calls attention to the collections and educational work of his dejiartment. Injurious insects and other animals observed in Ireland during the year 1902, G. H. Carpenter (JScon. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, 1 {1903), IV, No. 9, pp. 195- 218, pis. 2, figs. 7). — Hepialus hurnuli is reported as injurious to oats and potatoes. The use of gas lime and deep plowing are recommended in the control of this insect. Notes are also given on crane flies, wheat-bulb fly, carrot fly, Pegomyia hetx, Enchy- trxus parrulus, rose sawfly, wood lice, Syagrius inirudens on ferns, Cryptococcus fagi on beets, Mediterranean flour moth, Anobium paniceum, A. domesticum, and Tyro- glyphus longior. Insects injurious to fruits and garden vegetables, J. Wortmann {Ber. K. Lehran.it. Wein, Obst-u. Gartenbau, Geisenheun, 1902, p^p. 203-215, figs. 6). — Economic and l:)iological notes on Rnmplius flavicornis and nematode worms in fig leaves. Brief notes are also given on beneficial insects and on a method of controlling Tortrix ambiguella. Since the pupfe of this insect pass the winter in various sheltered loca- tions it was found necessary to destroy them on the stakes used in vineyards. For this purpose the stakes were temporarily removed, tied in bundles, and dipped in boiling water for a period of 3 to 5 minutes. Good results were obtained by this treatment. British Tsrroglyphidae, A. D. Michael {London: Ray Society, 1903, vol. 2, pp. yil~~183, pis. 20). — This volume completes the author's monograph on this family of mites. A detailed index is presented covering the matter in both volumes, together with a bibliography of literature relating to the subject and a list of foreign species of Tyroglyphidfe. Descriptions are given of species belonging to various genera, including Chortoglyphus, Fiisacarus, Trichotarsus, Ilericia, Tyroglyphus, etc. A monograph of the Cynipidae of Europe and Algeria, J. J. Kiekker {Moho- graphie des Cynipides d' Europe et d'Algcrie. I'aris: A. Hermann, 1903, vol. 2, No. 1, 692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pp. 288, ]iU. 0). — In this part . ,s'.7, //ry.s'. .)0). — A discussion is presented on the anatomical details, feeding lial)its, life history, parasites, and construction of the nests of ]^e.tp(i. erahro, 1'. media, ^'. ,sv7/v'.s'/r/.s-, 1'. ."Ki.ronica, T. rtifa, and otiier species of this genus and also of Polistes. Biolog-y of the genus Chermes with special reference to C. piceae, O. Ntjss- LiN ( VcrJiandl. Xaturn: Vcr. Karlsralte, 10 {1 90 2-3) , pp. 3-20). — As a result of the study i)f Chermes picex and other species of this genus the author conies to the con- clusion that C. piceir. is reprodu(;ed parthenogenically and that the disadvantages of this form of reproduction are partly overcome by the existence of a long-lived larval form. How^ to combat the Mexican cotton-boll w^eevil in summer and fall, E. D. Sandeksox {Te.vas Sta. Circ. 4, PP- 4)- — The remedies fur this insect, as mentioned by the author, consist in growing an early maturing cotton, and in destroying the beetles by grazing the cotton with cattle and pulling and burning stalks which are unused. It is also recommended that the land be plowed deeplj' in late fall or early winter. Insects attacking cotton in the West Indies, H. A. Ballou ( }Yest Indian Bui., 4 {1903), Xn. 3, pp. 268-286, Jigx. 4). — Economic and biological notes are presented on cotton worm, bollworm, Mexican cotton-boll weevil, cotton-plant louse, scale insects, cutworms, grasshoppers, D>jsdercus undrew, D. annulliger, species of Phytop- tus, etc. Some insects attacking the stems of growing wheat, rye, barley, and oats, w^ith methods of prevention and suppression, F. M. Webster ( JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bed. 42, pp. 62, figs. 15). — The chief purpose of this bulletin is to present descriptions and notes on the habits and life history of a num- ber of small insects of cereal crops. The injury due to these insects has frequently been mistaken for the attacks of the Hessian fly. The species specially considered in the bulletin are Isosoma grande, I. tritici, I. liordei, I. captivum, I. wehsieri, I. hirti- frons, I. secale, I. filchii, Meromyza americana, Oscinis carbonaria, and 0. soror. In connection with a discussion of each one of these species various suggestions are made regarding cultural methods which will materially assist in controlling the pests. According to the author's observations it may be stated as a general rule that the same remedies which tend to hold the Hessian fly in check are effective against other small cereal insects. The cultural remedies most confidently recommended include the destruction of grass and other jslants on which these pests may live in the neighborhood of grain fields, rotation of crops, burning of stubble, and late seeding. A brief account of the principal insect enemies of the sugar beet, F. H. Chittexdex ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bui. 43, pp. 71, figs. 65). — This material has already been abstracted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 379). Catalogue of the Museum of the Experiment Station for Sugar Cane in West Java, W. Yax Devexter {Froefstat. Sidkerriet West Java, Bui. 6, 1903, pp. 46, pi. 1). — A list is presented of the varieties of sugar cane-in the museum and of the species of insects and other injurious animals and fungus diseases which occur on sugar cane. The different species of insects and fungus pests are briefly described and recommendations are given regarding the best methods for combating them. The sugar-cane borer (Chilo simplex), E. P. Stebbing {Indian Mus. Circ. Agr. Econ. Ent., Xo. 3, 2)p. 6, figs. 2). — This insect may be controlled by cutting out and destroying infested canes and burning or burying all discarded tops and refuse after the crop has been cut over. ENTOMOLOGY. 693 The Bengal rice hispa (Hispa aenescens), E. P. Stebbing (Indian Mim. CIrc. Agr. EcDii. Eid., Xo. ^\ pp. 4, ji(j. l). — Thi.s insect may be controlled in the rice nursery by spraying the young seedlings with Paris green or some other arsenical. The rice sapper (Leptocorisa acuta), E. P. Stebbing {Indian Mus. Clrc. Agr. Econ. Ent, No. 1, pp. 4, figs. 2). — Notes are given on the distribution, food plants, and injury caused by this insect. It is preyed upon to some extent by tiger beetles. The remedy recommended by the author consists in the use of a winnowing appa- ratus smeared with any stii-ky substance. This apparatus can be brushed over tne heads of the rice and will thus remove a large proportion of the insects. The cutworm (Agrotis ypsilon), E. P. Stebbing {Indian Mus. Circ. Agr. Econ. Ent., Xn. G, }>)>. ■'>,fig. 1). — According to the author's experience this insect ma}^ be controlled l)y the use of poison baits and by direct application of London purjile or some other arsenical in a dry form, mixed with lime and ashes. Observations on the sunflower — its attraction for the fiddler beetle, J. Neish {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 7 {1903), Xo. 8, pp. 321, 322)^ — According to the author's observations the tiddler beetle may be readily attracted to sunflowers and may be destroyed on this plant. By sowing sunflower seed around groves of citrus fruits the damage to these fruits may be somewhat checked. A new jointworm parasite from Russia, W. H. Ashmead {Canad. Ent., 35 {1903), Xo. IJ, jip. 332, 333). — Ilomoporus ra.s.filiefi. is described as a new species parasitic upon I.-<(jsoina iveinitinn. Seventeen-year locusts in Kentucky, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 107, pj:>. 81-100, pis. 4, figs. 3). — The distribution of the periodical cicada in Kentucky is indi- cated by counties in connection with a map showing the relative prevalence of this insect. The cicada was found to be especially fond of the black locust for the deposi- tion of its eggs. Notes are given on the injury done by the cicadas and on the time of their appearance and disappearance. The species recognized by the author as occurring in Kentucky are Cicada 2'>ruinosa., C. septendecim, C. cassinii, and C. tihicen. All these sj^ecies are described. Notes are given on the life history of the periodical cicada and on the broods which are known to occur in Kentucky. The most important natural enemy of the cicada in Kentucky is Massospora cicadina. The migratory locust (Acridium peregrinum), E. P. Stebbing {Indian Mus. Circ. Agr. Econ. Ent., Xo. 5, p>p. 9, figs. 5). — The habits and life history of this species are briefly described. In controlling the insect the author recommends plowing the soil so as to bury the eggs, crushing and burning the young grasshoppers, and the use of extensive smudges. How to destroy locusts (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 1 (1903), Xo. 2, pp. 44-46). — The meth(jds lecouj mended for the destruction of locusts include the use of screens and pits, locust fungus, and arsenical jioisons. The screen and pit system consists of stretching screens made of cheap cloth for any desired distance in a straight line and digging pits at intervals of about 10 yards along the length of the screens. The locusts fall into the pits in searching for a way around the screens, and are prevented from crawling out by zinc bands placed around the opening of the pits. This method is applicable only to the earlier stages before the locusts are able to fly. Locust fungus is said to be effective only when the air is damp. Good results have been obtained in s{)raying with a mixture of arsenic, soda, and sugar. Platyparea poeciloptera and its injuries to asparagus, A. Giard ( Com])t. Rend. .Soc. Biol. Paris, 55 (1903), Xo. 24, pp. 907-910).— The larvje of this fly mine into the stems of asparagus in longitudinal channels and cause serious damage. The injury produced by this insect has perhaps been in many cases attributed to the attac;ks of asparagus beetles. The only natural enemy of the insect as observed by the author is a species of myriapod. Spraying for the San Jose scale with modifications of the sulphur-salt-lime wash, and chemical notes on this w^ash, C. X. Pipek and R. W. TiiATfiiEK 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ( Washington Sla. Bui. oG, pp. 31). — Extensive experiments were made with various modifications of the California and Oregon washes on orchards, including peach, pear, i)rune, j)lum, apple, cherry, and apricot trees. During these experiments nearly 20 fornnilas for these washes were employed, varying in conip(jsition from 1 to li lbs. of lime and 2 to 8 gals, of water for each pound of sulphur. In conversation with orchardists it was found that a great many modifications of the published formulas have been used on a large scale, the purpose of the modifica- tions being to secure more effective formulas. Nearly all formulas, except the most dilute, were quite effective. It was found that after the ajiplication of the lime- sulphur wash many oi the female insects came out from under the scale, but all of these insects were found to die without reproducing. The criteria relied upon in determining tlie death of the scale were a change of color from a pale yellow to a dull orange and a shrivelling of the body. A series of laboratory experiments with various insecticides was carried out by R. E. Snodgrass. As a result of all these e.xperiments it is recommended that the formula of the wash be 1 lb. sulphur, 1 lb. lime, and 4 gals, water, and that the salt be omitted. Potash lye alone was found to be ineffective and injurious to peach trees. The lime-sulphur wash is just as effective when applied cold as hot. Kerosene or crude California distillate petroleum was effective as a sumnier spray when used in strengths of 10 and 12 per cent. Pear and peach trees were injured by the lime-sulphur wash when this remedy was applied to young leaves. A chemical study of the lime- suli)hur wash showed that, after the union of the sulphur and lime products is com- plete, the excess of lime remains in the form of milk of lime or whitewash. A monograph, of the Coccidse of the British Isles, R. Newstead {Londun: Ray Society, 1903, vol. 2, pp. VIII+^70, pis. 4^, figs. 7).— This volume completes the author's monograph on this subject. The first volume has already been noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 968). The number of species of Coccidse found in the British Isles is 88, together with 4 varieties, and of this number 51 species and 2 varieties have apparently been introduced from foreign countries. The genera treated in this vol- luue include Leeanium, Pulvinaria, Kermes, Dactylopius, Ripersia, Orthezia, etc. The date-palm beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), PI P. Stebbing [Indkin Mus. Circ. Agr. Econ. Ent., No. 4, PP- 5, fig. 1). — This insect appears to have no important natural enemies. The destruction of dead and decaying trees, removal and destruc- tion of rubbish, and the destruction of grubs of beetles which may be found about the roots of trees are recommended for controlling this pest. The orange weevil, E. S. Panton {Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 1 {1.903), No. 11, pp. 249-253, figs. 2). — Prxpodes littatus is described in its different stages and notes are given on its habits and life history. This insect does the most of its injury in the larval form. The pest may be controlled l)y hand picking the beetles, thorough cultivation, and application of lime or suliihate of potash as a dressing around affected trees. Mention is made of Ells atrata as a natural enemy of this pest. Report on the distribution of Phylloxera vastatrix in Austria in 1901, F. KuRMANN ET AL. {Bcricht uber die Verbreiiung der Eehlaus in Ostcrreich im Jahre 1901. Vienna: Dept. Agr., 1902, i>p. 356, pi. 1). — A detailed account is presented by the inspectors in various parts of Austria regarding the prevalence and distribution of Phylloxera, with special reference to the methods which have been employed in controlling the spread of this insect. Copies are given of the laws and regulations of Austria regarding this matter. Grapevine root worm, E. P. Felt {New York State Mus. Bid. 72, pp. 55, figs. 13). — In the present bulletin the author presents the results of observations and experi- ments made in 1902 and 1903, chiefly in the Chautauqua grape belt. The subjects discussed in the bulletin include an account of the area of infestation, signs of the presence of the insect, injuries due to this insect in Ohio, its early history in this country, a description of the species in its native stages, notes on its life history, an ENTOMOLOGY. . 695 account of the oviposition of the insect, with notes on the number of eggs laid by different females, habits of the larvaj and pupa?, and experimental work in control- ling the pest. The remedies tested by the author included the destruction of the eggs, pulverizing the soil and mounding, spraying with arsenical poisons, collecting the beetles, destroying the pupa', spraying with kerosene enaulsion or crude ])etroleum, and applying carbon bisulphid and calcium carbid to larva? in the soil. As a result of the author's experiments and observations it is concluded that no one method can he depended upon in controlling the pest. It is recommended that cultural operations be so planned that the earth may be removed from about the base of the vines, or otherwise cultivated at the time when the majority of the insects are in the pupal condition. These cultural operations in conjunction with the collection of the beetles, especially by elaborate beetle-catchers described by the author, and In' thorough spraying with some arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, afford a practical solution of the difhculty. Flea-beetles, R. Makes {Bid. Agr. Algirie et Tankie, 9 {1903), No. 20, jip. 429, 4-30). — Brief notes on the habits and means of combating the common flea-beetles, especially that of the grape. Notes on Staphylinus olens and Eriocampa adumbrata, H. Faes {Chron. Ayr. Canton ]'aud, 16 {1903), No. 21, pp. 599-604, fi'js. 3). — Staphylinus ulens is said to feed to a large extent upon the insect pests of grapevines. Notes are also given on the life history and habits of Eriocampa adumbrata. This insect is injurious to various kinds of fruit trees, including the ajiple, pear, peach, cherry, and plum trees. The larv;e of the insect can be destroyed by applications of lime, tobacco, sulphur, pyrethrum, or soap suds. Insects afifecting- forest trees, E. P. Felt {New York State Forest, FixJi and Game Onn. Jxpl. 1901, pp. 479-334, pis. 16, figs. 26). — The author discusses the habits, life history, and means of combating a number of forest insects, including Dendroctonus terebrans, Tomicns calligraplius, T. cacographus, T. jrini, T. cxlatus, pine sawyer, ambro- sia beetlevS, white pine weevil, pine-bark chermes, pine-leaf miner, Polygraplms rvfipennis, etc. The vertical distribution of forest insects in Switzerland, C. Keller {Mitt. Schveiz. Centralanst. Forst. Versuclisw., 8 {1903), No. 1, pp. 3-80, jjIs. 10). — The author discusses in detail the gall formations on deciduous and coniferous trees of various sjiecies, and presents an account of injury to other parts of these trees by noxious insects and vertebrates. Especial attention is given to the vertical distribu- tion of the species discussed. The protection of wood and bark against the attack of insects by causing' the absorption of their reserve starch, E. Mer {Mem. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 14O {1903), pp. 233-247). — In the author's experience not very satisfactory results have been oljtained in protecting wood against insects by means of artificial insecticide treatment. Since insects which attack wood and bark feed largely upon the reserve fo' . material in these products, an attempt was made to cause the resorption of the stai A\ by means of special treatment. It was found that the process of ringing trees at the upj^er jjart of the trunk I'aused the gradual disapi)earance of the starch at all points below the ring. The starch was transformed into other substances or was used up in the growtli of the cambium layer. Wood thus deprived of its reserve starch was found to be well protected against the attacks of species of Anobium and Lyctus. The disappearance of the starch in the trunks of trees may also be brought about by cutting off the branches, or by allowing the whole tree to remain upon the ground several months after felling. According to the author's experience a peri(Ml of 5 or 6 months is sufficient to bring about the almost total disap]iearance of the starch. Spraying with distillates, W. H. Volck {(.'alifornia Sla. J>nl. ir>3, pp. 31, 696 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. fjil^_ ,:). — Dislilliitfs iiK-lu(U' all oilsdcrivcil from crude oil l)y distillation. They vary con.'-idenihly in tlu'ir speoiiif ^iravity and their physical ])roi)erties. Emulsions made from California oils have as a rule been less satisfactory than those made from east- ern kerosene, and mechanical mixtures are considered much superior to emulsions. The distillates are considered from the standpoint of their insec^ticide value and also with regard to the injury caused by them to leaves and fruits. The vegetable tissues are injured by the penetration of oil into the interior of the plant substance, and this penetration varies in extent and rapidity according to the nund)er of sto- mata and other anatomical structures of the leaves. The chief toxic effects of the oils in the plants are due to diffusion. A drop of oil upon an orange leaf spreads more rapidly and also evaporates more readily than upon an apricot leaf; it therefore causes less injury upon the former than upon the latter. The heavier oils cause more injury than lighter oils, on account of their slow evaporation. Older leaves, on account of their roughness, prevent the drops of oil from spreading and thus become injured to a great extent. Very young leaves may become entirely covered with the film or oil, and thus be killed. The injury from distillates is in the author's opinion not due to any impurities in the oils, but to the oils themselves. Notes are given on the effects of mixed oils, general and local injury of these oils, methods of application, and the influences of weather conditions, temperature, etc. The more force used in the application of the oils the greater the amount of penetra- tion. A pronounced humidity of the atmosphere has the effect of opening the sto- mata in the leaves and thus allowing greater penetration of the oil. The injury to plants from oils is due to the prevention of transpiration, exclusion of the air, and to chemical toxic effects. The latter effects are manifested within 00 hours in an atmos- phere containing gasoline, by a general bleaching process. The practical bearing of these investigations is discussed by the author. It appears that many species of insects and mites escape the most careful spraj'ing with distil- lates; in fact black scale and other insects survive the severest treatment which trees will stand, in sufficient numbers to reinfest the plant within a short time. An exten- sive reappearance of young scales was noted within from 2 to 3 weeks after spraying. According to the author no applications of distillates can be made without more or less injury to trees and fruit. Both leaves and fruit become spotted and drop. Two applications are all that can be economically applied in 1 year, since experience has shown that if 3 or 4 applications are required, spraying will not be less expen- sive than fumigation. Sulphur sprays for red spiders, W. H. Volck {California Sta. Bid. 154, pp- H, figs. 4)- — This bulletin is occupied with an account of experiments in the destruction of a species of Bryobia on almond and other deciduous trees, and a species of Tetrany- ch us on orange. Mites were inclosed in small cells and subjected to the action of sublimed sulphur. All mites thus treated died within a short time, or if they laid eggs the eggs did not hatch. Mite-infested branches were dusted with sublimed sul- phur and inclosed in paper bags without being removed from the tree. The mites were nearly all destroyed within a period of a month. During these experiments it was found that the use of ground or sublimed sulphur was effective in destroying mites. The trees may be dusted when wet with dew, but results from the use of the dry method are not always satisfactory. Spraying with a finely divided sulphur mixed with water is recommended. In order to cause the sulphur to adhere for as long a period as possil)le on the leaves experiments were made in mixing flour paste, lime, and other adhesive materials with the spray. The best results were obtained from the admixture of flour paste. Good results were also obtained when adding sulphate of potash to the sulphur spray. During the winter of 1902 about 100 orange trees were sprayed with sulphur and the results were quite satisfactory. The trees and fruit were not injured. Almost equally good results were obtained with sublimed and ground suljihur, but it is recommended that the sulphur should be in a finely divided condition. ENTOMOLOGY. 697 The red spider of the ahnond proved to be inuch more resistant to insecticides than that of the orange, and sulphid of potasli was tlierefore mixed with the sulphur spray. The majority of the mites were killed by this treatment and the author believes that the foliage can be saved, even in very advanced cases of injury from mites. Contact insecticides proved to be less effective than sulphur. Of the contact sprays, the distillates were most effective. Formulas are given for the preparati^JU of sulphur sprays, with or without sulphid of potash. Directions for treatment of insect pests and plant diseases, E. D. Sander- son and K. C (Jkeex ( Texas Stu. Circ. 3, folio, Jigs. 4)- — Brief notes on the important insect and fungus diseases of A'arious cultivated plants. Insect enemies of books, C. Houlbert {Les insectes ennemis des livres. Paris: Alfonse Picard it- Sons, 1903, pp. XXXVIII + 269, pis. 3, figs. 59) .—This volume con- tains a general account of the various insects which injure books and the means for combating them. A summary of the proceedings of a congress for the study of the insect enemies of books held in Paris in August, 1900, is presented by II. Martin. A bibliography of 94 titles relating to this subject is aloo given. The insects injurious to books are classified according to their systematic position, and details are presented on the habits and life history of the various species. The orders of insects concerned are Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Thysanura, Pseudoneurop- tera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Certain species of mites are also regarded as injurious to books. The remedies which have been applied in controlling these insects are classified as mechanical, chemical, physical, and biological. The mechan- ical remedies include the use of mechanical shock in destroying the insects, and also direct search for insect jiests in books, shelves, and cases in libraries; in this group of remedies the author also includes various species of traps, and the use of wood and other materials especially liked by different species of insects and which may be readily removed and destroyed after becoming infested. The chemical remedies include the use of odorous material, such as camphor, naphthaline, benzine, essence of turpentine, tobacco, and aromatic plants, as well as asphyxiating substances, such as sulphur dioxid, bisulphid of carbon, etc., and toxic substances, such as alum, borax, pyrethrum, (}uassia, arsenic, and corrosive sub- limate. Directions are given for applying these various chemical insecticides. The physical remedies include the use of heat and cold. Cold may be used effectively in getting rid of cockroaches, while many species of insects may be destroyed by sub- jection to a high temperature, whit-h is harmless for books. Brief notes are also given on the use of fungus and bacterial diseases and animal parasites in the destruc- tion of insect enemies of books. Attention is called to special methods of construction and management of libraries for the purpose of preventing infestation by insects. In some cases it is recom- mended that the thread used in sewing books be treated with quassia or tobacco decoction to prevent its being destroyed by insects. Anohium paniceum is considered as the most injurious anI£Ya.\t and R. D. MiLXER {Arner. Jour. Fhyswl., 10 {1903), No. 11, ]jp. S 1-99) .—The digestibility of cabbage, pf)tatoes, beets, green corn, and apple sauce was studied in experiments carried on with healthy young men, each of the artic'les enumerated being added to a sinij)le basal ration and the digestibility of the foods under consideration calcu- lati'd from the digestibility of tlie ration as a whole. The average results which were obtained follow: Coefficients of dlgedibility of vegetables. Kind of vegetable. Protein. Fat. Per rent. Per cent. 0 47.4 a 40. 2 73.1 h 15. 8 72.4 b 100. 0 19.1 97.9 83.9 41.2 Nitrogen- free extract. Crude fiber. Energy. Cabbage, average of 3 te.sts — Potatoe.s, average of 3 te.sts Beets, average of 3 te.sts Apple .sauce, average of 2 tests Green corn, 1 test Pei- cent. 81.6 99.0 %.7 99.4 96.6 Per cent. 77.3 74.3 84.4 9.5.2 59.3 Per cent. 55." 1 76.6 75.3 90.0 Per cent. .59.5 93. 6 89.7 98.8 86.2 a Average of 2 tests only. & One test only. The authors' conclusions follow: "So far as sources of protein or fat are concerned, the vegetables included in these studies may be considered as of little value. They do, however, contain carbohydrates, which the results of these and other experi- ments indicate to be C]uite well digested and ab.sorbed; and they may, therefore, be considered as of value as sources of energy, a large proportion of which appears to be available to the body. The chief value of many vegetables, however, is perhaps aside from the nutrients or energy they furnish; they add a pleasing variety and pal- atability to the diet, supply organic acids and mineral salts, and give the food a bulkiness that seems to be of importance in its mechanical action in maintaining a healthy activity of the alimentary tract. Possibly the result of these conditions is a favorable influence upon the digestion of other food eaten with the vegetable; at least such an effect was suggested by the results of some of these experiments." In connection with the above experiments the balance of the income and outgo of nitrogen was also determined. The relative digestibility of some edible fats and oils, J. F. Moore {Arhmsas Sta. Bal. 78, pp. 33-41). — The relative digestibility of cotton-seed and other vegetable oils and common culinary fats of animal origin was studied with mice and guinea pigs. In the experiments with mice the fats were mixed with fiour and water to a stiff dough which was baked. The guinea pigs were fed wheat bran on which the fat or oil was blown in a fine spray. The following table summarizes the results obtained, the values for mice being the average results of 2 tests and those for guinea pigs the results of 1 test: Average digestibility of fats and oils. Experiments with mice and guinea pigs. Kind of oil. Cooked fat. Experi- ments with mice. Raw fat. Experi- ments with guinea pigs. Home-rendered lard Home-rendered lard, soft, melting point 27.0° C.. Home-rendered lard, hard, melting point 36.9° C. Beef suet, melting point 44.9° C Refined cotton-seed oil, light Refined cotton-seed oil, heavy Olive oil Peanut oil Com oil Crude cotton-seed oil Per cent. 96.81 96.19 '97.'76' Per cent. 88.78 73.88 73.66 93.37 90.47 88. 81 85.77 86.47 89.93 FOODS NUTEITION. 701 "The more fluid oil? and i^oft fats were more completely digested than the heavier oils or the hard fats. "The effect of an increase in the melting point of a fat on the percentage of diges- tihility becomes less as the melting point approaches or goes above the temperature of the body. . . . "It is apparently true, in the cases before us at least, that cooked fats and oils are considerably more digestible than those eaten raw. In cooking a fat there is proba- bly more or less dissociation into glycerine and fatty acids, which, if the theory is corre(.'t that the presence of fatty acids is conducive to a more perfect digestion of the fat, will help to explain the higher percentages of digestion in the experiment with the mice. In that work the oils were cooked in the preparation of the food, while in the work with the guinea pigs the oils were fed raw. "Nothing developed in these experiments to indicate that the vegetable oils used are in any manner inferior to the animal fats as articles of food. In heat producing power the 2 classes are ecjual, while the vegetable fats appear to have ))een more completely digested. . . . "It must be left very largely to the fancy of the individual consumer to decide which class of fats is to be preferred." Poultry as food, Helen W. Atwater ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 18S, pp. 40). — In this bulletin data regarding the composition and food value of poultry are summarized and discussed. The topics treated of include among others varieties of poultry, fattening poultry and its effect on food value, dressing and marketing, marks of good poultry, cooking, nutritive value of poultry and its cost, and the place of poultry in the diet. The term "poultry," as used, covers chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks, geese, pigeons, swans, peafowls, pheasants, and quail. As regards composition the author states that "poultry does not differ as much as is commonly supposed from meat of other domestic animals used for food. Indi- vidual kinds and sijecimens, of course, vary in the relative amounts of protein and fat contained, and there are certain flavors present in poultry which differ from those in other meats. But these differences are so small that they are practically negligi- ble in ordinary diet. Nor is there as much difference in digestibility as is often stated. On the average, poultry is somewhat more easily digested than beef and mutton, but only very slightly. The difference in digestibility between the various kinds of poultry probably depends on the amount of fat contained, the fatter sorts being least easily digested. "Tenderness of fiber may have something to do with both ease and thoroughness of digestion, and, if so, young birds are more easily digested than old, and the less-used muscles of the chicken, such as the breast, more so than the much-used nuiscular tissues of the legs. Similarly, white-fleshed birds may be more easily digested than dark-fleshed, because the fibers of their flesh are less closely set; but this is not fully proved. Indeed, very little is positively known on this subject, and that little seems to indicate that the differences in thoroughness of digestion are very slight, and that cooking has much more to do with the digestibility of the birds than these slight differences in composition and texture." Poultry as food, R. I). INIilner {Conneclieut Storn^ Sta. Bill. 27, pp. 20, fig. 1). — On the basis of a large number of analyses of poultry and poultry products which have been made by the station, the food value of poultry is discussed. Statistics are quoted regarding the extent of poultry raising in the United States, and especially in Connecticut; and the importance of this industry to Connecticut and the desirability of increasing it are pointed out. Alcohol as a food, R. Rosemann {Arch. Physwl. [Pfiuger], 100 {190S), Xo. 7-8, pp. 348-300) .—Thi' author discusses the nutritive value of alcohol and calls attention to the use of alcohol as a condiment, and related topics. 702 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Standards of purity for food products ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of the Secretary, Circ. JO, pp. Id). — The food definitions and offifial standards of purity for food prod- ucts for the United States are given, which were prepared by a committee representing the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, commissioned by the Secretary of Agriculture in accordance with an act of Congress of March 3, 1903. The connnit- tee consisted of W. Frear, E. II. Jenkins, M. A. Scovell, II. A. Weber, and II. W. Wiley. The foods include meat and the princii)al meat products, milk and its products, sugars and related substances, and condiments. The standards, the committee state, are based "upon data representing materials produced under American conditions and manufactured by American processes or representing such varieties of foreign articles as are chiefly imported for American use. "The standards fixed are such that a departure of the articles to which they apply, abo\e the maximum or below the minimum limit prescribed, is evidence that such articles are of inferior or abnormal quality. "The limits fixed as standard are not necessarily the extremes authentically recorded for the article in question, because such extremes are commonly due to abnormal conditions of production and are usually accompanied by marks of inferiority or abnormality readily perceived by the producer or manufacturer." The standards adopted for lard and dairy products follow: " Standard lard and standard leaf lard are lard and leaf lard, respectively, free from rancidity, containing not more than 1 per cent of substances, other than fatty acids not fat, necessarily incorporated therewith in the process of rendering, and standard leaf lard has an iodin number not greater than 60. . . . "Standard milk is milk containing not less than 12 per cent of total solids and not less than 8.5 per cent of sclids-not-fat, nor less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat. . . . "Buttermilk is the product that remains when butter is removed from milk or cream in the process of churning. "Pasteurized milk is standard milk that has been heated below boiling, but suffi- ciently to kill most of the active organisms present and immediately cooled to 50° F. or lower to retard the development of their spores. "Sterilized milk is standard milk that has been heated at the temperature of boiling water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present. "Condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated. "Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added." According to the standards, skim milk shall contain not less than 9.25 per cent of milk solids. Condensed milk and standard sweetened condensed milk are standard sweetened and unsweetened milks condensed until they contain, respectively, not less than 28 per cent milk solids, of which not less than one-fourth shall be milk fat. The standard condensed skim milk is skim milk from which a considerable portion of water has l)een evaporated. "Standard milk fat or butter fat has a Reichert-Meissl number not less than 24 and a specific gravity not less than 0.905 (40° C. /40° C. )." Standard cream is required to contain not less than 18 per cent of milk fat. Evaporated cream is defined as cream from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated. Standard butter is required to contain not less than 82.5 per cent butter fat. Standard renovated or process butter must contain not less than 16 per cent water and at least 82.5 per cent butter fat. Whole milk or full cream cheese containing in the water-free substance not less than 50 per cent butter fat is designated as the standard. FOODS NUTRITION. 708 A standard winter-wheat flour, G. L. Teller {Chicago: The Operattrc Miller Press \_l'->OS'\,jq>. 4). — Fifteen jjatent flours from Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Michigan, and Tennessee were analyzed. They were beheved to "represent fairly well the patent flours manufactured from the soft winter wheat in this section of country." A blend of this flour, which is regarded as a standard, and 5 less representative samples, were also analyzed. The values reported are discussed with special refer- ence to the outlining of a scale of comparison. Preparation of modified milk by precipitating casein with carbon dioxid, S. SzEKELV {Arch. Kimlcrheilk:, SG{W03), No. 1-.2, pp. 70-85). — A method of preparing modified milk apijroximating mother's milk in composition is described, the principal feature of which consists in precipitating casein with compressed carbon dioxid. According to the author, this precipitation is accomi)lished without changing the chemical composition of the casein. The precipitate carries with it the calcium united to the casein, and also the tricalcium phosphate suspended in the milk. By the addition of the proper amount of cream and milk sugar a modified milk is obtained which, it is stated, has practically the same composition as mother's milk. When the process of manufacture is completed no carljon dioxid remains in the milk. The gas, as employed, j^ossesses strong germicidal properties, and the resulting product is i)ractically sterile. Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane ( Washington: Depart- ment of the Interior, 1903, pp. 73, j)l. 1). — This report, in addition to statistical and other data, contains an account of a number of dietary studies made during the year 1902-3 by the hospital cooperating with the Department of Agriculture. Of the 27 studies, each of one week's duration, 23 were made with male patients (approximately 1,600 individuals) and 4 with employees (approximately 125 individuals). "It appeared that on an average the patients consumed food furnishing 93 gm. of protein, 103 gm. of fat, and 361 gm. of carbohydrates jwr man per day, the fuel value of the diet being 2,705 calories. The food eaten by the employees furnished 125 gm. of protein, 165 gm. of fat, and 466 gm. of carbohydrates, the fuel value being 3,800 calories. ... It was noted in connection with these investigations that the food purchased was of good quality; that it was stored, handled, and cooked in a cleanly way, and that the service was as good as could be expected under existing conditions. ' ' It was found that the waste, as is perhaps usual at such institutions, was quite high. Suggestions which proved of immediate benefit were made for checking this and for improving the dietary in other ways. Cookery for the sick and convalescent, C. H. Sexx {Lorulon: TJie Food and C'ookerii I'nb. Agencij [/50J], ])p. VIII~3S). — The desirability of preparing foods with great care for the sick and convalescent is briefly discussed and a number of recipes are given. Diet without salt and its effect upon the body, especially upon the assimilation of food and the metabolism of nitrogen in man, C. M. Belli {Zt.scjir. Biol., 45 {1903), Xo. 2, pp. 182-222). — According to the author, in his experi- ments the consumjjtion of an insufficient amount of sodium chlorid did not modify the digestive functions nor the assimilation of nutrients. The nitrogen metabolism was somewhat affected, being hastened a little when the foods eaten contained no added sodium chlorid. It returned to the normal as soon as the cooked foods con- tained their usual (piantity of added salt. The report includes a bibliography. Proteid synthesis in the animal body, Y. Henderson and A. L. Dean {Amer. ■lour. Physiol., 9 {1903), No. 6, pp. 386-390). — In addition to arrowroot and lard, a dog was fed proteid-cleavage products obtained by treating lean beef with concen- trated sulphuric acid under the influence of heat, the nitrogenous substances being separated and purified until a biuret reaction was no longer noticeable. Thecompo- 21250— No. 7—04 6 704 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. i-itioii ami ciu'rtry valiu- of tliu Unn\ and the iiiconif and ontgo of iiitrofion were (k'tt-riniiiid. The authors lielii've tlie experiment showK " that the nitrogenous substances in the diet were not iiiiinediati'iy and wholly converted into urea and excreted; that they were, on the contrary, to a considerable extent retained; and that portion which was exi)ended (appearin}; in the urine) exerted a marked i)roteid-si)aring action. These reactions seem to us, however, to afford a sullicient explanation of the facts without invoking the more radical hypothesis of proteid synthesis. The diminution in the nitrogen excretion from 1.9 gm. in the fore period to 0.8 gm. in the after p(>riod of fasting suggests that the proto{)lasmic waste had not been made good, and that the retention of nitrogen is not in itself a proof of proteid synthesis." New experiments on the physiolog'ical action of the proteoses, F. P. Under- Hii.i, (Amcr. Jour. I'lu/niuL, 9{lD0.i), No. 6, pp. 34o--37S, pi. i).— Experiments with dogs were made to determine the effects of intravenous injections of typical native proteids, proteoses prepared l)y the digestion of animal proteids with vegetable enzy ins, proteoses prepared from proteids and enzyms both of vegetable origin, and proteoses prepared from vegetable proteids by hydrolysis with acids or superheated water. Some tests were also made as to the causes of the toxic effects which have been attributed by other investigators to the injection of proteids. Some of the author's principal c inclusions follow: "There is at present no occasion for attributing the physiological effects following the injection of proteoses into the circulation to the presence of contaminating sub- stances derived from animal tissue or elsewhere. Typical purified vegetaljle proteids Avhich, when injected are themselves inert in this regard, yield on hydrolysis with acids, or even water alone, proteoses which provoke the characteristic reactions. The proteoses which are formed by the action of proteolytic enzyms of vegetable origin (bromelin, papain) on purified proteids, likewise alter in viro the coagulability of the blood and call forth the other well-known symptoms of proteose injections. "The proteoses occurring in nature in the vegetable kingdom are similarly active, as was to be expected if the toxic properties are a function of these products ])rr xe. No method of 'purification' has been found which will deprive proteoses of this characteristic i)hysiological behavior in the circulation; when the chemical make-up of the proteoses is profoundly altered and they lose their chemical identity, the tyi)ical physiological action may also be lost. . . . Recent studies on immunity have shown equally striking natural differences among animals, and have again emphasized the influence which the mode of introduction of toxins may exert." Concerning- the tryptic digestion of gelatin, T. R. Kroger {Ztschr. Plnjslol. Clinn., .3S [lf)03). No. 3-4, pp. 320-322). — A chemical study of the peptone i)roduced l)y the action of tryptic ferment on gelatin is briefly reported. On the formation of glycogen from glycoproteids and other proteids, L. B. Stookey {Amer. Jour. Physiol, 9 {1903), No. 3, pp. 138-146). — The possibility of the formation of glycogen from proteids was studied with hens, the proteids selected ])eing ovomucoid, pancreas nucleoproteid, chondrin, syntonin, casein, sodium casein (alone and with saccharose), and leucin. Some of the author's conclusions follow: "The outcome of the feeding experiments with those substances which yield carbohydrate cleavage products — ovomucoid, pancreas nucleoproteid, chondrin — scarcely permits any positive conclusion to be drawn. In some of the more satis- factory trials, where the period of feeding was more prolonged and the utilization of the food was apparently better, appreciable quantities of glycogen were found. These do not, however, exceed in amount the maximum glycogen content (0.97 per cent) which has been . . . [previously noted in the liver of the fasting hen]; although, like the writer, most other investigators have noted very small quantities onlv. . . . FOODS N U TRTTION . 705 "The feeding of simple proteids — syntonin, casein, and its sodium salts — failed to yield an increase of glycogen in the liver when a single dose was given. But after trials lasting several days, during which considerable quantities of casein were ingested, an accumulation of glycogen too large to be attributed to any residual store in the liver was repeatedly found. ... It has already been pointed out that nega- tive results in experiments like the present ones do not necessarily indicate the incapacity of the substances fed to promote glycogen formation." The author discusses the possibilty of leucins being the important intermediate bodies in the formation of sugar and glycogen in the body from carbohydrate-free proteids, and notes that the 2 experiments, which he reports, "do not, at least, speak against the possibility under discussion; nor do they justify any far-reaching statements. The physiologist must look forward to a more profound acquaintance with the chemistry of the proteid molecule before the final word can be spoken." On the formation of dextrose in metabolism from the end products of a pancreatic digest of meat, P. G. Stiles and G. Lusk {Arncr.Jour. Physiol., 9 {1903), Xu. 6, pp. SSO-SS-')). — Tests are reported in which dogs were given the product obtained by the pancreatic digestion of washed meat. The digestion was continued for 14 months with i:)roper precautions against putrefaction, and tlie result was described as a dark sirupy fluid, with but little sediment or suspended matter, con- taining 1.33 per cent nitrogen and giving only a doubtful biuret reaction. "The taste and odor were pronounced but not foul." It was found that 5 gm. of nitrogen fed in the form of these pancreas digestion products, according to the authors, may give rise to the formation of about 12 gm. of dextrose. " The same amount of nitrogen fed as native jiroteid would be expected to produce 18 to 19 gm. of sugar. No light is thrown upon the question whether the sugar in our experiments was formed after a proteid synthesis had occurred or more directly from the amido-bodies. Neither have we any evidence as to the relative importance of the several digestive products which were fed. . . . The experiment shows that it is impossible for a large sugar radical to exist in the proteid molecule. The amido nitrogen fed was quantitatively eliminated, and did not protect the body's proteid as do meat and gelatin under similar circumstances." Salivary digestion in the stomach, W. B. Caxnox and H. F. Day {Amcr. Jour. PIq/siol., 9 {1903), No. 6, pp. 396-416). — Experiments reported on salivary digestion in the stomach were carried on with cats, the authors' earlier investigations having shown that, like the stomach of the dog, rat, rabbit, guinea \ng, and man, the stom- ach of the cat is separated into 2 parts — the quiet cardiac end and the active pyloric end. The animals were fed powdered crackers mixed with a uniform amount of filtered human saliva, and after the expiration of from one-half to 2 hours were etherized, killed, and the stomach contents examined, care being taken to keep the material in the cardiac and pyloric portions separate. From the results of their experiments the authors believe that the commonly accepted idea that the action of ptyalin is inhibited soon after the ingestion of food is not conclusively proved, and that there is little or no warrant for the commonly accepted accounts of mixing currents in the stomach. Observations show that in many animals, including man, gastric peristalsis occurs only in the pyloric end of the stomach; the cardiac end remains undisturbed by the waves. Food in the pyloric end is soon mixed with the gastric secretions, but food in the cardiac end of the stomach is not mixed with the acid gastric juices for 2 hours or more, and in this region, therefore, during that time salivary digestion may go on undisturbed. In experiments with cats it appeared "that the percentage of sugar present is about the same in the 2 portions at the end of a half hour, and at the end of an hour the cardiac portion contains about 80 per cent more sugar in unit volumes than the l)yloric portion. The actual amount of sugar i)resent in tlie fundus is relatively 706 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. imicli ^TtatiT than tliis ratio wmilil iiidiratf, for the fundus contains after an ordi- nary meal al)oat live times as mncli food as the pyloric portion. After an hour the ratio of the siiarts of wheat screenings and hnui. 7lO EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ().:!:!0 111.; aiiil lot i\, nn a liniitnl aumunt [ the rc|M(rlc(l cxiicriiiicnts iiidicatt's tliat friMling hofj^s for a long ju'iioil w itlioiit clKiiiLCcof rations or I'efdinirf^roiinils may prove dccitU'dly unproiitahle. Clovers: Indispensable in a poultry dietary, II. E. Moss {RcHahh I'onJtry Jour., 10 {1903), No. II, j>j). ln-iS, 1039). — The importance of fresh and cured red clover anil alfalfa as i)art of a i)oultry ration is discussed. On the basis of experi- ence the author believes that about one-third of the mash fed poultry should be made up of re)■ — Tests of the Hegelund method of milking were made with the university herd and with 2 private herds. Twelve cows of the university herd were divided into 3 groups of 4 cows each. Group A was milked in the regular manner for 5 weeks, with the excei)tion, how- ever, that tlie residual milk obtained by the Hegelund method was determined during the second and fourth weeks of the period. The conditions were the same for group B, except that the residual milk was determined during the second and third weeks. Group C was milked for 4 weeks, the residual iiiilk being determined during the second week by stripping, and during the third week l)y the Hegelund method. The experiments began May 13 and closed June 17, a change from stable to pasture being made at the end of the second week. The average data are pre- sented in the following table: Yields piT com per week hy reguhir and JTef/ehmd melliods of tiillkiiig. Group A (4 cows). Num- ber of period. Group B (4 cows). Group C (4 cow.s) . Average Regular lailking. Residual milking. Yield of Yield of Yield of Yield of milk. fat. milk. fat. Pom)(li<. 189.9 189.0 216.3 220. K 220. 2 174.7 169. 0 189. .5 198.9 19.5. 1 159. 9 162.8 163.2 167.2 186.9 Pounds. 7.435 7.204 8.837 8. 574 8.737 6. .S38 6. 073 7. 135 7.040 7.316 5. 773 5. 904 5. 721 5.961 7.003 Pounds. 7.28 9.43 8.73 a 10. 36 10.30 8.75 Pounds. 0. 605 ".'.528 .597 .611 .694 .712 . 50, figs. 3). — Abstracts of the addresses delivered before the annual meeting held in December, 1903. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The care of animals, N. S. Mayo {New Yorl:- The Macmillan Co., 1903, pp. XVI-\- 450, figs. 59). — In this volume the author seeks to give an account of the proper care of animals, with special reference to their physical needs and comfort in health and disease. Attention is called to the great importance of proper sanitation in pre- venting the development of animal diseases. The subjects discussed in the volume include feeding, watering, and exercise of animals; care of animals in stables and yards; care of pets; judging and handling horses; lameness and shoeing of horses; symjitoms of diseases; treatment for diseases; surgical cases; breeding; veterinary obstetrics, and discussion of various animal diseases classified according to the part or organ affected. A chapter is also presented on the common prescriptions and doses of veterinary medicines. Animal diseases, J. M. Christy ( Transvacd Agr. Jour., 2 {1903), No. 5, pp. 14-20).— Notes are given f)n sarcoptic, psoroptic, and symbiotic scabies of horses and mules, foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, scab in sheep, glanders, contagious pleuro-pneu monia, and rinderpest. The diseases of stock and how to treat them, D. Hutcheon {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. 5, pp. 577-584) .—Briei popular notes on gall sickness, colic in horses, and respiratory diseases. Veterinary studies for agricultural students, M. H. Reynolds (*S^. Paul- Author, 1903, pp. XXI 11^246, figs. 86).— The purpose of this volume, as announced by the author, is to furnish material for class work in instruction of students in A^et- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 719 erinarv science in agricultural colleges. The author found in his experience that students in such institutions were quite unequally prepared for veterinary instruc- tion, and the various matters which are considered necessary for such instruction are included in this volume. The subjects discussed by the author include anat- omy, physiology, pathology, cause and prevention of disease, a description of the common diseases of domesticated animals, obstetrics, and the administration of medicines. Surgical and obstetrical operations for veterinary students and practi- tioners, W. L. Williams {Ithaca, N. Y.: Author, 1903, pp. IX+210, figs. 48). — This volume is based to a considerable extent upon Operationskursus, by W. Pfeiffer, with numerous additions by the author. The subjects discussed include operations on the head, neck, trunk, genital organs, extremities, and embryotomy. Annual report on progress in the field of pathogenic micro-organisms, P. VON Baumc;.\rten and T. Tangl {Jahresher. Fortachr. Lehre Path. Micro-organ., 17 {1901), 2. Aht., pp. XIIArlll4)- — This report contains extended bibliographies relating to pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and jirotozoa, together with brief abstracts of the more important articles. The material is classified according to subject-mat- ter, and the abstracts and related bibliograi^hical lists are brought together. Extended author and subject indexes are added to the report. The most important Italian literature on general pathology and patho- logical anatomy published in 1902, O. Barbacci {C'enthl. Allg. Path. x. Path. Anat., 14 {1903), No. 16-17, pp. 673-709).— A. classified list is presented of Italian literature published in 1902 relating to technique, methods of investigation, tumors, cell structure, immunity, intoxications, infectious diseases, organic diseases, etc. A brief abstract is given of the more important works. Immunity and narcosis, J. J. Snel {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 40 {1903), No. 10, pp. 212-214). — The experiments recorded in this paper were undertaken for the pur- pose of determining the influence of narcosis upon the persistence of immunity. Guinea pigs were used for the experiment and were inoculated with anthrax. The narcotic substances used in these exiseriments included ether, chloroform, chloral hydrate, and morphin. During these experiments it was found that a short narcosis produced bv ether did not entirely destroy the bactericidal power of the lungs. The course of infection was shorter, however, when the narcosis was continued for a longer period. The l)acte- ricidal action of the lungs was restored soon after the narcosis was discontinued. Similar results were obtained from the use of chloroform, chloral hydrate, and mor- phin. In order to test the direct action of ether and chloroform upon anthrax bacilli, a comparative experiment was made, during which it was found that white mice inoculated with anthrax bacilli died within 24 hours, while mice inoculated with cultures which had been subjected to ether or chloroform fumes for 4 hours lived for periods ranging from 46 to 70 hours. The author believes as a result of these experiments that the influence of narcosis is sufficient to bring about the death of infected animals as a result of the temporary destruction of the bactericidal power of the lungs. The morphological processes in infection and immunity, A. Wolff {Berlin. Klui. Wclmschr., 40 {1903), Xos. 17, pp. 387-391; 18, p. 414; 19, pp. 434-436; 20, pp. 456-459). — The author describes in detail the results of his study and observations on this problem. It was found that the leucocytes were sensitive to the action of iodin during infectious processes. There is no causal connection between iodin reaction and the phenomena of leucocytosis. These results are believed to militate against Metschnikoff's theory of immunity. In the peritoneal exudate of normal guinea pigs the leucocytes were often entirely absent. The author's hypothesis (concerning the cause of death in infectious diseases is that death takes place as a result of the absorption of bacterial products in the process of 21250— No. 7—04 7 720 EXPERIMENT STATION KECURD. bac'toiiolysis. It is l)elii'vcd tliat the appearance of leucoeytes is merely a symptom wliieli indicates the existence of a pronounced disintegration of cells or bacteria. Annual report of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Ohio, r. FisiiKK and \V. W. MiLLiiu [('(jltonhaf!, ().: SUite lid. Luc ,Slock Cotiiri^., 1902, pp. 29). — Notes are given on the prevalence of glanders, hog cholera, swine plague, tuber- culosis, infectious keratitis, blackleg, anthrax, actinomycosis, and sheep scab. Copies are presented of various State laws and rules covering animal diseases and shipment of live stock. Report of the chief inspector of stock for the year 1902, T. A. Tabart {T(t.'>i tlio .structure of the mucous membranes in young animals it is con- fluQ\: cent. The doses of detibrinated blood used in these experiments were 5 and 6 cc. Rhodesian tick fever, S. B. Woollatt {Agr. Jour, and Min. Rec. \_Natal'\, 6 {1903), No. 19, pp. 704-709). — From experiments and observations thus far made the author believes that this disease is undoubtedly carried by ticks, which leave the cattle during the larval and again during the nymph stage, but it is only in the adult condition that they are virulent. The symptoms and jiost-mortem appearances of Rhodesian fever are described in detail. Cause of the cornstalk disease in cattle, R. E. Buchanan {Jouri Agr., 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 24, 25). — Brief mention is made of the various theories which have been proposed in explanation of the cause of cornstalk disease. These theories have explained the etiology of the disease by reference to poisonous weeds, impaction of the stomach, corn smut, prussic acid, saltpeter, and the organism which causes the bacterial disease of corn. This account is largely based on the results obtained dur- ing the investigation of the subject by the Nebraska Experiment Station. Hemorrhagic septicemia, Krueger {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 16, pp. 261-264)- — The author had occasion to observe this disease in 118 cattle, horses, and hogs. The disease assumed several forms, including pectoral, exanthematic, and intestinal. Detailed notes are given on the symptoms observed in this disease. A large number of cases of croupous pneumonia in cattle are believed to have been caused by the organism of hemorrhagic sej-jticemia, and attention is also called to the close resemblance between hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax in hogs. The author does not believe that any great danger exists of infection in man from handling animals affected with this disease. It is recommended, however, that as a rule animals affected with hemorrhagic septicemia be treated in the same manner as those affected with anthrax. Puerperal metritis, A. Rodrigo {Gac. Med. Zool, 27 {1903), No. 9, pp. 148, 149). — Notes are given on the symptoms, course, and etiology of this disease. Tetanus in cows. Burgeon {Jour. Mhl. Vli. et Zoolech., 5. ser., 7 {1903), May, pp. 280-282). — A case of traumatic tetanus was treated with antitetanus serum without success. The animal received 110 cc. of serum. The antitoxin treatment of tetanus, E. von Behring {Denl. Med. Wchnschr., 29 {1903), No. 35, pp. 617-621) . — The author presents a general discussion of the results which have thus far been obtained in the use of antitoxin in cases of tetanus. The rate of mortality without the antitoxin treatment is shown to be about 88 per cent, while with the antitoxin treatment it has been reduced to from 40 to 45 per cent. Numerous experiments were made on mice for the purpose of determining the proper strength of the serum for use in vaccination. Cattle poisons of the Transvaal, J. B. Davy {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 2 {1903), No. 5, pp. 96-101). — The Transvaal department of agriculture has begun the study of 72() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. poisoiioiiH plants, and preliminary notes are given on the symptoms produced by a num- ber of tiiese plants and on the remedies which have been found effective. The greatest amount of jjoisoning fr(jm plants occurs in early spring before the grass has started up. Some of the more imi)ortant species of poisonous plants are Dichapekilum ci/moi*nm, species of Mortea, Ihthira stramonium, D. tafnia, and oleander. Notes are also resence of any micro-organism, but the author believes that the disease is due to an organism sufficiently small to pass through a porcelain (liter. Inoculation experiments with animals showed tliat the virus was pathogenic for chickens but not for ral)l)its. Parasitological notes, B. G.\lli-Valekio {Centbl. Bali. ii. Par., J. Abf., Orig., 35 {1903), No. 1, pp. Sl-91, figs. 4). — Brief notes on various plant and animal parasites, including the organisms of favus and herpes; various protozoan parasites of guinea pigs, rats, lizards, etc.; the infestation of dogs with Bothriocephalus latus; and Anky- loMoniii (huxIcnaJi' as affected by bisulphate of soda in a 2 per cent solution. The beef measle worm in the slaughterhouse of Trieste, J. Spadiglieri (Z17). Organization of Department of Agriculture, 1903-4 ( T. ,S'. Dept. Ar/r., Divi- sion of PnhUmtions Circ. 1, rev. eel., pp. 2S). Organization lists of the agn:'icultural colleges and experiment stations in the United States ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 137, pp. 100). Sixteenth Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1903 {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. XXIX). — This inelndes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; a report of the council on the staff, publica- tions, and different lines of station work during the year; a subject list of all the bulletins issued by the station; and an index to Bulletins 111-118 issued during the year. Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1902 {South Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 10-23). — This includes a report of the director and departmental reports covering, in a general way, the work of the station during the year. A financial statement is included. Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1903 {South Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1903, pjp. 7-19) . — A report of the work of the station during 1903, similar in character to the report noted above. Press Bulletins Nos. 71 to 124 {Kansas Sta. Bui. 119, pp. 86) .—This is the third bulletin of this nature issued 1)y the station, and consists of reprints of press bulle- tins published during the period from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1903. The subjects are as follows: Experience in soiling and pasturing cows, 1899; fattening steers with- out hogs; cultivated blue grasses; some interesting climbers for the veranda; the races of corn; sugar beets in Kansas, 1900; honeysuckles at the Kansas Station; Johnson grass; a digestion experiment with buffalo-grass hay; notes on plums; soy beans in Kansas in 1900; disking alfalfa; clovers; tests of soy beans by Kansas farmers in 1900; roots for Kansas farmers; Kafir corn versus good butter; when to cut alfalfa; condimental stock food for dairy cows; shelled corn compared with com chop for young calves; dried blood as a tonic for young calves; the clover-hay worm; cowpeas as a second crop; baby beef; three ways of feeding milk to calves; skim milk calves in the feed lot; feeding wheat; inquiries concerning prairie dogs and gophers; feeding farm animals; fall seeding of alfalfa; sorghum pasture for dairy cows; the Hessian fly; maintenance ration for cattle; grain weevils; cattle distemper; sore mouth of cattle; profit in maintaining the milk flow; cerebritis or "staggers" in horses; destroying prairie dogs — a preliminary report; destroying pocket gophers; corn improvement; onion notes; pneumonia in cattle; pasture weeds — their preven- tion and eradication; whole Kafir corn compared with ground Kafir corn for young calves; contagious sore eyes in cattle; glanders and farcy; ergotism; scab or itch in cattle; poison for prairie dogs and pocket gophers; Ijetter-bred grain and corn for Kansas; fistulous withers and poll evil; pasture for hogs; a test of hand separators; and late crops. Wages of farm labor in the United States, J. H. Blodgett ( IJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Statistics Bui. 26, pp. 62). — This bulletin adds the results of the twelfth investigation to the results of the previous investigations published in Bulletin 22 of the Division of Statistics (E. S. R., 13, p. 597). This report is similar in character to the one preceding. Crop Reporter ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Statistics Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. 7, pp. 49-.56; S, pp. 57-60; 8, Sup., pp. 61-68; 9, pp. 69-76).— These numbers for November and December, 1903, and January, 1904, contain the usual statistical reports on the crops in the United States and foreign countries. NOTES. Idaho Station. — G. A. Crosthwait, formerly of the Illinois Station, has been ap- pointed agronomist. Illinois University and Station. — Three new buildings will be erected in the spring, one for beef cattle costing $25,000, another for horticulture costing approximately $12,500, and a storage building for agronomy costing a similar amount. Iowa College. — An organization of alumni and ex-students, known as the Iowa Agri- cultural Union, has been formed with similar aims and purposes to the unions con- nected with several other agricultural colleges. A pamphlet of 16 pages, outlining experiments in animal husbandry, agronomy, horticulture, and similar lines has been issued. The secretary of the union is G. I. Christie, of Ames. Kentucky Station. — The following members of the governing board have been appointed by the governor and approved by the State senate: D. F. Frazee, Lex- ington, to succeed himself; F. A. Hopkins, Prestonburg, to succeed himself; R. L. Stout, Versailles, vice L. N. Lindsay, Frankfort; B. M. Brooks, Slaughtersville, vice "W. T. Fowler, Hopkinsville; and Charles Nichols, Lexington, vice R. C. Stoll, Lex- ington. Louisiana Stations. — Three a.ssistant chemists have been appointed at the Sugar Station, including J. E. Halligan, formerly connected with the Massachusetts Station. Missouri University and Station. — C. H. Eckles has been granted a year's leave of absence, beginning in June, and will spend the time abroad in study relating to dairy husbandry. Nebraska University and Station. — The legislature of 1902-3 appropriated $100,000 for buildings for the agricultural college and experiment station. The February issue of Agriculture, published by the students of the college, gives a description of two of these buildings, viz, a horticultural building and a new dairy barn which have been practically completed. Both are located at the university farm. The horticultural building is 40 by 44 ft. and 2 stories in height, with a cellar and 2 greenhouses extend- ing to the south. The first floor contains a large laboratory and the office of the professor of horticulture. The second floor has a large class room and 2 storerooms. One of the greenhouses will be used especially for the germination of seeds, propa- gation of cuttings, and grafting and potting of plants; the other for growing garden vegetables and small shrubs. The greenhouses and laboratory have cement floors and are heated by steam and lighted by electricity. For several years the dairy herd has occupied the north wing of the horse barn. The new dairy building now completed— with an ai^propriation of $10,000 — consists of a main part and 2 wings. The n)ain portion is 40 by 80 ft., and 38 ft. high; the 2 wings are 40 and 44 ft. wide, respectively, by 60 ft. long and 28 ft. in height. The first floor of the main portion includes 3 bull stalls, 2 hospital stalls, grain bins, scales for weighing animals, toilet and bathroom, and an office. On the second floor are a seed room, grain bins, and considerable room for storing hay. The wing used for milch cows is well lighted and ventilated, has a cement floor, and is fitted with the Drown iron stall. The other wing is used as a stock-judging pavilion. The barn has a capacity of 77 head, furnishing stall room for 42 milch cows. A silo with a capacity of 120 tons is provided. 731 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ohio University.— Tlu' Imilding ot-cnpied by the departments of chemistry, phar- mary, metalUirgy, and mining engineering was destroyed by fire the latter part of Fel)ruary, resulting in a total loss estimated at $100,000. Rhode Island Station.— A. W. Bosworth, first assistant chemist, has resigned. South Carolina College. — The general- assembly has provided 124 scholarships of $100 earh for students in the agricultural department of the college. These will be available to students entering next fall. The new agricultural hall will be ready for occupancy in August. Texas College.— The last session of the State legislature appropriated $50,000 for the purpose of establishing a school of textile engineering, and this sum was turned over to the college. The erection of a textile building was begun in January, and it is expected to be finished early in August. The building will be a model cotton factory, and is designed by one of the best known cotton-mill architects in the country. It is 174 ft. long by 54 ft. wide and 2 stories in height, with a basement under one-third of the building. The walls will be of hard brick. About one-third of the space on each fioor will be devoted to offices, class rooms, laboratories, etc., and the remainder to the machinery. The latter will be of the most approved patterns, and will be operated by electricity. Two courses in textile engineering are offered, one of 2 years, intended for practical cotton spinners, and one of 4 years for the regular students, intended to fit them for the details of construction and management of a large cotton and woolen factory. A number of students have already registered for the new courses which promise to be among the most important in the college. Virginia College and Station. — The State legislature has appropriated $165,000 for buildings, equipment, and improvements. An agricultural building is planned for under this appropriation. "Wisconsin University and Station. — The two weeks farmers' course which began February 5 was successful l)eyond all expectation. Despite the comparatively short notice and the fact that only persons over 25 years of age were admitted to the course, 166 farmers registered, many of whom were over 50 years of age, and 2 over 60 years old. There were only two lectures of one hovir each a day, the remainder of the time being occupied in corn judging, live-stock judging, and demonstrations. Those in attendance showed the keenest appreciation of the instruction, and it is believed that much good will result from the course from the fact that the farmers were brought in touch with the agricultural course and had opportunity to learn of its many possible advantages. W. J. Carson, instructor in dairying and lecturer on dairy chemistry at the Kingston (Ontario) Dairy School, has been elected instructor in dairying at the university, vice U. S. Baer, who has resigned to take the important position of assistant State dairy and food commissioner. Mr. Carson is a practical cheese maker of large experience, and for two seasons has served as traveling dairy instructor in the Province of Ontario. G. N. Knapp, assistant in agricultural engi- neering, entered upon his college duties March 1. Wyoming University and Station. — A short course was given at the university from March 1 to 12. The first week was devoted to irrigation matters, and the second to live-stock management and judging. This was the first short course given in the State. A monthly publication has been started under the name of The Ranchman's Reminder. The paper is edited by the professor of agriculture and director, and will serve to announce short courses, give items of general interest to ranchmen in the State, and call attention to station publications and other investigations not sufficiently large or complete for bulletins. E. E. Sigman, farm foreman, resigned to take effect in March. It is planned to appoint a head farmer who will look after the general work, and an assistant who will have charge of the notes and records of the station. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture.— The present organization of the bureau is as follows: r. Lam.son-Scribner, chief; W. C. Welborn, assistant chief; H. H. Dell, director of animal industry; H. T. Edwards, fiber expert; William S. Lyon, in charge NOTES. 733 of seed and plant introduction; J. INI. de JVIarcaida, assistant to expert in seed and plant introduction; Alfred M. Sanchez, soil physicist; A. J. Washburn, manager of stock farm on the island of Culion; Thomas L. Richmond, superintendent of Malate experiment station; George M. Havice, in charge of San Eamon government farm; James H. Shipley, expert in plant culture, in charge of experiment station work in Batangas; Thomas Hanley, expert in tropical agriculture, in charge of experiments in Benguet Province; C. E. Miles, in charge of rice farm at Murcia, Tarlac Province. The position of director of the agricultural college and experiment station in Western Negros was made vacant at the beginning of the year by the resignation of A. P. Hayne, who has engaged in private work. The botanical work in charge of E. D. Merrill was transferred to the Bureau of Government Laboratories last July. Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner, who organized the Bureau of Agriculture and has been for the past two years its chief, has returned to this country on leave of absence. New agricultural institutions for India. — ^Mention was made some months since of an endowment for agricultural work in India which had been given by Mr. Henry Phipps, of Pittsburg. The travel letters of Wilham E. Curtis give a more detailed account of the plan of organization. It appears that Mr. Phipps placed at the dis- posal of Lord Curzon $100,000, to which he has since added $50,000, to be devoted to whatever object of public utility in the direction of scientific research the viceroy might consider most useful and expedient. The council of state took the subject in hand and have arranged for the organization of an agricultural institution at Pusa, which will include a central research station, a high-grade agricultural college, an experimental farm, and a cattle-breeding farm. Whatever funds are necessary to carry out the jiroject, in addition to 3Ir. Phipps's donation, will be supplied from the imperial treasury. A Mr. Coventry, a planter of experience, who came to India in 1880 as manager of a large estate in Southern Bengal, has been selected as director. Other members of the staff are now being selected, and so far as possible natives will be secured to fill these positions. It is proposed to place the agricultural college upon a higher grade than has been reached by any of the agricultural schools in India, the object being not only to provide for the reform of the agricultural methods of the country, but also to furnish a model for and raise the standard of the provincial schools. It is proposed to have a course of 5 years for the training of teachers for other institu- tions and specialists needed in the various branches of science connected with the agricultural department, who are now usually imported from Europe. For young men who desire only to train themselves for the management of estates a three-years' course will be offered, with practical work upon the farm and in the stable. The draft horse in action. — The American jNIuseum of Natural History, in New York City, is fitting up an alcove showing the evolution of the horse. This will consist of two series of mounted specimens, the first of fossil horses and of the wild horses, asses, and zebras so far as they can be secured, to show the evolution of the horse in a state of nature; the second of the domesticated horse, showing the modi- fications of the skeleton as brought about by the artificial selection of man. The three types selected to show the varieties of the domesticated horse are the Perche- ron, to illustrate the draft horse; the race horse, to show the swiftest form, and the Shetland pony, to show the smallest and least powerful. The expense of preparing the exhibits in this alcove has been borne by the late William C. Whitney, who was a trustee of the museum, and much interested in this subject. The latest addition to the alcove is the skeleton of a Percheron horse which in life weighed 2,160 pounds, and was 5 feet 60 inches in height at the withers. The skele- ton was mounted by S. H. Chubb, and illustrates the position in drawing a heavy load. Preparatory to the mounting, Mr. Chubb took a large series of photographs of the side, front, and rear views of similar horses hauling heavy loads, in order to ascertain as nearly as possible the position of every part of the skeleton when the 734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. animal is at work. Tho result, as shown in the mounted skeleton, is considered a complete success, and illustrations of the skeleton from the si(hi and from above and behind, as given in The American Museum Journal for January, 1904, are highly inter- esting. In the side view the exact position of each of the limbs is shown and the flexure of the various joints. The view from above and behind is still more striking, showing the relative jiosition of the parts of the l)ody and the curvature of the back- bone as the animal steps. The skeleton of the Shetland pony, showing the animal in the act of grazing, is now in preparation. A mount of a rearing hor.se held in check by a man is nearly ready for exhibition. The race horse will be mounted as running at full speed. "The skeleton of an animal is popularly considered its least interesting part; but this method of illustrating its adaptation for special purposes, by representing it in various kinds of action, immediately transforms the skeleton into a subject of the greatest interest. In fact, the wonderful evolution of the horse as it will be shown in the fossil series can only be thoroughly understood when taken in connection with the special motions and actions of the living horse." Personal Mention. — Dr. E. A. de Schweinitz, in charge of the biochemic laboratory of the lUnean of Animal Industry of this Department, and dean of the medical department of Columbian University, died in Washington February 15, at the age of 38. Dr. de Schweinitz was born at Salem, i^. C, and received his education at the universities of North Carolina, Virginia, Berlin, and G5ttingen, and also at the Columbian University. He received an appointment in the Bureau of Animal Indus- try as chemist on January 1, 1890, and was made chief of the biochemic division upon its organization. The investigations for which he is chiefly noted were made in the field of the chemistry and biology of bacteria. He was one of the first to suggest the possibility of the production of immunity toward tuberculosis by inoculation with attenuated cultures of the tubercle bacillus. During the past few years his attention was devoted chiefly to a study of tuberculosis and hog cholera; and his experiments and investigations contributed greatly to the i^roof of the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis. He also discovered many interesting facts concerning the chemical nature of tubercle bacilli and the changes produced in nutrient media by the growth of these organisms. Dr. de Schweinitz devoted much attention also to the preparation of an efficient antitoxin for the treatment and prevention of hog cholera. Recently his investigations along this line brought to light the existence of a new infectious disease of swine closely related to hog cholera. Dr. de Schweinitz was a member of many American and foreign scientific societies, and was repeatedly chosen as a delegate to international congresses on hygiene, tuberculosis, and medicine. A. W. Harris, director of The Jacob Tome Institute, has definitely declined the presidency of Boston University. F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanic Gardens, formerly connected with this Department, has gone to Cuba to consider the offer of an appointment under the Cuban government as chief of agricultural investigations. The development of work in the interest of agriculture in that country, including the establishment of one or more experiment stations, is under consideration. W. C. Sturgis, formerly botanist at the Connecticut State Station, has been appointed lecturer on botany in Colorado College, at Colorado Springs. II. S. Grindley, of the University of Illinois, who for several years past has con- ducted investigations, in cooperation with this OflBce, on the cooking of meats, has been awarded a second grant of §5250 from the Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund to continue his investigations upon the proteids of meats. A. D. Hall, director of the Rothamsted Experiment Station, delivered a series of three lectures at the Royal Institution in February on Recent Research in Agriculture. Albert C. Crawford has been appointed expert in pharmacology in the Bureau of Plant Industry, this Department. NOTES. 735 George W. Curtis, formerly director of the Texas Station, has been appointed special agent in the Bureau of Plant Industry. He will be connected with demon- stration work which is to be carried on upon a large number of private farms under the appropriation for the cotton-boll weevil investigations. Charles W. Walker, recently connected with the office of the State entomologist of New York, has been appointed assistant in the Division of Entomology, and will take part in the work in Texas against the cotton-boll weevil. ISIatthew Steel, of the New Mexico Agricultural College, has been appointed a scientific aid in this Office. Miscellaneous. — We note from Science that the University of Michigan has received from Arthur Hill, of Saginaw, a tract of 80 acres of land near Ann Arbor, to serve as an experiment farm for the forestry department, to be known as the Saginaw Forest Farm. It will provide for an arboretum of all useful forest trees suited to Michigan, demonstration areas for seed-bed and nursery stock, model plantations of forest trees, and si)ecial experiments in forestry. The American Agriculturist has begun the • publication of a series of articles on the work and results of the experiment stations, with a view to calling attention to the great work which these institutions have been and are doing for the advancement of agriculture and the improvement of farm practice, as well as in contributing to the scientific basis of agriculture. A $100,000 cassava starch factory is to be built at Lake City, Fla., by a Chicago firm. The citizens of the town provided the site and subscribed for a large block of stock. The mill will have a daily capacity of 120 tons of raw material, and is expected to be a great aid to farmers in the locality by furnishing a market for cassava roots. The French committee of the International Dairy Association at a meeting in November, 1903, elected M. Legliidic honorary president of an international dairy congress to be held in Paris in 1905. The programme of the congress will provide for five sections, as follows: Production of milk; dairy technology (milk, butter, cheese, derivatives, and by-products); dairy hygiene; examination of milk (scien- tific researches, analyses adulterations, etc.), and dairy economics (commerce, transportation, and legislation). Declarations of membership, accompanied by a membership fee of 10 francs, should be made to the Comite Fran^ais de la Federation Internationale, 61 Boulevard Barbes, Paris. The supreme court of New Jersey has issued a mandamus directing the State to pay to Rutgers College the sum of $80,000. This is rendered in connection with the decision of the constitutionality of a law enacted by the State establishing scholar- ships in the scientific school, which includes the agricultural course. These scholar- ships have remained unpaid for some time on the contention that the legislative act was unconstitutional. By the terms of the will of Hudson Hoagland, who died in New York on January 30, the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, of Hampton, Virginia, is to receive a fund of $100,000. In a recent number of Oardeners' Chronicle, it is stated that the new potato Eldorado has been sold at the rate of $1,000 per pound. This jiotato was recently originated by a large seed firm at Essex, England, and is supposed to be very resistant to certain potato diseases prevalent in England. The government of New Brunswick, through its Department of Agriculture, is preparing to operate a model orchard in each one of the counties of that province. Apples will be chiefly grown and some plums. These orchards will be located on private farms and cultivated by farmers under the direction of the Department of Agriculture. It appears that this kind of orchard work has been successfully intro- duced into Nova Scotia, and it is believed that much good to the fruit-growing industry will result from it in New Brunswick. 21250— No. 7—04 S 730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A iitw journal of entomology, entitled Rcxlia, has recently been established under the editorship of A. Berlese. The journal is published in Portici, Italy, and is designed to include original works on Arthropods, especially on the anatomy, biology, physiology, and classification of insects. At the jubilee meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, held in Edin- burgh last month, a resolution was agreetl to, according to a note in Nature, express- ing the opinion that the Board of Agriculture should now take steps to give effect to the reconnnendation of the Departmental Committee on Forestry so far as Scotland was concerned, by providing an estate to serve as a state forest demonstration area, and also by providing experimental plats in connection with Edinburgh University. The resolution also expressed the view that education in forestry in that country would not be adequately provided for until these facilities were supplied and a thoroughly equipped forestry school was established in Scotland. The agricultural college for women founded by Lady Warwick about five years ago, and since conducted at Reading, is reported in Mark Lane Express to be about to acquire a new location at Studley Castle, Warwickshire. The new location will afford ample accommodation for 60 students, and suitable rooms for lecture rooms and laboratories. A park of 360 acres surrounds the house, while immediately attached to the castle are large gardens of every description, with a pinetum, orangery, rock garden, and about 600 ft. of glass. The grounds are well suited for poultry keeping; and fruit preserving rooms, laundry, workshop, marketing office, etc., can be fitted up in some of the numerous outbuildings. It is the object of the founder to make the college second to none in the country for the training of women in carrying out the lighter branches of agriculture, such as the production of butter, cheese, poultry, eggs, vegetables, fruit, and flowers. We note from the London Times, through Science, that the British Board of Agri- culture has asked the governors of the Southeastern Agricultural College at Wye, Kent, to consider a scheme for establishing local field stations for experiments and for providing special courses of training in the processes of agriculture. The board has also suggested the appointment of an instructor in poultry-raising for the coun- ties of Kent and Surrey. A scheme for establishing school gardens throughout the county of Kent is already under consideration. This, it is understood, has the approval of the Board of Agriculture, and no difficulty in obtaining their sanction for the expenditure of the necessary money is anticipated. The technical education funds of the county will bear the cost of the experiment. Xature states that the Municipal Council of Paris has adopted a proposal of M. Bussat for the foundation of a laboratory of applied physiology. The scheme out- lined by M. Bussat for the w'ork to be undertaken in such a laboratory includes studies of the nutritive value of foods, muscular work, intoxication, etc. It is learned from the same source that a horticultural and gardening exhibition is to be held in June under the auspices of the Royal Botanic Society in the new exhibition grounds of the society in Regents Park, London. The plan of the exhi- bition includes horticulture, forestry, botany, educational methods, nature study, and colonial products. Arrangements are being made for lectures and conferences to be held in connection with the exhibition. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pn. D., Assistant Director. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemiptry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural F.ngineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Sciiulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooiDeration of the scientitic divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. 8. Editorial notes: _ P&ge. A respiration calorimeter for farm animals 737 Kural economics as a department of agricultural education 739 Instruction in rural economics in European countries 741 Recent work in agricultural science 744 Notes 832 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CHEMISTRY. Determination of citric-acid soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, 0. Bottcher 744 Inapplicability of the so-called Maercker-Biihring solution, H. Svoboda 744 Calculation of phosphoric acid from magnesium pyrophosphate, T. Kiimpfer.. 744 Organic matter in soils and subsoils, F. K. Cameron and J. F. Breazeale . 744 Determination of assimilable plant food by extraction of soils, H. G. Soder- baum 745 A contribution to soil analysis, O. Forster 745 Methods of physical and chemical soil analysis, E. W. Hilgard 746 Rapid gravimetric method of estimating lime, F. B. Guthrie and C. R. Barker. 746 Determination of calcium in the form of oxalate, J. Van Dormael 746 Some recent methods of technical water analysis, H. R. Procter 746 Separation and determination of iron and phosphoric acid in waters, H. Causae. 746 The direct estimation of free carbonic acid in natural waters, A. McGill 746 Tlie determination of hardness in waters, P. Drawe 746 Determination of hardness in waters, E. Basch 746 Determination of hardness in waters, F. Auerbach 747 Modifications of Pelonze-Fresenius method for nitric acid, L. Debourdeaux . . . 747 On a new volumetric method of determining nitric acid, L. Debourdeaux 747 On the dissociation of alkaline carbonates, P. Lebeau 747 Composition of commercial alkalis ("concentrated lye" ), G. E. Colby 747 The conversion of calcium oxalate to the sulphate, A. N. Clark 747 Determination of alkalis, especially in plant substances, H. Neubauer 747 I II CONTENTS. Page. Coal asli, .1. W. ( 'ohb 748 C'oiui'iiiinjr fats, A. I'artlieil and F. Ferii^ 748 Coiut'iiiinf,' the constituents of unripe St. John'H bread, L. Rosenthaler 748 The analvsis of liexon l»ases, A. Kossel and A. J. Patten 748 The clien'iistrv of wiieat •j;hiten, (i. (t. Nasmith. . .^ 748 i'roteids: A c^ntrihution to the subject, II, F. Kutscher . . . .^ 749 Concerniu),' the i)recii>itation of pure glycogen, Z. Gatin-Gruze\v.ska 750 On a new pnxhict of the autodiort of the agricultural eliemical institute at Bern, 1902 750 Report of the agricultural chemical institute at Zurich, 1902 750 Annual rejiort of the agricultural experiment station of Mauritius, 1902 751 Laboratory manual of physiological chemistry, R. W. Webster and W. Koch. 751 Directions" for laboratory 'work in physiological chemistry, H. C. Jackson 751 A back-pressure valve for use with tilter pumps, R. N. Kofoid 751 BOTANY Economic botany, H. M. Hall 751 Distril)ution of seeds, plants, and cuttings, E. J. Wickson 751 The economic garden, A. Y. Stubenrauch 751 Relation of soil to the distribution of vegetation, E. B. Livingston 751 The taxonomic value of the sperm ogonium, J. C. Arthur 752 Limits of endurance of farm crops for certain injurious substances, ¥. B. Guthrie and R. Helms 752 Enzvm-secreting cells in the seedlings of maize and dates, H. S. Reed 752 The'histology of insect galls, M. T. Cook 752 Symbiosis in Lolium, E. M. Freeman 752 On a culture of buckwheat in the presence of a mixture of alg;e and bacteria, Bouilhac and Giustiniani 753 The chemical stimulation of algfe, E. B. Livingston 753 Effect of chemical irritation upon the respiration of fungi, Ada Watterson 753 ZOOLOGY. A list of the genera and families of mammals, T. S. Palmer 753 Wonder horses and Mendelism, C. B. Davenport 753 The feeding habits of Sorex vulgaris, G. Rorig 753 Rats in Martinique, P. des Grottes 754 Experiments in destroying mice in barns and mows, 8. S. Mereshkowsky 754 Studies on the economic importance of insectivorous birds, G. Rorig 754 The relation of insectivorous birds to fruit growing, J. P. Fort 754 The economic value of our native l>irds, H. A. Surface 755 Food of birds with special reference to hawks and owls, G. Rorig 755 Report of A. O. U. committee on protection of birds, W. Dutcher 755 METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. Climatology of California, A. G. McAdie 755 Climatic conditions at California substations, A. V. Stubenrauch 755 Meteorological observations, A. O. Leuschner et al 755 Meteorological observations at the Michigan Agricultural College for 1902 756 Meteorological records for 1902 756 Meteorologj'^ 7,56 Variations in the transparency of the atmosphere 756 Forests in relation to rainfall and the conservation of moisture, J. H. Maiden. . 756 AVATER — SOILS. Analyses of waters, G. E. Colby 756 On investigations on drinking w^ater, O. von Czadek 757 Water supplies in the Black Hills of South Dakota, Ellen H. Richards 757 The water supplies of southeastern Alaska, Ellen H. Richards 757 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The industrial uses of water, H. de la Coux, trans, and rev. by A. Morris 757 Water supply, drainatrc, and epidemics, K. A. Widegren 757 Definition ot" physioloi^ical analysis of tiie soil, H. Yanderyst 757 Water-soluble p(")tash of soil and its utilization by plants, T. Schloesing, jr. .. 760 Influenee of relative proportions of lime and magnesia in soils, O. Loew 760 PLxamination of soils, R. H. Loughridge, E. W. Hilgard, et al 761 Chemical nature of the soils of New South Wales, F. B. Guthrie 761 Two years' tield work of the chemical branch, F. J. Howell 761 "Bleisand" and "ortstein," A. Mayer ._ 761 Jntluence of the assimilable nitric nitrogen in cultivated soils on the action of tubercle l)acteria, F. Nobbe and L. Richter 761 The after-effect of soil inoculation, F. Nobbe and L. Richter 762 Notes on nitrification, H. H. Cousins 762 The life conditions of nitrate bacteria, H. Buhlert 762 On denitrification in cultivated soil, G. Arapola and C. Ulpiani 762 Alkafi and alkali lands, R. H. Loughridge et al 762 The benefits of drainage, E. W. Hilgard 762 Experiments in washing salt land, E. Gele 762 The sanitary relations of the soil, H. B. Bashore 762 FERTILIZERS. Report on the sewage farm at Manjri for 1902-3, P. R. Mehta and J. W. Leather. 762 Influence of the exterior medium on the composition of plants. A. Hebert, G. Truffaut, and p]. Charabot 763 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by dead forest leaves, E. Henry _ . 764 On the decomposition of dead leaves in forests, E. Henry 764 Fertilizers for new land, C. A. INIooers 764 On the phosphoric acid of Thomas slag, T. Knosel 764 Florida phosphate trade 764 Perchlorate in nitrate of soda, A. Verweij 764 On the action of perchlorate in nitrate of soda, B. SjoUema 764 FIELD CROPS. The culture substations, A. V. Stubenrauch 764 Report of the agriculturist, E. R. Lloyd 765 The Woburn field experiments, 1901," J. A. Voelcker 765 Cooperative field trials 766 Field and other experiments, 1902, D. A. Gilchrist 767 Experiments at the County Demonstration Farm, Morpeth 767 Of what value is the stooling capacity of grains? W. Lippoldes 768 ]\Iineral matter in the stems of cereals in relation to lodging, D. Lienau 769 The practical application of Mendel's law in cereal breeding, E. Tschermak.. 770 References to recent work in plant breeding, C. Fruwirth 770 Barley sickness of soils, A. Atterberg 771 The growth of maize for ensilage, T. J. Young 771 Suggestions on cotton culture, W. C. Welborn 771 Hops, A. D. Hall - 771 Changes in the composition of mangels during storage, N. H. J. Miller 771 Continuous growth of mangels for 27 years on the same land, A. D. Hall 772 Lime content of oats on limed and unlimed soil, H. G. Soderbaum 772 Potato variety and raanurial trials, K. J. J. Mackenzie 772 [Sweet potatoes] , F. G. Sly 772 Culture tests with rye, 1899-1902, W. Edler 772 Improvement of sugar cane by chemical selection 773 Wheat experiments, A. D. Hall 773 HORTICULTURE. The culture substations, A. Y. Stubenrauch 773 Testing varieties of vegetables, C. H. Brewer 774 Treating trees that have been injured by mice or rabbits, N. 0. Booth 774 I rrigating oranges, A.J. Hutchinson 774 Examination of sugar prunes (Burbank) from several localities, G. E. Colby . . 774 Preliminary work at [Cranberrv] experimental station, H. A. Ramsey 774 Viticulture, E. H. T wight ". 774 IV CONTENTS. Page. 1 Iomo->,'ro\vn grapes in \vintcr, D. M. Dunning 775 Coffct', vanilla, cacao, and tea, G. Cornaiilac --;----. 775 A tri'atise on I'acao ( Tluohrovia cacao), F. K. Olivieri 775 Indian tea; its culture and manufacture, (". Bald 775 The Landolphia of French ('onducts in Naples in 1902, L. Granucci 822 Distril)ution of Ci/stlcercus hovis in Italian meat products, A. Boccalari 822 Contagious coryza, Weber 822 Ichthargan, Goldbeck 822 Ichthargan and its use in veterinary medicine, Midler 823 The therapeutic iise of Ichthargan, R. Eberhardt 823 Crede's silver preparation in the treatment of morbus maculosus, O. Fettick. . 823 Comjwsition of some prominent veterinary proprietary remedies, S. Avery 823 The nuisance of patent medicines, J. Schmidt 823 Hog cholera, N. S. Mayo 823 Observations on swine erysipelas, swine plague, and hog cholera, Triiger 823 The identity of swine erysipelas and urticaria, H. Schmidt 824 Period at which the organism of swine erysipelas and fowl cholera may be recognized in mice, T. Tiede 824 Vaccination for swine erysipelas in 1902, Teetz 824 Vaccination for swine erysipelas by the iise of Lorenz vaccine, H. Raebiger.. 825 Most suitable position of hogs for vaccinating purposes, Bury and Goldberg. . . 825 The position of the hog during vaccination, Platschek and Joseph 825 The etiology of rabies, A. Rabieaux 825 Treatment of tetanus with sodium iodid, E. Grams 825 Tetanus in dogs, Grunau 825 A pathogenic Strei)tothrix found in dogs, Trolldenier 825 Roup, an experimental study, F. C. Harrison and H. Streit 826 Treatment of fowl cholera by Septicidin, Schmidt 826 AfiRICULTURAL ENGINEERINCi. The testing of road materials, L. W. Page and A. S. Cushman 826 Farm railroad and the results obtained with it, Reichert 827 Thin macadam road construction along the Charles River, Mass., J. A. Holmes. 827 The construction of roads, paths, and sea defenses, F. Latham 827 The construction of terraces, E. Leplae 827 The possibilities of irrigation in South Africa, C. D. H. Braine 827 Preliminary plans and estimates for drainage of Fresno district, California, C. G. Elliott : 827 The Cacl)e River drainage survey, A. H. Bell 827 The mitigation of floods in the Hunter River, J. H. Maiden 827 Composition of sewage in relation to problems of disposal, G. W. Fuller 828 Farm buildings, J. Danguy 828 Barn plans and outbuildings 828 A new type of steam shovel 828 Fowk'r' s steam disk plow 828 An automobile cultivator, G. Caye , 828 Combined cultivators and seeders, M. Ringelmann 828 Cotton gins : The saw gin, F. Main 828 Recent progress in agricultural machinery, W. Heerberger et al 828 MISCELLANEOUS. Fifteenth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1902 829 Report of California Station, 1902-3 829 Sixteenth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1903 829 CONTENTS. IX Sixteenth Anniml Report of Mississippi Station, 1903 829 Twenty-First Annual Report New York State Station, 1902 829 Fourteentii Annual Repoi't of West Virginia Station, 1901 830 Re})ort on farmers' institutes — summer season, 1903 830 North Dakota Farmers' Institute Annual, edited by E. E. Kaufman 830 Conditions for intensive and extensive agriculture in Germany, J. Frost 830 Management of the P]state Lobositz, W. Medinger 830 Development of French agriculture under the present tariff system, B. Franke. 830 Agriculture in New Zealand, M. Muri)hy 830 Twen.tv-fourth annual report of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1902-3, C. D. Walcott .". . . 831 Foreign trade in farm and forest products, 1903, G. K. Holmes 831 Wine statistics of Switz-crland, 1902 831 Accessions to the Department Library, 1903 831 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations hi the Vmted Slates. Alabama Tuskegee Station: Page. Bui. 5, Nov., 190.'} 795 Arkansas Station: Fifteenth An. Rpt. , 1902 829 California Station: Circ. 6, June, 1903 t46 Rpt. 1902-3 747,750, 751, 755, 7b6, 761, 762, 764, 773, 774, 777, 783, 789, 792, 795, 796, 801, 808, 813, 815, 816, 827, 829 Illinois Station: Bui. 89, Nov. , 1903 789 Bui. 90, Dec, 1903 802 IMichigan Station: Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1903... 755,829 Mississippi Station: Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1903.. 765,783, 804, 808, 829 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 169, Dec. 1, 1903 789 New York State Station: Bui. 241, Dee., 1903 781, 782 Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1902.. 756, 774, 829 North Dakota Station: Bui. 58, Deo., 1903 821 Stations in the United States — Continued. Virginia Station: Page. Bui. 141, Oct., 1902 786 West Virginia Station : Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1901... 829 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 105, Oct., 1903 777 Bui. 106, Nov., 1903 801 [/. S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 51 ( 10 cents) ..." ^p'd Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 79 (10 cents) 826 Bureau of Statistics: Circ. 15 831 Weather Bureau: Bui. L (50 cents) 755 Division of Biological Survey: North American Fauna No. 23, Jan. 23, 1904 (50 cents) .... 753 library : Bui. 46 (5 cents) 831 Bui. 47 (5 cents) 831 Bui. 48 (5 cents) 831 Bui. 49 (5 cents) 831 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical pub- lications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment sta- tions are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. April, 1904 No. 8. The record of respiration experiments abstracted in this issue is a matter worthy of more than passing notice, both on account of the unique character of the apparatus used and the evidence presented of its application in fundamental studies on animal nutrition. Jt marks a decided advancement in the method and facilities for such investiga- tion, and it ma}' be said to represent the combined result of experience in that important field. The respiration calorimeter itself, in its present form, is an Ameri- can product. As is generally known, the Armsby-Fries apparatus follows the Atwater-Rosa apparatus for experiments with man in its main features of construction. In adapting the latter to experiments with large animals, however, it was necessary not only to increase the size of the respiration chamber but to introduce a considerable number of special features, so that the operations of feeding, weighing, collecting the excreta, etc., could be performed from without. The cooperation of the subject within the chamber could not be counted on, as in the case of experiments with man. Among the most interesting of these special features are the devices for weighing the heat absorbers from the outside, the air lock for introducing feed and water without allowing the air in the respiration chamber to escape, and similar devices for the collection of the liquid and solid excretory products. As shown by the results of check experiments, the apparatus is ver}^ accurate, the measured heat being practically identical with the theo- retical amount produced by burning alcohol in the respiration chamber. In ordinary metabolism experiments the amounts and composition of the food and of the urine and feces are the factors considered. Using this apparatus the amount and composition of the respiratory l)roducts, the fuel value of the food, and the energy output of the body are also ascertained,, and it is possible to determine the total income and outgo of both matter and energy. The sufficiency of the ration and its digestibility are thus necessarily brought into account, while the other data recorded make it possible to judge of the changes going on in the body luuch more satisfactoril}^ than by any method hitherto available. 737 7;i8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlioso tirnit>-s iimkc the appiU'iitus specially adapted to studies of sueh (piestions as the cneroy rcciuired to dioest and assimilate different classes of feedinir stuffs. It is o])vious that more energy will be used up in asslmilatiiiii' the nutritive material from a feed like timothy hay, containing relatively large amounts of crude til)cr and woody sub- stances, than from a concentrated feed like corn meal, and that this factor Avill affect the net value of the feed for the nutrition of the animal. Such dillerences are not taken account of in ordinarj^ studies of the composition and digestibility of feeds. Hitherto they have been studied very largely by Zuntz's method of observing the varia- tions in the respirator}^ (piotient; that is, the ratio of oxygen con- sumed to the carbon dioxid excreted. Dr. Armsby's apparatus fur- nishes another way of approaching such problems and one in which it is possible to control the experimental conditions and judge of the changes going on in the body more accurately. That the first series of experiments with this apparatus should have given results of so nnich interest, both in their scientific aspects and froju a practical standpoint, is especially gratifying. The conclusion reached that a maintenance ration is not a constant quantity, but a varia- ble one depending upon the kind of food used, is of fundamental impor- tance, as are also the closely related deductions which have to do with the replacing value of nutrients. There is indication that Rubner's law regarding the replacing value of nutrients, which has l)een held for so many yesLi's, is subject to certain limitations and will need modi- fication in the light of the energy requirements for digestion and assimilation. Indeed, Rubner's original conception in regard to this matter has been considerably^ modified in his recent book. The apparatus affords an opportunity for following up a great variety of important lines of investigation and for checking the results secured by the more practical methods of feeding experiments. The difference found in the above experiment between the energy used up by the animal when standing and wdien lying down suggests the importance of reducing muscular activity to a minimum during the fattening period. Furthermore, the fact that on a maintenance ration and when closely confined the steer produced more heat than was required to maintain the bodj^ temperature has a bearing on the contested point as to whether steers should be fattened out of doors or in stables in cold weather. It seems evident from Dr. Armsby's data that steers on heavy or fattening rations are really developing an excess of heat, and hence would not need to draw upon their food for any increased supply when fed out of doors. This supports and explains Waters's conclusions of several years ago. Some of the observations already made also have a decided bearing on the problem of stable hygiene and ventilation; and, in a word, it is true of this as of the Atwater- Rosa apparatus that the possible lines of investigation range from the most practical to the most technical subjects. EDITORIAL. 739 The development and operation of this apparatus is one of those large undertakings which belong appropriate!}' to the General Gov- ernment to foster. It is a necessarily expensive line of research and lequires a corps of specially trained men. Few of the individual experiment stations are in position to enter upon it, ])ut all can profit alike l)y its findings, wherever thev lire made, for in general they are of as much interest and application in Maine as in California. It is a matter for congratulation, therefore, that the National Department of Agriculture, through its Bureau of Animal Industry, has seen fit to contribute its funds to the development and subsequent operation of this apparatus, and it is earnestly to be hoped that no lack of public funds will prevent the continuation of this cooperation on a liberal basis. Rural economics as a subject of undergraduate study has received comparatively little attention in American agricultural colleges. Some phases of the subject, such as the histor}^ of agriculture, farm management, and farm law, have been taught from time to time, but as 3^et there has been no adequate provision for well-rounded courses in rural economy in any of the agricultural colleges. Attention was called to this subject in the fifth report of the conuuittee on methods of teaching agriculture in 1900, and a tentative course in rural economics was outlined." Since then the faculties of our agricultural colleg-es have manifested a somewhat greater interest in the suljject, with the result that a few institutions have begun to develop definite courses of instruction along these lines. The College of Agriculture of the Ohio State University includes in its faculty a professor of rural economy, and ofl'ers a course on the histor}' of agriculture and rural economics consisting of "lectures and recitations upon the histor}^ of agriculture, agricultural methods in various countries, cost and relativ^e profits, and A^arious farm opera- tions and systems." A course in "agricultural economics" at the College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota includes farm management, systems of farming, planning farms, field crops, stock, labor, finances, soils, prices, agricultural statistics, production, exports, wages, land laws, ownership, taxes, and organizations. In the reorgailized progranune for courses of instruction in the College of Agriculture of Cornell University rural economy is given as one of the main branches of agriculture, and courses are offered in farm accounting and the economics and history of agriculture. Special attention is given to this subject at the Rhode Island College, where courses in farm management and rural economics are offered. At the University of Wisconsin the instructor in commerce gives a course in agricultural economics which "treats of those principles «U. S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 99, p. 91. 740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. \\ hicli iindiM-lic tho prosperity of the farmer and of all other classes in so far as they are dei)endcnt upon aj^riculturc. The subject is divided into two parts. Tart one considers the point of view of the taiiiicr and those economic principles which underlie the manaj^ement of a farm in such a maimer as will make it }■ ield the lartrest net return. Part two discusses the point of view of the nation as a whole and those i)rinciples which sliould ^uide the statesman in his efforts to regulate and improve the agriculture of the country." Tlic aniuial jcport or this Ofiice. now in press, contains an article on Agricultural Kconomics as a Subject of Study in the Agricultural Col- lege, with a syllabus of a college course. The article is by President K. L. Buttertield, of Rhode Island, who has made this subject one of special study for some time. President Butter jfield takes the ground that the course in rural economy shoidd be something more than the study of farm manage- ment: that ''farm management discusses the aspects of agriculture as a l)usiness and approaches agriculture from the standpoint of the individual farmer, while agriculture is something more than a busi- ness; it is an industry. And l)ecause agriculture is an industry, and indeed ranks among the leading industries, it is related to all other industries and must be considered in those relations. It is not an isolated occupation. It is subject to economic laws. It prospers or lags, not merely because of its internal phases, so to speak, but also because of its external relations. It should therefore l)e studied as an industry as well as an art and a business and approached from an economic standpoint." Agricultural economics "is a discussion of agriculture in the light of the principles of political econom3^" AVith this provisional definition in mind. President Butterfield out- lines a short lecture course in agricultural economics under the fol- lowing general heads: (1) Characteristics of the agricultural industry; (2) History of the agricultural industry; (3) Present status of the farming industry; (4) The agricultural market; (5) Business cooperation in agriculture; (0) Agriculture and legislation; and (7) Some current problems — agricultural labor, machinery and agriculture, interest, (rates, indebtedness, etc.), tenant farming, business methods, immi- gration and agriculture. The recent action of the Carnegie Institution in establishing a department of economics and sociology in charge of Carroll D. Wright is of interest in this connection. This department has undertaken the preparation of an economic history of the United States, embrac- ing eleven subjects. The second of these subjects, concerning the histor}' and status of the economic and social relations of agricul- ture in the United States, has been assigned to President Butterfield, who is planning to bring to his aid a number of experts in dif- ferent branches of agriculture. Owing to the scarcity of available EDITORIAL. 741 material which has been put into pedagogical form, tho«c interested in the development of courses in rural economy in our agricultural col- leges will await the appearance of reports from President Butterlield and his collaborators with interest. In European countries much more attention has been giv'en to the formulation of courses in rui'al econoni}' than in the United States. According to a somewhat detailed outline of the subject as taught in a number of the principal countries of Europe, which is included in a review of progress in agricidtural education in the forthcoming report of this Office, some of the agricultural institutions of Germany have been conducting such courses for thirty or more years, and practically all of the agricultural fnstitutions of France, from the Institute Nationale Agronomique down to the grammar schools, give attention to rural economics. In the higher agricultural schools of France the lectures on rural economy include the elements of political economy, i-ural economy, and agricultural legislation. Political economy as taught in this course comprises a consideration of the production, circulation, dis- tribution, and consumption of wealth. Rural economy includes the study of the character and history of the subject, as preliminary to a more detailed consideration of the production, circulation, distribu- tion, and consumption of agricultural wealth, and of credit and agri- cultural accounts. The lectures on rural legislation present a study of civil, administrative, and commercial laws, together with other legislation of agricultural interest. The class work is supplemented by excursions to different estates for the purpose of inspecting and studying their management. Prof. Etienne Jouzier, of the National School of Agriculture at Rennes, has recently contributed to the Encyclopedie Agricole a text- book on Economic Rurale, which constitutes one of the first pedagog- ical treatises on this subject that has come to our attention. After giving consideration to the place that rural econoni}^ should occupy among agricultural sciences and defining the sul)ject, Prof essor Jouzier takes up the consideration of social environment or external factors, such as population, the State, associations, charitable institutions, and exports. This is followed by chapters on elements of production, or internal factors, including capital, labor, and land, and on credit, veg- etable production, animal production, and cultural methods. Finally a few pages are devoted to comparative economics and the organiza- tion and management of an enterprise. This little volume is especially valuable because it embodies the expe- rience which has been had in teaching this subject abroad, and particu- larly in France where it has been brought into pedagogical form. The outline followed in the higher institutions of France serves also 7 4 'J EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, ill tlir pnietical schools of aj^riculturc, Init the work is naturall}' more cliMiiciiturv. In such of the o-minniur schocjls as include courses in a<;-riculture some consideration is oiven to divisions of the land, socie- ties and meetings, large, medium, and small farms, methods of farm inanaiicmcnt. agricultural credit, agricidtural institutions and organi- zations, and the distribution of agricultural products. In some of the Belgian agricultural institutions social, political, and rural economy were formerly taught as one subject, but at present iMiral economy is considered as a separate branch. At the Agricul- tuial Institute at Gembloux lectures on rural economy are given dur- ing the third year of the college course, and include consideration of factors instrumental in agricultural production, the soil, capital, labor, elements necessar}^ or favorable to production, plant production, ani- mal production, and agricultural technology. The lectures are sup- plemented by practicums devoted to exercises in estimating land values, capital required for running expenses, quantities of feed con- sumed, management of the farm, and labor requirements. In the agricultural institutions of Great Britain some attention is given to courses in rural economj", but these are far from uniform. In man}" cases the courses are nothing more than lectures on farm management. However, some attention is given to the consideration of broader subjects, such as the food supply of the United Kingdom, foreign competition, efl'ects of appreciation of gold and depreciation of silver, and the laws of landed estates. In Austria courses in rural econom}^ are preceded by courses in civil government, political economy, political economy applied to agricultural statistics, and labor and social reform. The subject of rural econoui}' is taught in the course in agronomy and includes the consideration of such factors of agricultural production as the soil, capital, labor, methods of management, organization of an agricultural estate, and taxation. The Royal Agricultural High School in Berlin teaches rural economy by means of lectures in the class room and b}^ deliberations and dis- cussions in the economic seminar. This seminar was organized in 1889, and has grown steadily in its influence and numerical strength, its membership comprising both undergraduate and graduate students, as Avell as persons making special investigations in political econoni}-, philosophy, history, and other subjects. Each student is required to write a dissertation on some subject, usually of his own choice, and to lecture on the same before the seminar, after which the subject is thoroughly discussed by the other members. This work is supple- mented by excursions to institutions possessing economic, social, and political interest. EDITORIAL. 743 Til nearl}' all of the German universities courses in rural economy are maintained. These vary considerably, but in general include lec- tures on the elements of political economy, and on capital, labor, land, and farm management, together with some instruction in rural legisla- tion. At Gottingen these lectures were started in 1875, and at Hohen- heim in 1873. In some of the agricultural winter schools also lectures on economics are given, which include such subjects as agricultural societies, factors aifecting agricultural pursuits, cost of agricultural production, systems of farming, crop rotations, and agricultural law. This is far from being an exhaustive review of the present status of instruction in rural econoni}^, but it is sufficient to show that with respect to this branch of the science of agriculture the agricultural institutions of Europe are far ahead of our own, both in the extent of the instruction given and in the definite formulation of courses. In the United States scarce a half dozen of our leading agricultural col- leges offer courses in rural economy, while in Europe not only do the agricultural colleges quite generally give attention to this subject, but many of the secondary and primary agricultural schools also include it in their curricula. In general, the subject is considered quite broadly, not alone as farm management from the point of view of the individual farmer, but also as a branch of economic science, in which the external factors related to agriculture as an industry are viewed from the stand- point of the economist. 23461— No. 8—04 2 SUBjl'XT IJST OF ABSTRACTS. CHEMISTEY. The determination of citric-acid soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, O. PxiriviiKK (/ '/((';/(. '/t(j., 37 {J903) , Xu. 100, p. 1J25). — A method of tes^tino; the citric acid extrat-t of Thomas slag for sihcic acid is descril^ed as follows: To 100 cc. of the extract in a 200 cc. flask add 75 cc. of ammoniacal citrate solution, boil over the direct flame, and allow to stand for 5 to 10 minutes. If no precipitate soluble in hydrochloric acid separates out, silicic acid is not present in sufficient amount to interfere with the accuracy of the determination, and phosphoric acid may be determined directly in 50 cc. of the extract. If a flocculent precipitate of silicic acid is formed the solution is acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid, cooled, and filtered. To 100 cc. of the filtrate 20 cc. of magnesia mixture is added, the mixture shaken one-half hour, and the operation continued in the usual way. The inapplicability of the so-called Maercker-Buhring solution to the determination of total phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, 1 1. Svoboda {Chrrn. Ztg., 27 {1903), No. 98, pp. 1203-1205). — Comparative tests of the Maercker-Bii bring solution (1,500 gm. of citric acid and 5 liters of ammonia of 0.91 sp. gr. made to a volume of 15 liters) with the old method of separate addition of citric acid and ammonia are reported. The results by the new method were as a rule higher than those l)y the old. This is attributed to the presence in the precipitate of silicic acid dissolved from the glass vessels in which the solution was kejit. A table for the calculation of phosphoric acid from magnesium pyro- phosphate, T. Kampfer [Ztsrlir. Analyt. Chcm., 43 {1904), No. 1, App.,pp. 25). The organic matter in soils and subsoils, F. K. Cameron and J. F. Breazeale {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 26 {1904), No 1, j)p. 29-45). — Of the 3 methods in com- mon use for the determination of organic matter in soils, those based on loss on ignition and humus content are condemned as unsatisfactory, and the third or com- bustion method, which consists in burning the organic matter either in a tube in a furnace or by powerful oxidizing agents, such as chromic acid or potassium perman- ganate, and collecting and determining the carbon dioxid liberated, is considered most accurate and reliable. In the method recommended "a sample of the soil, usually about 10 gm., is care- fully weighed and brought into the combustion flask. If the sample be rich in organic matter, it has been found advisable to introduce also some sand, previously ignited before the blast, and in an amount dependent roughly upon the apparent quantity of organic matter in the soil. From 5 to 10 gm. of pulverized potassium bicromate are then added, and the whole mixed thoroughly by shaking, care being taken to prevent any of the mixture adhering to the sides of the flask above the level of the mixture. The flask is closed securely by the stopper, and a gentle stream of air drawn through the whole apparatus by means of the aspirator. "When this stream of air has been passing for about 10 minutes, concentrated sul- phuric acid (sp. gr. about 1.83) is slowly and cautiously run in by means of the 744 CHEMISTKY. 745 dropping funnel until the tip of the glass tube, for the introduction of air, is covered. When this point has been reached, and if no very vigorous action is taking place, the combination flask is slowly heated until the sulphuric acid commences to give off fumes. It is held at this temperature for from 5 to 10 minutes, and then allowed to cool slowly, unless there is reason to believe combustion has not been complete, in which case the temperature is again raised. Care must ])e exercised to see that a steady current of air be kept passing through the apparatus, and that the mixture in the fiask be not forced back toward the wash-bottles. ' ' In case of soils containing chlorids this method of procedure may result in the generation of chlorin gas, which will vitiate the results. This, it is claimed, may be obviated ])y dissolving the potassium bichromate in the concentrated sulphuric acid and slowly and cautiously running the solution in upon the soil with no attempt to heat the mixture until the reaction in the flask has proceeded for some time. By proceeding in this manner "no hydrochloric acid, chlorin, nor chromyl chlorid gas is generated, or in but very small amounts. The procedure thus modified has been used a large number of times with artificial mixtures and natural soils, and has proved satisfactory, although no explanation is obvious why hydrochloric acid should not be formed and oxidized under these conditions." The method is claimed to be fairly rapid, a combustion requiring on the average about 40 minutes. As a result of a large number of determinations, it is stated that the organic matter in a subsoil rarely equals or exceeds that contained in the corresponding soil. "The facts presented here would suggest that the humus determination is of even more uncertain value than is usually believed. There is not sufficient ground as yet for advocating the use of any other factor than the usually accepted one [0.471] for the calculation of the organic matter from the carbon dioxid obtained in the combustion." A number of determinations are reported which show an average of 42 per cent of carbon in humus instead of 56 per cent, as reported by other investigators. On the determination of assimilable plant food by extraction of soils with very dilute acids, H. G. Soderbaum (A'. Landt. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 43 {1903), pp. 103-106; abs. in Centhl Agr. Chem., 32 (1903), No. 13, pp. 795-75', pp. ~'S,Ji(i. .1). — A revision of methods given in Bulletin 38 of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department (E. S. R., 5, p. 510), reprinted for the use of students in tlu" college of agriculture of the University of California. A rapid gravimetric method of estimating lime, F. B. Guthrie and C. R. Bakkek {Jour, and Proc. A'o//. Sue. Nan South Walc.'i, 36 {190J), pp. 132-134).~ln onler to secure complete and rapi. 1219). — This is a discussion of results obtained b}' means of Pfeiffer's modi- fication of AVartha's method'^' on alkaline waters, in which the temporary hardness was occasionally greater than the permanent hardness. The author ascribes the per- manent alkalinity observed in such waters after boiling to sodium carbonate and not to magnesium carbonate as Pfeiffer claims. In the Pfeiffer- Wartha method temjiorary hardness is determined by titration with tenth-normal hydrochloric acid, using alizarin as indicator and completing the titration in boiling solution in a Jena flask. The permanent hardness is determined by adding an excess of a tenth-normal mixture of sodium hydroxid and carbonates, boiling and partially evaporating in a Jena flask, allowing to cool and settle, or filter- ing, and titrating the excess of alkali solution with tenth-normal hydrochloric acid in an ali(iuot jiart of the solution, using alizarin as indicator. Pfeiffer employs the water which has been used for the determination of temporary hardness instead of the original Avater. Determination of hardness in waters, E. Basch {Chem. Ztg., 28 {1904), No. 3, p. 31). — A brief discussion of recent investigations on this subject, including a refer- ence to the article by Drawe noted above. Results of examinations by the author aZtschr. Angew. Chem., 15 (1902), p. 198. CHEMISTRY, 747 of two waters are reported. Thene hear out Drawe's conclusion that the alkalinity after hoilinar is due entirely to sodium carhonate, l)ut they also indicate that magne- sium carljonate remains in solution, the latter carhonate presenting a neutral reaction. The determination of hardness in waters, F. Auerbach (Chem. Ztg., 28 {1904), Xo. 2, p. 16). — Referring to a previous article hy Drawe, the author ques- tions whether the permanent alkalinity is not in part at least due to magnesium carboTiate as first pointed out by Pfeiffer. Modifications of the Pelouze-Fresenius method of determining nitric acid, L. DEBoruDEAUX {Bid. ,Sor. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 31 {1904), ^o. 1, pp. 1-3). — In the modification proposed the Fresenius apparatus is used with the addition of a cooling device to prevent loss of nitric acid. The air is driven from the flask containing the nitrate by means of carbon dioxid. The ferrous solution is introduced through the tube caiTying the gas by means of a 100 cc. pipette, care being taken to do this and to lieat the solution so that a regular evolution of gas occurs. After washing the tubes with boiled distilled water the excess of ferrous chlorid in the solution is titrated witli potassium permanganate. On a new volumetric method of determining nitric acid, L. Debourdeaux {Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 31 {1904), -^Vo. 1, pp. 3-6). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. E., 15, p. 224). On the dissociation of alkaline carbonates, P. Lebeau {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 137 {1903), Xu. J6, pp. H55-1^57). Composition of commercial alkalis ("concentrated lye"), G. E. Colby {California Sta. Ppt. 1902-3, p. 92). — The sodium hydroxid m 5 samples of soda lyes examined was respectively 97.6, 92.2, 87.5, 82.4, and 68.5 per cent. The potassium hydroxid in 2 samples of potash lyes was respectively 71.4 and 69.1 per cent. The conversion of calcium oxalate to the sulphate, A. N. Clark {Jour. Amer. CItem. Soc, 26 {1904), Xo. 1, pjp. 110, 111). — In the method proposed the platinum crucible containing the oxalate saturated as usual with sulphuric acid is partially embedded in asbestos or calcium sulphate contained in a porcelain crucible about \ in. larger in diameter than the platinum crucible. "The top portion of the i)lati- nimi crucible is heated first and remains hotter than the l)ottom so that the excess of sulphuric acid boils out from tlie toi> of the precipitate, instead of from the bottom. The excess of acid is driven off in about one minute; the platinum crucible is then removed from the porcelain crucible and set f)ver the flame until it is brought to a red heat." The determination of alkalis, especially in plant substances, H. Neubauer {Zlsehr. Analijt. Chem., 43 {1904), Xo. l,pp. 14-36). — To the coarsely ground material add a mixture of nitric acid of 1.4 sp. gr. and concentrated sulphuric acid (30 cc. of nitric acid for 5 gm. of seeds, 40 cc. for 5 gm. other materials) and allow to stand 1 hour without heating. Then apply heat cautiously and digest until the solution becomes almost colorless. Allow to cool slightly, add about \ cc. of concentratetl nitric acid, and heat again. Repeat the treatment with nitric acid to complete the oxidation. Cool, add at least an equal volume of water, and warm to expel nitrous fumes. Evaporate to dryness in a platinum dish and heat to redness. Take up in warm water acidified with hydrochloric acid and evaporate to dryness to expel hydrochloric acid. Add phenolphthalein and freshly prepared milk of lime until a saturated solution of calcium hydroxid (shown by a strong red color) is obtained. Make to definite volume (125 cc. for example), mix, allow to stand h hour, and filter. In an aliquot of the filtrate precipitate lime by adding first oxalic acid and then ammonia, taking special care to secure neutrality and complete precipitation without a great excess of ammonium oxalate. Filter through a small filter into a platinum dish, wash with cold water c(jntaining a little ammonium oxalate, evaporate to dry- ness, and drive off ammonium compounds. Take up in hot water, add ammonia, 748 EXPERIMEXT STATION RECORD. and jvgain evaporate to dryness. To insure conversion of bisnlpliates which may he present add aniuioniuiii carl)onate and heat to redness, repeatni<^ this operation until a constant weight is obtained. This gives the sum of the weights of the sodium and potiissiuin suli)hates phis a small error due to magnesium sulphate. The suli)hates are dis.solved in dilute hydrochloric acid and the potash determined bv tiic author's method already described (E. S. R., 14, p. 631). Determine magnesia by precipitation with sodium phosphate and ammonia in the hot alcoholic filtrate from tlie potassium-platinum chlorid, dissolving the precipitate in liot dilute hydrochloric acid and evaporating to dryness, and heating slowly with sodium carbonate imtil the dish glows. Take up in water and hydrochloric acid and determine magnesia in the usual way, using the results to correct the combined weights of j)otassium and sodium sulphate. Coal ash, J. W. Cobb {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 23 [1904), No. 1, pp. 11-13, fig. 1).— Mctliods of determining the ash in coal and of analyzing the ash are discussed. Concerning- fats, A. Partheil and F. Ferie {Arch. Pharm., 241 {1903), Nos. 7, jip. ,')4.')-'>i;0; S, pp. 561-569, figi<. 2, dgiuR. 2). — The author studied especially lithium salts of some of the higher fatty acids, and a method of separating these acids by means of their litliium salts is proposed. This depends on the fact that stearic and palmitic acid are precipitated quantitatively by lithium acetate, and myristic acid very nearly so, and with the aid of this reagent these acids may be separated from lauric and oleic acids. Experiments are also reported on the estimation of acids of the linoleic series and their separation from oleic acid by means of barium salts. The method of procedure in fat analysis is outlined and results are reported of analyses of butter, lard, and human fat. Concerning the constituents of unripe St. John's bread, L. Rosenthaler {Arch. Fhnrm., 241 {1903), Xo. 8, p. 616).— X brief note on the material obtained by extracting the fruit of St. John's bread {Ceratunia siliqna) with boiling alcohol. The analysis of hexon bases, A. Kossel and A. J. Patten {Ztiichr. PJiysiol. C'lie.))!., 38 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 39-45). — A modilied method of estimating histidin is recommended, which depends on the fact that this body is completely precipitated by mercury sulphate even in the presence of a certain amount of free sulphuric acid. With the help of this reagent the authors found that it was possible to separate his- tidin, aspartic acid, and other monoamido acids. For the separation of histidin and arginin Kossel and Kutscher's method is considered the best, the mercury sulphate being used to jmrify the histidin after it is separated from the arginin as a silver com- pound. By using modified methods, the authors determined the hexon bases in crystallized edistin. The chemistry of wheat gluten, G. G. Nasmith {Trans. Canad. Imt., 7 {1903); Univ. Toronto Studies, PJiysiol. Ser. {1903), No. 4, PP- 22). — The work of other investi- gators on the nitrogenous constituents of wheat is critically discussed and the results of a number of experiments reported. According to the author, ' ' gliadin and glu- tenin do not come from the same parent substance, nor are they of the same compo- sition. Gliadin has not a definite coagulation point, while glutenin has. Gliadin is obtained from rye, barley, and maize, and from the bran and shorts of wheat, while glutenin (;an not be obtained from these. By chemical or other means one has as yet not been transformed into anything at all resembling the other. "The substance between the aleurone grains seems to be chiefly gliadin, and con- tains inorganic iron, calcium salts, and phosphorous-holding compounds. "Gliadin is distributed throughout the endosperm, especially toward the periph- ery, where the small jiroteid granules are much thicker and the starch granules they inclose smaller. It is also contained in bran, and probably in aleurone cells as jiart of the packing between the aleurone grains, for both bran and shorts yield gliadin to dilute alcohol." The author found that gliadin was precipitated with an excess of acid and is of the CHEMISTKY. 749 opinion that thi" property has not been hitherto noted. Tie states further that it is not entirely insohible in dihite salt solutions. "Both gliadin and ^lutenin invariably give the reactions for organic iron and i)hos- phorus, but are not nucleo-proteids. Under the inicroscoi)e the gluten matri.x in thin sections of wheat does not show any indication of iron or pliosphorus, and it must, therefore, be concluded that the organic iron and phosphorus found in gluten are due to nucleins or nucleic acid derived from the nuclei of the large endosperm cells. Probably part is derived from nuclei of the aleurone cells, or of the embryo cells, or from the nucleins present in the cytoplasm of the embryo cells. " With the exception of the rapidly dividing cells such as those of the radicle and plumule, iron is found in the nuclei only of the various cells of the wheat grain. "Phosphorus is more widely distributed, apjtearing between the aleurone grains; in tine grains in the radicle and })lumule cells; in the foaiu-like mesh work of another type of embryo cell; in the very distinct large granules just described, and in the nuclei of all these cells. From the various ways in which these different cells stain and the several methods of phosphorus distrilxition in them, one may conclude that there are probably several imcleins present. " (jliadin exists as such in the wheat grain, and the theory of its formation l)y means of ferment action is not justifiable. Strong alcohol mixed with flour and then diluted with water to a 70 per cent solution extracts gliadin from it; })oiJing alcohol also extracts gliadin from tiour or bran. "Glutenin exists as such in the wheat grain; any manipulation that will destroy the hypothetical ferment will coagulate glutenin, thus making gluten formation imp(„)ssible. "Gluten formation is not merely a mechanical mixture of gliadin with glutenin, but a definite physical state of the two mixing substances is necessary. Coagulated glutenin with gliadin does not form gluten. "There are probably several nucleins or nucleo-proteids in wheat as shown in the various ways phosphorus is distributed in the different types of embryo cells. Organic iron is found only in the nuclei of the endosperm, aleurone, and embryo cells, and in the cytoplasm of the absorption layer, plumule and radicle cells. The proteid between the aleurone grains shows the })resence of organic phosphorus only." A bibliography of the subject is appended. Proteids: A contribution to the subject, II, F. Kutscher (Zter/tr. Physiol. Chem., 38 {1903), No. 1-3, p]>. 111-134)- — With a view to securing data regarding the struc- ture of proteids, the author studied the cleavage products of gluten casein, gluten fibrin, gliadin, mucedin, zein, and thymushiston, the cleavage l)eing induced by heating with dilute sulphuric acid. The method of separating the different cleavage products is described and the results reported in detail. The following table sum- marizes the percentage amount of different cleavage products found: Cleavar/e ])ro(lu(is of a numJter of protrkh. Kind of pruteid. Ammonia. Histidin. Arginin. Ijysin. Tyrosin. Glutamic acid. Gluten casein Per cent. 2.64 3.89 4.10 4. 23 2.56 1.66 Per eent. 1.56 1.53 1.20 .44 .81 1.21 Per eent. 4.54 3. 05 2. 75 3.13 1.82 14.36 Per eent. 2.0 Per eent. 2. 75 4.43 2.09 2.35 10.06 6.31 Per eent. 9.00 13. 07 18.54 19. 81 Zein 10.00 Thymushiston 7.7 3.66 The results obtained with the first 4 proteids included in the table are discussed with special reference to the composition of wheat gluten. CJliadin and nuicedin are regarded as identical, and the authur proposes that they be grouped together under 750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the name gliadin. Wheat gluten he con^iiders to l)e made up, therefore, of 3 distinct proteidn well charaoteri/ed by their cleavage products, namely, gluten casein, insoluble in alcoliol; gluten fibrin, slightly soluble in cold tiO° alcohol; and gliadin, readily soluble in tliis reagent. Concerning- the precipitation of pure glycogen, Z. Gatix-Gruezwska {Arch. riii/sl'J. [rjlih/cr], 100 {lOO.i), No. 11-12, pp. 034, i>o5).—X preliminary communica- tion in which the author notes that pure glycogen prepared from horseflesh is pre- ci}titated by alcohol from an aqueous solution in two different forms, viz, spheres and rods. The character of the precipitate, in his opinion, affords a means of judging of the purity <>f the glycogen. On a new product of the autodigestion of pancreas, F. BaUiM {Beitr. Chem. riii/niol. u. Pathol, 3 {1903), pp. 439-441; 04), Xo. 474, pp. 171, i7.^).— The i»hysiological significance of the sper- mogonium is as yet unknown, although it is assumed to l)e associated with the sexual rej)roduction of the organism. The author claims that among the Uredinete are 2 classes of spores, the teleutospores which are doubtless of sexual character, and the I'onidia, which are either jecidia or uredospores. The spermogonium always appears in the life cycle as the first fruiting structure. If the first subsequent spore structure is the uredo, there is no fecidiuni in the cycle. If it is a teleutospore, there is neither ajcidium nor uredo. The presence of the spermogonium, therefore, furnishes impor- tant information regarding the extent of the life cycle of the fungus. The form, size, and origin furnish minor diagnostic charactei'S. Pot experiments to determine the, limits of endurance of different farm crops for certain injurious substances, F. B. Uithkie and R. Helms (Jour, and Proc. Rotj. Sac. New South Wales, 36 [1902), jyp. 191-200). — Noted from another source (E. S. R., 14, p. 945). The enzym-secreting cells in the seedlings of maize and dates, 11. S. Reed {Ah.^. in Science, n. ser., 19 (1904), ^o- 474, p- 175). — During the process of germination seedlings of maize and dates produce an enzym for the solution of endosperm. According to the author, this enzym is secreted from a differentiated layer of cells, which show continuous morphological changes during the time the enzym is being secreted. When the secretion begins these cells are full of fine proteid granules, but as the secretion progresses they constantly disapi)ear. In the early stages of secretion the nuclei of the secreting cells of maize are found in the basal end of the cell. In the latter stages they are in the apical end next the endosperm layer. As the secretion progresses there is a continuous increase in the amount of chromatin in the nuclei of the secreting cells. At the same time the nucleoli decrease in size and staining properties, and at the end of the process the protoplasm of the secreting cells breaks down and the products of disintegration disai)pear. The histology of insect galls, M. T. Cook {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 474, l>. 174). — The author says that the function of the gall is to furnish nutri- tion and protection for larva;. The simplest form of galls shows only 2 zones, the inner nutritive one and the outer protective zone. In the most highly developed galls 4 zones are shown, the inner zone being nutritive and the others protective. In the simplest galls where there are only 2 zones the inner layer is rich in proto- plasm, starch, etc., imtil the insect has become nearly mature, while the other zones furnish tannin. A separation of the second and third zones, which occurs in some of the more highly developed galls, is believed to be a protective device. Symbiosis in Iiolium, E. M. Freeman {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 474, pp. 172, 173).— In a previous paper (E. S. R., 14, p. 842) the author has described the life cycle of the fungus of Lolium temulentum and other species. Further experi- ments show that the fungus does not produce spores and that there are 2 races of ZOOLOGY. 753 each species of grass, one with and one without the fungus symbiont. Of these the race associated with the fungus is slightly the more vigorous. The present state of knowledge seems to indicate that the fungus belongs to the Ustilagintc, which has lost the power of spore formation. On a culture of buckwheat in the presence of a mixture of algae and bacteria, Bouilhac and Giustiniani {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. Paris, 137 (1903), Xo. 26, pp. i^7^-ii'76).— Experiments are reported which show that Nostoc pnncti- forme and Anabama covered with bacteria grow rapidly on a soil entirely free of organic matter and increase its content of nitrogen. The experiments showed further that a plant like buckwheat thrives and develops normally in such a soil as a result of the action of these micro-organisms. The chemical stimulation of algae, E. B. Livingston (Ah^. in Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), Xo. 474, pp. 173, 174). — A study is reported with the polymorphic alga Stigeoclonium, in which it is shown that with relatively high osmotic pressure the alga produce only spherical cells, while with low osmotic pressure it grows out in long, branching filaments. Zoospores are formed only with a low pressure and, upon germination, they form filaments. If filaments are placed in a medium of high pressure they break up into round cells or form groups of round cells. When the solution of low osmotic pressure had added to it a trace of poison such as nitric or sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, silver nitrate, etc., the alga took upon itself the Palmella form as though the pressure were high. If the poison was still more dduted, there was a stimulation of zoospore production, though tjieir germi- nation was checked. Nitrates and sulphates were used, and it appeared that the cations had the effect of producing the Palmella form in a solution whose osmotic pressure is far too low to bring about this result. The effect of chemical irritation upon the respiration of fungi, Ada Watterson {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), Xo. 474, P- 17S). — Experiments were conducted with Sterigmatocystis nigra and Penicillium glaucum, the irritants used being zinc sulphate, iron sulphate, and lithium chlorid. The results obtained show that, although the economic coefficient of the sugar was increased, the carbon dioxid respired remained proportionally the same. ZOOLOGY. Index generum mammalium: A list of the genera and families of mam- mals, T. S. Palmer {V. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biological Surrey, XortJi American Fauna Xo. ^3, jjp. 984). — In this number of North American Fauna the author pre- sents an alphabetical index of the genera of mammals, an alphabetical index of fam- ilies and subfamilies, and an index of genera arranged according to orders and families. A detailed index of genera is appended to the bulletin. In an introduc- tion the author outlines the purpose of the publication, which has been in course of preparation for a period of 12 years. An attempt is made to furnish not only the accurate name of each genus, with the name of the originator of the generic name and the date, but also other notes regarding synonymy and similar information of value to the student of systematic zoology. Wonder horses and Mendelism, C. B. Davenport {Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), Xo. 473, pp. 151-153). — From a discussion of several recorded cases of the transmis- sion of abnormalities, the author concludes that "wliile Mendelian principles seem applicable to some cases of crosses between sports and the normal species, there seem to be others Avhere neither Mendel's nor Galton's law of inheritance holds." The feeding habits of Sorex vulgaris, G. Rorig {Arb. K. Gesundheitmmte, Biol. Alt., 4 {1903), Xo. 1, pp. l.il, 12J). — Observations were made on the feeding habits (jf this species of shrew. The animals were kept in confinement where they could be readily observed, and the data obtained are presented in a tabular form. 754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Rats in Martinique, P. des Grottes {Jour. Agr. Trop., 3 {1903), No. 29, pp. 330- iiSj'l.—ln Martinique ]>('rh:ips the most important animal enemies of sugar cane are rats. Notes are given on (lie Iial)its of these animals and means which have been foimd more i)r kw effective in i)r('venting their ravages. Experiments in destroying mice in barns and mows by means of tlie organ- ism isolated from susliks, S. S. JMehesiikowsky {Cenlbl. Bakl. u. Far., 1 Alt., Ori {lUO.i), Xo. ^jy^/^.J-J-oV;).— The destruction of mice in barns and haymows is considered to be in some respects more diflicult than the control of these animals in the (ield. The author's experiments have been continued since 1894, and consist in placing dough infected with cultures of an organism which he ol)tained from sus- liks in the runways of mice about barns and in haymows. In all the experiments dead mice were found in considerable numbers within a few days after the exposure of the infected dough, and the mice continued to die rapidly for a period of about 1 week. In the case of 4 haymows which were infected in the manner just described and thoroughly examined 10 days after infection, the extent of mortality was found to vary from 79 to 95 per cent. The species of mice chiefly concerned were Mus (James- ticKxaui] M. mnsciclus. The author believes that this method is practical and exceed- ingly effective under such conditions. Studies on the economic importance of insectivorous birds, G. EoRiCi {Arb. K. Gesundheitsamte, Biol. Abt., 4 {1903), No. 1, pjo. 1-50, figs. ^).— The author discusses in.all its bearings the general problem of the economic relations of birds. In order to obtain a clear conception of the value of birds, it is considered necessary to determine what insects are beneficial and to what extent; the quantity of food, especially injurious insects, consumed by insectivorous birds; and the species of insects which serve chiefly as the food of these lairds. The author discusses in great detail the question of what insects may be considered beneficial, and concludes that the value of parasitic and predaceous insects to the farmer has been greatly overestimated. The agency of insects in fertilizing flowers is noted and conclusions reached that insects are of more benefit in this regard than in any other. While about 3,000 species are known as constant visitors of flowers, the number which are really of importance in the pollination of flowers is much smaller. The most important families are bees, wasps, Muscidee, Bombylida?, and Syrphidte. None of these species, however, possess a power of flight which would insure them against the attacks of insectivorous birds, but as a rule the beneficial insects appear to be fully as well if not better protected from destruction by birds than are injurious species. The author states emphatically his belief, based upon numerous experiments and personal observations, that parasitic and predaceous insects can not be depended upon to control any injurious species, or even greatly to reduce its numbers. In order to determine the amount and kind of food of insectivorous birds the author carried on a number of feeding experiments in large aviaries in gardens. The birds employed in these experiments included a number of species fed various kinds of food, including beneficial and injurious insects. The behavior of the dif- ferent species and their economic value are discussed in detail. The author con- cludes from these experhnents that the destruction of insects by insectivorous birds may be so extensive as to greatly reduce the numbers of injurious species in any locality. The author's experiments in determining the preferred food of various insectivorous birds are presented in detail and indicate the importance of continuing experimental work in this line, and also support the author's conclusion regarding the value of insectivorous birds. The relation of insectivorous birds to fruit growing, J. P. Fort {Proc. Georgia State Hart. Soc, ;>7 {1903), j)p. 70-75) .—Attention is called to the insectivorous habits of a large number of common birds, and to the value of these birds to the farmer. METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 755 The economic value of our native birds, H. A. Surface (Pennsylvania State Dcpt. Aiis during l!»02fin temperature, pressure, precipitation, liumidity, eli)U(lineH.s, wind niovciiient, etc. Meteorological records for 1902 {Xcw York State Sfa. lij^t. 1903, jip. 448-4-56).— Tables arc given whiili ,«iio\v tlic average monthly temperature and precipitation since 18H2; the daily wind record for each month of 1902; a monthly summary of till- direc-tion of the wind from January to May, inclusive; tridaily readings of the standard air thermometer durfng each month of the year; a monthly summary of maximum, minimum, and standard thermometer readings; and daily readings of maxinnnn and minimum thermometers at 5 and (> p. m. for each month of the year. Meteorology [Ritp. Av. Stu. Agron. \^M(mritius], 1002, pp. 1-9). — Observations on prcssuic, tcmix'rature, ami rainfall at Mauritius during 1902 are summarized and compared in i)art with similar data for 1901. The mean temperature of 1902 was 22° C; the maximum .30°, in November; the minimum 11°, in August. The rain- fall was 1,736.5 mm. (68.22 in.), of which 968.4 mm. fell during the night. The' heaviest rainfall occurred during December, January, February, and March, varying from 3.53 in. in March to 11.79 in. in December. For the rest of the year the monthly rainfall varied from 1.46 in. in April to 2.64 in. in October and November, averaging something over 2 in. Variations in the transparency of the atmosphere {Science, n. scr., 19 {1904), No. 471!, p. ..'74). — In a brief summary of the report of the secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution to the board of regents attention is called to observations with the bolcTgraph which showed "a notable variation of atmosi>heric tran.«parency which is likely to have affected climate and the growth of vegetation over a consideraljle part of the earth's surface ... so that there seems renewed jjromise of progress toward the goal 'for telling by such means those remoter changes of weather which affect harvests.' " Forests considered in their relation to rainfall and the conservation of moisture, J. H. Maiden {Jour, and Proc. Iloij. Sac. Neiv SontJi Wales, 36 {1902), ])}>. 211-..'40). — This is a discussion of the subject from the standpoints of (1) the effect of forests and other vegetation in increasing the rainfall, and (2) their effects in con- serving moisture. As a result of his experience of Australian forestry, the author states that "taking an extensive territory, it appears to be indisputably proved that forests do not increase rainfall; it is fully as well proved that they conserve the rain that falls, and therefore every effort should be made to save them from minecessary destruction." WATER— SOILS. Analyses of waters, G. E. Colby {California Sla. Bpt. 1902-3, pp. 66-83). — The results of analyses of 275 samples of water examined with reference to their fitness for domestic and irrigation purjioses are reported. A general summary of the results is given in the following table: Nnmlier and (■haracter of sarnplex. of irate r e.v((mined. Source. Total num- ber of waters ex- amined. Suitable ^"'tf-.Tr*'"" Of doubtful lie or , irrigation ^^'^■ purposes. Not suit- able for do- mestic or irrigation purposes. Lakes and streams 19 70 153 19 15 2 41 12 101 10 14 2 14 2 Springs 17 Common wells 49 Artesian wells 3 Reservoirs and irrigation ditches 14 Total 275 185 26 1 64 WATER — SOILS. 757 On investigations on drinking water, O. von Czadek (Ztschr. Landw. Ver- suchstv. Oestcrr., n {1'>0S), No. IJ, pp. 797-807, fig. 1). — This article discusses methods of bacteriological and chemical examination of water, describes a device for taking samples with precautions to be observed in the operation, and reports analyses of 22 samples of water. Notes on the water supplies in the Black Hills of South Dakota and vicin- ity, Ellen H. Richards {Tech. Quart., 16 {1903), No. 4, PI). 309-312).— ^a.niia.ry analyses of 14 samples of water from this region are reported. The water supplies of southeastern Alaska, Ellen H. Richards {Tech. Quart., 16 {1903), No. 4, pp. oO^-.iOA').— Sanitary analyses of 17 samples of water from dif- ferent localities in southeastern Alaska are reported. The author concludes that, "on the whole, the country seems to be well provided with good soft water fairly accessible. ' ' The industrial uses of water, H. de la Coux, trans, and rev. by A. Morris {London, 1903, pp. 364, ill.). Water supply, drainage, and epidemics, K. A. WiDECiREN {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, J4 {1904), No. 1, pp. 72-80). — The author shows the close connection of a great number of infectious diseases with drainage and water supply, and the impor- tance of securing a proper drainage scheme and a water supply which is protected from all chance of infection. Definition of physiological analysis of the soil, H. Vanderyst {Rev. Gen. Agron. \_LoHvnui:], 11 {1902), Ms. 9, pp. 410-421; 10, pp. 437-462; 12, pp. 552-559; 12 {1903), Nos. 1, pp. 23-30; 2, pp. 65-72; 3, jip. 115-120; 4, pp. 172-180; 5, pp. 218- 221; 6, pp. 273-276; 7-8, pp. 289-293).— K detailed discussion of this subject sum- marizing fully the author's views and extensive experience, and including extracts from various other authorities. The expression "analysis of the soil by the plant," as opposed to chemical analysis of the soil, was first used by Ville; later the expres- sion "physiological analysis of the soil" was substituted for it. These two phrases designate in a general way various methods, more or less analogous, used to determine the fertility and productive capacity of soils, and including pot, box, and plat experi- ments on different plants with various fertilizing materials. As the author points out, these methods of experimentation are synthetic rather than analytic, because they give at best only indications of the composition of the soil. The development of this method in Europe for experimental purposes was due very largely to the work of Ville, Joulie, Proost, the author, and others. The disappoint- ing results which had been yielded by chemical analysis caused the method to be welcomed with enthusiasm, and following the lead of Ville extravagant claims were made for it as a reliable and accurate means of determining the fertilizer requirements of soils for both scientific and practical purposes. The method appealed especially to the practical man and served a useful purpose in encouraging experiments on the fertilizer requirements of soils. The author was among the first to recognize the serious limitations of the method, and to attempt to perfect it so that it would yield reliable and useful results. His first studies along this line were made in 1887. Similar studies of the method were afterwards taken up by Smets and Schreiber, the oltject being to develop a suitable method for determining, with reasonable accuracy, the fertilizer requirements of the soils of Belgium for use in the preparation of agronomic charts. In this article the author attempts to point out the limitations of the method and to indicate the means by which it may be made stable, definite, and rational. At the outset the author sharply differentiates between physiological analysis of the soil and mere fertilizer experiments. The first to be of scientific value must inc-lude only experiments with simple and chemically pure fertilizing materials under clearly defined conditions as regards every detail, and has for its object the deter- mination of the fertilizer requirements of a given soil for a particular plant. Such 758 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ex|H'riiiient)^ rcqiiiro as luut'li skill us laboratory methods, and are tof) complicated for llu' average fanner to nndertake. Fertilizer exjjerinients are the logical supple- ment of i)hysiolof:i(al analysis, since their o])ject is to determine which of the various commercial fertilizing materials available will most etliciently and economically supply the fertilizer requirements indicated l)y the physiological analysis. Such exjjeri- ments may be made with advantage by farmers. jNIodern investigators clearly recognize the fact that the simple methods advocated by Ville and others are entirely unreliable, and that it is not possible to deduce from the results of such experiments by a simple calculation the exact quantities of fertil- izer to l)e restored in practice. Reliable results can be obtained, and these results can be properly interpreted only when the nuuienjus possible sources of error, })oth of execution and of interpretation, are taken into account and precautions taken to eliminate them as far as possible. The author enumerates the following points: (1) In the first place the law of minimum on which the method so largely rests is by no means absolute as applied to such experiments — i. e., the fertilizing constitu- ents are more or less replaceable or interchangeable, and the mineral composition of the plant varies to a considerable extent with the excess or deficiency of certain elements of ])lant food. Then again certain fertilizing constituents may improve onlj'^ the quality and not affect the quantity of the product. (2) A disturbing factor is also introduced by the fact that even in the simplest fertilizing material the constituent under investigation is necessarily combined with other constituents, and it is often difficult to tell how far the particular effect observed is due to the form of combination or to the associated constituents. (8) Moreover, certain fertilizers do not serve simply as sources of plant food, but also modify the physical conditions in the soil, act as solvent and diffusing agents, correct acidity and other unfavorable conditions, aid nitrification, etc. (4) The soil renders certain of the fertilizing constituents applied unavailable. If, for example, by analysis by the plant of a soil rich in organic matter a lack of phosphoric acid is found, one must not conclude a priori that restitution of phos- phates is necessary. This soil may be rich in unavailable phosphoric acid, and in that case it would be of greater advantage to destroy the excess of humus by liming, harrowing, etc. (5) Account nmst also be taken of the fact that some fertilizers are more soluble and diffusible than others and are less readily absorbed by soils. (6) With an abundant supply of water in the soil and free transpiration from the plant a smaller amomit of plant food in the soil may suffice for the needs of the plant than if the reverse were the condition. In other words, fertilizers are most effective when the water conditions are favorable. (7) The behavior of the plant during growth as well as the final weights must be recorded, because the two are sometimes contradictory. (8) In experiments with mixed herbage there is a special source of error due to the fact that a form of fertilizer which favors one plant of the mixture may be injurious to another. (9) There is always the injury due to birds, insects, and fungus diseases, etc., to be guarded against and taken into account. The results of physiological analysis of a soil vary with the species, variety, and sometimes the individuality of the plant, the quality of the seed, the physical con- ditions of the soil and air, and the form in which the fertilizers are applied. The results of experiments in pots and boxes are not strictly aj^plicable to field conditions, nor those of one year to another. From a physiological analysis made by means of oats we may not legitimately conclude that sugar beets, potatoes, clover, etc., would behave in the same manner in the same soil and under the same conditions of en\a- ronment. Such an analysis would have a considerable relative and indirect value WATER SOILS. 759 for all other cultivated plants if we knew more of the specilic roles of the different elements of i)lant food and the comparative needs of plants in this respect. The use- fulness of the method, however, is greatly impaired hy lack of exact knowledge of the physiological needs and functions of plants. It is evident that useful results can he obtained by the method only when it is employed under well-defined conditions, and the author offers the following general definition: Physiological analysis of soil consists of two or more comparative syn- thetic- cultui-al experiments, executed systematically with one or more species of cul- tivated jilants, in a soil moilitied in various suitable ways by simple and cliemically pure fertilizers, with the object of determining, on the basis of the examination of the plants and the quantity, quality, and mineral comj^osition of the crops produced the one or more necessary or useful fertilizing elements which are required by the one or more species of plants experimented with, under the conditions of environment in which the experiment is made. The author explains in detail how the conditions imposed l)y this definition may be secured in experimental work. He classes experiments as complete and incom- plete. The most simple incomplete analysis consists of two cultures, the one with complete fertilizer, the other with the same fertilizer minus a single element, neces- sary and indispensable or useful, to the experimental plant. The physiological analysis is com{)lete when it comprehends at least the following cultures: (1) Complete fertilizer, (2) complete fertilizer without phosphoric acid, (3) complete fertilizer without nitrogen, (-4) complete fertilizer without potash, (5) complete ferti- lizer without lime, (6) complete fertilizer without magnesium, (7) complete fertilizer without iron, (8) complete fertilizer without sulphuric acid, (9) complete fertilizer without common salt. For purposes of comparison a culture without fertilizer is generally added. Projierly speaking, the latter is not at all a part of physiological analysis. It is not only necessary to experiment with different kinds of plants, but to use as large a number as practicable of individuals of the same kind. Comparison is made in all cases with the culture receiving a fertilizer which is complete with reference to the needs of the plant and the character of the soil, all the other cultures receiving identically the same fertilizer, absolutely or relatively complete, with the exception of a single fertilizing element. The importance of using only simple and chemically pure fertilizers is strongly emphasized. The experiments must as far as possible be so made that the results may be inter- preted in strict conformity to the method of difference. This, however, is an ideal condition not realized in practice under present conditions of knowledge. The con- clusions as to the effect of the fertilizers experimented with must be based upon (1) the general aspect of the crops — height, color, resistance to parasites, to tendency to lodge, etc.; (2) tlieir quantity; (3) their quality — richness in sugar or starch, flavor, palatability to animals, etc.; and (4) their mineral composition — content of phos- phoric acid, potash, etc. In discussing the value of chemical and physical examination as a means of study- ing the productive capacity of soils, and as an adjunct to the method of physiological analysis, the author says that, as a general rule, up to the commencement of the nine- teenth century the most advanced agronomists occupied themselves almost exclu- sively with the physical properties of soils. The biological laws, which control the growth of plants, were for the most part unknown, and inexact, erroneous, or false ideas were current regarding the causes which determine the fertility of soils. On this point Liebig made the following observation in 1840: "It is very singular that our most distinguished, most capable agronomists have taken so much trouble the last sixteen years to demonstrate that the soil conserves all its fertility even when the fixed principles which it has lost are not restored to it. 23461— No. 8—04 3 7fiO KXPERTMENT STATION RECORD. Tlii'v tcMili lliat a Irrlilc licM is inexliaustil>lc in rcjiard to the fixi'd .su])staiu:cs wliicli i>laiils ciMitaiii, and coiisciiiicntly can never become deficient." In the autlior'sDiiiniun a^roiKniiists imbued with sucli prejudices could not attach anv real importance to chemical analysis of the soil. It should l)e stated, moreover, that the metlio(lsof chemical analysis were very imperfect at that time. In fact, the car!ii-r methods of clu-mica! analysis of soil were so unreliable and therefore came into sucii disrepute that many eminent chemists, includin»j Fresenius, jNIiintz, Risler, Colond)-Pradel, Schloesin. 5-14; '■-, pp. 117-186, pi. 1). — A discussion of the soil rc(juirenients of the different districts of Victoria. "Bleisand" and "Orstein," A. Mayer {Landw. Vers. Stat., 58 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. 161-192; abs. in Centhl. Agr. Chem., 32 {1903), No. 12, pp. 798, 795).— These two sul)stances, which are found associated with each other in humus soils, are defined and described. The first is a metallic-gray sand impregnated with humic acid, the second is a slightly coherent chocolate-brown sand strongly impregnated with humates of iron and aluminum mixed with more or less clay. The conditions essential to the formati(jn of the two substances are exj>lained. On the influence of the assimilable nitric nitrogen in cultivated soils on the action of tubercle bacteria, F. Nobbe and L. Richter {Landw. Vers. Stat., 59 {1903), pp. 167-174; (lbs. in C/iem. Ztg., 28 {1904), No. 3, Reperl. No. 1, p. 6').— Pot experiment during 1895, 1897, and 1898, on the influence of an abundance of nitric nitrogen in the soil on the activity of tubercle bacteria of hairy vetch are reported. The results show that the inoculated soils produced much larger crops, which were richer in nitrogen than the uninoculated soils. The nitrogen assimilation of the inoculated over the uninoculated soil increased as the nitric nitrogen in the soil declined, i. e., it was least the first year (1895) following applications of potassium nitrate (500 and 1,000 mg. of nitrogen to each 4.5 liter pots of soil which already contained 0.4 per cent of nitrogen); greater the second year (1897) when no nitrate, but a large amount of gtirden soil was added, which increased the soil nitrogen to 0.59 percent; and still greater the third year (1898) when no fertilizing m^jt^jrial was added and the soil nitrogen was only 0.38 per cent. 7i\'2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The after-effect of soil inoculation for leguminous plants on other crops, F. Noisnic and 1.. MuwiEu ( Lini (nmj), Xn. 3-4, pp. 17r>-177).— OhIs i iilekt {Fi'ihlbig^H Lmuhr. /J;/., r>;i [lfi()4), Xu. 1, ])]>. ^9-S4). — A general discussion of conditions favorable to nitrification. On denitrification in cultivated soil, G. Ampol.v and C. Ulpiani {(laz. Chim. Ildl., .,'.! (/!)(/.!), I J, p. ljr>; nh.s. in CJinn. Ztg., «7 {1903), No. 99, Reprrt. No. 22, p. 31')). — Investigations are re[>orted Avliich show that under ordinary conditions cal- cium nitrate, which is the natural i)roduct of nitrification, is not readily acted upon by the denitrifying organisms. In order to prevent loss of nitrogen it is necessary to abstain from applications of fresh coarse manure to the soil while nitrification is in progre.«s, and in order that sodium nitrate may be of the greatest benefit it must be a]>plied only after the manure has undergone very complete decomposition. Alkali and alkali lands, R. H. Lougiiridge et al. {Califorma Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp..>7-56). — This includes astatement with reference to the history of investigations relating to this subject with a list of publications treating of alkali lands which have been issued either by the California Station or elsewhere ])y the present director of the station; and analyses of alkali soils from different parts of the 8tate with refer- ence to geographic distribution and distribution in different depths of soil. Obser- vations on the latter subject at the San Joa<|uin Substation have shown that — "(1) Alkali of similar strengths or similar composition is not continuous over an area of more than a few feet, and may vary very materially even at nearer points. "(2) There is a very great difference and varialjility in the composition of each of the several salts in adjoining soil colunnis, being within danger limits in one and below the danger point for cultures in the other. Thus a culture sensitive to carbo- nate of soda and not to common salt might grow at a point 16 ft. east of the center line with its 1,160 lbs. of car])onate, while it would suffer if planted 16 ft. to either side, where the carbonate is 1,600 or 1,900 lbs. And similarly with reference to conmion salt on adjacent spots. This effect of varying amounts of an injurious salt is often felt in orchards and is marked by the suffering of single trees here and there. "(3) The rise of alkali toward the surface is seen in the accumulation of the several salts within the upper 2 ft. in each soil column, and in the progressive diminution downward from foot to foot; but the irregularity in rise is apparent when we take eacli salt in the column into consideration. The benefits of drainage, E. W. Hilgard [CaUfornkt Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 64, 65) . — A brief general statement of the benefits of drainage, particularlj' in connection with irrigation and where alkali occurs. Experiments in washing salt land, E. Gele {Jour. Khediv. Arjr. Soc. and School Aijv., 5 {1903), No. 3, pp. 83-90). The sanitary relations of the soil, H. B. Bashore {Sanitarian, 52 {1904), No. 410, pp. 42-44). — A brief discussion. FERTILIZERS. Annual report on the working of the sewage farm at Manjri for 1902-3, P. R. Mehta and J. W. Leather {Bombay, 1903, pp. 11, chart 1). — Comparative tests on sugar cane, onions, peanuts, yams, and other crops of the effluent from a septic tank and of the same effluent after passage through the contact beds are reported. The FERTILIZERS. 763 former was found to be much more effective as a fertilizer. This is due to the higher percentaiie of nitrogen in the etiluent. The average nitrogen content of the crude sewage at different periods was as follows: Nitrogen content of mide senrnje diiriiig (lill'ertnl ni(»iths<. [Parts per 100,000.] Total nitrogen. Aipmonia nitrogen. Organic nitrogen. 4.35 3.99 3.69 9.53 2.36 1.(53 ].51 2.60 1.99 2.36 2.18 March (16 30) 6.93 The richer sewage in >hirrh was due to addition of night soil. In the septic tank the sew'age lost 3 per cent of its nitrogen during the tirst 16'hours, and 4 per cent more in the next 8 hours during December; 10 per cent and 4 per cent, respectively, during January; and 19 and 3 per cent, respectively, in February. With the stronger sewage of INIarch the loss of nitrogen amounted to 22 per cent during the half month. Sim- ilar losses occurred when the etHuent from the septic tank was passed through contact beds, varying from 5 to 40 per cent of the original nitrogen of the sewage. The aver- age composition of the sewage as it left the septic tank was as follows: FertUlz'uKj conNlllitents in e(f1ue)it from septic tan/:. [Parts per 100,000.] Nitrogen Pho.sphorie acid Potash 4.07 1.92 1.47 January. 3.42 1.72 1.37 "If the irrigation rate be assumed as 4,000 gal. per acre per day this sewage would supply 1.5 lbs. nitrogen, 0.73 lb. phosphoric acid, and 0.57 U). potash." Influence of the nature of the exterior medium on the mineral composi- tion of plants, A. Hebert and G. Truffaut {Bui. Soc. Chiin. Paris, S. ser., 29 {190.i), No. ii4, ])p. 1235-1239). — The authors have already reported investigations (E. S. R., 9, pp. 451, 755; 12, p. 851) from which they concluded that a rational basis for fertilizing was furnished by chemical analysis of typical jjlants grown under normal i-onditions and the determination of the fertilizing constituents furnished 1»y the soil. They here report ash analyses of dracpena, chrysanthemum, cyclamen, and mint grown on fertilized and unfertilized soil, which seem to Ijear out this conclusion in that the mineral composition of the fertilized plants was not as a rule appreciably different from that of the unfertilized plants. The authors therefore conclude that for a given species of plant grown on a given soil the use of a complete fertilizer increases the yield but does not affect the mineral compo.sition. However, a special fertilizer like sodium chlorid or nitrate may increase the assimilation of the jirincipal element which the compounds contain without disturbing to any great extent the relative proi)ortions of the other mineral constituents. Influence of the nature of the exterior medium on the organic composition of plants, A. Hebert and E. Charabot {Bui. Soc. C'liim. I'aris, 3. ser:, 29 {1903), No. 24, pp. 1239-1247). — Experiments similar to those noted a1)ove were made to determine the influence of various salts of sodium, i)otassium, iron, and manganese 764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. on till" (irjianic composition of peppermint. The results show that with the excep- tion of nitrogen the relative proportions of the organic constituents were l)ut sliglitly affected, the only marked effect of the fertilizers ai)plic(l lieing either to increase or decrciise the yield. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by dead forest leaves, E. Henry {Ann. Sri. Agron., ,-'. scr., I'.iOJ-S, II, Ao.s-. ^, pp. 313-320; 3, pp. 321-327).— OhservaXions are recorded from which the conclusion is drawn that dead forest leaves, either alone or mixed with soil, have the jiower when resting upon a moist substratum of soil to lix tlie free nitrogen of the air. The dead leaves of forests growing on poor dry soils do not lix nitrogen at all or only in insignificant amounts. On the decomposition of dead leaves in forests, E. Henry {Ann. Sci. Agron., 2. ser., li)02-3, II, No. 3, pp. 328-333). — The observations recorded show that in case of leaves kept in zinc boxes the salts of this metal formed retarded decomposition of the leaves to a marked extent. Decomposition was most rapid in summer and almost ceased in winter. Leaves of the oak {Quercus robur), which are tough and rich in tannin, were decomposed more slowly than the leaves of hornbeam ( Carpi- nux l)i:tiiliis). Fertilizers for ne\v land, C. A. Mooeks ( Univ. Tennessee Record, 7 {1904), No. 1, pp. 31, 32). — In field experiments with potatoes, beans, peas, cucumbers, tomatoes, and radishes on naturally fertile and durable new land containing more than the average amounts of phosphoric acid and nitrogen for East Tennessee soils, it was found nevertheless that applications of quickly available phosphoric acid and nitro- gen gave profitable returns. The nitrates increased the vigor of the plants, while the phosphoric acid hastened maturity. On the phosphoric acid of Thomas slag-, T. Knosel {Cheni. Zfg., 28 {1904), No. 4, pp. 38, 39). — The author explains the merits of his patented ])rocess for the treatment of Thomas slag with concentrated sulphite solution. Florida phosphate trade {Engineer and Min. Jour., 77 {1004), No. 7, p. 285). — Statistics of exports of Florida phosphate during 1903 are given. These amounted to ()17,9S1 long tons. Perchlorate in nitrate of soda, A. Yekwei.i {Client. Weekhhid, 1 {1903), pp. 155- 159; abs. in Chem. CentbL, 1904, I, No. 3, pp. 206, 207).— The author claims that it is not established that the injurious effect observed from time to time in case of plants fertilized with nitrate of soda is due to perchlorate. He claims that nitrates contain- ing large amounts of perchlorate have often been used without injurious effect, while on the other hand the use of nitrate practically free from perchlorate has in some cases resulted in serious injury. On the action of perchlorate in nitrate of soda, B. Hjollema {('liem. Weelhkid, 1 {1903), pp. 125-129; abs. in Chem. CentbL, 1904, I, No. 3, p. 206).— \ reply to the article by Yerweij noted al)Ove. FIELD CEOPS. The culture substations, A. V. Stubenrauch {California Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 161-194). — The field work of the California substations for the season of 1901-2 is summarize kiln-drying the seed before sowing. 7G<5 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Sandy, I'otato, ami Tartar Kin<,' oats y'mldiMl 'M).)!, VA.(\, and :'>(5 bu. j)er acre, n\si>ectively. Wlicat on heavy and light, soils gave the best yields when sown at the rati" of 8 l>ks., as compared with 7, S», 10, and 1:5 pks. per acre. The experiments with alfalfa plainly showed the snperiority (jf the plats receiving ])otash in the fertilizer ai)i)lication. Knglish (iiant sainfoin rankem.s. 23 22i Per cent. 86. 30 84.50 86.12 88.50 Pounds. 7,091 7, 725 6, 773 6,284 Pounds. 316 314 386 470 Pounds. 6, 785 7,411 6,387 5, 811 Pounds. 357 339 478 437 Pounds. 6, 428 7, 072 5,909 5,374 In a fertilizer test with mangels, carried out at West Wycombe, a plat receiving 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda and 4 cwt. each of super2)hosphate and kainit per acre, yielded 26 tons per acre, being the best yield in the test. A 2)lat receiving 2 cwt. of common salt in addition to this application gave the same yield, while the plats receiving no manure or incomplete applications produced considerably less. Experiments were also made with different quantities of seed and different widths of drilling barley and oats. In both tests the drills were 7J and 11 in. apart. Barley was sown on 6 plats at rates ranging from 1 to SJ bu. per acre, making a difference of 2 bu. of seed between each 2 contiguous plats in the series. The yield of barley was ])ractically the same on both series of plats, but the wider drilling jiroduced the most straw. The proportion of small kernels as well as the average weight per l)ushel was greatest on the narrow drilled plats. On the wide drilled i)lats the largest yields were obtained from the use of 2 bu. of seed per acre. The weight per bushel in both distance tests was greatest from the smaller quantities of seed. In the experiments with oats the seed used ranged from 2^ to 5 bu. per acre, also making a difference of ^ bu. between any plat and the next one to it in the series. The total yield of grain and straw was the best on the narrow-drilled plats. The largest quantity of good grain was obtained from the narrow drilling, and from 2^ bu. of seed per acre. Good results were also secured where from 4 to 5 bu. of seed were used. Tests at Burghfield of fertilizers for hay on clay loam soil with very stiff clay sub- soil illustrated the lasting effect of ))asic slag, superphosphate, and kainit, these fer- FIELD CROPS. 767 tilizers having been applied 5 years ])efore. Tlie results of this season not only showed increased yields as compared with the check tests, but also an imiirovenient in the (luality of the herbage. lu'itilizer exi)erinients were also conducted on old pasture with cla}' soil of a brick- earth character and a red-clay subsoil. Barnyard manure and an application of 10 cwt. basic slag, 6 cwt. kainit, and 1 cwt. nitrate of soda per acre gave about the same increase over the unmanured plat, but the use of barnyard manure w^as the most expensive. Basic slag was not very effective on this soil, but kainit produced a very marked increase in the yield of grass. Field and other experiments, 1902, D. A. Gilchrist {County Councils Cumber- hnnl, Durham, (iiid Ndrthuuilurldiid ll))t. 190^, pp. 129). — This publication is a com- pilation of the results of cooperative experiments with fertilizers and seed mixtures for hay and pasture, together with other fertilizer and rotation tests. Cooperative experiments with fertilizer applications for permanent meadows have been in prog- ress for a number of years, and the results are here tabulated and discussed in detail. In each locality the experiments were conducted on different kinds of soils. Of a number of seed mixtures for hay and pasture in one of the tests a mixture consisting of 9.3 lbs. of Lolium perenne, 4.9 lbs. of Dactylis glomerata, 3.1 lbs. of Phleum pratense, 13 lbs. of Festucn pratensis, 0.9 lb. of Poa trimaUs, 2.3 lb. of Trifolium pra- tenM, 2.1 lbs. of T. ]tybridum,5.G lbs. of T. repens, and 0.3 lb. of Achillea millefolium per acre gave the best results. An apj)lication of 12 tons of barnyard manure with 1 cwt. nitrate of soda, 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia per acre, with another hundredweight nitrate of soda as a top- dressing after thinning, is recommended for mangels. The results obtained in these experiments are considered as confirming the general opinion as to manuring the mangel crop. In a test with swedes Fell Bronze Top and Arctic surpassed the others in content of dry matter. Considerable differences in the percentage of dry matter were presented by the same varieties of swedes grown on different farms. The indi- vidual root appeared to be the greatest cause of the difference, while such factors as variety, season, and soil are regarded as secondary. Experiments at the County Demonstration Farm, Morpeth ( County of Notihmnberland, Education Coin. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 19-41). — A sununary of experi- ments on meadows in progress for 6 years shows that the annual application of 8 tons of barnyard manure, y\ cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, -^^ cwt. of nitrate of soda, I cwt. of superphosphate, 75 lbs. of slag, and 50 lbs. of sulphate of potash per acre gave the best returns, being followed by the use of 8 tons of barnyard manure alone, with a yield of 5 cwt. per acre less. Complete applications of commercial fertilizers also gave good and profitable results, and giving h, of the nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda show^ed an advantage over sulphate of ammonia as the only source of this element. When potash was omitted the yield was not decreased, but the (juality of the hay was considerably better when it formed part of the application. The omission of nitrogenous fertilizers reduced the yield of hay about 5 cwt. per acre. The results of two 4-year rotations on the same land with different fertilizer appli- cations are given in tables. Turnips, oats, hay and oats were grown in the first rotation, and swedes, l)arley, hay and oats in the second. Barnyard manure wher- ever used in the first rotation gave good returns, and these were best when the manure was applied to the root crop. The highest returns were obtained from the ])lat on which roots received 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre. Practically the same profits were secured from a plat upon which the root crop received a stand- ard application of 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 5 cwt. superphosphate, and 1.25 cw't. of muriate of potash per acre, and where in addition another similar application was divided between the last 2 crops of the course and half of the crop of roots eaten on the land by sheep. The profits as here reported represent the total returns for 768 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD till' 4 years. Ti'ii Tons of barnyuid nianiire for the root croj) and a standard applica- tion (if couuncrcial fertilizers for tlu' liay also gave good results. Where potash \va.s withheld the total value of the crops for the entire course was reduced. Barnyard mainn-e alone was more satisfactory than the use of commercial fertilizers alone. In the second rotiition the ijuantity of muriate of jiotash in the standard applica- cjitioM was reduced to 1 cwt. A very marked reduction in the yield took place when jxitash was omitted. Doubling the standard apjilication for swedes did not ])enefit (lie crop, but resulted in an increase of 4i bu. ])(.'!• acre in the yield of the succeeding barley crop. The use of 3 times the standard a])plication for the hay crop was not ])roiital)le, but 1 cwt. snlphati' of amiiioniaapplied to each of the (cereals in addition to the eardless. Beardless. Normal form of head. Nutans type (no transverse furrow across base of grain). Long-haired rachilla. (Jlumes, nerves denticulated. /I'crr.s.s/rc characlers. Light or yellowish color t)i heads. Four-i'owetl. Six-rowed. Hoode>;estil>le proteids, without fxiviufr evidence of any actual increase in he hitter constituent. Analyses made of a single root kept for 1 year show a loss of 87.5 per cent in sugar, 20 per cent in crude liber, and 4.5 per cent in furfuroids. There was no loss in total nitrogen, but half of the digestible proteids changed to nonproteids, while the indigestible ])roteids remained essentially the same. The continuous growth of mangels for 27 years on the same land, Barn Field, Rothamsted, A. D. Hall {.Jour. Ruji. Agr. Soc. Enghmd, G3 {l:i02), jiji. 27-:,'j, I'kjs. 9). — This article has been noted from another source ( E. 8. R., 15, p. 465). The lime content of oats on limed and unlimed soil, H. G. Sodekb.xu.m (A'. Lmidi. Akad. Handl. och Tidstr., 42 {1003), pp. lOS, 109; aha. in Centhl. Agr. Chem., 3J (1903), No. 12, p. 847). — In pot experiments previously referred to (E. 8. R., 14, 1). 4.'U) different jihosphates were used with and without addition of varying amounts of lime, and it was found that in 8 out of 10 cases the lime content increased with the increase of the application of lime. As regards ])hosphoric acid the ojiposite effect was produced. Potato variety and manurial trials, K. J. J. Mackenzie {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Vol., ll}/i", 1903, Ao. 12, pp. 34-39). — The results of cooperative tests with commercial fertilizers and barnyard manure were not very successful, but it is believed that small (luantities of active commercial fertilizers applied with l)arnyard manure tend to increase the yield and im])rove the (juality over the use of barnyard manure alone. Among 5 varieties in a test carried out in this connection Charles Fidler and Up-to- Date gave the best yields. Si>raying ai)parently increased the yield per acre by about 1 ton. [Sweet potatoes], F. G. Sly {Dept. Agr., Central Provinces [7n(i/«] RiA. 1902-3, pp. 12, 13). — In this report it is stated that trials were made of 15 varieties of sweet potatoes, 12 indigenous and 3 American. The American varieties proved much the best, producing large crops of excellent tubers. A large number of plants of American sorts have been distributed to cultivators in the provinces. Culture tests with rye, 1899-1902, W. Edler {Arl>. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 1903, No. 84, pp. 171, pis. 9). — Cooperative culture tests were conducted for 3 years with 9 varieties of rye. The weather conditions of the seasons are described, abstracts from the reports of collaborators are given, and the results, including the yields of grain and straw and the weight per 1,000 grains, are reported. Brief descriptions are also given of growing plants of the different varieties in the plant nursery, of developing varieties, and of their resistance to winter weather and rust attacks. Lochow Petkus rye gave the highest average yield of grain in dry as well as in wet seasons. North German Champagne rye, owing to its low water requirements, is considered suitable for dry soils. On the better soils and in wet years this variety gave smaller yields of grain than most of the sorts tested. Alt-Paleschken rye stood first in yield of straw. The heaviest weight per 1,000 grains was in favor of Lochow Petkus, while Heine Improved Zeeland showed the highest weight per liter. The stooling capacity was greatest in Probstei, North German Champagne, Walkenhaus, and Russian Giant Stem, and the length of straw in Alt-Paleschken, Schlanstedt, Ru.ssian Giant Stem, and Walkenhaus. In thickness of stem, Schlanstedt, Heine Improved Zeeland, and Alt-Paleschken ranked above the others. Schlanstedt and Heine Improved Zeeland appeared to have the stiffest straw and North German Champagne the softest. It was found that North (ierman Champagne ripened earliest, followed a little later by Pirna, Probstei, Walkenhaus, and Russian (Jiant Stem, and these were again followed by Lochow Petkus, Heine Improved Zeeland, and Alt-Paleschken, while Schlanstedt HORTICULTURE, 773 ripened last. With reference to their winter resistance the varieties are ranked as follows: Alt-Paleschken, Probstei, North German Champagne, Russian Giant Stem, Walkenhaus, Pirna, Lochow Petkus, Schlanstedt, and Heine Improved Zeeland. The resistance to cold winters was below the average in the last 8 varieties. The experiments presented no data from which conclusions as to the resistance of the different varieties to lodging and rust could have been drawn. Improvement of sugar cane by chemical selection {Agr. News IBarhados], 3 {1904), No. 46, p. 10). — An absti'act is given of the main features of an investigation by J. D. Kobus on the subject of raising improved varieties of sugar cane l)y vegeta- tive reproduction. It was observed that the amount of sugar in the individual stems of the same plant was likely to vary greath'. For the experiment in question plants exhil)iting small variations were selected for 2>ropagation. The variability in the amount of sugar was greatest in thick-stemmed, older varieties, and least in young varieties recently selected from seed. The (juantity of sugar in the cane varied directly with the weight of the same. Heavy plants produced heavy offspring and the descendants of plants with a high sugar content were richer in sugar and heavier than unselected plants. Simple selec- tions, however, of cuttings of heavy plants produced forms generally richer in sugar but not markedly so, and the progeny of heavy plants poor in sugar seem to contain a smaller quantity of this same substance than the progeny of light plants with a low sugar content. Local variations in soil, which was apparently quite uniform, gave rise to great differences between individual plants. It was discovered that the increased vigor of plants as reflected in the larger yield of sugar was accompanied by greater resistance to'the sereh disease. Wheat experiments, A. D. Hall {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col., Wye, 1903, No. 12, pp. 31-33). — Cooperative tests with Square Head Master and Red Lammas were made on light loam with chalk subsoil, light sandy Icam, and deep loam soils. In general the yield of grain was in favor of Square Head Master and the yield of straw in favor of Red Lammas, which gave a longer and finer straw, but lodged more frequently than tlie other variety. On the light loam with chalk subsoil Red Lanuuas also gave the greater yield. Red Fife, Preston, and Percy obtained from Canada and sown April 21 yielded 28 bu. 30 lbs., 24 bu. 25 lbs., and 20 bu. 21 lbs., respectively. HORTICULTURE. The culture substations, A. V. Stubenrauch {CaUfornin Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. IG 1-194). — A general account is given of the growth and productiveness of orchard fruits, small fruits, and nuts, including apples, pears, quinces, almonds, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, olives, figs, walnuts, persimmons, and grapes grown at the Foothill, Southern Coast Range, San Joaquin Valley, and Southern California substations. An account of the work with field crops is given elsewhere (p. 764). Plums and apples at the Foothill Substation have done best on granite soil. On the hill lands at this station it appears to be essential to irrigate walnuts. At the Southern Coast Range Substation practically the whole of the second crop of grapes was destroyed by linnets which visited the station in immense flocks. A large numV)er of apples were grown at the San Joaquin Valley Substation, but under the climatic conditions of the station none of these varieties kept well. The summer temperature appears to be far too high for these fruits. Many of the apples are l)urut and shriveled on the trees before they reach maturity. Blight has been especially severe on pears at this station. Grajjcs yielded at the rate of 7 tons of fruit jteracre. At the Southern California Substation pear blight is noted as making rapid inroads on the station pear orchard. Duchesse d' Angouleme has proved one of the best late 774 EXPEIllMKNT STATION RECORD. suminor jK-ars at the sul)station, and appt-arK to be sutliciently resistant to ))liglit to enalile it to proiliUH- <:oo(l crops durint,' most of the season. A variety of fi}^ known as " Wliile Dattato" is considered tlie Ix'st white flj^ jrrow ii at the station. Nearly all varieties of . 90, 91). — Analyses, chiefly with reference to size, percentage of flesh, pits, and total sugar content are given for a number of sugar prunes and other prunes grown in different localities in California. The sugar con- tent of the sugar prunes in the fresh fruit varied from 13.7 to 20.53 per cent, and the average sugar content of California French prunes is given as 18.5 per cent. In the dried product the sugar content of the sugar jirmies was found to be 49.5 to 50 per cent, and the maximum sugar content in dried French prunes 54 \wr cent. Review of preliminary work at [Cranberry] experimental station, II. A. Ka.msev (Cnuiberrij Grover, 2 {1904), No. 2, pp. 2, 3). — Herewith is given a rather detailed account of the experimental plats and methods of treatment in the work on cranberry culture, carried out under the auspices of the University of Wisconsin. An experiment w'as made to determine the effect of stretching cheese cloth about 2 ft. above the vines for the prevention of blight. The cloth, however, was not put in place soon enough and some of the vines had already begun to blight. The berries continued to blight, however, under the cheese cloth, which seemed to indicate to the author that all blight is not caused by intense heat in the presence of water. Tests are being made of 187 varieties which have thus far been originated, and continued efforts are being made to secure more valuable varieties by cross fertilizing. Viticulture, E. II. Twight {California ,Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 111-113) .—Thin is an outline of the viticultural work that is now being carried on under the auspices of the station. A numl)er < f experimental plats have been established in different parts of the State, chiefly for the purpose of determining the adaptation of phylloxera- resistant stocks to the different soils of California. Two plats established in coopera- tion with this Department will be used to determine questions of adaptation, but mainly for testing the affinity of vinifera scions to resistant stocks. It is reported that the phylloxera is spreading throughout California, and planters are urged to use only resistant stocks in setting out new vineyards. Attention is called to the serious character of the Anaheim disease, which has been located in at least 3 important vine-growing districts. The use of cuttings from infected districts is condemned. HORTICULTURE. 775 Home-grown grapes in winter, D. M. I'fv'S'^i^G {Country Life in America, 5 {1904), Xii. //, ))]>. oO.'-.lo'i, .)'lS--iJl, Ji!.•<. 14). — This is tlie tifteenth of a series of Popular Handbooks of Practical Gar- dening, edited by Harry Ixoberts. Direc^tions are given for the culture and use of a lar"-e number of deciduous flowering trees and shrubs, including many American shrubs, deciduous shrubs and trees with ornamental foliage, evergreens, conifers, and bamboos. The book of herbs, Rosalind Northcote {London and New York: John Lane, 1903, pp. .iU, ph. IS, fi(/. 1). — This book is the twelfth of a series of Popular Hand- books of Practical Gardening, edited by Harry Roberts. Of the 212 pages in this book, but 12 are devoted to the culture of herbs, the remainder containing historical notes on the use of herbs in medicine, magic, decorations, heraldry, ornament, per- fumes, etc. The book has very little value from an agricultural standpoint. Pictorial practical fruitgrowing, W. P. WRUiiiT {London: CaxxcJlS: Co., Ltd., 1903, pp. I'j^, Ji(/.p- 313, 314). — An account is given of the development and present status of bulb culture in the South Atlantic States, more particularly east North Carolina. The author claims to have eradicated the Bermuda lily disease from his experimental fields. For a further account of the work see E. S. R., 14, p. 445. Pictorial practical rose growing, W. P. Wright {London and New York: Ca.ssell ct- Co., Ltd., 1903, pp. 1.52, 'pi. 1, figs. S7). — This is a ])rief popular guide to the propa- gation, pruning, and general culture of roses both out of doors and under glass. Numerous illustrations are designed to take the place of much of the descriptive and detailed matter usually found in books of this sort. FORESTRY. 777 Chrysanthemums and how to grow them, J. B. Wroe (London: W. II. iC- L. C(>/liiiijri
