mm ^^^ r >>ii: "^'^'-^n' Pk% > J, '' J' y-'A< X-'" '.§ I^M \ -T-S f \. ^.^V'-■^^ 1wiM^mA%Af^*r*^^^SMi*if . J^n xr V /. /^ X U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE UFF1CI-: OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TIUTK, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD Voluriae XVIII, 1906-1907 if»* WASHINCITON GOVEKNMKNT rUINTINCi OFTICE 190 7 u. s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus and Divisions. Weather Bureau — Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau op Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — Gifford Pinchot, Forester. Bureau op Soils — Milton Wliitney, Chief. Bureau op Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. BuREALT of Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — C. Hart Merriam, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director. Office op Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar. a Canebrake Station: Uniontown; F. D. Ste- vens.« Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee; G. W. Carver. « A'LASKA.— 'Sitka: C. C. Georgeson. b Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forbes. o AnKANSAS— Fayetteville: W. G. Vincenheller. a California— BerAetej/-' E.J. Wickson. « Colorado— J^ort Collins: L. G . Carpenter, o Connecticut— State Station : New Haven; E . H . Jenkins. « Storrs Station: Starrs; L. A. Clinton. a Delaware— iVewarfc.- H . Hay ward, o Florida — Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs. a Gkokgia— Experiment: Martin V. Calvin, a JIawaii— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. G. Smith. ft Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F. Eckart. "■ IVMio— Moscow: H.T. French. o Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport." l^mktik— Lafayette: A.Goss.o Iowa— .(477ics; C. F. Curtiss.o VikiasKS— Manhattan: C. W. Burkett. « Kentucky — Lexington: M. A. Scovell.o Louisiana— State Station : Salon Rouge;] Sugar Station: Audubon Park, yew Orleans: North La. Station: Calhoun;] Maine— Orono.- CD. Woods, o Maryland— CoZ%e Park: H.J. Patterson." Massachusetts— ^m/ier.'ii; W. P. Brooks." Michigan— .Ba«< Lansing: CD. Smith. « Minnesota— S<. Anthony Park, St. Paul: E. W. Randall." "Director. f\V. R. Dodson." yiissiasippi— Agricultural College: W. L. Hutch- inson. " Missouri— College Station : Columbia; H.J. Waters. « Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans." Montana— Bozcmon.- F.B.Linfleld." Nebraska— -Lincoln; E.A.Burnett." Nevada— iJeno.- J. E . Stubbs. " New Hampshire— Dttr/!a?n.- E . D . Sanderson. " New Jersey — New Brunswick: E . B . Voorhees. " New Mexico^ Agricultural College: Luther Fos- ter. " New York— State Station: Geneva; W.H.Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; L.H.Bailey." North Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh; C.B.Williams." State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore." North Dakota— Agricultural College; J. H. Worst. " Ohio— Wooster: C E . Thome. " Oklahoma— SttHwafer.- W. L. English." Oregon — Corvallis: J. Withycombe." Pennsylvania— Sto^e College: T. F. Hunt." Porto Rico — Mayaguez: D.W.May. b Rhode IshAtiD— Kingston: H.J.Wheeler." South Carolina— Clemson College: J.N. Harper. " South T)ak.ot A—Brooking s: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee — Knoxville: H. A. Morgan." Texas— CoHej/e Station: H. H. Harrington." Vtak— Logan: E. D. Ball." yETiMOtiT— Burlington: J. L. Hills." Virginia — Blacksburg: Washington— PMZZ77iare.- R . W . Thatcher. " West Virginia— jl/or^rantown.- J. H. Stewart." Wisconsin — Madison: H. L. Russell." Wyoming — Laramie: J . D . Towar. " b Special agent in charge. II EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. 1)., Assistant Director. EDITORlAr, DICI-Ain'MENTS. Mc'tt'orology, Soils, and Fertilizers — ^\V. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W." H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticultiu-e and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechny and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Agrotechny, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — H. W. Lawson. Agricultural Chemistry — ^W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and H. W. Lawson. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — B. P. Fleming. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. EDITORIAL NOTES. Page. The individual as a factor in agricultural research 1 The scarcity of men for investigation 3 The investigator and his salary 5 James J. Hill upon the future of American agriculture 101 Problems for investigation on soil fertility 103 Progress in medical and in agricultural science and practice 201 Relation between investigation and instruction 204 Retirement of Director R. J. Redding 206 Attitude of the experiment stations toward agricultural research 301 "The kind and character of work under the Adams Act " 303 Development of public sentiment for agricultural investigation 304 Extension teaching in agriculture 401 Organization of extension work 403 Some problems in agi'icvdtural instruction 501 The training of teachers for agricultural instruction 503 Department of nutrition in the Carnegie Institution 505 The American Breeders' Association • 601 Scientific aspect of plant-breeding work 602 The retirement of Dean W. A. Henry 605 The agricultural appropriation act, 1907-8 701 Increased Federal aid to agricultural education 705 M. Berthelot, deceased 705 The Adams fund projects and what they show 801 Advantages of systematizing station work 806 Robert Warington, deceased 807 Semicentennial of the Michigan Agricultural College 901 Significance of the agricultural college in the development of American educa- tion 902 A broad conception of agricultural education 906 III IV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. The present need of men in agricultural research 1001 Agricultural research as a career 1003 The training of investigators in agriculture 1004 Retirement of Dr. C. A. Goessmann 1101 The life of the soil ' 1104 SPECIAL ARTICLES. Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experimtuit Stations, E. W. Allen 406 Problems of animal nutrition, Henry Prentiss Armshy, Ph. D 508 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1907, E. W. Allen 1007 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. AiiABAMA College Station: Bulletin 135, June, 1 906 245 136, August, 1906 , 680 137, September, 1906 , 547 138, December, 1906 828, 829 139, April, 1907 ' 1059 Circular 1, October, 1906 457 Index to Vol. XII, Bulletins 127-129, and Annual Report, 1904 194 XIII, Bulletins 130-134, and Annual Report, 1905 194 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 892 Alabama Tuskegee Station: Bulletin 9, November, 1906 653 10, December, 1906 634 Alaska Stations: Bulletin 3, April 15, 1907 1039 Arizona Station: Bulletin 52, May 21, 1900 33 53, September 20, 1906 427 54, November 26, 1906 1120, 1122, 1123, 1167 Seventeenth Annual Report, 1906 1139, 1157, 1174 Arkansas Station: Bulletin 92, 1907 750 93, 1907 777 94, 1907 832 95 957 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 296 California Station: Bulletin 178, July, 1906 '. 255 179, June 30, 1906 327 180, 1906 549 181, October, 1906 734 182, December, 1906. . .'. 853 183, December, 1906 851 184, January, 1907 944 185, January, 1907 1116 186, February, 1907 1142 187, January, 1907 1115 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. V California Station — Coiilinued. ■ Page. Circular 19, April, 1906 386 20, April, 1906 482 21, July, 1906 689 22, August, 1906 : 674 23, August, 1906 673 24 637 Seed Bullet iu, 1906-7 836 CoLOUAuo Station: ]5ulletin 100. 1905 433 107, February, 1906 54 108, March, 1906 39 109, April, 1906 34 110, April, 1906 32 111, May, 1906 33 112, April, 1906 62 113, June, 1906 183 114, May, 1906 161 115, May, 1906 ' 1 38 116, June, 1906 161 117, January, 1907 931 118, January, 1907 936 119, February, 1907 951 Publications, 1903-4 93 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1905 28, 49, 81, 93 Nineteenlh Annual Report, r906 1059, 1079, 1094 Connecticut State Station: Bulletin 154. September, 1906 339 155, May, 1907 1062 Twenty-ninth Annual Report, 1905, pt. 4 56 5 48 6 35.74,76 Thirtieth Annual Report, 1906, pt. 1 618 2 854 3 862 4 848 5 ■ 1138 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bulletin 41, April, 1906 51 42, June, 1906 174 43, October, 1906 972 44, November, 1906 975 45, December, 1906 1061 46, February, 1907 1079 Seventeenth Annual Report, 1905 422, 461, 464. 472. 473, 492 Eighteenth Annual Rc^port, 1906 979, 995 Delaware Station: Bulletin 75, June 18, 1906 162 76, December 15, 1906 754 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1903 1020, 1022, 1027, 1035, 1040, 104:5, 1058, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1094 VI EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Florida Station: Page. Bulletin 86, September, 1906 877 87, December, 1906 818 88, Jamiary, 1907 850 Annual Report, 1905 , 50, 57, 93 1906 737, 746, 791 Georgia Station: Bulletin 72, March, 190G 220 73, June, 1906 254 74, Novemlier, 1906 828 75, December, 1906 829 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Division of Agriculture and Chemistry — Bulletin 16, 1906 138 17, 1906 335 18, 1906 373 19, 1906 •- 718 Division of Entomology — Bulletin 2, November 10, 1906. , 652 Division of Pathology and Physiology — Bulletin 4, 1906 843 5, 1906 834, 843 Annual Report, 1906 734, 750, 791 Idaho Station: Bulletin 54, May, 1906 .' 145 55, January, 1907 1061 56, January, 1907 1063 Special Bulletin, 1907 1063 Annual Report, 1906 1046, 1094 Illinois Station: Bulletin 107, April, 1906 160, 161 108, May, 1906 160 109, June, 1906 267 110, July, 1906 464 111, August, 1906 465 112, January, 1907 956 Circular 102, May, 1906 172 103, June, 1906 173 104, July, 1906 391 105, November, 1906 , 607 106, February, 1907 870 107, February, 1907 939 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 691 Indiana Station: Bulletin 112, April, 1906 '. 22 113, June, 1906 278 114, August, 1906 235 115, December, 1906 665 116, December, 1906 771 117, February, 1907 925 118, March, 1907 956 119, March, 1907 945 120, Marth, 1907 1038 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. VII Indiana Station — Continued. Page. Circular ] , October, 1906 631 2, November, 1906 631 3, Deceml)er, 1906 676 4, January, 1907 792 5, December, J906 1034 6, April, 1907 1073 Nineteenth Annual R(']>(irl , iOOd 691 Iowa Station: Bulletin 86, .laiuiary, 1907 965 87, January, 1907 966 88, January, 1907 1038 89, March, 1907 1063 • 90, April, 1907 1053 Kansas Station: Bulletin 134, March, 1906 33 135, May, 1906 76 136, June, 1906 194 J37, June, 1906 369 138, June, 1906 .^ 370 139, June, 1906 332 140, October, 1900 671 141, January, 1907 935 142, January, 1907 990 143, February, 1907 988 Special Circular, January 30, 1907 1123 Kentucky Station: Bulletin 123, December 31, 1905 23 124, March, 1906 37 125, March, 1906 31 126, April, 1906 114 127, September 25, 1906 .^ 935 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903 913, 914, 996 Seventeenth Annual Report, 1904 913, 914, 996 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1905 913, 914, 996 Louisiana Stations: Bulletin 86, August, 1906 363 87, September, 1906 540 •88, September, 1906 571 89, December, 1906 677 90, January, 1907 735 Nineteenth Annual Rci)nrt . 190(; 996 Maine Station: r.ulletin 130, June, 1906 469 131, October, 1906 657, 662 132, November, 1906 636 133, November, 1906 619 134, December, 1906 652 135, December, 1906 755 136, December, 1906 756 137, December, 1906 1110, 1174 138, February, 1907 1123 139, March, 1907 1129 VITI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Maine Station — Continuod. Page. Bulletin 140, March, 1907 1115 141, March, 1907 1140 142, April, 1907 1153 Maryland Station: Bulletin 108, April, 190G 51 109, May, 1906 ' 255 110, September, 190(i 718 111, October, 1906 751 112, November, 1906 752 113, December, 1906 937 114, January, 1907 - 919 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1905 , - 394 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 394 Massachusetts Station: Bulletin 110, June, 1906 274 111, July, 1906 220 112, January, 1907 967 113, January, 1907 921 114, January, 1907 954 115, February, 1907 954 116, March, 1907 955 Meteorological Bulletins 209-210, May-June, 1906 Ill 211-212, July- August, 1906 209 213-214, September-October, 1906 423 215-216, November-December, 1906. 612 217-218, January-February, 1907 814 219-220, March- April, 1907 1022 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1905 ■ 209, 220, 221, 222, 226, 233, 236, 241, 250, 261. 268, 272, 278, 296 MicHuiAN Station: Bulletin 236, April, 1906 53 237, May, 1906 72 238, May, 1906 , 172 239, August, 1906 1030 240, September, 1906 1076 241, September, 1906 867 242, October, 1906 ' 865 243, November, 1906. . . .• 868 244, December, 1906 849 245, January, 1907 975 Special Bulletin 35, March, 1906 , 37 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 814, 892 Minnesota Station: Bulletin 94, February, 1906 119, 139 95, March, 1906 140 96, April, 1906 339 97, October, 1906 686 98, November, 1906 864 99, December, 1906 969, 971 100, December, 1906 954 101, January, 1907 1037 Thirteenth Annual Report, 1905 492 PUBLICATION^ A7?>;TRAC'TED. IX Mississippi Station: Page. Bulletin 94, January, 1906 1115, 1127 95, April, 1906 1159 96, February, 190G. 1144 97, October, 1906 1115 98, January. 1907 1121 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1905 4S5, 466, 467, 472. 476, 492 Missouri Station: Bulletin 71, April, 1906 1145 72, July, 1906 1119 7,3, October, 1906 1 121 Circular of Information 20, April, 1905 156 21 - ■ 152 Missouri Fruit Station: Circular 2, February, 1903 443 3, July, 1906 451 Biennial Report, 1905-6 938 Montana Station: Bulletin 56, April, 1905 24 57, September, 1905 71 58, October, 1905 69 59, November, 1905 70 60, December, 1905 ,39 61, December, 1905 361 62, December 15, 1905 351 Twelfth Annual Report, 1905 423, 441, 471, 472, 493 Nebraska Station: Bulletin 92, June, 1906 144 93, June, 1906 362 94, October 6, 1906 570 9^, March 18, 1907 1036 96, March 18, 1907 , 1059 97, April 13. 1907 1041 98, April 16, 1907. 1062 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1905 238, 244, 246. 248. 282, 285, 296 Twentieth Annual Report. 1906 1094 Xevad.v Station: Bulletin 60, April, 1906 209 61, June, 1906 243 62, June, 1906 831 Annual Report, 1905 134. 173,194 New Hampshire Station: Bullotin 127, September, 1906 567 128, January, 1907 751 New Jersey Stations: Bulletin 195. September 1 . HKHi 458 196, September 12. 190() 433 197, September 18, 1906, ., 442 198, December 31, 1906 821 199, January 11, 1907 836 200, February 12, 1907 &49 Annual Report, 1905 14, 15, 18, 23, 30, 37, 38, 50, 56, 57, 73, 74, 93 X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New Mexico Station: Page. Bulletin 56, November, 1905 288 57, January, 1906 567 58, April, 1906 443 59, May, 1906 611 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1904 9, 29, 38, 70, 74, 91, 93 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1905 441, 493 New York Cornell Station: Bulletin 239, April, 1906 51 240, June, 1906 827 241, September, 1906 933 242, December, 190G 937, 996 New York State Station: Bulletin 278, May, 1906 41 279, May, 1906 52, 53 280, August, 1906 260 281, December, 1906 653, 654 282, December, 1906 820, 821 283, December, 1906 955 284, December, 1906 996 285, January, 1907 921 286, February, 1907 957 Technical Bulletin 1, November, 1906 568 2, December, 1906 747 Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1905 814, 89^ North Carolina Station: Bulletin 194, June, 1906 337 NoR'TH Dakota Station: Bulletin 69, June, 1906 259 70, June, 1906 ■ 209 71, October, 1906 •. 