  • p. 138, pis. 17, figs. 41). — This contains suggestions on the use of vases and like utensils in which to exhibit flowers for decorative purposes. FORESTRY. The university forestry stations {California Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 195-201). — A review is given of the condition of the forestry stations, and a criticism offered of the jiresent method of carrying on these investigations. At present the funds are insuf- ficient for the proper carrying on of the work, and the writer thinks that more money should be put at the disposal of these forestry stations in order that the work may be extended in various lines. At the Santa Monica Station the principal investigations have been conducted with a view to planting a portion of the upper mesa, most of which was planted to species of eucalyptus, golden wattle, Catalina cherry, and Austrian pine. The results of the seed planting have not been very satisfactory, only a few of the pines and acacias coming up. A special effort was made to plant as large a portion of the plat to eucalypts as jiossible, in order to test the adaiitability of various species to forest l)lanting. The limited amount of available land made it impossible to plant more than a half acre of each variety, and it is hoped that from these plats more accurate and valuable data will be obtained than that hitherto secured, which was often based on a few individual trees. In planting these ])lats the operations were begun in November and continued through(jut the winter, a few plants being set in Fel)rnary and IMarch. Tlie results as shown in the growth of the different lots of trees indicate that fall j)lanting is best for coast regions where the winter temperatures do not fall below the freezing jjoint. • 778 EXPERIMENT STATTOlNr RECORD. A lirit'f lurount is jrivi'ii of Hit' distriltutioii nf inure tlian 10,000 trees to various tree [danters, the distribution lu-inj; made under definite conditions laid down by the station. At the Ciiico Forestry Station tlie principal investigations have been confined to setting out plantations of tanl)ark oak {(^ni'rcii>< ilensijlora) and cork oak (Q. nnher). Four acres each of tlu'st' \arii'ties were planted with the acorns. In the case of the tanbark oak the acorns were i)laceil in a sprouting bed before planting in the field and the ground was si)ecially j)repared for the reception of the young seedlings. A similar method was followed with the cork-oak acorns, but there was not time for the preliminary sprouting of them as they were received too late in the season. The weather succeeding the ])lanting was unfavorable to growth and germination, and in the case of the tanbark oaks only about 50 per cent germinated and grew for a few inches, after which many of the young seedlings perished. In the case of the cork oaks about 20 j)er cent of the acorns germinated, most of which remained alive. The results (jf these plantings show the difficulty of estalilishing plantations of oaks by seeding the open ground, and unless the season is exceptionally favorable either the surface of the soil should be mulched or the acorns sown under the i)rotection of forest litter. A comparison was made of the value of 1-year-old eucalyptus seedlings for trans- planting as compared with those 4 months old. Practically all of the larger trees died, while 80 per cent of the smaller ones survived. The results obtained confirm the previous experiences in other portions of the State. Southern forests twenty-five years ago and to-day, C. A. Schexck {Trades- mau, .50 {J004), Xo. 9, jip. 75, 7'/!, Ji'jx. 4)- — A review is given of the forest conditions in the Southern States, the status of 25 years ago being contrasted witli that of the present time. The lumber output in the South has risen in that time from a value of $40,000,000 to .'?180,000,000 annually, with a corresponding increase in the capital invested. Attention is called to the necessity of rational methods of management to preserve this industry and at the same time develop the agricultural resources of the region. Hawaiian forests, W. L. Hall {Furt'stry and Jrrig., !' {190.3), Xo. IJ, pp. 5S2-585, figa. 5). — A description is given of the forests of the Hawaiian Islands, leased upon recent observations of the author. Two distinct types of forest are recognized, one w'hich occurs at sea level in the drier portions of the islands, and the other on the mountain slopes at elevations of 1,000 to 8,000 ft. The first type is valuable on account of the timber and other products which it yields; the second for its protect- ive value. Much of the forest, which occurs near sea level, consists of algaroba or mesquite [Prosopis juU flora). The distribution and value of this species are com- mented upon and the character of the mountain forests described. Attention is called to the rapid decrease in the forest area, which is attributed largely to the grazing and tramping of cattle, and an outline is given of the proposed forest service whicli has been recently put in operation. The commercial aspect of Australian forestry, K. T. Scammell {(^ueendand Ai/r. Join-., Jo {mo.i), X(j. (J, pp. .'>77, 57S). — An abstract is given of an address by the author on the forest resources of Australia. According to the author, these comprise more than 107,000,000 acres of marketable timber. To this should be added 170,000,000 acres covered by inferior timber, which has a local value for building and general purposes. The commercial timbers of Australia are chiefly species of eucalyptus of which not less than 150 furnish valuable timber. Besides eucalyptus a number of other species are enumerated and their distribution and uses indicated. The forests of Algeria in 1903, Perriquet {Bui. Agr. Algcrie et Tmiisie, 9 {190-1}, Xo. 23, pp. .521-527).— A review is given of the forest condition of Algeria, the principal revenues of which are obtained from the timber and bark of the cork oak. FORESTRY. 779 The (lestriu'tive nature of forest fires, overgrazing, etc., is pointed out and the neces- sity lor a better system of management is shown. Tree planting- in the midlands of Natal, T. R. Sim (Agr. Jour, and Min. Jiec. [XdUil], (J [rjO-!), So. ..'0, pp. 7..'9-7S4). — In a ])ubli!cation noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 15, p. 588) the author lias given descriptions of timber trees suitable for jilanting in this region, and the present paper is designed more for the planting of trees as oniaiiientals. It is said that trees desirable for timber production may be used for landscape jjlanting, but many ornamental kinds liave little or no economic value, and on this account it is seldom worth while attemjjting to combine timber produc- tiiiii with scenic effect. In South Africa mixtures of fast-growing trees have usually piDved failures, and the most successful timber plantations are those in which only (uic species is used. Notes on the ornamental conifers in the lower Thames Valley, A. Worslev {.fiiiir. U(ni. Hurt. Soc. [London], 28 {1903), iVo.s. J-^', pp. i07-7/i).— Descriptions are given of a number of ornamental exotic conifers that have been planted in the lower Thames Valley, and notes are given on their relative hardiness and adaptability to different systems of planting. Forestry, W. Schlich {Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 11 {1903), No. 5, }ip. 131-142). — In a lecture delivered by the author a review is given of the forestry situation of (Jreat Britain, the sources of its present timber supply, and the steps to be taken to restore British forestry. It is said tliat 30 per cent of the land in Great Britain and Ireland is either entirely lying waste or used for rough grazing. Much of this is adapted to forestry, and the author believes that with proper attention it could be advantageouslj^ restocked. Experience in Saxony in forest management is cited, and some of the problems to be considered are outlined. The average annual production, cost of planting, value of soils for forestry, etc., are discussed, after which the author states that for economic forestry in (ireat Britain ash, sycamore, and oak should be planted on lands wiiich are adapted to them, and Scotch and Corsican pine and spruce with some larch on other lands. On very wet lands poplar will probably be found to be the most remunerative. The exploitation and management of forests, P. Mouillefert {E-cploitation ntr(d(inM. Ford. Versdclisu'., 7 (1903), p]i. :J74-317; f tliese investigations on the time of transphmting. For the most successful efforts in this line, trees should he trans- planted shortly after root growth is most active. Deciduous trees can be planted in autumn with more satisfaction than conifers, because their root activity lasts longer and the ■ 7). — An outline i)lan is given for forest protection and extension, the first of which consists of fire protection, the second of tree planting. For fire protection the author thinks that a study should l)e made of forest fires, and that all areas liable to injury should be mapped and patrolled for their protection. In regard to tree plant- ing, the author l)elieves that conifers offer the most promising field for investigation and suggests methods for collecting and planting their seed. Forest fires in the Adirondacks, A. Knechtel {Forestry Quart., 2 {1903), iVo. 1, pp. 2-13). — A discussion is given of the causes of forest fires, means of controlling them, the c(mdition in which the forest is left after a fire, and the vegetation that may spring up over the burned areas. The chief periods of forest fires in this region are April and May, and September and t)ctober. The causes of fires are quite numennis, all of which are discussed. In the Adirondacks the beech and hard maple are the most resistant to fire, while birch, on account of its loose bark, suffers severely. Hemlock and spruce are badly injured, and white pine, although somewhat resistant, is more easily injured than the hard woods. The burned-over areas of State lands are described and attention DISEASES OF PLANTS. 781 called to the fact thai under the present law the timber can not be removed, but remains to ultimately fall to the ground and serves to add fuel to future lires. Winter logging, R. V. R. Reynolds [Forestry and Iirig., 10 {J904), No. 1, pp. 20-J!>, ffjK. ») York State Sta. Bid. 241, pp. 251-292, pis. 12). — An account is given of the spraying experiments conducted under the 10-year spraying investigations, the plan of which was outlined in a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 14, p. 875). These experi- ments were conducted at the experiment station at Geneva and at Riverhead, Long Island, the efficiency of a different number of applications being comjiared. In addition, cooperative experiments were conducted with 6 farmers in different parts of the State, to determine the net profit in spraying potatoes under ordinary farm conditions. The fungicide used was Bordeaux mixture, and to prevent serious injury by leaf hoppers and potato bugs Paris green or a solution of white arsenic was added to the fungicide used in some of the sprayings. Comparisons were made between 3 applications during the growing season and spraying every 2 weeks. At the exijeriment station, as well as other points where the experiments were conducted, there was little injury from the early blight, but the late blight, I'hytoph- thora infestans, proved quite destrut^tive. The effect of the spraying was markedly shown by the prolonged growing season of the treated plants, and when harvested it was found that the yields were increased in proportion to the number of applications 782 EXl'KKIMKNT STATION RECORD. given theviiu's. At tlie station :\ sprayinjis incrrascil the yiclil S8 bii. per acre and 5 si)rayinj,'s ISS hn. i)er acre. On Lon-,' Island llic incnascl yield due to 8 sprayings was Hi).') l)u. per acre, and when 5 applications were given the vines the increase was 5() Itu. per acn-. As in the previous year's investigations, the chemical analyses of the tul)ers from sprayed i)lants sliowed that tliey containi-(l a larger i>ercentage of dry matter, mostly starch, than the uusprayed potatoes. The object of the cooperative experiments was to overcome the objection often made that experiments as conducted by the station d it give results that could be obtained in ordinary farm practice. In these six cooperative trials 61.166 acres were sprayed. With a single exception, every one of the experiments proved highly successful, and the total increase with the 6 experiments was .S,746 bu., or an average of 61.24 bu. per acre. This increase was worth $1,873, and subtracting from this amount the total expense of si)raying, $296.49, there is a remainder left of $1,576 51, or a net profit of |25.77 per acre, to be attributed to spraying under farm conditions. The details of all experiments are given. Should potato growers spray? II, F. H. Hall et al. {New York State Sta. Bui. '241, popular ed., pp. 12, _fi(p. ,?) .— A pojjular summary of the above bulletin. Proof of the identity of Phoma and Phyllosticta on the sugar beet, G. G. HEiMiCOCK {Juur. MycoL, 10 {1904), No. 69, pp. 2, S; al>s. in Science, n. .s^r., 19 {1904), No. 474, p. 172). — It has long teen suspected that an intimate relation existed between the leaf Ijlight and root rot of sugar beets, but so far no cultural ])roof has been offered to show their identity. The author reports a large nnml)er of cultures from sugar beets decaying with a tyjacal l)lack crown rot caused by Phoma, and from the peculiar concentric brown leaf spots produced l)y Phyllosticta. In all, about 50 cultures were made and no important differences could be deter- mined l)etween the organisms in the different sets. For the purpose of proving the identity of the fungi, sugar beets were grown in the greenhouse and inoculated with the 2 organisms, control plants being main ined, and from both sets leaf spots bear- ing mature pycnidia were taken, the fungus isolated, and pure cultures made with the same results as before. Beets whose roots were sound and healthy but whose leaves were diseased were placed in a moist silo, and in a month or so the petioles had become decayed and the crowns affected witli all the characters of the typical Phoma rot. The work reported indicates that in the case of the beet there is only one species of fungus producing these 2 diseases, and according to priority of generic names, the organism should be placed in the genus Phoma. It seems probable that the various sju'cies described upon sugar beets, garden beets, and mangels are identical. A note on Rhizoctonia, G. G. Hedocock {Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 470, p. 26S). — According to the author, the bean crop in the vicinity of St. Louis was severely injured during the i)ast year by the fungus Rhizoctonia, which not only attacked the stems and larger leaves of the plants, l)ut produced l)rown, sunken areas on the surface of the pods, penetrating the latter and discoloring the seeds. Examination of a number of seeds whose surface was discolored disclosed the fact that the mycelium of the fungus had established itself in the seed coat and in many instiinces had formed minute sclerotia without rotting the seed or penetrating the cotyledtins. Pure cultures of the fungus were easily obtained from such seeds and the presence of the organism did not in any way prevent the germination of the seed. From this it follows that the seed may be a common means of disseminating the disease, and on that account discolored beans should not be planted. Apple black spot, J. Hamilton {Queemktn(lA(jr. .Tour., 13 {1903), No. G, p. 555). — A brief account is given of experiments in spraying apple trees for the prevention of black spot. Perfect success is said to have followed the thorough spraying of the ENTOMOLOGY. 783 trees with a solution composed of copper sulphate 4 lbs., alum 2 lbs., lime 3 lbs., and water 30 gals. Directions for the preparation and api)lication of this fungicide are given. Some diseases of coflfee, A. L. Heukeka {Com. J'ctmxit. ^l(jr. [Mcrico], ('Ire 1, j>p. S, Jig. 1). — Notes are given on the diseases of coffee caused by StiUmm ffdridmn and S})}i:rrell(i coffeicola, the former of which is said to cause great damage to coffee plan- tations. The thorough use of Bordeaux mixture is reconmiended as a preventive measure, and extensive experiments are l)eing inaugiu'ated to thoroughly test the elticiency of this treatment. The use of copper fungicides and the quality of the copper sulphate ( CIi ron. Ai/r. ('anion Vand, IH {1903), Xo. 21, pp. 597-599). — Attention is called to the great variation in the quality of the copper sulphate supplied by the markets in 1903 and the consequent variation of the results obtained when applications were made for the control of fungus diseases. In order to secure the best results, it is claimed that some attention should be paid to the quality of the chemicals used and that a Federal contr(.)l should be established for the guaranty of the purity of such products. ENTOMOLOGY Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington {Proc. Ent. Soe. Washington, 6 {1904), A"o. 1, pj). GO, figx. 4). — At the meetings of the society the follow- ing papers were presented: The Occurrence of the Earwig-fly, Meropc tuber, H. S. Barber; Branched Hairs of Ilymenoptera, and An Orthopterous Leaf- roller, by A. N. Caudell; The Genera of the Dipterous Family Empididpe, and A Brief History of North American Dipterology, by D. W. Coquillett; An Insect-collecting Trip to British Columbia, by R. P. Currie; Description of the Larva of Etlnnia zdlerUila, Description of the Larva of Lltodonta hjidroineli. Note on the Distribution of the Red Forms of Diacrisia, A Lepidopteron Parasitic upon Fulgoridie in Japan {Epipyrops nawai, n. sp.), Ilaleaidotu maculata and Its Varieties, The Larvte of the Mosquitoes Megarhimis rutilus and M. portoricensis, Notes on the Mosquitoes of British Columbia, A New Variety of the Noctuid Exyra seinicrocea {Exyra .^emicrocea htd^hardiami, n. var.), and A New Genus and Species of Tortricidie, by II. G. Dyar; Remarks on the Genitalia of Podisus cynicus and P. brarteatas, by O. Heidemann; The Cotton-boll Weevil in Cuba {Anthonomus grandls) , by E. A. Schwarz. In the last-nametl paper the author reports his experience in studying the cotton- boll weevil in Cuba. First it was suspected that this insect might have some native food plants other than cotton. It was impossible, however, to find the weevil upon any plants except cotton. It was found feeding upon "loose cotton" {Gossypium brasilifnse), and upon "kidney cotton." The weevil is not especially common ui)on or injurious to either one of these species, but the evidence obtained by the author indicates that the "kidney cotton" is the original food plant of the cotton-ljoll weevil, and tlie author believes that this insect has no other food plant than species of cotton. No parasites of the cotton-boll weevil were found in Cuba. Report of the entomologist, G. W. Herrick {Ml.'fsis.vippI Sta. llpt. 19o.i, pp. 24, 25). — Brief notes on insects injurious to pecans, peach-tree borer, Colorado jwtato beetle, harlecpiin cabbage bug, San Jose scale, pine-leaf beetle, fall webworm, and chicken mite. Entomology, C. W. Woodworth {California Sta. lipt. 190i^-:l, pp. 104-110). — A brief re\iew is given of the entomological work of the station for the period 1901-3. Ab.stracts are given of the bulletins published during this time. Si)ecial attention is called to the work in coudjating grasshoi)i)ers and red spiders, in studying the sub- jects of ])each-tree borers, fumigation, California distillates, etc., ami moscjuitoes. 784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlu' injury due to ((Mlling; moth has apparently increased (hiring recent years and nii'tliods for eonil)atinj;; tliis insect will l)e investigated. Injurious insects of 1903, 1". 1^. Washhuhn (0.>', pj). XVI -] 1S4, ]il. 1, Jii/s. J J!)). — A general account is given of the insects wlucii jirovetl to be specially injurious in Minnesota during the year 1903. The author ol)tained evidence which he considers as i)roving that there are 2 annual l)roods of the Hessian fly in Minnesota. In combating this insect the author recom- micikIs the usual remedies. All outl)reak of chinch l)ugs occurred in Stearns County and caused considerable damage. In controlling this pest it is reconnnended that rubbish be cleaned up and burned and that millet l)e planted in a narrow strip around cornfields in order t(j j)rotect the corn. It is also sugge.sted that corn be planted only at some distance from wheat and barley. Notes are given on injuries from grasshoppers, together with a copy of a law i)assed by the Minnesota legislature regarding the destruction of grasshopiJers. A test was made of the Criddle mixture in poisoning grasshoppers, with fairly satisfactory results. Some farmers who have used this mixture report success, while others failed to see any good results from its use. Notes are also given on the quality of Paris green sold in Minnesota and on a large nund)er of insects injurious to orchards and nurseries. These insects are arranged according to a key for identification, based largely on a scheme proposed by W. Loch- head. The chief features of the inspection laws of various States are mentioned and notes are given on grain plant lice, squash l)Ugs, cutworms, potato beetles, cock- roaches, ants, carpet beetles, granary insects, etc. Formulas are also presented for the preparation of the more important insecticides and fungicides. The monthly bulletin of the Division of Zoology, H. A. Subface {Pennsylva- nia Slate Depl. Acjr., Mo. Bui. Div. ZooL, 1 {1904), Xo. 10, x)p. 32, ■pis. 2). — Brief notes are given on remedies for the control of San Jose scale and other injurious insects and plant diseases, together with an account of lime-sulphur-soda wash, and notes on the economic value of birds. Some entomological notes, F. F. Ckevecceltr {Ent. News, 14 {1903), No. 2, pp. 47-50). — Notes are given on the prevalence and distribution of insects in Kansas. The author states that his collection of insects has suffered greatly from the attacks of museum pests. After trying many remedies for these pests the best success was had in fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. The pest which caused most trouble was Trogoderma tarsale. Agricultural pests in the Government of Tomsk in 1902, V. Soldatov {SeM: Khoz. % Lijesov., 211 {1903), Dec, pp. 600-644). — The author discusses the influence of rainfall and other climatic conditions upon the prevalence of injurious insects. The insects to which most attention was given in these studies were locusts and various species of cutworms and related Lepidoptera. The enemies of agriculture, A. L. Herrera {Las plagas de la Agricidtura. Mexico: Miniaerio de Fomento, 1902, jip- 627-705, figs. 27). — This number completes the author's handbook on the subject of insect and fungus enemies of agriculture, and includes a discussion of the enemies of tobacco, grapes, and rice. Insect pests of coffee in South India, H. M. Lefroy {Dept. Agr. India Bid. 2^ pp. 19). — The chief insect pests of coffee in India belong to the family Coccidag. Some of these pests injure the shade trees of coffee while others attack the coffee plant directly. Among the insects injurious to shade trees of coffee, mention is made of Pulrinaria jjsidii, Lecanium imbricans, and L. ejpansinn. The pests of coffee to which chief attention is given are mealy bug, Lecanium hemispluericum, L. riride, Xylotrechus quadripes, and Zeuzera coffex. Formulas are given for the pre]mration of kerosene emulsion, resin wash, tobacco and soap washes, and a mixture of lime and sulphur. ENTOMOLOGY. 785 A bibliography relating to insects injurious to bark, A. L. ITerrera {Bol. Com. Par. A(/r., .' (I'Jii-'.), X<>. o, jip. 104-114)-—'^^^(' listof articles relatiiijj to the sub- ject is largely ooivipileil from Iiini'd Lifi' an}>■ 4^7-469). — This article is in the nature of a monograph of the various species of Coccid;e found in middle and northern Europe. These l)elong tll-weevil problem was called by Gov. W. W. Heard, and held sessions in New Orleans, November 30 and December 1, 1903. At these meetings a number of speak- ers took an active part in the discussion, and various papers were presented on differ- ent aspects of the boll-weevil problem. The distribution and general economic aspects of the question were discussed by A. Brittin and C. Schuler. J. H. Connell sjtoke on the prospects of the cooperation of this Department in combating the boll weevil. An account was also given of the spread of the insect and the difficulties to contend with in exterminating it. \V. D. Hunter referred to the work which has already been done by this Depart- ment in fighting the boll weevil in Texas. The speaker stated his opinion as being that extermination of this insect is impossible. Attention should be directed to keeping the pest in check by means of proper rotation of crops and cultural methods. The j)roblem of protecting Louisiana against invasion by the boll weevil was dis- cussed by H. A. Morgan. Attention was called to the importance of the fact that ill the United States cotton is the only known food jalant of the boll weevil. This fact may be made use of in a system of rotation for preventing invasion by the pest. The habits of the insect were described in detail for the purpose of illustrating feasi- ble methods of eradication. S. A. Knapp referred to the interest manifested by the Secretary of Agriculture in checking the ravages of the boll weevil, and outlined the methods of procedure which have been adopted on demonstration farms. The speaker stated that the results obtained on such farms have been so satisfactory as to induce many other farmers to put the same methods in practice. The legality and constitutionality of proposed legislation for preventing the spread of the boll weevil from Texas into Louisiana were discussed by J. C. Pugh and W. Guion. The morning session of December 1 was devoted largely to a discussion of the economic importance of the cotton-boll weevil to various commercial interests. The planters' interest in combating the boll weevil was discussed by F. P. Stubbs; the merchants' interest, by J. M. Parker; the bankers' interest, by S. M. Lawrason, and the oil mills' interest, by S. P. Sullivan. The speakers described the injurious effects of the unrestricted sjjread of the boll weevil upon the development of the various industries. F. M. IMuUer read a paper on Birds in their Kelation to the Boll Weevil. In this paper attention was called to the importance of birds in controlling the injurious insects and the necessity of protecting the most beneficial birds. Resolutions win-e adopted calling upon the farmers to exercise unusual precaution in jjreventing the importation of the boll weevil, urging cordial cooperation with this Department, and 780 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. i>. 1S8-I9I, Jii/s. 4). — An outline is given of the econoniic importance of the pest, its habits, life history, and ravages in Texas, and the work of this Depart- ment and the State of Texas in cond)ating it. Considerable advantage has been found in the cultivation of an early crop of cotton from northern seed and grown in rows farther apart than has heretofore been the custom. In the author's oi)inion it will be iini)ossil)le to stoj) the distribution of the i)est into various parts of tiie coun- try where cotton is grown, but the hojie is expressed that its ravages may be largely (•ontroll('. 5). — This pest first appeared in Ontario about 7 years ago and has been fought assiduously with the result that the problem of controlling it appears simpler at the j^resent time than ever before. Good results have been obtained from the use of various insecticides, and the author recommends these insecticides in the following order of effectiveness: Lime-sulphur- salt mixture, crude petroleum, crude petroleum and whale-oil soap emulsion, whale- oil soap solution, carbolic wash. While these remedies are all effective they are not all eijually inexpensive. The whale-oil soap solution proved to l)e too expensive for large orchards. The liine-sulphur-salt solution apparently killed all the San Jose scale and was also effective against scurfy bark-louse and oyster-shell bark-louse. Two preparations of carbolic wash were used, one for winter and one for summer appli- cations. This wash appears to be valuable in controlling the plant lice on apple, plum, cherry trees, and also as a fungicide in the control of peach-leaf curl, apple scab, lirown rot of plums, etc. Orchard studies. — XIV. The lime-sulphur wash, W. B. Alwood and J. L. Phiijjps ( Virginia Sta. Bui. I4I, pp. 215-24G,figs. 17). — The various fcjrmulas recom- mended by different investigators for the preparation of the lime-sulphur-saltwash are })resented in ta])ular form. From a study of these tables it aj^pears that in 100 gal. of the mixture the (juantity of lime varies from 15 to 66 lbs., sulpiiur from 15 to 33 lbs., and salt from 16 to 25 lbs., while the time of boiling varies from 40 minutes to 3 hours. The authors attempted to determine the chemical composition of the compound for the purpose of reducing the system of its preparation to a definite chemical basis. The objections raised by horticulturists against the use of this insecticide are that so much apparatus is required in its preparation and that the length of time re(]uired for boiling it is so long. In the first experiments made by the authors the formula used was as follows: 50 ll)s. lime, 50 lbs. sulphur, and 12i lbs. salt per 100 gal. of water. Several modifications of this formula were also tested and the period of boiling was varied to considerable extent. Tests were made of the specific gravity of mixtures of various strengths; during these experiments it was found that the ENTOMOLOGY. 787 fspet'ilic siravity varied from 1.001 to 1.071. A fornnila containinjj 25 lbs. lime, 20 Ihs. sulphur, and 20 11)^=. Hulphate of copper per 100 gal. water gave excellent results. As a result of these tests and other experiments with this mixture the author recom- mends in general the following forintda: Lime 30 lbs., sulphur 80 lbs., salt 10 lbs., water 100 gal. As a winter wash llic author recommends 2 treatments, one in November or December and the other in February or March. Experiments were also made in applying this mixture to the trunks and branches of trees in July, August, and September. As a result of these experiments the author reconunends lime-sulphur wash as a summer treatment for apple trees, and believes that it may prove safe for peach and other fruit trees. liime, sulphur, and salt wash for San Jose scale, F. Sherman, Jr. {Xorth Carolina. Dipt. Agr., Eid. CI re. o,])]!. S). — Brief notes are given on the formulas used in the preparation of this insec-ticide, extent of the application of the wash in North Carolina, and directions for pre[)ariiig and ajiplying it. Some recent spraying experiments, W. M. Scott {J'roc. Cronjia Stutc Jlort. «S'oc., ~'7 {lOO.i), pp. S6-97,figs. 4). — Notes on the application and effectiveness of lime-sulphiir-salt wash as a winter and spring spray, and also of the lime-sulphur- bluestone wash. Notes are also presented on the value of these washes and Bor- deaux mixture in the control of peach-leaf curl. The codling moth, J. Lanc; {Jour. Dept. Agr. Vkiorla, 2 {I'JO.i) , No. 1, pp. 58-60). — According to the author's experience there are 2 broods of the codling moth per annum in Australia. The author calls attention to the necessity of clean cultivation and destruc-tion of rubbish in coml)ating this insect, and recommends sjtraying with Paris green at the rate of 1 lb. to 160 gal. of water to which 6 lbs. of lime have been added. Pigs for the destruction of codling moth larvae, J. Brpdekick {Agr. (thz. Nor South Wales, 14 {1903), No. 11, ]>. 1077). — The author reports excellent results in the destruction of the larva* of the codling moth and the prevention of injury from this insect by allowing pigs to remain in the orchard during the whole season. The round-headed apple-tree borer, F. Sherman, Jr. {Xorth Carolina Dept. Agr., Kni. Circ. o, pp. o,pg. 1). — In c()ml)ating this species the author recommends digging out the larvic, mounding the trees, and using certain protective devices, bands, etc. Notes on the early stages of Corylophodes marginicollis, A. W. Morrill {Ent. News, 14 {1903), No. 5, pp. 135-138, pi. 1). — This insect is reported as occurring on the leaves of horse-chestnut trees. The larvae and adults were found feeding upon a fungus which grows on the under side of horse-chestnut tree leaves and which was identified as Uncinula ftexuosa. The insect is described in its various stages and brief notes are given <>n its distrilmtion. The resin-gnat Diplosis and three of its parasites, Lida S. Eckel {Ent. News, 14 {1903), No. 9, pp. 279-2S4, pi. 1). — Pine trees in the vicinity of Woods Hole are said to be extensively infested with Diplosis resinicola. The habits of this insect are mentioned and a description is given of the insect in its ^'arious stages. Notes are also given on 3 parasites of this insect, including a form which is described as a new species under the name Syntasis diplosidis. A subterranean root-infesting fulgorid, H. Osborn ( Ohio Nat., 4 {1903), N^o. 2, ])p. 42-44). — The autlior describes as new under the name Mynclus i-adlcis a species of Fulgoridfe found upon the roots of several kinds of plants, including grasses. Notes are given on the habits of this insect and ujion its possible economic imijortance. Contributions to the life history of Gelechiananellafroman economic point of view, J. T. HocGHTON [Ent. M>>. Mag., 2. ser., 15 {1903), No. 105, pp. 219-221).— The larvaj of this insect were observed mining in the leaves of apricots and boring into the leaf buds. The burrows thus produced were lined with silk. The species 788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. uHually iiifents pear trees, but was observed on apricots, jjeaehes, elierries, plum, and apple trees. The inseet is described in its various stajjes. The dorsal g-lands of the larvae of Heteroptera, J. (Julde {Ber. Senckenherg. Nitdirf. (leKcll. l!i(l.', I'll. 8'>-lo^', ji/ti. L^). — A lar^a^ nunil)er of species are considered in this study and the anatomical structure and function of the dorsal jjlands in these different species are studied in a comparative manner. These glands are l)elieved to serve the same function us the dermal glands in cockroaches and the defensive glands of myriapods. The light organs of native Lampyridae, J. Bongardt {/jKchr. WIsx. Zoo/., 75 {][)().>), No. 1, jJp- 1-45, pl-f- S,Jiri>i. 4)- — Tlie author made a detailed study of the anatomy and physiology of the phosphorescent organs in insects of the family Lampyrida^ especially iMrnpyris voctiluca. The light organs were removed and sub- jected to the action of drying, heat, and various gases. It was found that these organs continued to emit light for periods of several days, even when subjected to tlie influence of inert gases, such as carbon dioxid and hydrogen. The Inminosity of the organs, however, soon ceased when these gases were passed over in a constant stream. It is concluded therefore that the cessation of the production oi light is not dne to the influence of the mert gas of itself, but to the action of the gas in motion. Urticating larval hairs, E. A. Cockayne (Entomologist, 36 {1903), No. 483, jjp. '201-ii03). — A Ijrief reference is made to a considerable number of species of Lepi- do])tera in which the larvM' bear stinging hairs. The plum webbing sawfly, H. T. Fernald [Ent. Nens, 14 {1903), No. 9, pp. H9S-302). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of Lyda rufipci and the insect is described in its various stages. The hiljernating larvte pujaate in IVIarch below the roots of grasses. The length of the feeding jieriod is from 26 to 30 days. This insect has thus far not occurred in large numbers about Andierst, l)ut it is believed that should it l)ecome abundant it would cause considerable damage to plum trees. Destruction of the winter eggs of phylloxera by means of lysol, G. Cantin {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 7 {1904), No. 4, pp- 1.'7 , 128). — The author reports excellent results in the destruction of phylloxera from the use of lysol. This remedy was applied to the trunks of grapes in a 4 or 5 per cent solution. Graj^evines thus treated bore good crops of fruit, while control vines situated under the same condi- tions died within a season or two. A new oak-tree pest, 0. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), No. 6, pp. 655-658, pi. 1). — The author describes Phylloxera corticalis as a new pest of oaks in South Africa, where the number of insect pests of the oak is exceedingly limited. This fact is apparently due to the introduction of seed for raising oaks, thus preventing the simultaneous introduction of oak pests. The species described in the article is considered pierhaps the most injurious of the oak pests of South Africa. In some instances it almost entirely covers the bark and causes the weak- ening or destruction of the trees. Among the natural enenues of this pest the author mentions a ladylnig (7'7.rw//o)//».s vigroiiKicalatKs). A knowledge of certain forms of Pieris napi, F. Wagner ( Verhaitdl. K. K. Zool. Hot. Gesell. Wieri, 53 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. 174-178, pi. i).— Notes are given on the variations in color pattern observed in the males and females of Pieris iiapi, espe- cially in forms usually referred to as sulphurea and snlphurcotincta. Sirex, II. Faes {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 16 {1903), No. 23,pp.644-647, figs. 3).— Notes on the habits, life history, and means of combating Sirex juvencus and S. gigas. Help notes toward the determination of British Tenthredinido9, F. D. MoKK-E {Eut. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 15 {1903), Nos. 157, pp. 9-14; 159, p]i. 53, 54; 161, pp. 114-119; 164, pp. 187-193; 166, pp. 242-245, figs. 9).— The author ])resents an account of the more important anatomical characters of this family of insects for the purpose ENTOMOLOGY. 789 of furnishing convenient means for separating the various species. A synoptic table is also given to assist in the identification of the genera of this family occurring in Great Britain. The life history ofVanessa antiopa, F. W. Frohawk {EntomologiM, 36 {1903), No. 476, pp. 2-5). — Brief notes on the life history and liabits of this insect in its various stages. The destruction of fruit pests, A. H. Benson {Qiwendand Acjr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 6, }ip. 53S-553, ph. 4)- — Directions are given regarding suitable kinds of spraying apparatus and methods of applying spraying materials. Notes are also presented on various insect and fungus pests together with directions for the preparation and use of Paris green, kerosene emulsion, resin wash, lime-sulphur-salt, whale-oil soap, sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, and ammoniacal copper carbonate. The author also descril)es the apparatus which is necessary for use in fumigating orchards with hydro- cyanic-acid gas, and presents a table showing the amount of materials to be used on trees of different sizes. Insecticides and their use, J. B. Smith {New Jerse;/ tStas. Bui. 160, pj>. 27). — In this Imllctin the author discusses the use and effectiveness of insecticides in general, and presents special notes on the jireparation and use of Paris green, green arsenoid, London purple, arsenite of lime, arsenate of lead, Bordeaux mixture, poisoned bait, lime-sulphur-salt, lime-sulphur-soda, sulphid of potash and lime, crude petroleum, soap washes, whale-oil soap, lime, tobacco, sulphur, ]>>rctlirum, carbolic acid, sulphur, and bisulphid of carbon. Spraying- apparatus, F. Sherman, Jr. {North Carolina Dcpt. A(/r., Ent. Circ. 4, VP- ''i .''.'/•''■• 4)- — General i-econimendations are given concerning kinds of pumps, nozzles, and other insecticide ap})aratus which should L'e used in jiracticc. Rules and regulations of the Board of Horticulture of British Columbia, J. R. Anderson {Victoria, B. C: Bd. Ilort., 1903, jjp- 7). — A t'0])y is given of the rules and regulations of the Board of Horticulture made according to the Horticul- tural Board Act. Notes are given on the treatment of nursery stock, together with recommendations on the methods of jireparing and applying various insecticides. Suggestions to purchasers of nursery stock in North Carolina, F. Sherman, Jr. {NortJi Carolina Crop Pe.it Com. Circ. 5, n. scr., pp. 9). — Notes are given on the duties of the inspector and on the proper form of certificate, and Iniyers are warned against purchasing trees infested with fungus and insect pests. Notes are also given on the proper care in cultivating and spraying trees in order to prevent injury from such jiests. Examination of " Nature's Wonder " fertilizer-insecticide, G. E. Colby ( Cali- fornia Sta. Rpt., 1902-3, p. 93). — An examination of this sul)stance, which was claimed to be both a fertilizer and an insecticide, showed tliat it is harmless to insects and that its fertilizing value is very slight. Notes on the insecticide use of the gasoline blast lamp, S. A. FoKtJEs (7///- noinSla. Bill. S9, pp. 145-154)- — The literature relating to the use of the gasoline blast lamp in the destruction of insects is briefly reviewed. It appears that this aj)paratus has been used in combating harle(iuin cabbage bug, San Jose scale, cotton-boll weevil, aster beetles, chinch bugs, scale insects, caterpillars, fungus diseases, etc. A number of experiments were made, and a report is given upon the same, by E. S. G. Titus. It api^ears from these experiments that a modified form of gasoline torch, very similar to the ordinary plumber's torch, when under the greatest possi- ble pressure gives a flame with sufficient heat to singe hair at a distance of 10 to 12 in. The effect of this heat was tested on scurfy scale, Forbes scale, woolly aphis, fall webwonns, meadow moths, various caterpillars, including cabbage worms, etc., and also on lilac mildew. At the same time tests were made to determine the tolerance of the leaves of various plants for the heat of the torch applied for varying periods. 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Mr. TitUH coiuIikU's from his c'xi)eriiients that "tlie usiM)f Hiifiicient licat to destroy effectually insect larvie of the kinds we treated will injure the foliage and often the twigs." Tlie author suggests, however, that this remedy may have a limited field of usi'fulness in the destructi»/. Ih'pt. A(jr. .hiniairii, ,.' (JH04), No. 1, pp. .9-/..^).— The nature and chemical projH'rties of this insecticide are brielly outlined and instructions are given for using it for destroying insects in the soil, granaries, storehouses, dwellings, etc. Potash soaps as insecticides, A. L. Herkera (Com. Parasit. Agr. \_Me.)'iro], Cirr. J, pp. .)). — Brief notes on the composition of different potash soaps, together witli fornuilas for the preparation of emulsions from these soai)sand kerosene and the use of su(^h i-mulsions as insecticides. The commercial cultivation of pyrethrum as an insecticide in Southern France and in Algeria, H. Blin [Bui. Sec. Agr. Bahia, ii [1903), No. 4, pp. „'79-:.'S'3). — Notes are given on the cultivation of various species of pyrethrum and on the harvesting and care of the crop in such a manner as tool)tain the greatest insecticide value. The amount of dry powder obtained from each hectare varies from 500 to 900 kg., according to the soil conditions and varieties of pyrethrum cul- tivated. Brief mention is made of the insecticide power of different varieties of pyrethrum. A new method of combating insects in houses and granaries, P. Lesne [Jour. Agr. Prot., v. .sry., 6' [I'MS], No. .7.), j)p. S57-Sr,l, Jigx. :.'). — A description is given of an apparatus devised in the United States especially for the disinfection of ships, granaries, and storehouses. In this apparatus sulphur is subjected to a temperature of 600 to 700° C; the gas thus produced is cooled by ])assing through jji pes sur- rounded with cold water. The gas is found to contain traces of SO., along with SOj- The amount of these gases in an atmosphere treated by means of the apparatus described by the author may reach 14 to 15 per cent. When sulphur is burned in the free air the percentage of these gases in the room does not exceed 4 or 5 per cent. The unusual effectiveness of the gas mixture obtained by this a])paratus in the destruction of rats, other injurious mammals, and insects is attributed to the action of SO;,. While the gas mixture is exceedingly destructive to animal life, it appears to be (juite barndess in its effects upon fruits, cereals, grains, and ordinary fabrics. The Mediterranean flour moth, (i. 11. ('arpenter {Jonr. Tk})t. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Jreland, S {1908), No. 4, pp. 7L')-7J0, pi. 1) . — The moth is described in its various stages and notes are given on its distribution and life history. The remedies recom- uiendeil for the destruction of the insect are steaming, fumigation with sulphur and with carbon bisulphid. The effect of poisons upon Lasius emarginatus, R. Cohelli ( Vcrhondl. K. K. Zoo/. Bat. Uesell. Wieii, 53 {1903), No. 1, pp. lS-21). — Experiments were made in feed- ing this species of ant upon honey containing solutions of various alkaloids. It was found during these experiments that the ants, without showing any symptoms of poisoning, could eat honey containing solutions of atropin, belladonna, cocaine, morphin, opium, codein, pilocarpin, nux vomica, aconite, digitalis, veratrin. col- chicum, strychnin, or Fowler's solution of arsenic. Ants, green fly, and scale, Bonavia {Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc. [London'] , 28 {1903) , pt. 1-^, pp. 84, 85). — The author discusses the relationship between ants and insects which they attend, such as aphides and scale insects. It is urged that further inves- ENTOMOLOGY. 791 tigations should he made in order to determine the exact l)iologi('al relation hetween these insects and also to determine effective means for preventing ants from visiting trees infested with plant lice and scale insects. White ants in orchards, plantations, and fields, A. N. Pearson {Ar/r. .lour. hikI Mill. Jlcr. \_Nittai'], C {WO.i), No. 21, pp. 777,778).— In controlling infestation by white ants the author recommends that the soil should be treated before setting out orchards. For this purpose arsenical poisons and bisulphid of carbon give good results. The same insecticide methods may be used after trees have been planted. It is suggested that in planting sugar cane the seed pieces may be dipped in a mate- rial (listastefnl to the ants — for example, asafetida, mustard-oil cake, petroleum, etc. The mound-building prairie ant, (1. A. Dean { Industrial l,^t, SO {1904), No. 15, pp. 227-2.38, Jir/i^. 6). — The author describes the various details of the galleries, pas- sages, and other features in the construction of the nests of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. The hibernation of ants, R. Cobelli ( Verhandl. K. K. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 5S {190.3), No. 7, pp. .369-380). — A study was made of the hibernation of a number of species of ants, including Lasias fuligino.sus, L. emarginalus, Crema.stognster scutel- Idfis, OiDipoiioluK puhescens, etc. The relationship of these ants to various plant lice was also studie«l. It was found that the differences in the length and other features of the hibernation period were due largely to specific differences in the ants, espe- cialh' their resisting power toward cold. Contribution to a kno'wledge of Anopheles, W. Dotsitz {Ztschr. Ilyg. n. Infec- tionskraiil:, 4S [190-3), No. 1, pp. 2J-5-2-38, fgs. 7). — Descriptive and l)iological notes are presented on a number of species of Anopheles, with special reference to such anatomical structures and habits as may be used in differentiating the various species. The location of the larvse of Anopheles in Algeria, Edmund and Etienne Sekoent {Aim. Iii.^i. Pasteur, 17 {190.3), No. 11, pp. 763-769). — The larva? (jf Ano- l)heles become located in canals, pools of water, ponds, under vegetation, etc., but the adult moscpiitoes may be carried to considerable distances away from the breed- ing grounds. Notes are given on the usual methods recommended for combating the mos(iuit() nuisance. Note on the use of kerosene as a culicide, 8t. (t. Gray {.Tour. Troji. Med. \_Li>ii-.i97). — During' tlir experiments repurttMl in this i)aper the author placed colonies of bees in hives which contained bee cells, witli drone cells in 1 frame only. Obser- vation of the (pieen l)ee disclosed the fact that she laid eggs in the drone cells at 3 different times. Brief notes are al.-o given on the cause of swarming and on the proihiction of honeycoml). The author found that the bees ])roduced comb from the wax with w hich they were furnished, and that the form of the cell was not deter- mined voluntarily l)y the l)ees, Imt was due to the method of construction of the cond). Th.e relation of bees to fruit growing, W. Newell {i'roc. Cleonjia Sktte Jlorl. Sue, 27 {190S), }tp. 5S-63). — The author maintains that the pollination of the Florida fruit trees is practically impossilile without insects, and that the lujneybee accom- plishes this more successfully than any other insect. With regard to the rehitionsliip of bees to pear blight and brown rot it is a(hiiitted that these diseases are carried by bees to some extent, l)ut it is argued tliat tiieir prevalence would be almost if not quite as great without the agency of bees. A study of parthenogenesis of drones by the statistical method, V. Bacii- jiET.iEW {AlUj. Zfschr. Ent., 8 {1903), No. 2-S, pp. 37-44, fig. 2).— The author col- lected statistics relating to the anatomical features of drones, especially the length of the wings. These statistics are tabulated. From a study of the statistics it appeared that the right wing of drones and the left wing of workers are jiroductts of parthenogenesis, while the left wing of drones and the right wing of workers are the result of fertilization of the eggs of the queen. It is concluded, therefore, tiiat the worker bees and drones are lialf-normal individuals wdiich develop from half-fertil- ized eggs. The stingless bees of North and South America considered in the light of domestication, R. H. Harris {Ent. Rer. and Jour. Variation, 15 {1903), No. 4, pp. 90, 100). — A Ijrief reference is made to the characters and relative value of Aphis dorsafa and A. meUifica. The author states that species of the genera Melipona and Trigona are decidedly inferior to the common honeybee. These latter bees build nests in various locations, including the nests of termites. No wax is used in the con- struction of the nests. The honey of these ])ees is also greatly inferior to that of the common honeybee. It is argued, therefore, that little return can be expected from the domestication of these species. How to prevent foundation falling out of frames, H. R. Stephens {Qiieens- land Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 6, p. 568, fig. 1). — A method is described and illus- trated by which the foundation may he prevented from falling down under the weight of a cluster of bees. The method consists in the use of double lines of wire, one on either side of the frame. Experiments in sericulture in Tunis, F. Verry {Bui. Agr. Algfric ct Tmiifie, 9 {1903), No. 22, pip. 500-507). — The eggs used by silkworm raisers in Tunis have been largely furnished liy the French government and belong to a numljer of varie- ties ol)tained from tlie Alps and China. Notes are given on the reeling projierties, purity, and tenacity of the silk detained. Report of the inspector for the silk commission, Guyot {Ann. Soc. Agr. Sci. ct Ind. Lgon, 7. ser.,l() {1902), pp. 73-75). — A l)rief description is given of the agricultural operations in the vicinity of Lyons, and attention is called to the possibility of extend- ing the silk industry with profit. FOODS— NUTRITION. The increase of soluble matter in bread by toasting, ]*]. W. Hilgarb ( Cali- fornia >Sta. Rpl. 1902-3, pp. 100, 101). — The changes hroughtabout in ])read l)y toasting were studied with samples toasted very thoroughly; prepared by the ordinary house- FOODS NUTRITION. 793 hold method, that is, toasted only on the surface; and samples drie0° C ' 35.30 Brown-toast made at 170° C 36. 07 Dark-brown toast made at 174° C Brown toast made at about l(iO° C. by household method Per cenl. 12. 62 12. 4.5 26.14 2.'>.50 21.77 Per cent. 87.38 87.55 73.86 74. 50 78. 23 Per cent. 1.70 (I Bread made with milk, therefore the albumen is not directly comparabli; with other samples. It is commonly believed that toast is more digestible than bread, and the sujierior digestibility has been attril)uted to the sterilization of the toast and the increased solubility of the car1)ohydrates present. While this might hold good for thoroughly toasted bread, the author does not believe that such is the case with toast as made by the ordinary household method, since this is only browned delicately on both sides. The toasting penetrates only to a very slight depth, ordinarily on the two sides together hardly more than a millimeter, and when it is carried only to the delicate yellow stage the increase in soluble matter will be insignificant and the soft interior of the .slice will be no more sterilized than it was in the baking of the bread. In the author's opinion the increased digestibility of toast may be ac^counted for liy the supposition that its agreeable flavor stimulates the digestive secretions. A study of some ancient breads, L. Lindet ( Compi. Rend. Acad. Sci. Park, 137 {1903), Xo. 17, }>]). (U>4-G(;il). — A summary of some earlier work on this sul)ject, and a brief report of the author's examination of bread front Egypt and Roman liread from Aosta. Botanical and chemical examinations of prehistoric grains from ancient tombs. — I. Concerning- the g-luten cells and their distribution in grain, C. Br.vhm and J. BrcnwAM> {Zt.scin: Unterxuch. Xahr. n. Genusfund., 7 (1904), Xo. 1, pj>. 12-19, Jigs. 4)- — Microscopical studies of emmer {Triticum dlcocciim) from an Egy])tian toml) of the 18th dynasty (about 1700 B. C. ) showed that neitlier the starch-free cells of the endosperm nor the remaining cells contained aleurone grains or tine plasma grains, but contained gluten in a structureless homogeneous form. The peripheral cells contained minute starch grains and the inner cells contained ])oth large and small grains, the starch being imbedded in the gluten in all cases. When warmed these starch grains exhibited the striated structure and possessed all the i)roperties of fresh starch. It was found that wheat kernels dried for 48 hours at a temperature of 104° C. and 55 mm. atmospheric pressure closely resembled in structure the old Egyptian grains. Hygienic studies of flour and bread. — XII. Contribution to the bacteri- ology of spontaneous and leaven fermentations, F. Levy {Arch. Ilijg., 49 (1904), Xo. I, pp. 02-112). — The various forms of liacteria found in sour dough have ]>een classified by Lehmann and Wolffin as forms of Bacterium lerans, in addition to B. coli which was generally recognized as present. The author of this paper has fotmd from his studies that the bacteria all fall under B. coli, and he has rearranged the grouping on this basis, recognizing in addition to the typical si)ecies 2 con- spicuous forms. From his experiments, reported in full, the conclusion is reached that in the case of spontaneous fermentation and fermentation caused by leaven, B. coll (dhidollrine- faciens -dnd B. coll luteoliquef. .^ /. l-i'j-im). — The estimatinii and properties of gluten were studied, as well as gluten formation in sprouting grain. The results of baking tests with different sorts of gluten were also briefly noted. The author concludes that glutenin is the anhydrid of gliadin, and conversely that gliadin is a hydrated form of gluten, and believes that the change of one into the other may be induced, and that such a change e.xplains some of tlic well-known phenomena connected with milling and V)aking. Concerning these jjoints he makes in effect the following statements: l"'lonr from new wheat produces a heavy dough; however, when the wljeat or flour has stood for a number of week.s normal dough is produced. When the flour or wheat is several years old the dough produced is short and crumbly. It is considered prol)able that the amount of jirotein does not change, but that at first gluten pre- dominates, and that it gradually loses water and is converted into glutenin. When dough is allowed to stand, especially in a warm place, it becomes softer, as the author has sh(jwn by a number of experiments with various viscometers. This change he explains is due to the formation of gliadin from glutenin by the addition of water. Dough from sprouted wheat is flat and heavy, the reason being in the author's opinion that by the action of a hydrolizing enzym glutenin has been converted into gliadin. When a clear solution of gliadin in 70 per cent alcohol is allowed to stand for several weeks a precipitate is formed which the author believes is due to the fact that gliadin splits off water and forms glutenin. When gluten is allowed to stand for some days in water it adds water chemically and becomes soluble in alcohol, that is, gliadin is formed. Using the same flour somewhat less gluten is obtained by the aid of warm than of cold water, and the gluten is softer and more sticky. Hard water gives more elastic and more abundant gluten than soft water. When grain is gromid care must be taken to prevent the heating of the flour and conse- quent deterioration. The changes noted in such cases are due, according to the author, to the evaporation of combined water and to oxidation. After a time heated flour improves in quality probably owing to reduction and absorption of water in chemical combination. The changes observed in the quality of flour when stored are regarded as dependent upon the a,tmospheric moisture and tenqjerature. The author considers that Hungarian flour yields more bread than many other flours, 100 kg. of such flour producing 145.66 kg. of bread in an average of 150 tests. As an average of more than 300 analyses Hungarian wheat was found to contain 15.346 per cent gluten or somewhat more than the average of a large number of analyses of other sorts. The effects of climate on the character of the wheat crop are briefly spoken of. Concerning wheat and wheat flour, II, T. Kosutaxy {Jour. Laudir., 51 (1.903), No. 4, pp. ■ii^9-35.i, pi. 1, Jigs. 8). — Using a modification of RejtiVs instrument for study- ing density, studies were made with dough and conclusions drawn, which are based on the form assumed by the dough as shown by a diagranmiatic cross section. This method, the author lielieves, furnishes data for judging of the character of the gluten of the wheat, the relative proportion of gluten and gliadin, the purity of the flour, the best method of manipulation in bread making, etc. «Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 9 (1902), pp. 305-312, 361-371, 395-425, 473-483, 521-537. FOODS NUTRITION. 795 \ The deterioration of meat, II. ^Iartki. ( Prinrijxilrs (tlfi'mfions r/cx riiniden. raris: C. Xaud, Itxi,.', jiji.J.'). — In (liis article, which is a reprint fnnii La /'/v.s.sr Mcdicalc, 1902, Xn. ■'>.'. aiiimal parasites, l>a<-teria] eoiitainiiuitinii ni meat, prophy- laxis, and related sul)jects are discussed. Methods of judging meat extracts, I, V. Kitsciiek and 11. 8i'i:ri)K[, (Ztxclir. Phi/.iiol. Chnii., oS {I'JOS), Xu. 1-2, ]>)>. 101-110) .—Like other investigators, the authors note the occurrence of succinic acid in meat extract. Its relation to the purity of this product is briefly di.scussed. Cream as food ( BuL Toim Slate Bd. Health, 17 {190.3), Xo. 4, p. 02) . — Data regard- ing the dietetic value of cream are summarized. Cream as a fat-supplying food is regarded as especially valuable on account of its mechanical condition and the association of proteid material with the fat. Its value in invalid dietectics is also spoken of. Analyses of breakfast foods, ( i. W. Shaw {( 'aliforvia Stcr. Jijil. 1902-.), pp. SG- SS). — Analyses of (i sam])les of commercial breakfast foods are reported and 1)riefly discussed. The source of the important foods used in Halle, K. ( Jkabenstedt {luaug. Dixa., I'nir. Halle, 190.], pp. 0.}). — The author has gathered statistical and other information regarding the food supply of the city of Halle. Cowpeas, G. W. Carver {Al(d>aina Taskegee ,Stn. Bid. .^, pp. 10). — Tlie importance of cowpeas in the diet is briefly discussed, and 25 recipes are given for ])reparing them in various ways for the table. Colored legumes, K. Lexdrich {Zti^chr. Untersuch. Xalir. u. GVjhw.sh;//., 7 {1904), Xi>. 1, pp. 1-5). — The results of examinations made with a view to detecting added coloring matter and material used for facing are reported of unshelled ]ieas and whole and split shelled p>eas. Lentils, L. Irwell {D'letet. and Hyg. Ga~., 20 {1904), Xo. 1, pj>. n-9) . — A descrip- tive article. Famine foods, D. N. Patox ann>tVssi<)n:il candy makers. The rfi'ipcs at-f pri'laft'il \>y a dcscriptioii <>f the tools r('(|uii('Sta. lijil. 190. '-3, pp. 06, 97). -Analyses are reported of 3 sorts of almond paste and of California and foreign -grown almond kernels. Some data are also recorded regarding bitter almonds, peach-pit kernels, and apricot-pit ker- nels. The latter, it is stated, yield a line grade of oil, Avhich is often used in confec- tionery. The almond pastes, it appeared, were made of ground almonds with water and sugar, and in one case a considerable quantity of cornstarch. Olives and olive oil in France, R. P. Skinner ( U. S. Consular Rpts., 72 {1903), Ki). 274, }'P- 4O0-421, figx. 3). — The French olive and olive-oil industry is described. Examination of brine from pickled olives from Spain, G. E. Colby ( Call- fornid Sfii. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 92, 93). — A number of samples of brine from pickled olives were analyzed, with the following results: Total solids, 8 per cent, of which 5.88 ])er cent was soluble in water after drying, 0.2 per cent insolulile after drying, and 1.92 per cent organic matter. The soluble part consisted of 91.3 per cent common salt, together with small quantities of sodium sulphate and magnesium chlorid. The insoluble part consisted of calcium and magnesium carbonates, with a small amount of calcium sulphate. No boric acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, or niter was found. This examination showed that the brine was substantially^ a 5.5 per cent solution of common salt. There was no evidence that any aromatic principle had been emi)loyeil, excei>t, perhaps, laurel leaves. Comparative solubility of aluminum and tin in lemon juice, G. E. Colby {('(ilifornid Stit. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 91, 02). — A sample of lemon juice, which had been extracted from the fruit in an aluminum vessel, was found to contain 0.35 part alumi- num and 0.28 part tin per 10,000. The value for aluminum was corrected, the author states, by a proper allowance for alumina present in the natural lemon juice. Though the amounts of dissolved metals are very small, yet the use of the metallic vessel, in the author's opinion, shoiild be avoided for the Avork in question, a porcelain or por- celain-lined vessel being preferable. [Soluble] coffee {Spice Mill, 26 {1903), No. 11, jjp. 363, 364).— A recently introduced coffee ])roduct is described, which is said to consist of roasted coffee freed from all the bitter cliaff and very finely ground with sugar. This material, it is said, is quite soluble, and it is claimed that coffee may be prepared from it for the table with boiling water without adi 3). — This volume summarizes in a popular way data regarding the conq)osition and digestibility of food and related topics. The sale of food and drugs acts, W. J. Bell, H. S. Scrivener, and C. F. Lloyd {Loudon: Bntteraurth A: Co., 1903, 4. ed., pp. XLIV+276). — The decisions of British FOODS NUTRITION. 797 courts rendered since the last edition of this \A(irk have been inc'lu(U'(l, and the authors state that the whole volume has been carefully revised. Report of work in food laboratory, H. E. Barnakd (Xeir HaiiipKliirc Sdinlari/ BuL, -•* {1904), Xo. 1, pj>. 5-16). — The work of the New IIanii)shire fo()d lab(jratory carried on under the provisions of the State Pure Food Law is l)riefly described. Of the 549 samples examined 172, or 81.3 per cent, were found to be adulterated. The article is followed by the food standards and definitions decided upon by tlie State board of health. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner, ^H. Ankenky {Ohio Daivij (tmJ Fond f'omr. Rpt. 1903, pp. 73). — ^Under the provisions of the State Pure Food Law a number of samples of food were examined, and prose- cutions were made in necessary cases. Of 1,947 samples examined 536 were found to l)e adulterated. The usual stati'inents are also included regarding the funds received, disbursements, etc. Disinfection and the preservation of food, S. Rideal {Xeir Yorlr. Jolni Wiley it- Sous, mo.!, ,•>. I'd., }ip. X-\-4U4]. — It has l)een the author's purpose to summarize the information which has accumulated on the subject of disinfection with special refer- ence to the needs of the chemist and bacteriologist, aq well as medical officers and others who have a practical interest in the subject. Mechanical disinfection, sterili- zation by heat, chemical disinfectants, personal and internal disinfection, preservation of food, legal statutes and regulations, and methods of analysis are some of the sub- jects treated of. The present edition, it is stated, has been revised and new material incorporated which has accumulated in the last few years. The author has designed the section on food preservation especially as a manual for those commercially interested in the subject. "Notwithstanding a general concensus of opinion against the use of preservatives a few years ago," he states, "it would seem impossible under modern conditions of life to do without some methods of keeping perishable articles of food without incur- ring a very large loss, and it can not be denied that with proper safeguards in some instances even chemical treatment may be desirable." The influence of food preservatives on digestion, II. W. Wiley {Dietet. and Ihig. Gaz., 20 {1904), Xo. ..', ])p. 70-72). — In an address l)efore the Society of Arts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the author Ijrietly described the experiments carried on at the P>ureau of Chemistry of this Department to studv the effect of food preservatives on man. The use of antiseptics in food in New South Wales {PidjUc Health [Lnndi>n'\, 16 {1904), No. 4, p. 243). — The regulation of the use of food preservatives is one of the duties of the New South Wales board of health. While their use is not forbidden the amount wliich may be used is limited to not over 0.001 grain per pound, which is regarded for jjractical purposes as equivalent to prohibition. The law further recpiires that when preservatives are added the kind and amount shall be legibly stated on the label. The list of preservatives given in the schedule and the amount iiermitted follow: Sulphurous acid not more than 1.75 grains, salicylic acid or benzoic acid not more than 1 grain, and boric acid not more than 10 grains per pint of liquid or per pound of solid food. In the following foods none of these antiseptics may be used, save in the proportion of 0.001 grain per pound or pint: Milk, including condensed milk; cream, canned and bottled foods, jams and fruits, aerated waters and temperance drinks, fresh fish, vinegar, sauces, and pickles. The use of sulphurous acid and V)oric acid is jjermitted for preserved fish, bac. ;.^/7-;.''.7/).— Detailed chemical analyses of fruits of varying degrees of ripeness are reported, as well as the results of exiieriments 798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with piiinoa Jiigs, rab})its, and a hfinalhM- tiumbcr with man. The ipriiici)ia] com In- pion.* which wore drawn follow: Althongh nnripp fniit is undoubtedly often liarinful, i)articularly with children, the danger from such food, especially green gooseberries, plums, pears, and a])ples, when eaten raw is less than commonly thought, i'lid the effects depend in marked degree upon individual peculiarities. Cooked green fruit is practically harmless. The injurious effects when eaten raw do not depend upon chemical constituents, but rather upon the unusual proportions in which the constituents occur and the large percentage of hard-cell tissue. From their investigations as a whole, the authors feel warranted in drawing the conclusion that the sale of green fruit should not be forbidden. When cooked with the addition of sugar, they believe it is both palatable and wholesome. The possi- bility of injury V)y bacterial contamination is spoken of and the statement made that this subject will be investigated further. Mechanics as exemplified by the animal frame, O. Fischer (Sci. Amer. Sup., 56 {190S), No. 1459, pp. 23380, 233Sl).—'Y\w human body is likened to a machine, and the Avays in which it agrees with and differs from machines are discussed. The im])ortance of instantaneous photography in determining the character of certain kinds of motion is spoken of, and methods of carrying out e\j)eriments by the aid of ])hotogra])hy are briefly described. The physiology of fatigue {British Med. .Tour., 1904, No. 2246, }>p. 145, 146). — A p. 105, 166). — A controversial article. Proteolytic action of pancreatic juice, W. M. B.vvliss and PI H. Starlino {.Tour. Physiol., 1903, Ang.;ahs. in Britis^h Med. Jour., 1904, No. 2249, Epit., p. 21).— The authors confirm the original statement of Bernard that the real pancreatic juice has no action on proteids. Enterokinase, a substance present in the succus enteri- cus, is necessary to render the pancreatic juice active, or in other words to form trypsin from its inactive precursor, trypsinogen Other experiments, they state, show that trypsinogen can not be converted into tryi>sin in any way except by the action of enterokinase. It is concluded that trypsin is not a mixture of enterokinase and trypsinogen, but is a specific substance and the most powerful jjroteolytic ferment known. It digests itself rapidly, especially if no dissolved proteid is presejit for it to act upon. The observers further conclude that enterokinase is a true ferment and is ])roduced only in the small intestine. The digestibility of casein by pepsin-hydrochloric acid and by pancreas ferments, E. Fischer and E. Abderhalden {Ztsdir. Physiol. Chem., 40 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. 215-219). — The examination of the cleavage products obtained when casein was slowly digested for a long time with pepsin and hydrochloric acid and with pancreatin led to the conclusion that a-pyrrolidincarbonic acid and also the ordinary amino acids are to l)e regarded as constituents of the proteid molecule and, further- more, that the combined action of pepsin with hydrochloric acid and of itancreatin induces more complete hydrolysis than pancreatin alone. Contribution to the subject of the destruction of sugar in the animal body by the action of ferments, J. Arnheim and A. Rosenbaum {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 40 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. ^20-e33).— Tests of the glycolytic power of the pancreas, liver, and muscle tissxies alone and in combination are reported, which led' to the conclusion that all of these materials induce cleavage in sugar molecules, this pov.er ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 799 varying in degree in the different materials and being markedly increasiMl hy the addition of pancreas tissue, 1>ut not l)y the other eond)inatioiis tested. Contribution to the subject of the excretion of g-astric juice by man, A. F. IIoKNHoiui {S/.diid. Avrli. J'hjislol., L'> [1904), A'o. ;>-./, /. JO!i-.'r>S, dr/iiix. 6'). — A !)oy who had had gastrotomy performed because of an injury and was fed almost entirely through a fistula, furnished an opportunity for the study of the iniiuenceof various fact(«rs on the secretion of gastric juice. It was found that the sight of food ditl not cause its excretion. Generally speaking, chewing foods of good flavor cause(i a more or or less active secretion, and chewing foods of unpleasant flavor ai/jjarently influenced the secretion very little, while chewing foods of indifferent flavor was Avithout influence. When substiinces having a sharp or biting taste were chewed, ai)parentlv the secreting glands of the stomach were not stimulated. In his experiments the author studieil the acidity and activity of the gastric juice. The investigations are discussed in relation to Pawlow's theories, and the rejiort con- tains a l)ibliography. The infl.uence of the diet upon the excretion of uric acid, 1'. Pfeii. [Ztxclir. I'}ii/slol. C'lii'in., //O [190S), No. 1-2, pp. 1-24, 1^1^- 7). — ^\'ith healthy men as subjects the effect of (different foods and combinations of food on the excretion of uric acid was studied. When no meat was eaten the excretion of uric acid was diminished to a small amount. When meat was eaten it was markedly increased. When a diet containing no jn-otein was consumed the uric acid was still excreted and in about the same way as when no meat was eaten. The author studied the time rela- tions of the excretion of uric acid and relatetl topics. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The available energ-y of timothy hay, II. 1*. Aioisbv and .T. A. Fktes ( F. S. Drjil. Afjr., Bureau of Auiiuol IiuhiMry llul. ,7/, jip. ;;, ph. 2, dijnoi. 4). — I'sing a respiration calorimeter of the Atwater-Rf)sa type, which they have constructed with a number of modifications suiting it to experiments with large animal.^!, the authors, in coojieration with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, conducted a series of experiments with a steer with the special object of determining the available energy of timothy hay. Some of the essential features of the resjiiration calorimeter are very briefly described. The accuracy of the apparatus was shown by check experiments in which alcohol was l)urned in the respiration chamber. In one of tliese in which 975.34 gm. of alcoliol was burned 99.1 jier cent of the theoretical amount of carbon dioxid and 100.8 per cent of tlie theoretical amount of heat were measured. Ecjually close results were obtained in the other check tests. The 4 jjcriods in which the experiment was divided each covered 2 days in the respiration chamber. The ration consisted of timothy hay with a small j)roportion of linseed meal, the energy being least in the flrst experimental ])eriod and greatest in the fourth. Data regarding the incc.me and outgo of matter and I'uergy, the amount of time the steer spent standing up and lying down, and other experimental details are reported in full. In the author's opinion, for herbivora the results arc not in accord with the com- monly accepted theory that as sources of energy the nutrients may replace one another in j)roportion to their heats of combustion. As ])ointed out, isodynamic replacement implies that there is no increase in heat production witli an increasing amount of food. . . . The results obtained in the periods lu'low the maintenance ration fully confirm this doubt. Only (53 per cent of the metabolizahle energy served to prevent loss of tissue, while 37 per cent simply increased the heat i)roduc- tion of the animal. In other words, the digestcy tlic (lisrrepancioH in Homo of tlic results. "This (lifffrcncc may he reasonably aHcribtMl to the rchitivciy larji;L' cxpenditur*' of ener<;y nerossary in the digestion and assimilation of the hay. Even upon a com- paratively lijrht ration, this amount, in addition to the heat arising from the internal work of the ])ody, appears to have been sufficient to maintain tlie Jiormal ])ody temperature at the comparatively liigh stable temi)eratur(! ( 1S.2° C. ). Such being the ca.se, when jnore hay was added the heat arising from its digestion and a.ssimilation was in excess of the needs of the animal for heat and ln'came an excretnm, passing off without l)eing of any (hrect service to the organism. " In other words, what one of us has elsewhere designated as tlie critical amount of f 1 must ))(• relatively small in the case of a nuiteriallike timothy hay, which requiri's a large amount of digestive work. In our experiment, even the smallest amount of food seems to have been in excess of the critical amount; consequently, when more food was added the additional heat resulting from its digestion and assimilation could not be used indirectly and served simjjly to increase the heat pro- duction, while only the remaining (53 piT cent of the metabolizable energy served as fuel for the body in place of the tissue ])reviously consumed." On tiie basis of theoretical considerations, which are discussed, the authors believe that for cattle a maintenance ration is " a question of tissue replacement rather than of heat production, and, therefore, that the value of a given feeding stuff for main- tenance depends upon the availability of its energy. We may, for instance, regard it as at least very probable that the work of digestion and assimilation in the case of a material like corn meal would be materially less than in the case of hay; or, in other words, that a larger percentage of its energy would be available for the main-' tenance of ti.ssue. It would follow from this that in ease of a ration consisting largely of grain a less amount of material or of metabolizable energy would l)e reipiired for maintenance than in the case of a ration consisting exclusively of coarse fodder. In other words, the maintenance ration is a variable rather than a constant, depending upon the kind of food used." In the experiments reported the main- tenance requirement of the steer, as computed, was 10,710 calories, the average w^eight of the animal during the experiment being approximately 410 kg. "Computing to 500 kg. live weight, on the assumption tliat the maintenance requirement is proportional to the two-thirds power of the live weight, this etjuals 12,197 calories. . . . "If the heat production upon the maintenance ration is in excess of the require- ments of the animal, it seems unlikely that small variations in the stable tempera- ture to wliich the animal is exposed will have the effect ni)on the maintenance requirement which is ordinarily attributed to them. Still less is tliis likely to be the case with fattening cattle, where the amount of food and the consequent heat i)ro- duction are largely in excess of the maintenance ration. "Our results indicate that the proportion of the metabolizable energy of the food which was utilized, above the maintenance requirement, to produce gain was decid- edly less than that used below the maintenance requirement to prevent loss of tissue. In other words, they indicate that the conversion of digested and assimilated matter into actual tissue (fat) requires a considerable expenditure of energy, amounting in this case to al)out 47 per cent of the available energy or 30 per cent of the metabo- lizable energy. This result is quite in accordance with wliat we shoukl anticipate. The digested matter of tlie food of herbivora appears to be resorbed chiefly in the form of carbohydrates and of organic acids. It seems altogether probable that a much less i)rofound change is required to convert these resorbed products into forms suited to maintain the energy metal)olism of the organism than is needed to convert them into the form of permanent tissue, especially fat. At the same time it should ANIMAL PRODITCTION, 801 l)e nottMl that the ainoiiiit of food given in excels of the. maintenance recjnirenient in this e vperinient was small and, moreover, that tlie resnUs [in 1 Ih.] are somewliat doul)tfnl. We di) nut fi-el, therefore, tliat very iiiucii stress sh()nl2jarent results of this experiment in this ]>artieular. . . . "As the figures show, the proportion of the total energy of the hay whicli was found to be metabolizahle diminished as the amount was increased, the differ- ence arising chiefly from differences in digestibility. Since, nevertheless, the total expenditure of energy in digestion and assimilation appears to be approximately proportional to the metabolizahle energy, it seems evident that a large share of this expenditure nnist be for the work of assimilation. rroba])ly a very large factor in it is the loss of energj- in the methane fermentation." Some of the points mentioned in this bulletin have been briefly noted from earlier publications (E. S. K., 14, p. 998; 15, p. 891). Examination of grain damaged by water, (1. E. Colby (('tilifiDiiiu Sh(. h'/jt. JfKU-.), jip. 94, '->■'>)■ — Notes are given on the food and fertilizing value of wheat and barley damaged by salt water, and of wheat damaged by fire and smoke. Analyses are reported showing the food and fertilizing value of wheat ami barley which had been under salt water for 14 months. 8ami)les of wheat damaged by fire and smoke were also examined, and it is concluded that such wheat may be safely fed to ])Oultry and hogs. The grain damaged by salt water is considered of greater value for feeding than for fertilizing jnirposes. Concerning milk molasses, (t. Looes {Landir. Vers. Slat., oS [IHOS), Xo. o-6, pp. 400-40.?). — "INIilk molasses," a commercial feed which is described as a mixture of molasses, peanut hulls, and similar materials with casein of skim milk, is consid- ered too exj)ensive to warrant its use. Ordinary beet molasses is regarded as l)referal)le. Concerning the chemical composition of beet leaves and tops preserved by the Rosam method, O. Fallada {Oe-^tet-r.-Unijar. Ztschv. Zm-kennd. u. Lundw., 32 {1903), Xn. J; Mill. Chnn. Tech. Vers. Slat. Chitralrer. R'uhenz.-Ind. Oesterr.-Umjur., 1903, Xo. 14s, pp. 21-27; ahs. in. Centbl. Acjr. Chem., 82 {1903), Xo. 12, pp. 834-836).— The Kosam process of preserving beet leaves and toj)s is discussed and analytical data are reported. In this process the beet leaves and tops are thrown into a pile some 15 by 45 ft. and from 8 to 10 ft. deep, care being taken so that on the surface of the pile the leaves are pointed toward the center. The pile is covered with a layer of earth about 2 ft. thick on the top and 1 ft. on the side. This method of preser\ation is quite similar to ensiling. Analyses of foods and fodders, G. W. Shaw {Odifornia Sla. Jijit. l!.0.2-3, pp. 84-8(1). — Analyses are reportenrifie est prolit will t. 1903, p}>. 12, 13). — Statistics are given regarding the pigs kept at the station, and the wintering of the station sheep and breeding cattle. In addition, several feeding experiments are very briefly reported. In a comparison of open yards and shelter, made with 2 lots each containing 5 steers fed the same ration of cotton-seed hulls and meal, the lot fed under shelter gained 623 l})s. in 90 days and the lot fed in the open yard 731 lbs. At the beginning of the trial the difference in weight l)et\veen the 2 lots was 110 lbs. Using 2 lots, each containing 4 2-year-old steers, differing in weight by 63 lbs., ANIMAL PKODUCIION. 805 JoluKsoii grasH hay was compared with cotton-aeed hulls. Lot 1 ate -1,550 lbs. of Johnson grass hay and 1,790 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and gained in the 90 days of the test IU2 lbs. On the same quantity of cotton-seed meal and 5,238 lbs. of cotton- seed hulls lot 2 gained 370 lbs. In a set'ond test a lot of 2-year-old heifers was fed Johnson grass hay without grain and consumed little more than enough to maintain them; while a second lot, fed cotton-seed hulls without grain, would not eat enough for maintenance, losing 83 lbs. in 39 days when 20 lbs. of hulls were consumed per day per 1,000 lbs. live weight. Four animals pastured on poor Bermuda grass and fed grain twice daily consumed during the summer $24.36 worth of grain and gained 760 lbs; while a second lot of 4 animals, pastured without grain, gained 500 lbs. during the summer. A lot of thin but vigorous 2-year-old steers after being wintered on a ration little more than suth- cient for maintenance made an average daily gain of 1.3 lbs. on pasturage for 178 days. A similar lot which had received full feed during the winter made an average daily gain of 0.75 11). for 158 days on pasture. Heifers of the same age wintered on ligut feed made an average daily gain per head of 1.3 lbs. for 178 days on pasture alone. The pasture contained 20 acres of open Land seeded to orchard grass, redtop, alfalfa, melilotus, oats, and hairy vetch. Excluding woodland, the jiasture "carried 1 cow to every 1.1 acres for 7 months." Sheep feeding', W. T. Lawrence {Oiautij Cunncib Ciiinbrrknid, T)i(rhani, and yorthiiinberldiid lipl. 1902, jyp. 126, 127). — At Newton Rigg the advantage of allowing sheep to gather Swedish turnips, as compared with feeding the turnips to pastured animals, was stuilied with 2 lots, each containing 20 crossbred sheep. In 11 weeks the average gain per head per week with the lot fed the turnips on pasturage was 1.8 lbs. as compared with 2.3 lbs. in tlie case of the sheep penned on the turnip land. .Somewhat smaller profits were obtained with the lot fed turnips on pasture than with the other lot. According to the author the results fully corroborate those of former years (E. S. R., 13, p. 482), which have shown that in wet or dry weather sheep fatten more rapidly on turni]) land than on grass, other conditions l)eing equal. Slieep-feeding experiment at Newton Rigg, D. A. (jiuhkist {Bd. Agr. and, Fisheries [Loudonl, Rpt. Agr. Education and Research, 1902-S, j>]>. 9S, 94). — Noted above from another publication. Experiments in sheep breeding, T. Winter [Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Rpt. Agr. Educatiun and Research, 1902-3, pp. 70-76). — The breeding experiments begun several years ago (E. S. R., 14, p. 996) were continued. As regards the results obtained in crossing Wiltshire, Kerry Hill, Shropshire, and Southdown rams with Welch mountain ewes, the best results were with the Southdown, and in the author's opinion this l)reed furnishes a particularly suitable cross for Welsh moun- tain ewes for the production of fat lambs. In a test of the vaUte of various crosses with large crossbred ewes for the produc- tion of fat lambs, while there was not much difference between the Border-Leicester and Suffolk crosses the advantage was rather with the latter. The Border-Leicester crosses were somewhat earlier than the others. The Wiltshire cross was less satis- factory than the preceding year. "The Hampshire cross were later, but tliey handled well and reached good weight. The Lincoln cross proved disappointing. The lambs were neither so ripe nor so heavy as those in some of the other lots." The native sheep of the Kerry Hill district of Montgomeryshire were crossed with Border-Leicester, Wiltshire, and Suffolk rams to determine the suitability of these crosses for the production of lambs for market i)urposes. The Suffolk cross was the most successful. "The lambs fattened earlier, on the whole were heavier, and were equal to any in (|uality. On this year's trial the Border-Leicester cross was superior to the Wiltshire cross." 80(5 KXrKKIMENT STATION HKroUD. Dried grains v. crushed oats as food for fattening- sheep, T. Wintkr {Bd. A(/r. mid /•V.s7(/r/i .< [I^oihIdii], I!j>I. Agr. Kdurdlimi mid fiisenrrli, lOO.'-.i, pp. 08-70). — In ji test covi'rin^, 1903, Dec). — This pu))lica- tion contains estimates of tiie number of sheep and OS), Xo. S, }>i>. 3o6-o69, Jiys. --*). — The feeding and care of chickens, dncky, geese, and turkeys are tliscussed; rations are suggested; directions for making poultry houses are given, and otlier related topics arc spoken of. Poultry fattening by trough and machine [if ark Lane Express, 88 (190-3), No. 3748, p. 70). — Four tests, each with 44 chickens and covering al)ont 3 weeks, were made at the Agricultural and Horticultural Training Farm at Uckfield. The chickens were fed from troughs and later with a cramming machine, receiving a mixture of skim milk, ground oats, and fat in different proportions. The best results were obtained when 8 lbs. of ground oats and 1 11). of fat were fed per gallon of skim milk. Fattening fowls in Ireland [M. each. The total profit was calculated to be $3.54. Breeding geese for "foie gras" {Mark Ljme Express, 88 {19U8), Xu. S76^, l>. 48.'). — The fattening of geese for the i)roduction of large livers for use in making "foie gras" is briefly des.cril)ed. During the fattening period, which lasts from 4 to 5 or possibly 6 weeks, the birds are kept in close cages and are fed 2 or 3 times a day, by cramming, a daily ration consisting of 1.5 lbs. maize meal and beans cooked in water, the amount being increased as the appetite grows. The geese are supplied with fresh water to which a little wood charcoal is sometimes added. The effect on hens' eggs of the rays emitted by radium, (i. Schw.vkz (Arrh. rin/.^lol. [I't1i'n/fr], 100 (1003), Xn. 9-10, pp. .'>3..!-o4'', Jiil^- 5 ). — Two-hundredths gram of radium bromid inclosed in a brass box was placed on the shell of an egg. In the V)ottom of the box there was an ojiening covered by a plate of mica which permitted the passage of the Becquerel rays. In one of the tests the operation was carried out in an atmosphere of hydrogen. From the results of all the tests it ajjpeared that the rays induced a number of marked changes. Where they acted upon the shell a light-gray color was noticeable. The meml)rane lining the egg was unaffected, but the white was thickened and a sort of skin formed in it. A luminous light-gray ])atch al)Out 5 nun. in diameter was observed in the yolk. This i)atch was somewliat harder than the surrounding por- tion. The flavor was changed. The author concludes that the Becquerel rays induce changes in albumenoid bodies similar to those produced by dry distillation, but do not cause extensive changes in native proteids. They remove the color from the organic x>igment lutein. Furthermore, these rays exercise a marked effect upon lecithin in cell substances. This fact, it is believed, explains their l)iological effect, and especially their effect ui)on rapidly growing normal an0,000,000. Results of demonstration experiments on the fseding- of dairy cows, con- ducted under the supervision of the Government during' the winters of 1901-2 and 1902-3, J. Vaxdekvaerex {Bitl. CercU' Etudes Agro)t. [Brussels], 1904, Xo. 9, pp. o05-ol9). — During the winters of 1901-2 and 1902-3, 92 feeding experi- ments were conducted in the different provinces of Belgium under the supervision of representatives of the ministry of agriculture. The details of these experiments have appeared in two reports (E. S. K., 14, j). 488; 15, p. 809). This article sum- marizes some of the results. It was found that the rations in ordinary use were fre- quently more expensive than necessary, and were often deficient in proteids. I'nder the direction of an expert the ration in ordinary use was compared with a new ration made up of the same materials with the addition, in most instances, of feeding stuffs rich in proteids furnished gratuitously by the Government. Each experiment com- prised two periods during which the ordinary ration was fed and an intervening peiiod during which tlie imjjroved ration was fed, the three pericxls being separated by transitional periods. The results of the experiments are i)resented in two tables. In 37 out of the 39 experiments conducted with 129 cows during the first winter the results showed a net profit varying from about 1.7 to 2.1 cts. per day per cow, not including the increased value of the manure. In 52 out of the 53 experiments con- ducted with 156 cows during the second winter the increase in net profits varied from about 0.9 to 28 cts. per cow per day. Averaging all results the net profit the first winter was increased about 6.4 cts. per cow per day, and the second winter about 6.3 cts. From these results it is estimated that the average increase in net profit ])er year from rational feeding would amount to al>out 89.65 per cow. Demonstration experiments on the feeding of dairy cows, conducted at the expense and under the supervision of the Government during the winter of 1902-3 {Bui. Agr. [Brussels], 19 {190.3), Xo. 6, pp. 991-1 19.J).— Thin is a detailed report upon 53 feeding experiments carried out in the different provinces of Belgium with a view to improving the rations in ordinary use. The number of cows in the different experiments was usually 2 to 4. The experiments lasted generally about one month, and in each instance consisted in a comparison of the ordinary ration and a modification of this ration believed to be better adapted to the conditions. The results are discussed and sunnnarized for the individual experiments, but no general conclusions are drawn. Concentrated commercial leeding stuffs and the feeding of dairy cows, A. GREC40IKE {But. Cercle Etudes Ag run. [Brussels], 1904, Xo. 9, pp. 4^o-o04). — The author discusses the composition of feeding stuffs, the role of the different nutrients in animal nutrition, and the calculation of rations; and describes some of the more •frequently used concentrated feeds such as linseed cake, cotton-seed meal, malt sprouts, etc. Some of the results of the demonstration experiments conducted in Belgium are given in the discussion. In 39 out oi 51 instances the amount of ecilic influence exerted by the fat in the food upon the pen-entage of fat in the milk. The yield of fat on the whole was slightly increased by the feeding of rape- seed oil and linseed oil. Cocoanut oil fed at the rate of 30 gm. per head per day increased the yield of fat, and fed at the rate of 50 gm. decrease) . — Three cows were milked at ecjual intervals, twice daily for 14 days, and at intervals of 16 and 8 hours for another period of 14 days. Determinations were made of tlie total solids and fat in the milk of each cow morning and evening. The data showed considerable variations in the yield and fat content of the milk, especially when the intervals })etween milkings were unequal; a larger yield of milk with a lower fat content fol- lowing the longer interval. The cow giving the richest milk showed also the great- est variations in the yield and fat content of the milk. Daily variations in the acidity and fat content of milk, M. Sie(;feli) {Molk. Ztg., 17 {1903), No. 49, pp. 1075, 1076). — The morning's milk of 5 dairies was tested daily for about 6 weeks. The acidity in terms of cubic centimeters of decinormal sodium hydroxid required to neutralize 100 cc. of milk varied from 13.2 to 19.5. Differences of 1 or 2 cc. from morning to morning were common. The greatest difference was 4.9. The daily variations in amount of fat in the milk of the 5 herds exceeded 0.5 per cent from 1 to 9 times during the 36 days on which tests were made. The greatest daily variation was 1.05 per cent." Causes of such variations are noted and earher work by the author is cited (E. S. R., 12, }>. 7S6; 13, p. 885) . The influence and the disposition of some mineral substances fed to milch cows, C. Schulte-Bauminghaus {Mitt. Landw..lnst. Vnir. Breslau, 2 {1902), No. 1, pp. 2.-,-69; rd,i^. in CenfhJ. Agr. Chnn., 32 {1903), No. 7, pp. 477-483).— k study was made of the effect of feeding calcium hydroxid, sodium chlorid, iron acetate, and calcium phosphate. None of these substances affected apparently the yield of milk or its fat content; neither was the total ash appreciably affected. Calcium hydroxid and calcium phosphate increased slightly the percentage of calcium in the ash. Tliere was no increase in the phosphoric acid or iron due to the feeding of these substances. A contribution to the study of slowly creaming milks, L. Marcas {Bui. Agr. [J^/v/s-.svV.s], 19 (1903), No. 6, pp. 1228-1234). — In continuation of the work of Hense- val (E. 8. R., 14, p. 388), the author made a comparative study of ordinary milk and milk showing a slow rising of the cream. In creamometer tests with ordinary milk at 10 to 14° C. the layer of cream was clearly differentiated in 6 to 8 hours, while with samples of slowly creaming milk the separation was not complete in 12 hours and occasionally no differentiation was apparent at the end of 24 hours. A similar difference between the 2 types of milk was shown in experiments with the centrifuge. The fat content of the slowly creaming milk was generally higher than that of ordinary milk. The averages of a number of analyses of the 2 types showed respectively 3.95 and 3.08 per cent of fat. The other constituents in the slowly creaming milk were also normal. The results of a number of experiments with different centrifugal separators showed that the skim milk from the 2 types of milk varied in fat content from 0.1 to 0.15 per cent. A still greater difference was observed in the skim milk obtained in the creamometer tests. Determinations were made of the phosphoric acid and lime in the ash of the slowly creaming milk, and instead of finding a deficiency, as reported by other investigators and advanced as a cause of the peculiarity, the author found a slight excess of these constituents. Premature coagulation of milk, R. Burri {Milch Ztg., 32 {1903), No. 45, pp. 705-707). — The milk of a numljer of cows was found to coagulate in 5 hours when kept at 37° C, while ordinarily coagulation under such conditions would not occur until a much later period. A bacteriological examination of this milk when fresh showed the almost exclusive presence of 2 forms of liacteria, one a licpiefying micro- coccus and the other lactic-acid bacteria, which latter comprised 5 per cent or more of the total number of bacteria present. 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. Tlie niicrococ'cns (lf\ clopcil to tlic exclusion of the lactic-ariil l)act(n'ia, ami was jtractically the only I'orin found at the time of coajJTulation. This orj^anisni i8 believed to ))e an iniial)itanl of llie udder, esiieeially of the milk duets, and its growth there is thouficht to he facilitated by incomplete milkiufr. Its action in coagulating milk, which Avas also demonstrated ex])eriinentally, is attri})uted to the i)roductioii of a rennet ferment. The coagulated juilk was sweet to the taste and showeil no higher ])ercentage of acid than normal milk. Chemical composition of the milk supply of Milan, C. Bertocchi {A'iih. Sac Clihii., 191).;, X(>. //-'>; idix. hi Rcr. , pp. 1-20-14S; G-7 pp. 201-215, pis. 3). — Bacteriological studies were made of the common farni cheese of Sweden (Herrgardsost) which is very similar to the Emmenthaler. Descriptions are given of the 38 species of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi found. Strictly anaerol)ic bacteria were only exceptionally found. Tyrothrix forms were present only in very small numbers. Oiilliiiit Idcli.'i was found only once. Lactic acid and peptonizing bacteria were present, the former predominating toward the end of the ripening process. Rennet- producing sta])hylococci were found, as were also several species of yeasts. Gas- producing bacteria were present in small num]>ers. The yeasts, peptonizing micro- cocci, and certain bacteria were common only in the early stages of the ripening process. The total number of bacteria was greatest in fresh cheese and tended to diminish with the age of the cheese. Bacteria were not found to he evenly distri))- uted throughout the cheese, but formed colonies varying greatly in form and size. It is the author's intention to study further the relation of the different micro- organisms to the process of cheese ripening. A comparison of the bacterial content of cheese cured at different temper- atures, F. C. Hakrison and W. T. Conxeli, (Oiilnrio Agr. Col. and ]. 24). — This has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 717). Cheese making, L. Anderson {CaUfurnld Sta. Jiptt. 1902-,3, pp. 119-121). — Brief notes are given on instruction at creameries and cheese factories by representatives of the station, and on the results of the first trial in making cheese by students in in the dairy school. The cheese was scored l)y a well-known expert and ))y a com- mercial lirni, and tlie results were considered very encouraging to the enteri)risc. Proceedings of the ninth annual meeting of the Georgia Dairymen's Asso- ciation, 1903 [I'l-oc. (Icoryia hairyuu'n'ii A>i>^uc., 190S, pp. 43). — This contains the addresses delivered at the meeting held at Athens, Ga., August 4 and 5, 1903. G. W. Holmes discussed the sul)ject of practical dairying, making suggestions concerning the selection, care, and feeding of cows and the handling of milk. B. W. Hunt dis- cussed the addition of phosjjhates to cattle rations, stating that his practice was to give one-half ounce of phosphate of lime to each cow several times per month. W. A. Henry discussed the subject of agricultural education, paying particular attention to the work being done by the University of Wisconsin; and also the subject of feeding stuffs, with special reference to Georgia conditions. 1. C. Wade expressed his views (ioncerning the model dairy cow, and discussed in a general way dairying in the South. C. L. Willoughby jiointed out ways of lessening the cost of dairy jyroduction, emphasizing particularly the importance of growing more feeding stuffs rather tiian purchasing connnercial feeds. B. W. Hunt urged the {tutting forth of greater efforts in the extermination of tin- cattle tick {Hooplillus hov'iK). SK) EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Veterinary science and bacteriology, A R. Wahd {('idijornin Sta. Rpt. 1902-S, 1>I>. 1 14-JlS) .—In litOl a fitudy was made of an ontlireak of iio^ cholera at Red Hliiff. Texas fever <-aii.sedc'onsideral)le los.>» to dairyiiieii in Oranjre ("miiity. An iiivestij;ation was made of the (tau.ses of ropy milk and scours in calves. N'etniinnus lironchitis in calves was treated by tlu' administration nf the nsiml remedies hy intratracheal method as well as by inhalation and l)y way of llic moutli. No noticeable results were produced. By an act of the California lejiislature a poultry experiment station has been established at Petaluma and work is beinu carried on at this jdace in the study of poultry diseases. This investij^ation is prosecuted in cooperation with \ . A. Moore. Annual report of tlie civil veterinary department, Bengal, 1902-3 {Gil- cutta: Ben(j(tl Si'cntarktt Presn, jip. JS, pi. 1). — Notes are presented on veterinary dispensaries in various parts of Bengal anil on the prevalence and treatment of glan- ders, rinderpest, and other diseases. Brief notes are also given on the condition of the Bengal Veterinary College. Report of the chief inspector of stock and brands, C. J. Valentine [RpL Mill. Agr. Soidlt ^{u.^tntlia, 190S, pp. 38-4f')- — Brief notes on ticks, lice, worms, and foot rot in sheep; pleuro- pneumonia, tuberculosis, and actinomycosis in cattle; and various disea.ses of horses, camels, and hogs. Generalized tuberculosis in cattle, SciiROEnER {Berlin. Timirzll. WchnsfJir., 1908, No. 30, pyp. 471, 47~). — An examination of cases of generalized tuberculosis showed that the meat was in good condition, while the lungs, liver, ])ortions of the ribs, and other structures were extensively affected by the disease. The lymphatic glands and other structures around the joints were so greatly altered that lameness was ]>rodaced as a result. The infectiousness of milk of tuberculous cows in the light of recent investigations, Lydia Rabinowitsch [Centbl. Bakt. it. Bar., 1. Aht., Be/., 34 {1903), Nu. 8-9, pp. 2:-!f>-23G) . — A critical review is presented of recent literature relating to this subject. While there is not an entire agreement in the results obtained by different investigators with the milk of tuberculous cows, it is concluded that the investigations thus far made indicate that the milk of such cows may l)e pathogenic for both childi'i'ii and young animals. Tuberculosis caused by dead tubercle bacilli, N. Paxov (Dit^xeridtion, Yuriev, 1902, pp. 134, pi- 1). — The literature of this subject is critically reviewed in connec- tion with a bibliography. The author's experiments were maSor. Arcad. ]'et. Ital., 52 {190€), N(j. 35, pp. 817, 818). — On account of the comparative rarity of this disease in sheep, detailed notes are given on a case of intestinal origin in which the liver was enlarged and cirrhotic and infested with flukeworms. The organ was also permeated with tubercles. The lymphatic glands of the liver were hypertrophic and somewhat ilegenerated. The lungs and other al)dominal organs, except the VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 817 liver, were in a noniial condition. A bacteriological exaniinatidu of tlie tulyercles in the liver showed the presence of nunierons tubercle bacilU. Culture of the tubercle bacillus on yolk of egg- and gelose, F. Bezan^-on {Compt. liend. Sue. Biol. I'arii^, 55 {1903), No. 16, pj). 603-605). — Notes are given on the behavior of the tubercle bacillus on this medium when maintained at a tempera- ture of about 38° C, with special reference to the variability of the tubercle liacillus. The valuation and slaughter of tuberculous animals, Loze {Jmtr. Aijr. Prat. \_T()ulome'\, 99 {1903), No. 4, pp. 211-215).— Br'iei statistics are given on the prevalence of tuberculosis in France and on the legal procedure in the payment of indemnities for cattle slaughtered on account of infection with tuberculosis. Diagnosis of anthrax, KRtJGER {Berlin. Tierdrztl. WcIm.^cJir., 1903, No. 22, pp. 353-355). — This article is of a controversial nature and in it the author seeks to show that bacteriological examination of tissues of animals affected with anthrax is not a reliable means of diagnosing this disease. In many instances a most careful examination of tissues has failed to show the j)resence of the anthrax bacillus. It is urged that all other means of diagnosis should be used in conjunction with the bacteriological test. The transmission of anthrax on tanned leather, S. ^'. Ohukhov {Arch. Yet. Nauk. St. Peter.shurg, 33 {1903), No. 10, pp. 1030, 1031). — A harness which had been on a horse that had recently died with anthrax was j)laced on a healthy horse, with the result that the latter animal subsequently contracted anthrax. The author had success, however, in treating the case by antisepsis of the anthrax swellings and internal use of sodium salicylate. Cutaneous infection with anthrax bacilli, A. Treutlein {Centbl. Allg. Path. u. Pdth. Annt., 14 (1903), No. 7-.V, ])}>. 257-264). — In the author's experiments 2 rabbits were used in testing the possil.'ility of cutaneous infection. Small areas of skin were carefully shaved, so as not to cause any lesion or reddening. Anthrax cultures were then rubbed ujion the skin by a sterilized cork. The rubbing was done gently and with very slight pressure. Infection took place, and the animals died after 3 and 4 days, respectively. The anthrax bacilli penetrated through the hair follicles, from which they penetrated into the lymphatic spaces and later into the blood system. Attention is called to the significance of the results of this experiment in explaining the etiology of anthrax in men engaged in tanning and similar commercial occui)ations. Vaccination against blackleg, D. (i. Guccione {Gior. R. Soc. Accad. Vet. Ital., 52 {1903), No. 23, jiji. 591-595). — In the author's experience in the use of Arloing's method of vaccinating for blackleg, 301 cattle were vaccinated, and of this number onl}^ I died with the disease. Of 28 control animals, however, maintained under the same conditions, 5 died. The method is believed to be perfectly harmless, and it is recommended that cattle be vaccinated at the age of 6 months, preferably in the free end of the tail. Vaccination against blackleg, E. Basti.vnini {Gior. R. Soc. Accad. Yet. Ital., 52 {1903), No. 30, pp. 697-699). — Statistics are given on 3,621 cattle vaccinatep- 501-504). — According to the author's experiments, the larvaj and nymphs of Rhipicephahis bursa, even when born of mother ticks gorged with the blood of diseased sheep, are incapable of transmitting carceag. It is only the sexually mature tick which is capable of transmitting the disease. Eggs obtained from ticks gorged with the blood of diseased sheep contain the specific protozoan, but this organism must undergo further development before it is capable of producing the disease. Serum therapy for foot-and-mouth disease, 1). Berxardixi {Cim. Vet., .26 {1903), No. 18, pp. 105-107). — An outline is given of the method used by Nocard in controlling this disease liy vaccination. In the author's opinion the immunizing effect of a vaccine persists only for a short time. The treatment of aphthous and healthy cattle and horses with corrosive sublimate, F. Boschetti and A. Titta {Gior. R. Soc. Accad. Vet. Ital., 52 {1903), Nos. 8, pp. 182-184; 9, pp. 198-203; 10, pp. 230-232; 11, pp. ^^i-t^.^).— Healthy cat- tle, also cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease were treated with hypodermic and intratracheal injections of corrosive sublimate. The same drug was administered to horses l)y the intratracheal, hypodermic, and intravenous methods. Detailed notes are given on the reactions produced in the various experimental animals and the pathological lesions produced ])y the corrosive sublimate are carefully described. As a result of the authors' experiments it is concluded that corrosive sublimate in the treatment of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, whether administered by the intra- venous, hypodermic, or intratracheal methods, and whether given in small, medium, or large doses, produces an elevation of temj^erature within from 15 to 30 minutes, instead of a lowering of temperature as maintained by Baccelli. General trembling and nervous disturbances together with pathological lesions are also observed. The toxic effects of corrosive sublimate are very marked in some cases, and include the general symptoms of mercurialism, such as inappetence, prostration, and tiuctuations in temperature. The results are the same by whatever method the corrosive subli- mate is administered. The spread of the infectious processes is not checked by the administration of the corrosive sublimate. It was also found that different animals reacted differently to the drug, so that the doses could not safely lie measured out according to the weight of the animal. Corrosive sublimate was endured rather better by horses than by 820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cattle, l)ut (lid nut jrivc satisfactory rcsultss in controllinfi tlic (lisacaHc. On account of the (lanj^cr connected ^vith the use of corrosive sublimate in the treatment of foot-and- mouth disi-ase tlu> authors recommend that it be entirely disrepirded in favor of other remedies. Parturient apoplexy {/>''/. A'jr. imd Fisherirs ILondon'], I.cdjlrt. .96", pp. 3). — Notes are given on the symptoms, methods of prevention, and trciatment of this dis- ease. In cows which are predisposed to the disease it is recommended that iodid of potash infusion be given immediati'ly after calving, whether the symptoms of the disease have appeared or not. Parturient paresis in cows, Hohma-xx (Berlin. Ticriirztl. WditiKcJir., 190S, No. 23, }>i>. .!f!J--!H4). — The author briefly reviews the various theories which have been pro])osed in explanation of this disease. An examination of a number of cases showed that the uterus was never contracted, as has been claimed by several writers, and that an obstruction to the flow of blood in the jugular vein did not cause hyperemia of the brain. Experiments were tried in which the normal circulation of the blood was interfered with in variousways, for the purpose of testing the influence of such artificial interference upon the blood pressure and the cerebral activity of the animals. It was found to be impossible to produce any jironounced effect upon t)ie brain action by ordinary means used in altering the blood circulation. The author believes that the essential lesions of the disease do not occur in the nuisculature, since meat of animals suffering from parturient paresis has been shown to l)e a harm- less food material. The author believes that the symptoms of this disease closely resemble those of eclampsia and may he due to extensive disturbances in the nerv- ous control of the blood circulation. In the experience of the author all cases of this disease must be considered as of a serious nature and likely to prove fatal if evi- dence of paralysis of the medulla oblongata appears before any remedies are applied. In treating the disease the author reconunends that the animal ])e maintained in a position so that it rests upon all 4 legs, tliat the head be kept in anujiright position, and tliat cold applications be made to the head and neck. If thei'e is evidence of paralysis of the Ijrain it may be well to give subcutaneous injections of spirits of camphor or caffein. These operations should always Ije associated with the applica- tion of the Schmidt method and treatment by means of compressed air. Treatment of parturient paresis by means of oxygen, A. Zehl {Berlin. Tiernrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 30, pp. 469-471).— The author treated 9 cases of this disease with oxygen, and gives detailed notes on the history of all these cases. A complete recovery took place in all cases and the author believes that this method is perhaps most satisfactory in the treatment of parturient paresis. In the author's experience this disease develops in cows which have been dry for a few weeks pre- vious to calving, and never occurs in cows which are milked up to the time of par- turition. The author Ijelieves, therefore, that a long dry period before calving must be considered a predisposing cause of the disease. The beneficial effects of oxygen are regarded as due to the purely mechanical action of such treatment. Infectious pneumo-pleuritis in calves, Evers {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wdmschr., 1903, No. 17, pp. 277, 278). — The author tested the effect of Collargol in the treat- ment of diarrhea of i-alves, but found during these experiments that wliile the diar- rhea yielded ])romptly to this treatment a large proportion of the calves died later of I)neumo-pleuritis. This disease appeared in a number of localities in an epizootic form and attacked calves varying in age from 8 days to 4 months. In young calves death occurred within 4 days after the out1)reak of the disease, while in older animals the course of the disease was somewhat prolonged. The pathogenic, findings in cases of this disease varied according as the disease assumed a chronic or acute form, but resembled in a general way those of swine plague. In young calves affected with the acute form of the disease the pathological VETERIISrARY RCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 821 ](>sions were confined almost entirely to the lungs. Experiments were made in eon- tnillin*! this disease hy vaccination with Septicidin. During liis experiments 5 calves were treated and exposed to infection, but exhil)ited a perfect resisting power to the disease. Calves which have already exhibited the first .symptoms of the dis- ease may be successfully treated in some cases by the administration of from 5 to 30 cc. of Septicidin, while 10 cc-. is sufBcient for immunizing purposes. Hydrotherapy in pneumonia, G. Giugiaro {Gioi: R. Soc. Accad. Vet. Ital., 52 {UWo), Xo. ■!(}, pp. S41-S47). — The author recommends, as a result of experiments in treating pneumonia, that the use of vesicants be discontinued as more or less harm- ful and ineffective. It is also recommended that less dependence be placed upon I'hemical feljrifuges, such as quinin, since these remedies exercise an irritating action upon the stomach, nervous system, and kidneys. In the jilace of vesicants and febrifuges the author recommends the use of cold and hot water compresses upon the thoracic region, according to the nature and stage of the disease. Pulmonary actinomycosis, M. Schlegel {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 26, pp. 409-411). — A detailed description is given of the alterations in cases of actino- mvcosis in the laryngeal glands, and in the lungs and pleura. In the foci of this disease upon the bronchi and bronchioles inflammatory processes are most pro- nounced, the walls of the bronchi are greatly thickened, and actinomycotic masses are distributed through them. The author believes that infection in the lungs is spread through the bronchioles and lymphatic vessels. Pulmonary actinomycosis in ( iermany api^ears to be more prevalent than has heretofore ])een supposed. Aspergillosis in cattle, A. Baktolicci {Gior. B. Sue. Accad. Vet. Ital., 5£ {1903), Xo. ,.'1, pp. 4'>o-4'''-)- — A number of cattle were affected with what the author sus- pected of being aspergillosis. The symptoms of the disease are described in some detail. The chief lesions were found in the lungs, in which there were character- istic areas of hepatization and inflammatory infiltrati(ni of the interlobular connec- tive tissue. The spores of AKpenjiUosisfumigaius were found in these foci. The working- of the Scab Act, A. G. Davidson {Agr. Jonr. Cape Good Hope, 23 {1903), Xo. 3, }>p. 5.5S-570) . — The Scab Act of Cape Colony was passed in 1894: and amended in 1899, l)ut has never given satisfaction. The causes of failure to eradicate scab are outlined by the author. It is stated that sheep raisers have failed to show a hearty cooperation in the enforcement of the law and many scabby sheep thus escape treatment. A number of badly infested localities exist, and sheep after dipping are allowed to travel over sncli localities and become reinfested. Another cause of the prevalence of sheep scab is the careless manner in which the dipping operations are performed. In localities where the best trained and most competent men have been sent as inspectors the best results have been obtained. The author recommends the ap])ointment of sheep inspectors 1>y the government, the dipping oi all stock under supervision, the enforcement of strict regulations regarding the removal of stock, systematic treat- ment of infested cori'als and premises, and a system of brands to be used in identifying treated sheep. Sorghum poisoning, W. Maxwell {Queensland Agr. Jour., 13 {1903), No. 5, pp. 473, 474) • — The presence of hydrocyanic acid in sorghum has been demonstrated, and the rpiantity of the poison api)ears, according to the investigations of the author, to be dependent upon the nature of the soil upon which the sorghum is grown. On soil rich in nitrogenous elements the . 319-354, Jiij><. 7). — The authors discuss the conditions under which stock most frequently become poisoned with native plants. Notes are also given on methods of preventing plant ]ioisoning, as well as on chemical, mechan- ical, and physiological antidotes. The more important known or suspected of being poisonous plants in North Dakota are chosen for special discussion. These include 822 EXPERIMENT STATION RPXJOKD. Ciriilii iiKiciildlii, Siiiiii <-iciil;i/(iHniii, wilil [larsni]), Ihljihiiiiinii carnliiiidiniin, loco .vccdfj, death caiiias, s^waiup I'anias, liipiiu'>^, and t'r<_'ot. The remcilies usually ivcoiiuuendt'd for the treatnuMit of animals poisoiu'd with these plants are discussed and notes are jriven on the distril)Ution of each species and the jiossihility of eradicatin;,' theiu. The action of bile, corrosive sublimate, and formalin on hydatids, F. Dicve, {Coiiipt. Rend. ,Soc. Biol. Paris:, 55 {1908), Xo.J, ])p. 75-79).— In {general, 1)ile was sup- posed to possess considerable power in the destruction of liydatids, and experiments were made to test this action. It was found that hydatids were capable of living for a considerable time in the abdominal cavity in spite of the prolonged presence of bile. In some cases the scolex resisted the action of bile completely and proceeded to undergo its usual developmental stages. In experiments on echinococci the author found that corrosive sul)limate ( 1 : 1,000) or formalin ( 1 : 200) would destroy the motility of these organisms within a jjcriod of 2 or o minutes. Further experiments were made with the scoleces of hydatids, during which corrosive sublimate and formalin were employed at the same strength. It is concluded from these experiments that echinococci are destroyed by 5 minutes' exposure to corrosive sublimate (1: 1,000) or formalin (1: 100). Malig-nant catarrhal fever of cattle and the use of meat from animals affected with this disease, S. de ]?enki)I( tis {Clin. IV/., ^'o' {1903), Nos. 8, jyp. /fd-J/S; 10, j>p. 57-fiO) . — A description is given of the condition of the meat observed in various cases of this disease, with special reference to lesions in the nnisculature. The author states that it is to be deplored that such contradictory legal ilecisions have been given regarding the enforcement of the law in 'such cases. The meat is believed to be highly unsanitary. Intestinal coccidiosis in cattle, N. Pikkoxi {Gior. 11. *S'oc. Acaid. Vet. Ital., 52 (1903), X<>. 7, lip. 152-150). — A nund)er of cases of this disease were observed, and detailed notes are given on the post-mortem lindings in 1 case. No other lesions w^ere found except in the walls of the intestines, in which there were runiierous foci of an infection, especially in the mucous coat of the lower portion of the alimentary tract. The author believes that the pathogenic organism in this case is Coccidinm orijoniic. Meat products in Naples in 1902, L. (iK.vNrcci [Gior. R. Sue. Accad. Vet. Ital., 52 (1903), No. 3S, jip. S89-S99). — Brief notes are given on various causes of condem- nation of meat as observed during the course of inspection of meat and meat products in Naples. Tuberculosis was observed in buffalo meat; echinococci in the spleen of cattle, hogs, and sheep; fibro-sarcomata in the diaphragm of cattle; and notes are also given on various tumors found in meat and vital organs. The various pathological findings in tlu^ meat sold in the markets of Naples are presented in a tabular form. The distribution of Cysticercus bovis in Italian meat products, A. Bocx alaki (Gior. R. Soc. Accad. Vet. JtaL, 52 (1903), Xo. IS, pp. 40ry--;i.5) .—Statistics are given showing the percentage of infestation by this parasite in beef coming from various provinces of Italy. It is suggested that infested meat be subjected to a low tempera- ture for the purpose of destroying the parasites. Contagious coryza, Weber (Deut. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 11 (1903), No. 42, jjp. 391, 392).—T\ie author describes the symptoins and course of this disease in 2 horses which came under his observations. There was great difficulty in respiration in both cases, and in one case it was found nec-essary to water the animal from a tube which was inserted into the esophagus. The parotid glands and also the glands at the entrance of the thorax were greath' swollen. Ichthargan, (ioi.DBECK (Dent. Tierdrtzl. Wchnschr., 11 (1903), No. 33, pp. 307, 308). — Ichthargan was used in the treatment of malignant edema in the horse. It was injected intravenously in a solution in water at the rate of 1:40, and in quantities of 4 gm. daily. Better results wei'e obtained from the use of this remedy than from Collargol. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 823 Ichtliargan and its use in veterinary medicine, Muller {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchiisclir., 1003, No. 24, pp. SSo-SSS) . -~lL:\\e author employed this remedy first in the treatment of inieumonia in horses. The remedy was appUed in a 3 per cent aqueous sohition intratracheally, and caused a rapid improvement in all the animals treated within a very short time. Good results were also obtained in the use of Ichthargan in the treatment of angina in horses, malignant cartarrhal fever in cattle, and swine plague. The use of this drug in the treatment of periodical ophthalmia was without good results. The therapeutic use of Ichthargan, R. Eberhardt {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1903, Xo. 21, pp. 337-343). — This drug was used by the author in the treatment of a number of skin diseases as well as in 7 cases of influenza. In the treatment of eczema- tous skin diseases of the horse and herpes tonsurans of cattle excellent results were obtained by the use of Ichthargan. In all the cases of influenza the drug caused the low^ering of the temperature almost to the normal, and when the temperature rose again on the succeeding days it was readily controlled by the intratracheal appli cation of Ichthargan. The value of Crede's silver preparation in the treatment of morbus macu- losus in the horse, O. FErricK {Dent. Tierarztl. Wclniscltr., 11 {1903), Nos. 34, pp. 317-320; 35, pp. 325-328). — The author reviews in a critical manner the literature of this subject and gives a detailed account of the use of colloidal silver in the treatment of 16 cases of morbus maculosus. It was found that even while this remedy was applied during the early stages of the disease, the symptoms became worse and the disease ended fatally in a large percentage of cases. In some cases the swellings were somewhat reduced and the j^etechite became paler, but the same results were observed not only in cases where colloidal silver was not used, but even when no treatment whatever was administered. The author concludes therefore that colloidal silver ia not a specific for morbus maculosus. Composition of some prominent veterinary proprietary remedies, S. Avery {Agriculture [Nebraska], 2 {1903), No. 9, pp. 16-19). — A numl)er of proprietary remedies used as dips and for preventing the attack of flies, curing hog cholera, etc., were analyzed. All of these remedies are sold at prices much higher than the actual cost of materials requires. A number of them were found to be quite ineffective. The nuisance of patent medicines, J. Schmidt {Deut. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 11 {1903), Nos. 43, pp. 401-403; 44, pp. 409-411). — A list is presented of a large number of proprietary medicines, together with brief notes on the unfounded claims which are made by the manufacturers regarding the efiicacy of these medicines. In the control of this nuisance the author believes that the first necessary step is the proper information of the public regarding the worthlessness of such remedies, and the passage of laws forbidding their sale. Such a law has already been adopted in Bavaria. Hog- cholera, N. S. Mayo {Industrialist, 30 {1903), No. 8, pp. i^O-i^;?).— Attention is called to the great economic importance of hog cholera throughout the corn-raising section of the country. At least 3 contagious diseases are commonly referred to as hog cholera. In Kansas a law has been passed requiring owners to bury or burn within 24 hours all hogs that have died of hog cholera. Observations on swine erysipelas, swine plague, and hog cholera, Trager {Berlin. Tierihizl. Wchnsclir., 1903, No. 25, pp. 394-403). — Swine erysipelas is said to be on the increase in various parts of Germany and some evidence of increase has been obtained for swine plague and hog cholera. The number of animals vaccinated for the prevention of these diseases has greatly increased during the past few years and the results of such vaccinations are highly satisfactor}^ In the control of contagious diseases of hogs the author believes that compulsory notification occupies an impor- tant place, and attention is also called to the necessity of more strict measures of 23461— No. 8—04 7 824 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. disinfi'ctioii after outbreaks of contafiious diseases. The author described some of the dilliculties met with in persuading the more ignorant farmers of the necessity and liarmlessness of known methods of vaccination. The prejudice of such farmers against vaccination sometimes leads to the unnecessary distribution of the disease through not complying with legal regulations regarding such matters. A contribution to the identity of swine erysipelas and urticaria, II. Schmidt (Berlin. Tierarztl. ]Vr}mti<-ln\, J90J, No. :JJ,j)j>. 351, 35:3). — Notes an; given on a mnnber of cases of these diseases which were diagnosed by the author. A history is given of a case of swine erysipelas in a sow, which was treated with swine erysipelas serum. Within 1 day after the last injection of serum 8 pigs were born of this sow, all of which exhibited the bluish-violet rectangular spots characteristic of the disease. It is believed that these cases are evidence of the i)ossible congenital origin of swine erysipelas. The period at which the organism of swine erysipelas and fowl cholera may be recognized in the internal organs of mice after hypodermic inoc- ulation, T. TiEDE {Zt.^vhr. Tiermecl, 7 {1903), No. 1, pp. 41-67).— T\\er(i are 4 com- mon methods by which this i^roblem is studied, viz: By treating the point of inocu- lation with chemical disinfectants, with hot iron, by removing the tissue around the point of inoculation, and by killing and examining infected animals after periods of determined length. The author reviews in a critical manner the work which has been done by previous investigators on this subject in a study of anthrax, malignant edema, glanders, sheep pox, etc. From a study of this literature it appears that no general rules can be laid down regarding the time required for the penetration of bacteria from the point of infection into the internal organs. This period varies according to the virulence of the micro-organisms, the susceptibility of the experi- mental animals, and especially the method of inoculation. The author's experiments were confined to a study of the bacilli of swine erysipelas and fowl cholera, and the method followed consisted in inoculating the mice in the ear with virulent cultures and killing the experimental animals after definite jaeriods have elapsed. The various internal organs were then carefull}^ examined for the presence of bacteria. It was found during these experiments that the bacillus of swine erysipelas could be dem- onstrated in mice inoculated hypodermically as follows: In the spleen and liver after 15 hours; in the liver and lungs, and to some extent in the spleen, after 24 hours; and in large quantities in all organs after 48 hours. The organism of fowl cholera was found sparingly in the spleen, liver, lungs, and heart after 15 minutes; in consider- able numbers in all organs after 45 minutes, and generally distributed in all organs after 4 hours. The quantity of bacilli increased constantly from this jieriod until death took place. Vaccination for swine erysipelas in 1902, Teetz {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 19, pp). 304-306). — In the author's exj)eriments hogs were vaccinated with serum and immediately afterwards with an attenuated culture of the bacillus of swine erysipelas. In a number of cases in which the serum and culture were given simul- taneously unsatisfactory results were obtained. A striking curative property was ol)served when dogs were inoculated with serum and cultures in rapid succession. In the locality where these experiments were made it was stated that Septicidin had given unsatisfactory results. From the author's experience with swine erysipelas it is concluded that the disease appears in 3 forms: Simple erysipelas of the skin, urticaria, and a mixture of these 2 forms. The author believes that vaccination is unnecessary in the case of urticaria, since animals usually recover from this disease without treatment. In internal ery- sipelas no hope can be entertained of successful treatment, provided the skin already exhibits a pronounced red color. Vaccination with doses 4 or 5 times the ordinary size proved ineffective in such cases. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 825 Report on vaccination for swine erysipelas in Saxony by the use of Lorenz vaccine, II. Kaei!k;ek [Berlin. Tlcmrztl. WchiiH'hr., lUOS, No. 22, }). S51).—T\\Q (lovenmieiit lias undertaken to jiay indemnity for all losses caused by vaccination with the Lorenz vaccine prepareil in the vaccine institute at Prenzlau. Indemnity was paid for all animals which died within 12 months after vaccination. Of the 165,000 vaccinated animals only 42 died of swine erysipelas. In the future it is recommended that all hogs which die with apparent symptoms of swine erysipelas be examined and that portions of the lungs, heart, spleen, or kidneys T)e sent to the vaccine institute for examination. Tlie most suitable position of hogs for vaccinating purposes, Bury and GoLDUER(; {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wdnischr., 1903, No. 22, pj). 350, 351). — In the exi^erience of the authors the best success and the least trouble was had in restraining hogs by means of a cord drawn through the mouth and fastened to the head. The position of the hog during vaccination, Platschek and Joseph {Berlin. Tieriirzll. Wc}in>ichr., 1903, No. 30, pp. 472, 473). — Young pigs may be readily held in the hands by one assistaint, while larger hogs may often be successfully vaccinated in comjiaratively dark and close quarters by rapid manipulations without the use of any throwing apparatus. The etiology of rabies, A. Rabieaux {Conipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 55 {1903), No. 2, pp. 91-93). — The author conducted a number of experiments in an attempt to explain the cause of the virulence of the saliva of rabid animals. The saliva was obtained in a pui'e condition through the canal of Wharton. Numerous experiments were made in attempting to cultivate some organism from the virus thus obtained. These experiments were without results. It was found that when a virulent emul- sion was injected into the aqueous humor of the eye of rabbits arid dogs the virulence of thea(iueous humor rapidly disappeared. Treatment of tetanus with sodium iodid, E. Geams {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 15, pjj. 249-255). — ^During the past 7 years the author treated 35 cases of tetanus by means of sodium iodid. As a rule this remedy was administered intra- tracheally in doses of 5 gm. in solution. Detailed notes are given on the effects of the drug in different cases. The author believes as a result of his studies on tetanus that this disease is always of traumatic origin. The symptoms appear in most cases within 14 days after infec- tion and it is believed that it is only in subacute cases that any hope of success may be had from treatment. The average course of the disease in subacute cases is about 30 days. In the treatment of the disease the author recommends careful attention to diet, the use of a slinging apparatus if necessary, and the administration of sodium iodid intratracheally, intravenously, j)er os, or per rectum. The quantity of the drug to be used is not of primary importance, but good results were obtained by the author from the use of 2 to 3 gm. dissolved in 10 gm. of water and administered immediately after infection and daily for 2 or 3 days thereafter. Tetanus in dogs, Grunau {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 29, p. 45S). — On account of the rarity of typical cases of this disease in dogs the author gives brief notes on cases which he has observed. In a case which resulted from wound infection the head was held stretched out in a straight line and considerable diffi- culty in swallowing was manifested. The case exhibited pronounced opisthotonus. A pathogenic Streptothrix found in dogs, Trolldenier {Ztschr. Tiermed., 7 {1903), No. 2, pp. 81-109, figs. 9). — A detailed post-mortem examination was made on a dog which it was thought had been poisoned with strychnin or some other toxic substance. As a result of this examination it was found that some of the lym- phatic glands were enlarged and caseous, while a pronounced inflannnation was discovered in the membranes of the brain and in the kidneys. An organism was isolated from the diseased tissue and was cultivated on various nutrient media. 820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Inoculation experiments were also carried out on various experimental animals. It was found during these experiments that the organism was pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs, rabhits, and dogs, and slightly so for fowls, horses, calves, and cats. The morphology of this organism is descril)ed and notes are given on the pathology of the affected ti.ssue. The organism, while referred to as a Streptothrix, is believed to be more properly referred to the genus Actinomyces, and the author therefore proposes the name A. hicolor. Roup, an experimental study, F. C. Harrison and H. Streit {Ontario Agr. CoL and E.tjit. Farm Bui. 13^, pp. 4S,Ji(j!^. ;^5). — For many years this disease has appeared in the poultry yards of the Ontario Agricultural College, usually during damp autunm weather. It causes a direct loss of from 10 to 15 per cent of fowls and attacks principally young l>irds. Detailed notes are given on the clinical symptoms and 2>athological lesions of this disease in various parts and organs of the bodj\ In pathological material obtained from diseased birds the authors demonstrated the presence of Bacillus cacosmus, which is called the roup bacillus. Notes are given on the behavior of this organism on various nutrient media. The virulence of the roup bacillus, as first obtained was quite weak, but was increased by repeated passages through pigeons. Numerous infection experiments by different methods were car- ried out. It was found that in order to infect fowls experimentally it was necessary to use roup bacilli from a culture which had been freshly isolated. Pigeons when inoculated with a roup bacillus became infected and exhibited symptoms similar to roup in fowls. Extensive necrosis of muscle tissue was produced by inoculation with the roup bacillus. Feeding experiments with rouj) bacillus yielded negative results. Several attempts were made to immunize fowls and rabbits, but without any success. Inoculation experiments with Bacillus pyocyaneus showed that this organism is capable of producing chicken diphtheria, but that its virulence is soon lost by growing on ordinary culture media. Treatment of fowl cholera by Septicidin, Schmidt [Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1903, No. 37, pp. 421-423). — An outl^reak of this disease took place during the past season in a village near Dresden and spread rapidly, showing a high virulence. The author vaccinated 60 birds with Septicidin, including chickens and ducks. For each bird 1 cc. of the serum was used. On another estate 36 chickens, turkeys, and ducks were vaccinated with doses of 2 cc. of Septicidin. As a result of vaccination of these fowls the rate of mortality from fowl cholera was reduced to 5 per cent, while among birds which were not vaccinated the mortality was frequently 100 per cent. According to the author's experience Septicidin may be used also in the diagnosis of fowl cholera. AGRICULTTJRAL ENGINEERING. The testing- of road materials, L. W. Page and A. S. Cushman ( TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry Bui. 79, pp. 77, pis. 6, figs. 10). — The main object of this bulletin is to describe in some detail the methods and work of the road-material laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department established in December, 1900, and to give the results obtained up to the present time.. "Incidentally, the physical, mechanical, and chemical agencies which act upon road materials are discussed and a brief history of the testing of such materials is given." The principal activities of the laboratory are classified as follows: "(1) Tests for determining the quality of materials to aid road builders in selecting those most suitable for their work; (2) the investigation of various processes to develop simple, appropriate, and reliable tests; (3) the collection of data for use in drawing up speci- fications for standards of quality; (4) scientific research to develop new materials or mixtures, and the study of problems which may arise in road building. "The most important work comes under the first head, for the main object of the AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 827 aboratorv is to obtain results, by means of appropriate tests on small samples, which will agree sufficiently well with the results of practice to aid the road builder in selecting the most suitable materials from those available for his work." The methods and tests used in the laboratory, which are described and for which data are in some cases given, include the abrasion, cementation, absorption, specific gravity, and weight per cubic foot, hardness, and compression and tensile strength tests of rock and gravel; and "rattler," aljsorption, cross-breaking, and compression tests for paving brick. In tests of cement the methods of the American Society of Civil Engineers are followed. The petrographic and chemical methods used in the examination of rocks for the purpose of classification are also described. The results of examinations of a large number of materials from different parts of the United States are given. As regards the general cpiestion of the practical application of laboratory results the authors say: " The proper interpretation and application of the results obtained in the labora- tory are quite as important as the general accuracy and appropriateness of the tests themselves. It is 2)robal)le that many engineers and others interested in the subject of road building who have found time to examine the question only superficially have misunderstood the bearing and value of road- material testing. In all cases the results obtained in testing materials of construction are of relative rather than abso- lute value. Even quite a large variation in the results yielded by different test pieces of the same sample should not condemn the j^ractical value of the figures if they are properly applied and interpreted. . . . "Given a num))er of materials for laboratory examination, it is not pretended that an actual practical grade of excellence can be established. On the other hand, if more than one material is available, it is quite possible for the laboratory to jwint out which one would yield the best results, both as to immediate excellence and length of life under known conditions of climate and traffic." The farm railroad (tramway) and the results obtained with it on the Buhlendorf estate, Reichert {Fiihling^s Landw.Ztg., 52 {1903) , Nos. 22, pp. 797-817, fign. 17; 23, pp. 852-864, figs. 7). — The advantages of farm tramways in general are explained; the installation on the Buhlendorf estate, which is largely devoted to sugar-beet growing, is described; and the uses made of the tramways on this estate and the profits resulting from their use are discussed. An example of thin macadam road construction along the Charles River, Massachusetts, J. A. Holmes {Engineer. Kews, 51 {1904), -Vo. 2, pp. 32, 33, figs. 3). The construction of roads, paths, and sea defenses, F. Latham {London: Sanitary Pub. Co., Ltd., 1903, pp. IV+ 221, figs. 57). The construction of terrades, E. Leplae {Rev. Gen. Agron. [Louvain'], 12 {1903), No. 10, p)p. 435-442). — This is an extract from a course of instruction given at the agricultural institute of Louvain. The possibilities of irrigation in South Africa, C. D. H. Bkaine {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 24 {1904), No. 1, pp. 48-58). — A general discussion of this subject. Preliminary plans and estimates for drainage of Fresno district, Cali- fornia, C. G. Elliott {Cdifornia Sta. Rpt. 1902-3, pp. 57-64, dgms. 2). — A reprint of Circular 50 of this office (E. S. R., 15, p. 94). The Cache River drainage survey, A. H. Bell {Engineer. News, 51 {1904), No. 5, pp. 115, 116). — This is a brief account of the preliminary operations of a commis- sion appointed by the Governor of Illinois under the provisions of a recent bill passed by the legislature of the State for a survey of the Cache River to ascertain the practicability of straightening and deepening the channel of the river for the pur- pose of preventing overflow of the bottom lands and for the drainage of these lands. The mitigation of floods in the Hunter River, J. H. Maiden {Jour, and Proc. Roy. Soc. Neiv South Wales, 36 {1902), pp. 107-131).— This article discusses the causes 828 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of floods in Hunter River and suggests the following remedial and preventive meas- ures: "(1) Intelligent control of ringbarking or felling; . . . (2) repair of little incipient rivulets by gradual replanting or placieinent of obstructions (logs, etc.); {'.]) i)lanting of willows and other trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.; (4) chamfering of the banks; (5) fencing of banks; and (6 ) l)urning as much as jwssible of the dead timber and branches to prevent their finding their way into the water-courses and scouring the banks." The composition of sewage in relation to problems of disposal, G. W. Fuller {Tech. Quart., IG [IHOS), No. 2, iip. 132-160). — From a review of investiga- tions relating to this sul)ject the author reaches the conclusion that it is " question- able whether the amount of added knowledge which may be obtained from a con- tinuance of present methods year after year is going to be connnensurate witli the cost. In fact, it seems that th« time is approaching when it is worth while to con- sider a recasting of the program for sewage analyses. . . . "In studying exhaustively the chemical and biological changes which take place in polluted waters, and the conditions under which putrefaction may be avoided, it is believed that the relative significance should be studied of the 'absolute oxygen- consuming powers' of the organic matter in sewage or effluent expressed in terms which can be readily appreciated; of the oxygen dissolved in the sewage or effluent, together with that which maybe yielded by nitrates, sulphates, and other constitu- ents of thelifpiid; of the oxygen similarly contained in the water into which the sewage or effluent is discharged; of the oxygen which may be received in the water by means of aeration and from higher forms of vegetalile life; and of the al)solute oxygen-consuming powers of the organic matter in the water of the stream and in the sediment on the bottom and sides of the stream itself. To these factors shoulp- 367-372, figs. 6; 11, j)p. 402-408, fig.':. 6; 12, pp. 483-441, figs. 9; 13, pp. 482, 483; 14, pp. 520-523, fig. 1; 15, pp. 554, 555, fig. 1; 16, pp. 594-596, figs. 2; 17, pp. 636-638, figs. 2; 18, i)p. 684-686, fiigs. 3; 19, pp. 721, 722, figs. 2; 22, pp. 837-840, figs. MISCELLANEOUS. 829 3; 23, pp. 8S9-S92,fi(js. 5). — Notes are given on a self- feeding thresher, butter work- ers, portable engines, hand distributor for fertilizers, dust-proof plow hub, beet seed cleaning apparatus, thresher with shnple cleaning device, sod plow, fan, coupling, clutch, seed cleaner and grader, steam plow (cable), safety device for threshers, plows, feed cutters, combined harvesting machines (mower and tedder, and wagon truck and rake), mowing machines, two-row beet digger, continuous milk cooler, horse rakes, beet harvesters, straw carrier for threshing machines, and steam boilers. MISCELLANEOUS. Fifteenth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1902 {Arkansas Sta. Ilpl. 1902, pp. 14s). — This includes the organization list of the station; a brief statement by the director concerning the publications of the station during the year; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; and reprints of Bulletins 71-76 of the station on the following subjects: Why 'apple trees fail (E. S. R., 14, p. 43); sweet-potato experiments (E. S. E., 14, p. 4.35); pork-production experiments and hog ranching (E. S. R., 14, p. 486); the phosphate rocks of Arkansas (E. S. R., 14, p. 430); alfalfa (E. S. R., 14, p. 433); and pig-feeding experiments with cotton-seed meal (E. S. R., 15, ]>. 68). Report of California Station, 1902-3 {California Sta. Rj^t. 1902-3, pp. 222).— This includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; the organi- zation list of the station; a general review of station work by the director; a report on farmers' institutes, by E. J. Wickson; numerous articles abstracted elsewhere; brief summaries of several of the bulletins issued by the station; reports of the Cali- fornia Substations; and a list of donations and exchanges. Sixteenth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1903 {Micliicj((n Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 73-293). — This contains a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; a report of the director on the work of the station during the year; departmental reports; meteorological observations noted elsewhere; and reprints of Bulletins 203-210 and Special Bulletins 17-19 of the station on the following subjects: Analyses of some of the commercial feeding stuffs of Michigan (E. S. R., 15, p. 67); mosquitoes and other insects of the year 1902 (E. S. R., 15, p. 61); rejwrt of South Haven Substation (E. S. R., 15, p. 38); notes on small fruits (E. S. R., 15, p. 42); sugar-beet experiments, 1902 (E. S. R., 15, p. 35); Michigan mushrooms (E. S. R., 15, p. 123); vegetable and bush fruits (E. S. R., 15, p. 252); fertilizer analyses (E. S. R., 15, p. 348); sugar beets in the Upper Peninsula (E. S. R., 15, p. 36); and spraying calendar (E. S. R., 15, p. 61). Sixteenth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1903 {3flssissippi Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 31). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; and reports of the director and heads of dei^artments containing outlines and some of the results of station work during the year. Parts of these reports are noted elsewhere. A brief summary of the work at the McNeill Branch Station, by E. B. Ferris, concludes the report. Twenty-First Annual Report of New York State Station, 1902 (iVew York State Sta. Rpl. 1902, pp. 473). — This contains the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the year ended September 30, 1902; and reprints of Bulletins 212-229 of the station on the following subjects: Director's report for 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 1131); control oif rusty spot in cheese factories (E. S. R., 14, p. 908); two unusual troubles of apple foliage (E. S. R., 14, p. 774); potato-spraying experiments in 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 875); raspberry cane blight and raspberry yellows (E. S. R., 14, p. 981); a de.structive apple rot following scab (E. S. R., 14, p. 1088) ; a study of some of the salts formed by casein and paracasein with acids: Their relations to American Cheddar cheese (E. S. R., 14, yy. 607); methods for the estimation of the 830 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. proteolytic compounds contained in cheese and milk (E. S. R., 14, p. 545); some of the compounds present in American Cheddar cheese (E. S. R., 14, j). 805); miscel- laneous notes on injurious insects, II (E. S. R., 14, p. 62) ; treatment for San Jos6 scale in orchards: II, Spraying with kerosene and crude petroleum (E. S. R., 14, p. 470); San Jos-j scale investigations, IV (E. S. R., 14, p. 1094); variety test of strawberries (E. S. R., 14, p. 7()1); investigations concerning the self-fertiUty of the grape, 1900- 1902 (E. S. 11., 14, p. 869); a study of grape pollen (E. S. R., 14, p. 870); report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring and fall of 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 558) ; inspection of feeding stuffs (E. S. R., 14, p. 790); and rei)ort of analyses of Paris green and other insecticides in 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 889). A reprint of a circular is noted elsewhere. An appendix contains a list of the periodicals received by the sta- tion, and meteorological observations noted elsewhere. Fourteenth Annual Report of West Virginia Station, 1901 ( ]Vest Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1901, j)p. 27). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901; and a rather full review of the work of the station during the year, by the director. Report on farmers' institutes — summer season, 1903 {Bui. North Carolina Slate Bd. Ayr., 24 {laOS), No. 10, pp. i'>4,fiys. «*).— This l)ulletin contains the follow- ing ])apers read at farmers' institutes during the summer of 1903: Stock Raising, Com- mon Diseases of Farm Animals, The Cattle Tick and the Quarantine Restrictions, and Condimental Stoi'k Foods and Condition Powders, by T. Butler; Improvement of the Soil, and The Home Garden and Orchard, by W. F. Massey; Varieties of Corn and Cotton and Their Improvement by Seed Selection, by C. B. Williams; Soil Improvement, and Fertilizer Materials and Fertilizers — Mixtures for Different Crops, by B. W. Kilgore; and Forage Crops for the Southern Farm, by C. C. Moore. North Dakota Farmers' Institute Annual, 1903, edited by E. E. Kaufman {North Dakota Farmer.^' Tiut. Ann. 1903, pp. 192, fiys. 32). — This is made up of a large number of short articles, some of which are taken from other publications. Among the original articles mention may be made of the following: Testing Cows, by E. E. Kaufman; What the Department of Agriculture is doing for the Farmer of the Northwest, by C. B. Smith; Problems in Breeding, by W. M. Hays; Farming in North Dakota, by T. A. Overstad; The Market for Macaroni Wheat, by M. A. Carle- ton; Farmers' Institutes, by J. H. Worst; Varieties of Corn, and Corn Culture, by E. G. SchoUander; The Care of the Corn Crop, and The Construction of Silos, by C. J. Zintheo; Eradicating the Mustard, by E. G. SchoUander; Small Fruits in North Dakota, by R. S. Northrop; Some North Dakota Weeds, by L. R. W^aldron; and The Underground Water Supi)ly, ]jy D. E. Willard. Conditions for intensive and extensive agriculture in Germany, J. Frost {Inaug. Diss., Univ. Berlin, 1903, pj). 91). — This thesis treats of the relationship of climate, soil, dismemberment of estates, transportation, markets, labor, and capital to intensive and extensive agriculture in Germany. Management of the Estate Iiobositz, W. Medingek {Inaug. Diss., Univ. Halle, 1902, pp. 203). — The history of the estate is given and the climate, location, soil, and management are described. The history of the management dates back over a century. Development of French agriculture under the present tariff" system, B. Fkanke {Inaug. D/.ss. , Utiv. BerVnt, 1903, pp. 19). — In connection with a discussion of the subject the author presents statistics w'ith reference to production, consump- tion, and value of different agricultural products for a series of years. Comparative data for other countries are also given. Agriculture in New Zealand, M. Murphy {Neiv Zealand Offic. Yearbook 1903, pp. 588-605). — The agricultural conditions of New Zealand are spoken of with refer- ence to the principal crops grown, and the cattle, sheep, horse, swine, and poultry industries. Many statistics are given. MISCELLANEOUS. 831 T'wenty-fourth annual report of the Director of the United States Geolog- ical Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1902-3, C. I>. Walcott {Ann. Rpt. V. S. (leol. Survey, 24 {1902-3), pp. 302, pis. 26).— This report explains the organizatiou of the bureau and outlines the work of the year in its various branches. "The Survey as now organized is divided into five branches, the geologic, topo- graphic, hydrographic, publication, and administrative. The geologic branch includes the divii^ions of geolog}', and paleontology, of mining and mineral resources, and of j)hysics and chemistry." The topographic branch includes divisions of topography and geography and forestry. The hydrographic ])ranch includes "the work of the division of hydrography and also that of the reclamation service, organized to carry on the surveys and examinations authorized by the reclamation law. The proceeds of the sale of public lands in the Western States and Territories, which were set aside to create a fund for this purpose, amount to between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000 a year. ... A division of hydrology has also been added to the hydrographic branch, the purpose of which is to study geologic conditions governing the occurrence of underground waters. Another feature of this branch is the division of hydro- economics, of which the chief raison d'etre is the investigation of the quality of water and its effect on various industries." Foreign trade in farm and forest products, 1903, G. K. Holmes ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Statixtics Circ. 13, pp. 20). — The total value of the imports of farm products during 1903 was $456,199,325 and of the exports, $878,479,451. The imports of the forest products amounted to $71,478,022 and the exports to $58,281,124; Wine statistics of Switzerland, 1902 {Landw. Jahrb. Schiveiz, 17 {1903), No. 9, pp. 443-541). — This is the third report of this character, and consists of statistical (lata relating to the wine industry in the different cantons of Switzerland, and analyses of over 700 samples. Accessions to the Department Library, 1903 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Library Bids. 4G, pp. 67; 47, pp. 56; 4S, pp. 45; 4^', pp- 64)- NOTES, Connecticut Storrs Station. — As previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 525), the station has arranged for conducting experiments in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department in the making of soft cheeses. In connection with this work, Dr. Charles Thom, of Ithaca, N. Y., has been appointed mycologist; Alfred W. Bosworth, formerly of the Rhode Island Station, chemist; and E. B. von Heyne, of Waterville, N. Y., practical cheese maker. Florida University and Station. — The recent legislature enacted a law giving the university jiower to investigate, segregate, or destroj' domestic animals afflicted with communicable diseases. The station veterinarian was appointed for this work. Two consideral)le outbreaks of glanders in the State have been suppressed. Twenty-six thorough])red Shorthorn cattle have been inoculated this winter for protection against Texas fever, w'ith no deaths so far. The i:)racticability of shipment of cattle direct to the owner and subsequent inoculation for fever is also being tested. Its success so far seems certain. This will I'elieve the owner of considerable expense attendant upon having the work done at the station itself. The old greenhouses having become unsuitable have been repaired and put in excellent condition. Cooperative experiments in the control of jwlato diseases have been instituted in connection with C. ii. White, at Hastings, which is the largest potato-producing section oi the State. Hawaii Station. — Plans have been made for an office building and a chemical lab- oratory building, to be erected with funds appropriated ])y the Territorial legislature. The new buildings will be located on the naval hospital site adjacent to the land already occupied by the station. Idaho University and Station. — Short courses in horticulture and dairying have been conducted at the university this season. Kentucky College and Station. — The legislature has appropriated $15,000 annually toward the maintenance fund of the college. A bill providing ?25,000 for a building for the normal department of the college passed l)oth branches, but was vetoed by the governor on the ground of economy. The fund for the enforcement of the pure- food law has been increased from $7,500 to $10,500 annually. Nebraska Station. — Operations have been begun on the substation at North Platte, established by the State legislature, and W. P. Snyder, assistant in animal husbandry in the station at Lincoln, has been appointed superintendent of the new substation. As previously noted, this station is located on a tract of 1,920 acres of land 3 miles south of North Platte. The tract includes 280 acres of bench land, only about 20 feet to permanent water, and already under an irrigation ditch. The ])alance is table- land 2,900 to 8,000 feet above sea level. About 160 acres of this is level and will be used for farming purposes, while a large portion is broken and only valuable for pasture. This pasture land is covered with buffalo grass and other excellent grasses. Most of the experiments in dry farming will be duplicated, one set being made on the bench land and one on the table-land. Experiments will also be made on the effect of dehorning steers under range conditions, a lot of 150 2-year-old cattle being equally divided, one half being dehorned and the other half allowed to run without dehorning. Experiments will also be made to determine the amount of grain which 832 N(yrES. 833 can profitably be fed to hogs to produce the cheapest pork on alfalfa pasture; and at an early date experiments in the growing of timber for posts and for wind-breaks will be started. After wind-breaks have l)een estal)lished, exi)eriments in orcharding will l)e undertaken. Khode Island Statien. — A. G. Lander, B. S. A., a graduate of ('ornell University, has been appointeen appointed lecturer in the Forest School of Yale Fniversity. Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. —A circular recently issued by the executive coniinittee announces that the next ainiual meeting of the association will be held during the week 1)eginning October 30, 1904. The place of meeting has not been definitely determined upon, but if satisfactory arrange- ments for railroad and lu)tel rates can be secured Des Moines, Iowa, will probably be selected. National Farm School. — L. J. Shepard resigned his position as agriculturist of the National Farm School at Doylestown, Pa. , at the close of February to accept a posi- tion in charge of a 700-acre farm in Morristown, N. J. He has been succeeded by W. II. Bishop, formerly of the Delaware College and Station. C. P. Halligan, a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and recently connected with the Arnold Arbori-tum, has succeeded W. B. Madison as horticulturist, who, as i)revi- ously noted, has gone to the Blount llermon School, near Northfield, Mass. Live-stock Exhibit of the Colleges and Stations at St. Louis. — The connnittee on the exhibit of the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts and experiment stations at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition has provided for the exhibition of the work with live stock and in agronomy at these institutions. This will include demonstrations of the methods of teaching and investigation and exhibits of the results of investiga- tion, together with a daily programme of lectures and class demonstrations in stock and grain judging. The exposition authorities are expected to provide suitable quarters, consisting of a judging and demonstration pavilion, with amphitheater of ample seating capacity, and facilities for conducting slaughter and block tests and cooking trials. Exhibits of different classes of live stock have been assigned to differ- ent institutions and w'ill show the results of different methods of feeding, the improve- ment of grade animals by good sires, the influence of age on cost of production, and other points of interest in this connection. A number of slaughter and block tests are planned for. This live-stock exhibit will supplement the exhibits made in the educational building, and should prove a most instructive feature as illustrating the methods which have been worked out at the colleges and stations. County Experiment Stations. — Under this caption Wallaces' Farmer describes the exijerimental work done last year on the Sioux County, Iowa, poor farm in coopera- tion with the experiment station at Ames, and notes the movement of other counties to follow the example. The trials at the Sioux County farm were with varieties of corn, and were laid out and supervised by representatives of the State station. The results reported are of so much interest that the future financial suj^port of the undertaking is assured. At least four other counties in the State will conduct experimental work on their poor farms this season. The value of these experiments to the farmers in such lines as growing seed corn acclimatized and suited to the immediate locality is pointed out, and other useful lines suggested which will make the county poor farms "practi- cal experiment stations of the greatest value." The writer predicts that in a few years every county dominated by j^rogressive farmers "will insist that the county poor farm be an experiment station for that county." A Pure Seed Bill. — A bill introduced in the National House of Representatives to prevent the adulteration of blue grass, orchard grass, and clover seed, has been fav- orably reported, with amendments, by the Committee on Agriculture. The bill pro- hibits the interstate and international traffic in seed of orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, red clover, mammoth clover, or alfalfa, which is mixed, adulterated, or mis- branded; and provides a penalty of not less than $200 or more than $500 for the first offense, and from $300 to $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, for each subsequent offense. An inspection of the varieties of seed mentioned, to extend throughout the w^hole country, is to be made by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this NOTES. 835 Department. Seed condemned as being mixed, adulterated, or misbranded is to be confiscated and disjiosed of by direction of the court. The legal conception of mixing, adulterating, and misbranding is defined in detail. Our Future "Public Analysts." — In an article under this caption in the issue of Science for ]\Iarch 18, R. O. Brooks, of the New Jersey Lalwratory of Hygiene, directs attention to the growth of public supervision of food products and standard drugs, and to the need of supplying men for this work. He points to the State experiment stations as the logical and most appropriate institutions for carrying out the technical part of the inspection, the food commissioner being mainly a prosecut- ing officer, and commends these institutions for that service on account of their equipment and personnel, which make research work on composition, nutritive value, etc., feasible, and the present relations of the station chemists to the Associa- tion of Official Agricultural Chemists. The need of considerable special training for this branch of service and the dearth of properly trained men to fill prospective positions are pointed out, and the colleges maintained iinder the land-grant and Morrill acts are thought to be especially qualified for training at least the locally needed public analysts of the future. The association of the exi^eriment stations with these colleges is mentioned as an especial advantage. These colleges "have facilities (departments, profes.sors, and laboratories) wherewith to give instruction in the subject of foods, their composition, nutritive and economic value, methods of adulteration and detection of the same, etc. ; and in the senior year or as postgraduate assistants, give the students an opportunity to gain an insight into and a little actual experience in food investigation A\'ork, and also, if possible, in methods of rapid legal inspection work at the local experiment station, or at least from the official chemists of these stations. The preparatory subjects, which we may consider as junior year electives, would include organic ehemistrv and outlines of organic analytical methods (fat extractions, melting point determinations, etc.), histological botany and micro- scopy and physiology, especially the subjects of nutrition, digestion, and assimilation. In the senior year the really special studies would be undertaken, viz, the study of foods as previously outlined; the natural composition, nutritive and economic value, utility, methods of adulteration, etc., of foods being taught by lectures, while the methods of scientific investigation and rapid legal inspection, especially the use of the microscope and the utilization of histological botany, would Ije taught simul- taneously in the laboratory. . . . Such a comparatively smiple, wholly possible and practicable course of training, especially if supplemented with actual experience in the local experiment station, would supply a national and soon to be a pressing need for competent trained 'public analysts,' similar to those regarded necessary by the smallest and least pretentious English towns and cities." National Diploma in Agriculture. — As many of our readers know, the National Agri- cultural Examination Board, representing the Royal Agricultural Society of England and the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, has for several years past been issuing a national diploma in the science and practice of agriculture to candi- dates who successfully pass the examinations. The fifth annual examination will be lield early in May at Yorkshire College, Leeds. It is interesting to note that the examination consists of two parts, which must be taken in different years, the second part being taken within two years after passing the first part. The examination in I^art 1 comprises agricultural botany, mensuration and land surveying, general chem- istry, geology, and agricultural entomology; and in part 2 practical agriculture, agricultural bookkeeping, agricultural chemistry, agricultural engineering, and vet- erinary science. Candidates who obtain an average of 75 per cent in the two parts receive the diploma with honors, and a gold medal is awarded to the candidate mak- ing the highest grade. Proposed Aberdeen Agricultural College. — The establishment of an agricultural col- lege in Aberdeen, Scotland, has been under consideration for some time, and from 836 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the latest reports given in Marl- Lane Express is looked upon with favor. Last year over $5,000 was spent on agricultural education in the county, about $2,000 being given to the agricultural department of Aberdeen University and the remainder spent by the education committee on local classes. The new college would under- take the whole of the work in agricultural education, bringing about a thorough coordination of efforts in this direction, and the amount of money heretofore avail- able would be doubled by the promised grant from the eibicatiou department, which, it appears, has signified its dissatisfaction with the ])resent arrangement. The Aber- deen County secondary education committee has appointed a subcommittee to confer with the county finance committee with reference to recommending a sum which the county might appropriate for the new college. Forestry Exhibition at Perth. — An exhibition of objects relating to forestry in all of its branches is to be held in the show yard of the Highland and Agricultural Society at Perth, Scotland, in July, under the auspices of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Prizes are offered for collective exhibits of timber grown in Scotland, for a report on the damage done to forest trees by insect pests and the measures which have been successfully adopted for their extermination, specimens showing the comparative quality of larch timber grown on different soils and situations and the respective ages at which it reaches marketable size and maturity, examples showing the best methods of utilizing small wood in the manufacture of fancy wood articles, for a scientific instrument for expeditiously measuring the diameter of trees at a given height, and for the best exhibit of timber preserved by a practical and economical process. Prize Competition. — The Association of Berlin Butter Dealers has offered the following prizes: (1) 3,000 marks for a method of determining palm fat in butter, (2) 1,000 marks for a method of determining palm fat in lard, and (.3) 2,000 marks for a method of determining lard in butter. The methods must ])e capable of being carried out in a properly equipped laboratory in a day, must not cost more than 6 marks for a determination, and must be accurate in mixtures containing 15 per cent of the foreign substance. The competition is open until February 1, 1905. The address of the association is Verein Berliner Butterkaufleute, Alexander strasse 64, Berlin. Personal Mention. — George A. Putnam has been appointed to succeed G. C. Creel- man as suiterintendent of farmers' institutes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It is reported in Science that L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, will superintend the nature-study courses in the summer session, at the University of Tennessee. President Andrew S. Draper, of the University of Illinois, has resigned to become commissioner of education in New York State, under the new unification bill which has recently received the governor's signature. The death is announced of Henry Michaelson, supervisor of the Pikes Peak For- estry Reserve and a writer on matters relating to irrigation and forestry. It is reported in Science that Prof. E. von Behring will succeed Prof. Robert Koch as head of the Berlin Institute for Infectious Di.seases, and that the Prassian Government will take over the serum institute founded by Professor von Behring in the neighborhood of Marburg. Prof. Ludwig Biihring, successor to Prof. IM. Maercker as director of the Halle Agricultural Chemical Control Station, died suddenly February 15 at the age of 58. Dr. F. W. Dafert, director of the Agricultural Chemical Experiment Station of Vienna, has been called by the Austrian ministry of agriculture to the position of director of the department of agricultural experiment stations. Prof. Johann Wolf- bauer has been appointed acting director of the Vienna Station. Miscellaneous. — The bill before the New York legislature to appropriate $250,000 for Ijuildings and e(iuipment for the College of Agriculture at Cornell University con- tinues to meet with considerable opposition, in which the presidents of six or seven NOTES. 837 other universities and colleges in tlic State are very active. A bill introduced some weeks ago appropriating $200,000 to establish a State college of agriculture at Cob- leskill has I)een advocated by the opposition, and also naturally by the people in the region of Cobleskill, prominent among whom was the president of Union College. The chancellor of Syracuse University is reported as having taken a leading i^art in this opjiosition, advocating first a division of the Federal funds among the colleges of the State, and more recently the appointment of a commission. In an address before the finance committee of the senate, the chancellor made grave charges against Cornell University, and tliis address was published in a pamphlet cTititled "A Protest and Some Other Proposals Concerning Agricultural Education," which has been widely circulated, followed by a second set of charges. This agitation has called forth a twenty-four page circular on Agricultural Education in New York State, by Prof. L. H. Bailey, in which he answers the charges against the university, and maintains that agricultural education in the State can best be provided for at the institution where large provision in teaching force and equipment already exists. The Cornell ]n\l has passed the assembly and early action in the senate is expected. TJie Cornell Countryman notes that out of 43 students in the general winter course in agriculture at Cornell, 30 chose poultry husbandry for their elective course. This is gratifying evidence of the interest taken by students in this new department. From the same source we note that at the meeting of the New York State Grange, early in February, it was voted to establish four grange scholarships in the college of agriculture at Cornell University, which contributes a distinctly new feature to the educational movement in the State. The Forest School of Yale University has received, by gift of G. H. Myers, the library of the late Robert Henry, of Munich, containing about 1,500 books and pamplilets on forestry. Announcement is made that at the fifth summer session of Columbia University provision will be made for instruction in foods and human nutrition. A course of live lectures a week on the chemistry of food and nutrition, with collateral reading and with or without laboratory work, is offered by Dr. H. C. Sherman; and Prof. H . T. Vulte, of the department of domestic science, will give courses on food princi- ples and on food production and manufacture. The course on food principles will include sugars, starches, proteids, fats, etc., with special attention to the changes taking place during domestic manipulation and digestion. The course in food pro- duction and manufacture will cover such matters as the milling of cereals, composition and use of leavening agents, jellies and preserves, oils and fatty bodies, and water for drinking and detergent use. Courses in the theory and practice of teaching nature study in elementary schools, consisting of lectures, readings, discussions, and prac- tical work, and in biological nature study, including lectures, readings, and work in the laboratory and the field, will be conducted by Prof. M. A. Bigelow^ and Miss Ada Watterson, of the department of nature study. The school opens July 6 and will continue until August 17. TJie Cyprus Journal is the title of a new agricultural periodical published at Nicosia, Island of Cyprus, under government auspices. It is printed in three lan- guages— English, Greek, and Turkish, the first two being in parallel columns and the Turkish in a sei^arate part. From the first number of this journal we learn that the government has lately purchased a farm at Athalassa, near Nicosia, for the jiurpose of establishing a "model and experimental farm." In addition to culture and fer- tilizer experiments, and demonstrations of the use of modern agricultur?vl implements, attention will also be paid to improving the quality of the native breeds of cattle. Other lines of effort for the promotion of agriculture, which are carried on by the government, are the maintenance of a nursery and experimental grounds, the distribution gratis or by sale at low prices of various kinds of plants, and the intro^ duction of agricultural implements and machinery and their sale at greatly reduced 888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. prit-e on easy terms of payment. Expensive irrigation works have been constructed in recent years from which much permanent good is anticipated; money has been advanced by the loan commissioners for waterworks and other objects of public utilitv, and effective measures have been taken to improve the l)reed of the larger island cattle. A recent number of Gdrdcalnf/ states that a school for the training and mstruction of women in practical horticulture has been established at (xodesberg, on the Rhine. According to statistics for the present academic year, of the 37,813 students matricu- lated at the 21 universities of tiie German Empire, 35,082 are German and 2,731, or 7.2 per cent of the total number, are foreigners, of whom 276 are Americans. Of the foreigners 199 are students of forestry and 146 of agriculture. The Sixth International Zoological Congress will l)e held at Berne, Switzerland, August 14 to 19, 1904. A departmental committee has been appointed to inquire into the workings of the British fertilizers and feeding-stuffs act of 1893. The committee is now engaged in taking testimony on this subject. The directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society have under advisement the inauguration of a series of agricultural motor implement trials, with substantial prizes to encourage the perfection of this class of machinery. It is reported in Oesterreichische Chemikcr-ZeUung that the younger potash estalj- lishments of Germany are planning an independent combination, with headquarters either at Hamburg or Berlin, repeated efforts of the minister of commerce having failed to secure them concessions from the older organization. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. 1)., Assistant. JJlrcctur. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and I L W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evaxs, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulti^. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. Y. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the coox^eration of the scientific divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. 9. Editorial notes: Page. The agricultural appropriation act, 1904-5 839 Inauguration of experiment station work in Cuba 842 An experiment in secondary agricultural instruction 844 Levi Stockbridge, deceased 844 Recent work in agricultural science 846 Notes 938 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Direct determination of potassium in the ash of plants, E. M. East 846 A method for the direct determination of alumina, C. E. Rueger 846 Eudiometric and gravimetric methods of determining ammonia, E. Riegler 846 On the determination of nitrites in the absence of air, J. K. Phelps 846 The determination of total carbon in coal and soil, S. W. Parr 846 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, especially by electricity, F. von Lepel 847 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by electrical discharges, F. von Lepel 847 The determination of hygroscopicity, H. Rodewald and A. Mitscherlich 847 Investigations at the Sugar Experiment Station laboratory, C. A. Browne, jr . 847 Dry defecation in optical sugar analysis, W. D. Home 848 Hydrolysis of maltose and of dextrin and determination of starch, W. A. Noyes et al 848 Concerning the hydrolysis of cellulose with sulphurous acid, F. Zimmer 848 The bodies called fiber and carbohydrates in feeding stuffs, P. Schweitzer 848 Determination of gliadin in wheat flour by means of polariscope, H. Snyder. . 849 Precipitation of proteids by alcohol and other reagents, M. Christine Tebb 849 Results of biological studies of proteids, A. Partheil 850 Some experiments in biochemical synthesis, S. B. Schryver 850 A new method for the determination of cocoanut oil in butter, E. Polenske. . . 850 Determination of the adulteration of butter bv cocoanut oil, A. Miintz and H. Coudon - 850 n CONTENTS. I'agc>. Some rare (ixcd oils, (r. K. I'ancoast and W. ( Iraliain 851 Jsxaiii illation of coniniorcial pcpiHTH, J. \V. (iladliill 851 ExisttMice of salicylic aci'. Bagger. 858 Review of more important fertilizer experiments on black soil, AV. von Wiener. 858 Factors of availability of potash and phosphoric acid in soils, G. S. Fraps 858 Reply to an address: Present status of soil investigation, F. K. Cameron 858 The nitrogen of the soil, Viljrans 859 Bacteriologii'al studies of the soil, T. Remy 859 Reclamation of salt and alkali lands, T. H' Means 859 Reclamation of alkali land near Salt Lake City, TTtah, W. H. Heileman 859 The geomorphogeny of the Upper Kern Ijasin, A. C. Lawson 859 FERTILIZERS. A treatise on manures, A. B. Griffiths 860 Green manuring on the better class of soils, W. Schneidewind 860 The i)reparation and use in agriculture of lime nitrogen, ]\I. Gerlach 860 Sulphate of annnonia or nitrate of soda? Lilienthal 860 By what means may ainmoniacal nitrogen be made most effective? P. Watrner. 860 Influence of liming and marling on the vield of serradella, R. Ulbriiht 860 CONTENTS. Ill Page. On jireoipitated superi)lios{>hiito as a sul )stitnte lor Thomas wlag, A. Knnnerling. 860 Use of rrude potash s:ilts in (ieriuan agriculture iu 1898 and 1902, G. Siemssem. 860 Progress in the potash industry iu 190;), M. Hagen ; 860 FIELD CROPS. Field experiments, F. C. Bnrtis and L. A. Moorhouse 860 Kesults from trial plats of grain, fodder corn, etc., W. Saunders 861 Alfalfa, sorghum, soy l^eans, and other forage plants, J. F. Duggar and J. M. Richeson ' 862 The hay meadow with special reference to culture and irrigation, W. Quitzow. 863 AVork of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell, Texas, 8. A. Knajip. 863 Experiments with cotton and corn in 1903, J. F. Duggar and J. M. Richeson . . 863 Selecting and improving corn, A. M. Soule 864 Cowpea hay, C. L. Newman , 864 Observations on potato culture, A. Carre 865 Potiito trials of 1903, E. S. Brown 866 A method of storing potatoes, E. Sehribaux 866 Thickness of seeding in relation to yield and development of spring rve, E. < Jross .' 866 Weather in its relation to the yield and quality of sugar beets, Grohmann 866 Increase in sugar content of pulled beets when topping is delayed, T. Remy. . 867 Annual report of the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations for 1902-3 867 Sweet potatoes from seed 867 Ridge and level culture of swedes, G. L. Sutton 867 Wheats and flours of Aroostook County, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill 867 HORTICULTURE. Improvements in vegetables, J. 0. Thilow 868 Standard varieties and interesting novelties 868 A new late cabbage from Russia _ „ . 869 Cantaloupe seed, P. K . Blinn 869 Growing cauliflower seed in Denmark 869 Ginseng to date, F. O. Harrington 869 Field culture of tomatoes, A. Guy 870 AVatermel(jn growing, A. J. McClatchie 870 Sul)irrigation in the greenhouse, W. M. IMunson 870 Principles of plant growth, A. T. P^rwin 870 Production of new varieties, G. A. Ivins 870 A method of increasing the size of fruit 871 Origin of Black Ben Davis 871 Thinning fruit, E. R. Bennett 871 Pruning of tree and bush fruits, W. N. Hutt 871 Pruning the peach, C. P. Close 871 Peacli growing in Arkansas, E. Walker 871 A lesson in pollination, C. G. Patten 872 The Calimyrna tig, G. C. Roeding 872 The date-palm orchard, R. H. Forbes 872 Stra\vl)erry culture, A. J. McClatchie 873 The native shrubs of Iowa, B. Shimek 873 Beautifying the home grounds, L. C. Corbett 873 Roses and their cultivation, T. W. Sanders 873 Comparative fertilizer experiment with pelargoniums and fuchsias, R. Otto . . 873 FORESTRY. Tests of forest trees, A. Dickens and G. O. Greene 873 Planting trees for posts, fuel, and wind-l)reaks, O. M. Morris 874 The measurement of saw logs, A. L. Daniels 874 SEEDS — WEEDS. Clover and alfalfa seeds, A. D. Solby ami J. F. Hicks 874 Some weeds of Iowa, L. H. Pammel 874 Weeds used in medicine, Alice Ilenkel 874 Weed prevention experiments, J. A. Voelcker 874 IV CONTENTS. IIIXKASICS OK ri.ANTS. Page; A frw roiimioii plant diseases in Delaware, C. O. Smith 875 Treatment of certain plant diseases, V. P. Chester 876 Some experiments with fungus diseases in 190.3, L. F. Henderson 876 Crown gall, AV. Paddock.... 877 KNTOMOLOCY. Thirty-fourth annual rei)ort of the Entomological Soi-icty of Ontario, liK):; 877 Report of the government entomologist, (.'. Fuller . . . ; 878 Injurious insects in the Midland Counties during 190;^, W. E. Collinge 878 A report on the injurious insects for 1902, C. Schroder 878 The mi-rration and disjiersal of insects, J. W. Tutt 878 Recent practical I'utomological literature, A. Tullgren 878 Causes of white-head condition in grasses in Finland, E. Renter 878 Some new species and varieties of Canadian bntterflii'S, J. Fletcher 878 Diffusion of the hawk moths in North America, F. M. Webster 878 Precocious development of the ])upal and adult organs in larvfe, H. J. Kolbe. 878 A revision of the Nearctic Chrysopidte, N. Banks 878 A revision of the Anophelin;e, G. M. Giles 879 The cotton bollworm, A. L. Quaintance 879 Information concerning the Mexican cotton-boll weevil, AV. D. Hmiter 879 ,Scx(i)iiiposed remedy for fruit-tree pests, C. T. Musson 882 The nurseries inspection and quarantine bill, C. P. Lounsbury 882 The Columbacs fly, L. von Aigner- Abafi 882 Ten generations of the house fly under different conditions, E. A. Bogdanov . 883 iSIos(iuitoes, C. Fuller " 888 Termites and termitophilous insects of Central America, F. Silvestri 883 Sex determination in bees and ants, AA^ E. Castle 883 Bee keeping, F. Sworder 883 Bees and their benefit to the farmer, J. D. Pike 883 Apiculture in Italy 883 Studies and oliservations on bumblebees, S. Bengtsson 883 Annual report of the Royal Sericultural Station of Padua 883 FOODS — NUTRITION. Review of the literature of foods for the year 1902, A. J. J. Vandevelde 884 Report of State analyst, E. N. Eaton 884 Pure food law and rulings of the food commissioner, E. F. Ladd 884 Breakfast foods, J. B. Weems and C. E. Ellis 884 Relation between gluten and total nitrogenous matter in wheat, E. Fleureut. . 885 CONTENTS. V Page. The chemical composition of cooked vegetable foods, Kathai'iiu! I. Williams.. 885 The food value of frnit, W. R. Lazenby 885 The adulteration of foods and medicines, ( i. McOarth y 885 The c(Mnposition of ]>oultrv, W. O. Atwater 885 Poultry as food, R. D. IMifner 885 Cold storage of eggs, II. V. Jackson 885 Preserving eggs in water-glass solution 885 Preserving eggs - 886 The caffein content of coffee infusion, J. Katz 886 Concerning spices, A. Beythien 886 Judgir.g vinegar, G. Popp 886 Composition of fruit juice, K. Farnsteiner et al 886 Concerning the marmalade industry, F. Strohmer 886 Nutrition investigations of the Storrs Experiment Station, W. 0. Atwater 886 The conservation of energy in the living organism, W. O. Atwater 886 Demands of the body for nourishment and dietary standards, W. O. Atwater. 886 The conservation of energy in those of advancing years, J. M. Taylor 887 The A B-Z of our own nutrition, H. Fletcher 887 The f unctii m and digestion of foods, G. G. Nasmith 887 How we ai-e fed, J. F. Chamberlain 887 The action of X-rays upon nutrition, L6pine and Boulud 887 Food and (tookery "for the sick and convalescent, Fannie M. Farmer 887 Food for the tropics, T. M. Ma(;knight 887 Some thoughts on market hygiene, H. B. Bashore 887 Concerning human pancreatic juice, K. Glaessner 888 Variations in the nitrogen, sulphate, and phosphate excretion, P. B. Hawk and J. S. Chamberlain 888 Effect of certain common essences on the cerebral circulation, A. D'Ormea.. 888 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Range forages, R. H. Forbes and "W. W. Skinner 889 Commercial feeding stuffs in the Connecticut market 889 Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. II. Jones, and F. M. Hollister 889 Methods of discriminating between Egyi)tian and Bombay cotton-seed cakes, J. A. Voelcker ._ 890 The microscoi:)ic examination of American cotton-seed cake, A. L. Winton 890 Results of analysis of manures and of feeding stuffs, S. H. Collins 890 Digestibility of rye and wheat bran of different grades, A. Kohler et al 890 Effect of drying upon the solubility of protein, J. Volhard . . . - 890 Digestil)ility of protein by artificial and natural methods, K. von Dambski... 891 The nitrogen content and the solubility in pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the protein of fresh and dried sheep manure, C. Beger — 891 Fate of proteids introduced through the alimentary canal, C. Oppenheimer.. 891 Digestion and absorption of albuminoids, E. Zunz 892 Origin of metabolic products containing sulphur, I, J. Wohlgemuth ■. 892 Combustion of the muscular carbohydrate, I, O. Cohnheim 892 Intermediate metabolic products of carbohydrates, I, P. Mayer 892 Effect of feed upon the character of body fat, O. Lemmermann and G. Linkh. . 892 The absorption of fat, B. Moore 892 Meat on the farm, A. Boss 893 Marketing live stock, C. S. Plumb 893 The use of branding fiuid, G. H. True 893 The food cost of raising calves, C. L. Beach 893 ' ' Kalberrahm ' ' with skim milk, in calf feeding, J. Kiippeli 893 Live stock. Steer feeding, H. E. Stockbridge 893 Methods of steer feeding, T. I. Mairs and A. K. Risser 894 Feeding experiments with gluten feed and other feeds, D. A. ( Jilchrist 894 C!attle-feeding experiment, T. II. Middleton 895 The value of roots in cattle feeding, T. H. Middleton 895 Feeding beet pulp to steers and sheep, R. W. Clark _ 895 Undecorticated cotton cakes for cattle and sheep on pasture, I). A. Gilchrist. . 896 Manures for pasture in Tree Field, D. A . Gilchrist 896 Effect of nitrogenous manures on the feeding value of hay, T. H. Middleton. . . 896 Experiments in feeding sheep under cover, T. H. Middleton 897 VI CONTENTS. Page. Tlu- iVediiiu' of slicep witli frlnton feed and other feeds, 1). A. Gilchrist 897 The I'crdiiiii value of different varieties of sweiles, D. A. (iilchrist 8i)7 Tlu' iiiipnivenient of iiernianeiit pastures, T. II. Middleton 897 The f(jrniation of new i)asture.s, experiment at Waresley, T. H. Middleton 898 Sheep-feeding experiment, T. II. Middleton 1 898 Laiid)-feedininal meningitis in horaes, H. Streit 927 I'rimary infectious osteomyelitis in horses, Frohner and Karnljach 927 ( i Ianort of West Virginia Station, 1902 936 Eighth Annual Reju irt of the Pennsylvania Departnientof Agriculture, 1902, II . 936 Experiment Station Work, XXIIl" 937 Experiment Station AVork, XXIV 937 Timely hints for farmers 937 Southern agriculture; its condition and needs, D. D. Wallace 937 Agriculture in Austrian Aljjine regions, V. Zailer 937 Yearbook of the German Agricultural Association, 1903 937 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Slntlonif In Ihr United Stali-i^. Alabama Cam'l>rako Station; P.iil. 20, Di'c, 190;! 862 I'.ul. 21, Jan., 1904 863 Arizona Station: Jiul. 47, Nov. 28, 1 90;^ 870, 873, 893, 900, 937 Fonrteentli An. Rpt., 1903 . . . 854, 872, 889, 900, 905, 935 Arkansas Station : Bui. 79, 1903 871 Bui. 80, 1903 864 Colorado Station: Bui. 85, Dec. , 1903 869 Bui. 86, Dec, 1903 877 Connecticut State Station: Bui. 145, Jan., 1904 889 Connecticut Storrs Station: Fifteenth An. Rpt. ,1903 856, 871,885,886,893,905, 909, 910, 911,912,935 Delaware Station: Bui. 62, Feb. 1, 1904 871 Bui. 63, Feb. 1, 1904 875, 876 Florida Station: An . Rpt. ,1902 893, 935 Georgia Station : Sixteenth An. Rpt. , 1 903 935 Idaho Station: Bui. 39, Jan., 1904 876 Illinois Station: Bui. 91, Dec, 1903 908 Bui. 92, Dec, 1903 909 Circ 73 909 Indiana Station: Sixteenth An. Rpt., 190;i 935 Iowa Station : Bui. 70, Dec, 1903 874 Bui. 74, Jan. , 1904 884, 885 Kansas Station: Bui. 1 20, Jan. , 1904 873 Kentucky Station: Twelfth An. Rpt. , 1 899 852, 857, 936 Maine Station: Bui. 96, Oct. , 1903 882 Bui. 97, Nov., 1903 867 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 214, Dec. , 1903 880 Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1903 936 New York State Station: . Bui. 242, Dec, 1903 903, 905 North Carolina Station: Bui. 1S9, Dec. ,1903 901 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui. 1 , Apr. , 1 903 881 Ohio Station: Bui, 142, June, 1903 874 y. Stations in tlie United States — Cont'd. Page. Oklahoma Station: Bui. 60, Dec, 1903 874 Bui. 61, Jan., 1904 860 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 64, Oct. , 1903 894 South Carolina Station: Si xteenth A n . Rpt. , 1903 936 Tennessee Station: Sixteenth An. Rpt. , 1903 936 Utah Station: Bui. 81, Feb., 1903 857 Bui. 82, July, 1903 895 Bui. 83, Oct. , 1903 871 Vermont Station: Bui. 102, Oct., 1903 874 Bui . 1 03, Dec. , 1 903 853 Bui. 104, Dec, 1903 874, 889 Bui. 105, Feb., 1904 854 "Washington Station: Eleventh An. Rpt. ,1901 936 Twelfth An. Rpt. ,1902 936 West Virginia Station: Bui. 88, Aug. , 1903 902 Bui. 89, Sept. ,1903 857 Bui. 90, Oct. , 1903 899, 923 Fifteenth An. Rpt. , 1902 936 Wyoming Station: ' Bui. 59, Nov., 1903 854 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 183 893 Farmers' Bui. 184 - - 893 Farmers' Bui. 185 873 Farmers' Bui. 186 937 Farmers' Bui. 187 934 Farmers' Bui. 188 874 Farmers' Bui. 189 879 Farmers' Bui. 190 937 Farmers' Bui. 191 879 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 47 (15cents) 899 Bui. 52, pt. 1 ( 10 cents) 916 Bui. 53 (5 cents) 916 Bui. 54 (5 cents) 930 Circ 43..... 923 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 80 (5 cents) 852 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 51 , pt. 2 (5 cents) 863 Bureau of Soils: Circ 12 859 Weather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 31, Nos. 10-12, Oct.- Dec , 1903 (20 cents per num- ber, $2 per year) 855 Monthly Weather Review, vol. 31, No. 13 (20 cents) . . . 855 I EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. May, llto^. No. 9. The bill making appropriation for the National Department of Agri- culture was passed hy Congress April 23. It carries a total appropri- ation of $5,902,0-1:0, an increase of $423,940, which, while it is somewhat less than the annual increase for several years past, will provide for a continued steady growth of the Department. The above comparison does not take account of the emergenc}' appropriation made last year for eradicating foot-and-mouth disease, a portion of which, amounting to a quarter of a million dollars, was made available earlier in the ses- sion for combating the cotton-boll weevil. The increase for the coming year is not tis generall}" distributed throughout the Department as it has been in some years, about nine-tenths of the increase being for the Weather Bureau and the Bureaus of Animal Industry, Forestry, Plant Industry, and Chemistry, in the order named. The Weather Bureau receives $1,337,740, an increase of about $89,000, which applies mainh' to salaries and general operating expenses. The Bureau of Animal Industry is given $50,000 additional for its inspection and investigation work, and $25,000 for experiments in animal breeding and feeding in cooperation with the State experi- ment stations. Its total for next year is $1,362,880. The Bureau of Plant Industry, which has grown rapidly since its organization, receives a relatively large increase — $69,500 — distributed quite gener- ally among its different lines of work, and making a total of $744,430. The first appropriation for this Bureau after its organization four years ago was $231,680, exclusive of the $250,000 for seeds, which is now assigned to it. Its appropriation for investigation — i. e., exclu- sive of the seed fund — has therefore considerably more than doubled ill the past four ^-^ears. In addition to its regular appropriation, the Bureau will this A^ear receive quite a share of the emergency appro- priation for combating the cotton-l)oll weevil. For investigations in vegetal)le patholog}' and ph3'siology there is an increase of $20,000 and provision for erecting a greenhouse; and for work in pomologj", out of a tottd of $43,500, a new provision allows the expenditure of $10,000 in cooperation with the California Station, for determining the adaptability of various grape stocks to the different soil and climatic conditions of the Pacific Coast, and their resistance to disease. The 839 840 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nllowjuico ixrniittcd for sood and plant introduction from the general S(M'<1 fund is iiici-cascd lo >r^40. (»(»(» (fornuM-ly ^30,(100); and i)rovisi(>n is jnailc for an inspection of j^rass. cIoNcr. and alfalfa socd, the rcsnlts to be ])ul)lishod with the names of the parti(\s oil'crint>- the .seed for sale. The clause relatin*^- to investi>^ation on domestic sugar i)roduction provides for developing the growing of sugar-beet seed in this coun- try :uid demonstration of the superiority of high-grade seed and of methods of iiu'reasing the tonnage of sugar beets. Twenty-five thou- sand dollai's is provided for moving the greenhouses adjacent to the Department building in order to accommodate the new building. The appropriation for the Bureau of Forestr}^ is $425,140, an increase of $7r),14»»; for the Bureau of Soils, $214,680, the only increase being for the salaries of two draftsmen; and for the Bureau of Chemistry, $140,800. The latter is an increase of $6-1, .500 and carries as a new item $15,000 for the chemical and ph3\sical examination of road mate- rials, formerh^ conducted with the cooperation of the Office of Public Road Inquiries. The appropriation for studies on table sirup is con- tiimed, with provision for a report at the next session of Congress; and starch-producing plants are added to the list of industrial plants and products to be studied. The increase for the Bureau of Chemis- try is much the largest it has received since it became a bureau. The former Division of Foreign Markets is incorporated in the Bureau of Statistics, w'hich receives an additional appropriation of $24,600, aside from that for the above Division, making its total $197,260. The Division of Entomology is raised to the grade of a bureau, and the scope of its work broadened to include " investigations of insects in relation to diseases of men and domestic animals, and as animal parasites." In other respects its lines are more specificall}^ enumerated than f ormerl}^ covering all phases of economic entomolog}" and related investigation. Its total appropriation of $82,450 is a slight increase over the present year. The new appropriation gives this Ofiice, as before, $40,000 for the general expenses of the Office proper, $15,000 each for the experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, $5,000 for farmers' insti- tutes, $20,000 for nutrition investigations, and $67,500 for irrigation investigations, which are extended to include drainage, an increase of $2,500 in the latter case. This makes a total of $177,500 for the OflEice and the various lines of work assigned to it. In its internal organization and the scope of its w^ork the Office is in effect a bureau, and has long since outgrown the title of "office" as at present used in the Department organization. For the Biological Survey $51,850 is appropriated, the same as last year; for Road Inquiries, $35,000, also the same; for the Library, ,200; and for the Division of Publications, $240,640, an increase of EDITORIAL. 841 $11,320. The latter appropriation carries the aUowance for Farmers' Bulletins, hut as usual does not include the fund available for printing the other miscellaneous bulletins of the Department. The allowance for this purpose out of the general printing fund is $18.5,000, includ- ing $25,000 set aside for the Weather Bureau. Aside from this, $300,000 is provided for the Department Yearbook; and the annual reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Weather Bureau, the Soil Surve}^ and this Office, together with other special reports ordered by Congress, are provided for specifically. All told, the expenditures for Department printing make the imposing aggregate of nearl}^ or quite $850,000 a year. The great need of adequate buildings to provide office and labora- tory accommodations suited to the' needs of this large and growing Department is emphasized by the rent item which the new'act carries. This amounts to about $37,000, a considerable increase over last year. While the total amount may not be required, the annual rental on most of the buildings is a fixed charge, and the temporary quarters required fitting up and special equipment, much of whi(;h is of no per- manent value. Plans for the new building are well in hand, and now that the location has been definitely decided upon the details will be prepared as promptl}^ as possible. The location selected is immedi- ately in rear of the present building and back of the line of the boule- vard extending from the Capitol to the Washington Monument. The new appropriation act illustrates in a striking manner how intimately the work of the Department and the experiment stations is associated in the mind of Congress. The clause relating to the work of the latter, which was inserted by the House committee, was subsequentl}^ stricken out, and the wording of the appropriation for the stations as finally passed remains unchanged. The stations are mentioned in the bill no less than fifteen times, outside of the clause making specific appropriation for them. These references provide for the cooperation of the Department with the stations in extending its work, and place the aid of the Depart- ment at the disposal of the stations in other ways. For example, the appropriations for inaugurating experiments in animal breed- ing and feeding, for continuing the work of plant breeding and selection, for testing plant introductions, for studying the influence of environment upon the composition of cereals, sugar and starch- producing plants, for determining the adaptability for grape stocks, for studying market conditions affecting the fruit and vegetable trade, for grass and forage plant investigations, for drainage, and irriga- tion investigations, and for studies on human food and nutrition, all make specific mention of the experiment stations as cooperating 842 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. u«;eiK-i('s; iiiid, on the other hand, directions arc g"iveii for funiisliinir duplicate's of iiiodcls of fruits and vcj^cta])lc's to tlio stations as far as pi-ac(i(iil)i('. for standardizini^- the naiuino- of varieties of cereals as a ))asis for the ^Nork of the stations, for mailing the results of work in ti()))ical agriculture available to the work of the stations, for aiding in disseminating the I'csults of the stations' work by farmers"' institutes, and for assisting the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in disseminating Information on road ])uilding. The increasing need of larger funds for the stations is emphasized bv the rapidly increasing funds of tlie Department for its work in various lines, and the frequent inabilit}' of the stations with their present funds to <30operate with the Department in extending its work in their States, The interests of the Department and the experiment station,^ are bound together by a connnon cause and a unity of purpose, which places them in a position of reciprocal helpfulness. That this is appre- ciated b}^ Congress is evidenced by the Avording of the appropriation act, which suggests a closer bond of union than is indicated by the Hatch Act. The establishment of a central experiment station in Cuba marks the beginning of agricultural investigation in that island. Thus far practically nothing has been done in the line of experimentation in any branch of agriculture, and the conditions are in many respects exceedingly primitive. Thi; modern methods of agriculture asTclated to animal production, crop production, and soil fertility are practi- cally unknown, and very little has been pu))lished regarding the plant diseases of Cuba, which are numerous and troublesome. The move- ment to establish sj'stematic experiments and investigation has come as the result of a real need and of faith in the methods which have been productive of such far-reaching results in this and other countries. The new station is located at Santiago de las Vegas, in Havana Prov- ince, about twelve miles from the city of Havana. It is under the general supervision of the secretary of public works, who is now also acting secretary of agriculture, the secretary of agriculture appointed when the department was established a few years ago having resigned. The director of the station is Prof. F. S. Earle, late of the Kew York Botanic Gardens, who has been associated with the work of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, and the experiment stations in Mississippi and Alal)ama. Professor Earle brings to his work excep- tional iitness for the direction of agricultural investigation in the tropics, and a thorough knowledge of the methods of the experiment stations of this country'. The station is located on a tract of 180 acres of land which is old and worn, ])ut in nian}'^ respects is typical in character. The place was origintdly a Spanish l)arracks, and has a large stone building with EDITORIAL. 843 a1>()ut 40.0(1(1 scj. ft. of lloor spiu-c, :ukI several stables and other huild- iiios. These can l)e readily ada})ted to the needs of thi' station and will save the expense and time of ludlding. General ^Vood estab- lished an industrial school for orphan boys upon this farm, with the plan to make practical instruction in agriculture a prominent feature. About SOU Ijoys were in the school when it was moved into Ha^'ana, and some experimental work with sugar cane had been commenced. The station starts out with a li1)eral appropriation of $75,000 a year, and a good prospect for continuance, as there is much interest in the new undertaking. Six departments are planned for: (1) Agriculture, {'2) animal industry, including veterinary science, (3) horticulture, (4) chemistry and soil physics, (5) botany, and (6) plant pathology, including entomology. The agricultural department is the onh' one organized at present. It is in charge of Francisco Cruz, a native Cuban, who is an expert in tol)acco culture and well informed in other lines of agriculture. Mr. Cruz had been at the head of one of the provincial departments of agriculture^, where he had started some promising lines of investigation. The new station is spoken of as a central station, in the expectation that it will be the beginning of an experiment station system, the exact nature of which has not yet been determined upon. This ma}" take the form oi l)ranch stations affiliated with the central station, or cooperative work carried out on private farms. The field is a virgin one for investigation, and opportunities for use- ful lilies of work present themselves on every hand. Cuba is thought to be one of the l)est cattle countries in the world, having magnificent pastures and abundant forage crops. There are. only a few blooded animals in the island, however, and there is great opportunity for improvement in breeding and management. Dairying as an industry is practicall}" unknown, and there is thought to be a line opportunity for its development. In tobacco culture, for ^vhich the island is famous, there is said to have been no systematic work in seed selection, and the methods of tobacco raising now practiced offer many opportunities for improve- ment. Although large quantities of fertilizers are often applied in farming, this is not done in an intelligent manner or with reference to supplying definite elements of plant food, and very little attention is given to other means of conserving or improving soil fertility. Practical]}" nothing has been done toAvard the development of agri- cultural education in Cuba as yet. The University of Havana has a department of agriculture, but this is evidently not ver}' active or influential at present. The industrial school formerly located on the site of the station is the or.ly attempt made to start an agricultural school, and as the agricultural feature has now been abandoned, the peo})le are practically without facilities for insti'uction in agriculture. The establishment of the experiment station on a liberal basis, and 844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the (Iclt'iiiiiiuition to scciiro a thoroughly competent director and corps ol" Nsorkcrs, i.s lui c\id(!iice that the authorities have awakened to the needs and the opportunities for dev(;lopinj^ the threat productive indus- try of the ishuid and placing- it upon a more rational and progressive hasis. The develoi)ment of thv. station under Director Karle Avill be followed with nmcli interest by his many friends in this country. The inauguration exercises of the new agricultural course at Mount Hermon School for Boys, near Northfield, took place April 18. The occasion was the annual commencement of the school, and the exer- cises served to give formal recognition and prominence to this new course, which was started last fall. The principal address was made l^y Prof. L. H. Bailey, wdio spoke upon the place of agricultural instruction in the college and school curriculum. His remarks showed the steady growth of interest in the teaching of agriculture, the various forms which this is now tak- ing, and the more general recognition accorded to it for its educational value and its utility as a preparation for dail}^ life. While the Mount Hermon agricidtural course is in a sense an experi- ment, it is one in which the friends of agricultural education have great faith. The conditions afforded at the school for developing such a course seem in man}^ respects ideal. A farm of a thousand acres is already at hand; the Northfield schools furnish a large market for its products; over 400 boys are in attendance, who are required to do a stipulated amount of manual labor every day about the college buildings or on the farm; and many of the boys come from country districts, with a desire to learn something which will be of direct ad\'antage to them when the}^ return to their homes. It only remains to make the labor required of the bo3^s instructive and attractive, to systematize it, and to combine with it theoretical instruction which will teacli the reason for the methods practiced. It will require money to develop the new department, })ut under the old system the farm has been a source of considerable expense, and the saving which is ))eing effected in the operating expenses and the increased returns from the improved system of farming will in part provide the necessary means. And in the past it has not been the rule at the Moody schools that new^ developments have been cluM'ked ])y lack of funds; a way has been found for providing means after the wisdom of the undertaking has become manifest. In the death of Hon. Le\i Stockbridge, of Massachusetts, a familiar landmark in the tield of agricultural education has passed away. For nearly a (juartcr of a century he was a prominent and influential figure in the development of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and in securing for it the recognition and financial support of the State. He was identified with the college from its inception, urging upon the EDITORIAL. 845 Icoishiturc tho :icc-eptancc oi" the Fcdcrul land o-raiit of 1862, as.sumino- cltargc of the colleov property in ISCO, and upon the opening of the college the following 3'ear ))ec'oming its first professor of agriculture — one of the very few in the land at the time. He occupied that chair without interru})tion until 1SS2, and again in l>S8S-89, serving twice in the meantime as acting president. He was president of the college from 1880 to 1882. It was no fault of his that those years included some of the darkest in the history of the college. It was rather the unreadiness of the times. Opposition was strong, often bitter, and the public mind was hardly prepared for this new kind of education. It is to the credit of the institution that it held its place as a distincth' agricultural college, and gradual!}' gained recognition for its work and a public sentiment to bear it up. His strength and vigor and perseverance counted for much in those trying times. Professor Stockbridge lived to see the teaching of agriculture gradu- ally assume pedagogic form, many of the old ideas supplanted, and the subject so developed and specialized that instead of a single pro- fessor of agriculture a corps of specially trained men are required at the leading institutions; but the service which he and others of his type rendered in preparing the way for this development was of untold value and was fundamental in the evolution of this new branch of instruction. As he was a leading spirit in the establishment of the agricultural college, so he was one of the prime movers for the experiment station. With Goessmann and Clark he conducted lield and laboratorj' experi- ments which attracted wide interest and helped to show the practical value of experimental work to the farmer. The claims which he made in his urgent appeals for the experiment station have been more than justified with the passage of 3'ears; and the national growth and influ- ence of the stations in this country, which probably surpass anything pictured by his keen and far-seeing imagination, is but another indi- cation of the progressive times in which we live. His was an active, earnest, useful life in the public service of agri- culture. We glorj^ in his having lived to see its advancement in so many directions. All honor to those pioneers like himself, who, with courage and perseverance born of their convictions, fought out the battles of our agricultural institutions in the darker da3's of their history, and paved the way for their present success and prosperity. 2672L'— Nu. 9— U4 2 RFXENT WORK I\ ACRirUlJURAL SCIliXCE. CHEMISTRY. The direct determination of potassium in the ash of plants, E. M. East {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.^, 26 {1904), ^^o. 3, pp. 297-300).— In the method proposed 2 to 3 gm. of substance is incinerated with ammonium nitrate, and the determination of potash in the ash thus obtained proceeds as follows: "Transfer to a beaker with only a few drops of hydrochloric acid and heat to boiling. Add to the hot solution barium hydroxid solution saturated at 32°, suffi- cient to iirecipitate interfering salts. From 3 to 5 cc. are usually enough, providing the hydrochloric acid has been used sparingly. Digest one hour, filter hot, and wash with hot water. Precipitate the barium as sulphate l)y a sodium sidphate solution made up of strength equiA'alent to the barium hydroxid solution used. Digest 5 hours, filter, and wash. Evaporate down to about 25 cc. in a platinum dish. Add a drop or two of hydrochloric acid and the calculated amount of chlor- ])latiuic acid needed to convert all the alkalis into chlorplatinates. Proceed as in the Lindo-Gladding method for fertilizers. Transfer all the double salt to the filter after the first addition of 10 cc. of the ammonium ehlorid solution. The interfering salts of magnesium and calcium will all be dissolved on the first api^lication. After transferring, 5 Avashings of 5 cc. each are sufficient to clear the double salt from im- purities; then wash with alcohol, dry, and wash through the filter with hot water as usual." A method for the direct determination of alumina, C. E. Rueger {Engineer and Mln. Jour., 77 {1904), ^o. 9, pp. 357-859). — A modification of Wohler's method, in which alumina is precipitated from a slightly acid solution by means of sulphur dioxid, is described. Eudiometric and g-ravimetric methods of determining ammonia, E. Riegler {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 43 {1903), p. 677; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 28 {1904), No. 9, Repert. No. 2, p. 21). — Methods based upon the fact that ammonia or ammonium salts when acted upon in alcoholic solution T)y an excess of iodic acid form ammonium triiodate (NH4)H.2(l30a), which yields nitrogen when subjected to the action of hydrazin sul- phate, are described. The nitrogen gas may be collected and measured in a Knop- Wagner azotometer, or the precipitated ammonium triiodate may be collected on a filter, dried, and weighed. The weight thus obtained multiplied by 0.0314 gives ammonia. On the determination of nitrites in the absence of air, J. K. Phelps {Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 38 {1904), No. 1, pp. 113-116; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 28 {1904), No. 13, Repert. No. 3, p. 35). — The author describes the apparatus used and methods followed in making this determination in an atmosphere of carljon dioxid. The determination of total carbon in coal and soil, S. W. Pakr [Jour. Amcr. Cliem.. Soc, 26 {1904), No. 3, pp. 294-297, jig. 1). — Combustion of the substance is effected by means of sodium peroxid in a calorimeter by a method previously described by the author. « The resulting sodium carbonate after being boiled to free it from peroxid and oxygen is decomposed by sulphuric acid and the carbon dioxid evolved collected and measured in an eudiometer of special design, which is described. «Jour. Anier. Chem. Soc, 22 (1900), No. 10, pp. 646-^52. 846 I CHEMISTRY. 847 The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, especially by means of electricity, F. VON JjICI'1':l {Die l>'ni(toffri< iiis/iexniiderc dnrdi elcktrixdie Kntladungai. Clrdfswakl: J. Abel, 1903, pp. 42)- — A review of recent progress in the investigation of various bacteriological, chemical, and electrical methods which have been proposed for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, especial attention being given to the method used by the Atmospheric Products Companj- of Niagara Falls ( E. S. E., 14, p. 119), by Muthmann and Hofer,« and by the author ( K. S.R., 15, p. 551) for causing the combination of the oxygen and nitrogen of the air by means of elec- trical liiscliarges. The author claims that the efficiency of the process has been greatly increased and the expense lessened, the cost of preparing a kilogram of nitric acid by his method having been reduced to 13 pfennigs (about 1. 5 cts. per jiound), with a cost of 2 pfennigs (J ct. ) per horsepower per hour. The cost depends entirely upon the cheapness of the electric power. Recent experiments on the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by means of electrical discharges, F. vox Lepel {Mitt. Deut. Landiv. GeselL, ID {1904), A^o. 8, P)>. 4(>, 47). — A brief explanation of metliods followed in oxidizing the nitrogen of the air by means of electricity. The determination of hygroscopicity, H. Rodewald and A. Mitsciierlich {Landir. Vers. Stat., 59 {1904), Ao. 5-6, pp. 433-441, fig. 1). — Hygroscopicity is deter- mined l)y exposing dry or air-dry samples in shallow dishes over 10 per cent sul- l^huric acid in a vacuum until moisture equilibrium is secured and then determining the moisture taken up by Mitscherlich's method (E. S. R., 14, p. 127). Results of tests of this method on a variety of substances, including starches, soils, etc. , are reported. Results of investigations at the Sugar Experiment Station laboratory for 1903, C. A. Browxe, Jr. {Louisiana Planter, 3J {1904), No. 3, pp. 4751).— In this jiaper, which was read before the Louisiana Sugar Planters' Association, the author summarizes some of the results of the investigations of the laboratory upon the chem- istry of sugar cane and its products. In studying the insoluble carbohydrates of the sugar cane, xylan, araban, and galac- tan were separated and identified. -iVraban was jiresent in considerable quantities, and is noted as not hitherto reported in sugar cane. Pentosans prepared from sugar cane consisted of al )out 4 parts of xylose and 1 part of arabinose. Galactan was found only in small amounts, constituting in one instance only about 0.07 per cent of the whole cane. In normal cane juice the different gums did not usually exceed 0.2 per cent. ^Vnalyses were made of the pith, fil>rovascular bundles, and rind of sugar cane in a study of the utilization of bagasse for 2>aper making. A process recently patented for the separation of the pith from the rest of the fiber and the manufacture of jiaper from this product, is noted. Further studies (see E. S. R., 15, y>. 285), upon the enzyms of sugar cane — namely, a diastase, an invertase, an oxidase, and a reductase or catalase, are briefly noted. It is believed that oxidizing enzyms, in addition to whatever part they may play in the vital processes of the plant, may ser\'e also as a means of protecting the plant from invasion by fungi and bacteria. Analyses are sjiven of the juices from different parts of an iumiature cane, and from whole cane at different periods of growth. The juice from the green tops of the cane cut late in the evening had nearly twice as much sucrose as the tops of the cane cut early in the morning. During the past season canes with exceptionally high sucrose and low glucose content were observed. Notes are given on the different fermentations of cane juice whicli have been observed. Different methods of extraction were compared, the composition of the "Prometheus, 1902, No. 3, p. 145. 348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. jiiict's Id'iiij,' (IctcriiiiiK'd. TlKMiii'tli<"ls iiii'lu(lc-2S0). — Studies were made of the rate of hydrolysis of maltose and dextrin under the conditions which obtain in the determination of starch by the method in common use. Several series of experiments are reported. After following the laAv of normal mass reaction approximately for a short time, the rate of hydrolysis became much retarded. The hydrolysis was apparently more nearly complete in a 2 or 4 percent solution of hydrochloric acid than in a 0.5 per cent solution. A temperature of 111° C. was believed to possess a slight advantage over a temperature of 100°. The rate of hydrolysis for dextrin was about one-half of that for maltose. The reducing power of the products obtainet\ by the action of extract of malt upon stare 1 1 indicated a composition of 74 to 78 per cent of maltose and 22 to 26 per cent < f dextrin. " For the determination of starch we would recommend that, after filtration, 10 per cent by volume of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.125) should be added to the solu- tion resulting froni the action of extract of malt on the material under examination. After heating for 1 hour in a flask immersed in a boiling-water bath, making allow- ance for the time required for the solution to attain the temperature of the liath, the solution is cooled, enough sodium hydroxid is added to neutralize 90 per cent of the hydrochloric acid used, the solution made uj) to a definite volume, filtered on a dry filter if necessary, and the reducing jiower determined by Fehling's solution. One hundred parts of glucose found in this manner represent 93 parts of starch in the original material. The chemist should determine for himself, with pure glucose, the ratio between glucose and copper oxid or copper for the solutions and method which he uses." Concerning the hydrolysis of cellulose with sulphurous acid, F. Zimmer {M\n. Landir. Inst. K. Univ. Breslau, 2 {1902), No. 1, pp. 245-247) .—In view of the fact that alcohol is manufactured from sugar obtained from sawdust by treatment with sulphurous a(!id, the author studied the chemical action involved and found that the amount of sugar formed was directly dejiendent upon the concentration of the acid, the limit of sugar formation being 15 per cent. In making the calculations sugar was estimated as dextrose, but it was found to contain S.56 per cent pentosan. Investigation of the bodies called fiber and carbohydrates in feeding stuffs, with a tentative determination of the components of each, P. ScrnvEiTZER {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 26 {1904), No. 3, pp. 252-262).— The crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract in a number of samples of feeding stuffs were determined by oflicial methods, and the individual cai-bohydrates making up the total carlw- hydrate group were also determined by special methods which are very briefly CHEMISTRY. 849 (lcscri)u'(l. The valiK's oldaiiicd arc sliuwn in tlie fulhnvini,' (al)lo, calculatcil to an asli-frcc ami a watcr-fn'i' liasis: Curlxjlujclrates in a. number of feeding stujfs {ash-free and water-free basis). Feeding stuff. Total car- bohy- Pure fiber. Filwo- pento- drates. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. 87. 69 24.40 3.74 95.09 31.14 5.43 72.94 18.92 3.79 84. 82 20. 49 3.53 87. 58 30. 08 4. 56 88. 23 32. 75 4.87 93. 20 32. 29 5. 79 74. 54 22. 34 3.00 82. 47 28. 04 4.11 88. m 31.92 4.86 Pee- tose. Peoto- pento- saii. Pento- san. Sugar. Indefi- nite car- bohy- drates. Cornstalks, just before blooming Cornstiilks, seed in dough.. Corn blades, just before blooming Corn bliidcs, seed in dough. Timothy, jtist heading Timotliy.ciiniing into bloom Timothy, seed ripe Red clover, in bloom Red clover, seed ripe Blue grass, seed ripe P.ct. 7.55 5.09 8.85 6.73 9.49 6.29 .47 3.08 4.90 5.28 P.ct. 7.26 6.04 7.44 7.74 8.18 7.14 6.65 2.11 4.85 8.52 P.ct. 12. 13 15.78 12. 16 13.83 4.72 11.14 12.89 8.95 7.65 10.52 P.ct. 20.69 2.31 P.ct. 1.42 3.20 2.91 3.16 3.82 3.86 4.58 3.45 21.78 2.02 9.24 6.12 6.19 12.01 4.84 6.34 P.ct. 11.92 27.88 27.28 18.40 16.76 25. 20 19.19 23. 50 17.80 The determination of gliadin in -wlieat flour by means of the polariscope, II. Snyder {.Jour. Amcr. Cliem. Soc, 2(> {1904), No. 3, pp. 263-2r,6).—B\:\QQ.y de- scribed, the proposed method for the determination of gliadin by means of the polariscope is as follows: A weighed quantity of flour (15.97 gm. ) is treated with 100 cc. of 70 per cent alcohol for 12 to 18 hours at a temperature of about 20° C, the flask being shaken moderately at intervals of one-half hour for the first 2 or 3 hours. The alcoholic solution is then filtered and polarized, using a 220 mm. tube. The reading on the sugar scale multiplied by 0.2 gives approximately the percentage of gliadin nitrogen. By shaking the solution mechanically and clarifying by means of a centrifugal machine, tlie time of extraction may be lessened. Excessive shaking gives cloudy filtrates which can not be polarized. This trouble is also observed if the alcoholic solutions are kejjt too long. According to the author some flours, particularly those from soft wheat, frequently give cloudy filtrates. "The interi^retation of results, particularly as to the amount of gliadin which a sample of flour shall contain for good bread-making purposes, is a separate feature of the problem of testing wheat and flour for commercial purposes. As yet only a limited numV)er of gliadin determinations are available, and only tentative standards are possible. In general it can be said that flour of good quality should contain 12 per cent of total proteids (NX6.25), or about 11 per cent protein (NX5.7), and that from 55 to 65 per cent should be in the form of gliadin." The precipitation of proteids by alcohol and certain other reagents, M. CniiisTiNE Tebb {.Jour. J'hijmoL, 30 {1903), No. 1, pp. 25-38).— The precipitation of proteids of Ijlood, egg white, nmscle, and milk by alcohol was studied, as well as the precipitating action of ether, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. Some of the author's conclusions follow: "It has been known for some time that serum globulin is composed of at least 2 l)roteids, one insoluble in water (euglobulin) and the other soluble in water (pseudo- globuMn). The same is true of egg globulin. "The true globulins (euglobulin) of serum and of egg white require considerably less alcohol to precipitate them than do the albumins. "Although the pseudoglobulins are more readily salted out from their solutions than are the allnimins and less i-eadily than the euglobulins, the precipitability by alcohol does not run (juite parallel to this. . . . "The results obtained witli the jjioteids of milk are a little unexpected; lactalbumiu is i)re(^ipitable by alcohol with dilliculty, butcaseiiiogen, which one would anticipate 850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to fall into line with tlir true ^'lolmlins, n^(|uircs also a ronsiderable anionnt of alcohol to jiiccipitati' it all; most, howi'vcr, is thrown out of solution by a coinpara- tively small amount of alcohol. "The two principal proteids of muscle arc jiaramyosinogeii and niyosinogen. Both (and especially the lirst named) are readily salted out from their solutions, but V. Fiirth pointed out that niyosinogen is soluble in water and therefore not a typical glol)ulin. Paramyosinogen appears to be the euglobulin of muscle, it is readily pre- ci])itable by alcoliol; niyosinogen, the pseudoglobulin, requires much more alcohol to pr(!cipitate it entirely. . . . "Remembering the difference in salt precipitation and alcohol precipitation whi(;h obtain between the ('oUoid carbohydrates, dextrius, and crystalline carbohydrates, the view is supjwrted that the true globulins have larger molecules than the pseudo- globulins and all)umins. "The i)rolonged action of alcohol renders jiroteids insoluble. The euglobulins are most readily rendered insoluble, the pseud oglobulins and caseinogen come next, while of the proteids investigated, albumins are the most difficult to convert into insoluble modifications by alcohol. It was previously well known that proteids of still smaller molecular size (i^roteoses and peptones) not only require a large amomit of alcohol to precipitate them entirely, but also are not rendered insoluble by pro- longed contact with that reagent." The results of biolog'ical studies of proteids and the use of such data in legal chemistry and the chemistry of food, A. Partheil {Ztsdtr. Uniersucli. Xuhr. ?<. Cienussiitd., G {190o), Xo. 20, pp. 923-927). — A pajier with discussion, summarizing bacteriological studies of l)lood, presented at a meeting of the Association of German Food Chemists. Some recent work was especially considered which has to do with the identification of blood by the method depending upon the fact that the blood of a rabbit inoculated with the blood serum of any given animal acquires the property of forming a precipitate witli such serum. Some experiments on bioch.emical synthesis, S. B. Schryver {Jour. Physiol., SO {1904), Xo. .5-6, Pror. Pln/siol. Sac, 1903, pp. A'XJT-A'^LTTJI).— Experiments with bases isolated from ox pancreas and bases from the liver led to the conclusion that bases from the organs play no part in condensation processes in the body. A new method for the determination of cocoanut oil in butter, E. Polenske {Arh. K. Gesundheit.sdmte, ;.^0 {1904), Xo. 3, pp. 54o-o58, Jhj. 1; Zlttrhr. Unfer.nicJi. Xahr. i(. Genussmtl., 7 {1904), Xo. 5, jyp. 273-280, fig. 1). — In the determination of the Reichert-Meissl number insoluble fatty acids go over in part into the distillate with the soluble volatile acids. In the method described the insoluble acids in the distillate are separated by filtration, washed, dissolved in alcohol, and determined by titration with decinormal barium hydroxid, the number of cubic centimeters recjuired for neutralization being designated a ' ' new butter numbei-. ' ' The Reichert- Meissl number is determined as usual in the filtrate. The "new butter number" was found to bear a definite relation to the Reichert- Meissl numl)er. Thirty-one samples of butter gave Reichert-Meissl numljers varying from 2'.V.'> to oO.l, and "new butter numbers" varying from 1.5 to 3. Four samples of cocoanut oil gave Reichert-Meissl numbers of 6.8 to 7.7 and " new butter numbers " of 16.8 to 17.8. The addition of 10 per cent of cocoanut oil to pure butter fat increased the "new butter number" on an average about 1, the addition of 15 per cent about 1.6, and the addition of 20 per cent about 2.1, showing an increase in the "new Ijutter number" of about O-.l for each addition of 1 percent of cocoanut oil within these limits. From the determinations of both the Reichert-Meissl nnml)er and the "new butter number" the amount of cocoanut oil in a sample of butter can be estimated ai>proximately. Tallies are given for this purpose. A new method for the determination of the adulteration of butter by cocoa- nut oil and its diflferent commercial forms, A. ?»IrN-Tz and II. Coudon (^1/*/;. Set. CHEMISTRY. 851 Af/rnn., ,?. .SO'., IDO.f, J, Xi>. I, jip. 1-29, jig. 1). — A method for the determination of the water sohible anp. 4'i->, 444)- — A brief historical summary showing how the wholesomeness of water is now considered to be more a matter of dangerous organ- ism^i than of organic matter. Proceedings of the second annual meeting of the Association of German Food Chemists {'/Jsrlir. UndrsnHi. Nuln: v. (.V» ».«»*//. , /; {1903), No. 20, pp. 913- 97-'>). — The meeting was held at Bonn, Augu.st 3-4, 1903. Papers on the following subjects were presented and discussed: The Use of Yeast as a Reagent in Food Chemistry, by E. Prior; The Results of the Biological Investigations of Proteids in Regard to their Application to Food Chemistry, by A. Partheil (see p. 850); Sulphnri(; Acid in Wine, by ' L. (iriinhut; Notes on the Control of the Sale of Edible Fungi, by K. Giesenhagen (for earlier work, see E. S. R., 14, p. 477); The Examination of Vinegar, by G. Popp (see p. 886); Rpices, by A. Beythien (seep. 886); Homogenized Milk, 1)y 1'. Buttenberg (E. 8. R., 15, p. 714) ; and 0])servations in the Field of Water Examination, by II. fJrosse-Bohle. The general discussion following each paper is summarize. XII i COO, ph. 8). — A text-book providing material for a course of apijroximately 3 months. The i)rincipal constituents of the animal Ixjdy and of food stuffs are considered, and both qualitative and quantitative analysis are taken u]). The ajjpendix contains a number of tal)les. Text-book of physiological and pathological chemistry, K. Halkowski {I'rac- ticiu)! der 2>Ji;/fiologiscJien und jxtthologisHten Chemie. Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1900, 2. ed.,pp. XVI^-310, 2)1. 1, figs^- 10). — This volume is especially designed for medical students and students of physiological chemistry, and takes up botli qualitative and (juantitative analysis. Under the section devoted to qualitative analysis the follow- ing topics are included: Inorganic and physiological-chemical analysis and reactions of metals and acids. Under quantitative analysis: Urine, feces, meat, niilk, bread, l)lood, and similar topics are considered. A practical guide to qualitative and quantitative urine analysis and the analysis of gastric juice, F. SKiMUNn ( Praktisclier Lritfaden. dtr (pud'iUttiven, und quantiiativen Harnanalyse nehd Analyse des Mngensaftes. Wiesbadeti: J. F. Bcrgmann, 1904, pp. 91; rev. in Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., 7 {1904), No. 2, p. 34). — An introductory text-book and laboratory manual. Progress in the field of agricultural chemistry in 1903, A. Stutzer {Chem. Ztg., 2S {1904), No. 14, pp. 149-152). — A Ijrief summary, with numerous references to literature, of investigations relating to soils and fertilizers, plant physiology, plant diseases, feeding stuffs and feeding, and methods of investigation. Annual report of the progress in animal chemistry, R. Andreascii and K. Spiro {.TdlireKhcr. Tier-Chem., 32 {1902), j^p. II42). — This contains abstracts of the literature of animal chemistry for 1902, with subject and author indexes. Report of the division of chemistry, A. M. Peter {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. AT-A'A'JX). — This includes analyses of 63 samples of butter, 5 of sorghum, 6 of soils, 4 of tobacco stems, 2 of an egg preservative, 1 of asphalt rock, 1 of petroleum, 1 of supposed gold ore, 1 of a ferment for ripening cream, 11 of mineral waters, and 43 of numerous species of forage jjlants and grasses. Chemical division, B. C. Aston {Nev: Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1903, App. I, pp. 3-24). — This is a report upon the work done dnring the year and includes analyses of 266 samples of butter, 26 of milk and cream, 3 of poultry foods, 4 of limestone, 8 of sugar beets, 32 of soils, 40 of waters, and of numerous samjiles of miscellaneous materials. The average water content of the 266 samples of butter from the different districts of New Zealand was 10.33 per cent, only 10 samples showing a water content above 13 per cent. Adulterated drugs and chemicals, L. F. Kebler ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Clieinhtry Bid. SO, pp. 47). — The author classifies the adulteration of drugs as con- ventional, accidental or incidental, arbitrary to take advantage of certain standards, and intentional; and illustrates each class l^y numerous examples taken from his investigations. A sample of chimaphilla leaves was found to contain 25 per cent of stems. Numerous reagents labeled chemically pure contained varying quantities of impurities. The author considers that the term at present means nothing. Sam- ples of potassium cyanid labeled 98 to 100 per cent pure contained from 22 to 74 per cent of sodium cyanid. A sample of beeswax was found to contain 33 per cent of cassava starch. It is stated that 25 per cent of all turpentine purchased in small packages is liberally adulterated with kerosene. In many instances the goods as delivered were much inferior to the samples submitted. A study was made of rose geranium oil which was found to be frequently adul- terated. The sense of smell is considered the most satisfactory procedure available at present for determining the quality f)f tliis oil. BOTANY. 853 The author reviews the history of plienacetin, describes the methods of manii- factiuv, jiivirf tlie munerous physical and chemical tei^ts which have l)een employed in the examination of this snbstance, reports the resnlts of an examination of 9 com- mercial samples!, of which 1 was fonnd to be adulterated with acetanilid, and comments on commerce in plienacetin. BOTANY. The maple sap flow, C. H. Jones, A. W. Edson, and W. J. Morse ( Vermont Sta. Bal. 10.1, pp. 43-1S4, pis. 17, fills. ^).— This bulletin gives the results of an extended series of observations on the cause of maple saj) flow, the various factors influencing it, and some of the problems of the sugar orchard. The investigations were begun in the winter of 189(5-97 (E. S. R., 11, p. 318). The work has been carried on from season to season, and in the present bulletin the results of the continued observations are given. Two phases of the general subject were studied, the physiological and the chemical. The work was carried only to the collection of the sap, the commercial features of the industry having been inten- tionally omitted. A review is given of the general structure and physiology of the maple tree, and attempts are made to account for the presence of tlie sugar, the causes of sap flow, and the relation of various internal and external factors to the flow of the sap. Among the possil)le explanations of sap flow are considered sap pressure, move- ment, and bleeding. Gas pressure seems to exert a considerable effect on the flow of maple sap, but the authors state that the sudden cessation of sap flow at the end of the sugar season when there are not only wide temperature variations but also the highest water content, are strong arguments against a purely physical explana- tion of sap flow. It is believed that most of the phenomena of sap pressure and flow are due to the inherent activities of the living cells. The activity of the pro- toplasm is known to vary quickly and widely in response to physical and chemical changes, and alterations in temperature may influence the protoplasmic activity directly or indirectly through the disturbance of the gas tension and the resultant sap movement. A marked fluctuation in the sap flow was noted, a suction-like motion following a strong sap flow. This is attributed in a great degree to tempera- ture changes, the suction being due possibly to the reabsorption of the bleeding cells of the sap exuded by them into the adjacent cells. The comoosition of the sap was found to be somewhat variable from day to day and even from hour to houi'. Among the problems of the sugar orchard considered are the location and con- formation of the trees in relation to sugar production, the location of the tap holes, variations in quantity and quality of sap, etc. It was found that maple trees well exposed to sunlight gave more and richer sap than those grown in crowdeil, shaded situations. The quantity of sap obtained from a tree averaged slightly higher on the side bearing the largest and most numerous branches, although indiviilual trees varied in this particular. Almost without exception the largest yields of sap and sugar were derived from the tissues nearest the bark. Fully four-fifths of the sugar was obtained irora a 3-inch boring in large first-growth trees, or from 1 to 1.5 in. in smaller second-growth trees. Considering the yield of the entire season, little advantage is likely to arise from too carefully adjusting the points of tapping to the points of the compass. On typical sap days a southern exposure as a rule yielded the most saji and sugar, but on cloudy days the outcome was more uniform between the different points. As a rule, the larger the hole the greater the yield of sap or sugar, but for obvious reasons it is not desirable to wound the tree to such an extent, and tapping the tree with a bit of three-eighths to five-eighths inch is recommended. The maximum flow of sap generally occurred between 9 and 12 o'clock noon. After this time there was a 854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. •,M;iiliial iliiniimtidii until about :? |>. in., wlu'n (he flow practically ceased. Wide varialioiis are noted l)et\vecii different sugar orchards and l)et\veen the same orchard in different seasons. The effect of tapping at different lieigiits was investigated, and the greatest amount of sap, as well as the best quality, was ol^tained when the trees were tapped at a height of about 4 ft. A tree tapped at 3 different levels gave 27 per cent of its sap from the roots, 51 per cent at 4 ft., and 22 per cent at 14 ft. above the ground. Datii are appended giving the weather conditions and temperature records for the seasons lSi)S-1901, details of studies on annual rings of growth, the water content of trees at different dates, gas and other i)ressures, the individual records of sap flow, comj>osition, I'tc. The maple sap flow, J. L. IIit,i.s ( Vermont Sta. Bxd. 105, pp. 195-322, figs^. 3). — A popular e. coli, anil this coutaniinatioii mi^ht be of considerable importance. In an examination of waters from driven wells comparisons were made of the chemical, bacterial, and B. coli. analyses, and in all of 128 samples the different ex- aminations were in entire agreement. Polluted waters that may become unfit for consumption at any moment are more plainly indicated by a single chemical analy- sis than by single determinations of B. coli. In the examination of shellfish from suspected sources the determination of such bacteria as the colon bacillus is of considerable importance as showing the purity or pollution. Comparative tests for the relative viability of B. typhosus and B. coli show that there is a great similarity in the 2 germs under a great variety of conditions. Both appear to follow the general laws of the removal of bacteria by sand filters. Both organisms are destroyed rapidly by cold, either in fluid culture or when frozen in ice. In ice both germs will live in slowly reducing numbers for a considerable length of time, and when subjected to heat both appear to follow about the same rule, the typhoid germs being destroyed in about five minutes' exposure at a temperature of 45° C. and nearly all of the B. coli in the same exposure at a temperature of 50° C. The thermal death point of both lies between 80 and 85° C, a point somewhat higher than has hitherto been set for these species. Both are rapidly destroyed by sunlight, an exposure of 30 minutes to 1 hour usually being sufficient to sterilize the culture when spread in a thin layer. The practical value of tests for Bacillus coli in -water, G. C. Whipple {Tech. Quart., 16 {1903), No. 1, pp. 18-31, figs. 2). — According to the author, the methods necessary for the certain identification of Bacillus coli in water are so complicated that they are not practical as working tests in connection with the supervision of water supplies. The fermentation of dextrose broth is said to furnish the most rapid and practical test for the presence of this organism in water. B. coli, if not itself widely distributed in nature, is said to so resemble certain common bacteria in all the points covered by the usual tests as to throw doubt upon the use of this organism as a conclusive test for fecal contamination. The methods described by the author furnish a useful test to determine the sanitary quality of water, and give results that agree well with chemical and biological analyses. "Water molds and. lime purification, H. Schkeib ( Wasserpilze unci Kalkreinigung. Berlin: M. Knnjii, 1904, pp- X+176, pi. 1, maps 2). Some problems in fermentation, J. H. Long {Jour. Amer. Chern. Soc, 26 {1904), No. 2, pp. 117-133). — An address upon this subject delivered before the meeting of the American Chemical Society at St. Louis, December 30, 1903. METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY. Annual summary of meteorological observations in the United States, 1903 {Mo. Weather Rev., 31 {1903), No. 13, pp. VII+625-652, charts 5).— This num- ber gives a table of contents, list of corrections, additions, and changes, and an index for volume 31; and a summary of observations on temperature, pressure, precipita- tion, wind movement, cloudiness, and other meteorological phenomena "based essentially upon data received from about 166 regular Weather Bureau stations, 33 regular Canadian stations, and from such climate and crop sections as have for- warded their annual summaries in time." A report of the Chief of the Weather lUireau for the year ended June 30, 1903, is included. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rer., 31 {1903), Nos. 10, pp. 44^--''>02, figs. 6, charts 11; 11, pp. 503-563, pi. l,figs. 15, charts 12; 12, pp. 565-624, figs. 9, charts 12).— In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop con- ditions, meteorological tables and charts for the months of October, November, and 8r)(> EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dccciiilx'i-, I'.M);!, recent ]>aii('rs heariiiij; on iiieleoriiloj,'y, e(c., Iliese nuiiibers coiilaiu tlie lollowin;,' tirticles ami iiotc!^: No. 10. — Special contributions on Solar Hadialinn ami i'^aith Teiiij)erature!s (illus. ), by C. (I. Knott; Studies on tlie Circulation of the Atmospheres of the Sun and of the Earth — I. — The Circulation of the Sun's Atniosi)here (illus.), l)y F. il. r>ii?elo\v; A Study of the Sununer Fogs of Buzzards I^ay, by F. W. l^roctor; and A Pliotograph of J^ightning at Havana, Cuba (illus.), l)y "\V. C. Devereaux; and notes on sun sjKjts and the weather conditions on the earth, "Weather Bureau men as instructors, sun- spot ]H'riods in meteorology, the noises made by ])rojectiles and meteors, climate and mankind, reliability of high-wind records, the Philippine Weather Bureau, and long-range forecasting. No. 11. — Special contributions on Studies on the Circulation of the Atmo.spheres of the Sun and of the Earth — II. — Synchronism of the Variations of the Solar Prominences with the Terrestrial Barometric Pressures and the Temperatures (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; The Problem of the Cyclone (illus.), by F. J. B. Cordeiro; Clouparatus, the diffusion of odors in the atmosphere, low barometer during the "President" storm of March 12, 1841, the mischief of wrong theories, aurora and magnetic disturbances of October 30-November 1, 1903, storms on the southeast coast of Cape Colony, density of the atmosphere under different conditions, weather notes at West Cunnnington, Mass., international seismological association, meteorol- ogy in Hawaii, influence of continents and oceans on the atmosphere, and origin of the rare gases in the earth's atmosphere. Meteorological observations, W. A. Stocking, Jr. {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Rpt. I'Mo, 2>P- 101-196) . — This is a record of ol)servations on temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness during each month of 1902 at Storrs; rainfall during the (3 months ended October 31, 1902, at 21 places in Connecticut; monthly WATER SOILS. 857 mean temperature and montlily precipitation for 14 years (1888-1901); and dates of last and first killing frost for 14 years. The mean pressure for the year at Storrs was 30.01 in. ; total precipitation, 52.12 in. ; nun\ber of cloudy days, 142. The average rainfall for the State during the 6 mouths ended October 31 was 27.21 in. The mean annual tenii)erature for 14 yt'ars lias been 46.9°, the annual precipitation 46.99 in., the average length of growing season 147 days. Meteorological summary for 1899, V. E. Muncv {Keidachj Sta. Jlpt. 1809, pp. XXXV-XL). — Tabular monthly summaries are given of observations at Lexington, Ky., on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind. The mear. barometric pressure for the year w'as 29.02 in., the highest 29.61, lowest 28.56; me^m temperature 63.8° F. ; highest 98, Sept. 6; lowest —20, February 13; total annual precipitation 40.24 in. Meteorological observations in Jamaica {Ann. Rp(. Dcpt. Pub. Gardens and riaiiluliinis and BiJ. Agr. [./rn/irnVvf], 1903, pp. 9, 10). — Tabular summaries are given of observations from April, 1902, to March, 1903, inclusive, at Hope, Castleton, and Hill Gardens on pressure, temperature, precipitation, dew-point, humidity, etc. Meteorology of the fall of 1903, G. Ginestous [Bui. Dir. Agr. et Coin. [Tiam], 9 {1904), No. 30, ]>p. 138-159). — Observations at a number of places in Tunis on rainfall, temperature, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc., are summarized for the months of September to November, 1903. WATER— SOILS. Rural water supply, C. D. Howakd ( Wed Virginia Sta. Bui. 89, pp. 163-213, pis. 5, figs. 2). — This bulletin exjilains the danger from contamination of the water supply and the importance of providing pure water for domestic use, and reports and discusses analyses of water from various springs and w^ells in and around Morgantown, AVest Virginia, as well as from a small stream which was first used as a public water sup])ly for the town, and from the Monongahela River, which is now used for that purpose. The wide variations in the volume and character of the water of this river are jrointed out and the importance of employing means of purification is explained. The relation of water supply to typhoid epidemics is discussed and a list of publications relating to the general subject of water supply is given. Poison in water from a gold and silver mill, P. A. Yoder ( Utah Sta. Bid. 81, pp. 199-202). — -An analysis of a sample of water from the tail race from a gold and silver mill, which was supposed to have poisoned a number of cattle, is reported. This showed the water to contain 35 parts of lead, 5. 1 parts of copper, and 166. 6 parts of arsenic trioxid in 100,000 parts of water. "The water was so highly charged with arsenic that an ordinary drink for man or beast would contain snfticient to kill." Results of rain, river, and evaporation observations made in New South Wales during 1900, H. C. Russell {Sydney: Dept. Pub. Instruction, 1903, pp. LXVI-{'139, maps 3, dgnix. 4) • Soil surveys in the United States, J. A. Bonsteel ( Cornell Countrijman, 1 {1904) , No. 4, pp. 107-109) . — A brief historical review of soil-survey work in the United States, with a short account of the work of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, especially that done in cooperation with the agricultural colleges and exi)eriment stations. Fourth and fifth annual reports on the soils of Dorset, J. 1'ekcival and C. -Nl. LuxMooKE {Unir. Ext. Col. Reading [England], Agr. Dejit., Ann. lipt., Soils, Dorset, 1903, jjp- 28, 19). — A report is given of results of examinations of the fourth and fifth installments of 21 and 19 samples, respectively, of Dorset soils investigated under the terms of an agreement explained in an earlier report (E. S. R., 11, p. 327). The report gives the results of laboratory examinations and field observations. The fertility balance in soils, S. Gieraud de Lahakpe {.Tour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 7 {1904), No. 8, pp. 259-262).— A. discussion of an example of the maintenance of 858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. soil iVrtility by tlie Uf^e of manures anP- 397-409, pi. i).— Experi- ments on typical steppes black soil underlaid bj' loess, at the agricultural experiment station and on a farm near Nowossil, Government of Tula, Russia, are reported. The physical and chemical properties of the soil are described. A large number of crops, including cereals, leguminous plants, root crops, fiber plants, etc., and various com- binations of fertilizing materials as well as manure, were experimented with. In all cases phosphoric acid was the element of plant food which gave best results. Nitro- gen and potash were j)ractically without effect. Barnyard manure gave better results than mineral fertilizer, the most effective form being fresh horse dung. The best returns from the fertilizers and manures were obtained when their use was accom- panied with deep and thorough culture. Factors of availability of potash and phosphoric acid in soils, G. S. Fraps {Snence, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 4S1, p. 443). — This is an abstract of a paper jiresented at the St. Louis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. "In the determination of plant food in soils, chemists have usually considered only that part which is soluble in the common solvents. Solubility is not, however, the only factor of fertility in the soil. The rate of decomposition or weathering of the soil is of great importance, as is also the power of the plants to assimilate. Weather- ing has received little or no attention. It is known to be of great imi)ortance with nitrogenous bodies, but in regard to phosphorus and potash no data can be given. Experiments show that there is a slight increase in both phosphoric acid and potash when the soil is kept moist, and a great increase in potash when organic matter is present. This accounts for the necessity for vegetable matter in soils. Another factor is the difference in the solvent powers of plants. A soil may contain sufficient food for one plant, but not enough for another. ' ' Reply to an address: Present status of soil investigation, F. K. Cameron {Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 478, pp. 343-347). — This is in reply .to criticisms of Bulletin 22 of the Bureau of Soils by C. G. Hopkins and others (E."s. E., 15, p. 329). WATER — SOILS. 859 The nitrogen of the soil, Vibkans {Mitt. I)cut. LawJir. Gruel/., l!) {1904), \o. s, ]>p. 47, 4S). — A brief discussion of i)r;ictic'al means of maintaining tlie nitrogen bal- ance in cultivated soils. Bacteriological studies of the soil, T. Remy {CentU. Bukl. a. Par., 2. Aid., 8 {1902), Xos. 21, pp. 657-G62; 22, pp. 699-705; 23, pp. 728-735; 24, pp. 761-769; abs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 33 {1904), Xo. 2, pp. 75-79).— This is a report of a series of culture tests with organisms from different kinds of soil to study nitrifying capacity, denitrifying action, tbe relation of bacteria content of the soil to produi-tiveness, and similar questions. Reclamation of salt and alkali lands, T. H. jSIeans {Forestri/ and frrig., 10 {1904), X'o. S, pp. 123-130, Jh/x. 6). — A discussion of this subject based upon recent oljservations in Egypt, showing the applicability of the methods followed there to similar problems in the United States. (See also E. S. R., 15, pp. 22, 234.) Reclamation of alkali land near Salt Lake City, Utah, W. H. Heileman {U. S. D(pt. Agr., Bureau of tSoils Circ. 12, pp. 8). — An account is here given of experiments made in cooperation with the Utah Station on a 40-acre tract of alkali land lying between Salt Lake City and Salt Lake, in which an attempt was made to demonstrate the iiracticability of reclaiming such land by means of underdraining and flooding. The operations began in 1902. The system for the 40 acres included 8 lateral drains of 4-in. and 3-in. drain tile, and 1 main drain of 10-in. tile. "Over the great part of the tract the drains were laid at a depth of 4 ft. In that part nearer the lake a somewhat shallower depth was necessitated in order to obtain a gravitj- outlet for the drainage water. The drains were laid on a grade of not less than one- tenth foot in 100 ft., except where 3-in. tile was used, when the grade was somewhat higher." The cost of the installation was about $660. " Flooding has been carried on systematically, the land being divided into checks and plats by levees, and each plat treated in rotation. During each flooding water has been added to an average depth of 4 in. . . . During the last season (1903) the land was flooded once each week, with occasional longer intervals. . . . The land, at the time M"ork was commenced, was all strongly im[)regnated with alkali salts, and had nothing growing upon it except a few alkali weeds, the most promi- nent of which was greasewood {Sarcobatus vermiculatus). The land was considered valueless by the farmers of the neighborhood." Data are given which show "that between September, 1902, and the following May, 3,171 tons of salt had been removed from the soil to a depth of 4 ft., and that between September, 1902, and the following October, 5,430 tons had been removed, or 82 per cent of the alkali originally in the first 4 ft. of soil. It is also seen that a greater proportion of the alkali has been washed out of the surface foot than out of the lower depths, and that the movement of the salts is less pronounced as the depth increases. . . . "The total volume of drainage was 5,651,776 cu. ft., or 51.8 per cent of the water added to the tract. This 51.8 per cent drainage water carried 3,648 tons of salts over the outlet weir. The remainder of the salts removed from the tract have passed into the deeper subsoil and been carried away l)y the natural subdrainage. "The results so far obtained indicate the ultimate complete reclamation of the land. The single season's operations produced marked improvement in the land, not only in the alkali content, as shown by the soil tests made, or as shown by the salts in the drainage, but also as shown in the improved tilth of the soil and the favorable changes that have taken i)lace in its physical properties. "The indications are that the greater part of the tract is at present sufhciently sweetened to allow the growing of shallow-rootetl crops." The geomorphogeny of the Upper Kern basin, A. C. Lawson ( Uiiir. Califor- nia Bui. Depl. GcoL, 3 {1904), No. 15, pp. 291-376, jjIs. 15). 860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FERTILIZERS. A treatise on manures, A. l\. GiuKirriis {London: U'liitldLrr ii- Co.; New York, 1903, S. I'd., rev. and ml., }>p. XVI-'r4-'i-h l''""- -h .fiil^- -'")■ Green manuring- on the better class of soils, W. .Schneidkw ind {Dad. Landw. Piruxe, 31 [1904), Xo. 7, pp. 4J, 40). — A l)rief iiccount -^)- — Tliis bul- letin is the customary annual report of cooperative variety tests now in progress for 9 years at the Canada Experimental Farms (E. S. R., 14, p. 751). The yields of the different crops at the several farms are given in tables. The varieties producing the largest crops in 1903, taking the average results obtained on all the experimental farms and giving them in the order of their produirtiveness, were as follows: 0«^s■. — Abundance, White (Tiant, AVide Awake, Sensation, Danish Island, Uncoln, Banner, (iolden Tartarian, Waverly, Thousand Dollar, Imi^roved Ligowo, and Twen- tieth CA'ntury. Average yield per acre, 90 bu. 30 lbs. Two-rowed barley. — Invinci- ble, French Chevalier, Canadian Thorpe, Standwell, Beaver, and Danish Chevalier. Average yield per acre, 53 bu. 46 lbs. Six-rowed barley. — Manshury, Brome, Odessa, Trooper, Oderbruch, and Nugent. Average yield per acre, 60 bu. 35 lbs. Spring wheat. — Advance, Roumanian, Wellman Fife, Byron, Monarch, Preston, WhiteConnell, White Fife, Goose, Chester, Crawford, and Clyde. Average yield peracre, 33 ])u. 18 lbs. Pean. — English (Jrey, Macoun, Early Britain, Archer, Crown, Alma, German White, 26722— No. 9—04 3 8G2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'liilc, Artlitir, MacUay, Wiscdiisiii IJliic, aixl .Muniiiiy. Average yield jht at-ri', 40 hn. 5!tll).s. Indidn com. — Karly ]Mast(i(l(jii, Tlionnifiinjri-d White Flint, Eureka, Angel of Midnight, (Jiant I'rolilie Knsihige, and Superior Fodder. Average yield per acre, 20 tons 7").") ll)s. 7'((n(/y>.s.— Mammoth Clyde, New Century, p]mi)eror Swede, Jumbo, Hartley I'.ronze, and Terfeetion Swede. Average yield per acre, 37 tons 929 lbs. Maiiijeh. — Manuuoth Long Red, Manuuoth Yellow Intermediate, Half Long Sugar AVhite, Selected Yellow (Jlobe, (iiant Yellow Intermediate, and Lion Yelhjw Inter- mediate. Average yield j)er acre, H(5 tons 1,732 lbs. Carrots. — Ontario Champion, Giant White Vosges, Manuuoth White Intermediate, New White Intermediate, Impnivcd Short White, and Wliite Belgian. Average yield jjer acre, 22 tons 3 lbs. Sugar hcctn. — Red Top Sugar, Inii^roved Imperial, Danish Red Top, and Danish Improved. Average yield per acre, 28 tons 285 lbs. Pvlatoen. — Seedling No. 7, Vanier, Rose No. 9, Rochester Rose, Carman No. 1, P]normous, Late Puritan, Bur- naby Seedling, lA'erett, Uncle Sam, Canadian Beauty, and Pearce. Average yield per acre, 425J)u. 32 lbs. Enimer was grown last season at all of the exi)eriniental farms with yields varying from 17 bu. 20 lbs. to 43 bu. 44 lbs. per acre. The average results of the various crojjs for a series of years are also given. The following varieties, taking the average of the yields obtained on all the experimental farms, have been the most productive: Oats. — Danish Island, Banner, Mennonite, New Zealand, American Beauty, White Giant, Thousand Dollar, Black Beauty, Hol- stein Prolific, Improved American, Buckbee Illinois, and Golden Tartarian. Aver- age yield per acre, 76 bu. 6 lbs. Two-roived barley. — French Chevalier, Dunham, Canaiioorwill cowpeas Wonderful cowpeas Ne^v Era cowpeas Date of each cut- ting. Aug. 11 Oct. 12 Aug. 17 Oct. 26 Sept. 8 ...do... Aug. 17 Oct. 4 Aug. 27 Aug. 6 Sept. 8 Aug. 27 Sept. 19 Aug. 27 (ireen for- age per Lbs. 27, 040 15,648 42, 688 34, 606 14, 080 48, 736 19, 712 17, .'>52 17, 216 6,888 6,464 27, 136 11,088 15, 872 7,872 Weight of hay per acre when stored. Lbs. 20, 640 8,256 28, 896 23, 360 8,832 32,292 11,584 13, 728 8,640 1,680 3,200 4,032 13,568 4,672 7,456 2,976 Yield of hay calcu- lati'd as 40 per ci'Ut of green weight. Lbs. 10, 816 6, 259 17, 075 13, 862 5, 63-.J 19, 494 7, 885 8, 721 6,886 2, 355 2, 155 9,405 3,696 5, 291 2,624 On dark pelil)ly land which had produced a crop of poor wheat, a mixture of 8 pecks of Andjer sorghum and 5 pecks of cowpeas sown broadcast yielded 5,760 lbs. of hay per acre, the weight l^eing taken after 8 days of curing. In this same series of plats Mexican June corn yielded 2,288 lbs. of stover and 19.25 bu. of corn, but this crop occupied the land until October while the other crops occupied it only for 67' days. In a test of crops suitable for hog feeding, Welborn corn yielded 21.1, yellow soy beans 34.1, Spanish peanuts 58.3, Virginia peanuts 116.5, and sweet potatoes 64.3 bu. per acre. In the same experiment 800 lbs. of sunflower seed were obtained per acre. A plat of late sorghum without fertilizer produced 11,200 lbs. of green forage, while another plat receiving 70 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre yielded 18,272 lbs. Seed of the Newman bean, obtained from this Department and sown March 28, gave a yield of 20,398 lbs. of green crop or 8,158 lbs. of cured material by September 8. In addition to the different crops mentioned melilotus, hairy vetch, and Dwarf Essex rape were grown and produced good yields. The hay meado'w Avith special reference to culture and irrigation, W. Ql'itzow {Inauij. Dt.s.s., Ver. Fricdrichs-Univ. Halle- Wittenberg, 1902, pp. fi9, map 1) . — A discussion of this subject with reference to conditions around Seehausen. The work of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell, Texas, S. A. KxAi'i' (V. S. Dept. Agr., Ihtrrau of Pknit Iitdnstrg Bvl. .~)1, pf. J, pp. repa- ration and cultivation were given, and complete fertilizers containing admixtures of cotton-seed meal were applied freely. Corn and <;otton were the crops grown. As a result of the demonstration, the farm manager announced at the end of the season that "he had cleared $700 more than would have been made under the ordinary methods of farming employed in that section." Experiments with cotton and corn in 1903, J. F. Dug(;.vr and J. M. Riciieson (Alabama Cancbrake tSta. Bui. .U, pp. 20). — In the culture tests reported with cotton. 864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lan«l i>l()wi-(l (il. in. deep yieltled 76 lbs. of seed cotton and 10 lbs. of lint more per acre than land plowed :U in. deep. Subsoiling did not materially affect the yield of lint. CottdU planteil on ridges yielded 344 lbs. of lint per acre as compared with 272 lbs. when planted on beds in the usual way. Ridge i)lanting, however, is consid- ered more likely to suffer from drought. The use of a cultivator gave practically as large a yield as the use of the sweep. An additional cultivation given September 19 apparently increased the yield of lint c(jtton per acre by 40 lbs. over a plat laid by August 2(). Slag phosphate and acid phos])iiate each applied at the rate of 200 lbs. })er acre on black slough land faileil to increase the yield J)ut hastened maturity to some extent. Different forms of potash were also used without material effect. In a test with nitrogenous fertilizers, plats receiving 160, 80, and 40 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre yielded 112, 64, and 48 lbs. of lint cotton more per acre than the check plat. The increase in yield from 100 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per acre was the same as that obtaineev acre. Sul)soiling apparently decreased the yield. Selecting and improving corn, A. M. Soule ( Univ. Tennessee Record, 7 {1904), No. 1, jyp. 13-27, figs. 10). — The value and methods of selecting and improving com are discussed at some length, and results of planter and variety tests are reported. The planter tests indicate that uniformity in the size of kernels insures unifonnity in the number of kernels dropped by the machine, and consequently tends to pro- duce an even stand. Attention is called to the importance of selecting varieties adapted to the locality, by the fact that on the University farm the varieties leading in yield in 1901, a dry year, were not among the leaders the following season, which was favorable, and others not represented in either year had a better average for the 2 seasons. Tlie vitality test showed a low percentage of germination for butt, tip, and deformed kernels and soft corn. A score card for judging corn in the ear, in use at the College of Agriculture, is presented. Cowpea hay, C. L. Newman {Arkamas Sta. Bui. 80, pp. 69-82).— T\\q average yield at the station of cowpea hay for 5 years, from 1899 to 1903, as computed from all plats and all varieties recorded, was 3,169.4 lbs. per acre. This in general did not include the weight of peas and hulls. In 1902, 16 plats yielded over 6,000 lbs. FIELD CROPS. 865 of hay per acre, and on 8 of these either no ripe peas or only a small (inantity was l)ro(luced. The hi7 and 1,025 ll)s. per acre, respectively. Since 1898 over 550 plats, includinja; about 50 vai'ieties, have been cut for hay. It was found that young or vigorously growing vines are always difficult to cure, while mature vines are cured much more rapidly. Varieties producing few or no peas are the most difficult to cure because they continue to grow until checked by frost. Late shallow cultivation prolongs the period of growth and the author recommends that cultivation should cease when the first pods appear, if the crop is grown for hay. Vines bearing a fair or full crop of peas well ripening together are easily cured when about one-fourth of the peas are ripe and no second growth is taking place, while if the peas ripen through a i)roU)nged period the plants contimie in vigorous growth and are difficult to cure unless the weather is most favorable. Cowpea seed of the same varieties but obtained from different sources showed great variations in the yield of hay. At the station. Clay cowpeas from Virginia and Arkansas-grown seed in adjoining plats yielded 3,800 and 8,700 lbs. of hay per acre, respectively. Black Eye from Indiana produced 800 lbs., and the same variety from North Carolina 4,000 lbs. of hay per acre. New Era from Maryland seed yielded 700 lbs. of hay and 22 bu. of peas, and from home-grown seed 1,900 lbs. of hay and 19 bu. of peas per acre. Yields of hay for all varieties and seed from different sources are tabulated, and reference is made to previous work along this line (E. S. R., 15, p. 666) . In another experiment cowpeas were mown at different stages of growth to observe the effect of the degree of maturity on the curing of the vines for hay. The varieties under test ripened their first pods as follows: Warren New Hybrid August 15, Warren Extra Early August 20, Whip-poor-will August 28, Taylor September 8, and Clay September 14. The first mowing, made when the varieties were forming their first pods, proved unsuccessful for haymaking. The second mowing, made when the first pods ripened, gave good hay from Warren New Hybrid and Warren Extra Early. The first and second mowings of Clay and Taylor were failures, but good hay was produced from Taylor mown when half or all of tlie pods were ripe. The lunnber of days from sowing until the first ripe pods appeared was as follows: Warren New Hybrid 67, Warren Extra Early 72, Whip-poor-will 80, Taylor 90, and Clay 97 days. Clay is a late grower and did not prove to be a very successful variety for hay. In 1908, 12 varieties were planted on May 13 and July 8, and both varieties were mown at the same time. Of the different varieties New Era, Black Eye, and Warren P^xtra Early ripened a full crop of peas and the vines cured well. Brown Eye, Cali- fornia Black Eye, Large Black Eye, and Whip-poor-will ripened a fair quantity of pods and the vines cured into very good hay; while Brown Crowder, Clay Crowder, Conch, Lady, and Red Ripper were in vigorous growth with only a few ripe pods when mown, and produced a very inferior hay. The results of four years' experiments with Whip-poor-will cowpeas show that the quantities of seed i)roducing the largest yields of hay wen- in no case bi'low 12.5 lbs. nor above 25 lbs. per acre, the average being about 16 lbs. Varying with 6 varie- ties in 1903, using from 6.25 to 100 lbs. per acre, the highest average yield of hay was produced from 25 lbs. of seed. Whip-poor-will in this test produced the lieaviest yield from 12.5 lbs. per acre, Taylor from 100, and Warren New Hybrid from 25 and from 75 lbs. From 100 lbs. of seed Taylor yielded only 350 lbs. of liay more than from 37.5 lbs. The best yields of shelled peas were secured from not less than 12.5 nor more than 37.5 lbs. of seed per acre. Directions for harvesting and curing cow- pea hay are given. Observations on potato culture, A. Carue (Prog. A(jr. ft Vit. {Kd. J' KM), 25 {1904), No. 8, pp. 235-342).— The culture of the potato in France is discussed, sta- 86G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tislicH (in till' proiliiction j^ivt'ii, and the reyult.>< of expcriiiicnts reported. A fertilizer test was made on a sandy, noncalcareous clay soil. The first or check plat received no fertilizer, the second received barnyard mannre {Maine Sta. Bui. 97, pp. 143-180, figs. 2). — Maine-grown wheats represent Maine varieties grown within the State, and the samples of flour under test were obtained from 3 Aroostook County mills. The composition and heat of combustion of these flours are coiiipared with those of flours olitained from Minneaj>olis. The results show that 8 samples of flour from Maine-grown wheats contained 3 per cent less protein than the flours from the western wheats, i. e., the western wheats contained one-fourth more protein than the Maine wheats. The dry matter of the western flour also contained one-fourth more fat and crude fiber, and 3J per cent less starch and other carbohydrates than the samples from Maine-grown wheats. The heat of comliustion was practically the same. Baking tests showed that the Aroostook-milled flours were deficient in wet gluten as compared with the flour adopted as a standard by one of the Minneapolis mills. This (h'fect is believed to be largely due tf) milling, and not solely to a lower gluten <:ontent of the grain. 868 EXPERIMENT STATION KKCOKD. The f(illi)\viii<,' table j^Ikiws tlie differences in coiniMisitioii of wheats j^rowii in different sections of the country: Averaer cent to 72.4 per cent in tlie Maine-grown wheats, 72.S per cent in No. 1 Northwestern, and 68.4 per cent in No. 2 Northwestern wheat. Baking tests of the flours from these experiments revealed imperfections in the product, due to milling. Notes on the improvement of wheat are given. HORTICULTUEE. Improvements in vegetables, J. O. Thilow {Ajner. Florist, 2-2 {1904), ^^o. 824, pp. Sm, 317,Jiij.^. G). — The author enumerates the various improvements which have taken place in recent years in the form, color, and quality of the following vege- tables: Artichoke, asparagus, beans, beets, cabbage, celery, sweet corn, cucumbers, endive, lettuce, melons, onions, peas, radish, squash, and tomatoes. Some illustra- tions are given which show in outline the improvements which have been made with ])eans, l)eets, carrot.'-, peppers, parsnips, and peas. Standard varieties and interesting novelties {Amer. Agr., 73 {1904), No. 6, p. 140). — The experiences of a number of growers are here summarized as to the results secured with a number of vegetables, field crops, and small fruits. Varieties espe- cially commended and described are the Brittle Wax beans, Fordhook Famous cucumber, Halbert Honey watermelon. Dwarf Stone and Early Trojan tomatoes. Mammoth Yellow Flint corn, White Evergreen and Troy Market sweet corn. Great White Maine oats, Iowa raspberry, and Hartford pear. HORTICULTURE. 809 A new late cabbage from Russia {Aiticr. Ayr., 73 {1904), No. G, p. 143)- — This is a variety of cabbage called the Volga which has been grown on Long Lsland dur- ing the past 9 years. The crop of 1903 was the fourth one from seed grown in this country. The heads of this variety are reportele in the State when planted in sliiiipin*.' ()iiantities. The cliief (h'maii;, win,l.'<. 10). — A botanical key is given for identifying the native shrubs of Iowa, and in addition descriptive notes on 97 of tliese shrubs. Plate illustrations are also given in a number of instances. Beautifying- the home grounds, L. C. Corbett ( U. S. Dept. Acjr., Farmcrii' Biil. 1S.5, ]>p."J4, .!'[/><• 8). — Directions are given for the laying out and the beautifying of home grounds ])y the use of shrubs, flowers, vines, and trees. Cultural suggestions are given, as well as directions and diagrams for the planting of various shrubs in groups. Some notes are also given on planting to produce immediate effects and on the maintenance of lawns. Roses and their cultivation, T. W. Sanders {London: IT. JI. A L. Collbuj- ridge, 1904, pp- 162, figs. 59; rev. in British Med. Jour., 1904, No. 2254, P- 611).— This purports to be a full account of English methods of growing and managing roses, with descriptions of varieties and other matter of interest to rose growers. Comparative fertilizer experiment w^ith the commercial fertilizer "Heu- reka" and the "Wagner fertilizer "WG" with pelargoniums and fuchsias, R. Otto {Garfciifiora, 53 {1904), No. 3, pp. 58-61). — The details are here given of a test to compare the relative values of these two commercial fertilizers in the pot culture of pelargoniums and fuchsias. The "Heureka" fertilizer was supposed to contain 7 to 10 per cent of nitrogen, 7 to 10 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 7 to 10 per cent of potash; all in an easily assimilable form. The fertilizer "WG" was sup- posed to contain 13 per cent of nitrogen, 13 per cent of phosphoric acid (12 per cent of which was water soluble), and 11 per cent of potash. With pelargoniums the "Heureka" fertilizer proved much the better of tlie two. The leaves of the plants fertilized with this material were larger, deeper green, earlier, more numerous, and the flowers were more highly colored than wdiere the fertilizer "WG" was used. W^ith fuchsias, however, the results were considerably in favor of the "WG" fertilizer. All in all, the author considers that these two fertilizers stand very close to each other as regards their relative value in garden and flower culture. FORESTRY. Tests of forest trees, A. Dickens and G. O. Greene {Kansas Ski. Bid. 120, pp. 85-131, ph. 12). — Tests of forest trees were among the first experiments begun at the Kansas Agricultural College, and an account is given of a number of the plantings which took place l)etween 1886 and the i)resent date. The different species planted are described at some length, their adaptability to conditions and rate of growth being indicated. Among tlie trees rei)orte-7, the rate (if growth of the different trees being shown. The species in this experiment were aspens, red i-edars, and varions pines. Planting trees for posts, fuel, and wind-breaks, (). M. Mokkis {Okldkonia Stii. Jlid. GO, jqi. I'J, Jiijx. <>). — Directions are given for the collection of seed, propa- gation and care of seedlings, cultivation in the nursery, preparation of the land, and transi)lanting of trees for the different i)urposes indicated in the title. The first tree I)lanting made at the station was begun in 1898. A brief actcount is given of the dif- ferent species of trees planted, and a report is made of those still living in December, 1903. The adaptability of a number of species for planting in Oklahoma is described, including the An)erican white ash, box elder, catalpa, white elm, hackberry, black locust, honey locust, soft maple, Osage orange, Russian mulberry, sycamore, and lilack walnut. The measurement of saw log's, A. L. Daniels ( Vermont Stn. Bui. lOJ, pp. 3-5-40, cliaii.'i ^) . — The author gives a formula for determining the actual number of l)oard feet in the average log, and compares the results olitained by this system of measure- ment with the log rules in common use. There seems to be good reason for believ- ing that this rule, which is designated as the "Universal log rule," offers distinct advantages over any of the others now in use. Some of the sources of error of other rules are pointed out and comparisons made between the estimated contents of the log and the actual amount as shown by the sawed lumber. The universal rule, which can be used for logs of any size, is as fol- lows: From five-eighths of the diameter in inches subtract 2 and nmltiply by the diameter. The error in this rule, so far as tested, is only about 1 part in 200. SEEDS— WEEDS. Clover and alfalfa seeds, A. D. Selby and J. F. Hicks { Ohio Sta. Bui. 14^, pp. 111-130, ph. 4) • — The results of examination of 28 samples of red clover seed, 15 of alfalfa, 6 of alsike clover, and 3 of crimson clover. Attention is called to certain impurities which were found in many of the samples, the presence of dodder in red clover and alfalfa being especially commented upon. The detailed results of the examinations of the different lots are given in tabular form, and the presence of foreign seeds in the different samples is indicated. The vitality tests showed that the seed for the most part was of fairly good quality, but wide differences were noted between soil tests and those conducted in a seed-testing apparatus. In order to remove the danger from the introduction of dodder, the authors recommend that no alfalfa seed be sown until it has been thoroughly screened through a sieve of 20 meshes to the inch to remove the dodder seeds. Some weeds of Iowa, L. H. Pammel {Iowa Sta. Bui. 70, jrp. 295-545, figs. 169). — This is a more technical and expanded edition than the popular edition previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 372). The information regarding the different weeds is given in greater detail, and comprehensive accounts are included of the distribution and migration of weeds, and the means of dissemination of plants. A number of poison- ous plants are described at length, particular attention being jjaid to poisoning from cowbane {C'lcata maculata). The effect of weeds on crops, their duration, and the different species of weeds which are associated with different crops are discussed. "Weeds used in medicine, Alice Henkel {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers^ Bui. 188, pp. 45, figs. 31). — A popular bulletin describing the methods of collecting and curing drugs, roots, barks, etc., and giving suggestions for their disposal. A number of spe(;ies of plants which occur more or less as weeds are described, and their utiliza- tion by prei)aring them for the drug trade is suggested. Weed prevention experiments, J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roij. Agr. Soc. England, 63 {1902), pp. 359-361). — A report is given of experiments carried on for theeradica- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 875 tioii (if wild poppy, wild oats, wild onion, and the annual chrysanthemum. In the experiments for wikl poppy eradication, spraying with copj)er-sulphate solutions was again tried. Shortly before the poppies came into flower they were sprayed with a 2 per cent solution. In one case the solution was distril)uted over the U])per side oi the leaves, while in the second an attempt was made to thoroughly si)ray it on the under side of the foliage. "When copi)er-sulphate solution was ajjplied so as to well cover the under side of the leaves tlu' i)huits were to a great extent destroyed. The exi>eriments for wild oats eradication consisted of a top-dressing of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. In 1901 the effects of basic slag and lime were tried, the wild oats Ijeing sown with barley. The slag did not seem to produce any ben- efit, but with the application of lime there was a marked reduction in the wild oats and an accompanying increase in the barley crop. For the eradication of the wild onion a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid was tested with promising results. In the experiments for the eradication of the annual chrysanthemum, the application of lime was tested at the rate of 2 tons per acre. The application was followed by a decided reduction in the amount of wild chrysan- theiiuuns present, but the results were not sufticiently marked to lead to the conclu- sion that a single application of lime at the rate indicated would be sufficient for the eradication of this weed. DISEASES OF PLANTS. A few common plant diseases in Delaware, C O. SMrrn [Delaivdre Sta. Bid. 6S, jip. 19-2S, 2)ls. o, Jig. 1). — Notes are given on corn blight, Lima bean mildew, bean anthracnose, and bean and watermelon anthracnose. During 1903 many com- plaints were received at the station regarding the blighting of corn. Investigation showed that the trouble was due to the fungus Helminthosporium inconspicuum, which })roduces discolored elongated spots on the leaves, the width often being limiteproximately (loul)leil as the result of the first 2 sprayings, and no special advantage wouM be gained by further sprayings in the average seasons, but the persistence of warm, damp weather wcnild justify a third application 2 weeks after the second. While the results did not show that the addition of the resin soap offercil any advantage over the use of plain Bordeaux mixture, it is thought to make the spray finer and cause a more even distribution of the fungicide. Certain plants, as aspara- gus and plum, seem to reipiire the addition of soap to cause a proi)er s[)read of the fungit'ide. On this account the author describes the method of preparing resin soaj), which consists in heating 35 gal. of water and 42 l))s. of sal soda to the ijoiling point in a water-tight Ijarrel by means of steam until the soda is dissolved, adding 60 lbs. of melted resin, and continuing the boiling for an hour or two, until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. Two quarts of this mixture are to be used with each barrel of Bordeaux or other fungicide. AVhere steam is not available, the boiling may be carried on in a kettle or boiler over a fire. An account is given of spraying experiments for the treatment of asparagus rust, which demonstrate that the disease can be controlled by the use of Bordeaux-resin- soap mixture. The first aj^plication should be made about the 1st of July and fol- lowed by a second early in August. Ordinarily these 2 sprayings will carry the plants over without injury to the next year's crop. In experiments in the treatment of plum rot the Bordeaux-resin-soap mixture w'as tested with fairly satisfactory results. So long, however, as mummy fruits are allowed to remain on the trees but little benefit will be derived from the spraying. The author recommends the removal of all such sources of infection, and winter spraying with strong copjjer-sulphate solution, followed by sprayings during the season as recjuired. Some experiments with fungus diseases in 1903, L. F. Henderson {Idaho Sta. ]hd. 39, pp. 267-272). — The 3 most serious diseases of fruits in the vicinity of the Idaho Station are said to be the fire l)light of the pear, apple scab, and powdery mildew of the gooseberry. During 1903 experiments Avere conducted to test the efficiency of a gasoline spraying engine, the value of 2 sprayings of Bordeaux mixture for the i)revention of apple scab, the efficiency of potassium sulphid in preventing gooseberry mildew, and pruning for the fire blight of the pear. The gasoline engine was not found to be wholly satisfactory, due partly to the steep hillside of the orchard, certain mechanical difficulties, and the cost of the machine. Where the lan. 5:i-oS). — A goneral ac-couiit of tlie author's work during the year 1902. Notes are given on tlie dis^tribution of locusts in various parts of Natal and on thb work of the agricultural department in destroying these pests. The Government furnishes free of charge arsenic, soda, and sugar for the ])reparation of poison baits in the (U'struction of locusts. Report on the injurious insects and other animals observed in the Mid- land Counties during 1903, W. E. Coli.inge {B'mnlmjharn: Coniish Brua., Ltd., 1904, pp. 16,Ji(j». 16). — Brief descriptive biological* and economic notes are given on the red spider, currant gall mite, myriapods, woolly aphis, plum ai)his, flour beetles, pear midge, carrot rust fly, onion maggot, cabbage maggot, diamond-back moth, gooseberry sawfly, Limax agrest'is, etc. A report on the injurious insects for 1902, C. Schroder {Allij. ZUichr. EuL, 8 {lOfl-i). Xo. 1, pp. C-ll). — Economic and biological notes on cutworms, frit fly, nema- to>kr., 24 {WO.i), No. 2-3, pp. 7io'-i,^.5).— The disease known as white heap. 47, pi. l,Jig><- is). — This constitutes tlie author's first supplement to the second edition of his Handbook of the Gnats. Notes are given on the names, habits, and life history of a number of species in the subfamily Anophelina?, and descriptions are presented of several new species. Tlie cotton bollworm, A. L. Quaintance ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 191, pp. 24, Jigs. 7).— .\ brief historical statement is given regarding the previous investi- gations referring to this insect. It appears that planters have thus far made little practical use of the effective remedies which have been discovered. Notes are given on the extent of injury from this insect in Texas in 1903, and also upon its general distribution, habits, life history, food plants, etc. The number of annual broods appears to vary from 4 to 7, with an average of about 5. The preferred food plant is corn, but no practical remedies have been devised for combating the insect upon this plant. The chief injury to cotton from the bollworm appears with the August brood of caterpillars. Observations on the egg-laying habits of the moths showed that the majority of eggs are deposited upon the leaves. The effect of infestation of the squares is to cause them to flare. Among the ineffective remedies wdiich have been tried or recommended the author mentions trap lanterns, poisoned sweets, burning of sulphur, and the use of resistant varieties. No varieties of cotton immune to attacks by the bollworm are known. During the season of 1903 experiments were made in early planting, spraying with arsenicals, and using corn as a trap crop. As the result of these experiments it is recommended that an early variety of cotton be used, and that this be planted as early in the spring as possible and given good cultivation. Corn may be advanta- geously used as a trap crop provided it is jilanted so as to be in silk not later than August 1. Considerable T>eneflt may be obtained from spraying with arsenicals, which are most effective if applied about August 1. The arsenicals may be applied dry or in water, but from the standpoint of convenience the dusting method is preferred. Information concerning' the Mexican cotton-boll weevil, W. D. Hunter ( r. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 189, p)p. 31, figs. !-1S0). — The injuries of the plum curculio, apple curculio, and iilmn gouger are briefly described. Spraying experiments were made, during which aj)i)lications of standard Bordeaux mixture and Paris green were given to apjile trees at 3 periods, viz, when the ]juds were bursting, just after the petals had fallen, and 1 week later. The results indicated that thfe injury from the plum and apple curculios is considerably reduced by this treatment. Notes are also given on the hal»its and life history of these insects. The ribbed cocoon maker of the apple, ]\I. V. Slingekl.\xd and Philena B. Fletciiek {New York Cornell >Stu. Bui. :214, pp. 69-78, pis. 4, .fiff-"^- S). — This is a new name proposed Ijy the authors in place of the one which has hitherto been in use, viz, apple bucculatrix. The pest is apparently increasing in number in New York orchards. Descriptive notes are given on the cocoons, caterpillars, and adult insects. The moths of the first brood emerge about the middle of May. They seldom fly except when disturbed. The number of eggs deposited by each female is 4 or 5, and they hatch within from 6 to 10 days. A gradual migration of caterpillars takes place from the upper to the lower branches. In the southern part of New York there are 2 broods per year. The ajiple appears to be the preferred food plant. Pear, plum, peach, and cherry trees seem to be immune. A numl>er of parasitic insects are mentioned as assisting in the control of this pest, which is also attacked by birds and spiders. There is a large mortality of the pupa? during the winter. In experiments with remedies it was found that the pupa? of this jjest could be killed by spraying with whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. per gallon of water. Good results were also obtained by tlie use of lime-sulphur-salt and mechanical mixtures of kerosene and water. The peach-tree borer, F. Sherman, Jr. {North Carolina Dept. Agr., Ent. Circ. 7, jyp. 5, Jig. 1). — Brief notes are given on the habits and life history of this insect, together with recommendations concerning the most promising methods of com- bating it. The Coccidse of Ceylon, III, E. E. Green {London: Dulau d: Co., J 904, pp. 171- 249, ]>ls. S3). — In this part of the author's monograph of the Coccidfe of Ceylon the subfamily Lecaniime is considered. A synopsis is given of tlie various genera belonging to this subfamily, and detailed descriptive notes are presented on 33 species of Lecanium. Treatment of the San Jose scale in cities, A. F. Bukgess {Ohio DejJt. Agr., Div. Nursery and Orchard Inspection Bid. 1, pp. 8, pi. 1, fig. 1) . — Brief descriptive notes on the San Jose scale, together with an account of its life history, distribution in Ohio, natural enemies, and food plants. Formulas are presented for preparing the insecticides most commonly used in destroying this pest. A new method of destroying the woolly aphis, E. Andre {Rev. Hort. ^Paris'], 76 {1904), No. 4, jjp. S3, 84).— In an orchard infested with the woolly aphis it was noticed tliat trees in close proximity to walnut trees were comparatively immune. ENTOMOLOGY. 881 Experiments were made to test the possible action of the active principle of walnut trees in the control of these insects. Good results were obtained from pouring a decoction of the leaves of Jiiglans regia upon the woolly aphis and in the soil about the roots of infested trees. The destruction of grapevine flea-beetles, J. Bonhomme {B\d. Agr. Algcrie et I'miisie, 10 {1904), No. 1, pjj. 15, 16). — According to experiments reported in this paper grapevine flea-beetles may be quite successfully controlled by infection witli Botr)/ti.< bassiana. Cultures of this fungus were distributed on leaves upon which the larv;e were feeding. Upon examination of the larv* later it was found that the spores t^aten by them had germinated and caused death by gradual infectioiT of all the internal organs. A new organ in Phylloxera vastatrix, H. Stauffacher [Allg. Ztschr. Ent., 8 {190S), No». J-S, pp. .jO-35; 4, PP- 57-60, pd. 1, figs. -^).— In studying the anatomy of this insect the author discovered a new organ on the ventral side of the body between the first and second thoracic segments. The organ is paired and is believed to be the organ of hearing. The gross and microscopic anatomy of this structure is descril)ed in detail. Extensive outbreaks of Lymantria monacha during the years 1898-1902, J. jNIeves {Ent. Tuhkr., 24 {1903), No. 4, pp. 225-229) .—Det&Wed notes are given on the occurrence of this insect in various parts of Sweden during the past 4 years. In forests composed of large trees there is no practical means of combating the insect, except by felling and removing infested trees. Eradication may be somewhat assisted })y infectious diseases. Vigorous trees under 3 years of age are rarely attacked. In cases where the insect is present only in small numbers the outl)reak mu}- be checked to a considerable extent by collecting the eggs and destroying the moths. Liasiocampa pini as a forest insect, J. Meves {Ent. TkUkr., 24 {1903), No. 1, pp. 61-64, pi. 1). — The habits and life history of this insect are briefly mentioned with special reference to suitable means of combating it. The insect attacks pine and spruce trees of all ages. Experiments showed that the larvae were capable of withstanding a temperature of —10° C, and it is l)elieved that the i)est winters over to a considerable extent in the larval condition. Studies of the life history, habits, andtaxonomic relations of a new species of Oberea (0. ulmicola) , F. i\r. Webster {Bui. llHnoiti State Lab. Nat. IBM., 7 {1904), Art. 1, pp. 1-14, pifi. 2). — This sjiecies has thus far been found only in a sin- gle town in Illinois, where it appears to be confined to one section of the city. The technical descrii)tion of the species is given by F. H. Chittenden, and the account of the habits and life history is largely based on observations l)y E. 8. (J. Titus. The insect apjiears to be confined in its feeding habits to the American elm. There is only 1 generation annually, and the larvae hibernate in the twigs. The pupal period occupies from 22 to 29 days. The eggs are deposited from May 20 to June 15. The effect of the attack of this insect upon elms is to cause the development of clus- ters of small twigs upon the sides of the branches, and to bring about the premature falling of the leaves. The method by which young w^illow^s protect themselves against the attacks of Dichelomyia rosaria, 1*. Speiser {Allg. ZtscJir. Ent., S {1903), No. 10-11, pp. 2f>4-206, fig. 1). — In studying willows attacked by this gall-forming insect, the author found that affected branches grew downward in a spiral manner, and that the growth of the affected twig was continued by means of the rapid development of the bud lying innnediately below the affected one. Galls on Abies pectinata, K. Eschericu and E. Wimmer {Allg. Ztschr. Ent., S {1903), No. 6-7, 2U>- 119-122, figs. 4)- — A detailed descTiption is given of the galls on the needles of this tree which an^ due to the attacks of a species of Lestodiplosis. Pulex vagabunda, E. Wahlgken {Ent. Tklskr., 24 {1903) , No. 2-3, p. 219).—Bnet 882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. descriptive and ecoiioiiiic notes are given on this si)ecifs, whicli is said hy the author to lie ret\'ral>le to the genus Ceratophyllus. Plant-house Aleurodes, L. K. Caky {Maine Sta. Bui. 96, pp. 125-144, fi(J>^- U).— A deseription is presented <>f the emhryonic stages of this insect, and notes are given on the anatomy of the achilt f(trni. Hydrocyanic-acid gas was found to be asuccess- ful remedy for comliating this siK'cies in greenhouses. The red spider, A. Tri>i,(iKE.v {Knt. Tidnkr., 24 {190S), No. 4, pp. ^46-^49).— The hal)its and life historv of this pest are hriefly described, and notes are given on the use of various insecticides in controlling it. These insecticides include suli)hur, j)ota.>est appears to prefer the Meteor rose, but attacks also other varieties, especially Wooton, liride, Madame Chatenay, etc. No injury is done in rose houses between Novend)er and May. The habits of the insect are not well understood. It seems not to attack native species of wild roses, and is therefore considered not to be a native species of insect. The author is not certain whether the name as ])rovisionally adopted for the species Avill prove to be the correct one. Spraying" apples and pears, F. Sherman, Jr. {North Carolina Dept. Agr., Ent. C'irr. a, pp. 7) . — As the result of observation of orchards in North Carolina and cor- respondence with orchardists, it is concluded that careful and persistent spraying of apple and pear trees with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green furnishes the most effective means of restoring the orchards of the State to a productive condition. Notes are given on the insect pests and fungus diseases which may be controlled ])y these remedies, and also on the manner of prejiaration and methods and time of apjilication of the remedies. A supposed remedy for fruit-tree pests: Gunpo^wder, sulphur, niter, sul- phate of iron, mixed and inserted into the tree, C. T. Musson {Agr. Gaz. New South Walex, 14 {190S), No. 12, pp. 1206, ii'07).— These substances were mixed in equal quantities, and an ounce of the mixture was inserted in holes | in. in diameter bored into trees at a height of 2 ft. from the ground. An application was made upon wattle and plum trees. The holes were blocked with clay. After a period of 6 months there was no evidence that this remedy had had any effect upon the insect pests of these trees. The nurseries inspection and quarantine bill, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. .Tour. Cape dood Hope, 24 {1904), No. 2, pp. 1S8-195). — The author gives the text of a quar- antine bill which has l)een under consideration for a number of years. It is believed that the bill will be introduced into the colonial parliament during the coming season, and on this account the author urges the desirability of such a law in order to protect the nurserymen and fruit growers of South Africa. The Columbacs fly, L. von Aigner-Abafi {Allg. Ztschr. Ent., 8 {1903), Nos. 5, ■pp. 93-96; 6-7, pp. 124-127) .—The habits and life history of this species of fly are described in detail. The fly belongs to the family Tipulidje and is generally dis- tributels. 6,fi.gf{. 57). — A detailed technical description is given of the various species of white ants known to occur in Central America. Tlie author also descril;)es the habits of these insects and presents a discussion of the biology of the various members of the colonies of white ants, the duration of the life of individuals, feeding habits, nests, and the relationship of white ants to agriculture. As a rule these species are injurious only to dead trees or timber, but sometimes attack living trees. In the second part of the author's article notes are given on the various species of mites, scale insects, flies, beetles, Hemiptera, etc., which are known to inhabit the nests of wliite ants. Sex determination in bees and ants, W. E. Castle (Science, n. .s^r., 19 (1904), No. 479, 2>j). 3S9-S92). — A l)rief jiojiular account of the theories concerning parthen- ogenesis in bees, in which the author supports the theory of Dzierzon. Bee keeping, F. Sworder (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 2 (1904), No. 6, pp. 139-148, pis. 4). — Various forms of comb foundation are described and notes are given on the methods of preventing the falling of brood comb in young swarms. The author also discusses in a brief manner the location and general management of apiaries, hives, section honey, and the most suitable methods for hiving bees. Bees and their benefit to the farmer, J. D. Pikp: ( Ohio State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pp. o06-.'>09) .■ — A general account is given of the problems concerned in apiculture with si)ecial reference to the importance of bees in fertilizing fruits. Apiculture in Italy (Ann. R. Scuola Superiore Agr. Portid, 2. ser., 3 (1902), pp. 691-702). — A brief statistical account is presented of the quantity of honey produced in various parts of Italy and of the import and export trade in this product. Atten- tion is called to the importance of apiculture, and especially to the agency of bees in the fertilization of fruit trees. Studies and observations on bumblebees, S. Bengtsson (Ark. ZooL, 1 (1903), No. 1-2, pp. 197-222) . — The author reports the results of Ids observations on the habits and life liistory of bum))lebees, with special reference to the species Bombus disiingnendii.'i and B. hypnornm. The parasitic a;nd predaceous insects which attack bumblebees are also briefly considered. The author discusses the nature and func- tion of various individuals of the bumblebee colony. Annual report of the Royal Sericultural Station of Padua (Ann. R. Slaz. Bacol. Padora, 31 (1902), jjp. 140, p/.s. 3). — An account of the general princi])les which should govern silk raisers in the selection of races of silkworms most suitable for any given locality is presented by E. Verson. Experiments were undertaken by E. Quajat for the purpose of devising a method 884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. by whifh it would be possible to distinguisb tbe sex of silkworm ejjgs and larvae. Nunierous deteniiinatious were made on the si)efi(ic gravity of eggs and the varia- tions thus observed were noted, particularly with reference to the sex of the eggs aa deti-nninod by rearing adult moths. Tt was found that the eggs could be divided rougidy into 2 classes, with low and iiigli specific gravity, respectively. No differ- ences were observed in the vigor of the larvic obtained from these different classes of eggs and no constant relation was observed between the specific gravity of the eggs and the sex. In general, however, there seemed to be a slight preijonderance of fi'iuale eggs among those of low specific gravity. Experiments with larvjc showed that while the actual weight of the larvie could not be depended upon as indicating the sex, nevertheless about 12 per cent of the heavier larva- and 29 per cent of the lighter larvjc proved to be females. Detailed anatomical notes are given on the postembryonic development of the cephalic and thoracic segments of silkworms, by E. Verson. The comparative vigor of the first and last eggs fertilized by the same male moth was studied })y E. Quajat. The results obtained indicate that the eggs of a large number of females may be fer- tilizt'd by a single mal(>, and that no differences are demonstrable in the fertility (jr vigor of the eggs. Experiments were made by the same author for the purpose of determining the influence of turpentine upon the vitality of silkworm eggs. The action of the fumes of turpentine upon the eggs was found to vary somewhat accord- ing to the temperature of the air. The injury was greatest in eggs of the White Japanese breed of silkworms and less so in the eggs of Korean, Chinese, and native races. Immersion of the eggs in pure turpentine killed a large majority. The influence of external conditions of environment upon the physical properties of the cocoons was investigated by E. Verson, the results of observations carried out in various places in Italy being pi-esented in tabular form. A bibliograi>hy of litera- ture relating to sericulture published during the years 1902 and 1903 is appended to the rejjort. FOODS NUTRITION. Review of the literature of composition, analysis, and adulteration of foods for the year 1902, A. J. J. Vandevelde {Separate from Bui. Serr. Surreill. Fahric et Cum. Demre.i Al'mient., 1903, pp. 95). — This is the third annual volume reporting titles of articles on analytical methods, apparatus, water, milk and cream, fats and oils, cheese, floors and their derivatives, spices and colonial jjroducts, sugar, alco- holic beverages, vegetables and fruits, meats and meat products, preservati\es, and related topics. In many cases the bibliographical data are accompanied l)y brief notes regarding the scope of the articles. Report of State analyst, E. N. Eaton {Illinois State Food Com. Rpt. 1902, jyp. 120-211, figs. 8) . — Of the 924 samples of food analyzed during the year 1902, 397 were foimd to be adulterated. In addition to other topics, grape juice, soda water, and soda-water sirups are discussed. Pure food law and rulings of the food commissioner, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui. 1, pp. ll). — The State pure food law is quoted, and the author makes some suggestions for those who would comi)ly with its provisions. The bulletin also includes the rulings of the State pure food commissioner regarding labels, standards, preservatives, etc. Breakfast foods, J. B. Weems and C. E. Ellis {Iowa Sta. Bui. 74, pp. 101-114).— A number of samples of breakfast foods, biscuits, hulled beans, split peas, potato chips, and other food materials were analyzed, and their relative nutritive value is discussed. In the case of some of the materials for which the claim is made by the manufacturers that they are in a sense predigested, the amount of soluble carbohy- drates Avas determined and found to vary from 0.24 pier cent to 13.23 per cent, being FOODS NUTRITION. 885 in the majority of cases less than 2 per cent. This would indicate, according to the authors, "that the soluhle sugars are present only to a limited extent in the break- fast foods. Those who are not troubled with indigestion should not desire predi- gested foods, and those who have indigestion should consult the family physician." The general conclusions which were drawn from the investigation follow: "The breakfast foods are put up in an attractive form and many of them are pleasing to the taste. The statements printeti on the packages are greatly exagger- ated and little reliance can be placed in many of them. The cost of the prepared foods is 10 to 16 cts. per pound and the unjjrepared 6 to 7 cts. i)er pound. These products do not possess any nutritive vahie in excess of ordi- nary footl materials. The attractive features are the packages and the palatableness of the food. The claims made for many of the predigested foods are of little or no value. The breakfast foods are not medicines and no reliance should be placed in statements which claim that they are a remedy for any disease." Breakfast foods, J. B. Weems and C. E. Ellis [Iowa Sta. Bui. 74, popular ed., pp. lOl-ina). — An abridged form of the above bulletin. On the relation between gluten and total nitrog-enous matter in different kinds of wheat, E. Fi.eukext {('ompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. I'urix, l.i7 [I'.to.i), Nn. ,^G, pp. ISlS-l.Un; Bid. Agr. Alger ieet. Tmmie, 9 {190S), No. 24, pp- 544-546; ah^. hi. Bev. Scl. [P((r/.s], 5. ser., 1 {1904), No. 2, p. 57). — According to the author the wheats at present grown on a large scale in France have a lower gluten content than those formerly grown. Estimating the total amount of nitrogen in the wheat is not regarded as a satisfactory method for judging of its value. To learn this the amount of gluten should be determineil. The chemical composition of cooked vegetable foods, Katharine I. Wil- LiAiis {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 26 {1904), No. 2, pp. 244-252). — Analyses uf anumljcr of cooked vegetable foods are reported, the data including sulphur and phosphorus in addition to the usual determinations. It was found that in almost every case the cooked foods contained more water than the raw. However, with broccoli the weight of the raw and cooked material was practically the same, and in the case of asparagus there was a considerable loss in weight due to cooking which was ascribed to a loss of soluble nitrogenous constituents. The large percentage of waste, both before and after cooking, makes asparagus expensive. Raw-green burr artichokes are tough, and in the process of cooking absorbed a larger proportion of water than the other vegetables studied. The food value of fruit, \V. R. Lazenby ( Columbus Hort. Soc. Rpl. 190S, pp. 126-129). — A number of jioints in connection with the food value of fruits are discussed. The adulteration of foods and medicines, G. McCarthy {Bui. North Carolina Bd. Health, IS {1004), No. 11, pp. 124-l.U). — Food adulteration and food preserva- tives are discussed, and some of tlu^ work of the North Carolina department of agriculture is summarized. The composition of poultry, W. O. Atwater ( Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bpt. lOO.i, ]>p. 147-15S). — Analyses are rej)orte(l of a number of sorts of fresh and preserved poultry and ixniltry products. Poultry as food, R. D. Milneh {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Rpt. 190,), pp. 159-175). — Noted from another publication (F. 8. R., 15, p. 701). Cold storag'e of eg-gs, H. V. Jackson {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 14 {1903), No. S, jyp. 713-715). — It is stated that the attempts made l)y the department of agricul- ture of New South Wales to preserve eggs in cold storage liave been very successful. The method employed is briefly described. Preserving eggs in water-glass solution {Agr. Gaz. New Sontli Wales, 14 {1903), No. 7, p. 676) . — In an article quoted from the ^fark Lane /i'.rpms-.s' concise directions are given for the use of water glass in j)reserving eggs, which, it is stated, are based on the results of 5 years' experience. 886 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Preserving- eg-g-s {^f(n•l■ Lane Expr^^ss, .S'S {1903), Nos. 3729, p. 385; 3730, p. 371). — IJricf din'ctions are given for ])reserving eggs by a numV)er of methods. The caffein content of coflfee infusion, J. Katz {Arch. I'harm., 24ii {1904), No. 1, pp. 42-4S). — Using 300 gni. of water to 15 gm. of coffee, containing on an average 1.26 i)er cent caffein, an infusion was i)repared in a number of ways and analyzed. The drip coffee which was made with a special apparatus contained 90.5 per cent, the infused coffee 85.2 per cent, and the coffee made by allowing the water to liltcr through the ground berry 60.3 i^er cent of the caffein originally present. The amount of extract matter in the infusion was, generally speaking, ])rop(irli()nul to the caffein content. Judged by the caffein content and the extract matter in the infusion, distilled water and hydrant water gave practically the same results, but when a little sodium bicarbonate was added to the water used for coffee making, the coffee was a little more thoroughly extracted. According to the author's (calculations a (-up of coffee (150 cc. ) contains about 0.1 gm. caffein. Concerning' spices, A. Beythien (Ztec/ir. Untersuch. Nahr.ii. ftenusis of nutrition upon the results of special experience is emphasized. While recognizing the value of tables of composition of food materials, dietary standards, and daily menus showing the proportions of different food materials required to furnish an adequate diet, the author protests against the too mechanical use of such numeri(;al data. The conservation of energ-y in those of advancing" years, J. M. Taylor {Pop. Sci. Mo., 64 (1904), -Vo. 4,pp. 34S-S50) .—In addition to other tojjics food and diet are discussed with special reference to old age. The author regards moderation in eating and drinking as of the utmost importance. The A B-Z of our own nutrition, H. Fletcher {New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., pp. XXX VT\ 4:-^i'>, fin^- ]0). — On the Ijasis of personal experience the author believes that overeating should be avoided, and that health may be maintained by eating a comparatively limited amount of food and taking pains to masticate it as thoroughly as possible, the normal appetite being a guide as to kind and amount of food required. The volume contains an explanation of the author's theories, and quotes a number of articles by different writers of interest in connection with the subjects under discussion. The function and dig-estion of foods, G. G. Nasmith {Assoc. Executive Health Officer.^' Rpt., Ontiirio, 190S, p)p. 109-117). — A discussion of the theories of nutrition, inclup.24S,244). — Tin* need of iiiii)r<>vement in murketiiijiiuul handling food isdis- eui^tied, tlie fact l)ein<^ reeognizeil that it may reatlily hecuine contaminated l)y dirt and micro-organi.sins, inchiding disease germs, wlini marketed under the coinhtions which often jirevaii. Concerning human pancreatic juice, K. Glaessnek {/Jxclir. PJiyslol. C'hein., 40 { 1:104 ), No. ,')-tj, pp. 411.5-479, (hjms. 4)- — A surgical operation whit-h necessitated the insertion of a drainage tnhe into the pancreatic duct of a patient afforded the autlior the opportunity of collecting and studying pancreatic juice. According to his obser- vations, tile amount secreted varied from 500 to 800 cc. per day. It did not contain trypsin, hut a precursor of this, which was rendered active by the intestinal juice. The a<'ti(>n of the fat-splitting and diastatic ferments was increased l)y gall and intestinal juice, but especially by the latter. The cleavage of starch stopped with maltose. Disaccharids (milk sugar and cane sugar) were not acted upon by pancre- atic juice, but were si)lit up into simpler bodies by intestinal juice. The amount of digestive juice and of ferment and the alkalinity were least when the subject was fasting. These factors increased rapidly after food was taken, reached their maxi- mum in about 4 hours, and diminished until the eighth hour of the digestive process. A study of the variations in the course of the nitrogen, sulphate, and phos- phate excretion, as observed in short periods follovring a small increase in the proteid ingested, 1'. ]'>. Hawk and J. S. Chamberlain {Atncr. Jour. F]ii/.siol., 10 {1904), ^o. 6, pp. 269-^89, figs. 5). — Continuing work recently reported (E. S. R., 15, p. 494), the authors were the subjects of experiments to determine the effect of adding a small amount of protein to a uniform basal ration, as show'n by the excre- tion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur. It was found that the rate of excretion of nitrogen, measured by 3-hour periods, showed 2 maxima daily. When measured by shorter ])eriods, '.i maxima were observed. "The rate of excretion of sulphates followed in general a parallel course to that of nitrogen, the main difference being that the minimum rate of excretion was reached after the morning meal, and tlie maximum late in the afternoon. Frequentlj^ 3 maxima were observed on normal days with 3-hour periods. The phosphates differed decidedly in their rate of excretion from either the nitrogen or the sul- phates. Two very distinct rises were shown each day, and in one instance ... an indication of a third rise was seen. . . . "After the ingestion of a small extra amount of proteid food at the morning meal, the rate of excretion of nitrogen reached its maximum within three to four and one- half hours, after which it fell to its normal rate; in one case slowly, after 4 daj's, and in the other rapidly, after 2 days. It would seem that the time required to reach the maximum excretion of nitrogen, after increasing the j^roteid of a diet, was more or less directly proportional to the amount of proteid ingested, the length of time being greatest when the quantity W'as large. "With each subject the maximum rate of sulphate excretion differed from that (jf nitrogen only in reaching its highest point about 6 hours later. In one subject the ratio of nitrogen to sulphates was lowest on the day of increased proteid ingestion; in the other, on the day after the ingestion. The maximum rate of phosphate excretion due to the increased proteid ingestion fell in a period between those in which the maxima of nitrogen and sulphate occurred. . . . "Tlie ratio between the heat of combustion of the urine and its nitrogen content was lower on the day of increased proteid ingestion than on normal days." The eflPect of certain common essences on the cerebral circulation, A. D'Okmea {Arch. Ital. Biol, 40 {1903), No. 1, jyp. I4I-I6O; ahs. in BrHlxli Med. Jour., 1904, No. 2251, Epit., p. 31). — It was found in experiments with a dog that the essences of aniseed, lemon, mint, cinnamon, and camphor bad a very decided effect on the cerebral circulation. These observed fa(!ts are of interest since some of the materials experimented with are commonly used for flavoring foods, etc. ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 889 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Range forages, 11. 11. Fukbes aiul W. W. Skinnek {Arizoud Sta. lipt. 1903, pp. o46'-350). — Analyses are reported of greasewood {Sarcobatus vermicularis) , paloverde twigp, ^vater grass {Chloris ekf/ovs), 2 varieties of grama grass (one fresh the other old ami weathered) , and several varieties of saltbush. The composition of a number of these is shown in the following table: L'ompositioH of a number of feeding stuffs. Fec'diii;,' stufTs. Greasewood ( Surrobatufi vermicularis) . . . Paloverde twigs Water grass ( Cliluris elcgans) Grama grass (Buutcloua oUgoslacli ya) , fresli sample Grama grass (/>. rotlirockii), sample 1 year old, dead and weathered Water. Per cent. ■1.55 5.10 7.60 6.98 7.35 Per cent. 19.81 10.94 8.88 6. 50 2. 56 Ether extract. Per cent. 2.45 3.20 1.61 1.82 1.22 JJitrogeii free extract. Per cent. 34.28 39. 05 36.53 42. 45 50. 58 ('rude liber. Per cent. 24. 50 36. 01 33. 62 28.19 33.62 Ash. Per cent. 14.41 5. 70 11.76 14.06 4.67 "Greasewood and paloverde twigs are instances of the 'browse' forage upon which animals so largely depend in semiarid country when grass is short. These are of surprisingly nutritious character, as indicated by the analyses here given, being rich in protein, fat, and carbohydrates. The sample of greasewood is especially good, being consideraldy richer in protein and fat than a sami:)le of alfalfa hay from the station farm. "The low protein in old, weathered 'grama' grass, as compared with fresh grasses of the same general nature, bears out the low estimate generally placed ui:)on weathered grass as forage." Commercial feeding stuffs in the Connecticut market ( Connedicul State Sta. Bui. 145, pp. 5'J) . — In accordance with the j)rovisions of the State feeding stuff law analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, wheat bran, middlings and nnxed feed, maize meal and bran, gluten meals and feed, hominy meal, rye feed, l)rewery and distillery products, oat feeds, buckwheat middlings, miscellaneous mixed feeds, poultry feeds, proprietary, dairy, stock, and condimental feeds. The different classes of the feeding stuffs analyzed are discussed. Regarding the proprietary, dairy, and stock feeds, the author notes that these feed- ing stuffs were made up of such materials as oat, wheat, and corn products, cotton- seed meal, linseed meal with fenugreek, carob beans, and common beans in addition in the case of one of the materials examined. The most concentrated, of these mix- tures contained 24.6 per cent protein and the others ranged from 7.81 to 20.06 per cent. The prices varied from $21 to $70 per ton. "A mixture of 1,000 lbs. of gluten feed and 1,000 ll^s. of mixeil wheat feed made at home would cost at present retail prices $24.76. It would contain a good deal more protein than could be bought for the same money in any of these factory- niixee it work, llesh, niiik, or wool, and, second, that tliey j)ossess medicinal virtues of a high order. Touching the tirst claim it may he said that there is no valid evidence to the effect that condiments or spices increase the digestibility of food or enlarge production, while such evidence does exLst to prove the contrary. As to the second claim it may be remarked tliat the drugs commonry present are simple and Avell-known remedies, which may p. 44-47). — According to the author, there is no entirely satisfactory method of discriminating between Sea-island cotton-seed and upland cotton-seed cake. "So far as concerns the mere detection of excessive amounts of hulls or starchy adulterants, microscopic examination,, especially if coupled with determinations of nitrogen and fiber, is all that could be desired." This investigation was suggested by that noted abcne. Results of analysis of manures and. of feeding stuffs for feeding experi- ments, S. H. Collins [County Council Northumberland , Education Com., Rpt. 1903, pp. HJ-94). — Analyses are reported of a number of feeding stuffs and fertilizers. Experiments on the digestibility of rye and wheat bran of different grades, A. KoiiLER ET AL. {Luudw. Vcvs. Stut. , 58 [1903), No. 5-6, pp. 415-43,?). — Using 2 sheep the digestibility of different sorts of wheat and rye bran was studied. Some of the brans selected were typical of the goods obtained by modern methods of mill- ing; the others contained a larger percentage of starch, and were considered typical of the bran obtained from old-fashioned mills. Tlie materials under investigation were fed with meadow hay, the digestibility of the bran alone being calculated from the results obtained for the whole ration. It appeared that the rye bran w^as more thoroughly digested by both sheep than the wheat bran. From the data as a whole the conclusion is drawn that the bran obtained by modern milling has a lower nutri- tive value than old-fashioned bran. The effect of drying upon the solubility of protein of feeding stuffs in pepsin-hydrochloric acid, J. Vodiaku [Landir. TV/-.s. ,S7«/., oh' [1903), No. 5-6, pp. 433-437). — After jireliminary experiments with fresh hay and fresh and dried clover had shown that drying dimished digestibility, the author made a systematic study of the effect of temperature upon the Jiitrogen content and the digestibility of the protein in a number of feeding stuffs, the results obtained Vjeing summarized in the table below. The samples were dried for 48 hours at 40, 60, and 100° C. Brewers' grains and distillery refuse, it is pointed out, are materials which are subjected to a fairly high temperature in the process of preparation. Such is not the case with the other feeding stuffs examined. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. J''(f'('rl 1)/ liidtiiiij tijton. the tlii/eslihllili/ nf jiro/i'in. 81)1 Mi'iulow liny . ... I'nlm-nut cake . . ('otton-si'od nic'Ml Peanut meal Cocoanuteake... Rvo Wheat Vetch Maize Peas Brcncrs' (,'rains.. Disfillerv refuse . Total nitrogen, ^f in fresh "^„P" feed *''^'®" ^^'^^- ' feed. Coefflclent of digestibility of protein— cr cctit. 1.750 2.924 7. 296 7. 9 16 3.441 1.669 2. 186 4. 534 1.817 3. 968 3. 116 4. 991 ' cent. 74.3 82.8 94.8 %.7 91.8 92.4 95.9 95.3 88.6 95. 5 76. 2 60.4 Of feed dried at 40°. Per cent. 70.9 80.7 93.0 95.2 90.9 89.0 92.0 92. 9 83.7 93.5 ■ 75.8 56.1 Of feed dried at 60°. Per cnit. 67.4 81.6 88.5 91. 8 90.8 88.7 92.1 93.9 84.5 93. 2 74.2 .59.1 Of feed dried at 100°. ' ecu I. 61.6 80.1 91.5 93. 7 90.4 S8. 7 91.5 94.2 85. 0 93. 4 58. 3 44.8 The results atv suniinari/A'd as follows: Dfving diiniriiHlu's the di^estiliiiify of i)ro- tein, tlK' (,'ffi'ct iH'iiijij proportional to the degree of heating. If tiie temperature enii)loye(l is not over (>0°, the digestibility is not markedly lowered. Heating lowers the digestibility of the protein of materials which have ])een heated in the process of manufacture, such as dried brewers' grains and distillers' grains. Comparative tests of digestibility of protein by artificial and natural methods, K. vo.\ Da.misski {/wnig. Diss., Univ. Breslau, J90S, pp. HO). — The litera- ture of the subject is sununarized at considerable length and experiments reported which compare the digestibility of jirotein by the Stutzer and the Kiihn methods with the results obtained in natural digestion experiments with sheep. The rations testetl included meadow hay alone and with wheat bran, clover hay alone and with peanut cake, and meadow hay with dried beet chips. One of the ])oints especially considered was the effect of heat employed in drying feces u[)on the protein present, and in this connection some tests were also made with horse and cow feces. The author's general conclusion is that natural and artifitual digestion experiments do not give absolutely concordant results, since certain variations are nnav(>ida})le. The smallest discrepancies were oljserved when the metabolic j)rod- ucts in the feces were determined by the Stutzer method with pepsin and tryjisin. He l)elieves, therefore, that the Stutzer metliod is the most satisfactory method for determining coefficients of tligestibility in artificial digestion exi)eriments. Nimierous tests are included in the above investigation on the effect of different amounts of digestive ferment and the effect of the time element on the reaction. Concerning- the nitrogen content and the solubility in pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the protein of fresh and dried sheep manure, C. Bkgek {Zlschr. I'lii/siul. Chrm., 40 (I90-1), No. 3-4, J>p. 176-181). — In the experiments reported sheep were fed in the different periods hay, hay jjIus i)eanut oil, hay plus straw, a fat-free mixed ration, and a mixed ration containing oil. The amount of digestibU' iirotein in the fresh and the dried feces was determined by tlus pepsin-hydrochloric acid method. It was found that considerably higher values were obtained with the fresh than with the dried feces. The author believes that it is best, therefore, to retain the usual method and use fresh feces for the determination of the nitrogenous material insoluble in pepsin-hydrochloric acid. This is especially important in determining the coefficients of digestibility of a mixed ration. Fate of proteids introduced through the alimentary canal and otherwise, C. Oi'PKNiiEi.MEK (Beitr. ('hem. Physiol, v. I'allioL, 4 {HJO.3), pp. 263-278; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Sue. [Londo7i'], 84 {1903), No. 493, II, pp. 738, 75.9).— Experiments with rab- })its showefl that when foreign proteids (serum from other animals and egg white) were injected intravenously or intraperitoneally, they were directly utilized and only 892 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD, .«iii;ill :m'l variable amounts were excreted in the uriiic. Tlie anioniit so excreted slinwiMl IK) rclati(Hi!-liii) to precijttiii formation. On the digestion and absorption of albuminoids in the stomach and in the first part of the duodenum, E. ZiNZ {Beitr. Chem. I'hysiuL u. Fathol., 3 {WO^), PI,. .UD-SC/, ; (ths. !t, Jill/. Six: (Mm. I'ari.^,3. ser., 30 {1903), No. 23, j). 1285).— \Js\ng yulphate of zinc a.>^ a reagent for fractional precipitation, the author studied the con- tents of the stomach and duodenum in an experiment with a dog fed cooked beef. Concerning- the origin in the animal body of metabolic products containing sulphur, I, J. Woni.cE.MLTii {Ztsrhr. I'hijxiuJ. Chnn., //O {190.1), No. 1-,.', j,p. .S'l-lOO).— From experiments in which cystein was given to rabljits per os, it appeared that thiS' body in so far as it is resorbed is converted into taurin and at least in part appears as taurocholic acid in the gall. Since cystein normally accompanies the pancreatic digestion of proteid, the author considers that the origin of taurin in the animal organism is exiilained. As he points out, it remains to he seen whether cystein is solelv a product of tryptic digestion, or whether it is also formed, which he believes is more ])robable, by autolysis with the aid of tissue ferments. Combustion of the muscular carbohydrate and the influence of the pancreas on it, I, (). CoiixiiKiM {Zl.sdir. I'hyxiol. Chem., 39 {1903), No. 3-4, 2>P- 336-349). — From experiments made with dogs without a pancreas and tests with the cell-free juices of muscle and pancreas, the conclusion was drawn that the combustion of dextrose in the body requires the cooperation of muscles and pancreas. ComV>ustion is attributed to a muscle ferment which is rendered active by an internal secretion from the pancreas. One gram of muscle can break down 5 to 8 gm. of dextrose. The action is inhil)ited 1)y blood serum. Experiments on the intermediate metabolic products of carbohydrates. I, Concerning ethylenglycol and glycolaldehyd, P. Mayek [Zlschr. Physiol. Cliem., 38 {1903), No. l-J, pp. 135-156) . — The author presents a critical discussion of methods of experimenting and emphasizes the need of looking for intermediate products, as well as end products of cleavage. Experiments are reported in which rabbits were fed ethylenglycol and glycolaldehyd, which led to the conclusion that when ethyl- englycol was burned by the rabbit glycolic and oxalic acids w^ere the intermediate products. When 10 gm. of glycol was fed about one-fourth of it ajjpeared as glycolic acid. As regards the glycolaldehyd, the author considered it probable that it was directly condensed in the body to glucose. The effect of feed upon the character of body fat, O. Lemmekmaxx and G. LixKH (Landir. Jahrh., 32 {1903), No. 4, 2^P- 635-653). — An experiment with pigs is reported in which the effect of maize and palm-nut cake on the character of body fat was studied, and also the effect of substituting palm-nut cake for maize for 2 to 6 weeks before slaughtering, the ration in every case having a wide nutritive ratio. In no case were the pigs overfed, since they were still growing. The bacon from those fed palm-nut cake throughout the whole period was harder than that of the other pigs, otherwise no marked differences were noted. With all the animals the back fat had the lowest melting point, and the highest iodin number and refraction index; and next to this the belly, kidney, and intestinal fat, in the order mentioned. The further from the surface, the lower the oleic acid content of the fat and the higher the melting point and vice versa. Judged by its chemical and physical i)roperties the fat of the pigs fed palm-nut cake was of better quality than that from pigs fed maize, though the differences were not very great. Substituting palm-nut cake for maize for 2 to 6 weeks did not exercise any favorable effect on the quality of the fat under the experimental conditions. The absorption of fat, B. Moore {Physiol. Lab. Univ. Col., Liverpool, 1903; abs. in Brili.'ih Med. Jour., 1904, No. 2252, Epit., p. 36). — According to the author, fatty acid and fat have the same appearance in the basal parts of the epitlielial cells of the small intestine after appropriate staining. Therefore, the method commonly ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 898 employed does not show i'oiicluftained from a digestinji; animal contained ir> to ;{5 per cent of its fat in the form of fatty acid, whih' in the fluid of the lacteals !)() per cent of the fatty material was present as neutral fat. The synthesis, theret'drc, was compU'teil in the nnicous membrane of the intestine. Meat on the farm, A. Boss (T. ,S'. Ikpt. A(/r., Ffirnwrii' Bui. 18.1, }ti). ■iO,ti(/s. 8r,). — Various sul)jects coiniected witli the butchering, curin<);, and i)reservation of meat on tiie farm are discussed, including such topics as the selection of animals, preparation for slaughter, killing and dressing cattle, sheep, hogs, and ]ioultiy; .ooling and cutting the carcass; preservation of fresh meat, and curing meat. In connection with the subject of presei-ving meat a number of recipes are given, as well as detailed directions for .malting and smoking. Marketing- live stock, C S. Plumb {V. K Dept. Agr., Funnerii' Bui. 1S4, pp. 40). — Tlie subject of marketing live stock is discussed and suggestions are offered for facilitating the marketing of farm animals. The topics discus.sed include, among others, buying and selling in country districts, periodical auction sales, rules and methods in Chicago horse market, sto(;k yards, live-stock exchanges, inspection of stock, the abattoir and jiacking house, the market classification of live stock, ship- ment of stock by railway, and the export trade. The bulletin contains mucli statis- tical and general information jiertaining to the subjects discussed. The use of branding- fluid, (i. H. Trite {Arhona Sta. Bui. 47, pp. .i]4-:n7). — A fluid which was tested for branding cattle, in the author's opinion, did not give as satisfactory results as are generally obtained with the branding iron. The food cost of raising calves, C. L. Beach {Conmrticitt iSturrs >it, Jigs. 4- ) — I* or several years records have been kept of the feed con- sumed by heifer calves from birth until about 6 months old. They were fed whole milk at first and later skim milk. Rowen hay was always supplied and grain in some cases during the last 2 months of the feeding period. The gains noted, 1.25 lbs. in 1900 and 1.31 lbs. in 1899 per head pt-r day, were regarded as satisfactory' for animals designej>. was led with a lialf ration of alfalfa a pound of j^aiii was niatlc from 4.1.*.S lbs. oi alfalfa, .".(m lbs. of <,M-ain, and 21.:; ll)s. of pill], at a cost of ;5.,S4 cts. In the author's oi)iiuon, molasses in small quantities (4 ll»s. jut head jier day) fed with 8 lbs. of j;ruin per liead per day and beet jnilj) ad libitum had a value of $2.35 per ton. Tlu' bulletin also contains a brit-f ireneral )i. 7^-75). — The comparative merits of Jv^yptian and J}ond)ay cotton-seed cakes, which are both made from seed which has not been delinted or decorticaterobal)ly due to the fact that they are accustomed to better feeding." Manures for pasture in Tree Field, D. A. Gilchrist {('ountii ('ouncil Norlh- lunhirlaiid, Edacdtioii Com., Jipt. I'JO-i, j>p. 2-18, thjirnt. o). — Tlie effect of manures on pasturage as shown by gains in weight made by sheep was studied under practically the same conditions as in earlier work at Cockle Park (E. .S. R., lo, j). 175). In the 20 weeks of the test the average weekly gain per sheep) on all the i)lats was 2.2 11)S. The total gain in weight in excess of gains made by the sheep on the nntreated plat ranged from 27 lbs. made by the 5 sheep on the plat which Jiad T)een manured by 5 tons of common lime in 1897 to 144 lbs. made by 10 sheep on the plat which had been manured with 1,680 lbs. of basic slag in 1900. At the close of the test sheep were selected for slavightering from the lots which contained suitably fattened animals. It appeared that sheep fattened best on the plat manured with 660 lbs. of basic slag in 1897 and the sami' amount in 1900. The amount of forage remaining on the i:)lats at tlie close of the season was meas- ured by feeding it to cattle during the winter. A botanical analysis of the hay growing on the different jilats is reported. The eflfect of nitrog-enous manures on the feeding- value of hay, T. H. MiDDLiCTox [Cuaatii Coinicil yurlltiunhrrl(i)it. I'JO.l, pj). oH-iUS). — Since it was found that nitrogenous manures exercise a j>ronounced effect on the character of the hay, feeding experiments with 5 lots of 10 sheep each were under- taken to determine whether its quality was as much affected as its appearance. The hay selected was mixed clover and rye grass grown on unmanured land; early-cut hay from a field top-dressed with 224 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre; late-cut, but better cured, hay from a field manured as above; rowen, chiefly rye grass, from top- dressed land; and rowen, chiefly clover, from unmanured land. The sheep fed rowen hay were given 0.5 lb. i)er head per day in addition to roots and t'oncentrated feed. The others were given 2 ll)s. of hay per head per day with roots, concentrated feed, and a little molasses. In the 105 days of the test the gain ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 897 ranged from l.Tfi lbs. perslieep in (lie lot fed the earlj-cnt hay from the top-dressed field to 2.06 lbs. in the case of the sheej) fed clover rowen. Five animals in each lot were thought snthciently fat for slaughteriner week in the 16 weeks of the trial were 1.387 lbs. on Best of All, 1.45 1V)S, on X L All, and 1.731 lbs. on Arctic swedes. "The financial results show satisfactory profits in each case, but the ])rofit is nearly 40 per cent greater from Arctic swedes, which contain the largest amount of solid matter. ' ' The investigation indicates "that a high percentage of solid matter in swedes is of great importance, and is likely to increase the feeding value of tlie swedes to a much greater extent than the ])rop. .-'-/.s', tig. !) . — In contin- uation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 14, p. 79S), the improvement of pastures under various systems of manuring was. tested by pasturing sheep on sample plats. 8V)8 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. Ill tlio experiment in ("anibrid^'esliire llie largest gain, 174.4 Ihfj., was made by slieep on the pastnre wliicli had been manure jilat manured by feeding a nuxture of linseed and undecorticated cotton-seed cake. Some of the general conclusions which were reached follow: "When the pasture is situated on a clay soil, contains small clover plants, and is but scanliiy covered with grass, then tlie best results will usually be got from the application of heavy dressings of i)hosphatic manures (for example, dressings of from 8 to 10 cwt. of l)a.sic slag per acre). . . . Wlu'n the pasture lies on a light and sandy soil, or when the sward is thick and close and the herbage is largely composed of strong grasses . . . [the most satisfactory manure] is a nitrogenous f)ne, but nitrogenous manures must be used with g7-eat caution, for they are apt to stimulate the stronger and the coai'ser grasses, and in this way to secure quantitj' at the expense of quality. . . . To the grass and mixed herl)age of light and medium soils no manure is likely to 1)6 so grateful as the droppings of animals fed upon the land, and the surest way to improve the condition of the pasture is to employ cotton cake or similar feeding stuffs to supply nitrogen, with light dressings of superphosphate and of kainit if it be proved that the land is in need of these mineral manures." The formation of new pastures, experiment at Waresley, T. II. Middlktdn {Oi,nJ>rip. ]9-2i:).— The effe('t of different manures on pasturage was tested with sheep grazed on sample plats, the test being a continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 14, p. 79S). The greatest gain, 91.5 lbs., W'as made by the lot on a pasture \\ liich had been fertilized bj' feeding linseed cake. The smallest gain, 55 lbs., was made by the lot pasturetl on the unmanured land. In the author's opinion none of the sheep made satisfactory gains. The unmanured land was inferior to the other plats throughout the entire season. Sheep-feeding- experiment, T. H. Middleton (Com /^r/V/r/c [^England] Univ., Di'pt. A(jr., Ji]it. K.ijilx. f'nijis mul Stock- 1903, pp. 87-91). — The relative value of gray ])eas, gluten feed, and gram or chick-peas {Clcer arietinum) was tested with 3 lots of 10 sheep each. The rations consisted of 1.25 lbs. of concentrated feed per head per day in addition to clover hay and roots. At the end of 32 days 5 animals from each lot were sold for slaughtering,, the remainder lieing fed for 28 days longer. The average gain for the whole test was 14.1 lbs. per head on gray peas, 15.1 lbs. on gluten feed, and 15.8 lbs. on chick-peas. Under the experimental conditions none of the rations was considered profital)le. "The sheep did not much care for gluten feed, l)ut they consumed the daily ration throughout the experiment. The other foods, es])ecially tlie gram, were readily eaten." Gluten feed "is too dusty to be fed alone; it would do very well if mixed with a feeding cake. If used for feeding outside, the l)oxes containing it should have some cover, otherwise it will form a paste in wet weather and in this condition sheep will not eat it. "Gram makes a useful feeding stuff for sheeji. It may be fed whole or split. The animals are fond of it and there is no waste." The author points out that chick-peas form the usual grain ration of horses in northern and western India and that chick-pea fed niutton is considered a delicacy in that countrj-. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 899 Lamb-feeding- experiments, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwoop ( West Virginia Sta. Bill. 90, pp. ^in-2ii2). — In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 12, p. 73) 3 tests with lambs are reported comparing cowpea hay with mixed timothy and clover hay. In the first test 37 lambs weighing 2,3-10 lbs. gained 270 lbs. in 6 weeks on a ration of cowpea hay and shelled corn. A second lot of 37 lambs weighing at the start 2,352 lbs. gained 48 lbs. on a ration of mixed timothy and clover liay and corn, while a lot of 20 lambs weighing 1,052 ll)s. at the start and l)adly affected with stomach worms lost 12 lbs. in the same period on a ration of cowjiea liay and corn. The authors cak ulate that with the cowpea ration a pound of gain cost 0.79 cts., and with a mixed hay ration 51.77 cts. In the second test, wliich covered 9 weeks, a lot of 26 lambs weighing 1,910 lbs. at the start gained 378 11 )s. on a ration of cowpea hay and shelled corn, while a similar lot fed mixed timothy and clover haj- and shelled corn gained only 223 lbs., the cost of a ]iound of gaiu in the 2 cases being 5.27 cts. and 9.52 cts. The third test was made with 2 lots of 37 lambs each, the total weight of each lot being al)out 2,280 lbs. In 73 days lot 1 fed cowpea hay and corn gained 495 ll)s. and lot 2 fed mixed timothj' and clover hay and corn gained 200 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain in the 2 cases 1)eing 3.32 cts. and 10.84 cts. In this and the other cases the total amounts of feed consumed were recorded. According to the authors — "Valuing the cowpea hay at $5 per ton, the mixed hay at $10, and the corn at 1 ct. ]>er pound, then the lambs which received cowpea hay were fed each year at a profit, while those receiving mixed hay were profital)le in only one instance. Practically none of the lambs gained in weight as rapidly as they should. This was due partially to the presence of internal jiarasites, which interfered with the process of digestion and assimilation, and partially to the inl)red and debilitated flocks prevailing in this section from which the landjs were derived." The liog industry, < r. M. Rommel ( V. S. DejA. Agr., Bureau of Animal Imhislry Bril. 47, pis. 1, pp. [ir,; ,?, pp. 97-193; S, pp. 193-398, maps 3). — This bulletin consti- tutes an exhaustive siimmary of data relating to the pig-feeding industry in America, the to]ncs discussed being selection, feeding, and management; recent American experimental work in pork production; and statistics of production and trade. As regards suitable conditions, "the first place in hog raising in the United States is easily witli the corn-growing sections, and here corn is the first grain thouglit of when the fattening of animals, especially hogs, is mentioned. It is, however, fal- lacious to argue that hog feeding will not give profital)le returns outside of the corn belt. . . . Any locality that will grow clover of an}' species, that is favorable to the production of alfalfa, peas, or beans, where grains are readily grown — not only corn, but barley, wheat, oats, or rye — will be a favorable situation for the successful production of pork. If it is a locality where dairying is common, no better advan- tages are required; for, given leguminous pasture — clover, alfalfa, peas, beans, etc. — as a basis, with a grain feed that can be readily grown and also dairy by-products, the very highest grade of pork can be produced at a minimum cost." In llie selection of breeding stock, available data show that in actual practice "the man wlio feeds for the market recognizes, not breed, l)ut type. . . . [Color and other characteristics vary] but on the points that represent the real meat-yielding parts of the animals the standards are almost identical. Breeders look for cjuality, d('I)lh, length, and width of form and depth and condition of flesh, regardless of whether their hogs are l)lack, red, or white. At first sight breeds of the bacon type seem to be exceptions to this rule, but as yet there is not in the United States what can be called a general market class for hogs of tliis type. ... At present (1902) the hog that sells for the highest jjHce on the markets of the central West is the hog of the lard type." The conformity of breeds to common standards is shown by data comjiiled from score cards of the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine. 900 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Among otlicr points regarding tlie feeding and managenient of pign, tlie author diyi'iisM's the jiroper time for wt'aning on tiie l)a.sis of information secured from a large nundx'r of pig raisers. Aithougii hreeders differele for feeding farm horses and mules. It is a good substitute for hay for the winter feeding of horses and mules because of its feeding value, the yield per acre, and commercial value. "Oat hay when cut while in the milk state is a satisfactory horse feed. When thus harvested it compares favorably with clover hay and cowpea hay." Ration.;^ containing 10 lbs. of oat hay with 1 pound of cotton-seed meal, 10 lbs. of corn-and-cob meal, and 5 lbs. of bran or oats were found to be satisfactory in a test covering abouta month made with 2 mules weighing nearly 1,000 lbs. each. The bran ration was regarded as somewhat superior to the oat ration and was also the cheaper. "Cotton-seed meal can be used to replace a part of the corn (ir oats in a horse or mule ration. Two j^ounds of cotton-seed meal as a part of the daily rations were fed to horses and mules with satisfaction. This quantity can be fed in a mixture with either grain or sprinkled on ensilage or on hay or stover that has been moistened previously to feeding. In comparison with other feeding stuffs cotton-seed meal, because of its higi^ feeding value, is a relatively cheap feed. Corn stover, corn, and cotton-seed meal, because of feeding and commercial values, make satisfactory rations for winter feeding of horses and mules, or at other times when on light or moderate work. Some of the animals in these experiments did not at first relish cotton-seed meal. Where animals can be made to acquire the taste it should be made a part of the daily ration. "Tankage and dried blood were used in these tests satisfactorily. The latter is especially valuable when horses are ' run down ' and thin in flesh." 902 EXPERIMKNT STATION RECORD. As an example of the use of tankage a test (•f)verinf? 3 weeks, and made with 2 horses weijjhin^ not far from 1,300 lbs. each, may he mentioned, in whicli 2 Ihs. of this material with 4 lbs. of bran, 10 ]l)s. of eorn-and-cob meal, and 80 lbs. of eom silajje was compared with a similar ration in which 15 lbs. f)f clover hay replacely altered by any of the rations or flavoring materials employed. . . . "Tlie different rations, however, very clearly affected the color of the yolks. When the grain ration consisted of wheat, oats, or white corn, fed either alone or in coMibination with each other, the yolks were so light colored that the eggs would be quite unsuitable for fancy trade. When the grain supply consisted entirely of white corn, the yolks were very light colored, while on the other hand, the feeding of yellow corn imparted to the yolks that rich yellow color which is so(lesiral)le." The importance of mineral matter and the value of grit for chicks, W. P. Wiiep:ler {Xcv York Stale Sta. Bui. 242, pp. 293-314). — With a view to learning the value of different inorganic substances as part of a ration for young chickens with reference to the nutritive material which they supply and their value from a mechani- cal standpoint, 7 series of feeding experiments were undertaken. Usually the trials extended over 10 or 12 weeks and w(M'e l)egun with chickens 1 to 3 weeks old. In every case the groups studied were fed alike except for the mineral iK>rtion of the ration. 904 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Two lot.s of cliickeiis were fed whole ami ground grains^, green alfalfa, glnten meal, and blood meal. In addition 1 lot was fed 2 oz. of Florida rock phoHiiliate and 1 (jz. of line white glass san lbs. and ."i.S lbs. of feed, the c,o.st, including rock and shell, being respectively 5.2 cts. and 5.1 cts. It was noteer pound of gain ranged from 3.9 lbs. with one of the lots fed ground oyster shells and one fed Florida rock to 5.3 lbs. with one of the lots fed ground oyster shells. The cost of a pound of gain ranged from 4.8 cts.. with one of the lots fed Florida rock to 6.8 cts. with one of the lots fed oyster shells. The author's conclusions follow: DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 905 "The mixing of sand in the food — both in a ration eontaining animal food and one without — resulted in better health for the chicks and more efficient use of the food. "The addition of raw, ground Florida rock phosphate and sand to rations both with and without animal food resulted in better growth and more efficient use of food than when sand alone was added. " The addition of the ground rock to rations without animal lood resulted in more rapid growth and more efficient use of food than the addition of sand alone. " The addition of grotnid rock phosphate to rations both with and without animal food was followed by l)etter growth, and on the whole from less food, than the addition of finely ground oyster shell. "Food mixed with finely ground oyster shell was less healthful and less efficient than the same food mixed with tine sand. "Mixing bone ash and ground oyster shell in the food resulted in more rapid growth than the mixing of sand alone. But injury attributed to ground oyster shell made the feeding less profitable." Ash and grit for growing- chicks, F. H. Hall and W. P. Wheeler {Seir York State Sta. Bui. J^,?, j)<>}>iilar cd., pp. 7). — A popular simimary of the above bulletin. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. The dairy herd, G. H. True [Arizuiia Sta. Bpt. 190S, pp. 335-337).