632 72, November, 1906 657 73, December, 1906 867 74, January, 1907 836 Special Bulletin 2, March, 1905 361 3, April, 1905 : 310 4, April, 1906 310 Index to Bulletins 48-68, July 1, 1906 691 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1905 9, 10, 24, 29, 73, 93 Seventeenth Annual Report, 1906. pt . 1 1022, 1033, 1053, 1084, 1094 pt. 2 1065 Ohio Station: Bulletin 171, March, 1906 143 172, March, 1906 138 173, April, 190() 342 174, April, 1906 633 175, May, 1906 627 176 (Twenty-fifth Annual Report. 1906), June 1906 612,691 177, August, 1906 652 178, September, 1906 940 179, December, 190(; 974 180, February, 1907 938 181, April, 1907 1039 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XT Ohio Station — Continued. Page. Circular 55, May 1, 1906 143 56, June 1, 1906 691 57, September ] , 1906 '. 648 58, June 15, 1906 ' . - . - 450 59, October 1, 1906 - 554 60, November 1 , 1906 557 61, November 1 , 1906 546 62, November 10, 190{) 791 63, November 15, 1906 753 64, February 15, 1907 845 65, March 1, 1907. : 850 66, March 23, 1907 1039 67, March 25, 1907 1076 68, March 26, 1907 1051 69, April 9, 1907 -■ . - - 1045 Oklahoma Station: Bulletin 71, June, 1906 136 72, June, 1906 257 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1906 210, 230, 237, 247, 252, 258, 296 Oregon Station: Bulletin 89, June, 1906 770 90, May, 1906 717 91, November, 1906 831 92, December, 190(i 840 Pennsylvania Station: Bulletin 77, March, 1906 - 41 78, July, 1906 332 79, September, 1906 546 80, October, 1906 574 81, November, 1906 663 Annual Report, 1905 210, 211, 217, 232, 234, 239, 260, 296, 472 Porto Rico Station: Bulletin 7, 1906 142 7 (Spanish edition), 1907 1045 Annual Report, 1906 1033, 1044, 1049, 1056. 1059, 1060, 1094 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin 112, May, 1906 261 113, June, 1906 437 114, June, 1906 619 115, July, 1906 619 116, October, 190(5 631 117, November, 1906 619 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 1 lOS. 11 ](), 1 1 13, 1124, 1174 South Carolina Station: Bulletin 118, February, 1906 276 119, May, 1906 ■ 220 120, April, 1906 233 121, May, 1906 244 122, May, 1906 ' 281 123, May, 1906 229 124, January, 1907 731 125, January, 1907 872 XII EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. South Carolina Station — Continued. Page. Seventeenth Annual Report, 1 904 194 Eighteenth Annual Report. 1905 726, 792 Nineteenth Annual Report. 1906 720, 729, 792 South Dakota Station: r,iill("tin 96, March, 1906 133 97, May, 1906 261 98, June, 1906 331 99, June, 1906 ' 335 Tennessee Station: Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, December, 1905 137, 185 4, December, 1905 161 XIX, No. 1, December, 1906 843 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1905 194 Texas Station: Bulletin 78, October, 1905 667 79, October, 1905 , 631 80, December, 1905 637 81, December, 1905 630 82, January, 1906 615 83, January, 1906 617 84, January, 1906 736 85, June, 1906 726 86, September, 1906 865 87 955 88. June. 1906 941 89 951 90, September, 1906 968 91, October, 1906 " 960 92, December, 1906 930 Utah St.^^tion: Bulletin 93, March, 1905 : . 115 94, January, 1903 ! 264. 95, March, 1906 , 252 96, March, 1906 274 97, December, 1906 936, 996 98, December, 1906 936, 996 99, December, 1906 : 1166 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1904 , 691 Sixteenth Annual Report. 1905 ' 691 Vermont St.\tion: Bulletin 123, Jime, 1906 124 124, September, 1906 968 125, December, 1906 • 968 126, March, 1907 1030 127, April. 1907 1050 ViR(iixi.\ Station: lUillcl in 160, March. 1906 373 J()l, March, 190() 336 162, May, 1906 . . .- 370 163, July, 1906 540 164, January. 1907 1153 Annual l^vc])orl . 1906 909, 914, 927, 977, 978, 985, 996 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XTII Washington Station: Page. Bulk-tin 71 , 1903 .' 471 72, 1905 - 430 73, 190() 285 74, 190() - • 255 75, 190G r 240 7(). 190() 257 77, 190() 253 West Virginia Station: Bulletin 98, January 30. 190(5 2(i<) 99, February 1, 1900 20 100, March, 1906 .' 01 101, March, 1906 136 102, May, 1906 • ,-•. 270 103, June 1 . 1906 286 104, April 1, 1906 '. ..- 247 105, June 1, 1906 223 106, June 1, 1906 271 107, June, 1906 254 108, December 31, 1906 726 Wisconsin Station: Bulletin 135, April, 1906 53 136, April, 1906 260 137, April, 1906 238 138, August, 1906 ' 684 139, September, 1906 821 140, September, 1906 770 141, November, 1906 764 142, December, 1906 ' 969 Twenty-seconfl Annual Report, 1905 213, 220, 227. 232. 234, 237, 239, 254, 261, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 271. 272, 273, 274. 275, 276. 277, 290, 291, 296 Twenty-third Ann\uil Report, 1906 1024, 1025, 1026, 1033, 1034, 1038, 1041, 1042, 1046, 1047, 1049, 1055, 1056. 1059, 1074. 1075. 1076. 1078. 1079. 1080. 1088, 1094 Wyoming Station: Bulletin 69. April. 1906 262 70. May, 1906 229 71. January, 1907 .948 72. February, 1907 J040 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AfiHICULTrUE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Annual Report.s. 190() 1094 Circular 19 459 20 437 ijl 459 22 915 Farmers' Bulletin 254 142 255 ^ 142 256 165 257 119. 258 181 XIY EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Farmers' Bulletin 259 194 260 438 261 478 262 493 263 [. 482 264 457 265 455 266 532 267 596 268 684 269 , - . 685 270 685 271, 627 272 627 273 792 274 830 275 850 276 892 277 882 278 931 279 936 280 977 281 1094 282 1047 283 1062 284 1062 285 1120 286 1121 Food Inspection Decisions, 1-68 1064 Report 82 34 83 791 Yearbook, 1905 208, 210, 227, 230, 231, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 250, 251, 254, 255, 259, 268, 277, 278, 287, 291, 294, 295 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bulletin 38 ' 477 39, pt. 14 351 15 351 16 351 83 77 84 , 76 85 '. 78 86 82 87 ■ 367 88 379 89 370 90 471 91 568 92 766 93 775 94 972 95 985 Circular 94 282 95 267 PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XV Bureau of Animal Industry — Continued. Page. Circular 96 281 97 257 98 380 99 373 100 ■ 710 101 856 102 ... ; 987 103 1159 104 1157 105 1 ] 55 106 : 1174 107 1 1 58 Instructions Concerning Trade Labels under the Meat-Inspection Law and Regulations (revised edition) 755 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1905. . 1155. 1157. 1158, 1159, llGl, 1162, 1164, 1174 Biological Survey: Bulletin 25 •. 56 26 349 27 349 Circular 48 157 49 156 50 157 51 157 52 156 53 250 North American Fauna No. 26, November 24, 1906 555 Bureau op Chemistry: Bulletin 69 (revised edition), pt. 9 361 84, pt. 2 565 98 421 99 110 100 164 101 '. 853 102 856 103 832 104 856 Circular 27 110 28 , 110 29 110 30 110 31 462 32 711 33 912 34 913 BuRE.\u OF Entomology: Bulletin 58, pt. 1 : 159 2 254 3 852 59 251 60 455 61 655 62 653 XVI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bureau of Entomology — Continued. Page. Bulletin 63, pt. 1 750 2 751 3 751 4 751 5 953 () 956 7 953 (i4, i)t. 1 952 2 952 3 952 65 1060 12, ])t. 1 (technical series) 59 2 (technical series) 256 3 (technical series) 952 13 (technical series) 457 14 (technical series) 561 Circular 75 250 76 556 77 559 78 556 79 ■ 561 80 557 81 559 Forest Servk^e: Bulletin 69 V 242 70 '... 743 71 ■- 745 72 749 73 446 74 944 Circular 38 486 39 '. '.... 447 40 446 41 445 42 448 43 . 447 44 448 45 ■ 640 46 640 47 641 48 641 49 , 642 50 642 51 642 52 ..: 642 53 745 54 741 55 742 56 742 57 ' 742 58 742 59 742 I'UHLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XVII Forest Service- ('onliimi-d. Page. Circular 60 742 61 - "42 62 742 63 742 64 - 742 65 742 66 742 67 742 68 742 69 745 70 742 71 742 72 ..