— Thii^ is a yearly record of 6 or 7 cows for 3 years. The Waldeck cattle, W. Ritgen ( hiaiif/. Di.'ts., Hiir. Jaia, 1903, pp. 76). — A descrip- tive account of the native breed of cattle in Waldeck and tlie surrounding region, with considerable statistical data. Dehorning cattle, C. L. Beach {Coiuiecticut Sturr.'i 'Stnt no definite expla- nation of the results obtained is offered. In the milk from one quarter obtained in 6 portions during the entire milking the fat content increased from 3.1 to 6.8 per cent, the total solids increased from 12.5!) to 15.2.3 per cent, and the ash decreased from 0.78 to 0.73 per cent. Comparative tests of four methods of milking' made at the dairy station in Belgium, A. J)E Mestkal {Bnl. Agr. [/j'rtw.sYis], ^'0 {l'J04), X<>. J, pp. 11S-1.J4).— The method of milking in ordinary use, the Swiss method, the ordinary method or the Swiss method followed by a KUj)plementary milking within 15 to 30 minutes after the first, and the llegelund method were compared. The experiments were made witii 3 c(jws and covered a period of 2 months. While the results were not sufiiciently conclusive to show the relative value of the different methods, they indi- cated, however, that the ordinary method was much inferior to the other three. Variations in the composition of milk and their probable causes, D. A. Gilchrist {Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northumberland and Durliarn Dalni Farmers' Assoc, 1903, pp. 16). — This is a brief report upon the examination of a large number of samples of milk of individual cows, and also of mixed milk, 6 herds Ijeing represented and the tests extending over periods of 1 to 12 months. In collecting the samples data were obtained on the Ijreed of cows, times of milking, weather conditions, and rations. It was found that morning's milk was frequently below the Standard of 3 per cent of fat when the previous milking was early in the afternoon. As a remedy for this it is suggested that the cows be milked 3 times a day, the last milking being late in the evening and the milk kept in the best condition possi- ble over night. Even with equal intervals between milkings the fat content of the milk of individual cows frequently fell below the standard. With one or two excep- tions, the marked changes in the feeding of the different herds while the tests were in progress did not materially affect the (piantity or the quality of the milk. Weather conditions, on the contrary, apparently exerted a very important influence on milk production. The influence of other causes, such as the temperament of the cow and regularity in time and manner of feeding, are also considered. Variation in the milk of a dairy herd during the summer months, T. S. Dymond and B. AY. Bull {Essex Education Com., Couutu Tech. Lahs., I004, Mar., pp. 1.5, dtjms. '2). — A record is given of 5 shorthorn cows for 2 weeks each month from May to September, inclusive. Notes are also given ( m weather conditions. The results are compared with those of a similar study made during the winter montlis and previously reported (E. S. R., 15, ]). 74). The conclusions were drawn in the earlier paper that variations in the composition of milk are due mainly to idiosyn- crasies of cows over which no control can ])e exercised, and that there is little danger of the mixed milk of a herd falling below the legal standard in England. DAIRY FARMING -DAIRYING. 907 Othor cauwcs <>f iiiiuor iiuportuuce, .sucli as foml, teui])eruture, unequal intervals between niilkings, etc., were nientioneil. Jn tlic present paper data are also given sht)wing variations occurring during the j)eriod of heat. In the winter the decrease in yield per month was about 5 per cent; in the summer it was nearly 10 per cent. In general the fat content of the milk increased as the yield decreased. In July there was a decrease in the solids-not-fat in the milk of every cow. While the fat and solids-not-fat were frequently below the standard in the case of individual cows, this was not true of the mixed milk of the 5 cows in any instance. The mineral constituents of co'ws' milk and their variations during the period of lactation, A. Trunz {Ztacltr. Physiol. CJwin., 40 {1903), No. 3-4, pp- J63-3I0). — The author reviews the literature concerning the mineral constituents of milk, and reports determinations of the total ash and the different ash constituents in the milk of 2 cows at frequent intervals during the entire lactation period. Deter- minations were also made of the specific gravity, fat, total proteids, casein, albumin and globulin, and milk sugar. Cow No. t)55 was 31 years of age at the beginning of the lactation period, which lasted from Decend)er 25, 1901, to Novendjer 8, 1002. Cow No. 074 was 7h years old at the beginning of the i)eriod, which lasted from January 14 to Decendjer 0, 1902. The course of lactation in both instances was considered normal. The accompany- ing table shows the total ash and the different constituents by months for each cow. In the percentages for pure ash as given in the tal)le, deductions were made for the sulphuric acid and the i:)hosphoric acid derived from the phosphorus of the casein. A.sJt analyses of the inillc of tiro cows. Cow No. 655: Colostrum i)L'riod Jamiary February March April May July August September October Cow No. 671: Colostrum jieriod .Tanuary February March April May July August September , October November December Total ash. KoO Na.jO CaO MgO FeoOa Per ct. Per ct. Per et. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 0.705 24. 61 7.14 29. 27 3.58 0.48 .604 28. 28 6. 65 27.92 2. 99 .42 .602 28. 34 4. 95 28.94 3.17 .40 .5«9 27. 54 6.70 27. 24 3.17 .38 .591 27. 92 .5.02 29. 53 3. 23 .42 . 598 28. 52 6.33 28. 23 3.10 .51 .607 26. 28 7.89 27. 09 2. 85 .50 .625 25. 80 6.40 28. 82 3.41 .10 . 626 20. 97 7.34 32.97 4.13 .10 .773 18.81 7.41 36.69 3.72 .46 .68-1 25. 68 7.48 26. 48 4.15 .23 .650 29.27 7.44 24.76 3.05 .24 .633 28. 43 6.35 25.65 3.38 .26 . 663 27. 82 6. 28 25. 43 2. 85 .23 .658 28. 50 7.10 23.50 2.73 .29 .699 26.86 6.51 25. .59 3. 05 .24 .706 26.07 7. 54 26. 18 2. 93 .24 . 699 26. 93 5.83 25. 44 2.77 .27 .711 24.74 8.15 25. 56 3.15 .27 1 . 718 23. 85 9.34 25. 60 3.29 .29 . 728 25. 27 8. .54 26. 17 2. 7(\ .32 . 855 15. 26 19.31 23. 27 3.87 .24 Per ct. 11.67 11.89 12. 82 13.02 12. 52 10. 62 13.13 16.97 14.31 13.01 14.70 14.10 14. .59 15. 77 16.37 17.75 17. 75 20. 82 20. 21 20. 08 21.32 27. 15 Per ct. 25. 66 24. 56 24. 26 24. 82 24. 18 26. 05 25.23 22. 03 23. 10 22. 85 24.60 24.24 24.88 25. 18 2.5.21 24.01 23. 30 22. 63 22. 48 22. 08 20. 44 17.13 The influence of feeding' stuffs on milk secretion and. on the composition of milk, O. Lemmek.mann and G. Linkh {Landw. Jahrb., 32 [1903), No. 4,PP- 559-6 J5). — In a review of the literature of this subject the authors found very little of a positive nature as to the existence of a feeding stuff having a specific influence on milk secre- tion. All the experiments which have indicated such an influence cannot be looked upon as conclusive, according to the authors, on account of the manner in which the experiments were made. Exj)eriments with 4 cows were conducted for the jjurpose of determining if such an influence could be ascribel" the feeding stuffs under examination exerted a specilie influenee outside of its focjil value, although this influence was not constant with thedifferent animals. Afeetling stuff which apparently exerted a specific influence with one animal was entirely without effect with another animal. < )n the other hand, the different feeding stuffs acted differently on thesame animal. This sj)eciflc influence consisted in increasing slightly the yield of milk, or in retarding the decrease in yield due to th(^ advance of lactation. In all cases this intiuence was so small that it is considered of no prai-tical importance. No dairy feeding stuff is therefore believeil to justify a price in excess of its f()0/siol., 2 { 1903) , pp. 136). — This is a general review of the literature ijf this su])jei't, the bibliography including aljout 670 references. Contribution to the knowledge of goats' milk, P. Bittenberg and F. Tetzner {Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genmsmtl., 7 {1904), Xo. r,, pp. 270-272) .^The milk of 5 goats was analyzed morning and evening for 6 days. The fat content was frequently below ;> per cent and the solids-not-fat frequently below 8 per cent. The average composition of the mixed milk of the 5 goats for the 6 days was 3.04 per cent of fat and 8.15 per cent of solids-not-fat for morning's milk, and 3.67 per cent of fat and 8.19 per cent of solids-not-fat for evening's milk. Preventing contamination of milk, W. J. Fkaser {Illinois Sta. Bid. 91, pp. 219-249, figs. 13). — Brief notes are given on the sources of bacteria in milk and on the changes protluced by bacteria in milk, and investigations conducted f(jr the purpose of determining the effect of the different operations commonly performed in dairies and dairy barns upon the bacterial content of milk are reported. Petri dishes having an area of about 63 scp i-m., and filled with an agar culture medium were exposed for different lengths of time, usually a half minute, under various conditions. In all 1,185 exposures were made. ( )nly the average results are given in the bulletin. Some of these are summarized in the following table: Aeeraye number of colunien developed from exposures made in different places. Place of exposure. Number of expo- sures. Number of colo- nies. Open field Barnyard Well-kept barn during milking University burn during milking Poorly-kept barn during milking Barn empty, closed 3 hours Before feeding After feeding After brushing cows Under apparently clean unwashed udder Under washed udder Bottling room Dairy room 43 51 10 46 21 12 9 34 38 1.58 262 60 3 0.9 13.0 32.0 38.0 168.0 .6 46.0 109.0 307.0 578.0 192. 0 .3 15.0 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 909 The effect of feeding roughage ami brushing cows was to increase the nnmlier of colonies from 46 to 109 and 307. The greatest source of contamination in milk was found to be the cow herself, and the greater jiart of this contamination was found to come from the udder. Washing the udder reduced the number of colonies on an average from 578 to 192. Determinations were also made of the amount of dirt fall- ing from udders apparently clean, slightly soiled, and muddy during the time usually rc(iuired f(ir milking and with manipulations corresponding to those used in milking. AVith udders apparently clean the amount of dirt falling before washing was 3.5 times as great as that falling after washing; with udders slightly soiled the amount before washing was 18 times as great as that after washing; and with muddy udders the amount before washing was 90 times as great as that after washing, sho\v- ing the decided advantage of washing udders before milking in the iiroduction of clean milk. City milk supply, \V. J. Fk.\ser {lUinoi.^ »S7«. Bid. 'J~\ jiji. ^51-21! 2, fiys. 9). — The statements made in this bulletin are based upon the results of 7 years' experience in conducting a sanitary dairy at the University of Illinois and upon the results of investigations. Suggestions are made concerning the care (if yards, construction and care of barns and stables, cleanliness in milking, care of milk and dairy utensils, standardizing milk and cream, and other matters requiring attention in the produc- tion of good milk. Milk productioii at the University of Illinois ( J/lii/ulx Sla. Car. 7S, pp. 16, ii(js. 8). — This is a description of tlie methods employed in tlie [iroduction of sanitary milk at the University of Illinois, and is distributed with the bulletin noted above as an illustration of the means that maybe taken () hours tlian milk drawn in the ordinary way. The development of acid was correspondingly nuicli slower in the aseptic samples. Ordinary milk curdled, on an average, in 79 hours and aseptic Jiiilk in llo hours. In the sami)les kept at 50° the differences were even greater than in the samples kept at 70°. The average increase of bacteria at this temperature in .'!() hours was 10-fold in the aseptic milk and oO-fold in the ordinary milk. The time of curdling was, respectively, 226 and 400 hours. It is considered that the most striking results of the expei'iments were the effect of a temperature of 50° in checking bacterial growth and in improving the keeping quality of the milk. The lower temperature checked the development of lactic-acid bacteria and favored the devt'lopment of miscellaneous species. Qualitative analysis of bacteria in market milk, H. W. Conn and W. M. Esten ( Coiiiu'cticut Storm Sta. lipf. 190-J, pp. 63-91) . — In continuation of investigations pre- viousl)' reported (E. B. R., 13, pp. 688, 987), bacteriological examinations were made of the market milk of Middletown, Conn. The milk was obtained from about 20 milkmen, and was supj)Osed to be from 2 to 12 hours old. The methods of examina- tion emi)loyed were the same as those previously descrilted. The l)acteria ordinarily found in normal milk are divided into 12 groups, each of which is descrilied. Data for selectetl experiments are reported in this article, and a nundoer of conclusions are draw n. Tlie num))er of bacteria varied from 8,000 to 2,900,000 per cubic centimeter. In a general way the percentage of lactic-acid bacteria increased with the total nund)er. An increase in the total number of bacteria was associated with a decrease in the nund)er of varieties. On the other hand, a small nund^er of bacteria was associated, as a rule, with a large number (jf varieties. The liijuefying bacteria in general varied inversely as the total nund)er of bacteria, and also inversely as the percentage of lactic-acid Ijai-teria. The liiiuefying bacteria also varied with the season, the mmdjer being greater during May and June than during the several months i)receding. The mnuber of varieties of bacteria varied greatly in the different samples, in some cases being only 4 or 5, while in others no less than 17 species were recognized. Comparative tests were made of several modifications of the methoils of study pre- \iously described and used in the above investigations. It has been found preferable to sterilize tlie litmus solution separately and add it to the gelatin at the time of using, thussecuringagreater uniformity in the color of themedium. Three culture media — whey gelatin, ])ei)tone gelatin, and milk custard — were tried alone and in different mixtures. Part of the data for these tests are included in the rejwrt. The most sat- isfactory medium for all purj)Oses, including both (|uantitative and (lualitative analy- sis, has been found to be a mixture of the connnon beef ])eptone gelatin and the whey gelatin, litnuis being added in a manner to secure uniformity ul color in the differ- ent plates. Bacteria in freshly drawn milk, H. W. Conn {ConnecficiU Storr.s Stn. lipt. I'JOS, pp. 92-'js). — This is a comparison of the results obtained l)y Harrison and Cununing ( K. S. R., 14, p. 907) with those obtained in Connecticut. In the work at Middle- town anil 8torrs, Conn., the number of bacteria found in the fore milk has l)een much lower, the average of 70 experiments being 6,900 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 912 EXPEKIMKNT STATION KKCOKD. us ftnii|iai('il Willi ;in ;i\rr;iL,'r (if ■_'.'),()()() d > all, 000 icporlcd liy I larrisi ui and ( 'miimiiiii. The most si rikiiit;- liirrciciicc, lidwcvfr, rdatcil to tlif s|>((ic-; nf hacteria pivseiit. In the work of I larrisoii ami CiiimiiiiiL,' over '.)■") jxt cent of t he b ictcria were reiuirted as heloiijiing to llu' lactic-acid ;,n-oii|> and inclndin;^ llaclci-inm Im-tis nciill. In the work in (!oniu'cticnt, involving luindrcds of experiments carried on in the two localities meiilioned, the laclic-acid liacteiia w ere commcjiily less than 50 per cent and often below ;;(i piT cent; and in pra<-ticall\' no instance was the Bdrtrriiini lacth r?r/f// present. The differences are attributed in part to local con/). ..'..'-,.'7, Jii/x. -v). — This is an illustrated description of the new dairy bacterio- logical lalioratory at the Connecticut Storrs Station. Milk bacteria, C. Hai'pich [Fotisclir. Vet. Jfi/'j., 1 (UMIJ), Xo. .',, ]ip. l.',U-151). — The bacteria found in milk are classified as indifferent, useful, harmful, and patho- genic, and each class is descriljed. Milk fermentations, M. A. O'Cam.aguan {A(jr. Gaz. Nen: SdiiIJi ll'^/fs, ]'> [1904), N). i,\ ]>p. Ill, 11.', j)h. ■!). — Notes are given on the use of boric acid in the preserva- tion of normal milk, condensed milk, and concentrated milk. In experiments which are l)riefly reported the development of lactic-acid Ijacteria was very materi- ally checked in fresh milk by the addition of 0.25 and 0.50 per cent of boric acid, while this (juantity of preservative did not appear to retard butyric-acid fermenta- tion in the slightest. In concentrated milk the use of 0.25 to 0.50 ])er cent of boric acid appeared to check tlie growth of nearly all species of bacteria. Th.e soluble ferments of cows' milk, J. Lesperance [Med. Bee. [AVm; York], 65 (1904), ^^0. 13, pp. 447-450). — This is a general discussion of the subject. In sum- marizing the discussion the author states that the'presence of peptic, tryptic, lipasic, oxidizing, and glycolytic ferments in milk have been definitely determined. A biI»liograpliy is appended. On the coagulation of milk, A. S. Loevenhart ( Zd^rlir. I'lii/siol. ( 'linn., 41 ( 1904), No. S, pp. 111-^05). — Some of the results of the investigations here reported may be summarized as follows: In regard to the action of their salts on casein and para- casein, metals rnay be divided into o groups — grouji 1 including sodium, potassium, ammonium, and possibly also rubidium and cesium, the salts of which precipitate neither casein nor paracasein; group 2 including the salts of lithium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel, which precipitate paracasein readily at room tem]ieratures, but casein only after a long time at 40° C. or above; and gnjup 3 including all the other heavy metals and ferric iron, the salts of which jirecipitate both casein and paracasein promptly at room tempera- tures. The isrecipitating action of the salts increased in proceeding from the stronger to the weaker metals. Paracasein was precijjitated more readily than casein by all the reagents. Para- casein and casein are Ijelieved to differ only in their i)hysical nature, and are, there- fore, modifications of one and the same substances. The coagulation of milk is believed for the most part to depend upon a change in the arrangement of the mineral constituents of milk. The calcium salts present in milk do not exist origi- nally in a form capable of i)recipitating the casein or paracasein, but are made avail- able for this purpose during the action of the rennet. A study was made of the nietacasein reaction of Rol)erts, which consists in the addition of pancreatic extract to milk l)y which the milk, while not apparently changed, is nevertheless rendered capable of being coagulated by heat. This was found to be directly dependent ujion the presence of calcium salts, and could VETERINARY SCIENCE AND I'RAOTK'K. 918 also be obtained in otlier ways. Jt wa.s believed to represt-nt merely a stage in the process of coagnlation. The transformation of the casein into ])aracasein was fonnd to take i)lace more rapidly than the liberation of the calcinni salts, and was completed at the time of the appearance of the nietacasein leactidn. Tlie calcium salts are made available during the period from the l)eginning of tlie metacasein reaction to the appearance of coagulation. Supplying- large cities with milk for infants. I, The necessity of a trans- formation in the production of milk for infants, Rl. Seiffkkt (iJ/V IVr.wn/^//// liien<1ii-iiS.J). — A summary of the literature during 1903, 128 references being given in footnotes. The technique of butter making' in Denmark, M. Rf.au {.Tour. Agr. Prat., v. ser., 7 {1904), Ao. 6, pp. 18.3-1S5). — A brief description of the methods employcn.ni< NdcJtfolger, 190.!, pji. 2J7,Ji. 30-80, ph. 3). — This report of the dairy commissioner comprises a sununary of the work of the division during the year, statistical data relating to dairying in New Zealand, and suggestions foi- the imi)rovement of the industry. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The present status of the doctrine of immunity, C. O. Ji:\skn {Maaneds!>:}:r. DgrUeger, 15 {190.1), No. 7-8, jip. 2.'j.>-.'09, Jigs. 17). — In this article the author discusses the subject of inmiunity from a iiistorical staiulpoiiit and reviews in a crit- ical manner the contributions made to tiie subject by Rasteur, INFetchnikoff, Rucliner, Virchow, and P^lirlicli. Vitality and immunity, C .Sciiumx {.lour. Comp. Med. and I'd. Arch., 24 {1903), Nos. 1, pp. 1-0; 2, pp. 77-88; 3, pp. 147-150; 4, pp. 233-240). — A general discussion of the jihenomenon of inuunnity with sju'cial rel"erence to the physiological basis of vitality in animals. The literature relating to inununity is discussed from this point of view. The author I)elieves as a result of his studies that pathogenic organisms are devel(jped from saprophytic bacteria and that there is litth^ stability of type in l)acteria. These organisms are iK-Iievetl to lie ca])able of adapting themselves readily to changed conditions. Agglutinins and precipitants, A.Wa.ssekmann {Zlarhr. Ilgg. >i. Tnfectitniskrank., 42 {1903), No. 2, pp. 207-292, Jig. 1). — The author described the nature and ]>ropertiea 014 experimp:nt station record, of ii^i^lntiiiins and ]ircci|iitants in accordance witli tlic rc<-«'iit theories regardinf; vac- cination and iniiiiunity. Kxi>erinients were niaits for the pnrpose of testing the relationship of agghitinins to otiier substances which are found in the blood sernni. The influence of high pressure on micro-organisms, G. W. Chlopin and O. Tammaxn {'/AHcJir. Hiifj. n. Tufertiomkrank., 4-'> {J90S), No. 3, pp. J7 1-304) .—The author tested the influence of i)ressures varying from 500 kg. to 3,000 kg. i)er square centimeter u])on the growth and virulence of various micro-organisms, including the bacillus of mouse typhus and the anthrax bacillus. The high pressure was brought about gradually and the normal pressure was then gradually restored. In experi- ments with the bacillus of mouse typhus it was found that the virulence of the organism was considerably reduced by subjection to a pressure of 2,000 kg. per sipiare centimeter at a temperature of 36° C. In general the experiments showed tliat a considerable increase of pressure lowered the vital functions of micro-organisms and that these functions did not regain their normal state until after some time. A pressure of 3,000 kg. per square centimeter, however, was not sufficient to kill bacteria, mold fungi, or yeasts, and exercised onh' a slight innnediate effect upon the micro-organisms. The effect was proportional to the length of period and to the pressure, and was manifested in weaker movements, less rapid nniltiidication, less active production of fermentation and jtigments, and an attenuation of the virulence. The death of bacteria -when boiled under diminished pressure, J. ScriiT, Jr. {Zlaclir. Jhjri. n. Infect ionskrank., 44 {190S), No. 2, pp. 3.iS-3.5S, jd. l,fig!i. <7).— In these experiments a considerable variety of saprophytic and pathogenic bacteria, includ- ing anthrax bacilli, were used. The pnrpose of the ex])eriments was to determine whether the lowering of the pressure influenced the effectiveness of a given tem- perature in the destruction of micro-organisms. It was found that bacteria and other spores are killed less quickly l)y subjection to a given temi)erafure without boiling than by Ijeing boiled at the same time. Live steam was found to be more effective in the destruction of micro-organisms than boiling water at tlie same tem- perature. The experiments also showed that the resistance oi micro-organisms to high temperature depends in part on the temperature at which they had Ijeen culti- vated, and the medium in which they are suspended. Live steam was found to be |trartically as effective at a temperature of 90 as at 100° C. Fourteenth annual report of the veterinary service in Hungary, F. Hutyka {J(i]ii-ei [1903), No. .?, 2)p. J.:!<)-;.'44).—V>r\i4 notes are given on some of the more common forms of septic infections and intoxications. Particular attention is given to a discussion of white scour in calves and the connec- tion of this trouble with huig p. 2ij-,>0). — The authors believe that they have demonstrated that the transportation of the toxin to the central nervous sj'stem takes place only by way of the motor nerves. Experiments were carried out, during which it was shown that the progress of the toxin along the motor nerves could be checked by an a|)])lication of antitoxin to the nerve {-ords. That the course of the toxin is centripetal along the motor nerve was showTi by experiments to determine the jieriod of incubation of tetanus from infection by different methods. The charac- teristic tetanic rigidity of the muscles is believed to be due to the action of the toxin on the nervous centers. It was found that the tetanus toxin does not reach the spinal centers l)y way of the sensory nerves nor in the lymphatics of the motor nerves, but in the protoplasm of these nerves. The relation of various tissues of the animal organism to tetanus toxin, A. IcNATowsKV [Cenfljl. Pall. v. P((r., 1. Ahl., Orl{/., J.7 (190.]), Xos. 1, pp. 4-14; 2, jip. 1'>S-1(;S). — The author briefly reviews the literature relating to this ])roblem. The chief purpose of the experiments reported in this paper was to determine whether all of the organs of the body are capable of lixing tetanus toxin. The organs studied included the brain, spleen, spinal cord, nmsculature, liver, kidneys, and pancreas, as well as the blood. During the author's investigations it was not found that any special substance was produced in different organs which might account for a reaction toward tetanus toxin. The brain, spinal cord, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and muscle tissue f>f rabbits and guinea pigs dead of tetanus, when inoculated into mice were fiMirid to be capable of transmitting tetanus without regard to their l)lood content. The symptoms of the form of tetanus thus ])roduced were quite different from those observed in typical cases, however. It was found that the l)ile and urine of animals affected with tetanus does not contain any tetanus toxin under normal conditions. The various organs of the body were found to be capable of fixing or neutralizing the tetanus toxin to some extent. The absorption of tetanus toxin in mammals, .V. Makik (/>'»/. Inxt. ]\ixteiir, 1 {190.3), No. 17, jyp. C33-f>40). — A general discussion of the course taken by the tetanus virus in passing from the periphery to the central nervous structures. It has been shown that the tetamis toxin is absorbed by the terminal portions of the motor nerves, and that a small quantity of toxin jilaced in contact with these nerves is snlHcient to produce tetanus, even in animals which have received a sullicient quantity of antitoxin to render them imunme to inoculations with toxin by the hyjMidermic or intravenous methods. Tetanus toxin is always found in the nerves in inoculateil aiiimals. Arguments are ])resented to prove that the toxin does not ])enetrate from the periphery to the central nervous system in the lymi)athi(r spaces around the nerves, but ratlier in the nerve substance itself. It isbelieved that the larger part of the perioiel. Af/r., Bureau of Atihnitl liidiistrii Unl. .',:, pp. :!(), pl.t. .7). — Tlu' i>r(.'St'nt i)art of tluH bulletin is con- cerned with a disJcuHsion of tlie virulence of human and ))ovine tubercle bacilli lor guinea i)igs and ral)l)itH. Tubercle bacilli were ()))tained from cattle as well as from children and adult human beings, and this material was used in the inoculation of guinea ])igs and rabbits for the purpose of testing its virulence. In the isolation and proi)agation of all cultures a medium was used consisting of mixed white and yolk of liens' eggs, and pure cultures were obtained from guinea i)igs inoculated sub- cutaneously with bits of tissue from the various cases of tuberculosis. It was found during the author's numerous exj)eriments that the gross characters of cultures on the egg medium permitted the seitaration of the cultures into 2 groui)s, the lirst of which consisted of 2 bovine and 2 human cultures, while the second incKided only human tubercle bacilli. The niicroscoj)ic characters of various cultures on egg media were not such as to allow the differentiation between human and bovine bacilli. Like- wise no differentiation could be made in cultures on dog serum. The guinea i)igs used in these experiments were healthy and of an average weight of 532 gm. Detailed notes are given on the behavior of various inoculated guinea pigs and the periods during which they lived after inoculation. It was found during these experiments that certain tubercle bacilli of human origin can not be distinguished from the standpoint of their culture, morphology, or virulence for rabbits and guinea })igs from tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. Considerable variation in the virulence of human tubercle bacilli for rabbits and guinea pigs was observed. The general conclusions which are stated as being based on this and other parts of the bulletin still to be iniblished may be stated as follows: From cases of human tuber- culosis bacilli may be obtained which will produce the disease in pigs, cattle, and monkeys when inoculated subcutaneously. The genetic relation of tubercle bacilli of various origins appears to be well established. As a rule, bovine bacilli are more virulent than human bacilli for all animals upon which experiments have l)een made. Reports on bovine tuberculosis and public health, D. E. Salmon ( U. S. Dept. A(jr., Biircdii of Aniriial IikJkMi-ij llnJ. f)o, pp. CS). — This bulletin contains 3 reports made before the American Public Health Association in 1901, 1902, and 1903, re- sjiectively. The reports have all been noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 78(5; 15, pp. 313, 512). Homogeneous cultures of the human tubercle bacillus in peptonized Avater and the serum reaction obtained with such cultures, E. Hawthokn [Compl. Rend. Soc. Biol. Pari.% 55 {1903), No. 22, pp. 816, 817).— The author describes the behavior of the human tubercle bacillus when grown in peptonized water, and notes briefl)^ certain agglutination experiments made with organisms thus treated. In the agglutination experiments the method of Arloing was closely followed. The results indicate that considerable dependence may be placed upon the agglutination method in diagnosing tuberculosis. The serum reaction was positive only in the case of animals which were affected with tuberculosis. Experiments on tuberculosis, G. Dean and C. Todd {Jour. Path, and Bad., 8 {liiOS), No. 4, p]>. 458-4^^9). — The object of the experiments recorded in this paper was to determine whether the human tubercle bacillus undergoes any change in virulence for cattle by a i^reliminary passage through other animals. The experi- mental animals employed were pigs, cats, rabbits, rats, and mice. A considerable number of each sj^ecies was used and the material employed for the inoculation of calves was taken from the experimental animals which first succumVjed to infection. The calves were killed and carefully examined after a period of 4 months. The ex2)eriments wliich are described in detail indicate that the human tubercle bacillus is not greatly increased in virulence for calves l)y a single passage through the pig, cat, rabbit, or rat. The human tubercle bacillus, however, proved to be virulent for calves and capable of producing extensive granular tuberculosis in these animals. vktj:rimaky sciknck and vkactice. 917 The expeiinuMits sIkpwciI, furtlifniiorc, tlic •^vviit iniportaiicc of other bacterial organisms associated witii the tul)('r<'le liacilliis (hiring tiie process of infection. The author fed human tuberculous s])utum to ;> jtij^s, each pig receiving ahout 15 cc. at a time. All these animals became infected with generalizi'd tuberculosis and died. The ix'sults tlius ol)tained are compared with the work of Koch and his ])Ui)ils. Recent Awork on the question of the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis, A. von Szkkklv {Vnnthl. linkf. n. Par., 1. Ahl., lief., .i 4 {1903), Xo. iS-7, pp. PH-lSl) . — The author reviews in a critical manner the recent literature deal- ing with the determination of the relationship between human and bovine tuber- culoses in connection with a bibliography of this subject. As a iisult of this review it is concluded that the problem is not definitely solved, but that the i)ossibility of intertransmi.ssion of tuberculosis between man and animals nmst t)e admitted. Protective vaccination against tuberculosis, (". O. Jknskn {M(i(ined.'<,'!/rl.rycr, 15 [1903), No. 1, pp. 17-23). — The work of Koi'h, Maragliano, vou Uehring, and others is critically reviewed and the hope is expressed that a thoroughly prac- tical method of protective vaccination will soon be developed. Cultivation of tubercle bacilli in bacterial mixtures and disinfection by formaldehyde, C. Spengler {Zlachr. Ifjig. n. Infectionnkrank:, 4.i {1903), No. 1, pp. 90-114)- — During the experiments reported in this paper a large number of cultures of tubercle bacilli, chiefly from the sputum of tuberculous patients, were made on the various nutrient media, and the effect of formaldehyde fumes upon such cultures was tested. It was found that in mixed cultures other organisms were destroyed by the formaldehyde gas, while the tubercle bacilli remained apparently unaffected or even developed more vigorously. The method of applying disinfection with formaldehyde gas was that recommended l)y Fliigge. The author concludes that this method may l)e used to assist in the identification of the tubercle bacillus, but is not reliable as a disinfecting method. In a reply to this paper l)y C. Fliigge the latter argues that the formaldehyde gas was not applied in sufficient concentration and that the tubercle bacilli were inclosed in too large masses of material to allow the development of the full effects of the treatment. The lesions produced in the kidneys by chloroform extract of tubercle bacilli, L. Bernard and M.Salomon {('onipt. Rimh Sue. Binl. I'arh, 55 {190,!), No.^. 30, pp. 1233-1235; 31, pp. 1306-1308). — A chloroform extract of tubercle l>acilli was injected into the substance of the kidneys of rabbits and guinea i)igs and the jjrogress of the intoxication was studied. Three days after injection the kidney cap- sule became hemorrhagic and masses of fibrin were observed holding red blood corpuscles. The center of the intoxication is invaded by leucocytes and a consider- able extravasation develops. With small doses of tubercle toxin this produces merely an interstitial nephritis, while w'ith large doses a leucocytic infiltration is caused, with or without necrosis of the ])arenchyma of the kidneys. The acclimation of rabbits to fatal doses of dead tubercle bacilli, i)EMuiNsKi {Coinpt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 55 {1903), No. 33, pp i^O.'v-Z.^ii ).— The experiments which were carried on by the autiior indicate that it is possible by means of gradually increasing intravenous doses of dead tubercle bacilli to bring about a great resisting power in rabbits to the toxins contained in this substance. The resistance of rabbits thus treated, however, is limited. When treated rabbits were inoculated in the brain with quantities two or more times the size of fatal doses, they died as rapidly as the control rabbits. Rendering- judgment on intestinal tuberculosis, K. Miller {'/A.^chr. Fleisch u. Milrliln/i/., 13 (1903), No. 10, p. 317). — According to the (ierman meat-inspection laws it is nece.s.sary to condemn or destroy all organs of which the corresponding lymi)h glands are tuVjerculous. Attention is called to the necessity of anplying these measures strictly in dealing with intestinal tu))erculosis in cattle. 918 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The frequency of tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands in ho^s, K. Muller (Zlsclir. Flcisrh. II. Mllrlilii/i/., /.! {J!)0.!), Xd. ,s\ pji. 24i, 24^). — III an cxaniiiiation of 1,:!2S \w>fi^ liilH'rcul(>si.s was found in tlic intt'stincs or nu'SLMiti'i-ic frlands in 119 cases, in the liver in 19 cases, and in the lun. lldU-ll I '/). — Till- purpose of the author's experiments was to determine whether lyiiiplialic ganglia uf tuberculous animals contain any curative princ-iples which could lie used in tiu' treatment of tuberculosis. The experiments Avere made with laboratory animals, chiefly guinea pigs, and the results obtained were for the most part negative. It was found that the treatment of inoculated animals with an extract from the lymphatic ganglia alone or associated with goat serum had little effect in checking the development of tuberculosis. Tuberculins, Beraxeck {f'o)ii])l. llcnd. Acod. Sci. J'aris, 1,17 {IDO.J), Xo. 21, ]>p. SS!/~S.91). — Attention is called to the fact that there are several kinds of tubercle toxins, some of which are diffusible and affect the nervous system, while others remain in conjunction with the bacterial bodies and exercise their action by contact with the surrounding tissues. In studying the course of tuberculosis in guinea pigs it was ascertained that the toxins cause a slow wasting process in the organism, \vhile the tubercle bacilli exercise a positive chemotactic influence upon the phagocj'tes. The phagocytes surround the bacilli but are unable to digest them. In order, there- fore, to check the process of tuberculosis it is necessary to neutralize the toxins })y means of antitoxins, or to increase the bacteriolytic power of the phagocj'tes. The author made a number of experiments for the purpose of testing a method of vaccination. Objection is made to certain methods of olitaining tul)erculin on the ground that these methods do not permit a differentiation of the toxins contained in the nutrient medium and those which are fixed in the })acterial bodies. It was observed during the author's experiments that certain cultures were acid wliile others were alkaline, and an attempt was made to increase the jiroduction of acidity. It was found that by artificially rendering cultures decidedly alkaline a tendency was developed toward a production of acid, which was conspicuously shown when the aci()N(ii:KT {('mllil. Iln/J. u. I'm:, I. Ahl., (h-i(/., 34 {1903), Nun. G,pp. 497-507; 7, pp. 623-(;30; S, pp. 772-79.i, ph. 3; .« {1903), A7w. l,pp. 14-S4; ~, pp. lOS-201). — In the long series of expcriiiients reporto metluxls for ])reserving anthrax material and for determining the conditions under which spore formation takes place. The results of the examination of anthrax carcasses and streak blood cultures and inoculation experiments made from such material are presented in a tabular form. As a result of his studies the author concludes that the morphological ilciiKinstration of anthrax by means of streak cultures is not a thoroughly reliable method. The diagnosis of anthrax by inoculation of experimental animals some- times fails on account of the interference of otlier micro-organisms. Blood cultures are considered as furnishing the best means for determining anthrax bacillus. This organism remains in a living condition for from 36 to 50 days, but only S to 20 days in decomposing dried l)lood or the fluids of different tissues. If animal material containing anthrax bacilli is kept upon impervious substrata, the bacilli are destroyed under the action of initrefying ba<'teria without forming spores. It was found that the anthrax l)acillus can multiply and form spores in a very dilute solution of blood in distillf(l water. Morphology and chemo-biology of the anthrax bacillus and the bacillus of malignant edema, R. Grassberger and A. Schattenfroii {Arch. Ilycj., 4^ {1903), Nil. 1, ])}). 1-105, ph. 11). — The work reported in this study included a comparison of the morphological and biological characters of the bacilli of blackleg and malig- nant edema. It was found that these organisms are not always easily differentiated. There are intermediate forms which are pathogenic for mice and rabl)its, like the bacillus of malignant edema, while at the same time tliey show characters which belong to the bacillus of blackleg. Two distinct forms of blackleg bacillus were isolated, one motile without tlagella and without spores, and the other with spores and Hagella. Cases of anthrax -without marked elevation of temperature, (f. H. Gibbings {Jour. Comp. P(Uh. and Ther., 16 {1903), No. 2, pp. 109, 170) .~::\oics are given on 2 cases of anthrax in which the temperature rose only to 102 and 103° F., respectively. One ca.se ran a fatal course and in the other recovery took i)lace after a1)out a week. These cases are described for the purjjose of calling attention to the necessity of precaution in diagnosing anthrax. A peculiar staining reaction of the blood of animals dead of anthrax, J. ]M'Fai)VEAN {.Tonr. Comp. I'dOi. mid Ther., 10 {1903), No. 1, jtp. 35-40, pi. 1) . — In exam- ining the blood from animals dead of anthrax under a magnification of 8tl0 to 1,000 diameters it is observed that the nuclei of the leucocytes exhibit a greenish-blue tint, while the anthrax rods are blue. The segmented character of the rods is quite aj)parent. The characteristic feature of the staining reaction is found in the color of the amor- phous material around the bacilli. This material exists in tiie form of granules of a violet or reddish-purple color. The material w Inch thus stains violet with an a()ueous solution of methylene l)lue is believed to be derived from the bacterial envelop. According to the author's experience this reaction is always o])taine(l from anthrax l)Iood, but it is not recommended that the reaction be depended upon exclusively in the diagnosis of anthrax. 920 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Serum therapy for anthrax, A. .li'iKcici.i nas (/.Ixchr. J/i/y the serum after 2 to 4 hours, a portion of the animals lived, while the remainder became infected and ! {190S), No. 2S, pp. /HS-170). — The use of corrosive sul)- limate in the treatment of foot-and-mouth disease was tested hy tlu' author and the method employed l)y r>accelli was critically examined. It is believed that the method is lealiy valuable in checking the course of the disease. Experiments in the treatment of foot-and-mouth disease by the method of Baccelli, N. L. Buonsanti {Clin. TV/., ^6' {190,J), No. ^5, Sup., pp. 9o). — An elabor- ate study was maile of the use of corrosive sublimate in the treatment of this disease and the author's final report is contained in the present article. Notes are given on the prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease, the symptoms and anatomical lesions which appear during the progress of the disease, together with a record of experi- ments undertaken for the purpose of showing the tolerance of cattle toward intra- venous injections of corrosive sublimate and the effect of this treatment upon the course of foot-and-mouth disease. In the author's experiments it was found that I'attle endured without bad effects therapeutic doses of corrosive sublimate at the rate of 0.04 to 0.05 gm. per 100 kg. live weight. In the author's opinifm the efficacy of this treatment in cases of foot-and-mouth disease was demonstrated. The tem- perature was lowered, the course of the disease was shortened, and the development of dangerous complications was prevented in a large percentage of cases. The method is recommended as safe when applied under antiseptic precautions and as worthy of a more general api)lication. Texas cattle fever {Jour. Jamaica Aijv. Soc, 7 (190.3), Nu. IJ, pp. 485-490). — The course, symptoms, and pathological lesions of this disease are described in some detail and notes are presented on the method of immunization by means of the blood of recoverecl animals. The treatment of malaria in cattle, Jackschath [Berlin. Tiiri'irztl. ]]'cliuxchr., 1903, No. 34, pp. 530-532). — Malaria in cattle appears to be associated with certain soil and climatic conditions which resemble the conditions of malarial districts for man. Animals which come to such regions from localities where the disease does not prevail regularly become affected. Detailed notes are given on the symptoms and course of the disease. The authi(.;,'y of tlu' viirions forms of altortion observed in cattle, witli c's|>i'cial n-ferent:e to the epi- zootic form. In comhatin^' tiiis disease the aiitlior considcis it necessary to exercise a close snpeivision npon tiie formation of a lienl, in order HDt to introduce any infected animals. Treatment of al)ortinf^ cows is somewhat unsatisfactory. Contagious abortion in cows, J. I\I. P\)NT.\n {Jour. Agr'icolc [/'rrr/.s], 14, [lUO-i), An. i6V7, pp. J13-J15). — The syini)tonis and patlioloj^ncal anatomy of this disease are brii'tly described. In the proj)hylaxis of conta^dons abortion the author recom- mends the exercise of special care in introducing new animals into the lierd and tlie thorough ai)plication of an anti.sei)tic, such as corrosive su))limate, after the appear- ance of abortion. Mammary actinomycosis in cows, J. Kow.\lewsky [Jour. Mai. VH. cl Zoolecli., 5. tier., 7 {1903), Sq)l., pp. 513-520). — Mammary actinomycosis occurs most frequently in ])igs and rarely in cattle. A tal)le is presented showing the relative freipiency with which various organs of cattle are affected by actinomycosis. The author had occasion to examine 3 cases of manunary actinomycosis in cattle and detailed notes are given on the pathological anatomy. Notes are given t(j assist in differential tliag- nosis between actinomycosis and vari(jus forms of mannnitis. Jn diagnosing this disease the author believes the best results are obtained from a microscopic study of the milk. Actinomycosis, V. E. Mkktens {Zlachr. II[/ij. u. liifcdioii^kndik., 4J {1903), Xo. 1, pp. 45-S9, ph. 2). — A study was made of the behavior of actinomyces on various culture media, and results thus obtained are compared with the published results of other investigators of this subject. During the author's investigatiii'. Ayr. et Com. [7'h(;/.s], S [1903), Xu. -^'J, pp. olO-oKi). — Two species of roiuidworms are con- cernt'd in producing this disease in sheei^, \'v/., SlfuiKiijInx Ji/nrld and ,S'. ri(ft;srrtis. These species are described and notes are given on the symptoms and patholog- it'al anatomy of the disease. In treating infested animals tlie use of creosote, essence of turpentine, or ])icrate of i)otash is recounnended, condjined with fumigation with some irritating gas. As an intratracheal injection the author reconnnends a mix- ture containing 1 part iodin and 5 parts odid of potash to 50 jiarts of water, the whole to be mixed with equal parts of es.sence of turpentine. Notes on parasites of sheep, J. II. Stkwakt and II. Atwood ( ]\'rsl. VinjUiln Sht. JIiil. 90, pp. 223-2S0, ph. ■>'). — A description is given of StroiK/i/lus coiitoiinx, the common stomach worm of sheei), and notes are given on the life history of this parasite, the disease symptoms which it causes in infested sheep, and the means of cond)ating the pest. A description of the benzine and coal-tar creosote treatments for this worm is quoted from this Department. The authors reconunend the use of coal-tar creosote. Brief notes are also given on nodular . 3). — During innnunization experiments attenuated and virulent liquid or dried blood, with or without the admixture of blood of innnune animals, has been used. Animals thus treated have been tested by inoculation witii virulent blood or by exposure to diseased animals. It has been found that innnunity toward hog cholera does not necessarily imply innnunity to swine jjlague, and this suggests the desirability of proving the character of the disease in all cases by careful autopsies. Vaccination for swine erysipelas in Wurttemberg in 1902 {Ilcrlni. TifrdrzU. ]]'cliusrlir., 1903, No. 31, p}>. 4'Sl, -/6V) . — ( )nt of 27,S11 hogs which were vaccinated for this disease, all except 5 were vaccinated with small dcjses for protective purposes, while the other 5 were treated with curative doses. No loss due to vaccination occurred. The total quantity of serum used was 147, 2bS liters obtained from oliicial sources and 6,460 liters from private sources. Necrotic inflammation of the mouth in small pigs, L. J. LAuurrsEN (J/r/o- iiiiU^Lr. Dijrhviji'r, 15 [1903), No. 4, pp. 121, 122). — A nundjcr of cases of this disease in young pigs were observed by the author and the etiology appeared to be some- what uncertain. The cases readily yielded to the author's treatment, which con- sisted in scraping the necrotic; areas and ajjplying antiseptic and astringent washes. Trichinae and trichina inspection in Denmark, St. Funs {MacoialsHkr. Dyr- Inyrr, lo (1903), No. 4, pp. 97-115). — Notes are given on the system of inspection for trichina in Denmark, together with statistical data regarding the freipiency of occurrence of this worm. A discussion followed the presentation of tiie jiaper, during which the desirability of conqiulsory inspection for trichina was urgt'd. 924 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The occurrence of trichina in the badger, Luhkk {Ztschr. Fleisch u. MUchhyg., 13 {1903), No. 4, pp. 11'!, I17,ji(j. 1). — Tricliiiia has frequently been found in l)adgers, and since these animals are used as luinian food in certain mountainous regions, a n\nnber of cases of tricliinosis have developed as a result. The author calls attention to the fact that badgers frecjuently catch and eat mice and rats, anadgers with tricliin.i' is tiius explained. The significance of rabies lesions in the nervous system, F. J. Bosc (Comjit. Rend. Soc. Biol. Puri.'i, 55 {1!I03), No. 31, pp. US4-1.'8H). — N(jtes are given on the lesions which develop during the progress of rabies in various parts of the nervous system. In general the lesions caused bj' rabies virus in the nervous system are almost itlentical in detail and as a whole with those of sheep pox. The histological diagnosis of rabies in the dog, A. II.\biea(jx {Ann. Soc. Agr. Sci. el Ind. Ltjon, 7. ser., 10 {190J), pp. Cl-l^, figs<. 3). — The- author describes the various lesions in the nervous system which have been mentioned by various authors as of importance in the diagnosis of rabies. Attention is called to the great impor- tance of making an accurate and certain diagnosis of this disease, and it is urged that absolute dependence can not be placed on the lesions in the nervous sy.«tem caused by the development of rallies. These lesions, however, are believed by the author to be almost always diagnostic and to assist greatly in rendering a certain diagnosis. The isolation of rabies virus by filtration, P. Kemlinger {C'ompt. Rend. Soc. Blol. Paris, 55 {1903), No. 33, pp. 1433, 1444)- — In order to obtain rabies virus free from contamination with micro-organisms of known size the author believes that the best results are to be obtained by repeateil passage through filters small enough to exclude all otiier organisms. The micro-organism of rabies discovered by Negri, 'SI. Beck {Fortschr. Vet. Hyg., 1 {1903), No. 9, pp. 2J3, 254). — According to the author's experience the pro- tozoan organism claimed by Negri to be the cause of rabies must be recognized as such. It is stated that the organism was found in 47 out of 72 cases of rabies. The toxin of the organism of dog distemper, C. Phisalix and J. Lignieres {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 55 {1903), Nos. 24, pp. 915-924; 25, pp. 980-982; 26, pp. 1031-1023 ; 27, pp. 10S5-10S9) . — This is a series of controversial articles relating to the general subject of the etiology and treatment of distemper of dogs. Accord- ing to Phisalix if dogs are inoculated intravenously with very virulent cultures of Fasteurella cavise or P. ranis the first symptoms of inoculation are rapidly observed. P. cants is said to produce in artificial cultures a solul)le toxin which acts on the nervous system and produces digestive disturbances. In some of the experiments of Lignieres the vaccine recommended by Pliysalix was found to have little or no effect in increasing the resistance of dogs to distemper, while a polyvalent vaccine obtaiiied by Lignieres appeared to prevent the fatal de- velopment of the disease in many instances. Phisalix claims that according to ordi- nary methods of treatment from 25 to 80 per cent of affected dogs die of the disease. In his experiments, however, only 18 out of 985 vaccinated dogs died of distemper. Detailed statistics are presented on this point and the conclusion is drawn by Phisalix that success was had in the use of his vaccination method in about 98 per cent of cases. There is not a strict agreement between the 2 authors regarding the nature of the organism which is the cause of dog distemjier, but it is believed to l)e a Pasteurella. Phisalix admitn a lack of success in some exj^eriments, but maintains that under ordi- nary conditions the use of his vaccine method is attended with excellent results. On the other hand Lignieres maintains that, should the vaccine be as effective as claimed by Phisalix, it is necessary that it contain an antitoxin. Such, however, can not be the case from the nature of its preparation. Lignieres admits that the vacci- nation method of Phisalix has an evident value, but is less certain in its results than claimed by Phisalix. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTK^E. 925 Acarian eczema in dogs, I-. Schehex {Berlin. Ticrdrztl. ]\'clin.f nitrate of silver, which was used as a wash upon affected parts. Necrosis and the necrosis bacillus, W. Ernst {Monatuh. Prakt. Tier., 14 (190.!), Xn. 5, pp. 19S~2 i'S, figfi. 14). — The necrosis bacillus {Sfreptolkru: necrophora) is described as being of almost ul)iquitous occurrence and as producing a great variety of pathological lesions, according to the part or organ affected. Numerous experi- ments were made by the author in cultivating this organism, studying its morphol- ogy, and in inoculating small anitnals. It was found that the necrosis bacillus grows luxuriantly in nutrient media which remain moderately soft at the ordinary temper- ature of the laboratory incubator, and that the organism grows well also in milk and Martin bouillon. Growth takes place between temperatures 36 and 40° C, but most rapidly at 39° G. There are no fiagella on the necrosis bacillus and no movement is to be observed. The organism is very pathogenic for mice and rabbits and less so for birds, rats, guinea pigs, and cats. In hogs, sheep, and cattle only local processes are developed as a rule. Feeding experiments with hogs and sheep failed to pro- duce infection. Angiomatosis capillaris maculosa in the liver of ruminants, Stroh {^Vonatsh. Prakf. Tier., 14 {1903), Xo. 3-4, pp. 133-187, figs, i^).— The pathological lesions produced by this disease are described by the author in great detail. As a result of numerous obsiervations and experiments it is concluded that this disease is ])eculiar to the liver of ruminants. The pathological foci in the liver arises as a rule in consequence of the compression of the abdominal portion of the posterior vena cava. The disease occurs in the liver of cattle of all ages and also in sheep. As a rule the pathological process seems to have only a limited existence and gradually becomes checked. The sequelae of contagious coryza, J. J. Kofler {Monatsh. Prakt. Tier., 14 {1903), Xo. 2, pp. 7-?-S4) . — The autlior discusses the literature of this ^subject in connection with a brief bibliography. The symptoms of the disease are described in a number of cases which the author observed. A bacteriological exam- ination showed no micro-organisms in the spleen or blood of certain cases, while a few diplococci were found in 1 case. Diplococci were isolated from the fluid in the subarachnoid space. These organisms were cultivated and used in inoculation experi- ments on rabbits. In these experiments rabbits died within from 36 to 48 hours when inoculated with I cc. of the exudate obtained from the subarachnoid space. Notes are given on the morphology of the micro-organism and on its behavior on various culture media. The organism is pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs, and white iriice, but not for chickens or doves. It is destroyed by subjection to a temper- ature of 60° C. for 10 minutes, by treatment for 10 seconds in a 1 per cent solution of corrosive sublimate, or for 3 seconds in a 2.} per cent solution of creolin. Primary infectious osteomyelitis in horses, Frohner and Karnbach (Monatsh. Pralct. Tier., 14 {1903), No. 10, pp. 433-444, Jigs. 6).— Detailed notes are given on the symptoms and pathological anatomy of this disease in 2 cases. The coffin bone and cannon bone were affected most seriously by the disease. On account of the infectious nature of the disease and the practical impossibility of curing it the author recommends that diseased animals should be killed. In very valuable horses it is believed that the foci of the disease in the affected bones may be removed with success in a considerable percentage of cases. Glanders, F. K. Kleixe {Ztschr. ILjrj. u. Infectionslcrank., 44 {1903), No. 2, pp. 183-195). — The experiments recorded in this paper were carried out partly for the purpose of testing the correctness of the general belief that glanders bacillus gradually loses its virulence when cultivated for long periods on nutrient media. The cultures which were used by the author had been kept in the laboratory for a period of sev- eral years. It was found that these cultures produced infection in guinea pigs when inoculated into the abdominal cavity in very minute doses. The conclusion is reached that the common belief that glanders bacilli lose their virulence in artificial cultures is based on mixed cultures, and that agglutination tests should be made to distingtiish between the glanders bacilli and other associated organisms. Such tests were made by the author with the result that a number of organisms were found in glanders cultures which had nothing to do with the glanders bacillus. Detailed notes are given on the methods for obtaining specific sera which aggluti- nate the glanders bacillus. During the author's experiments little success was had in immunizing guinea pigs against the true glanders bacillus. The author ascribes the apparent success of other investigators along this line to the use of mixed cultures. Glanders among the street-car horses of Cologne, Lothes {ForUchr. Vet. Ilyy., 1 {1903), Nos. 7, p]>. 209-212; 8, p>p. 237-240; 9, pp. 257-263).— On account of the losses suffered from glanders by the street-car companies of Cologne an investiga- tion was undertaken for the purpose of devising practical means of checking the outbreaks of this disease. A number of post-mortem examinations were made and the pathological lesions are described in detail. Notes are also presented on the various forms which the disease assumes and on the conditions surrounding different (outbreaks of glanders. Mallein injections were used on an extended scale with good results. In one instance 105 horses were injected and 14 reacted. Of these, 12 were found to exhibit pathological lesions upon post-mortem examination. The losses suffered from the destruction of glander- ous horses were small as compared with the losses necessitated by the continued prevalence of the disease. 928 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Agglutination and serum diagnosis as applied to glanders, A. Kabieaux (.1////. S(,r. A-.'i:i). — A scries of experi- ments was conducted by the author for the purpose of testiujr the Mjiiilicalnlit y of the agglutination method in the diagnosis of glanders. The author states as the result of his investigations that this is essentially a labora- tory method and consequently can not replace experimental methods customarily employed under other practical conditions. Nevertheless, the method is considered as valuable and as furnishing a means of testing the reliability of f)ther methods in the diagnosis of glanders. If the serum which is to be examineject the mixture of serum and the glanders culture to a temperature sufficient to sterilize the senna in order to avoid the multiplication of inpuiisms other than the glanders l>acil]us. Therapeutic observations on morbus maculosus, Perl {Berlin. TierdrzU. Wchnschr., 1903, Xu. 41, pp. 638, 639). — Morbus maculosus treated with CoUargol was not so readily controlled as when Ichthargan was administered. While CoUargol caused a lowering of the temperature its other effects were unsatisfactory. Ichthar- gan, however, caused a diminution of temperature and return of the normal appetite. Potassium iodid exercised a pronounced effect in the resorption of the swellings which occurred in the progress of this disease. The serum treatment in purpura hemorrhagica, J. H. McLeod {Jour. Camp. Med. unci Vet. Arch., 24- {1903), No. 3, pp. 166, 167). — Brief notes are given on the treatment of a few cases of this disease in horses. Tonics and stimulants were administered and the animals were also treated with antistreptococcus serum in large doses. Satisfactory results were obtained from this treatment. Botryomyeosis, Frohner {Monatsh. Prakt. Tier., 14 {1903), Ncj. 10, pp. 468- 472). — Notes are given on the occurrence of this disease in a number of cases. In one the location of the disease was near the base of the tail, while in another case the withers were affected in a manner similar to fistula. The disease was also observed in a few cases in the region of the fetlock. Generalized botryomyeosis, F. TfRXAU {Ztsclir. Fleischu. Milchlqig., 13 {1903), No. 10, pp. 317-319). — The symptoms and lesions of this disease are described. In 1 case the bronchial glands and kidneys were not affected, while the surface of the lungs was covered with yellowish tubercles in large numbers. Similar tubercles were found in the liver tissue. In general the lesions in the lungs and liver closely resemble those in cases of tuberculosis. Animal parasites, A. A. Browx {Jour. DepA. Agr. Victoria, 2 {1903), Xos. 1, pp. 72-74; '^1 pp. 174-176). — Brief notes on the anatomical characters of parasitic round- worms, with special accounts of lungworms in sheep and gapeworms in fowls. Diseases of fowls, J. Barclay {Imp. Depd. Agr. West Indies, Pamphlet No. 23, 1903, pp. 30-48) . — A l)rief account of enteric fever, roup, bronchitis, gapes, cramps, and other common diseases of fowls. Investigation of fowrl plague, the new poultry disease, R. Ostertag and K. WoLFFHtJcjEL (Monotsh. Prakt. Tier., 14 {1903), Xo. 2, p/p. 49-70, Jigs. 2). — The dis- ease investigated by the authors occurred in a number of extensive outbreaks in Brunswick and elsewhere and caused great loss among fowls. Inoculation experi- ments showed that it is easy to transmit the disease from one hen to another, but pigeons, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, and even ducks and swans, were apparently resistant. The symptoms and post-mortem appearances of this disease are described in great detail. No success was had in isolating the pathogenic micro-organism, but it was found that the virus was destroyed by subjection to a temperature of 70° C. As a rule the disease results in death within from 2 to 4 days. Notes are given on the differential diagnosis of these and related poultry diseases. An epizootic of exudative typhoid in fowls, A. Mac;giora and G. L. Valenti {Ztschr. Ili/g. a. InfectionskranJ:., 42 {1903), Xo. 2, pp. 185-243). — Notes are given on VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 929 the symptom;^ of a disease \\ hich occurred in a number of flocks of poultry in the Province of Modena. The disease assumed various forms, such as the typhoid form, the nervous form, and the diplitheritic form. The comb and other bare portions of the head assumed a violet or blackish color; inflammatory alterations were manifest in the pleura and peritoneum, and pathological changes were observed in the larynx, pharynx, and various other organs. Several attempts were made to obtain cultures of the pathogenic organism from the blood, bone, marrow, and various organs. Although a variety of culture media was used, the results were always negative, except in cases where material was taken from fowls which had been dead for a few hours. In such i-ases an organism was obtained from the intestinal contents, perito- neal exudate, and from the pharynx, which a2:)peared to be a coccobacterium, and occurred almost in pure cultures, especially in the duodenum. Inoculation experi- ments were made with this organism in fowls, rabbits, pigeons, and guinea pigs. An infection was produced in fowls which ran a course identical with that of spon- taneous infection. It was found that the organism remained in a virulent condition in the bodies of dead fowls for a period of 45 days. The authors conclude that this disease is a form of hemorrhagic septicemia caused in jiart by an organism in the alimentary tract belonging to the coli groui). It could not ])e concluded as certain from the experiments of the authors that this organism is the only cause of the dis- ease. The virus is pathogenic for fowls and several species of birds, but is without effect upon ducks, pigeons, rabbits, guinea pigs, or white mice. It is believed that this disease is distinct from that described by Centanni as occurring in the Province of Ferrara. Notes from practice, A. Fumagalli {Clin. Vet., 26 {1903), No. 35, jtp- 208, 209). — Brief notes are given on actinomycosis in dogs and on enzootic meningo- encephalitis in chickens. The latter disease affected a flock of 100 fowls which came under the author's observation. The symptoms were dejection, hyperemia, and diarrhea during the later stages. The rate of mortality was very high. The cause of the disease is not understood, but the possibility of its being a form of fowl cholera is suggested. Concerning' Gurmin, Jelkmaxn {Berlin. Tiemrztl. ^Vc}lnsc}ll■., 1903, No. 41, pp. 637, 63S). — Gurmin is the name of a serum preparation manufactured for the treat- ment of contagious coryza and other infectious diseases. The author used this remedy in the treatment of 10 cases of contagious coryza in horses. It was found that Gurmin exercises a specific bactericidal action toward the organisms of this disease. The serum appears also to exercise a slight preventive action when injected into healthy horses. Good results were obtained in 10 cases and the author lieiieves that the drug may be depended upon to exercise curative effects wherever the disease is merely a streptococcal infection and does not involve suppuration of the lymphatic glands. Further notes on silver therapy, H. Meyer {Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnsdir., 1903, No. 35, p. 545). — Notes are given on the use of various silver preparations, such as Protargol, CoUargol, and Ichthargan. The author believes that these remedies, especially the latter, are very valuable in the treatment of infectious diseases, where it is desired to attenuate or destroy the pathogenic bacilli in the animal body. Further experiments are required before it will be definite!}' known how dogs react to intravenous injections of silver preparations and how valual)le these preparations may be in the cure of distemper. The sale of animals aflfected with contagious diseases, V. (rALTiEK {Ann. So<\ Agr. Sci. et Lid. Lyon, 7. ser., 10 {1902) , pp. 1-44)- — An elaborate discussion is given of the dangers attending the sale and consumption of the meat of diseased ani- mals, together witli mention of the measures wliich are necessary for regiUating these problems. 930 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Laws (Federal, State, and Territorial) relating to contagious and infectious diseases of animals ( I'. S. Ihpl. Agr., Bureau of Aninuil Industry Bui. 54, pp. 46). — Thi8 })nlletin is of the nature t)f a contin nation of Bulletin 43 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and contains copies of Federal, State, and Territorial laws relating to con- tagious and infectious diseases of animals enacted during the years 1902 and 1903. TECHNOLOGY. Report on the results of investigations into cider making, F. J. Lloyd {London: Bd. Agr. and Fixlierie.^i, 190S, pp. 14-i>, figs. 17). — A report is here given of investigations made by the author under the auspices of the Bath and West and Southern Counties Society of England for the 10 years ended 1902 on problems in cider making in England. Some methods of detecting cider preservatives are given and tables showing the composition of the juice of various apples from different local- ities and in different years. The composition of apple juice has been found to vary with the season, the locality from which it was obtained, the variety, size of the apple, etc. The amount of juice in an apple apparently does not depend upon size, as some- times small apples gave a large and at other times a small proportion of juice. Gen- erally, however, the specific gravity of the juice appears to increase as the size of the apple decreases. Tables of analyses are given, which show that dessert varieties of apples contain, as a rule, far more acid than the cider varieties. It is believed that this accounts for the difficulty experienced in making good cider from table fruit. Practically no difference w-as found in the analyses of frosted apples and apples of the same variety which had not been frosted. No reason could therefore be assigned. why frosted apples are less suitable for cider making, as some believe, than unfrozen apples. Apples for cider should be gathered by hand or shaken off on a cloth or large net spread under the tree. In one experiment cider made from apples which had Ijeen storee erroneous. Fermentation does not take jilace to any extent until the temperature of the juice reaches 50 to 52° F. After fermentation begins it is usual for a thick brown head to form upon the juice. Sometimes, however, an abundant white frothy head, similar to that seen in beer vats, is formed. It has been held that when the head was of a white frothy nature the cider made from it would not keep well. This opinion also has been found by the author to be erroneous, although no reason could be assigned as to why the head is sometimes white and sometimes brown. A white head, however, indicates a more rapid fermentation than a brown head and a tend- ency for the cider to become acid. For this reason it must be racked oftener than cider which throws up a brown head. When the cider throws up a white head it is necessary to keep the temperature of the room low. In racking from the keeve into barrels it has been found desirable to filter the cider. The author has found the Invicta filter one of the best for this purpose. After the cider has been racked from the keeve into barrels the question arises as to whether the barrel should be bunged down or not. In one experiment the specific gravity of the juice when barreled was 1.052, acid content 0.7, alcohol 0.0, sugar 10.8, and total solids 12.82 per cent. It was then bunged down tightly in the barrel. After 2 months the specific gravity was 1.010, acid 0.85, alcohol 4.55, sugar 1.87, and total solids 3.8 per cent; showing that fermentation had taken place in the tightly bunged barrel as rapidly as in a barrel of like juice which had not been bunged down. It was found that the pressure in the bunged barrel was about 2 lbs. per square inch, and that consequently the gas which had accumulated in fermentation must have escaped through the staves in the toj) of the barrel. From this and other experiments it is concluded that the juice should not be bunged down when racked from the keeve, but provision made for the escape of the gas in such manner that air can not be admitted to the barrel. As fermentation i)roceeds in the barrel lees are 932 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. formed. A better quality of cider was i)rodnced when the fermented juice was rackeff off from the lees before final storage instead of bunging down with the lees left in ,the barrel. Experiments in clearing the cider by sulphuring, and the use of such materials as blood, milk albumin, and other materials showed no advantages in their use and invariably cider which had not been clarified with finings proved superior in (piality to cider which had been ho clarified. Racking, however, was found very desirable. The time to rack was found dependent upon the kind of fermentation and not upon the amount of fermentation. In the author's opinion it should be racked and finally l)tmged down when the juice contains about 3 per cent of sugar. A ta))le has been prepared l)y the author showing the percentage of sugar and alcohol in fermenting juice, when the specific gravity of the original juice is known. A cider made by blending 2 or 3 different kinds of apples has been found most desirable. The l)lended juice should be racked once before filtration. "Never blend after filtra- tion." By blending a standard quality of cider may be obtained, which is impossible without blending. In storing cider it has been found best to lay the barrels down on the side. Air is less likely to be admitted in this position than when the barrel is stood on end, and hence the cider is less likely to become acid. When cider is bottled the best results have been obtained when bottled immediately after it has been blended, racked, and filtered. Bottling direct from the filter has produced a cider of far better quality than bottling from a cask 2 months later. Bottling cider which contains over 4 per cent of sugar has been found to be dangerous, as subse- quent fermentation is sufficient to break most of the bottles. As a rule, the specific gravity of cider which is bottled must not be higher than 1.025, and must not contain less than 4 per cent of alcohol. When these conditions are satisfied the gravity must next be regulated according to the desire to make sweet, medium, or dry cider. For a dry cider the liquid when bottled should contain only about 2 per cent of sugar, which corresponds nearly always to a specific gravity of 1.010. A number of experiments were made in the production of "small cider." Small cider is made by adding water to the cheese obtained in the first pressing and repressing. The amount of water which it is desirable to add to the pressed pomace was found to be about one-half of the amount of juice originally obtained from the pomace. No special advantage was found from regrinding the jwmace, but the results indicated that the pomace ought to soak for at least 24 hours. As to whether hot or cold water should be used, the results seem to show that from a chemical standpoint the hot extraction is the better when it can be carried out in cold weather, but in w'arm seasons cold water is better because fermentation can be more readily controlled. The extraction thus obtained is deficient in both sugar and tannin. To remedy these defects it has been found desiral^le to add about 5 per cent of pure cane sugar and about ^ lb. of tannin to each 1,000 lbs. of juice. Pure cane sugar has been found better for this purpose than either "saccharum" or " sugar candy. " Relative to the addition of tannin, it is stated that when this is added to juice obtained by the cold process of extraction the tannin acts as a precipitating agent and does not remain in the juice. With the hot-made small cider it does not cause precipitation and remains in solution. In case of the cold-made juice, therefore, the tannin must be added after clarification. AVhen proper control was exercised in the matter of fermentation it was found that as good cider could be obtained from the early fallen fruit as from late fruit. Many preservatives have been tried in making cider, such as mustard, formic aldehyde, boracic acid, sodium salicylate, pasteurizing, and various patent preserv- atives. With all of these except formic aldehyde, whether the cider was preserved in bottles or barrels, fermentation continued nearly as rapidly as when no preserv- atives were added; and in no case was as good cider made as when preservatives were omitted entirely. While the formic aldehyde prevented fermentation, it caused the cider to become opaque and like very dirty milk. TECHNOLOGY. 933 After the primary alcoholii' fermentation is completed, a slow secondary fermenta- tion set.s in, during which the beverage mellows and imjiroves in quality. One of the results of this secondary fermentation was found to be a decrease in the acidity of the cider. The effect of various yeasts on the production of cider was studied. Yeasts obtained from black grapes, white grapes, Kingston-Black apples. Gin apples, and cider yeasts from foreign sources, respectively, were used to inoculate cider. In every instance a different quality of cider was produced. The best quality of cider was obtauieriratio)i du Hurre. Park: C. Xaud, 1H04, pp. 4^'5,figs. 139). — This book is said to be intended for the use of sugar makers, directors, and chemists of sugar factories, etc., and more especially for managers and overseers. Decorticating ramie {Indian Agr., 28 {1903), No. 7, p. 217).— A. patented method baseil upon- the use of more or less concentrated sea water or a solution hav- ing the approximate composition of sea water for freeing the fiber from gummy suVjstances is briefly described. A short text-book of chemical technology, onl(iiigerlr, jYciilcrie, (niildonnerle, glucoscrie. Paris: J. B. Bailliere tfc Sons, 1903, pp. 4^^S,Jigs. Id.i; in: in Frog. Agr. et Vlt. {Ed. U Est) , 24 {1903), No. ^?, pp. 502, 503). — This volume, which is one of the series entitled Encydopedie agrlcole, describes in detail some of the industries dependent n])<>n agriculture. The introduction is by P. Regnard. AGRICULTTJRAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation, W. J. Allen {Agr. Gaz. Xew South Walt'.<^, 14 {1903), Xo. 12, pp. 1143- 1148, figs. 3) . — A brief general discussion of the value of irrigation as an insurance against drought, and an account of results obtained by irrigation with artesian water at Pera Bore, near Bourke, New South AVales. Desert irrigation in the far West, L. R. Freemax {Amer. Mo. Rer. of Reviews, 29 {1904), Xu. 3. pp. 305-311, figs. 10). — A popular account of irrigation in southern California, mainly in the region of Imperial. Irrigation and drainage, E. RisLERand (t. Wery {Irrigafio'x.s et drainage. Paris: J. B. Bailliere & Sons, 1904, pp. 516, figs. 126). — This is one of the volumes of Ency- dopedie agricole published under the direction of G. Wery. It discusses the inter- relations of water, soil, and plant; the occurrence of water in different geological formations; the use of water in agriculture; and protection against water (drainage). Proceedings of the Iowa State Drainage Convention {Proc. lotva State Drainage Conv. 1904, pp. 48, fig. 1). — Proceedings of the convention held at Iowa State College January 15 and 16, 1904. AVhile general drainage questions were discussed to some extent, attention was mainly given to the subject of drainage laws, and a committee was appointed to draft a law for Iowa and to urge its passage. Drainage of farm lands, C. G. Elliott {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 187, pp. 40, figs. ifi). — A revised edition of Farmers' Bulletin 40, Farm Drainage, issued in 1896"(E. S. R., 8, IK 351). Laws relating to construction of drains, with an appendix of blank forms {Lansing, Mich.: Secretary of State, 1903, pp. 144)- — A compilation. A system of w^aterworks for the farm, C. Gray {Iowa Agr., 4 {1904,) Xo. 5, pp. 196-200, figs. 2). — The air-pressure system is described. The disposal of sew^age from private residences, A. Marston {Iowa Agr., 4 {1904), Xo. 5, pp. 204, 205, fig. l). — A simple system using a series of underground septic tanks made of barrels is descriljed. Hydrometry, a practical guide to w^ater measurements, \V. Mt7LLER {Ilydro- metrie, praktische Anleitung znr Wossermessnng. Hannorer: Jilnecke Bros., 1903, pp. VI-T 150, pis. 3, figs. 81). — Discusses the newer methods, apparatus, and experiments. Second annual report of the State Board of Public Roads of the State of Rhode Island, 1903 {Providence, R. L: State Bd. Pub. Roads, 1904, pp. 35, pis. 29). — This is a summarj^ of the operations of this Board during the year 1903 under provision of the act of 1902 establishing a State highway systeqi in Rhode Island and appropriating -5100,000 for the construction, maintenance, and improvement of the highways of the State. Various sections of highways completed or in course of construction in Providence, Newport, Kent, AVashington, and Bristol counties are described and illustrated. For the year 1904 the Board recommends an appropria- tion of at least §125,000. A government cement-making plant {Engineer. Xews, 51 {1904), Xo. 8, pp. 177, 178). — A discussion of the proposed plant in connection with the construction of the reservoir dam in Salt River Vallev. MISCELLANEOUS. 935 Grain pressures in deep bins, J. A. Jamieson {Engineer. Xeirs, 51 {1904), Xo. 10, pp. ..'36-J4.3, fig><. 9). — The detailed results of tests on full-sized bins of a railway elevator and on model bins are reported and p. 287-303, fig><. 6). — A machine for removing the tops of beets while they are still in the ground, and another f<:)r harvesting tlie topped roots, are described. Agricultural machinery in the United States and the wages of labor, F. Brutschke {Die lanchcirtachaftUchen Moachinen in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und der Arbeiterer.mtz. Berlin: Deul. Landw. GeselL, 1904, PP- 79, Jigs. 62).— This is an account of a tour of inspection through the United States, and deals with general agricultural conditions as well as the special forms of farm machinery used in different parts of the country. MISCELLANEOUS. Fourteenth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1903 {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 315-350). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June '.^0, 1903; and reports of the director and heads of departments, containing a general review of the work of the station, and more detailed reports upon special lines of work which are noted elsewhere in this issue. Fifteenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1903 {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 202) .—This includes the organization list of the station; a list of station publications available for distribution; financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1902 and 1903; reports of the director for the two years; departmental reports; and miscellaneous articles abstracted elsewhere. Annual Report of Florida Station, 1902 {FUn-idn Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp.29) .—This includes the organizaticm list of the station; a report of the director; a financial statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1901 an p^-r cent. Sixteenth Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1903 {(leorgia Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp_ 2;>), — This includes the organization list of the station; a statement by the president of the board of directors; a general review of station work during the year, by the director: and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903. Sixteenth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1903 {bidiana Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp_ S4), — This includes the organization list of the station; reports of the director and *)3I) EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. heads A departincnts; lists of cxchanj^es and statinu i)ul)licatioiis, and a linaticial statfiu'iit f(.r the liscal year ended June MO, litOo. Twelfth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1899 {Ketihtcki/ Sta. Ji/it. 18!)9, pp. XL). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal yeai- ended June 80, 1899; and reports of the director and heads of departments, i)arts of which are noted elsewhere. Apjiended to the report i)roper are reprints of Bulletins SO-85 of the station on the fcjllowing subjects: Some pests likely to be disseminated from nurseries, and the nursery inspection law (E. S. R., 11, p 169); a method of avoiding lettuce rot (E. S. R., 11, p. 261); potato scab experi- ments made in 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 260); commercial fertilizers (E. S. R., 11, p. 627); wheat (p]. S. R., 11, p. 731); the elms and their diseases (E. S. R., 12, p. 157); and commercial fertilizers (E. S. R., 12, p. 130). Sixteenth Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1903 {Neiv YorJ: Cornell Stj>. L+4o2). — The rejiort proper includes the organization list of the station; a rei)ort of the director; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; reports of the heads of departments; ami reports on cooperative experiments in progress. Appendix I contains reprints of Bulletins 203-211 of the station on the following subjects: The care and handling of milk (E. S. R., 14, p. 387) ; cooperative experi- ments on the cost of egg production (E. S. R., 14, p. 486); shade trees (E. S. R., 14, p. 452); sixth report of extension work (E. S. R., 14, j). 616); pink rot, an atten- dant of apple scab (E. S. R., 14, p. 668); the grape-root worm — further experiments and cultural suggestions (E. S. R., 14, p. 888); distinctive characteristics of the species of the genus Lecanium (E. S. R., 14, p. 887); commercial Ijean growing in New York (E. S. R., 14, p. 959); and cooperative poultry experiments — the yearly record of three flocks (E. S. R., 15, p. 178). Appendix II contains a detailed financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; and Apijendix III, reprints of Reading Lessons for Farmers' Wives, Nos. 6-10; Home Nature Study Course, Nos. 25-32; and 11 numbers of the Junior Naturalist Monthly, issued during 1902 and 1903. A list of the publications of the station and of the extension department of the college of agriculture is appended. Sixteenth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1903 {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 190S, pp. '26). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; and departmental reports review- ing the different lines of station work during the year. The report of the chemist contains a summary of the results of fertilizer inspection during a number of years, but more particularly during 1902 and 1903. Sixteenth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1903 (Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 89-104, figs. 2). — This includes the organization list of the station; a report of the director on the staff, policy, lines of work, equipment, and needs of the station; departmental reports summarizing briefly the different lines of station work; and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903. Eleventh Annual Report of Washing-ton Station, 1901 ( Wasltington Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. S). — A report of the director, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901 . Twelfth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1902 ( WasJiington Sta. Rpt. 190..', pp. 12). — Reports of the director, agriculturist, horticulturist, and veterinarian; and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902. Fifteenth Annual Report of West Virginia Station, 1902 ( West Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 35). — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902; and a report of the director reviewing the different lines of station work during the year. Eighth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, 1902, II (Pennsglvania Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1902, pt. 2, pp. 323). — This includes the MISCELLANEOUS. 937 procecdiiigiJ of the meetingg of the board of agriculture lield during the year, and of the annual meeting of the Htate horticultural association. Papers selected from those read before the horticultural society and at farmers' institutes are also included, as well as lists of the officers of the various agricultural organizations in the State. Experiment Station Work, XXIII {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 186, pp. 32, figs. 9). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Losses in manure, macaroni wheats, sterilizing greenhouse soils, tomatoes under glass, protec- tion of peach buds, dandelions in lawns, apple pomace for cows, rations for laying hens, early molting of hens, evaporation from incubator eggs, the keeping quality of butter, and curing cheese in cold storage. Experiment Station Work, XXIV ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 190, j'p. 32, figs. 14)- — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Cost of eggs in winter, the chicken mite, soiling crops, profitable and unprofitable cows, methods of milking, coating cheese with paraffin, the octagonal silo, ventilation of stables, and disposal of diseased carcasses. Timely hints for farmers {Arizon.a Sia. Bui. 47, pp. 295-317, figs. 2). — This is made up of reprints of press bulletins issued during the period from October 20, 1902, to May 1, 1903, treating of the following subjects: Strawberry culture (see p. 873), skim milk for pigs (see p. 900), watermelon growing (see p. 870), combating the flat-headed borer, the melon plant louse and the "manteca" disease, and the use of branding fluid (see]). 89.S). Southern agriculture ; its condition and needs, I). I). Wallace {Pop. Sci. Mo., 64 {1904}, JSJ'o. 3, pp. 245-261). Agriculture in Austrian Alpine regions, V. Zailer {Inaug. Diss., Univ. Jena, 1903, pp. 138). — The geography, geology, climate, population, labor conditions, and land ownership of these regions are described in a general way, and the cultivation of the soil and management of orchards, vineyards, meadow lands, and forests are treated more in detail. The raising of horses, cattle, and other live stock is discussed and special attention is given to the mountain dairy industry. Yearbook of the German Agricultural Association, 1903 (Jalirb. Deut. Landir. fJeselL, IS {1903), pp. A'T7//-+-7i^).— This contains the proceedings of the different meetings of the association held during 1903. NOTES. Alabama College and Station. — X. C. Rew, a graduate of the Iowa State College of Agriculture auered, opened last September, and the catalogue shows twenty students in attendance. Courses of study, with practical work, are offered in agriculture, mechanics, and domestic science. A temporary dairy room and a carpenter shop are fitted up in the basement of the main building, and there are lecture and laboratory rooms for chemistry and physics, botany and entomology. The farm consists of 280 acres of land and contains a small orchard of apples, oranges, limes, and grapes. A good beginning has been made with live stock, and it is planned ultimately to pro- duce all the dairy and poultry products used jjy the school upon the farm. The auspicious opening of the school and the fact that it has attracteil students from quite a distance is encouragement for the belief that a career of wide influence and useful- ness is open to it. Agricultural Education and Research in India. — The previous announcement (E. S. R., 15, p. 733) regarding the establishment of an institution for agricultural education and research at Pusa, in the Darbhangah District of Bengal, with an endowment pro- vided by Mr. Henry Phipps, of Pittsburg, is confirmed by an article in the London Times, which is noted in Xaiure for April 7 and Science for April 22. The college is to be known as the Imperial Agricultural College, and it is hoped will be ready to receive students a year from next fall. The principal of the institution is Mr. Ber- nard Coventry, who has been manager of the Dalsingh Serai estate. The staff of the station is to consist of 2 chemists — one being also a bacteriologist, 2 botanists — one cryptogamic and the other "biological," and an entomologist. In commenting upon the new institution Xature says: "This .scheme ought to grow into an institution of the utmost value to India, a country which is full of agricultural industries, involving great interests, yet pro- ceeding wholly by rule of thumb tempered by occasional analyses performed in Lon- don. Systematic investigations of the conditions of the industr}' on the spot have been wanting except latterly among the tea planters of Ceylon and Assam. Indigo growing affords a case in point; for j-ears it was obvious that the natural product was going to meet with severe if not ruinous competition, yet nothing was done until the artificial indigo had reached the position of being able to undersell the Indian article, then at last a chemist and a V)acteriologist were hurried out to try to save the failing industry. . . . The new institute at Pusa will be well situated among some of the best agricultural developments in India, so that the scientific staff will have an opportunity of learning where their skill can be of service to the cultivator, and of trying to keep this or that industry in a healthj^ condition instead of being called upon to resuscitate it when in extremis. There maj^ be even now a chance for the grower of indigo if only he is given some of the systematic scientific effort which has hitherto been the monopoly of his competitor." Agricultural Schools in Brazil. — ^lilton M. L^nderdown, writing in The Country (k'ntleman for April 28, 1904, descriljes the conditions respecting agricultural instruc- tion in Brazil, and the ups and downs of one practical school in particular. He sjieaks of the state experiment station at Sao Paulo as "a very creditable institution," but his general account of the condition of agricultural education in that country is not encouraging. Miscellaneous. — Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner has resigned his jiosition as Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture of the Philippines and has reentered the service of this Department in the Bureau of Plant Industry. He will be in charge of the latter's exhibit at St. Louis during the exposition. Hon. Levi Stockbridge, for many years professor of agriculture at the 3Iassachu- setts Agricultural College, died at the home of his son, Dr. H. ¥.. Stockbridge, Lake City, Fla., May 3, after a short illness. He was 84 years of age. 26722— No. y— 04 8 942 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dr. J. Wortmann, the director of the horticultural academy at Geisenheim, has lately been made an a(hisory member of the German Health Office on (jues-tions relating to agriculture and forestry. He succeeds Dr. K. Goethe, also his predecessor in office at Geisenheim, wiio has retired. A joint resolution ])roviding for the printing of the aimual report of this Office was passed by Congress a few days before adjournment. It provides for 8,000 copies of the report, 5,000 of which will be for the use of the Department, and makes it one of the reports to be prepared and published annually without further provision of Congress. This rej'ort contains the review of the work and expenditures of the experiment stations, reports on the work in irrigation and nutrition, and miscel- laneous papers relating to agricultural educatif)n and experimentation. Among the l)ills presented in Congress late in the session, which failed of passage, was one to establish an agricultural exiieriment station in the Sixth Congressional District of Mississippi, Avith an appropriation of $10,000; one to establish a system of primary schools of agriculture in the Territories and insular dependencies of the United States^ to be located upon farms, and to give practical as well as theoretical instruction in farming, stock raising, farm engineering, and "the simple mechanic arts required in the country," the course of instruction to occupy not less than 5 years; and a bill to create a Bureau of Agricultural Education in the Department of Agriculture, for the purpose of devising the best methods of promoting agricultural education throughout the United States, and to study the conditions and needs of each Territory and the island possessions. A bill for promoting agricultural education and nature study in public elementary schools has been introduced in the House of Commons, according to a note in Mark Lane Express. Its object is to provide for the teaching of agricultural and horticul- tural subjects, to give facilities for nature study, and generally by means of object lessons to cultivate habits of observation and inquiry on the part of the pupil. To this end it is proposed to maintain school gardens and collections of materials neces- sary for the practical illustration and application of the instruction given. These studies would be optional in urban schools, but compulsory in all schools situated in rural and semirural districts. The bill is said to have the support of several promi- nent members. The Central Society for the Beet Sugar Industr\- in Austria-Hungary is preparing to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of its establishment June 6, at its general meeting to be held in Vienna. The society was founded August 4, 1854, and now embraces all the sugar factories and refineries of Austria-Hungary. It maintains a chemical- technical experiment station for beet-sugar manufacture, with a commercial labora- tory, under the directorship of Friedrich Strohmer, located in the society's building in Vienna, which also serves as headquaters for the nunierous sugar organizations. A departmental committee has been appointed by the president of the board of agriculture for the double purpose of inquiring into and reporting upon the present condition of fruit culture in Great Britain, and of taking steps to advance and encour- age the industrJ^ The Association of German Scientists and Physicians will meet this year at Breslau, September 18-24. Flo7-a and Sylva is the title of a new English publication. Vol. I, No. 1 of which api^eared in April, 1903. It is a monthly review devoted to gardens, woodlands, trees, flowers, new and rare plants, and fruits. Special attention has been given to clear drawings and colored plates, to the use of large, clear type, and a high grade of paper. The magazine will be found especially valuable to botanists. The first nine numbers have been bound and indexed, and appear as Volume I. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assislaiil Director. EDITOUI A f. IJEPAKTMENTS. Chemistry, Pairy Fanning, and Dairying — Tlie Editor and H. W. Lawson. Metroroiogy, Fi'rtili/A'r.s and iSoils (inclnding methods of analysis), and Agric-ultnral Engineering — \V. \\. Beai>. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal I'rocUiction — C. F. LANcavoRTiiY, Ph. J). Field Crops — J. I. Sckulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science' — E. \'. Wiixox, Ph. J). Horticultnre^ — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientilic divisions of the Department. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV, NO. lo. Editorial notes: Page. Histological studies in relation to food ailnlteration 943 Emile Dnclaux, deceased 945 New huildings of the Dejiartment of Agricnltnr - -947 Ivecent work in agricnltnral science 952 Notes ■ 1027 SUBJECT LLST OF ABSTRACTS. CHEMISTRY. Losses of sulphur in charring and in ashing plant substances, W. E. Barlow.. 952 Investigations on the accurate determination of sulphur, W. E. Barlow 952 Cttger 955 Progress in chemistry of fermentation industries during last three years, 0. Mohr .' ." 955 Extracts from proceedings of Assoc-iation of Ollicial Agricultural Chenn'sts, 1903 955 1 II CONTENTS. Page. Drv(.'l()]>ment and strnctiiro of vejietation, F. E. Clements 955 XitroL'cu hactiTia ami It^'unies, C. (J. Hopkins 955 Three e(lil>le toadstools, J. C. Arthur _ - 956 Cirowth of hi-i^her plants in presence of alg.e and bacteria, R. Bouilhac and K. Uiustiniani 956 MKTEOKOI.OliV^tLIMATOLOtiY. iMeteorological observations, C. 1). Woods 956 ]\Ieteorolo<:ical observations, J. E. Ostrander and F. F. liensliaw 956 Mcteorolo-ical siiniiiuiry for 1902, C. A. Patton 956 .AIeteorolo<,dcal chart of the Great Lakes, A. -J. Henry and N. B. Conger 957 Rainfall at variety experiment stations, Barbados 957 ComiKisition of Barbados rainfall - . 957 The weather during the agricultural year 1902-3, F. J. Brodie 957 The IMiilippine Islamls and their people, H. (Tannett 957 Simultanet)us solar and terrestrial changes, J. N. Lockyer 957 A IR WATER SOI LS. On the preseuc'e of formaldehyde in the atmosphere, H. Fleiiriet 957 !'( ital lie waters in southwest Lancashire, J. C. Brown 957 Soil treatment for peaty swamp lands, C. G. Hopkins 957 Treatment and utilization of ilood-damaged lands, A. M. Ten pA'ck et al 958 On tlie distrilmtion of potash in cultivated soil, J. Dumont 958 Analyses of soils of Siio Paulo, G. d'Utra 958 FERTILIZERS. The preservation of hen manure, C. D. Woods and J. iNl. Bartlett 958 Barnvard manure, W. H. Beal 958 Fertilizers, A. M. Muckenfuss '. 958 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell et al 958 Licensed commercial fertilizers, F. W. Woll 959 Phosphates and the causes which modify tlieir assirailabihty, C. Schreiber. . .• 959 On the role of iihosphorus in mineral deposits, L. De Launay 959 The saline deposits of California, G. E. Bailey .^ - - . - 959 The Chilean nitrate trade 959 The most profitable agriculture with the cheapest manuring, H. Droop 959 FIELD CROPS. Alfalfa in Alabama, J. F. Duggar 959 Directions for the breeding of corn, L. H. Smith 960 Kherson oats, T. L. Lyon - 960 Experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, C. F. Eckart. 960 The sugar cane in Egypt, W. Tiemann 963 The complete story of Vineland sweets 963 Wheat growing oii the Laramie Plains, B. C. Buffum 963 The manuring of grass lands, A. D. Hall 964 Estate of Quednau, an example of modern methods of cultivation, A. Backhaus. 964 HORTICULTURE. Experiment on the manuring of cabbages 964 Experiment on tlie manuring of carrots 964 Burbank's new rhubarb 964 Iron absorption by S|>inach; manuring with iron salts, O. von Czadek 964 Field culture of watermelonsandmuskmelons in southern Russia, N. Kitschunow . 965 The garden and the orchard 965 Report of the School of Horticulture of Nova Scotia, F. C. Sears 965 Fruit trees frozen in 1904, INL B. Waite 965 Securing hardy apple roots, A. T. F^rwin 966 StriiiglVllow trees, IL \V. Collingwood 967 Picking and packing apples, C. S. Crandall 967 The apple package, J. C. Blair 967 CONTENTS. ■ III Page. Growing: Flat Cliina peaches from seeil, G. ]\Ioiiks 967 I'ersiiiiinons, A. I>ickeiis 967 An exju'rienee w itli ptrsininion seeds, F. (). Harrington 968 Tlie Hk in ( ie. .r<,na, 11. X. Starnes 968 Fertilizer experiments witli i)ineap|)les ami bananas 968 A eheniieal maiuire for the banana 968 Cultivation of temperate fruit in the West Indies 969 Cheinibtry of the doj? rose, K. AVittniann 969 An experiment in shadin. Waldron 971 Trees and shrubs for shade and ornament, F. Cranetield 972 Forcing lilacs after preliminary etherization, G. Bellair 972 I)ISE.\SES OF I'LANTS. Potato experiments in 190o, C. D. Woods 972 Studies in jxjtato rosette, II, A. D. Selby 973 Leaf spot of tobacco, C. .1. Koning 973 The bitter rot of apples, W. B. Alwood 973 Witlur-tip and other diseases of citrus trees and fruits, P. II. Polfs 974 A Gheosporium rot of cherries, A. Osterwalder 974 Lectures on the diseases of the sugar cane, L. Lewton-Brain 974 KXTOMOLOGY. Third report of the State entomologist, W. E. Britton 974 Keport of State entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, J. L. P]iillii)s.. 975 .Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, II. A. Surface 975 ]\Ionthly bulletin of the division of zoology, II. A. Surface 975 Annual report for 1903 of the zoologist, C. Warburton 975 Entomological notes, C. Fuller ^ 975 Report of observations made in Belgium in 1903, Poskin 975 Report on injurious insects for 1903, W. M. Sch0yen 975 Report on the work of the section for plant protection, 1902-3, C. Brick 976 Tlie crop-pest law of Georgia 976 Connnon corn insects, J. M. Stedman 976 The cotton caterpillar, W. Xewell 976 The potat( > l)eetle, F. Sherman, jr 976 Iloliininra jiirci^cms, a beetle injurious to sugar cane, W. Van Deventer 976 Resistance of leaf-hopper eggs to hvdrocvanic-acid gas, etc., C. F. Eckart 976 The Hessian fly in 1902-3, II. ( iarman . ." 977 The harlequin cabV)age ])Ug, F. Sherman, jr 977 Some experiences with lime, suljihur, and salt washes, C. O. Houghton 977 Xursery ins])ection and San .lose S( aU', II. ( iarman 978 Experiments on the control of the San .lose scale, T. B. Symons 978 Lime-suli)hur-soda wasli for orchard treatment, P. .1. Parrott et al 978 Sulpliur sprays for orchard trees, F. II. Hall et al 979 Sulphur sjjrays for fall treatment of San .lose scale, P. J. Parrott and J. S. I louser. 979 Some results with the lime and sulphur washes in Ohio, A. F. Burgess 979 The mulberry scale {Dlaspis pmfagond) , ( }. Leonardi 979 The scale disease of the carob tree, P. Gennadius 979 The Coccifla' of Kansas, S. .1. Hunter 980 Winter spraying for the apple aphis, .1. 31. Aldricii 980 The woolly iiphis, C. Fuller . _. 980 Cleans of coml)ating rf)se aphis, A. I lempel 980 Two enemies of orange trees, A. I lempel 980 Ex]H'riments in the control of the olive lly, A. Bei-lese 980 Lysol and its use in controlling the phylloxera 980 Tiie grajie leaf hopper ( Tiiplilonilxt roiiifs), "SI. Y. Slingerland 980 Pathological and ]>hysiological observations on coffee, A. Zimmermann 981 The "mosquito blight" of tea, II, II. II. Maun 981 IV CONTENTS. Page. Tlu- piiu' savvfly 982 The .Mi'iliterriuican flour imttli, F. J.. Waslihurii 982 Juyt'cts injurious to wlieat and otlier stored ^'rains, (i. Leonardi. 982 A prcliniinarv list of Kansas si)id('rs, T. H. Schuffcr 982 Tiie pirden spider and other insects, R. W. Shufeldt 982 (Jails an. Lewin 987 Composition of hard wheat and hard-wheat gluten, E. Fleurent 987 Vetches in cereal grains and in human foods, A. Scala 987 Experiments on losses in cooking meat, 1900-1903, H. S. Grindley and T. Mojonnier 988 The ripening of meat, M. Miiller 988 Judging the degree of putrefaction in meat, H. AVolff 988 Studies of animal gelatinoids. III, W. S. Sadikoff 988 The composition of several new meat preservatives, R. Racine 988 Composition of a number of preservatives, K. Farnsteiner et al 989 Occurrence of leaf lard showing high iodin al>sorption, W^. D. Richardson 989 The aroma of margarins, P. Pick 989 Honey, 1903, T. Macfarlane 989 Heated honev, K. F'arnsteiner et al 989 Edible bulbsi J. H. Lageinann 989 The coloring matter of red grapes, II, L. Sostegni 989 Some cellulosic constituents of orange peel, 1 1 . Stanley 989 Permissiliility of treating cocoa with alkalis, M. Mansfeld 989 The antisej)tic (qualities of coffee, W. H. Crane and A. Friedlander 989 Distilled liquors, A. McGill 990 Cider, T. :\Iacfarlane 990 Cider vinegar and suggested standards, A. E. Leach and H. C. Lythgoe 990 Groimd spices, T. IMacfarlane 990 The composition of some new comhments, J. Graff 990 Flavoring extracts, A. ]\IcGill 990 The dietetic value of patented foods, W. D. Halliburton 990 CONTENTS. V Page. Nutritive value of diet of private and i)ul)lic institutions, Lichtenfelt 990 Practical dietetics with reference to diet in disease, Alida F. Pattee 991 Feeding school chilflren in ( Jcrinany, !>. II. Warner, jr 991 Diet suhysiological effect of foods, L. Gramleau 991 ( )riginal research regarding human perspiration, etc., J. H. Hoelscher 991 Morphological changes in tlie blood after muscular exercise, P. B. Hawk 992 Sanitary jtrecautions in food, A. S. Atkinson 992 Food and drink in relation to disease, J. Niven 992 Sources of typhoid infection and how to guard against them, S. I larris 992 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Pentosans in feeding stuffs, especially of rye straw, A. von R. Rudzinski 992 ( 'i incentrated feeds, J. B. Lindsey et al 992 ( '( immercial feeding stuffs, H. J. Wheeler et al 993 Licensed commercial feeding stuffs, F. W. WoU 993 ( 'ondimental feeds, L. Weil 993 The use of molasses as a feeding material, E. Curot 993 A locally manufactured cattle food 993 The adulteration of feeding stuffs; rice husks and coffee bean husks 993 Results of some recent agricultural experiments, D. A. Gilchrist 993 Concerning the so-called metallic compounds of proteids in relation to the theory of chemical ei luilil )rium, (t. Galeotti 993 ( )n the percentage of fat in different types of muscle, J. B. Leathes 993 ( )n the adaptation of the jiancreas, F. A. Bainbridge 993 Peptone-splitting ferments of the pancreas and intestine, II. M. Vernon 994 Relationship of blood sujiply to secretion, O. May 995 Proteolytic activities of pancreatic juice, W. M. Bayliss and E. 11. Starling. .. 995 Concerning tryptic digestion, II. R. Weiss 995 The proteolytic enzyms of the spleen of the ox, S. G. Hedin 995 Presence of proteolytic enzym in normal serum of the ox, S. G. Hedin 995 Relation between molecular weight and physiological action of the higher fatty acids. I, Myristic and lauric acid, L. F. Meyer 995 Comjiosition and energy value of meat feces, J. Frentzel and M. Schreuer 995 Breeding of live stock in Belgium 995 Feeding farm animals 995 East Friesian animal husbandry and herds, II. Gross and A. Ellerbroek 995 Zootechny : Cattle, P. Diffloth.' 995 Fattening of cattle _ 996 ■ Winter fattening of cattle, J. Wilson 996 Use f if potatoes for cattle food, T. Jamies( m 996 The exti'rnal conformation of German cattle, A. Lydtin 996 Systems of judging cattle by a scale of points, A. Lydtin 996 Carcass demonstration 996 The Asiatic buffalo, H. T. Pease 996 An exi)eriment in mutton production, J. H . Burdick 996 Notes on the Angora goat, C. I). Woods 996 Angora goats in Australia, R. N. Blaxland 997 Ang< ira goat breeding 997 Pork pm iduction in Illinois, H. S. Dalbey 997 Feeds supplementary to corn for fattening hogs, E. B. Forbes 997 Value of distillery dried grains as a food for work horses, 0. S. Pluml) 997 The zebrula r. the mule, R. Guenther 997 Poultry division, D. D. Hyde 997 Practical poultry raising, C. de Lamarche 998 Poultry and eggs in Denmark, R. R. Frazier 998 Eggs and poultrv in Flngland, F. W. Mahin 998 Table fowls . . . / •- 998 Guinea fowls 998 Quailology, H. W. Kerr 998 Ostrich farming with irrigati( m, F. Frank 998 VI CONTENTS. 7) AIK'i' lAKMIXd DAIKYIX ^ Page. Fora^o and soiling cxporinKMits, 1902, ti. C. Watson and T. T. Mains »98 Millv invcs^ations at ( Jurfortli UKKi, C. CrowthiT 999 I\Iilk nrords, .1. Spi'ir 1000 Odicial tests (.1" dairy cows, J 902-3, F. W. WoU 1000 Till' iiilliicnci' of food on niili<, A. B. (Traiiani 1001 Till' iMlliicnce of corn cockle on milk ])roduction, J. Ihuiseu 1001 Investij,'ations on the jtoisonons 2)n)i)erties of corn cockle, O. Ilagemann 1001 Action of formuldehvdi' on milk, A. Trillat 1001 Milk, T. Macfarlane" : 1001 The milk snpply of large towns, V. \V. Harris 1001 Stndies and observations on milk in the region of i'adna, (i. Rossi 1001 Sanitary milk — its fnture, H. A. Pearson 1001 rreservation of milk by iiydrogi-n ]K'roxid, A. Renard 1002 The presence of a lipasi' in milk, C. Gillet 1002 The oxidizing fennent in milk, L. M. Spolverini 1002 Tlie ferments of milk, II. Van de Velde and J. de I^andsheere 1003 C'ontribution to the knowledge of spontaneous coagulation of milk, I'tz 1003 Bacteria in the teats of the cow, goat, and sheep, C). Uhlmann 1003 The (hury law and its results, J. B. Lindsey, N. J. Hunting, and E. B. Hollaml. 1003 Creamery butter making, J. Michels 1003 Use of liquid cultures in the souring of cream, G. Fascetti 1003 I'hysical and chemical criteria in the analysis of butter fat, T. K. Thorpe 1003 Sodium iluorid for the preservation of butter, F. Jean 1004 Chemical changes in the souring of milk and their relations to cottage cheese, L. L. Van Slyke and E. B. Hart 1004 The manufacture of cheese with pasteurized milk, G. Fascetti 1006 A comparison of the bacterial content of cheese cured at different tempera- tm-es, F. C. Harrison and W. T. Council 1006 Rep( irt of a conference of dairy instructors and experts at the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, November 4, 5, and 6, 1903 1006 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Modern theories of immunity and vaccination, L. Pfeiffer 1006 Intracellular toxins of certain micro-organisms, A. Macfadyen and S. Rowland. 1007 Influence of certain bacteria on coagulation of the blood, L. Loeb 1007 Princijiles and conditions of the control of epizootics, W. Nagorsky 1007 General views on the etiology of infectious diseases, F. Ilueppe 1007 A study of infection through the navel, Kal )itz 1007 Annual report of imperial bacteriologist for tlie year 1902-3, A. Lingard 1007 Live-stock sanitation in Arkansas, R. R. Dinwiddie 1007 Report of inspectors of stock for year ended IVIarch 31, 1903, T. A. Eraser etal. 1008 Veterinary, sanitary, and zootechnical problems of the Steppes, A. I. Kasatkin. 1008 Interstate veterinary conference .". 1008 Imperial [German] law concerning food animals and meat inspection of 1900, with relati'd decrees of the Federal Council 1008 Necrosis as tlie result of BarUlii>i nerropJiorus, H. A. Vermeulen 1008 Gangrenous broncho-pneumonia caused by the awns of grasses, Dubois 1008 Hair balls in sheep, J. A. Voelcker 1008 Action of the poisonous principle of Equisetum hyemale, Matz and Ludewig. . 1009 Tuberculosis; its nature, distribution, cause, and prevention, W. Schumburg. 1009 Passage of tubercle bacilli through normal intestinal wall, M. P. Ravenel 1009 Cereliral tuljerculosis in heifers, C. Besnoit 1009 Immunization of young cattle against tuberculosis, Thomassen 1009 Protective vaccination for tuberculosis, M. Schlegel 1009 Keystone of problem of combating bovine tuberculosis, E. Hauptmann 1010 Tuberculin testa in western Norway, C. Lekna?s 1010 Utilization of the meat of tuberculous animals in Germany, Kopj) 1010 Specific enteritis in cattle apparently of a tuberculous nature, H. Markus 1011 Disease of cattle in the Molteno District 1011 An investigation of calf diarrhea, E. Joest 1011 Sjiotted kidney in calves, its histological nature, J. Basset 1012 ( 'ontagious pleuro-pneumonia. Constant and Mesnard 1012 Parturient ]iaresis, F. W. van Dulm 1012 The recurrence of parturient paresis, A. J. Winkel 1012 The etiology and treatment of parturient i)aresis, Caillibaud 1012 CONTENTS. VII Page. Clinical notes on parturient paresis, E. Naudinat, jr 1012 The nst' of air in treating,' l)artnrient paresis, E. (Travenliorst 1013 The bacteria concerned in niannnitis of cows and goats, 1'. tSteiger 1013 An enzootic occurrence of acute streptococcic mamniitis, P. Dubois 1013 Operative treatment of anomalies of the teats. Hug 101 3 The study of parasitic diseases of the blood, especially malaria in cattle and man, E. Jackschath ." 1014 The piroplasmoses of cattle, E. Dschunkowsky and J. Luhs 1014 Piroplasmosis of the donkey, T. II. Dale 1014 The cultivation of Tnjpanoloiiia brucei, F. Li. Novy and W. V. McNeal 1014 A trvpanosoma disease of North Africa, Rennes 1014 African coast fever, R. Koch 1014 A contribution to the diagnosis of heart water in cattle, A. Theiler 1015 Texas cattle fever: How science is winning a long tight, C. i^. Potts 1015 The cattle tick and the (luarantine restrictions, T. Butler 1015 Th(» classification and nomencUdure of diseases known under the name actin- omycosis, J. Lignieres and G. Spitz 1015 A study of dourine, J. Rouget 1016 The treatment of dourine by cacodylates, E. Marchal 1016 Blackleg and vaccination, N. S. INIayo and C. L. Barnes 1016 The minute structure of the anthrax bacillus, D. Ottolenghi 1016 The period of life of anthrax spiu'es, A. von Hzekeley 1016 Preliminarv note on the resistance to heat of Bacillus aidhmctx, A. jNIallock and A. M. Davies 1016 The treatment of anthrax in cattle, M. Strebel 1017 Anthrax vact-ination act-ording to Sobernheim, Kunze 1017 Effect of anthrax vaccination (jn severity of foot-and-mouth disease, Delhaye. . 1017 Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease from animals to man, A. Conte 1017 Th.e transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to man, H. Roche 1017 Sheep poisoning at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, II. W. I'otts 1017 Infectious broncho-pneumonia in lambs, G. Moussu 1017 Preventive and curative serum for sheeji pox, E. Thierry 1017 Tlie virulence of the fleece of sheep recovered from sheep pox and n(jt washed, L. Duclert and A. Conte 1018 A clinical study of variola in goats, A. Conte 1018 Swine fever, S. Stockman 1018 Swine fever, W. C. Quinnell 1018 Combating swine erysipelas, J. J. \V ester 1018 Swine erysipelas and its treatment, Bertschy 1018 The work of sanitary police with regard to swine erysipelas, G. Ferrant 1018 Presence of bacillus of swine erysipelas on mucus membrane of healthy pigs, C. O. Jensen 1018 Vaccination for hog cholera according to the method of Poels, H. Anker 1018 Observations on recovery from glanders, Mouilleron 1019 Inmiunity toward contagious coryza, J. Schniirer 1019 Mai de caderas affecting horses, G. d' Utra 1019 Mai de caderas in South American horses, J . Lignieres 1019 The relationship between surra and nagana, Valee and Carre 1019 Erysipelas in horses, Osterwald 1019 The treatment of morbus maculosus v.ith Ichthargan, Lange 1020 A skin eruption on the head of horses, Scheferling 1020 Ey mphangitis, Callard 1020 Apoplectic hemorrhagic; sej)ticemia of new-born colts, C. Darmagnac 1020 The occurrence of tic-ks on horses, D. Junack 1020 Colics of the horse and their treatment, V. Drouin 1020 A patliology for forage poisoning, D. J. McCarthy and M. P. Ravenel 1020 Rabies in the horse, Francke 1021 Rallies, D. Sime 1021 The etiology of ral)ies, A. Negri 1021 A study of the etiology of rabies, A. Ne^ri 1022 The passage of rabies virus through filters, Kendinger 1022 Rabies virus obtainer 1022 Differential diagnosis of rabies, A.N. A leksyeev 1022 VIII CONTENTS. Paffe. Tlu' liistolojricul diagnosis of raVjies, Vall(^e 1022 Fowl cliolcra 1022 Tlif hoiuolysiii official proreedings of the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden, rtah, Scpteuiher 15-18, 190.';, edited by (x. McClnrg 1023 Irrigation in hninid districts, E. B. Voorhees 1024 ixcport of Indian Irrigation Commission, 1901-1903, C. Scott-Moncrieff at al.. 1024 Studies on tiie irrigation of the Janja, D. Valdizan 1024 Ac(juii-ement of water rights in the Arkansas Valley in Colorado, J. S. Greene. 1024 I*relinunary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, N. II. Darton 1024 Some observations on sewage farms in England 1025 Trials of wind pumping engines at Park Royal, 1903, F. S. Courtnev and W. N. Shaw _ '. 1025 Miscellaneous implements exhibited at Park lioyal', 1903, J. B. Dugdale 1025 MISCELLANEOUS. Eighth annual meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers ....:........ 1025 Special and hhort courses in agricultm-al colleges, i). J. Crosbs' 1025 Finances, meteorology, index 1025 Annual Report of Nevada Stati( -n, 1903 1025 Director's Report for 1903, W. H. Jordan 1025 Twenty-second Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1903 1025 Press bulletins 1 025 Report of the sugar cxj^criment station in West Java, H. C. 1'. Geerligs 1025 Report on the agricultural fund of Cyprus, W. F. H. Smith 1026 Progress in the manufacture of beet sugar during the last ten years, 11. Classen . 1026 Note on the cotton-seed oil industry and the .estal)lishment of cotton-seed oil mill in India, J. Mollison 1026 [Agricultural conditions in Ca])e of Ciood Hope], E. A. Nobbs 1026 The organization and work of agricultural departments in Western Europe and the United States, A. Schultz 1026 The settlement of Samoa, F. Wohltmann 1026 Agriculture in primary schools 1026 Progress in women's education in the Britisli Empire 1026 How to teach nature study, A. M. Kellogg 1026 Science teaching and nature study 1026 The educational value of nature study, J. C'. IVIedd 1027 Ways of the six-footed, Anna B. Comstock 1027 The nature student's note book, C. Steward and Alice E. Mitchell 1027 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stulioni^ in the ViiUi'd Slalom. Alabama College Station: i''igf. Bui. 1 27, Feb. , 1904 959 Arkansas Station: Bui. 81, 1904 958 Bui. 82, 1904 1007 Connecticut State Station : An. Rpt. , 1903, pt. 2 985 An. Ept., 1903, pt. 8 974 Delaware Station: Bui. 64, Mar. 1 , 1904 977 Georgia Station: Bui. 61 , Nov. , 1903 968 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Rpt., 1903 9()0, 976 Idaho Station: Bui. 40, Jan., 1904 980 Illinois Station: Bui. 93, Jan., 1904 957 Bui. 94, Feb., 1904. 955 Circ. 74, Feb., 1904 960 Indiana Station: Bui. 97, Oct., 1903 1904 997 956 Bui. 98, Fel Kansas Station: Bui. 121, Jan., 1904 958 Bui. 122, Feb., 1904 1016 Kentucky Station: Bui. 110, Dec, 1903 978 Bui. Ill, Dec, 1903 977 Bui. 112, Dec 31, 1903 958 Maine Station: Bui. 98, Dec, 1903 .... 958,972,996 Bui. 99, Dec, 1903 956,1025 Maryland Station: Bui. 90, Dec, 1903 978 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 93, Dec ,1903 992 Spec. Bui., July, 1903 1003 Met. Buls. 181-183, Jan. -Mar., 1904 956 Nebraska Station: Bui. 82, Mar. 7, 1904 960 Neyada Station: An. Rpt., 1903 1025 Note.— The publication.s of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be i)urchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather l'>ureau, reijuests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. Thej)ri('eof the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per nund)er. The jirices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The imhlications of the State experiment stations are dislributed from the stations and not from the Department. Sldtititts Id the United Stiiteii — Continued. New York State Station: I'age. Bui. 243, Dec, 1903 983 Bui . 244, Dec. , 1 903 1 025 Bui. 245, Feb., 1904 1004 Bui. 246, Feb., 1904 i)69, 970 Bui. 247, Feb., 1904 978, 979 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 215, Jan., 1904 980 North Dakota Station: Bui. 59, Mar., 1904 971 Ohio Station: Bui. 143 (Twenty-second An. Rpt., 1903) , June, 1903. . 956, 1025 Bui. 144, Oct., 1903 979 Bui. 145, Nov., 1903 973 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 65, Dec, 1903 998 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 98, Jan., 1904 993 Virginia Station: Bui. 142, Nov., 1902 973 Spec Bui. , 1902-3 975 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 107, Dec, 1903 : 1000 Bui. 108, Jan., 1904. 972 Bui. 109, Jan., 1904 959, 993 Wyoming Station: Bui. 60, Dec. , 1903 963 U. >S'. Department of Agrieullure. Farmers' Bui. 192 Bureau of Chemistry: Circ. 13 ; . 958 955 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 51, i)t. 3 (5 cents) Bui. 52 (15 cents) . 965 974 Weather Bureau: ^ Doc. 298 (10 cents)... Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 138 (10 cents) Bui. 139 (5 cents) . 957 . 1025 1025 Bui. 140 (5 cents) Bui. 141 (5 cents) . 1024 . 988 ILLUSTRATIONS. Platk III. Front, elevation of buildings for the Department of Agriculture Fi4•U^ institution can devote to it is necessarily small, and as the results are of uniform value wherever food inspection is carried on in this country, it is too much to expect a single station to cover the whole tield. While Mr. Winton is a pioneer in this work, he has not preempted the whole tield, and would no doul)t rejoice to see his etforts seconded at many places. Investigation of this sort can not be regarded as strictly in the tield of the chemist and need not l)e restricted to him. It is essentially^ botanical in its character and methods, and much \alua))h? assistance could be rendered l)y botanists in conducting these histological studies, who would Hnd in them a line of investigation of increasing interest and practical utility. Indeed, this would seem to he an inviting and protitable opening to young 1)otanists seeking a special line of work, and art'ord greater opportunity for original contributions than some of the more hackne3"ed lines. The subject, however, is one in which prospec- tive food chemists should perfect themselves, and it illustrates the grow- ing importance of broad training for men who are to enter this held. It is obviously impracticable in most institutions to divide the work of inspection, assigning the microscopical examination to a botanist and restricting the chemist to the chemical analysis. The most prac- tical plan seems to be for one man to master both lines of work, and although ho need not himself execute all of the details, he should be thoroughh' familiar with them and competent to interpret the results. Such preparation calls for suita])le courses of instruction, to which ver}" little attention has yet been given in this country, although the subject has a recognized place in many continental univcn-sities. It calls for a combination of chemical and botanical studies, Avhich are already on the curriculum of nearly ever}^ college and school of tech- nology, ])ut which are not as yet brought together so as to constitute a prescribed course. The growth of both State and Goverimient work in the inspection of foods and feeding stutfs, as well as the increased employment of men of special training, in packinghouses, canneries, flouring mills, glucose factories, baking establishments, confectionery works, and the like, would seem to make it worth while for at least a few institutions to provide courses suited to the needs of such men. The desirability of the analyst conducting some research work, to prevent him from getting into a rut and becoming a mere rule-of- thumb workei", is (juite as apparent in this as in an}^ other line of routine work. Studies of this character, which can be taken up at odd times, will do much to relieve the dull grind c f routine analysis and to keep the chemist fresh for liis work. The death of Kmilc Duclaux removes a prominent and conspicuous worker in a tield l)oi(lei-ing closely on agriculture. His name is a familiar one to readers of this journal, for so nnich of his work in recent years related to some phase of agricultural science that special 946 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. effort was iiiiidc to follow it. Trained as a cheinist and physieist, and with notcworth}- contril)utions to liis credit in l)otli of these sciences, his most important work was ]>iological and l»ioch(>mic. In this respect he was like Pasteur, with whom he early became associated and whom he succeed(Hl as director of J*asteur Institute upon the death of the great lead(>r nine years a*>(>. Duclaux's traiinno- as an investigator was obtained imder Pasteur at th(> Kcole Normale, where he ser^•ed as jmipai'ateKr to Pasteur for about thi-ee years. lie assisted the latter in his celebrated investiga- tions on the causes of diseases in wines and upon silkworm diseases. He occupied successively the chairs of chemistr}" at Clermont, of physics at Lyons, and of physics and meteorology at the Institut National Agronomi<]ue in Paris. The latter position he accepted in 1878, and in 1888 he became titular professor of biology in the Sor- bonne, which position he held at his death. He was also the head of the La])oratory of Fermentations, established in 1888 as a department of the Institut National Agronomique. With the establishment of the Pasteur Institute, his course of instruction and biochemic laboratory were transferred there. He founded the Annales de P Institut Pasteur in 1887, in which many of his papers and reviews were published. The list of Duclaux's original contributions to scientiiic journals contains upwards of eighty papers, and includes, besides technical articles on chemistry, ph3^sics, and meteorology, studies on ferments and f(M"mentation, enzyms, the coagulation of albumen, the aging of wine, the chemistry of carbohydrates, the biology of the soil, the physiology of digestion, and the chemistry and bacteriology of dair}^- ing. On the latter subject he was for man}^ jears the leading investi- gator in France. He made extensive studies on the rancidit}' of butter and the relation of bacteria and molds to these changes; and he was prominent in the earl}^ stages of the discussion of cheese ripening, assigning an im})ortant place to the peptonizing lactic bacteria, to which he gave the group name of Tyrothrix species. Duclaux also published two l)ooks on dairying which are standard, viz, J*rhici2>c>i ■ Ui !* ». Tiu.^ ■» iJW- ^;i »-.. IUl M •-• liu-' 1^ luibu. 1 ■.m li UQIM. 1 iSiB*H- NEW BUILDINGS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In 1!»<>1 ConoToss authorized the preparation of ])lans for an agri- cultural ])uildino-, as a preliniiuary step toward securino- adequate per- manent ((uarters for the National Department of Agriculture. On the basis of plans and estimates which were made, an appropriation of two and one-half million dollars was asked, which the Conoress of 1902 reduced to one and one-half million. With this reduced amount it was decided to provide laborator}' and office acconmiodations for the Inireaus and divisions occupyino- rented buildino-.s, and to leave the administration building to be built later when further appropriation should be made. A building- committee consisting of Doctors B. T. Galloway, D. E. Salmon, and A. C True was appointed by Secretary Wilson to con- sider in detail the special needs of the Department, and to arrange for building plans. Messrs. Rankin, Kellogg, & Crane, of Philadelphia, were selected as architects, and preliminary plans were drawn; but controversy arose over the location of the building, which involved the general plans of the commission for the beautitication of Washing- ton, and pending the decision little progress could be made in working out the details of the building. A location was detinitely determined upon earl}' in May, 130 feet in rear (to the south) of the present main building, and fronting on the 890-foot parkway projected from the Capitol to the Washington ^Monument. The building will face north, and when completed will consist of an administration building as a central feature, with L-shaped wings on either side, the short arms of the wings extending to the rear. (PI, III). This will occupy all the available space ])ack to B street SW., and will necessitate the condemnation and closing of that street and a part of the square adjoining it when future extensions are made. The location with reference to the present buildings is shown in tig, 10. It will be seen that, with t!:e exception of the frame building used as a uniseum and several ranges of greenhouses, the buildings need not be disturbed for the present. The grass garden, which lies between the statistical l)uilding and the museum, will have to ))e moved, and the proximity of the vegetation house (V. H.) and a small building for photographitig plants (P. (t.) will necessitate their being done away with. The tirepi'oof building used for storing I'ecoi'ds and documents, the stable, and other storage buildings will be left t'oi' the present. The museum contaiu . :^,umerous olliees. and [)ro\isi()n t'oi'tluvse will be made in rented quarters, as the building will be torn down this sununer. 947 948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 14 STREET \Z STREET NEW BUILDINGS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 949 The administration Iniilding- will be designed solely for office and library purposes, and will be five stories high. The laboratories will be in the wings, which for the present at least will also contain some offices. Only the two wings are to be erected at this time, and these will appear as independent structures, separated l)y an opening of 1^20 feet. When these are connected l)y the administration building an imposing front of approximately 750 feet will be presented, the cen- tral building projecting 85 feet beyond the front line of the wings. The wings will have a frontage of 256 feet each, and the ells will extend 100 feet from the front line to the rear. They will be four stories in height, above a high l)asement and a subbasement, and about 60 feet in width (from front to rear). Both wings will be exactly alike in size, construction, and arrangement of the rooms. The basement in each case will be about 12 feet high and mainly above ground, so that it may be used for laboratories and certain mechanical operations. The first and second stories will be 16 feet 8 inches, the third storv 15 feet Ti inches, and the fourth story 13 feet 9 inches in height, with a low air space above. Corridors about 12 feet wide, running the entire length, will divide each wing in half, giving a series of comuumicating rooms on either side. These rooms will be units of about 20 by 22 feet in the clear, the M'indows and doors being so arranged that the rooms ma}^ be divided if desired by temporary partitions, making an office and a la])ora tor}', or two office rooms, about 11 by 20 feet. The partitions dividing the rooms at right angles to the corridors will consist of two four-inch brick walls, 14 inches apart and tied together, thus providing a series of continuous open spaces extening from the subbasement to the attic. These hollow partitions will carr}' the hot-air flues and the flues for ventilation. Each room will have two hot-air flues, two ventilating outlets, and two flues for the ventilation of hoods. The room ventila- tion will be downward, the flues for each wing connecting in the sub- basement with two vent passages leading to two vent shafts, each pro- vided with a fan for discharging the air. The hoods will be ventilated b}' an up-draft, the flues terminating in the attic, which is left as one large room, and the fumes being drawn out of that b}^ fans. The hot-air flues will be of galvanized iron and all the vent flues of terra cotta. The subbasement will be given up entirel}' to the heating and venti- lating system, and to conduits carrving the supply pipes. Heat will be supplied ])y indirect radiation, the steam ])eing furnished ])y a power plant located in a special building already provided for. There will be no direct radiators except at the ends of the corridors and in the toilet rooms. The incoming air will pass thi-ough filters to remove the dust, and then through the piimary heaters which will raise it to a tempera- 30972— No. 10—04 2 950 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tuiv of ii])out 75", regardless of the outside temperature. The tem- pered air will be circulated In^ two fans and discharge into a large pleiuun chamlK'r, from which tempered air passages will run to various parts of the l)uilding. In the plenum chamber the tempered air will be sprayed with moisture to give it the proper degree of humidit3\ Supi)lementar3' heaters, located under each tier of rooms, will heat a part of the air to 110°, and at the bottom of each pair of flues Avill be mixing dampers for controlling the amount of hot air mixed with the tempered air. These dampers will be actuated by thermostats located in the rooms above, so that the heat of each room will be absolutely under control and can be cut off independentl}' of an}- other room. Provision will be made for supplying each laboratory room with hot and cold water, distilled water, gas, live steam, compressed air, and suction, as well as with electricity for light and power. All pumps and machinery for maintaining the supplies of these will be located without the building in the power house. The equipment of the latter will include a plant for generating the electrict}'^ used for various purposes. At six points in each wing there will be pipe shafts which will con- duct the risers from the supply pipes in the subbasement, the laterals for each room being brought out horizontal 1}' and suspended from the ceiling of the room below, whence they will be brought up through the floor at the desired points. All piping will thus be exposed, and the pipe shafts wall be provided with doors so that the risers will be easily accessible. In each of the double partitions between the rooms and next to the outside wall will be a lead-lined soil pipe to carry the waste. The details of equipment for the various laboratories will be worked out later, after the assignment of the space has been made. Work tables, sinks, hoods, and other fittings will be installed to suit the requirements of the different kinds of work, but in the construction of the building there will be no special provisions for a chemical labora- tor}', a soil laboratory, a botanical laboratory, and the like, such as are usually made in buildings of this kind. The facilities provided throughout the two wings will be so complete as to admit of adapting the rooms to a great variety of purposes, and to allows changes or extension of quarters to be made readily at any time in future. This will avoid the tearing up of floors and special equipment, and wall be a great advantage in an institution like the Department, whose work is growing rapidl}^ and whose special needs are changing from time to time. Each wing will have three elevators, one of which will probal)ly be used for freight; and on each floor will be located three large toilets, suitably- ventilated, and provided Avith open ])luni])ing and marble flttings, together wath janitors' storerooms. NEW BUILDINGS OF DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 951 The buildings will be either of marble or granite, with solid masonry walls, the floors being either of steel with fireproof construction between, or of reenforced concrete. The corridor floors will be of Terrazzo with marble borders, and the laboratories of concrete, maple floors being used in the offices. The walls and ceilings will be of cement plaster. The total floor space provided l)y each building is 80,000 square feet, including the corridors. This leaves about 55,000 square feet in each building available for office and laboratory rooms. The construction of the Ijuilding will be in charge of Captain John S. Sewell, of the War Department, as supervising engineer; R. Bar- nard Talcott, consulting mechanical engineer; and S. Franklin Gard- ner, mechanical engineer and superintendent. The flnal plans and specifications are now being prepared, and it is expected that contracts will be let and the work of construction begun during the present summer. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. On the losses of sulphur in charring- and in ashing plant substances; and on the accurate determination of sulphur in organic substances, W. E. Bar- low {.lunr. Aiiicr. Chan. Soc, 20 {1904), ^o. 4, jy>- 341--^''>7, f(j.i. S). — This article fiives details of studies of a large number of methoils of inciueratlng organic sub- stances carried out at Gottingen University under direction of Prof. B. Tollens. The general conclusions reached are as follows: "(1) In ashing a plant substance, a protein or a coal in the ordinary manner, without addition of alkali, a loss of sulphur always takes place. This loss is always considerable, and may be, in some cases, enormous, even when precautions are taken to insure a low temperature and a slow and regular ashing. It is caused by the con- version of organic suli)hur into volatile sulphur compounds and into sulphur dioxid and trioxid during the charring and ashing. A certain part of these is retained by • the bases, especially by the alkalis, l)ut in presence of phosi)horic and silicic acids, which expel sulphuric acid at a red heat, the amount retained in the ash may be very small or even nothing. "(2) The loss takes place even when there is a quantity of alkaline base present more than sufficient to combine all the acid. "(3) The loss is diminished (but by no means entirely avoided) by the addition of amounts of sodium carbonate up to twice the weight of the substance to be ashed. The additional effect of adding more sodium carbonate is practically nothing. " (4) The loss of sulphur is not entirely prevented either by the addition of calcium acetate before ashing (Tucker) ; or, of magnesium oxid and sodium carbonate together (Eschka); or by evaporation with potassium hydroxid followed l)y oxidation with potassium nitrate; or by evaporation with nitric acid and potassium nitrate before ashing (Fraps). In all these cases the gases still contain sulphur. "(5) By far the greater part of the loss of sulphur occurs during the preliminary charring, a much smaller ])art during the burning of the charred mass to ash. "(6) Combustion in a stream of oxygen, with absorption of the sulphur-containing products of charring and combustion either in heated sodium carbonate in the com- bustion tul:)e or in a special apparatus, gives, under proper conditions, absolute values for the total sulphur. Such results are, however, exceedingly difficult, if not quite impossible, to attain by either the original Berthelot method or the Sauer method. The writer considers that he has ascertained and described the arrangement of ap[)a- ratus and the details of manipulation which render possible the attainment of such accurate results with ease and certainty. It is essential to burn the escaping gases completely with an excess of oxygen, introduced laterally at a certain point in the combustion tube, before aV)sorbing the sulphuric acid from them." Investigations on the accurate determination of sulphur in plant sub- stances and other organic materials, W. E. Barlow (Iikou/. />/.s.s-., Unir. Gotlin- gen, 1903, pp. S7, figs. 3, dgm. 1; abs. by B. Tollens, in Jonr. Landw., 51 {1903), No. 3, 952 OHEMTSTRY. 953 pp. 289-313, jxgs. 3). — This is the detailed report of investigations on the determina- tion of sulphur in organic su])stances, tlic neral results of which are noted above from ani>thcr sourci>. Contributions from the agricultural chemical laboratory at Gottingen, 15. ToLLENS [Jour. Laiidw., 51 [1903], No. 4, pp- 355-369). — This is a brief summary of the numerous contributions from this laboratory which have appeared during the last 10 or 12 years. Ash in feed stuflFs, :\I. Havenhill [Iowa Agr., 4 {1904), No. 6, pp. 230-233).— A compilation of analyses with a discussion of the function of the ash constituents in nutrition. The precipitation of magnesium oxalate with calcium oxalate, N. Kniuht [Cheui. News, 89 [1904), No. 2313, pp. 146, 1-^7).— Analyses of dolomite rock by differ- ent students are reported, w'hich show that the amount of magnesium oxalate which will be precipitated with calcium oxalate varies from an almost inappreciable amount to a considerable quantity. In the author's opinion " it is therefore always better to dissolve the unwashed precipitates of calcium and magnesium in warm hydrochloric acid, then to add ammonia to precipitate the calcium. After standing a suitable time, the calcium may be filtered, and the filtrate can be added to the solution containing the main portion of the magnesium, or the two portions can be separately treated." A new method for the determination of free lime and on so-called ' ' dead burnt" lime, E. H. Keisek and 8. W. Forder [Amer. Chem. Jour., 31 [1904), No. 2, pp. 153-162, Jig. 1). — The method proposed is carried out as follows: Heat 0.2 to 0.5 gm. of the material in a platinum crucible to drive off moisture, or in case of cements, heat over a blast lamp for a few minutes to expel carbon dioxid, cool in a desiccator, and weigh. Add a few drops of recently boiled distilled water and place the crucible in a brass protector consisting of a cylindrical box provided with a screw top carrying a brass inlet and outlet tube, the thread of the cap being made air-tight witli a little white lead and oil. Place the protector in an air bath and raise the temperature to 85° C, allowing it to remain at this point for 30 min- utes. Draw a slow current of air freed from carbon dioxid and moisture through the apparatus and raise the temperature to 185° C, maintaining the temperature at this point for 30 minutes. Cool the crucible in a desiccator and weigh, the increase in weight giving the amount of water taken up by the quicklime to form calcium hydroxid. Satisfactory tests of the method with different materials under a variety of conditions are reported. A portable outfit for the determination of carbonic acid, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity in drinking water, F. B. Forbes [Jour. Ainer. Chem. Soc, 26 [1904), No. 4, pp. 382-388, Jig.'i. 3). — Outfits for determination of dissolved oxygen by the Winkler method, free carbonic acid l)y Seyler's method, and alkalinity or fixed carbonic acid by Hehner's method are described. Sprengel's method for colorimetric determination of nitrates, L. "\V. Andrews [Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 26 (1904), No. 4, pP- 388-391).— T\\\^ article briefly reports experiments in which it was shown that the yellow color obtained in Sprengel's method is not due to the formation of picric acid but to paranitrophenol. The determination of nitrogen in food materials and physiological prod- ucts, H. C. Sherman, C. B. McLaughlin, and E. Ostekuerg [Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 26 (1904), No. 4, jjp. 367-371).— In tests with 17 animal and vegetable sub- stances several modifications of the Kjeldahl method were comi)ared as regards the time required for the complete transformation of the nitrogen. When the sample was digested with sulphurii', acid and mercury or with sulphuric acid and potassium sulphate, the transformation of the nitrogen was rarely complete when the solution became colorless or of a faint straw color. Continuing the diges- 954 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lion for 2 hours loiifjer gave higher results, tiir average difference being about 1 per f(Mit of tlu' amount of nitrogen present. Wlicn tiie sample wiis digested with both nicnurv and iiotassiniu sulphate slightly higher results were obtained and the time re(iuin'd for digestion was reduced, though it was still necessary to continue the boiling beyond the point at which the solution became colorless. The results were not ajipreciably affected l)y the addition of copper sulj)hate or ])otassium permanga- nate to the reagents mentioned. The following procedure is recommended for the determination of nitrogen exist- ing in the form of proteids and related compounds: "Treat the sample with 20 cc. of concentrated sulphuric- acid and 0.7 to 1 gm. of mercury, heat gently until frothing subsides, and then add 10 to 15 gm. of potassium sulphate and boil. Usually the solution becomes colorless in less than 30 minutes, and the transformation of nitrogen into ammonium sulphate is complete within an hour." A further study with organic compounds of known structure is contemiilated. Method for the determ^ination of proteids in plants, L. Beulaygce {Contpt. litnil. Antd. Sci. l\iri.s, 138 {lf)04), ^o. 11, pp. 701-703).— 1:\\q method described ia believed to be more accurate and rapid than that of Stutzer and Hirschler. The rapid determination of fat by means of carbon tetrachlorid, A. P. Bryant {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 26 {1904), No. 5, pp. 568-573, fig. i).— A compari- son of carbon tetrachlorid with more common reagents for the extraction of fat led the author to the conclusion that the tetrachlorid is very satisfactory for this pur- pose, especially in the commercial analysis of foods and feeding stuffs. It was found very rapid in its action, "two hours apparently sufficing for complete extraction in all cases. It is uninflammable, thus reducing the danger of explosion and fire to a minimum, [and] it is inexpensive." From the figures showing the results of comparative tests the following are quoted: In four of the samples of vegetable origin the amount of ether extract was 0.12, 0.14, 0.17, and 4.06 percent, respectively, the carbon tetrachlorid extract in corresponding samples being 0.12, 0.15, 0.17, and 4.06 per cent, respectively. Practically as close agreement was found in the case of other samples. As compared with carbon bisul- phid, the carbon tetrachlorid extract in several samples of vegetable origin was 10.7, 11, and 11 percent, respectively, and the carbon bisuljihid extract was 10.1, 10.8, and 10.7 per cent, respectively. In the ca.se of air-dried pork the amount of ether extract was 71.3 per cent and the carbon tetrachlorid extract 72.6 per cent. In extracting fat with carlion tetrachlorid the Knorr extraction apparatus was used, the flasks Ijeing heated on a water bath with live steam and protected with copper shields in the form of half cones, in order to, prevent condensation of the carbon tetrachlorid in the lower part of the apparatus. Observations on the composition of potato starch, A. Feknbacii {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 138 {1904), No. 7, pp. 4~S-430). Concerning- the acid content of different sorts of flour and other analytical data, A. Fachinato {Gaz. Chim. ItaL, Si! {1903), II, pp. 54-3-555; cd>s. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. \i. Genussmtl., 7 {1904), No. 5, p. 299). — In the author's opinion, the estimation of the acid present in an alcoholic extract of flour is especially useful as a means of judging of its quality. Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator. Note on the hydrolysis of edestin, E. Abderiialden {ZtscJir. Physiol. Chem., 40 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. 249, 250). — A note supplementing the investigation previously reported (E. S. K, 14, p. 1044). The examination of meat, yeast, and other extracts for xanthin bodies. II, The xanthin bodies of yeast extracts, K. Micro {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genus.vntl., 7 {1904), No. 5, pj). 257-270). — Analytical methods are described and results reported. The oxidation of g-elatin with permanganates, G. Zickgraf {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 41 {1904), No. 3, pp. 259-272). — Oxidizing gelatin with different permanga- BOTANY. 955 nates, the author ()l)tiiincil varyiiitj: amounts of t^uanidin jncrate. When calciuiu pennanganate was used auotlun* oxidation product was also olitaiiieil, tiie clieniical rliaracteristics of wlucli an- briefly di'srrihed. Salmon oil, 1'.. i>k (iuioiKi- {('hnn. Iter. Felt u. Ildri-Ind., 10 {I'JO.i), p. 323; abs. in Ztschr. I'lilerxaeli. Xalir. tt. (t'eitn.^xnitl., 7 {1904), Xo. 7, p. 41S). — Analytical data are reported regardino: salmon oil, which is manufactured in large . 4iS, 419). — Chemical studies are briefly reported. The detection of artificial coloring matters in foods and condiments, K. Spaeth {Phnrm. Coitralhalle, 44 {1903), pp. 117, 118; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GennssmlL, 7 {1904), -^"o- 5, p. 310). — The use of sodium salicylate for the extrac- tion of artificial coloring matter from jams, flour preparations, etc., is recommended. Short text-book of food chemistry, Rottger {Kurzes Lehrhuch dcr Nahrunris- mittelcheinie. Leipzig: J. A. Earth, 1903, 2. ed., pp. 698; rev. in Hyg. RundscJiau, 14 {1904), No. 6, p. 2S3). — A new edition of this text-book. Progress in the chemistry of the fermentation industries during- the last three years, 0. Mohk (Ztschr. Angeir. Chem., 17 {1904), Nux. 1, pp. 10-17; 2, ]ip. 49-31).— X review. Extracts from the proceedings of the Association of Oflicial Agricultural Chemists, 1903 ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Burean of Chemistry Circ. lS,j)p. 14)- — This is an advance circular giving the recdmmemlations of referees as adopted, and the motions and appointments affecting the work of 1004. BOTANY. The development and structure of vegetation, F. E. Clements {Lincoln: Univ. Nebraska, But. Surrey, 1904, No. 7, pp. 175). — This constitutes an enunciation of the principles on phologeny and structure of vegetation, which have been the basis of the author's investigations covering a period of al)out 6 years. The prin- ciples were first given as hypotheses in 1898, and have been subject to constant test in the field since that time, the present publication giving the author's conclusions relating to plant ecologj-. The principal portion of the work deals with the physical factors of the prairie formation in Nebraska. The principles of association, invasion, and zonation are discus.sed at length, and an attempt is made to systematically consider them in con- siderable detail as well as to introduce the principles of succession and alternation as factors in plant life. The author states that the various hypotheses have been reiieatedly confirmed, and they are now presented as a working basis for those interested in similar lines of investigation. The different factors discussed are association; invasion, which includes migration and what tlie author terms "ecesis," or the phenomena exhibited by the organism from the time of its introduction until it becomes thoroughly established in a forma- tion ; succession, zonation, and alternation. These are treated historically, after which the phenomena are discussed; and each chapter concludes with numerous references to the literature of the subject. Nitrogen bacteria and legumes, C. G. Hopkins {Illinois Sta. Bid. 94, pp. 307- 328, figs. 5). — A description is given of the action of bacteria in the preparation of plant food for assimilation ])y the plant and the function of the nitrogen-gathering bacteria. The results of a number of investigations with red clover, cowi)eas, soy beans, alfalfa, and sweet-clover bacteria ^re given. In many instances where failures have followed tlie attempt to secure a good growth of these plants, soil inoculation 956 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lias proved of groat benefit. After a .small portion of soil luis been introduced and the i)lants develop tubers upon their roots, there seems to l)e a rather rapid spread of the organisms throughout the .soil. For the growth of the different eroi)s, appli- cations of soil at the rate of from 200 lbs. to a ton per aere is recommended where the cost would not be too great. Smaller applications would hardly be expected to give a marked effect on the yield the first season, although the effect might be suf- ficient to secure a good growth during subsequent years. A report is given of the effect of bacteria on the development of cowpeas, in which the dry matter and nitrogen content of the tops, roots, and tubercles of 10 average l)lants, grown with and without bacteria, were compared from 3 series of plants. In each case a decided increase in the amount of nitrogen was noted where Ijacteria were present. The experiments with alfalfa and sweet clover have shown that bac- teria from sweet clover tubercles are very efficient as a source for the inoculation of alfalfa soils. The author states that while some Illinois soils are becoming deficient in phos- phorus and lime, ground limestone may be applied to such soils with marked benefit and profit, especially for the growing of legumes; but there is abundant evidence that one of the dominant causes of unsatisfactory growth is absence of the proper nitrogen-gathering bacteria. It is believed that the bacteria will not live indefinitely in the soils without the intervention of leguminous crops, but further investigation is needed to estal^lish this fact. Three edible toadstools, J. C. Arthur {Indiana Skt. Bid. OS, pp. 45-o0, pis. 7). — The author describes Copriniis micaceus, C. atramentarius, and C. comatus, and gives suggestions for their collection and preparation for the table. On the grovrth of higher plants in the presence of a mixture of algae and bacteria, R. Bouilhac and E. Giu.stiniani {Compi. Bend. Acad. b'ci. Paris, 13S{1H04), No. 5, pp. 293-296) . — An account is given of experiments with buckwheat, white mustard, maize, and cresses, the results of which confirm those obtained in experi- ments previously reported (E. S. R., 15, p. 753), and show that nonleguminous plants are capable of utilizing the atmospheric nitrogen which is fixed by alga* and bacteria, the nitrogenous matter being produced by the micro-organisms with sufficient rapidity to i)ermit rapid development of the higher plants. METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. Meteorological observations, C. D. Woods {Maine Sia. Bui. 99, pp. 210-212). — A summary of monthly averages of observations at Orono, Me., during 1903, on atmospheric pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement, with means for temperatuie and precipitation for 35 years, and monthly and annual precipitation for the same year at 20 different places in Maine. The annual summary for Orono is as follows: Pressure 29.81 in., temperature 42.83° F. (mean for 35 years 42.3), precipitation 37.61 in. (mean for 35 years 44.57 in.), snowfall 64.9 in. (average for 35 years 92.1). Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and F. F. Henshaw {Massachu- selts Sta. Met. Bids. 181, 1S2, 183, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pres- sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during January, February, and March, 1904. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological summary for 1902, C. A. Patton {Ohio Sta. Bui. 143, pp. 131-143). — This summary includes notes on the weather and tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the station at Wooster, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiuess, direction of the wind, etc., and for comparison, similar AIK WATEK SOILS. 957 (lata for previous years and fur other parts of the State. The following is a summary of results: /S'i(//i)/i(()7/ of ijuieorological observations in. Ohio. For the experiment station. For the State. 1902. 188&-1902. 1902. 1883-1902. lY'inperature (°F.): Mean 49.5 (May 4) 97.0 (Feb. 5) - 9.0 21.3 (May 4) 45.0 183.0 133.0 140.0 (June) 5.55 (.Ian.) .63 (.\ug. 8,1891) (Feb. 10, 1899) (Oft. 0,1895) (July, 1896) (Sept., 1897) 49.2 99.0 -21.0 20.6 55.0 129.0 122.0 128.0 8.05 .29 50.6 (.July 8) 100.0 (Feb. 14) -17.0 50 8 Highest Lo\i'est (.Iuly4,1897) 113.0 (Feb. 10, 1899) -39.0 Mean dailv range Greatest daily range. Clear days..". (May 4) 56.0 (Sept.28,1897) 67.0 Cloud V dav.s Days rain fell Kainfall (in.): Greatest monthly 114.0 1-21.0 Least monthly Mean yearly 37.58 SW. 37 13 Prevailing direction of wind. SW. SW. SW. Meteorological chart of the Great Lakes, A. J. Hexry and N. B. Conger ( U. S. Ikjit. At/r., Weatlier Bureau, Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes, 1903, No. 2, 2^p. 17, chart 1). — This is the usual summary of observations for the season of 1903 on storms, atmospheric precipitation and lake levels, open and closing of navigation, wrecks and casualties, etc. Rainfall at variety experiment stations, Barbados {Rjd. Ayr. Woj-k, Imp. Dept. Arjr. West Indies, 1901-1903, pp. 75, 7(5).— Monthly rainfall (December, 1901, to May, 1903) at 10 different stations is reported. Composition of Barbados rainfall [Rpt. Agr. Work, Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, 1901-1903, p. 5).— The monthly rainfall (December, 1901, to May, 1903) and the con- tent of chlorin and nitrogen (ammonia and nitrates) are reported. The -weather during the agricultural year 1902-3, F. J. Bkodie {Jour. Hog. Agr. Soc. England, 64 {1903), jip. 410-419). — A general discussion with tabulated data on the weather conditions of Great Britain during the period. The Philippine Islands and their people, H. G.annett {Nat. Geogr. Mag., 15 {1904), No. 3, pp. 91-112, figs. 13) . — Contains a section on the climate of the islands. Simultaneous solar and terrestrial changes, J. N. Lockver {Nature [ioHdoji], 69 {1904), No. 17S9, jjp. 351-357; abs. in Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 483, p. 556). AIR— WATER— SOILS. On the presence of formaldehyde in the atmosphere, H. Henriet {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 138 {1904), No. 4, jyp. ^OJ-jS'OJ).— Observations at INIontsouris observatory covering a period of one year, 1903, showed the presence in the air of 1 to 5 parts of formaldehyde to 100,000 parts by weight of air. Potable waters in southwest Lancashire, J. C. Brown {Cheni. Netvs, 89 {1904), No. 2301, pp. 6-9). — Detailed studies of a number of surface, deep-well, and shallow- well or spring waters are reported. Soil treatment for peaty swamp lands, including reference to sand and "alkali" soils, C. G. Hopkins {IlUnais Sta. Bui. 93, pp. 273-303, figs. 5).— This ])ullctin summarizes the information regarding these lands which has been secured in connection with the general survey made by the station of Illinois soils, as well as the results of experiments made on a number of typical areas. It is shown that there are many thousand acres of peaty swamj) land in northern and north central Illinois, much of which produces almost no crops on account of a deticieni;y of pot- 958 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ash. Some of these soils after years of cultivatioii are found to l)e deficient in nitro- gen, which can lu' most econoniicaliy supplied by means of leguminous crops. "Certain kinds uf farm manure i)roduce fairly good results on some peaty swamp soils, but commonly it is better farm practice to use the manure on other kinds of soil and buy potassium for the peaty swamp soils. . . . While heavy applications of potassium must sometimes be made at first, with proi^er management only light applications will be required after a few years. . . . The so-called 'alkali' soils of Illinois, which are also being investigati'd, are not the same as peaty swamp soils." Treatment and utilization of flood-damaged lands, \. M. Te.v Eyck, H. F. KoisEKTs, and A. Dickexs {Katiscis Sta. Bui. 121, pp. 133-102, figs. I'J). — A general di'scri}>tion is given of the effects of the flood which lasted from May 2-> ttj June 5, 190;5. In addition to the direct loss of farm products and buildings, great damage was suffered in the washing away of fertile soils and c;overing of cultivated fields with sand to dejiths varying from a few inches to several feet. Some areas were covered with comparatively infertile mud and other areas were badly damaged by being so water soaked that elaborate systems of drainage became necessary. General recommendations are made regarding the treatment of washed and buried lands so as to restore their fertility as far as possible. The greatest amount of wash- ing naturally occurred on cultivated lands, while lands covered with alfalfa were little affected. Recommendations are also made regarding the use of sand-binding grasses for areas covered with sand. Under similar conditions comparatively (juick returns may be obtained on planting trees suitable for post production. For this purpose catalpa, black locust, Osage orange, Carolina poplar, etc., were recommended. On the distribution of potash in cultivated soil, .7. Dumont {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 138 {1904), No. 4, i^P- 215-217). — The results of determinations of potash in the particles of different degrees of fineness in two soils are reported. These show that in one soil five-sixths of the total potash occurred in the fine parti- cles, the clay itself containing one-fifth. In the other soil seven-tenths of the potash w'as found in the coarser sand, the finer particles, and especially the clay, containing only a very small proportion. The bearing of these facts on the assimilability of the potash of the soil is Ijriefly discussed. Analyses of soils of Sao Paulo, G. d'Utra {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 4. srr., 1903, No. 12, pp. 551-5f)7). — ^Chemical analyses of 91 samples are reported. FERTILIZERS. The preservation of hen manure, C. I). Woons and J. M. B.vrtlett {Maine Sta. Bill. 9S, pp. 199-204). — A compilation of analyses of hen manure is given, with results of tests of the efficiency of various preservative materials, including kainit, plaster (gypsum), acid phosphate, and sawdust. Both kainit and acid jjliosphate prevented practically all loss of nitrogen. The gypsum was somewhat less efficient. The use of sawdust materially improved the mechanical condition of the manure. The management and value of hen manure as a fertilizer are briefly discussed. Barnyard manure, W. H. Beal {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 192, pp. 32, fi.gs. ^).— A revision of Farmers' Bulletin 21 (E. S. R., 6, p. 521). Fertilizers, A. M. INIuckenfuss {ArJcansas Sta. Bid. 81, }>p. 83-96). — This bulletin .reports analyses of fertilizers registered in Arkansas during 1904, with some general notes on the use of fertilizers. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell et al. {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 112, pp. 227-264). — Results of analyses of 161 samples of fertilizers are reported. Of these, 27 samples, "representing 24 brands and 15 firms, fell so far below the guaran- teed analyses in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, or potash, or any two or all three of these ingredients, that this could not be accounted for by variations in sampling or analysis." FIELD CROPS. 959 Licensed commercial fertilizers, F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 109, pji. 5, 9, 70).— Analyses of 17 suiin)k's of fertilizers are reported, with the text of tlie State fertilizer law. Special investigations on phosphates and the causes which modify their assimilability, C. Sc-hkeibek {Rcdierclws spccktles snr les phosphates et les causes qui modijieiit h-tir uhsorhuhU'de. Macseyck: Vanderdonck-Robyns, 1903, pp. 35, fig. 1). — Investigations extending over a series of years are reported which show that Thomas slag and mineral phosphates are more effective as fertilizers on acid peaty soils than snperphosphates. Slag gives better results than precipitated phosphate, especially on sar dy soils, and liming reduces the action of mineral phosphates but increases the assimilability of the phosphoric acid of humus soils. On the role of phosphorus in mineral deposits, L. Dk L.vunav {Compt. Rend. Acad.Scl. Paris, ISd^ {1904), No. 5, pp.SOS-310). The saline deposits of California, G. E. B.\iley {California State Mia. Bureau Bid. 24, pp. 216, fi(js. 9S, maps 5). — This is a report of a geological reconnaissance of the southeastern portion of California, and deals with the general climatic and geo- logic conditions of the Great Basin, the deposits of borates, carbonates, chlorids, and nitrates of the region, with a list of elevations, a bibliography, and an account of the California State Mining Bureau. The portion of this report relating to nitrates is of special agricultural interest. The similarity of the California nitrate beds to the Chilean deposits is pointed out. The history, location, quality, and extent of the California deposits are discussed. It is stated that nearly all the niter beds so far discovered are situated in the north- ern part of San Bernardino County, extentling across the boundary line into the southern part of Inyo County. "They are found along the shore lines, or old beaches, that mark the boundary of Death Valley as it was during the Eocene times." Chemical analyses are reported which show percentages of niter varying from 7.28 to 61.2 associated with varying quantities of sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, and iodin compounds. While it is not possible to estimate with any degree of accuracy the extent and value of these deposits, "the facts so far as obtained show the existence of quantities on a scale large enough to be of national interest. The analyses show that niter exists in some of the claims rich enough to rival the beds of Chile." The Chilean nitrate trade {Engineer, and 3Iin. Jour., 77 {1904), No. 13, p. 510) . — The total export daring 1903 is reported at 31,688,294 quintals (1,606,343.01 tons). Of this amount the United States consumed 5,914,275 quintals (299,853.74 tons). The most profitable agriculture with the cheapest manuring, H. Droop {Neue Bahnen in der Landuurthschaft, vol. 3. Lohnendster Ackerhau hei hilligster Dungung. Heidelberg: Moriell, 1903, p)p. 1X^-228, figs. 9). FIELD CROPS. Alfalfa in Alabama, J. F. Duggar {Alabama College Sta. Bui. 127, pp. 47, figs. 2). — This bulletin discusses alfalfa culture in Alabama, describes the results of experi- ments made at the station, and presents the experience of a number of alfalfa grow- ers in different parts of the State. Special mention is made of the Alabama soils adapted to the culture of this crop, and several methods of soil inoculation are outlined. Estimates from different farmers indicate that usually after the first season 4 cut- tings of alfalfa can be made, and that on good land a total of from 3 to 6 tons of hay per acre may be obtained. The first cutting is usually made about the first of May, and sometimes even earlier. The author believes that from the data at hand well-drained black bottoms and drained alluvial lime bottoms with a little sand may be regarded as first class; black, 960 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. wlielly gray, or rich chofolatt* uplands as second class; and poor, stiff red or post-oak laud and jioor gray to white ])rairie, as third-class alfalfa lauds. Tabulated results of fertilizer experiments made at the station sIidw tliat so ll)s. of nitrate of soda i)er acre, applied with the seed in the spring, was iiu-ffective, while 6 tons of stable manure per acre, applied in Fel:)ruary to fall-sown alfalfa, more than doubled the yield. In general spring and fall sown plats yielded at the rate of about 1 ton of hay per acre the iirst siuumer. A plat receiving 18 tons of stable manure per acre yielded 3.4 tons of hay per acre the tliird season after the application; and a plat given 20 bbls. of lime per a<'re, at the tiuie the manure was apj)lied to the other plat, gave practically the same yield. Large quantities of lime and manure applied together did not give an increase the third year after application as compared with either used alone. A plat of sandy soil of fair quality inoculated with earth from an old alfalfa field and treated with 1,000 lbs. of slaked lime per acre, gave a total yield for the season of 2,2(3(> lbs. of hay per acre as compared with practically nothing on the check i)lats. The general failure on all these plats was due to winterkilling. An adjacent plat sown with criuison clover at the time the alfalfa was sown yielded 6,100 lbs. of hay per acre, and produced that same season 13,000 lbs. of sorghum hay per acre. From cooperative experiments it is learned that on prairie lands an application of 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 240 lbs. of acid phosphate, with 200 or 100 lbs. of kainit per acre has given good results with alfalfa. The use of stable manure also produced good yields. Plants taken in April from plats sown the ]ireceding October showed a large sup- ply of tuljercles on inoculated and limed soil, and an aljsence of tubercles on soil neither limed nor inoculated. It has been found that earth from melilotus or bur clover fields will serve to inoculate the soil for alfalfa. From observations made during 8 years the author concludes that in central Ala- bama fall sowing of alfalfa should be done from September 15 to October 15, and spring sowing from March 1 to 20. Broadcasting 20 lbs. of seed per acre has in general given the best results at the station when the crop was grown for hay. When used for green feed small areas may be profitably drilled and cultivated. In some of the tests crab grass increased rapidly on the alfalfa plats from one cutting to another. Directions for the breeding of corn, L. H. Smith {Illinois Sta. Circ. 74, pp- ]0). — This circular briefly describes the methods followed and recommended by the Illinois Station for the imiDrovement of corn by systematic selection and breeSf(>. Rpt. 1903, pp. 1-74, (lijms. 3). — This report includes further results of previously described work (E. S. R., 14, p. 565). As in former years Lahaina and Rose Bamboo cane were grown FIELD CHOPS. 961 in connection with these experiments. The yields ol)tained with different amoiinta of irrigation water is shown in the following table: Volume of irrigation water in its relation to the yield of cane. Irrigation. One inch per week Two inches per week Three inches per week Two inches every two weeks. . . Three inches every three weeks Cane per acre, 1903. Lahaina. Pounds. 146, 362 152, 866 160, 882 141,773 115, 579 Rose Bamboo. Pounda. 118, 425 130, 157 136, 778 121,349 118, 077 Average weight of cane. 1901. Pounds. 308, 805 390, 080 285, 343 328, 657 226, 170 1903. Pou7ids. 132, 393 141,511 148, 830 131,561 116, 828 Average of 1901 and 1903. Pounds. 220,599 265, 795 217, 086 230, 109 171,499 Irrigation was discontinued when the rains were sufficient, and the volume of irrigation water as given in the table simply means the maximum quantity applied for the given period of time. Data with reference to soil moisture show that the plat receiving 1 in. of irrigation water per week contained on an average 30.84 per cent of water at 1 ft. in depth after irrigation, and 23.87 per cent before the next irri- gation. The corresponding figures for the plats receiving 2 in. per week, 3 in. per week, and 3 in. in 3 weeks were 30.62 and 26.83, 35.90 and 31.81, and 32.74 and 16.73 per cent, respectively. The highest percentage of moisture, 31 .38 per cent, was main- tained in the plat irrigated at the rate of 3 in. per week, and the lowest, 27.43 per cent, in the plat irrigated at the rate of 3 in. in 3 weeks. In 1901 the plat receiving 2 in. per week produced the largest yield, while in 1903 the plat receiving 3 in. per week gave the best yield, but the total quantity of water received by the two plats was very much the same. Lahaina cane gave the best results with 3 in. of water per week and Rose Bamboo with 2 in. A series of tables is given showing analytical results, together with the quantities of water used per acre and per pound of sugar produced. Some of the data, being the averages for the 2 varieties, are shown in the following table: Quantity of vater in its relation to the production of sugar and solid matter. Irrigation. Water used per acre. One inch per week Two inches per week Three inches per week Two inches every two weeks . . . Three inches every three weeks Gallons. 3,571,022 5, 118, 800 6, 666, 578 3, 652, 484 3, 733, 946 Sugar pro- duced per acre. Pounds. 21,911 22, 889 23,992 22, 258 19,184 Water per lb. of .«olid matter. Gallons. 39.9 58.2 71.0 41.0 46.5 Three inches of water per week furnished 57 in. of water more to the crop than 2 in. per week, and the difference in yield of sugar amounted to 1,103 ll>s. This is equivalent to a requirement of 1,403 gal. of water for every additional pound of sugar produced under the heavier irrigation. A comparison of the results with 3 in. and 1 in. of water per week shcjws that 1,487 gal. were required i)er jjound of increa.se. The author states that while the larger volumes of water gave an increase in sugar in these experiments, such increase would, under some conditions, be obtained at a loss. The water-absorptive power of the station soil is given as 40.74 per cent, and at a depth of 1 ft. the soil on the 3 in. per week plat contained on an average 77 per cent of the water it couM hold. The average results of 18 irrigations show that at 1 ft. in depth the soil contained 25.65 per cent of moisture l)efore and 28.61 per y62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cent arter irriiratiiiK- For 2 ft. in depth the corresponding figures were 29.(i7 and 31.90 per eent, and for .'-5 ft., 38.61 and 34.86 per cent, respectively. Data obtained in experiments on saline irrigation are given, and some (jf the results are presented in the following table: Irrigation experiments with salt water. Salt per Salt added Cane per Purity of Sucrose Sugar gallon. per acre. acre. juice. in cane. per acre. OrainK. Pounds. Pounds. Per cent. Per cent. Pounds. 50 14, 159 135, 075 91.46 16.2 21, 979 100 •28, 318 92, 754 91.18 16.38 15, 193 l&O 42,477 102,744 89.99 15. 22 16, 638 200 56, 636 79, 860 90.42 14.63 11, 684 These results indicate that excessive quantities of salt in irrigation water reduce the yield and lessen the availability. The juices showed a material, though dispropor- tionate, increase in chlorin as the salt was increased. In the stripping experiments reported, one plat was stripped in June, 1901, one in March and October, 1902, and another in March, August, and November, 1902. The results are summarized in the following table: Results of strljyping experiments. Number of strippings. Cane per Sucrose Sugar Density Sucrose Glucose acre. in cane. per acre. (Brix). in juice. in juice. Pounds. Per cent. Pounds. o Per cent. Per cent. 150, 950 17.14 25, 873 20. 62 19.15 0.311 1.56, 467 17.00 26, 599 20.78 19.00 .258 142,586 17.45 24, 881 21. 18 19. 50 .241 140,031 16.24 22, 741 19.82 18.15 .369 Purity. None 1 2 3 Per ct. 92.87 91.43 92. 06 91.57 These results, however, are not as yet considered conclusive or generally applicable and the experiments will be continued. A preliminary report on 21 varieties of cane shows a wide divergence in quality and yield. The density of the juice varied from 20.47 to 14.20° Brix, the sucrose from 19.15 to 11.3 per cent, the glucose from 1.58 to 0.169 per cent, and the purity from 93.32 to 79.57. In productiveness, Demarara No. 117 headed the list with a yield of 333,670 lbs. of cane and 43,010 lbs. of sugar per acre; and Badilla, a New Guinea variety, stood last with a yield of 43,560 lbs. of cane and 7,466 lbs. of sugar. Bud variation in Big Ribbon cane is used for the production of new varieties, but the results in their present state are as yet inconclusive. The character of cane from seed cane of normal Big Riblwn and several of its sports is briefly described. The results with fertilizer experiments in which the essential plant food elements are furnished in different c(jmbinations at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre are reported in exhaustive tables. These experiments are as yet incomplete, and no conclusions have been reached. In a second fertilizer experiment, begun in June, 1901, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash were each applied at the rate of 150 lbs. per acre. The test was made with Lahaina and Rose Bamboo cane harvested in April, 1903. Both varieties pro- duced the most cane from nitrogen and i^hosphoric acid with potash omitted. This plat also gave the highest yield of sugar with Lahaina, while with Rose Bamboo the plat receiving the three elements owing to a superior quality of juice gave the best yield. Lahaina responded l)etter to high fertilization than Rose Bamboo, the great- est gain in sugar w'ith Lahaina being 6,053 lbs. and with Rose Band)oo only 900 lbs. The gains from fertilization in the solid matter of the cane ranged from 3,367 to 12,488 lbs. with Lahaina and from 678 to 1, 973 lbs. with Rose Bamboo. The gain FIELD CROPS. 963 in the solid matter of the leaves with Lahaina ranged from 11,452 to 13,528 lbs. and witli Rose Bamboo from 6,32-1 to 12,521 lbs. The fertilization stimulated leaf growth in Rose Bamboo and in the case of its greatest gain in total solid matter, 14,494 lbs., 8(3 per cent was in the leaves, Avhile the corresponding gain with Lahaina was 25,614 lbs., of which only 51 per cent was in the leaves. Experiments in fertilization with 200 lbs. each of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in various comlMnations were made simultaneously with the experiments just described. These tests, made in duplicate, occupied 12 plats, 2 of which received no ferti'izer. The largest gain witii both varieties was made where the 3 elements were applied in the form of ground bone, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of jiotash. The average gain for the 2 varieties was 3, 360 lbs. of sugar. In the experiments with 100 lbs. of each element, applied in the forms of nitrate of soda, double superphos- l)hate and sulphate of potash, the average gain for the 2 varieties was 4,289 lbs. of sugar. The loss due to heavy fertilization was in some instances very material. A report on fertilization containing data to which reference has been made in the experiments al)ove noted is reproduced.' This deals largely with statistics concerning the use of fertilizers in Hawaii and the value and the application of the results o])tained at the station. The sugar cane in Egypt, W. Tiemann {Altrincliam, England: International Sugar Journal, 1D03, jrp. XI^74, pl^^- IG, jigs. 9). — This deals with general cultivation, the sugar content of the cane, tillage of the soil, manuring mediums, manuring of the sugar cane, the arrangement of field experiments, field experiments during 1897-1900. The complete story of Vineland. sweets {Amer. Agr., 73 {1904), No. 13, pp. 367, 370, figs. 2). — An account of methods observed in the culture of sweet potatoes at Vineland, N. J. In fertilizing this crop a formula is u.sed which calls for about 3 per cent of ammonia, 8 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 10 per cent of potash, and costs from $28 to $30 a ton. The cost of fertilizing an acre is about $20. The fertil- izer is scattered directly in the furrows and the rows ridged over it. Wheat growing on the Liaramie Plains, B. C. Buffum ( Wyoming Sta. Bui. GO, pp. S9,pls. 7). — A description of the Laramie Plains is given, and culture and variety tests with wheat at Laramie are reviewed. During the several years the work has been in progress (E. S. R., 11, p. 547), over 500 varieties representing different types and species have been grown. In 1902 a field of spelt yielded 2,907 lbs. per acre, amoimting to 48.5 bu. at 60 lbs. per bushel, but the weight per measured Ijushel is much lower. Polish wheat ( Tritirum polonicum) has given an average yield of 23.6 Im. per acre on the station farm; macaroni wheat ( T. durum) produced 19.2 \m. per acre in 1902, and one variety, Kubanka, yielded at the rate of 31.3 bu. per acre. Of p]gyi)tian wheat {T. compositum), the Sevenhead variety yielded 28.6 bu. per acre in a field trial. This species produced only ordinary yields and did not prove more prolific than other types of wheat. These, together with a list of varieties of common wheat (7". rulgare), have been successfully grown at an elevation of over 7,000 ft. Each species of wheat is briefly described. Of more than 150 varieties of winter wheat none was found sufficiently hardy for the locality. Winter rye lias been successfully grown. Attention is callc^l to the importance of early varieties, and those which ripen later than the lirst week in Sep- tember are not recommended. The earliest and Itest yielding varieties for a number of years are enumerated. Of 300 varieties in 1903, 60 were ripe before September 1. From all the trials made the author makes the following selection of varieties which he deems recommendable: Smooth wheals— Whiia Russian, Velvet Chaff, Scotch Fife, Saskatchewan, Nox, Jacinth, Sonora, Australian Club, Chili, Niagara, Amethyst, and Defiance; Bearded vheals — Pride of America, Doty, Soft .Australian, Chami)ion, Mos- cow, and Bearded Onyx. The adaptaV)ility of wheats to the conditions whicii obtain in tht- locality, liy means of improvement through breeding and selection, is discussed. Quite com- 964 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. plete (.lirections for tlie culture of wheat ou the l^araniie Plains and other plateau lands are given. The manuring of grass lands, A. D. Hall {Jour. Roy. Ayr. Soc. England, 64 {1903), pp. 76-109, firji^. 4). — English experiments whii'h liave been made in recent years on the possiliility of improving pasturage by different systems of manuring are suinniarized and discussed. Of the general conclusions, the following are of special interest: "It is better to lay up the same land for hay each year, grazing the aftermath onlv, and, in the same way, always to graze other land rather than graze and hay in alternate years. In this way we obtain the fullest development of those gras.ses and clovers which are suited to haying and grazing, respectively. For the same reason the system of manuring once adopted should be varied as little as possible, for even manures as similar as nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia encourage different kinds of grass. " On poor land any large expenditure on manures will be wasted; the character of the herbage must be slowly re-formed; a full manuring is only utilized when there are plenty of strong and vigorous grasses or clovers among the vegetation." The estate of Quednau, an example of modern methods of cultivation, A. Backhaus {Das Versuchsgut Quednau, ein Beisplel der Angewandten Modernen Betriebslehre. Berlin: Paid Parey, 1903, pp. 370, fig.^. 44)- — In this volume an account is presented of the opportunities offered on large agricultural estates for testing and applying modern methods of culture. Historical notes are given on the estate of Quednau. A detailed description is presented of the plan upon which the estate is laid out and of various experiments which have been organized and carried out, especially on the suljjects of fertilizers, cultivation of cereals, grasses, and roots, feed- ing animals, electro-culture, and the control of weeds and fungus diseases. HORTICULTURE. Experiment on the manuring of cabbages {County Council Northumberland, Education Com., Rpt. 1903, p. 102). — Experiments in manuring cabbages were made on soil of medium loam ironx 15 to 18 in. deep. The field had not been manured previously for 40 years. The largest number of salable heads was secured on the plat fertilized with 30 tons of barnyard manure, 225 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 650 lbs. of basic slag, and 175 lbs. of muriate of potash. Fully as good results were obtained when 300 lbs. of nitrate of soda was used in place of the 225 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia. The increased yields obtained when these fertilizers were used were 10 tons greater than when 30 tons per acre of barnyard manure was used alone. Experiment on the manuring of carrots {County Council Northumberland, Education Com., Rpt. 1903, p. 103). — The carrots were grown in rows 17 in. apart. The soil was so poor that heavy applications of manure were necessary. The best results were secured from the use of 30 tons of barnyard manure combined with 350 lbs. of slag, 110 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, and 175 lbs. of muriate of potash. The yield in this case was about 25 per cent greater than where barnyard manure alone was used. Burbank's new rhubarb {California Fruit Grower, 29 {1904), No. 822, p. 1). — A letter is (juoted from Luther Burbank in which the characteristics of his recently produced variety of rhubarb are given. This variety produces edible stalks through- out the year. Instead of the strongly acid taste of the older varieties it has a fruity flavor resembling that of the strawberry or raspberry. The plant has not yet been sufficiently multiplied to permit of its introduction to the public. Iron absorption by spinach; manuring with iron salts, O. von Czadek {Ztschr. Landw. Vrr-mchaw. Oextcrr., 7 {1904), No. 2, pp. 6,5-67). — An experiment was made to determine whether the iron content of plants could be increased by fertiliz- HORTICULTURE. 965 ing tlioni witli iron salts. Throe pots were tilled with 11.5 kg. each of earth. One IX)t received in addition 0.5 yxT cent of iron hydrate and another 2 per cent of iron hydrate. The third pot was used as a control. Spinach was grown in each pot. That in the pot containing 2 per cent of iron hydrate made a poor growth as compared with that in the other pots. The plants in all 3 pots were analyzed with reference to the amount of iron in the dry substance. Spinach grown in the control pot contained 0.03 per cent of iron; in the i)ot fertilized with 0.5 per cent of iron hydrate 0.18 ])er cent of iron, and in the pot fertilized with 2 per cent of iron hydrate 0.23 per cent of iron. It is thus seen that in both cases where iron salts were used the amount of iron in the plant was increased, although in tlu' latter case the amount of iron used was excessive and injured the growth of the plants. The results indicate that the iron content of certain j>lants may be incn-aseil, and this fact the author considers may be useful when it is desired to increase the content of iron in food used for medicinal purposes. Field culture of watermelons and muskmelons in southern Russia, N. KiTsciiUNOw {3rdlkr's Drat. Gart. Zt(j., 19 {1004), No. S, ])p. 91-'J4, Jigs. J). — An account is given of the methods observed in southern Russia in the field culture of watermelons and muskmelons, with descriptions and illustrations of a number of different varieties of each. The garden and the orchard {Bui. Maine Dcpt. Agr., S {1904), Xo. 1, pp. oS, figs. 2, dijui. 1). — This consists of a nundjer of popular articles on various phases of orcharding and gardening, with reports from the various counties of the State on the condition of crops. Report of the School of Horticulture of Nova Scotia, F. C. Sears {Halifax, y ova Scotia: School of Horticulture, 1904, PP- S2, pis. 4, fio^- S). — This is an account of the attendance and work done at the School of Horticulture located at Woifville, Nova Scotia, during the year 1903. Data are given as to meteorological conditions, fruit now growing in the orchards of the school and the results secured in the use of a number of cover crops, and on certain spraying experiments. It has been found possible to completely eradicate black knot from a plum orchard which was so seriously affected as to suggest complete eradication as the only suc- cessful remedy. In the treatment of this disease all the trees the first year were cut back so severely as to remove all the knots, and in removing each knot the limb for () inches underneath was also removed. All the trimmi;igs were then gathered and liurned. During the summer the orchard was sprayed 3 times with Bordeaux mix- ture, and in the fall the knots were again removed and ])urned. The following seascjn the kuot.s were removed as soon as they appeared, and for this purpose the orchard was gone over twice, once in July and again in August. AVhcn the wood was soft it was found possible to pare off a knot instead of cutting away the entire branch on which it grew. This treatment appears to be effective in completely cnntrolling the disease. The results with cover crops indicated that crimson clover, tares or vetches, and alfalfa are the best cover crops for that province. Crimson clover is believed especially promising. The work of the school in establishing model orcharils throughout Nova Scotia has Ijeen increased until at the present time there are 23 of these orchards. A table is given showing the number of trees of tlie different kinds of fruits i)lanted which died during the winter of 1903. Fruit trees frozen in 1904, ]M. P>. Waite ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bureaxt, of Plant Industry Bui. 51, pt. 3, pp. 7). — The author gives an account of his examination of the orchards around Marlboro and Milton on the Hudson River, and also tho.se located at South Glastonbury, Conn., with reference to the damage done to fruit buds by freezing during the winter, with suggestions as to the treatment to be fol- lowed in pruning the trees to overcome the effects of freezing. 30972— No. 10—04 3 966 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Kearly 10 i>er cent of the peach orchards visited were found to Ik- in a cDinplctoly frozi'ii condition and entirely dead. With others there was nUj^litly less injury, while about a third of the trees were only moderately frozen. The trees most injured were usually those which were planted at low elevations. The injury was <,'reatest a])ove the snow line. It is believed that all those trees on which the bark is stuck tifjlit about 2 ft. above the <;round may be expected to live, and many which have the bark i)artially loosened may recover. Moderate pruning is recommended, to be followed by good cultivation, and unless the land is in very good condition a moderate amount of fertilizer should be added. It is believed that if the buds can push out in the tops growth will extend downward, and in many cases a complete covering of new sound wood can be obtained even over the most injured part on the trunk. Such trees even with dead, black hearts have been found to produce very satisfactorily in Michigan orchards. "The aim should be, with good cultivation and fertilization, to grow the tree out of the injury. Stable manure will probal)ly answer the requirement in some cases. Nitrate of soda at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre may be preferable in other cases. The choice of the writer Mould l)e a complete fertilizer consisting of nitrate of soda, acid j)hosphate or bone meal, and muriate of potash. Such a fertilizer applied just at the time growth is starting would result in the best possible benefit from the nitrate." Japanese plums were injured to about the same extent as jieaches, and should be handled in about the same manner. Domestic plums were not injured to any great extent. Injury to grai)es was noticed to some extent, 2-year vines which reached above the snow line being apparently killed in some cases. In the nursery peach trees were frozen down to the snow line, and all that portion above the snow killed. Such stock is considered perfectly satisfactory for low-headed trees. Where the trees have less than 6 in. of live wood it may be desirable to allow one sprout to grow, and train uj) a new tree from this sprout after planting in the orchard. Japanese plums in the nursery were killed to about the same extent as peaches. They should be treated in the same way. Only a few nursery apple trees were hurt sufficiently to cause their rejection. Pear trees were found very severely damaged in the Hudson Valley, ajjparently to a greater extent than peaches. Pear trees do not possess the same ability to over- come the effects of freezing that peaches do. It is recommended, therefore, that trees under 2 or 3 years of age which are badly frozen should be cut off below the snow line and allowed to sprout. "All the sprouts that start may be permitted to grow the first year, and if a tall head is preferred they may be pinched back, except the one which is to form the new stem, when they have grown a foot or so. The foliage from these pinched shoots will help contribute to the life and vigor of the tree. In case of badly frozen bearing trees, where the tree is dead and the bark is discolored, of course, they should be dug out; but where there is any vitality left in the bark it may be well to allow the trees to remain at least the first season until it can be determined to what extent they are injured. It takes several years to bring a pear tree into bearing — at least two or three times as long as a peach tree — and one should therefore be corre- spondingly cautious in cutting down pear trees." Securing hardy apple roots, A. T. Erwin {Orange Judd Farmer, 36 {1004), ^'o. 9, p. 252). — Attention is called by the author to the serious problem of the root kill- ing of apples in the Northwest. In the East apples are propagated for the most part on French stocks. Experiments are cited in which it is shown that American stocks are much hardier in the Northwest than French stocks, and that the roots of seedling apples grown from Vermont seed are more vigorous and hardier than imported French seedling roots. Farmers are urged to save their apple seeds, especially of the varieties Duchess and Wealthy, and dispose of them to nurserymen who in general are alive to the greater value and hardiness of American stocks. HORTICULTUEE. 967 Stringfellow trees, H. W. Collingwood {Rural New Yorker, S3 {1904), No. 2824, pp. S0ractical purposes. This method of planting is rapid and cheap. The chief disad- vantages that occur to me are as follows: With the small crowbar hole you are likely to leave an air space at the bottom of the root. This will kill or stunt the tree. With a larger hole you can be sure that the soil is packed firmly around the root. While I think the tree without any side roots and packed in a small hole will root tleeper, it is better in our practice to leave stubs from 1 to 2 in. long at the side. This anchors the tree firmly in the soil. It will not be whirled about by the wind or lifted by the frost." Picking and packing apples, C. S. Crandall ( Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc, n. ser., 37 {IfiOo), pp. 575-501). — Directions are given for picking and packing apples, with statistics on results obtained from an examination of 45 barrels of apples with regard to uniformity in size of fruits, defects caused by decay, apple scab, codling moth, and curculio. The apple package, J. C. Blair {Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc, n. ser., 37 {1903), pp. 14.)-168). — The author collected a large number of packages of apples as put upon the market from a number of different sections of the United States. The measure- ments of these are given and the methods observed in packing described. In addi- tion, a discussion is given of tlie relative value of boxes and barrels in marketing apples, and many quotations taken from trade publications are given. The results are also given of experiments made at the experiment station at Urbana in packing apples in boxes and selling in the Chicago market. Relative to the value 04), Xo. 2, pp. (;S-74)- — The fruit of the dog rose {lio.sa caniixi) , which is sometimes used in presiTves, was analyzed l)y the author with reference to food constituents of the fruit and mineral matter in the ash. Samples of these fruits were obtained in diff(>reut years and in a numln'r of different localities, and the results of the analyses of tiiese are tabulated. Averaging the data the results appear as follows: Water 32 per cent, extract 30 per cent. The dried fruit contained 6 per cent of albumin, 5 per cent of acid, 3.5 per cent of tannin, IS per cent of sugar, and 3 per cent of ash. Attention is called to the fact that the more common orchard fruits seldom contain more than 0.5 per cent of ash. The lime and ash of the dog fruit varied from 23. IS to 29.41 per cent, the pot- ash from 2 to 4.5 p(>r cent, and the phosphoric acid averaged al)out 9.4 per cent. An experiment in shading strawberries, O. M. Taylor and V. A. Clark [Neiv York Stale Sla. Bid. 24'}, 2'P- 35-58, jds. 2). — An account is given of the growing of strawberries under shade for two seasons in three different localities in New York. The material used for shading was a thin kind of cheese cloth known as "Bombay." It cost about 4 cts. a yard, and when sewed together and hemmed, with rings attached for securing it, the first cost was at the rate of about $350 per acre. The cover was stretched about 20 in. above the ground. A heavier grade of cloth was used in one experiment. A record is given showing the temperature of the air underneath the cloth and outside, cloudiness, and evaporation. Generally speaking, the temperature of the air underneath the cloth was a little higher than outside. This was especially true on bright, sunshiny days. For the whole period the temperature underneatli the cloth averaged 2.S° higher than outside. The temperature of the soil averaged 1.4° warmer in the morning and 1° warmer at night under the cover than outside. The ground was slightly more moist and the air more humid underneath the cloth than outside. The cloth tempered the severity of the wind so that when a stiff breeze wa.s blowing outside there was not enough wind xmder the cover to move a sheet of jiaper lying on the ground. The intensity of light was consideral)]y modified l)y the covering, while the evaporation was diminished al)Out half, the figures for 19 days being an evaporation of 5 J in. in the open and 22 in. underneath the cover. The strawberry plants developed normally underneath the shade. This was especially marked during the dry season of 1903, when many plants in the open were killed or seriously injured. As the result of a heavy frost it was observed that many of the leaves and all of the buds of any size not under the cover were dead, while underneath the shade none of the leaves were injured. The injury to the buds of Wilson and Ilaverland was as follows: With Wilson only 8.6 per cent ot the buds shaded were injured, while 80 per cent of those not shaded were injured; with Ilaver- land (j.5 per cent of the shaded buds werc^ injured, while of those not shaded 89.4 per cent were injured. Shading a})i)eare(l to slightly increase the susceptibility of straw- berry plants to leaf blight, and in one case more mildew was observed under the shade than outside. Pollination of the jilants was as complete underneath the covering as outside. As regards the yield, only when thin cheese cloth shade was employed was there anv increase. With the heavier giade ol cloth there was a marked decrease in yield with every variety grown, and in no case was the increase in yield sufficient to com- 970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pensate for the cost of tlie shade. In the case of the lighter grade of cheese cloth there was a considerable increase in the size of the l)erries obtained; hnt with the heavier grade no difference was fibserval)lo in the size of the berries grown under- neath tlie cloth and outside. With the lighter cloth 18 (jts. picked underneath the canvas contained 1,102 V)erries, while 13 qts. picked outside contained 1,452 berries, which shf>ws that the l)erries Avere about 15 per cent larger from the shaded i)lants. The shaded berries appeared to be a little brighter and glossier than thf)se grown outside, l)nt the difference was not marked. The texture of the berries was not noticeably different except in the case of Marshall, which appeared to be softer and more melting in the mouth than those grown outside. Shaded Ridgeway berries were also softer than those grown outside, and their shipping cjuality was injured. Analyses were made of berries grown under shade and those grown in the open. The following table shows the comparative composition of the two sorts: Acid and sugar content of sJiaded and unshaded strawberries. Acid as malic acid. Sugar as invert sugar. Marshall: Per cent. 1.38 1.27 1.64 1.59 Per cent. 6.54 Shaded ...... 6 11 Ridgeway: Not shaded ^ 6.35 Shaded 5 56 From the data given in the above table it is seen that the shaded berries, while slightly less acid than those grown in the open, also contained a smaller i)ercentage of sugar. In conclusion the authors discuss the effects of shading on plants in general, and the general applicability of shading as a cultural practice. It is believed that shading as a horticultural practice is likely to be most useful in localities having a high per- centage of sunshine, a rather light rainfall, and considerable Avind with a consequent high rate of evaporation. These conditions are most prevalent in much of the Southwest. Shading- strawberries, F. H. Hall, O. M. Taylor, and V. A. Clark {New York State Sta. Bui. 246, popular ed., pp. S, fig. 1). — A popular summary of the aVjove bulletin. Some experiments in ring-ing- the Zante, A. J. Perkins {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 7 {1904), No. 7, 2>p- 383-3S5, figs. 3) . — Attention is called to the defect- ive healing of the wounds made when Zante currant vines are ringed and the wounds left exposed to the direct rays of the sun. It was believed that if the wounds were covered over they would heal better. Experiments were therefore made in covering the wounds with grafting wax, bandaging over with a strip of waxed calico, and coating with wax and then bandaging over with waxed calico. Three weeks after the operations were performed the wounds that had been simply waxed had begun to callus over, while those that had been bandaged had completely healed. No difference was observed between the healing of the wounds that had been simply bandaged and those that had been both waxed and bandaged. As the setting and development of the fruit was equally good on all vines, and as the injury resulting Irom the wounds which healed over rapidly must have been less serious than where they healed over more slowly, as was the case when the wound was left uncovered, the practice of bandaguig is strongly recommended. It is believed that in ringing by this method a girdle of bark I to \ in. in width may be safely removed if immediately bandaged with waxed cloth. It is considered easier to make this comparatively wide girdle and bandage it than to make a very narrow girdle and not bandage. HORTICULTURE. 971 The effects of grafting on grapes, L. Daniel and C. Laurent [Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 7 {1004), No. 9, pp. 293, 294). — Some notes are given on the changes observed in the structure of the leaves of vines as a result of grafting. Analyses arc^ also given of wines obtained from grapes of the same varict}- grafted on Rupcstis du Lot and on 41R ]\Iillardet. From the data given the authors conclude that the wine obtained from grafted vines differs sensibly from the wine obtained from vines that have not been grafted. The variations of the different constituents are dependent upon tlie nature of the varieties. End-to-end grafting of vines. Tests at Elsenburg, F. T. P>ioLErrr {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, J4 {1904), j^o. 3, pp. 330-335, fig^. 4)- — iii experiments at the college it has been found that a skillful grafter could make 300 end-to-end grafts per hour, while by the method of tongue grafting, usually employed, 100 grafts per hour was rapid work. Studeiits who had never grafted before were able to make but 15 tongue grafts with grapes, while by the end-to-end method they averaged 120 grafts per hour. Wlien grape grafts made by the 2 methods were set in the tield there was hut little p. 155-242). — Analyses are given of a large number of wines grown in the different parts of Ciermany in the years 1900 and 1901. The locality irom which the wine was made, the variety of grapes used, and the character of the soil on which (he grapes grew are given in each instance. The Jordan and the almond industry, F. Gh.let {Pacific, Rand Presa, 67 {1904), A\>. 9, pp. 132, 133). — The author has jdanted, in cooperation with this Department, anund)er of .lordan almond trees and distributed propagating wood to a large munber of growers in California. He hasalso collected information on the amount of almonds imported into the United States from various countries, the comparative weight of nuts and kernels of different varieties of almonds, and other information on the planting of Jordan alrnonds and its probable adaptability to California conditions. The Jordan almond is principally used for sugared and blanched almonds. It is imported into this country almost entirely as shelled almonds. There are (5 grades, varying in size from the first grade or "iMammoth" to the si.xth or smallest grade, known as "Donkeys." it refpiires about 75 Jordan almonds for a pound. These contain about '^\ oz. of kernel. It is thus seen that it requires about 4 lbs. of Jordan almonds to produce 1 lb. of shelled kernels; while with the Nonpareil variety, which contains about 240 nuts per pound, 2 lbs. will produce a pound of shelled almonds. The author has found the Jordan the earliest variety of almond to bloom on the Tacific coast. It is believed there will always be a demand for this variety, though the quality may not be quite as good as that of the imported nuts. Tliis, however, is a matter whicii is still to be determined. Trees and fruit in North Dakota, C. B. Walouon {North Dakota ,'^la. Pal. 59, ]>p. 355-3S5, Jig!<. 7). — The value of trees and shrubs al)Out the home for ornamenta- tion is pointed out, as well as tlu^ necessity of windbreaks of shrubs and trees for growing fruit in North Dakota. Methods of planting trees, size and cost of trees, best methods of cultivation, and the kind of trees most useful for planting in North 972 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Dakota, aw discusseil. Trees plaiittMl for groves sliould be spaced about 2 ft. apart in tlic row, witli the rows about 8 ft. apart. The elm, ash, and l)asswood may l)e used for i)ermanent trees; while trees like the box elder, which makes a quick growth, may be used simply as nurse trees. Every otlier tree in the row should be a nurse tree. Other timber trees successful in North Dakota are the silver maple, white willow, golden Russian willow, burr oak, white i)oplar, hackberry, and American white birch. Directions are given for planting trees in lawns and along streets, and for tin; best methods of j)runing. The best methods of growing and pruning ornamental and i)rotective liedges are discus.sed, and also the various kinds of shrubs and tret^s which may be used fortius purpose. The golden Russian willow is considered especially satisfactory for hedges, since it grows readily from cuttings and is very ornamental, and when desired will develop sufficiently to furnish protection for stocik. StrawT)erries have been successfully grown nearly every year since the station windbreaks have grown large enough to afford protection. For this fruit the shelter should be along the south, as destructive winds come from that quarter. Of the strawberries which have been grown the heaviest yielding varieties mentioned in the decreasing order of their productiveness are Warfield, Tennessee, Prolific, Emperor, Senator Dunlap, Sam{)le, Wm. P>elt, P>eder Wood, Drouth King, and New York. A very large nundter of wild plums are growing at the station, and these lia\(' jii-oved a very satisfactory fruit. Some Russian apples have been grown, and in addition Lyman Prolilic;, Wealthy, Patten Greening, and several crabs as well as other varieties of apples. Apples appear to do best Avhen headed very low. Trees which are headed right at the ground after tiie original tree has been killed back often prove the most profitable. In .setting out trees in Dakota it appears desirable to plant them from 6 in. to a foot dee]ier than they grew in the luirsery. It is not thought advisable to attempt to grow ai)ples without a shelter belt on the south and west side of the orchard. Two- year-old trees, or even root gi'afts, are believed most suitable for setting out in the orchard. Trees and shrubs for shade and ornament, F. Cranefield ( Wisconsin iSta. Jyiil. 108, pp. f;o, fi(jK. 47). — The author discusses the characteristics and value of a large number of trees and shrubs which may be grown for shade and ornament in Wis- consin. Numerous illustrations are given showing the various effects which may be obtained in using different trees and shrubs. The apjiendix contains lists of the deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs which have been tested at the station and found satisfactory, as well as a list of those which have been found unsatisfactorj'. In addition, a list is given of native shrubs desirable for planting on home grounds, and tal)les showing the comparative height at maturity of different shrul)s. Forcing' lilacs after preliminary etherization, G. Bellaiu {llcr. Ilort. [Paris'], 76 {1904), No. 4, P- S4)- — In the experiments here noted lilacs etherized for 89 hours flowered 17 days after putting in the forcing house. Snowballs ( Vihtirnum opulus sterllis) etherized for the same period attained full flower development 25 days after jjutting in the forcing house. In these experiments the lilacs were forced at a tem- perature of 25° C. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Potato experiments in 1903, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bui. OS, pp. 181-192).— The experiments reported in this bulletin include a variety test of resistance to blight, study .of the effect of Bug Death and Paris green on healthy potatoes and the use of prepared and quick lime in the preparation of Bordeaux mixture. Several rows of a number of varieties of potatoes were planted, a few of each variety being sprayed with Paris green to kill potato beetles and the other half being si)rayed with Bor- deaux mixture and Paris green. The latter ai)plication was made six times during the season. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 973 The results of those experiments are presented in tabular form. It was found that there was a marked difference in the resisting power of different varieties to blight. As a rule early varieties were first attacked. The yield from early varieties was about tlie same whether dug in September or October, while the yield of late varie- ties was greatest when dug at the latter date. The yield was sutRciently increased to more than repay the cost of spraying. Bug Death at the rate of 25 pounds per acre for each application was sufficient to destroy the potato beetles, but no larger yields were ol)tained when this material was used than when the potatoes were sprayed with Paris green. It was found that j>repared lim(> was more convenient to use than lump lime. The cost per pound was greater, but its use caused a saving in time. Studies in potato rosette, II, A. D. Sei.hv {Ohio Sta. Bui. 14,5, pp. 15-2S,figs. 4)- — In continuation of a leport on potato rosette (E. S. R., 15, p. 268), an account is given of experiments conducted in 1903 for the prevention of this disease. Rosette seems to be almost universal in its occurrence on early potatoes, causing from 5 to 25 per cent of the plants to be diseased. The preliminary experiments with formalin for the prevention of this disease were so promising that they were continued and comparisons made with formalin, sodium sulphid, lime, potassium suli)hid, and corrosive sul)limate. Three varieties of potatoes were used in the experiments, the conditions of the different lots being made the same as nearly as possible. Summing up the results, the author says that they are somewhat variable where the tul)ers were planted on badly infected soil, but strongly marked and decisive where planted on uncontaminated soil. The results obtained do not show any great difference between the efficiency of sodium sulphid and formalin as a means of treat- ing the seed tubers, yet the simplicity of the formalin treatment is decidedly in its favor. Investigations in rotation have sliown that a three-crop rotation of potatoes is not sufficient for the elimination of this disease. The author recommends for the pre- vention of potato rosette that all seed potatoes be treated l)efore planting ])y immers- ing them for 2 hours in a solution of formaliji containing 1 lb. of formalin in 80 gal. of water. A brief description is given of tomato rosette and a rosette disease of lettuce, both of whicli are to be the subject of future investigation. Leaf spot of tobacco, C. J. Koning {Bladvlekken op Tubal-. ylm.'l. 1). — The appearance of this disease is briefly desc^ribed and notes given on its distribution. The author observed that infection frecjuently took place through injuries in the leaves caused by the rubbing of leaves together during winlos- soms and fruit twigs and on lemon twigs, as well as lemon spot on ripe lenions and canker on limes. These various troubles nmst, therefore, be considered as different forms of the same disease. The disease occurs in Florida, West Indies, South America, Australia, and Malta, and causes extensive injuries in some localities. Infection apparently takes place at the tip of twigs or at the edge of the leaf. Fruit infection may be due to bruising the skin. The lime is the most seriously attacked of the various citrus trees. Notes are given on the dangers of infection in lemons while in the coloring house or color- ing bed. The measures to be adopted in preventing the disease depend upon its form. For lemon spot, sulphur spray is reconmiended as well as ainmoniacal solution of copper carJjonate. Lime trees may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. In isolated trees affected twigs may be cut out and destroyed. Beneficial results may also be obtained from thorough cultivation and from the use of fertilizers which contain plenty of potash. A Glceosporium rot of cherries, A. Osterwalder {Centhl. Ball. u. Par., 2. Abt., 11 [1903), No. 6-7, pp. 225, 226, pi. 1). — A brief account is given of a disease of both red and black cherries, which is said to be due toa species of Gkieosporium. The fungus produces a very characteristic appearance upon the fruit and develops a con- spicuous stroma beneath the epidermis. The mycelium is colorless. A technical descrii:)tion of the organism is given, and it is compared with G. frwUijinnun and G. versicolor which are probably identical, as shown by the investigations of several authors. Infection experiments showed that spores introduced into cherries pro- duced the characteristic spots within 5 to 10 days. liBctures on the diseases of the sugar cane, L. Lewton-Brain {Imp. Dept. Ayr. West Indies, Pamphlet 29, 1904, i)p. 51, jig. 1). — A series of lectures delivered before the Barbados Agricultural Society, in which the structure and functions of the various parts of the sugar-cane plant are described, and the effects produced by fungi and other agents in destroying the normal activities of the plant are shown. Following the preliminary statements, three of the more destructive cane diseases are described and suggestions given for combating them. Those described are the rind disease, due to Trichosphxria sacchari, the pineapple disease caused by Tliielavi- ojisis rthaceiicus, and the root disease caused by Marasmius sacchari. Care in selecting seed cane, cultivation, and rotation where the disease has gained a foothold are rec- ommended, as well as treatment of the cuttings with Bordeaux mixture before planting. The use of this fungicide for preventing attacks of the pineapple disease has given good results. Where the fungi have become well established all diseased canes, trash, etc., should be rigorously destroyed by burning. ENTOMOLOGY. Third report of the State entomologist, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sia- Rpt. 1903, pt. 3, pp. 199-286, pis. 8, figs. 16). — A copy is presented of the insect pest law of the State of Connecticut and notes are given on the organization of the office of the State entomologist, publications of this office, and inspection of nurseries, li is hinted that a compulsory fumigation law is contemplated. The nurseries in Con- necticut are said to be in about the same condition as during the season of 1902. A general review is presented of insect conditions during the year under report, with special reference to plant life, scale insects, tent caterpillars, elm-leaf beetles, etc. ENTOMOLoar. 975 Directions are given for sending insects by mail and a tabulated list is presented of insects and other pests received by the State entomologist for identification, liulk'tins 14:^ of the station (E. S. R., 15, p. 58) and 144 (E. S. R., 15, p. 594) are reprinted. Brief notes are also given on apple aphis, pear psylla, onion thrips, currant borer, cabbage l)utterfly, PJwngodes laticoUis, etc. Fourth report of the State entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, J. L. Phillips {Virginin Ski. Spec. Bid., 1903, pp. 63, figs. 13). — A copy is given of the amended crop-pest law of Virginia and of the rules and regulations which define the duties of the State entomologist. The neld work during the 2 years (1901-1903) covered by this report included the inspection of nurseries and orchards for the purpose of learning the extent and severity of infestation by the San Jose scale and various insecticide operations in combating this insect. The chief insecticides used were kerosene emulsion, whale- oil soap, and lime-sulphur wash, from all of which satisfactory results were obtained. Recommendations are made concerning the formulas for use in preparing these insecticides. Brief notes are also given on natural enemies of the San Jose scale and on crown gall of apples. Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface {Pennsylvania State Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Div. ZooL, 1 {1904), No. 11-12, pp. 64, ph. S, figs. 9).— Notes are given on methods of preventing various plant diseases and on injurious insects such as San Jose scale, scurfy scale, oyster-shell bark-louse, apple-tree tent caterpillar, etc. Mention is made of the natural enemies of these insects and most efficient means for combating them. Brief notes are also given on bee keeping, spring frosts, and migration of native birds. Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface {Pennsylvania State Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Div. Zoo/., 2 {1904), No. 1, pp. 3£, pis. 4, fig-^- ;:?).— Brief notes on injuries to trees by freezing, mice, and rabbits. Mention is also made of more important injurious insects of the month of May, methods of poisoning cut worms, destruction of apple-tree borers, and San Jose scale. Directions are also given for the preparation of various insecticides. Annual report for 1903 of the zoologist, C. Warburton {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 64 {1903), pp. 310-327, figs. 7). — Biological and economic notes are given on a number of fruit pests and forest insects. These include the currant gall-mite, raspberry moth, willow weevil, and several species of insects injurious to oak, pine, elm, and l)eech. Entomological notes, 0. Fuller {Natal Agr. Jour, and Mln. Rec, 7 {1904), No. 2, pp. 121-128, figs. 11). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of Sesamia frisca, Avhich is reported as very injurious to corn, and also on the bollworm, cut- worms, and gallworms on potatoes. Recommendations were also made regarding the methods of controlling these pests. Report of observations made by the Entomological Department of the State Agricultural Institute in 1903, Poskin {Bui. Agr. [Brussels'], 20 {1904), No. 1, pp. 56-66) . — A general review is presented regarding the entomological con- ditions during the season 1903. The author pays particular attention to a discussion of the hal)its, life history, and means of combating Gryllotalpa vulgaris, Harpalus ruficornis, and a number of strawberry insects, including crane flies, white grubs, wireworms, cutworms, and Otiorhynchiis sulcatus. Report on injurious insects for 1903, W. M. Scn0VEN {Bcretning om Skadein- sekirr og Plantesygdonune 1 1903. Cliristiania: Gronduhl & Sons, 1903, pp. 36, figs. 26). — As usual in the author's annual reports, notes are given on the prevalence of a vari- ety of injurious insects and fungus disea.ses. These pests are classified according to the plants which they most affect. Special attention is given to the insect pests of cereals, grasses, peas, cabbage, potatoes, celery, fruit trees, forest trees, and orna- mental plants. Detailed notes are given on the injuries to strawberries caused by a nematode worm {Aphelenclms fragariu) . 976 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Report on the work of the section for plant protection, 1902-3, C. Brick {litr. Ti'tt. Aht. I'fUmzcmchutz, Ilnmhurci, i;i02-3, pp. 10). — l)nrinrovided the wheat is sown between October 6 and 15. When the insect attacks the wheat in the spring, however, it appears desirable to apply a cheap inse(;ticide, such as kerosene emulsion (4 times) or Bordeaux nuxture. The harlequin cabbage bug, F. Sherman, Jr. {North Carolina Dept. Agr., Ent. Circ. 6% pp. 7, Jig. 1). — Notes are given on the habits, life history, and means of com- bating this pest. The author recommends the use of trap croi^s, hand-picking of insects, late planting, and clean culture. Some experiences with lime, sulphur, and salt washes. Two coninion scale insects, C. O. Houcuiton {Dekavare 8la. Bid. 64, pp. 33-48, ph. 3). — A test was made with boiled and unboiled lime-sulphur-salt washes in 2 localities in the State. Several fonnulas were used in the preparation of the washes. When the wash was made without l)oiling it was prejiared according to the following formula: Lime 10 lbs., sulphur 5 lbs., caustic soda 1} lbs., water 15 gal. This wash gave good results, but on the whole was not as satisfactory as the lime-sulphur-salt wash in experiments at Newark. In experiments at Felton, Elberta peach trees 6 to 7 years old were sprayed just before the buds opened. No injury was done to the trees and practically no differ- ence was observed in the results pnxluced by the boiled and unboiled mixtures. It is recoujuiended that the mixture be ap])lied warm, since the best strength is obtained at that time. The wash is immediately cooled upon being broken up into fine par- ticles by the nozzle and does not come in contact with the tree in a warm condition. If allowed lo stand for a few hours, however, the solution becomes considerably weakened and the formation of yellow sliver-like crystals takes place. A test was also made to determine the proper length of the period of boiling. This period has varied in different experiments from 40 minutes to 4 hours or more. As a result of the autlior's experiments it was concluded that nearly all of the sulphur can l)e dissolved within 15 minutes, and a ^leriod of 15 to 30 minutes is reconnnended as giving as good results as a longer period of boiling. The author also recommended that not too much copper sulphate be added to the lime-suli)hur wash. 978 EXPERIMKNT STATION RECORD. Notes are given on the lial)its, life his^tory, and means of eoni))atiiig oyster-shell bark-lonjse ami wnirfy bark-louse. Nursery inspection and San Jose scale, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 110, 2>p. 195-210, j)lx. 5, jUj. 1). — This pest is said to have increased considerably in distri- bution throughout Kentucky during the past 2 years. Notes are given on its present distrilmtion in the State. The author presents a general account of the most satis- factory methods of treating tins insect. The preparation of the; lime-suli)hur-salt ■wash is described, with notes on various formulas for this insecticide. Early winter is said io l)e the best time to spray. Notes are also given on the cost of luaterials and labor in spraying with this wash, on the use of oil soaps, and on fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. A brief description is given of power pumps and steam cookers. Mention is made of the more important insect and fungus diseases which have thus far been found to occur in Kentucky nurseries. It is recommended that all nursery stock suspected of being infested with San Jose scale should be fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas. Experiments on the control of the San Jose scale, T. B. Symons {Maryland Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 34, figs. 4) • — A general account is given of the introduction of the San Jose scale in Maryland, its distribution, habits, and life history. A series of experiments was conducted in combating this insect with various insecticides applied in spring, summer, and early and late fall. The results of these experiments are presented in a tabular form. From a study of the experiments it is concluded that whale-oil soap can be applied as a summer treatment in strengths varying from 1 lb. to 2 gal. of water to 1 lb. to 1 gal. of Mater, without danger to the foliage of apple or peach trees. Only the unprotected insects, however, are killed by this treatment. For summer treatment a 20 per cent kero- sene emulsion with soap gave most satisfactory results, while 20 to 25 per cent lime- kerosene emulsion was almost equally effective. Oregon wash was effective but injured the foliage. Similar results were obtained with crude-petroleum emulsion. All of the early fall applications were effective against the scale, but injured the foliage to some extent. Kerosene emulsion appeared to be the best insecticide for that season of the year. Lime-sulphur-salt wash appeared to be the best remedy for application in November and December. The treatment most strongly recommended by the author is the application of this remedy in the spring just before the buds begin to swell. The wash is about equally effective with or without salt. The lime-sulphur-soda wash for orchard treatment, P. J. Parrott, S. A. Beach, and H. 0. Woodworth {New York Stale Sta. Bui. 241, pp. 59-81, figs. 4)- — The purposes of the experiments reported in this bulletin were to determine the comparative merits of 1 application of sulphur wash in the dormant season (supple- mented or not with Bordeaux arsenical mixtures), the usual applications of the Bordeaux arsenical mixtures, the value of the sulphur wash in combating scale and other insects as well as fungus diseases, and the extent to which sulphur wash can be used in replacing Bordeaux arsenical mixtures. The number of trees upon which the experiments were made was 1,440, consisting of apple, plum, pear, peach, quince, and cherry. The formulas used in the prepara- tion of Bordeaux arsenical mixture and lime-suli^hur-caustic-soda wash are given. The application of the sulphur wash was made between March 25 and April 29. The sulphur wash apparently destroyed from 60 to 80 per cent of scales on apple trees and was rather more effective on peach, plum, and pear trees, most of the branches of which were entirely cleared of scales. In a comparative test of the Bordeaux arsen- ical mixture and sulphur wash in the treatment of codling moth the sound fruit from trees treated with Bordeaux arsenical mixture averaged 98.6 per cent, while that from trees treated with sulphur wash amounted to 75.1 per cent. The application of sulphur wash appeared to reduce greatly the injuries of the early spring leaf-eating ENTOMOLOGY. 979 caterpillars. On sprayed trees 13.9 per cent of the leaves and 9 per cent of the apples were injured, while on unsprayed trees 71.7 of the leaves and 50 per cent of the fruit were injured. The experiments with limc-sulphur-caustic-soda wash indicate that the wash pre- pared in this w-ay may not give as uniformly good results in the treatment of scale insects as does the common linie-sulphur-salt wash prepared by boiling. The wash proved to be beneficial not only in destroying the insects already mentioned, but in preventing the development of peach leaf-curl and apple scab. The wash is there- fore considered to have valuable fungicidal properties. Sulphur sprays for orchard trees, F. II. Hall et al. {New York Slate Sla. Bui. 247, popular ed., pp. 11, Jhjs. ;.^). — A popular summary of the above bulletin. Experiments with sulphur sprays for the fall treatment of the San Jose scale, F. J. Parrott and J. S. IIousek {Ohio Sla. Bui. 144, pp- 13, ph. 4). — Since sprays containing sulphur seemed to promise good results when used in the fall, a number of experiments were made by the authors to test the value of these remedies when thus applied. In experiments with lime-suliihur-salt wash an onthard was selected which contained 41 peach and 57 i>lum trees. The wash contained 15 lbs. each of lime, sulphur, and salt per 50 gal. of water, and was boiled for 1 hour. The results of the application were not immediately manifested, but became apparent during the following season. More new wood and more foliage was pro- duced upon the sprayed than upon the control trees. The San Jose scale appeared to be practically exterminated as the result of spraying the peach trees. On the plum trees, however, less satisfactory results were obtained. The Oregon wash was tested on peach and plum trees; the formula used contained 15 lbs. of lime, 15 lbs. of sulphur, and Ih lbs. of copper sulphate per 50 gal. of water. As a rule the trees were much lienefited by the treatment. A soda-sulphur Avash containing 20 ll)s. of lime, 10 lbs. of sulphur, 10 lbs. of salt, and 5 lbs. of caustic soda per 50 gal. of water, was api^lied to a number of apple trees. This wash appeared to have little effect in destroying the scale. The formula for the lime-sulphur-salt wash preferred by the authors contains 50 lbs. each of lime, sulphur, and salt per 150 gal. of water, and it is recommended that the mixture be boiled for 1 hour. In fall spraying it is recommended that the application be made as soon as the majority of the leaves have fallen. Some results with the lime and sulphur washes in Ohio, A. F. Burge.ss {Proc. >Soe. Prom. Agr. ScL, 1904, PP- 134-141, pl- 1)- — Experiments were carried on in Ohio during which apple, peach, and pear trees were sprayed with the California and Oregon washes. These treatments were compared with treatment by means of kerosene oil. Formulas are given for the preparation of the washes, together with notes on the cost of materials. The sulphur washes were applied March 14 to 20. The results of these experiments indicate clearly that the lime and sulphur wash is the most satisfactory winter treatment for the San Jose scale. It may be applied at anytime after the leaves have fallen and is ajiplied more easily if diluted with hot water. The wash has no ajipreciable effect upon the trees and destroys nearly all of the scale insects. It was also observed that peach leaf-curl was almost entirely {irevented by the application of the lime-sulphur wash. The mulberry scale (Diaspis pentagona), O. Leonardi {Bol. R. Scuola Sape- r lore Agr. Portici, 2. ser., 1003, No. S, pp. :?3,Jigs. J). — This scale inse(;t is described in detail in all its stages, and notes are given on its life history. The female scales and young larvaj are most injurious. In combating the pest the author recommends the exercise of strict precaution in quarantining trees received from infested localities, the destruction of badly infested trees, and spraying with kerosene emulsion and emulsions made of heavy tar oils. Copies are given of municipal decrees regarding means of combating this insect, and a list of infested localities is added. The scale disease of the carob tree, P. Gennadius {Cyprus Jour., 1 {1904), No. 980 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ~i PP- -^> ^)- — Notes are given on the habits, Hfe history, and means of combating a number of scale insects which occur in the carob tree in Cyprus. The most impor- tant scale insects on this tree are Lecanium ceratoniae, Mytalaspis ceralonise, Aspidiotus ccrU. 20, fig. 1). — In this volume the author has brought together a series of 4 articles on the Coccid.f of Kansas. A brief introduction on the study of scale insects is added and also an index. "Winter spraying for the apple aphis, J. M. Aldkuii {Idalio SUt. Bid. 40, pp. 273-2SS, fig. l). — Two species of apple aphis are noted as occurring in Idaho, viz, A]>his sorfn and A. pomi. The latter is the only one which is sufficiently common to be of economic importance. It apparently does not occur in Idaho upon any wild shrubs or plants. The eggs in this State are laid in October and November and hatch toward the last of April. Spraying experiments Avere carried out for the purpose of finding, if possible, a satisfactory treatment for the winter eggs. In these experiments the following sub- stances were used: Pure kerosene, kerosene emulsions of different strengths, sulphur and lime made by different formulas, and a 10 ])er cent crude-petroleum emulsion. The application of these insecticides was made on April 16 and an examination of the orchard on May 7 indicated that the most successful remedy was the sulphur- lime wash in 1:1:4 proportion. Pure kerosene injured the trees, but destroyed all the eggs. Kerosene emulsion injured the foliage somewhat and did not kill all of the eggs. In case of slight infestation or small trees the eggs may be destroyed by crushing with the hand or by dipjiing the branches in a pail nearly full of a quassia and whale-oil soap solution, or a similar insecticide. The woolly aphis, C. Fuller (N(dal Agr. Jour, and Min. Rcc, 7 {1904), Xo. 3, pp. .241-:24i), pi. l,figs. 3). — The author discusses the habits and life history of this insect with especial reference to the injury which it causes to apjile trees. In com- bating the aerial form of the pest, the author recommends kerosene emulsion; for the underground form, tobacco dust and hot water have proved effective. Means of combating rose aphis, A. Hempel {Bol. Agr. Sao Paido, 4- sir., 1903, No. 12, pp. 558, 559). — Brief notes are given on the use of sheep dips, creolin, kerosene emulsion, etc., in destroying SipJionopJiora rosse. Two enemies of orange trees, A. Hempel (Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 5. ser., 1904, No. 1, pp. 10-21, figs. 5).— Descriptive and economic notes are given on Aleurodes cUri and A. horridus. The usual treatments which have proved successful in combating these insects are recommended and notes are given on the parasitic insects and fungus diseases which assist in controlling the pests. Experiments in the control of the olive fly, A. Berlese (Bol. Uffic. Min. Agr., hid. e Com. lliome'], 2 (1904), No. 1, pp. 46-75). — A detailed account is given of the distribution and injuries caused by this fly in Apulia. The injurious attacks of various scale insects are also described, especially those of Lecanium olex. The injuries due to scale insects are sometimes attributed to the olive fly. In controlling the latter species, the author recommends the destruction or insecticidal treatment of infested olives, together with the use of arsenical sprays. Lysol and its use in controlling the phylloxera ( Chron. Agr. Canton Yaud. 17 {1904), No. G, pp. 203-205). — Attention is called to the exceedingly satisfactory results Avhich have followed the use of lysol in controlling phylloxera. 'Several badly infested vineyards have been entirely freed from this pest by spraying the trunks of the grapevines for three seasons. The chief advantage in this method consists in the fact that the winter eggs of the insect are destroyed and this obviates the necessity of applying treatment to the underground form of the insect. The grape leaf hopper (Typhlocyba comes), M. V. Slingerland {N. Y. Cor- nell Sta. Bui. 215, pp. 82-102, pis. 9, figs. 4). — This insect appeared in unusually large KNTOMOLOGY. 981 iuiiuIhts, especially in the C'luiutiui((iui grui)e ilistrict iu 1!)()1 and 11102. Tlu- jKst is a native Anicri<:'aii speeies and is widely distril)uted thronS' Lands Plantenluin, 1904, A'o. 67, pp. 105, ph. 4, f^O^- 54). — In this report a number of diseases and physiological conditions of coffee and other plants are discussed. Considerable attention is given to an account of a red pith disease caused ])\ the attacks of Pentatomd pleheja. This insect attacks the leaves and other parts of vari- ous varieties of coffee as well as other i)Iants. The method of making punctures in tiie plant tissues was carefully studied with the result that the lesions caused by these punctures are described in detail. The cell structures of the plants die in the immediate neighborhood of the puncture and lead to the formation of red spots in the leaves and pith. The common name of the disease is derived from this fact. A general account is given of the fungi which occur in and on coffee plants with brief notes on their importance and means of combating them. The more important species mentioneil in the account are Ifeniilcla va.'ftatrix, GUrosporium coffeamim, Cer- ajspord coffelcola, etc. Under certain conditions. the flowers of the coffee plant fail to develop normally. These conditions were investigated by the author and notes are given on the causes and means of preventing this trouble. An account is also presented of the variations iu form of the fruit of Coffea liberiat. The author also discu&ses briefly the injuries done to Erythrina lithospenva by nematode worms, and the eradication of Lccaninm viride by various insecticides, such as mixtures of soap, lime, tol)acco, copper sulphate, kerosene, corrosive sublimate, etc. The "mosquito blight" of tea, II, H. II. ]\I.\nn {Oilcidtd: Indian Tea Ahsoc, 1004, pp. ..'0, jilx. ]mratus of various insects in relation to the galls produced on the plants which thev infest. A discussion is also given on the morphology of leaf galls and stem gali"s. In search for parasites, CJ. Comperk {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. AuMralia, S {1903), Nos. ~^, pp. Io:,^-14v; 6, pp. .^lS-624). — The author relates the results of his observa- tions and researches in various parts of the world while engaged in the collection of beneficial insect parasites. The mechanism of the movement of insects' wings, L. Bull ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, ISS {1904), Xo. 9, pp. 590-593, figs. 3). — Brief notes are given on the study of this problem with special reference to the mechanics of insect flight, and the operation and structure of tlie wings. Metamorphosis of the Trichoptera, G. Ulmer {Abhandl. Naturir. 1 er. Ham- hnrg, IS {1903), pp. 154, pfe- 4, figs. 13). — A detailed biological account is presented concerning the eggs, larvtie, pupje, and adults of various representatives of this order of insects, together with notes on the structure of the cases in which the larvfe live. The feeding habits and other biological relations of this group of insects are discussed. Experimental study of hydrocyanic-acid, gas as an insecticide, F. Lopez {Com. Parasif. ^Igr. [ifexico], Circ. 5, j)p. 9). — In this circular the author recounts his experience in the use of hydrocyanic-acid gas in destroying insects, rats, mice, and other pests in houses. This work was undertaken in connection with the disin- fection of houses after the occurrence of contagious diseases. It was found necessary to destroy insects aiid other pests as well as pathogenic bacteria and hydrocyanic- acid gas gave the best results in tliis work. Brief notes are also given on the use of this gas in the disinfection of sleeping cars. Spray mixtures and spray machinery, S. A. Beach, V. A. Clark, and O. M. Taylor {New York State Sia. Bui. 243, pp. 315-373, ph. i5).— The purpose of this bul- letin is to present a digest and review of the experiments which have thus far been made at various experiment stations and elsewhere in determining the best insecti- cide remedies and the best methods for applying them. Detailed directions are given for the preparation of all of the common and important fungicides and insecticides, together with notes on spraying machinery of all kinds. An index appended to the bulletin makes accessible the various details of information. Practical guide for the study of mosquitoes, Edmond and Etienne Sergent {Guide prati(pie pour l' etude des moustiques. Paris: Masson & Co. 11903] pp. 176, figs. 40). — An historical discussion is given of the general problems relating to the extermination of mosquitoes and the agency of these insects in. transmitting various diseases. The authors discuss also in a concise manner the method of examining mosquitoes, their classification, morphology, biology, and means of exterminating them. The blood parasites found in mosquitoes are also briefly noted. A practical study of malaria, J. W. W. Stephens and S. K. Christophers ( London: Lo)igma)is, (ireen & Co., 1903, j)p- 378-\- XXXV, figs. 93). — A biological and economic account of mosquitoes is presented on pp. 57-257. The anatomy, habits, and life history of various species are discussed with special reference to the relation of these insects to the origin and spread of malaria and to means of combating the pests. In an appendix to the volume the authors present a brief systematic account of blood- sucking flies of various families, together with notes on fleas and related insects. The -warfare against mosquitoes, E. Sergent {La lutte contre les moustiques. Paris: J. liuefi', 1903, pp. 96, figs. 27). — The literature relating to methods for exter- minating mosquitoes is discussed in a critical manner, with references toal)ibliograph- ical list of 110 titles. Attention is called to the intimate connection between the prevalence of mosquitoes and the ineffectiveness of farm labor as a result of diseases carried by mosquitoes. The usual methods of extermination, including the use of kerosene and drainage, are outlined and strongly recommended. 984 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Proceeding's of the first g-eneral convention to consider the questions involved in mosquito extermination {Hmukh/ti. }\'(di<)nailliache; Government Anti-Mosquito Work, by J. C Perry; Transmission of TNIalaria by Mosquitoes, by W. N. Berkeley; Anti-Mosquito Work in Havana, by W. ('. (iorgas; Mosciuito Engineering, l>y 11. C. Weeks, etc. Beekeeping for small farmers, W. B. Cakk {Jour. Bd. A (jr. mid FisJierics ILon- do».], 10 {1904), No. 4, PP- 468-475).— The author discusses the economic aspects of beekeeping and presents notes on the moet important Ijee plants in various parts of (ireat Britain. Practical directions are also given as a guide to the amateur in selecting a location for an apiary and in caring for the bees. Studies on the races of bees, E. Ruffy {Bal. Hoc. Romande Apicult., 1 (IU04), No. 1, pp. ^-6'). — A brief account of the comparative merits of races of bees. Bees in walls and attics, Delepine {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 7 {1904), No. 16, p. 519). — Attention is called to the frequency with which swarm.s of bees become established in the walls or unoccupied rooms of dwellings. Suggestions are made regarding the means of getting rid of such swarms where they prove to be a nuisance and also of utilizing the honey. Memoir on the future of sericulture, L. de l'Arbousset {Bid. Agr. Algcrie et Tnnivi', 9 {1903), No. 23, pp. 521-530). — .Statistics are presented for the purpose of indicating the gradual development and spread of the silk raising industry. The author formulated a resolution which was adopted by the International Congress of Agriculture at Rome to the effect that silk raising be recommended for further extension throughout the southern jiortion of Europe, especially along the Mediter- ranean Sea. The silk-growing- season of 1904, G. McCarthy {SMk, 2 {1904), No. 2, pp. 11). — A l)iief account is given of the work thus far accomplished in the recent revival of interest in silk growing in this country, together with notes on the prospects of the silk industry for the season of 1904. The influence of low temperature during the incubation of silkw^orm eggs, J. BoLLE {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchnw. Oesterr.,7 {1904), No. 3, pp. 173-179).— The occasion of the investigations re^wrted in this paper was the severe frost which occurred in parts of Austria in April, 1903. Experiments were carried out during which it was founS. iJcjit. Ayr., Office of Krperi incut Stations Bui. 141, ]>!>■ 05). — Con- tinuing their investigations on the changes hrought about in meat by cooking (E. S. R., V?>, J). 772), the authors rejxjrt the results of 87 exi)eriments with l)eef and pork, the methods of cooking l)eing boiling, panljroiling, saut^ing, and roasting. The results of the investigations indicate that the chief loss in weight during the boiling, sauteing, and panbroiling of meats is due to water removed by tlie heat of cooking; in roasting, to the removal of both water arid fat. The losses of nutritive material in the panbroiling of meats are very small as compared with those observed in boiling, roasting, and sauteing. "When beef was .cooked in water 3.25 to 12.67 i^er cent of the nitrogenous matter, 0.60 to 37.40 per cent of the fat, and 20.04 to 67.39 per cent of the mineral matter of the original imcooked meat were found in the broth. The nutritive material thus removed is designated a loss, but is not an actual loss if the l^roth is utilized for soup or in other ways. When meat was sauteed 2.15 per cent of the nitrogenous matter and 3.07 per cent of the ash occurring in the uncooked meat were taken up on an average by the fat in Avhich the meat was cooked, while the cooked meat contained 2.3 times more fat than before cooking. When the meats were roasted 0.25 to 4.55 per cent of the nitrogenous matter, 4.53 to 57.49 per cent of the fat, and 2.47 to 27.18 per cent of the mineral matter present in the uncooked meat were found in the drippings. Beef which has been used for the preparation of beef tea or broth has lost com- paratively little in nutritive value, though much of the flavoring material has been removed. In the boiling of meats, the fatter kinds and cuts, other things being the same, lost less water, nitrogenous and mineral matter, but more fat than the leaner kinds and cuts. In saut|' ('(iiuil niiiouiils i>f iiiorj^'Uiiic ami or<;anic material, the urea content being about 0.() gm., and the nitrogen coutent 0.47 gni. "A ease of ehronic constipation ami indieanuria diil not diselose the presence of indol or skatol in the sweat." On the morphological changes in the blood after muscular exercise, 1*. B. Hawk {Anur. Jour. J'/ii/sioL, JO {1004), No. 7, pp. 3S4-400).— The experiments which weie made with student athletes liave to do with the effects of muscular work. Sanitary precautions in food, A. 8. Atkinson ( ]V hat-To- Eat, 16 {1904), No. 5, pp. 171, 17^). — Tlie possibility of transmitting disease by eating vegetables exjwsed for sale where they can be contaminated with street dust is jiointed out. The author also notes the imi>ortance of washing fruits and vegetables which are eaten raw, in water of known purity. Food and drink in relation to disease; feeding in relation to the health of the young, J. Niven {LoikJihi: Shcrratt l^- IfugJirs; rer. la JSrltisli Mai. .Jour., 1!)04, No. 2-255, i^p. G74-G76). — The importance of proper nourishment for children is pointed out and suggestions made for systematic impnjvement under existing con- ditions. Other sources of typhoid infection than through the medium of drinking •water, and how to guard against them, S. II.\rkis {Sanitarian, 52 {1904), No. 413, pp. 310-322). — Milk, ice, oysters, vegetal)les — especially those commonly eaten raw — grown on land fertilized with night soil, dust, and flies are discussed as sources of typhoid infection, in addition to those commonly recognized. To avoid the possi- bility of infection the author believes that vegetables, if eaten raw, should be thor- oughly washed in water of known purity, and in boiling water where it will not destroy their flavor. Oysters that are suspected of being infected should never be eaten raw. Flies are regardeil as especially dangerous and the need of protecting food from them is pointed out. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The importance of pentosans in feeding stuffs, especially those of rye straw, A. von R. Rudzinski {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 40 {1904), No. 5-6, pp. 317-390, fig. 1). — From experiments reported in detail the following conclusions were drawn: The formation of pentosans in rye straw is not dependent upon tlie fertilizers used. They are not evenly distributed in the head, Init are found most abundantly in the rachis. Chaff has a considerably higher pentosan content than straw, while the root closely resembles the head in respect to the amount of this constituent present. As shown l)y experiments with sheep, the coefficient of digestibilitj' of rve-straw pentosans is 4fi.825 per cent, a value which is regarded as (jnite near the minimum. The pentosans in the head and in the chaff were apparent!}' a little less digestible than tliose in the straw, the coefficient of digestibility being 39.89 per cent. The head and the chaff, notwithstanding the large proportion of nutrients which they contain, do not have the same nutritive value as straw. ^lodifying straw by the Lehmann method, i. e., heating the chopped material with a dilute sodium-hydroxid solution for 6 hours under a pressure of 6 atmos])heres, increased the digestibUity of pentosans to 70.20 per cent and tliat of the crude filler to 61.49 per cent. The author points out, however, that straw thus treated is not a satisfactory feeding stuff under all circumstances. Feeding 6.29 lbs. starch and 1.57 lbs. sugar per 1,000 lbs. live weight diminishes the digestibility of pentosans of rye straw to 12.56 per cent and the digestibility of crude fiber to 9.09 per cent. The pentosans, therefore, are apparently more easily digested than the crude fiber. Concentrated feeds, J. B. Lindsey et al. { .Vasmchusetts Sta. Bui. 93, j^p. 51). — Tiie Massaclinsetts law regulating the sale nt concentrated commercial feeds, which was approved INIarch 2, 1903, is quoted. In accordance with its provisions analy.«es ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 993 were made of a iiuiiiIkm- of samples of eotton-seed meal, linseed meal, jrhiteii meal, Lrluteii feed, dried distillers' jirains, malt sprouts, wheat ])y-prodiU'ts, dairy fei'ds, oat middlings, and rye feed. The eomparative value of different feeding stuffs is briefly discussed; several typical mixtures for dairy animals are suggested, and four rations quoted, which are actually fed l)y dairymen in JNIassachusetts. Commercial feeding stuffs, II. J. Wheeler et al. {Rhode Mand Hia. Bui. OS, l>p. 63-78) . — In accordance with the State feeding-stuff law, analyses are reported of a number of samples of gluten meals and feed, distillers' grains, barley si)routs, wheat feeds including mixed feeds, proprietary feeds, hominy and chop feeds, provender, corn meal, peanut liran, l)eef scraps, and bone and meat meal. '■The lots of hominy and provender were quite generally poor, yet . . . this in many cases, particularly as concerns the provenders, was due to the inferior quality of certain of the cereals that were grown in 1902. The poor quality of the 'mixed feeds' was shown to have been due in most cases to gross adulteration with corncol^, and possibly other materials of little feeding value." Licensed commercial feeding stuffs, F. W. Woll ( Wiscomin Sle!inu'nts with dogs and cats, which are reported in detail, led to the conclusion tliat there is no direct relationship between the rate of secretion of pancreatic juice and the extent of the blood supply of the pancreas. Secretion was found to continue fnr some time after complete cessation of the pancreatic circulation. The proteolytic activities of the pancreatic juice, W. M. Bayliss and E. H. Staklim; {Jour. PJii/slo/., SO {190S), No. 1, pp. 01-83). — Noted from another publica- tion (K. S. Pv., 15, p. 7!t8). Concerning tryptic digestion, II. P. Wkiss {/A^chr. rhysiol. Chnii., 40 {1904), No. 5-6, pp. 480-491). — The effect of a number of salts and other substances upon tryptic digestion was studied. Alkali salts of the halogen acids exercised only a slight effect upon tryptic digestion, the effect of sodium chlorid being the most marked. Sodium oxalate diminished the digestibility more than sodium chlorid. The sulphates also exercised a greater effect than the chlorids. Borax was without effect, while sodium phosjihate had a favorable effect. Investigations on the proteolytic enzyms of the spleen of the ox, S. G. IIedin {.Jour, rin/siol., 30 {1903), No. 2, 2>p- 155-175). — According to the author's investigations the spleen of the ox includes 2 proteolytic enzyms an «-protease, acting only or principally in an alkaline medium and a //-protease, acting only or mainly in an acid medium. Both t'uzyms were obtained combined and nncond)ined with nuclein sulistances. In the former case they were not soluble in weak acetic acid. Ox serum was found to contain antibodies of the (v-protease, but not of the /i-protease. On the presence of the proteolytic enzym in the normal serum of the ox, S. (i. IIedin {.Jour. Phydol., 30 {1903), No. 2, pp. 195-201). — The serum of the ox was found to contain a weak proteolytic enzym, active in an alkaline medium. The properties of this enzym were studied. Concerning the relation betAveen molecular -weight and physiological action in the case of the higher fatty acids. I, Myristic and lauric acid, Ij. F. Meyer (Zt.^chr. PlujKtol. C'heiii., 40 (IH04), No. .5-6, jip. 550-564)-— ^^a was to be ex- jiected from theoretical considerations tlie fatty aciils could not entirely replace fats. In experiments with a dog fatty acids with a lower inolecular weight than palmetic, stearic, and oleic acid prevented the cleavage of protein to some extent. Judged liy the author's results, mvristic and lauric acid are to be considered as nutrients. The heat of combustion and physiological value of nutrients. IV, Com- position and energy value of meat feces, J. Fkentzel and M. Schkeuek {Ardi. Allot. V. I'ltijsioL, PJii/xiol. Aht., 1903, pp. 460-479; abs. in Cliem. Ccnlbl., 1904, I, No. 3, pp. 199, 200). — The elementary composition and energy value of feces were studied in exj)eriments in which dogs were fed meat. Breeding of live stock in Belgium {Jour. Ikl. Agr. and Fisheries [London'], 11 {1904), No. 1, pp. 21-25). — A brief summary, leased on a recent pul)lication of the Belgium Department of Agriculture. Feeding farm animals {Iowa Agr., 4 {1904), No. 5, pp. 189-196). — A summary and discussion of feeding stuffs, rations, and feeding standards. East Friesian animal husbandry and herds, H. Gross and A. Ellerbroek {l)(iH fMfric.'iiscJw Zuchlgebicl und .seine Zuclden. Leipzig: Richard C. Schmidt A Co., 1903, pp. I]'^ 87, Jigs. 29). — The feeding, care, and management of East Friesian cattle, horses, and sheep are discussed. Zootechny: Cattle, P. Difflotii {Zootechnie: Bovides. Paris: J. B. Bailliere it Sons, 1904, pp. VIJI+ 450, pis. 40, Jigs. 67).— The general i)rinciples of cattle breed- ing, cattle raising for milk production and for meat, races of cattle, and other topics are treated of in this volume, which constitutes a handbook of available information on the subject. It is included in the series entitled Encyclopedie Agricolc. 996 KXl'KKIMKNT STATION KKCORD. Fattening- of cattle {Mark L(i)ic Kijhikk, uu {1'JU4), y<>. ;>7.S.}, Skji., pp. V, VI). — Tlie imtiitivr viilue of rations i.s (li.scuHsed with special reference to tiiat fed the Earl of Rosel)ery's clianipion reservi^ lieifer in Die carcasn conij)etition in the Sniitlifield Show in 1902. ]\larkct recjuirenientw and other prol)leniis in cattle feeding are also l)ri(>lly spoken of. Winter fattening of cattle, J. Wilson {Jour. Ihpl. .l^r. iunl Tich. Inslr. Irclmiil, 4 {1903), No. 1, pp. 3-:Jl). — Recent experiments are snuimarizcd and discnss<'d with special reference to cattle under local conditions. Use of potatoes for cattle food, T. J.v.mieson {Aijr. Jicsrarch. A.^soc. [ScotUmdl Ixj)!. If)03, pp. 30, 40). — On thC basis of chemical composition the relative value of potatoes and turnips for cattle fee. ID, jiji. 10i^S-1035,ji(j!^. i,/).— Tlic importance of the goat iiidustiv in i Afjr., G (1002),})}). 74-80). — In a discussion i)f the value of different crops for pork prothiction, a test made by ('. A. Rowe of the feeding value of soy beans is briefly reported. On Septemljer 11, a lot ot 132 pigs, weighing on an average 77.1 lbs. each, was pastured on 4.79 acres of ripe soy beans. In the 4 weeks of the test the lot was fed 108.65 bu. of corn in addition to the soy beans and made an average daily gain of 1.25 lbs. per head. Assuming that 10 lbs. of pork were produced from 1 bu. cif corn consumed, it was calculated that the amount of pork produced by the soy beans alone was 647 lbs. I)er acre. Feeds supplementary to corn for fattening hogs, E. I>. Forhes (Mo. Bid. Mlifnourl Slide B}). 4I-4S). — In an address delivered before a meeting of the Improved Live Stock Breeders' Association, the author summarized and discussed experimental data, the most of which was oljtained at the experiment stations. On the value of distillery dried grains as a food for work horses, C. S. Plumb (Indiana Sta. Bui. 97, }>}>. 37-4'2). — The two tests were undertaken to learn the value for horses of Fourex dried distillers' grains as compared with oats. For the first 4 and the last 3 weeks of the first test, 2 of the horses were fed the distillers' grains and 2 were fed oats. For the intermediate period of 4 weeks the rations were reversed. In every case not far from 90 to 95 lbs. of hay per head per week was eaten in addi- tion to concentrated feed. Marked differences were noted in the quantity of distillers' grains eaten, the aver- age amount in the case of 2 of the horses being 6.64 lbs. per head per week as com- jiared with 31.61 lbs. per head in the case of the other two. The amount of oats ranged from 75.84 lbs. to 94.1 lbs. j^er head per week. In all cases it was found necessary to accustom the horses to the distillers' grains by adding them in increasing amoimts to the oat ration. The average weight of 3 of the horses was slightly greater on oats than on distillers' grains, while with the remaining animal the reverse was true. In the second test, Avhich was maile under jiractically the same c:onditions except that some corn was added to the ration, the amount of distillers' grains eaten per head per week ranged from 6.87 lbs. to 54.7 lbs. and the amount of oats from 33.1 lbs. to 68.4 IIjs. During the 6 weeks of the test all the animals practically maintained their weight. The author notes that they did not relish the dried distillers' grains aTid that the amount eaten would not have sufficed for the performance of their ordinary work unless other and more j)alatable feeds had ])een sui)plied. In l)rief, the conclusion is reached that the distillers' grains tested are not a palata- ble horse feed, although judged by chemical composition they possess a high feeding value. The investigation " simjjly illustrates the special imjiortance of i)a]atubility as a factor in the adoption of food stuffs for use in conunon practice. The zebrula v. the mule, R. (tientiier ( U. S. Connular Bpts., 7S (1903), No' 277 , p}>. 350, 351). — A brief account of experiments carried on in Germany and else- where on crossing zebras and horses. Poultry division, D. D. Hyde (Nev) Zealand Dept. Agr. BpL, 1903, }yp. 81-93, ])l. 1, Jig. 1). — Data are given regarding the flocks at the different poultry stations, the number of eggs laid by different flocks, poultry exports, and related topics. 30972— No. 10—04 5 998 KXl'KKIMKNT STATION KKCOKI). Practical poultry raising', (". dk Lamakciik ( L( jxinlailli'i- jiraliijnc. Paris: Henri (iaidirr [/!>(>■'/], jiji. /"i;, ill.; rcr. In Jour. A(/r. I'nil., n. scr., 7 {1004), -Vo. 16, ]>. 525). — A ^'Oiicral trciitisc on ])()ultrv raising. Poultry and eggs in Denmark, K. R. Fi{a/,iek {DijiI. Cdih. (iikI Ldbar, Mo. (Jon- sular Rpts., 75 (1004), No. ^84, pp. 405-410). — A HUiiiinary of iiiforniatiou regarding the kind of i)unltry raised, eooi)erative asKOciations fur egg marketing, preservation of eggs, and related t(ij>ics. Eg'gs and poultry in England, 1*'. W. Maiiin {Lapl. Com. (iikI Jjtbor, Mo. Con- sular Rpls., 75 {1004), -Vo. 2S4, ])]). 404, 405). — A sunuuary of data regarding tiie Britisli ]>()nltry and egg trade from a iinaneial standpoint. Table fowls {Jour, .fainaim Aijr. /S'or., 8 {1904), No. -.i, pp. 6 l-iU). —Thv suita- bility of a number of breeds and crosses of chickens for table birds is discussed, and the Old English (xame-Minorca cross is recommended as especially satisfactory for local conditions. Guinea fowls {(Juci'ii.'. IS 32. 01 •29. 77 30. 55 26. 75 24. 09 2L34 19.90 22. 10 20.74 Fat con- tent of milk. Per ct. 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.5 4.6 5.2 Cow Letha. Daily yield of milk. PuuiKh. 33. 31 33.73 31.10 31.26 29. 37 29. (16 26. 4.S 24.85 27. 35 25. 28 Fat con- tent of milk. Per ct. 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.7 Cow Cena's Favor- ite. Daily yield of milk. Poiiw!)'. 36.14 33. 96 30.73 30.94 30. 70 28. 86 26. 25 24.71 27. 42 25. 65 Fat con- tent of milk. Per ct. 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.7 The decrease in the milk production of the 3 cows for the entire period of 101 days was, respectively, 35.55, 24.11, and 29.03 per cent; wdule during the same time the average decrease in the milk production of 10 other cows of the station herd was 37.5 per cent. Milk investigations at Garforth, 1903, C. Ckowther {Trans. Higldand and Aijv. Soc. Scotland, 5. ,svr., IG {1904), pp. 268-325, dgms. 6). — This is in continuation of work reported by Ingle (E. S. R., 14, p. 1113), the object of which was to deter- mine the chief factors influencing the yield and quality of milk. The present inves- tigations were made with 18 cows and lasted 52 days, the object being to determine if the variations in yield and quality of milk due to milking at imeciual intervals could be lessened by the method of feeding. The cows were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was fed a grain ration consisting of 2 lbs. of undecorticated cotton-seed cake, 2 lbs. of decorticated cotton-seed meal, and 1 lb. of wheat meal, divided equally between the morning and evening feeding. Group 2 was fed 1 lb. of undecorticated cotton-seed cake and 1 lb. of corn meal in the morning, and 1 lb. of cotton-seed cake and 2 lbs. of corn meal in the evening. Group 3 was fed grain only in the morning, the ration consisting of 2 lbs. of unde- corticated cotton-seed cake and 3 lbs. of corn meal. Group 4 was fed grain only in the evening, the ration being the same as for group 3. All the cows were fed the same as group 1 for several weeks previous to the experiment. The results are presented in detail and discussed at considerable length. It was foimd that changing from a narrow to a wide nutritive ratio increased the yield of milk but decreased the fat content, the change being more pronounced in the morn- ing's than in the evening's milk; and also that feeding all the grain ration in the morning tended to increase the fat content of the morning's milk, which latter result confirms the conclusion previously drawn by Ingle. Feeding all the grain in the evening also tended to increase the fat content of the morning's milk, but had appar- ently little or no effect on the evening's milk. These changes persisted for a num- ber of weeks after the conclusion of the experiment proi)er. While milking at equal intervals is believed to be the best method of preventing the fat content of the morning's milk from falling below the legal standard of 3 per cent, and should be adopted wherever possible, the results nevertheless show that the fat content of the morning's milk may be increased ))y feeding a liberal supply of highly nitrogenous feeding stuffs in the morning. During the summer months the average fat content of the morning's milk of the herd under investigation was on lODO EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. most (lavH Ih'Iow .'5 \>vv (viit. Jl is uoIimI tlial similai' rcsiills liavc Ih-cm ()l)taiii(Ml with other he-nls in (liffcront i)arts of the f(tuiitry. Data are j;iveii on the effects of sexnal excitement on the yield and (jnaHty of milk, anil (ihservations upon the intluence of weather conditions on milk ])roduction are also rc]i(Mlcd and discussed. It is stated that a chanj.^^ from an equahle to either a deci(U'tained by the l)reeder liiniself on the basis of monthly tests of composite samples. The average fat prodnc- tion of 10 Jersey cows as determined Ijy the different tnethods was 484.9 and 480.5 lbs. and the average fat production of 7 Guernsey cows was 337.1 and 343.9 lbs., the latter figures in each instance being the results obtained by the station. The results are l)elieve(l to giv(» strong support to the system of monthly 1-day tests. The influence of food on milk, A. B. Graham {Tran.s. Hujliland and Agr. Soc. Scotkniil, 5. ser., 10 {1904), Jip- 4S-GJ). — A detailed account is given of 3 feeding experiments, the primary ol)ject of which was to determine the influence of the amount of water coTisumed upon the (piality of the milk produced. In the author's opinion the quality of milk is largely influenced by the amount of water consumed, and the results of the experiments are l)elieved to confirm this view. A brief summary is given of some of the literature on this subject, and determina- tions of the acidity of milk innnediately after milking and after aeration and ((loling are reported. The influence of corn cockle on milk production, J. Hansen {Laudv. .htlirh., 32 {190.3) , ^Yo. ,5-0, j>ji. S99-927). — Two series of experiments with cows are reported. Feeding stuffs containing 40 to 50 per cent of corn cockle were eaten by cows without any injurious effects. On the whole, corn cockle exerted a more favorable than unfavoraV)le influence upon the total yield of milk, and also on the yield of fat and solids-not-fat. On the other hand, corn cockle exerted a very unfavorable influence upon the quality of butter, and is therefore of doubtful value as a food for cows. Investigations on the poisonous properties of corn cockle, O. Hacjemann {Lanibr. Jahrh.,S2 {1903), No. 5-6, pp. 929-94S). — The results of several experiments with cows, sheep, pigs, and goats indicated that the feeding of corn cockle in the amounts ordinarily found in feeding stuffs exerted no poisonous influence upon domestic animals. The feeding of large quantities to cows, however, exerted an unfa- vorable influence upon the (juality of the butter. Action of formaldehyde on milk, A. Trillat {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. PariK, 13S {1904), No. 11, pp. 720-722). — Comparative tests were made of the digestibility in pepsin solutions of (1) casein from milk treated with formaldehyde in varying amounts (1:5000 to 1:20000) and curdled with rennet, (2) casein obtained from freshly curdled milk and suspended in aqueous solutions of formaldehyde of the strength mentioned, and (3) casein obtained from the same source but not subjected to the influence of formaldehyde. The digestibility of the untreated casein was 5 to 6 per cent greater than that in the first series of experiments, and 30 per cent greater than that in the second series. Previous to the coagulation of the milk formaldehyde was recovered in practicall}^ the amounts added, showing no fixation of the antiseptic. Owing to the action of formaldehyde on the gastric mucous membrane, it is believed that its addition to milk should be prohibited. Milk, T. Mackaklane {Ijd). Jnlond Rev. Depf. Oltaira, Canada, Bid. 93, pp. 15). — This gives the results of the examination of 227 samples of milk collected during the months of Novem))er and December, 1903, of which 159 samples were found genuine or imadulterated. The milk supply of large towns, F. W. IIakris {Briti.^h Food Jour., G {1904), No. 62, pj). 20-30). — A general discussion of this subject with special reference to the milk supjily of (dasgow, analytical data l)eing given. Studies and observations on milk in the region of Padua, (i. Kossi {Staz. Sper. Ayr. ItaL, 30 {1903), No. 10-12, pp. 6'93-925) .—TW- author presents a descrip- tive account of the conditions observed in dairies in the vicinity of Padua and gives the results of a large num])er of analyses of milk samples. Sanitary milk— its future, li. A. Pearson {Cornell Countryman, 1 [1904), No. 0, I'll. 108-170, fnj. 1). — Notes are given on the pi'oduction of sanitary milk and ou the outlook fortius branch of the dair\- industry. 1002 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Preservation of milk by hydrogen peroxid, A. Renard {Ah,t. in Jovr. Soc. C'lti'iii. IikI., ;.-*.) {I'JO-'i), .\l)servati(>iis are given on the rate of decom- position of hydrogen peroxid in milk. A (juantity not exceeding 2 per cent of a 12- volume solution was completely decomposed in from 6 to 8 hours. With the addi- tion of 5 per cent of a 12-volume .solution the decomi)Osition was not complete after several days. While a small iiuantity of liydrogcn peroxid does not sterilize the milk, the keep- ing qualities are much imj)roved. The milk i)reserved with 1, 2, and .3 per cent of a 12-volume solution remained sweet for 24, 20, and 32 hours, respectively, at 20° C, while milk not preserved soured in 13 hours. It is considered hest to add the hydrogen jjcroxid immediately after milking and keep the milk in a cool place for fi to 8 hours until the liN-drogi-ii j)ei'oxid is completely decomposed. The presence of a lipase in milk, C. Gillet {Jour. Physiol, el ruth, flcn., 1903, No. S; aha.inRer. Gm. Lait, 3 {1903), No. 4, IW- 89,90). — The investigations were made w'ith human milk obtained with every aseptic precaution. Only exceptionally was the milk sterile. StajJn/Iococcus pyogenes albus was almost constantly present and S. ]>yogenes aureus occasionally found. Both sterile and contaminated milk caused a decomposition of monoljutyrin. This action was not increased by the development of bacteria in the milk, but was destroyed by a high degree of acidity. Pure cultures of the bacteria found in the milk were lot able to decompose the glycerid. The activity of the ferment was diminished but not prevented by the addition of sodium tluorid or chloroform. The ferment was not destroyed by the coagulation of the milk. It resisted temperatures to 60-65° C, and was found to have no action on other glycerids than monobutyrin, and ought therefore to be designated merely a monobutyrinase rather than a lipase. The monobutyrinase was found also in the milk of the cow, ass, and goat. It is believed that a number of enzyms exist in milk, anaerobic oxydase, mono- butyrinase, and amylase being mentioned. It is considered that no satisfactory explanation concerning the physiological role of these ferments has yet been offered. The oxidizing ferment in milk, L. M. Spolverini {Her. Ilyg. d Med. Iiifantlles, 3 {1904), No. 2, pp- 113-155). — The author discusses oxidizing ferments in general and reports extended investigations on the oxidizing ferment in the milk of the cow and goat, and in human milk. A distinction is made between the direct oxidizing ferments, or the oxydases which have the power of utilizing directly atmospheric oxygen, and the indirect oxidizing ferments, or anaerobic oxydases which are incapa- ble of oxidizing substances in the presence of atmosi^heric oxygen alone, but which require an intermediate substance rich in oxygen, as for instance, hydrogen peroxid. Home of the conclusions drawn from the results as a whole are noted below. lender normal conditions an;erobic oxydase is constantly present in considerable quantities in the milk of cows and goats, in which the ferment is found uniformly diffused throughout the milk serum and is not in combination with cellular elements. Human colostral milk always produces a noticeable oxidizing action, due to the presence of organized elements in the milk. While the amount of the anaerobic oxydase in human milk varied considerably in the 57 cases under observation, its complete absence was very rare. In human milk containing colostral corpuscles the f)xydase was l)elieved to exist mainly within the organized elements, while in other milk it was found to be diffused throughf)ut the serum. The ana'robic oxydase of the milk of cows and goats Mas believed to be a product of normal elimination. This was thought to be only exceptionally the case in human milk. By modifying the food of a goat, as by feeding the oxidizing ferment, the amount of the oxydase in the milk and in the urine was made to increase or decrease. The characteristic reaction of anaerobic oxydase was thought to be due to two special ferments, one decomposing the hydrogen peroxid, and the other fixing the oxygen. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. • 1U03 The ferments of milk: An experimental and critical study, II. Van de Velde and J. Die Landsiikeke {Ann. Sor. Medlco-CIiiruri/. Anverif, 1903; dhs. in Rev. Gt'n. Lait, S {190.J), No. 5, pp. Ill, 112). — ConclnsionH of Spolverini that soluble ferments in certain foods consumed by goats and cows pass into the milk were tested with cows fed germinating barley rich in amylase. No amylase was found in the milk, and the results of Spolverini are attributed to the presence of bacteria. Contribution to the knowledge of spontaneous coagulation of milk, Utz {Ceiithl. Bitkt. II. Par., 2. AM., 11 {1904), No.<^.:?0-±^,pp. 600-G31; 24-35, pp. 7S3-739).— The results of investigations led to the following conclusions: The acitf formed in the spontaneous coagulation of milk is either dextrolactic acid or inactive lactic acid, or a mixture of the two forms. The variations in the nature of the lactic acid formed has not as yet been satisfactorily explained. The temperature at which the fermentation takes jilace influences the period of coagulation, but is without decisive influence on the kind of lactic acid formed. Bader'nnn acidi hictici forming dextrolactic acid, and B. acidi Lrvolartici forming levolactic acid, are the principal organisms concerned in the spontaneous coagulation of milk, the first mentioned being by far the most common. The organism forming dextrolactic acid isolated by the author is believed to be identical with the organism described by Hueppe, Giinther and Thierfelder, Leichmann, and Clauss and Kozai; and the organism forming levolactic acid identical with the bacillus of Clauss and Kozai, and probably also with the B. acidi. hrvolactici of Schardinger. Bacteria in the teats of the coav, goat, and sheep, O. Uhlmann ( Thesis, .Tena, 1903; ahs. in. Rer. Gen. Lait, 3 {1904), No. 7, jjp. 163, iff^).— Thirty-five teats of cows, goats, and sheep were hardened in alcohol, sectioned serially, and stained with thionin. Over 800 sections were studied. Milk was never present in the capillary ducts except in very small quantities, and was often entirely absent. Bacteria, on the contrary, were present in every section, occasionally as many as a hundred, but generally only in small numbers. Micrococci predominated. The bacteria were less numerous in the teats of goats and sheep than in those of cows. The dairy law and its results, J. B. Lindsey, N. J. Hunting, and E. B. Hol- land {Ma,'isachusetts Sta. S'j>ec. Bid., July, 1903, pp. 14, fig- !)■ — The text of the dairy law in Massachusetts is given, the results of inspection of glassware and Babcock machines are reported, and notes are given on making the Babcock test. Creamery butter making, J. Michels {Lansing, Mich.: Author, 1904, pp. 271, pi. },Jiiityrie. Insoluble acids. molecu- lar weight of insoluble acids. Per cent. Per cent. 22.5 23.5 0. 9101 .9104 255.4 253. 4 42.0 41.5 4.3 4.5 90.1 89.7 266.9 17 265.5 15 24.5 25.5 20. 5 27.5 .9108 .9110 .9113 .9114 251. 3 251.1 218.9 247.4 41.5 41.3 41.0 40. G 4.7 4.8 4.9 5. 2 89.4 89.3 88.9 88.7 265.0 27 264.2 37 261.9 51 261.7 78 28.8 .9118 245.7 40.1 5.4 88.4 260.9 56 29.5 .9120 244.0 40.1 5.G 88.3 259.6 41 30.5 .9123 242.4 39.9 5.8 87.9 260.1 18 31.3 . 9125 241.5 39.7 5. 7 87.9 2.58. 0 10 32.6 .9130 241.2 39.4 6.0 87.7 257.8 In general the specific gravity increased with the Reichert number, and the sapon- ification and refractonieter nunibens decreased. A low proportion of volatile acid was associated with a high percentage of oleic acid. Twenty samples showed an average Reichert nnmljer of 24.2 and an iodin number of 40, and 30 sami)les an aver- age Reichert iiuml)er of 30.S and an iodin nnml)er of 32.4. Sodium fluorid for the preservation of butter, F. Je.vx ( Tml. Ar/r. Pro;/. [ ]"a- kneiennes], 1903, No. 293; ahs. in Rev. Gen. Lait, 8 {1903), Xo. .',, ],. .9/).— While condemning the use of antiseptics in food products the author would make an exception of sodium fluorid as a means of preserving butter, arguing that when properly used for this purpose the daily consumption of 60 gm. of butter Avould mean the ingestion of 6 mg. of the fluorid^ an amount considered entirely unoffen- sive, and which would moreover be rendered inert by the lime in the food and digestive secretions. Chemical changes in the souring- of milk and their relations to cottage cheese, L. L. V.\n Slyke and E. B. Hart (Xeiv York Slate Ski. Bnl. 245, pp. 30). — The authors have studied the formation of casein monolactate and casein dilactate in the ordinary souring of milk, and have considered the results obtained in their relation to the manufacture and digestibility of cottage or Dutch chee.se. To study the relation existing between the disappearance of milk sugar and the formation of lactic acid, with the subsequent formation of casein monolactate and casein dilactate, fresh separator skim milk, with and without pasteurization and the addition of a starter, was kept at room temperatures and examined at frequent intervals. In all cases the milk sugar was found to decrease rapidly during the first 32 hours, after which the change was slow, ceasing entirely at the end of 72 to 96 hours. On an average 11 per cent of the milk sugar disappeared in 8 hours, 21 per cent in 24 hours, 25.5 per cent in 32 hours, 26 per cent in 48 hours, 27 jier cent in 72 hours, and 27.6 per cent in 96 hours. The maximum amount of acid calculated as lactic, was al)out 0.9 per cent, which was equivalent to only about 62 per cent of the milk sugar that disappeared. The equation Ci2H220ii-t-H20=4C3HB03, while expressing the most prominent chemical action which occurs, is therefore not believed to give anything like a complete or accurate statement of the entire chemical action. Under the conditions of the experiment the milk coagulated in from 24 to 29^ hours, the ac-id content of the milk at the time of coagulation varying from 0.6 to 0.7 per cent. At the beginning of coagulation the amount of casein in the form of monolactate was 13 to 14 per cent, and in the form of dilactate, 86 to 87 per cent. Later the monolactate was DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1005 ])ractically all converted into the dilactate. In one experiment the casein monolac- tate in milk l)efore coap;alation was visible amountetl to 65 per cent of the casein. No (lilactate was then present. In stndying cottage cheese attention was paid to the relative amomits of monolactate and dilactate jn-esent, the conditions nKJst favorable for the manufacture of such cheese, the manufacture of cottage cheese with artificial acids, the question of the occurrence of a ripening process such as takes place in Cheddar cheese, and the digestiV)ility of cottage cheese in pepsin solutions. The experimental work is reported in detail, and is summarized in essentially the form given l)elow. " Yield and composition of cottage cheese. — The yield of cheese from 20.5 lbs. of milk varied from 3.56 to 4.63 lbs. under the conditions tried. The moisture in cheese varied from below 70 to over 80 per cent. The variation in moisture accounts largely for the variation in yield. The amount of moisture in cheese is dependent upon the trmjierature used in curdling the milk and in heating the curd to expel moisture and also on the length of time the curd is heated. Cottage cheese of the best texture should contain 70 to 75 per cent of moisture. Best success was attained when milk was soured and curdled not much above 70° F. (21° C.) and the subsequent heating was not carried above 90° F. (32° C.) . Milk sugar in the cheese varied from 3.28 to 4.08 per cent, which is equivalent to 10 to 16 per cent of the sugar originally present in the milk. Of the sugar in the milk 23 to 27 per cent was decomposed in the souring. Nitrogen in cheese is mostly in the form of casein dilactate, equivalent to 2 to 2.5 per cent of nitrogen. "■Manufacture of cottage clieese Juj direct addition of an artificial acid to milk. — Milk was coagulated by addition of lactic acid and hydrochloric acid and the curd made into cottage cheese. Satisfactory results in every respect were secured. For exam- ple, hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.20), diluted with 10 times its volume of water, was added to milk in the proportion of 8 ounces for 100 lbs. of milk at 75° F. (24° C.) and stirred vigorously. The curd separated at once in flocculent form and was strained from the whey without further heating. Any absence of sour-milk flavor can be supplied by mixing with the cheese some ripened cream. Cheese made in this way contains more milk sugar and more nitrogen than cheese made by the ordinary method of souring milk. ^'Slight change cjf insoluble into soluble nitrogen compounds in cottage cheese. — Cottage cheeses were made by ordinary souring method from whole milk and from pasteur- ized and unpasteurized skim milk, with and without rennet, and. were examined at intervals to ascertain to what extent insoluble nitrogen compounds change into solu- ble ones, as in the case of Cheddar cheese. Such proteolytic changes as occurred in 2 to 3 weeks were insignificant. '^Artijicicd digestion of some compounds of casein and paracasein contained in cottage cheese. — According to popular l)elief, fresh cottage cheese is more readily digested than Cheddar cheese. To test this by laboratory methods, we have su])jected to pepsin digestion, without hydrochloric; acid and with hydrochloric acid in varying pioi)ortions, fresh cottage and Cheddar cheese, in which we had one or more of the folhjwing substances: Paracasein, ])aracasein monolactate in Cheddar cheese, para- casein dilactate, casein monolactate, casein dilactate (cottage cheese) prepared by normal souring of milk and also by direct addition of lactic acid to milk, and casein dihydrochlorid. In the absence of acid, paracasein fails to be digested by pepsin, while paracasein monolactate (the chief nitrogen compound of fresh Cheddar cheese) , ]iaracasein dilactate, casein monolactate and casein dilactate (cottage cheese) are par- tiallv , 41G).— Brief notes are given on the nature and methods of demonstrating the intracellular toxins of Staphylococrutt pyogenes aureus, BaciUns rriteritldis, and the tubercle bacillus. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1007 The influence of certain bacteria on the coagulation of the blood, L. Loeb {Jonr. Med. Ee'«'(ir<-li, If) (I'jO.l), Xn. .?, jij). 407-419). — Most of the experiments reported in this paper were made in vitro, the plasma of goose ])I()()d being snbjected to various organisms, inchidiiig I'oli l)acilhis, tubercle l)acillus, etc. In a series of small sterilized porcelain dishes ^.^ to bS drops of a bouillon culture of the organisms to be tested were mixed with 8 cc. of diluted plasma of goose blood. It was found that the results thus olitained were approximately constant. Sfaphiilococcnii jujogenes (III mis was found to possess the greatest coagulating power, while very little such power was oI>served in tubercle l)acillus. The principles and conditions of the control of epizootics, \V. Nagorskv (Fnrtsrlrr. Vet. Iliig., 1 {1904), Nos. 10, pp. 2T7-280; 11, pp. 301-306, dgim. .#).— A his- torical account is given of the theories upon which repressive measures again.st vari- ous animal plagues have been based. In this discussion especial attention is given to the more important infectious diseases, such as anthrax and rinderpest. General views on the etiolog-y of infectious diseases; hygiene and serum researches; tuberculosis, F. IIieppe {London: BaiUwre, Tiridall. & Cox, 1904, PP- ■19). — These three subjects were discussed by the author during the presentation of the flarben lectures at King's College, London, 1903. In the first lecture a general account was given of the problems of immunity and susceptibility to disease from tiie standpoint of modern theories and investigations. In the second lecture the author discussed the results obtained by experiments with various investigators in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases by means of serum inoculations. The various complex bodies of immune and normal sera were described in detail. In a discussion of tuberculosis the author called attention to the great importance of this disease in human and veterinary pathology and discussed the means by which the disease can be controlled in man and also the methods b\' which inter- trfUismission may be prevented. A study of infection through the navel, Kabitz {/Aschr. Thiermed., 7 {1903), No. 3-4, pp. 251-274i fi9^- 4) ■ — The importance of infection of young animals through the umbilical cord is briefly discussed. The author found that infection b\' this means could take place as the result of the attack of streptococci, staphylococci, coli bacilli, etc. Various forms of nephritis are caused by infection through the navel. Notes are also given on the importance of this source of infection in meat inspection and on the desirability of making a thorough examination of the umbilical cord in the iusj)ection of meat. Annual report of the imperial bacteriologist for the year 1902-3, A. Lix- GARi) ( ('(dciiitii: Siipt. Govt. Prhitiiig, India, 1902, jtp. 23). — A report is made on the exi)eriments which have thus far been carried out by the author in the control of rinderpest, anthrax, dourine, hemorrhagic septicemia, Texas fever, etc. It was foun. 04-189). — Detailed reports are presented for various inspectons in different parts of New Zealand regardinj^ the con- dition of fjrazin^ lands and ])astures and the prevalence of diseases in different farm animals. Notes an' also j^iven on slaus^hterhonse inspectiatients, the control of tuberculosis among cattle, and the proper treatment of tuberculous meat and milk. The passage of tubercle bacilli through the normal intestinal wall, IM. P. Ravenel {Jour. Med. Ee.'), Xa. o, ]ip. ir/J-.^CW) .—Detailed clinical notes are given on an enteritis observed in cattle. In cases of this disease a diffuse chronic infiltration was observed in the alimentary canal, involving mucous and subnuicous layers. The mesenteric lymph glands were also affected in a manner api>arently identical with tuberculosis of these structures. Disease of cattle in the Molteno District {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 34 (1904), Xo. 2, pp. 163-16.5). — A preliminary investigation was made regarding the nature and cause of a disease of cattle in the Molteno District of South Africa. The disease affects cattle of all ages, but chiefly old cows. It does not appear to be due to an active plant poison, but some evidence was obtained which indicates the possi- l)ility of a slow-acting plant poison. According to this hypothesis the disease would be related to the cirrhosis of the liver which is supposed to be caused by eating Senecio jacobsea. An investigation of calf diarrhea, E. Joest {Zischr. Tkkrmed., 7 {1903), Xo. 5-6., pp. 377-413). — The observations and experiments reported in this paper were confined to the Province of Pomerania. A large number of calves were obtained for examination, all of which were submitted with the statement that they were affected with diarrhea. Among these calves a bacteriological examination showed that 20 were affected with diarrhea, 1 with polyarthritis, 1 with hemorrhagic enteritis, and 1 with catarrhal pneumonia. An examination of the lesions in cases of calf diphtheria showed that the most essential pathological characteristics of this disease are catarrhal inflammatory phe- nomena in the stomach and alimentary tract, inflammatory swelling of the corre- sponding lymph glands, parenchymatous degeneration of the liver, kidneys, and heart, and hemorrhages in the serous membranes. A bacterial organism was found in the small and large intestines, spleen, and blood. This organism was grown in j)ure cultures on various media, and inoculation experiments were made ujion guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and calves. The results of these experiments are presented in detail. It was found that the development of calf diarrhea could be to some extent pre- vented by allowing the calf to have the fresh cow's milk immediately after birth. It was shown, however, that the disease could develop in calves within a period of from 12 to 15 hours without any infection having taken place through the alimentary tract; in such cases the infection took place through the umbilical cord. A compari- son of the bacterial cultures convinced the author that the bacteria of calf diphtheria described by Jensen, the virulent coli bacilli of Poels, and the organism isolated by the author are all one and the same species. This organism is also identical in all essential particndars with the common coli bacillus, its one distinguishing character being its greater virulence for calves. The author therefore proposes the name coli Ijacillus of calf dysentery for this organism. Immunizing experiments with rabbits showed that it is a simple matter, by means of increasing doses of this organism, to obtain a strongly agglutinating serum. Experiments with this protective serum, however, showed that it is effective only against bacilli belonging to the same race, while against organisms coming from any other culture it is almost entirely inactive. In preparing a i)rotective serum, there- fore, the author recommends that a large mmil>er of cultures of coli bacilli should be mixed so as to obtain a polyvalent serum. 1012 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Spotted kidney in calves, its histological nature, J. 1 5 asset {Rcr. Gen. Mai. V('l., :i {1:10.}), Xo.r-'o, />p.'>,s',.'-'jSS,Ji}). 436-444; 17, pp. 509-573). — The authors present in a tabular form the prevalence and fatality of pleuro-pneumonia in various jiarts of France and also give an account of inoc-ulation experiments which were undertaken for the pur- pose of determining the period of incul)ation and other important matters concerning this disease. A test was made of a method of 2>reventive inoculation from which considerable success was had, although a nund^er of the animals thus treated died witliout the ordinary lesions of the disease in the lungs. The authors conclude from their experi- ments that the accidents which follow the use of preventive inoculation are observed chiefly in animals in a state of latent infection. It is believed that the results obtained throw new light upon the importance of latent infection in general. Pure cultures of a known virulence may be used in inoculating healthy animals and ani- mals in a state of latent infection, and the results thus obtained may be readily compared. The authors believe that preventive inoculation may reveal the fact of latent infection in animals thus treated, and that this inoculation ai)i)ears to bring about a localization of the virus in vaccinated animals. The duration of innnunity produced by the first inoculation is at least IQh months. Parturient paresis, F. W. van Dulm ( TycZ-sc/tr. Veeartsenyk. Mduudblad, JO {190£), No. 3, pp. Ill, 112). — According to the author's experience the most effective treat- ment consists in increasing the pressure within the mammary gland. This may be done by injections of potassium iodid or other fluid, or by insutHation of aii-. The recurrence of parturient paresis, A. J. Winkel {Tijdsdir. Yeeartsenijk. Mmtndbbtd, 30 [1003) , Nu. 6, pp. 250-238) . — A brief account is given of the occurrence of 2)arturient paresis in a cow which had recovered from an attack of the disease a short time before and about 3 days after parturition. The etiology and treatment of parturient paresis, Caillibaiti)(7iV;'. Vtl. Tou- louse, 2S {1903), No. 7, pp. 420-42S). — The author attempts to reach a reasonable hypothesis regarding the nature of this disease. The Schmidt treatment was used by him for 2 years with excellent results. Warm applications to the udder and fric- tion along the vertebral column were also found to exercise a beneficial influence. From the fact that the injection o.Miquid or air into the udder produces good results in the cure of this disease, the author concludes that parturient paresis is due to toxins set free in the udder as the result of increased metabolism. The pressure of the liquid or air in the udder is believed to check the physiological iirocesses and consequently reduce the amount of toxin. Clinical notes on parturient paresis, E. Naudinat, Jr. {llec. Vit. Touloiwic, 28 {1903), No. 5, pp. 262-267). — In some cases of this disease the author ajiplied friction together with treatment with mustard in the lumbar region, while stimulants were administered l)y way of the mouth. The best results were obtained from the use of Schmidt's method followed by the insufflation of air into the udder. In the use of this combined treatment the author produced complete cure in 95 per cent of cases. The use of air in treating parturient paresis, Eggmann {Sdiweiz. Arch. Tierh., 45 {1003), No. 1-2, pp. 52-55). — In the author's experience the results obtained in treating this disease by means of infusions of potassium iodid were not very satisfac- tory. Much better results were had from the use of air. VETElllNAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1013 Treatment of parturient paresis with, oxyg-en, Kxusel {>SrJnrciz. ArcJi. Ticr/i., 4-5 {1903), No. 1-2, pp. 5(>-59, Jrrjs. 3). — Descriptions are given of a number of forms of a])paratus wliich in the author's experiments have been found convenient for use in carrying oxygen an Imurs, the average period recjuired fur recovery being 5 hours. Differential diagnosis of parturient paresis and apoplectic purpureal sep- ticemia, E. H. B. Geavenhorst (Tijdschr. Veeartsenijk. Maandhlad, 30 {1902), No. 2, pp. 81-84). — Frequently the symptoms of these two diseases are so similar as to lead to confusion. As a rule, however, the temperature in septicemia does not show a tendency to become subnormal as in cases of parturient paresis. The bacteria concerned in mammitis of cowrs and goats, P. Steiger {Vcnthl. Bakt. u. Far., 1. Aht., Orig., 3.5 {1903), No. 3, pp. 326-341; 35 {1904), Nos. 4, pp. 467-484; 5, pp. 574-593) . — An elaborate study was made of acute and chronic forms of mammitis in cows and goats. Most of the material came from cows. The litera- ture of this subject is discussed in connection with a short bibliography. Notes are given on the various forms assumed during the development of mammitis, and the organisms obtained from the milk of infected animals were identified and cultivated on a nutrient media. Among the organisms found in these cases mention may be made of Staphylococcus mastitidis, Galactococcus fulvus. Streptococcus mastitidis, coli bacillus, and Bacillus arogenes. The last two named organisms resemble each other very closely, biologic- ally and morphologically, and their peculiar characters are therefore described in detail, ilany cases of mannnitis were found to be caused l)y mixed infection in which several organisms participated. With regard to the origin of infection in cases of mammitis considerable difference of opinion lias prevailed, and experiments were undertaken by the author for the purpose of obtaining evidence concerning this point. Negative results were obtained in all ca^es from rubbing bouillon cultures of coli bacillus upon the teats of healthy cows. Neither the mammary gland nor the milk secretion Avas altered in any waj\ The author concludes, therefore, that this is not the usual method of infection. The theoretical j)Ossibility of infection by means of the lymphatic system is conceded, l)ut it is urged that this can not be the usual means of infection. Apparently the most probable method of infection in this disease is through the blood system. An enzootic occurrence of acute streptococcic mammitis, P. Dubois {Rer. Vi'l. ToulouKf, 28 {1903), No. 13, pp. 789-796). — The author calls attention to the impor- tance of this disease on account of its great infectiousness, the number of animals affected, and the lack of satisfactory treatment. An especially acute outbreak occurred and was investigated by the author, with the result that Streptococcus con- glomeratus was found to be the pathogenic organism of the disease. The outbreak spread rapidly in spite of the most severe measures of disinfection. Notes are given on the behavior of the organism on various culture media. Operative treatment of anomalies of the teats, Hi(; {Schiveiz. Arcli. Tierh., 45 {1903), No. 5, pp. 224-237, Jig. 1). — The author describes the various practical 30972— No. 10—04 6 1014 p:xi*kkimp:nt station kecukd, nielluitlw wliu'h liavc Ihtii tlrvisi'il lor (■nliir^iii^f the oiiciiinj,' in teats wliich are patlidlogifally alterrtl, ami in tlic ttcatnuMit ni various otiicr anoinalit's of these orjj;aiis. The study of parasitic diseases of the blood, especially malaria in cattle and man, E. jAi'KsfiiATii {Berlin. T'nrarzll. WclninrJir., 190o, No. .W, jrj}. 700-776). — Till' author revie'ws in a critical manner some of the more important contributions to a study of Texas fever in cattle and malaria in man. The life history of the blood parasite of Texas fever is described in considerable detail with special reference to the theoretical ex})lauation of immunity toward this disease. The author con- cludes that natural or acquired immunity toward Texas fever is due to the presence of asexual degenerated forms of the blood parasite. The piroplasmoses of cattle, E. Dsciiunkowsky and J. Luhs ( Ccnthl. Baki. u. Par., 1. Alt., Or'uj., 35 {1004), No. 4, pp- 486-492, ph. 8). — According to the authors, piroplasmosis in Russia apjiears under 3 forms, the first of which is observed in northern Russia, the second in Ciscaucasia, and the third in Transcaucasia. The form which occurs in Transcaucasia is called tropic piroi)lasmosis, and is character- ized by the development of extensive hemorrhages in all organs of the body. The blood parasites observed in cases of this disease occur in the form of cocci, rings, and bacilli. Immunization experiments have not given satisfactory results, and the ' agency of ticks in the distribution of the disease has not been definitely proved. Piroplasmosis of the donkey, T. H. D.vle {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 2 {1904), No. 6, ]>[). 1S7-19.5) . — This disease occurred in a serious outbreak in Lydenburg. The j)eriod of incubation was not definitely determined, but the symptoms were similar to those in equine malaria. Inoculation experiments with virulent blood from donkeys caused no reaction or serious disturbance in dogs, rabbits, mules, or donkeys. These experiments indicate that the disease is not easily transmitted in this manner until after the blood i)ara- site has undergone a series of metamorphoses. The disease yields readily to medic- inal treatment, and prognosis is therefore considered favorable unless the animal has suffered for some time before treatment is begun. In the first stages of the disease ammonium carbonate in 2-gm. doses is recommended, followed by arsenic in doses of 3 gr. in 1 gm. of sulphur after the fever abates. The cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei, F. G. Now and W. F. McNe.vl {Jour. Ariier. Med. Assoc, 41 {1903), No. 21,2>p. 1266-1268) ^— The results of the experiments made by the authors in devising suitable means for cultivating the parasitic organism of nagana are briefly described. T. brucei as found in the blood of infected animals is exceedingly virulent, and intraperitoneal injection of virulent cultures is sufficient to kill mice and rats in 7 or 8 days. Experiments in immunizing laboratory animals against nagana have not thus far yielded final results. Apparently a slight protec- tion was afforded by vaccination. Attention is called to the differences between T. brucei and T. U-irisi. A trypanosoma disease of North Africa, Rennes {Bee. Med. Yet., S. ser., 10 {1903), No. 18, pp. 4~4-430). — During the first months of the year the autiior observed a disease among horses which was apparently due to infection with a Trypanosoma. The blood parasite api^ears to differ from that of dourine. The symptoms and course of the disease are described in detail. Considerable fever is present and acute nervous symptoms are noted together with hematuria. The organism is described and notes are given on its morphology. In the author's experiments it was found to be patho- genic for the gray mouse, the jerboa, and the dog. African coast fever, R. Kocn {Agr. Jour, and Min. Rcc. \_Natar\, 6 {1903), No. 20, pp. 734-743)- — This is the author's third rej)ort concerning his investigations on African coast fever. It has been found that a mild infection may be produce^] by repeated injections of blood from sick or recovered animals. The severity of infec- tion thus produced is not increased by repeated passages through various animals. VETERIN.AKY SCIENCE AND PKACTICE. 1015 111 tliL' :uitli(»r's iiivestigationa 8 distinct lines of experimrnts were undertaken for the purpose of devising immunizing and curative methods. A nuinlx'r of aniinuls were subjected to inoculation with the blood of sick or recovered animals. It was found that as good results were obtained from the use of the blood of recovered ani- mals as with blood taken from animals during the progress of the disease. During these experiments many cases of undou))ted immunity were estal^lished. In a second series of experiments healthy and sick animals were treated with doses oi serum obtained from immunized animals. This serum exercised a remarkaljle effei't upon the blood parasites, causing them to shrink and disappear. The serum treatment, however, while possessing this great advantage, is subject to one serious disadvantage, viz, that the serum exercises a pronounced hemolytic effect upon the blood of diseased cattle. An injection of 50 cc. of serum in a sick animal is sufficient to cause death by hemolysis. Considerable success was had in using the serum method on healthy animals for the purpose of preventing the development of the disease. In a third series of experiments a test was made to determine the existence of natural immunity in various races of cattle. It was found that zebus and half-bred ze])U cattle had no natural immunity toward African coast fever; on the other hand, cattle coming from Cierman East Africa appeared to l)e j)erfectly immune. As a gen- eral result of the author's investigations inoculation with the blood of recovered animals is recommended as the most effective and most feasible means of controlling this disease. A contribution to the diagnosis of heart -water in cattle, A. Tiieiler ( Trana- vaal Agv. Jour., J [1904), No. G, pp. 163-17S, pi. 1). — The symptoms of heart water in sheep and goats are described in detail, together with an account of the post-mortem lesions of this disease, its geograjihical distribution, and occurrence in cattle. Exper- iments indicate that the incubation jieriod in cases of tick infection is longer than in cases of injection with virulent blood. The disease may be transmitted by inocu- lating the virulent blood of sheep and goats into cattle. Under natural conditions the disease is carried by bont ticks in a nymphal or adult condition. The Texas cattle fever: How science is winning a long fight, C. S. Potts {Amer. Mo. Rev. of Reviews, 29 [1904), ^o. 108, pp. 49-55, figs. 11). — A brief historical account is given of the traffic in Texas cattle, which Avere driven over the trail from the South into Kansas and INIissouri during the period from 1867 to 1887. Notes are also given on the quarantine line, the nature and transmission of Texas fever, the method of inoculation with the blood of recovered animals, and the benefits of this discovery to the stock interests of the Soutli. The cattle tick and. the quarantine restrictions, T. Butler {Bui. Norlli Caro- lina Slate Bd. Agr., ^4 {1903), Xu. 10, pp. 30-37). — The author presents a general description of the quarantine line and the restriction of federal quarantine upon the cattle of North Carolina. It is argued that, while these restrictions are necessary, they cause considerable loss to animal industry in the State. Detailed recommen- dations are given regarding methods of destroying the cattle ticks. The classification and nomenclature of diseases known under the name actinomycosis, J. Li(ixii!;REs and (i. Spitz {Crnlbl. BaLt. n. Bar., 1. Aht., Orlg., 35 {1903), No. 3, pp. 294-308; 35 {1904), No. 4, pp. 452-458). — In an extended study of actinomycosis it was founil desirable to classify the organisms found in cases of this disease into 3 groups, viz., Actinomyces bovis, Streptothriv isrueli, and Actinobacillus. The behavior of these organisms on various culture media is described in detail and notes are given on the results of inoculation experiments in laboratory animals and a study of the virulence of the different organisms. The authors conclude that actinomycosis can no longer be considered as a simple disease due to 1 organism, but that some classification must be adopted l)ased on the morphological, cultural, and pathcjgenic properties of the micro-organisms which cause the various forms of the disease. lOlC) EXPERIMENT STATION IIKOORD. A study of dourine, J. UoiKiicT (Ucc Mrtl. 177., j>. 16o-17S, figs. 6). — In the authors' experience blackleg is apparently confined to cattle. Only 1 case was reported of its appearance in sheep and this was consid- ered doubtful. Reports from 1,656 stock men indicate that the greatest losses from blackleg occur in May, June, September, and October. While l)lackleg is generally supjjosed to be transmissible by wound infection, the evidence thus far obtained does not seem to favor this theory. The authors' experiments and observations on this disease indicate that the greatest loss in cattle occurs between the ages of 6 to 18 months, and that fat calves are most suscej^tible. The average loss among unvacci- nated calves is between 4 and 5 per cent, while after vaccination it is 0.4 per cent. The minute structure of the anthrax bacillus, D. Ottolenghi {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., Grig., 35 {1904), No. 5, p]>. 546-553, figs. 5).— The author studied the anthrax bacillus from material obtained by means of pure cultures and in the blood or exudations of infected animals. The organism was stained by various methods and subjected to different reagents for the purpose of differentiating its finer structures. These structures are described in detail. According to experiments car- ried out by the author it is possible to stain living anthrax l)acilli with neutral red without destroying their germinating power. The period of life of anthrax spores, A. von Szekelev {Ztschr. Hijg. u. Jnfec- tionskrank., 44 {1903), No. 3, pp. 359-363). — Notes are given on the results of an examination of anthrax cultures which liad been kept in laboratories for long periods. It was found that in gelatin media which had been inoculated with the spores of anthrax bacilli and maintained at the temperature of a living room, exposed to diffuse light and under conditions which favor moderately rapid desiccation viru- lent spores were found after a period of 18^ years that were still capable of germinat- ing and were virulent, at least for white mice. Under the same conditions the spores of the bacillus of malignant edema also retained their vitality for the same length of time. It was found also that the spores of these 2 species of bacilli could be main- tained together in one culture for 18j years witliout either species of organism being influenced to any noticeable degree. Preliminary note on the resistance to heat of Bacillus anthracis, A. Mal- LOCK and A. M. Davies {Proc. Boy. Soc. ILondoii], 12 {1903), No. 4^6, pp. 493-499, fig. 1). — The experiments reporte/rinehli(iii iiiicronilium was the cause of the poisoning. Infectious broncho-pneumonia in lambs, Cr. Morssu (AVc. Med. Yet., 8. ser., 10 {1903), No. 3, ])p. 90-95). — A description is given of tlie symptoms, diagnosis, lesions, prognosis, and treatment of this disease. No remedy has been found which produces a certain cure. The best results are to be obtained by observing strict jjrophy lactic measures, especially in avoiding the importation of diseased animals into healthy herds. Preventive and curative serum for sheep pox, K. Tuiekrv {./our. Atp\ I'ntt., II. ser., 7 {19U4), No. 3, pp. 8.i-8iJ).— The results which liave been obtained by various experimenters in preventing and curing this disease by serum therai)y are briefly outlinecl. The author believes that the ciiiei cause of accident iu applying this treatment is carelessness in the matter of details. 1018 kxperimp:nt station record. The virulence of the fleece of sheep recovered from sheep pox and not washed, 1/. Drti.KUT ami A. CdNii: (/.'(/. 17/. Tinilovsr, ;.-',s' (1903), Xo. r,, j,/,. 8o'>-33!)). — On acconnt of tlic iiiarkc disease as a result of va<'cination. (ireat care is therefore recommended in the usi' of tliis nietlio(L Observations on recovery from glanders, Morii.LKuo.N [liec. Med. 17/., y Nocard during which it was sliown that a cow imnuiniziMl against nagana w:is as 8U8cei)tible to surra as untreated animals. It was found that 3 months after the ai)pearance of st:rra in this animal the Idood containee controlled, how- ever, by external treatment with potassium iodid. In some of the pustules Stuplty- lococcus pyogenes aureus were found. Inoculation experiments with this organism, however, failed to reproduce the disease in any case. The true cause of the disease was believed to be a mite, Clwi/letus rrnditns, which was found in the skin and in the Rivollen lymphatic glands. Lymphangitis, Coi>l.\ri) {Eec. Med. Vet., S. .ser., 10 {1903), No. 22, pp. 502-504).— This disease, which is known in many parts of France and elsewhere under the name edema, appears suddenly and leads to the development of high fever in infected horses. The etiology of the disease appears to be obscure and so far as experiments have been made treatment is unsatisfactory. Apoplectic hemorrhagic septicemia of nevr-born colts, C. Darmagn.\c {Eec. Mt'd. Y('i., S. ser., 10 {190.3), Xu. 11, pp. 37S-.377). — Detailed clinical notes are given on a number of cases of this disease. From a study of these cases the author comes to the conclusion that infection takes place through the umbilical ves.sels, and that the sudden development of the disease is due to the rapid spread of the toxin l)y means of the circulation. Good results have been obtained in controlling the disease from the application of thorough antisepsis to the umbilical cord, as recommended by Nocard in combating white scours. The occurence of ticks on horses, D. .Tuxack [Ztscln-. Yeterinarl:, 15 {1903), No. 6, jyp. 258, 259). — Brief notes are given on the excessive infestation f)f horses Ijy Ixodes ricinus. These ticks fasten themselves to the skin of horses in almost any location, and their occurrence in unusually large numbers caused the falling of the hair on infested areas and also other intlanimatory processes in the skin. Colics of the horse and their treatment, Y. Dkouin {Rev. Gm. Med. Vet., 2 {1903), No. 23, pp. 569-5S2). — The various forms of colic which have been observed in the horse are classified according to their etiology and symptoms. Notes are given on the use of asafetida, opiates, Indian hemp, carbonate of ammonia, nux vomica, eserin, barium chlorid, and other drugs in the treatment of colics. A pathology for forage poisoning, or the so-called epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses, I). .1. ^IcCartiiy and ^I. P. Kavexkl {.lour. Jfed. Resinrclt, 10 {1903), No. 2, pp. 243-249, pi. 1) . — In certain cases of so-called epizootic cerebro- sjjinal meningitis the cause was clearly traced to the feed which the horses had eaten. While feeding experiments conducted in connection with a spontaneous outbreak of this trouble showed that the disease was due to spoiled feeding materials, it was not possible to isolate any pathogenic organism which caused the trouble. A careful post-mortem examination of animals affected with this disease revealed the presence of lesions in the anterior i)ortion of the alimentary tract and also in VETERINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1021 various parts of the nervous system, infludiufi; the intervertebral and (iasserian gangha, cerebral and cerebellar cortex, choroid plexuses, cerebral ventricles, and peripheral nerves of the larynx. Lesions in the intervertebral ganglia i-lost'ly resemble those observed in cases of rabies as described l>y N^an (Jehuchten and Nclis. The disease may be distinguished from rabies, however, by the absence of the j)eri- cellular lesions in the medulla oblongata. The authors conclude from their study of this disease that it is not a true menin- gitis, and jjropose the name forage poisoning as much more suitable. It appears that all epizootic outbreaks of the disease are due to some poisonous substance contained in the forage. Rabies in the horse, Francke {Fortsriir. Vet. Ilyg., 1 {1904), No. 10, pp. JSO- 2S3). — This subject is discussed in a general manner and detailed notes are given on a case of equine rabies which came under the author's attention. The symptoms and jiathological anatomy are carefully described on account of the comparative rarity of this disease in horses. iRabies, D. Sime {Cambridge, Eng.: University Press, 1903, pp. XII -{-290).— The purjjose of the author in this volume is to present a general account of rabies in all its aspects. Special chapters are devote0:3), No. S, p]>. 362-388). — Experiments were carried on for the purpose of determining the cause of the differ- ence between these 2 forms of the virus. During the author's experiments it was found that the course of spontaneous cases of rabies was from 2 to 5 days and seldom exceeded (> days. The incubation period of spontaneous cases, however, varied greatly. It is believed that the striking variation in the period of incubation in cases of spontaneous rabies is due largely to the different specific properties of the samples of virus ol)tained from spontaneous cases of the disease. Street virus can not be assumed to have a constant virulence, as is the case with the fixed or laboratory virus. Further experiments showed that the incubation period was almost the same in all cases where the experimental animals were inoculated with street virus obtained from the same source. The author believes from his studies that the lesions in the central nervous system in cases of rabies are due to the toxins produced by the pathogenic organism and not to the organism itself. Differential diagnosis of rabies by subdural inoculation of rabbits, A. N. Aleksveev {Uchen. Zapiski Kazan Vet. Inst., 20 [1903), No. 5~G,2ip- 485-490) .—T\\\?. method was tested in diagnosing rabies in suspected dogs brought to the laboratory. The first experiments consisted in the inoculation of 1 rabbit with a portion of the medula oblongata and another rabl)it with an enmlsion of similar material. The first rabbit died 169 days after inoculation, while the second remained alive. Further experiments were made in inoculation of rabbits for the purpose of determining the incubation period of rabies produced l)y the use of street virus. The author con- (^ludes from his experiments that the variation in the incubation period in rabbits inoculated ])y the subdural method is due largely to the different susceptibility of different ral)l)its to street virus. The histological diagnosis of rabies, Vallee {Rcc. Mfd. Yet., 8. srr., 10 (1003), No. 4, ]>!>■ 93-97). — According to the author's observations the special lesions in the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic ganglia as described l)y Van Gehuchten and Nelis are observed in the majority of cases. They were present in all of 42 dogs which died of rabies and in 25 out of 40 rabid dogs which were killed l)efore the termina- tion of the disease. The author concludes, therefore, that these histological lesions may be relied upon in the diagnosis of rabies in dead animals. Fowl cholera {Jour. Bd. Agr. and- Finlwries \_Lond(>n'\, 10 {1903), No. 3, pp. 351- 354). — A short account of the symptoms and pathological anatomy of this disease. Recommendations are also made concerning disinfectant methods which are best suited for use in the prevention of this disease and in cleaning poultry houses after outbreaks of the disease have occurred. The hemolysin of fowl cholera, D. Cai.amioa {('rnthl. Bald. u. Par., 1. Aid., Orig., 35 {1904), No. 5, pp. 618-031). — Tiie materia! used by the author was ol)tained from an infected fowl during an outbreak of the disease. For the purpose of obtain- ing hemolysin, cultures were made in bouillon prepared from peptonized meat. The AGRIOITLTITRAL ENGINEERING. 1023 results of the antlior's experiments indicate that l)onillon cultures of the bacillus of fowl cholera may produce a hemolysin wliicli occurs in maxinunn quantity after the material has been maintained for \'2 days ata temperature of 37° C. The hemolysin, while not especiall\' resistant toward higher temperatures, appeared to withstand iieat until subjected to a temperature of 70° C. for h hour. Hemolysin thus obtained has no toxic effect ujion animals and its formation does not precede the agglutina- tions of the red blood cor})uscles. Its hemolytic effect was greatest upon the red blood c irpuscles of ra]>bits and less pronounced upon those of guinea pigs and fowls. A new disease of poultry, E. Thierry {Jour. Agr. Prat., v. ser., 7 {1904), No. 5, pp. 150, 151).- — The author gives a brief description of fowl plague, with particular reference to the symptoms which differentiate this disease from fowl cholera. Notes are also presented on the distribution of the disease in various parts of Europe. Spirillosis in g-eese, Ducloux {Rec. Med. Vti., 8. ser., 10 {1903), No. 16, pp. SCO, ■301). — Notes are given on a disease of geese due to infection with Spirochxte anserina. The disease prevails most extensively in young geese and its course and development are very rapid. The symptoms are progressive weakness, diarrhea, and elevation of tem]>erature. Death almost always occurs as the result of infection. The disease may also be transmitted to ducks. The nonidentity of human and avian diphtheria, C. Guerin {liec. Med. 17/., .v. ,s'er., 10 {1903), No. 1, pp. 20-2S) .—The literature of this subject is briefly reviewed, with special reference to a determination of the nature of the organism wjiich causes avian diphtheria. This organism is believed to belong to the genus Pasteurella, but to be distinct from the cause of human diphtheria. Epidermophyton gallinae, L. Palmans {Bid. Agr. {^Brussels], 19 {1903), No. 6, pp. IJOG-IJOS). — Tins parasitic fungus, which has also been referred to the genus Lophophyton, is the cause of a skin disease of the head of fowls. It apparently does not attack other animals. The author found that it was a comparatively simple matter to cultivate this organism on various nutrient media, and notes are given on its behavior in artificial cultures. The disease may be successfully combated by treating the affected parts of fowls with solutions of various antiseptics. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. The official proceedings of the Eleventh National Irrigation Congress, held at Ogden, Utah, September 15-18, 1903, edited ])y G. McClurg {Proc. Not. Irrifj. Cong., 1903, pp. 47..\ fign. 49). — Tliis includes the organization, official call, constitution, a general review of the proceedings, and the minutes of the various sessions, including l^esides addresses of welcome, message from the President, reports of committees, resolutions, etc., the following addresses and papers: President's Address, by W. A. Clark; The Twin Ideas of Irrigation and the Conservation of Water for the Prevention of Floods, by J. R. Burton; Relation of Irrigation to Inter- nal Trade and Commerce, by T. G. Haley; Colonization and Irrigation, by C. E. Wantland, J. M. Carson, J. H. Smith, C. C. Pardee, and F. Booth-Tucker; The Repeal of Some of Our Land Laws, by P. Gi])Son; Value and Importance of the Desert Land Law, by F. Mondell; The X'tilization of the Public Grazing Lands of the United States, by W. M. Wooldridge; State Cooperation in National Irrigation, by F. Newlands; Irrigation Investigations made l)y the United States Department of Agriculture, by James Wilson; Irrigation as Shown at the World's Fair, by F. W. Taylor; Tlie Victories of Peace, by G. H. Maxwell; The Influence of Irrigation on the American Ideal, by W. E. Smythe; Relation of National Irrigation to Local Prol)lems, l)y F. E. Brooks; Alkali Reclamation, byT. H. Means; Forests and Water Su])i)ly, by F. H. Newell; Forestry, by G. Pinchot; Forest Reserves in Utah, by A. F. Potter; Irrigation in Utah, by A. F. Doremus; Irrigation Investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture, by W. H. Beal; The Irrigation Investiga- tion of the Utah Experiment Station, by J. A. Widtsoe; Tlic Vnhie of the Studyof 1024 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the Use of Water, l)y S. Fortier; Tlie I'laiiting y II. H. liolapp; Irrigation and Beet Sugar, by T. G. Palmer; The Sugar Beet, the Ideal Crop for Irrigated Areas, b\' II. W. Wiley; Horticulture under Irrigation, by J. A. Wright; Irrigation and Live Stock, by T. Shaw; Horti- culture under Irrigation, by J. H. Richards; National Irrigation and Oriental Trade, by W. M. Bunker; Relation of the Eastern Farmer to National Irrigation, by C. B. Boothe; Fungus Diseases in I'rnit Trees, by H. PI Dosch; Irrigation-Grown Barley, by II. Altenbrand; Forestry at Universal Expositions, ]>y T. H. Bean; New Irriga- titm Construction on Snake River, Idaho, by J. I). Schuyler; Reclamation Work in Idaho, by D. W. Ross; The Salt River Reservoir, by A. P. Davis; Milk River Proj- ect, Montana, by C. C. Babb; Irrigation in Oregon, by J. T. Whistler; The Gunni- son Tunnel, by A. L. Fellows; Development on the North Platte Riv'er in Wyoming, by J. E. Field; Correct Design and Stability of High Masonry Dams, by (t. Y. Wis- ner; Electrical Transmission of Power for Pumping, by H. A. Storrs; Relation of Federal and State Laws to Irrigation, by M. Bien; State Progress in Irrigation, Wyoming, ])y C. T. Johnston; Wyoming's Use of Its Lands, by J. A. Breckons; Irri- gation Progress in Nebraska, by A. Dobson; The Irrigation Laws of Nevada, by A. E. Chandler; Our Inheritance, by W. K. McAllister; Why and How State and Federal Government Sliould Cooperate for Irrigation, by F. II. Ray; This Year's High Tide of Immigration, by S. E. Moffett; Drainage and Irrigation, by H. H. Harrison; Utah Lake Reclamation Project, by G. L. Swendsen, and an address by F. T. DuBois. Irrigation in humid districts, E. B. Voorhees {Cornell Countryman, 1 [1904), No. 2, pp. S9, 40). — A brief discussion of the need and difficulty of securing projier irrigation in humid regions. Report of the Indian Irrigation Commission, 1901-1903, C. Scott-Mon- ciiiKFF ET A I.. {London: Eyre d- Spottixiroodi', IHOS, jtt.^. 1, j>p. Xlll-rlSO, pi. 1; 2, pp. XXII^2tiO, maps 2; 3, maps G; 4, PP- oD7). — This report deals with the following subjects: Preliminary survey, limitations of irrigation, state irrigation works, scope for further extensions of state irrigation works, jirivate irrigation works, loans for improvements, artesian wells, classification and financing of irrigation works, methods of charging for water, establishments, hydraulic and agricultural experiments, and famine relief works and programmes; the status of irrigation in Punjab, Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, Bengal, United Provinces, Upper Burma and Baluchis- tan, and Native States; and selected evidence, statistics, maps, etc. (See also E. S. R., 15, p. 308.) Studies on the irrigation of the Jauja, D. Valdizan {Ei^tudios sabre la Irriga- clon. dc Jaaja. Lima, Pern: Ljihreria dc San. I'i'dro, 1003, jip. 49, Jigs. 8, vvip 1). — Plans and specifications for works for supplying the city and valley of Jauja with water for domestic and irrigation purposes. Acquirement of -water rights in the Arkansas Valley in Colorado, J. S. Gheexe ( r. S. Depf. Agr., Office of Kiperiment Stations Bid. I40, pp. S3, pi. l,fiy. 1). — This bulletin gives the results of investigations on the different kinds of water rights recognized in this region and the manner in which they affect the well-being of irrigators. It also describes physical conditions which affect the value of water rights. "The subject is presented in such a way as to be of aid to intending settlers in showing them some features of irrigation which should be looked into, and where needed information can be found. While these rights are considered j)rimarily from the standpoint of the farmer, the interests of inve.stors in irrigation works and of the public in the best use of the water supply are also kept in mind." Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west MISCELLANEOUS. 1025 of the one hundred and third meridian, N. II. Dakton ( U. S. (udI. Siinri/ I'rof. I'dptv 17, jip. (!:>, jilx. 4->, Ji'j"- ■-■^)- Some observations on se-wage farms in England (Emjiiiecr. Xcw.'<, 51 {l'J04) , Xo. 10, pp. oS.'i-.uS7). The trials of wind-pumping engines at Park Royal, 1903, V. S. Courtney and W. N. Shaw {Jour. Ruij. A(jr. ,Suc. EiKjlaiid, 64 {I'JO,)), pp. 174-~~0, Ji'jx. 17). — Includes notes by the society's consulting engineer and report of the judge. Miscellaneous implements exhibited at Park Royal, 1903, J. B. Duguale {Jour. Roy. Ayr. Soc England, (!4 {1903), pp. 221-241, figs. 17). MISCELLANEOUS. Proceedings of the eighth annual meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by W. H. Beal and G. C. Ckeelman ( U. S. Dt'pl. ^Igr., (Jfficc of E.cjxriiiu'iit Stations Bui. 138, jyp. 119). — This is a detailed account of the proceedings of the meeting held at Toronto, Ontario, June 23-26, 1903. A summarized account of this meeting has been given (E. S. R., 15, p. 101) . Special and short courses in agricultural colleges, D. J. Crosby ( V. S. Ikpt. Agr., Office of E.rjtcriiiieiit ,Statio)is Bui. 13!), pp. -■7,9). — This is a summary of informa- tion on the special and short courses in agriculture and related subjects offered at the land-grant colleges. Of the 63 agricultural colleges and schools receiving funds from the National Government 44 have organized such courses. These courses are designed to meet the requirements of those preparing to enter a regular agricultural course, those desiring instruction in agricultural subjects but not fully (jualitied for college work, those desiring instruction in some particular phase of agriculture, and teachers desiring to prepare themselves to give instruction in nature study and ele- mentary agriculture. Brief statements are made concerning the date of opening, length, nature, admission retjuirements, and cost of attending these courses. Finances, meteorology, index {Maine Sta. Bui. 99, pp. 203-219 -{-VJII). — This includes re^jrints of 4 newspaper bulletins on fertilizers for mangel-wurzels, forage crops to supplement summer pasture and winter hay, insecticides, and cotton-seed meal; meteorological observations noted elsewhere; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; the organization list of the station; and announce- ments relative to station work. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1903 {Xevada Sta. Bjd. 1903, pp. 27). ~ This consists of a report of the director on the work of the station during the year; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; and departmental reports. Director's Report for 1903, W. H. Jordan {Xew York State Sta. Bui. 244, PP- 375-39S). — This is a rather extended review of the work of the New York State Sta- tion during the year. A financial statement is included, and a summary is given of the results of the inspection of fertilizers and feeding stuffs. Outlines are given of the work in the departments of animal husbandry, bacteriology, botany, chemistry, entomology, and horticulture; some of the results obtained being liriefiy sunnnarized. Twenty-second Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1903 {OJtio Sta. Bui. 143, pj>. XIX). — This includes an announcement concerning the work of the station, the organization list, a report of the board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190:!, and a re{)ort of the direcrtor sunnnarizing the work of the station during the year. Press bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bui. 143, pp. 145-1'>3). — Reprints of press ))ulletins on the following subjects: Caustic soda for Bordeaux mixture, the chinch-bug cami)aign, grape rot prevention, si)raying for ])itter rot of apples, loss of leaves by cherry-leaf spot and shot-hole fungus, tomato-leaf spot and muskmelon ))light, a ten-year com- j)arison of varieties of wheat, how to circumvent the Hessian fly, and fruit lists. Report of the sugar experiment station in West Java, II. C. P. Geerligs ( Vcrslag rruefdal. Suikcrrict, West Java, 1903, pp. 32, ph. G). — A condensed account IOlM) expi<:kimp:nt station record. is ^iven of tlic work of the (station for the year 1!)0.'!, witli hricf notes mi tlic puhhca- tioiis nf the various investigators eoiiiiected with the station. Report on the agricultural fund of Cyprus, W. F. II. S.mitii {[jumlnii: /hirliiuj A- Soil., I'Ji).!, jij). .'9). — In tliis paniphiet a slati'inent is made regarding tlie industrial couditions of Cyimis with especial reference to agricultural improvements. Notes are also given on the statistics of agricultural pro-.mS!_I; J.',, jiji. 417-4..V). Note on the cotton-seed oil industry and the establishment of cotton-seed oil mill in India, J. ^Mollison (A'jr. J,iLilc}i Hvedi- ncii.iiitilJt ShUdaklt, St. Feicrshur(j, Depl. Agr., 1903, 2>P- 4'^-5.) — The author presents a detailed account of the organization, work, equipment, and linancial support of the Department of Agriculture in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, (Ireat Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the United States. The settlement of Samoa, F. Wohltmann {Ffianzuiuj mid Sicdluii;/ niif Sdinod. Berlin: Kolotiial-Wirischafllidie Kumitee, 1904, 2^1^- V-\-164, pli^. ~'0, fi(js. 9, inup.^. 4)- — This is a report on agricultural conditions in the Island. Agriculture in primary schools [New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1903, pj). 410-422, plx.. 3, dgm. 1). — An account is given of the teaching of elementary agriculture in iNIaurii'eville West School, with syllabus of the theoretical and practical work offered during the first and second years. A jilan of the garden is given with a nundjer of illustrations showing different pliases of the work. Progress in women's education in the British Empire {London and Xciu Y(n-k: Loiigiiinn.'^, Green & Co., 1S98, pp. XXIV+370, churls 5, dgrn!<. 2). — This book is the report of the proceedings of the Education Section of the Victorian Era Exhi- bition in 1897, and is edited by the Countess of Warwick. It contains three series of papers and addresses on the following subjects: (1) Education of children; (2) some professions open to women; and (3) education in India and the colonies: Uni- versity extension. Under " professions open to women " appear a mmiber of papers on agricultural education for women in Great Britain and the colonies. How to teach nature study, A. M. Kelloc4G {Neu: York and Chicago: E. L. Kel- logg (.{■ Co., pp. 5')-f- VII, vliartH 6). — This is the second number of a series of "How to Teach" Manuals. In it the author defines the term " nature study," gives its origin, object, etc., as well as detailed general and special methods for teaching this subject. The Massachusetts course of nature study covering nine years is fully described. Science teaching and nature study {Soutliamjitoii: II ^f. (lilbert <(• S. 17). — An adch-ess delivered Ijy the author at the conference of the Private Schools' Association, at Harrogate, in June, 1V>03. Ways of the six-footed, Anna P. Comstock {Boston: Ginn cfc Co., 1903, j^p. XII+ 152,' Jigs. 47)- — This is a collection of 10 nature-study stories dealing with crickets, bees, wasps, ants, leaf cutters, leaf rollers, butterflies, and 17-year locusts in a popu- lar manner. The nature student's note book, C. Steward and Alice IC. Mitchell ( West- minster: Archibald Constable <^ Co., Ltd., pp. 152). — Part 1 of this book consists of nature notes. Blank pages are inserted on which students may record regularly their own discoveries and observations. A list of books of reference for school gar- dening is also given, as well as a list of injurious insects and a summary of tiie wild birds protection acts, 1880-1896. Part 2 consists of tables for classification of plants, animals, and insects in full detail, with methods for using the tables. NOTES. Florida Station. — F. C. Reimer, assistant horticulturist and botanist at the station, lias been ap])ointecl acting head of that department pending the appointment of a horticulturist and botanist. The Department is continuing its work in tomato breed- ing, started a year or two ago, with the object of securing varieties immune to tomato l)light. Some promising results have already been secured. Georgia College. — The chemical building (Terrill Hall), which is ])eing erected at a cost of $30,000, on the foundation of the old one (Science Hall), which was destroyed ])y fire in November, 1903, will be one of the bef t constructed and equipped chemical laboratories in the South. Special provisions are lieing made for la1)ora- tories designed to meet the requirements of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and electro-chemistry; and in addition to these special laboratories there will be a laboratory for beginners accommodating 120, a junior laboratory accommodating 36, a senior laboratory accommodating 18, a large pharmaceutical laboratory, two private laboratories, assay rooms, a large library room, two stock rooms, three museum rooms, four large lecture rooms, a balance room, a dark room, and a large fireproof vault. The building will be 75 by 133 ft., and three stories in height. The walls will be of brick, with a facing of red pressed brick, and all the floors will be sup- ported by heavy steel girders. It is expected to be ready for occupancy by January 1, 190.'i. Kansas College and Station. — The Kansas State Agricultural College has recently completed a new building to be used exclusively for dairy manufactures, the deiry machinery having been hitherto in Agricultural Hall. Prof. Oscar Erf, of the dejiart- ment of animal and dairy husbandry, has been given leave of absence in order to take charge of the .scientific work in connection with the dairy exhibits and tests at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Professor Erf planned the creamery which is oper- ated in connection with the exposition. Leslie F. Paull has resigned his position as assistant botanist in the college and station, to take a position in the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Dei)artment. Missouri University and Station. — H. J. Waters has been given a further leave of alxsence for one year, for study and travel in Europe. Dr. J. W. Connaway has also been granted leave of absence for study abroad. In the absence of C. H. Eckles, who has gone abroad for a year or more, R. M. Washburn will be in charge of the dairy w^ork. Dr. J. B. Tiffany, of Cornell University, has been appointed instructor in veterinary science, vice R. J. Foster, resigned. George M. Tucker, instructor of agronomy at the university and agronomist in the station, has resigned his position, and Merritt F. Miller, assistant professor of agronomy at the Ohio State University, has been elected to succeed him. New Hampshire College and Station. — The completion of the new range of green- houses was celebrated by a reception given by Prof. F. AV. Rane May 20. The green- houses were constructed with an appropriation of |7,000 made by the last legislature, and were first occupied by the department at the close of the winter term. They are steel structures, designed for both instruction and experimental work. The total 1028 NOTES. 1029 area under glass is 6,635 sq. ft. There are 7 distinct houses, besides a runway 10 by 44 ft., which is used for cutting benches on either side of tlie walk. Two of the houses have ground beds, similar to those found in the vegetable forcing structures about Boston, and the remainder have raised benches. One house, 20 by 47^ ft., is used entirely as a greenhouse laboratory for instruc- tion. This has a 3-ft. side bench built against the wall on either side, with a double row of students' workbenches 3 ft. 9 in. wide in the center, extending the entire length of the house and separated by a narrow passageway for the instructor. The students' benches are separated from the wall benches bj' a walk 2h ft. wide. Each student has a space 5 ft. in length, from the side of which next to the walk a space 1 ft. by 18 in. is removed to give standing room for the student, thus keeping the walk behind him open. The wall bench behind each student is used for his i)otted plants, stock for cuttings, etc. The greenhouses are connected with a potting house 20 by 30 ft., which has a base- ment used as a boiler room, and a finished room in the second story for the gar- dener. The main floor is provided with closets for tools, lockers for the students' working suits, a l)ench foninaking design work, etc. The range has a double system of heating, and each house is piped independently so that almost any range of tem- perature can be had which is desired for experimentation. Heat is supplied from the college heating plant, and there is a sectional steam boiler located in the base- ment of the potting house. The latter can he used in the spring and fall and at such other times as is desired. Each house has its own ventilating system and is lighted by electricity on separate switches. Ohio University and Station. — The appropriation of §75,000 made by the legislature for the College of Agriculture of the University was vetoed by the governor. The following appropriations were made for the station for the current year: For expenses of the board of control, §^800; publication of ])ulletins, $3,800; special work in ento- mology, botany, chemistry, and horticulture, $8,000; substations for field experi- ment, $7,000; general repairs, labor, and supplies, $7,500; special work in animal industry, $2,500; library eciuipment and care, $250; general construction, $2,000; purchase of test farm in southeastern Ohio, in part, $5,000; total, $36,850. The test farm, the purchase of which is authorized by the last item of the budget, has been located in Meigs County, about 18 miles south of Athens. It contains 300 acres, and the purpose is to devote it to the study of such problems as especially concern the agriculture of the hilly counties of- southern Ohio. It is expected that animal husbandry, orchard culture, and forestry will receive sjjecial attention. J. M. Van Hook, assistant jalant pathologist of the Cornell Station, has accepted a similar position at this station. F. H. Ballon, of Newark, Ohio, has been appointed assistant horticulturist to the station, in charge of the orchards. Frank A. Welton, a this year's graduate of Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio, has been appointed assistant chemist to the station. J. L. Taggart, horticultural foreman, has resigned to take charge of a commercial orchard near New York. A department of cooperative experiments has been organized in the station, to con- tinue the cooperative work heretofore conducted by the Agricultural Student Union of Ohio, and L. H. (roddard has been appointed experimentalist. It is expected that the Student Union will maintain an organization holding an advisory relation to this department of tlie station and to the extension work of the College of Agriculture of the State University. Pennsylvania Station. — A. K. Risser has resigned the position (jf assistant in agri- culture in the station to accept an appointment in the Government Indian School at Lawrence, Kans. N. G. Miller, of the class of 1904, has been appointed as his successor. Porto Kico Station. — F. 1). Gardner, who has been in charge of the station since its organization, returned early in June and has assumed charge of the work in soil .30972— N(j. 10—04 7 1030 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. management in tlie Burean of Soils. Mr. (iardnerwas aecomi)anie(l 1)y O. W. Bar- rett, entomologist and botanist of the station, who will spend several weeks in visit- ing institutions of special interest in connection with his work. The station is constructing a small reservoir preparatory to makitig experiments in irrigation for special crops, including lowland rice. A bulletin on the propagation and marketing of oranges in Porto Rico is being published in both iMiglish and Spanish editions. This sul)ject is attracting nuich attention in the island at present, and is one to which the station has given special attention. Thegrowingof orangeson a commercial scale has connnenced since the American occui)ation, and has not yet gone beyond the experimental stage. It is estimated that fully 0,000 acres of budded stock have been set out, and with the employment of suitable methoilsthe (lutlook for successful and pnifitalile orange growing in Porto Rico is thought to be very promising. Rhode Island Station. — A. G. Lander, second assistant chemist, has resigned to accept a position in Providence, R. I. South Carolina Station. — The veterinarian has undertaken to free the northern part of the State from cattle ticks, with a view to lowering the (luarantine line. Wyoming University and Station, — E. E. Slosson, for thirteen years professor of chemistry and chemist to the experiment station, who has been away most of the past year on leave of absence, has definitely severed his connection with the institu- tion. He is at jiresent located in Xew York as literary editor of the Independent. New Greenhouses for the Department cf Agriculture. — The location selected for the new Department building will require the tearing down of several ranges of green- houses and frame structures used foi* potting and storage, and will ultimately neces- sitate the removal of the conservatories and all the greenhouses. An appropriation of §25,000 was made by the last Congress for constructing new houses and the removal of old ones to the new location which has been selected at the northwest corner of the Department grounds, adjoining Fourteenth and B streets NW. The site has been prepared by the removal of several large trees and the tilling in of the lily pond. Eight new steel-frame greenhouses are now being constructed, and to these will be added three new ones of wood, the material for which is already on hand, and two comparatively new houses to be moved from their present location. A one-story brick building, about 275 feet in length, running along the north end of the green- houses on B street, will serve as a potting house, carpenter shop, paint shop, and for storage of material, and will provide office rooms for those in charge of the green- house work. The new houses will be used largely for experimental work. They will take the place of those used for the physiological and pathological investigations, the seed and plant introduction work, the storage of plants for Congressional distri- bution, and the propagation of decorative plants. The new buildings will l:)e ready early in September. Becent Agricultural Progress. — This is the title of an address delivered by C. C. Janres, Deputy INIinister of Agriculture for Ontario, before the Natural Science. Asso- ciation, and published in a recent issue of the Unkersitij of Toronto Monthly. In this Professor James reviews the material and intellectual progress of agriculture in Ontario, and calls attention to the institutions for agricultural education and the benefits which are resulting from their work. Referring to the agricultural college at Guelph, lie says: "The first move made i*.)V improving ( )ntai-io agriculture was the establishing of the agriculture college in 1874. This was at the beginning of the period of depression, when the changed circum- stances of the farmer were beginning to l)e severely felt. For many years the institu- tion struggled against the harsh opposition of one political party and the half-hearted apologies of the other, and a certain disheartening indifference on the part of the farmers themselves. The work, however, was continued faithfully, though under the most discouraging conditions. In 1889 the attendance was 134, of whom 30 can.e from outside of Ontario. In each of the past two years the attendance has been NOTES. 1031 over 700. . . . There were, in 1889, two professors in the science department at $1,500 each, a professor of chemistry, and one jarofessor for the following five sub- jects: Geology, botany, zoology, meteorology, and horticulture. Since then three fine lal)oratories have been erected and one rebuilt, and to-day ten n.embers of the staff are required to cover the same work as the two of 1889. This is one illustration of the large place that scientific research and instruction have recently come to occupy in connection with agricultural work." The farmers' institute system is descrilied as an outgrowth of a university extension movement inaugurated in 1884, in order to 1)ring the work of the college more directly t ) the farmer and to win his ajipreciation of it. Referring to the progress of these institutes, Professor James says: "Twenty years ago we discovered the farmer; five years ago w'e discovered that he had a wife; we are beginning to open our eyes to the fact that they have children. We have farmers' institutes, we have women's insti- tutes. Where are the children's institutes? In the public schools. When we have worked out the rural i^ublic school course, and given the half-million children of farm homes all that can reasonably be given through public school work, we shall be making these i-hildren's institutes effective in their general upward movement. Th- rural pul)lic schools might and should be made the most important element in the permanent improvement of Ontario agriculture." Professor James pays a high tribute to this Department, which he characterizes as " without doubt the largest and best equipped agricultural organization in exist- ence. Its investigations are most varied, and the story of its working is more inter- esting than the latest work of fiction. It reaches out into all parts of the Continent, and its agents are to be found in all parts of the world. When housed in its new buildings, it will be the INIecca for all American students of the new agriculture." National Diploma in Agriculture. — The annual examination for the national diploma in agriculture <;if Great Britain was held at Yorkshire College, Leeds, about the middle of ]May. Forty-six candidates were examined in the subjects comprised in part one (agricultural botany, mensuration and land surveying, general chemistry, geology, and agricultural entomology) , and 25 candidates in part two (practical agriculture, agricultural bookkeeping, agricultural chemistry, agricultural engineering, and veter- inary science). As a result of the examinations, 35 candidates passed part one and will be entitled to take the second part in 1905 or 1906; and 20 candidates passed part two, and are therefore entitled to receive the national diploma in agriculture. The candidates were from the various agricultural colleges throughout Great Britain. Of the 55 who passed part one or two, there was a total of 15 from Yorkshire C!ol- lege, 10 from Harris Institute at Preston, 6 from the AVest of Scotland Agricultural College, 6 from the Harper-Adams Agricultural College, 4 from the University Col- lege of Wales, 3 each from the Royal College of Science at Dublin, Durham College of Science at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and the Agricultural College at Holmes Chapel, and one each from the agricultural colleges at Uckfleld and Aspartia, the South- Eastern Agricultural College at Wye, and the University at Aberdeen. Two women passed the examination in part one. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — The annual meeting of this association will be held at St. Louis about Septemljer 20. Miscellaneous. — The first annual commencement of the Dunn County School of Agriculture at Menomonie, Wisconsin, occurred May 27. The graduating class num- bered 15, 5 of whom were girls. There were also 6 graduates of the short course. C. L. Goodrich, in charge of the instruction in agriculture at Hampton Institute, has resigned his position and will sever his connection with the school at the close of the present year. He will be succeeded by E. A. Bishop, a graduate of the INlassachusetts Agricultural College and for many years past in charge of the agricul- tural work at Talladega College, Talladega, Alabama. 1032 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. At the recent julnlee centurv in phosphates and fertilizers, P. E. Chazal 1063 From mine to field, E. Willis 1063 Mines and quarries 1063 The mining and preparation of nitrate of soda, V. Schoultz 1063 Potash fertilizers: Sources and methods of application, H. J. Patterson 1063 Analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, W. C. Stuhlxs and ('. H. 'O'Rourke - 1063 Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett 1063 Commercial fertilizers, W. W. Miller and N. W. Lord 1064 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Frear 1064 Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. PL Jones, and F. M. Hollister 1064 Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite 1064 FIELD CROPS. Alfalfa in Wisconsin, R. A. IMoore 1064 Cafiaigre, R. F. Hare 1064 Report of the experimentalist, C. A . Zavitz 1064 Corn culture, R. J. Redding 1068 Cooperative variety tests of corn in 1902-3, T. L. Lyon 1068 Increasing the yield of corn, A. INI. Soule and P. O. Vanatter 1069 The crop of corn, J. A . Jeffery 1070 What kind of corn shall be planted for silage? J. L. Hills 1070 Crops for the silo, A. M. Soule and J. R. Fain 1070 Cotton culture, R. J. Redding 1071 Sea Island cotton in Porto Rico, R. INI. Walker 1072 The potato in England, F. W. Mahin 1072 Methods and benefits of growing sugar beets, C. F. Savior 1072 Tests of different varieties of sugar 1 )eets, R. Harcourt 1072 Composition of an ancient Egyptian wheat, H. vSnyder 1073 Wheat and flour, R. Harcourt 1073 Macaroni wheat; its milling and chemical characteristics, J. H. Shepard 1073 A report on the range conditions of central AVashington, J. S. Cotton 1074 HORTICULTURE. Report of the pn )fessor < )f li< irticulture, H. L. Hutt 1074 Cook Islands horticulture, T. A^^ Kirk and W. A. Boucher 1075 Commercial gardening, M. A. Oshanin 1075 Experiments in crossing sweet corn, B. B. Halsted and J. A. Kelsey 1075 Solanurn commersonn and its rose, yellow, and violet-skinned varieties, Laber- gerie 1075 The onion - 1076 Ginseng, H. B. Miller 1076 Symposium of progress of pomology in America, F. M. Hexamer et al 1076 a" symposium of ideals in pomology, E. W. Wood et al 1076 Report on revision of rules of fruit nomenclature, W. A. Taylor et al 1076 Report of committee on nomenclature and standards, W. A. Taylor et al 1076 Judging fruits by scales of points, F. A. Waugh 1076 Best fruits for Utah planting 1076 The fruit industry of Jamaica, W. E. Smith 1077 The fruit supply of Auckland, W . A. Boucher. 1077 Fruit l)uds, P. Evans 1077 Freezing j)oints of fruit juices, J. B. Reynolds 1077 Storing nursery stock 1077 Breeding apples in Minnesota, W. Eiliott 1077 IV CONTENTS. Page. TIr' sccdk'SH ;ii)i)l(' 1078 ('oiiiiiicrcial orchards of .soiitli MiisHOuri, V. Horsfall 1078 The (late palm and its utilization in the Southwestern iStates, W. T. Swingle.. 1078 IVrsian < iulf dates and their introduction into America, D. dr. Fairchild 1079 Ripening jHTsiniiiions 1079 French r. American prunes and cherries, A. W. Tourg^e 1079 Tests of small fruits, J . Troop 1079 Tlie development of the seedless currant l)erry, A. J. Perkins 1080 The condition of the coffee industr)' in Porto Kico, J. W. Van Leenhoff 1080 (irape growing and raisin making in southern Utah, T. Judd lOSO ExjK'riments with commercial fertilizers for grapes, E. Zacharewicz 1081 ( )n the duration and variations in grafted vines, L. Degrully 1081 Notes on tlie reconstruction of French vineyards by grafting, L. Daniel 1081 Report of the viticulturist, R. Bragato 1081 Experiments on cok)ration of lilac flowers due to forced culture, E. Laurent.. 1081 Pictorial practical chrysanthenuim culture, W. P. Wright 1081 Alabama-grown bulbs for forcing, W. J. Stewart 1081 Annual flowering plants, L. C. Corbett 1082 FORESTRY. Forest fires in the Adirondacks in 1903, H. M. Suter 1082 Reclamation of flood-damaged lands in the Kansas River Vallev bv forest planting, G. L. Clothier ...\ 1082 Reforesting mountain slopes, T. P. Lukens 1082 A study of California forests, W. C. Hodge, jr 1082 I'laiited pine in Nebraska, C. A. Scott 1083 The blue gum, J. B. Anderson 1083 Practical forestry for lumbermen, O. W. Price 1083 Wood pulp and wood-pulping machinery 1083 SEEDS WEEDS. Alfalfa seed, E. Brown 1084 Temperature in relation to seed germination, J. B. Reynolds 1084 Res])iration experiments with dry and moist oats, Olaf Quam 1084 Rejjort on work of Stockholm Seed Control Station, 1902-3, O. Stjernquist . . . 1085 Notes on certain threatening weeds, L. R. Jones and W. J. Morse 1065 The shrubby cintjuefoil as a weed, L. R. Jones and W. J. Morse 1085 Spraying for wild mustard, J. L. Stone 1085 Report of the biologist, W. Lochhead 1085 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Preliminary treatment of seed grain as source of vegetative energy, J. L. Jen- sen 1086 Oat smut and its prevention, R. A. Moore 1087 Occurrence of plant diseases in Vermont in 1903, L. R. Jones and W. J. Morse - - 1087 Potato diseases and their remedies, L. R. Jones and W. J. Morse 1087 Dry rot of potatoes due to Fnmriuin oxysjwrum, E. F. Smith and D. B. Swingle. 1088 Spraying fruit trees, E. P. Sandsten 1088 Spraying graj^es for black rot in Erie County, Pa., G. C. Butz 1088 Dust or powder sprays, J. Craig 1089 ENTOMOLOGY. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 1089 Report of the entomologist, C. French 1089 The cause and control of insect depredations, E. P. Felt 1089 Insects injurious to plants, F. Corboz 1089 Insects injurious to fruits in Michigan, R. H. Pettit 1089 Injurious insects of 1903, F. L. Washburn 1089 Orchard enemies, F. Horsfall 1090 Injurious insects, W. Lochhead - 1090 CONTENTS. V Page. Preliminary bulletin on insects of the cacao, C. >S. Banks 1090 On II plague of grasshoppers in the central j^rovinces, 8. Stockman 1090 The cotton-boll weevil, L. de la IJarreda 1090 The ]\Iexican cotton-boll weevil in Texas, E. 1). Sanderson 1090 A note on the root maggots, C. M. Weed 1090 Coccida' of Ohio, J. (i. Sanders 1091 The San Jose scale in Japan, S. 1. Kuwana et al 1091 Injurious effects of the round-headed apple-tree borer, W. Stuarl 1091 Directions for spraying for the codling moth, C. W. Wood worth 1091 Coleoptera of the family Cerambycida?, C. Houlbert and E. Monnot 1091 Flour beetle ( Tnlxdinm confustmi) 1091! A natural history of the British lepidoptera, IV, J. W. Tutt 1092 Expeiimeuts in 1893, 1894, and 1896 upon the color relation between lepidop- terons larvie and their surroundings, E. B. Poulton 1092 The economic status of the Fulgorida?, H. Osborn 1092 Notes on the nests of bees of the genus Trigona, C. O. Waterhouse 1092 The suppression and control of the buffalo gnats, F. M. Wel)ster 1092 Method of coml)ating Atta sexdens and other ants, A. Hempel 1092 The spinning habits of the North American Attaci, F. M. Webster 1092 The nutrition of the bee moth, N. Sieber and S. Metalnikow 1092 Some observations on Anthenra yamamai, C. Sasaki 1093 A contribution to the life history of Orina tristij^, T. A. Chapman 1093 New observations on phthiriosis of grapes, L. Mangin and P. Viala 1093 On the wax-])r(>(hicing coccid, Ericcrus pcla, C. Sasaki 1093 Note on the habits of Cldronomtis sordidellus, T. H. Taylor 1093 An experimental study of hydrocyanic-acid gas as an insecticide, F. Lopez 1093 Lime-salt-sulphur wash 1093 Spray calendar 1093 Insecticides, R. Uarcourt 1093 The common mosciuitoes of New Jersey, J. B. Smith 1093 Apiculture, E. Bertrand 109-1 Report of the lecturer on apiculture, H. R. Rowsome 1094 Korean race of silkworms, C. Sasaki 1094 The beggar race of silkworms, C. Sasaki 1094 Double cocoon race of silkworms, C. Sasaki 1094 On the feeding of silkworms with the leaves of Cadrania triloba, C Sasaki 1094 Feeding silkworms with leaves of wild and cultivated mulberry trees, C. Sasaki . 1094 FOODS NUTRITION. Gluten ous and starchy wheats, H. Snyder 1095 Composition and l)read-making value of roller-process Hour, H. Snyder 1095 The relative protein content of wheat and flour, H. Snyder 1096 Influence of storage and bleaching upon flours, H. Snyder 1097 Relative food value of Graham, entire-wheat, and straight-grade flours, H. Snyder 1098 The manufacture of macaroni, J. H. Shepard _ 1098 The food value of sugar, H. Snyder 1 098 The digestive action of milk, H. Snyder 1099 The place of meat in the diet in Cologne, M. Kiihnau 1099 (Composition of mushrooms, C. H. Jones 1099 Analyses of infant foods, C. H. Jones 1099 The food production of British farms, R. II. Rew 1 100 Borax and 1 )oric acid as drugs and preservatives 1 100 Anilindyes, G. W. Chlopin 1100 A new type of anemo-calorimeter for clinical uses, A. O. Ignatowski 1 100 A rtiflcial transformation of albumin into globulin, L. Moll 1100 The cleavage of gelatin, II and III, P. A. Levene ' 1100 Ferments in organs which induce cleavage in sugar, J. Feinschmidt 1100 Coagulating effect of autolytic organ extracts, A. Niirnberg 1 100 On the adaptation of the pancreas, F. A. Bainbridge - 1100 Estimation of carbon dioxidby densimetry, A. I). Waller and B. J. Collingwood. 1101 Calculation of the respiratory quotient, A. D. Waller and B. J. Collingwood.. 1101 VI CONTENTS. ANIMAL PKODlCriON. f&ge. Exi)eriineiits with fatteniiijf steers, M. C'nininin<; 1 101 Feeding value of soft corn for beef ])r()(lucti()ii, \V. .1. Kiiinctly et ai 1102 Coeoa-sheil milk for calves, 11. 11. Dean llOo rrolitable stock feeding, 11. F. h^niith 1 K« lv\i)erinients w ith swine, M. C'uniniing 1103 Poidtry inanagenieTit, F. B. Lintield 1104 Killing and plucking jioultrv 1104 Poultry nianageincnt at Maine Agricultural ]';xi)eiinient Station, G. M. Goweil. 1104 lieport of nianageidf the poultry department, \V. li. (iraham 1105 Digestion exijeriments with ])oultry, F. W . Brown 1107 Composition of l)y-])roducts, \V. 1*. (7and)le 1108 Annual rejMirt for 1 !•()."> of tiie consulting chemist, .1. A. Voelcker 1108 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYIN'C;. Feeding trials with cows, J. L. Hills 1109 A comparison of feeding-trial methods, J. L. Hills 1110 On the value of sugar beets as a food for dairy cows, (i. W. Berglund 11 10 Effect of feed on milk and tlie body of Initter, J. B. Lindsey et al 1110 Report of the jjrofessor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean ...^ 1110 Record of the station herd for 1902-3, J. L. Hills ( 1113 Associative action of bacteria in the souring of milk, ( '. F. Marshall 1113 Associative action of bacteria in the souring of milk, ('. K. Marshall 1113 Bacteriology of so-called "sterilized milk," W. Robertson and W. Mair 1113 The formation of film on heated milk, L. F. Rettger 1113 Cream testing, C. H. Jcjnes 1 113 How long may a finished Babcock test be preserved unimpaired? J. L. Hills. 1114 Moisture content of butter and methods of controlling it, G. L. McKay and C. Larsen 1114 Experiments on the regulation of water content of export Imtter, F. Walk r. . . 1116 Studies upon keeping quality of butter. 1. — Canned butter, L. A. Rogers. ... 1116 Keeping (juality of sour-cream and sweet-cream radiator butter, A. Voss- Schrader 1117 On the keeping quality of butter, S. C. Buhl 1117 Chemical changes in cheese during the ripening process, W. P. < himble 1117 The chemistry of cottage cheese, F. H. Hall, L. L. Van Blyke, and E. B. Hart. 1117 Report of the professor of bacteriology, F. C. Harris< »n 1117 International Congress of Dairying, L. Gedoelst and M. Henseval 1117 Statistics of the dairy, II. E. Alvord 1117 VETEHINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. A study of natural immunity, R. Turro 1118 Report on infection, natural and artificial imimmity, toxins, immune sera, etc. 1118 Lnmiine sera, A. Wassermann, trans, by C. B( ihhian 1118 The coagulating power of serum, J. Bordet and O. (iengou 1118 Experiments relating to the ]>henomenon of agglutination, C. Nicolle 1118 Contributions to the study of hemagglutinins arid hemolysins, W. AV. Ford and J. T. Halsey 1118 Blood immunity and blood relationship, G. II. F. Nuttall 1118 Atlas and outlines of bacteriology, K. B. Lehmann and R. <). Neumann 1119 Bacteriological diagnosis for veterinarians and students, J. Bongert 1119 Staining certain bacteria in sections of tiie skin and other organs, K. Zieler. . . 1119 Method of demonstrating the presence of bacteria in the mesentery, A. G. Nicholls ; :^ 1119 Study of chronic infection and subinfection by colon V)acillus, G. A. Charlton. 1120 Action of artificial oxydases on the toxin of tetanus, A. Lumiere et al 1120 Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for 1903. 1120 Report of the live-stock sanitary board of Wisconsin for 1901-2, (t. JNIcKerrow, E. D. Roberts, and H. L. Russell .' 1121 Report of the Royal Veterinary College, J. INlcFadyc an 1121 Report of the division of veterinary science, J. A. Gilruth 1121 Report of iliief veterinary inspector, J. G. Rutherford 1 122 Report of the chief inspector of stock, J. R. Weir 1 123 Diseases of stock, W. E. Davidson 1123 Contents. vii Page. Quarantine rules and rejiulations 1123 Canadian rt.i;nlations relatinizootic diseases, \'. Nugorski 1124 The relations of human and bovine tuberculosis, V. A. Moore 1124 Human and bovine tuberculosis, A. d'Espine Xl24 Tuberculosis tif cattle as related to that of man, E. Perroncito 1124 An inquiry into the primary seat of infection in 500 eases of tuberculosis, J. (J. Sy mes and T. Fislier Reaction vt tul)erculous animals to subcutaneous infection, F. A. delia Cella.. The morl)id anatomy and etiology of avian tuberculosis, V. A. Moore The tuberi'ulosis (animals) compensation bill, A. J. Laird On anthrax, J. Dunstan The morphology and bioli gy of anthrax bacillus, H. Preisz Investigation of natural and artificial innnunity to anthrax, A. Pettersson Inmiunizing action of nucleoi)roteid extracted from anthrax ])acilli, N. Tiberti. Bactericidal power of plasma-free blood, etc., S. Spangaro .• Transmission of African coast fever, C P. Lounsbnrj' Rhodesian red water or African coast fever, R. Koch Heart-water inoculation experiments, 1). Hutcheon Organism of toxemic hemoglobinemia in cattle in Kuban, Russia, E. Djatschenko Epizootic' outljreak of rinderpest and preventive vaccination, L. Motzarski Notes on degrees of susceptibility t( » rinderpest, A. Lingard Preparation of dry, antirinderpest serum, E. Dschunkowsky and J. Kuj^zis .. Infectious abortion among cattle, J. \V. Connaway Contagious abortion in Montana, H. C. Gardiner The new treatment of milk fever in cows, J. Law Suppuration of the milk ducts in cows, E. Thierry Permanent infection of the mammary gland, H. d' Anchald Sterility in cattle, E. Thierry Actinomycotic orchitis in bulls, I. M. Covalevski Papillomatosis in cattle, A. Zimmermann Ergotism in cattle, N. S. Mayo Dipping tanks Departmental dipping experiments Calcium sulphid as a remedy for mange The sheep maggot-fiy, R. S. INIcDougall Prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth disease, P. LabulJy Acute ulcerative inflammation of the cornea, D. Hutcheon Joint ill Loco, N. S. Mayo Composition and 2>harmacological action of Zi/gadeuus reiu'nuxu.'^, N. Vejux- Tyrode i Osteomalacia and paralysi.^, D. Hutcheon Obsei-vations on epizootic outbreaks of tapeworms in sheep, 31. L. Blumenfeld. The development ( )f Herpetomonas, S. Prowazek The polycephalic bladder worms, especially Cwnurus ccrvbralis and C. serialis, F. Kunsemiiller Intestinal parasites m hogs, K. W. .Stouder Sarcosporidia and their enzyms, H. Rievel and M. Behrens 8wine fever, J. I). Stewart Production of serum for prevention of swine plague and hog cholera, M. Prettner Diseases which resemble hog cholera, O. Malm Rachitis in pigs, E. Thierry The danger of introducing glanders from foreign countries, Arndt Horse sickness and its i>revention, R. Koch Horse sickness, H. Watkins-Pitchford An African trypanosoma pathogenic for horses, A. Laveran and F. Me.snil Alteration of generation and host in a case of Trypanosoma and Spirochtete, F. Schaudinn Treatment of mal de caderas, M, S. Bertoni VIll CONTENTS. I'age. Trvpanosoina and trypanosomiasis, witli special reference to surra in the Philipi)iiu" Islands, W. K. Musgrave and M. T. Ciegg 1131 Micro-organisms of plenro-pneumonia and influenza in liorses, Z. F. Elenevski . 1132 Bots in liorses, S. S. Cameron 1132 Thymol, U. II. Cousins 1132 Disintegration in relation to the virus of rallies, J. O. W. Barratt 1132 Note on the disintegration of rahid brain su1)stance, J. O. W. Barratt 1132 The passage of rabies virus through filters, V. Rendinger 1133 Modifications of the virulence of rabies virus, K. Bertarelli 1133 Two cases of recovery from experimental rabies, P. Remlingerand M. Effendi. 1133 Experimental rabies in birds, J. von Lote 1 1 33 Fowl cholera and fowl plague, M. Ilertel 1 133 S]»irillosis of fowls, C. Levaditi 1134 Minor ailments of poultry, C. E. J. Walkey 1134 Poultry diseases common in Montana, II. C. (iardiner 1134 AGKICULTURAL ENtilNEKKING. Agricultural engineering, S. Eraser 1134 The field for study and development of rui'al engineering in Nebraska 1134 Natural features and economic develoi)inent of the Sandusky, Maumee, Mus- kingum, and Miami drainage areas in Ohio, B. H. Flynn and Margaret S. Flynn 1134 Irrigation in India, II. ]M. Wilson 1135 Notes on irrigation in the valley of the TumViez 1135 Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State highway commissioner 1135 Historic highways of America, A. B. Ilulhert '. 1135 Tenth annual report of the commissioner of public roads, II. I. Budd 1135 The international good roads convention 1135 Oil engines for agricultural purposes, W. W. Beaumont , 1135 Systems and methods of mechanical refrigeration, S. H. Bunnell 1135 The cold-storage building and experiments, J. B. Reynolds 1135 The modern silo, T. Cherry 1136 Windmills, R. Oagey 1136 MISCELLANEOUS. Sixteenth Annual Report of Alabama Station, 1903 1136 Thirteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1900 1136 Sixteenth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1903 1136 Abstract of Sixteenth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1903 1136 Experiment Station Work, XXV 1136 Crop Reporter 1136 An outline of cooperative demonstrations and tests for 1904 1136 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 66, Jan., 1904 Porto Rico Station: Circ. 2, Jan. 2, 1904 Circ. 3, Mar. 28, 1904 South Dakota Station: Bui. 82, Dec, 1903 Tennessee Station: Bui., vol. 17, No. 1, Jan., 1904. Bui., vol. 17, No. 2, Apr., 1904. Southern Utah Expt. Farm: Bui. 1, Jan., 1904 Vermont Station: Bui. 106, Mar., 1904 Bui. 107, Apr., 1904 Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1903 1070, 1085, 1087, 1091 1109, 1110, 1113, 1114, Washington Station: Bui. 60, 1904 "West Virginia Station: Bui. 91, Nov., 1903 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 110, Apr., 1904 Bui. Ill, Mar., 1904 Bui. 112, Mar., 1904 073, 1098 1070 1069 1080 1136 1064 1053, 1099, 1136 1074 1064 1088 1087 1064 Alabama College Station: Page. Pennsylvania Station: Page. Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1903 1136 Bui. 66, Jan., 1904 1088 California Station: Bui. 155, Mar., 1904 1091 Circ. 2, Jan. 2, 1904 1080 Delaware Station: Circ. 3, Mar. 28, 1904 107 Bui. 65, Mar. 1, 1904 1059 Georgia Station: Bui. 62, Dec, 1903.' 1068 Bui. 63, Dec, 1903 1071 Indiana Station: Bui. 99, Mar., 1904 1079 Iowa Station: Bui. 75, Mar., 1904 1102 Bui. 76, Mar., 1904 1114 Kentucky Station: Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1900 1053, 1058, 1136 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 76 (second series), Sept. 1,1903 1063 Maine Station: Bui. 100, Feb., 1904 1104 Bui. 101, Mar., 1904 1063 Michigan Station: Spec Bui. 22, Jan. , 1904 1070 Spec. Bui. 23, Jan., 1904 1113 Spec. Bui. 24, Feb. , 1904 1089 Minnesota Station: Bui. 84, Dec, 1903 1089 Bui. 85, Jan. , 1904 1 073, 1095,1096,1097,1098 Bui. 86, Mar., 1904 1098, 1099 Missouri Fruit Station: Bui. 8, Sept. , 1 903 1078 Bui. 9, Dec, 1903 1090 Bui. 10, Mar. , 1904 1077 Montana Station: Bui. 49, Oct., 1903 1127 Bui. 50, Oct., 1903 1104,1134 Nebraska Station: Bui. 83, Apr. 21, 1904 1068 New Jersev Stations: Bui. 170, Feb. 5, 1904 1075 Bui. 171, Feb. 8, 1904 1093 New Mexico Station: Bui. 48, Sept., 1903 1060 Bui. 49, Dec. , 1903 1064 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 216, Feb., 1904. 1085, 1089, 1136 Bui. 217, Mar. , 1904 1093 North Dakota Station: Bui. 60, Apr. , 1904 1053 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may l)e purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, I). C. For the pul)lications of the Weather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 193 Farmers' Bui. 194 Farmers' Bui. 195 Circ 11 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 39, pt. 6 (5 cents) Bui. 55 (10 cents) Bui. 56 (20 cents) Bui. 57 (5 cents) Bureau of Forestry: Circ 26 Circ. 27 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 53 (20 cents) Bui. 54 (10 cents) Bui. 55 (10 cents) Bureau of Soils: (Urc 13 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. 