- 742 73 742 74 742 75 742 76 1W3 77 1133 78 1136 79 1136 80 J 108 81 1133 82-95 1133 96 1174 97 1134 98 1135 Jjocation, Date of Latest Proclamation, and Area of the National Forest Reserves in the United States, Alavska, and Porto Rico 1134 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 92 549 93 53 94 229 95 438 96 , 1042 97 1030 98 1122 99 1 122 100, pt. 1 54 2 54 3 35 4 35 5 435 6 439 7 425 8 533 Bureau op Soils: Bulletin 33 117 34 118 35 317 37 834 38 820 39 819 13781—07 2 XVIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. Bureau of Soils — Continued. Page. Circular 18 12 Soil Survey Field Book, 1906 317 Bureau of Statistics: Bulletin 42 393 43 391 44 391 45 392 46 393 47 393 48 686 49 .• 886 50 '. 1040 Crop Reporter, Vol. VIII. Nos. 1-2, May-June, 1906 92 3-5, July-September, 1906 293 6-7, October-November, 1906 488 8, December, 1906 688 IX, Nos. 1-2, January-February, 1907 787 3, March, 1907 887 4, April, 1907 994 5, May, 1907 1090 6, June, 1907 1170 Weather Bureau: Bulletin 37 11 P 312 Q 610 Document 344 10 347 10 Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes, 1906, No. 1 112 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXIV, Nos. 3-4, March-April, 1906 ... Ill 5-6, May-June, 1906. 310, 312, 529 7-8, July-August, 1906 . 525, 526 9-10, September-October, 1906 611 11-12, NovemV)er-Decem- ber, 1906 813,815 13 1020 XXXV, Nos. 1-2. January-February, 1907 1109 Report, 1904-5 Ill Office of Experiment Stations: Bulletin 167 187 168 287 169 209, 214, 224, 236, 295 170 ; 213, 225, 250, 295 171 226, 236, 240, 295 172 386 173 785 174 : 791 175 1151 176 1093 177 1087 178 1093 179 1086 180 1095 IMUiLICATIONS ABSTRACTKU. XIX Office of Experiment Stations — Conliimcd. Page. Circular 67 ■ ." 186 68 688 69 689 70 691 71 691 72 791 73 889 Annual Report, 1905 455. 459. 473, 482, 486, 488, 492 Office of Public Roads: Bulletin 27 485 28 717 Circulars 39-52 289 53-87 1168 Division of Publications: Circular 4 596 Library: Bullet in 60 296 61 1095 62 1095 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 1. Balance for weighing soil pots 15 2. Apparatus for moisture determination 710 EXPERIMENT STATION Rl^CORD. Editor: K. \V. ALLEN. I'll. 1).. Assistaiil Din'ctnr. KHriOIUAI, DKl'Airr.MK.XIS. Meteorolo.ii.v, Soils, niid FiTtilizcrs — W. H. I>kal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. II. Evans. T'li. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Ilortiinlture and Forestry — C. B. Smith. Zooteehny and Human Nutrition — V. F. Langworthy. Pli. I >. Agrotecbny. Dairy Farming, and Dairying — IT. W. Lawson. Agricultural Chenustry — W. II. Beat,. C. F. La.xowokthy. and II. W. Lawson. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, PL. D. Rural Engineering — B. P. Fleming. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultu" '1 Education — 1). .1. Trosuy. CONTENTS OF \'OL. X\ III, NO. i. Editorial notes: Vuge. Tiie individual as u factor in agricultural rcscarcli 1 The scarcity of men for investigation 3 The investigator and his salary - 5 Recent work in agricultural science " 7 Notes i)4 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AfiKuri/rrKA i, en em ls■^K^ . Free acids in mineral and bone i^uperphosphates, (^uartaroH and Masoni 7 Free acid in superphosyihate, Schucht 7 Determination of nitrates in presence of nitrites, Busch 7 Fxamination of water, ]Mason 7 The determination of nitric acid in water, Drawe 7 Modern methods of testing milk and milk products, \'an Slyk( 7 On the oxidation index of milk, Comanducci 8 Note on paper by Steinegger on "aldehyde figure," Rii-hmoml and Miller 8 The estimation <\i fat in homogenized milk, Richmond 8 The analysis of dried milk, Richmond 8 Determination of the proteids in milk, Trillat and Sauton 9 Estimation of casein. A preliminary study, Arny and Piatt 9 The determination of fat in cheese, WeibuU 9 Chemistry in the kitchen and household, Abel 9 Chemical dejiartment, Lart of the botanist, Bolley 24 ( ierniination of seeds of the castor-dil plant, < ireen and Jackson 24 On stimulants of nutrition in j>lants, Miclieels 25 Naturi' of galvanotropic irritability of roots, r'.vvart and I'ayliss 25 Action of organic substances on form and structure of leaves, IMollianl 25 ( irowth of i)iants in amids in absence of carbon dioxid, Lefevre '. 26 Un the water relations of the cocoanut palm, Copeland 26 FIKLJ) CHOPS. Results of coo])erative experiments in agriculture, Zavitz 27 The Woburn field experiments, U.'Ot, Voelcker 28 The \\\)burn pot-culture experiments, 1904, Voeh ker 28 [ itejiort on the] subsection of agronomy, Olin 28 Ivi'port of the agriculturist, Vernon 29 [Report on field crops], 8heppard 29 Forage crops, 1905, 13illings 30 Observations and experiments on clover, alfalfa, and soy beans, Garman 31 Culture tests in 1904 and 1905, Damseaux 31 IManurial value of different potassium compounds for barley and rice, Aso 32 Influence of reaction of manure upon yield, Aso and Bahadur 32 On the lime factor for flax and spinach, Namikawa 32 Plowing experiments, Farrer and Sutton 32 Alfalfa, Headden 32 Alfalfa, 1 leadden 33 The alfalfa seed crop and seeding alfalfa, Ten Eyck 33 Altilaria [Erodium clciitarUuii) as a forage plant in Arizona, Thornber 33 On the formation of anthokyan in the stalk of barley, Suzuki 33 InHucnce of distance between plants on fodder beets, Frolich 33 Clovers and how to grow them, Shaw 33 Cotton industry in the Leeward Islands, Watts 33 Rei)ort on manliring of hay, 1906, Greig 34 Cultural methods for sugar beets, Olin 34 Progress of V)eet-sugar industry in the United States in 1905, Saylor 34 The sugar industry of Natal, Pearson and Pardy 35 Report on experimental work of the sugar experiment station, 1905, Cousins. . 35 .Manurial experiments with sugar cane in Leeward Islands, 1904-5, Watts et al . 35 Tobacco breeding experiments in Connecticut, Shamel 35 Methods of testing the liurning (juality of cigar tobacco. Garner 35 Garlicky wheat, Duvel 35 The origin of Rietti wheat, Nobbs 36 Specimen pages of a pedigree register for cereal breeding purposes, l)ix 36 References to recent work in plant breeding, Fruwirth 36 The Swedish ]>lant breeding work at Svalof, Ulander 36 I'x'nelit from ]ilant l)rceding, variety tests, and seed growing, Fruwirth 3(5 Adulterants and weed seeds in Kentucky grass and forage plant seeds, Garman. 37 UOirriCt'LTUKE. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, Bailey and Miller 37 Rej)ort (jf the South 1 laven Substation for 1905, Fariann, Dewar 58 The entomological section, Simpson 58 Report on injurious insects in Finland, Renter 58 Entomological notes. Kolinsky 59 Annual report for 1905 of the zoologist, Warburton 59 The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, Surface 59 The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, Surface 59 National control of introduced insect pests, Sanderson 69 Catalogue of recently described coccidte, Sanders 59 Formalin as reagent in preparation of some soft-bodied coccid;c, Green 60 The bionomics of grain weevils. Cole 60 Animals injurious to sugar beets, Jablonowski 60 Insect pests of cotton in India, ^Iaxwell-Lefroy 60 The principal insects attacking the cocoanut palm, II, Banks 60 Moth borer in sugar cane, maize, and sorghum, Maxwell-Lefroy 60 The melon fly. Van Dine 61 Codling moth piirasites, Froggatt 61 The lirazil fruit fly ])arasites, Lounsbury 61 The grape curculio, Brooks 61 Arsenical treatment of grape flea beetles, Trabut 62 The Bombay locust ( Acridium sarnnctinn) , Maxwell-Lefroy 62 A hopperdozer, Blinn : 62 A new book and leather y)est, Kotinsky 63 Deposition of the eggs and larv;e of (EMnm ovis, Collinge 63 Life history of ox warble Hies Iliipodcrinn hovls and If. lineuta, Imms 63 Role played by biting flies in the spread of trypanosomiasis, Holmes 63 The anatomy and physiology of the tsetse fly, Stuhlmann 63 Action of Asperr/illus nU/er and .1. fjhturns on the larvjc of Culex and Anopheles, (ialli-Valerio and Rochaz-de-Jongh 64 Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, Sherman, jr , and Woglum 64 Annual report of Beekeepers' Association of the Province of Ontario, 1905 64 Note on bacteria pathogenic to the silkworm, Sawamura 64 FOODS HITMAN NUTRITION. Cooking cpiality of potatoes 65 The cooking of starches in cereals, 3Iulbeiry - 65 Preservation of foods on a commercial scale, Rocques 65 VI CONTENTS, Page. A practical guide to cookery in West Africa and the Tropics, Cockbiirn 65 Food analyses, Juritz 65 Adulteration of food, Gerald 66 Elements of applied microscopy, Winslow 66 The testing of yeast em jjli )yed in bread making 66 Decomposition of French mustard l)y Ijacteria and its prevention, Kossowicz. 66 A study of three vegetarian diets, Paton and Dunlop 66 Results of digestion experiments with milk powder, KruU 67 Nitrogenous metabolism in normal individuals, Hamill and Schryver 67 Carbjhydrate condjustion in the animal body, Stoklasa 67 Chemistry of digestii)n. Ill, Proteid cleavage, London 67 Extractive material of muscular tissue. Ill, Methylguanidin, Gulewitsch... 67 Protein assimilation in the animal body, Abderhalden and Kona 67 A law of growth reiterated, Lusk 67 Demands for heat and calorimetric value of a ration, Lefevre 68 The body's utilization of fat, Mathews 68 The right method of eating, Einhorn 68 Vegetable products in feces, Netolitzky ^ 68 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Nutritive value of several kinds of hay, Tangl and Weiser 68 The nutritive value of dried wine lees, Weiser 68 Composition and feeding value of cucurbits, Zaitschek 69 The nutritive value of ground beech l>ark, Zaitschek 69 Proposed act relative to sale of concentrated feeding stuffs, (iandjle 69 Fattening cattle for the years 1904 and 1905, Linheld 69 Feeding range steers, Vernon 70 The quantity of milk taken by nursing calves, Henkel and Miihlbacli 70 Sheep feeding experiments for the years 1904-5, I^intield 70 Experiments with crossbred sheep at Glen Innes Experimental Farm 71 Effect of covering the body on distribution of fat, Bergonie 71 Pig feeding experiments, Linlield 71 Digester tankage for swine, Shaw 72 Motion and muscular work in relation to digestion -in horses, Scheunert 73 The Ranidfe: How to breed, feed, and raise the edible frog 73 Studies in oyster propagation. Nelson 73 First lessons in poultry keeping, Robinson 73 Poultry work for 1905, Shepperd 73 The American standard of perfection 73 The production of brown or tinted eggs 74 Egg production of virgin fowls. Nelson : 74 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Feeding experiments, Billings 74 Experiments with the dairy herd, Billings 74 Dairying, Vernon 74 Tests of Guernsey cows for advanced registry 74 Milking trials 75 Growth and activity of mammary glands, Lane-Glaypon and Starling 75 Elimination of nitrates by tlie mammary gland, Marcas and Huyge 75 On the bacteriological conditions of the udder and the milk, Barthel 75 Bitter milk, Huyge. 75 Spontaneous heat production in milk and lac-tic fermentation, Rubner 75 The action of formalin and hydrogen peroxid in milk, Bandini 75 On the addition of foreign fats to milk, (iirard 76 Grading cream, Erf 76 A new liabcock milk-testing l)ottle. Whitman 76 Examination of Babcock test apparatus 76 Manufacture and storage of ))utter. I, Keeping qualities, Gray and McKay.. 76 Yields of salted and unsalted butter, Friis 77 Denmark's butter exports, 1904-5, Boggild 77 The cold storage of cheese, Lane 77 CONTENTS. VII PilffC. Colli cnrin^ of Aiiierinui t'hee.se, Doanc 78 The inaiiiifacture of J^ancashire clieese, Lloyd 78 Lactic-acid l)acteria in curd and cheese of Cheddar type, Harrison 79 Ci)ini)nsitic)n of cheese consume*! in France, Lindet, Annnanii, and llrugiere.. 79 1 nvesti>;ations on the ripening of cliecHe, Cornalba 79 A handbook for test associations, llansson 79 A liandbook for iiifnd)ers of test associations, ( iripenberg 79 Profitable dairy farming, Hansson 79 VKTKKINAKY .MEDKINi:. Annual report on pathogenic micro-organisms. Von Haumgartcn and Tangl .. 80 Collected studies on imnnmity, Ehrlich, trans. Ijy Bolduan 80 Local treatment of parasitic and infectious diseases, Bernardini 80 Public abattoirs. I, Construction and arrangement, De L'A'erdo SO Public abattoirs. IJ, Lispcction and administration, Martel 80 Ri'port of the veterinarian. Glover 81 I'lradication of tuberculosis l)y the methods of Bang and Ostertag, Kichter 81 ;\Iilk artificially infected with tubercle bacilli, Schroeder and Cotton 82 Behavior of the cows' udder toward infection with tubercle bacilli, Meyer 82 Tuberculosis-of the male genital organs of cattle, Kowalewsky 83 Tuberculin tests, Xielsen 83 Tuberculin and the organism, Kohler 83 Demonstration of antituberculin and tuberculous tissue, Weil and Xakajama.. 83 The leucocyte and the tubercle Ijacillus, Bartel and Neumann 83 A special method for cultivating tubercle bacillus on potatoes, Anzilotti 84 The tubercle bacillus cultivated in a saccharine medium, Vailliant 84 A method for demonstrating anthrax bacilli in blood and tissues, Forster 84 Protozoan blood diseases of man and animals in German East Africa, ' reutlein . 84 Ticks and African coast fever, Lounsbury 84 Tissue alterations in udder in sporadic galaetophoritis, Van der Linde 84 A disease of young cattle in county Wexford, Mettam 85 Proliferation of connective tissue in beef liver in distomatosis, Jaeger 85 A hoof disease occurring in connection with foot-and-mouth disease, Schenkl. . 85 Louping ill and braxy, Hamilton et al 85 Diseases of swine, Craig 86 The hog cholera group of bacteria. Citron 86 Immunization of hogs against swine plague by means of aggressin, Weil 86 Intestinal emjihysema of hogs, Jaeger 86 Treatment of tetanus, Desoubry 87 Trypanosomiasis of horses in Annam, Vassal 87 Horse botflies and their importance in raising colts, Kroning 87 The army horseshoer, Dowd et al 87 The rapid diagnosis of rabies, Frothingham „ 87 The signiticance of Negri's corpuscles in the diagnosis of rabies, Ernst 88 Negri's corpuscles in rabies, Ball 88 The toxin ))roduced by AKpergUlnst fumigatua, Bodin and Gautier 88 The forms of chicken pox and their relation t ) true pox, Reischauer 88 Cachexia due to SyngamuK tnirhmlis in pigeons, Rossi 89 RURAL KXGI.VEERIXc;. Interstate r< )yal commission on the River Murray 89 Suggestions for construction of small jiumping jdants for irrigation, Xewell 90 Agricultural machinery in the I'nited States 90 Test of -Vmerican mamire-spreading machine 90 Two tools for the culture of root crops 90 (Mowing by electricity at Dahlwitz 91 The windmill in agriculture, Lawford 91 I'tilization of solar heat for industrial j)urpo.«es, Gi'intner 91 Tests of the relative value f)f crude oil, kerosene, and gasoline 91 i:iUAI. ECONOMICS. Rural economy, Lauman 91 The transition in agriculture, Pratt 92 VIII CONTENTS, Page. Crop Reporter 92 Cotton production and cotton-seed products, 1905, Steuart and Roper 92 Virginia, its forests, minerals, and atjricultural po>isibilities, Willey 93 I low t(i keen farm accounts, Steiner 93 Farm accounts, Vye 93 MISC'KLLANKorS. Eighteenth Annual Report of C'olorado Station, 1905 93 Publications of Colorado (Station, 1903-4 93 Annual Report of Fhjrida Station, 1905 93 Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1905 93 Fifteenth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1904 93 Sixteenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1905 93 Work of the Ploti Experiment Station, 1895-1904, Bichikhin et al 93 LIST (^1" EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUHLICATIONS REVIEWED. >;t(iti(>u .s ('/( thr T^niUd SIdtr.f. rage. Page. Aiizoiia Station: Michigan Station: lUil. r,i>, 3Iay 21, UtOf) 33 54 Bui. 236, Apr., 1906 Hul. 237, May, 1906 53 CJolorado Station: 72 Bui. 107, Feb., 19(l() Spec. Bui. 3.5, Mar., 1906.. 37 Bui. 108, Mar., 190(i 39 34 Montana Station: Bui. 56, Apr., 1905 Bui. 109, Apr., 1906 24 Bui. 110, Apr., 1900 32 Bui. 57, Sept., 1905 71 Bui. Ill, May, 1900 33 62 Bui. 58, Oct., 1905 Bui. 59, Noy., 1905 69 Bui. 112, Apr., 1906 70 Pubs., 1903^ 93 Bui. 60, Dec, 1905 39 Eighteenth An. Kpt., 1905 28, New Jersey Stations: '•49, 81,93 An. Kpt., 1905 14, 15,18,23, Connecticut State Station: 30, 37, 38, 50, 56, 57, 73, 74, 93 An. Kpt., 1905, pt. 4 ... 