10- 12, Febr.-Apr., 1904 1136 1084 1082 1072 1055 1117 1107 1116 1082 1082 1078 1079 1088 1061 1136 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Platic I V. The respiration calorimeter 1038 V. Moilel of respiration calorimeter, showing general i)lan and details of construction 1038 YI. The meter pump and absorption tubes 1042 VII. Arrangement of heating wires, cooling pipes, etc 1042 Fig. 11. Vertical cross sections 1039 12. Horizontal cross section 1040 X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XV. July, luo-t. No. 11. This namlxn- concludes the liftconth vohinic of the Record, except the index. The index niimlxM- will, as usual, constitute No. 12, and the work on this has heen kept so well up with the current numbers that it will be issued quite promptly. Special effort has been made in this direction for several years past, for it is recognized that the permanent value of the Record depends laro-ely on its indexes, and that it is a great advantage to those wdio iile it permanently to have the index in their hands as soon as possible after the conclusion of a volume. The general index, which has been so long promised, has at length been issued. This has been in press since last September, and has suf- fered several unavoida])le delays due to the shortage of some of the type used, as well as the usual delays incident to reading the proof. The manuscript was so pondei'ous that it was necessary to leave many matters to be attended to in the proof. This hnal work was made more dithcult by the inal)ility to have the whole index in type at one time. This w\as impracticable from a t3'pographical standpoint. The plates were stereotyped as fast as the proof was read, so that the final changes necessitated cutting the plates or resetting, and hence had to 1)6 limited to those absolutely necessary' to accuracy. A large amount of time was expended in the effort to group entries, so that a subject would be found complete by persons approaching it from somewhat different points of view. There are always two and frequently more entries for each item, and cross references are used where \'er it was thought the}^ would be an aid. The result is a volume of six hundred and seventy-one pages, which furnishes a complete index to the work of the experiment stations and of this Department since the Hatch Act went into effect, and since about 1898 to the more important investigations of a similar character in foreign countries. The range of sul^jects revealed l)y casually ruiming over the index is hardly less surprising than the number of entries included under some of the larger subjects. The longest of these. Milk (and Milk production), occupies nearly eleven double-column pages; Soils, nine and a half pages; Corn, eight; Wheat, seven; Cows, six; and Butter 1033 1034 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and Cheese four paj'-es each. It is estiniatc^d that there are not far from one hundred and twenty-tive tliousiind entries, arranged under fully tifty thousand headings and subdivisions. The first edition of a thousand (•()pi(\s hardly more than sufficed to supply the college and station libraries and the heads of departments in the stations. As far as possi))le the t-hief assistants were also included, l)ut a large number of regular recipients of the Record had to l)e left to be supplied from a second edition. As the latter under the present laws can not exceed one thousand copies, owing to the size of the volume, those who are as 3^et unsupplied and who especiall}' desire it should have their names listed, as the further distrilmtion will be upon application onl}'. Many, doubtless, will not care par- ticularly for this index, as they lack complete files or do not preserve the volumes in bound form. The index is obviously of little value except to those who have com- plete sets of the Record, and one effect of its issue will doubtless be to stimulate attempts to complete broken files. No duplicates of the earlier volumes are now in stock at the Department, and very few of the later volumes. Occasional numbers can sometimes be supplied to help in completing volumes, but our abilit}^ to do this is dependent upon duplicates or discarded files which are returned to us. The attention of those who have incomplete sets or duplicates which the}' do not care especially to preserve is called to the fact that there is a constant call for back numbers from libraries, institutions, scientific workers and writers, and the like, which it is desirable to meet, and that such files or duplicates would be highly appreciated. We will be glad to send franks for the forwarding of such back numbers at any time, and will place them where the}' will do the most good and have a permanent value. Two recent departures in the editorial line are worthy of notice on account of their novel character and the enterprise which they evi- dence. While totaly unlike, the}' are both typical of the thought which is given by American stations to the publication of their work and of the various efforts which are made to appeal to the farmer. The Wisconsin Station has varied the usual form of the annual report this year, as it did ten years ago on the completion of its first decade. The present report is the twentieth. It summarizes the work of the station in its various lines from 1893 to VMS, the sunmiaries being in the form of separate articles, each treating of a particidar phase of the work. How concisely these summaries are made may be judged from the fact that the report does not exceed its usual size. In addition to them, the director contributes a brief history of the college of agriculture and the experiment station, and a description of the new agricultural building. EDITORIAL. 1035 The advjintaoc of sucli sumuuiries and of discussing the accumulated results in the light of later information will be readily apparent. It serves as a convenient means for farmers to get a clear grasp of the work and its present status; and it also relieves the demand upon the station for its earlier reports, which are rapidly becoming exhausted. It places its work permanently on record in convenient form for reference. Not every station could atford the time for such a sunmiary perhaps; but some such periodical sunnuing up of the work will be necessary as a permanent record, particularly where a station has accumulated a large amount of work on a variety of subjects. It is often a good thing for a station itself to try to point out exactly the ground it has covered, and the stage it has reached in its investigations. It clarifies the ideas of the workers and helps them to get their bearing in their work. If this could be done in some lines of experiments that have been allowed to drift along in a time-honored way, without even a careful summing up of the yearly results, chiefly on account of the supposed value of their cumulative results, it is quite possible we should lose our reverence for them and evolve something more promising. The requirement of an annual report is a wise one, as well for the station and its workers as for the general public. The decennial sum- mary has many things to commend it, and will become the more important with the flight of time. The second editorial venture to which it is desired to call attention is that of the agricultural college and experiment station of Tennessee which recently undertook the editorial management of a daily news- paper, Prof. Andrew M. Soule, the director, appearing in the role of editor of the Knoxmlle Sentinel for its issue of June 3d. The object was to attract attention to the work of the college and station, and the immediate occasion was the East Tennessee Farmers' Convention, which held its final session on that date. Many of the papers presented at the convention were reproduced, and to these were added various articles relating to agricultural education, the work of the experiment station, and the applica- tion of the results in practice to improve Tennessee agriculture, written by members of the station stafl'. An article by Prof. C. S. Plumb, of Ohio State University, summarized the results of feeding trials with hogs, and one by M. A. Carleton, of this Department, discussed the improvement of winter cereals for the South, The editorial page was essentially agricultural throughout. There were editorials on Agricultural Opportunities in Tennessee, The Farm Home, The Value of Good Roads, More Reading Farmers, Sweet Clover and Alfalfa Bacteria, and Trained Farm Foremen in l()8(l P^XPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Doniaiid. Tlic usual shoi-t notes on this pa<,a' crave })its of infoiination upon aji'ricultural topics, atiricultui'al statisti<-; , etc. The nianao'onu'nt of the ))ap('r cxphiins in a note that " in turning its columns over to the fai'nier-s for to-day the Seiitlinl thus recog- nizes the o-i'<'at iinportanco of agriculture, surpassing that of all other factors in oui' iiuhistiial activities. The development of better methods of farming in our section will more than aught else promote our wealth and progress. l*rofessor Soule has given his best efforts to this edition, and we believe it will be found to reflect great credit on him. and we trust also upon the Sc/ifhiel.'' This undertaking is as interesting as it is novel, and the result is certainly most creditable. We piil>lish in this issue a description of the respiration calorimeter as adapted to use with animals. Editorial mention of this api)aratus and its significance to investigation in animal nutrition has already been made (K. S. K., 15, p. 737). In view of the interest attaching to the api)aratus f)otli from its intrinsic importance and on account of its American origin, a popular description of its construction seemed desirable. Doctor Armsby consented to prepare such a description, the first of the kind which he has published: and to this he has added some remarks on the way in which the apparatus is employed in study- ing questions in animal nutrition, and the interpretation of the results with reference to the demand for nutrients and the use to which they are put by the animal organism. This will doubtless prove helpful to man}' Avho have not given special attention to the subject, and make more evident the important function of the apparatus. THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER AT THE PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIMENT STATION. H. P. ARM8BY, Ph. D., LL. I)., Director Pennsi/lrania Experiment Station. Our present methods of investigating- tlie prolilenis of stock feeding are still ver}- largeLy based upon the classic inxestigations of Henne- berg and Stohniann at the \Yeende Experiment Station, covering approximately the years from 1858 to 1870. Beginning with investi- gations upon the digestibility of feeding stuH's and upon the mainte- nance requirements of farm animals, they subseciuently took up more complex problems. A respiration apparatus modeled after that of Pettenkofer at Munich was constructed, and somewhat extensive respiration experiments with both cattle and sheep were conducted. No more carefully thought out, complete, and logical programme for investigations in animal nutrition is on record than that written by Henneberg in 1868 and published in 1870 as an introduction to his "Neue Beitriige.''" This paper outlines the general features of the problem and will well repay careful perusal by every student of the subject. Such investigations as Henneberg mapped out, however, are neces- sarilj" slow and expensive, particularly- in the case of farm animals, and while the respiration apparatus found extensive use b}- the ph3^si- ologists for smaller animals, investigators of feeding pi'oblems were largely content for many years with the simpler methods of digestion and metabolism experiments. It is only quite recently that the inves- tigations of Kiihn and Kellner at Moeckern and of Zuntz and Hage- mann at Berlin have aroused new interest in these fundamental (|uestions. In the United States the work of the experiment stations has almost of necessit}^ been along lines similar to those pursued for many years abroad. While the investigations of our stations have done much to advance our knowledge of the subject of stock feeding, especially' as related to questions of practice, the}- have at the same time made increasingly evident the need for more scientific study of « Ueber das Ziel nnd die Methoden der auf den Landwirth.«chaftlichen Yersuchs.sta- tionen auszufiihrendeu thier-]jliysiologischen Untersuchungen. 1037 1038 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the fuiidanuMitul })liysiol()*;ical laws upon whit-li a rational practice nuist necessarily he based. In 181KS, encouraged by the success which had attended the investi- gations with the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter at Wesleyan University, the Pennsylvania Experiment Station and the Hureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agric-ulture undertook in cooperation the construction and operation of a similar apparatus for studying the fundamental principles of the nutrition of farm ani- mals (Pis. IV and V). It was determined to make the apparatus large enough for experiments with cattle, and in view of the costly and unique nature of the apparatus the erection of a special building for housing it was authorized by the trustees of the college. Work upon the apparatus was begun in the fall of 1898. In addi- tion to the numerous problems of construction involved in the consid- erable enlargement of the apparatus, other questions had to be solved. Thus, no cooperation could be had from the subject of the experiment, but everything relating to the conditions inside the apparatus must be adjustable by the observer without. Moreover, for experiments with cattle large amounts of bulky food and excreta had to be introduced into or removed from the apparatus. A further complication arose from the considerable production of combustible gases by ruminating animals, rendering it necessary to provide special means for their determination. As a result of all these difficulties, the construction proved slower and more expensive than was anticipated, extending over nearl}^ three and one-half 3^ears. Preliminary tests were com- pleted and the first actual experimental work begun early in the year 1902. GENEKAI. PLAN. The general plan of the apparatus is substantially that of the Atwater- Rosa apparatus; that is, it is a Pettenkofer respiration apparatus, the chamber of which serves also as a calorimeter. The original Middle- town apparatus has been fully described in bulletins 63 and 136 of the Office of Experiment Stations, and the reader is referred to these pub- lications for details on many points. The respiration chamber of the Penns3dvania apparatus (figs. 11 and 12) is constructed of sheet copper, and measures 6 feet by 10 feet 4 inches and S feet high. A platform 21 inches above the base of the chamber carries the stall in which the animal stands. Beneath the rear portion of this stall is a small chamber of sheet copper about 34 by 67 inches, entirely shut off' from the rest of the respiration chamber except for two holes through the platform, and having a separate air- tight door. Through one of the holes mentioned a rubber tube leads from the urine funnel to a receptacle of tinned copper; to the other hole is attached a large rubber duct covering the hind quarters of the Experiment Station Record, Vol. 15, No. 11. Plate IV. Experiment Station Rocord, Vol. 15, No. 1 1. Plate V. THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 1039 32846— No. 11—04 2 1040 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. THE EESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 1041 animal, and underneath it is i)laced a galvanized iron box, tightly pressed against the lower side of the platform, to receive the droppings of the animal. This small chaml)er, therefore, has only such air con- nection with the remainder of the chamber as is unavoidable through tli(^ o]:)enings around the two ducts, but is in thermal communication with it through its copper walls. The operation of opening the air- tight door, removing the excreta and replacing the receptacles occupies not more than a minute or two, and it is assumed that any error thus introduced is insignificant. At the other end of the platform is the feed box. This is provided with an air-tight cover, which can be opened or closed by means of a lever operated from outside, and is also provided with an air-tight door. B}' lowering the cover the feed box can be entirely shut off from the chamber. The air-tight door can then be opened for the introduction of feed or the removal of residues, the door closed and the lid again lifted. The arrangement constitutes, in brief, an air lock and is substantially like tliat emplo3'ed in the respiration apparatus of the Moeckern Experiment Station. The water supply is introduced into a small drinking basin at the side of the feed box by means of a pipe carried through the calorimeter wall, the water being weighed in and any excess removed by drawing the water in the pipe down to a tixed level. The large door at the rear of the apparatus through which the ani- mal enters and the two small doors giving access respectively to the feed box and excreta ha\e hea\'y oak frames and are made tight ))y means of gaskets composed of rul)l)er tubing, the doors being kept in place by means of pressure catches such as are frequently used on large refrigerators. THE RESPIRATION APPARATUS. Through the chamber above described a current of outdoor air is aspirated b}^ means of a special pump (PL VI), the air tirst passing over the expansion coils of an ice machine where most of its moisture is deposited as frost. At the point of entry to the chamber samples are taken alternatel}' by one or the other of two large aspirators of constant flow at the rate of 200 liters in 12 hours. In these samples moisture and carbon dioxid are determined by passing them through U tubes containing sulphuric acid and soda-lime. The air leaving the respiration chamber passes tirst through four large copper cans, standing in wells in a brine bath which is cooled to about —20° C. by means of the ice machine. In these cans the larger share of the moisture of the outcoming air condenses as frost and is subsequently weighed. From the copper cans the air passes to the meter pump, which serves both to maintain the air current and to measure and sample it. 1042 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. This meter pump, whith w;is designed and built especially for this apparatus by Mr. Frederick Hart, of Pou«hkeepsie, New York, acts upon the same principle as the Blakeskn^ meter pump used in the Atwater-Kosa apparatus, but differs materially from it in mechanical details. A full description of it has l)eenpu))lislied." The pump con- sists essentiall}" of two cylinders of drawn-steel tubing, 19 inches in diameter, moving up and down in mercury. The pump is adjustable to three different lejigths of stroke and four speeds. As thus far used, it has been set to deliver approximately 50 liters per stroke (exactly, 49.539) and has been run at the rate of al^out 14 strokes per minute, the total ventilation, therefore, being about 700 liters per minute. The number of strokes as recorded b}^ a revolution counter, with the corrections for temperature and pressure, gives the total volume of air passing through the apparatus, and the results of the analysis of the ingoing air, calculated upon this volume, give the weights of water and carbon dioxid cari-ied into the apparatus by the current of air. By means of a shunt valve connected with an ingenious train of gearing, one stroke is delivered at regular intervals alternately through one or the other of two special outlets. The pump can be set to deliver thus one stroke in 200, one in 400, or one in 800. The two aliquot samples thus taken are conducted to two large pans having counterpoised rubber covers substantially like those used in the Atwater-Rosa apparatus. From these pans each sample separately is aspirated by means of a subsidiary air pump and passes through a set of six large U tubes (10^ inches), the first two containing pumice stone saturated with sulphuric acid, the second two soda lime, and the last two pumice stone and sulphuric acid. The increase in weight of these tubes, of course, gives the amounts of water and carbon dioxid con- tained in the samples, and this amount multiplied by the propei- factor gives the total amount contained in the outcoming air. Subtracting from this that contained in the ingoing air, determined as above described, gives the amounts added b}" the animal. From the U tubes the air is conducted to the apparatus for deter- mining the combustible gases excreted. This consists of a 1-inch copper tube, having an effective length of about 60 inches, filled with platinized kaolin and kept at a red heat by 64 gas-burners. In this tu})e the combustible gases are oxidized to carbon dioxid and water, which are absorbed and weighed in a second set of U tubes similar to the first. Many difficulties were experienced in securing satisfactory results with this part of the apparatus on account of the large volume of air to be handled (3^ liters per minute as ordinarily used) and the considerable force required to draw the air through the numerous absorption tubes. The connections with the combustion tubes are «American Machinist, 25 (1902), p. 1297. Experiment Station Record, Vol 15. No. 11. Plate VI. The Meter Pump and Absorption Tubes. Experiment Station Record, Vol 15, No. 11 Plate VII. THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 1043 made with soldered joints and the al)sorption tubes arc carefull}^ tested with the manometer before ])eino- used. The amount of pkitinized kaolin employed has been demonstrated to be sufficient to oxidize much larger amounts of methane than it will ever be required to in actual use. No parallel determinations of combustible gases are at present made in the air entering the apparatus. The amounts have been shown to be ver}' small in this locality' and corrections are made for them from the results of numerous blanks. THE CALORIMETER. The arrangements for determining the heat given off by the animal are in all essentials like those of the Atwater-Rosa apparatus. The heat is absorbed by a current of cold water passing through copper pipes at tTie top of the respiration chamber, access of air to these pipes being regulated by means of shields which can be raised or lowered by the operator. The temperature of the ingoing and out- coming Avater is read every four minutes by means of two mercurial thermometers, graduated to 5^0° C. and carefully calibrated. The vol- ume of water passing through is measured by means of two copper meters, each containing 1 wires and the latter ])y circulating cold water through brass pipes (PI. \ll). The double wooden wall surrounding the metallic chamber also contains a smaller number of iron German-silver couples, and is in its turn kept nearly adiabatic by regulating the temY)eiature of the second air space. By means of very similar devices, the temperature of the ingoing air is maintained the same as that of the outcoming air. The temperature of the interior of the apparatus is measured l)v means of a series of copper resistance thermometers connected to a slide-wir*^ Wheatstone bridge, and also by means of two mercurial thermometers. B3' raising or lowering the shields or varying the flow 1044 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of water throuf^h tho u))sorber.s, the rate at which heat is i-cmovod thi()ii<;h tlic water current may be so rej^ulated as to keep the leiiipera- tiire of the iiitei-ior constant within very small limits, wiiile the slight varhitions are made to balance each other in the course of an expeii- ment, so that there is practieall}' no capacity correction. Under these conditions, all the heat evolved by tlie animal nnist leave the apparatus either as sensible heat in the wat(>r current or as the latent heat of water vapor. In practice, of course, corrections have to be made for any heat introduced or removed as sensi))le heat in t\w feed, excreta, etc. The friction of the water in the coil of copper pipes is also the source of a minute amount of heat, which is computed from the volume of water and th(^ fall in i)rcssure in passing- through the pipes. This difference in pressure also afiects slig'htl}' the readings of the thermometers, tending to make those in the ingoing water relatively higher than those in the outcoming water. The small correction for this differ- ence has been determined experimentally within the range of pres- sures used. BUILDING. The l)uilding in which the apparatus is housed is of brick, with heavy walls containing an air space to aid in maintaining uniform tem- perature. The floor is of concrete, the ceiling high enough to leave about 3i feet clear space al)ove the top of the respiration chamber, which stands upon three l)rick piers a))out 18 inches above the floor of the room. In this wa}' any difficult}^ arising from differences in temperature at different points in the room has been avoided. EXPERIMENTS. The experiments thus far made have been of 48 hours' duration, this period being subdivided into subperiods of 12 hours each. The animal is placed in the apparatus 5 or 6 hours ))eforethe beginning of the experunent, which has been conveniently placed at 6 p. m. By this time the apparatus has come into equilil)rium, and it is only nec- essary to shift the current of air from one set of cans and absorption apparatus to another in order to begin the experiment. The experiments have followed each other at an average interval of from two to three weeks. During the intervening time the animal stands in an adjoining room in a stall which is provided w ith appliances for the quantitative collection of the visible excreta. An actual exper- iment requires the services of at least seven men, exclusive of the assistant in charge of the feeding and collection of excreta. Three series of experiments have thus far been made, the results of the first of which have l>een recentl}^ reviewed in these pages (E. S. R., 15, p. 799). THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 1045 INTERPRETATION Or RESULTS. A fccdiiio- experiment conducted with the aid of the respiration calorimeter is not fundamentally different from one made according to simpler and more familiar methods. In ])oth cases we attempt to compare the results obtained, either from two or more rations under identical conditions or from identical rations under differing but con- trolled conditions. The difference lies in the extent to which we are able to control the conditions and in the accuracy and minuteness with which it is possible to compare the rations and their results. The simplest and most obvious form of feeding experiment is that in which the amounts of feed consumed are noted and their effects measured by the increase in the live or dressed weight of the animal or by the weight of milk or wool produced. This method, when skill- fully carried out with a considerable number of animals and under the conditions of actual practice, is particularly adapted, and indeed may be said to be indispensable, to the study of the economic aspects of stock feeding. But while this is true, it is also the fact that no considera])le or pro- found knowledge of the principles of feeding can be gained by means of experiments of this class. The factors entering into the prol)lem are too complex. Chennstry has shown that each one of the feeding stuffs consumed consists of a great variety of substances- -useful, indif- ferent, and even injurious — mingled in the most diverse and varying proportions, wdiile physiological investigation has demonstrated not only the considerable and irregular fluctuation of live weight from day to day, but especially that a given increase or decrease may be of very varying significance according as it consists of proteid tissue, fat, min- eral matter, or simply water. The result of a live-weight experiment, therefore, may be the resultant of any one of many possible combina- tions of these factors, and no safe conclusion as to its actual cause is usually possible. The history of this class of experiments amply cor- roborates this conclusion. Great accumulations of experimental data have been made, but relatively few general conclusions have issued from them. The earliest step in advance was the attempt to separate the factor "food" into its elements. Of these attempts the one which has secured general acceptance is the familiar one of Henneberg which groups the chemical ingredients of feeding stuffs into "protein," "carbohydrates," "fat," and "ash," subdividing the carbohydratCvS into "crude fiber" and "nitrogen-free extract," and distinguishing further between the digestible and the indigestible portions of each group. A great mass of investigation along these lines in the labora- tory and digestion stall has materially enlarged our knowledge of foedino- stuffs, althou<>-h much still remains to be done. It is now a comparatively easy matter, by the familiar methods of the digestion 104r> EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. expoi'iinont, to determine with a fair degree of accurac}^ the so-called '■'' digestible nutrients''' consumed in the several periods of a feeding (wperiment and thus to secure a more rational basis of comparison. To the (•()n\(Mition:il d(>tei'minations it is of course easy to add others, such as that of aniids, pentosans, etc., and particularly the heat of combustion. A knowledge of the elements of the food consumed, however, is the smaUer half of the problem. It is necessary to secure some definite and accurate measure of its effects upon the animal consuming it. This has l)cen the weak side of investigation in stock feeding. While much labor has been expended in determining the composition and digestibilitv of feeding stuffs with scientific accuracy, too many exper- imenters have been, of choice or necessity', content to limit their deter- minations of nutritive effect to simple weighing of the product. As a consequence, the expenditure in the examination of the feeding stuff's has, as a whole, failed of its due reward through lack of the other term of the comparison. This is less true, of course, of experi- ments on milk production, since in these the material product ma}^ be subjected to chemical and phj'sical examination, but even here half or two-thirds of the food may serve to support those nutritive functions of the body whose net result is expressed in the term "maintenance," but of w^hose amount and character the live-weight experiment fur- nishes no exact measure. The problem is to determine the changes in the make-up of the body during an experiment. Two general methods have been applied to its solution. The first is the method of comparative slaughter tests. Of two animals or lots, selected for their apparent identity as to weight and condition, one is killed and analyzed at the beginning of the experi- ment and the other at its close, and the difference in the amounts of the several ingredients found is regarded as representing the gain made by the second animal or lot. The weak point of the method, of course, aside from its laboriousness, is the impossibility of proving the fundamental assumption of identity of composition of the two ani- mals at the beginning of the experiment. The second method, wdiich especially interests us here, dispenses with an}^ knowledge of the initial composition of the animal and attempts to determine directl}^ the increment or decrement of each import::::!: ingredient of the bod}^ during the experiment. The basis of the method is Henneberg's conception of the schematic bod3\ This is, in brief, that for this particular purpose the animal body may be regarded as composed of water, ash, protein, and fat, each of practi- cally invariable elementar}^ composition. The writer has discussed this conception at some length elsewhere,^' and it seems sufficient here « Principles of Animal Nutrition, pp. 60-66. THE "RERPTTIATION OALOKTMETEK. 1047 to sinipl}^ state the a^'el•ag•G composition of the protein and fat of cat- tle, from whicli that of other .species differs l)ut sliuhtly. Comjiosilion of protein and fat of ciiltle. Protein. Pat. Per cent. 62.54 7.14 23.12 16.67 .52 Per cent. 76.50 11.91 11. 59 100. 00 100.00 According- to this conception the effect of a ration is expressed by the gain or loss of ash, protein, fat, and, of course, water, by the body of the animal, and this gain or loss may be determined by com- paring the amounts of ash, nitrogen, and carbon in the food with those contained in the various excreta, solid, liquid, and gaseous; that is, by a so-called balance experiment. As regards ash, the method is suf- ficiently obvious, and the principal interest centers in the methods for the organic ingredients, viz, protein and fat. Since the term protein, as above used, is synonymous with total nitrog- enous matter, the gain or loss of protein ma}" be determined by a comparison of the income and outgo of nitrogen. Furthermore, since the vast majority of physiologists regard it as demonstrated that there is no material excretion of gaseous nitrogen by the bod}^ we may con- fine the determinations of nitrogen to the food and the visible excreta. For example, in two experiments with a steer, in which the rations consisted, respectively, of 4,531 grams and 5,750 grams of timothy hay, with the addition in each case of 400 grams of linseed meal, the following figures for daily nitrogen were obtained as the average of a ten-day period following a preliminary period of eleven days: Nitroge)! balance in two x>t'rio(U of a feeding ex2)eriment with a steer. Period A. Period B. Nitrogen in hay Nitrogen in linseed meal Nitrogen, total in feed.. Nitrogen in feces Nitrogen digested Nitrogen in urine Nitrogen in hair, etc Lo.ss of nitrogen by body Grams. Grams. 23.4 32.5 22.2 22.1 45.6 54.6 16.2 20.8 29.4 33.8 Grams. Grams. 36.3 33.7 1.3 1.3 37.6 35.0 1.2 In Period A the outgo of nitrogen is shown to have exceeded the income b}" 8.2 grams. Multiplying this by the factor 6.0 (correspond- ing to 16. C7 per cent nitrogen) we tind that in this period the steer 1048 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. oxidi/.od 41). 2 grams of the protcid tissues of his l)ody in Jiddition to 14().8 oranis of proteids and 16.3 granis of nonproteids which he was shown to liavc di<,n\sted from Ills feed. In I\'riod B the k)ss of pro- teids was only 7.2 grams on a ration containing in digestible form 178.2 grams of proteids and 17.2 grams of nonproteids. In other Avords, the second ration diminished the k)ss of proteids by the l)ody by 42.0 grams, while it supplied only 26.4 grams more of prot(Mds than that of Period A. This striking result is readily explained as the efi'ect of the large addition of nonnitrogenous matter in Period B, l)ut it serves to illustrate the difficulty of drawing a prior! conclusions as to the effects of a ration. The animal body, however, usually contains relatively considerable amounts of fat, and the quantity of the latter is subject to nuich greater fluctuations than that of protein. The change in the store of fat in the body is usually the most conspicuous efl:ect of a ration. The determination of its amount requires, in addition to the nitrogen balance, a determination of the income and outgo of carbon, including, therefore, a determination of the gaseous products of respiration and perspiration by means of some form of respiration apparatus. In the two periods whose nitrogen balance has just been given, the respiratory products were also determined for 48 hours by means of the respiration calorimeter, afl'ording, along witli determinations of carbon in feed and excreta, data for the following daily comparisons: Income and outgo of cnrhon. Carbon of hay Carbon of linseed meal . . . Carhon of feces Carbon of urine , Carbon of carbon-dioxirt . Carbon of methane Carbon of hair, etc Carbon lost by body Total. Period A. Income. Outgo, Grams. 1, 337. 6 172. 5 1,735.2 Grams. 649.8 88.1 934.1 55.2 8.0 1, 735. 2 Period B. Income. Outgo, Grams. 1,876.8 170.7 65.8 2,113.3 Grams. 85S.0 101.3 1 , 075. 6 70.4 8.0 2,113.3 In Period A we have already computed a daily loss of 49.2 grams of protein. This protein contains .52.54 per cent of carbon, equal to 25.9 grams, while the total loss of carbon, as shown above, was 225.1 grams. The difl'erence of 199.2 grams must, therefore, according to our basal assumption regarding the make-up of the schematic bod}^ represent a loss of fat, and since this fat contains 76.5 per cent of carbon, the loss of 199.2 grams is equivalent to the loss of 259.0 grams of fat. In precisel}^ the same way, w^e compute the loss of fat in Period B to be 80.6 grams. THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER. 1049 The net results in these two periods, then, may he summarized as f()Ih)\vs: Balance of nutrienU. I'roteifis dig-csted Total (irifiiuir matter ilij: I'rotein hist bv body Put lo.st by body Period A. Grams. 146. 8 1,831.1 49.2 259. 0 Period B. Grams. 173.2 2, 539. 7 7.2 80.6 In otlier words, the increase of TOS.C) u-rams in the oroanic matter digested in Period B took the place of 42.0 gi-ams of body protein and ITS. 4 grams of bod}- fat oxidized on the lighter ration; that is, these latter lignres represent the contribution which the added ha}^ made to the maintenance of the body. Still another method of comparison is afforded when we turn from considering the food as a supply of matter and regard it as the source of energy to the vital machinery. The potential energ}" of feed and of visible excreta is measured by their heats of combustion, which are readily determined ])y means of the bomb calorimeter. The production of heat by the animal is determined directly by the respiration calorimeter. Adding to these data the heat of coml)ustion of the methane excreted, which is readil}" computed from its amount, we have all the data for the construction of a balance of energy similar to the balance of matter. In the two cases selected as examples this was: Balance of energy. Period A. Income. Outgo Period B. Income. Outgo Energy of hay Energy of lin.seud meal Energy of feces Energy of urine Energy of methane Energy of hair, etc Energy of heat produced by steer. Loss of energy by steer Calories.a 13, 035 1,824 Calories.a Calories.a Calories.a 2,713 1,811 6,432 853 984 88 9,215 902 8,574 965 1,253 88 10, 296 Total. 17,572 17,572 21, 176 "The calorie here used is the large calorie (kilogram-calorie), usually written with a capital C. In Period A, out of a total of 14,859 calories of energy in the food 8,3.57 calories reappeared as unused potential energy in the various excreta. The remainder, 6,502 calories, was used to support the vital activities of the bod}-, and these required in addition 2,713 calories of energy, which was supplied by the oxidation of body tissue. The 49.2 grams of protein lost ])y the body would suppl}" for this purpose 280 calories and the 259 grams of fat 2,4'61 calories, or a total of 2,741 calories, which is practically the same as the amount computed from the energy balance. 1050 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In Period B tho energy of food, minus excreta, is 9,394 calories, and the (•()iitri])ution from bod}' tissue 902 calories (or 807 calories as com- puted from the loss of protein and fat), making' a total re<(uirement of 10,290 calories of energy, which was evolved by the body as heat. A comparison of the two periods shows that the extra hay given in Period P supplied, after deducting the losses in the excreta, 2,S92 calories more of energy for the uses of the body and that this dimin- ished the draft on the body tissues for energ}' by 1,811 calories. In round numbers, then, 63 per cent of the added energy was available to diminish the loss of tissue — that is, for maintenance. Our final comparison of the two periods, then, takes the following form, in which, for convenience, the losses are expressed as negative gains: Gains or losses in the animal body. Food: Proteids digested grams.. Total organic matter digested ...do Energy snpplied calories. . Body rliangrs: Gain of i)rs. in CItent. Ztg., ^'S {1904), No. 33, Rcpcrt. Nu. 9, p. 116). — In studies of Kellner's method for this purpose (E. S. R., 14, p. 834), the author found that (1) the phosphoric acid precipitate contained as much silicic acid after separation of this sul)stance as without such separation; (2) the error due to solu])ility of ammonium-magnesium phosphate in ammonium citrate was as great as that due to the simultaneous separation of silicic acid; (3) the lower results obtained by tins method are apparently due to the increased solu- bility of the ammonium-magnesium phosphate precipitate, resulting from longer action of the ammonium citrate on this precipitate which takes place in the method. On citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, P. M. Van Haarst {Chem. Weekhlad, 1 (1903), pp. m:-.?ll, 221-236, 234-239; ahs. in Chem. CentbL, 1904, I, No. 9, p. 694).— The methods employed in studying Thomas slag are discussed and tests of a number of them are reported. On the solubility of soil constituents, F. Mach {Chem. /Ag., 27 {1903), No. 77, p. 941; ah><. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 33 {1904), No. 5, p. 34S). —Te^ts of the solubility in pure water, in water containing carbon dioxid, hydrated silicic acid, and sus- pended humic acid, and in dilute citric acid, of sandstone, shell limestone, basalt, feldspar, gray wacke, zeolites, and other substances are reported, 5 gm. of the pul- verized material being treated for 6 to 8 weeks with 1 liter of the various solvents. In the case of the sandstone, graywacke, and basalt, and especially shell Umestone, the water containing carbon dioxid dissolved considerably more than pure water. The phosphate present was almost entirely dissolved in citric acid, but the water containing carl>on dioxid dissolved less of this substance than pure water. An appreciable amount was dissolved in water containing hydrated silicic acid and humic acid. A larger proportion of calcium carbonate was dissolved in water con- taining carbon dioxid than in pure water. Water containing silicic acid dissolved twice as much of this substance as pure water; that containing humic acid 10 times as much, and that containing citric acid 53 times as much. Magnesium carbonate was dissolved in large proportion by all of the solvents. The author was led to make these tests as a result of observation that many plants are able to make a compara- tively vigorous growth in a soil composed of freshly ground stone. Water-soluble plant food of soils, H. Snyder {Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), No. 491, pp. 834, 835). — This is a study of the amounts of phosi)horic acid removed from the soil by wheat at different stages of growth, the results showing that the wheat plant removes from the soil more phosphbric acid than is dissolved by extrac- tion with water for 15 days. The paper was presented at the St. Louis meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science (E. S. R., 15, p. 543), and contains a critical analysis of the data given in Bulletin 22 of the Bureau of Soils of this Department. 1051 1052 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A short method for the determination of potash in soils, potash salts, and similar compounds, J. IIasenhaumku {('Iwiii. /J(/., 2H {1904), \n. JS, ]>p. 210, 211). — lu tlu' inetlidd projKjsed the liydrocliloric-acid solution < if the soil is evapo- rated to dryness in ii porcelain dish, taken np in water, and transferred to a platinum dish. Annnonia and anunoniuni carl ;onate are added and the soliuion evaporated to dryness. The residue is heated gently over a j;as burner until the anunoniuni salts are driven off and the organic, matter destroyed. The residue is treated for a short while with hot water, the solution filtered, and after acidilication of the filtrate with hydrochloric acid, the potash is precipitated with perchloric acid or platinum chlorid. Satisfactory tests of the method are reported. Tiie ()l)ject of evaporatinjr to dry- ness and heating after the addition of ammonia and aiiiUKiniuiii cailionatc is to destroy the power of the bulky precipitate to occlude potasii, as first pointeil out by J. Konig. On the determination of the available amounts of lime and magnesia in the soil, T. Katayama {Bid. Col. Agr., Tukijo Imp. Univ., 0 {l!i()4), No. 2, }>]>. lOS- 124, pl-'i- 2)- — A series of pot experiments with onions grown in sandy and loamy soils containing different proportions of lime and magnesia are reported. The avail- able lime and magnesia in the soils were determined by extracting the fine earth (particles less than 0.25 mm. in diameter) for 50 minutes with boiling 10 per cent hydrochloric acid in the proportion of 50 cc. of acid to 25 gni. of soil. Check experi- ments with sand cultures were also made. "Sand culture, as well as the cultures in two soils differing widely in character fnjm each other, yielded the best results when the availaljle amounts of lime and magnesia were present in the ratio 2 : 1 ; in other words, the onion has the lime factor 2. Lime and magnesia in the sand culture were added in form of solutions, hence the total amount of these salts were easily available, even if precipitated as finely divided phos- phates. As to the soil culture the 'available amounts ' of lime and magnesia were deter- mined accordmg to my modification of the usual method and their ratios changed by adding carbonate of lime in such quantities as to reach the fixed ratios of the sand CaO "^ culture. Since in all my experiments of 1902 and 1903 the ratio ,r^i-— r=" proved the •^ '■ MgO 1 most favorable for the onion plant, the determination of the available amounts must have been made by a reliable method." The determination of sodium perchlorate in commercial sodium nitrate, H. Lemaitre {Mouit. ,'Sci., 4- «'r., LS [1004), p. 353; oi.s'. hi Chan. Zlg., :?<5" (1904), ^"0. 31, Repert. No. 8, p. 106") .—With nitrate containing less than 4 per cent of perchlo- rate 5 gm. of the material is mixed with 3 gm. of pure dry sodium sulphite. The mixture is fused in a platinum dish, cooled, and taken up in water. The solution is heated to boiling and 200 cc. of a boiling 4 per cent barium nitrate solution is added. The precipitate is allowed to settle and the solution filtered. Eight and two-tenths cubic centimetei's of approximately normal soda solution and 1.2 gm. (if sodium piersulphate are added and the solution boiled and filtered. The filtrate with the wash water is exactly neutralized with a weak acetic-acid solution, using phenoi)litha- lein as indicator, and titrated with tenth-normal silver nitrate, using potassium chromate as indicator to determine chlorin, or the chlorin may be determined gravimetrically. The treatment with sodium sulphite converts the chlorates and iodates into chlorids and iodids. Comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of nitric acid in water, A. F. Dokatscmia.iew ( Vrach [i>. 471, 472).— Tht- author tinds that vigorous stirring of skim milk, as occurs in the pasteurization of the milk in some pasteurizing machines provided with stirrers, causes a subdivision of the fat glol)ules; and that on drying the milk on paper, kaolin, sand, etc , the numerous minute globules thus formed can not be dissolved out 1)y the ether, presumably het-ause the surface attraction of the absorbing medium can not 1:)e overcome. The Gottlieb method, on the other hand, gives correct results in the case of such milks, the iiercentages beingfrom a])out one-tenth to four-tenths al)Ove those obtained by the Adams method, depending ujxjn the fat content of the milk. The greater differences were observed in case of milk containing considerable quantities of fat. When samples of new milk were churned for 5 to 15 minutes at about 48° C. the results obtained with the separator skim milk by the extraction method were 0.18 to 0.44 per cent too low, while the results obtained by the two methods of analysis agreed within 0.01 to 0.04 of 1 per cent when the milk was not subjected to vigorous agitation. — f. w. woll. On the quantitative separation of maltose and lactose, C. I. Boyden ( Ver- nxintiSta. Rpt. 190S,pp. i.96'-./6'7 ).— This has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 14, p. 225). Analysis of formaldehyde sold in North Dakota, E. F. Ladd ( North Dakota Hta. Bui. 60, pp. 386-395). — Analyses were made of a number of samples of commer- cial formalin. The content of formaldehyde was frequently below 40 per cent, and the packages were often short in weight or measure. The average formaldehyde content of a large nund)er of these samples was about 'i'.^ per cent. Miscellaneous analyses, C. H. Jones {Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 201-203). — Analyses are reported of .32 samples (jf fertilizing materials, home mixtures, and wood ashes, 3 samples of butter, 1 sample of maple sirup, and 1 of maple sugar. Report of the division of chemistry, A. M. Peter {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. XI-XXXIV) . — During the year 1,211 samples, of which 599 were fertilizing mate- rials, were analyzed. In this report analyses are given of 35 samples of butter, 67 of sorghum-cane juice, 72 of sugar beets, 2 of silicate of potash, 4 of feeding stuffs, 7 of soils, 2 of tobacco extract, 5 of tobacco stems and stalks, 3 of potassium nitrate, 1 of 1054 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. crude pi'trolciiin, 1 nf phospliatir limestone, 2() of miiuTul waters, and tlic stoiiiach contentK of sevi'ial animals suspected of haviajj been pDisoned. Report of the chemical control station, Trondhjem, Norway, 1902, E. SoLBEKd (.{arsher. Offeiit. ForcuiMalt. Lj). VIII f 343, Jj(j». 49). — This is an authorized translation. ZOOLOGY. Report of the New York Zoological Society for 1903 {Eighth Ann. Rpt. Neir York Zool. ,Soc., 1903, pp. 216, pis. 27, figs. 20). — As in previous reports of this society, lists are given of the officers, managers, members, etc., of the society, together with a detailed report l\v the director, W. T. Ilornaday, and special articles on the care and diseases of various animals in confinement. Experiments were carried on for the ])urpose of determining whether oysters could be readily infected with typhoid bacilli. C. W. Field, who did this work, found that while typhoid bacilli were destroyed to a considerable extent by the action of fresh ZOOLOGY. 1055 sea water, oysters could, nevertheless, be infecteil when exposed to conditions sim- ilar to those of ordinary fattening. It is suggested, therefore, that the sale of fat- tenetV oysters should be prohibited and greater care be exercised in preventing the contamination of oysters with sewage. W. R. Blair presents a report on the diseases of animals in tlu' zoological park for the year. During the year deaths occurred from pneumonia, gastro-enteritis, vari- ous digestive disturl)ances, and intestinal parasites. The subject of cage paralysis was studied by II. Brooks. It was found from a careful examination of a number of ca.«es of this disease that the affection differs in different cases and is due to differ- ent causes, as in similar affections in man. Most cases of cage paralysis are forms of spinal paralysis of which the etiology is not well known. The internal parasites of wild animals received considerable study by W. R. Blair. Notes are given on the morphology, life history, and means of eradicating a number of such imrasites. The volume also contains articles on lizards, birds, manatee, raccoon dog, and on the origin and relationship of the large mammals of North America. Second report on economic zoology, F. V. Theobald {London: liritii^h 3fns. {Xal. HiKt.), 1904, i>p. X |- 197, Ji^ix. '.."J). — As in the previous report of the author, the insects and other animals discussed in this volume are classified according to the manner in which they affect marH, animals, cultivated plants, and household mate- rials. Notes are given on the mosquito nuisance in various parts of Great Britain with especial reference to the best means for combating these pests. Notes are also given on Stomoxys calcitrans and other insects affecting domestic animals. The author discusses sheep scab, ticks on poultry, lice on geese and pigs. Numer- ous miscellaneous notes are also given on the insects injurious to cereals, legumes, fruits, forest trees, garden vegetables, stored grain, food materials, tapestry, etc. Mention is made of the value of pigs and poultry in destroying insects in orchards, (.^uite elaborate accounts are presented of cabbage-root maggot, spruce aphis, goat moth, and the insects injurious to wine corks. Zoological record, D. Sh.\rp {Zool. Rec, 39 {190^), }jp. XLII-\- 1190).— As usual in this publication detailed lists of literature have been brought together, pertaining to the various groups of the animal kingdom, and published chiefly during the year 1902. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A. IIassall ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bnreaa of Animal Industry Bal. 39, pi. 6, pip. 437-510). — A continuation of the author catalogue relating to medical and veterinary zoology, including names beginning with F. Catalogue of living and fossil mammals, E. L. Trouessart {CaUdogus Mamma- lium tarn Viventium quam Fossilium. Quinquennale Supplementum. Berlin: B. Fried- lander & Son, 1904, Xo. l,pp. 2S8). — This constitutes a supplement to the author's catalogue of mammals, published in 1897, and contains additional names, together with changes which have occurred since that date in the groups — Primates, Prosimite, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, and Pinnipedia. The rabbit pest in New South. Wales, C. Fetherstonhaugh {.Jour. Dept. Agr. Wed AuMralia, 8 {1903), Xo. H, ]>}>. .55.^-557). — The author briefly recounts the history of the rabbit pest in New South Wales with notes on the means which have Ijeen adopted for exterminating these animals. It is reported that satisfactory results have been obtained from, the liberal use of poisoned water and poison baits. The resistance of rats to arsenical poisoning, F. Bordas {Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 138 {1904), Xo. 13, p. 836). — According to the author's experiments, rats may withstand unusually large single doses of arsenic, but are especially susceptible to repeated daily small doses. In some instances rats were destroyed by small doses of arsenic before the total (juantity had reached an amount equal to single doses, which were withstood without injurious effects, 32846— No. 11—04 3 1()5(') EXPERIxMENT STATION RECORD. Destruction of rats and mice, J. K. (Jowdy {U. ,S. Dept. Com. and Lab., Mo. Conmlar Jijd-s., 7o {rj()4), No. 2S4, pp. 417-419). — A brief outline i.s presented of the work carried on by Ruux and Chamberland in distributing cultures of pathogenic l)acteria for the destruction of rats and mice. Fields in which this inaterial was dis- tiibuted were subsefiuently plowed up and examined with the result that the meth- ods sceineureiitly !*5 jkt cent of the field mice were destroyeil. Combating field mice, (\. (iuKNAUx {lUd. Aijr. Ahjh-ie cl Tuiil.sic, 10 [1904), No. 4, pp. S2-S4). — A report is made concerning the results ol)tained in cond)ating field mice by the use of pathogenic bacterial cultures as recommended by tiie Pasteur Institute of Paris. The results thus far obtained indicate that tlie method is exceedingly effective in destroying field mice and apparently no danger is to ))e feared from the infection of other animals. Anew field mouse in Japan, C. Sasaki {Bal. Col. Agv., Tnkijo Imp. Urdr.,6 {1904), No. 1, pp. 51-55, pi. 1). — Theauthor describes as a new Species under the name Arvicola hatanedzinnl, a field mouse which he discovered and studied with reference to its habits and economic status. The nests are carefully described and notes are given on the methods by which the mouse may be captured. Good results are reported from the use of mouse typhus bacillus in destroying this pest. The distribution of cultures of mouse typhus, K. KoRXAUTn {'/Aschr. Landw. Vermchsw. Oesterr., 7 {1904), No. 3, pp. 158, 159). — The author states that a consider- ably increased demand has been made for cultures of mouse typhus bacilli to be distributed in infested fields. This increased demand is apparently due to the uni- forndy effective results obtained by the use of the cultures. A review of parthenogenesis, E. F. Phillii's {Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,43 {1003), No. 174, PJ>- 275-345). — A critical review is given of the literature of this subject in connection with an extensive bibliographical list. The author discusses in a histor- ical manner the various the5). — The purpose of this book is to awake an interest in the study of bird life ))y a description of methods of observing birds in the field with notes on their migration, nest building, and other habits. Keys are given to assist in the identification of species of birds common for various months of the year. With the birds in Maine, Olive T. Miller {Boston: Hoiighton, Mifflin & Co., 1904, pp. IX ^ 300). — This volume contains miscellaneous notes on the habits and economii! relations of a luunber of species of birds which occur in Maine and other eastern and middle States. Birds of California, Irene G. Wheelock {Chicufjo: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904, pp. XXVIII + 578, ]>Is. 10, figs. 77). — In this volume the author presents a popular discussion of over 300 species of birds recognized as of common occurrence in Cali- fornia and adjacent islands. In connection with each species notes are given on the feeding and nesting habits of the birds. The analytical key which serves to assist in the identification of the species is based on the color and certain other character- istics of the species concerned. The identification of different species of birds is thus rendered comparatively simple. A supplementary list is also given of rare raigrant birds and subspecies occasionally observed in the State. ZOOLOGY. 1057 The birds of Ohio, W. L. Dawson {Columhiix: The Wlmiton Pub. Co., I'.iu.l, jtp. XLVII \ C>7 1, pJ». Sl,Ji(j!<. .^15). — In this voliiuie the uutlior presents an ehx))oi-ate arcdunt of the habits and economic; rehitions of the 1520 species of ))ir(ls known to occnr in Ohio. Of this nnmber 80 species are well illustrated on colored plates and the nests and ejigs of variods other species are shown in half-tone illustrations. An analytical key is given for the i)urpose of assisting in the identification of the species of birds and in an appendix a list is presented of birds which are supi)Osed to have occurred in Ohio, and also a migration table showing the average dates of arrival and departure for different species. Birds observed by Wellington Field Naturalists' Club, 1903 [Ontario Agr. Col. (iiid E.rpt. Fiinn Upi. lUO.l, iqi. .IhJ'!). — Statistical data are i)rc'scutcd regarding the iirevalence of a nundjer of species of birds. Fieldbook of wild birds and their music, F. S. Mathews [New York: G. P. Ptitnnm's Sous, 1904, pp- XXXV-\-36S, pis. 53). — The author describes in a popular manner the habits of species of birds most common in eastern United States, with special reference to their songs as a means of identifying the species. Birds in relation to agriculture, Gunninu {Transvaal, Ayr. Jour., 2 {1904), Xo.6, pp. l.'/S-l')l, ph. 5). — The feeding habits and economic importance of various species of eagles, kites, and owls are discussed. What birds do for the farmer, Josephine C. Horney {Ohio State ]>d. Ayr. Ilpt. 1902, pp. 501-506). — Attention is called to the economic importance of various si^ecies of birds in the destruction of injurious insects and weed seeds. Bird problems as related to horticulture, J. S. Cook ( Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc, n. ser., 37 {1903), pj). 327-335). — The relationship of birds to the production of fruits is ))riefly discussed. Notes are given on the feeding habits of certain birds and on the necessity of Ijird protection. Birds, fruits, and insects, J. B. Smith {Proc. New Jersey State Hort. Soc, 29 {1004), PP- S8-93). — The economic relation of birds to fruit raising is briefly dis- cussed. It is argued that no important fruit insect is controlled or even appreciably reduced in numbers by the agency of birds. The author believes, therefore, that the destruction of fruit by birds, particularly robins, brings about a loss to the fruit grower which is quite out of proportion to the advantage gained by the presence of the birds. It is recommended, therefore, that in framing bird-protection laws the proviso should be inserted that these laws should not be construed to prevent farmers and fruit growers from killing birds which actually injure or destroj' fruit, berries, or other farm crops. The economic value of our native birds, H. A. Surface {Peirnsylrania Slate Ih'pt. Ayr., Zdol. Quart. Bui. 1 {1904), Xo. 4, P]>- 32, j:)ls. 4)- — The author discusses in a popular manner the feeding habits and economic relations of the various species of owls found in Pennsylvania. The economic relations of crows, Schleh {Arb. Deut. Lnndw. Gcsell., 1904, No. 91, })p. 167). — The author's observations were made on Corvus corona, C. fruyileyus, and C. comix. The detailed results of the examination of stomach contents of these birds are i)resented in a tal^ular form. In all, 47-4 stomachs were examined, of which 93.7 per cent contained animal food and 92.2 contained plant food. The plant food consisted of various grains, legumes, garden crops, fruits, weeds, etc., while the animal food consisted of portions of mam- mals, birds, fish, and other vertebrates, together with insects, snails, etc. The species of insects eaten by crows are presented in a tabular form. The author concludes as a result of his study of these birds that while much damage is done by them under certain conditions, the beneficial actions of the species in question more than coun- terbalance their attacks upon cultivated crops. Experiments in the acclimatization of IJeiothrix lutea, II. von Berlepsch {Abhandl. u. 48 Ber. Ver. Xaturk. Kassel, 1902-3, pp. 270-284, fiys. 3). — A number of 1U58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the.se birds were introdufed and reared in confinement willi consideraijle success. They were tlien set at lil)erty and succeeded in establishinj^ themselves as shown by nests wliich were observed l)y the antlior. Later, however, they were apparently exterminated ])y hunters. Further attempts at introduciufi; them will Ik- mal-^- 32,fi(ji<. 17).- — This volume contains numerous short articles on the birds of England and other countries in freedom and captivity. The avicul- tural magazine is the journal of the avicultural society whose purpose is to study the haljits and relations of birds. Many articles are of an economic nature and contain data on the relationship of birds to man lioth in rural and city districts. Notes are also given on the influence of diet on the death rate among birds. METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY. Meteorological summary for 1900 {Kentuckij iSto. lipt. 1900, pp. XXXVII- XLII). — Summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudi- ness, wind, thunderstorms, snow, hail, etc., are given for each month of 1900. Meteorological observations, D. V. C. Manso de Zuniga [Mem. An. Eslnc. Enol. Haro, 1903, Juhj, p. 47). — A summary is given of observations at this station during the year ended June 30, 1903, on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipi- tation, humidity, evaporation, sunshine, cloudiness, and wind movement. Relations of climate to horticulture, J. W. Smith {.Tour. Columbus Hort. S(jc., IS (J 903), Xo. 4, }>!>. 14o-lol). — The meteorological and phenological records kept bv T. ]\Iikesell, at Wauseon, Fulton Co., Ohio, since .January, 1870, are reported and briefly discussed. Climatic limits, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Agr. Col. cuid Expt. Farm Rpt., 1903, pp. 5-9). — Reports from different parts of Ontario regarding the northerly limits of successful culture of various crops, especially peaches, grapes, pears, cherries, apples, tomatoes, and corn, are summarized and discussed. The economic geography of Chile, J. R. Smith {Bui. Amer. Geogr. Soc, 36 {1904), pp. 1-31; ahs. in Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), Xo. 490, p. 802). — This paper con- tains notes on the climate of Chile in which emphasis is laid on the striking contrast between the northern desert regions and the southern cool and rainy districts lying within the latitudes of the prevailing westerly winds. Atmospheric tides {AU. in Xature [London'], 69 {1904), Xo. 1799, p. .597).— This is a brief note on an article on this subject by W. Krebs in Das WeltaU of December, 1903, in which an attempt is made to explain, as a result of gravitation, the atmos- pheric oscillation in the course of a lunar day first discovered by Miidler. A new sunshine recorder {Science, n. ser., 19 {1904), Xo. 490, pp. 801, 802). — This is a brief description of a sunshine recorder, a more detailed account of which is given in Si/mons' Meteorological Magazine for oNIarch, 1904. Lightning report, J. B. Reynolds ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 4, 5) . — A record is given of ]>arns and trees struck and live stock killed in Ontario during 1903, with estimated value of losses. An analysis of the species of trees and animals and the kinds of buildings struck during 1901-1903 is also given. The records show the frequency of the destruction of unprotected barns, and that "such trees as spruce, elm, or maple, planted near the farmstead, are a permanent and an increasing means of protection from lightning." WATER SOILS. 1059 WATER SOILS. Water softening, J. O. Handy [Engineer. News, 51 [1904), No. 21, pp. ,500-508, fiyti. 7). — This urtick' deals quite fully with the processes and appliances for softening water for boiler, domestic, and manufacturing purposes, especial attention being given to the feasiliility of softening the entire sujjplies of municipalities as is now done at Winnipeg, ^Manitoba, and other places. Studies of color in water; Metropolitan w^ater supply, Massachusetts, E. G. IIoi'SdN ( Kiigiiirrr. Neirit, 51 (1U04), No. 17, jtj>. 414-41'', ji'J'^- ■')■ — A study of the water from the drainage area of the Ashland reservoir of the Metropolitan Water- works is reported, from which the conclusion is drawn that "a brook whose color is increased temporarily to a high point during and after rains, but which in general flows of a light color, shows indications of pollution from the flushing of stagnant surface pools in swampy lands, and a remedy for the temporary high color may probably be found by the construction of shallow channels to prevent the accumula- tion of such surface water. "A brook that steadily maintains a high degree of color for long periods gives sure proof of the accession of leachings from peat beds, and the remedy may only be found by a system of deep drainage. . . . "A brook whose color is generally very low excepting during or immediately after rains shows an almost entire freedom from swamp pollution, with the exception of surface washings, which are unavoidable." Elements of water bacteriology, S. C. Prescott and C. E. A. Winslow (Neiv York: John Wiley cO Sons; London: (Jliapman cfc Hall, Ltd., 1904, PP- ^-\~162, fig. 1). — It is stated to be the purpose of this book to present the results of American investi- gation on the bacteriology of water in such form as to " give a correct idea of the best American practice," and to do this "with such completeness as shall render the volume of value to the expert and at the same time with such freedom from undue technicality as to make it readable for the layman." The topics discu.ssed in the different chapters are: The bacteria in natural waters, the quantitative bacteriological examination of water, the interpretation of the quan- titative bacteriological analysis, determination of the number of organisms develop- ing at the body temjierature, the isolation of specific pathogenes from water, methods for the isolation of the colon bacillus, significance of the presence of Bacillus coli in water, presumptive test for B. coli, other intestinal bacteria, and the significance and ap]>licability of the l^acteriological examination. A list of 180 references to sources of information used in tlie l)ook is given. The bacteriological examination of water, J. C. Thresh and G. Sowden {Pub- lic Health [London], 16 {1004), No. 8, pp. 459-493).— The accuracy and value of various methods of bacteriological examination of water are discussed and results of a large number of such examinations, especially with reference to the occurrence of Bacilhts coli communis, are reported. The significance of bacteriological ruethods in sanitary w^ater analysis, C. E. A. AViNSLOw and C. P. Nibeckek {Public Health [London'], 10 {1904), No. 8, pp. 493-501). — The subjects discusseil in this paper are sanitary inspection and its limi- tiitions, the quantitative bacteriological examination of water, the isolation of intes- tinal bacteria, the fermentation and litmus-lactose-agar plate tests. The results of examinations by means of gelatin and litnms-lactose-agar j^lates and dextrose broth tubes of over 250 samples of water from apparently unpolluted sources are reported and discussed. A list of 14 refereni-es to articles relating to the subject is given. The Michigan method for the bacteriological examination of water, Y. C. Vaughan {Public Health [London], 16 {1904), No. 8, pp. 502, 503).— The method is briefly described. The bacteriological analysis of soils, F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Bui. 65, 2>p. 51-76, figs. 5). — This is a discussion, leased upon station investigations, of the 1080 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. relations of bacteriological procosHOS to soil fertility, and the conditions affecting the development of soil bacteria, with descriptions ^)l the method of making a bacterio- logical analysis of soils and the results of a number of such analyses of Delaware soils. The results reported include data relating not only to the number of bacteria in different types of soil at different depths, but also their ammonifying and acidifying efficiency, the first representing "the number of parts of ammonia jiroduced in 10 days in a standard pe[)tone broth medium culture, kept at 20° C, comi)ared with the amount present in the blank inoculated medium, kept under the same conditiims, and taken as unity;" the second representing "the amount of normal acid produced in a 10-day 2 per cent cane sugar broth culture compared with that present in the blank taken as unity." The principal results are summarized in the following table: TJic rehitio)! of flw numher of bacteria in iJie soil to aiimioiiifyimj and acidifying efficiency. Sou. Total num- ber of bac- teria per gram of dry soil. Total ammoni- fying efti- cienev. Total acidify- ing c'fR- eiencv. Experiment station garden: First analysis Second analysis Murray soil, Viola Killen soil, Felton Detrich .soil. Chestnut Hill. 3,130,000 1,294,000 250, 000 540, 000 4,040,000 13. 75 2. 48 2.13 S. 90 20. 08 2.22 1.81 .69 .58 8.57 "The above table shows that while zymotic efficiency is generally proportionate to the total number of bacteria present in a soil, it is not exactly proportionate; that is, zymotic efficiency may increase at a much greater rate than the numbers. In other words, it is not only numbers of bacteria but also kinds which determine the efficiency of a soil; or, again, a high bacterial jiotential is quite as important as high numbers. "The kinds of bacteria in a soil seem to be an extremely fortuitous matter. There is a possibility that the future will develop some practical means of introducing favorable bacterial forms into the soil and thus of raising bacterial potential. "It will then become merely a question of increasing numbers to attain the highest possible efficiencies. " Numbers can be increased by the introduction of sufficient humus into the soil to form food for the bacteria and by stimulating their growth by active tillage. "Deep plowing means that a thicker zone of soil will be brought under bacterial action. More frequent cultivation means better comminution, better a?ration, and a better conservation of moisture. These are all necessary conditions for bacterial development." Soil moisture investigations for the season of 1903, J. D. Tinsley and J. J. Vernon [Ncn^ Mexico Sla. Bui. 4S, ji/k 15). — This is an account of a continuation with wheat in place of corn of investigations which have been carried on at the sta- tion for a number of years (E. S. E., 15, p. 343). The principal objects in view in the experiments here reported were to study "(1) the effects of different numbers of irrigations on the yield of wheat, especially the effect of frequent irrigations from the time of heading until the crop began to ripen; (2) the relation between the number of irrigations, the amount of moisture in the soil, and the yield; (3) the distribution of the soil moisture in depth, percolation; (4) the relation between the amount of water applied and the soil moisture." The plan of experiment and the general methods of i^rocedure were the same as in previous investigations. The results obtained are summarized as follows: "(1) Too much water causes growing wheat to turn yellow, retards rii)ening a few days, and causes a decreased yield of grain. WATER SOILS. 1061 "(2) This (adolH') !?<'il wlu'ii krpt thri'i'-foiirths saturated throughout tlie season is too wet ft)r wheat. "(8) Wheat will do well up to the time of filling in a soil that would be compar- atively dry for corn, and if the soil is keptcjuite moist at the time of lilling the yield will be about as good as if this high moisture content had been maintained through- out the season. "(4) Adjacent plats kept in nearly identical moisture condition show considerable differences in yield, and also plats which vary very nuich in moisture content may give rearly the same yield. This shows that other factors exert a marked influence on yield. "(5) The most of the water applied to these plats was held in the first 3 ft. of the soil. "(6) When this soil is fairly dry it will absorb about 5 acre-inches of water." Soil temperatures at various depths, J. B. Reynolds (^Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, p. 12, Jig. 1). — A record is given of monthly soil temperatures at depths of 3 and 6 in. and 1, 2, and 3 ft. from April to December, 1903, inclusive. The daily variations are also summarized. Investigation of the composition of soils rich in vegetable matter, E. CJ. De CoRiOLis {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 3S-40, fig. 1). — Pot exper- iments with such a soil shown by analysis to be deficient in available jiotash are reported. The results indicate that the greatest need of the soil was an improvement of the conditions necessary to the growth of nitrifying organisms. Analyses of soils of the State, (1. d'Utra {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 4- ser., 1903, No. 12, pp. 551-557). — Chemical analyses of 91 samples of soils from different parts of Sao Paulo are reported, with suggestions as to their fertilizer requirements. Analyses of soils, C. F. Juritz {Rpt. Senior Analyst, Cape Good Hope, 1903, pp. 45-4S). — Chemical analyses of 24 samples of soil from different parts of the Colony are reported and discussed. Analyses of soils from-Armant, F. Hughes {.lour. Kliediv. Agr. Soc. and Scliool Agr., G {1904), No. 1, }^p. 13-10). — Total and available (by Dyer's method) potash and phosphoric acid and nitrogen are reported. Only a very small proportion of the total potash and i)hosphoric acid were available. Preliminary analytical studies of the cultivated soils of Padua, G. Ongaro {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 36 {1903), pp. 926-930; abs. in Chem. Centhl., 1904, I, No. 15, pp. 1098, 1099).- — Data for mechanical and chemical analyses of some of these soils are reported. Experiments in washing salt land {Jour. Khediv. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 6 {1904), No. 1, p. l.i). — In a comparative test of warping, washing by means of open drains, and washing by means of tile drains, the best results in yield of cotton were obtained by the last method. The work of the Bureau of Soils ( f/. S. D(}>t. Agr., Bureau of Soils Circ. 13, pp. 13). — A condensed account of the work of the Bureau with particular reference to its practical side, intended for distribution at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Geology, T. C. Chamberlin and R. D. Salisbury {New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1904, vol. 1, pp. XIX-\-654, pis. 24, figs. 471). — "In the preparation of this work it has been the purpose of the authors to present an outline of the salient features of geology, as now developed, encumbered as little as possible by technicalities and details whose bearings on the general theme are unimj^ortant. In connnon with most writers of text-books on geology, the authors believe that the subject is best ap,i)roached l)y a study (jf the forces and processes now in o})eration, and of the results which these forces and processes are now bringing about. Such study necessarily involves a consideration of the principles which govern the activities of geologic agencies. These topics are presented in Volume I, and prepare the way for the study of the history of past ages, which is outlined in Volume II. 10G2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Tlu'fieneralplan of the work hashct'ii (li'termino04), -V". ~, l>p. Sl-SS). — A brief general statement. Stone lime v. ground lime as a fertilizer, M. Saul {Dent. Lnmhc. Frcsse, 31 {1904), ^'J- 36, pp. oil, 322). — A l)rief discussion of the relative merits of these two kinds of lime under different conditions. The preparation of soluble phosphoric acid from crude phosphates for fertilizing purposes, A. YsT(iAAKi) [Teknisk Ugehlad, CJiri.sliunid, .50 (1903),. p. 3£9; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 28 {1904), No. 17, Repert. No. 4, p. 56) . — A method of render- ing jihosphates soluble by fusion with carnallit is described, and the fertilizing value of the product thus obtained is discussed. Pot experiments comparing the product with Thomas slag on oats and peas are reported. The results showed that the pre- pared phosphate was more effective, especially as regards seed jiroduction, than the slag. The author attributes this result to the fact that the phosphoric acid in the prepared phosjihate is in the form of a magnesium salt and the use of the phosphate resulted in a more favora])le I'elation between lime and magnesia. Rock phosphates and other mineral fertilizers: Their origin, value, and sources of supply, C. Ciiewings {Adelaide, South Au.it ralia: C. E. Bristow, 1903, pp. 48, map 1). — This pami)hlet discusses sources of nitrogen and potash in fertilizers and tests for these substances as well as tests for phosphoric acid and the origin, sources, mining, and preparation and use in fertilizers of the various phosphates. The century in phosphates and fertilizers, P. E. Chazal {News and Courier [Charleston'], 1903, Centennial ed., ])p. 62-65, Jigs. 4; 1904, Apr. 20, pp. 12, 13). — An historical review. From mine to field, E. Willis {News and Courier [Cliarleston'], 1904, Apr. 20, pp. 10, 11). — This is a review of the trade in rock phosphate and fertilizers for the year ended Septeml)er 1, 1903. Mines and quarries {U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, Bureau of the Census Bui. 9, pp. 69) . — This is a preliminary report for the year ended December 31, 1902. The data of special agricultural interest contained in this bulletin are statistics relating to the production and value of phosphate, gypsum, and marl. The product of the phos- phate mines of the United States during 1902 is reported as 1,548,720 long tons worth $4,922,943. The production of gypsum during the same year was 816,478 short tons, worth §2,089,.34]; of marl, 12,439 short tons, worth $12,741. The mining and preparation of nitrate of soda, V. Schoultz {Deut. Landw. Presse, 31 {1904), No. 39, pp. 341, 342, Jigs. 6). — A brief description of the methods employed in Chile. Potash fertilizers: Sources and methods of application, II. J. Patterson {Pennsylvania State Dept. Agr. Bui. 117, pp. 45). — Substantially a reprint of Maryland Station Bulletin 89 (E. S. R., 15, p. 461). Analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, W. C. Stubbs and C. H. O'RouRKE (Louisiana Sta.'<. Bui. 76, 2. ser., pp. 266-359). — This bulletin is a detailed report on the fertilizer and Paris green inspection in Louisiana during the season 1902-3. It includes also the text of the State fertilizer law as amended at the last session of tlie legislature. Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. ]\I. Bartlett {Maine Stu. Bui. 101, pp. 21-36). — "This bulletin contains the analyses of manufacturers' samples of brands of fertilizers licensed before March 1, 1904." 1064 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Commercial fertilizers, W. \V. Mim-er and X. W. Lokd {(>[}'«: lipt. Sec. Ohio Stall' I>u. ; Howe Premium, 99 bu., and Burpee Extra Early, 79 bu. The results and cost of different methods of treatment for the potato beetle, as determined by experiments, are given. Bordeaux mixture, applied in combination with Paris green, reduced the rot. Thirty-three varieties of mangels were under test this season. Yellow Leviathan and Sutton Mammoth Long Red, yielding 43.1 and 42.4 tons per acre, respectively, headed the list in productiveness. All other varieties yielded under 40 tons per acre. Among 15 varieties tested for 6 years in succession Yellow Leviathan, Sutton Mam- moth Long Red, 01)long Giant Yellow, Mammoth Golden Giant, and Steele-Briggs Giant Yellow Intermediate ranked first, the yields being 33.5, 33.2, 32.6, 32.2, and 31.8 tons, respectively. In a comparison of unsoaked seed and seed soaked 12, 24, and 36 hours, the average yield for 2 years was in favor of the seed soaked 12 hours. The average results for 5 years show that the yield of mangels decreased as the dejith of planting increased from ^ to 4 in. Better yields were obtained from unbroken seed balls of mangels and sugar beets than from those broken or crushed. On a series of plats the first crops of common red clover, alsike clover, and timothy were i)lowed under and the land then planted to mangels. The average results of the season show that the common red cltjver land yielded 2.1 tons and the alsike clover land 3.6 tons per acre more than the timothy land. The average results for several years in com- paring varieties of swedes, fall turnips, carrots, and parsnips, were in favor of Sutton Magnum Bonum, Red Top White Globe, Mammoth Intermediate Smooth White, and Improved Half Long, respectively, the yields being 21.5, 27.5, 31.3, and 11.8 tons per acre, in the order indicated. Planting carrot seed i and 1 in. deep gave the same average results for 10 different tests, while planting at greater depths reduced the yield considerably. 100)8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tile followiiiji varieties of eorn led in theprodiu'tion of silage in 1903: New Century Wonder, 2!).:Mons; Cloud Early Yellow, 26.!) tons; Eureka, 26.i> tons; Peiuisylvania Early Dent, 2().4 tons; Mastodon I)ent,L'(>..'Uons; and 100 Day Bristol, 20.2 tons. The average data from different depths of planting show the greatest yieldof totiil crop and ears from planting 2 in. deep. In 1902 and 1903 corn cultivated deeply immediately after ])lauting and shallower as the season advanced gave a hetter yie'.d than corn cul- tivated shallow at first and deeper latter on. The results obtained Avith 15 varieties of sorghum, including sugar cane, broom corn, Kafir corn, milo maize, and other varieties, are given in a table. The greatest yields of forage were obtained from the varieties of sugar cane. The yields of varieties of sunflowers, millet, rape, kale, cab- bage, and other forage crops are also given. Sixteen mixtures of grasses and (dovers, each consisting of one gra«s and one clover, were tested 4 times with an average yield for all of 3^ tons of hay per acre. The average yield for the second year after the seed was sown was 4 tons, and the third year 2.7 tons. Alfalfa and tall oat grass head the list with an average yield of 4.41 tons per acre, followed by alfalfa and timothy, alfalfa and orchard, and alfalfa and tall fescue, with yields of 4, 3.84, and 3.78 tons per acre, respectively. A mixture of 8 grasses and 5 clovers in different proportions, amounting to 35 lbs. of seed per acre, and one of 5 grasses and 4 clovers, amounting to 24 lbs. per acre, have been under test for 9 years and have furnished 21 cuttings. The average yield of hay per acre for the first mixture was 4.47 tons, and for the second 5.14 tons. Corn culture, K. J. Redding {Georgia Sta. Bxd. 62, pp. 81-98). — Previous work of this kind has already been noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 855). Sixteen varieties were tested but unfavorable conditions interfered with the results. Marlboro Prolific gave the best yield, and of this variety 175 ears were required to shell one bushel, while of Henry Grady, which stood second, only 115 ears were required. The aver- age number of ears to the bushel for the best eight varieties in the test was 156 and for the remainder 137. In comparing methods of harvesting in 1901 and 1903, it was found in each year that cutting the stalks and curing them in the shock gave the best returns. The stalks in the experiment of 1903, rated at 50 cents per 100 lbs., were worth ?>8.41 per acre. Planting corn on Ijeds and in the water furrow gave practically equal results, and applying cotton seed composted for several weeks about one week before planting showed no advantage over the use of crushed cotton seed used in the same way. The results of a tillage experiment indicate that cultivation once a week for corn on unfertilized land is better than less frequent but more thorough working of the soil, while on well-fertilized land the more thorough tillage at longer intervals is the more advantageous. Fertilizer tests with different applications of equal cost did not give conclusive results, but they indicated that the larger proportion of cotton-seed meal, furnishing nitrogen, is of greater benefit under the prevailing conditions tlian a larger propor- tion of acid phosphate and muriate of potash. On the fertilized plats an average of 76 percent and on the unfertilized plats an average of 67.1 per cent of a perfect stand was obtained. Cooperative variety tests of corn in 1902-3, T. L. Lyon (Nehraska Sta. Bui. '83, ]>p. 20, map 1) . — Nineteen varieties were tested by 59 farmers in various parts of the State. For the purpose of the experiments the State was divided into 6 sections corresponding in general with the variations in the natural vegetation. Not more than 12 varieties were grown in any one section. The larger varieties were grown in the eastern, the late maturing varieties in the southeastern, the early maturing sorts in the northern and western, and the smaller eared varieties in the western sections. The results of germination tests of the seed used and the yields obtained at the sta- tion and by a number of farmers in the different sections are shown in tables, and FIELD CROPS. 1069 the characters of each variety together with a ijrief history and s^tatement of the source of the seed used are noted. With the notable exception of Reid Yellow Dent, the introduced varieties did not give as good results as those grown from seed produced within the State. The late maturing varieties gave better yields than the earlier ones and the yellow varieties were in general better yielders than the white varieties. Neither the proportion of corn to cob nor the size of the ear seemed to bear any relation to the yield. Of the introduced varieties Reid Yellow Dent, Boone County White, Learning, and Silver Mine are considered promising varieties and capable of being adapted to Nebraska conditions. Increasing' the yield of corn, A. M. Soule and P. 0. Vanatter ( Tennessee Sta. Bui. Vul. XVII, No. 2, pp. 25-4S, figs. 11). — The exiieriments in inii)roving the yield of corn here described represent cooperative work between the station and the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The importance of increasing the yield within the State is discussed, and directions for the improvement of varieties are given in addition to experimental results. Of 62 varieties grown at the station only 36 of those under test for 4, 3, and 2 years are considered. The best average yields for 4 years were made by Hickory King, Champion White Pearl, Improved Leaming, White Rockdale, and Early Learning, producing 46.87, 43.11, 42.13, 41.66, and 41.51 1)u. per acre, respectively. The small- est percentage of cob, 13.09 per cent, was sho^\'n ])y Hickory King, and the largest, 27.07 per cent, by Large White Flint with Yellow Creole and Improved Leaming, with 27.78 per cent and 19.76 per cent, respectively, ranking next. Among the vari- eties grown for three years Wisconsin Early White Dent, Reid Yellow Dent, and Virginia Horsetooth, yielding on an average 43.52, 43.11, and 42.30 bu. per acre, respectively, were leaders. The authors recommended the following varieties for different Tennessee soils: For light uplands. Hickory King, Early Leaming, Iowa Gold Mine, 100 Day Bristol, and Golden Beauty; for soils of mediimi fertility, Cocke Prolific, Virginia Ensilage, and Virginia Horsetooth; and for rich river bottoms, Huffman, Cocke Prolific, and Shaw Improved. In observing the influence of weather and soil it was found that Huffman on medium upland yielded 29.23 bu. per acre in 1900, 8.93 bu. in 1901, 59.48 bu. in 1902, 24.55 bu. in 1903, and an average of 30.55 bu. for the 4 years. Culture tests were made with Hickory King and Cocke Prolific. Hills of 2 stalks each were planted at distances of 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60 inches. The average results for 3 years with Hickory King were as follows: 30 in., 48.93 bu.; 36 in., 45.15 bu.; 42 in., 42.49 bu.; 48 in., 42.52 bu.; 54 in., 37.44 bu., and 60 in., 32.56 bu. The results with the other variety were similar. At 30 inches the yield was largest, but the ears were small and deformed, while at 48 in. the form of the ear and the quality of the grain was good. The following statement is based upon the results obtained: "One hundred acres of Hickory King planted at 48 in. would have yielded 500 bu. more grain than if planted at 54 in., and 1,000 bu. more grain than if planted at 60 in." In selection experiments it was noticed that there was a variation of 7 to 19 days in the dates of ripening and from 9.8 to 14 tons in the yield of green crop and from 54.65 to 68 bu. in the yield of ears per acre with Cocke Prolific corn planted in single rows. In fertilizer experiments, Cocke Prolific on a plat receiving 8 tons of barnyard manure per acre produced 22.10 bu. more than on the check plats. Where 25 bu. of lime per acre was applied the increase was 20.09 bu., and where a complete ferti- lizer consisting of 100 11 )s. of nitrate of soda, 150 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 50 lbs. of muriate of potash was used the increase was 18.31 bu. For Hickory King the fertilizer applications proved of but little value, the gains over the check plats being as follows: From lime, 7.28 bu. ; from barnyard manure, an average of 6.77 bu. ; and from the complete application only a little over 3 bu. 1070 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The crop of corn, J. A. Jkkfeky {Mirliigdu Slro(lnction, iioints out the value and uses of the crop, and discnsscK l)rieHy nicthodK of culture and improvement. A serieH of questions with reference to the production, value, uses, and culture of com are given "to arouse in the reader a desire to answer some things for himself." The bulletin is intended for upe in the study of the corn crop. "What kind of corn shall be planted for silage? J. L. Hills ( Vcrinovl Stn. lipt. 190.i, pp. 284-287). — Four varieties, Sanford, lied Col), Learning, and a dent corn variety from Virginia were grown in 1900 and 1901 on different kinds of soil. San- ford is a relatively small flint corn, while the other varieties are of a larger type. As compared with Sanford \\w larger varieties produced from 50 to 70 per cent more gross weight, but an average of only 10 per cent more dry matter. In the silo Sanfoj'd and Red Cob, the drier varieties, lost only 2 per cent in total weight, while Learning and the Virginia Dent corn lost 20 per cent. The loss of dry matter in Sanford and Red Cob silage was slight, while in the other 2 varieties it amounted to 14 per cent. Sanford silage in a feeding test with dairy cows proved to be a ])etter milk producer than silage from the larger varieties. Analyses of the dif- ferent varieties as they were harvested and as they came from the silo show that San- ford was a little richer in protein and contained a much larger i)roi)ortion of the desirable and a smaller proportion of the less desirable carbohy, respectively. Cocke Prolific and Virginia Ensilage corn were grown for 3 years on a total area of 40.93 acres. The largest yields were obtained from 3-foot rows. These varieties matured on an average in 108 days and produced 7.15 tons per acre at a cost of $2.21 per ton. It is estimated that in favorable seasons the cost of producing corn silage need not exceed $1.50 per ton. During the last 4 years a total of 32.96 acres of sorghum was grown at the station and the silage obtained from the crops was produced at an average cost of $1.52 per ton. Of the varieties grown Red Head, partly because it stands up well, proved to be one of the best for silage purposes. The average rate of seeding in these tests was 7.3 lbs. per acre, and the average number of days required for the crops to mature 113. It is stated that as a first crop sorghum will yield from 12 to 20 tons per acre, while from the second crop not more than from 8 to 9 tons can be expected. The cost of silage per ton from first crops ranged from $1.15 to $1.78. The average cost from second crops was about $2.80. Red Head sorghum and Virginia Ensilage corn were grown in combination with satisfactory results. The effects on the quality of silage, the yield, and the cost of production were all in favor of growing these crops together, as compared with corn alone. Grown in com- F1P]LD CROPS. 1071 liiiiation tlic^ crops required 114 days to mature and yielded on an average 10.4 tons per acre, at a cost of |1.85 per ton. The lowest cost per ton was $1.41 and the high- est !?2.08. In one instance the combined crop consisted of Gd percent of corn and 34 i)er cent of sorglnnn, and in another 45 per cent of corn and 55 per cent of sor- ghum. It is suggested that al)out 12 11)S. of corn and 5 lbs. of sorghum seed be used I)er acre and ])lanted in rows 2.5 or 3 ft. apart. Peas were grown with corn and sor- ghum for the purpose of increasing the protein content of the silage, but the quantity of the peas in the crop never exceeded 15.1 per cent, and in some instances amounted to only 5 or 6 per cent. This quantity was insufficient to materially influence the composition of the silage. IMammoth Yellow soy beans produced an average of 7.5 tons per acre. About 2 1)U. of seed was used per acre. The crop real..63, pp. 101-130). — The experi- ments here described are similar to previously reported work (E. S. R., 14, p. 10(10). The results of a test of 21 varieties are reported in a tal)le. The total value of lint and seed per acre at 12 cts. per pound of lint and 70 cts. per 100 pounds of seed, amounted to $78.17 in the case of Cook Improved, the leading variety, and in the cases of Prize, Moss's Improved and Texas Bur to $67.24, $66.92, and $65.26, respec- tively. The values for all other varieties ranged from $51.40 to $64.32. Cook Improved and Texas Bur also stood among the 4 earliest varieties. For the past 10 years a number of varieties have been grown for the purpose of comparing the relative merits of the half which were most productive each year with the remaining less-jiroductive sorts. The results for the entire series of years shows that the average yield of lint, based on the production of seed cotton, was 34 percent and 32 per cent for the most productive and the least productive varieties, respectively, the number of bolls to the pound, 70.4 and 76.1, the number of seeds to the pound, 4,124 and 4,179, and the average of total yield harvested to the time of the second picking, 56.3 per cent and 58 per cent. The leading varieties grown in this test are briefly noted. This season Schley, a medium early variety, gave a better yield than either Mascot, an eirly sort, or a mixture of these 2 varieties; but the average results f(jr 6 years are iu favor of the mixture, which consisted of an equal number of seeds of the varieties. As in former years a nitrogen test was conducted, using different fertilizer appli- cations, each representing a cost of $4.15, but with an increase in phosphoric acid and potash and a decrea e in nitrogen in the series. The best returns were obtained from 250 lbs. of acid phosphate, 25 lbs. of muriate of potash, and 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, the value of the increase in yield at 4 cts. per pound of seed cotton amounting in this case to $15.04. This application contained 8.98 jier cent of plios- phoric acid, 2.68 per cent of jiotash, and 3.26 per cent of nitrogen. A potash test on the same general i)lan as the nitrogen test just noted was conducted on two 1-acre flehls. In this case the apjilications represented a cost of $6.50 each per acre. The first field did not give very uniform results, but the first series, cojisisting of 32846— Xo. 11-04 4 1072 experimp:nt station kecord. an ai^plication of 520 lbs. of acid {>hoHi>hate, 65 lbs. of muriate pota.sh, and 195 pounds of cotton-seed meal, containinj^ 1 1..'!:5 per cent of phosphoric acid, 4.25 per cent of j)otash, and 1.94 ])er cent of nitrofjren gave the best returns, the value of the increase at 4 cents i)er pound of seed cotton being $22.13. On the second field this application showed an increase in yield worth $24.9.3, while an application of (528 lbs. of acid phosphate, 13 lbs. of muriate of potash, and 235 lbs. of cotton- seed meal, containing 12.19 per cent of phosphoric acid, 0.75 per cent of potash, and 2.08 per cent of nitrogen was accompanied by an increase in yield worth $31.09. The author concludes from these results that a fertilizer for cotton should contain the 3 elements in api)roximately definite proportions to each other. On fertilizi'd i)lats, cotton planted on beds gave a yield of 1,407 l))s. of seed cotton per acre, as compared with 1,419 ll)s. from a i)lanting on the level. On 2 unfertilized plats the yields were 1,111 lbs. and 1,038 lbs. for planting on beds and on the level, respectively. Bedding on the fertilizer in the usual way gave better results than applying it with the seed. The results of this test further showed that the 130 lbs. of cotton- seed meal contained in the application of 604 lbs. of fertilizer per acre did not inter- fere with the growth of the seed. The bulletin contains a review of the weather conditions for this and previous seasons and suggestions on cotton culture with special reference to the use of fertil- izers in that connection. Sea Island cotton in Porto Rico, R. M. Walker {Porto Rico Ski. Circ. 3, j^p. 4). — This circular issued in both English and Spanish editions consists of brief notes on preparing the soil for 8ea Island cotton and planting, cultivating, and har- vesting the crop under Porto Rico conditions. The potato in England, F. W. Maiiin ( U. S. Bept. Com. and Labor, Mo. Consu- lar Jij}ts., 75 {1904), No. 284, PP- 4S2-434)- — Information is given regarding the Eldorado, Evergood, Sir John Llewellyn, and Northern Star varieties of potatoes, the first named being a recently introduced variety. Metliods and benefits of growing sugar beets, C. F. Saylor ( U. S. Dept. A(jr., Office oftlic Secretarij, Circ. 11, ji]>. 27). — This circular is a brief popular treatise on the culture of the sugar beet. In addition to discussions of the different phases of beet culture the production of beet seed is described and the results of experi- ments with home-grown seed and with different fertilizer applications are reviewed. Tables are given showing the sugar content of beets from home-grown seed as determined at the Washington Experiment Station and the results of germination tests of foreign and home-grown sugar-beet seed secured in the Seed Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Tests of different varieties of sugar beets, R. Harcoirt {Ontario Agr. Col. and Exjit. Form Rpl. 190-1, pp. ^.7-.}0).— Sugar Ijeets were grown in 1903 on a clay-loam soil in njws 21 in. apart and the plants thinned to 8 in. apart in the row. The yield and feeiling value, judged from the sugar content of the various varieties, were deter- mined and compared with the results of the 2 previous years. In general the larger growing varieties were not equal in food value to the smaller ones. Kleinwanzle- bener contained 17.4 per cent of the sugar in the juice with a purity of 88.3, and of the 33 varieties tested one was equal and 7 even better than this standard variety. The results of distance experiments show practically no difference in the quality of beets grown in rows 18 or 20 in. apart at intervals of 8 in. in a row. The best dis- tance between rows depends upon the cost of cultivation and the yield, but spacing to 18 in. is usually recommended. The data from fertilizer tests show that barnyard manure has a tendency to force growth late in the season. Sugar content and purity were lowest on this plat. ]\Iuriate of jiotash aj^plied alone increased the yield more than any other single fer- tilizer, the increase being almost as large as with barnyard manure. When sodium FIELD CROPS. 1073 nitrate was applied with the potash, the increase was greater, and still more so when ])h(isphorif acid and potash were used together. The omission of potash consider- al)ly reduced the yield. The results with 2,400 11)S. of lime per acre corresponded somewhat closely with the results from potash alone. The composition of dried pulp and dried pulp and molasses is given and the sugar- ])eet industry of the province is briefly reviewed. Composition of an ancient Eg-yptian wheat, H. Snyder {^[wnrsotn Sla. Bui. 85, pp. ^11, 21J, fuj. 1). — A saniijle of emmer 3,700 years old was examined. After the removal of the chaff it showed well formed though somewhat dry and shriveled kernels, some of which were more perfectly preserved than others and had highly polished surfaces. As a whole the kernels looked as if they had been slightly parched. This, however, may have been due to slow oxidation. The chaff contained 11.79 and the kernels 3.94 per cent of ash. The phosphoric acid content of the ash was 41.1 percent. These values indicate, in the author's ojiinion, that little oxidation had taken place. The total nitrogen in the wheat was found to be 3.5 per cent, equivalent to 21.87 per cent protein. The fuel value was 4.086 calories per gram. " From the chemical examination of this sample, it does not appear to be materially different from modern wheat of the spelts variety. "A microscopic examination of the wheat kernels showed the presence of starch grains identical in form and structure with the starch in modern varieties of spelt." The germinating powers of the Egyptian wheat were tested, but none of the kernels showed any indications of germ activity. Wheat and flour, R. Harcourt ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Ejd. inOS, pp. 41, 4J). — Samples of wheat grown in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1902 were tested for their gliadin content and were compared in this resi>ect with samples of the previous year. The samples of the year before contained from 63.3 to 67.3 per cent of the total nitrogen in the form of gliadin, as compared with 48.5 per cent for the wheat grown in 1902. Macaroni wheat; its milling- and chemical characteristics, J. H. Shepard (tSoiiUi Dakota St((. Bid. cSV, pp. S-S4, pl>f. 6). — A description of the samples of maca- roni wheats analyzed in connection with these experiments is given and the method of milling the samples is discussed. The samples represented Russian and Mediter- ranean varieties, together with several varieties from various sources. The milling and chemical characteristics of macaroni wheat are considered, and the data obtained in the investigation are tal)ulated at some length. A summary of these data, which are calculated to the air-dry sample, is given in the following talile: Principal milling anil chemical data for macaroni irlicat.'t. Num- Mill products. Crude protein. Gluten in flour. Water Variety. ber of analy- ses. Bran. Shorts. Flour. In- whole wheat. In bran. In shorts. In flour. Wet gluten. Dry gluten. capac- ity of one gram gluten. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. Grams. Kubanka 11 19.17 13.04 67. 73 13.71 13.90 13.69 13.53 44. 66 15.35 1.95 Gharnovka . . 12 28.12 14. OM 57.88 14.33 14.49 13.99 14. 29 48.99 16. 95 1.89 Arnautka ... 3 16.49 13.20 70.39 14.79 15. 05 14.45 14.71 45. 35 16.33 1.76 Black Don... G 27.38 12. 75 59. 80 14.51 14. 62 13.63 14.15 47.78 16.55 1.85 Velvet Don.. •1 16.93 14. 89 67. 76 12.87 13.06 12. 29 12. 71 40.97 14.46 1.83 IVllissier.... 5 34.29 15.84 49. 01 14.78 15. 01 14.09 14.34 47.03 16.31 1.91 Meileah 5 30.90 1.5. 60 53. 93 14.35 14.85 13. 66 14.98 52. 65 17. 30 2.04 Kahla 4 30.86 15. 80 53. 58 15.17 15.66 14.28 14.82 49. 62 16. 24 2.06 Algerian 3 31.86 1.5.08 54.11 15. 08 15. 06 14.29 15.07 47.61 16.37 1.88 Saragolle 1 21.98 14.10 63. 32 12.01 12. 91' 12. 23 11.63 39.22 12. 94 2.03 Argenlhie ... 3 2.5. 31 13.03 (;o. 65 14.. 50 15. 42 14.28 13.96 .51.26 17.10 1.97 Walnak 1 30.38 14. 04 .56. 34 13.43 13.96 12. 61 12. 76 42. 97 14.72 1.92 1074 EXPERIMENT STATION KKCOKI). f>islriliiilioii of rridli' jiroli'iii. in iiKicaroni wheats. Kuhaiikii . (Jhiini'ivka Aniiiulkji . Black Hon Velvet Don I'ellissier.., Me.leali... Kalila Alyeriali . ., SaraKolle . ArKL-ntine VVahiak Number of unalvses. Protein in 101) ixjunds of wheat and its mill {irodufts. Distribut on of tola • Whole wheat. Bran. Shorts. Flonr. Bran. Shorts. Lbs. Lbs. IM. IM. P. ct. P.ct. 13.71 2. G2 1.79 9.2;i 19.48 13. 26 14. 33 4.13 1.68 8.26 27. 97 13. 55 14.79 2. 43 1.94 10.33 16. 75 12. 90 14. r,i .4.25 1.72 8.35 28.14 12.01 12. S7 2.19 1.85 8.65 17.45 14.24 14.78 5.09 2.24 7. 16 3-1.69 15.11 14. 35 4. .58 2.13 7. 66 31.99 14.92 15. 17 4.75 2. 20 7.66 31.14 14. 88 15. OK 4.78 2.12 8.18 31.79 14.41 12. 01 2.84 1.73 7.36 23. 65 14.40 U.hQ 3.91 1.88 8.42 26.86 12. 82 13. 43 4.24 1.77 7.19 31.57 13.18 J', ct. 66. 93 56. 76 70. 05 58.31 (Mi. 79 48.15 .53. 26 .50. 78 54.06 61.28 58. 18 53. .54 Thi' author points out that the Russian varieties have given l^etter results than the Mediterranean wheats. Of the Russian wheats, Kubanka, Arnautka, Ciharnovka, and Velvet Don are considered desirable sorts. The original imported seed of Kubanka contained 14.1 i)er cent of iirotein, and the crop grown on South Dakota soil in 1901, a favorable season, contained 18.8 per cent. In 1902, a Avet season, the protein content of the crop from seed of the previous year was 13.9 per cent. The protein content varied not only with the variety l)ut also with the physical condition of different samples of the same variety. The i)ercentage of protein passing into the flour A\as largest with tlie Kussian varieties. A report on.the range coiiditions of central Washington, J. S. Corrox ( HV/,s/(- higton St(t. Bui. 60, jiji. 45,firjs. 18). — After reviewing the physical features of central Washington, the author describes the range conditions of the region and enumerates, with brief iKjtes as to their habits of growth and forage value, the different plants afford- ing feed for stock on the winter and summer ranges. The methods of handling horsi's, cattle, and sheej) on the ranges are discussed and suggestions for range improvement are given. A list of tlie more important forage plants ol)served by the author, including 43 grasses, 11 rushes and sedges, 8 leguminous jilants, and 8 salt sages and allii'il jilants, is given, and the different species are briefly described. The value of culti- vated forage plants for the region is also considered. The author believes that fencing and moderate grazing will greatly benefit the range, and recommends that where stock is pastured several jiastures be provided, so that each season one of them may be given a chance to rest and reseed itself. It is suggested that the restoration of the native meadows would be materially benefited by sowing bunch grass seed on the thin iilaces and by the more extensive use of the grasses and other forage plants capaljle of thriving under the prevailing conditions. HORTICULTURE. Report of the professor of horticulture, II. L. Hutt {Ontario Ayr. Col. and Krjil. Farm Bpt. 190-3, pp. S8-95). — The author outlines the work of instruction and investigation in his department during the year. Experiments Avere made in the cultivation and management of various fruits and cover crops. It was found that the best results were obtained Avhen one cover croj) was used alone. In cases where two or three were jjlanted in the same orchard, one appeared to check the growth of the others. As the result of a test of 300 varieties of stra\vl)erries, the author recom- mends the following varieties for the whole season: Splendid, Wesley, Clyde, Warfield, Irene, Saunders. HOKTICULTtTRE. 1075 Cook Islands horticulture, T. A\'. Kikk and W. A. TJoiumikr {New Zcahiud Dept. A(/r. lipl. I'jn.;, pp. 4JJ-4J4, y;/.s. /y).— The autliorsvisittMl officially the different i^^li^llds of the Cook group, and in their report give an account of the various horticultural products grown on each island and the i)0ssibilities of future commercial develop- ment. Commercial gardening, M. A. Oshanin {FromuisJdennoe Ogorodnichentvo. Rostov: A. K. Oppel, 1904, lip- ^31, figs. 159) . — Brief directions are given regarding the most successful methods of cultivating, harvesting, and marketing various garden crops, together with notes on the present extent of the industry in the region of Rostov. Experiments in crossing sweet corn. Anew variety: The Voorhees Red, B. D. IIalsted and J. A. Kelsey {New Jersey Stas. Bid. 170, pp. 22, ph. 4). — This is an account of the development of a new variety of sweet corn by crossing Black Mexican upon Egyptian and selecting in successive years the ears showing the largest percentage of red grains. The first cross was made in 1900, and in 1903 a very large percentage of ears came true to type. The mature grains of Black Mexican are black in color, while those of Egyptian are white. The ears of the new variety when picked green have a pink color and when mature they are red. The ears of Black Mexican are 8 rowed and of medium size, while those of Egyptian are 10 to 14 rowed an EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. quality, were as good as those of the l^est varieties of early ta])h' potatoes. The jilant aj){>eare(l to l)e entirely resistiint to disease, in spite of heiiig in close proximity to a held of potatoes which were completely destroyed by (hsease. The starch content of the tubers has been found by analyses to vary between 1:5.5 and 16 per cent. The flat form of tuljers was found more ediVjle and less watery than the round form. The tubers kept in perfect condition in storage. They appeared to do especially well in liumid soils. In a plat receiving an abundance of irrigation water the tnl)ers averaged about IWO gm. larger in size than in another part of the same plat not irrigated. The author notes that with the original form of the tuber planted in 1901 the flowers are very numerous and emit an odor of jessamine. The tubers, wliile relished by animals when cooked, were too Ijitter for human consump- tion. When 70 to 90 per cent of potatoes were destroyed by disease but 2 per cent of the Solanum commersonii was affected. The onion {Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 2 {1904), Ao. 3, pp. 59-73). — Reports by many farmers are given on the success obtained in the culture of onions from seed sent out by the Jamaica Dejjartment of Agriculture. Ginseng, H. B. Miller ( [7. (S'. Dept. Com. and Labor, Mo. Consular Epls., 75 {1904), No. 284, pp. 496-500). — A summary of information regarding the jireparation of ginseng for market, the value of different varieties in China, and related topics. Symposium of progress of pomology in America, F. M. Hexa.mer et al. {Proc. Amer. Pomol. Soc, 1903, pjj. 49-71).— This is composed of 7 papers which were read before the American Pomological Society at its meeting in Boston in Sep- tember, 1903. The paper presented by F. M, Hexamer gives a general survey of the pomological progress in America during the past 50 years. That of W. C Strong is devoted to the horticultural progress in New England during the same period. Progress in New-York was discussed by W. C. Barry, in Ontario by W. T. Macoun, in (Quebec by W. Craig, jr., in Nova Scotia by R. W. Starr, and in the Minan\s duidc, 17 {If'O-}), ^'o. 4JS, p. 1). — Thin is a letter by Jijlm F. SiK'nccr Sta. Bnl. S, pp. 12, riutp 1). — Lists are given of the counnercial orchards in (5 counties of south- ern I\Iis.souri showing the acreage of apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, straw- berries, and blackberries i)lanted. The territory reported upon lies between Springfield and Thayer, along the line of the Frisco railroad. A sectional map is given showing the location of the different orchards visited. The most of these are within 4 miles of the railroad. In the 6 counties noted 348 orchards were visitetl. In these orchards there were 1,107 acres of apples of bearing age and 1,613 acres not yet come to bearing. Of the land devoted to peaches 5,491 acres were in bearing, and 1,232 acres not yet of bear- ing age. About 60 per cent of all the apples planted are of the Ben Davis variety, 7 i)er cent of the Jonathan variety, 4 per cent of the Gano, and small quantities of Ingram, Winesap, ^Missouri Pippin, etc. The Elberta made up 95 per cent of the peach trees planted. Notes are given on the soils of the region and on the cultural methods generally observed by orchardists. The most common method of planting appears to be to crop the land in corn while the orchard is young and to sow it to grass or to let weeds or sprouts take it when it is old. Poor results are obtained in this way. In the best paying orchards the land is cropped with a rotation of corn, cowjjeas, and rye as long as possible and then given clean, shallow culture. This is the method practiced at the station. Notes are also given on orchard insect pests and plant diseases most commonly found. The date palm and its utilization in the Southwestern States, W. T. Swin- gle ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 53, pp. 155, ph. 23). — This l)ul- letin is the first of a series in which it is proposed to present complete life-history studies of crop plants, "treating the crop from every possible standpoint and bring- ing together all useful information." Such a treatment is here presented on the date palm. A considerable portion of the matter contained in the bulletin has already ajopeared in one of the Yearbooks of this Department (E. S. R., 13, p. 248), In addition to such cultural details as the propagation of date palms, cultivation, pollination, harvesting, packing, etc., special attention has been paid to the heat re(juirements of this palm, its resistance to alkali in soil and in irrigation water, and to the suitability of the soil and climate of certain portions of the Southwest for date- palm culture. This matter, together with many original analyses of date-palm soils which were secured by the author in different portions of the Sahara Desert, is presented in great detail, accompanied by many comparisons of similar analyses made by other authors. The successful culture of the date palm for fruit appears to depend upon a high temperature and dry climate. "The date palm can endure any flegree of heat and any amount of dryness in the air, and is even favored by hot winds and by a rainless summer. The best sorts can mature only in regions having a very lojig and very hot growing season." A study of the alkali resistance of the date palm in the Sahara Desert shows "that although this plant can grow in soils containing from 3 to 4 per cent of their weight of alkali, it does not produce fruit unless its roots reach a stratum of soil where the alkali content is below 1 per cent, and does not yield regular and abundant crops HORTICULTURE. 1079 unless there are layers iii the soil with less than 0.6 i)er cent of alkali. The snrfaee soil may, however, be very iniuli more salty and may even be covered with a tiiick eriist of alkali, ll is prol>able that amounts of alkali below 0.5 per cent of the weight of the soil exert no a])i)reciable injurious influence on the date ijalm." So far as known, the date i)alm is more resistant to alkali than any other crop plant. The Colorado Desert, or Salton Basin, is believed to be peculiarly adapted to date culture as it has a hotter, drier climate even than the Algerian and Tunisian Sahara, where the famous Deglet Noor, the most highly valued variety of date palm flourishes. The soil is also more fertile and the irrigation water of better quality. The Deglet Noor is a long-season variety, and the Salton Basin would appear to be about the only place in the United States where this variety can be successfully grown on a commercial scale. Many other earlier and mid-season varieties can be successfully grown in other regions of the Southwest and suital)le locations for these sorts in California, Nevada, Arizona, New^ ^Mexico, and Texas are described in detail. It is believed that there would be considerable profit in the culture of the date palm, particularly of the better varieties, and that little competition, if any, might be expected from jNIexico, since in no place in Mexico or in the world, so far as known, are the conditions so favorable for date-palm culture, particularly of the Deglet Noor variety, as in the Salton Basin. Relative to the culture of second-class dates and the ordinary dates of commerce, the author summarizes as follows: "It is very probal)le that the culture of the best second-class dates, suitable for employment in confectionery and for household uses, will prove a profitable industry in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, and it is possible that the Deglet Noor variety may mature there. Even the growing of ordinary sorts such as the oriental dates, which are imported into this country in enormous quanti- ties, may pay in some favored regions, such as the flood plain of the Colorado River in Arizona and Calfornia, where exuberantly fertile lands can be had cheaply, and where the annual overflow and seepage from the river render artificial irrigation unnecessary. Although date palms are likely to be grown first on soils too alkaline for other crops, the culture of the finer sorts promises to be a most profitable fruit industry that would warrant planting on the very best lands and the employment of the most modern horticultural methods." The bulletin is accompanied by a notable collection of illustrations showing differ- ent phases of date culture. Persian Gulf dates and their introduction into America, D. Cf. Fairchild ( [/. (S'. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 54, pp- 30, pU. 4). — An account is given of the date industry about the Persian Gulf, including soil, climate, irrigation, descriptions of a number of the better varieties in the different date-producing dis- tricts, notes on the date as food, etc. In connection with the discussion on the varie- ties of dates their possible value for American conditions is jiointed out. Ripening persimmons {Florida Agr.; abs. in Queensland Agr. Jour., 14 {1904), No. 3, p. IS'!). — A method which has been found successful is here given for the hastening of the ripening of persimmons. In the exi)eriment recorded the fruit of 20 red persnnmons on a tree of 40 was punctured to the center about the middle of Octol)er by the big blade of a j^ocketknife. Within 8 or 10 days all the j)unctured persimmons were ripe while the other 20 persimmons on the tree were still red and hard. The puncturing of the fruit did not affect the taste or shipping quality, as the wound made soon closed up. French. V. American prunes and cherries, A. W. Touroke {U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, Mo. Consular R/)ls., 7.'j {1004), No. 2S4, pp. 352, 353). — The French prune and ciierry industry is briefly spoken ot and the manufacture of brandied cherries and maraschino cherries is described. Tests of small fruits, J. Troop {Indiana Sla. Bui. 99, pp. 61-6S) .—From 100 to 150 varieties of small fruits have been grown annually at the station dunng the past 15 years. From the data thus accumulated notes are given on a number of the lOSO EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. newrr varieties of straw 1 jerries and tabulary matter on the ripenin?; period and relative vif^or, i)rodu('tivenes9, size, form, (juality, etc., of 27 varieties of raspberries and 14 varieties of Itlackberries. Among the older varieties of strawberries Brunette is recomme/ided for ])eople with impaired digestion. Clyde is especially recommended where one has only a small piece of ground. Gaudy is considered one of the best late varieties. Wartield is excellent for canning. The experience of the station during the pa.st 8 years has been in favor of subsoiling for raspberries and blackberries. The author is con- vinced that subsoiling 15 inches deep will pay well where the subsoil is hard and compact. Tlie development of the seedless currant berry, A. J. Perkins (Jour. Agr. and hid. Soidh Australia, 7 {1004), ^o. 8, ]>p. 431-439, Jigs. 9). — A record is given of some experimental work done to determine whether or not the seedless Zante currant forms fruit without pollination. Preliminary work showed that the pollen from Zante currants, as well as from a number of other varieties of grapes, germinated in sugar solutions. A number of illustrations are given showing the pollen grains and the different forms they assumed in germination. The size of the pollen grains was found to be not more than 3 or 4 times the size of ordinary yeast cells. The indi- vidual grains are invisible to the naked eye and can not be discerned even with the ordinary magnifying glass such as can be used out of doors. In emasculating the Zante currants it was found that, notwithstanding the great care taken and the fact that the emasculation took place indoors instead of in the field, a few pollen grains regularly ailhered to the stigma; and germination experi- ments sh(jwed that these pollen grains were sufficiently ripe to germinate and thus cause fertilization of the ovules. In normal fertilization of the currant it was found that the fertilized ovules increased in size for about 10 days and then finally aborted. A table is given showing the length and breadth of ovules of the Zante currant and of several other varieties of grapes at various stages of development. From the results of the work the author concludes that the pollen of the seedless Zante germinates as freely as that of other seeded varieties; that the pollen is mature; and that it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to avoid leaving pollen on the stigmas of vines when emasculating them 2 or 3 days prior to their exjjansion. It is held, therefore, that certain experiments which have been reported lieretofore and in which emasculated flowers set fruits, are inconclusive as to the alleged absence of fertilization in the development of seedless fruit. Nothing in this experiment was discovered which would justify the assumption that fruit is produced in the ovule of the Zante currant without the intervention of pollen. The condition of the coffee industry in Porto Rico, J. W. Van Leenhoff [Porto Rico Sla. Circ. 2, pp. 2). — Reasons are given for the present distressed condi- tion of the coffee industry in Porto Rico, the primary cause of which appears to be the cyclone of 1899. It is believed that if Porto Rican coffee were better known in the United States there would be a greater demand for it. Grape growing- and raisin making' in southern Utah, T. Jtdd (Soutlt. VtaJiEipt. Farm Bui 1, pp. 14). — A nundjer of suggestions are made relative to the culture of grapes in southern Utah with reference to raisin making, and descriptions given of a number of varieties best suited for raisins. Thompson Seedless is recommended as the best grape of its class for the southern grape district of Utah. Thirty-five vines of Thompson Seedless grapes planted at the expermient station m 1900 gave an aver- age yield of 13J lbs. of grapes or 3-2 lbs. of raisins per vine in 1903. One specially vigorous vine produced 8j 11)S. of cured rasins. Of the commercial tal)le grapes the Black Cornichon has proved the best variety thus far tested. Forty vines planted in 1900 yielded an average of 11 lbs. of grapes each in 1903. Suggestions are given for grafting grapes and on the use of resistant vines. The European varieties of grapes are the varieties grown. The phylloxera has not made HORTICULTURE. 1081 its appearance as yet in the vineyards of southern ITtali, but as a future protection tlie use of resistant vines is urged. Experiments with commercial fertilizers for grapes, E. Zaciiakewicz {Prog. A(jr. et 17/. {Kd. UEd), 25 {1904), Nos. 1, pp. 17-19; 2, pp. 37-40; 3, pp. 72-76).— The varying results secured in cooperative fertilizer experiments with vineyardists in a number of different localities are here reported in more or less detail. On the duration and variations in grafted vines, L. Deorully {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Ed), 25 {1904), ^o. 13, pp. 3S3, 3S4). — A controversial article in which the author points out that the variations in characteristics of vines due to grafting are not sufficient on the whole to cause vineyardists any apprehension. The thou- sands of acres of French vineyards which have been reconstructed on American stocks still continue in a thriving condition and produce an abundance of wine 20, 25, and 30 years after grafting. The subject of variations brought about as a result of grafting is wholly in an experimental stage, and as yet is of scientific interest only. Notes on the reconstruction of French vineyards by grafting, L. Daniel {Rec. Vit., 21 {1904), Nos. 532, pp. 210-215; 534, pp. 269-275; 535, PP- 301-305).— Contrary to the general belief, grafting has been found to change the character of the scion graft as well as of the wine produced from the fruit grown on it. The variation in vine and product is due in a large measure to change in nutrition which takes place as a result of the callusing of the grafted parts, and the consequent greater difficulty of sap circulation. By taking advantage of the changes thus brought about it is believed that it will be possible to produce by grafting new varie- ties which shall combine the good qualities of the French grapes with the phylloxera resistance of the American sorts. Grape growing by the use of direct producers is considered highly desiraljle, and scientists are urged to experimenf^along the line of the production of new varieties, by means of grafting, which shall be direct pro- dut-ers. Report of the viticulturist, R. Bragato {New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1903, pp. 451-461). — This deals largely with the results secured in tests of varieties and in the analyses of must and wine obtained from Euroj^ean varieties of grapes. A paper read by the author at the recent meeting of the Auckland Fruit Growers' Union on phylloxera pest in vines is included in the article. Experiments on the coloration of lilac flowers due to forced culture, E. Laurent {Bui. Agr. [Brussels], 19 {1903), No. 5, pp. 659-669). — It is stated that in the winter forcing of lilacs the flowers obtained are usually white; and this is true even when varieties normally producing violet-colored flowers are forced. The author made a series of experiments to determine the cause of the production of white flowers. The results obtained are recorded in detail, but they are conflicting and no general conclusions are drawn. Pictorial practical chrysanthemum culture, W. P. Wright {London and New York: Cassell A Co., Ltd., 1904, pp. I'S, figs. 63). — This is a practical treatise on the culture of home and show chrysanthemums, dealing with all the different phases of the plant from propagation to final exhibition. It is the sixth of this series, and as in the earlier numbers, pictures form a prominent and valuable feature of the book. Alabama-grown bulbs for forcing, W. J. Stewart {Amer. Gard., 25 {1904), No. 478, p. 223). — This is a report on the blooming of the Paper White Narcissus grandriflorum and N. princeps from bulbs grown in Alabama. It is reported that the Paper Whites Which flowered were very fine and fully equal to imported stock. "There were, however, a good many 'sets' in the collection, the bulbs evidently having been grown in a clump and taken up as such and separated." It is believed that had the sets been i)lanted out as is done in general bulb culture and grown for one season they would have made a much better showing. The results with N. princejjs were not so satisfactory, and in the opinion of the experimenter the climate of Montgomery is too warm for the growing of bulbs of this class. 1082 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Annual flowering- plants, L. ('. C'ohhktt ( T. S. Depl. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. LO-I, pj). 4S, fujx. .55). — This liulk'tiu contains su!tions on the uses of Howers aliout the dwell iiijr, plans for school gardens, general cultural suggestions, and special directions for the culture of al)Out 50 annual finworing plants. FORESTRY. Forest fires in the Adirondacks in 1903, K. ^I. Scter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Forestry C'irc. 20, jij). 7.7, map 1). — During the early summer of 190.3 over 600,000 acres of timber land in northern New York were Ijurned over, with a direct total loss of §3,500,000. The ])urned region was thoroughly studied by agents of the Bureau of Forestry for the purpose of determining the conditions which led to these fires and their immediate causes. The general conditions were favorable for (ire on account of the unprecedented drought of the season. The fires varied according to the local conditions, being merely surface fires in some places and ground or crown fires in other locations. Some of the more important fires in this region are described in detail and notes are given on the metliods which were employed in fighting them. The most effect- ive fire fighting was done between daybreak and 9 o'clock in the morning when the fires were least aggressive. All of the usual methods of fighting (ire were ado{)ted. Tlu' lires in general appeared to break out along the lines of railroad, and it is stated that there was a lack of proper patrolling of railroad tracks, indifference on the part of section men, and failure to use spark arresters on locomotives. Reclamation of flood-damaged lands in the Kansas River Valley by forest planting, G. L. Clothier {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Forenlry C'irc. 27, pp. ■'>, fig. 1). — The injuries caused in the Kansas River Valley by tlie flood of 1903 fall under 4 heads: Sanding of the land, erosion, deposition of silt, and caving of river banks. In reclaiming lands which were covered with sand it is recommended that cotton- wood trees be planted at once in order to prevent the drifting of the sand to other fertile lands. Cottonwood seedlings germinated in immense numbers during the season of 1903 on lands which were too wet for cultivation and such seedlings may be used to plant as sand binders. On eroded lands it is recommended that willows and cotton woods be planted or that these trees be allowed to grow in order to assist in collecting silt and building up the soil to its former level. In the protection of river banks against caving a successful scheme has been pro- posed by E. Bayles. This plan consists in fastening together willow poles IS to 20 ft. long by means of wire and allowing these poles to remain in an inclined posi- tion against the banks. They gradually become covered with soil and take root. Attention is called to the fact that cottonwood and catalpa are rapid growing trees and may be depended upon to produce valuable crops within a comparatively short period of years. Reforesting mountain slopes, T. P. Lfkens ( Water and Forest, 4 (1904), E.dra No. 1, p. 4). — A brief account is given of the investigations of the author in the problems of reforesting mountains in southern California. The plan pursued consists in growing the trees in nurseries to an age of about 2 years, during which time they are frequently transplanted and finally planted during the wet season so as to become thoroughly established. Where trees were transi)lanted in this way a large percentage grew and seemed to be in a thriving condition. Where the moun- tain slopes are too steep or rocky to grow trees chaparral will be grown and data obtained to compare the relative value of chaparral and forest growth as mountain covers. A study of California forests, W. C. Hodge, Jr. {Water and Forest, 4 {1004), Extra No. 1, jyp. 3, 4) . — A brief account is given of cooperative work in the study of FORESTRY. 1083 ( aliiDiuia forests carried on with the Bureau of Forestry of this Dei)artment. This work was made possible through a State apjjroj^riation which became availa))le July 1, U(03. The work thus far performed consists of mapping and describing 17,250,000 acres of forest land, together with suggestions for its proper management, studies of the problems of tire destruction and prevention, and forest extension. A plan has been provided for lire protection which has been put in oj^eration on a small scale on a tract of land in order to test the exact cost -of such protection. Under the forest extension studies, investigations have been pursued in the repro- (hiction of the forests in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto moun- tains to determine the methods of forest reproduction. In the same regions a study is being made of chaparral to determine its extent, condition, and importance as a cover. Investigations are also being made on the growth and area of planted euca- lyptus, as well as on jaroblems of forest fires. The revenue to be expended in this investigation up to December 31, 1904, is approximately $15,000, $6,028 of which is provided by the State of California, the balance, being salaries and other expenses, paid Ijy the Bureau of Forestry of this Department. An outline is given of the work to be pursued during the coming season, and esti- mates made as to its cost. Planted pine in Nebraska, C. A. Scott {Forestr;/ and Irrig., 10(1904), Ao. 2, pp. 77-70, fit). 1). — A report is given of a plantation started 13 years ago in the sand hills of western Nebraska. The plantation consisted of about one-half acre and was planted in the spring of 1891 with 3-year-old seedlings in alternate rows of jack pine {Piuus divaricata), and Scotch, Austrian, Norway, and western yellow pine. The jack pine seedlings were secured from forests, and about 50 per cent of them died during the first year. Since planting the trees have received no cultivation whatever, but have been protected from fire and stock with the result that fully 90 per cent of those surviving the first season have made a comparatively good growth. The jack pine has by its growth proved adapted to the conditions of the sand hills, the dominant trees averaging 19.4 ft. in height and 3 in. in diameter breast high, with the intermediate trees about 15 ft. in height. The estimated volume of wood on the half acre was 586.2 cu. ft. Many individual specimens of the other species of pines are making thrifty growth, but are hardly to be compared with those of the jack })ine. The blue g-um, J. B. Anderson (Forestry and Irrig., 10 (1904), No. 2, pp. 65-70, figs. 3). — A study is given of Eucalyptus globulus and other species of the same genus in California. The forest characteristics of blue gum are described; its value as tim- ber pointed out, and metliods of planting, cultivation, etc., enumerated. The blue gum is said to be one of the most rapid growing trees, and on average soil in Califor- nia will produce 500 cu. ft. of new wood per acre each year. In addition to E. globulus a number of other species of less extended distribution are enumerated and Ijriefly described. Practical forestry for lumbermen, O. W. Price (Forestry and Irrig., 10 (1904), No. 2, pp. G0-G3). — This is an address given before the Southern Lumbermen's annual meeting at New Orleans, in which the author gives reasons for conservative handling of timber lands and the financial results that may be expected from such treatment. ■Wood pulp and wood-pulping- macMnery (Queensland Agr. Jour., 14 (1904), No. 1, pp. 44-46). — On account of fre(juent inquiries regarding wood pulp and its manufacture, the ilepartment of agriculture of Queensland has prepared a statement showing the various kinds of timber suited for wood pulp and describes some of the more important processes in its manufacture. According to the article there are in operation in the United States 1,115 paper and pulj> mills with an annual output of 2,500,000 tons of paper, tlie greater portion of which is made from wood pulp. 1084 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. SEEDS WEEDS. Alfalfa seed, K. Rkown {U. S. Ihpt. Aijr., FurmrrH' Bui. 194, p}>. J-i,fi'ji^. S).—lt is .stafc(l that tliL' (juality of the alfalfa swd offered on the market during the present season is very low, and special care is ur>j;ed in buyinfr seed in order to avoid poor and adulterated samples. The adulteration of alfalfa seed ajjpears to he accomplished chiefly by the addition of the seed of yellow trefoil or bur clover. The bur clover is used as an adulterant of alfalfa seed under the name of Chilean lucern. Intendinjr buyers of alfalfa seed are urged to remember that the fresh seed is light olive green in color while brown seed is almost always dead. The appearance of dodder seed is also described. This lias proved to be one of the most destructive weeds in alfalfa fields. It is recom- mended that no adulterated or l)rown alfalfa seed be bought and tliat samples be tested before buying in large (juantities. Temperature in relation to seed germination, J. B. Kevnoi.ds {Ontario Agr. Col. ami Expt. Farm Jipt. 1903, pp. 9-11, figs. 2). — An account is given of tests of different seeds at various temperatures ranging from 45 to 95° F. " This investigation was carried on by means of a seed germinator, consisting of an interior oven surrounded on all sides by double walls, within which water is kept. Heat applied to the base of the apparatus maintains the oven at any desired tempera- ture, the circulation of the water distributing the heat evenly within the surrounding walls. In the oven the seed is germinated between two concave plates laid face to face. On the lower plate a square of saturated })lotting paper carries the seeds to be tested, another square of damp paper is laid over the seeds, and another plate laid face down over the whole. Fifty or one hundred seeds of one kind, according to their size and to the space available, are placed on each plate." The average results are summarized in the following table: Teinprralun:'> of germination. Species. Best. Second. Third. "> F. °i^. ° F. 80 68-72 90 80 90 80 90 80 68-72 55-65 SO 68-72 55-65 90 80 68-72 80 68-72 55-65 68-72 68-72 55-65 80 80 90 68-72 80 90 68-72 68-72 55-65 80 80 90 68-72 80-90 68-72 90 80 68-72 90 80 SO 90 68-72 80 90 80 68-72 SO 68-72 90 80 68-72 90 80 68-72 90 80 68-72 80 90 Remarks. Cabbage Onion Parsnip Cauliflower Oats Beans Peas (smootli) .. Peas (wrinkled) Wheat Barley Corn (dent) Peas (sweet) Carrot , Turnip (Swede) Turnip (white) Rape Beet (common). Beet (sugar) Clover (red) — Clover (alsike). Radish Cucumber Tomato Squash Vitality impaired above 80°, below 68°. Vitality destroyed at 95°. Vitality impaired beyond 80°. Do. Mildewed at 95°. Vitality almost destroyed at 90°. Vitality impaired at 80°. Somt' mildew at 80°. Earlier Kermination, but impaired vitality at 80°. Vitality impaired beyond 90°. Do. Do. Vitality impaired at 9.5°. Mildewed at 90°. Vitality impaired at 95°. Do! The bearing of the results on the methods of cultivation of the soil best suited to maintain proper conditions of heat and moisture for germination is discussed. Respiration experiments witli dry and moist oats, Olaf Quam {Nor^k Land- mandshlad, 23 {1904), No. 5, pp. 61-64).— H is shown that tlie presence of a consid- erable quantity of moisture in the seed oats shortens the dormant period of the seed, and that if sufficient moisture is present the oats will germinate and develop into young jilants. SEEDS WEEDS, 1085 Comparative respiration experiments witli dry and damp Ligowo oats containing, respectively, 9.16 and 1S.(>4 per cent water, showed that tlie following quantities of carbonic acid were exhaled during 5-day periods by 2.8 kilos of oats: By the dry oats, 0.0248, 0.0142, and 0.0200 gm. (total, 0.0590 gm.); by the damp oats, 0.8320, 2.4527, 2.4989 gm. (total, 5.7836 gm.) ; i. e., nearly 98 times more than for the dry oats. On the assumption that this loss takes place at the expense of the starch in the grain, there is a 3 jier cent larger loss in the total amount of starch contained in the oats in the case of the damp than in the dry oats, if the oats be kept for about 5 months. The money value of this loss to the oat grower is apparent. The destruc- tion of the starch is accompanied by a decomposition of the fats, and the proteids may also be attacked; hence the importance of rareful drying of grain. — f. w. wom,. Report on the work of the Stockholm Seed Control Station for 1902-3, O. Sx.iERNQrisT {Red. Verks. Stockhol)NS Ldns ITushdllningssdll. Fr'ukontrollanst., 1!)03, pp. 13). — Statistical data are presentetl relative to experiments carried out by the station concerning the weight, size, purity, germinating power, and other character- istics of various kinds of seeds submitted for examination. Notes on certain threatening weeds, L. R. Joxes and W. J. ^Iokse ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 169-173, Jigs. 3). — Brief descriptive and economic notes on king- devil weed, creeping sow thistle, blue thistle, Russian thistle, clover dodder, and prickly lettuce. The shrubby cinquefoil as a w^eed, L. R. Jones and W. J. .Morse ( Veriiifjnl Sla. Rpt. 1903, pp. 173-190, pU. 4, fig^- 5). — During recent years in certain portions of southwestern Vermont, Potentilhi fruticosa has become exceedingly aggressive and in some instances has taken complete possession of pastures and tilled lands. The authors describe this plant and give notes on its botanical relationship, habitat, and geograjihical distribution. The species occurs generally throughout the northern por- tions of both hemispheres and extends far south into the mountainous regions of Asia and North America. It appears to thrive best on calcareous soils. The use of the plant in the manufacture of coarse stable brooms has been suggested, but the plant appears to have no other economic value. Among the methods of prevention or destruction the authors recommend mowing, burning, plowing, grubbing and pulling, and grazing with live stock. Sheep and cattle browse upon it to some extent, but goats are much more effective in destroying it. The hope is expressed that the Angora goat may control or entirely exterminate this shrubl)y cinquefoil, as well as hardback and other shrubby weeds of Vermont pastures. The pest also yields to reforestation, and for this purpose the author rec- ommends planting white pine, yellow locust, willows, and butternuts. Spraying for wild mustard, J. L. Stone {New York Cornell Sla. Bui. JIC, pp. 107-110). — Experiments were instituted by the author for the purpose of testing the value of copper sulphate in the destruction of wild mustard. It was found that young plants of wild mustard are more quickly and certainly destroyed than older plants. Among the weeds which were destroyed by copper sulphate solutions mention is made of wild mustard, wild radish, wild barley, shepherd's purse, etc. Curly dock, black bindweed, dandelion, etc., were severely injured, while wild rose, pig weed, Held thistles, etc., were not affected. It was found safe to spray this solution on cereals, grasses, peas, and sugar beets, while beans, potatoes, turnips, and rape were killed or injured. In the first list of crops, therefore, wild mustard may be destroyed by spraying with copper sulphate in a 3 per cent solution, at the rate of 40 to 50 gals. per acre. Report of the biolog'ist, W. Lochhe.xd {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 21-32, figa. 13). — The experiments and demonstrations conducted through- out Ontario have shown that wild nmstard may be almost entirely eradicated by 1086 EXrERIMKNT STATION KKCOIID. sj)i;iying w itii <(>|ii)cr >. Jensen (Tidsskr. Lanilhr. I'lanteavl, 10 {1904), pP- 40-63). — The investigations of the author as to the prevention of grain smut, which led to the Ceres-powder and the hot-water methods, suggested that an increase in the vegetative energy of the seed might l)e brought about by an appropriate preliminary treatment of'the seed, tliat would favor a more vigorous development of the enzyms of the germinating seed, without imjiairing thereby the germination of the seed through the heat or the chemicals applied. it was recommended tq use a temi)erature of 5;^ to 54° C. in the hot-water treatment for smut in oats, wheat, and rye, while for barley a softening of the grain for 2 hours in cold water and subseciuent submerging in water of 50 to 51° was found necessary. Jiy this method of preliminary treatment an increase of about 8.5 per cent of grain and a similar increase in straw was secured, as the average result of 53 trials con- ducted during 5 years, compared with seed not treated. At a temperature higher than 51° a diminished yield was obtained, e. g., as the average of 10 trials w-ith grain treated at 52.5° a 3 per cent smaller yield of grain than when the seed grain was not treated. Through the adoption of a proper method of disinfection of the seed and a longer time of treatment, viz, 4 to 5 days, an increase in the development of the ferments tiiat transform the albuminoids during the germination is secured, which will result in a marked increase in the yields harvested. The average increase in the yields obtained by the 2 methods of smut prevention proposed by the author, followed by a 4 to 5 days of " fore-culture," during a series of yeais, are shown below. In these experiments 72 lots of oats and 53 of barley received the hot- water treatment and 54 oats and 45 barley were treated with the Ceres powder. Increased yiehh due to trentment for fo-nd pre rent Ion. Hot-WUtCT lUL'thoil. Treatment with Ceres powder. Oats. Barley. Oats. Barley. 1S90 iiuTcase Ihlil inert'iise P. rt. 11.2 11.3 H.O 12.5 H.S P. rt. 8.1 S.l 10. {; 8.7 7.1 1891-1894 increase 1895 increase P.d. 11.5 10.3 15.0 (8.3) P. cl. 7.2 12.7 8.1 1897 increase 8.2 .\ verage 12.9 12.8 8.0 9.0 Only about 1.25 i)er cent of the increase in the yield of oats and 0.25 per cent in the case of barley came from the eradication of the smut, the rest being due to the "fore-culture." In these experiments 25 per cent of the weight of the seed grain was added of steeping liquid, and this quantity was added in 6 portions m case of barley and m 3 portions in case ol oats. Where the seed grain is not wet in a tank or a barrel, but on the barn floor, some of the liquid will be likely to drain off, and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1087 it is therefore preferable to add the liquid in (> portions also for oats under such conditions. The author shows that the effect of preliminarj' treatment is restricted, and the increase in yield lessened, by a too short period of germination in the seed grain. Seed sown 1 to 4 days after the treatment l)y the hot-water method gave the follow- ing results, the yield from seed not treated being placed at 100: One day after treat- ment, oats, 106.4; barley, 107.9; 2 days after treatment, 116.1 and 111.0; 4 days after treatment, 125.7 and 113.0, for oats and barley, respectively. The effect of only a few hours "fore-culture " of seed subjected to Ceres treatment proved to be unfavorable, the average yield obtained being 95.9 against 100 for seed not treated and 128.9 for treated seed which was sown after 4 days' "fore-culture." From the information at hand tlie author is of the opinion that enzyms will develop apiireciably in seetl grain even after a few hours' treatment, but the potassium sul- phid of the Ceres liquid coating the seeds appropriates the available oxygen in the air and in the soil interstices directly after sowing, thus placing the treated seed somewhat at a disadvantage in the case of a too brief period of preliminary treatment. Experiments with treatment of seed grain with a weak extract of malt gave an mcrease in the yields obtained at harvest time, in comparison with seed treated with water only, showing that the extract produced an increased vegetative energy, and indicating that the advantage observed in the "fore-culture" method comes from a formation of ferment during the progress of this culture. The method of "fore-culture" proposed by the author consists in treating the seed grain with 25 per cent of its weight of Ceres solution, this being added in 6 portions and the grain shoveled over repeatedly once or twice a day for 4 to 5 days. By this time the germ will be just ready to break through the seed coat. With the quantity of liquid applied there is little danger that it will grow much longer, so as to render difficult the sowing by grain drill or otherwise. Studies of various phases of the "fore-culture" method, especially as regards its practical application, will be con- tinued by the author. — v. w. woll. Oat smut and its prevention, R. A. Mooee ( Wisconsm Sla. Bui. Ill, j^p. 10, figs. 2). — Oat smut prevails largely throughout the State and has caused great losses, especially during the last 3 years. An inspection tour was made for the pur2:)ose of learning how extensively the formaldehyde or other treatment was employed by farmers in preventing this disease. Of the farms visited on this tour 87 treated their seed grain for smut and 245 did not. The disease is checked during wet seasons. In treating seed the author recommends 1 pint of formalin to 36 gal. of water. This is sufficient to treat 30 bu. of oats. The oats should be left in the solution for 10 minutes. Barley smut may be prevented by a similar immersion in a solution containing 1 pint of formalin to 20 gal. of water. Occurrence of plant diseases in Vermont in 1903, L. R. Jones and W. J. Morse {Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1003, jyp- 153-155). — The early part of the season of 1903 was unusually dry, and this drought was followed by copious rains and cool cloudy weather. These conditions affected the time of appearance and prevalence of fungus diseases. Apple scab was less injurious than usual. Early potato blight did little damage until about September 1, The application of insecticides and fungicides was less effective than during normal seasons. A soft rot of turnip, onion mildew, and club root of cabbage were quite injurious. Potato diseases and tlieir remedies, L. R. Jones and W. J. Moese ( Vermont Sla. Rpt. 1903, pp. 155-168). — The results obtained during 14 years' experiments with potato diseases at the station indicate that the Bordeaux-arsenical mixture is superior to any other remedy. As a rule 2 applications have been found profitable. In 1903, however, the development of potato blight was checked by one application on account of the late appearance of the disease. One application of Bordeaux- 32846— No. 11— O^^l 5 1088 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aryonioal mixturo produced a gain of 124 Ini. per acre. The addition of Bug Death and Paris green to the Bordeaux mixture was api)arently without much effect on account of tlie unusually small nundiers of potato beetles and other insects. Neither Paris green nor Bug Death have any value in controlling potato blight, the Bordeaux mixture alone being quite effective. Experiments were carried on for the purpose of determining the relation between the date of digging potatoes and development of the rot. Four rows of potatoes were dug on each of 5 days, that is, August 31, September 7, 14, 21, and 28. All of the potatoes were stored under similar conditions. The results indicated that when- ever there is danger of rot it is best to delay digging the potatoes for 10 or more days after the tops die. A test of sprinkling potatoes with air-slaked lime before placing them in the cellar showed that this method is of no value in controlling the develoj^nent of the rot. In experiments with potato scab it was found that corrosive sublimate and forma- lin were equally efficient. The formaldehyde gas treatment, however, is recom- mended as preferable for this purpose. An air-tight room is required, and it is recommended that not less than one pound of formalin be used for each 1,000 cu. ft. of space. The dry rot of potatoes due to Fusarium oxysporum, E. F. Smith and D. B. Swingle ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Indmtry Bui. 55, j)P- ^4, pis. 8, figs, f ) . — This disease of jiotatoes has long been recognized in the United States and foreign countries under various names, such as bundle Ijlackening, dry end rot, etc. The authors made a study of the morphological and biological characters of the fungus, the methods of infection, and remedial measures. The disease commonly enters the plants through the roots and slowly spreads until the whole underground portion of the plant is infected. In infected plants the fungus is always present in the darkened fibrovascular bundles of the tubers. The symptoms of infection are a slow change of color, the checking of growth, and slight curling of the leaves, followed by wilting and falling of the stems. The fun- gus grows readily in a considerable variety of culture media and tolerates compara- tively large amounts of malic, citric, and tartaric acids. It is checked in growth, however, by formic, acetic, and butyric acids. The fungus is aerobic and grows most vigorously at temperatures between 15 and 30° C. Dry rot attacks potatoes from the soil, and winters over in infected plants. The use of fertilizers, even in large amounts, failed to check the development of the dis- ease. The fungus persists in stored potatoes, whether kept in moist or dry rooms, unless a low temperature is maintained. It is recommended that infected land be planted to other crops for a number of years, and that the possibility of the disease infecting tomatoes, eggplants, and pep- pers be kept in mind. Great care should l)e exercised in the choice of seed tubers. Some difference in the resisting power of different potato plants to disease was noted, and further investigations will be conducted to determine whether highly resistant varieties may be developed. Spraying fruit trees, E. P. Sandsten( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 110, pp. 28, figs. 12). — The author discusses in a general manner the method of preparing and applying insecticides and fungicides and presents notes on the more important insect enemies and fungus diseases of fruit trees. Spraying grapes for black rot in Erie County, Pa., G. C. Butz {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 66, pp. 16, j)ls. 2, map 1). — During the season of 1902 the vineyards of the Chautauqua grape belt were greatly injured by the attack of black rot. The disease was investigated by the station and arrangements were made to supervise experiments ' which were carried out by vineyardists. The Concord variety is grown almost exclusively in this region. The fungicide used in these experiments was Bordeaux mixture in the 4-6-50, 4-4-50, and 3-6-50 proportions. In some cases ^mmoniacal solutions of copper carbonate were used for later applications. ENTOMOLOGY. 1089 The results oljtained were very satisfactorj' and furnished strong evidence in favor of spraying with Bordeaux mixture to prevent black rot. In one instance a saving of 33J per cent was brought about by spraying. Dust or powder sprays, J. Craig {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 316, pp. 111-117). — A number of experiments were carried out for the purpose of determining the rela- tive value and effectiveness of dry fungicides. It was found that the labor and expense of applying dust sprays were less than in the case of liquid sprays, but that more applications were required. The brown rot of peach and plum is apparently not cortrolled by fungicides applied in the dry form. It is recommended that dust sprays be applied in the early morning, late afternoon, or in damp weather. In gen- eral, it ajjpears that there is no sufficient reason for adopting the dry spray in place of the wet form on grounds sufficiently level to admit the manipulation of a spraying outfit. ENTOMOLOGY. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington {Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 6 {1904), No. 3, pp. 61-126, fig. 1). — This number contains an account of the meetings of the Entomological Society of Washington from January 14 to March 10, 1904. A considerable number of entomological papers were read, some of which had an economic bearing and will be noted in this connection. A brief synopsis of honey bees by W. H. Ashmead divides these insects into two genera, Megapis and Apis. The first genus includes only M. dorsata and M. zonata, while to the genus Apia 7 species are referred. E. A. Schwarz describes a new coccinellid enemy of the San Jose scale. A new species of ladybug beetle is reported as occurring abundantly on fruit trees infested with San Jose scale and is efficient in controlling the scale. The species is described under the name of Pseudoiveisea suturalis. F. Benton discusses the specific name of the common honeybee, concluding that it should be Aj^is mellifera rather than A. meUifica. Report of the entomologist, C. French {.Tour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 2 {1903), No. 3, pp. 245-349). — During the year under report the author carried on a number of experiments with grasshopper fungus, spraying for San Jose scale with lime- sulphur-salt wash, fumigation, and along other lines. Notes are also given on the mspection of orchards and nurseries and on injurious birds, of which the English starling appears to be the most important. The cause and control of insect depredations, E. P. Felt {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 1904, pp. 73-83). — The author discusses the biological factors which are concerned in determining the prevalence of insect pests. In discussing general methods of controlling insects reference is made to clean culture, rotation of crops, the encouragement of natural enemies of insects, and the application of various insecti- cide treatments. Insects injurious to plants, F. Corboz {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 17 {1904), No. 9, pp. 297-307, figs. 4)- — Attention is called to the desirability of protecting insectivo- rous birds on account of their help in controlling various insects. Brief notes are given on the depredations of Melolontha vulgaris, fruit-tree bark-beetle, and other insects injurious to trees. Insects injurious to fruits in Michigan, R. H. Pettit {Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 24, pp. 79, figs. 70). — This bulletin is issued as the first of a series on insects affecting various classes of crops. The habits, life history, and means of combating most common species of insects which affect different fruit trees are discussed in consid- erable detail. The insect pests are classified according to the fruit trees which they injure most, and according to the part of the tree or fruit affected. Injurious insects of 1903, F. L. Washburn {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 84, pp. VIH^- 184, pi- 1, figs. 119). — This has already been noted as the annual rejiort of the author as State entomologist (E. S. R., 15, p. 784). 1090 EXrEKIMENT STATION EEOORD. Orchard enemies, F. Horsfall {Missouri Fruit Sta. Bui. 9, pp. 31, fujs. 17). — Notes fill the habits, life history, and means of combating flat-headed apple-tree borer; round-headed apple-tree borer; giant root borer; peach-tree borer; fruit^bark beetle, codling moth; -woolly aphis; apple-tree aphis; cankerworms; fall webworm; San Jose scale; tent caterpillars; plum curculio, etc. Brief notes are given on the methods of })reparing approved insecticides. Injurious insects, W. Lochhead {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 32, 33,J\(j. 1). — Brief notes on the habits, life liistory, and means of cfnnbating pear psylla, Hessian fly, and codling moth. The pear psylla was unusually injurious during the })ast year, and special attention is given by the author to this insect. In combating the pest the author recommends spraying with kerosene emulsion, whale- oil soap, lime-sulphur wash, or crude petroleum. Preliminary bulletin on insects of the cacao, C. S. Banks {Philippine Dept. Int., Bureau Govt. Lab., 1903, No. 11, j)p. 58, j)ls. 62). — On account of the importance of the cacao crop in the Philippine Islands the author undertook an investigation of the insect pests of this plant. The present report is a result of this study and is to be considered as of a preliminary nature. Notes are given which are believed to be useful for the farmers in the Philippines in identifying the various pests of cacao and in applying suitable remedies for cf)n- trolling them. The chief insect pests of cacao in the Philippines ajjpear to be black ants, cicadas, white grubs belonging to the genus Anomala, various borers in the trunks, white ants, a species of psocus, plant lice, thrips, various leaf-eating cater- pillars, scale insects, and mealy bugs. A number of wasps and bugs as well as para- sitic insects and spiders assist in controlling the injurious species. Notes are given on the injuries to cacao caused by rats and on insects injurious to dried cacao and some of the common fungus diseases. On a plague of grasshoppers in the Central Provinces, S. Stockman {Acjr. Ledger, 1903, No. 3 {Ent. Ser., No. 10), pp. 65-85). — The author investigated the habits, life history, and means of combating the grasshoppers which are commonly injurious to rice in India. It was found that the eggs were usually laid in damp, loose soil. The incubation period for the eggs was about 41 days. Young grass- hoppers were not very seriously affected by heavy rains, but were susceptible to flooding, esjiecially on muddy soil. The author tested the South African locust fungus without any satisfactory results. A description is given of a trawling net useful for catching young locusts, and recom- mendations are made regarding methods of preventing the locusts, viz, rotation of crops, burning of grass, and other methods of preventing locust injuries. The cotton-boll weevil, L. de la Barreda {Com. Parasit. Agr. [Me.vico'], Circ. 6, pp. 35). — An account is given of the habits, life history, and depredations of this pest, based in part upon publications of this Department. Experiments were con- ducted by the Mexican Commission of Agricultural Parasitology for the purpose of determining successful means of combating the pest. It is recommended that atten- tion be given to the proper rotation of crops, careful selection of seed, flooding of the lands, and destruction of cotton plants in the fall. The Mexican cotton-boll weevil in Texas, E. D. Sanderson {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 1904, pp. 157-170, figs. 6). — Already abstracted from another source (E. S. E., 15, p. 545). A note on the root maggots, C. M. Weed {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sd., 1904, PP- 142, 143). — During the season of 1903 the attacks of root maggots upon onions, cab- bage, cauliflower, etc., was of unusual severity. Observations made for the purpose of determining the cause of this outbreak indicated that wild mustard and other related species serve as trap plants for the eggs of root maggots and that the prevalence of these pests is to some extent dependent uj^on the prevalence of the mustard family. ENTOMOLOGY. 1091 Coccidse of Ohio, J. G. Sanders {Ohio State Univ. Bui., 8. ser., No. 17, pp. 25-93, ph. 9). — Descriptive biological and economic notes are presented on all species of the subfamily l)iaspin;e found in Ohio. In this suV)family 6 new species are described. A list is also given of the species of Coccinte found in the State. An analytical key is presented for convenience in identifying the genera and species. The San Jose scale in Japan, S. I. Kuwana et al. [Imp. Agr. Expt. Sta., Japan, 1904, lip. 33, ph. S). — An elaborate study was carried out by the entomologists of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station of Japan for the purpose of determining tlie origin, distribution, and means of combating San Jose*" scale. A description is presented of the liorticultural conditions of Japan with especial reference to the bearing of these conditions upon tlie distribution of the scale. Notes are given on the prevalence of the San Jose scale in the various provinces of the Jai^anese empire. A long list of food plants is also presented. Contrary to supposi- tion which has been made by various writers on the San Jose scale, this pest is not found in high, uncultivated regions of Japan nor upon native species of wild pea-r or apple. It is concluded as a result of these studies that the San Jose scale was intro- duced into Japan in 1871 on infested stock shipped to Awoyama. The pest has sub- sequently been distributed on trees sent all over the empire. Low and comparatively moist regions appear to be favorable to the development of the San Jose scale. The natural enemies mentioned l)y the author are Chilocorus sirnili.s which is said, however, to prefer Diaspis pentagoua and also the parasitic fun- gus (Sphxrostilhe coccophila). It is stated that the Japanese have thus far not used power pumps in combating this insect nor has fumigation with gas been practiced. The best results have been ol^tained from the use of kerosene emulsion. Injurious effects of the round-headed apple-tree borer, W. Stuart ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1903, jip. 204—208). — The round-headed apple-tree borer caused consider- able damage during the year. Brief notes are given on the life history and hal )its of this insect, and on preventive and remedial measures which have been recom- mended. Directions for spraying for the codling- moth, C W. Woodworth {California Sta. Bui. 1,J5, pj). 20, Jigs. 4)-- — <-*f the various methods tested by the author in con- trolling codling moth the only one which has given encouraging results is the appli- cation of arsenical sprays. For this purpose the best substances are Paris green, arsenite of lime, and lead arsenate. Paris green gave as good results as any other arsenical, and in localities where it is ajit to injure the foliage the author recommends that lime be added in quantities 5 to 10 times as great as the Paris green. Lead arsenate proved to be the safest of all arsenicals, but was less effective than either Paris green or arsenite of lime in the destruction of the codling moth. A mixture of Paris green, oil, and lime was tested on a small scale, with good results. This mixture was i)rei3ared by stirring I lb. of Paris green into a jiint of crude oil; 4 or 5 lbs. of lime were then slaked and the Paris green and oil added and stirred until the lime linited with the excess of oil. The material was tlien diluted to 150 gal. In sjjraying for the codling moth in California 3 ajiplications appear to be neces- sary. The first should be made at the projjcr time for thoroughly poisoning the inside of the calyx lobes in order to destroy larva* which may subsequently attempt to enter the apple at that place. The author maintains that it is useless in making this application to direct the spray anywhere except against the blossoms from above. The second application should ])e made at the time when the eggs are laid. At this time the spray should be applied to all parts of the leaves and fruit. The third application is considered the most important, and is directed against the larvte of the second brood. Coleoptera of the family Cerambycidse, C. Houlbert and E. Monnot {Faiine Entornologique Armoricaine; {(Mcoptcres) . Eennes: F. Simon, 1903, p>P- ^^> P^' ^t 10V)2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Jiys. 116). — 111 this rejiort tlie atitlior given an account of tlie species of the family Ceranibycida' found in Arniorica, with notes on their distribution. Flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) [Jour. Bd. Ayr. \_London'], 11 {ID04), No. 2, pj). lOU, 110). — Tlie habits of this l)eetle are briefly noted. The most effective remedy in controlling it is bisulphid of carbon, and directions are given for api)lying this treatment. A natural history of tlie British, lepidoptera, IV, J. W. Tutt {London: Swan, Sonnenache'm ls. 3). — This constitutes a continuation of the author's elaborate monographic work on the British lepidoptera, and conoludes the account of the superfamily Sphingides. The various observations made Ijy the author concerning the life history of the species considered in the volunje are recorded with the usual detail. In the preface the author discusses certain problems connected with the reform of the nomenclature of lepidoi>tera. The volume is provided with an index and also Avith a general index io the four volumes already puljlished. Experiments in 1893, 1894, and 1896 upon the color relation between lepidopterous larvse and their surroundings, E. B. Poultox [Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1903, pit. 3, pp. 311-374, ph- 3). — The author carried on an elaborate series of experiments to determine the relation between the color of insects and their environment, especially ujjon Odoniopera hidentata and Gastrojxichu quercifolia. The behavior and color changes of the larvae through their various stages are minutely described. It was found that the effect of dark surroundings upon the early stages was very marked. The influence of a dark environment even for one molting stage was manifested in a decided change of color. The economic status of the Fulgoridse, H. Osborn [Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Set., 1904, pp. 32-36). — Data are presented on the feeding habits and economic importance of these insects. It appears that thus far little work has been done along this line. Especial reference is made to the injurious attacks of Liburnia campestris, L. lutulenta, and cane leaf-hopper in Hawaii. Notes on the nests of bees of the genus Trigona, C. O. Waterhouse ( Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1903, pt. l,iyp. 133-136,2)1. 1, figs. 3). — The method of the construc- tion of nests by this genus of bees is described in detail with notes on the differences observed in the nests of different species. The suppression and control of the buffalo gnats in the valley of the lower Mississippi River, F. M. Webster [Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 1904, p>P- 53-72, figs. 7). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 15, p. 545). A new method of combating Atta sexdens and other ants injurious to cultivated plants, A. Hempel [Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 5. ser., 1904, No. 2, p}p. 72- 74). — Brief directions are given regarding the use of parasitic fungi in the control of injurious ants and other insect pests. The spinning habits of the North American Attaci, F. M. Webster {Canad. Ent, 36 {1904), No. 5, pp. 133, 134). — During the past 25 years the author has observed the position of the cocoons of Samia cecropia and related species. The downy woodpecker destroys the insects by puncturing the cocoons and feeding upon the contents. Some species of insects belonging to the group under discussion have apparently changed the location of the cocoons so that they are not so conspicuous, and thus avoid destruction by birds. The nutrition of the bee moth, N. Sieber and S. Metalnikow {Arch. PJiysiol. IPfii'iger], 102 {1904), No. 5-6, pp. 269-286) .—The feeding habits of the bee moth were studied for the purpose of determining the actual materials eaten by this insect, and their relative nutritive importance. It was found during this study that bees- wax must be considered as an important and necessary part of the diet of bee moth in order that this insect may thrive and multiply. Extracts were made from the digestive tract of the insect for the purpose of gaining more exact data concern- ing the digestive ferments in this pest. ENTOMOLOGY. 1093 Some observations on Antlieraea yamamai and the methods of its rearing in Japan, C. Sasaki {linl. Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 'J {1904), No. 1, pp. 43-50, pis. 2). — Detailed notes are given on the habits, life history, and distribution of this moth. It appears that the artificial rearing of the insect is practiced only by the inhabitants of the village Ariakemura. The food plants of this moth are different species of oak. A contribution to the life history of Orina tristis, T. A. CriAPArAN ( Trans. Ent. Sac. London, 1903, pt. 3, pp. 24o-^Gl, ph. 3). — A detailed account is given of the structure of the egg of this sj^ecies with especial reference to a hatching of the larva. The habits of the adult insects are also described. New observations on phthiriosis of grapes, L. Mangin and P. Viala ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 138 {1904), No. 8, pp. 529-531). — A continuation of the work already carried on by the authors with regard to the cause and nature of this disease indicates that the trouble is due to the attack of Dactylopius vitis which lives in sym- biosis with the fungus Bornetina coriurn. On the wax-producing coccid Ericerus pela, C. Sasaki {Bxd. Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 6 {1904), No. 1, pp. 1-14, pfs. 2). — The literature relating to the produc- tion of wax by scale insects is critically discussed, ^otes are given on the habits of E. pela with special reference to its wax-producing powers. The insect is considered to be a native of China and Japan.- The food plants differ in the two countries. In Japan Fraxinus pubinervis is mentioned as one of the chief food plants of this scale insect. F. chine^isis is an important food plant in China. Note on the habits of Chironomus sordidellus, T. H. Taylor {Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1903, pt. 4, pp. 521-523, Jigs. 2). — The habits of these aquatic larvpe are care- fully described. In some cases it was observed that after pupation the six-legged larva of a water mite was found attached to the body of Chironomus. The parasite, however, ajipeared to have little injurious effect upon the host. An experimental study of hydrocyanic-acid gas as an insecticide, F. Lopez {Bol. Sec. Fomento {Mexico'], 3 {1904), No. 11, IV-VI, pp. 203-2 15) .—Th.\s gas was used in hospitals for the destruction of fleas, flies, mosquitoes, bedbugs, and other insects. The toxic effect of the gas for such purposes is found to be very great and satisfactory results were obtained in all experiments. Lime-salt-sulphur wash {Proc. Neiv Jersey State Hort. Soc, 29 {1904), PP- 61-76, 249-251). — The methods of preparing this wash and of applying it together with details regarding the effects of the wash upon various scale insects and u^jon the trees were discussed by J. B. Smith, AV. G. Johnson, and others. Spray calendar {New York Cornell Sta. Bid. 217, pp. 125-133, fig. 1). — In this calendar the most important points regarding sprays have been arranged for the con- venience of reference and use by fruit growers. A number of fruits and garden vegetables are arranged in alphabetical order, the more important insect enemies and fungus diseases are noted under each croi> with recommendations of the most effective remedial treatment. Insecticides, R. Harcourt {Ontario Ayr. Col. and E.cpt. Farm lipt. 1903, pp. 43- 45). — Numerous samples of Paris green were analyzed for the purpose of deter- mining the purity of the product and the relative insolubility of the arsenious acid. Considerable percentage of the samples was found to be adulterated. Analyses are also given of Black Death, potato bug finish, kno bug, slug shot, and Bug Death. The common mosquitoes of New Jersey, J. B. Smith {Neiu Jersey Stas. Bui. 171, }jp. 40, pis. 11, fiys. 6). — A detailed account is given of the habits, life history, and anatomical characters of the various species of mosquitoes found in New Jersey. According to the author's investigations of this subject, 33 species of mosquitoes occur in the State. Attention is called to the economic aspects of the mosquito question, especially in regard to the agency of these insects in carrying malaria. 1094 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In combating mosquitoes tlie best results have been oljtained from the use of hydro- cyanio-acid gas, formalin, suljihur fumes, tobacco fumes, and pyrethrum in liouses. Hydrocyanic-acid gas and formalin are preferable, since they are very effective and do not injure fabrics or other materials in houses. Attention is called to the importance of draining salt marshes and other stagnant pools of water, as well as the use of kerosene films used in combating mosciuitoes. A table is presented for the purpose of the identification of mosquitoes in New Jersey. Apiculture, E. Bertrand {Conduite da rucher. Geneva: li. Bnrkhurdt, 1904, 9. ed., ]tp. :?SS, ])Is. S, fifju. 82). — In this edition the author presents in a revised and corrected form a general account of the sul)ject of apiculture, inchiding the details of management of bees, location of a])iaries, marketing honey, etc. Report of the lecturer on apiculture, H. R. Rowsome ( Ontario Ayr. Col. and Exjit. Fartn lipf. 1903, jtp. 159, 160, fi(j». 2). — Experiments were carried on for the purpose of determming the most successful method of storing honey for granulation. For this purpose a tank was constructed of wood held together by clamps. The out- side of the tank was painted to prevent shrinking, and the inside was covered with paraffin. After the honey had granulated the sides were removed, when it was found that the whole mass, weighing one ton, was left in a solid cake. Notes are also given on various methods of hiving bees and other details of management. Korean race of silkw^orms, C. Sasaki {Bid. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 6 {1904), No. 1, 2)p. 21-26, jA. 1). — In studying this race of silkworms the author observed that the fourth larval molt is omitted. The author })elieves that valuable races of silk- worms may l)e obtained by improN-ing certain ijromising varieties of the Korean race. The beggar race of silkworms, C. Sasaki {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 6 {1904), No. 1, pp. 27-31, jigs. 4)- — AVhile this race appears to feed greedily upon withered or otherwise spoiled, as well as fresh, mulberry leaves, the larvte remain as vigorous as those of other races. Notes are given on the quality of raw silk pro- duced by this race. Double cocoon race of silkworms, C. Sasaki {BuL Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 6 {1904), No. 1, p>p. 33-35, figs. 8). — The author has observed two varieties of this race, both of which spin yellowish cocoons. It is a vigorous race and easily reared by the native Japanese. The cocoons are ahuost all double, very large, and variable in shape. They usually inclose more than 2 chrysalids and sometimes as many as 8. On the feeding of silkworms with the leaves of Cudrania triloba, C. Sasaki {Bid. Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 6 {1904), No. 1, pp. 15-19, i^s. 2).— Experiments have l)een carried on for a number of years, during which silkworms, especially the race known as Awobiki, were fed on the leaves of C. triloba. Detailed notes are given on the api)earance of the insect during its various stages when fed on these leaves. The results obtained from the author's investigations indicate that silkworms fed on this food pass through only four larval stages instead of five, but that the total larval period is about the same as when other materials are used for food. It was noted that if silkworms were fed exclusively on the leaves of C. triloba they ai)peared to be immune to the attacks of parasitic insects. The quality and quantity of fila- ments reeled from cocoons were good. On the feeding of silkworms w^ith the leaves of wild and cultivated mul- berry trees, C. Sasaki {Bid. Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 6 {1904), No. 1, p}p. 37-41). — As a result of a number of experiments in feeding silkworms the author concludes that silkworms require the same time for their growth, whether they are fed on wild or c-ultivated mulberry leaves. Those fed on the wild leaves are larger at each stage of growth than those fed on cultivated leaves. The weight and length of silkworms fed on wild leaves are greater than those fed on cultivated leaves. The FOODS NUTKITION. 1095 nunilier of silkworms infested with tlie larva^ of Uglmyia srricarix is larger when wilil mulberry leaves are used as a food. The length of the filament and the quality of the silk are superior when the wild leaves are used. FOODS NUTRITION. Glutenous and starchy wheats, PI. Snydek {Minnesota Sta. Bid. So,})]). 179-188, fig. 1). — The characteristies of wheat kernels were studied with the object of deter- mining the relation between the protein content and j^hysical conditions. As regards light and heavy seeds, "there was a decided tendency for the light-weight seeds to contain the larger jiercentage of nitrogen, but because of the greater weight of the heavier seeds a much larger amount of total nitrogen was always found in a given number of them than in the same number of light-weight seeds. "In the light and heavy weight seeds selected from 6 samples of wheat it was found that the light-weight seeds contained 16.17 per cent protein, while the heavy-weight starchy seeds contained 13.69 per cent, and the heavy-weight glutenous seeds 15.56 per cent. " From these and other analyses it would appear that the light-weight and shrunken kernels are deficient in starch, but comparatively rich in total protein. Such seeds are known to produce a lower yield of flour and, not being well filled and perfect although nitrogenous in character, are not suitable either for the production of the best quality of flour or for selection for seed purposes." When the nitrogen content of large and small but otherwise perfect kernels selected from the same samples of wheat was determined, it was found that the former con- tained on an average 13.50 per cent nitrogen and the latter 12.35 per cent. The nitrogen content in relation to color was studied with 50 samples of hard and soft wheat gathered from a variety of sources, light and dark colored kernels being selected from each sample. The average protein content of the light-colored kernels was 12.68 per cent and of the dark-colored kernels 15.33 per cent. This question was further studied with samples of wheat grown "under the best conditions" from uniform seed sent out by the station. When the 2 sorts of seed, light and dark, were selected from the same lot of wheat the dark-colored seeds from all the samples analyzed were found to be richer in protein. " Occasionally a sample of wheat is found which is so uniform in ciiaracter that it is not possible to select from it 2 kinds of seeds, viz, light and dark ones. In the course of this examination one such sample was found. . . . "The fact that the light-colored seeds are more starchy in character, while the amber ones are more glutenous, is valuable in the selection of seed wheat. In case it is desired to select seed which is glutenous, preference should be given to the medium-sized, heavy-weight, and dark-colored flinty kernels, as they contain a larger percentage of nitrogen than the lighter-colored kernels. The hand picking of glutenous kernels is possible in selecting seed for a small area. It is believed that such hand-selected seed would ultimately result in the production of wheat of high gluten content. ... "For human food purposes wheats with 18 percent of protein mainly in the endo- sperm or floury portion are preferable to those of low protein content. Flours of high protein content require less reinforcement with expensive nitrogenous foods." Composition and bread-making- value of flour produced by the roller pro- cess of milling', H. Snyder [Minnesota Sta. Bui. 85, pp. 1S9-J0.?, figs. 7). — The composition and bread-making qualities were studied of different grades of flour and 1096 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. milling products ground from the .«ame lot of No. 1 Northern wheat of good quality, weighing 5S llw. to the bushel. The chemical composition of the samples follows: CinnpnKiliun of Jlonr und viUlhKj products ground from the same lot of wheat. Name of sample. Water. Protein (NX 6.25). Gliadin number. Carbo- hydrate.s and fat. Acidity. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 10.89 13.38 00.75 75.25 0.09 10.53 14.19 64.63 74.43 .13 11.08 13.50 60.83 74. 15 .09 11.10 15.00 59.17 73.38 .09 10.97 16.50 69.09 72. 04 .10 11.14 18.44 58.31 69.71 .11 10.90 12.00 54.17 76.62 .08 10.37 12.63 56.44 76.41 .10 10.37 12.63 57.43 76.67 .08 10.69 13.31 63.85 75. 58 .08 10.29 12. 56 06.67 76. 78 .08 11.08 12.25 64.29 76.29 .07 10.21 12. 81 62. 44 76. .55 .09 10. 15 12. 94 57.97 76.53 .09 10.30 13.31 59.16 79. 92 .10 9.01 13.50 50.00 76. 72 .12 9.5-1 13.38 57.94 76.43 .10 9.32 13.44 54.88 76.42 .11 9.36 15.19 39.51 73.84 .18 9.79 17.47 13.07 14.25 Ash. 90 per cent patent.. Clear grade First breali Second break Third break Fourth break First germ Second germ First middlings Second middlings. . Third middlings... Fourth middlings.. Fifth middlings Si.xth middlings ... Seventh nii. JIO-IJJ). — Statistics regarding the production of vegetable and animal food products on British farms are summarized and discussed. Borax and boric acid as drugs and preservatives ( Borax und Borsuure als Arznei- nnd Konserrlerungsmitti'l. Nuremhng: Bund Dtutschtr NahrungsniiUel- Fabri- l-anten- und Handler, 1903; rev. in Ztschr. Fleisrh- v. MUchhyrj., 14 {1904), No. 8, p. 291). — A summary of data regarding borax and Ixiric acid. The general conclusion was drawn that these substances have not been shown to be harmful when used as food preservatives. Anilin dyes, G. "\V. Chlopin {Kamennougolnuiya Kraski. Dorpat: K. Matluev, 1903, p]>. 300). — The author reports the results of an elaborate study upon.the com- position and effects upon animal life of various dyestuffs made from coal-tar products. The different dyestuffs are classified according to their chemical relationship and notes are given on the characters of the various groups. Numerous experiments were made in testing the effect of anilin dyes in food prod- ucts upon the animal organism. It was foimd that a consideral)le variety of these dyes were harmful. The majority of poisonous dyestuffs belong to the nitro, azo, and triphenyl groups. While these groups are mentioned as especially poisonous, the author maintains the general proposition that all anilin dyes are more or less injurious to the animal organism and that their use in food products should be pro- hibited by law. (See E. S. R., 15, p. 494.) A ne-w type of anemo-calorimeter for clinical uses, A. 0. Ignatowski {Arclt. Physiol. {Pfluger'], 102 {1904), No. 5-6, pp. 217-248, figs. ^).— In the apparatus described the temperature is measured by the speed of a small windmill driven by the escape from the calorimeter chamber of air warmed by the patient's body. The apparatus is of such a size that it maj- be jilaced over a cot. Concerning the artificial transformation of albumin into globulin, L. Moll {Hofmeister' s Beitr., 4, No. 12, p. 563; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 18 {1904), No. 2, pp. 41, 42). — Blood serum warmed for an hour at 60°, when diluted with water and acidulated with dilute acetic acid, gave a much larger precipitate than untreated blood serum and was found to contain an increased amount of globulin and alkali albuminate. The effect of lower temperature was also studied, and experiments are reported on crystallized serum albumin and its behavior toward a number of reagents. In general, it was found that the globulin formed depended upon the concentration of the albumin solution, increasing with the increased concentration. Carbonates, bicarbonates, and phosphates of the alkali metals had an equally marked effect; the hydroxids, the least marked. The cleavage of gelatin, II and HI, P. A. Levene {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 41 {1904), No. 1-2, pp. 8-14, 99, 100). — Products obtained from gelatin by ferment action were studied, in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 14, p. 992). Concerning ferments in organs which induce cleavage in sugar, J. Fein- sciiMiDT {ITofineister's Beitr., 4, No. 9-11, p. 511; ahs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 18 {1904), N'o. 2, pp. 49, 50). — The glycolytic power of different organs of several animals Avas studied. Concerning the coagulating effect of autolytic organ extracts on albumose solutions and on milk, A. Nurxberg {Hofmeister' s Beitr., 4, No. 12, p. 543; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 18 {1904), No. 2, p. 43). — The effect on albumose solutions and milk of the extracts of various organs submitted to self-digestion was studied. On the adaptation of the pancreas, F. A. Bainbridge {Jour. Physiol., 31 {1904), No. 2, 2^p. 98-119). — A number of exj^eriments with dogs are reported. Among the conclusions drawn were the following: "The pancreas of adult dogs normally contains no lactase, although this enzym is present in extracts of the intestinal mucous membrane of such dogs; yet when dogs ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1101 are fed for two or more weeks on a milk diet, tlieir pancreatic; jnico obtained by means of secretin invariably contains lactase. "The formation of lactase by the pancreas is a specific reaction to lactose; it occurs only when lactose is given by the mouth, and not when it is injected subcutane- ously. . . . "The lactase of the pancreas is in no way derived from that present in the intesti- nal mucosa; it is formed l)y the pancreas itself, and represents a definite; adaptation to a milk diet on the part of the pancreas. . . . "Secretin appears to have a definite composition, is in no way modified by differ- ence of diet, and is not concerned in the adaptation of the pancreas to food; it calls forth the secretion by the pancreas of all the enzyms jjresent in the gland at the time. ' ' Estimation of carbon dioxid by densimetry, A. D. Waller and B. J. Col- LiNGWOOD {Jour. Physiol, 30 {1904), No. 5-6, Proc. Physiol. Soc, 1903, pp. XXXVI- A'A'A'JA', fig. 1). — A method of estimating carbon dioxid with a form of densimeter is descril^ed. Note on the calculation of the respiratory quotient from volumetric data, A. D. AValler and B. J. Collingwood {Jour. Physiol, 30 {1904), Xo. 5-6, Proc. Physiol Soc, 1903, pp. XXXIX-XLII). — The factors which should be taken into account in determining the true respiratory quotient are discussed, as well as the possible sources of error. On the basis of results obtained with the densimeter, the authors assert the theoretical possibility of experimentally estimating the respiratory quotient without volumetric determination of oxygen. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Experiments with fattening steers, M. Gumming ( Ontario Ayr. Col and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 84-87). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 15, p. 67), a test was conducted to determine whether in fattening steers it is more satisfactory to buy moderately heavy animals and feed them for a short period, or lighter, thinner animals, and continue the feeding for a longer period. Eight steers weighing on an average 1,271 lbs. and fed for 117 days, made an average daily gain of 2.08 lbs. at a cost of 12.75 ots. per pound, as compared with 2.16 lbs. daily gain at a cost of 10.53 cts. made by an equal number of steers averaging 1,098 lbs. in Aveight and fed for 160 days. "Every pomid of gain in live weight costs more to produce than it will sell for on the market. Any profit in feeding must come from increasing the value of the carcass purchased in the beginning. Therefore, the steer which requires to be increased in weight only 200 lbs. in order to be fit for market, is worth considerably more per pound than the steer which requires to be increased 300 lbs." In order to learn the relative merits of cut and uncut hay and roots in the above tests one-half the steers were fed these feeding stuffs cut and the other half whole. The average daily gain on cut feed was 2.04 lbs., as compared with 2.16 lbs. on uncut feed, the cost of a pound of gain in the 2 cases being 10.82 and 11.54 cts., respec- tively. A little less meal and a little more hay and roots were consumed per pound of gain when the feed was not cut. According to the author, it will depend upon circumstances whether the slightly lower cost of a pound of gain is sufiicient to pay for the labor of cutting the hay and pulping the roots. The value of blood meal as part of the ration for steers was studied; a lot of 8 ani- mals averaging 1,250 lbs. in weight being fed 1.20 lbs. of this material per day for 63 days in addition to corn meal, oats, and barley. The total gain made by the lot was 1,085 lbs. as compared with 1,070 lbs. made by a similar lot of 8 steers fed the same basal ration but no blood meal. With the former lot 4.29 lbs. meal and 0.54 lb. 1102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. blood meal wero rcquirod per pound of gain and with the latter lot 4.43 lbs. meal with i)rartically the same amounts of hay and roots in addition in each case. The gains were more expensive with the blood meal than without it. "This is scarcely a fair test for blood meal as a food for cattle, as its greatest value no doubt is with the young, growing cattle that need protein for developing muscle. Moreover, the results are in accord with our previous experiments, which have gone to show that light meal rations are more economical than heavier meal rations." The possi])le profits in feeding range steers was studied with 9 such animals, the test covering 147 days, during a part of which time the steers were allowed the run of a small yard. The average weight at the beginning of the test was 980 lbs., the average daily gain 1.53 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain 15.56 cts., and the food con- sumed per pound of gain 5.42 lbs. grain, 27.5 lbs. roots, and 18.5 lbs. hay. "So far as this experiment is concerned, it is e\ddent that unless they could be bought at a very low rate it would not pay to feed such steers as those experimented upon. At the same time it is worth noting that these steers made much better gains during the period they were allowed the rim of a yard than when they were con- fined in their pens." The feeding value of soft corn for beef production, "W. J. Kennedy et al. {Iowa Sta. Bui. 73, pp. 117-133). — The corn crop was seriously damaged in many sections of the United States in 1902 by early frosts, the yield per acre being much reduced and the corn worthless from a market standpoint, since it was soft and watery. With a view to learning the real value of this crop, the station studied the feeding value and chemical composition of such corn. After a preliminary period, in which corn fodder and shredded corn were com- pared for supplementing pasturage, the test began August 11 with 2 lots of 8 steers eacli, averaging 1,030 lbs. per head in weight. From the first the steers were fed full grain rations, in one case soft corn, and in the other mature corn, the grain ration being supplemented by pasturage and later by hay and gluten feed. At the close of the test, April 13, the steers were sold in Chicago and slaughtered. The steers fed soft corn required 9.77 lbs. of corn with 3.9 \hs. of hay per pound of gain and those fed mature corn 9.36 lbs. of corn and 3.44 lbs. of hay, the cost of a pomid of gain in the two cases being 7.92 cts. and 10.95 cts. The shrinkage in shipping the soft corn fed lot was 3.38 per cent and the dressed weight 60.8 per cent of the live weight. Similar values for the lot fed mature corn were 3.47 per cent and 60 per cent. The soft corn used in the above trial contained a little over 35 per cent moisture at the beginning of the test and 16 per cent at its close. According to the authors the results obtained show that the soft corn was fully equal in feeding value to mature corn for fattening cattle. "Cattle fed on such soft corn made nearly as heavy gains and finished equally as well as those fed on mature corn. . . . When soft corn similar to that used in this test could be purchased for 30 cts. per bushel, the prevailing market price, gains on fattening cattle could be made at a cost of 3.03 cts. per pound less than when mature corn, costing 50 cts. per bushel, the prevailing market price, was fed under similar conditions." Analyses showed that both the grain and cob of soft corn contained considerably more water than similar samples of mature corn, but did not differ otherwise markedly in chemical composition. In a considerable number of analyses of samples of corn gathered from different sections of Iowa in 1902 the maximum amount of moisture present in the corn was 23.89 per cent, the minimum 11.30 per cent, and the average 18.83 per cent. In the case of the cob the maximum was 39 per cent, the minimum 6.76 percent, and the average 27.65 percent. As shown by these figures the variation in water content was lai'ge. According to the authors "the amount of moisture depends chiefly upon the maturity of the corn when stricken by frost. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1103 "That the [soft] corn was affected by the frost and of a chaffy nature is noticeable when the weight of a measured bushel is taken. An average of several tests made to determine the weight per measured bushel showed it to be but 51 lbs." Corn dries when stored, and a test was made of the amount of moisture lost by 4 varieties in 9 months from the time it was husked and cribbed. The total loss of water varied from 21.09 per cent of the amount originally present with Iowa Silver Mine to 22.05 per cent with MammotK Eed. Cocoa-sliell milk for calves, H. H. Dean {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 73, 74)- — Two calves fed daily in addition to some grain and green feed, 1.5to2 gal. of a decoction of cocoa shells made by boiling 0.25 lb. of the shells in 2 gal. of water, gained 135 lbs. in 8 weeks. Under similar circumstances 2 calves fed 1.5 to 2 gal. of skim milk per day in addition to other feeds gained 1-18 lbs. in 8 weeks. The cocoa-shell decoction (cocoa-shell milk) when fed with grain and green feed "appears to be a very good substitute for skim milk and is worthy of a trial by those farmers who wish to rear calves and have little or no skim milk to feed. However, there is probably no substitute which will entirely take the place of milk for young stock." Profitable stock feeding, H. P. Smith {Breeder^ s Oaz., 45 {1904), No. 20, pp. 946, 946, figs. 6). — The value on the block of beef carcasses of different types is discussed with special reference to different factors as a means of judging of the quality of the meat. Experiments with, swine, M. Gumming {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. S1-S4). — The value of blood meal and tankage as compared with skim milk was tested with 7 lots of 5 \Ags each, those in 5 of the lots averaging 33 lbs. in weight and those in the remaining 2 lots 21 lbs. each. The blood meal and tankage used were obtained in Chicago and were designed especially for use as feeding stuffs. These by-products, with and without skim milk, were added to a basal ration of grain (at firsi middlings and later barley) and compared with a similar ration of grain and skim milk 1 to 2. The light-weight pigs were fed the packing-house by-products in the proportion of about 1 lb. to 18 lbs. of grain, and the heavy pigs in the proportion of about 1 to 13. When feecially prepared as a feeding stuff, 2 lots of 5 pigs each being selected for the purpose. From the first the pigs showed aversion to tliia food and after 3 Aveeks it was dropped. When the ])igH had recoverep. 15J-158) . — The general condition of the poultry department and the success which has attended hatching eggs in different ways are l)riefly spoken of, and a number of experiments are reported. The fact that Anda- lusian fowls do not hatch true to color is noted and briefly discussed. As regards the influence of the position of eggs in incubator trays a trial indicated "that eggs for incubation should lie in the natural way, that is, on their sides. Some incubator operators are not particular about this in the management of their machines, and the result is a consideral)le number of chickens dead in the shell, which is especially noticeable in eggs placed with the small end up." The effect of introducing oxygen into the hatching chamber was also studied. In the first test it was observed that on the eighth daj^ of incubation some of the eggs showed what is known as the "blood ring," that is, a ring of blood encircling the eml)ryo. "The oxygen appeared to be too much of a stimulant, causing abnormal growth of the germ, which often resulted in the rupturing of the blood vessels of the germ." From 89 fertile eggs only 27 chicks were hatched, while in an incubator managed in the ordinary way 44 chickens were hatched from 94 fertile eggs. Prac- tically all of these chickens were raised, killed, and sold in the ordinary way, while those hatched in an incubator supplied with oxygen, with one or two exceptions, died, many of them during the first 10 days after hatching, though placed in the same brooder and fed in the same way as the others. Two later trials with smaller amounts of oxygen though not as unsatisfactory as the first trial were " characterized l)y smaller hatches and poorer chicks than were obtained from machines run in the ordinary way." The egg production of fowls kept in a cool airy house was tested throughout a period extending from December to October. The house was not warmly built and one of the small windows in the front of it was left partly open and covered with a piece of cotton tacked over it during the winter. The lowast recorded temperature was 9° above zero, which it is stated was exceptional, but 15 to 24° above was very common. In addition to a number of cockerels the flock comprised 18 hens at the beginning and 6 at the end of the test, one having died and a number having been sold. The total number of eggs produced was 1,763. The value of the eggs sold at current prices was $23.33. This sum does not include $3 worth of eggs which were incubated. An account was kept of the feed consumed, and the author calculates 1106 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. that wluMi all were sold this lot of ponltry yielded a profit of $11.88. As regards the effect of this system on different breeds the author states that less satisfactory results were oLtained with Leghorns, Minorcas, and similar breeds, than with Wyandottes, Orpingtons, etc., the Hghter birds feeling the cf)ld much more than the heavier. The system of not allowing yearling hens intended for breeders to lay during the winter was tested to some extent, and the results obtained were considereil favorable. Using 16 lots of 12 chickens each, the relative value of skim milk, tankage, blood meal, animal meal, and beef scrap supjjlementing grain (ground oats, ground buck- wheat, and corn meal 2:2:1) was studied anil also the value of a ration of potatoes, shorts, and skim milk. In nearly every case the rations were fed to lots in crates and lots in pens to compare the merits of the 2 systems of feeding. On an average the chickens weighed from 3 to 5 lbs. and in the 2 weeks of the trial the gain per lot ranged from 9 lbs. on a ration of potatoes, shorts, and skim milk to 18 lbs. on a ration of grain, skim milk, and animal meal. Considering the test as a whole, the average gain made by the chickens fed skim milk and grain was 14.8 lbs., of those fed packing-house by-products 14.1 lbs., and of those fed a potato ration 9.7 lbs. The cost of feed per pound of gain ranged from 3.4 cts. with one of the lots fed grain and gkim milk to 6.2 cts. with one of the lots fed grain and blood meal. This latter lot required the greatest amount of grain per pound of gain, namely, 3.45 lbs. The smallest quantity, 2.2 lbs., was required with one of the lots fed grain and tankage. Of the different substitutes for skim milk tested the author considered digester tank- age and animal meal the most satisfactory. "Blood meal did not give nearly so good returns; and furthermore, these rations were not relished by the chickens. Beef scrap gave very good returns; but at sixty to seventy dollars per ton, it is too expensive. The feeding of both animal meal and skim milk does not appear to have any particular advantage over the feeding of either one singly with the grain ration. "The potato and shorts [and skim milk] ration is only a fair one, but no doubt would be very conveiiient for many farmers; and, where the market demands a half- fat chicken, this ration is worthy of consideration. "The crate- fed birds made a pound of gaiii cheaper than the' l:)irds fed in pens; but if we deduct the second trial in crate feeding, then the cost of a pound of gain is about equal. The chickens fed on the potato ration did better in the pens. . . . [Good chickens], weighing a little more than 3 lbs. each, are more profitable feeders than larger birds." The relative profits of marketing ducks when first feathered as compared with holding them until later Avas studied with a flock composed of 51 Pekins, Rouens and Pekin and Indian Runner crosses. When 9 weeks old the ducks weighed on an average 5.1 lbs. They were in good feather and ready for market; however, only 6 were killed. At the end of the next week the 45 ducks remaining had lost 7 lbs. in weight as they were beginning to moult heavily. All but 13 were killed and sold. In dressing they lost 0.75 lb. in weight per pair. "The necks were pulled in the same manner as the chickens are killed. Had the ducks been bled, no doubt there would have been a greater shrinkage." Deducting the price of the feed consumed the author calculates that there was a profit of 34 cts. on each duck, and if they had all been marketed when 9 weeks old the profit would have been 38 cts. The remain- ing 13 ducks were fed a week longer and gained 2 lbs. in weight, consuming 27 lbs. of grain and a like amount of skim milk. "There was not much gain made by the ducks until after the new feathers had been fairly well grown. In fact, the cost of the feed eaten each week after the ninth amounted to more than the price of pounds of gain made during the week. "From this trial it is very evident that when ducks become well feathered, that this is the most profitable time to sell them; and, secondly, that the growth made AtflMAL PKODUCTION. 1107 after the ninth or tenth week will seldom leave any margin of profit, after deducting the cost of feed." As regards breeds, the Peking and Indian Runner Pekins matured the fastest. "They were ready to kill fully one week in advance of the Eouens." Digestion experiments with poultry, E. W. Brown {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Indut^try Bid. 56, 2>P- 112, ph. 4, charts ^). — The digestibility of corn, oats, wheat, and meat was studied with hens, the feces being collected with the aid of a specially constructed aluminium pan attached to the birds by straps. The feces were preserved for analysis by covering them with 95 per cent alcohol slightly acidulated with acetic acid to prevent the loss of ammonia. Full analyses of the feed and feces were made. In addition to the usual determinations the ammonia, metabolic products, uric acid, pentosans, soluble ash, and silica in the feces were determined. The estima- tion of the uric acid is of special importance in experiments with poultry, as this represents the bulk of the urine nitrogen. It was determined l)y a modification of Kionka's method « by titration with piperidine, using phenolphthalein as an indi- cator. Sixteen experiments of from 6 to 13 days' duration are reported, in each of which the feeding stuffs selected were fed alone during the experimental period and during a preliminary period of 5 to 8 days. The following table summarizes the coefficients of digestibility obtained: Coefficients of digestibility of a number of feeding stuffs — Experiments xvlth hens. Corn, average of 5 tests Oats, average of 8 tests Wheat, 1 test Beef, average of 2 tests Organic matter. 86 64 64.77 83.94 87.05 Protein. S3 95 73.38 77.40 90. 20 Ether extract. 85. 32 81.48 58. 83 86.30 Crude liber. ''14.53 ('8.15 Nitrogen- free extract. 89. 25 70.77 86. 02 Pento- sans. C30.05 dl0.80 bNot regarded by author as reliable, c Average of 3 tests. d Average of 7 tests. On the basis of the amounts of food consumed and digested the following feeding standards were calculated, which the author regards as provisional: Feeding standards for liens. [Amounts per day per 100 lbs. live weight.] AMOUNTS CONSUMED. Hens (3 to 4 pounds), corn Hens (3 to 4 pounds), oats Hens (3 to 4 pounds), wheat... AMOUNTS ASSIMILATED Hens (3 to 4 pounds), corn Hens (3 to 4 pounds), oats Hens (3 to 4 pounds), wheat... Organic matter. Pounds. 4.83 2.84 3.27 4.19 1.83 2.70 Protein. Pounds. 0.53 .37 .42 Ether extract. Pounds. 0.28 .15 .07 .24 .12 .04 Nitrogen- tree extract. Pounds. 3.89 1.97 2.72 3.46 1.39 2.42 Fuel value. Calories. 100, 732 54,065 66,259 88, 623 39,438 56, 681 Nutritive ratio. 1 : 8. 6 1:6.3 1:6.9 1: 9.0 1 : 6. 0 1:7.8 «Arch. Internat. Pharmacodynamie, 7 (1900), p. 55. 1108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The cost of a imhiikI of nutrients supplied l)y the tlifferent jrrainw is <'ah-ulated as follows: Cosl of 1 jioinid iif dujcsli'd initrk'uta sujqilii'd Inj llic diffinid (jrains. Cost of 1 pound of — k'illil (if Kl'iUIl. Organic matter. Protein. Etlier e-xtract. Nitrogen- free extract. Cents. 1.41 •1. 32 1.78 Cents. 1.44 2.17 1.96 Cents. 1.46 1.93 2.55 Cents. 1.39 Oats 2 25 Wheat 1.7C In connection with the experiments the daily weight of the chickens was recorded, and a number of interesting calculations were made, experimental data and methods in every case being reported and discus.«ed in full, the numerous references to the literature cited constituting an extended bil)liography. The provisional conclusions arrived at were in effect as follows: Corn, oats, and wheat show marked differences in the digestibility of several of their respective nutrients. The protein and nitrogen-free extract are assimilated in much greater proportion in corn than in oats. The digestion coefficient for the pro- tein of wheat is intermediate in value between the average results for these 2 grains. The digestibility of the fat of corn is slightly greater than that of oats. The digestibility of the fat of wheat is conspicuously less than that of corn and oats. This fact may at least in part account for the untoward results of a diet of wheat only. Chickens consume a much greater cjuantity of corn than oats — an important fact to be kept in mind in a comparison of the digestion coefficients of the 2 grains. The nutritive superiority of corn over oats is indicated by the body weight. An increase is manifested under the use of corn, while a tendency in the opposite direction is seen with oats. The nutrients of corn are fed at a lower cost than those of oats and wheat. The last-named grain is the most costly of the 3 foods. This conclusion is based on the actual digestibility of the various nutrients of the grains. Regarding the application of the.se grains in mixed ilietaries the following sugges- tions are offered: Corn may be included for the main nutrients — that is, jirotein, nitrogen-free extract, and ether extract. Oats may be utilized for the protein and ether extract. Wheat may be employed for the protein and nitrogen-free extract, but adequate provision must be made for the deficient yield of this grain in fat. The protein and fat of beef show high coefficients of digestibility, the former is considerably higher, the latter but slightly less than the corresponding nutrients in corn. Composition of by-products of flour, oat, pea, and starch, mills, W. P. Gamble [Ontario Agr. Col. and Expl. Fann Rpt. 1903, pp. 51-54). — A brief account of investigations which have been undertaken to learn the composition of by- products used as feeding stuffs. Annual report for 1903 of the consulting chemist, J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 64 {1903), pp. 286-295).— knaXyses, of a number of feeding stuffs and fertilizers are reported. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1109 DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. Feeding: trials with cows, J. L. Hills ( VerinoiU Sia. Jlpt. 1903, j)p- 209-264-[- XXXIV). — This is a detailed account of feeding experiments conducted during the year along the same general line followed during the previous 5 years. Many of the experiments are repetitions of those reported last year. Tests were made to compare low and medium grain rations; to ascertain the extent of experimental error in feed- ing trials; and to study the feeding value of distillers' grains, brewers' grains, cotton- seed meal, linseed meal, apple pomace, pumpkins, and a proprietary dairy feed. As in |>revious years, the detailed data are given in the form of an appendix. The trials included 48 cows and lasted 25 weeks. Each feeding trial lasted 5 weeks, the conclusions in every case being based uj^ou the data obtained during the last 23 days. Grain rations of 2, 4, and 8 lbs. were compared with 12 cows, the results showing an increase in the yield of milk and fat of 10 per cent when the 2-lb. ration was replaced by the 4-lb. ration, and of 18 per cent when replaced by the 8-lb. ration. It is estimated that when 2 lbs. of grain was fed instead of 4, the saving in cost of feed was $3.32 and the loss in butter not made was $3.74; and that when 2 lbs. of grain was fed instead of 8, the saving in cost of feed was $8.40 and the loss in butter not made was $6.42. The 4-lb. ration was considered more satisfactory in every way than the 2-lb. ration. While the yield of butter from the 8-lb. ration did not pay the extra cost oi grain as compared with the 4-lb. ration, yet the heavier ration w'as considered the more satisfactory when the skim milk and manure are taken into account. Four cows were used in a test to determine the value of feeding dried distillers' grains alone, as compared with a mixture of these grains and bran. The mixture of distillers' grains and bran produced 3 per cent more milk than the undiluted grains, no change being observed in the quality of the milk. More milk and butter per unit of dry matter, however, was produced when the grains were fed alone. From a financial standpoint the mixed ration resulted in a gain of three-quarters of a cent daily i^er cow. As compared with dried brewers' grains in a test with 6 cows, dried distillers' grains produced 5 per cent more milk and 8 jjer cent more butter, but owing to tjieir high cost proved less economical. As compared with a mixture of wheat bran, cotton-seed meal, and linseed meal (2:1:1), dried distillers' grains and bran (2:1) produced, in a test with 6 cows, 1 per cent more solids and 3 per cent more fat, although the total yield of milk was not increased. Owing to the extra cost of the distillers' grains the profit w^as no greater. In a test with 5 cows a comparison was made of dried brewers' grains with a mix- ture of cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, and bran. The 2 rations i:)roved equally effi- cient, but owing to the lower price of the brewers' grains this material was fed more economically. Apple pomace was compared with pumpkins in a test with 4 cows. The pump- kins increased the yield of milk 6 per cent. The quality of the milk was unifonn on both rations. Neither the health of the cows nor the quality of the butter were injured by feeding pumpkins. Nutrene dairy feed, a proprietary feeding stuff said to be a sugar-house by-product combined with wheat, corn, and oat j^roducts, was not readily eaten, and in the opinion of the author does not seem to be a desirable addition to the list of dairy feeds. Dried distillers' rye grains produced less milk and butter than other distillers' grains in a test with 1 cow. Apple pomace silage fed in amounts of 24 to 35 lbs. produced 3 per cent more milk and 5 per cent more butter than did immature corn silage fed in the same 1110 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ainounti^. There was no essential difference in tlie quality of the milk made on the 2 rations. The yield of milk per unit of dry matter was also practically the same. Additional data concerning the exj)eriniental error involved in feeding trials indi- cated that under favorable conditions the error by the alternation system is slight. A comparison of feeding-trial methods, J. L. Hills ( Vermont Sta. lipt. 1903, pp. 'J04-^,'74)- — The results of the third test of the 2 methods of feeding designated the alternation system and the combined continuous and alternation system, confirm the conclusions reached in the i)revious report (E. S. R., 1-4, p. 1112), that the alter- nation method is the better of the two. The work is to be continued for several years, although it is not expected that material change in the position taken will be necessary. On the value of sugar beets as a food for dairy cows, G. "\V. Berglund {Nord. Mejerl Tkln., I'J {1'j04), No. 7, pp. ^4, &'>)• — Sixty-four cows were fed for 92 days dur- ing November, December, and January 200 kilos sugar beets, or about 3 kilos per head daily, in addition to straw, ground barley, and peanut cake. The fat content of the milk was maintained during the beet feeding, while the total production of fat was considerably higher during the months when beets were fed than before or after. The author concludes that, under conditions such as prevailed in this experiment, sugar beets are an excellent feed for milk production, and that they pay much better when used for this purpose than when sent to a sugar factory. — f. w. woll. Effect of feed on the composition of milk, butter fat, and on the con- sistency or body of butter, J. B. Lixdsey kt al. {Proc. Soc. Proni. A(jr. Sri., 1904, pp. 113-131). — This is the third experiment of this character conducted at the Massachusetts Station (E. S. R., 13, p. 385; 14, p. 183). The present experiments were made with 2 lots of 5 cows each and covered 4 periods, varying in length from 3 to 7 weeks each. One lot was fed a standard grain mixture consisting of wheat bran, ground oats, cotton-seed meal, and gluten meal during the entire experiment; while the other lot was fed the standard grain mixture during the first period and the same ration replaced in part by gluten meal, gluten meal and corn oil, and corn meal, respectively, during the 3 remaining periods. Detailed data are reported. The addition of 0.6 lb. of corn oil increased the fat content of the milk 0.23 per cent, the effect of the corn oil disappearing by the end of the second week. The removal of the corn oil from the ration decreased the fat content of the milk 0.54 per cent, the percentage becoming normal after the first week. Corn oil also appeared to decrease the nitrogen content of the milk. It is not believed to be prac- ticable to feed large amounts of oil to cows, owing to the tendency of this material to derange the digestive Organs. The composition of the milk of the lot fed the standard grain mixture for the entire experiment remained practically uniform. The addition of corn oil decreased the saponification number 10 points and the Reichert-Meissl number 3J j^oints, and increased the iodin number 9 points. The melting point of the fat remained unchanged. It is believed from the results of the present and earlier experiments that neither the proteids nor carbohydrates, when fed in normal amounts, exert any noticeal)le influence on the composition of milk nor on the chemical character of the butter fat. The changes that do occur are attributed to the presence of oil in the feeding stuffs. The corn and gluten meal tended to produce a soft butter, and this tendency was noticeably increased by the addition of corn oil to the ration. Report of the professor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean {Ontario Agr. Col. and E.xpt. Farm Itpt. 1903, pp. 60-76). — Several lines of experiments are reported upon. Some of these are in continuation of work reported last year (E. S. R., 15, p. 74). Comparative tests were made of different methods of handling milk for household purposes. The methods included clarifying at 90, 140, and 160° F. l)y running through a cream separator, pasteurizing at 140, 160, and 180°, and filtering through DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1111 cotton batting. Samples of each were then placed in cold storage for 24 hours and scored according to the following scale: Smell 20, taste 25, acidity 35, cream 15, appearance 5. The samples were then either returned to cold storage or kept at room temperatures for another 24 hours and again examined. Averaging all the results, milk pasteurized at 140° scored highest at the end of 24 hours, and milk pasteurized at 180° highest at the end of 48 hours. Pasteurized samples scored higher than claritied samjiles in every instance. Filtering as well as clarifying appeared to be of doubtful value except for the purpose of removing dirt. Where milk is pro- duced under strictly sanitary conditions heating is considered unnecessary. Under ordinary conditions, however, it is deemed best to heat milk to 140 to 180° and cool promptly to 40 to 50°. In 6 experiments comparisons were made of the oil test and the Babcock test for cream. The conclusion is drawn that " the oil teat is not a very reliable test for dividing proceeds of sales of butter among patrons who deliver cream, and should be superseded by the Babcock test as soon as the change can be conveniently made." In experiments in butter making comparisons were made of a lactic-acid starter prepared at the college and a culture containing lactic acid and O'idlum lactis obtained from a German source. On the whole it was concluded that better results were obtained by using the ordinary lactic-acid culture in pasteurized cream. The relative advantages of keeping butter in ice cold storage and mechanical cold storage (ammonia system) were studied in 5 experiments. The butter was placed in cold storage as soon as made and scored after about 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. There was very little difference in the quality of the samples at the first scoring, but at the second and third scorings there was a difference of about 1 point in favor of mechanical cold storage. A comparison was also made of keeping butter in mechanical cold storage at 38 to 40° for 1 week and then removing to mechanical cold storage at 28 to 30° as compared with keeping at the lower temperature for the entire period. The butter placed directly in cold storage at the lower temperature scored higher at the end of 1 and 3 months than similar lots moved from a moderate to a low temperature at the end of 1 week. ' ' While the mechanical cold storage has given the best results as compared with ice for holding butter, the expense and difficulty of operating these machines, as at present constructed, make their use too expensive for the average creamery." In experiments in cheese making, comparative tests were made of ripening in the ordinary curing room, ice cold storage, and mechanical cold storage. The results of the 2 series of experiments showed that cheese ripened in ice cold storage at 40° was superior in quality to cheese ripened in the ordinary curing room at 61°. The flavor of cheese ripened in mechanical cold storage at 40° was slightly better than that of cheese ripened in ice cold storage at the same temperature. Curing at 40° gave better results than curing at 50°. Cheese ripened for 1 week in an ordinary curing room and then removed to ice cold storage scored slightly lower than cheese ripened entirely in cold storage; while cheese moved at the end of 1 week to mechanical cold storage scored slightly higher than that ripened for the entire period in mechanical cold storage, from which it is concluded that there is little or no risk of injuring the quality of cheese by curing in an ordi- nary room for 1 week before jilacing in cold storage. Shrinkage in the ordinary curing room was about 4 per cent for one month, in ice cold storage about 1.9 per cent, in mechanical cold storage at 40° 2.6 per cent and at 50° 3.25 per cent. Cheese moved to ice cold storage at the end of 1 week lost 2.9 per cent, and moved to mechanical cold storage, 3 per cent. On the whole it is concluded that a tem- perature of 40° gave the best results, and that while the quality of cheese was slightly better in mechanical cold storage, the shrinkage was greater than in ice cold storage. Leaving for 1 week in an ordinary curing room increased the loss in shrinkage, but did not affect the quality to any marked extent. 1112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. DeteriiiinationH were made of the moisture in curd at the time of dipping and mining and in green and ripe cheese. "Normal curds contain about 50 per cent moisture at dipping, 40 per cent at milling, 34 per cent when taken from the hoops, and when ripened in cold storage at a temperature of 38 to 40° the cheese at the end of 1 month will have lost very little moisture." In one series in which an excess of about 2 per cent of moisture was incorporated the quality of the cheese was slightly lower. In 15 experijiients comparisons were made of the use of 2, 3 J, and G oz. of rennet per 1,000 ll)s. of milk, the cheese being ripened in one series in mechanical cold storage at 40° and in another series in ice cold storage at the same temperature. Tiie results showed very little difference in the loss of weight in ripening or in the quality of the cheese. Where it is desirable to hasten the process of ripening it is considered safe to use from 4 to 6 oz. of rennet per 1,000 lbs. of milk without danger of injuring the quality of the cheese, provided the cheese is placed in cold storage soon after being made. Cheese was ripened in either ice or mechanical cold storage at temperatures rang- ing from 29 to 53°, the best results being obtained l)y ripening at a temperature of 40°. While no bad results followed ripening at 29°, there was apjjarently no advantage in ripening at that temperature. Cheese was ripened for periods of 1, 2, and 3 months in ice cold storage and then moved to the ordinary curing room and compared with cheese ripened for the entire period in cold storage and in the ordinarj' curing room. The total score for the different lots was as follows: Cold storage for the entire period 93.8, cold storage for 3 months 92.9, cold storage for 2 months 89.9, cold storage for 1 month 89.3, and in the ordinary curing room 88.1, showing the superiority of cold storage. It is con- cluded that no rai)id deterioration in the quality of cheese which has been kept for 2 or 3 months in cold storage need be expected, provided the cheese was of good quality when made. Placing cheese on shelves and l)oxing directly from the press were compared in 8 experiments, from the results of which the following conclusions were drawn: "Cheese may be placed directly from the press in clean, dry boxes, if kept in either ice or mechanical cold storage, without any danger of injuring the quality of the cheese. The only drawback is the mold on the cheese, especially in an ice storage. "The boxing of cheese when green and leavmg them in an ordinary rii^ening room is not to be recommended, owing to the 'huffing' of the cheese and the large amount of mold which collects. Spraying with formalin tends to check the latter, while turning the boxes tends to prevent the ' hufhng.' "The cheese put directly into boxes lost considerably less in weight than did those on the shelves, hence the plan of boxing is an advantage in this respect, as it saves shrinkage. "In this series, as in several of the others, the loss in weight durmg 1 month was greater in the mechanical storage, but the quality of the cheese was slightly better than were those in the ice cold storage. Both lots were better in quality, and the shrinkage was less than in those rii)ened in the ordinary room." Tests were made of different temperatures for cooking curds: "Heating the curds to temperatures of 102 to 110° tended to reduce the percentage of acid in the curds at all the important stages of the process of cheese making. In the case of curds which tend to 'work too fast,' it would seem advisable to heat them to a higher temperature than usual in order to check the develoi)ment of lactic acid. It is possible that normal curds may be advantageously heated to a higher tempera- ture than is now considered necessary. "Heating curds to the higher temperatures ajjpears to reduce the yield of cheese obtained from milk. In our experiments the loss was about 4 11)S. of ripe cheese on 3,900 lbs. milk testing 3.7 per cent fat. DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 1113 "The average quality of the cheese was improved by cooking the curds at the higher temperature." Further experiments along this line are considered necessary. The substitution of sugar-beet i>ulp for mangel-wurzels was tested with 15 cows during about 3 months. The pulp, which was eaten readily, produced less milk than mangel-wurzels in one period and more milk in another period. When fed with corn silage it is considered advisable to feed no more than 20 to 30 lbs. per cow daily, but when fed with dry feed larger quantities may be given with safety. Pulp is believed to be more valuable in a dry ration than in one containing silage. The average yearly production of the 20 cows in the dairy herd was 6,711 lbs. of milk and 276 lbs. of butter. The largest yield, 10,214 lbs. of milk and 418 lbs. of butter, was made by a grade Holstein cow. Record of the station herd for 1902-3, J. L. Hills ( Vermont Sia. Rpt. 1903, pp. 274-283). — This record is similar in character to those of previous years (E. S. R., 14, p. 1112). The average results for the year were as follows: Number of cows 48, yield of milk 4,910 lbs., yield of butter 294 lbs., cost of food $51, and proceeds from sale of butter |88. 15. Records for 9 years have now been obtained. It is hoped that another year some general deductions may be made from the data as a whole. A preliminary note on the associative action of bacteria in the souring of milk and in other milk fermentations, C. E. Marshall [inch'ujan S(n. Spec. Bui. 23, pp. 8). — Two species of bacteria were isolated from milk, one Ijelonging to the lactic-acid group and one to the peptonizing group, the latter eventually pro- ducing slimy milk. These species were grown alone and in combination in a luimber of experiments, the results obtained being noted briefly in this bulletin. In the first experiment milk inoculated with the 2 species began to curdle 72 hours before milk inoculated with the lactic-acid bacteria alone. In the second experi- ment the difference in the time of curdling was 48 hours. These results were found constant in 12 or more trials. The lactic-acid bacteria increased much more rapidly when grown in combination with the peptonizing species than when grown alone. The peptonizing bacteria, on the contrary, decreased gradually and disappeared entirely before the fiftieth hour. It is noted that 2 other micro-organisms have been met with which have the same action as the peptonizing bacteria when associated with the lactic-acid bacteria. Two species have also been found which retard the development of the lactic-acid bacteria. It is announced that detailed studies will follow later. A prelirainary note on the associative action of bacteria in the souring of milk, C. E. Marshall {Cevtbl. Bakt. v. Pur., 2. Aht., 11 {1904), No. 24-25, pp. 739- 744). — This is noted above from another source. On the bacteriology of so-called "sterilized milk," W. Robertson and W. Mair {British Med. Jour., 1904, No. 2263, pp. 1122-1125, dgm. i).— Bacteriological examinations were made of 90 samples of so-called sterilized milk supplied by the Leith Corporation for the feeding of infants. Of this number only 14 samples were found sterile. Based upon the results obtained, the authors discuss in a general way the preparation and care of milk for infants. The formation of fi.lm on heated milk, L. F. Rettger {Studies Rockefeller Inst. Med. Research, 1 {1904), Art. 5, pp. 325-330; reprinted from Amer. Jour. Physiol., 7 {1902), No. 4). — It is concluded from the experiments reported that the formation of film on heated milk is dependent upon caseinogen, and that the presence of fat and surface evaporation facilitate film formation but are not essential. Cream testing, C. H. Jones ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 191-196). — Comparative tests were made of measuring and weighing cream containing different percentages of fat. With cream testing less than 40 per cent of fat the use of a corre(rtion factor for determinations made with measured cream gave satisfactory results in about 80 per cent of the tests. With cream testing over 40 per cent of fat, 60 per cent of the 1114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tests sliowoil wide divergences. A correction factor is believed to be better than none at all, but if accurate results are desired it is considered necessary to weigh 18 g\n. of cream into the test bottle. The data for the tests are reported. A brief summary of the results was given in a previous publication of the station (E. S. R., 15, p. 397). How long may a finished Babcock test be preserved unimpaired? J. L. Hii.i.s {Vevtiiunt Stii. Jijit. lUOS, pp. ..'87, :JSS). — Four Babcock tests of fresh nnpre- served milk were made by the author in iSeptemljer, 1900. The bottles with their contents, subjected to wide ranges of temperatures, were kept in the dark for 3 years and examined annually. The readings were not impaired at the end of 1 year nor materially affected at the end of 2 years, but were obscured at the end of the third year. "These results are of interest as indicating the possibilities of preserving the actual analyzed material for future use in cases of dispute. It seems likely that a cajiped and sealed test bottle, kept in the dark in a cool place, ought to present readable contents for a year or, indeed, 2 years after the tests were made unless perchance tlie preservative, if sucli were used, should have some ill effect." The moisture content of butter and methods of controlling it, G. L. McKay and C. Larsen {loira Sta. Bui. 76, pp. 135-lGG, figs. 5). — The authors discuss overrun in butter making and leaky and dry butter and report experiments conducted for the purpose of determining the influence of different factors upon the moisture con- tent of butter. Directions are given for the calculation of overrun. This, it is stated, should always be made from the fat in the milk or cream delivered by the patron, and not from the composition of the butter. American butter is considered low in water content, about 12 per cent being given as the average. As 16 per cent has been quite exten- sively accepted as a maximum standard, it is argued that as a matter of business the producer should come as near as possible to this standard without injuring the commercial quality of the butter. Butter may ai^pear leaky or dull and dry, depending upon the way in which the water is incorporated. The chief factors causing the leaky condition are stated to be churning to small granules, washing very little in cold water, salting heavily while the granules are still small and firm, and working very little in the presence of moisture or brine. The dry appearance may be due to an excess of moisture incor- porated by prolonged churning in the buttermilk or wash water, or by churning at a very high temperature. It may also be brought about by overworking, in which case the moisture content as a rule is low. It is stated to be very difficult to differ- entiate between butter containing much and little moisture. When the moisture has been properly incorporated butter may contain much more than 16 per cent without the fact being recognized except by special methods. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature of cream and wash water on the moisture content of the butter. In each experiment one lot was churned at a temperature of 60 to 64° and one at a temperature of 48 to 54°, all the other conditions being as nearly identical as possible. The average water content of the butter churned at the higher temperatures was 13.83 per cent, and of the butter churned at the lower temperatures 13.24 per cent, indicating no great difference in the moisture content due to temperature alone. In 6 experiments the influence of the amount of churning was studied. Samples of butter were taken from the same churning at different stages, and in every instance the moisture content was found to increase with the amount of churning, the greatest increase noted being from 13.25 to 22.99 per cent. It is stated that the samples containing a high moisture content appeared a trifle dull in color and very dry, but did not show the moisture in any way. Churning is considered the most effective means of controlling the moisture content of butter. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1115 The effect of overchurning in wash water wa8 studied in 16 experiments. Samples were taken at different stages of churning, as in the previous series. Conditions, such as the temperature of the cream and wash water and the fat content of the cream, varied considerably in the different experiments. Churning at a high tem- perature and washing with cold water, and also churning at a low temperature and washing with warm water, favored the absorption and holding of considerable mois- ture. The temperature of the wash water, which it is stated must be left to the judgment of the operator, should be regulated according to the hardness of the but- ter and in some cases according to room temperature. It is believed that best results can be obtained by using as little wash water as will secure efficient wash- ing. Over 40 per cent of moisture was incorporated in some instances by excessive churning. "In order to retain the moisture in butter and to incorporate it properly, it is necessary that the butter is not in the hard, round, granular shape when the salt is added. The butter granules must not be churned together to such an extent as to cause butter lumps to appear massive throughout before the salt is added, but the small, somewhat irregular butter granules should be united into larger lumps, so that when the mass of butter is opened with a ladle the small granules can still be distin- guished as individuals. At this stage it is in i^roper condition for salting. By work- ing the ])utter immediately after the salt has been added, the salt will be dissolved quickly and retained by the butter. Salt has the property of attracting moisture. "When added to the butter while in the above-described condition the salt does not seem to have so great a tendency to dislocate and run together the minute drops of water into larger drops. This minute state of division of moisture in butter is seem- ingly brought about by an increase in churning, a building-up process of moisture and fat globules which can not be accomplished, so far as known, in any other way than by churning it." In each of 8 experiments all of the conditions were practically alike except the fat content of the cream. The results showed that the richer the cream the higher the water content of the butter. This is attributed to unavoidable overchurning. In 3 experiments the average moisture content of the butter made from pasteurized cream was 15.06 per cent, and from unpasteurized cream 16.74 per cent, the conditions in each experiment being alike except as regards pasteurization. The buttermilk from the pasteurized cream contained more fat in every instance than thebuttermilk from the unpasteurized cream. The effect of fullness of churn on the moisture content of butter was studied in 5 experiments, the results showing no great difference due to this factor. The average moisture content of butter from small churnings was 16.17 per cent and from large churnings 15.55 per cent. The average moisture content of butter made from sweet cream was 12.09 per cent and from ripened cream 12.62 per cent, indicating that the degree of ripeness had practically no influence upon the moisture content of butter. The method of incorporating moisture in butter by working in the presence of moisture is condemned. No series of experiments along this line are reported. It is noted that previous experiments have shown that the softer the butter is the easier it will absorb and hold moisture. In summarizing the work as a whole the conclusion is drawn that temperature, degree of churning, and thickness of cream are the only conditions which materially influence the moisture content of butter; and that if the churning is carried to an excess all the other factors have little or no influence, and also, that temperature is the chief factor affecting the incorporation of moisture on excessive churning. The authors l^believe that "when temperature of cream and wash water is normal, the per cent of moisture can be easily controlled by different amounts of churning." Increasing the water content of butter by churning in the wash water is considered better than by overchurning in the buttermilk, as the latter method incorporates too much curd and milk sugar. 1116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiments on the regulation of the water content of export butter, E. Wai.leiv (Xonl. Mrjcri Tidn., 1!){]'J04), Xo. .',, pp. .j.)'-//.')). — Cliuriiinj>; experiments were made under the auspices of Sixlerniaidand County Creamery Association, with a view to studying the factors influencing the water content of Swedisli export })ut- ter. Complete data for the churnings made during the months of Marcli, April, and October, 1903, with the percentages of water contained in the different lots of butter, are given in the paper. The Avater content ranged from 11.80 to 16..33 per cent, one of the churnings con- taining over 14.50 per cent of water, and two less than 12 per cent. The deductions drawn by the author from the results obtained are as follows: A high water content is ol)tained by continuing the churning as far as can be done without danger of over- churning, so that large butter granules are formed, but not lumps. The butter is furthermore not worked at too low a temperature and not cooled too long or too low between salting and working; if possil)le, it is cooled at 8 to 9° C, and it is also preferably worked at this temperature, at which there is no special danger of over- working.—f. M'. AVOLL. Studies upon the keeping quality of butter. I. — Canned butter, L. A. Rog- ers {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Anhnal Industrij Bid. 57, pp. '24)- — This bulletin deals with the changes oceuring in canned butter, the intention being to submit a second paper treating of packed butter. The decomposition of sugar, casein, alliu- min, and fat is discussed briefly, reference being made to the literature of thesubject. An examination was made of a number of samples of canned butter collected in China, the Philippine Islands, Cuba, and Porto Rico and kept in Washington for about one year. All of the samples showed more or less decomposition. Bacterio- logical examinations gave negative results in most instances. The few micro-organ- isms found belonged to the resistant spore-forming group. The increase in the amount of free acid liberated by the breaking up of glycerids was comparatively small. Sterile butter sealed in small tubes and kept at 23° C. for 100 days showed no increase in acidity, indicating that the decomposition of butter under anjerobic conditions is not due to physical agents such as heat and moisture. Two lots of freshly canned butter were kept at room temperatures and examined at frequent intervals as regards condition, acid num]:)er, and bacterial content. In from 250 to 300 days the samples showed a disagreeable fishy flavor and a strong, penetrating odor. An increase in the acid number accompanied the progressive change in flavor. The bacteria found were mostly of the lactic-acid type, although small numbers of yeasts and a few liquefying bacteria were present. The lactic-acid bacteria, constituting in some cases over 99 per cent of the total number, and the yeasts decreased rapidly, being practically absent at the end of 100 days. The changes in acidity and flavor progressed steadily after the disappearance of the micro-organ- isms, showing that the changes were not due to the direct action of the living cells. Butter treated with th3'mol to prevent bacterial growth showed a progressive increase in acidity, while butter from the same lot subjected to heat and also treated with thymol remained practically unchanged as regards acid content; from which the conclusion is drawn that the decomposition is due to an enzym unaffected by the antiseptic but destroyed by the heat. The sources of this enzym, namely, secretion with the milk in the udder and production in the milk or butter by micro-organisms, are discussed. Experiments showed that a species of Torula isolated from butter possessed distinct lipolytic action. The presence of a fat-splitting enzym inherent in milk was shown in an experiment in which butter made from fresh nnheated cream and treated with formaldehyde to prevent the growth of micro-organisms showed an increase in acid content, while a control sample made under the same conditions but subjected to heat to prevent the action of enzyms showed no change in the acid content. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1117 "It appears from this record of investigation that the only rational fonchisioii is that the changes -which ordinarily occur, or which first occur in canned l)utter, destroying its fine, fresh flavor and producing other flavors more or less disagreeable, are due to the liberation ol free acid, caused mainly, if not wholly, by the action of an enzym, which, produced in the milk or secreted with the milk in the udder of the cow, is carried over into the butter, or are, in some cases at least, produced in the butter itself through the activity of certain micro-organisms. It seems reasonable to presume that the same agents, the enzyms of the milk acting alone or in con- junction with the yeasts and their resulting enzyms, are responsible for the so-called 'fishy' flavor in butter ])ackcd in large but unsealed vessels." On the keeping quality of sour cream butter and sweet cream radiator butter, A. Yoss-Schrader { Landtmannen, 14 {1903), No. 4--, ]>]>• 663, 664; Tidn. MjolkJiUshall., 12 {1903), No. 40, p. l')S). — Two series of experiments were made in 5 different Finnish creameries, in which the keeping qualities of butter manufactured from ripened separator cream and of radiator butter were ascertained by two careful scorings, 4 and 26 days apart. The water contents of the different lots of butter were also determined. The sweet-cream l)utter scored 0.6 of a point less on the second scoring, on the average, than on the first one (average score 36), while the second score of the sour- cream butter was 3.2 points lower than the first score (average score 35). The average score of the radiator butter was 2.4 points higher than that of the separator butter. The average water contents of the butter manufactured by the two methods were 16.43 and 13.86 per cent for radiator and separator Ijutter, respectively. — F. W. WOLL. On the keeping quality of butter, S. C. Buhl {Mdlkeritid., 16 {1903), No. 40, pp. 709, 710). — The author draws the conclusion from the examination of 191 tubs of Danish butter scored when 10 days and 21 days old, that high-grade butter will also prove of superior keeping quality unless there is some siiecific cause why it will not keep well. — v. w. woll. A study of the chemical changes which take place in cheese during the ripening process, W. P. Gambt-e {Ontario Agr. Col. and E.ipt. Farm lipt. 1903, pp. 54, 55). — This is a brief summary of the results of the investigations which have been conducted at the Ontario Agricultural College during a number of years. The chemistry of cottage cheese, F. H. Hall, L. L. Van Slyke, and E. B. Hart {New York State Sta. Bui. 245, popular ed., pp. 10, fig. 1). — A popular sum- mary of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 1004). Report of the professor of bacteriology, F. C. Harrlson {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 96-112). — The results of bacteriological work during the year are briefly summarized, and investigations on the duration of the life of the tubercle ImciUus in cheese, previously abstracted from other sources (P-. S. R., 12, p. 985; 14, p. 292), are reported. International Congress of Dairying, L. Gedoelst and M. Henseval {Rev. Gen. Lait, 3 {1904), Nos. 7, pp. 156-163; 8, pp. 181-188; 9, pp. 203-210; 10, pp. 228-233; 11, pp. 253-257). — A summary of the proceedings of this congress held at Brussels, September, 1903. The addresses and discussions related mainly to the repression of frauds, milk hygiene, and the formation of an international dairy association. Statistics of the dairy, H. E. Alvord ( U. S. Depl. Agr., Bureau of Animal Indus- try Bid. 55, pp. 88, maps 4, dgms. 5). — This is a compilation from the Unitetl States Census for 1900, and from other sources, of the principal statistics relating to the dairy industry in the United States, with some similar data for foreign countries, and with explanatory notes. 1118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. A study of natural immunity, K. Tirko {C'enlhl. liuJct. it. Par., 1. AhL, f)rig.,3G {i;/04), Xo. 1, pp. l(i.]-lll). — Tlic literature of this subject in l)riefly discussed. The author's experiments were largely confined to a study of oviserum obtained from a solution of the yolk of hen's eggs in albumen. After a period of 20 to 30 days this mixture developed such a pronounced bacteriolytic power as to destroy \ of its weight of an anthrax culture without losing any of its strength. Repeated injections of oviserum followed by inoculation with anthrax bacilli were found to hasten the death of rabl)its. A single injection of 5 gm. oviserum per 1 kg. of live weight of the animal was found to prolong the cour.«e of the disea.se. A report on infection, natural and artificial immunity, toxins, immune sera, etc. {.Tahresher. Thlrr-Chcin., 3.2 [IHOS) , jjp. 889-986).— An elal)()rate bibliog- raphy is presented of literature relating to this subject and published during the year 1902. The more important articles are reviewed at considerable length. Immune sera, A. Wasseem.\xx, trans, by C. Bolduan {New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1904, pp. IX-\-77, figs. 4)- — In this volume a general account is given of the nature, chemical affinities and action of hemolysins, cytotoxins, and precipitins. The relation of the.se bodies is discussed with special reference to the various theories of immunity and susceptibility to bacterial disea.ses. The coagulating po-wer of serum, .T. Bordet and O. Gexgou [Ann^ Inst. Pas- teur, 18 (1.904), No. 2, pp. 98-11.5). ■ — This article contains the results of the continua- tion of the authors' studies regarding the coagulation of the blood and the factors which are concerned in this process. It was found during these investigations that the serum possessed not only the power of coagulating fibrinogen, but also of increas- ing considerably the production of fibrin ferment at the expen.se of the ferment which was peculiar to the blood plasma. The power of transforming fibrinogen into fibrin was exercised even in the absence of lime, while the increase in the production of ferment requires the presence of calcium salts for its operation. Experiments relating to the phenomenon of agglutination, C. Nicolle {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 18 {1904), N '•, pp. 209-240, figs. 7).— Attention is called to the necessity of adopting a uniform technique in arriving at satisfactory results from experiments in different pha.«es of agglutination. The author's experiments involved the use of a number of bacterial organisms, especially the typhoid bacillus, and the experimental animals were chiefly rabbits. While it is possible to produce a specific and quite powerful agglutinin in bacterial cultures, this agglutinin is considered as distinct from the agglutinin produced in a living animal body by the use of cultures of the .same bacillus. The agglutinin is apparently, in the case of some species of bacteria, produced In' the flagella of the bacteria. Contributions to the study of hemagglutinins and hemolysins, AV. W. Ford and J. T. Halsey {Jour. Med. Research, 11 {1904), No. 2, pp. 403-423).— As a result of the comparative study of the various chemical bodies in the blood of mammals and birds the authors conclude that the use of the constituents of the blood corpus- cles, laked blood, or stroma of one species of animal results in the production of spe- cific bodies — lysins and agglutinins. In a serum which is strongly hemolytic, a rapid solution of the blood corpuscles conceals the appearance of agglutination. In an immune serum the solution of the blood corpuscles in high dilutions may not take place , although agglutination occurs promi^tly. It is concluded that the phenomena of agglutination and lysis can not be made to occur independently by the injection of different constituents of the blood corpuscles. These phenomena are held to be inseparably connected. Blood immunity and blood relationship, a demonstration of certain blood relationships amongst animals by means of precipitin tests for blood, G. H. F. NuTTALL {Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1904, pp. XII-\-4U, pis. 2, figs. .^).— The VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1119 purpose of this volume is to discuss the results of an extensive series of experiments conducted by the author in determining: the relationship of animals to one another by means of blood tests. A general account is given regarding the nature of toxins, ferments, agglutinins, and precipitins of various sorts with especial reference to the action of these bodies in the jiroduction of imnnmity. The volume also contains an account of quanti- tative tests with precipitins for the blood of mammals and birds and a discussion of the blood relationship between the lower vertebrates and arthropods, as shown by 2,500 tests with precipitating antisera. In carrying out these last-named experi- ments, the author was assisted by T. S. P. Strangeways and G. S. Graham-Smith. The literature relating to serum constituents and immunity is critically discussed in connection with an extensive bibliography. As a result of the author's experiments, it appears that there are many points of resemblance between different antibodies. It is suggested that much improvement may be made in the methods of obtaining antisera for use in precipitin tests. The precii^itins and precipitable substances combine in a quantitative manner. Tlae rate of interaction between these two substances is greatly influenced by the temperature being retarded by cold and hastened by heat. Apparently the precipitin content of serum in the body undergoes considerable fluctuation during the process of immuni- zation. As a rule, precipitins and antisera are strictly specific in action when used in high dilutions. The more powerful the antisera is, hoM-ever, the greater is its action upon blood of different species of animals. Atlas and outlines of bacteriology, a text-book of special bacteriolog'ical diagnosis, K. B. Lehmann and R. 0. Neumann {Atlas unci Grundriss der Bakteriolugie und Lehrhuch der Speziellen Bakteriologischen Diagnostik. Munich: J. F. Lehmann, 1904, 3. ed., vol. 1, pp. 94, }>ls. 76; vol. 2, pp. XVI+623, figs. 38) .—In this volume the authors present a general account of bacteriology including the classification, biology, and morphology of bacterial organisms and pathogenic microVjes. The functions and physiological action of bacteria are considered in detail and special accounts are presented on the biological relations and pathological effects of various bacteria which cause diseases of animals and plants. Bacteriological diagnosis for veterinarians and students of veterinary science, J. Bongekt { Bakteriologlsche Diagnostik fur Tierdrzte und Studierende. ]Veis- haden: Otto Nemnich, 1904, PP- VI-^376, pis. 20, figs. 7). — This volume contains an account of the use of the microscope in the diagnosis of animal diseases, methods of microscopic and bacteriological examination, the morphology and Inology of bacteria, and a detailed account of biological and morphological characters of the various bacterial organisms Avhich are pathogenic for animals. Staining certain bacteria (glanders bacillus, typhoid bacillus, etc. ) in sections of the skin and other organs, K. Zieler ( Centbl. Allg. Path. u. Path. Anat., 14 {1903), No. 14, pp- 561-565). — The author's method consists in the use of any desired fixing and hardening solution and in embej). 5ii7-'>l!t). — Tlie inoculation experiments reported in this paper were made in raljbits. It was funml tiiat as a result of infection with the coli bacillus a pronounced anemia was j)ro(luci'd, some- what resemljlinj; ])ernicious anemia in man, and accompanied with a great diminu- tion in the number of red blood corpuscles. The disease differs from pernicious anenna, however, in producing a decrease of henioglol)in j)arallel witli the decrease of the red blood corpuscles. In advanced stages of infection a diffuse degeneration of the sjiinal cord was brougiit about affecting chiefly the posterior and lateral col- umns of the cord. The action of artificial oxydases on the toxin of tetanus, A. Lu.miere et al. {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 138 {1904), Xo. 10, jjp. fJ.'>J-^!'>4). — Experiments were carried out during which artificial oxydases composed largely of mineral subf^tances, such as salts of manganese, iron, and cerium were used in testing their effects uj)on tetanus toxin. The samples of the toxin thus treated were later tested l)y the inocu- lation of guinea pigs. It was found that these artificial oxydases, whether of an alkaline or acid reaction, exercise considerable effect upon the toxin of tetanus. The salts of cerium, col)alt, and nickel, as well as those of iron and manganese, attenuate or entirely destroy tetanus toxin. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for 1903 {St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., pp. 346, pi. 1, figs. 60). — The fortieth annual meeting of the association was held in the City Hall, Ottawa, Canada, September 1—1, 1903. The papers which were read at these meetings have been previously noted (E. S. R., 15, pp. 112-119). The present published form of the proceedings contains four other papers which were read by title only, together with a list of the members and an account of the business of the sessions. Tumors in domesticated animals, J. Desmond {\)]i. 204-212). — In this paper submitted by the government veterinarian of South Australia, an account is given of various tumors of horny and other nature as observed in domesticated animals. Horns on the skin of animals are classified in 4 varieties, viz, sebaceous, wart horns, hoof horns, and cicatricial horns. Notes are also given on tumor-like growths in various organs, esijecially a case of true endothelioma, which is reported as the first case of this sort observed in animals. An outbreak of epizootic enceplialitis of tlie horse in South Carolina, G. E. Xesom (pp. 213-215). — This disease is said to have prevailed in the South for more than 50 years, being especially severe in the southern Atlantic States. It has been known by a number of common names and has been referred to a number of causes. The author believes, however, that all well-investigated cases are due to eating damaged corn or hay, or sometimes both of these feeds, in a moldy or spoiled condition. A question relating to the serum-therapy of the apldha epizootica — its actucd state, E. Per- roncito (pp. 283-291). — The literature relating to this subject is critically reviewed by the author. The results obtained thus far are encouraging but are not quite satis- factory. It is urged that further study should be made of this iirol)lem in order to devise means for the preparation of a more efficient serum in the treatment of foot- and-mouth disease. A preliminary report on the sheep disease, ictero-hunnaturia, in Western Montana, II. P. Johnson (i)p. 301-313) . — This disease was observed in Montana in 1890. It is largely confined to Deer Lodge and Silver Bow valleys. The disease is considered as iden- tical with carceag of Europe, and is due to the action of the blood parasite Piroplasma avis. The means of transmission of the disease are not understood. It is suggested that this occurs through the agency of some biting insect, perhaps the sheep tick. Experiments with this insect, however, gave negative results. No success was had in reproducing the disease by means of inoculation with virulent blood. It is sug- gested, therefore, that infection with this disease requires a peculiar susceptibility derived by digestive organs. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1121 Report of the live stock sanitary board of "Wisconsin for 1901-2, G. McKekkow, E. I). KoBEKTs, iuid II. L. Ru.ssELL ( Wisconsin Stale Live Stock Sanit. Bd. Rpt. 1901-2, }q>. 71, pis. 2). — During the 2 years under report a study was made of tuberculosis in cattle. Numerous tuberculin tests were made and the data obtained from these tests are presented in a tabular form. Notes are given on the geographi- cal distril>utiou of the disease in the State of Wisconsin. Statistics were collected regarding the comparative susceptibility of different breeds of c-attle to tuberculosis. From the data thus oljtained it is impossible to conclude that 1 breed is more susceptible than another. The most important means of spread- ing the disease from place to place is l)elieved to be through the medium of animals which are bought and sold. A copy is given of regulations of the live-stock sanitary board regarding methotls of disposal of the carcasses of tuberculous animals, isolation and quarantine of tuberculous animals, and shipment of such animals for immediate slaughter. The authors discuss briefly the subject of disinfection of premises after the prevalence of contagious diseases. Recommendations are made of various chem- icals for use in such work. Cilanders is said to be a very serious disease in the State. A large proportion of cases appear to originate from range horses imported from western States. A copy is given of a regulation regarding the quarantine and inspection of such horses. Notes are also given on anthrax. This disease in 1 outbreak was shown to be carried for considerable distance in water which percolated through the soil. The prevalence of rabies, hemorrhagic septicemia, and blackleg are also discussed. Report for the years 1902-3 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary Colleg-e, J. McFadyeax {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 64 {190.3), pp. 262-285).— Anthrax is said to be on the increase throughout Great Britain. This spread of the disease is not believed to be due to local conditions, but to fresh importation of the pathogenic micro-organisms from outside sources. The suggestion is made that infection in many instances may be due to the importation of infected feeding stuffs. Hog cholera appears to be on the decline. Statistics show that the number of cases in 1903 was considerably fewer than in the previous two years. It is not believed possible, however, to eradicate this disease for some time to come. Glanders is more prevalent than heretofore. Numerous experiments were made in the application of the mallein test and the question of infection from reactors and ceased reactors was tested. It was found that horses which merely react to glanders are capable of transmitting the disease, but that such transmission does not occur as a rule. During the author's experiments eleven ceased reactors were placed in con- tact with healthy horses without any case of transmission of the disease having been observed as a result. Notes are given on the status of the jiroblem of tuberculosis. The author believes that the evidence points to the identity of the human and bovine forms of this dis- ease. A contagious disease of the udder in cows was observed, and experiments in combating this trouble indicate that the general cleansing and disinfection of the premises repeated three times is sufficient to check the disease in a decided manner. Brief notes are also given on stomach worms in ruminants, on a form of vaginitis in Ijreeding ewes, and on the introduction of epizootic lymphangitis among the horses of Great Britain. The occurrence of this disease in Great Britain is believed to be due to importations which occurred during the progress of the South African war. Report of the division of veterinary science, J. A. Gilruth {Neio Zealand Depl. Agr. Rpt. 1903, jjp. 190-oJ6, pds. 23, Jigs. 2) . — A brief statement is given of the staff of veterinarians and inspectors in the veterinary service of New Zealand, together with notes on laboratory work, registration of veterinary surgeons, veterinary lectures to farmers, unsoundness in horses, quarantine regulation, strangles, dairy inspection, management of dairy herds, and inspection in abattoirs. On account of the increas- ing importance of strangles the author recommends that immediate steps be taken 1122 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. to control tills (lis^ease. Statistirs ate prcsciiliMl shdwinir the miiuber of carcasses condciiiiied in the prosecution of imat inspection, and the cansi's for -wliicli condem- nation was made. Certain desira lilt ■ rlianges are suggested in the insjiection law of the colony. The work on tuhercnlosis durin;_' tlie }i'ar was largely of a I'outine nature. A gen- eral discussion of the relationshij) of bovine and human tuberculosis is jiresented, in which the position is taken that these two forms of the disease are due to the same organism and are intertransmissil)le. An elaborate study was made of hepatic cirrhosis in horses ami cattle. This is a continuation of studies which have been in j)rogress for a iiund)er of years and the author was able to demonstrate clearly that the cause of this disease is SeneciojucolKra. This plant is described and notes are given on its distri})ution in New Zealand and elsewhere. The disease has existed in New Zealand for the past 20 years and has seriously affected both horses and cattle. The symptoms during the whole course of the disease in horses and cattle are described in detail, and notes are given on the pathological changes in the liver. The most characteristic lesions occur in this organ in the form of extravasations of blood, distension of the intralobular veins, coalescenc^e and formation of hepatic giant cells, deposition of brownish-yellow pig- ment in the liver cells, and the accumulation of an interloVmlar fibrillar tissue which causes the characteristic cirrhotic appearance. Numerous experiments were made in feeding this plant in various conditions to horses and cattle. During these experiments it was shown that the disease could readily be produced by feeding the plant in a cut and dried condition or in a green condition. Where the plant was allowed to stand on the ground until entirely dead and dry, however, the jwisonous principle seemed to have been lost. The charac- teristic symptoms with fatal outcome were brought about by allowing horses and cattle to feed upon the plant in l>loom in an inclosed field. Sheep withstand the effects of the plant for long periods and apparently relish the weed. Under certain circumstances, however, especially after long-continued grazing upon the plant, cirrhotic conditions are produced in sheep. In treating the disease no satisfactory results can be expected after pronounced lesions have developed in the liver. In the early stages of poisoning, however, apparent recovery was brought about by the administration of Barbados aloes in 7 dr. doses followed by strychnin in doses of | gr. for 1 month or longer. In some cases of apparent recovery, however, the disease subsecjuently recurred with fatal results. In cattle treatment with strychnin and sodium suljjhate gave the best results. The disease is believed to Ije identical with Pictou disease of Canada and with 1 form of stomach staggers repf)rted from Great Britain. Notes are also given on contagious mammitis in cows, anthrax, contagious abortion in cattle, hog cholera, blackleg, verminous pneumonia, various tumors in domestic animals, etc. The cause of 1 outbreak of contagious mammitis was found to be a streptococcus which produced no serious results in guinea pigs, rabl)its, and cattle when inoculated subcutaneously or intravenously, but produced mammitis in cattle when injected into the u. 5, pp. 137, 138). — The author outlines in a brief manner the history of the controversy regarding the identity of these 2 forms of tuberculosis. The opinion is maintained that results of investigations indicate conclusively that human and bovine tuberculosis are essentially identical. Human and bovine tuberculosis, A. d'Espine {Her. Sci. [Paris], 4. ser., 20 {1903), No. 19, pp. .')93-596). — The author reviews briefly the literature bearing on the relationship between these 2 forms of tuberculosis, and concludes that the evi- dence is very strong in favor of their identity. Tuberculosis of cattle as related to that of man, E. Pkrroxcito {Extract from Gaz. Mid. It(d., 54 {1903), No. 22, ]>p. 4)- — As a result of the author's experiments and studies of this disease together with a review of the literature of the subject, it is concluded that the human and bovine forms of tuberculosis are essentially the same and are intertransmi.'JsiV)le. An inquiry into the primary seat of infection in 500 cases of tuberculosis, J. O. SvMES and T. Fisher {British Med. Jour., 1904, No. 2259, pp. 884, 885).— On account of the importance of determining the extent of infection of man from eating the milk and meat of tuberculous animals, statistics were compiled by the authors relating to 500 fatal cases of tuberculosis in man. From these statistics it appears that, if the local foci of disease are considered as evidence of the primary seat of infection, the percentage of infection during the first 12 years of life is 4 times as great in the air passages as in the alimentary tract. The reaction of tuberculous animals to subcutaneous infection •with the tubercle bacilli, F. A. della Cella {Cculbl. Bukl. n. Par., 1. Abl., Orig., 36 {1904), No. 1, pj^. 12, 13). — Experiments were carried out for the purpose of determining what local alterations are caused as a result of subcutaneous inoculation with tubercle bacilli. For this purpose cultures were used which, in moderate doses, caused the death of guinea pigs within a period of 2 weeks. It was found that by greatly reduc- ing the size of the dose the course of infection was much slower. In 1 experiment 10 guinea pigs were in(5culated and 20 days after infection were again inoculated subcutaneously with a minute dose of virulent tubercle bacilli. In nontuberculous animals similarly inoculated no local reaction took place until after 12 days, while in the tuberculous animals a pronounced local lesion was observed on the day following the inoculation. Similar results obtained in other experiments convinced the author that there existed a sort of local immunity in the subcutaneous connective tissue against tubercle bacilli. This inniiunity is brought about by pre- vious inoculation and is indicated by the almost uniform absence of tubercle bacilli at the point of inoculation in tuberculous animals and the presence of the bacilli in control animals. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1125 The morbid anatomy and etiology of avian tuberculosis, V. A. iNLooRE {.Tour. Med. licxcarvli, 11 (lOO.)), Xo. J, pp. .',n-.').U^<, j>l. 1). — Tlie literature of this sn])ject is critically reviewed in coiiiiectiou with numerous bibliographical references. Notes are given on the symptoms of tuberculosis in fowls and on the pathological lesions. A nuniln-r of experiments were carried on for the purpose of determining the method of natural infection. Negative results were obtained from feeding fowls on the t!})utum of tuberculous patients, but it appears probable that infection of fowls nat- urally takes place through the alimentary tract, and that the disease is spread largely througli the excreta. The tuberculosis (animal) compensation bill, A. J. Laird {Public Health [LoiKlini], 16 {1004), ^0. 7, pp. 4IS-4,.'!). — The author states that considerable sup- port has been promised in Parliament to a proposed bill granting indemnity for slaughtered tuberculous animals. Attention is called to the various opportunities which will V)e furnished for frustrating the legitimate purposes of this ])i]l and for the practice of fraud in obtaining indemnities. On anthrax, J. Dunstan ( Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, .~>. xcr., 1'! {1904), pp. 75-91). — This disease is reported as being on the increase in Great Britain, despite the efforts which have been made to control it. The immber of animals which die annually of the disease is, however, rather small as compared with the losses from other causes. Detailed notes are given on the symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and the control of the disease. The morphology and biology of anthrax bacillus, H. Preisz {Cenlhl. Bald. u. Par., 1. Abt., Orig., 35 {1904), ^^o.s. 3, pp. 280-293; 4, pp. 410-434; 5, pp. 537-545; 6, pp. 657-665, ph. 2). — An elaborate study was made of the various forms under which the anthrax bacillus occurs on different nutrient media with special reference to the formation of spores. The literature relating to this subject is reviewed in connec- tion with a bibliography. Preparations of anthrax bacillus were stained in different ways, and a stud}' was made of the various structures which could be identified in the body of the bacillus after treatment with different stains. As a result of the author's study of this organ- ism, it is concluded that the formation of spores always takes place in the end of the cell and that the pyeripheral layer of the cell body is especially concerned in this process. The author believes that the cell nucleus is not related to the spore. It was found in studying the various cultures of the anthrax bacillus that a certain per- centage of them could not be induced to form spores. Investigation of natural and artificial immunity to anthrax, A. Pettersson {Cetithl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt, Orig., 36 {1904), No. 1, pp. 7 1-83) .—T\\\s article is occupied with a discussion of artificial immunity to anthrax in dogs. During these studies the author carried out numerous inoculation experiments and examined various tissues from pathological and chemical standpoints. It was found that infection of anthrax pi'oduces considerable increase hi the bactericidal power of the blood. The serum in itself appears to be quite inactive botn before and after infec- tion. During the process of immunization of the dog toward the anthrax, no for- mation of new immune bodies takes place, l)ut the production of complement is considerably increased. There is also a marked increase in the number of leucocytes, w hich probably assist in distributing the complement to points where it may be most effective. The immunizing action of the nucleoproteid extracted from anthrax bacilli, N. TiiiERTi ( Cerdhl. Bakt. n. Par., 1. Abl., Orig., 36 {1904), No. 1, pp. 62-71).— The author describes in detail his method of obtaining a nucleoproteid from anthrax bacilli. The experimental animals used by the author were rabbits and guinea pigs. In 1 series of experiments, 12 rablMts were treated with varying doses of luicleo- proteid anroteiri. I, j>]>. igeons consists simply in the intensity of the bactericidal power, being much greater in the latter. A large quantity of bacilli in pure or jtlasma-free V)lood may be completely destroyed witliin a })eriod of 2 or 3 hours. Transmission of African coast fever, C. P. Lounsbury (At/r. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 24 {1904), iV'o. 4, PP- 4'^8-43^2, ids. 3). — According to the investigations thus far made on the etiology of African coast fever it appears that tlie 1)rown tick (A7(t- picephalu.^ appendiculatus) is the chief and perhaps the only natural means of trans- mitting this disease to cattle. The brown tick is widely distributed in South Africa. Notes are given on the habits and life history of the tick with especial reference to the relationship between its habits and the transmission of the disease. The brown tick is found chiefly on cattle, but may also infest horses, asses, mules, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats. It was first shown in November, 1902, that this tick was concerned in the transmission of African coast fever, and subsequent experiments have confirmed the results obtained at that time. The most effectual means of controlling the brown tick has been found in repeated dipping in arsenical dips. This process may take place every 2 weeks during the warn^ season, and is effective in destroying other species of ticks as well as the one under consideration. Rhodesian redwater or African coast fever, R. Koch {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 24 [1904), No. 5, pp. 549-560). — This constitutes the author's fourth report on the subject of African coast fever. Many of the experiments reported in previous articles have been repeated and results obtained which are believed to be reliable. The general results of the author's investigations indicate that African coast fever is a cattle disease due to a specific blood parasite distinct from that of Texas fever. The 2 diseases, however, jnay exist simultaneously in the same animal and, under such circumstances, hemoglobinuria is observed. The disease did not originate in Rhodesia, but was introduced from the eastern coast. It is not transmissible directly, but only through the agency of ticks. The mortality is very high, usually about 90 per cent. Recovered animals are immune to subsequent attacks, but retain small numbers of the parasites in their blood. Such animals aie therefore capable of transmitting the disease to other animals through the agency of ticks. The disease can not be reproduced by means of single injections of virulent blootl. Repeated injections, however, at intervals of 2 weeks produce a mild infection, which after a period of 4 or 5 months results in a permanent immunity. In obtaining blood for inoculation purposes care should be exercised that it does not contain organisms of other diseases. Notes are also given on other means of prevention, especially dipping for the destruction of ticks. Heart-water inoculation experiments, D. Hutcheox {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 24 {1904), Xo. 4, pp. 433-442). — Elxperiments had already indicated the pos- sibility of immunizing goats to heart-water by means of intravenous injections of the blood of recovered animals. The animals which had just l)een immunized were exposed to natural infection with virulent heart-water, and were also inoculated VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1127 intravenously with virulent ]:)1()0<1. The results obtained from this experiment were highly -satisfaetory. It api)eare(l that the 3 sheep used in the experiment success- fully withstood the inoculation with large doses of virulent blood, while 1 uf the 2 goats resisted inoculation and the other died. The org-anism of toxemic hemoglobinemia in cattle in Kuban, Russia, E. D.iATSCHENKo {O'litlil. lliikt. d. Par., 1. Ahl., Oriit generally the relative insusceptibility of the plains cattle. The preparation of dry, anti-rinderpest serum, E. Dschunkowsky and J. Kupzis {Centbl. Bald. u. Par., 1. AM., Orig., 36 {1904), No. 1, pp. 9 1-94) .—Ttnring the experiments reported in this paper it was found possible to obtain a dry anti- rinderpest serum in a readily transportable form by a desiccation of fluid serum in thin layers upon glass plates after the addition of \ per cent sodium hydrate. The quantity of dry serum averaged about 10 per cent as great as the fluid serum. The dry serum was readily soluble in water and so far as experiments have been con- ducted is as effective as the fluid serum. Infectious abortion among- cattle, J. W. Coxnaway {Mo. Bui. Missouri Stale Bd. Agr., 3 {1904), No. 12, ptp. S). — The cause of this disease and the means of dis- tribution are briefij' discussed by the author. Attention is called to the fact that some breeders conceal the presence of outbreaks of the disease and thus contribute to its more extensive distribution. The symptoms of the disease are described and the usual preventive and curative measures are recommended. Contag-ious abortion in Montana, H. C. Gardixek ( Montana Sta. Bid. 49, pp. 167-17G). — From circular letters sent to various parts of the State it was found that this disease prevails to an unusual extent among dairy cows of the State. Notes ara given on tliesynq)t(jms of the disease and the methods of transnussion and treatment. The author recommends the thorough use of disinfectants in controlling the disease. 1128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The new treatment of milk fever in cows, J. Law ( Cornell Counlri/man, 1 {lUti.'/\, X(i. J, jt}). .}.J-4S). — A liistorical statfinciit is jiiven concerninjx tlie various treatiiu'uts wliich have l)eeii applied in atteiupts to control this disease. Notes are also jriven on the nature and symptoms of milk fever. Particular attention is devoted to tiic trt'atment of the disease by means of injection of oxygen and air. The details of this treatment are outlined and notes are given on the author's experiments in its application. It is recommended as a highly effective treatment for milk fever. Suppuration of tlie milk ducts in cows, K. Thierry [Juiir. A/v. Prat., n. ser., 7 (1904), Xo. 16, pp. 5^1-5£3). — The various causes of sterility or barrenness in cattle are briefly outlined with especial reference to the dietetic, medicinal, and surgical treatments which liave been found successful in controlling this trouble. Actinomycotic orchitis in bulls, I. M. Covalevski {Arch. Vet. Xaid; St. Peter.'i- burg, 34 {1904), Xo. 3, pp. 234-^57 ).-~^oi%^ are given on the symptoms and patho- genic anatomy of actinomycosis in the testis. Papillomatosis in cattle, A. Zimmermanx {Fortnchr. Yet. Hijg., 2 {1904), -Vo. 1, vp. lS-22, fig. 1 ). — The appearance and pathological anatomy of wart-like outgrowths upon the skin of cattle are discussed with especial reference to a generalized case with fatal outcome which came under the author's observation. Erg-otism in cattle, N. S. Mayo {IndustriaUst, 30 '{1904), No. 25, pp. 399-401).— During the season of 1902 an unusual amount of ergot was observed on wild rye and wild barley. Brief notes are given on outbreaks of ergotism which occurred during 190.".. Dipping tanks {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, S {1904), No. 3, pp. P.5-56").— Formulas are })resented for the preparation of cattle dips containing soda, soap, Stockholm tar, and arsenic. Dips may be used for both horses and cattle, and both kinds of animals may be driven into the same dipping tanks. Brief notes are given on the general physiological effects of dipping upon animals. Departmental dipping experiments {Xatal Agr. Jour, and Mm. Rec, 7{1904), iVo. 3, j)p. 313-317). — A proprietary dip paste for the destruction of ticks on cattle was given a thorough test. It was found that when used in too strong a solution it destroyed the ticks within 3 days, but affected the appetite of the animals unfavor- ably and also caused considerable injury to the skin. These unfavora})le effects were avoided when the dip was diluted to such an extent that 5 days were recpiired for the destruction of the ticks. Calcium sulphid as a remedy for mange {Rev. Asoc Rural, Uruguay,- 32 {1903) , Xo. 20, pp. 400-494). — The use of li"me-suli)hur dips is recommended for the control of sheep scab and mange of other domestic animals. Formulas are given for the preparation of these dips, together with notes on the effectiveness of calcium sulphid. The sheep maggot-fly, R. S. MacDougall ( Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot- land, 3. ser., 16 {1904), pp. 128-143). — In Scotland a number of flies occasionally lay their eggs in the wool of sheep, but the two species of greatest importance are Lucilia sericata and L. crsar. The percentage of infestation from these flies in different flocks of sheep varies from 2 to 50 and depends upon various external conditions as well as upon the cleanliness of the wool. Notes are given on the effect of infesta- tion by these maggots and on the conditions which determine their relative abun- dance as suggested by various sheep raisers. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1129 Circular letter? of iiKiuiry .^eiit to sheep men elicited replies which indicate that sheep are ijnite regularly dijipeil for destroying these pests, but not always at the ])roi)er season of the year. A complaint has been made that the numbers of sheep maggot-flies are somewhat increased as a result of the practice of hanging decaying meat in forest areas as a breeding place for the maggots which are eaten Ijy grouse. In controlling this pest the author recommends cleanliness, dipping, and hand treatment with kerosene or substances with offensive odor. Prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth, disease, P. Labully {Ann. Soc. Agr., Loirt, 2. ser., 23 (190.3), X, 126). — Brief notes are given on the production of immurity toward foot-and-mouth disease by means of serum indculations. Such immunity, however, has been found to be merely temporary. Acute ulcerative inflammation of the cornea or eye-ball, in cattle, sheep, and goats, D. IIitcheox (Aijv. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 24 {i:>04), Xo. 5, pp. 021- 624). — The symptoms and pathological anatomy of this disease are briefly described. In controlling the disease it is recommended that affected animals be isolated and that the eyes be treated with a weak antiseptic solution, such as corrosive sublimate. Joint ill {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 11 {1904), i^'o. 2, j^P- 110-114)-— This disease affects lambs, calves, and colts. The source of infection is through the umbilical cord at the time of birth. Detailed directions are given regarding the control < if the disease in lambs by means of proper disinfectant measures. Loco, N. S. Mayo {Indu.i. 4, f [/■'<■ '^)- — Detailed notes are given on the anatomy and j>. 341-352, Jiy.^. 4).— Large numbers of Sarco- sporidia Avere fcaind by the authors in tlie musculature of a llama. The morphology of these organisms is discussed in detail. A number of inoculation experiments were made with rabbits. It is believed that the organism is different from any species of Sarcosporidia hitherto described. It develops a very virulent poisonous princijjle which paralyzes the central nervous system, and which appears to resemble an enzym rather than a toxin. It was found possible to immunize rab]>its against this organism. Swine fever, J. D. Stewart {Jour. Dept. Agr. West AiMralia, 8 {1903), Xo. 5, pp. 4l8-4.33,figs. 8). — Notes on the nature, cause, symptoms, and treatment of hog cholera. The author outlines briefly the pathological lesions found in cases of this disease and makes general recommendations regarding the disinfection of premises after out- breaks of the disease and sanitary measures to be adopted in preventing further spread of hog cholera. The production of a serum for use in the prevention of SAvine plague and hog cholera, M. Prettner ( Cf//^W. Bait. u. Pur., 1. Aht., Grig., 36 {1904 ),yo. 1, pP- 94-103 ). — In these experiments dogs were used as the source of serum and this serumi was tested on white mice. The results of the experiments are set forth in a tabular form. It was found during the author's study of this problem that the serum of dogs immunized toward swine plague possessed protective properties against the bacilli of swine plague and hog cholera. The serum of dogs immunized against hog cholera was likewise active against both diseases. The highest protective property, how- ever, was ol)tained when the dogs were treated with both species of bacilli. Diseases which resemble hog cholera, O. Malm {Norsk Vet. Tidsskr., 16 {1904), No. 2, pp. 25-38). — The symptoms and i)athological lesions of hog cholera, swine plague, and swine erysipelas are described for the purpose of calling attention to the various points of similarity of these diseases and to the means of differentiating them. Notes are also given on the prevalence of these diseases in Norway and on the results obtained by different methods which have been r.dopted for checking the diseases. Rachitis in pigs, E. Thierry {.Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 7 {1904), -Vo. 9, p. 291). — The cause of this trouble in young pigs is said to be found in an improper dietary containing but little phosphate of lime or other lime salts. In order to prevent the development of a weakness of the bones in young pigs it is recommended that ground bone be added to the usual ration. The danger of introducing glanders from foreign countries, Arxdt (Fortschr. Vet. Hijg., 2 {1904), No. 1, pp. 1-5). — Statistics are presented showing the relative extent of importation of horses from foreign countries into Germany. The bearing of these statistics upon the prevalence of glanders is discussed in a critical manner. In the author's opinion a general scheme for controlling this disease must include supervision of the books of horse dealers, quarantine upon international boundary VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1131 lines, and thorough inspection of all imported horse.<. Spei-ial mention is made of the danger of intrndueing glanders from Russia, and it is suggested that it would 1)6 desinilile to prohibit the importation of Russian horses if it were not for the fact that si' many of these horses are needed. Horse sickness and its prevention, R. Kocii (-I//r. Jour. Cupe Good JIojic, 24 [1904), yo. 4, pp. 505-50S). — This is of the nature of a progress report of the author concerning his investigations of horse sickness in f^outh Africa. Numerous obser- vations have been made on the symptoms and distri1)ution of the disease, together with careful post-mortem examinations. It has been found that animals ~ which recover from the disease are highly innnune. Serum obtained from such animals when inoculated into susceptible animals renders the latter immune to natural infection. Horse sickness, 11. \Vatkins-Pitchford [Natal Ayr. Jour, and Mm. liic, 7 [1904), No. 2, pp. 190-197). — The author continued his investigations regarding the production of immunity in horses toward this disease. It was found necessary to induce a reactionary fever by means of the virus of the disease. A definite thermal reaction in experimental animals was brought about, whether the virus was intro- duced hypodermically or into the stomach, and a latent infection or reaction per- sisted in most cases for many weeks. The degree of immunity brought al)out by this treatment appears to be rather striking, ])ut has not been testeil by exposure of the treated animals to natural infection. During the j)rocess of iunnunization a negative phase is passed through, or a period in which an increased susceptibility to the disease is manifested. An African trypanosoma pathogenic for horses, A. Laveran and F. ^NIesnil [Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 13S {1904), No. 'l2,pp. 732-735, firj. i).— The mor- phological characteristics of Tryj)anosoma dimorphon are carefully descril)ed. The organism is i)athogenic for honses, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, goats, etc. The species upon which the authors experimented is considered distinct from T. (jconhiense, and notes are given on the characters by which the two species may be differentiated. Alternation of generation and host in a case of Trypanosoma and Spiro- chaete, F. Schaudinx [Arh. K. G'esundheit.^umte, 20 {1904), No. 3, pj>. 387-439, Jigs. 20). — The anatomical and biological characteristics, of these two genera are given in detail with especial reference to their easy diagnosis. Particular attention is given to the life history of Trypanosoma noctua.'. This organism occurs in the blood of owls and is apparently carried by Culex pipiens. The anatomy of these mosquitoes ia described with especial reference to their agency in transmitting the blood parasite. Notes are also given on the habits of mosquitoes. The life history of Spirod ale ziemamii is described by way of comparison with that of T. nociux. Treatment of mal de caderas, M. S. Bertoxi {Her. Agron., Paraguay, 3 {1903), No. 7-S, pp. 238-240). — The author discusses briefly the use of arsenate of soda, arsen- ious acid, potassium permanganate, corrosive sublimate, quinin, and other treatments. The transmission of the disease is believed to be accomplished through the agency of Stomoxys calcitrans. Trypanosoma and trypanosomiasis, with special reference to surra in the Philippine Islands, W. F. ^Iisgrave and M. T. Clegg {Philipjyine l>i'])(. Int., Bureau Govt. Lah., 1903, No. 5., pp. 248, figs. 155). — This report contains a general discussion of animal diseases due to infestation with species of Trypanosoma. The species of this genus which infest oysters, fish, birds, mammals, and man are described and classified in a systematic manner. The authors discuss also the various modes of transmission and infection by these parasites, the symptoms of tlifferent forms of trypanosomiasis in various animals and man, the duration, complications, and diagnosis of these diseases, as well as the pathological anatomy, treatment, and serum therapy. In all cases of trypanosomia- sis in which Try}>anosoina evansii is shown to be the parasite, it is recommended that surra be employed as the proper name of the disease. The life cycle of this parasite 1182 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. is not (•(iiuplotely known at pn^st'iit, l>iit many aiMitional nl)S('rvationH uimim the si;l)- ject arc iiiaile liy the authors. Tlu- ])n'vah'iic(' of tht> disease appears to depend largely upon the agency of biting insects, and tin- authors lielieve that thin: js l)y far the niogt important mode of trans- mission, or perhaps the only mode wliich requires consideration. Tlie question of identity oi- nonidentity of surra, nagana, dnuriiie, and nial de caderas is considered in (U'tail and tlie authors incline toward llie npiniMH that tiiese diseases are all one and the same and should he referred U) l>y (lie term surra. The micro-org-anisms of pleuro-pneumonia and influenza in horses and the treatment of these diseases, Z. F. Elenevkski (^-lrc7(. ]'el. Xauk, »SV. reterxbuvfj, 34 {1904), 'V((.s-. J, pp. 9S~U'>; .), })p. ..'()')-235, pin. 2). — An elaborate study was made of the symptoms and etiology of these diseases with especial reference to the i)atho- genic micro-organisms. The latter were cultivated o!i various nutrient media and notes are given on their biological and morphological characters. The value of serum therapy was tested by means of numerous experiments. From this study the author concludes that horses may be inoculated with the organisms of contagious jileuro-pneumonia and influenza for the purpose of obtaining a preven- tive and curative serum. The serum obtained from animals thus treated exercises a preventive action in comparatively small doses and possesses pronounceil curative properties. The curative action of this serum is considerably greater than that of the ordinary pharmaceutical ^^reparations which are reconnnended for treating these diseases in ordinary practice. The application of serum therapy in these diseases brings about great improvement during the early stages. Bets in horses, S. S. C.'^meron {Jour. Agr. and Tnd. South Australia, 7 {1904), No. 0, pp. 496-498) . — Brief descriptive, biological, and economic notes on this pest. No satisfactory results are obtained from the administration of ordinary drugs for expelling this parasite. The use of capsules of carbon bisulphid is recommended as somewhat efficacious. Thymol, H. H. Cousins {Bnl. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 2 {W04) , Xo. 3, pp. 57, 58).— Thymol is recommended as the most satisfactory remedy for h)otflies in horses. It may be dissolved in alcohol containing ten times its quantity of sugar. The mixture is then heated so as to cause the alcohol to evaporate, thus leaving a uniform mixture of thymol and sugar. This remedy may then be administered by mixing it with the grain feed in doses of 15 grains twice per day for 2 days. Centrifug-alization and disintegration in relation to the virus of rabies, J. 0. W. Barratt(0';j^W. Bald. u. Par., 1. Aht., Orig., 35 {1904), Xos. 5,pp. 633-640; 0, pp. 769-775, fig. 1).— The author made a study of the nature of rabies virus with special reference to the effect of centrifugalization and disintegration upon it. It ivas found that when the brain of a rabbit was disintegrated by the use of sand and physiological salt solution the disintegrated material retained its virulence, as shown by the inoculation of healthy rabbits. In another series of experiments a much more complete trituration was brought aljout at the temperature of liquid air without the use of sand or salt solution. No purely toxic effect was produced by the injection of an emulsion of centrifugalized brain. When the disintegrated brain substance, however, was used for inoculation, the toxic effet-ts appeared at first, l)ut were not noticeable during the second week. Note on the disintegration of rabid brain substance, J. O. W. Barratt {Pruc. Roy. Soc. ILondoii], 73 {1903), No. 483, pp. 353, j5-^).— The author undertook experiments for the purpose of determining whether the virus of rabies contains organized bodies. To this end the brain of a rabbit Avhich had died of rallies was disintegrated with sand at the temperature of liquid carbon dioxid and the disinte- grated material was tested by the inoculation of healthy rabbits. As a result of these experiments it was found that the process of disintegration when carried on for from one-half to one hour is usually sufficient to destroy the VETERIIsrARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1133 virulence of rabies virus. The disintegration for a period of five minutes was not sulticient to destroy the virulence. Further tests were made during which it was shown that this destruction of the virulence of the rabies virus was not due to the ffirmation of any inorganic substance in disintegrated brain material. The experi- ments therefore seem to confirm the view that the virus of rallies is <>f an organized nature. The passage of rabies virus through filters, 1'. Kemlinger {Aitn. Insl. Pasteur, 16' {1904), yo. 3, j)p. 150-164)- — A detailed account is jiresented of e.Kperiments car- ried cut by the author in passing rabies virus through filters of various types. The virus was then studied for the purpose of determining the influence of filtration upon its virulence. The evidence obtained by the author in these experiments indicates that rabies should be classified in a special group of diseases quite distinct from those grouped under jiathogenic protozoa. The relation bet"ween modifications of the virulence of rabies virus and alterations in Negri's corpuscles, E. Bertarelli {Centhl. Bakt. u. Far., 1. Aht., Orig., 36 {1904), ^o. 1, ]>p. 4~-ol). — An attempt was made to determine the relation of Negri's corpuscles to changes in virulence in rallies virus, and to alterations in the central nervous system in infected animals. For this purpose dogs and rabbits were used as experimental animals. The results are set down in detail in a tabular form. It was found that Negri's corpuscles were not much affected by extreme changes in virulence. The corpuscles appeared to possess a greater resisting power to various reagents than the surrounding tissues. The author is in doubt, however, whether these corpuscles should be considered as protozoan organisms or as pathological structures containing such organisms. Tavo cases of recovery from, experimental rabies, P. REMLiN(iEK and M. Effexdi {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 18 {1904), No. 4, pp- '241-244).~K detailed account is given of the course and symptoms of two cases of rabies produced by inoculation of dogs. The symptoms in both cases were of a serious nature, and inoculation experi- ments made subsequently showed that both of the dogs were affected w^ith a virulent form of rabies. The complete recovery which took jilace in both cases is considered of sufficient rarity to warrant a detailed account. Experimental rabies in birds, J. von Lote {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Alt., Orig., 33 {1904), No. 6, pp. 741-744)- — Experiments were carried out for the purpose of determining the possibilities of infecting birds with rabies. During these experi- ments it was found that various birds, including owls and eagles, were susceptiVjle to rabies. Chickens and pigeons are less susceptible to the disease. Only a small per- centage of inoculated l)ird.s developed the disease, and many of these cases showed a spontaneous recovery. Fowl cholera and fowl plague, M. Hertel {Arb. K. Gesundheilsamte, 20 {1904), No. 3, pp. 4o3-oll, pi. i).— The results obtained by other investigators in the study ot these diseases are briefly pointed out. In the author's expermients the cultures used in the study of fowl cholera were largely obtained from infected geese. Pigeons were lound to be the most susceptible ot all domestic fowls. In a series of more than 25 exoeriments, the organism of fowl cholera was obtained in 2)ure culture from the blood of inoculated pigeons. .Since sparrows are almost constantly present in poultry yards and susceptible to fowl cholera, it is suggested that these birds may tiave some influence in spreading the disease. Rats are com- paratively letractory to the disease, while rabbits are very susceptible. The author made a carelul study to determine the natural method of infection in fowls. It was lound possible to infect fowls readily by feeding the virus along with their food or by bringing the virus in contact with the mucous membranes or feather follicles. The possibility of transmission of the disease through the agency of mites and lice must also be admitted. 1134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Expt'rinieiits were carried on during wliich it was found tliat tlie fowl cholera bacilli woultl multiply vigorously when inoculateil into fresli eggs. Inoculation exjieriments showed that the fowl cholera 1)acilli were capable of retaining their virulence for 48 hours in muck, for 0 days in sanil, and for 7 days in sawdust. The donkey was found to produce a very effective serum for fowl cholera. The fowl cholera l)acilli were agglutinated by this serum when used in a dilution of 1:1600. Pigeons inoculated with 0.5 cc. of the serum resisted inoculation with virulent cul- tures of the fowl cholera bacilli. The symptoms, etiology, and distribution of fowl j)lague are carefully described by way of comparison with fowl cholera. It was found that the virus of fowl plague readily passeil through the Berkefeld and t'ham- berland filters. It is l)elieved to be impossible to differentiate with certainty between fowl cholera and fowl plague by means of any one test. Spirillosis of fowls, C. Levaditi (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, IS (1904), No. 3, pp. 129- 149, ])l. 1). — The literature relating to this subject is briefly reviewed by the author. It was found that when a small quantity of l)lood containing the virus of the disease was introduced subcutaneously into a fowl, the spirilla could not be found in the general circulation until after a period of 2 days. At the point of inoculation the spiril'a were observed in large numbers for about 35 minutes, after which they grad- ually disappeared. There seems to be no imdtiplication of the spirilla at the point of inoculation. The process of multiplication in the general circulation, however, increases until the greatest quantity of spirilla are found at the end of the fifth or sixth day. The serum of fowls which recover possesses quite pronounced agglutinating power. It also brings about at the same time an agglomeration of the white blood corpuscles. The sudden death of a number of fowls which were treated with the serum of recov- ered birds was attributed to the agglutinating action of this serum. The author sug- gests that their death was thus caused by embolism as the result of the existence of the agglutinated masses of spirilla and white blood corpuscles. Minor ailments of poultry, C. E. J. Walkey {.Tour. Bd. Agr. \^London'], 10 {1904), No. 4, pp. 476-487). — Among the more important predisposing causes of diseases in poultry the author mentions damp hou. v.. , excessive drafts, filth, and careless breed- ing. Practical recommendations w^ere made concerning the treatment of apoplexy, bronchitis, bumble-foot, colds, leg weakness, pneumonia, scaly leg, etc. Formulas are given for preparing suitable remedies in treating these various troubles. Poultry diseases common in Montana, H. C. Gardiner {Montana Sta. Bui. 50, pp. 191-196). — Brief notes on the symjitoms, etiology, and means of combating roup, catarrh, and gapes, together with a brief account of chicken lice. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Agricultural engineering-, S. Fraser {Cornell Countryman, 1 {1904) , No. 6, pp. 170-173, figs. 2). — A note on the development of instruction and investigation in this line in the United States. The field for study and development of rural engineering in Nebraska {AgriraUnre [AV/^ro-s/.-o], 3 {1904), No. :?, pp. S-13). — A brief general discussion. The natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Mau- mee, Muskingum, and Miami drainage areas in Ohio, B. H. Flvnx and .Mar- garet 8. Flvxx {V. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply and Irrig. Paper No. 91, pp. 130, fig^. 11). — This paper, which treats of the natural features and development of the four principal drainage areas of Ohi,;), contains valuable data with reference to the flow of the Maumee, Sandusky, Miami, and Muskingum rivers, and the natural advantages they offer with reference to water power and domestic water supply. "Of particular interest is that part of the paper which deali; with the early history of the water powers, their general relation to the canal systems of Ohio, and the AGRICULTURAL EMGINEERTNG. 1135 decline in value that huf taken place since the establishment of modern methods of manufacturing, trade, and transportation. •'The chapter dealing with public water sup^jlies i-omprises unusually complete information with reference to the sources, equipment, and value of the systems that were installed during the latter part of the last century." Irrigation in India, H. ]\I. Wilson ( U. S. GcoL Survey, Water Supply and Irrig. Paper No. 87, pp. 238, pJ^. 27, figs. 66). — A second edition of this report revised and brought up to date. "The most important feature of the revision is the bringing of all the financial and statistical data concerning the more important works in each province up to 1901, the date of the last official Indian reports. "At the close of 1901 the area of India, including native States, was 1,559,603 square miles, the total population was 294,266,701, and the total expenditure upon all classes of irrigation works by the government of India had been $337,850,000. In the year 1900-1901 the expenditures on account of irrigation amounted to $11,500,000 and the revenues to $12,075,000, showing a i^rofit of 7.5 per cent on the capital outlay for construction. The total area cultivated in India the same year was 180,151,093 acres, and the total area irrigated was 18,611,106 acres, or, counting areas double cropped or those irrigated more than once in a season, the area irrigated was 33,096,031 acres. "The estimated value of the irrigated crops in 1900-1901 was $150,000,000, and of these it is interesting to note that the area under cultivation in wheat amounted to over 16 million acres, and in cotton to over 8j million acres, and that the total value of the latter crop alone was $52,773,000." Notes on irrigation in the valley of the Tumbez {Donnees sur les irrigations de Id rallce de Tinnhi-s. IAuki, Peru: Min. Ayr. et des Truvaux Prd>Jics, 1902, pp. 28, pis. ■:!, maps 2). Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commissioner, delivered at annual meeting of State Board of Agriculture, January 28, 1904 (Pennsylrania State Vept. Ayr. Bid. 121, pp. 15) — This address discusses the act of the State legislature of April 15, 1903, creating a department of public high- ways and explains what has already been done under its provisions. Historic highways of America, A. ^. .IIulbert {Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1904, vol. 8, pp. 237, pis. 2, maps 4; 1903, vol. 9, pp. 220, maps 3; 1904, vol. 10, pp. 207, pis. 3, maps 2; 1904, vol. 11, pp. 201, pis. 7).— These volumes deal with the military roads of the Mississippi Basin (the conquest of the old Northwest), the waterways of westward expansion (the Ohio River and its tributaries), the Cumber- land road, and pioneer roads and experiences of travelers. For a notice of previous volumes of this series see E. S. R., 15, p. 415. Tenth annual report of the commissioner of public roads for the year ending October 31, 1903, H. I. Budd {Somerville, N. J.: The Unionist Gazette Asaoc, 1904, pp. 262, ph. 40, map 1). — The report includes descriptions of the roads built in 1903, with statements of their cost, the text of the public roads act of April 1, 1903, and the standard specifications for different kinds of roads. The international good roads convention {Engineer. Neivs, 51 {1904), No. 21, pji. 494-496). — An account of the convention held at St. Louis May 16-21 under the auspices of the Xational Good Roads Association. Oil engines for agricultural purposes, W. W. Beaumont {Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lon- don], 10 (1904), Ao. 4, ])p. 4S5-460, fiyx. 18). Systems and methods of mechanical refrigeration, S. H. Bunnell {Enyineer. May. and Ind. Rev., 27 (1904), -Vu. 3, pp. 397-408). — A general discussion of the his- tory, advantages, and disadvantages of different methods. The cold-storage building and experiments, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1903, pp. 14, 15). — Brief notes are given on the success in 32846— No. 11—04 S 1180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, niaiiitainin^ uniform teniporatuiv*^ under a variety of <'onilition« in the (rold-storage Ijnildinjr descrilied in an earlier report (K. S. K., 15, p. 95). The modern silo, T. ("heukv {./mir. I)>/>t. Aijr. V'lrlorUi, ^ {1903), Xa. .}, pp. 3M- 331, pl». 3, Jh/s. 4; Dcpt. A(/r., Victurld, Bui. S, pj>, 14, ph. 3, fig^^. 4)- — A i)opular dis- cussion of tlie construction of silos and the preparation and use of silage, w ith special referent'c to Australian conditions. Windmills, R. Gagey {BhL Agt: Ahjh-ie d Tunixic, 10 [1904), Ao.y. ,7, )ij). 91-102, Jiijs. 34; <1, pj). 111-130, fig-'t. 31). — This article discusses the con.struction, oi)eration, and ethi'iency of a large niunl)er of diffeivnt forms as well as the uses to which they may 1h' ])ut in Tvmis, including i)uniping, grinding, etc. MISCELLANEOUS. Sixteenth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1903 (Alabama College Sta. Rpt. 1903, jij>. 24)- — This includes the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; and reports of the director and agriculturist, chemists, i)lant physiologist, veterinarian, and horti- culturist on the work of the station during the year. Thirteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1900 { Kenti«-L-g S(a. Rpt. 1900, p}>. XLII^,J44)- — The report proi>er contains the organization list; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900; and reports of the director and heads of departments, parts of which are noted elsewhere. Reprints of Bulletins 86-90 of the station on the following subjects are appended: Inspection and analyses of foods (E. S. R., 12, p. 586); Kentucky forage plants — the grasses, analyses of some Kentucky grasses (E. S. R., 12, p. 547); analyses of commercial fertilizers (E. S. R., 12, p. 1026); wheat (E. S. R., 12, p. 1035); and conmiercial fertilizers (E. S. R., 13, p. 124). Sixteenth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1903 ( Yerniont iSta. RpA. 1903, pp. ^^9,-'-^ A'A'ATD . — This contains the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903; a report of the director reviewing the work of the station during the year and giving abstracts of Bulletins 96-99 of the station; and reports of the heads of dei^artments, containing a number of articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Abstract of Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903 ( Vermont Sta. Bid. 106, pp. 225- 272). — This is a popular resume of the annual report of the station noted above, and is intended for general distriljution in place of the report, which is printed in only a limited edition. Experiment Station Work, XXV ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmer.s' Bnl. 193, pp. 32, figs. 9). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Watermelons in the North, watermelon culture in Georgia, muskmelon culture in the North, Rocky- ford muskmelons, cold storage of fruits, selection of seed corn, bread and toast, cook- ing meat, and l)itter milk. Crop Reporter ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Statistics Crop Reporter, vol. 5, Nos. 10, pp. 77-S4; 11, pp. S5-92; 12, pp. 93-100). — These numbers for February, March, and April, 1904, contain the usual statistical reports on the crops in the United States and foreign countries. An outline of cooperative demonstrations and tests for 1904 [Xew York Cornell Sta. Bui. 216, pp. llS-122). — This is a list of the demonstrations or experi- ments in agronomy, plant selection and breeding, horticulture, entomology, animal husl)andry, poultry husbandry, and dairy industry which it is proposed to conduct during the season of 1904, in cooperation with farmers throughout the State. NOTHS Colorado Station. — J. E. Payne, lield agent, has resigned. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. — E. G. Clarke has been appointed agriculturist. Pnrdue University and Station. — At a meeting of the board of trustees of the univer- sity, held June 7, 1904, resolutions involving a change in the organization of the experiment station were adopted. The work, equipment, staff, income, and expen.ses of the State chemist were placed under the control of the experiment station and become a part of its organization. The farm, except such areas as are now or may hereafter be set aside for permanent experimental purposes, is to be under the care of the university to maintain and administer. The permanent experimental fields and l)uilding.s are to be occupied and used by the station without rent, and the pro- ceeds of the same will he appropriated to the u.se of the station. The station is to bear all costs of lalior ami materials used in experimental work, and it is understood that in its work the statiim is to receive the aid and cooperation of the viniversity in every possible way. Maine University. — J. E. Burbank, instructor in physics, has resigned to accept a position ill the Magnetic Survey, at Washington. L. E. Woodman, formerly assistant in physics at Dartmouth, has been elected to till the vacancy. Maryland College and Station. — C. F. Austin, associate horticulturist in the college and station for the past two years, resigned to accept the position of horticulturist at the Central Cul>a Station. Massachusetts College. — The recent legislature increased the permanent appropria- tion of the college by -SI 0,000 annually. The provision for a horticultural building was withdrawn. Minnesota Station. — L. B. Bassett has been appointed farm foreman. Montana College and Station. — John Maxey, of Bozenian, has been appointed a member of the governing board, vice John M. Robinson, whose term expired. The latter succeeds Joseph Kountz, whose term expired. S. Fortier, professor of civil engineering in the college, and director and irrigation engineer of the station, who for the past year has been absent on leave and in charge of work under the irrigation division of tlie Office of Experiment Stations in California, has resigned to continue work with the Department and the University of California. F. B. Lintield, agri- culturist and for the past year acting director, has been made director of the station. J. S. Baker, a graduate of the Utah Agricultural College, for the past year profe.ssor of civil engineering in the Montana College, has been elected to the position of irri- gation engineer of the station, vice S. Fortier. Alfred Atkinson, a graduate of the Iowa Agricultural College, has been elected to the position of assistant in agronomy. Herbert Reese, a graduate of the Montana Agricultural College, has been made assistant i-heinist. •* Oklahoma College and Station. — F. O. Foster, assistant in dairying at the college and in agriculture at the stati(.)n, has resigned to engage in commercial dairying in Balti- more. A dairy building to cost 1^4,000 and a greenhouse to cost $.3,000 arc now under constnu'tion. Rhode Island College and Station. — A. E. Stene, assistant horticulturist at the college and station, has been transferred to the demonstration and extension department of the college. He will be succeeded in the regular college and station work by Maurice Blake, a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 11.37 1138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Utah College. — .7. A. Bexell, head of the coiiuiieroe department, has heen made seeretiiiv of tlie iroveriiin^ ])oanl, vice P. W. Maughan, repi«rned. Virginia College and Station. — A. "SI. Soule, formerly director of the Tennessee Station, ha.s l)een ele<'ted dean of the department of ajjricnlture of the colletre and . lOOit. Beijerinck, M. W., 450, .566. Beistle.C.P.,121. Belcher. S.D., 294. Belden,"W.S.,230. Bell, A. H., 827. Bell, G., 674. Bell. J. T., 416. Bell. R.G., 698. Bell, R.R., 112, 187. Bell, W. J., 796. Bellair,G.,97,2. Belli, CM., 703. Benedict, E.G., 698. Benedict's., 225, 550. Benedictis, S. de,822. Bengolea,A.,392. Bengtsson, S.,883. Bennett, C.B., 62. Ben-nett,E.R.,871. Bennett, F., jr., (i58. Bennett, I. D., 2.58. Bennett, J. B., 320. Bennett, R.L.. 98, 312. Benson, A. H., 789. Bentley,E.M.,61. Benton, F., 1089. Benton,,!. R., 18. Beraneck,E.,918. Berg, T.,. 506. Bergeon,P.,725. Berglund,G.W.,1110. Bergmann, A. M.,87. Berkeley, W.2Sr., 984. Berlepsch, H. von, 1057. Berlese, A., 736,980. Bernard, F., 94. Bernard, L., 917. Bernardini,D.,819. Bernegau,L.,36. Bernhardt. 612. Berr.y,J.,655. Berry, J. W., 201. Berry. W.G., 437,629. Bertarem,E.,1133. Berth elot, M. , 566, 65( I. Bert(>cchi,C.,812. Bertoni, M.S., 1131. Bertrand,E.,598,lfJ94. Bertrand, G. , a38, 388, 600. Bertschy,1018. Besana,C.,393. Besnoit,C.,1009. Besredka,89. Bessey, C. E., 484, .543, 626. Besson,L.,18. Best, E., 387. Bethune,C.J.S.,877. Beulaygue, L., 9.54. Bevier,I.,491. Bexell,J.A.,1138. Beythien, A. , 8.51, 886, 987. Bezangon,F.,723,817. Biberfeld,fi5. Bicknell, F. W. , 392, 666. Bi(:ier,T.,()f!l. Bi*en,M.,1024. .22. 725, Biervliet, P. van, 24.H, 1063. Biflfen,R.H.,671. Bigelow, F. H., 18, ,'iO, ^54, 655. 8.56. Bigelow, M. A. , 837, 938. Bigelow, "W.D., 2(H), 4:30,431,436, 4.39, .551, (529. Billings, G. A., 312. Bingham, C.T., 280. Binnenthal. F. R. von, 59. Binnie, A.,196. Bioletti,F.T.,971. Biot, M.,83. Bird, R.N., 166. Birk,C.V.,622. Birt,C.,l88. Bishop, E. A., 1031. Bishop, W. H. , 98, 560, 8:34. Bizzell,J.A.,100. Black. J.,. 514. Blackburn , J. E . , 495. Blackburne, C. H.,291. Blackman, H. H. , 395. Blair, J. C, 364, 967. Blair, W.R.. 229, 105.5. Blair, W.S., 123, 149. Blake, M ,11.37. Blake, R.F., 522. Blanchard,C. J.,36. Blankinship, J.W., 146, 154, 1.59, 411. Blasdale,W.C.,5:3. Blaxland,R.N.,997. Blin,H.,790. Blinn,B.K.,869. Blitzner,R.,44. Blix,M.,;390. Blockey,F.A.,337. Blodgett,J.H.,730. Blondet, 170. Blumenfeld, M. L.,619, 1129. Blyth,A."W".,.598. BIyth,M.W.,.598. Boccalari, A. , 822. Boeuf,F.,267. Boflnger,H.,614. Bogdanov, E. A., 883. Bogdanov, S. , 565. Boggild,B.,505. B6hmer,C.,600. Bohrisch,P.,987. Bokelman,F.,622. Bolduan,C.,1118. Bolin,P.,.568,569. Bolis,A.,645. Bolle,J.,984. Bolle.O.,29.5. Bolley, H. L. , 33, .50, 161, 3:31. Bolton, P., 991. B6mer,A.,283. Bonansea, S. , 373. Bonapar te , G . , 37. Bonavia,E.,790. INDEX OF NAMES. 1143 Bond, F., 520. Bonobright, J. E., W,2;{, 121. Bongardt,J..7S8. Bongert..T.,1110, 111!!. Bonhoiume, J.,881. Bonn, A.,V17. Boiineina, A. A. , 349. Bonnet. A., 302, 478. Bonnier, G. , l.">, 341 . Bonser,T.A.,481. Bonsteel,F.E.,t>58. Bonsteel, J. A. , KXI, «;".S, 857. Booth, N.O., 774. Boothe,C.B.,1024. Booth-Tucker, F., 1023. Borchardt, L. , 70(5 Bordas,F.,1055. Bordet,J.,402,407.1118. Bornstein, A.,65. Borrel,A.,81,86,922. Bos, J. Ritzema, 273, 488, 5»). BoscF. J., 618,924. Boschetti,F.,819. Boss,A.,8a3. Bostrom,A.,408. Bosworth, A. W., 7(«!, 7*J, 832, a33. Bottcher,0.,744. Boucher, W. A. .53, 1075, 1077. Boudreau,W.J.,34. Bouilhac, R. , 17, 555, 753, 9.5(). Boulanger,E.,253,472. Boiilud,887. Bourguignon,L.,1140. Bourne, S.E., 359. Bouska,F.W.,507. Bouttes,J.de,592. Bovy,A.C.,295. Bowers, "W.G., 925. Boyden,C.I.,1053. Brackett, G. B., 207, 107(!. Braconnier , 338. Bradfleld,E.B.,345. Bradley. C.S., 424. Bradley, E., 587. Bradshaw,G.,72. Bragato,R.,1081. Brahm,C..793. Brainard,"W.K.,203. Braine,C.D.H.,345,827. Brame,J.S.S.,553. Brandenburg, F. H.,5ti0, 1024. Brauer, A.. 818,925. Braun,E.,:386. Braun,M.,194. Bray, F.C., 1138. Bray, J. E., 627. Breazeale, J. F., 744. Brechemin,L.,603. Breckons,J.A.,1024. Breidert,K.,.510. Brenton,S.,410. Brewer, C.H., 774. Brewer, W.H., 532. Brick, C, 976. Bridwell,.J.C..312. Brigham,.J.H.,415. Britcher,H.W.,56. Brittin,A.,785. Britton.W. E., 58, :m4, 472, .5:^8, .594,974. Brizi,U.,.554. Brock, R.J., 201. Broderick, J. , 787. Brodermann, E. A. , 603. Brodie,F. J.,957. Broido,S.,386. Brooks, B.M., 731. Brooks, F.E., 1023. Brooks, H., 229, 1055. Brooks, R. O. , 552, 629, 8:{5. Brooks, W. P., 139, 177. Broun, W.L., 323. Brown, A. A., 928. Brown, B.E., 433. Brown, Edgar, 578, 1084. Brown, Edward, 72. Brown, E.S., 866. Brown, E.W., 1107. Brown, G.T., 87. Brown,J.C.,a57. Browne, C. A., jr., 223, 285, 288, 4;i5,436,629,847. Brownov, P. I., 19. Bruce, E.S., 481. Bruin, G.de, 410. Brunaud,0.,487. Bruncken, E. , 46, 369, 481. Bruner,L.,626. Bruner,T.K.,40. Brum,F.,611,612. Brannich.J.C.,67,355 Brutschke.F.,935. Bruttini,A.,462. Bryan,iE.A.,326. Bryan, W. J., 415. Bryant, A. P., 700,954. Bryant. F.B., 48. Brzezinski,J.,.591. Bubak,F.,374. Buihan, A.,125. Buchanan, G., 380. Buchanan, R. E., 725. Buchwald,J.,793. Buckingham, E., 230. Buckley, E.R., 197. Buckley, J. S., 51.5. Budd,H.I.,n;85. Budd,.T.L., 2.53, 675. Budinov,L., 171, 4.51. Budrin,P.B.,470. Bufflngton,G.L.,412. Buffum, B.C., 31,-328,963. Buhl, S.C, 1117. Buhlert,H.,347,450,7d2. Biihring.L., 836, 1140. Bull, B. W., 74, 661, 664, 9(K5. Bull, L., 983. Bullard,E.,1138. Bunker, W.M., 1024. Bunnell, S.H., 1135. Buonsanti,N.L.,921. Burbank,J.E.,1137. Burbank,L.,4.5.964. Burbidge,F.W.,587. Burckhardt,F.,3:38. Burdick,.J.H.,996. Burgess, A. F.,;333, .529, 547. 690, 880, 979. Burgess, G. K., 446. Burgess, .J. L.,a58. Biirke,R.T.A.,(>.58. Burkett,C."W".,199,901. Biirki,7.50. Burnett, E. A.,. 529. Bur ow, 920. Burri,R.,811. Burtis,P.C.,392,860. Burton, A. R.E., 418. Burton, J. R., 1023. Bury, 82.5. Biishby,W.H.,279. Bussard,L.,674. Bussat,M.,736. Biisse,W.,42. Butkevich,A.,63. Butler, T. , 410, 511, 830, 1015. Buttel-Reepen, von, 791. Buttenberg, P., 714, 851, 908. Butter field , K. L. , 633, 740, 741 . Butz, G. C. , 164, 2.57, 1088. Buxton, E.N., 531. Buyssens, A., 44. Byelitzer,A.V.,306. Byer,J.L.,385. Cadiot,P.J.,296. Caillibaud,1012. Caine,T.A.,6.58. Calamida.D., 727,1022. Callaway, J. D., 311. Calloway, C. J., 72. Calmette,A.,509. Caluwe,P.de,567. Cameron.F. K.,103, 337,444,4.57, 744, 858. Cameron, S. S., 1132. Campbell, A. W., 415. Campbell, C, 27,5. Campbell, M.R., 41.5. Campbell, P. A., 203. Cannon, W. A., 332. Cannon, W.B., 70.5. Cantani, A.,404. Cantin,G.,788. Cantlie,J.,408. Capua, J. ,271. Carberry,V.J.,.571. Card, F.W., 42, 1.51, 1.5.5. Carl, S., 513. Carle, G., 935. Carleton,M.A.,:«2,545,83).10:35. Carlton, F.T., 729. Carlyle,"W. L., W\ 499, 502, .51)4, 529. Carmody , P. , 775. Carnot,P.,492. Caro,424. Carougoau, J. , 519. Carpenter, P. B. , 432, 629. Carpenter, G. H. , 276, ti91 , 790. Carpenter , L. G. , 3:^), 833. Carpiaux, E.. 64, ;J86, 444. Carr,"W.B.,984. Carre, 1019. 1144 EXFEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Carre, A.,8(>5. Carson,.!. M..10a;{. Carson, W. J., 7;t^. Carter, W.T., jr., (iSH Carver, G.W.,7it5. Cary,A.,481. Cary,C.A.,299. Cary,L.E.,S«2. Castlc>,W.E.,188,K83. Castlemaii,J. B.,5()a. Catta,J.D.,2T2. Caudell , A. N . , 168, :J83, 783. Caughey,J.B.,409. Causse,H.,746. Cavanaugh, G. W., KKJ,4;i5. Cave, T.W., 191. Caye,G.,82«. Cecil, E., 155. Cella,P.A.,della,1124. Chace,E.M.,e29. Chafliu,J.,984. Chalmers, J., KXI. Chamberlain, C. J., 440. Chamberlain, J. F., 887. Chamberlain, J. S., 103,432,629, 888. Chamberlain, M., 229. Chamberland,1056. Chamber hn, T. C, 18, 1061. Chandler, A. E., 1024. Chapman, F.M., 558. Chapman, H. H. , 236, 252, 260,290. Chapman, T. A., 1093. Chappaz,G.,43. Charabot, E. , 554, 555, 763. Charie-Marsaines, 196. Chai-itschkofE,C.,336. Charlton, G. A., 1120. Charpentier,P.G.,448. Chassant,M.,232. Chatelain,G.,a38. Chavanne, G., 337. Chazal,P.E.,1063. Cherry, T., 1136. Chesnut,V.K., 311,627. Chester, F. D., 565, 588, 876, 1059. Chevalier, A., 775. Chevely,A.,24. Chewings,C.,1063. Chick, H., 556. Chilcott,E.C., 237,354. Chittenden, F . H . , 379, 692, 881 . Chittenden, R.H., 64. Chlopin, G. W. . 494, 914, IKH I. Christiani,W.,31. Christie, G. I., 201, 731. Christomanos, A. C, 122, (545. Christophe,P.,729. Christophers, S. R., 983. Christy, J. M., 718. Chiiard,E.,577. Chubb, S.H., 733. Ciechanowski, S. , 83. Cipollina, A. , 720. Claassen,H., 466, 1026. Clapp,H.L.,44. Clark, A. N., 747. Clark, G.H., 159. Clark,H.W.,8.-)l. Clark,J.A..()4(l. Clark,R.W..71(i,895. Clark, V. A. , .''.39, 540, 9t;9, 970, 983. Clark, W. A., 1023. Clarke, E.G., 1137. Clarke,J.J.,4ft5. Clarke, W.E., 558. Clarke, W.T., 200, .520. Classen, A., a37. Clatworthy,"W.,522. Clegg,M.T.,1131. Clements, P. E., 955. Clinton, G. P., 373, 9:«. Cloeren,H.,337. Close, C. P. , 361, 578, 584, 871. Clothier, G.L., 1082. Clothier, R.W., 288. Clowes, G.H. A., ass. Coate9,H.,1027. Cobb, J. W., 748. Cobb, N. A., 246, 247, 486, 589, 687. Cobelli,R.,790,791. Coburn,P.D.,201. Cochran, C.B., 495. Cockayne, E. A., 788. Coffey, G.N., 6.58. Cohen, E., 1054. Cohn,E.,187. Colby, G. E. , 384, 629, 747, 750, 7.56, 774,789,793,79(5,801. Cole, B., 521. Collar d, 1020. Collet, O.J. A., 358. Collinge,W.E.,878. Collingwood, B. J., 1101. Collingwood,H.W.,967. ' Collins, G.N., 15. Collins, S.H., 713, 890. Combe male, E., 272. Compere, G., 983. Comstock,A.B.,1027. Com9tock,J.H.,274. Comtat,J.,170. Condon, H.T., 311. Conger, N.B., 125, 957. Conlon,A.,248. Conn, H. W., 74, 185, 202, 605, 909, 910,911. Connaway, J. W., 84, 409, 1028, 1127. Connell, J. H., 313, 729, 785. Connell, W. T.,79, 717, 815, 1006. Connheim,0.,892. Com-adi,A.F.,59. Conradi,D.,89. Constant, 1012. Conte,A., 513,1017,1018. Conte,H.,381. Conter,P.E.,244. Conway, M., 65. Cook, A. E., 938. Cook, E.T., 367,368. Cook, F., 112. Cook, F.C., 430, 431. Oook,J.S.,1057. Cook,.!. W., 412. Cook, M. T., 169, 545, 752, 982. Cook, O. F., 15,542, .586. Cooke, M. C.,269,4K5,689,6i>0. Cooley.R.A.,l(57,:S82. C<)peland,E.B.,16. Coquillett, D. W. , 168, 783. Corbett, L. C, 1.53, 207, 2.58, 477, 480, .538, .539, .581, 873, 1082. Corboz, F., 2(5(5, 781, 1089. Cordeiro,F..!.B.,8.56. Cordcmoy , H. J. de, 602. Coriolis, 19(5. Coraaillac, G. , 775. Cornalba,G.,39(). CoiTadi,R.,.5,50. Correns,C.,341. Correze,196. Cotton, J. S., 1074. Cotton, W.W., 628. Coudon,H.,8.50. Coulter, J. M., 446. Coupin,H.,.556. Courcy,H.de,291. Courmont,P.,616. Courtney , F. S. , 728, 102.5. Cousins, H. H., 34, 3a5, 4.59, 560, 762,790,1132. Coutagne,G.,491. Couturier, A. , 236, 254, 366. Coux,H.dela,,563,7.57. Covalevski, I. M. , 1128. Coventry, B.,7::i3, 941. Covert, J. C, 280, 598. Coville,F.V.,a32. Cowan, W. A., 553. Cox, A. J., 225. Cox,W.G.,309. Craig, J. , 100, 207, 981, 1089. Craig, J. A., 203, 529. Craig, W., jr., 1076. Crampton, C. A., 4.37, 629. Crandall,C.S., 880,967. Crane, A. B.,. 520. Crane, W.H., 989. Cranefield, F., 777, 833,973. Crawford, A. C, 734. Crawford, J. H., 405. Crawford, M.,3a5. Creelman, G. C, 103, 6.32, 836, 1025. Crepieux-Jamin, J. , 386. Crevat,J.,414. CreveccBur, F. F.,784. Crochetelle, .!. , 344, 676. Crockett. J. A., 716. Crosby, D. J., 198, 310, .523, 1025 1138. Crosby, Mrs. W. H., lias. Crosthwait,G. A., 7.31. Crowe, R., 729. Crowther,C.,999. Cruz, F., 843. Culver, H.S., 261. Culver, T.U.,. 525. Cumming, M., 1101, 1103. Cummins, A. B. , 415. Cuneo, P.,795. Curot.E.,(5()3,993. Currie,R.P.,168,783. INDEX OF NAMES. 1145 Curtice, C, 179. Curtis, C4.W., 735. Ciu-tis,H.E.,663. Curtis, W.E., 7*3. Curtiss, C. F. , 61, 338, 422, 5;», 530, 542. Curzon (Lordi, 733. Cushmann, A. S., 95, 826. Cz.adek, O. von, 757, 964. Dabney , C. W. , :325, 532. Dafert,F.W., 1:30,836. Daikuhara, G., 225. Dalbcy,D. S..32,20],997. Dale, T.H., 1014. Dalrymple, "W. H., 112, 174, 191, 611,915. Dambski, K. von, 891. Damraann,190. Damseaus, A., 351. Dangixy,J.,828. Daniel, L., 154, 363, 677, 971, 1081 . Daniels, A. L., 874. Danks,J.R.,504. Danysz, J.,379. Dartington,C.L.,807. Darmagnac, C, 1020. Darton,]Sr.H., 102.5. Das9onville,C.,.S54. Daubigny.H.,337. Daiigherty,C.M.,241. Davenport, C. B., .542, 753. Davenport, E. , 199, 541, 657. Davidson, A. G., 821. Davidson, E., 989. Davidson, R. J., 427. Davidson, W.E., 1123. Davie9,A.M.,1010. Davis, A. P., 1024. Davis, H.N., 2.30. Davis, K.C., 490. Davis, T.H., 230. Davis, V.H.,a59, 471. Davis, W.G., 562. Davon,D.L.,jr.,647. Davy,J.B.,2&5,735. Dawley,F.E.,101. Dawson, C.F., 412. Dawson, W.L., 1057. Day, G.E., 67, 68, 69, 104, 806. Day,H.F.,705. Deacon, W. , 414. Dean, A. L., 17, 703. Dean, 6., 916. Dean, G. A., 791. Dean, H. H., 74, 79, 813, 1103, 1110. Dean, M.L., 42, 2.52. Dearborn, N., 228. Debourdeaux, L.,224, 747. Dechanibre, P. , 601, 603, 810. Decker, J., 389. Decker, J. "W., 295. Deckner,C.,678. DeCoriolis, E.G., 1061. Deflandre (Miss), 492. Defontaine,280. Defren.G..(>47. Dcgrully . L. , .53, .54, .55, 1081. Deherain,P.P.,672. Delacroix, G. , 54, 55, 374. De Launay, L., 959. Delden, A. van, 4.50. Delepine, A. , 280, 490, 984. Delhaye, 1017. Dell, H.H., 732. Dembinski,917. Demoor,J.,798. Dempwolf , C. H. , jr., 236. Denaiffe,575,674. Denhain,D.,578. Derthick,F.A.,202. Desmond, J., 1120. Desmouliere, A. , 388. Despeissis, A., 375, 379, 580. Detre-Deutsch, L. , 726. Detto,C.,651. Deve,F.,822. Deventer , W. van, 277, 692, 976. Devereaux, W. C.,856. Devuyst, 295. Dexler,H.,602. Dexter, E.G., 18. Dickel,P.,62. Dickens, A. , 873, 958, 967. Dickinson, W . L . , 415. Dietrich, T.,&50. Dietricli,W.,200. Difflotli,P.,99.5. Dines, W.H., 230, 561. Dinsniore,S.C.,201. Dinsmore,W.,201. Dinwiddle, R. R., 68, 1(XI7. Disse, J.,721. Disselhorst,R.,612. Ditmars, R. L.,229. Ditto, T.W., 62. Dixon, H. H., 123, 341, 447. Djatschenko, E., 1127. Dmitrievski,K.,89. Doane,C.P.,293. Dobson.A.,1024. Dodge, M., 415. Dodson, W. R.,285,286. Dodwell, A.,1.57. Doherty,M.W.,229. Dojarenko, A., 127. Dokatschajew, A. F., l(r)2. Dolgikh,I.,810. Dollman,J.C.,791. Donard,E.,223. Donitz,W.,791. Donon,D.,266. Doolittle,R.E.,438,629. Doremus, A. F. , 92, 1023. Dormael, J. van, 746. D'Ormea,A.,888. Dorset, M., 619, 916. Dorsett,P.H.,940, Dorsey, C. W., 208, 233, 246, .345, C.58. Dosch,H.E.,l(>24. Doten,a.B.,99. Dougherty, W., 119. Douglas, J. C, 280. Douglas, L.M., 60.3. Dow.B. K.,412. Draper, A. S.,8;«;. Drawe,P.,746. Drew, G. A. ,201. Droop, H. , 9.59. Drouin,V.,1020. Dryden,.J.,102,,542. D9chunkowsky,E., 1014, 1127. DuBois,F.T.,1024. Dubois, 1008. Dubois, A., 812. Dubois, P., 1013. Dubois, R., 253, .585. Duclaux,E.,945,946. Duclert,L.,1018. Ducloux,E., 103:3. Ducomet,V.,268. Dude,M.,a39. Duffee,D.A.,525. Dufour, J.,169, 271, 272, 273, 381, 554, 1140. Dugdale,J.B.,1025. Duges,A.,410. Duggar , B. M. , 207, .5:39. Duggar, J. F., 72, 98, 199, 575, 862,863,959. Duhem,P.,446. Duke, Mrs. B., 1138. Dulm, F. W. van, 85, 1012. Dumas, L., 125, :348. Dumesny , P. , 371 . Dumont, J.,958. Dunlop,J.C.,795. Dunn, E.B., 453. Dunniclifife,A.A.,291. Dunning, D. M., 775. Dunphy,G.W.,113. Dunstan, J.,1125. Dunstan,W.R.,5.56. Dupont,C.,673. Dupre,L.W.,.5.53. Dupuit,196. Durieux,C.,263. Durkos,H.,650. Durme, P. van, 403. Durrant, J.,.56. Dutchor,W.,7.55. Duthie,G.,653. Dyakonov , N . A. , 575. Dyar,H.G.,168,783. Dyche,L. L.,229. Dye, F., 101, 189. Dye, L., 490. Dyer, B., 152. Dyke, W., 23. Dymond, T. S., 74, .5.33, .534, .536, .5-;6,661,664,906. Earle,F.S.,7:^,842,844. East, E.M.,:3.52, 575, 846. Easterly, H.G., 103. Eastman, P., 728. Easton,"W.H.,444. Eaton, E.N. ,629,884. Eberhardt,A.,590. Eberhardt,R.,823. Ebert,H.,230. Eck. J. J. van, 49.5. Eckardt, 727. Eckart, C. F. , 489, 960, 976. Eckel,E.C.,25. 1146 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Eckel, L.S., 787. Eckles,C.H.,7;Jl,](»'<. Edington,A.,51]. Edlefsen,:W(). Edlcr,W.,77a. Edson,A.W.,591,85:^. Edwards, H.T.,7E:i. Edwards, R. A., 18. Edwards.W. C.,l(r,. llt.ll.V Effendi,M.,1133. Egeberg,K.,192. Eggraaim,C.,1012. Ehrstrom,R.,600. Eichloff,R.,396. Eijkman,C.,84. Emecke,A.,809. Eisenberg, P., 82,296. Eldridge,G.N..313. Eleneveski,Z.F.,lLS2. Eliot, J., 342, 654. Ellenberger,613. Ellerbroek,A.,995. Elligers,J..jr.,.56(). Ellinger, 617. Elliott, A., 103. Elliott, C. G., 94, ai7, 827, 9:?4. 1024. Elliott, E.E., 711. Elliott, W., 464. Emott,"Wy man, 1077. Elliott, W. J.. 311. Ellis, C.E., 884, 885. Ellis, W.T., 123, 158. Elinassiaii,M.,192. Elmer, A. D., 18. Elsden,J.V..623. Emerson, R. A. ,207, 249,5:i<,.542, 577. Emmerich, R., 403, 987. Emmerling, A. , .549, SliO. Emmerling, O. , 4.50. Endlicl).R:,190. Engelbrecht, T. H. , 578. Engelliardt,G.,82. Engler,A.,779. Engstrom, N. , 508, 622. Enriguez,E.,706. Erf, C, 201, 1028. Eriksson,. J., m3, 484. Erlwein,G.,348,424. Ernst, W., 925. Erwin,A.T.,201,870,9()(). Es,L.van,821. Escherich,K.,881. Espine,A.d',1124. Esten, W.M.,911. Ettling,C..680. Eustace, H. J. , 375, 376, 781. Evans, J. D., 385. Evans, J. N., 627. Evans, P., 365, 1077. Evers, 817, 820. Ewell,E.E.,632. Fabritius, L., 617. Fachinato, A., 954. Paes, H., 597, 695, 788. Pagan, R. S.P.,262. Pailyer,G.H.,444. Fain,J.R. ,".<)], 1070. Fain-hild,D.G.,247,24.i,2r,:!, 117 5:i>i, .542, .544, 1079. Falc()nnet,H.,680. Fallada,O.,801. Falloise,A.,4<«. Farcy, J., 62. Farmer, P.M., 887. Farn.steiner , K. , K«6, 9H7, 9«i. Farrand, T. A.,:». Farrer,"W.,49,.572. Fascetti, G., 295, 1(K)3, 100(1. Fassig, O. L. , 230, m\, S.'ili. Faure,L.,.521. Fam-ot,P. W., 163, 170,3(i5. Favor, E.H., 201. Faye,G.,6(K),601. Feilitzen, H. von, 26, 31 , 573. Feinschmidt,J.,110(). Feist, G., 193. Felgentrager , 132. Fellows, A. L., 1024. Fellows, G.E., 328. Felt, E. P., 167, :«i, 489,.->;>8,694, 695, 1089. Ferguson, M., 603. rerie,F.,748. Fernald,C.H.,167. Fernald, H. T., 167, 27.5, 788, 791. Fernald,M.E.,278. Fernald, M.L., 484. Fernbach,A.,954. rerrant,G.,1018. Ferris, E.B., 142, 829. Ferry, D.M., 1140. Fetherstonhaugh, C, 10.55. Fettick,0.,823. Fiebiger,J.,89. Field, C.W., 1054. Field, J. E., 8:33, 1024. Field, "W.E., 8:3.3. Fields, J., ;393. Filebne,W.,6.5. Fingerling, G . , 605. Finlay.son, D., 48, 159, 683. Finley,C.J.,.314. Pippin, E.O.,&58. Fischer, C.,. 519. Fischer, E., 798. Fischer, P., 338. Fischer, G ,416. Fischer, M., 498. Fischer, M.H., 1054. Fischer, C, 798. Fischer, R., 629. Pish, P. A., 118. Fisher, G.E.,, 58. Fisher, P., 720. Fisher, R.T., 45. Fisher, R.W., 40, 149. Fisher, S., 114. Fisher, T., 1134. Fixter,J.,166,38.5. Fleming, B. P., 520. Fletcher, H., 887. Fletcher, J. , 1*5, 166, 476, .546. 877, 878. Fletcher, P. B., 880. Fletcher, K. W.,203, 2(H;, 3J2, 67,3, (W9, 776. Fleurent, E., 885, 9«7. Fleutiaux,E.,274. Flintoflf, 1008. Flowers. A. S., 495. Floyd, CM., .525. Flugge,C.,917. Flynn,B.H., 11:34. Flynn. M.S., 11:34. Fokker.A.P.,fi09. Foord,J. A..98,712. Forbes, E. B. , m, 2(«), 997. Forbes, F. B. , 23.5. 9.5:}. Forbes, R. H. , :3:30, 872, 889. Forbes, S. A., .529, .594, 789. Forbush.E.H.,228. Ford, W.W., Ills. Forder,S.W., 9.5:3. Forster,0.,745. Fort.J.P.,754. Fortier,S.,9.3, 126. 19,'-,, .-,30, 1024 1137. Fo.ster,P.O,,lfX),li:37. Foster, J., 628. Foster, R.J,, 201, 10ri8. Fournier,E.,2:32, Fontan,J.M.,922. Fowler, W,T,, 7.31. Fox, J. W., 198. Francke, 1021. Frank, A., 131,347,424. Frank, E., 604. Frank, P.. 622, 998. Franke,B.,8.30. Frankforter, G. B., 103. Frankfurt, S.L., 24. Franklin, W.S.,. 522. Praps, G. S., 203,443,629,8.58. Fraser, S., 100, 11.34. Fraser, T. A., 80,1008. Fraser, W. J., 908, 9(H). Frazee, D. P., 731. Frazier,R.R.,998. Frear, W., 121, 12(j, 128, 147,2:36, 288,442,572,702,1064. Preckmann, W., .572. Freeman, E. M.,5(), 752. Freeman, L.R., 934. Freeman, W. G., 4.51. Fremont, M., 488. French, C, 684, 1(J89. French, G.H., 880. Frentzel,J.,99.5. Frerichs,G.,121. Fresenius, H., 122. Presenius, W. , 122. Preudenreich, E. von, 184, 449, 814. Fribourg,G.,567. Pried berger,E., 90, 296. Priedlander,A.,989. Friedmann, P. P., 61.5. Freidrich.K.,338. Friend, C.E., 201. Fries, J. A., 147, 799. Priis,S.,92:3, Fritz, N., 378. INDEX OB' NAMES. 1147 Frizeudorf,T.O.,232. Froggatt, W. "W., 169,277,278, 379,&s;5,(:i91,7S(). Frohawk,P.W.,789. Fr6hner,E.,927,928. Fron,A.,480. Frost, J., 830. Friiwirtli,C.,24,770. Fry,T.B.,262. Fiiertes, L. A., r>.58. Fuller, C, 52. 109, S78, 888, 975, 980. Fuller. F.D., 435, 497. Fuller, G.W., 828. FuUer,J.G.,1138. Fulmer,E.,658. Fulton, S.H., 254, 581. Fulton, W.M., 230. Fumagalli,A.,929. Funder,L.,G05. Funk, J. D., 541. Furth,O.vou,850. Gabriel, M., 611. Gage.S.De M.. 449, 450, 854. Gagey,R.,1136. Gain, E., 420. Gale, A., 62. Galeotti,G.,993. Galli- Valerie, B., 91, 490, 728. Galloway, B. T., 238, 312, 328, 368, 544,947. Galtier,V.,724,929. Gamble, W. P., 12, 23, 1108, 1117. Gannett, H., 1.56, 1.57, 9.57. Gappikh,K.,507. Garcia, F., 587. Gardiner, H. C, 178, 1127, 1134. Gardner, F. D. , laS, 939, 1029. Gardner,©. M., 202. Gardner, S.F., 9.51. Garman, H. , 159,-693, 977, 978. Garnault,P.,82. Garcia, C. v., 131. Garriott,E.B.,230,655. Garstin,"W.,621. Gasching,P.,506. Gatin-Gruezwska, Z., 750. Gautie,A.,386. Gay,C.W.,a5,201. Geddings,H.D.,62. Gedoelst,L.,]117. Gedroitz,K.K.,549. Geerkens, A. , 243. Geerlig8,H.C.P.,1035. Geismar, L. M., 36, 349, a59. Gele,E.,762. Gengou.O., 407,1118. Gennadius,P.,979. Georgeson, CO., 132, 212, 213. Georgievics,G. von, 226. Gerlacb , M . , 25, 424, 449, 86( i. Geromanos, H. W. , 647. Giard,A.,693. Gibbing.s,G.H.,919. Gibbs,W.D.,99,202. Gibson, A., 877. Gibson, P., 1023. Gibson, R.B., 646. Giemsa,G.,559. Giesenhagen, K., 851. Gifford,J.,369,48]. Gilbert, A. G., 177. Gilchrist, D. A., 767, 805, 894, 896, 897,906,993. Gilchrist,J.B.,42. Giles, G.M., 879. Gill, A. H., 223. Gillet,C.,1002. Gillet,F.,971. Gillette, C. P., 545, .547. Gilliland,S.H.,611. Gilmorc,J.W.,241. Gilruth, J. A., 297, 304, 1121. Gilson,L.D.,302. Ginestous, G., 342, 653, 8.57. Giran,H.,645. Girard,J.de,273. Girola, CD., 15, 48, 247, 355. Gisevius, 665. Giugiaro,G.,821. Giustiniani, E., 5.55, 753, 956. Given, A., 224. 01adhill,J.W.,8.51. Glaessner,K.,888. Glage,F.,396,498,726. Glaisher,J.,18. Glendinning. H., 102. Glenn, S.W., 18. Glover, A. J., 292. Gnirss,130. Goddard,L.H.,1029. Godlewski,E.,447. Goessmann, C. A., 131, 225, 236, 348, 66!! Goethe, R., 477, 942. Going, M., 368. Goldbeck,P.,822. Goldberg, 825. Goldberg, A., 336. Goldsborough, A. T.,581. Goltschke,0.,336. (4oltz, T. von der, 524. Good,E.S.,201. Goodell,H.H.,a34. Goodrich, C.L., 1031. Goodrich, C. P., 718. Gordon, G., 776. Gordon, P. R., 720. Gorgas,W.C.,984. Goris,A.,448. Goss,A.,13. Gossard,H. A., 277,278. G6ssel,F.,.564,r60. Gottstein,E.,84. Gouin,A.,478. Gould, J.N. ,517. Gowdy,J.K.,10.56. Gowell.G.M., 394, 1104. Grabenstodt,K.,795. Graff, J., 990. Graham, A. B., 1001. Graham, W., 8.51. Graham, "W. R., 71, 179, 394, 1105. Graham-Smith, G.S., 1119 Gram,H.M.,i)20. Grams, E., 82.5. Graudcau, L., (i7, 2.'!2, 283, 289, 347, 389, ;i91, 802, 991. Grandi,S.de,;i97. Grange, B. A. A., 186,391. Grant, C.E., 877. Grant, M., 229. Granucei,L.,832. Grassberger, R.,919. Gravenhorst, E. H. B., 1013. Graves, H.S., 45. Gray, C, 934. Gray, C.E., 121. Gray, St. G., 791. Green, A. O., 482. Green, E.G., 312, 697. Green, E. E. , .56, 168, 880. Green, S.B.,;568, 473, 480. Green, W. J., 254. Greene, G.O., 201, 87a Greene, J. S., 1024. Greenish, H.G., 598. Greenwell,A.,623. Gregg, E.S., 939. Gregoire, A. , 87, 146, 243, 444, .563, 809. Greiflf,B.de,955. Greiner,T.,252. Grenedan, J. Du Plessis de,626. Greshoff,M.,495. Gresswell,A.,194. Gresswell,C.,194. Grosswell,G.,194. Griffiths, A. B., 860. Griffiths, D., 241. Grimme,A.,727. Grindley,H. S., 430, 431, 734, 988. Grips, W., 726. Grisdale, J. H., 1.35,172,174,175, 176, 183, 466. Groff,H.W.,.542. Grohmann,866. Gromann, W. von, 470. Grosdemange, C. , 248. Grosjean, 0.,449. Gross, E.,. 574, 866. Gross, H., 995. Grosse-Bohle,H.,851. Groth,L.A.,2.5. Grotjahn, 3'<7. Grottes, P. des, 754. Gruber,913. Grueber, von, 122, 131 . Grunau,825. Griinhut,L.,851. Griiters,M.,444. Guarini,E.,416,729. Guccione,D.G.,817. Gudeman, E., 103, 440,986. Guenaux,G., 690, 1056. Guenther, R. , 286, 587, 997. Gueraud de Laharpe, S., 'M\ 857. Guercio,G. del, 27.5, 376. Guerin,C.,1023. Guigne,C.de,104. GuiUerey,J.,.518. Guilliermond, A., 448. Guillou, J. M. , 273, 487, .592, 679. 1148 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. Giiioii, W.,7y5. Guiraiid,L.,386. Guldo,J.,788. Gunuing, 550, 1057. Giiiisaulus,F.W.,323. Guthrie, F. B. , 74«, 753, 761 . Guthrie, F.W., 387. Gutzeit,G.,410. Guy, A., 870. Guyot,793. Haan,J.de,518. Haarst, P. M. van, 1051. Haddock, I.T., 647. Hadi,S.M.,168,:357. Hagemann, C, 396. Hagemann, O., 122, 1001. Hagen,M.,348,860. Hajnal,J.,918. Halo, J.H., 205,207. Haley, T.G., 1023. Hall, A. D., 38, 2*3, 316, 465, 5&5, 734,771,772,773,964. Hall, C. van, 375. Hall, F. H., 52, 199, 376, 399, 474, 508,782,905,970,979,1117. Hall, H.M., 751. Hall, L.D., 200. Hall, W.L., 260, 262, 778. Halliburton, W. D., 990. Halligan,C.P.,834. Halligan,J.E.,731. Halliger,W.,451. Hals, S., 66, 601, 1054. Halsey,J.T.,1118. Halsted, B. D., 152, 155, 158, 159, 161,274,828,1075. Hamburg, M., 387. Hamilton, D. J., 300. Hamilton, J. , 102, 236, 418, 523. Hamilton, J. (Australia), 782. Hamlin, Mrs. C, 1138. Hammond, H.S., 335. Hampton, H.H., 419. Hanbury,T.,208. Handy, J. O., 1059. Haney,J.G.,1024. Hanley,T.,733. Hann,J.,20,563. Hansemann,D. von, 721. Hansen, C, 603. Hansen, H. J., 621. Hansen, J., 1001. Hansen , N . E . , 253, 366, 542. Happicb,C.,912. Harbaugb,W.H.,620. Harcourt,R., 24, 36, 72, 77, 78, 146, 430, 431, 813, 1072, 1073, 1093. Hardesty,W.P.,92. Hardin, M.B., 26. Harding, H. A. , .51, 399, .508, 607. Hardy, J. C, 103, 828, 334. Hardy, T., 678. Hare, R. P., 202, 1064. Harland,M.,386. Harper, T.B., 230. Harrington, F. O., 869, 968. Harrington, H. H. , 312, 348, 358. Harris, A. W., 734. Harris, E.L., 226, 810. Harris,P.W.,l(K)]. Harris, I. F. , 2;il , 222, 2*5, 445. Harris, J. H., 544. Harris, R. A., 18. Harris, R.H., 792. Harris, S., 992. Harris, T. J., 586, 677. Harrison, C, 280. Harrison, F.C., 63, 79,84,91,183, 483, ,509, 717, 815, 826, 987, 1006, 1117. Harrison, H.H., 1024. Harrison, J. B., 578,^53. Harrison, L., 311, 371. Harrison, "W.G., 311. Harshberger, J. W., 557. Hart,E. B.,202, 399, 4(X), 428, 430, 496,607,629,1004,1117. Hart, F., 1042. Hart, J. W., 79, 300. Hartley , C. P. , 145, 340, 541. Hartwell,B.L.,130,312. Hasenbaumer, J., 1052. Haskell, A. A., 202. Hassack,K.,851. Hassall,A.,307,1055. Hastings, E.G., 716. Hatai,S.,706. Hauman,L.,404. Hauptmann , E . , 1010. Hanstein, R. von, 169. Havenbill,M.,953. Havice,G.M.,733. Hawk, P. B., 494, 888, 992. Hawthorn, E., 916. Hayden,C.C.,200. Hayes, C.W., 25. Hayes, W.E., 99. Hayes, W.O., 523. Hayne,A.P.,738. Haynes,T.,285. Hays, W. M. , 37, 816, 327, 423, 542, 830. Hayward,H.,5,181,208. Haywood, J. K., 225, 232,279, 441, 629. Headden, "W. P., 343, 443, 454, 657. Heard, W W.,785. Hearn,W.E.,658. Hebard,G.R.,417. Hebert,A.,554,555,763. Heckel,E.,1075. Hedgcock, G. G., 487, 782. Hedin,S.G.,995. Hedlund,T.,122. Hedrick,U.P.,259,580. Heerberger,"W.,828. Hefele,C.,264. Hefelmann,R-,648. Heidemann, O., 783. Heileman, W. H., 459, 859. Heinick,E.,510,619. Heinricher , E. , 371. Heinze,B.,388. Heiskell,H.L.,856. Hele-Shaw,H. S.,196,420. Helm, W., 396. Hehne,N.,134. Holms, R., 752. Hempol, A.,.594,9S0, KKCi. Hempel,H.,987. Hcnc-ko,A.,404. Hender.son,L. F., 145, 876. Henderson, Y., 703. Hondricksen, H. C, 628. Henkel,808. Henkel,A.,874. Hennings,P.,589. Honriet,H.,957. Henriquos, V., 603. Henry, A. ,519. Henry, A. J., 125, 957. Henry, E., 125, 882, 764. Henry, J., 51. Henry, T. A., 556. Henry, W. A. , 539, 530, 718, 815. Henry, Y.,a54. Henseval, M., 185, 395, 396, 715, 811,1117. Henshaw,F.F., 124,342, 653,956. Henslow,G.,282. Hentschel,E.,558. Heppe, 1.30. Hergesell,H.,856. Hermann, T., 83. Herrera, A. L., 55, 690, 783, 748, 785,790. Herrick,G.W.,379,783 Hertel,M.,1138. Herty,C.H.,46. Herxheimer , G. , 618. Herzfeld,A.,796. Herzf elder, A. D., 385. Herzog,H.,396,615. Hess, A. W., 285. Heston,J. ■W.,100. Heuss, 614. Hexamer, P.M., 1076. Heyne,E.B.von,833. Hickel,R.,261. Hickman, J. P., 340. Hicks, J. P., 874. Higbee,O.C.,710. Higgins, C. H., 113, 117, 1133. Hildebrandsson, H. H., 4.53. Hilgard, E. W.,104, 126,815, 339, 330, 428, 746, 750, 761, 763, 793. Hilgendorf,F.W.,378. Hilger,A.,650. Hill, A., 785. Hill, D.H., 199. Hill, L. A., 99, 334. Hill, R., 46. Hill, S., 415. Hillig,F.J.,654. Hillman,F.H.,265. Hills, J. L., 36, 393, 897, 401, 854, 889, 1064, 1070, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1114. Hiltner,L., 123, 5.57. Hinds, "W.E., 388. Hird,J.D.,629. Hissink,D.J.,467. Hitchcock, A. S., 545. Hitchcock, F. H., 871, 417, 625. Hitchings,G.,254. INDEX OF NAMES. 1149 Hite,B.H.,42S,4ro,l(K>4. Hitiei-.H.,X'<)r).r)01, 202. Husmann, G. C, 154, 257. Huston, H. A., 345. Hutcheon, D., 81, 84, 85, 191,300, 302,303, 411, 511, 718, 1008, 1126, 1129. Hutchins,J.W.,202. Hutchinson, A. J. , 774. Hutchinson, J. , 682. Hiitchinson, W. L., 198. Hutt,H.L., 39, 153, 257, 331, 332, 1074. Hutt,"W.]Sr.,871. Hutyra,F.,914. Hyde, D.D., 997. Ibars, J. J.,727. Ignatowski, A. O., 915. 1100. Immendorff , H. , 128, 564. Ingle, H., 999. Inkersley, A.,935. Irwell,L.,795. Isaachsen, H., 505. Issatchenko, B. , 450. Istvanffi, G. de, 164. Ivins,G. A.,870. Jack,F.B.,:«6. Jackschath, E.,921, 1014. Jackson, B. A., 100. Jackson, H. C, 751. Jackson, H. v., 885. Jacky,E.,487. Jacob, M., 186, 201. Jacobson,R.C.,618. Jacquem i n , G . , 364. Jaczewski, A. von, 375, 377. Jaffa, M.E., 98, 443, 492, 629. Jagt, H. A. C. van der , 660. James, CO., 79, 101, 1030, 1031 . James, C.de, 592. James, S. P., 559, 697. Jamiesou, J. A. , 9;i5. Jamioson, T. , 996, 1062. Janet, C, 692. Jan nock, T., 367. Jarvis, T.D.,.56. Javillier, M.,4.52. Jean, F., 1004. Jeffery,J.A.,1070. Jeffrey, E.G. ,446. Jelkmann,929. Jenkins, E. H., 283,328, 467, 472, 475, 4o2, 497, 663, 702, 985. Jennings, J. T. W., 7. Jensen, C. A., &58. Jensen, C. O., 395, 913, 917, 922, 1018. Jensen, J. L., 1086. Jerke,519. Jesse, R.H., 41,5. Joest,E.,80,1011. Johannsen, O. A., 490. Johnson, F. S. S.,596. Johnson, H. P. , 167, 1120. Johnson, T., 373. Johnson, T.C., 312. Johnson, W.G., 1093. Johnson, "W.H., 478. Johnston, C. T. , 208,414, 833, 1024. Johnston, F.S., 312. Johnston, Mrs. M. F., li;«. Joly,G.,620. Jones, C.H., 26, 392, 629, 853, 889, 1053,1064,1099,1113. Jones, E.B., 518. Jones, G.B.,a58. Jon- s, J. M., 938. Jones, L. R. , 543, 833, 1085, 1087. Jones, v., 665. Jong,D.A.de,517. Jonsson,B.,.552,683. Jonsson, J. V.,96. Jogs, A., 79. Jordan, A. E., 311. Jordan, A. T., 149. Jordan, H., 630. Jordan. W. H. , 326, 328, 497, 1025. Jordi,E.,484. Jorgensen, E . , 622. Joseph, 825. Jouzier,E.,626,741. Jovis,921. Juckenack, A.,388. Judd,T., 378, 1080. Juhlin-Dannf elt, H. , 576. Junack,D.,1020. Junge,E..,472. Jiirgelunas, A., 920. Jiii'gensen, C.,387. Jurie,A.,679. Juritz.C.F., 326. 1061. Kabitz,H.,81,1007. Kahlden, von, 634. K;impfer,T.,744. Kampmann, 306. K:ippeli,J.,893. K;lrnbach,927. Kasatkin,A. I.,1008. 1150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Kaseror,H.,486. Kasi)arek,T.,057. Ka.stlo,.I.H.,4.53. Katayama, T. , 1052. Katz;,J.,886. Ka«cher,W.,18. Kaufman, E. E., KW, 830. Kavli,A.,6C,601. Kearney, T.H., 234. K(>bk'r,L.F.,G29,a')2. Kcoler,H.L.,3C8. Keffer,C.A.,aS0. Reiser, E.H.,!«i. Keller, C, 695. Keller, E., 83. Keller, G.N. ,525. Kellerman , W. A. , 53, 087, 781 . Kellner.0..498. Kellogg, A.M., 1026. Kellogg, J. W., 706. Kellogg, R.S., 370. Kellogg, V. L. , 60, 274, 558, 698. Kelsey, J. A., 1.52, 155, 1.58, 1.59, 161,274,1075. Kennedy, W. J. , 291 , 420, .502, .529, 1102. Kenrick,E.B.,629. Kern, C. A., 285. Kern, R.H., 41,5. Kerr, G. A., 441, 629. Kerr, H.W., 998. Kerr,J.W.,675. KiefEer,J.J.,691. Kilgore, B. W. . 103, 328, 8.30. Killebrew,J.B.,415. Killin,B.,628. Kilman,A.H.,877. Kimball, CD.. 100. Kimball, H. H., 230, 560. Kindt, L., 680. King, D.W., 415. King, F.H., 23:3, 330, 631. Kinsella,J.A.,913. Kinsley, A. T., 127. Kinzel,"W.,684,797. Kinzer,R.J.,201. - Kirchner,W.,396. Kirillov,A.,62. Kirk, T.W.,. 55, 107.5. Kirsten,A.,716. Kister,I.,396. Kitscliunow,N.,9&5. Kitt,T.,4<». Klaiber,E.,987. Klason,J.P.,122. Klee,R.,307. Klein, H., 445. Klein, J., 716. Klein, O., 349. Kleine,F.K.,927. Kleptzov,K.Z.,sO,5U. Klingmuller,V.,723. Klocker,A.,4.50. Kloepfer,E.,130. King, A., 297. Knapp,G.N.,312,732. Knapp,S. A., 785,863. Knechtel,A.,780. Knight, H.G.,5»!. Knight, N., 9.53. Knight, W. A., 410. Knight, W.C, 101. Knoch,C.,913. Knosel,T.,764. Knott, C.G., 856. Knowles,M.E., 112,113,187. Kniisel,85, 1013. Kobus,J.D.,773. Kooh,L.,.522. Koch, R., 82, 301, 721, 836, 1008, 1014, 1126, 1131. Koch, T. P., 922. Koch, W.,&5, 751. Kofler,J.J.,925. Kofoid,R.N.,751. Kohler, 613. Kohler,A.,890. Kohler, D.R., 409. Kokubo,K.,194. Kolbe,H.J.,169,878. Kolesnikov,I.D.,470. Konig, J. , &5, 283, 602, 991, 1052. Koninck, L. L. de, 646. Koning,C.J.,973. Koningsberger, J. C, 193. Koons,B.P.,525. Kopp, 1010. Koppen,A.,189. Korczynski, L. R. von, 390. Kornauth.K., 10.56. Knrner,T.,122. Korsma,E.,683. Koske,F.,519. Ko.ssel,A.,337.748. Kossel,H.,516,614,721. Kossovich , P. , 22, 23, .575, 651. Kosutany,T.,420,794. Kosyachenko, I. S.,652. Kountz,J.,1137. Kovenko,A.I.,470. Kowale wsky , J. , 922. Kraemer,H.,a53. Kragness,T.A.,408. Krauch,C.,5.53. Krau9.C.,&52. Kraus,R.,90,609. Krebs.W., 10.58. Krompecher, E. , 188. Kromphardt. C. , 600. Krug.W.H.,263. Kriiger,725,8]7. Krilger,'J'.R.,704. Kruger,W.,1140. Krummacher,0.,64,445. Kncharzewski, H. , 403. Kiihling,0.,649. Kiihn,E.,.517. Kithnau,M.,1099. Kuhne,G.,729. Kiikuljevic, J. von, 619. Kulagin,N.,791,792. Kiinnemann, O. , 510. Kun.semiiller , P. . 1130. Kunze, 1017. Kupzis,.T.,1127. Kurmann,F.,694. Ku9ter,E.,373. Kuster,F.W.,444. Kiitscher, P., 749. 795. Kuwana,S. I.,31.5, lOiJl. LaBach,J.O.,6:J9. Labbe,H.,223. Labbe,M.,609. Labergerie, 1075. Labully,P.,1129. Lace,. J. H., 47. Ladd,E.F.,124,125, 147. 171, 49.5, 884,10.53. Lagatu,H.,127,461. Lagemann, J. H., 989. Lagerheim, G. , 162. Laharpe, S. G. de, 380, 857. Laird, A. J., 112.5. Lamarche, C. de, 998. Lamb, P. S., 1138. Lambotte,U.,608. LaMothe,B.,587. Lampa, S.,276. Lamson, H. H., 55, 202. Lanca.ster, A.,342. Land&znri, A. O. de, 728. Lander , A. G . , 833, 1030. Landes,C.,.5,58. Laudi9,C."W.,520. Landsheere, J. de, 1003. Lane, C.B., 182, 208, 312. Lane, C. P., 415. Lang, J., 787. Lang, "W.R., 121. Lauge,1020. Langille,H.D.,1.56. Langworthy. C. P., 70, 170. Lankester, E. R., 594. Lapham,J.E.,658. Lapham,M.H.,658. Larsen.C, 397, 1114. Latham, P., 827. Latimer, A. C, 415. Latta, W.C. 1,101. Laubert,R..268. Lauenstein. A. P., 10.53. Laujardiere, B. de, 66. Laurent, C, 971. Laurent, E. , 162, 338, ft52, 1081. Laui'itsen, L. J., 9213. Laveran, A., 303,412,413,819,1131. Lavinovich, M. , .305. Law, J. , 114, 295, .303, 620, 1128. Lawrason, S. M., 785. Lawrence, W. T,, 805. Lawrow, D.,798. Lawson,A.C,859. Lawson, H. W . , 427. Lay, J. G., 41. Lazenby, W. R.,43,206,.543,885. Lea, A.M., .597. Leach. A. E. , 224, 437, 4:39, 440,629, 648,990. Leahy, E., 196. Leahy, J. P. D., 408. Leather, J. W., 762. 1063. Leathes,J.B.,99:3. Lebeau,P.,747. Lebedev,A.,933. INDEX OF NAMES. 1151 Lecliartier, O., 244. Leclainohe, E.,518. Leclerc,A.,225. Le Clerc, J. A.,351,665. Leclerq,E.,5Tl. Lee,C.E.,2(K). Lee, J., lias. Leenhoff , J. W. van, 1(180. Lefroy,H.M.,58,60,315,r84. Leger,L.,596. Leglndic,M.,735. Lelimann, A., S7H. Lehmann, K. B. , 493, 1119. Lehmann. M., 3.58. Leliuert,E.H.,921. Leiberg,J.B.,1.56. Leidy,C.F.M.,8.5(). Leighton,M.O.,20,313. Leinbach,R.,338. Leishman, W. B., 188. Lekna?s,C.,1010. Lelimann, W., 615. Lemaitre, H., 10.52. Lemmermann, O., 5ti4, 892, 907, 908. Lemoine,E.,682. Lenclricli,K.,795. Lenormanrl.C.,336. Leonardi,G.,979,982. Lepel, F. von, 336,. 551, 847. Lepine,R.,887. Leplae.E..827. Lepoutre, L., 906. Lermer,J.K.,602. Lesne,P.,280.790. Lesperance, J., 912. Lester, P. E., 195. Letts, E. A., 522. Leusclier,E.,.599. Leiischner , A. O., 7.55. Levaditi,C., 402, 1134. Levene,P.A.,646,1100. Levy, E., 407. Levy, F., 793. Lewin,D.,987. Lewis, C.W., 203, 1138. Lewis, J. v., 8*3. Lewis, L.L.. 190. Lewton,F.L.,8a3. Lewton-Brain, L., .55, 266, 686, 974. Liautard, A.,620. Lichtenf elt , H. , 387, 990. Lichtenthaeler, R. H., 311. Lidow.A.,606. Liebig,J.,7.59. Liechti,P., 121,646. 10.53. Liefeld,B.F.,66. Lienau,D.,769. Lierke,C.,.581. Lieutaud,F.,8.5. LigniSres, J., 192, 516, 924, 1015, 1019. Lilienthal,860. Lindemiith,H.,361. Lindin.E. van der,342,448. Lindet.L.,]22,793. Lindgren,W.,93. Lindsay, L. N., 731. Lindsey, J. B., 146, 171,174.183. 186,191,992,1003,1110. Linfleld, F.B., 140,709,710,1104, 1137. Ling, A. R.. 120, 445. Lingard, A. , 925, 1007, 1127. Linkh.G.,892,907. Linklater,W.A.,420. Lipman, J. G., 127, 433, 434. Lippincott, J. B. , 414. Lippmann, E. O. von, 1054. Lippoldes, W. , 768. Little, E.E., 584. Littlewood,'W.,406. Livingston, B. E. , 340. Livingston, E. B., 751, 753. Lloyd, C.F., 796. Lloyd, E. R., 198, 7a5, 804. Lloyd, F. J., 930. Lochhead, W., 56, 161, 483, 546, 784,786,877,1085,1090. Loclite,396. Lockyear. J. N., 957. Lockyer,W.J.S.,19. Lode, A., 79. Loeb,L., 511, 1007. Loevenhart, A. S. , 452, 912. Loew,F.A.,227. Loew, O., 226, 227, 338, 446, 4.52, 760. L6ffler,F.,724. Loges,G.,801. Loir. A., 193, 383. Loiseau,L.,363. Long, J. H., 103, 855. Longyear,B.O.,123. Lopez, F., 983, 1093. Lord, N.W., 1064. Lorenz, N. von, 120 L6te.J.von,11.33. Lothes,927,112::5. Loughridge, R. H., 629, 761, 7()2. Lounsbiu-y, C. P., 303, 307, 61,s, 788,882,1126. Lovejoy,D.R.,424. Loverdo, J. de, 624. Lowe, V.H., 202. Lowe, W.H., 112. L6wit,M.,296. Loze,E.,817. Ltibke,924. Luckey,D.F.,406. Ludewig, 88, 1009. Luebkert.O.,315. Luhs,J.,1014. Lukens,T.P.,1082. Lumiere, A., 1120. Lummis, G. M. , 48, 49, K K 1, 628. Luudstrom, S. F., 56!^. Lunge, G., 10.53. Lnsk,G.,7a5. Lux, A., 812. Luxmore, C. M., a57. Lydtin,A.,996. Lyman, R. P., 187. Lyon, D.E., 170. Lyon, E., 795. Lyon, T. L., a56,960, 1068. Lyon. W. S. , 246, 265, 366, 732. Ly thgoe, H. C. , 629, 648, 990. McAdie, A. G., 18, 230, 231, 755, &56. McAllister, W. K. , 1024. MoAlpine,D.,688. McBryde,J.B.,203. McCarthy, CD., 262. McCarthy, D. J., 1020. McCarthy, G., 40, 256,258,885,984. McClatchie, A. J., 870, 873. McChirg,G.,1023. McConnell,T.F.,9(J0. MeCormick,R.L.,46. McCulloch,H.D.,387. McCnlloch,L.,311. McCullough, E. , m~, 728. McDonnell, H. B., 348, 427, 463, 707. McDowell, H.B., 194. McEvoy,W.,385. McFadyean, J., 187, 919, 1121 . McFarland, J. H., 206, 1138. McGill, A., 284, 285, 629, 746, 990. McGinley,D.E.,281. McHenry,S.A.,312,360. Mcintosh, D., 553. Mcintosh, J. G. , 586, 680, 933. McKay, A. B., 198. McKay, G.L., 397, 1114. McKay, R.T., 728. McKenna, E. M. M., .587. McKenney , R. E. B., 2.52, 332,685. McKerrow, G., 101, 103, 1121. McKinney,H.G.,414. McKinnon,W.A.,206. McLallen,H.C.,833. McLaughlin, C.B., 953. McLeod,C.H.,23. McLeod,J.H.,928. McLin.E.E., 236,348. McNaughton, C. B. , 588. McNeal,W.F.,1014. McNeill, M. A., 362. MacCartney , B. F. , .596. MaoDougal, D. T., 230, 339, 560, 563. MacDougall, R. S., 1128. Macfadyer,A.,l(K)6. Macfarlane, T., 79, 279, :«9, 989, 990, 1001. MacGillivray, A. D., 490. Mach,F.,12,1051. Machado,A.D.,68]. Mackay, A. , 123, 126, 135, 149, 157, 172, 174, 176, 179. Mackenzie, K. J. J., 772. Mackie,W.W.,286. Mackintosh, R.S., 60. MackBight,T.M.,887. Maclean, E:B., 725. MacLeod, A. E., 69. MacMurtrie, W., 1140. Macoun, J.,.5.58. Macoun,W.T.,135, 149, 1.57, 162, 163, 473, 476, 673, 1076. MacOwan,P.,21. 1152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. MacVeiiKh,F.,n38. Maddock^.JOS. Maddox,S.L.,578. Madison, "W. B. , 632, 8M. Maercker,M.,836. Magee,C.C.,420. Maggiora,A.,928. Magnin,A.,232. Magnus, P., 488. Mabin.F.W., 998,1072. Mahon,J.,6S,5V2. Maiden, J. H. , 261 , 756, 827. Maige,A.,269. Main, F., 523, 828. Mair,W.,1113. Mairs,T. I., 894,998. Maistre, J.,598. Mallock,A.,1016. Malm, O., 300, 1130. Malpeaux, L. , 244. Manes, 196. Manget, 13. Manget,C.,449. Mangin, L. , .59, 165, .591 , lOtW. Mangum, A. W. , 6.58. Mann, H. H., 1.54, 277, 451 , 679, 981. Manning, W.H., 1138. Mansfeld, M.,987,989. Manso de Zuniga, D. V. C, 1058. Manson, M.,780. Maragl iano , E . , 722. Marbury,J.B.,230. Marcaida, J. M. de, 733. Marcas,L.,811. Marchal, E. , 267, 268, 33S, 373, 590, 1016. Marcboux, E. , 517, 621. Marcos, L., 185. Marean,H.W.,658. Marechal, 416. Mares, R., 695. Marescalchi, A., 418. Maresch,R.,90. Mari,N.N.,80. Marie, A., 188, 915. Marion, 13. Markus,H.,83,1011. Marlatt, C. L., 58, 206, 278, 596. Marotel,G.,519. Marquette, G. J., 316. Marquis, R., 338. Marr,J.E.,345. Marre,E.,162. Marshall, C.E., 1113. Marshall, C. J., 112, 113. Marshall, F.R., 312. Marshall, W.B., 365 Marston,A.,934. Martel,E.A.,343. Martel,H.,.518,795. Martin, C, 913. Martin, H., 697. Martin, J., jr., 691. Martinet, G., 577. Martini, E., 818,926. Marvin, C. P. , 18, 230, .560, 6.55, 856. Marx, E., 79, 89. Masalski,V.I.,32. Mason, F.H., 661. Masse, R., 622. Massee.G., 485,687. Massoy, W. P., 40, 581, 585, 674, 776,830. Mastbaum , H. , 851 . Mathews, A. P., 7.51. Mathews, E., 39.5. Mathews, P. S., 1057. Matruchot, L., 2.53, 451, 472. Matthews, P. G., 299. Matz, 1009. Maughan,P.W.,1138. Maumene, A. , 775. Mawley,E.,19. Maxey,J.,1137. Maxon.W. R.,15. Maxwell, G.H., 1023. Maxwell, W. , 67, 88, 234. 821. May, D. W., 181, 314, 642, 708,939. May, O., 995. Mayer, A., 761. Mayer, P.,. 5.58, 892. Mayo,N.S., 85,127,718,82:3,1016, 1128,1129. Mead, E., 92, 109, 111, 194, 520, 8a3, 1032. Means, T. H. , 22, 234, 309, 4.59, 859, 1023. Medd,J.C.,1027,1139. Medinger,W.,830. Megnin,J.P.,818. Mehta,P.R.,762. Meigen,W.,645. Meis,V. de,513. Meissl,E.,130. Mell,P.H.,323. Menault,E.,208. Mendel, L.B., 600. Mentsel,C.,648,649. Mer,E.,695. Mereshkowsky , S. S., 7.54. Merrill, E.D.,:553, 733. Merrill, L.H., 867. Mertens,V.E.,922. Meserve,C.A.,200. Mesnier,L.,6.58. Mesnard, 1012. Mesnil,P.,413,1131. Messchaert, P. A. G., &30. Mestral,A.de,906. Metalnikow,S.,1092. Metcalf,H..331,487. MetchnikofE,E.,402. Mettam,A.E.,915. Metzner,R.,405. Meves,J.,881. Meyer, P. "W., 368. Meyer, H., 91.5, 929. Meyer, L. P., 99.5. Meyerhoflfer,W.,390. Michael, A. D., 691. Michaelson,H.,836. Michelin,A.,196. Michels,J.,607,1003. Michener,C.B.,620. Micko,K., 337, 9.54. Micucci,T.,816. Middleton,R.E.,728. Middleton, T. H., 895, 896, 897, 898, nm. Migone,E.,192. Mikesell,T., 1(^)8. Miles, C.E., 733. Miles,N.A.,415. Mill, H.R.,:W2, 6.54. Millar, J. H., 4.50. Miller, CO., 490. Miller, P. H., 229, 413. MiUer,H.B.,:i85,1076. Miller,H.K.,4,59. Miller, M. P., 1028. Miller, N.G., 1029. Miller, N.H. J., 127, 771. Miller, O.T.,10;56. Miller, W. W., 720, 1064. Mills, C.C, 920. Mills, J., 102, 632. Millspaugh, Mrs. C. P., 1138. MUner, R. D., 281, 282, 700, 701, 885. Milroy,J.A.,8.52. Milroy,T.H.,a52. Minder, A., 84, 86. Misch,P.,617. Mitchell, A. E., 1027. Mitchell, C. A., 446. Mitchell, H., 188. Mitscherlich, A., 847. Mittelstadt,H.,292. Mixer, C. A., 230. Modi-akowski, G., 3.37. MoeIler,P.,616. Moffett,S.E.,1024. Mohler,J.R.,304,51.5. Mohr.H.,3SW. Mohr,0.,9.55. Moissan,H.,424,&50. Mojonnier,T.,988. Moll, L., 1100. M611er,J.,943. MoUiard, M., 354, 451, 556. Mollison,J.,1026,1062. Monckeberg. J. G., 610. Moncure , W. A. P. , 203. Mondell,P.,1023. Monfallet,D.,l]24. Monhaupt,M.,126. Monjaras, J. R.,314. Monks, G., 967. Monnot,E.,lf)91. Monte, E. del, 56(1. Mooers,C.A.,346,764. Mookerji,D.N.,463. Mooney,C.N.,&58. Moore, B., 892. Moore, C.C, 433, &30. Moore, C. P., 99. Moore, E.L., 87, 38.3. Moore, G.T., 227, 232. Moore. J. P., 700. Moore, J. S., 198, 808. Moore, R. A., 1064,1087. Moore,V. A., 116, 117, 200, 405, 407, 816, 1124, 1125. Moore, "W.H. ,415. INDEX OF NAMES. 1153 Moore, W.L., 231. Moorhoiise,L. A.,860. Morax,V.,188. Morel, F.,:J72. Morgan, E.R., 520. Morgan , H. A. , 86, 725, 78.5. Morgan , J . O . , 372. Morgan,P.T.,lW. Morice,F.D.,788. Morin,196. Morley,E.W.,103. Moro,E.,493. Morrill, A. W., 382, 787. Morris, A. , 563, 757. Morris, D., 308, 671. Morris, O.M., 874. ]JlIorri9on,W.G.,202. Morse, F.W., 429. Morse, J. E., 674. Morse, M., 596. Morse, W. J. , .543, 853, 1085, 1087. Morton, G.E.,. 504. Mosely,E.L.,18. Mo.sier,J.G.,230. Moss, H.E., 712. Moszeik,F.,908. Motas,C..819. Mottareale, G., 272. Mottet,S.,45. Motzarski, L. , 1127. Mougeot, L..94. Mouilief ert , P. , 482, 632, 779. Momlleron,1019. Moiilin,A.,337. Moussu,G.,1017. Muckenf iiss, A . M. , 9.58. Mnlford,W.,369,480. Muller,020,823. Mimer,A.,336. Mnller,F.M.,785. Muller,H.C.,1140. Miiller , K. , 723, 726, 917, 918 Muller,M.,389,.551,988. Miiller, P. E., 588. Miiller. P. T., 608,609. Miiller, W., 501, 934. Miiller. W. J. , 121, 3-37, 650. Miiller-Thurgau, H. , 486. Mullie,G., 295, 71.5. Mumford,F.B.,99,331,542. Mumford,H."W.,802. Muncy,V.E.,857. Munili,F.,86. Munn,J.A.,993. Munson, L. S., 223, 4:^7, 440, ,551, 629. Munson, T. v., 207. Munson, "W. M., 39, 360,372,381, .565,870. Miintz, A.,850. Murphy, G.H., 288. Murphy, M m). Musgrave.W.E.,1131. Mus.s..n,C.T.,2a5.H82. Muth,F.,56i). Myers, E.G., 121. Myers, G.H., 837. Myers, H.O., 357. Myrick.H.,145. Nal)okikh,A.,123,651. Narhtweh,A.,828. Nagel,0.,646. Nagle,J.C.,.5;>0,521. Nag«.rski,V.,llHI7,1134. Naninga, A. W., 679. Nasmith,G.G.,74S,887. Naudin,L.,24. Naudinat,E.,jr.,1012. Neal,W.L.,2(K). Neale,A.T.,(M)4,623. Needham,C.W.,427. Needham, J. G.. 489, 490. Neger,F.W.,.365,557. Negri, A., 1031. Neill,N.P.,658. Neish,J.,a54,599,69.3. Nelson,A.,31,.S.54. Nelson, E. E., 850,.3;i9, 854. Nelson, E.W., 2.58. Nelson, J., 180, 190, 308. Nesom, G.E. ,1120. Neutaauer, H., 747. Neufeld,C.A.,607. Neufeld,P.,722. Neumann, G., 303. Neumann, R.O., 1119. N evimayer, G. von, 560. Neuville,H.,600. Nevill,R.S.,.577. Newell, F.H.,. 521, 1023. Newell, W., 595, 792,976. Newlands,F.,1023. Newman, C.L., 666, 864. Newman, G., 606. Newstead,R.,694. Nibecker,C.P.,10.5y. Niceoli, V.,415. Nicholls,A.G.,1119. Nichols, C, 731. Nicolle,C.,1118. Nielsen, H. P., 300. Nikaido,Y.,224. Niles,A.R.,674. Niven,J.,992. Nixon, 628. Noack,95. Nobbe,F.,761,762. Nobbs,E.A.,1026. Nocard, E. , 207, .301, 40<), 513, 613. Nocht,559. Nockolds,C.,412. Noll, 396. Noll,H.,a36. Nordmann, C.,.560. Nor mand , J . L . , 677 . Norris,C.W.,]24. Northcote, R., 776. Northrop, C. , ;325, 334. Northrop, R.S., 100, 830. Norton, J. B.S., 529. Nourse, D. O.. .573, 602. Novy,F.G.,1014. Noyes,A.A.,103,ti5(). Noyes.W.A.,104.H4s. Niirnberg,A.,ll(K). Niisslin,0.,692. Nuttall,G.H.F.,:^84,1118. Nuttall,T.,228. Ny cander , O . . ()23. Obrecht,R.C.,201,202. Obukhov,S.V.,817. O'Callaghan, M. A., 912. Odell,B.B.,jr.,627. Odenbach,F.L.,8.56. Ogden,A."W.,283,9&5. Ohlen,von,396. Oldys.H., 228,560. Ohg,A.,65. 01in,W.H.,938. Oliver, G.W., 259, 365. 01ivieri,F.E.,77.5. Olmsted, F.E., 264. Olmsted, P. L., 208. Olmsted, F. L., jr., 208,315. Olmsted, J. L., 208. 01shausen,B.A.,658. Olson, G. A., 498, 801. Omelianski,"W.,187. Ongaro,G.,1061. Onslow (Earl of),, 531. Oppenheimer, C, 891. Orlov,N.A.,445. Ormerod,E.,985. O'Rourke,C.H.,1063. Orr,T.E.,72. Orton,W.A.,332,542. Osborn. H. . 378, .546, 787, 1092. Osborn,H.F.,229. Osborne, T. B., 221, 333, 323, 445. Oschmann,A.,729. Osgood, E.E., 478. Oshanin,M.A.,1075. Osterberg,E.,953. Ostermayer,E.,390. Ostertag, R. , 733, 736, 928. Osterwald, 1019. Osterwalder , A. , 485, 974. Ostrander , J . E . , 124, 342, 653, 956. Otapenko,A.P.,80. Otis,D.H.,99,173. Ottavi,E.,418. Otte,V.F.,193. Otto, R., 91, 364, 797, 873. Ottolenghi,D.,101G. Overstad,T.A.,830. Paclioski,I.,.59. Paddock, W., 207, 688, 877. Page, J., 856. Page, L.W., 826. Page, R.W., 202. Paget. E.M., 25,347. Paget. S., 406. Palmans,L.,1033. Palmer, H.F., 413. Palmer, T. G., :156, 1024. Palmer, T. S. , .560, 7.53. Palmer, W. J., 315. Pammel, L. H., 48, 49, 831, 373, 542, .545, 874. Paneoast,G.R.,H51. Pannwitz,()13. Panov,N.,407,816. Pantanelli,E.,55. Panton,E.S.,694. 1154 EXPERIMENT STATION REGORD. ParasaiuclolS4. Unwin,W. C.,196. Upton, CO., 203,419. Unier,F.A.,629. Usher, S., 281. Ustyantsev,B.,601. Utra, G. d', 277, .574, 611, 9.58, 1019, 1061. Utz,(35,l(W3. Vagedes.K.. 190, 61.3. Valdizan,D.,1024. Valee. 1019. Valenti,G.L.,928. Valentine, C. J., 816. Vallee, H. , .509, 516, 1022. Vanatter, P.O., 467, 1069. Van Biervliet. P. . 248, 106:^. Van Delden, A., 4.50. Van der Jagt , H. A. C. , 660. Van der Linden, E., 342, 448. Vandei'plancken, J.,605, 717. Vandervaeren, J., 266, 295, 563, 809. 812. Vanderyst, H. , .589, 757. Van der Zande, K. H. M., 77, 604,606. Vandevelde, A. J. J., G05, 717, 884. Van de Velde,H.,1003. Van de Venne.H.,:i91. Van Deventer,W.,277,692,976. Van Dormael, J., 746. Van Dulm, F. W., 85, 1012. VanDurme,P..403. VanEck,J.J..4a5. VanEs,L..821. Van Haarst,P. M.,1051. Van Hall, C, 375. Van Hook, J. M., 1029. Vanlno,L.,3&5. Van Leenhofif, J.W.,1080. Van Norman, H.E., 396. VanRijn,.J.J. L.,78. Van Romburgh,P.,154. Vauha. J. J.,466. Van Slyke, L. L., 399, 400, 429, 4:«. 443, 607, 1001, 1117. Van Wagener, E. M., 338. Varges, 49:?. Vaughan.V.C, 11X59. Veener, B. B.. 575. Veitch,F.P..4;33.629. Vejux-Tyrode. N., 1129. Velde,H. van de, 1003. Venables.E.P.,690. Venue, H. van de, 391, INDEX OF NAMES. 1159 Verda,A.,646. Vergon,F.P.,254. Vermeiile.C.C.,94. Vermeulen,H.A.,86,1008. Vernon. H.M., 994. Vernon, J. J. , 19.5, 343, KM). Verry,F., 098,792. Verschaffelt,E.,340. Verson,E.,S83,as4. Verweij, A., 120. 7G4. Viala,E.,193. Viala, P. , 59. lU."). 'if^t. .591 . 1 (193. Vianey,C.,3si. Vibrans, 859. Vidal,D.,.52. Vigreux,H.,338. Vilmorin,L.de,n40. Vincenheller,W.G.,98. Vincent, J., 342. Vinei-,B.B.,562. Voelcker,J.A.,765,8T4,890,KKl8, 1108. Vogel,I.,25,449. Voges,0.,518. Volliard,J.,890. Voglino,E.,573. Voglino,P.,269,.590. Vogtlierr,M.,646. Voigt, A.,265. Voit,E.,64,602. Volck, W. H. , 200, 695, 696. Volney,C.W.,551. Volpino,G.,649. Voorhees, E. B., 102, 128, 242, 2.->l , 324, 328, 330, 520, 521, (>«, 1024. Voorhees, L. A., 131, 288. Voss-Schrader, A., 1117. Vradi,V.P.,23,.5.59. Vrics, H. de, 471, 541, 581. Vulte,H.T.,837. Waddell,A.R.,597. Waddell,W.,79. Wade, I.e., 815. Wagener, E. M. van, 338. Wagner, F., 788. Wagner, G., 162. Wagner, P., 25, 234, 424, 571, 645, 660,860. Walilgren,E.,881. Wahnschaff e , P . , 659. Waite,M.B.,2.54,9a5. Walcott,C.D.,831. Walden,B.H.,472,594. Waldron,C.B.,971. Waldron, L. R., 49, 483, 821, 830. Walker, C.W.,7a5. Walker, E., 871. Walker, E. W. A., 79,296,402. Walker, R.M., 1072. Walkey, C. E. J., 807, 11:^. Wall, W.B., 383. Wallace,D.D.,937. Wallace, R., 98,5. Wallace, R.H., 23, 1026. WaIland,H.,445. Waller, 282. Waller, A. D., 1101. WaUer,E.,1116. Waller, O.L., 520. Wallis,H.S.,:i42,5G0. Walsh, a58. Walsh, B.D., 594. Walther,R., 88. Wantland,C.E.,1023. Warburton, C. , 975. Ward, A. R. , ;300, ;«5, 725, 816. Ward, E. A., 681. Ward, E.G., jr., 294. Ward,H.M.,.50. Ward, H.W.,:i6:!, 472. Ward,R.DeC.,19.;i(). Warner, B.H., jr., 991. Warren, F. J., 415. Warwick (Lady ) , 736, 1026. Washburn, A. J., 7*i. Washburn, F. L., .546, .594, 982,1089. Washburn, H. J., 304. Washburn, R.M., 1028. Washburn, Mrs. W. J., 1138. Wassermann, A. , 913, 1118. Waterhouse, CO., 1092. Waters, C.E., 341. Waters, G.W., 17.5, 415. Waters, H. J. , 520, .521, 1028. Watkins,H.R.,311. Watkins-Pitchford, H., 1131. Watrous,C.L.,204. Watson, G. C, 143, 171,998. Watson, N.B., .56, 379. Watson, O.M., 203, 395. Watt, G., 1.54, 277. Watterson, A., 7.53, 837. Watts, F., 67,. 577. Watts, W.W., 126. Waugh, F. A. , 37, :«, 206, 472, 675, 1076. Webb, E.G., 926. Webb, W., 101. Webber, B.C., 18. Webber, H. J., 37, 241, 313, 332, 540, .541, 542. Weber, 822: Weber, A. ,614. Weber, H.,6(K1. Weber, H. A., 702. Webster,F.M.,.545,.547, 692, 878,881,882,1092. Webster, R.W., 751. Weed, CM., .59, 2;>8, 279, .3.33, 1090. Weeks, H.C, 984. Weems, J. B., 121, 283, 285, 884,885. Weibull,M.,.570. Weichardt,W.,396. Weichmann, P. G., 5.5:3. Weigmann , H. . 396, 913. Weil, L.. 993. Woinland,E.,403. Weir,J.R., 80,112.3. Weis,F.,4.52. Weiser,S.,445. Weiss, E.,. 578. Weiss, H.R., 99.5. '84, I'.IH. 315, ,85, Welbel,B. M.,4.56. Welborn, W. C, 7:«, 771. Wells, F., 99. Wells, F. J., 833, 939. Welton,F.^..,1029. Wender,N.,987. Went,F.A.F.C,374. Werckle,C,581. Wery , G. , 19 Samoa 1026 courses, educational values, U. S. D. A 199 crops, growing and preparing fometaria. (See Canker- worm.) Annatto, detection in butter 439 oleomargai'ine 439 Anobium domesticum, notes 276,691 po?i icen m , notes 276, 691 Anopheles, breeding 490 larva 791 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1165 Page. Anopheles, notes 791 structure and biology 384 Anopheles maculipennis, notes, N.J 167 2)unctipennis, notes, N.J 167 spp., notes - 697 Anophelinae, revision. 879 Antarctic expedition, Scottish, U. S. D. A. 18 research, U. S. D. A 2:*) Anthercea cytherea, notes 60 yamamai, notes 1093 Anthers, dehiscence 544 Anthotnyia funesta, notes 878 Anthonomiis grandis. {See Cotton-boll weevil.) rubi, notes 378 Anthrax and fowl cholera bacilli, associa- tive action 930 bacillus, biology - - 919 demonstration in tis- sues - 919 destruction _ _ _ _ 516 intracerebral i n j e c - tions-.