56 New Mexico Station : An. Kpt., 1905, pt. 5 48 Fifteenth An. Kpt., 1904.. .. 9,29, An. Kpt., 1905, pt. 6 "35, 74, 76 38, 70 74, 92, 93 Connecticut Storrs Station: New York Cornell Station: Bnl. 41, Apr., 1905 ... 51 Bui. 239, Ai.r.,1906 51 Florida Station: New York State Station: An. Kpt., 1905 50, 57, 93 Bui. 278, M'dv, 1906 41 Innl. 84 (10 cents) 76 35 P>ul. 85 ( 10 cents) 78 82 P)ul. 8() ( 10 cents) 12 liiological Suryey; Hul. 25 (10 cents) ... 56 Crop Keporter, vol. 8, Nos. 1 -2, P.ureau of I'Jitoniology: -May-June, 1906 92 Hul. 12, pt. 1 (tech. ser. ), (10 Weather Bureau: cents) ... 59 Bui. 37 (10 cents) 11 P.ureau of Plant Industry: Doc. 344 10 P.ul. 9;; 53 Doc. 347 10 P.ul. 100, pt. 1 (5 cents)... 54 Note. — The publications of the United States I)ei)artnient of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be ])urchased froni the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Washington, I). C. For the ]>ublications of the Weather Bureau, reijuests and remittan.ce- should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Kecord is $1 ]K'V volume, or 10 cents i)er nundjer. The ])rices of other technical l)ublicationri are giyen in the list aboye. The ])ubli(ations of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. ILLUSTRATION. Page Fig. 1. Balance fur weighino; soil potw 15 X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVlll. Ski'tk.mhkk, llXHi. No. 1. In all lines of investigation the individnal is the all-important and determining factor. I>uildings, e([iupnient, the scientific atmosphere, and the inspiration of the field all contribute to make the conditions favorable and to stimulate activity; but without the o^nius and orig'- inality of the man himself the progress along original lines will be slow and uncertain. TTi)()n him v\ill depend in very large measure the character and the success of the investigation. In agriculture this is especially the case. Agricultural research calls for very special qualifications in the way of native ability and scientific acumen. It requires as high order of training and expe- rience as any lin? of research in either pure or applied science, and in addition it demands a general knowledge of practical methods and conditions in order that the investigation may be directed intelli- gently. It represents the culmination of efforts for the advancement of agriculture upon an enlightened and scientific basis, and as such it should have the very best nuiterial available, surrovmded by c(mdi- tions which will be conducive to the best results. More depends upon it for the progress of the human race than upon research in any other line of industry. The problems in agriculture are complex, reciuiring a deep insight and the ability to separate them into their various phases. The in- vestigtitor should have a sufficient grasj) of the subject in both its pi'actical and its scientific relations to be able to analyze, it and deter- mine the })oint of attack. This imi)lies thorough familiarity with the methods of research, the al)ility to concentrate uj^on some i)hase aiid to inak(> i)rogress on the basis of definite Icnowledge. For scien- tific study the ])r()jects must not be too broad or include too many factors of ])ossil)l(> inlluence. They must be simjilified so as to l)ring ihcm down to a working l)asis, and gi'adiially as oue point after an- other is cIcariMl up. they can be broadened and extended. The difficulty which some men have in outlining a project defi- nitely, so that it uiay b;- c()nsidei'e(l l)y itself as a definite phase in- stead of as a l)roa(l problem, is in [)art due to insufficient training for research. Too few of our station men have had the advanced train- 1 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing Avhich this requires. It is not acquired in the regular college course. It comes with special study under a trained mind, in the course of which something of the spirit of investigation is imbibed, the meaning of an investigation is learned, and familiarity is gained with the methods of procedure. Unless a man has had this or its equivalent, it is too much to expect that he can ftdly appreciate the real differences between research Avhich gives definite knowledge, and more sui:)erficial experiments which give results only half understood, or that he can differentiate his subject and outline a scientific method of procedure. Station men divide themselves into three general classes, all useful in the advancement of agriculture, l^ut with special qualifications which should be recognized in organizing the work. There is the man in esj^ecially close touch and sympathy Avith the farmer, who is impressed with the need of disseminating information upon matters already known, and whose greatest interest and success lies along the line of demonstration experiments and extension work — a promoter as it were, who by the force of his enthusiasm and his ability to pre- sent matters in a convincing way has great influence in introducing improved methods and in spreading the Avork of the station. This is essentially extension Avork. It depends upon the Avork of others, and lacks originality except in interpretation and application. Such men are not suited temperamentally to the work of investigation, but they may be able to make better use of the results than the investi- gator himself. Another class of men conduct trials and experiments upon a great variety of practical questions in farm management, using rather sim- ple, couAentional methods, and often canning the Avork out upon a commercial scale. A considerable amount of scientific data may be collected in their Avork, but this is reported in a somewhat incidental manner, and is not digested and marshalled in such a Avay as to con- tribute to a scientific understanding of the results observed or the principles inA'oh^ed. The real object is to shoAV the most economical method of fertilizing for a giA^en crop, the comparatiA-e A^alue of this and that feeding stuff, the yield returned under different methods of culture, and the like. A third grouj) of men ahvays have in mind, even in what are ap- parently simple experiments, a recognition of the principles which are operatiA^e and Avhich serA^e to explain the results. They so plan their Avork as to not only give the farmer a practical answer, but to ansAver the questions of science as Avell. They are not satisfied Avith the empirical result. The spirit of tlie iuA'estigator demands to knoAV why, and they Avill not be satisfied until they have Avoi'ked out the fundamental reason. EDITORIAL, 8 The last class iiii foil imalcly makes up the smaller number. The ii'ap between them niid the second class is often a narrow one. and shows itself chiefly in an attitnde of mind. Their work often does not ap})eal as stron<>'ly to the popnlar mind, and aronses little interest until some brilliant result is secui'ed. It is not si)ectacular in char- acter, and there is irreater diflicnlty in secnrin<>' ai)i)ro])riations for it. It was laravly for this reason that Coni>Tess was asked to provide the means for extendina' it through a |)ermanenl ap])roprialion. The scarcity of men suited to the advanced work contemplated by the Adams Act is the princii)al cause of difficulty experienced in pre- paring' for operations under that act. It represents a certain un- readiness in some instances. This scarcity is to a large degree a result of the ideals and tenden- cies which have dominated station work in the past. The practical ])hase — the innnediately practical phase — has been constantly in the foreground. The earlier years of the stations" existence were given to winning the farmer's confidence and support by doing work which would appeal directly to his practical sense, and since then we have been busy