- 510 morphology and biol- ogy 1125 nucleoproteid in 1125 structure _ 1016 studies 610 blood, staining reaction 919 carcasses, destruction 84,617 control _ ---- 1007 , in Australia. 517 Canada - 113 Delaware 194 cutaneous infection 817 diagnosis _--. 84,723,724,817 immunity of dogs to _ 193 fowls to -. 193,920 to. 300,1125 in rabbits 617 notes 84,113,117,1122,1123 Cal.. 300 Can _ -. 84 prevalence in Brazil 517 England... 187 Great Britain. 1121,1125 Hungary 914 India... 1007 New Jersey 188 New South Wales. 720 New Zealand 298 Ohio 720^ Pennsylvania 611 Verona 612- "Wisconsin. 1121 spores, destruction 84 vitality 1016 symptomatic. (See Blackleg.) temperature in 919 transmission 611,817 U.S.D.A. .512 treatment 84, 720, 920 J017 vaccine, distribution in Pennsylr vania 611 preparation 724 virus as affected by iodin 724 Page. Anthroceridae, review of North American species 168 Antialexius and alexins, relation 402 Anticyclones and cyclones, studies 18 countercurrents in, U. S. D.A 654 structure, U.S.D.A 654 Antiferments, production by intestinal worms 403 Antimony, determination - . . 226 Antisepsis, intestinal 405 Antiseptics, intravenous injection in in- f ectioiis diseases. 510 Antitoxins and toxins, relation 296, 402 Ants, hibernation 791 notes 55,784,790 Mont 167 parthenogenesis 883 prairie, notes 791 remedies 280,1092 white in Central America 883 notes 168,594 remedies 280,383,791 Aonidia aurantii, notes 980 Ape starch, analyses _ 598 Aphelenchus fragarioe, notes 975 Aphis rnali. (See Apple aphis. ) 2}oni i, remedies, Idaho 980 scotti, notes 546 so7-bi, remedies, Idaho 980 Aphis, woolly, notes 377, 547, 594, 691, 878, 980 Ala. College. 60 Can 56 Mo. Fruit 1090 N. C 168 remedies :«0,880 Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and-mouth disease.) Apicultural experiments. Can 62, 166, 1094 Apiculture in Italy 883 treatise.. 280,1094 Apis dorsata, notes 792 meUiJJca, notes.. 792 Apoplexy, parturient. (See Milk fever.) Apple aphis, notes 378,-546,547 Conn. State 975 Mo. Fruit 1090 N. C 168 remedies, Idaho 980 barrels, size 532 bitter rot, description, U. S. D. A.. 270 studies, Va 973 treatment, Ohio 625, 1025 black'spot, treatment 782 boxes, size 533 bud borer, notes 169 butter, manufacture 256 canker, notes 591,687 crown gall, notes, Va 590 curculio, notes 880 diseases, notes. Mo 163 N.C 163 treatment, N.H 55 leaf blister-mite 547 spot, notes. Mass 160 maggot, notes 546,594 1166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Apple maggot, remedies 275 moldy core, notes 589 pomace, composition 676, 931 for cows, Vt- 1109 U. S. D. A 937 ribbed cocoon maker, notes, N. Y. Cornell 880 rots, now, notes, N. Y. State 375 rust due to spraying, Can 163 sance, digestibility 700 scab, investigations 270 notes 163 Can 56 Vt 1087 treatment, Del 876 Me _ 39 N.Y. State 979 scald as affected by cold storage. u. s. D. A rm sooty fungus, notes. Can 56, 163 stigmonose, notes 589 Apple-tree borer, flat-headed— notes 880 Mo. Fruit.... 1090 N.C. 168 remedies, Ariz 937 round-headed- notes, Mo. Fruit - - 1(190 N.C- 168 Vt _. 1091 remedies 787 borers, notes 975 bucculatrix, notes 168, 547 N. Y. Cor- nell 880 tent caterpillar, notes _ _ 975 Del-... 594 N.C.-. 168 •weevil, notes 594 Apples, analyses. - 930 Black Ben Davis, origin of 871 blossoming period as affected by climate 682 breeding experiments - 363, 1077 canning, Va 581 classification 253 climatic limits. Can 1058 cold storage, Iowa 475 U. S. D. A 581 crab. (See Crab apples.) culture 365,473,1078 Cal 148,149 Me 96 Minn- - 473 Mo.-- 2.54 Mont. 40 N.C 40 Ohio 254 S.Dak 366 experiments, Cal - - 773 Me- 39 Minn 252 in pots - 675 West Indies -- 969 fertilizer experiments. Me 39 for cider, investigation, Va 364 PagA Apples, grading and packing- 362 grafting 871 growing in sod 474 hardiness in relation to water con- tent of twigs 675 hardy, notes - 966 heading trees 870 injury by frost, U. S. D. A 966 insects affecting - 690,880 N.C 168 judging by scale of points 581,1076 keeiiing quality 543 mulching experiments. Me 39 ])i('king and packing - 967 pollination experiments - - 362 Del 579 preparation for market, N.C 40 Russian, culture in the North- west 675 seedless 1078 seedling 870 Can - 149 shipment from Australia to Lon- don - 675 spraying, N.C 882 storage 544 experiment ,.. 870 stored, decay of, N.Y. State 375 thinning, Conn. Storrs 871 Del 579 N.Y. State-.- 474 ijtilization of surplus crop, N. Q. 40 varieties. Can ". 473 Mich 38 Minn- - 473 Mont. 40,149 N.C - 40 N.Dak 972 U.S.D.A 257 for Utah 1076 waste - 43,206 products . - 543 Apricot blight, notes, Colo 688 leaf stigmonose, notes 589 culture, Cal 148 S.Dak 367 experiments, Cal 773 varieties for Utah- 1076 Aptinothrips rufa, notes 878 Arabau in sugar cane 847 Aralia cordata, introduction from Japan, U.S.D.A -- -.-- 249 Aramina fiber, description 72 Arboretum at Central Experimental Farm, Can 157 Manitoba Experimental Farm, Can 157 Arecibo to Ponce, P. R., soil survey— P.R 658 U.S.D.A 658 A7-gas persicus, life history and remedies. 307 Argon, determination in air 650 Argyresthia ephippella, notes 594 Arizona Station, financial statement 935 publications, index 523 report of director 935 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1167 Page. Arizona University, notes !J(Kt Arkansas Station, financial statement . . . 839 notes - 98 report of director 829 Valley, Colorado, soil survey, U.S.D.A (558 Armillaria mellea, notes. Wash.. 689 Army worm, notes 546 U.S.D.A 379 Arrowroot .starch, analyses. 598 preparation 285 Arsenic, determination 226 in animal matter. 600 brewing mate- rials '£i7 Arsenicals, homemade, as insecticides, Cal - 385 Arsenious oxid — determination in Paris green 225, 441 determination in Paris green, Cal 384 Arsenite of lime, analyses, Del 597 Arsenites. (Sec Paris green.) Arsenoids, analyses, Cal 385 Artemisia tridentata, growth on alkali soils - 357 Artesian basins in Idaho and Oregon 92 Arthritis in colts 620 Artichokes, culture, Cal 134, 135 improvement 868 varieties, new 359 Arvicola hatanedzunti, notes 1056 Ascaris megalocephala, studies 519 siiilla, notes 1130 Ascaris, production of antiferments l)y. . 403 Ascochyta caulicola, n. sp., description. .. 268 2)isi, notes, Can 1086 Ash, determination in coal 748 methods of analysis 442, 952 of cereals, analyses. Can 13 plants, alkalinity as affected by culture medium 554 analyses 763 Mass 325 N. Max 13 potato leaves, analyses 33 wheat, analyses, Tenn 468 Ashes, wood. (See Wood ashes.) Asparagus beetles, notes 546, 547, 877 enemies of 55 fertilizer experiments.. 359 N.J... 150 R.I.... 672 improvement 868 irrigation experiments, N. J . . 150 nitrate of soda for, Del 578 rust, notes, N. J 161 treatment, Del 876 seed production ()83 varieties, N. J 150 Aspergillosis in cattle 821 Aspergillus nididans as a cause of red col- oration in butter 1122 niger, decomposition of pro- teidsby... 652 Asphalt rock, analyses, Ky 852 Aspidiotus ceratonioc, notes 980 Page. Asi)idi()fus coccineus, notes 691 ostreceform is, notes 785 perniciosus. {See San Jose scale.) Asscciation of — American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, proceedings . 332 American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, proceedings, U. S. D. A. 197 Economic Entomologists, m'eeting . . . 545 German Food Chemists, proceedings. 851 Official Agricultural Chemists— oflScers 443 proceedings 427 U.S.D.A 955 referees 628 Official Horticultural Inspectors, meeting 527 Asterinastuhlmanni, description 590 Asters, notes, U. S. D. A 97 Astragalus mollissirnus, notes. 49 poisonous prop- erties 304 Athalia spinarum, notes 378 Atmosphere as affected by continents and oceans, U. S. D. A 856 circulation, U. S. D. A 856 at different heights 453 density, U. S.D. A... 856 formaldehyde in 957 height of. 563 investigations by means of kites 126 interna- tional, U. S. D.A 230 movements, U. S. D. A 560 over H a ni - burg.... 563 origin of rare gases in, U. S. D.A 856 semidiurnal periods, U. S. D.A 654 solar and terrestrial, U. S. D.A. 18 solar and terrestrial, syn- chronous changes in, U. S. D.A 654 solar, circulation, U. S. D. A. 856 station for, U. S. D. A 230 studies in Denmark, U. S. D.A. 18 transparency 756 upper, temperature, U. S. D.A 560 Atmospheric humidity, observations 233 tides 1058 Atrii>lex canescens, ash analyses, N. Mex. 13 spp., growth on alkali soils 357 notes, Cal 765 seeding experiments, Wyo. 350 Atropin sulphate, effect on blood pressure and heart action 119 Atta sexdens, remedies 280,1093 1168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Attaci, spinniiit? liabits 1093 Audiibon societies, relation to the farmer, U.S.D.A 228 Aurora, polar, notes, U. S. D. A 856 Avenin, occurrence in oats 445 Averrhod cdntnihuhi, analyses 495 Avicultural magazine 1058 Awns of tcrassos as a cause of broncho- pneumonia - 1008 wheat and barley, influence of. 247 Azalea mollis, forcing with ether ._ 775 Azo dyes, detection in oleomargarine 41^ Babcock apparatus, inspection, Conn. State 509 glassware, inspection. Mass 186 test samples, preservation, Vt. 1114 Baeillol, antiseptic value 404, 519 Bacillus aerogenes, notes 1013 a'Tuginosns, notes : 375 alvei and B. niesentericus, iden- tity 63 bovisepticvs, notes, Minn 514 cacosmMs as a cause of roup, Can. 92 notes. Can 826 colt communis, chronic infection by.--- 1120 identification 855 infections due to. 86 neutral red reac- tion 450 viability 855 enfe7-i7;(/i4-, description, U. S. D. A 515 intracellular toxin.-- 1006 hoemoglobi nojjhilus cants, notes. 90 lactopropylhufyricus nonliquefa- ciens, n. sp., description 507 viegatherium, spore germina- tion.. - -. 450 mesentericus and B. alvei, iden- tity 63 necrophorus, notes. . - 86, 1008 oligocarbophilus, studies -- 450 ij7ij/top7i(/iori(s,n.sp., description. 374 prodigiosus, desti'uction in milk . 716 pyelonepihritidis bourn, notes 510 pyocyaneus as a cause of roup. Can. 92 destruction 84 notes, Can... 826 pyogenes, notes - 510 6oi';s, studies 726 sMi's, studies 726 renalis bovis, notes - 510 rosarum, notes 487 solanincol a, noten 375 studies 162 sitbtilis and lactic-acid bacteria, antagonism 507 spore germination 450 tuberculosis. (See Tubercle bacillus.) Bacillus of enteritidis group, description, U.S.D.A - 515 Bacon curing .- 69,603 feedingfor 175 production, Can 806 Page. Bacteria, acid resistant, studies 616 iigglutiiiation affinities 404 anai'rol)ic, in cheese 814,913 antagonism of 79 aroma-producing, in butter 812 as affected by high pressures . . 914 associative action in milk, Mich. 1113 butyric-acid, in cheese 401 carbon assimilating, investiga- tions 450 classification and identification . 449 denitrifying, morphology, and physiology, N. J 127 effect on coagulation of blood.. 1007 hemoglobin 609 in barnyard manure 661 bread making 793 butter 812 cheese 401,814,815,913 Can 815 intestines of hogs 619 lungs and bronchial glands . . 80 milk 183,184,715,812,1002 and milk products 74,396 classification 912 investigations. Conn. Storrs .- 605,909 source,Md-- 293 normal animal tissues 1119 soils -- 566,661 Kans 127 N. Dak 161 studies. 869 Del 565,1060 the udder - 184,1003 intracellular toxins 1006 luminous, experiments- 450 nitrifying, notes 762 nitrogen assimilating 449, 956 Del 566 111- 955 pathogenic, bibliography 719 differentiation 187 intracerebral in- jections 510 pyogenic, of cattle 510 role in cheese ripening 184 root tubercle, culture, U. S. D.A 227 spontaneous generation of spe- cies 610 staining in tissues 1119 thermal death point under low pressures 914 types as index of pollution of water 854 Bacteriological analysis of soils, Del 1059 laboratory dairy. Conn. Storrs.. 912 Bacteriology, dairy 79 treatises 74,606 elementary course 1123 new theory 609 of water, elements of 1059 soil, recent progress 450 studies in, Del 565 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1169 I'age. BacterioloEry, text-books - 1119 veterinary, text-book 405 Bacteriolytic action, factors in 403 Bacterium aromaticus butyri, notes 813 avickbtm, intracerebral injec- tions _. 510 2}estis, characteristics 91 jiseiidotuberetdosis rodent h( ni , characteristics 91 Bagasne, analyses 751 utilization 84" Bagworm, notes.. _ - 37" Okla.... 417 Baking experiments 987 industry, hygienic measures in.. 987 powder, analyses, Conn. State.. 284 Balances, construction 132 Bnhniiidium co//, notes 1130 Balloons, construction, U. S. D. A 560 use in meteorology, IT. S.D. A -- 856 Bamboos, culture in the United States... 371 Bamboos, culture in the United States, U. S. D. A _. - 263 Banana flour, notes - 599 preparation 599 meal, analyses 598 nematode disease, description ... 55 scab, notes 589 trash ash, analyses 24 weevil, notes 374 Bananas, analyses. -. 495 description 253 fertilizer experiments _ 968 fertilizers for 354 Barium chlorid, effect on blood pressure and heart action 119 determination 235 Bark, protection from insects _ 695 louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster- shell bark-louse.) louse, scurfy. (See Scale, scurfy.) Barley, analyses. _ 1054 Can 171 N. Dak. _ 171 and oats, analyses, N . Dak 171 as affected by water content of soil _ 572 ash analyses, Can 12 awns, influence of 247 breeding experiments.. 352,770 culture experiments 553, 669, 7a5, 766, 767 Cal 764 Can 26,i:« 1064, 1065 in Alaska, U. S. D. A . . . . 133 on moor soils 31 damaged, analyses, Cal 801 decomposition products 602 diseases in Tunis 267 electro-culture 248 feed, analyses, N. J 388 fertilizer experiments 463, 569, 570, 665, 765, 771 Mass 139 for pigs, Wa.sh 711 Fage. Barley for sheep, Mont 710 steers, Mont 709 germination as affected by tem- perature, Can 1084 improvement, U.S. D. A 238 irrigation. _ 1024 meal, analyses, N. J 288 nitrate of soda for 239 N.J 183,243 nitrogenous fertilizers for 335 period of growth, Minn 237 prices in the United States 578 rotation experiments, S. Dak 238 seed production 682 selection, Can 1065 skimmings, analyses, N. Y. State. 497 smut, treatment 669 sprouts, analyses, R.I 993 starch, hydroly tic prod ucts 445 stooling 348 Swedish varieties 239 .varieties 138,669,765 Can 38,861,863,1066 Mich 349 Minn 237 Mont.. 140 N.Dak 141 wild, destruction, N. Y. Cornell .. 1085 yield as affected by treatment for smut 1086 Barn, dairy, at Kentucky Station 643 Barnyard grass for the reclamation of alkali soils, U. S. D. A 234 manure, analyses. 36, 751 Tex 349 and commercial fer- tilizers, compari- son. Pa 143 application. Mass 140 fertilizing vahie 659 management 347,567 and use 661 nature, care, and uses, U. S.D. A.... 958 preservation 128 millet, digestibility as affected by curing. Mass 174 nitrate of soda for, N.J 183 Barometer, origin of word, U. S. D. A... 18 Barometric observations in India 654 observations in the West In- dies,U.S.D.A 856 pressure on Isthmus of Pan- ama, U. S. D. A .. 18 periodicity at Seattle, Wash., . U. S.D. A 230 variations 342 U.S.D.A 856 Barometry of the United States, Canada, and the West Indies, U . S . D ..A 18 Basilarchia artheinis, notes, Mich 61,359 Bat guano, analyses - 24 Mass 348 Batrachians, economic relations 558 1170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. J'ag*'. Boiin anthracuoso, notes, Del.. Wo disease, new, description 26!> meal, analyses. 67 catalytic projjcrties 987 mildew, notes, Del S75 N.J 161 weevil, notes 274,277 Beans, breeding 542 experiments, R.I 151 canning, Va 581 composition 285 culture experiments 152 Minn 237 under cheese cloth (573, 674 fertilizer experiments 664, 764 Miss 142 food value, U. S. D. A 97 germination as affected by tem- perature. Can 1084 growth as affected by electricity. 361 improvement 868 insects affecting •. , 690 Lima, crossing experiments, N.J. 152 fertilizer experiments, R. I. 672 seed production 682 mulching experiments, Nebr 250 string, varieties, Mont 149 varieties 674 Can 29,1066 Mich. 2.52 N.Dak. 142 new 359 waste, feeding value 288, 289 Becquer el rays, effect on eggs 807 Bed grass, analyses 67 Bedbug.s, notes 546 Bee keeping, cyclopedia 280 notes 170,490,975,984 treatise 280 moth, feeding habits 1092 Beef, baby, production, KsJns 730 composition 67 cost of production. Can 173 digestibility, U. S. D. A.. 1107 jerked, exports to Cuba, U. S. D. A. 523 judging, Kans - 173 liver, analyses. Can. 72 measle worm, occur ronce 728 in Austria- Hungary 86 production in New England 290 raising. Miss 198 roasting, 111 491 scrap for poultry., Can 1106 scraps, analyses. Me 287 R.I- 707,993 suet, digestibility, Ark 700 Beehive, new 62 Beehives, descriptions 280 partitions in 386 test, Can. 166 Beekeepers' Association of Ontario, re- port 385 Beer, sorghum, description 600 Bees, biology of 791,792 care and management ,,.,„„, 386 Page. Bees, combining swarms 490 construction of ne.sts Ijy 1093 feeding experiments, Can 62 in winter, Can 166 fertilization of fruits by 883 foul brood 63 treatment 170, 280, 385 injury to fruits 385 Can 166 management 62,598,883 in spring.. 385 measurement of tongues 598 parthenogenesis 385, 792, 883 protection in winter, Can 62 racesof 984 relation to fruit growing 62,792 sexual differentiation 62 stingless, notes 792 Beeswax, production and comiiosition . . . 280 Beet header and harvester 935 leaf miner, notes 877 leaves, preservation,Rosam method. 801 molasses, analyses 66 refuse, fertilizing value . . . 568 pulp. (See Sugar-beet pulp.) sugar by-products, composition and use 707 factory refuse, analyses 24 fertilizing value 24 industry in California, Cal . . 244 the United States, U.S.D.A 356 manufacture, progress in 1026 Beetles in Rio Grande Valley 383 injurious, notes 274 Beets, canned, analyses. Conn. State 284 culture 244 experiments 573 under cheese cloth 673 digestibiUty 700 feeding value 244 fertilizer experiments, R. I. 672 fodder 867 composition at different stages of growth 351,665 culture experiments .. 573 fertilizer experiments 664,665 selection 574 germination as affected by temper- ature. Can 1084 improvement 868 mulching experiments, Nebr 250 nitrogenous fertilizers for 235 sugar. (6Ve Sugar beets.) varieties, Mont 149 Beggar weed, Florida, notes 574 Benzoic acid, detection in milk 439 Berries, anatomical structure. Conn. State 284 Berseem for the reclamation of alkali soils.U.S.D.A 234 notes, Cal 765 Betaine , physiological action 282 Beverages, carbonated, analyses, Conn. State,, 283 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1171 Page. Bevei-agcs in tlio Tropics, inspection 387 Bihk) hint Ilia nus, notes 488 Bibliography of abort ion in mares 518 agricultural chemistry . . 650 agriculture ^IS angiosperms 446 anthrax bacillus 919, 1125 bacteria in barnyard ma- nure 661 beet sugar by-products . 708 birds. - 228 botanical work in the Philippine Islands 554 bursal enlargements 517 chemisti-y 338 ChrysopidsB 878 cicadas 279 clouds 342 Coccidium cunicuU 405 cold storage of meat 389 euzymsinmilk 912 fish meal- 66 food of birds - 558 foods 386,884 forestry - 264 gastr i c secretion 799 general biology 558 glanders 305 grape white rot 165 immunity 514, 1119 infection and immunity, 1118 infectious diseases. 1124 insect metamorphosis . . . 596 insects injurious to bark _ 785 insects injurious to books 697 meat meal. 66 milk.. 908,913 bacteriology 606 hygiene.- 396 mosquitoes 983 onion culture 352 oxidizing ferments 706 parthenogenesis 1056 pathogenic micro-organ- isms 719 molds. 610 pathology 719 physiology 390 plant breeding 341 , 770 physiology 123 plants as affected by gases and fumes 554 plants as affected by light and darkness 389 poisonous plants, Mont.. 411 rubber and guttaijercha. 680 sericulture 884 Stegomyia fascia ta 490 Thysanoptera 383 toxins and antitoxins . . . 296 Trichorrhexis nodosa 306 tuberculosis 82,83,188, 407,614,816,1009 of fowls.. 614,1125 Tyrogl jTJhidff' 691 3596— No. 12—04 4 I'age. Bibliography of veterinary publications in Germany 307 water 336,657 bacteriology 1059 wheatgluten 749 yeasts 450 zoology, U. S. D. A 1055 Bibliotheca veterinaria 307 Bigelovia graveolens, growth on alkali soils 357 Bigflats area, New York, soil survey, U. S. D. A 658 Bile, agglutinating properties 404 formation 289 retention, effect on gastric diges- tion 391 Biliai'y fever in horses 412 Billings area, Montana, soil survey, U. S.D. A... 658 Biological terms, glossary 558 Biology, general, catalogue of literature. 558 Birch borer, Ijronze, notes, Can 56 Birch-tree bucculatrix, notes 168 Birds, beneficial, natural enemies 228 economic relations 558 treatise 228 value .. 55,228,754,755,784,1057 feeding habits. 5i58, 559, 755, 1058 field book i 1057 game, notes _ 596 infection with blood parasites 559 in jui'ies to agriculture _ 80, 228 injurious, destruction 229,1008 notes _ 1089 migration, Can 229 notes 975 nests, edible, analyses 495 notes - 602 notes 1055 of California 1056 Canada, catalogue 558 England 1058 London and Selborne 228 Maine 1056 New England, guide 105S New York 1056 Ohio 1057 Ontario 1057 Pennsylvania, notes 558 the United States and Canada, handbook 228 protection 558, 560, 7.55, 1057, 10r>s, 1089 U.S.D.A 228 psychology of 229 relation to agriculture 1057 fi'uit gi-owing 754 horticulture 1057 Bitter-rot fungus, synonymy 53 Bitters, physiological action 798 Black knot, notes 376,543,690 Ala. College 60 treatment 965 Blackberries, anatomical structure, Conn. State 284 culture 2.57,1078 Me 96 1172 EXPEKIMKNT STATION KECORD. rage. Blackberries, culture, N.C 585 R.I 42 Va 585 experiments, Minn 252 fertilizer exporiments,N. J- 150 R.I. 072 irrigation experiments, N.J 150 varieties 153 Can 473 Ind 1080 Mich 38,42,2.52 N.J 150 Pa 1.53 R.I__ 42 Va 585 Blackberry-cane borer, notes 37" diseases, notes. Mo 163 Blackhead in turkeys, notes, R.I 179 Blackleg bacillus, studies 919 control, in Canada 113 diagnosis 723,724 differential diagnosis 410 in sheep 298 nature and treatment, Kans 1016 notes 117,191,406,1123,1123 notes, Cal. 300 parturient, etiology 513 prevalence in Massachusetts . . . 299 North Carolina.-. 511 Ohio 720 Pennsylvania 611 "Wisconsin 1121 vaccination 724,817 Okla 190 virus as affected by iodin 724 Bladder worms, polycephalic, notes 1130 "Bleisand," description 761 Blepharoceridfe of North America 60 Blister beetles, notes, U.S.D.A _ 379 Blood as affected by diphtheria and teta- nus toxins 403 bactericidal action 1126 circulation in the brain 888 coagulation as affected by bacteria . 1(X)7 dried. (See Dried blood.) hemoglobin as affected by bacteria. 009 content as affected by food 493 meal, analyses, Cal 801 forpigs, Can 1103 poultry. Can 1103 steers. Can 1101 molasses, nianuf actiire and use 06 morphological changes as affected by work 992 of animals dead of anthrax, stain- ing reaction 919 parasite, new 519 parasitic diseases 1014 pressure as affected by certain drugs - 118 relationships as demonstrated by precipitin tests 1118 Blue grass, Texas, culture, Cal 135 grasses, cultivated, descriptions, Kans 730 Page. Blue gum, studies 1081^ Blueberries, culture, R.I _ 42 swamp, propagation, R.I... 42 Blueberry wine, analyses 390 Body fat, source «09,892 Boengkil, fermentation ()60 Boletus .ynhhdeus, analyses, Vt HW Boll weevil. (See Cotton-boll weevil. ) Boll worm. (See Cotton bollworm.) Bombus spp., notes HH3 Bombyx mori. {See Silkworms.) pm/, notes ,594 Bone, analyses 28 and meat meal, analyses, Me 287 R.I 993 potash, analyses, Conn. State. (>63 dust, analyses, Mass. 663 fertilizer, manufacture ;547 ground, analyses, Mass 348 manures, analyses. Conn. State 003 marrow, bactericidal action 404 meal, analyses 707 R.I ,. 707 fertilizing value 25 weight per Inishel 26 Boneblack, analyses, Mass 236 Tex 349 Books, insects affecting 097 Boophihis bovis. (See Cattle ticks.) Borates, deposits in California 959 Borax as a food preservative 1 100 Bordeaux mixture, preparation. Me 972 preparation, N. Y. State 978 preparation, Ohio . . . 1025 powder, new. Mo 106 Boric acid as a food preservative 1100 detection in butter. 439 Bornetina corium, classification 591 notes .59, 165, 1093 Bos bubalus, notes. 936 Bostrichus cyUndricus, notes 278 Botanic gardens in Bombay, propor e:l. . . 314 laboratory, desert, establish- ment 332 work in the Philippine Islands.. 553 Botany, economic, studies, Cal 751 methods of teaching 331 physiologic text-book 122 progress in 544 Botflies in horses, notes ' . . . 1132 notes 274,691 Botryomycosis, notes 928 Botrytis bassiana, notefi 881 cinereo, forms'of . . 448 notes 1 5 treatment.. 272 parasiticn, notes. 273,488 Botulism, notes 611 Bouea macrophyUa, analyses 495 Boutelona oligostachya, notes, Mont 146 roihrockii, notes, Ariz 854 Box myrtle, analyses 495 Brack yfrypes achatiiius, notes 277 Bran, analyses. Me _ 287 Mich C7 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1173 Paga Bran and corn meal, analyses, N. Y. State 497 Brandies, manufacture ^oG Brassica sin ajjistriiin in Canada 26.5 Braxy in sheep 298 Brazoria area, Texas, soil survey, U. S. D. A (58 Bread, abnormal fermentations 987 acid content 598 analyses 495 ancient, examination 793 and toast, digestibility, U. S. D. A. 1136 black, fermentation of 171 conglutin, analyses 987 digestibility, U. S. D. A. 63 and nutritive value, Minn 1098 fermentation, micro-organisms of. 451 food value, U. S. D. A. 63 fruit flour, analyses 599 gluten, analyses. Conn. State 284 graham, analyses 987 "Lakton," analyses 987 making, bacteria in 793 bookon 386 pumpernickel, analyses 987 soluble matter as affected by toast- ing, Cal 793 Breakfast foods. (See Cereal foods. ) Breeding. (See Animal breeding and Plant breeding.) Brewers' grains, analyses 67 Conn. State... 497 N.Y. State.... 497 R. I 708 digestibility of protein. 891 dried, analyses 288 N. J.... 288 "Wis 802 digestibility, Mass 174 for cows, Vt 1109 Brewery products, analyses. Conn. State. 889 Brine from pickled olives, Cal 796 Brody estate, management 578 Brome grass, brown rust 50 fertilizer experiments, Can . 137 hay, analyses. Can 171 N.Dak 171 for steers, Can 172 Bromids, detection 225 Bromin, determination 550 Bromus arvens is hay, analyses. Can 171 inerm is, culture, Cal 134, 135 hay, analyses, Can 171 for steers, Can 172 secalinus, anatomy of seeds, Conn.State 986 spp . , seed characteristics 265 n nioloides, culture, Cal 135 Bronchial glands, bacteria in 80 Bronchitis in fowls, notes 928 verminous, in calves, Cal 816 Broncho-pneumonia, gangrenous 1008 infectious in sheep . 1017 verminous in cattle 923 Brooders, use 395 Page. Brook tront,foodof 490 Broom corn, culture, U. S.D. A.. 145 insectsaffecting,U. S. D. A.. 145 smut , noto.5, U. S. D. A 145 rape , notes ,Ky 159 N.J 161 Broun, W.L., memorial address 323 Brown-tail moth in Massachusetts 276 notes 167 Mass 167 Brown tick, notes 1128 Bryobia ribis, notes 169 spp., remedies, Cal 696 Bubonic plague, transmission by rats 611 Buckwheat bran , analyses , "Wis 801 culture, Cal 134 experiments, Can . . . 137 Minn . 237 in Alaska, U.S.D.A. 133 presence of mi- cro-organisms. 753 feed, analyses, N.Y. State 497 "Wis. 801 fertilizer experiments 235 W.Va. 465 flour, analyses, "Wis 801 for poultry , Mass 177 hulls, analyses. Conn. State . . 497 middlings, analyses, Conn. State 497,889 middlings,analyses, N. J 288 "Wis — . 801 prices in the United States . . 578 shorts, analyses. Wis 801 varieties 138 Can. 137 "W.Va 465 Bud moth, notes 168 Me 39 Buffalo berry, culture 257 gnats in Mississippi "Valley 545 remedies. 1092 grass hay, digestibility 388 Kans 730 Indian, notes 996 Bulb His dactyloides, notes,Mont 146 Bulbs, culture 776,1081 in North Carolina 776 "Washington 776 edible, notes. 989 flower, cold storage. 256 planting, "[J. S.D. A........ 239 Bumblebees, notes 378,691,883 Bunch grass, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Burbank, Luther, work in breeding plants 45 Burdwan Experimental Farm, report ... 463 Bureau of Soils, work, U. S. D. A. 1061 Bm-ettes, calibration.. 338 Burrweed, notes 265 Bursal enlargements in cattle 517 Butter, analyses 226,647,852,1054 Conn. State 284,986 Ky 852,1053 Vt 1053 aroma-producing bacteria in 813 1174 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Butter as aff(H-tt'dl).v light 606 Canadian, water content 79 Can 186 cuiuposition 396 as affected by food . . 716, SOi), 908, 1110 vaviations in 71 7 defects in 1006 exhibits in Sweden 508 exports from Argentina 294 fat, analytical constants 1004 payment for at creameries, Vt :«7 improvement of keeping finality, Iowa 397 in Holland, composition 716 Russia, U. S. D. A 523 keeping quality, U. S. D. A 937 as affected by nitrogenous matter, Can._ 77 studies 1117 U.S.D.A. 1116 legal standard in Utah, Utah. 716 making 79 experiments. Can 75,1111 Iowa 397 handbook __ 1003 in Denmark 913 Wisconsin 718 notes, Ind- 396 pasteurization in . _ KXKJ Can 75 Netherland, volatile fatty acids in ...; '.-.. 77 preservation with sodiu.m fluorid. lOM: prevention of mold on . _ 1006 "process," Utah 716 process, detection _ _ 430, i'.V> rancidity, causes 390 red coloration 1122 salt content as affected by methods of making. Can 75 storage, Can _ 1111 variations in content of fatty acids _ 606 water content _ . 508 Can. 77 as affected by methods of mak- ing. Can 75 factors affecting . . 1116 factors affecting, Iowa.-- 1114 weedy flavor in, Cal. 813 yield as affected by clean skim ming 5(16 Butterflies in Canada, notes 878 "Butterini" of Sorrento 607 Buzzards, economic relations 559 Cabbage aphis, notes 169 black rot, notes. Can 163 treatment, N. Y. State.. 51 butterfly, notes 275, 377, 378, 594 Conn. State 975 Page. Cabbage club root, notes 485 Vt 1087 digestibility 700 maggot, notes 546,547,594,878 plusia, notes 377 root maggot, notes 1055 Cal)bages, fertilizer experiments 964 Mass... 139 Tex.... ;M) germination as affected by temperature. Can 1084 improvement 868 insects affecting, N. J 167 irrigation experiments, Tex .. 360 mulching experiments, Nebr . 250 nitrate of .soda for, N . J. 251 storage 360 varieties. Can 1068 Mich 252 Mont 149 Tex. 360 new-- 359,869 Cacao beans, analy.ses. Conn. State 284 description - 495 canker, notes 271 treatment. 689 culture 680,1080 in Ceylon 479 Samoa 680 Trinidad and Grenada. 680 enemies of 55 insects affecting 168,1090 and diseases affecting 680 manuring 366 products, methods of analysis 989 treatise. 775 trees, budding 586 witches' broom disease, notes 53 Cachanilla, ash analyses, N . Mex 13 Cache River, drainage survey 827 Cactus tree, ash analyses, N . Mex 13 Cafein, studies .- 448 Cajanus indicus, c( )mposition 285 Calcium and magnesium, quantitative separation 645 role in plant growth . 564, 760 arsenit© as an insecticide, Cal.. 385 carbonate, investigations 645 chlorid, effect on potatoes, R.I. 130 sohibili ty of gypsum 445 4 physiological and pathologic- al, handbook.. ;i:{T laboratory man- uals Vol text-books WS plant and animal 12 plant, text- book 338 Chenopodiuin album seed for pigs, Can. . . 175 Chermes, studies . . J - 692 Cherries, analyses, Conn. State _ _ 283 blossoming period as affected by climate 082 climatic limits. Can 1058 culture, Cal 140 Iowa 584 S. Dak _... 367 and marketing, N.C--- 581 experiments, Cal T73 in Franco 1079 West Indies -.- 989 fruit buds, Mo. Fruit 1077 irrigation experiments, N. J . . . 150 propagation, Iowa _ 584 protection from birds, Iowa 584 Russian, culture in the North- west - 675 top-grafting, Iowa - 584 varieties. Can 473 Iowa - 584 Mich - 38 Va 153 for Utah - 1076 hardiness of, Mont. . . 149 Cherry disease in Germany 270 diseases, notes, N. C- - 591 leaf spot, notes, Ohio 10:25 rot, notes - 974 shot-hole disease, notes. Can 56 Chess seed, anatomy. Conn. State 986 characteristics 265 Chestnut bUght, notes, Del 589 disease in France 165 Chestnuts as food in Italy _ 795 grafting 682 varieties, Mich 38 Cheyletus eruditus, notes - 1020 Chick peas, culture, Cal _ 135 for sheep . _ 898 Chicken disease, new, notes, Can 91 fat, formation and composition . 604 feed, analyses, N . Y . State 497 lice, notes, Mont 1134 mite, notes, Miss. 783 U. S. D.A 937 remedies 307 Chickens, feeding experiments. Can . . . 176, 394 immunity to anthrax 193 incubator, rearing, S. C 395 mineral matter for, N. Y. State. 903 Page. Cliickens, raising 72,498 (fioe also Poultry.) Chico bush, ash analyses, N. Max 13 Chicory, fertilizer experiments 351 staring and forcing 472 Chile, economic geography 1058 Chilo infuscatellus, notes 277 simplex, notes 692 Chilororus nimilis, importation, U. S. D. A-. 278 introduction. 167 ( 'hinch bug, control, Ohio 1025 false, notes 546 notes 378,546,547,784,976 Me 56 Okla- 417 remedies, Ohio 625 Chionaspis decurvata, n. sii., description. 56 Cliironomiis sordidellux, notes 1093 Chlorates, determination . _ 226 in nitrate of soda 568 Chlorids, detection 225 deposits in California 959 poisonous action on plants, R. I. 130 Chlorin, determination 5.50 insoils.- 5.50 Cliloris clegnns, analyses, Ariz 8H9 viiyata, introduction from South Africa, U. S. D. A 249 Cldorita Jla ve.icens, notes. . _ 277 Chloroform for forcing plants (582 Chloi'ophyll, determination 552 Chloro.^is of plants, relation to plios- phorie-acid as- similation 344 treatment 377 Chocolate , analyses. Conn .State 985 examination 495 manufacture 796 Chokecherry, notes 303 Cholesterol, occurrence in olive oil 223 Chroma tes, determination 226 Chrysanthemum diseases, notes 487 rusts, stiidies 487, 488 Clirysanihemum leucanthemum, notes 484 Chrysanthemums, culture 777, 1081 fertilizer experiments 259 fertilizers for 44 U.S.D.A. 252 Chry somelidse, aquatic 490 Chrysopidse, revision 878 Chufas, culture experiments. Miss 143 seed production 682 Churning experiments 185 Cicada, periodical, notes 168 Del 594 ky 693 Mich 61 N.J 167 Cicadas, notes 169,279 CicindeUdfe of Venezuela 168 Ciciita macidata, notes, N. Dak 161,822 Cider, analyses 990 Va 364 making in Europe, Va 364 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1179 Page. Cider making, investigations 930 treatise _ 304,365 Cinquefoil, shrubby, notes,"Vt 1085 Circulation, cerebral, as affected by dif- ferent essences - - 8>^8 Cirrhosis of the liver in horses and cat- tle 298,1123 Citral, determination in lemon extracts. . 438 Citriis fruit diseases, investigations, U.S. D. A 974 fruits, description 253 insects affecting 690 U.S.D.A. 58 shading 539 shipping - - 364 (See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.) tree collar rot, notes 689 Citrus trifoliata stocks for oranges 585 City refuse, analyses 24 Cladosporium scabies, notes 485 CUtsterosporium carpophilum., notes 591 Clay County, 111., soil survey, U. S. D. A. - 658 Clay products, statistics 662 Clays, organic matter in 127 pla.sticity - 95 Cleavage products, structure 749 Clematis disease, notes 272 notes, Kans 730 Cleonus punctiventris, parasites of 379 Cleora jKimpinaria, notes,U. S. D. A 381 Climate and mankind, U.S.D. A.. 856 at California substations, Cal 123, 148,1,55 effect on blossoming period of fruits 682 structure of plants . . . 15 sugar beets,U.S.D.A. 34,230 geographic determinants . _ 125 of Argentina 562 California, U.S.D. A -. 231 Hawaii, U.S.D. A - i:« Illinois, 111.. 230 the Philippine Islands 957 region of the Great Lakes, U.S.D.A 231 Tunis 342 relation to horticulture 1058 (See also Meteorology.) Climates in geographical ages, U. S. D. A. 18 Climatic factors in railroad engineering, U.S.D.A - - 230 Climatology, agrlcultviral, in Belgium . . . 563 congress in Russia, U. S. D.A — . 18 handbook 20 U.S.D.A 18 of Calif ornia, Cal 755 U. S. D. A. 7.55, 856 Isthmus of Panama, U. S. D.A 18 Climbers, ornamental, Kans 7.30 Clinodiplosis oleosuf/a, notes 275 Clinton County, HI., soil survey, U. S. D.A 658 Page. Cloth cuttings, analyses — 26 Clouds, cirrus, movements in cyclones and anticyclones. 342 floating, thermal relations, U. S. D.A 230 movements, U. S. D. A 18 observations, U.S.D.A 856 on Cucamonga Mountains, U. S. D.A 8.56 Clover, alsike, culture, Cal 134 as a green manure. Can 137 bird's foot, analyses, Cal 801 burr, seed production 682 crimson, as a cover crop, R. I 42 culture, Oreg 242 growth and composi- tion, Del 574 culture, Cal - 135 N.Dak 141 experiments, Minn 237 Egyptian, culture, Cal 134,135 for the reclamation of alkali soils,U.S.D. A. 234 notes, Cal.. 765 fertilizer experiments 664, 665 Mass 139 Pa 144 Tenn 346 for poultry 712 germination as affected by tem- perature. Can 1084 hay, analyses, N. Dak -i 171 for sheep, W. Va 899 wonn, notes, Kans 730 lime for, Ohio 464 meal for chickens. Can 177 mite, notes 168 moldy, poisoning of horses by 727 ed, cultui-e, Cal - 134 Oreg. 242 experiments 665 varieties. 240 seed disease, notes.. 484 examination 265 Ohio 874 impurities in 48 midge, notes 877 oil, composition 665 sickness of soils 575 snail, culture, Cal 134 thrips, notes 546 varieties 138 white, culture, Cal 134 Clovers and grasses, mixtures. Can 1068 notes, Kans - 730 Club root, notes 485 Coaguloscope, notes — 295 Coal, analyses 226,751 ash analysis 748 ashes, analyses. Mass 348 determination of fuel value 553 tar colors, effect on digestion 390 man and ani- mals 494 Coccid, wax-producing 1093 Coccidse, catalogue. Mass 278 1180 EXPERIMENT STATKJN RECORD. Page. Coccidpp, in Ceylou 880 Europe 785 Kansas 980 Ohio ._ 785,1091 the British Isles, monograph. (>i)4 Coccidiosis, intestinal, in cattle 822 fowls 727 Coccldium cuniculi, life history 405 ovi/ornu\ notes 822 Coccinellid, new, description 1089 Cockroaches, notes _ 276,784 Cocoa, analyses, Conn. State. 288,98.") beans, analyses. Conn. State 284 composition as affected by roasting. Conn. State 284 examination 495 products, methods of analysis 989 shell milk for calves. Can 1103 shells, detection in powdered cocoa 389 xanthin derivatives in 389 Cocoanut cake, analyses. Can 171 digestibility of jji-otein in . 891 meal, analyses W composition and value. . . 67 oil, analyses 223 determination in butter 850 jiith, analyses, Conn. State 663 Mass 236 Cocoanuts, culture in Ceylon 479 the Philippine Is- lands 366 liroduction 67 Codling moth in Australia 379 investigations 580 U. S.D. A .. 595 natural enemies 380 notes - 377,378, 488,594,691,787,877,880 Cal 784 Can 1090 Del 57 Idaho 57 Mo. Fruit 1090 N. C. 168 U. S. D.A.... 57 parasites, Del 593 remedies . 379, 380, 489, 547, .595, 787 Cal.... 1091 Del 57,593 Idaho 57 N.Y. State 978 U. S. D. A 57 Cod-liver oil, chemical stud es 955 Ccenurus cerebraUs, notes 1130 ser talis, notes 1130 Coffea schumanniana, n. sp., description, 42 Coffee, analyses 226 Conn. State 283,985 antiseptic properties 989 bean husks, analyses 26 as an adulterant of feeding stuffs 993 caff ein content 886 culture in Hawaii, U. S. D. A 133 Porto Rico, U. S. D. A . 13:^ Leeming system 586 Pago. Coffee, disease-resistant varieties 267 diseases, notes 981 treatment 783 enemies of 55 industry in Porto Rico, P. R. 1080 insects affecting 59, 378, 784 monograph 680 nematode disease, description 55 new species 42 soluble, notes 7% substitute, notes 285 Cold .storage building, construction, Can. 95 notes. Can 1135 discussion 624 for apples, U. S. D. A. 581 cheese 79,729,1006 Can 78,813 N.Y. State. 339 U. S.D. A 398,937 Wis 509 eggs 729,885 fruits 205, 256, 363, .58!^ U. S. D. A 2.54,1136 hops.. .575 meat 389 house, construction 364 relation to commercial or- charding 205 systems, descriptions 256 Coleoptera in Ar morica 1(J91 Newport, N.Y 168 Rio Gi'ande Valley 383 Coli bacillus. {See Bacilhis coli commu- nis.) Colic in horses, notes.. 718 treatment 620,1020 CoUards, seed production 682 Collar gol, notes 929 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, investiga- tions, U. S. D. A 974 lugenarium, notes, Del... 875 Undemuthian u iti , notes, Del. 875 Colorado Station, notes 1137 Coloring matters, detection in foods . . . 437, 9.55 determination in liq- uors 437 Colts, lameness 726 Columbacs flies, notes 882 Columbus area, Ohio, soil survey, U. S. D. A 6,58 Comb foundation, notes 883 Commerce, relation to irrigation 1023 Commercial education in Germany 310 products, examination 851 Complement, studies concerning 79 Concrete, reinforced, treatise 729 Condensed milk, preparation 509 Condenser, new 338 Condimental feeds, analyses 288 , 830, 993 Conn. State. 889 R.I. 707 Vt.... 889 for cows, Kans 730 Condiments, analyses 387 chemistry of, treatise 991 INDEX OF SUB,7ECTS. 1181 Page. Condiiuents, composition, handbook 28H effect on gastric secretion and activity _ :iVK) examination (ST) new, analyses !tlX) standards of purity, U. S. D. A.. 702 Condition powders, analyses, Va . _ _ f>()3 t 'onif er disease, notes 1(55 "stagheadedness," notes. 59!? Conifers, insects affecting, U. S. D. A 278 ornamental, in Thames Valley. 779 Coniothyriuin di})l()dieUa, studies 1()4 Conjunctivitis, contagrious, in cattle, Kans 730 in ducks 306 Connecticut College, notes 98, 200, 938 State Station, financial state- ment 522 notes 98,311,525 Storrs Station, financial statement, 935 notes.. 200,525,832 report of di- 'rector 935 Conophallus meal, analyses. 598 t'ook Islands, horticulture in. 1075 Cooking, books on_.._ 65,386,991 for invalids. 386 handbook for campers 65 Copper carbonate, ammoniacal solution, preparation 229 fungicides, adhesiveness 488 oxid, determination in Paris green, Cal_. 384 sulphate, commercial, quality of. 783 for destroying weeds. 265,366 for destroying weeds. Can 1086 for destroying weeds, N.Y.Cornell.. 1085 powdered, use as a fun- gicide 273 Coprinus atramentarius, analyses, Vt 1099 rnicaceus, analyses, Vt • 1099 spp., nqjes, Ind. 9.56 squamosus, analyses, Vt 1099 Coreopsis, notes, Mont 159 Corn, albuminoid substances in 223 analyses, N. Dak. 171 Wis.. 801 and cob meal for steers, Ky 708 oat feeds, analyses, "Wis 801 oats, ground, analyses. Wis 801 billbug, notes 377 blight, notes, Del 875 bran, analyses 288 Can 171 Conn. State 889 N.J.. 288 breeding 8.30,864 Kans 730 Mo. 145 Ohio 240 U.S.D.A 238 experiments .54 1 , .542 111 :i52,960 I'agc. Corn breeding experiments, Tenn 1069 U.S.D.A. 240 chop, analyses 288 climatic limits. Can 1058 cobs, digestibility, Mass 174 cockle, effect on milk production. . 1001 notes. 303,411 poisonous properties 1001 composition as affected by soil mois- ture 657 composition as affected by soil mois- ture, Utah 656 composition of different parts of kernel 575 composition of different parts of kernel, 111 352 cooked, for sheep 710 culture 830 Mich 1070 experiments 463,573 Ala. Cane- brake 863 Can 136 Ga 1068 Minn 237 N. Dak. 143 Ohio 240 Tenn 1069 U.S.D.A... 863 for silage 771 Tenn. 1070 in Argentina, U. S. D. A .. 666 under cheese cloth. 674 digestil )ility _ 700 U.S.D.A HOT of protein in 891 disease in Franco _ 268 effectonbody fat 892 enzym-secreting cells in seedlings . 752 feeds, analyses. Wis 801 fertilizer experiments 575 Ala. Cane- brake 864 Can 137 Ga 1068 Mass 139 Pa 143 Tenn 1069 fertilizing constituents removed by. Pa 144 fodder, analyses, N. Dak 171 for poultry, Mass 177 steers 804 Ky. 708 germination 48 as affected by coal oil. 48 as affected by temper- ature, Can 1084 experiments, N. J 158 tests 864 Nebr.... 1068 gi-ading, U.S.D.A.... 241 growth as aft'ected by different sub stances 227 harvesting, Ga 1068 hearts c. wheat bran for cows, Ala. College 73 1182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Corn, improvement. (.See Corn breedinjjr. ) insects affecting 690 irrigation, N.Mex 343 kernel structure, 111. 352 meal, analyses, Conn. State 497,889 N.Y.State. 497 R.I 7()6,993 Wis 8()1 for pigs, Tenn 501 market for, in France 285 meteorological conditions favoring growth, Pa - 144 oil, analyses 223 cake, analyses, Can 171 meal, analyses 707 digestibility. Ark 700 parasite in South Africa, U. S. D. A. 249 planter, tests -.. 864 planting, Iowa 31 prices in the United States 578 races of, Kans - 730 root aphis, notes 976 seed prodiiction . _ _ 682 selection, Iowa 31 N.Dak... 147 Ohio.. 240 R.I _ 151 U.S.D.A 240,1136 silk, analy.ses 391 soft, feeding value, Iowa , _ 1102 treatise 145 varieties 138,354,771,830,864,808 Ala. Canebrake 864 Can 28,30,i:«,862 Ga 1068 Mich 349 Miss._ -. 143, 7a5 N.Dak.. 142 Nebr 1068 Ohio. _. 240 Tenn 1069 U.S.D.A _ 666 for silage. Can _ . _ 1068 Vt 1070 Cornell University , notes. . _ 100, 312, 5.25, ti27, 939 Cornstalk disease iu cattle, cause 725 occurrence in Michi- gan 514 studies, Nebr 514 Coj'i'its spp., notes 1057 Corylophodes maryinicollis, notes 787 Coryza, contagious, immunity 1019 in horses. _ 88,822 sequelae _ ' 925 serum treatment 929 Cossus cossus, notes _ 275 Ugniperdu, notes 275 Cotton-boll weevil, control 785 convention 312,785 in Cuba _ 783 Mexican, in Texas ... 1090 notes 489,692 La .... 379 remedies, Tex 692 notes 783,786,1090 Page. Cottdii-boU weevil, remedies 545 U. S. D. A .. 879 worm, notes 168,692,786,975,976 remedies, U. S. D. A. . 879 breeding 308 U. S. D. A 238,241 experiments 541,542 caterpillar , remedies 976 culture 771 Cal 134, ia5 U.S.D.A 239 experiments, Ga 1071 U.S.D.A.. 863 in Servia 32 the United States 354 disease, varieties resistant to 267 fertilizer experiments, Ala. Cane- brake .. 864 Oa 1071 Miss.... 143,765 for the reclamation f>f alkali soils, U.S.D.A 234 fungus diseases '686 ginning, U. S. D. A 239 gins, construction and opei-ation . 828 roller 522 hull ashes, analyses. Conn. State . 663 improvement. (.S'ee Cotton breed- ing.) insects affecting, in the West In- dies 692 leaf -gall mite, notes ._ _ 373 plant louse, notes. 692 ,sea-island, culture, P. R 1072 notes, U. S. D. A 239 seed, analyses, Okla 393 cake, analyses 26 feeding value 896 methods of analysis . . . 890 feed, analyses 288 N.J 288 Vt..__ 392 feeding value, Okla _-. 416 for steers, Okla 392 meal, analyses 288,707 Cal 801 Can 171 Conn. State-.. 497, 663,889 Mass :. 236, 348,663,993 Me.- 287 Mich.. , 67 N.J.. _ 288 N.Y.State.. 497 Okla 393 R.I.. 706 Vt 392,889 Wis 801 decomposition by . micro-organisms 65 digestibility of protein in 891 effect on composition of butter fat 716 feeding value, Okla 416 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1183 Page. Cotton-seed meal for cows, Vt 1109 pigs, Ark 68 steers,Ky 708 Okla :«2 notes, Me 1025 oil, analyses _ 223 digestibility. Ark 700 industry in India ]()2() production ()

    i8,890,993 Ark 71X1 Kans. - 730 Mass 174 with man 63, 700 U.S.D.A 492 poultry, U. S.D. A _ 1107 Digestion, gastric, as affected 1)y reten- tion of bile. 391 salivary, in the stomach 705 tryptic, studies 995 Digitalis, effect on blood pressure and hear taction __ 119 Dinoponera grandis, remedies. 280 Diphtheria, human and avian— identity, Can 91 nonidentity 1023 Diphtheria, toxin, effect on blood 403 transmission by milk 396 Diplopoda, structure 596 Diplosis resinicnla, notes .., 787 Dipping tanks for cattle 411 Diptera, life histories 490 nematocerous, aquatic 490 Page. Diptera of North America 783 Diseases, infectious, etiology t)f 1007 treatise 608,611 of animals. (See Animal dis- eases. ) plants. {Sec Plant diseases.) Disinfection by formaldehyde and steam. 296 methods 314 Distemper in cats 194 dogs 113,924 Distichlin spirata, ash analyses, N. Mex.. 13 growth on alkali soils.. 357 Distillation, pressure regulator for 338 Distillers' grains, analyses, Conn. State.. 497 N.J 288 N.Y. State.. 497 R.I 7(X),i)93 dried, analyses, Mass.. 993 Me.... 287 Vt.. 35(2,889 feeding value. Me 287 forcows, Vt 1109 horses, Ind 997 steers, Ky 708 Distillery products, analyses,Conn. State . 889 refuse, digestibility of protein in 891 Diuresis, studies. t5 Dochntius trigonacephalus^ notes 413 Dodder, notes 26.5,684 Mont 139 Vt _. 1085 seed, germination 684 Dog distemper, notes 1 13, 924 rose, analyses of fruit 969 Dogs, immunity to anthrax 193 intestinal parasitei 413 metabolism experiments 289 muzzling 611 quarantined . 113 Dolomite, analyses 953 Dondiu suffmtescens, ash analy.ses, N. Mex 13 Dothidella ulmea, notes, Mas-s 160 Doiirine in India 1007 notes 611 studies 1016 treatment 1016 Dragon flies, life histories 490 Drainage areas in Oh o 1134 benefits, Cal 762 convention in Iowa, proceed- ings .- 9.34 engineering features, U. S. D. A ;«7 experiments 522 farm. Miss 198 in France 196 investigations in the Yakima Valley 1024 of farmlands, U. S.D. A 934 Fresno District. Cal 827 California, U.S.D.A- 94 principles and methods 521 relation to diseases 757 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1187 Page. Drainage survey of Cache River 827 tile. Ill 47(1 treatise 984 Drains, construction, laws relating to 9'U Dried blood, analyses. Conn. State ti()3 Mass 5(58 N.J 572 for calves, Kans 730 manufacture 347 Dr< mes, parthenogenesis 792 Droughts, notes, U. S. D. A... 5(i() Drugs, adulteration 885 U. S. D. A 852 analyses 5.52 legislation concerning in Great Britain 79<; microscopical examination 598 regulations concerning in Porto Eico 65 Dryinus ormenidis, notes 169 Dry-rot fungus as a caiise of cancerous tumors 2*J7 Dubuque area, Iowa, soil survey, U. S. D. A.. 658 Duck feed , analyses, N . Y . State 497 Ducks, marketing. Can 1106 raising 603 Duclaux, Emile, biographical sketch 945 Durian, analyses _ 495 Durio zibethinus, analyses 495 Dust storm, analyses of dust 342 Dyestuffs, chemisti-y of... 226 Dysderciis andrecv, notes 692 uimiilliger, notes.. 692 Dysentery in calves _ 86, 914 cattle, notes, Ala. College.. 299 Eagles, economic relations __. 559 notes 1057 Earias fabia, notes. 691 Earthquake at Washington, D. C, U. S. D. A 18,230,856 Earthworks, time and cost of making 523 Earwig fly, notes 783 Easter lilies, propagation, U. S. D. A 259 Echinococci, destruction 822 Echinops ritro oil, study 122 Echinorhynchus gigas, notes 1130 Ecological study of Big Spring Prairie in Ohio 481 Economic history of the United States. . 032 Economics, agricultural, instruction in.. 7139 household, encyclopedia 496 instruction in 548 Eczema, acarian, in dogs 925 in horses, treatment. .- 823 Edema, malignant, differential diagnosis . 410 in horses, treatment. . 823 notes. 514 studies of bacillus 919 Edestin, hydrolysis 954 solubility in salt solutions. Conn. State 445 Edgeworthia papyrifera, introduction from Japan, U. S. D. A 349 Education, agricultural. (.S'ee Agricul- tural education.) 3596— No. 12—04 5 I'ago. Educc-ition, commercial, in (xormany 310 Egg cognac, examination 388 fat, source 6()3 industry, statistics, U. S. D. A 291,502 noodles, examination 388 preservative, analyses, Ky 852 Eggplants, crossing experiments, N. J.. 152 culture, S. Dak mi under cheese cloth.. 673 Eggs, analyses 64,286,495 arsenic in 388 as affected by radium rays 807 cold storage 729,885 cost in winter, U. S. D. A 93T in Russia, U. S. D. A 523 incubation. Can 1105 evaporation during, U. S.D. A 937 experiments 179 Me ;«4 R. I 179 industry in England 998 preservation. 72,286,395,885,886 Can 179 production 72 cost, N. Y. Cornell 603 in Denmark 998 Egyptian corn, culture experiments 573 Elasticity at low temperatures, U. S. D; A. 18 Electricity, application to agriculture. 416,729 atmospheric, U. S. D. A 230 effect on plant growth 248,361 injury to trees. Mass 370 production in living organ- isms 446 Electro-motive force in plants 340 Elm coxcomb gall, notes, S. Dak 378 leaf beetle, notes 168,377 Conn. State. 974 Mass. 167 spot, notes, Mass 160 Emmor, analyses, N. Dak 171 culture. Can. 862 N.Dak 141 experiments, Can 27, 1064,1065 prehistoric Egyptian 798 Emphysema in horses, cause 186 Empididse, genera of 168,783 Encephalitis, epizootic, in horses 1120 Enchytrceus parvulus, notes 691 Endive, improvement 868 Eadothelioma in domesticated animals.. 1120 Enemies of agriculture 55 Energy, conservation in the aged 887 living organ- ism. Conn. Storrs 886 muscular, source of, U. S. D. A . 699 Engine, gasoline, for spraying, Idaho 876 Engines, farm, handbook 416 gasoline, adaptability to farm work 416 oil, for agricultural purposes . . 1135 Enteritis, tubercular, in cattle 1011 ulcerative, in horses 412 1188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. EntiiiiKilojiicHl biiUotins, form 3:« records, keeping 'iXi, 545 Society of Ontario, pro- ceedings . . . 8"T Washington, proceed- ings. 108,78:^,1089 EntomologiHts' directory, supplement... 985 economic, association of . 545 Entomology, economic, methods of study. 333 forest, problems of 3;};2 systematic and economic, relation 547 treatises 378,090 Enzy m-secreting cells in seedlings 752 Enzyms in milk 912,1002 plants ■ 451,452 sugarcane 847 La 285 nomenclature 1054 proteolytic, in blood serum 995 malt 452 plants 452 the spleen 995 Ephedra trifurca, ash analyses, N. Mex . 13 Epidemics, relation to water supply and drainage.. 757 Epiderinophyton gallincB, notes 1023 Epipyrops nawai, n. sp., notes 783 Epithelioma in cattle 922 fishes 298 mice, studies 81 Epithelium, peritoneal, proliferation around foreign bodies 010 Epitrix jxirvula, notes 277 Epizootics, control __ l'K)7 Equisetiim poisoning of horses 88 poisonous principle in 88, 1009 Ergot, notes 303 N. Dak 822 Ergotism in cattle.. 1128 notes 611 Kans 730 Ericerus 2}ela, notes 1093 Eriocampa adumbi-ata, notes. 095 Eriophyes cornutus, notes 878 Ervum monanthos, notes, Cal 765 Erysipelas in horses, notes 1019 Erysiphe rjraminis, specialization 267,590 Esculin in the horse-chestniit 448 Eserin sulphate, effect on blood press^^re and heart action 119 Esophagus, lesions in, due to warble flies 922 Essences, effect on cerebral circulation . . 888 Essex County laboratories, notes 531 Estate Brody, management 578 Lobositz, management 830 Quednau, description 964 Ether forcing of plants 367,682,775,972 Ethmia zelleriella, larva 783 Eucalypts, culture 482 Cal -- 148 and uses . _ - 371 in California, Cal 155 hybrids, descriptions,, 263 Pnr.fl. Km-aUjiilvx (jlohitlu.t, studies 1(K{ resiitifcrii, description.. 2')2 Eucorethra underiroodi, desciription 384 Kudeniu vaccinianu, notes, U. S. D. A 381 Eudiometer, new 14 EnU'vaniurnfletchcri, notes 785 qucrcitrorii.f, notes 785 Euproctis minor., notes _ 277 Eurycephalus, n. gen., description 50 Kiitremn mi.sdbi, introduction from Ja- pan, U.S.D.A 249 Evaporation from soils, Mont. 126 water surface, Mont.. 126 N. Dak 125 Evergreens, planting, S. Dak 367 Evetrid ncomvxivaiw, notes 168 Excavating machinery , practical working 728 Exoascus deformans, notes 53 E.rophtha hnus vittatus, notes 278 Bxperiment station — at Dalmeny Park 314 Goritz, report 025 Klosterneubur g, report 624 Ploti, i-eport 450, 463, 477, 522 Spalato, report.. 625 Vienna, report 624 bulletins, poi^ular editions, U. S. D. A. 199 for cheese making at Lodi, report 295 in Mauritius, report 751 Rhodesia 203 the Philippine Islands 314 newspaper editorial work by 1035 publications, list 640 Record, abstracts 328 general index lOSi relation to farmers. Miss 198 sugar, in Java, report 1025 work, practical results, U. S. D. A . . . 309 summary _ _ 1034 Experiment stations- cooperation with Department of Ag- riculture 326 farmers,U.S.D.A . 199 county, in Iowa 834 exhibit at Louisiana Purchase Exjio- si tiou - - 326 in Bombay, proposed. 314 Cuba - - 842 the Philippine Islands 634 United States, statistics, U. S. D.A 310 work and ex- penditures, U.S.D.A... 197 need of increased funds 210 organization lists, U. S. D. A 730 State aid 209 work in Alaska 212 Experimental farm at Biu-dwan, report. 463 farms in Canada, work 79 Quebec....: 420 Exports, agricultural, of Belgium, U. S. D.A 417 the United States, U. S. D.A 417,831 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1189 Page. Kxyrti scniicrdci-a, uotos. 783 Ey n diseases, notes iJ(K), 51 1 Fdlco i>eri'yriiius aiiattim, notes 559 Falcons, economic relations 559 Fallows, cultivation 403 Farcy. (.SVc Glanders.) Farm accounts, keeping 97 buildings, construction S'M whitewash and lime paints for 95 demonstration, in Texas, IT. S. D. A . 8(53 engines, handbook. ._ 416 labor, wages in the United States, U. S. D. A. 730 lands, drainage, U. S. D. A 934 management, improvement in 421} systems, U. S. D. A. . m.) mechanics, building for, at Iowa College 215 instruction in 213 tramways, advantages 837 Farmers and experiment stations, cooper- ation, U. S. D. A._ igi) businesshandbook__- 97 Institiite "Workers, American Association _ idl Institute Workers, American Association, U. S. D. A .... 197,1025 Farmers' institutes— in California, Cal 829 Georgia ti30 Mississippi, round-up. Miss. _ 198 North Carolina 830 North Dakota, annual 830 the United States, U. S. D. A 198 legislation concerning, U. S. D. A 523 list of directors and lecturers, U. S. D. A 418 mission _ 1 organization 3 work by the Department of Agri- culture 327 Farms, demonstration, in Southern States 629,86;^ Fat, absorption 892 determination 551, 954 in cheese ._ 439 feeding stulTs 435, 4;«, 1054 milk... (548,649,1053 skim milk... 551,648 whey 648 digestibility 492 of guinea corn, investigation 13 Fatigue, physiology of 798 Fats, analyses - 647 Dalican titer test 439 edible, digestibility. Ark 700 iodin number 648 methods of analysis 65, 748 treatises 223,446 r ef ractometer number 648 Fatty acids, nutritive value 995 Faucet, modified form. La 285 Feces, composition and energy value 995 I'age. Feeding experiments, methods of con- ducting, Vt.... 1110 (Sec also Cows, Pigs, S h e e !> , ett;.) stuffs, ad ul teration 993 analyses 15, 67, 288, 707, 750, 852, 8SX), 1108 Cal 801 Can 171,1108 Conn. State... 497,889 Ky.. 1053 Mass 992 Me 287 Mich 67 N. Dak 171 N.J 288 N.Y. State 497 R.I. 706,993 Utah 710 Vt 392,889 Wis 801,993 ashanalyses 953 carbohydrates in 849 concentrated, handbook. 600 decomposition by micro- organisms 65,602 digestibility of protein in 890 for horses. 603 inspection, Conn. State. 497,889 Mass... 171,992 Me 287 N.J 288 N.Y. State... 497 R. 1 706,993 Wis 498,993 in Maryland . 707 Norway . , . 1054 Pennsylva- nia 288 law. Wis 498 in Wisconsin. 718 methods of analysis . . . 122, 435 methods of analysis. (See also Fat, Nitrogen, etc . ) notes 815 nutritive value 601 pentosans in 992 phosphorus in, N.Y. State 496 proprietary, R. 1 706 proprietary, analyses . . . 707 proprietary, analyses. Conn. State 497,889 proprietary, analyses. Me 287 proprietary, analyses, N.Y. State 497 propi'ietary, analyses, R. I 707,9*3 valuation 600 (See also specific kinds.) subcutaneous 289 Feeds, condimental, analyses 288,830,993 Conn. State 889 R.I 707 1190 EXPERIMEINT STATION RECORD. Kagc. Feeds, cundiiuontHl, aiialysoH, Va 0(K Vt 889 for <-i) ws, Kans 730 mixud, analy SOS _ 288, 7W Conn. State 889 Me 287 N.J 288 N.Y. State.. 497 R.I 7m vt... 392 "Wis 802 Fennel, effect on milk secretion (K)5 Fenugreek, effect on milk secretion. (i05 feeding value 498 Ferment, sugar-forming, in liver 706 Fermentation, alcoholic, in presence of sulphurous acid_ 9;ili industries, chemistry of.. 955 investigations 451 of bread, micro-organisms of 451 problems in 855 theory of 451 treatise 450 Fermentations of cane juice _ 847 Ferments, glycolytic 1100 in milk 1003 nature _ 1119 oxidizing, in animal body 706 milk 1002 pancreatic and intestinal 994 vegetable, notes 451 Ferns, manual 341 Fertilization and hybridization, lecture on._ __ _ 581 Fertilizer experiments 993 Ohio _ 464 Pa. 143 cooperative 138,664 cooperative, in Germany 234 cooperative, in Sweden 569,570 methods of con- ducting 130,660 on black soils 858 (See also special crops.) industry in Portugal _ 349 recent progress in . . . 131 insecticide, preparation, Cal. . _ 789 law, Cal 131 La_ 1063 Me 26 S.C 26 Wis 463,959 W.Va 463,1064 in Maryland _ _ 461-! Ohio- 1064 laws, uniform 327, 427, 443 machinery 95 new artificial, trials 571 requirements of plants 1062 Fertilizers, analyses 15, 226, 236, 348, 349, 463, 572, 661, 750, 751, 890, 986, 1064, 1108 Page. Fertilizers, analyses. Ark 958 Can 131 Conn.State.. 663 Ky 663,958,10.53 La l(Hi3 Mass r.il,-£H),Hi»,(m Me 26,348,1063 Mich ;^48 N.J 131,.571 R.I mi S.C 26,318 Tex 318 Vt 26,105:1, l(Hi4 Wis 463,9.59 W.Va .- 463 commercial, and barnyard manure, com- parison, Pa ... 143 use 571 effect on composition of plants 763 soil bacteria, Del . . 566 historical review 1063 inspection, Conn. State 663 Ky-. 663,958 La 1063 Mass.... 131,2:«,:{48,663 Me.. 26,348,1063 Mich ;348 N.J 131,571 R.I... 663 S.C 26,348: Tex 348 Vt 26,1064 Wis _ 463 W.Va. 46:3,1064 in Canada 349 Florida :*18 Maryland 463 Norway 1054 Ohio 1064 Pennsylvania 572, 1064 manufacture 462 methods of analysis 122,462 (See also Phosphoric acid, Ni- trogen, Potash, etc.) methods of application .568 Tenn. 347 new adulterant of 463 nitrogenous. (See Nitroge- nous fertilizers.) phosphatic. (See Phos- phates.) potash. (.Sec Potash.) sampling, Mass 236 statistics 1063 treatises 131,860,959 use as indicated by soil analy- sis, Ohio 625 on sandy soils 1301 valuation 236] weight per bushel 26 ( (See also specific materials.) Fescue, slender, notes. Ariz 854 ■, Fiber machine, tests 935 | INDEX OF yiTBJECTS. 1191 Page. Fiber plants, culture inHawaii,U.S.D. A. 133 in Bi-azil and Argentina 15 the Philipijino Islands. _ . :Ul Fibers, new 72 Fibrin ferments, studies. 389 Fiddler beetle, notes _ 278. 378 , 6ft3 Field crops, cost of prodiiction. Can 138 culture in Egypt 37 growing and preparing for exhibitions, Wyo 31 maturity, Kans. 730 productii >n in Queensland . . .578 (See also xperial croj^s.) mouse, new, in Japan 1( 156 peas. (.SVe Peas.) Fig disease in France, description .52 diseases, notes, N. C .591 eater, notes, N. C. .594 Figs, Calimyrna, in California 872 culture, Cal 148,149 Ga _ 968 and marketing, N. C .581 experiments, Cal 773 in Hawaii, U. S. D. A 133 pots - 675 the South.. ... 678 description 253 growth as affected by electricity . . 361 propagation, U. S. D. A 365 Smyrna, culture 366 varieties, Ga 968 Fila ria hJin i in blood of buffaloes .519 Filariasis, transmission by insects 62 Filberts, culture in Oregon 682 varieties, Mich ,38 Filter ])umps, valve for 751 Fir, Douglass, utilization 103 exotic species, introduction into Prussia and Austria 261 Fish, analyses 495 bone, ground, analyses. Mass 2.36 dried and ground, analyses, Conn. State _ _ 663 dried and ground, analyses, N. J. .. 572 fertilizer, manufacture 661 food for, analyses. Can 72 fresh, fertilizing value. Me 96 giiano, analyses 26 weight per bushel 26 meal, analyses 66 feeding value 66 products, notes. 602 refrigerated, micro-organisms af- fecting .389 Flannel rags, analyses 26 Flavoring extracts, analyses 990 N. Dak 495 methods of analysis. . 4.38 standard for 390 Flax, culture, Cal 1.34 N. Dak 33 experiments. Can 27,137 Minn. 237 N. Dak 141 in Ala.ska, U. S. D. A 132 diseases, notes, N. Dak 50 Page. Flax, fertilizer experiments 667 industry, statistics. 575 kainit for 33 rippling 668 scutching tests 668 seed selection, N. Dak 33 varieties 668 Can. 29 wilt, notes, N. Dak _ 50,161 Flaxseed, analyses, Mont 147 production, U. S. D. A 241 treatment with formaldehyde, N. Dak 161 Flea-beetles, notes 274, .594, 6a5 Mont 167 U. S. D. A .379 Fleas, notes 546 remedies, U. S. D. A 97 Flies injurious to animals, notes 229 remedies. Mass _ 191 S. Dak 383 transmission of diseases by 62, 992 Flock dust, analyses 26 Flood-damaged lands, ti-eatment, Kans . . 958 gate device, description 622 Floods, mitigation in Hunter River 827 Passaic, study, 94 periodic, in the Mississippi, U. S. D. A 856 prevention 1023 Floriculture, books on 258 progress in.. .587 Florida beggar weed, notes .574 College, notes .311 Station, financial statement 935 notes 311,627,832,1028 report of director 935 University, notes 627, 832 Florists, directory 368 Flour, acid content. 954 analyses 495,703,987 Can 171 N.J 288 and wheat, relative protein con- tent, Minn 1096 as affected by storage and bleach- ing, Minn 1097 baking quality, determination 599 beetles, notes. 277,878 remedies 1092 from bleached and unbleached wheat 387 gliadin content. Can 1073 studies, Minn 1096 macaroni wheat, analyses, N. Dak 171 methods of analysis 432 moth, Mediterranean, notes 276, 277,691,790,982 red dog, analyses. Me 287 roller process, studies, Minn 1095 studies. 794 tropical, analyses 598 Flower bulbs, cold storage 256 culture 776,1081 in North Carolina. 776 "Washington 776 1192 EXPERIMENT STATION "RECORD. I'ttge. Floww huDis, planting, U. S. D. A 289 Fl< jweriuf? i-iirrant, native form, "Wyo H59 plants, annual, culture, U. S. D. A 1UH2 Flowers, rolor as affected by different sub- stances, R. I 151 culture 155, 258, 776, 7T7 Can 149 R.I 155 U.B.D.A X7:i for preparation of es- sences 5K7 enemies of 55 fertilizer experiments, R. 1 672 perennial culture 368 Fluke worms in sheep in New South Wales 72<) Fluorescein, use in underground hydrol- ogy. '^3 Fog fruit, notes, U. S. D. A 97 nitrogen content. -- 456 Fogs of Buzzards Bay, U. S. D. A--- 856 Foliage, autumnal coloration, U. S. D. A. 330 Food adulterants, identification 943 adulteration - 383,625.885 assimilation as affected by sodium chlorid - 703 chemistry, text-book 955 treatise 991 chemists, association of, in Germany 851 cost _ - 493 in relation to nutritive value, U. S. D. A 283 effect on body fat _ 892 composition of butter 810, 908, 1110 milk.809,810,907, 999,1001,1110 hygiene of 887 in relation to longevity 600 iiisi)ection in Canada 986 Connecticut, Conn. State 2a3,985 niinois 884 Minnesota 387 New Hampshire,... 797,986 North Dakota, N. Dak... 495,884 Ohio - 495,797 the United States .... 835 "Wyoming, "Wyo 417 nutritive value in relation to cost, U.S.D.A 383 of native tribes of New Zealand . . . 387 the Italians 387 preparation for invalids 703 products, colonial 602 importation 427 proteids in 383 requirements at high altitudes 387 sanitary precautions. 992 standards.. 442,991 U.S.D.A 703 supply of Halle 795 troops in the Philippine Islands :W7 Page. Foods, analy.ses 15, 387, 552, 1054 artificial coloring matters in 9.55 composition 387 handbook 283 decomposition by micro-organ- isms 65 East Indian, analyses 495 examination (V), 386 famine, in India 795 legislation concerning 327 in Great Britain . . 796 literature 884 methods of analysis 435, 436 microscopical examination 598 nitrogenous. 389 nutritive value 991 patented, dietetic value 990 preparation in camps 65 preservation 797 preservatives in 439 production in Great Britain 1100 regulations concerning, in Porto Rico - 65 treatises .598,796,887,992 tropical... 387,887 vegetable, analyses 885 Foot-and-mouth disease — as affected by vaccination for anthrax 1017 cases re.sembling 920 immunization against. 724, 1129 notes... a5, 300, 611, 718, 915, 1133 prevalence in England 187 Massachusetts ... 113,299,920 New England 84,85 U.S.D.A. 513 the United States, U. S. D.A 300 Verona 613 studies.. 81 transmission to man 1017 treatment ... a5, 191, 301, 513, 724, 819, 921, 1120 Forage conditions in "Washington, Ore- gon, California, and Nevada, U.S.D.A 241 crops, analyses,Ky 8,52 N.Dak 171 culture, N. Dak 141 Oreg 242 S. Dak a54 experiments 572, 573 experiments, Ala. Canebrake 863 experiments, Can . 30 Minn 237 Va . . 573 "Wyo a50 diseases affecting, U. S. D.A - 242 for cows, N. J - 182 Pa 998 pigs 175 Ala. Canebrake 863 poultry, Mont 178 the South aSO harvesting, U.S.D.A 97 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1193 Page, Forage crops, improvement, U. S. D. A .. 238 nitrate of soda for, N.J 242 notes, Idaho 145 Me 1025 Mich 350 N. Dak_ 161 summer. Mass 146 varieties 138 (See also special crops.) poisoning in horses 1020 notes 611 Forest belts. Can 157 conditions in northern California. 156 Oregon 156 the Southern States. 46 "Washington 156,157 fires in Minnesota 47 the Adirondacks 780 U.S.D.A. 1082 law concerning in New York . 261 protection against 780 insects, atlas _. 382 in India 381 Switzerland 695 notes... 332,690,695,975 lands, taxation. _ 481 leaves, decomposition 764 plantingin Minnesota, Minn. 260 Nebraska 260 the United States, prac- ticability, U. S. D. A. 260 products, chemical studies, U. S. D.A 263 imports and exports, U. S. D. A 371,831 utilization 103 reserve in Minnesota .._ 481 reserves in Porto Rico 13:3,481 management in Beloo- chistan 588 object _ 779 Sulzbur g, management _ 481 trees, exotic, introduction into Prussia and Austria 261 hardiness, Mont 149 planting seeds, Okla 417 tests, Kans._ 873 Forestry and lumbering, U. S. D. A 45,234 Association, American, meeting 781 atBiltmore, N. C 481 bibliography. 264 books on. _ 368 courses in agricultural colleges 480 exhibition.. 836 handbook 480 U.S.D.A 45 in Beloochistan 588 Bombay Presidency 262 Connecticut, Conn. State 480 Coorg.. 262 Europe 47 Germany.. 481 GreatBritain 779 Hongkong 262 India. 47,48 New Hampshire 261 Page. Forestry in Pennsylvania 47 relation to agriculture 422 Russia 153 the South-. _ 261 United States 47 practical, for lumbermen 1083 primer of, U. S. D.A..: 158 relation to irrigation 264, 1023 zoology 229 substations, work, Cal 155, 777 work in California 1083 working plan, U. S. D. A 369 Forests as affected by frost 780 economic value 369 in Algeria. 778 Australia. 778 California 1082 Canada _ 261 New Soiith Wales.. 261 Oregon.. 156 Tasmania 482 the Hawaiian Islands 778 South.... 778 "Washington 157 management 779 Conn. State 480 planting on flood-damaged lands, U. S. D.A. _ 1082 preservation 415, 369 relation to diminished flow of streams, U. S. D. A. 370 rainfall.. 756 restoration 369 Formaldehyde as a disinfectant 194, 296 detection.. 439 determination (549 effect on algae 17 digestibility of milk 1001 growth of white mustard. .555 intravenous injection in infectious diseases 510 occurrence in canned goods, N. Dak 495 occurrence in the atmos- phere 957 Formalin, analyses, N. Dak 1053 Formic acid, iise in soil analysis 225 Formica rufa, metamorphosis 5.16 Foul brood of bees, treatment 170, 280, ;585 Foundations in comb building 385, 792 Fouquiera splendens, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Fowl cholera and anthrax V)acilli, associa- tive action i:£0 experimental studies ; ; i" , 824 notes 914.1022 studies li:« treatment 836 plague, notes 1023 studies. 727,928,11:^ spirillosis, outbreak 621 tick, life history and remedies 307 notes .516,691 Fowls, diseases of 928 1194 EXPERIMENT STATION KErORD. Tajje. Fowls, friipesin 229 immunity to autlirax _ 920 iiisofts affecting .... . 55 Fraiikia, studies 557 Fraxiu, studies 448 Freezing point of fruit juices, determina- tion. Can 11)77 Fresno district, California, drainage, Cal -.- '.t4,827 Frit fly, notes ...". 27(5,594,878 Frost, effect on forests 78(1 in relation to methods of culture. . C54 potash fertilizers- . SUfi, H48 nitrogen content. 45() protection against, Mich 359 relation t" diseases of cereals 267 spring, in the Mediterranean re- gion.... 232 notes -- 975 Fruit, bitter i-ot, investigations 486 brown rot, notes : 486 buds, observations, Mo. Fruit 1077 fly in Australia 380 food value 885 garden 38,206 farmer's, U.S. D. A.. 97 indu.stry in Auckland 1077 Jamaica 1077 Missouri.- 1078 inspection in Canada 206 juices, analyses 886 Conn. State 283 "' freezing point. Can 1077 mildew, notes 163 must, analyses 364 products, adulteration 206 methods of analysis 437 ripe rot, investigations 486 tree bark beetle, notes 546, 1089 Mo. Fruit-- 1090 N.C 168,594 ' gummosis, notes 591 root diseases, notes. Wash 689 unripe, injurious effects 797 Fruits, American, inspection at Hamburg 976 breeding experiments, S. Dak --. 367 bush , culture, Va - 585 varieties, Va. - 585 canned, analyses, N. Dak 495 canning, Va 581 preserving, and evapo- rating - 2.56 cold storage - - 205, 2.56, 3&3, 583 U. S. D. A 254,li:^ culture 2(», 248, 776, 1075 Can 149,1074 in Costa Rica 581 Madagascar. 360 New South Wales 680 the Northwest 206 Utah 580 digestibility, U. S. D. A 492 East Indian, analyses 495 fertilization by bees 63, 883 fertilizer experiments 38, 235 fungus diseases 1024 Page. Fruits, grading and packing 205 grafting 871 growing and preparing for exhi- bitions, Wyo 31 liardy, breeding 542 improvement by breeding and se- lection - 363 in Georgia, catalogue 675 injuries by mice and rabbits 774 injury by bees 385 Can 166 birds 1057 frost, U. S. D. A 965 insects affecting 55, 691 Mich 1089 Mo. Fruit 1090 N.C 594 in-igation 678 judging 306,581 by scale of points 1076 lists, Ohio 1035 marketing, Mich 38 nomenclature 206,1076 orchard, culture 965 S.Dak 366 and marketing, N.C--- 581 experiments, Cal. 773 in Ontario, Can.. 473 pots... 675 fertilizer experiments . _ 581 fertilizer experiments, N.J 150 hardiness, Mont 149 irrigation experiments, N.J. 150 noteSjCan ^ 39 planting 473 statistics. Conn. State . - - 472 topworking, U. S. D. A - - 253 varieties 38 N.J.-.- 150 pollination by insects- 792 pre.servation 364 for exhibition pur- poses 256,2.57 preserved, examination 64 pruning, U. S. D. A 581 Utah 871 root forcing, Del 579 Russian, culture in the North- west - - 674 salicylic acid in - . . 851 self-sterility 675 small, anatomical structure,Conn. State 284 cover crops for, R.I..- 42 culture 257, 674 N.C. 585 S.Dak 366 experiments, Cal. - . 773 in Ontario, Can 473 fertilizer experiments, R. I. 673 fumigation, N.J 167 hardiness, Mont 149 in North Dakota 830 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1195 Page. Fruits, small, notes. Can _ 39 statistics. Conn .State 472 tests, Ind 1079 varieties 38, 1.53 Mich 253 Pa 153 for Utah 107ti temperate, culture in "West In- ^ dies - ---- 969 thinning. Conn. Storrs 871 transmissit)n of diseases by 992 tropical and subtropical, U. S. D.A .._. W culture in Porto Rico, U.S. D.A i:« propagation, U. S. D. A_ 3fi5 varieties at Upper Peninsula Siil)- station, Mich _ . :i")9 for Oklahoma, Okla 41 7 new_ 204,306 U.S. D.A 357 Fuchsias, fertilizers for 873 Fulgoridae, notes 10i)2 Fiimatjo salicina, description 270 Fumes, effect on plants .- 554 Fumigation, apparatus for 168 appliances, inspection in On- tario . - -- --- <>ecijic forms.) Fungus, dry rot, as a cause of cancer 297 Fur waste, analyses 36 Furf urol, determination in liquors 437 Furnace, gas, for laboratories 338 Furunculosis, notes, Ala. College 299 Furze, culture, Cal - 135 in Alaska, U. S. D. A 132 fitsdriutti oa'j/sjjorioji, studies, U. S. D. A. 1088 vasinfertuin jjisi, n. var., de- scription 375 Kusicladiiim liendrificum. (See Apple scab. ) Fusicladium, investigations 270 Fuxisporium liino^ii,Jiotes -. 689 Fustin, studies.. 448 Galactan in sugar cane 847 Gulactococcusfulvis, notes 1013 Gale, northwest, southern limit, U.S. D.A. 18 Gall sickness, notes — 718 Galls, formation.. 169,695 insect, histology 545, 752 insects producing 881 monograph 982 notes 275 plant, nutrition of tissues in 555 Gallworms, notes. 975 Game laws for 1903, U. S. D. A 560 notes. - 560 Gapes in fowls 229,306,928 notes, Mont. 1134 Garbage disposal 313 tankage, analyses, Conn. State. . 663 Garden, economic, Cal - 751 Gardening, commercial 1075 kitchen 674 market. 674 practical, encyclopedia 248 school for girls 630 Gardens, Alpine, plants for 45 flower, plants for 155, 777 R.I 155 fruit 38,206 for farmers, U. S. D. A . 97 home, plants for 38 kitchen, directions for making. Wash 673 making .^ 776 notes 830 vegetable 674 making. Wash 673 Garget. (See Mammitis. ) Garotilha in Brazil - 517 Gas furnace for laboratories 338 Gases, effect on plants 554 rare, origin in the atmosphere, U. S. D.A .- 856 Gasoline blast lamp for the destruction of insects, HI.. - 789 Gastric juice, methods of analysis 852 secretion 799 Geese, economic value 388 feeding experiments 807 R.I 180 119G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'lige. Geese, raising 603 Gelatin, cleavage 1100 oxidation with permanganates . 954 sulphiir fontent 445 tryptic soluble, absorption by soil 659 lodin, determination 22(i. H'A I Iowa College, notes _. 98,201, :ni, 419, i;27, 731, SKW Station, notes. 98,201,311,525,627,9:* Iris pabularia, ciilture, Cal . -. -_. 135 Iron, a osorption by spinach 964 determination 226 in water 746 importance in animal nutrition 405 salts, effect on composition of plants. 964 sulphate, fertilizing value 571 for destroying weeds . . 265, 266 Irrigation Congrr ess at Ogden 105, 1023 dutyof waterin, U.S.D.A.... 520 effect on soil temperature 654 engineering, cooperative ex- periments 326 treatise 622,728 in California, Cal 195 Egypt 621 U. S. D. A 414 Florida 308 France 196 greenhouses 870 humid regions 94,1024 U. S. D. A.. ia5 Idaho -- 1024 India 308, 414, 1024, lia5 Italy.. 109 Java 94 Kansas, use of windmills in 728 Montana. 1024 Nebraska 1024 New South "Wales 195, 934 Oregon 1024 plain of Loyettes 414 Queensland 234,308 relation to rainfall, U. S. D.A 231 South Africa 414,827 South Australia 414 * southern California 934 the Jauja 1024 Murray basin 728 valley of the Tumbez . . 1135 Tonkin 623 Utah 1023 "Wyoming 1024 Irrigation investigations— N. Mex - 344 U. S. D. A 194,520 by the Department of Agriculture. . . 1023 in California, U. S. D. A 520 Hawaii, U. S. D. A 520 Idaho, U. S. D. A 520 Louisiana, U. S. D. A 520 Missouri, U. S. D. A 520 Montana, Mont 195 U.S. D.A 520 Page. Irrigation investigations— Continual. inNew Jersey, U. S. D. A 520 South Dakota, U. S. D. A 520 Texas, U. S. D. A 520 Utah, Utah 655 U.S.D.A 92,520 Washington, U. S. D.A 520 "Wisconsin, U. S. D. A 520 "Wyoming, U. S. D. A. 520 Irrigation laws in Nevada 1024 legislation 1024 papers relating to 1023, 1024 pumping plant ;. 622 water for, N. Mex .. 195 relation to forestry 26i reservoirs in California _ 521 Colorado, U. S. D.A 521 structures, plans, U. S. D. A.. 521 supplemental to rainfall 330 system at Sanf ord, Fla 622 treatise 934 water, fertilizing elements in, Mont -- 126 storage underground . . 622 studies, Colo 454, 657 with alkaline and saline wa- ters, U. S. D. A 309 works in Cape of Good Hope. . 1026 on the Tigris. - 94 (See also "Water.) Isaria lecanifera affecting scale insects, Mich 61 Isosoma eremiturn, new parasite of 693 spp., notes, U. S. D. A 692 Ixodes richius, notes 1020 Jams, analyses 495,796,886 manufacture and coi^^^osition 986 Janesville area, "Wisconsin, soil survey, U. S. D. A 658 Jellies, analyses _ 796 manufacture _ 256 and composition 986 Johnson grass, notes, Kans _ 730 seed production 682 Joint ill, notes 1129 Jointwor m parasite, new 693 Juneberry, culture 257 Jute, fertilizer experiments 464 for green manuring 463 Kafir corn, culture experiments 573 Okla.... 861 fertilizer experiments, Okla . 861 for calves, Kans 730 cows, Kans 730 Kainit, analyses 26 Conn. State 663 N.J 572 weight per bii.shel 26 Kale, culture, Cal 134,ia5 varieties 138 Can 1068 Kalmia latifolia, poisoning of cattle, Ala. College 299 Kansas College, notes 99, 201 , 1028 Station, financial statement 730 3596— No. 12—04 6 1204 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. I'liKO. Kaiisjis Station, notes iW, »)] , 1()28 Kaucber, William, biographical note, U. S. D. A 18 Kenai ExpHrimont Station, work, U.S.D.A. lifci Kentucky Collct;i\ notes.. 8:i2 Station, financial statement. 936, 1130 notes 311,525,731,832 report of director. . 936, 1136 Keratitis in animals, notes 1129 infections, in Ohio 720 treatment 511 Kerosene emulsion, use as a fungicide, N.J 161 Kidney, spotted, in calves 1012 King-devil weed, notes. Me 372 Vt 1085 Kitchen gardens, directions for making. Wash 673 Kites, notes 1057 use- in meteorology 125, 561 U. S. D. A 2:«,856 Kohl-rabi, varieties Vi8 Labeo longitarsis, notes 169 iyphlocybce, notes 169 Labor problem, discussion 548 wages, in the United States 935 Laboi-atories, mill for. 122 Lachnosterna inqiressa, notes. 277 rugosa , notes. 546 Lactic-acid bacteria and Bacillus suhtilis, antagonism 507 role in cheese ripen- ing, N. Y. State ... 508 formation in milk, N. Y. State 1(X)4 Lactose and maltose, separation, Vt 1053 Lady beetles, Chinese, notes, N . J 167 importation 167 U.S.D.A 278 notes 168,383 Del 593 Lambs. (See Sheep.) Laiiipyris Jioctiluca, phosphorescent or- gan 788 Lamziekte in cattle 303 Land, clearing, Minn 237 grant colleges. (See Agricultural colleges.) laws. 1023 plaster. (See Q-ypsum.) Landolphia STp., notes 775 Lands, flood-damaged, reclamation, U. S. D. A 1082 irrigated, drainage. 307 U.S.D.A.... 307 swamp, notes, Minn. 237 reclamation, U. S. D. A.. 242 Lantern slides, U. S. D. A 230 Larch disease, notes 165 ' ' stagheadedness, ' ' notes 593 Lard, analyses, Conn. State 283,985 digestibility, Ark 700 leaf, iodin number 989 oil, analyses 223 Larkspur, notes 303,411 Mont 411 I'atre. L- riis 86 nucrleo-proteid in _ 67 sugar-forming ferment in 706 Living expenses 493 Lizards, notes - 1055 Lobositz estate, management 830 Loco disease, notes 1129 ■weed, notes _ 49,303,411 Mont 411 N. Dak _ 822 poisonous properties 304 Locust, black, culture and use 262 yellow-winged, notes, U. S. D. A- 57 Locusts, destruction in Argentina _ 275 fungus disease 1089,1090 inlndia 1090 Natal 878 migratory, notes 693 natural enemies 279 notes 55,274,546, 547, 594, 690, 691, 692, 784, 786, 982 Can. _ 166 Mont 167 U. S. D. A 379 remedies ._., 279,383,545,693 Cal ._.. 783 seventeen-year. (See Cicada.) Loganberry, culture _ 257 Logs, measurement, Vt 874 Lolium teniulenfum, anatomy of seeds, Conn. State 986 Lolium, seed fungus 752 Lophodermium pi7iastri, notes ,593 Lophyrus pini, notes 982 Loquats, description __ _ 2.53 propagation, U. S. D. A 365 Lotus califomicus, analyses, Cal . . _ _ 801 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, exhibit of agricultural colleges and experiment stations .-. 326 Stations, financial statement. 95 notes 731 Loxostege siniilalis, notes 546 Lucern. (See Alfalfa.) LuciUa ccesar, notes 1128 sertcata, notes 1128 Lumber supply and forestry, U. S. D. A. 45, 364 (.S'ee also Timber and "Wood.) Lumbering intheNorthwest.. 781 Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.) Lung disease in calves 915 diseases, parasitic 81 Lungs, bacteria in 80 Lungworms in cattle -_. 410 pigs. - 412 410,928 Page Lupine grass peas, analyses, N. Dak 171 new variety _ 351 Lupines, <'ulture, Cal 134,13") notes 303,411 Mont 411 N. Dak 822 removal of bitter substan('e fX)2 soil inoculation experiments 351 yellow, liming 573 Lupinufi alhus for green manuring, Cal_. 765 Lycoinu psvudunjiohis nnjcntata, notes.. 878 nigrcsccn.s, notes.. 878 Lycium andersonii, growth on alkali soils. 357 Lycoperdon giganteum, analyses, Vt 1099 Lyctus brtinneiis, notes 278 Lyda rufipes, notes 788 Lye, concentrated, composition 747 Lymantria monach a, notes 881 Lymphangitis, epizootic, in horses 1121 notes 727 in horses 1020 ulcerative, in the Philip- pine Islands 412 Lyons area, New York, soil survey, U. S. D. A (558 Lysins, studies 1118 Lysol for destroying phylloxera _ 980 Macaroni, manufacture, S. Dak _ 1098 inItaly,U.S.D.A 247 wheat. (See'Wheat,macaroni.) Mace, adulteration 886 Machinei-y , wood -pulping 1083 (See also Agricultural ma- chinery.) Macrouistria ungularis, notes 279 Madia saiivu, anatomy of seeds, Conn. State _ 986 Maggots in sheep _ 87 Magnesia and lime in animal tissues 605 proper ratio for plant growth _ 1(J62 available, determination in soils.. 10.53 calcined, use in incineration of organic substances _ 445 determination in plants 748 , soils 745 relation to plant growth, U. S. D. A 237 Magnesium ammonium phosphate, solu- bility in ammonium cit- rate 645 and calcium, role in plant growth... 51)4,760 quantitative separation.. 645 chlorid, effect on plants, R.I. 130 solu b i 1 i t y of gyp- sum 445 oxalate, precipitation with calcium oxalate 9.53 precipitation. 225, 645 Magnetic disturbances, notes, U. S. D. A. 856 Magnetieal station in the Arctic region, U. S. D. A 18 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1207 Page. Maguey, ciilture and uses, P. R 639 Mahogany, red, description 2*)^ Maine Station, financial statement 9(5, lO^f) notes 201 University, notes 99,201,1137 Maize. (See Corn.) Maizeline feed, analyses 288 N.J. 288 Mai de cadoras, description, U. S. D. A . . 518 distinction from nagana andsurra 4i:{ notes _ fill,]()l'J parasite as affected by human seriim 412 studies.- 192 treatment. -. 1131 Malaria in cattle - 921 horses. 412,920 studies - 1014 transmission by mosquitoes 62, 384,983,984 Malarial parasites, infection of birds 559 Malignant anemia in dogs 413 edema, bacillus, studies 919 differential diagnosis . 410 in horses, treatment.- 822 notes 514 Mallein, distribiition in Pennsylvania ... 611 use 117,193,299 Malt coombs, analyses 67 dust, analyses 26 proteolytic enzy ms in 452 sprouts, analyses 288 Conn. State 497 Mass 993 Mich 67 N.J - 288 N.Y. State 497 Wis.. 802 eilect on milk secretion 605 Maltose and lactose, separation, Vt 1053 hydrolysis 848 presence in acid-hydrolyzed starch products . . 647 Mammals, catalogue of - 1055 genera and families 753 inj urious, destruction 1008 insectivorous, notes 558 of North America - - 1055 Mammary gland, infection of 1128 Mammitis, chronic .- 726 contagious 85,1122 gangrenous 298, 304 in cows 85, 726, 921, 1013, 1122 goats 1013 sheep 298,304 notes, Ala. College 299 Man, animal parasites 194 digestion experiments 63, 7(X) U. S. D.A.-- 492 metabolism experiments 64, 289, 493, 494, 700, 70:^, 888 metabolism experiments. Conn. Storrs 886 metabolism experiments, U. S. D. A. 098 of phosphorus by 600 Page. Manatee, notes 1055 Mandarins, study of group, Fla 41 Manganese, determination in soils 550 Mange in horses 113,306 treatment 1128 Mangel- wurzels, analyses 766 anatomical st ructure - - - 239 breeding experiments-- 239 culture experiments - - - 465, 573,772 c li 1 1 u r e experiments, Okla-- 8t;0 fertilizer experiments- . 766, 767,768 f ertilizei's for, Me. 1025 for cows 73 Can--- 1113 losses during storage . . - 771 varieties- 138,766,768 Can 862,1067 Mangoes, budding - - 677 culture in Hawaii, U. S. D. A-- 133 improvement by hybridiza- tion 585 insects affecting 378 propagation, U. S. D. A 365 Mangosteen, description 538 Mannan, presence in plants 264 " Manteca ' ' disease, notes, Ariz 937 Mantidae, imported, notes, N.J 167 Manure, analyses. Mass - 663 effect on soil temperature 654 hen, preservation. Me 958 horse, analyses. Mass 348 loss by leaching, N.J 128 losses in, Pa 128 U. S.D. A 937 preservation by the use of gyp- sum. - 234,1062 preservative, analysis. 553 test 25 rate of production, Ala. College. 73 sheep, analyses ._ 24 Conn. State 663 Mass 348 N.J 572 Tex 349 nitrogen content 891 (See also Barnyard manure. ) Manures, farm, utilization 344 Mape starch, analyses 598 Maple sap flow 536 Vt 853 scale, cottony, notes 877 sirup, analyses, Tex 358 Vt 1053 sugar, analyses, Vt 1053 Marasmius oreades, analyses, Vt 1099 sacchari, description 974 Margarins, aroma 989 Marl, statistics 1063 Marls of Montady basin, studies 461 organic matter in 127 Marmalades, analyses 64, 796, 886, 986 manufacture 256, 257, 986 salicylic acid in 388 1208 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Marrow, bacterical action 404 Marsupials, injurious, destruction 720 Maryland College notes 1137 Station, notes 1137 report of director 624 financLal statements. . 624 Massachusetts College, notes 31)1,627,1137 Station, financial state- ment 197 notes.. 99,201 Afassospora cicadina affecting the peri- odical cicada 61 Mastitis. (.See Mammitis.) Meadows, culture and irrigation 863 fertilizer experiments . . . 569, 570, 767 moor, phosi^hates for 25 natural, improvement _ 573 Mealy bug, notes 378 bugs, notes, Mont 167 Measuring apparatus, graduation 427 Meat, analyses 495 and bone meal, analyses, R. 1 993 butchering, curing, and preserv- ing, U. S. D. A 893 canned, analyses 284,986 cooking, U.S. D. A 1136 deterioration 795 dietetic value 1099 digestibility, U. S. D. A 1107 export from Holland, regulations concerning. ._ 600 extracts, analyses 991) dietetic value _ 990 examination... 795 from diseased animals, sale 929 frozen, notes, U. S. D. A 523 guano, analyses. 26 importation into England, U. S. D. A. ._.. 523 in Belgium, U. S. D. A 523 New Zealand, U. S. D. A 523 Russia, U. S. D. A ._._ 523 inspection. _ 188 inGermany,U.S.D.A. 52:^,1008 Montana 113 Naples 822 New Zealand. 298, 1008 Philadelphia 113 judging _ 1103 losses in cooking, U. S. D. A 988 meal, analyses 707 Me - 287 digestibility 602 feeding value 66 from diseased animals 66 preservation, U. S. D. A 893 by sodium sulphite.- 389 preservatives, analyses 988 production in Queensland.. 602 products, notes 602 standards for, U. S. D. A . 702 proteids, separation and estimation 431 studies 431 putrefaction, investigations 507 refrigerated, micro-organisms af- fecting 389 rage. Meat, regulations in Germany, U. S. D. A. 495 ripening 988 succinic-acid content as an index of putrefaction 988 tubei-culous, utilization 113, 1010 Medic .seed, tests 1.59 Medical and veterinary zoology, index- catalogue, U. S. D. A 1055 Medicinal plants, cultivation and conser- vation 653 Medicine, results obtained through ex- periments on animals . _ , 406 Medicines, proprietary, control 823 Megurhinus portoriceu.sin, larva 783 nitilus, larva 783 Melampsalta encanstica, notes 279 melunopyyia , notes 279 Melic-grass, purple, studies. _ 557 Melilutus alba, new di.sease 268 Mehtlonthn vulgaris, notes... 59,1089 Melon aphis, notes 546 Okla 416 remedies, Ariz 937 preserving, new _ 252 Melons, culture, Cal 148 improvement. 868 seed production _ 682 Melting point, relation to composition. .. 650 Mendel's law, application 753,770 Menhfiden industry 661 Meningitis, cerebro-spinal, in cattle 517 horses.. 927,1020 treatment . . . 412 Meningo-encephalitis in chickens 929 rabbits 617 Merodon equestris, notes 279 Meromyza americana, notes, U. S. D. A.. 693 Merope tuber, notes. 783 Merulius lacrymans as a cause of cancer- ous tumors 297 studies 593 Mesoleuca truncata, notes. Can 166 Metabolism at high altitudes 64 experiments with animals . . 289, 601,892,1044 experiments with animals, U. S. D. A 799 experiments with man 64, 289,493,494,700,703,888 experiments with man. Conn. Storrs 886 experiments with man, U. S. D.A 698 of phosphorus by man 600 respiratory, as affected by static work 65 Meteor observed in Indiana, U. S. D.A... 856 Meteorological annual for 1903 342 apparatus, exhibit, U. S. ' D.A 856 exhibition at Southport, England, U. S.D.A 230 chart of the Great Lakes, U.S. D.A 125,957 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1209 Page. Meteorological expeditiou to the Baha- mas, U.S.D.A 2m instruction, notes, U. S. D. A 18,5(j0,8;56 investigations, methods.. 341 investigations, methods, U.S.D.A 56() Meteorological observations— Cal 755 Caa 19,123 Conn. Storrs 856 Del.... 56() Idaho 19,124 Ky 857,10.58 Mass. 1£4, 342, 6.53, 9.56 Md 624 Me 19,a56 Mich 19,755 Mo.Friiit 1077 N.Dak. 124 N.J 150 N.Y. State 756 Ohio 240,.561,956 Okla 342 Pa 124 R.I 124 S.Dak 237 U.S.D.A 18,230,342,560,855 Utah &55 Vt 854 Wyo 343 at Haro 1058 Laon - - 125 Ploti 454 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 132 Australia 654 British Guiana 653 France 232 Great Britain 19, 957 Jamaica 857 Mauritius 756 Mexico. - 653 Montana, U.S.D.A 856 ■New South "Wales 857 New Zealand 562 Northwest Territories 454 Nova Scotia 965 Ohio 1058 Ontario 625 Porto Rico, U. S. D. A _ 13;^ Rhodesia 653 Scotland 561 U.S.D.A 230 the Bahamas, U. S. D. A 560 Transvaal 562 West Indies 671 Tunis 342,ft53,857 on Ben Nevis 125 {See also Climate, Rain,"Weather, etc. ) Meteorological observatory at San Fer- nando, Spain, U.S.D.A. 856 reporter in India, U. S. D.A 18 service in Cuba, U.S.D.A. 18 society of France, fiftieth anniversary, U. S. D. A. 560 I'age. Meteorological station in the Arctic, re- gion, U.S.D.A 18 Meteorology, agricultural, at experiment .stations 562 at the Bi'itish Association. . 453 cosmical 655 in Agricultural Institute of France, U. S. D. A 18 Belgixim, history 342 Hawaii, U.S. D.A 856 instruction in, U. S. D. A 18, .560,856 mathematics in 20 research in, U.S. D.A l8 treatise 453 Meteors, noises made by,U. S. D. A 856 Metritis, puerperal, notes 725 Mice, destruction 754 by bacteria 1056 hydrocyanic- acid gas. 983 digestion experiments. Ark 700 field, notes- 488 injuries to fruit trees 774 Michigan College, notes 99 Station, financial statement . . 96, 829 notes 99 report of director. . . . 96i 829 Micrococcus aniylovorus, treatment, Va . . 376 caprimis, description, U. S. D.A 305 Middlings, analyses. Conn. State 889 R.I 706 Midges, net-winged, of North Amer- ica 60 Mildews in German East Africa 589 treatment 781 Military instruction in the land-grant colleges - 325 Milk , aeration 1006 Md _.._ 293 analyses 226,396,713,812,852,1001 Conn. State _. 283 bacteria in . . . 183, 184, 396, 715, 813, 1002, 1113 associative action, Mich. 1113 classification 912 development at differ- ent temperatures, Conn. Storrs 605 investigations. Conn. Storrs 909,910,911 source, Md 293 treatise 74 bacteriology, treatise 606 bitter, U. S. D. A 1136 bufifalo, sugar in 294 care of 396 Ind 396 clarifying, Can 74,1110 coagulation, investigations 913 premature 811 composition 396,908 as affected by food 396, 810,811,907,1001,1110 as affected by intervals between milkings.. 73,811 1210 EXPKKIMENT STATION RECORD. IMgo. Milk, composition as affected by milk- ing -• 810,1)06 as affected by mineral substances in food . . 811 condensed, methods of analysis 439 pi-eparation 509 contamination, 111 !K)8 Control Station at Molkom, report. f)83 cooling -. 3i)6,l(KH> Md 293 creaming experiments. Miss SOH studies.. 811 cost of production, N. J 183 digestive action, Minn 1099 digestibility as affected by formal- dehyde 1001 < >f albuminous constit- uents 389 ducta in cows, suppuration 1128 elementary treatise.. 395 enzyms in 1002 fat as affected by raechanical agita- tion 50() content in relation to yield of cheese 607 globules, physical constitiition . . 185 inseparable 295 source 809,810 fermentations, investigations 506 ferments in 1003 fever, differential diagnosis 101 3 etiology 1012 in sows, treatment 192 notes, Ala. College 299 recurrence 1012 symptoms and treatment 408 treatment. . . 85, 187, 409, 410, 513, 617, ?20, 921, 1012, 1013, 1128 Ga. 408 N.J. 183 filtering, Can 1110 for calves, Kans - 730 infant feeding in New York City - 715 infants .-.. 396,913,1113 from diseased cows 396 tuberculous cows 513, 816 germicidal action 185 goats', analyses — 908 handling 2.14,396,815 for household purposes. Can 1110 heated, detection 649 formation of film on 1113 homogenized 295,851,714 human, niitriti ve vahie 493 hygiene, elementary treatise 395 studies 396 industrial importance 396 inspection in Montana 113 Philadelphia. 113 keeping qualities as affected by temperature. Conn. Stor rs 605 keeping qualities, improvement of, Md 293 lipase in 1U03 Page. Milk, methods of analysis 396 handling. Can 74 minei'al constituents 907 modified, digestibility 389 preparation. 703 molasses, feeding value 801 nutritive value 493 pail, covered, efficiency inexcluding dirt and bacteria. Conn. Storrs. . . 74 pasteurization 507, 715, 716 for infant feeding . . 715 in butter making, Can 75 pasteurizing. Can 1110 powder in Sweden, U. S. D. A 523 manufacture 599, 813 preparations 396 in Switzerland 599 preservation 912 by aeration and pas- teurization 714 hydrogen perox id . 1002 of samples for analysis 123 used for Babcock test, Vt.. 1114 preservatives in 396 production as affected by corn cockle 1001 studies. Wis 503 products, bacteria in 396 proteids, digestibility as affected by rennin 494 separation and estimation . 430 variations in 505 purification, Md 293 by centrifugal separa- tion. 183 recent literature 913 relation to public health 396 ropy, cause, Cal 816 sanitary, ])rodviction 1001 HI. 909 scoring. Can.. 74 secretion as affected by different substances. 605 paper on, U. S. D. A 505 studies 810 skimming tests.. 505,506 soluble ferments in 912 souring, chemical changes in, N. Y. State 1004 sow's, amount and composition, Wis 499 spontaneous coagulation 1003 strainer, tests 505 substitute for calves 893 sugar, decomposition in milk, N. Y. State - 1004 supply, improvement 294 in relation to infant mor- taUty - - 396 of cities. Ill 909 U. S.D. A 294 and towns, U. S. D.A 292 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1211 Page. Milk supply of Glasgow 1001 Milan 812 Padua.. 1001 testing 1006 Can 1111 transmission of diseases by 396, 992 transportation ' 294 Md 294 U. S. D.A 294 \-ariations in composition 74, 6ft.i,811,9()6,999 yield as affected by intervals be- tween milkings- _ 73 yield as affected by intervals be- tween milkings, Can 183 Milking, effect on composition of milk. 810,906 Hegelund method, tests 808 machine, use 183 methods of 292,605,906 N.Y.Cornell.- 712 U.S. D.A a37 records, Conn. Storrs 905 MiU for laboratories 123 refuse, analyses, Mass 663 Millet, analyses, N. Dak 171 and corn, analyses, N. Dak 171 oats, analyses, N. Dak 171 as a cover crop 539 barnyard, digestibility as affected by curing, Mass 174 nitrate of soda f or, N . J . 183 culture, Cal 134,135 experiments 573 Minn 237 for forage-, Tex 32 hay, analyses, N. Dak.. 171 niti-ate of soda for, N.J 242 peai'l, culture, U. S. D. A 33 seed production 682 seed, analyses, N. Dak 171 smut, treatment.-- 49 varieties 138 Can 28,137,1066,1068 N. Dak... 141 Milling by-products, analy.ses, Can.. 1108 tests with wheat 987 Me 868 Tenn 467 Millipedes, notes 596 Mineola vaccinii, notes, U. S. D. A- 381 Mineral industry, statistics. 661 nutrients, physiological role in plants, U. S. D. A '.... 227 Minerals, assimilation by plants 344 Minnesota College, notes. 201,311 Station, notes 311,1137 Mint industry in Michigan. 45 Mississippi River, stages at Vicksburg, U.S.D.A- 230 Station buildings and grounds. Miss... 142 financial state- ment. 829 notes. 939 report of director. 829 Missouri Station, notes 99, 201, 419, 731, 1028 Page. Missouri University, notes 99, 201, 731, 1028 Mitsumata, introduction from Japan U. S.D. A 249 Mixed feeds. (See Feeds, mixed.) Mohair, imports, U. S.D. A 523 Moisture . ( See Water. ) Molasses, analyses. Conn. State 284, 986 beet, analyses 66 blood, manufacture and use 66 cane, analyses Wi clarification 440 feeding value. 6t5, 601, 993 feeds, notes 801 for farm animals . _ 391 horses 391 sheep, Utah 709 refuse, fertilizing value 24 Mold, prevention on butter _ KX)6 Molds, pathogenic, studies • 610 Mole cricket, notes 378 U.S.D.A 133 Moles, European, color and size 559 feeding habits _ 229 Molinia cifrulea, studies 557 Moly bdo-phosphoric acid reaction, study . 550 Jl/o»i ilia fructigena, notes 163 Montana College, not.-s 201, 311, (:27, 1137 Station, financial statement 198 notes.. 201,311,627,1137 report of director 198 Moor soils, fertilizer experiments 571 in Sweden 565 Moorland pastures, top dressing 573 3/or«'a;jo?ystoc/iyo, poisonous properties. 511 tenuis, poisonous properties 511 Morbus maculosus in horses, treatment. . 823 treatment 928,1020 AforcAeHa spp., descriptions, Mich 123 Morinda citrifolia , analyses 495 Mosquitoes, breeding _ 490 in British Columbia 783 Great Britain.. 1055 Michigan, Mich 61 New Jersey, N.J 1093 larva 783 life history. 384 migrations 697 monograph 597 multiplication in relation to soil nitrification 597 notes... 168,690,883 Cal... - 783 Mont 167 N.J 167 remedies 61,384,791,983,984 Mich 61 transmission of diseases by. 62,983 malaria by.. 384 yellow fever by 877 treatises 983 Moths, treatise 481* Motor cars, alcohol, use in agriculture . 729 freight cars in country districts.. 416 Mount Hermon school, instruction in ag- riculture - 4 1212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'llKf. Mount Mitchell area, North Cai-oliua, soil survey,!!. S. D. A 668 Whitney, notes, U.S.D.A a56 Mountain ash, disease, notes 377 slopes, reforestation 1082 Mouse, field, new, in Japan 105(5 typhus, distribution of cultures . . 1056 Mucedin, cleavage products 749 Muck, analyses, Ind 345 Mucor, species pathogenic to animals 610 Mucormycoses in man and animals . - . 610 Mud, pond, analyses 24 Mulberries, culture 280,281 Mulberry leaves for feeding silkworms. - 1(J94 scale, notes 979 Mulching, effect on soil temperature 654 experiments .__ 257 111 - 470 Nebr 249 Mules, breeding, in Jamaica 393 feeding experiments, N. C 901 rations for_ 388 Muriate of potash, analyses, Conn. State- 663 N.J 573 Muscle ferment, effect on carbohydrates. 893 Muscles, fat content 993 hemoglobin content 493 Muscular work. (See Work.) Museum specimens, insects affecting 784 Mushrooms, analyses, Vt 1099 descriptions, Mich 123 edible and poisonous, identi- fication. _, 449 poisonous, i n Europe 449 Musk ox, notes, U.S.D.A. 523 Swedish, wool of 73 Muskmelon blight, notes. Mass 160 Ohio 1035 Muskmelons, cultiire, U. S. D. A 1136 in Russia 965 under cheese cloth 673 mulching experiments, Nebr. 250 Rocky Ford, seed produc- tion, Colo. 869 Must from frozen grapes 478 sterilized, analyses 364 Mustard oil, analyses 223 formation 123 stiidy 122 seed production . _ _ 682 tumbling, destruction, N. Dak . 483 white, growth as affected by for- maldehyde 555 wild, destruction 265,266,830 Can 1085 N.Y.Cornell. 10;5 in Canada 265 Mutation theory 471 Mutton, composition 67 Mycelophagus castaneoe, notes 165 Mycorrhiza, studies 557 Mycoses in man and animals 610 Myndus 7-adicis, notes 787 Myochrous denticoll is, notes 547 squamosus, notes 547 Page. Myriapods, notes 878 Myrica cerifera , m y codomatia .557 sapida, analyses 495 Myristic acid, nutritive value 995 Myrmecosalius, new genus, description. . 168 Myr meleonidie from Arizona 168 Mytulaspis ceratonke, notes 980 pomorum. (See Bark-louse, oyster-shell. ) Myzorhynchus coustani, notes 490 Nagana, notes 611 parasite as affected by human .serum 413 surra, and mal de caderas, re- lationship 413,1019 Narcissus, culture 2.55^1081 fly, notes..- 278 Narcosis, effect on immunity 719 National Good Roads Convention, pro- ceedings, U. S. D. A 415 Irrigation Congress, meeting at Ogden 105 Nature study in country schools 204 publications 316, 1036, 1027 N.Y.Cornell. 936 U.S.D.A.... 523 Navy, British, rations for... 282 Nebraska Station, financial statement... 522 notes 99,312,731,832 University, notes 99,731 Nectarines, culture, Cal 148 experiments, Cal ... 773 Necrosis bacillus, studies 935, 1008 Nectria ditissima, notes 277,.591 Nematode diseases of tropical plants 55 Nematodes, notes . .' 60, 691, 878, 975, 981 Neocerata rhodophaga, notes 882 Neocosmospora casinfecta, notes 375 Neomorphs, fibro-epithelial, in horses ... 88 Nephritis, due to infection through um- bilical cord 1007 Nete meal, analyses 598 Neuropteroid insects from Arizona 168 Nevada College, notes 99,627 Station, financial statement 1025 notes 99,627 report of director 1025 New Hampshire College, notes 202,313,^038 Station, notes. 99,202,312,1028 New Mexico College, notes 203 Station, notes 203 New Jersey Stations, financial statement . 198 notes 100,313 report of director . . 198 New York Cornell Station, financial state- ment... a36 notes 100,627 report of di- rector.. 936 State Station, financial state- ment 829,1025 notes 202 report of di- rector 1035 Newspaper, editorial management by experiment station 1035 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1218 Page. Nicotia7ia glauca, ■poisononfi properties.. 511 Nicotin, determination 441 Niger seed, anatomy, Conn. State 986 Nitrate of potash, analyses, Conn. State. 663 Ky 1053 N.J 573 soda, analyses 26 Conn. State.... 663 N.J 572 Mass 236,348 and sulphate of am- monia, relative fertiliz- ing value '.. 860 and sulphate of am- monia, relative f ertiliz- ing value, R. I 672 fertilizing value. - 130 for asparagus, Del 578 vegetables, N. J 251 methods of application . . 568 mining and prepara- tion 1063 perchlorates in 567,764 statistics 131 weight per bushel 26 Nitrates, analysis 122 and ammonium salts, relative fertilizing value --...... 462 deposits in Cahf or nia 959 determination 121,953 in water 121,646 electrolytic reduction 429, 444 export from Chile 9.59 production from atmospheric nitrogen by electricity 551 reduction by sewage 522 Nitric acid, determination 120,121,747 in water... a36,1052 production from atmospheric nitrogen by electricity 551 Nitrification in soils 24, 233, 456, 762 Nitrites, determination 846 in water 121 Nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds, treatise 120 assimilation 24,847 U. S.D.A 227 by bacteria 123, 434, 449,753,956 111.... a55 N.J.. 128 decomposing leaves 764 leguminous plants 123,349 plants 3;^ in soils 761 atmospheric, oxidation by elec- tricity 336,551 utilization 25,131, 347,348,423,568,661 available, determination 429 deficiency of, effect on plants . 235 determination 429, 953 apparatus for 3SS,iiH> in feces 336 j'ago. Nitrogen, determination in gas mixtures. ;J3(i humus soils. Can 23 K j o 1 d a h 1 method 444, 54:t..551,646 vol umet ric method 335 excretion , 888 free extract in feeding stuffs, studies 848 substances, cleavage by bacteria 450 in protein bodies. 221 maintenance in soils _ 859 metabolism 700 as affected by so- dium chlorid 703 nitrate, determination in pres- ence of organic nitrogen 646 nitric, determination 224,(49,1053 in soils, effect on tuber- cle bacteria 761 iitilization by trees 780 Nitrogenous bodies, separation _ _ 429 fertilizers, availability of ni- trogen in, N . J . 128 comparison ... 234,659 Mass 139 effect on the feeding value of hay -- 896 manufacture 347 guano, analyses 36 Nitroglycerin, effect on blood pressure and heart action _ 119 Nocar d, Edmond, biographical note 207 Nodular disease in sheep 299, 411 La 191 W. Va 923 Nonagria, revision of species 168 Normal training courses for teachers in Michigan 531 Noi'th Carolina College, notes 100, 202 North Dakota Station, financial state- ment -- 198 report of direc- tor. 198 Nucleo-proteid in the liver 67 proteids in wheat 749 Nun moth, notes 168 Nurseries, inspection in Victoria 1089 Nursery inspection. Conn. State 97*4 Ky 978 N.J... -.- 167 Va 975 discussions concern- ing - 527 in British Columbia. 789 Cape of Good Hope.. 882. Georgia 976 Massachusetts ... 275 New Jersey 167 New South Wales 691 North Carolina. 377,789 1214 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Nursery inspection in Ohio 690 Pennsylvania 596 law in Canada 596 methods •iii (See also Orchard in- spection.) stock, storage 1077 treatise 254 Nurserymen, directory 368 Nutrene dairy feed for cows, Vt 1109 Nutrition as affected by X-rays 887 investigations. 991 U.S.D.A. 281,492,698 in Connecticut, Conn. Storrs. 886 {See also Diges- tion. Food, Metabolism, etc.) physiologic economy in 64 principles of 386 theori s of 887 treatise 887 Nutrients, isodynamic replacement 391 Nuts, analyses 44,285 culture experiments, Cal 773 description 253 digestibility, U. S. D. A 492 in Georgia, catalogue 675 use 495 waste, composition 43 Oak-leaf curl, notes, Ala. College 689 leaves, forage value, Cal 286 pruner, notes, N. J 167 tree pest, new _ 788 Oaks, analyses, U. S. D. A 263 Oat diseases in Tunis - 367 feeds, analyses 2.-8 Conn. State 497, 889 Vt 889 middlings, analyses. Mass 993 Mich 67 rust, notes _ 351 smut, notes... 303 treatment. 161,367,373 Can 27,1065 Ohio.. 625 Wash 687 Wis 1087 Oats, analyses, N. Dak 171 Wis. 801,802 and barley, analyses, N. Dak. 171 millet, analyses, N . Dak 171 as affected by water content of soil . 572 ash constituents in relation to lodg- ing . _. 769 breeding experiments 352, 541, 668, 770 composition as affected by fertiliz- ers - 570 composition as affected by soil moisture.. 657 composition as affected by soil moisture, Utah 656 culture, Okla 416 experiments 463, 553, 766, 767 Ala. Cane- brake 575 Page. Oats, culture experiments, Cal 764 Can. 26,136,1(K54,1065 Minn. . 236 Ohio 243 Okla 861 in Alaska, U. S. D. A 132 on moor soils 31 digestibility, U. S. D. A 1107 electro-culture 248 enzy m-secreting cells in seedlings . . 752 fertilizer experiments 553,569, 57(t,571,664,769 Ala. Cane- brake 575 Can 137 Mass 139 Pa 143 fertilizing constituents i-emoved . by. Pa 144 flaked, analyses 987 for sheep, Mont 710 steers, Mont 709 germination as affected by temper- ature. Can 1084 ground, analyses. Conn. State 497 N.Y. State 497 improvement, U. S. D. A 238 lime content 553,772 liming 572 meteorological conditions favoring growth. Pa 144 monograph 575 nitrate of soda for 665 nitrogenous fertilizers for 235 period of growth, Minn 237 prices in the United States 578 respiration experiments 1084 rotation experiments, S. Dak 238 seed production 682 selection, Can 1065 shelled, germination tests 466 .stooling 348 varieties i;«, 664, 668, 7ti5, 768, 868 Can.. _ 28,861,862,1066 Mich _. 349 Minn 236 Mont 140 Nebr 960 N. Dak 141 Ohio... .. 243 Okla.. _ 861 W. Va 466 characteristics... 554 yield as affected by treatment for smut 1086 Oberea uhnicola, n. sp., description 881 Ocinara lewhue, notes 691 Ocneria disjMir. {See Gypsy moth.) Ocotillo, a.sh analyses, N . Mex 13 Odonata from Arizona and New Mexico. 168 Odors, diffusion in the atmosphere, U. S. D. A 856 CEsophagostona columbianum. (See Nod- ular disease. ) Ohio Station, financial statement 624, 1025 notes 100, 302, 628, 1029 report of director 624,1025 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1215 Ohio University, notes 202, 312, 732, 1020 Oil analysis, viscosity of soap solution in. 223 determination in mustunl 122 in seeds of Poli/ntiht (ipopvlala, Cal . . 750 meal, analyses. Can 171 mineral, use in road improvement, U. S. D. A _ 309 seeds, anatomy. Conn. State 986 Oils, analyses _ 647 analytical text-books_ 223,446 animal i'. vegetable for cooking 492 , caemical studies _ 122 edible, digestibility. Ark 700 ethereal, function in xerojihytes . . . 651 examination 65 fixed, rare 851 iodin absoi-ption 4:38, 648 ref ractometer number 648 salad, investigations, U. S. D. A 551 Oklahoma College, notes 100, 202, 1137 Station, financial statement . . 416 notes 100,202,1137 report of director 416 Okra, seed production 682 Oleander, poisonous properties 511 Oleo oil, statistics, U. S. D. A 509 Oleomargarine, detection in butter 717 statistics, U. S. D. A .... 509 Olive fly, remedies 980 industry in France 41 Spain 41 leaf miner, notes 275 oil, analyses 223 digestibility. Ark 700 industry in France • 796 investigations, U. S. D. A 551 phy tosterol in . _ 223 substitutes, analyses 223 investigations, U. S. D. A __ 551 viscosity test 223 oils, analyses, Cal 750 scale, notes 278 sooty mold, description 270 treatment 52 Olives, alterations in branches due to in- sects - 275 culture, Cal..... 148 experiments, Cal 773 description 253 grafts, injury to 278 insects affecting 271,275,690 pickled, brine from, Cal 796 Olmsted, Frederick Law, biographical note 208 Omphalitis in colts 298,726 Onion disease in Italy, investigations 269 maggots, notes 546, 547, 877, 878 mildew, notes, Vt 1087 thrips, notes, Conn. State 975 Onions, ash analyses. Mass 225 culture 252,1076 Kans - 730 fertilizer experiments, R. I 672 germination as aifectcd by tem- perature, Can 1084 Page. Onions, improvement 868 mulching experiments, Nebr 250 seed production 682 storage 360 Oniscus asellus, notes 276 Oospora scabies. {See Potato scab. ) Ophiobolus graminis, notes _ 687 Ophthalmia in animals, notes 186, 720, 1129 Opudfmarftoresceris, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 camanchica, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 macrocentra, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Orange collar rot, notes -._ 52 diseases, investigations,U.S.D.A. 974 hawk weed, notes, Me 372 peel, analyses 989 rust mite, notes 381 scale, notes 278 weevil, notes 694 Oranges, analyses, Cal 750 citrus trifoliata stocks for..:... 585 culture, Cal 149 hybrids 677 irrigation 774 experiments, Cal 195 mandarin group, study, Fla 41 production and consumption. _ . 585 shipping 364 Orchard grass, fertilizer experiments, Tenn 346 inspection, N.J 167 discussion concern- ing _ 527 in Australia 691 New Jersey 167 Ohio 690 (See also Nursery inspection. ) Orchards, commercial in Missouri 1078 cover crops for _ _ 538 Del 361,580 Mich 39 growing in sod. _ 473,474 inspection in Victoria 1089 irrigation, Cal 149 management, U. S. D. A 97 model in Nova Scotia _ 965 Orchitis, actinomycotic, in bulls 1128 Oregon College, notes. 628 Station, notes 628 Organic matter, determination in soils _ . 744 substances, determination in water 336 Organotherapy, value 80 Orina fristis^ life history _ 1093 Ormerod, Eleanor, autobiography 985 Ornamental plants, culture 248, 258 Can 149 notes, U. S. D. A .... 258 trees, hardiness, Mont 149 vines, notes, Mont 154 Ornithodoros megn in i, notes 410 twicata, notes 410 Ornithological Society of Mimich, report . 559 Ornithology, economic, treatise 228 Orobanche ramosa, notes, N . J 161 1216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. 0)-o6rtnc7ic spp., notes, Ky 159 Oscinis carbonariti, notes, U. S. D. A (iVtZ soror, notes, U. S. D. A <)92 Osmotic pressure role in plants S40 Osteojualaciii with paralysis, notes 1 129 Osteomyelitis, etiology 404 in horses. 927 Ostriches, raising 72,998 Or thoptera of Bermuda. 168 "Ortstein," description 761 Oryctex rh inoceros, notes 694 Otiorhyyichus crebricoUis affecting olive grafts 278 s idea t us, notes 975 Owls, economic value 228 feeding habits 755 •notes - ia57 Oxeye daisy, notes 484 Oxidation in animal body 706 Ox-warble fly larvse, notes 618 Oxydase in sugar cane 847 Oxydases in milk 1002 Oxygen, compressed, impurities in 650 dissolved, deteiinination in wa- ter 953 effect on plant growth 339 Oxyiiris ctiri^ula, notes 519 equi, larval form 519 m astigodes, notes 519 vivipara, notes _ 519 Oyster-shell bark-louse— notes.. 377,546,547,594,975 Conn. State 58 Del 978 N. C 168 Oyster-shell lime, analyses. Conn. State- - 663 Oysters, analyses 495 infection with typhoid bacilli. . _ 1054 propagation, N. J 180 transmission of diseases by 992 Paddy , fertilizer experiments 463 seeding 464 vai'ieties 464 Palaquium supfianum, description 586 Palm disease, notes 593 nut cake, digestibility of protein as affected by drying 891 effect on body fat 892 for cows 292 oil, analyses 223 Palmirah root flour, analyses 599 Palms, date. {See Date palms.) Paloverde twigs, analyses, Ariz 889 Pamph ilu man itoboides, notes 878 Pancreas, adaptation 993, 1100 bases isolated from 850 internal secretion, effect on carbohydrates 892 new product in autodigestion _ . 750 Pancreatic extract, use in medicine 80 ferments, peptone-spUtting . . 994 juice, proteolytic action 798,995 secretion 995 studies 888 Panicum maximum , analyses 67 viuticum, analyses 67 Page. Pansies, culture 368 Papain, ])rotoolytic action (KX) Papaw, changing sex 153 formont in 4.51 Papayas, culture iu Hawaii, U. S. D. A , 133 Paper plant, introduction from Japan, U. S. D. A 249 Papillomatosis in cattle 1128 Para grass, iinalyses 67 Paracasein, digestibility as affected by rennin 494 Paraffin , coating cheese with 607 Paragi'ene, analyses, Cal 384 Pai"aguay tea, description 365 Paralysis in fish 298 of wild animals in confinement 1055 parturient. (See Milk fever.) Parasites, intestinal, in hogs _ 1130 production of anti- ferments by 403 of animals. ..■ 295,297,1055 man 194,297 sheep 191,298,304 La 191 Paresis, parturient. (See Milk fever.) Paris green, analyses 279,986 Cal 384 Can 1093 Del 597 La 1063 substitutes, analyses, Cal 384 Parsnips, culture, Mich 359 effect on composition of butter fat ^ 607 germination as affected by tem- perature. Can 1084 improvement 868 mulching experiments, Nebr . . 250 varieties 138 Can.. 1067 wild, notes, Mont 411 N. Dak... 822 Parthenogenesis in bees 385 review of literature 1056 theories concerning 883 Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or pare- sis. (See Milk fever.) blackleg, etiology 513 Pnspalum dilatatum, analyses 67 Passion vines, fertilizers for 45 Pasteurization, effect upon fat content of skim milk 506 of milk 507,715,716 for infant feeding. 715 in butter mak- ing 1006 Can 75 cheese making. 1006 Pasteurizers, trials 606 Pastry, analyses 495 Pastures, fertilizer experiments. . . 569, 570, 1054 fertilizers for 896 for sheep, S. Dak 291 grass mixtures for 767 improvement 897 in New Zealand 1008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1217 Pastures, moorland, top dressing jilants f 01', Can culture, S. Dak . Pathologry, bibliography. Page. . 71!) veterinary, text-book 4(I5 Paths, construction f^.'JT Pavements, text-book. 197 Pea aphis, destructive, notes Ki'i blight, notes. Can liMi field, culture, Oreg :i-i2 Fusarium disease, notes 37.'> meal, analyses (i7 moth, notes. Can 16fi weevil, notes 168, 276, 546. .■>94, 877 Can 166 Peach aphis, black, notes, N. C 594 remedies 275 blight, notes, Del 589 buds, U. S. D. A 937 diseases in New Zealand 53 notes 229 Mo .- 163 N. C 591 treatment, N. H 55 leaf curl, notes 53,687 treatment - 7H7 Mich 38 N.Y. State.... 979 rosette, notes _ 229 Ala. College . 60 scale, new, notes, Ala. College 60 "West Indian, in Massachvi- setts 276 tree borer, notes 377 Cal. 783 Miss 783 Mo. Fruit 1090 N. C... 594,880 U.S. D. A.. 596 twig borer, notes. N. C 594 yellows in Massachusetts 276 law in Pennsylvania 229 notes 6!K) Ala. College tUl Peadhes, blossoming period as affected by climate *)82 bud dropping. 476 climatic limits. Can 10.58 cold storage 363 experimer.t?, U. S. D. A 2.56 ccjmposition during growth, Del. 584 culture -- 107s Ark - 871 Cal - 148,149 N. C. 581 Okla 417 U. S. D. A 2.54 experiments, Cal 773 handbook 363 in Missouri 40 fertilizer experiments, Conn. State 475 fertilizers for, U. S. D. A 2.54 fruit buds. Mo. Friiit 1077 growing from seed 967 I'age. Poaches, injury by frost, U. S. D. A 966 judging Ijy scale of points . . 581,1076 marketing, N. C. 581 pollination experiments, Del . . . 579 pruning, Del 871 Mo. 40 and planting, String- fellow method 967 root forcing, Del 579 pruning 363 Ark 872 shipping --- 476 thinning, Conn. Storrs 871 Mich 38 experiments, Del 579 varieties. Ark 871 Can 473 Micti 38 N.J.... - 150 for Utah 1076 new, U. S. D. A 257 Peanut, African, composition _ 285 bran, analyses, Conn. State 497 N.J 288 R.I... 993 cake, analyses 67 composition and value 67,708 feed, digestibility. Mass 174 meal, analyses, R. I 706 digestibility of protein as affected by drying 891 middlings, analyses, N.J... 288 oil, analyses - — 223 digestibility. Ark . .' 700 vines, analyses, N.J. 288 Peanuts, analyses, Conn . State 497 composition _ 285 culture, Okla 416 experiments. Miss 143 for forage, Tex 32 in Hawaii, U.S. D. A.. 133 the West Indies 708 seed production 682 Pear and quince, graft hybrid 677 blight in Massachusetts 276 notes, Del 589 treatment 580 Del. 876 Va 376 borer, sinuate, notes - 167 bud blight, notes, Okla 416 canker, treatment, Del 588 diseases, notes, Mo 163 N.C 163 leaf blister-mite, notes 646, .594, 878 N.C 168 midge, notes 878 psylla, notes - 378, .547 Can 1090 Conn. State 975 remedies 546 scab, notes 163 Can 56 .stigmoQose, notes 589 Pears, alterations in branches due to in- sects 275 1218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pears, blossoming jjeriod as affectisd })y climate ._ <>><2 climatic limits, Can 1(158 cold-storage experiments, U. S. D.A 255 culture 3(W,1()7« Cal - - 14«,U3 Ploti Experiment Station, report 456, 463,477,522 Plow, electric 935 motor, trials 623 steam, iise 729 Piuchea sericea, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Plum aphis, notes 878 curculio, notes. . . . 377, 378, 547, 594, 877, 880 Del 594 Mo. Fruit... 1090 N. C 168,594 disease resembling peach yellows. Mass 160 diseases, notes. Can. 476 Mo.. 163 N. C 591 treatment, N. H 55 Va 376 gouger, notes 880 1222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Plum ^miger, nott's, S. Dak 378 jam, analyses - 4'.!5 Kafir, iutrodiiction from South Africa, U. S. D. A -- 249 inotli, notes - 594 rosette, notes, Ala. College (iO rot, treatment, Del 876 shot -hole disease, notes. Can 56 webbing sawfly, notes 788 Plums, blossoming period as affected by climate t)82 canning, Va 581 culture - 1078 Cal 148,149 Can... - 476 Me._ 96 S. Dak 366 and marketing, N. C 581 experiments, Cal-- - 773 Minn 252 in pots 675 fertilizers for. Can 476 fruit buds. Mo. Fruit _ _ 1077 injury by frost, U. S. D. A 966 insects affecting, Can - 476 irrigation experiments, N.J 1.50 Japanese, self -sterility 675 judging byscaleof points 581,1076 notes, Kans _ 730 seedling varieties _ 870 Can 149 varieties. Can 473,476 Mich .- 38 N.J 150 Va - 363 hardiness of, Mont 149 new, U.S. D. A __.. 257 PhiteUa cruciferarum, notes 378 Pneumonia in cattle, Kans _ _ 730 horses, treatment ... - 88, 6a), 823 treatment 821 verminous, notes 1 122 {See also Pleuro-pneumonia. ) Pneumo-pleuritis, infectious, in calves. . . 820 Podisus bracteatus, notes 783 cynicus, notes 783 Pogonomyrmex occidentalin, notes 791 Poison ivy, notes - 15 oak leaves, forage value, Cal 286 Polistes spp., notes 692 Poll evil, notes, Kans 730 Pollinia spp., notes 275 Polygala apopetaUt, oil content of seeds, Cal 750 Polygraphus rufipennis, notes 695 Polypodium, new species in Mexico and Guatemala 15 Polyporus x>onderosus, n. sp., description, U.S. D. A. 55 Pomegranates, culture and marketing, N. C .- 581 Pomelo diseases, investigations, U.S. D.A. 974 Pomologieal nomenclature 1076 Society, American, meeting at Boston 107,204 Page. Pomology at the Louisiana Purchase Ex- l)osition 2(X5 ideals in 20(5,1076 nomenclature 206 progress in America 206, 1076 systematic 37 maimals 253,472,580 Pond .scum, destruction by spraying 2.59 relation to weather changes. 6.54 Pontania bozeniaui, notes, Mont 382 Popcorn, popping • 354 Poplars, descriptions 263 planting _ 482 Popotillo, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Poppies, fertilizer experiments, R. 1 672 Poppy oil, analyses 223 seed, anatomy, Conn. State 986 Populiis spp., descriptions 263 Pork, composition 67 price of, in Germany, U. S. D. A. . . .523 Porto Rico Station, notes 628, 939, 1029 work, U.S. D.A 135 Posey County, Ind.. soil .survey, U. S.D.A. 6.58 Potash, availability in soils 858 available, determination in calca- reous soils :ft5 available, determination in soils, S.C__ _ 31 deficiency, effect on plants. 2:S deposit in Werra district 663 determination 122, 10.52 in fertilizers 432 plants 748 soils 4a3,745 volumetric meth- cd... 444 distribution in soils 958 fertilizer, manufacture from beet-molasses refuse 568 fertilizers, comparison, Mass 139 in relation to frost . 236,348 sources and use 1063 use on moor soils 571 indvistry , progress in. . _ 348 lyes, composition 747 salts, comparison 130 conversion into potassium chlorid- - 663 statistics 662,860 treatise on 25 weight per bushel 26 soap as an insecticide 790 use as a fertilizer, Md 461 water-soluble, in soils 760 Potassium cyanid, aualv -a ■,, Can 170 PV.r:tyof 528 deter^uination, color ime trie method... 224,444 in plants 846 iodate, titration with _ . 226 nitrate, analyses, Ky 1053 perchlorate, effect on plants . . 567 permanganate solution, stand- ardization __ - 445 silicate, analyses, Ky 1053 INDEX OF- SUBJECTS. 1223 I'age. Potassium tetroxaiate as a titrating re- agent 649 Potato bacterial disease, notes - 374, 378 studies 162 beetle, Colorado, notes. Miss 379,783 notes ---- 784,976 remedies. Me 972 black wilt, varieties resistant to, U.S.D.A.. las bUglit, notes _ 163 Can. -.-- 1086 Vt.- -- 1087 treatment, Mich _ 350 varieties resistant to, Me. . 972 diseases, treatment, N. H 55 N.Y. State... 781 Vt. 1087 dry rot, stiidies, U. S. D. A 1088 late blight, notes. Can 56 leaf curl, notes 687 moth in New South Wales 169 Ehizoctonia disease, Ohio 268 Wyo 417 rosette, studies, Ohio 973 rot, notes _. 162,543 treatment 162 starch, composition. 954 Potatoes, analyses 1054, 1076 ash constituents of leaves 33 breeding experiments 541 varieties resistant to Phytophthoi-a 542 composition as affected by — soil moisture. 657 Utah 656 culture. 865 experiments 139, 576 Can. 29,136 Mich ^50 Minn 237 Miss 14:3 in Alaska, U. S. D. A. . . 133 digestibility 700 disease-r esistant varieties 267 dried, feeding value. 806 electro-culture 248, 361 fertilizer experiments 4tV4, 570, 664, 665, 764, 768, 772, 860, 8(iti, 1054 fertilizer experiments. Can.. 136,137 Mass... 139 Tenn .. 346 for cattle _ 996 pigs. Can 175 poultry, Can 1106 growth as affected by elec- tricity _ 248,361 liming and marling 669 mulching experiments, Nebr.. 250 nitrogenous fertilizers for 235 planting whole i". cut tubers. . . 464 prices in the United States 578 seed production 682 spraying experiments. Can.. lt)3,170 N. Y. State. 781 storage 360,866 Page- Potatoes, varieties Kill, 4(i4,«(i4, 772, 866, 1073, 1075 Can 29,863,1067 Mass. 140 Mich 252,1350 Mont 140 N. Dak 143 Pntentilla fruticosa , notes, Vt 1085 Poultry, analyses. Conn. Storrs 885 as affected by close confinement. Can - 177 food, Conn. Storrs 701 U. S. D. A... 701 at the experimental farms. Can. 177, 179 breeding for egg production. Me. 394 breeds and crosses for Jamaica . 998 caponizing. - - 80 clover for 712 composition. Conn. Storrs 701 U. S. D. A 701 digestion experiments, U. S. D. A 1107 diseases in South Africa.. 306 new - 1023 notes.. 413,1134 Cal 816 Mont 1134 eg^ production , N.Y. Cornell. . . 603 experiments. Can 1105 Me. 394,1104 R.I 179 cooperative, N. Y. Cornell 178 exports from Russia, U. S. D. A. 523 feed, analyses 707,853 Conn. State 889 N.J 288 Vt. 392 Wis 802 condimental, analyses, Va. 602 feeding 807 exi^eriments 807 Can. 71, 176,394,1106 Mass 177 W. Va 902 green forage for, Mont 178 houses, floor space. Me 394 heating, Mont 178 incubator experiments. (NVc In- cubator.) industry in England 998 statistics, U. S. D. A. 291,502 ' liver disease, notes 91' management, Mont 1104 marketing 1104 notes 997 raising 72,291,395 in Denmark.. 998 Ireland 291 treatise 998 shade for, in summer, Mont 178 ticks, notes 1055 (.SVc o/.s'o Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Power, value of different forms in agri- culture 197 Pra'pode.i vittatHx, notes 378,694 1224 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. I'raii-ii^ (lo^rs, dosti'iiction, Ivaus TIJO hay, aigt^tibility 28H PrayiiiK mantis, notes 168 Precipitation at siKH'ial stations,U.S.D.A. iU2 in Oklahoma, Okla 'Wi measurement, U. S. D. A.. (555 Precipitin tests for demonstrating rela- tionships of animals 1118 Precipitins, nature and propei'ties 913, 11 lit Preservatives, analyses 988, 989 detection in cider 930 determination in foods . . . 43!t effect on digestion 797 use 1100 in milk 396,912 New South Wales . 797 Preserves, analyses ___ 495 Press bulletins, Kans 730 Me 1025 Ohio -- 625,1025 Pressure regulator _ _ 338 Prickly lettuce, notes, Vt 1085 pear, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Procodeca adara, notes 277 Projectiles, noises made by, U. S. D. A .. 856 Pr(jprietary feeds. (See Feeding stiiffs, proprietary.) Protamins., constitution 337 Protargol, notes . _ 929 Protective bodie^, studies concerning 79 Proteids, biological studies 850 composition _ 283 decomposition by molds 653 determination in plants 954 digestibility 390, 602, 890, 891 digestion of 798 with papain 600 excretion _ 892 investigations 646, 993 metaVjolism experiments. .^ 494 nutritive value 289 of cheese and milk, separation and estimation.. ._ 41^ meat, separation and estima- tion.. 431 milk, digestibility as affected by rennin 494 variations in 505 precipitation by reagents _ 849 synthesis in an imal bod y 703 vegetable, precipitation by am- monium sulphate. 222 preparation 646 specific rotation 222 studies 221 , 222, 223 Conn. State . 445 Protein bodies, nitrogen in 221 determination in feces 336 molecule, carbohydi-ate group in. 222 relative cost in feeding stuffs, Mich 67 tables for calculating 336 tryptophane reaction 223 Proteoses, physiological action 704 Proteosoma, infection of birds 559 Protojxirce Carolina, notes 277 Page. I'loloparrc ronrolnili, notes 691 Protozoa, parasitic, treatise 405 pathogenic, bibliogi-aphy 719 Protozoan diseases, transmission. 818,819 Provender, analyses, R. I 707,993 Plainer) )ot disease, notes. Wash 689 Prunes, analyses, Cal 774 culture. Cal. 148 in Pranc'e 1079 Prunus, hydrocyanic acid in buds 340 Psaltoda flavesceits, notes 279 Pseudococcus acericola, notes, Mich 61 Pseudopeziza tracheiphiUt,ii. sp., descrip- tion 487 Pseudotubercle bacillus in bovine tuber- culosis 616 Pseudotuberculosis in sheep 298 Pseudoweisea suhiralin, description 1089 Psila rosce, notes 167 Psychrometers, stationary and whirled, U. S. D. A _ 8.56 Psy chr ometr ic observations 232 Ptvnjxiu th apso ides, notes, Mont 41 1 Ptomaine poisoning, notes 611 Puccinia untirrhini, notes ,53 asparagi. (See Asparagus rust. ) chrysanthem i, studies. 487, 488 disperse!, Uredoforin _ 50 muhlenbergice, notes 53 phragmitis in Nebraska 687 spp., culture experiments 485 Puff balls, descriptions, Mich 123 Pulex vagabunda, notes 881 Pulsatilla hirsutissima, notes 303 Pulvinaria psidit, notes 784 Pumpernickel, analyses 987 Pumpkins, fertilizer experiments, R. 1... 672 for cows, Vt 1109 Pumps., notes 622 Purdue University, notes. 1137 Purpura hemorrhagica, treatment 412,928 Pyocyanase for the treatment of strepto- coccus infection 403 Pyraiitita ochosalis, notes 168 Pyre thrum, culture and use 790 powders, investigations, U. S.. D. A 279 Pyrimidin group, physiological action 289 Pyroplasma equi, notes 926 Quails, raising in conflneinent ... 998 Quarantine station at Athenia, U. S. D. A. .520 Quednau estate, description 964 Quercus spp., analyses, U. S. D. A 263 leaves, forage value, Cal... 286 Quince and pear, graft hybrid 677 diseases, notes, N. C .. 163 rots, notes .589 rust, notes 53 Quinces, culture and marketing, N. C 581 experiments, Cal 773 insects affecting, N.C.. 168 varieties, Mich 38 Rabbits, destruction in New South Wales. .5.59 in New South Wales.. 1055 injuries to agriculture 80 fruit trees 774 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1225 Page. Rabbits, metabolism experiments 601,892 raising GOU susceptibility to anthrax 617 Rabies, control 113 corpuscles in nerve ganglia 193 diagnosis- 3tXi,10'22 etiology 82o,1021 experimental, in birds 1133 dogs 1133 in dogs, diagnosis 924 horses 1021 incubation period,. 89 lesions in the nervous system 924 micro-organism of 924 notes -..- 299,413,915 prevalence in England 187 Michigan 113 New Jersey 188 Pennsylvania 611 South Africa 193 Verona 612 Wisconsin 1131 transmission to man 611 U.S.D.A... 512 treatment- 193,1021 virus, behavior in nervous system 90 changes produced by nerv- ous system 1133 formation of substances an- tagonistic to 90 investigations 1022 isolation .-. 924 passage through filters 1133 studies 1132 Raccoon dog, notes 1055 Rachitis in pigs _ 1130 Radiation formulas, U.S.D.A 230 solar, observations, U. S. D. A. 230 Radish oil, study 122 wild, destruction, N. Y. Cornell . 1085 Radishes, culture under cheese cloth 673 fertilizer experiments . _ 764 germination as affected by tem- perature. Can 1084 improvement 868 irrigation in greenhouses 870 Radium rays, effect on eggs 807 Raflfinose, determination in presence of saccharose _ 647 Rags, analyses.- _ 26 Railroad engineering, climatic factors in, U.S.D.A 230 ties, annual requirement 46 Rain, black, in Ohio, U. S. D. A 856 drops, electi'ic discharges between, U.S.D.A _._. 560 gauge, notes _ 563 maker in Australia, U. S. D. A .560 red, analyses 342 water, composition 957 Rainfall and sunspots 19 cycle in Illinois, U. S. D. A .560 departures in Hawaii, U. S.D. A. 18 in Argentina, U. S. D. A 18 Australia 5(i3, 654 Barbados 956 Page. Rainfall in Great Britain. 342 India 342 nitrogen content. 456 periodicity at Seattle, Wash., U. S.D.A 230 proportion available for plants, U.S.D.A a56 relation to forests 756 irrigation, U.S.D.A. 231 run-off 414 Raisin making in southern Utah 1080 Raisins, production in the United States, U. S. D. A 257 Ramie, decortication 933 Rampart Experiment Station, work, U. S.D.A 132 Ramphus flavicornis, notes 691 Range conditions in central Washington, Wash.. 1074 improvement, Ariz 854 Mont 146 Ranunculacese, alkaloids and glucosids in 448 Rape, culture, Cal 134,135 and uses. Can 466 for forage, Tex 32 germination as affected by temper- ature. Can 1084 oil, analyses 233 residue, analyses 26 varieties 138 Can 1068 Raspberries, anatomical structure. Conn. State.. 284 culture 257 Me 96 N. C 585 R.I 42 Va 585 experiments, Minn. 2.52 fertilizer experiments, R. I. 672 hardiness, Mont 149 salicylic acid in 388 varieties 153, 868 Ind 1080 Mich 38,42,252 Pa 153 R.I 42 Va 585 Raspberry cane blight, notes. Can 1086 maggot, notes 168 diseases, notes. Mo 163 extract, analyses 990 moth, notes 975 Rations, army 492 for cows, Wis 504 in Belgium ' 809 mules 288 in the British navy 282 Rats, destruction 560 by bacteria 914,1056 hydrocyan i c - a c i d gas 983 on ships 559 in Martiiiiciue 754 resistance to arsenic 1055 1226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Ravens, economic value 228 Red clover. (See Clover, red.) spider, notes 60,878,882 U. S. D. A 379 remedies, Cal 696,783 Rodwater in Rhodesia, investigations .. 301,303 tbeTransvaal,investigations 302 inoculation experiments 72.5 Rhodesian, investigations 1126 (See (tlxo African coast fever. j Redwood, description 371 Referees of Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists 628 Reforestation experiments, Minn . 260 of pine lands --- 482 Refrigeration, artificial, applications 624 mechanical 1135 notes 729 Remedies, veterinary, new 194 Remigia latipes, notes. ■-. 594 Rennet as a factor in cheese ripening 607 Rennet as a factor in cheese ripening, N . Y. State - 399 Rennet in plants 452 Rennin, effect on digestibility of milk proteids_ 494 Reptiles, development 229 economic relations 558 Rescue grass seed, substitution of chess for, U. S. D. A._ --- 265 Reservoir, Salt River _ 1024 Reservoii's, irrigation, in California 521 Colorado, U. S. D. A 521 storage, Wyo 417 Resorption in the intestines 67 Respiration calorimeter, construction. Pa ..■—.. 173 Respiration calorimeter, for animals. 1036, 1037 farm ani- mals 737 experiments with animals . . 1044 experiments with animals, U.S.D.A 799 experiments with man,Conn. Storrs -. 886 of plants as affected by dif- f ei-eut stimulants 226 Respiratory quotient, calculation 1101 during static work 65 Retinia spp., notes 596 Rhagodia siiinescens inet-mis, notes, Cal.. 765 Rheumatism, acute, in horses _ 620 Rhijiicexihaius (q^pendicukdus, notes 1126 shi^leyi, transmission of Texas fever by 302,303 simus, transmission of Texas fever by 303 Rhizobhim vmtabUe, motility.-- 17 Rhizobius gram in is, notes 378 Rhizopus nigricans, spore formation, U. S. D. A 123 Rhizoctonia solan i, fruiting stage 686 sp., notes 782 violacea, notes 374, 484 Rhode Island College, notes .- 100,939,1137 Page. Rhode Island Station, financial state- ment 198 notes 100 202,312,732,8*3,1030 rei)ort of director ] 98 Rhodes grass, introduction fi'om South Africa, U. S. D. A 249 Rhodesian cattle disease, tick fever, or redwater. (See African coast fever.) Rhubarb, fertilizer experiments, R. I 672 forcing in the dark 471 mildew, notes 485 new variety 964 Rh US diversiloba , forage value, Cal 286 toxicodendron, notes 15 Rhynchites bicolor, notes, Mont 382 Rice bacterial disease, description 590 bran, analyses, Wis- -- 802 digestibility- 288 ciilture - - 34 decorticating machines 95 feed, analyses - -- 288 for the reclamation of alkali soils, ir. S. D. A - ---- 234 hispa, remedies 693 husks as an adulterant of feeding stuffs -- 993 improvement, U. S. D. A 238 insects affecting 168, 378, 784 irrigation, U. S. D. A 520 in Java - 94 meal, analyses... 67 R.I - 706 monograph - 355 oil, chemistry of 223 digestibility 224 polish, digestibility 288 products, feeding value 288 sapper, notes 693 upland, seed production 682 utilization _ 599 weevil, notes 277 wild, culture and uses, U. S. D. A... 578 Rimpau, "Wilhelm, biogi'aphical note 104 Rinderpest, control 1007 in South Africa 1008 diagnosis 914 inBengal 816 Cape Colony 303 Hungary 914 the Transvaal, investiga- tions 302 notes 718,1123 outbreak in Samarkand 1127 serum, preparation 1127 treatment 1127 in India . . . 1007 susceptibility of animals to. . 1127 Ringworm in cattle 618 Riparian rights in Queensland 414 River floods and melting snow, U.S.D.A. 230 gauge, automatic, U.S.D.A 230 Road laws, U.S.D.A 415 materials, testing, U.S.D.A 826 Roads, construction 827 and maintenance - . . 623 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1227 Page. Roads, construction in Rhode Island 934 "Wisconsin 197 convention at St. Louis, U. S. D. A. 415 dragging 415 improvement, U. S.D. A 415 inOntario 415 in New Jersey 1135 Rhode Island, report on 94 international convention concern- ing 1135 macadam, notes 827 papers and addresses concerning, U. S. D. A _.. 415 text-book 197 use of oil on, U. S. D. A 309 Rnbinia pseudacacia. culture and use 262 oil, composition 665 Robins, preservation-,. 229 Rock powders, cementing value 95 River, Wis., diminished flow, U. S. D. A 370 Root borer, giant, notes. Mo. Fruit 1090 ci'ops, analyses 1054 culture, Cal 134 Kans 730 experiments 572 Can... 29,138 Minn.. 237 Okla... 861 fertilizer experiments 569 fertilizing valiie, Del 567 for sheep 805 Can.... 68 steers. Can... 67 irrigation experiments, Mont 140 storage 360 varieties, Can 29 N. Dak 142 maggots, notes _ 1090 tubercle bacteria as affected by ni- tric nitrogen in soils 761 culture,U.S.D.A. 227 organism, motility 17 tubercles of leguminous plants. . . 123, 557 ni.. 955 Roots, cut and uncut, for steers. Can 1101 Rootworms, notes, U. S. D. A 379 Rosa caninct, analyses of fruit 969 Rose aphis, notes 275, 980 bacteriosis, notes 487 beetles, notes, N. J 167,-547 chafer, notes _ _ 547 gall, notes 275 geranium oil, examination, U. S. D.A 852 sawfly, notes 276,691 Rosebud curculio, notes, Mont 383 Roses, culture 776,873 fertilizers for, U. S. D. A 252 insects affecting _ 59 propagation 258 Rotation experiments 463,664,767 Can i;38 ni. 4H3 Salad plant, introduction from Japan, U. S. D. A 249 Salicin studies 448 Salicylic acid, detection in milk 439 in fruit products 388 fruits 851 Saline deposits in California : 9.59 Salmon oil, analyses 9.55 Salsify, crossing experiments, N. J 1.52 culture, Mich 359 disease, notes 269 m^ulching experiments, Nebr 250 Salt, analyses, Conn. State 495 deposits in Virginia _. 25 grass, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 manufacture by-products, fertiliz- ing value. 462 statistics 662 Saltbushes, analyses, Ariz 889 N. Mex 13 culture, Cal 134, 185, 764, 7&5 growth on alkali soils 357 seeding, Wyo 350 Salts, effect on plants 103 inorganic, nutritive value 282 metallic, resorption in intestines . . 67 water-soluble, in soils 233 Samar for the reclamation of alkali soils, U. S. D. A _ 234 Samia cecro2)ia, spinning habits 1092 San Jose scale, control 333 in Japan 1091 Massachusetts 276 New South Wales. 691 Ontario 58,60 Can 786 the Orient 206 nativehome, U. S. D. A.. 278 natural enemies, U.S. D.A- 278 Va 168 new parasites 1089 notes 167,229,377,528,547, 690,691,785,877,975 Ala. College 60 Can 166 Miss 783 Mo. Fruit 1090 N. C 168,594 Va 975 remedies 168, 528, 546, 547, 560, 580, 595,784,880,979,1089 Conn. State 594 Del 593 Ky 978 Page. San Jo.se scale, remedies, Mass 167 Md 978 N.J.. 167 Ohio 625,979 Tenn 380 Va 168 "Wash 6 3 Sanatol, disinfectant value 51!i Sand cherry, notes, R. 1 151 vetch, digestibility as affected by curing. Mass 174 Sands, drift, reclamation. 345 Sandusky Bay, currents in,U. S. D. A ... 230 Sansevieria, culture and uses, P. R 669 Sap, theory of ascent 123 Sarcobatns vermicularin, analyses, Ariz.. 889 ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Sarcomata, transplanting.. 511 Sarccrpnijlhi i/allinacec(, notes 490 Sarcospor idia in pigs in Sweden 87 morphology and biology .. 1130 Sausages in Spain, U. S. D. A 523 Sawfly, notes, Can 56 Mont 382 Scabies in cattle, notes 410 Kans 730 horses and mules, notes 718 sheep. (See Sheep scab.) Scale insects in Cyprus. 979 the West Indies 58 new species fQ notes... 168,691,692,880 Conn. State 974 relation to ants 790 remedies 275,980 N.Y. State 978 San Jose. (See San Jose scale. ) scurfy notes. 377, 546, 975 Conn. State 58 Del. 978 N.C 168 Scarlet fever, transmission by milk 396 Scatosin, chemical study 750 Schist, Espinouse, aralytical study 127 Schizoneura lanigera. (See Aphis, woolly.) School children, feeding in Germany 991 garden exhibit 204 work, report on 44 gardens, books on, U. S. D. A 523 Schools, attitude toward country life 204 rural, improvement 199 Schweinitz. E. A. de, biographical note . . 734 Scion and stock, reciprocal action 363 Sclerospora spp., notes 50 Sclerotinia fi-uctigena, notes 486 treatment, Va 376 Sclerotium cepivorum , investigations 269 Scopelosoma tristigmata, notes, Can 166 Scours in calves 517,915 notes, Cal 816 Screenings, analyses, Wis 802 Scudderia texeitsis, notes, U. S. D. A 381 Sea blite, ash analyses, N . Mex 13 defense, construction.. 827 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1229 Page. Sea water, synthetio preparation of 1(18 weeds, fertilizing value Ill.")l Seasons, wet and dry, in California, U. S.D. A -- a;ii Sedge hay, analyses, Can 171 Sedges, studies _ 226 Seed control, notes, N. Dak. _ _ 161 station at Breslau, report. - 365 Christiania, re- port 372,1054 Hamburg, report 265 Lund, report 6.H8 Modena, report . 488 Stockholm, r e - port. _ 1085 Vienna, new building 1139 Vienna, report . . iKi Wermland, r e - port. 683 Seeders and cultivators, coml>ined._ 828 Seedlings, mutilated, growth 555 N.J. 158 Seeds, analyses 495 collection and preparation, Cal 751 distribution, Cal 751 Congressional, U. S. D.A 239 duration of vitality 371 germination as affected by light . . 371 as affected by tem- perature, Can 1084 as affected by treat- ment for smut 1086 experiments 248 in sterilized soil. Mass 158 tests. Can 158 grading and testing 48 impurities in '.... ;. 159 industry in Georgia 682 injury in thrashing 197 inspection and control 834 introduction and distribution in the Philippine Islands 265 methods of testing 158, 327 nitrogenous constituents 389 phosphorus in. 750 selection according to specific gravity 540 testing, Okla 416 vegetable, vitality, Conn. State... 482 viability as affected by copper sul- phate 572 weed, germination 49 (See also specific crops.) Seedsmen, directory 368 Seiches in Lake Garda, U.S.D.A 856 Seismograph of the Weather Bureau, U. S.D. A 230 Seismological association, international, U.S.D.A 8.56 Senecio jacoboea as a cause of hepatic ciiThosis... 1122 notes 1011 Sepsis, cryptogenetic 81 Page. Septicemia, apoplectic — hemorrliagic, in colts 1020 purpui-eal, differential diagnosis 1013 Septicemia, hemorrhagic— immunity to .514 in fowls 928 notes- 113,725,1123 prevalence in India.. 1007 Michigan 514 Minnesota, Minn 514 Pennsylvania 611 Wisconsin 1121 Septicemia in young animals 915 treatment _ 510 Septoria lycopersici, notes 688 Sericultural station at Padua, report 883 Sericulture, notes 168 (See also Silk.) Serous membranes, proliferation of epi- thelium around foreign bodies 610 Serradella, liming 860 Serum, antitoxic properties 84 bactericidal action 1126 bacteriolytic propei-ties 402 bodies isolated from 79 coagulating power 1118 constituents 1119 cytotoxic 509 diagnosis, introduction to 79 hemolytic alexin in . . _ 403 human, effect on Trypanosoma.. 412 immune, protective substances in 296 treatise 1118 normal, bactericidal substance in 403 precipitating 509 proteolytic enzj-m in 5(95 rinderpest, preparation 1127 treatment of diseases 1007 uses 79 Sesame cake, effect on composition of but- ter fat... 716 seed, anatomy. Conn. State 986 wilt disease, notes 375 Sesamia fusca, notes 879, 975 Sesbanid acnleata for green manuring .. 464 Sewage, analyses. Mass 236 bacterial purification 522 composition 828 disposal 828,934 in rural districts, N. J . 308 farm at Manjri, report 762 farms in England... 1025 fertilizing value 130, 763, 1062 sludge, analyses 26 Can 24 Shade trees, notes, Mont 154 planting and care, N. Mex.. 587 Shading crops 539,540 Shadscale, ash analyses, N . Mex 13 She-beech, description 262 Shea-nut cake for cows 292 Sheep at the experimental farms. Can. . . 174 botfly, notes 274 breeding experiments 542, 805 notes 68 cotton-seed cakes for 896 1230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Sheeji, digestion exporiincnts ..- K!t(l,it!t2 Mass 1T4 dips, injury to wool iW diseases in Australia *<16 Missouri - 406 of, notes 191 feeding, Minn 290 experiments ... .291, 710, mi, 806, 896,897,898,996 Can 68 Mont.. 710 S. Dak.... 290,291 Utah 709 W. Ya 899 hiiir balls in stomachs - _ 1008 industi"y in England 603 Friesland 995 the United States 806 hmg worms in -. 410 maggot-fly, notes 1128 manure, analyses 24 Conn. State 663 Mass 348 N.J 572 Tex 349 nitrogen content 891 metabolism experiments 601 nodular disease 299 parasites, notes 81, 298, 304, 923 W.Va.. 9Zi parasitic diseases, La 191 pasture for, S. Dak 291 poisoning, notes... 1017 pox, lesions in 618 serum treatment 518,1017 studies - 81,86 transmission 1018 raising, La. 174 lambs for early market _ . _ 711 ranching in the Western States, U. S. D. A 498 salt for, U. S. D. A 523 scab, control, U. S.D. A 518 in Cape Colony 821 New South Wales 720 Ohio.. - 720 inspection on the public range. 618 notes 87,718,720,915,1055,1123 treatment.- 87,1008,1128 U. S. D.A_ 191 skins, disinfection 619 sterility 303 stomach worms in 118, 299, 410 sugar-bee t pulp for , Utah 895 ticks, serum treatment 922 WelshMountain, U. S. D. A.. 499 Shellfish, cooking 795 Shepherd's purse, destruction, N. Y. CorneU 1085 Shoddy, analyses 26 Shot -hole fungus, notes, Ohio 1025 Shrew, feeding habits 653 Shrubs, descriptions 44 evergreen, planting and care, N. Mex 588 Pago. Shrubs, for English gardens. 367 forcing with ether and chloro- form 682 handbook 368, 776 native in Iowa _ _ 873 ornamental, notes, N. Dak 971 Wis 972 planting, Can 157 U. S. D.A- 873 pruning, L^. S. D. A 581 winter aspect- 363 Sialididse of North and South America.. 490 Sida, notes 205 Si Silage, analyses. - 771 Can- - 171 crops, fertilizer experiments, Tenn -.- 1071 for, Tenn 1070 for sheep. Can 68 steers. Can 67 preparation 32 and use 197,1136 stack, preparation - 248 (See also Corn, Clover, etc.) Silicate of potash, analyses, Ky 1053 Silicates, determination-. 225 Silicic acid in river water 343 Silk culture in Manchuria 385 Tunis 698,792 industry in Prance - 598 the United States 598,984 vicinity of Lyons 792 memoir 984 rags, analyses.. 26 waste, analyses 26 Silkworm diseases, notes 984 eggs, incubation as affected by low temperature 984 notes 884 flacherie, studies 985 Silkworms, beggar race 1094 culture..-- 280,281 development 884 double cocoon race 1094 experimental studies. . - 491 feeding 984,1094 Korean, studies 1094 notes 602 rearing in Algeria 63 selection ..- 883 variations in, in relation to food.. - 698 Silo, octagonal, construction, Del 623 U.S.D.A.. 937 Silos, construction 197,771,830,1136 Silt, device for clearing from before in- take.- - 622 measurements, L^. S. D. A-. 521 Silver, colloidal, therapeutic value 823 preparations, therapeutic value . . 929 S('naj)!.s nigra; phosphorus in 750 Siphonophora rosce, notes - 275, 980 Sirex gigas, notes ''88 juvencus, notes '88 Sirup, cane, preservation. La 285 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1231 PaKc Sirup, determination of glnfose in '^.U industry in the United States, U. S. D. A 246 Sirups, flavoring, analyses. Conn. State . . 283 Sis:i!, culture, Hawaii 244 anduses,P.R (569 Sisi/rhicltitiDi micrmithnni, notes 1017 Sitka Experiment Station, work, U. S. D. A _ W2 Sinm cicutcefoliiim., notes, N. Dak 161,822 Skim milk for calves.. 295,393 Kans.... 730 Miss 808 chickens. Can 176 pigs, Ariz 900 Can 1103 Del 604 Tenn. 501 jioultry, Can 110:5 Mass 177 utilization 913 variations in fat content 505,50") Skin diseases in fowls 1023 horses 10;iO Slag. (.See Phosphatic slag. ) Slaughterhouse tankage, analyses. Conn. State. 663 Sleep, loss of, effect on formation of ui-ic acid 493 Sludge, analyses 26 Can. 24 Slugs, notes 547 Smallpox, studies 81 Smedes, area, Mississippi, soil survey, U. S.D.A 6;58 Smut. (See Barley, Corn, Oat, Rye, and Wheat smut.") Snapdragon rust, notes 53 Sneezeweed, notes 303 Snow and river floods, U. S. D. A 230 nitrogen content 456 water equivalent, U. S. D. A 230 Snowballs, forcing with ether 775, 972 Snowfall from a clear sky, U. S. D. A 18 local peculiarities, U. S. D. A .. 18 Soapweed, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Social science, instruction in ^ . 548 Society for Horticultural Science 108, 207,538,682 the Promotion of Agricul- tural Science 542 Soda lyes, composition 747 Sodium chlorid, effect on solubility of gypsum 445 physiological action . . . 703 fluorid for preserving butter . . . 1(X)4 nitrate and ammonium sulphate, comparison 130 fertilizing value 751 oxalate, use in volumetric anal- y.sis 337 perchlorate, determination in nitrate of soda. . 1053 effect on plants. . . 567 Soil, absorption of soluble iodids by 659 acidity, studies 434 Page. Soil, adobe, analyses, Cal 126 analysis as a guide to the use of fer- tilizers, Ohio 625 practical value 127 bacteriology, recent progre.ss 450 studies, Del 565 black sandy, analyses, Ind 345 constituents, solubility 1051 effect of volume on plant growth. . . 564 fertility, conservation, Mont 126 determination 549 discussion 565 maintenance 329,330,344,857 111 23 inociilation, after effect 762 directions for, Ohio 485 experiments 351 investigations, present status 329,858 m... 6.57 machine for carrying 368 management, improvements in 330 maps, preparation and use 461 moisture as affected by adjacent for- est strips. . 234 irrigation, Hawaii.... 961 conservation in orchards. Can 126 determinations 20 effect on composition of plants 657 effect on composition of plants, Utah 656 investigations, N. Dak 142 N. Mex. 343,1060 relation to crop yield, Mont 126 nitrification, relation to multiplica- tion of mosquitoes .597 particles, determination of fineness. 549 physiological analysis 757 sanitary relations 762 science, new 23 survey from Arecibo to Ponce, Porto Rico, P. R. 658 from Arecibo to Ponce, Porto Rico, U. S.D.A 658 of Abbeville area. South Car- olina, U. S. D. A 658 Albemarle area, Virginia, U. S.D.A 658 Bigflats area. New York, U. S.D.A 6.58 Billings area, Montana, U. S. D. A CSS Bi'azoria area, Texas, U. S. D.A .- 658 ClayCounty,Ill.,U. S.D.A- 658 Clinton County, 111., U. S. D.A. (58 C(3lumlnis area, Ohio, U. S. D.A 658 Darlington area. South Carolina, U. S. D. A 658 Dubuque area, Iowa, U. S. D.A 658 1232 EXPKIUMENT STATION KECOKD. Suil survey of G mud Forks iiroa. North Dakota, U. S. D. A ^58 Hickory area. North Car- olina, U. S. D. A ()58 Howell County, Mo., U. S. D.A t>58 Janesville area, Wiscon- sin, U. S. D. A 658 Lewiston area, Idaho, U.S. D.A 6.58 Lower Arkansas Valley, Colorado, U. S. D.A... . 658 Lyons area, New York, U. S.D.A 658 Movint Mitchell area, N<)rthCarolina,U.S.D.A. 658 Perry County, Ala., U. S. D.A- 658 Posey County, Ind., U. S. D.A 658 Smedes area, Mississippi, U.S. D.A - &58 St. Clair County, 111., U. S. D.A 658 Stuttgart area, Arkansas, U. S.D.A _ 658 Tazewell County, m., U.S. D.A 658 Toledo area, Ohio, U. S. D.A 658 Trenton area. New Jersey, U.S. D.A 658 Union County, Ky., U. S. D.A &58 Vernon area, Texas, U. S. D.A..._ ._ 658 Walla Walla area, Wash- ington, U. S. D. A 658 Wichita area, Kansas, U. S. D.A 658 Yuma area, Arizona, U. S. D.A &58 work in the United States . _ . 867 surveys, methods _ 329, 330 temperature as affected by methods of culture _ 654 temperatures 23 Can 23,1061 Idaho 23 Nebr 460 at Manila _ 659 effect on plants, U. S. D.A..., 560,564 root growth of plants.- 651 observations, U. S. D. A 563 tests with corn and potatoes. Mass . . 139 text-book on 233 Soiling crops for cows, N.J ." 183 Wis 504 notes, U. S. D.A. 937 experiments with cows. Pa 998 Soils, alkali, classification 22 effect on plants -- - _ 22 in South Africa 31 Page. alkali, investigations, Cal 763 irrigation and drainage 762 Cal. 763 methods of analysis 22, 433 reclamation 21,859,1023 U. S.D.A.... 459,859 in Egypt 621 U.S.D. A.. 22,234 studies 357 treatment. 111 957 washing _ 1061 alkalinity in relation to growth of cereals 659 analyses. . . 34, 326, 463, 570, 578, 750, 852, 1054 Cal 761 Can. 137 Ky 852,105:3 Mass 236,348,663 S.Dak 237 U. S. D. A 31,578,670 Utah _ 655 arable, nitrogen compounds in 233 bacteria in .566, 661 Kans 137 N.Dak.. 161 studies, Del 565,1060 bacteriological analysis, Del 1059 studies 8.59 black, fertilizer experiments 858 chemistry of, as related to crop production. _ 329,565,858 chemistry of, as related to crop production, U. S.D.A 457,671 classification 23 composition as affected by rotation of crops, S. C 30 denitrification in 24, 762 diluvial, of Vendres, studies . _ 461 drainage _ 521 effect on composit-on of sugar beets, U. S. D. A 34 exhaustion by sugar beets, Mich _ _ 36i causesof 565 fertilizer reqiiirements 550 Tenn 346 fixation of nitrogen in 24 flood-damaged, reclamation, U. S. D.A 1082 treatment, Kans .. 958 fungi in, N. Dak 161 green sandstone, analyses _ 565 greenhoiise, sterilizing, U. S. D. A. 937 guide to scientific study 6.59 humus, meadows on 573 improvement 344,830 by leguminous plants. Ill 955 rotation of crops, R.I 144 lime requirements 127, 564 U.S. D.A 227 liming 661,860 IU-. 469 N.J 183 magnesia requirements, U. S. D.A. 227 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1233 I'ago. Soils, maintenance of nitrogen in R55t management in Queensland 2154 mechanical analyses SfiT) analysis 344,549 methods of analysis 4*^, 549, 550, 745 Cal V46 Mass .- 131 U. S. D. A 457 moor, culture experiments on 31 fertilizer experiments 571 in Sweden 565 moraine, analyses. - _ - 771 muskeg, analyses, Minn 233 nitrification in 24, 45C, 7()2 as affected by hu- mus 2;^;^ nitrogen content, N.J I'H'' as affected h y lime...- 573 of Armaut, analyses . _ 1061 Cape of Good Hope, analyses 1061 Dorset, analyses 857 France, analyses 127 New South Wales, analyses 761 Padiia, analyses 1061 Sao Paulo, analyses 958, 1061 Sicily, analyses 550 the Philippine Islands 233, 345 Victoria, requirements 761 Washington, analyses. Wash 658 organic matter in -. 744 peaty swamp, treatment, 111 . _ 957 physical properties 565 studies . - 858 pineapple, analyses, Fla 459 relation to distribution of plants in Michigan 751 rich in humus, investigations, Can. 1061 sandy, nitrogen content, N. J. 130 use of fertilizers on i;:50 southern and northern, differences iiSO sterilization, Mass _ 160 sugar cane, of Jamaica, analyses . . 459 washing of, prevention... 345 water content in relation to plant growth 572 soluble constituents, U. S. D.A 458 plant food in 543, U61 salts in 233 worn-out, restoration 565 Solanin, nonoccurrence in tobacco seed . 340 Sulaimmcummersonii, varieties 1075 soclomoium galls, notes 275 triflorum, notes 303 Solar and terrestrial changes 957 atmosphere, circulation, U. S. D. A. 856 prominence, variations, U. S. D. A. 856 radiation, U. S. D. A._ 856 observations, U. S. D. A. 230, 5(>0 spectrum, aqueous vapor lines, U. S. D.A - - a56 Solids, determination in vinegar 121 soluble, determination in tanning extracts 441 Sorbus, monograph 122 I'age. Sore mouth of cattle, notes, Kans 730 Snri'X vnli/ariti, feeding ha))its 753 Sorghum, analyses, K y 852, 1053 beer, description 600 culture experiments, A'a. Cane- brake .. 863 Miss 143 for silage, Tenn 1070 flour, manufacture and uses . . . 599 for the reclamation of alkali soils, U.S. D.A. 234 hydrocyanic acid in 355, 821 pasture for cows, Kans. 730 poisoning, investigations 88 seed production 682 seeds, anatomical str uctiir e 33 seeds, anatomical structure. Conn. State.... 289 sirup, analyses, Tex 358 varieties 138, 464 Can.. 30,1068 Va 573 Sorghum vulgnre, analyses 67 Sorghvims, analyses 33 Conn. State 289 Sotol, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 South Carolina College, notes. . . 203, 419, 732, 833 Station, financial state- ment 936 notes. 203,419,525,1030 South Dakota College, notes 100,312,525 Station, financial state- ments 730 notes 312, 525 reports of di- rector 730 Soy bean, ciilture, Oreg 242 hay V. cowpea hay for cows, Ala. College 73 meal, digestibility. Mass 174 for pigs, Tenn 501 Soy beans, analyses 244, 669 as a substitute for coffee 285 culture, Cal 135 111. 32 Kans 730 R.I... 146 experiments 244 Can 137 for silage , Tenn 1071 in Manchuria 669 fertilizer experiments 244 Mass - . 139 for pigs 997 varieties 138 111 32 Va 573 Spanish dagger, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Sparrows, English, destruction 229 infection with proteosoma and balteridium 559 injury by 228 SiKirtinajiuuva hay, analyses. Can 171 Spear grass, notes 303 Spelt, culture, Wyo 963 experiments, Can 27,136 1234 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Spelt, culture experiments, Minn 237 , for sheep, S. Dak 290 straw for steers, Can 172 varieties, Can 27 Spermogonium, taxonomic value 752 Sphdcclothevd son/hi, notes, U. S. D. A... 145 Sphd'rt'lla ciiffcivola. notes 783 Sphdrodcniia chunno.tum, description 267 SiihcHophoi-iis sonlidus, notes 274 Sphernlins, occurrence in plants 17 Sphingids in Great Britain 1092 Sphynx, white lined, notes 546 Spices, adulteration 888 analyses 990 Conn. State - 283 methods of analysis 438 Spidor, garden, notes 982 Spiders in Kansas 982 notes 596 red. (.S>f Red .spider.) Spinach, absoi-ption of iron by 964 leaf miner, notes, U. S. D. A ... 379 Spinal paralysis of wild animals in con- finement 1055 Spii-illosis in fowls 621,1023,11:34 Spirillum in cattle affected with Texas fever o03 Spirillum tschichir, notes 1127 Spirochcete anseriiia, notes 1023 ziewowjii, life history 1131 Spleen, proteolytic enzy ms in _ 995 Sporidesmium scorzonei-ce,-n. sp., descrip- tion - - 270 Sporobolus airoides, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 fndiCKS, analyses 67 Spotted kidney in f""' 1012 Sprat oil, chemical studies. 955 Spraying apparatus, notes 789 calendar 385 Iowa _ 61 Mich 61 Mo 170 N.Y.Cornell.. 1093 experiments in New Zealand. . 55 gasoline engine for, Idaho 876 machinery notes, Mo 170 N.Y. State.. 983 Spruce and pine,.niixed plantations. 588 aphis, notes 1055 exotic species, introduction into Prussia and Austria 261 plantation near Unalaska 371 ' ' stagheadedness, "notes _ 593 Squabs, raising, U. S. D. A 292 Squash bug, remedies 546 bugs, notes _ 784 Squashes, culture, Cal __ 148 fertilizer experiments, R. I 672 germination as affected by tem- perature. Can _ 1084 improvement 868 storage 360 Squid, analysis, Can 131 St. Clair County, 111., soil survey, U. S. D. A 658 Page. St. John's bread, alcoholic extract 748 wort, notes 684 St. Louis Exposition, exhibit of agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations. 326 Stable hygiene, elements of 396 Stables, construction and care 294 disinfection 306 ventilation _ 95 U. S D. A 937 Staggers in horses, Kans 730 in North Carolina 511 Staphylinus olens, notes 695 Staphylococci, artificial immunity against 608 formation of hemolysin. 403 Staphylococcus mastitidis, notes 1013 pyogenes aureus, effect on coagulation of blood 1007 . pyogenes aureus, intra- cerebrallnjections 510 pyogenes aureus, intra- cellular toxin 1006 Staphylolysin, formation 403 Starch, arrowroot, analyses 598 preparation. 285 determination 848 inspices. 438 feed, analyses, Mich 67 hydrolysis 103,647 potato, composition 954 refuse, analyses, Mich 67 reserve, disappearance in trees.. 695 talipot, analyses 599 tavolo, analyses... 598 Stai'ches, analyses 495 tropical, analyses.. 598 Stations. (See Experiment Station^ ', Steam disk plow, construction and opera- tion.. 828 shovel, construction and opera- tion 828 Steel's, carcass demonstration 996 dehorning. Can 172,173 digestion experiments 288 feeding experiments 392, 804, 894 Can... 67,172,1101 Fla 893 Iowa HOB lU 802 Kans. 73U Ky 708 Miss 804 Mont 709 Okla. 392,416 Pa .... 128,171,894 respiration experiments, U. S. D. A 799 slaughter tests. Ill 803 soft corn for, Iowa 1102 sugar-beet pulp for, Utah 895 Steganoptycha piyricolana, ■notes 169 Stegomyia fusciata, notes 490 transmission of yel- low fever by 314 Sterculia co?a leaves, caffein and theobro- min in 389 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1235 Pago. Stereunnyurpureum, notes 690 Sterigmatocystis n iyra, teratological forms 55(5 Sfif/modera spp., notes 382 Stilhmn flavidum, notes 7S3 iinnum, notes 377 Stock and scion, reciprocal action __ 3()3 melon, culture, Cal i:i5 ( See also Live stock.) Stomach contents, analyses, Ky 1054 third, impaction in cattle 30'5 worms in cows 409 sheep 118,299 La 191 W.Va 923 and cattle 410 notes. 1121 Stomatitis in pigs - _ 923 St<}iii<>.rys ealcitrdiis, notes. 1055 Storm at Baltimore, U. S. D. A.- 560 dust, analyses of dust 343 periods, daily and yearly 563 Storms in Cape Colony, U. S. D. A 856 of the Great Lakes, U. S. D. A . .. 230 paths of air in, U. S. D. A _ 560 Stramonium, poisonous properties. 511 Strangles, notes 1121 Straw, fertilizing value 234 Strawberries, anatomical s t r vi c t u r e , Conn. State 284 breeding experiments, S. Dak 367 crossing, R. I 152 culture 257, a59, 678, 1078 Ariz 873 Mo 365 '■>■■ N. C 585 S. Dak 367 culture experiments 257 Minn. 252 in "West Indies 969 iinder shade, N. Y. State.... 969 electro-culture 248 fertilizer experiments, N.. J 150 R.I 151 irrigation 678 U.S.D.A 97 experiments,N.J 150 judging by scale of points. 581, 1076 mulching experiments 257 • salicylic acid in. 388 seedling vai'ieties _ 870 shading _ . _ 539 varieties 153,3a5,678 Ariz.... 873 Can 473,1074 Ind 1080 Mich 42 Mo-. 365 N.Dak 972 N.J 150 Pa 15:3 f or f or cing 42 I'age. Strawberry aleurodes, notes, Mass 382 aphis, notes.. 546 disease, new, notes, Mass... 160 false worm, notes, Mo 58 loaf roller, notes. Mo 59 nematode disease 975 raspberry, notes 476 root louse, remedies, Del 594 weevil, notes 546 Del 594 N.J 167 R.I 42 Stream measurements, Mont. 196 in 1903 521 Streptococcus conglomcra t i(.s, notes 1013 mastitidis, notes I(il3 Streptococcus infection, treatment by pyocyanase 403 Streptothrix israel i, notes 1015 necrqpho ra, studies 925 Streptothrix, pathogenic, in dogs. 825 new species... 188 Strongylus contoi-tus in sheep 118 W.Va 923 notes 411 La 191 ./!7« ,/.( in sheep 81,923 notes 411 j/iieruru.s- in calves 81 notes 411 U.S.D.A 523 paradoxus in pigs.. 81,412 rufescens in sheep 933 Strontium, determination... 225 Stuttgai^t area, Arkansas, soil survey, U. S.D. A.. ...-.-.-.-. 658 Stylosanthes pirocut^ ■"> ■ t*Ralyses 67 Suceda torreyana, growtn on alkali soils. 357 Subirrigation experiments 522 Subsoil temperatures, Can. 23 Sugar-beet bacterial disease, notes 487 disease in Bohemia 374 dry rot, notes 51 leaf blight and root rot, iden- tity 782 spot, notes. Can 56 pulp, dried, analyses, Mich . . 67 feeding value, Utah 895 for cows. Can 1113 sheep, Utah... 709 stock. 146 value and uses, U. S. D. A a56 refuse, analyses, Mass. 348 seed germination test, U. S. D.A. 1072 production, U.S. D. A.. 356 studies 483 Sugar beets, absorption of phosphoric acid by 146 analyses 853 Can 36 Ky 1053 Mich 35,36 U.S.D.A 34,670 3596— No. 12—04- 1236 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. Sugar boots, anatomical structure 239 as affected 1)y climate, U. 8. D. A -M) injury to leaves 4(i») the weather. HfKi breeding experiments )l'.i'.) composition as affected by environment, U.S. D. A.., H4,()7() as affected by fertilizers ... 57(; as affected by soil moisture 657 as affected by soil moisture, Utah tm as affected by time of top- liing 8()7 during storage 576 of different parts. 466 ciilture, Kans 780 U.S.D.A 356,107a experiments. 146,463,466 Can.. 29,3(5, 1067, 1072 Del . . 576 Mich. 35,36 Nebr. 356 Okla . 860 in the United States, U. S. D.A 356 Utah. 1024 on alkali soils 857 dried, feeding value 288 exhaustion of soil by, Mich. 36 fertilizer experiments 24, 235, 463,553,570 ■ Can . 1072 Mass 139 Nebr 357 for cows 1110 germination as affected by temperature, Can 1084 harvesting 671 insects affecting, U. S. D.A 379,692 irrigation.. 1024 respiration 576 seed production, Mich 35 selection, U. S. D. A . . . 356 sugar house refuse as a fer- tilizer for. 244 varieties. 138, a51 Can 29,862,1067,1072 Mich 35 Nebr.. 357 cane, analyses, U. S. D. A _. 246 borer, notes... 169,692 composition 847 culture, Tex 358 experiments 577, 578,671,867 Page. Sugar cane, ciilturo experiments, Hawaii 960 in Agra and Oudh.. 357 Egypt 963 the Philippine Is- lands 246 cuttings for planting 467 transportation 51 disappearance of reducing sugarin 224 disease-resistant varieties... 267 diseases in West Indies 374 lectures on 974 notes 692 enemies of 55 enzyms in 847 La _ 285 extraction 847 feeding value 391 fertilizer experiments 464 fertilizer experiments, Ha- waii 962 fertilizer experiments, Miss. 143 fertilizer experiments, U. S. D.A-....- 245 insects affecting . . . 168, 277, 692, 773 in India 56 irrigation experiments, Ha- waii _ 961 leaf hopper, notes 488 remedies 976 physiological investigations . 467 planting 464 rind disease, description 974 in the West In- dies _ 374 root borer, notes .56, 379 disease, description 974 treatment 269 seedlings, test. La 95 Sereh disease in the West Indies 374 tops, analyses. 67 varieties 464 Hawaii 962 Chemists' Association in Hawaii, methods of analysis 630, 646 commission for uniform methods of analysis 553 destrui^tion in animal body 798 experiment station in Java, re- port 1025 feed, analyses 288 food value, Minn. 1098 graniilated, analyses, Conn. State. 284 industiy in Agra and Oudh 357 the United States, U. S. D.A-_ 246 making, manual 933 methods of analysis 440 nutritive value. 65,389 reducing, disappearance in sugar cane 224 solutions, clarification _ 848 sources 285 standards of purity, U. S. D. A 702 technology of 933 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1237 Page. Sugar, yellowish-gray 224 (See also Beet sugar and Cane sugar.) Sugarhouse refuse, fertilizing value 244 Sugars, fermentation by yeast 451 polyrotation _ . _ 647 Sulphate of ammonia, analyses 26 Conn. State . . 663 N.J 572 f ertilizitig value . . 11^), 751,860 fertilizing value, R.I-. 672 methods of appli- cation 568 weight per bushel. 26 potash , analyses. Conn . State . 663 Mass 236 N.J 572 and magnesia, analj^- ses, Conn. State 663 Sulphates, determination in plants 442 Sulphites, occurrence in canned goods, N. Dak 495 Sulphur as a remedy for red spiders, Cal. 696 determination in gelatin _ . . 445 organic sub- stances 952 plants 442 urine 337 excretion 888 Sulphuric acid, determination 337, 650 volumetric method.. 121 effect on albumin 14 plants _ 340 Summer fallowing, advantages. Can 126 Sunflower oil, analyses 223 Sunflowers as a shade for poultry, Mont. 178 varieties, Can 28, 1068 Sun spots and rainfall 19 relation to atmospheric tem- peratures, U. S. D. A 560 meteorology 655 weather condi- tions,!;.S.D.A. 560,856 Sunshine recorder, new 1058 records at Hamburg, U. S. D. A_ 18 Superphosphate, precipitated, prepai'a- tion and fertilizing value 860 weight per bushel 26 Superphosphates, analyses 26 Mass 236 N.J 572 manufacture 462 nitrogenous, analyses, Conn. State 663 phosphoric acid in S^ Suprarenal extract, use in medicine 80 Surra and nagana, relationship 1019 article on, U.S. D. A 620 distinction from nagana and mal de caderas 413 Page. Sur i-a, effect of human serum on parasite . 412 in the Philippine Islands 412, 1131 notes 611 organism of 925 transmission by flies. 193 Swamp camas, note?, N . Dak 822 lands, utilization 414 .Swans, raising 603 Swedish turnips, analyses 767 culture experiments . 767, 867 feeding value 897 fertilizer experiments . 768 varieties 138,664 Can 1067 Sweet clover as a soil ameliorant, Ohio . . 625 disease, new.. 268 corn, breeding 868 experiments, N. J . 1.52, 1075 canning, Va 581 culture experiments, Minn.. 253 mulching experiments, Nebr 250 varieties 868 Mich 252,350 potato weevil, notes 546 potatoes, culture experiments 577 Migs. 143 from seed 867 in N ew Zealand . . 358 the Azores 36 fertilizer experiments. . . 963 fertiUzer experiments, Tenn 346 fertilizer experiments, U. S. D.A. 133 mulching experiments, Nebr.. ^ preservation, U..S. D. A. 97 varieties .■ 772 Swine diseases, epizootic, in Hungary ... 914 erysipelas bacillus, intracerebral injections 510 experimental studies. 87, 824 notes 619, 823, 824, 914 serum treatment 726, 824,825,923 treatment 87, 1018 fever, notes 1018 plague bacteria, intracerebral in- jections 510 etiology 726 inOhio 720 notes 619,82:^,914 serum treatment UIJO treatment 619, 823 Syayrius intriiden.% notes 276,691 Symptomatic anthrax. (See Blackleg.) Tcenia e.V2>(tnsa in sheep 1129 notes,La 191 Tjenia, production of antiferments by. . . 403 Tagasaste, culture, Cal 134 Takosis, investigations, U. S. D. A 304 Talipot starch, analyses 5i)9 Tankage, analyses. Mass 236, 348 N.J 573 for pigs. Can. 1103 1238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Tank:ii,'o fi.r pijjs, U. S. 1). A 97 ]K)nltry , Can 1106 giirVrngo, analyses, Cimn. State. (563 iiiamitiKiture 347 s 1 a II g li t e !■ h <> XI s e , analyses, Conn. State 663 Tannery refuse, analyses, N. J 572 Tannin, fleterinination 337 in the liorse-cliostnut. 448 Tanniufi: materials, methofls of analysis. 441 Tapeworm, beef, in Austi'ia-Hnngary . . 86 fringed, in sheep, S. Dak 87 Tapeworms in clogs, notes 519 sheep 191,1129 La 191 production of antiferments by 403 Taph rid cwrnlescens, notes, Ala. College. . 690 Tapioca, composition 599 Tar weed seed, anatomy, Conn. State 986 Tarnished plant bug, notes 594 U. S. D. A.... 379 Taro root rot, treatment, U. S. D. A 133 Tarsoiiemua cidniicolus, notes 878 Tavolo starch, analyses 598 Tnxonuf! ingrosoma, notes. Can. 56 Tazewell County, 111., soil survey, U. S. D. A.... - 658 Tea, culture . 1.54,277 in India 478 description 365 diseases, handbook 277 enemies of - 154 ferment in 451 fermentation 452 green, analyses, Conn . State 284 insects affecting 168,277 monograph 680 mosquito blight, notes 981 oil, study 122 Paraguay, description 365 propagation, U. S. D. A.. 366 quality as affected by composition of soil _ 679 treatise 775 Teachers, normal training courses for, in Michigan . _ 531 Teats, anomalies in, treatment 1013 Technology, agricultural, treatise 934 chemical, text-book.. ;:j:^,933 Tein ana rtnitJes, notes 691 Temperature departures in Hawaii, U. S. D. A 18 effect on germination of seeds, Can. 1084 in Argentina, U. S. D. A. . . 18 limits of plant life 16 Tennessee Station, financial statement . . 936 notes. 419,833 report of director 936 University, notes 833 Tent caterpillars, notes 168, 546 Conn. State 974 Mo. Fruit.. 1090 (.See a/.s-o Apple and For- est tent caterpillars. ) Page. Tenthredinidse, identification 788 Teosinte, culture experiments 573 Tcras nihiuia, notes, U. S. D. A :^81 Termes lacteu. (Sec "White ants. ) iaproba ne.s, notes 277 Termites in Central America 883 Terraces, construction 827 Tetanus antitoxin, absorption in wounds. 503 dry form < >f serum 297 bacillus, flagella 297 etiology 408 immunity to 509 in cows, treatment 725 dogs 825 notes 191 serum treatment 725 toxin, absorption 915 by nervous tis- sue 89.188 as affected by albumin. . . 609 oxydases.. 1120 effect on blood 403 lesions in nervous system produced by 616 treatment 89,408,825 Tetraitychns bimaculatus, notes, U. S. D.A 379 hioculatus, notes 277 spp., remedies, Cal 696 TettUjarcta tomentosa, notes. 279 Texas College, notes 203, 312, 7*2 " fever, control 190,1015 discovery of organism of . . . 86 disease resembling 818 immunization against 410 in Germany 516 Massachusetts 299 New South Wales. 720 North Carolina 511 Queensland.. 720 Rhodesia, investiga- tions 301, :«3 the Transvaal, investiga- tions 'A)2 notes 406, 611, 915, 921 Cal 725,816 Okla _. 416 regulations concerning 1015 Spirillum in blood of af- fectedcattle :. 303 studies 818,1014 transmission 819 (.See aha African coast fever and Redwater.) Station, financial statement i)6 * notes 203,312 report of director 96 Textile plants, culture in Hawaii, U. S. D.A ]:« in Brazil and Argentina . 15 the Philipi^ine Islands. 241 Textiles, new 73 Tliecla heathii, notes 878 strigosa I iparop.% notes 878 Theohroma cacati leaves, caffein and theo- bromin in. 389 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1230 Page. Tlieobromiii, solvents for . 389 Therapy, comparative, manual . 194 Thermodynamics and chemistry. 446 Thermometer, history of •. . a38 platinum resistance, new form 553 Thermometers, notes, U. S. D. A. . _ 856 Thermometry, principles, U. S. D. A 230 Theimophone, api)lication to geodesy, U. S. D. A_.._ 856 Thermopsis, notes 303 Thk'Idvioijsis ethdceticux, description 974 Thistle, Canada, destruction, N. Dak 483 notes, Vt 1085 Russian, destruction, N. Dak 483 Thomas slag. {See Phosphatic slag.) Thopa saccata, notes 169 Thrashing, injviry to seeds 197 machinery in Russia 309 machines, trials 622 Thremmatology, definition.. - 541 Thrips, injurious, in Italy _ 276 Th rijix spp., notes 589 Thiinderstorms in Nebraska, U. S. D. A. 856 Thymol as a remedy for botflies 1132 Thymus histon. cleavage pi'oducts _ 749 Thyroid extract, use in medicine. 80 Thysauoptera, injurious, in Italy 276 notes.. 275 North American 383 niysanosoma flmbriatu of sheep, S. Dak . 87 Tibicina curvicosf a, notes 279 Tick fever in Rhodesia, investigations... 301, 303,725 the Transvaal, investiga- tions... 302 Ticks, occurrence on horses 1020 on poultry 1055 role iu transmission of carceag 819 piroplasmo- ses 818,819 Tides in Indian Ocean, U. S. D. A :.. 18 Tillinghast, J. A., biographical sketch, R.I 188 Timber dry-rot fungus, studies 593 industry in Tasmania 482 seasoning, U. S. D. A 4i) testing, U. S. D. A 2(i4 (See alxo Lumber and Wood.) Timothy, fertilizer experiments, Pa 144 hay, analyses, N. Dak 171 available energy, U. S. D.A.... 799 for sheep, W. Va 899 Tin, solubility in lemon juice, Cal. 796 Toadstools, edible, notes, Ind 956 Toasting, effect on soluble matter in bread, Cal 792 Tobacco as affected by fertilizers. Pa. . 146, 147 bacterial disease, notes 374 breeding experiments 541 culture, U. S. D. A 2:^9 culture in Sumatr.i 358 the Philippine Islands 246 extract, analyses, Ky 1053 fertilizer experiments 235, 358, 467 Tobacco flea-beetle, notes 377 insects affecting 277,784 irrigation 36 leaf spot, notes 973 mosaic disease, investigations. . . 685 quality as affected by potash fertilizers, Md 462 seed, nonoccurrence of solanin in 340 shading 539,540 stalks, ash analyses. Conn. State. 663 stems, analyses. Conn. State 663 Ky 8.52,1053 Sumatra type, culture in Con- necticut, Conn. State 467 topping 351 varieties 577 waste, analyses, Tex . _ 349 wilt, description, N. C 684 U. S. D. A .... 685 in Nor th Carolina 332 Toledo area, Ohio, soil survey, U. S. D.A 658 Tomato bacterial blight, notes 375 blight, notes, Idaho 37 treatment, Del 589 leaf spot, notes 688 Ohio 1025 rosette, studies, Ohio 973 Tomatoes, canning, Va 581 climatic limits, Can 10.58 crossing experiments, N. J . .. 152 culture 870 Idaho 36 S. Dak. 367 experiments, Minn 252 under cheese cloth.. 673,674 glass, U.S. D.A. 937 fertilizer expei'iments 764 fertilizers for, U. S. D. A 252 germination as affected by tempei'ature. Can 1084 growth as affected by elec- tricity 361 immunization against fungus parasites 687 improvement 868 mulching experiments, Nebr. 2.50 quality as affected by potash fertilizers, Md. 462 ripening after frost 360 training.. 359 varieties 359,868 Idaho 37 Mich. 252 Tomicus spp., notes 695 Top working apples, Me 39 Tornado in Georgia, U. S. D. A 230 Tortoise, giant, home of 229 Tortricidae, notes 783 Tortrix ainbiguella, notes 691 nemorivaga, notes 378 pilleriana, remedies 169 pinicolana, notes 378 Town refuse, utilization in agriculture . . 624 Toxin, bacterial, with rapid action 609 1240 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr RECORD. Toxins and antitoxins, relation :?Mt,M>'4 hiblio^rapliy lllH intracellular, in bacteria 1006 nature 1119 Trade, agricultural, of Belgium, U.S. D. A 417 the United States, U. S. D. A 417 Transpiration of ])lants, determination.. 447 Transvaal, handbook for settlers 418 Tree borers, notes -.- 382 Okla 416 root diseases, notes, Wash 689 Trees, defoliation. Can 163 descriptions 44 for Engli.sh gardens _ 367 fumigation, N. J_. 167 hardiness, Mont .- 149 in,iuries by animals - 97.5 electr ial for pij^s, Tenn 5()1 luoteoroloj^ical (.■onditions favor- ing growth. Pa 144 microscopic examination 246 middlings, analyses 288 Conn. State.- 497 N.J 288 Wis 801 midge, notes 877 milling qualities as affected hy climate and soil, Tenn. 467 tests 987 Me.._ _ 868 new variety 239 nitrate of soda f or , N . J 183, 242 nitrogen requirement 457 nitrogenous constituents 748 fertilizers for 235 nomenclature 246 north we.stern, cultui-e. Me 868 offals, analyses, Minn 1096 ISr.i". State 497 Vt 392,889 period of growth, Minn __. 237 Polish, culture, Wyo _ _ 963 prices in the United States 578 protein content, Tenn 468 studies, Minn . . 1095 removal of phosphoric acid by . . 1051 rotation experiments, S. Dak 237 Russian , varieties 470 rust- resistant varieties 572 sanitarium 935 screenings, analyses 288 Conn. State. 289 Wis 801 for sheep, Utah 709 weed seeds in, Conn. State 289 seed, grading _ . 247 impurities in 247 selection, Can 1065 N. Dak 147 Tenn 469 seeding, Ohio 625 shorts, analyses. Wis 801 smut, treatment 49,267 Can 27,10&5 Wash 687 starch content, studies, Minn 1095 stem maggot, notes 877 stinking smut, treatment 49 stooling 248,358 straw, analyses, Okla 393 structure and color of ker- nels 470 "takeall," notes 687 varieties 138, 247, a51, 773 Can. 27,28,135,861,862,1066 Mich 349 Minn 236 Mont 140 N. Dak 141 Ohio 1025 Tenn 468 Wyo 963 Page. Wheat, varieties, form of description, U. S. D. A 358 yield as affected by treatment for smut 1086 Whisky, analyses il90 White ants in Central America 883 notes 168,594 remedies 280,383,791 clover. (See Clover, white.) fly, description _ 278 Fla 277 remedies, N. H 59 grubs, notes 277, 377, .546, 547, 877, 975 U.S.D. A 379 scour in calves 517,915 -Cal 816 weed, American, notes 484 Wichita area, Kansas, soil survey, U. S. D.A.. 658 Wild parsnip, notes, N.Dak 822 rice, culture and uses, U. S. D. A .. 578 Willow curculio, notes 168, 547 weevil, notes 975 Wind, force of, in Belgium 342 records, rel. ability, U. S. D. A 8.56 violent, in South Dakota, U. S. D. A 18 Wind-breaks, plants for, S. Dak 367 Windmills and pumps, trials 1025 construction and use 1136 exhibit- 728 use in irrigation in Kansas 728 Winds, high, in California, U. 8. D. A.... 230 mountain valleys, U. S. D.A__ 18 on Pacific coast, U. S. D. A. 18 March, U. S. D. A 18 mountain and valley, U. S. D. A. 856 October, on Atlantic coast, U. S. D. A._ - - 230 winter, U. S. D. A 230 Wine, industry in Germany 971 Switzerland 831 the United States, U. S. D. A... 257 I'ed, manufacture 258 Wineberry, culture 257 Wines, analyses _ _ 226, 971, 1081 Cal.... _ 750 manufacture 256 phosphoric acid content. 43 salicylic acid in 388, 851 sulphuric acid in. 851 Wireworms, notes 276, 691, 975, 976 U.S.D. A 379 Wisconsin College, notes 526 Station, notes . 100, 526, 732, 939, 1138 University, notes 100, 312, 732, 833, 939 Withers, fistulous, notes, Kans. 730 Woburn, field experiments 765 Women, education in British Empire 1026 Wood alcohol, injurious effects.. 986 ashes, analyses. Conn. State 663 Mass.... 131,236,348,663 Vt.. 1053 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1247 Page. Wood-boring beetles, notes 278 Wood lice, notes (591 lot, imiirovement, U. S. D. A 45 management 369, 422 Conn. State 480 measiirement- 264 preservation 371 protection from insects 695 pulp, description _ _ 1083 (Sec also Lumber and Timber.) Wool, analyses 26 Australian, imports, U. S. D. A ... 523 injiu-y by sheep dips 304 production in Australasia, U. S. D.A 523 the United States . 806 trade in Australia, U. S. D. A 523 waste, analyses 26 Mass... 348,663 N.J 572 Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.) Work, effect on metabolism 289 muscular effect on blood 992 formation of uric acid 493 performance by man . . . 390 static, effect on respiratoi-y metab- olism 65 Wrens, economic value 228 Wyoming Station bulletins, index 417 financial statetnent . . . 417 notes 101, 419, .526, 732, 8a% 1080 report of director 417 University, notes 101, 203, 419, 536, 7.32, 83:^ 1030, 11 .38 Xanthin bodies, determination in meat extracts 337 methods of analysis 954 Xcnifhhmi spinosum, notes 265 X-rays, effect on nutrition 887 Xylan in sugar cane 847 Xyleborus fornicatus, notes 168 solidus, notes.- 278 I'age. Xylotrechux quadripes, notes 748 Yearbook of agriculture 635 the German Agricultural Association 937 zoological 558 author index 558 Yeast as a reagent in food chemistry 851 extracts, analyses 990 xanthin bodies in 954 pathogenic studies 187 preservative, analyses. Conn. State. 284 Yeasts, treatise. 450 Yellow fever, transmission 314 by mosquitoes 62, 490,877 Yerba mate, description 365 Yucca macrocarpa, ash analyses, N. Mex. 13 radiosa, ash analyses, N. Mex 13 Yuma area, Arizona, soil survey, U. S. D. A 6.58 Zalacca edulis, analyses 495 Zebra caterpillar, notes, U. S.D. A 379 Zebras, crossing with horses 997 Zein, cleavage products... 749 Zeuzeni coffece, notes 784 Zinnias, fertilizer experiments, R. I 672 Zoological park, New York, report 229 record 10.55 Societyof New York,report 229, 10.54 yearbook 5.58 author index 558 Zoology, agricultural, review of litera- ture .5.58 economic, articles on .594 report on 10.55 elementary text-book .5.58 medical and veterinary, index- catalogue, U. S.D. A. 307,1055 relation to forestry 229 Zootechny, treatise 995 Zukalia stiMmanniana, description .590 Zygadenus vencnosus, composition and physiologic action. 1129 o U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR ') V W. C. Stu1ili.«. " Korth La. Station: Calhoun; > Maine — Orono: C.D.Woods." Maryland — College Park: H.J. Patterson." Massachusetts — A7n,hcrst: H. H.Goodell." Michigan — Agricultural College: C.D.Smith." " Director. l* Special agent Minnesota— ,V. Ajillioin/ Pari:, St. Paul: W. M. Liggett." Mississippi— ^If/r/cMttHra? College; W. L. Hutchin- son." Missouri — College Station: Columbia; F. B. Muroford. c Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans." Montana — Bozeman: F. B. Linfield.<' Nebraska— X/ncofti.- E. A. Burnett." Nevada — Reno: J. E. Stubbs." New Hampshire — Durham: W. D. Gibbs.'i New Jersey — New Brtmswick: E. B. Voorhees." New Mexico— J/csi7ta Park: Luther Foster." New York — State Station: Geneva; AV. H. Jordan." Cornell Station; Ithaca; L.H.Bailey." North Carolina— iJate't/Zi; B. W. Kilgorc" North Dakota — Agricultural College: J. H. Worst." Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma — Stillwater: 3. Fields." O'R'EGOy.—Corvallis; J. AVithycombe." Pennsylvania— ,?-6»)7/.- J. M. McBrydc." Washington— P»Zto?rt/i; E. A. Bryan." West Virginia — Morgantown: J.H.Stewart." AViscoNSiN— J/r(r?/so)).- W. A.Henry." Wyoming— XammiV.- B.C.Buffum." in charge. f Acting director. BULLETINS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Krpirinirnt Station Fccord, Vols. I-XIV, witli indexes; Vol. XV, Nos. 1 ami 2. Bullfihti'. — No. 1, Organization and History of the Stations; No. 2, Digest of Reports of the Stations for 1888; No. 3, Meeting of Hortieiilturists, 1889; Ko. 4, List of Station Horticulturists; Nos. 5, 12, 13, 19, 23, 27, 39, 47. 59, 74, 88, 111, and 122, Organization Lists of Stations and Colleges, 1890, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897,1898, 1899,1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903; No. (!, List of Station Botanists; Nos. 7, 16, 20, 24, 30, 41, 49, 65, 76, 99, 115, and 123, Proceedings of Aasociation of Colleges and Stations, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902; No. 8, Lectures on Investigations at Rotham.stcd; No. 9, The Fermetitations of Milk; No. 10, Meteorological Work for Agricultural In.stitutions; No. 11, A Compilation of Analy.ses of Anieridan Feeding Stuffs; No. 14, Convention of National League for Good Roads, 1893; No. 15, Handbook of Experiment Station Work; No. 17, Suggestions for Food Laboratories; No. IS, Assimilation of Nitrogen by Mustard; No. 21, Investigations on the Chemistry and Economy of Food; No. 22, Investigations at Rothamsted; No. 25, Dairy Bacteriology: No. 26, Experiment Stations: Their Objects and Work; No. 28, Composition of American Food Materials; No. 29, Dietary Studies at the University of Tenne.ssee in 1895; No. 31, Dietary Studies at the University of Missouri in 1895; No. 32, Dietary Studies at Purdue University in 1895; No. 33, The Cotton Plant; No. 34, The Carbohy- drates of Wheat, Maize, Flour, and Bread; No. 35, Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in 1895 and 1896; No. 36, Notes on Irrigation in Connecticut and New Jersey; No. 37. Dietary Studies at the Maine State College in 1895; No. 38, Dietary Studies of the Negro in Alabama, 1895 and 1896; No. 40, Dietary Studies in New Mexico in 1895; No. 42, Cotton C^dture in Egypt; No. 43, Losses in Boiling Vegetables, and the Composition and Digestibility of Potatoes and Eggs; No. 44, Metabolism of Nitrogen and Carbon; No. 45, A Digest of Metabolism Experiments; Nos. 46 and 116, Dietiiry Studies in New York City in 1895, 1896, and 1897;. Nos. 48, 62, 82, and 94, Reports to Congress on .\griculture in Ala,ska; Nos. 50, 61, S3, and 93, Reports on the Work and Expenditures of the Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900: Nos. 51, 64, 78, 97, 114, and 128, Statistics of the Colleges and Stations, 1897, 1898,1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902; No. 52, Nutrition Investigations in Pittsburg, Pa., 1894-1896; No. 53, Nutrition Investigations at the University of Tennessee in 1896 and 1897; No. 54, Nutrition Investigations in New Mexico in 1897; No. 55, Dietary Studies in Chicago in 1895 and 1896; No. 56, Instruction in Cooking in the Public Schools of New York City; No. .57, Varieties of Corn; No. .58, Water Rights on the Missouri River and its Tribxitaries; No. 60, Laws for Acquiring Titles to Water from the Missouri River and its Tribut«ries; No. 63, Description of a New Respiration Calorimeter and E.xperiments on the Conservation of Energy; No. 66, The Phy.siological Effect of Creatinand Creatinin; No. 67, Studies on Bread and Bread Making; No. 68, Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and their Value; No. 69, Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy; No. 70, Water-Right Problems of Bear River; No. 71, Dietary Studies of Negroes in Eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898: No. 72, Farmers' Reading Courses; No. 73, Irrigation in the Rocky Mountain States; No. 75, Dietary Studies of Univer- sity Boat Crews; No. 77, The Digestibility of American Feeding Stuffs; No. 79, Farmers' Institutes: History and Status; No. 80, The Experiment Stations in the United States; No. 81, Irrigation in Wyo- ming and its Relation to Ownership and Distribution ; No. 84, Nutrition Investigations at the California Experiment Station, 1896-1898; No. 85, The Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Bread; No. 86, The Use of Water in Irrigation; No. 87, Irrigation in New Jersey; Nos. 89 and 117, Effect of Muscular Work upon the Digestibility of Food and the Metabolism of Nitrogen, Conducted at the University of Tennessee, 1897-1900; No. 90, Irrigation in Hawaii; No. 91, Nutrition Investigations at the University of Illinois, North Dakota Agricultural College, and. Lake Erie College, Ohio, 1896-1900; No. 92, The Reservoir System of the Cache la Poudre Valley; No. 95, Report on the Agricultural Resources and Capabilities of Hawaii; No. 96, Irrigation Laws of the Northwest Territories; No. 98, The Effect of Muscular Work on Food Con.sumption, Digestion, and Metabolism of Bicyclers; No. 100, Report of Irrigation Investi- gations in California; No. 101, Studies on Bread and Bread Making, 1899 and 1900; No. 102, Losses in Cooking Meat, 1898-1900; No. 103, The Evolution of Reaping Machines: Nos. 104, 119, and 133, Reports of Irrigation Investigations for 1900, 1901, and 1902; No. 105, Irrigation in the United States; No. 106, Inves- tigations on the Rothamsted Soils: No. 107, Nutrition Investigations among Fruitarians and Chinese, 1899-1901; No. 108, Irrigation Practice Among Fruit Growers on the Pacific Coast: No. 109, Metaboli?