trying to answer, usually in the quickest w^ay, the questions he has showered tipon us. There has been an increasing demand for such work, and there has grown up a too prevalent idea that, as the stations belong to the farmers, their duty is to serve the farmer in his own way. In our desire to recognize him we have gone to the ex- treme in some respects, and it has affected our progress as scientific- institutions. It has done more; it has affected our standards of our- selves and of our own requirements. It has given false ideals to young men jirejxiring to enter the work, and insufficient encouragement to those who have striven to give their work a deeper trend. Too ofien the measure of a man's success has seemed to be his ability to get at the farmers, and to do some comparatively simple work which at- tracted popular attention. The standard for station workers has been too low. This has already had its effect, which is now being keenly felt in a lack of the true spirit of investigation and a scarcity of men suited to undertake it. There is no question as to the ultimate aim of the stations, or the desirability of doing work wdiich Avill be of assistance to the farmer. The station is for the benefit of the farmers as a body — for agricul- ture; but it is a mistake to encourage the impression that the station i-- a question box, and to make the immediately i)ractical experiment the only goal of our ambition. There is little danger at our Ameri- can stations that the practical needs of the farmer w^ill not be kept prominently in mind; but with the progress of our work year by yeai- there is great need of broader and deeper study of the problems we are passing upon, to reduce the empirical results to a more scientific foundation and furnish a safer basis for generalizations. 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The planning and inauguration of work nnder the Adams Act will require careful gauging of the abilities of different members of the station staff, in order to select those best suited to undertake investi- gations. It must recognize the advanced character of the work to be undertaken and the special qualifications of the individuals compos- ing the stall'. At many of the stations there is a (juite general demand from the dilferent dei^artments for a share of the new fund to supplement their resources, and the easiest method is naturally to divide it be- tween the different departments of the station without a very critical consideration of the proposed work. This will not meet the require- ments, and will surely not yield the best results. It will include work which does not belong under that fund, and it will usually provide too many projects, reducing the means available for each so that it will be impossible to do the thorough work which is contem- plated. The projects need to be very carefully sifted, and those se- lected which commend themselves especially by reason of their char- acter, their ultimate importance, and the facilities of the station. In every station there are some men and some departments better fitted to this higher work than others. In every case a process of selection or elimination must be followed, and in some cases men must be secured from the outside to plan and conduct the new lines of investigation. At best only a few men in each station should be selected at the outset. Not only does the new work raise the grade of requirements in the personnel, but it calls for a differentiation in the station work as a whole — for greater concentration upon investigation as distinguished from other duties. Obviously a man engaged in such work should not be hindered and burdened by elementary teaching or farmers' institute work or answering miscellaneous correspondence or super- vising control or police work. The college and station work should be so organized as to free him from such interruptions and distrac- tions, except on special occasions. Other men can attend to these various duties, but the man with the genius for investigation is too rare to be sacrificed to the duties more easily provided for. Already there has been considerable demand for new men with good scientific education and capable of advanced work — usually for men Avho have developed as experts in special lines. This will result in a shifting of men from one institution to another, and the keen competition for the men of established reputation will doubtless re- sult in many of the institutions Avith smaller revenues losing their most valuable men to the larger and more favored ones. This shift- ing is a very serious matter, often resulting in much waste of time and funds in incomplete investigations. Time is required for becom- ing fainiliar with new conditions and for establishing the work in a KDirolMAL. 5 lieu lt)c;ilit >■. On the other liaiid. iiiiicli liino is lost (o the station in lindini;' Jmd traininii' another man. and the cHicicncy of the station in (hat line is temporarily diminished. There is no saving' in e\- (■hanii"ini»' a man of known ability and nscruliiess for one a few luin- di-ed dollar^ cheaper who is an nncertain (piantity and nnist learn the conditions and adjust himself. On the conti'ary, there is a [)eri()tl of unproductiveness and uncertainly which is exi)eiisivc lo the station ;ind an added strain on the adndnist rat ion. These chanp's in jiersonnel minht often he avoid- away from tradition or uniformity in the matter of salary. This should he appreciated l)y those res])onsible for the stations' welfare. Any station 'whieh has a man with a real genius for investigation in the lines it proposes to pnrsiie should make every elfort to retain him, even at the sacrifice of precedent. Oiven a similar line of problems, an investigator of recognized ability is usually as valuable to the sta- tion where he is as to another. The Adams fund has tended toward an equalization of the stations in the matter of investigation. The burden of such work rests upon all alike. Each station now has a special research fund of $7,000 this year, which will go on increasing for the next four years, Avhen it will represent an endowment of $300,000 at 5 per cent. This is a very creditable research fund for any institution, and should enable the joayment of salaries which will insure the best men the field alford-^. At a considerable nmnber of institutions the scale of salaries is too low to expect the most comj)etent men to remain. The lesson this false economy has taught should have left its impression long ago. Cheap men are always expensive if of indilfeivnt ability, especially in the adxanced work of investigation, and if their woi'k is stamped with high ability they are soon called to other positions. Better far to ])ay a gocvd salary which will keep men satisfied and assure a cer- tain degree of permanency than to lower the grade of efficiency by frecpient changes or employing men of second-rate ability. The station work should not be held down by a low salary standard in the college or university, as is sometimes the case at i)resent. This is an unfortunate policy and fails to recognize three things — the rela- tive scai-city of men of high attaimnents in agricultural science, the exjiert character of the service i'e(iuired, and the longer period of the woi-king year in the station than in the instruction depai'tments. (iood business judgment must I'ecognize that th(> suiii)ly of men who have specialized in agi'icidtural science and won distinction as inves- tigators is considerably short of the deinand. In other walks of life a man's earning capacity is gauged by his ability and the supply of equally able men. There is no reason whv this should not hold in 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the station work, especially in the advanced work where the highest order of ability is required. Too givat conservatism in the matter of salary will surely prevent the expectations of the Adams Act from being fully realized, by keeping- down the grade of men who enter and continue in this work, and by causing the better ones t(j be drawn away to stations which bid higher. More young men should be encouraged to enter experimerit station work and to take advanced courses which will give them a thorough grounding and make them strong and resourceful investigators. A large number of such men are needed in nearly every department of agricultural work to-day. Surely there should l)e encouragement for men with a taste for research to prepare themselves for it along agri- cultural lines. A career is open to them which is attractive from the fullness of the field and the o})portunity for great i)ublic usefulness. The pecuniary rewards are not such as may be reached in commercial lines, although there the higher salaries are actually reached by only the few. But such work is inviting to men with a taste for it, aside from the mere matter of salary, and in no line of research is a more inspiring field ojx'u. The high grade of the service should be fully recognized in both the dignity of the position and the salary. Com- petent recruits are needed noAv more than ever before in the history of our stations. They are essential to the development of their work and to meeting the requirements and expectations of the Adams Act. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. On the free acids in mineral and bone superphosphates, A. Quabtaroli and (J. Masoni {Sfaz. Sikt. Ai/i: Hal.. .IS (]!)().')). \(k ')-(!, pp. Ji92-502; ahs. in Cliciii. Cciifhl.. lUi).'). II, \(). I.i. pp. 'JS',. US.')). — To detenuine free acids the authors shake ui» 2't ,mii. of iiiatci'ial with 250 cc. of water for a few minutes, filter (luiekly throu.srh a fohh'd filter, and titrate 50 cc. of the filtrate diluted to ;;(I0 ec. with one-half normal sodium hydroxid and methyl oranije. Of 100 min- eral superphosphates thus examined the majority eontained from 5.29 to 10.98 jier cent of free acids reckoned as phosphoric acid, a few contained as low as 2.G per cent. The hone su])erphosphates seldom contained over 2.5 per cent of fi'ee auperphosphates, hy phosphoric acid, and by sulphuric acid, by treating 1 gm. of pure saccharose for 6 to 12 liours at 25° C. with 30 cc. of thirtieth-normal solution of these substances and determining the inverted sugar hy the Fehling method. These constants, with the results of the titration for free acid and of a i)hysical examination, are thought to furnish reliable means of detection of adulteration of hone superphosi)liate by mineral superphosphate. Free acid in superphosphate, L. Schucht (Ztsclir. Angew. Chcm., 18 (1911.')). pp. 1020-102.}; ahs. in .lour. Choii. I^oc. {Loiuloti]. 88 (190.5), No. 51.~>, II. I). (ilO). — Five gm. of the superphosjibate is extracted 10 times with ace- tone, ushig in all about 75 cc. of the solvent. The turbid solution obtained is cleared up with 200 cc. of water, a little sodium oxalate and sodium chlorid are added, tlie solution filtered if necessary, and the free acid is titrated with half- normal alkali, using methyl orange as indicator; The oxidation of nitrous acid by means of hydrogen peroxid; determina- tion of nitrates in presence of nitrites, M. Blsch (Bcr. Deitt. Cliciii. GchcU., 39 (1906). No. 6, pp. lJ,01-l.',0.i ; ah.s. in Cheni. Cciilhl.. 1:106. I. No. 21. p. 167.')). — The author found in experiments with nitro-cellulose that the use of a 3 per cent neutral solution of hydrogen peroxid is a convenient means of (piantita- tively oxidizing nitrous acid to nitric acid. In a solution containing both nitrous and nitric acids, nitrous acid is first determined in one portion by titration with permanganate, then in another portion of the solution the nitrous acid is oxidized with hj-drogen peroxid to nitric acid and determined by means of nitron (E. S. R.. If), p. 945). Examination of water, W. P. Ma.son (Neiv York: .lohii Wilnj cC- Son, 1906. .1 rtl.. rcr., pp. l.'t.'>. pU. .J. /?r/-s-. //). Contribution to the determination of nitric acid in water, P. Drawe {Clirni. Ztff.. 30 (1906), No. J/S, pp. o30. .')S1).—A modification of Frerichs' method (E. S. R., 14, p. 940) is described and recommended. Modern methods of testing milk and milk products, L. L. Van Slyke (New York: Oraiiiic .linUl Co.; Lo)tiIo)i: K. Paul, Trench, Trilhner & Co., Ltd., 0579— No. 1— UU 2 7 8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. J90G, pp. XII+2J'i. pi. J. //r/.s. -50).— This l)0()k lias been prepared for the use of dairy students, Imtter makers, fheese makers, miUc inspectors, etc., rather than for the chemist, and the methods described are such as do not necessarily require previous chemical training for their successful operation. The Bab- cock test is very fully considered. Chapters dealing with methods of commercial testing and scoring of butter, cheese, milk, and cream are included. The final chapter gives rules for the various arithmetical calculations frequently neces- sary in testing nulk and milk products, with illustratlA^e examples. On the oxidation index of milk, E. Comanducci (Abs. in Chem. Ztfl.. 30 (1906), No. .',1. p. .jOJ,). — In determining the oxidation index of milk, which is believed to furnish important information concerning the quality of milk, 10 cc. of milk is diluted with water to i liter, 20 cc. of dilute sulphuric acid (1 to 5) added to 10 cc. of this solution, the mixture warmed to GO to 70° C. on the water bath, and decinormal potassium permanganate solution added drop by drop until the appearance of a rose-i'ed color remaining for 5 minutes. The number of cubic centimeters of permanganate solution required for the oxida- tion of 1 cc. of milk, the author calls the oxidation index. As a result of numerous determinations, the following indexes were found: Cows' milk 50 to 52, goats' milk 44 to 45, sheep's milk 4.3 to 48, asses' milk 55 to 58, and human milk 53 to GO. The oxidation index of milk diluted with 10 per cent of water was 44, with 50 per cent 25, and with 90 per cent 5. Note on a recent paper by R. Steinegger on the " aldehyde figure " of milk, H. D. Richmond and E. li. Miller (Aiiuly-st. 31 (IDOij). Xo. 36',. pp. 22',-226).— Steinegger's method (E. S. R., 17, p. GOG) is considered important because it gives (1) an approximate estimation of the amino-nitrogen. (2) an indirect but easy method for determining proteids, and (3) another easily determined figure capable of furnishing corroborative evidence. In mixed milk sodium hydroxid was found to give a mean aldehyde figure of 18.4 and strontium hydroxid, 20.2, expressed in cubic centimeters of normal alkali ]ier liter of milk. Assuming a proportion of casein to albumin in milk of 7:1, the authors find that 1 cc. of tenth normal soda corresponds to 0.0298 gm. of the nitrogen of milk and 1 cc. of tenth normal strontia to 0.0271 gm. Steinegger's average was 0.0.303. The maximum, minimum, and average of 113 determinations of the aldehyde number were respectively 22.G, 18.1, and 19.9, expressed in cubic centimeters of normal strontia jicr liter of milk. The estimation of fat in homogenized milk, II. D. Richmond {AnaUjst, 31 {1906), No. 36 !i, pp. 218, 219). — As homogenized milk, prepared by forcing milk under a pressure of from 200 to 400 atmospheres through very small openings, is now an article of commerce, the author sought to ascertain what effect the fine state of division of the fat globules would have upon the determination of fat by ordinary methods. The (iottlieb, kieselguhr, and Werner-Schmid methods gave results in almost jierfect agreement. Good results were also secured by the Gerber method. The Adams method, however, was always low. In the opinion of the author this method, so long a standard, should be discarded in favor of the Gottlieb method, which, for ease and accuracy, is considered the best method for this purpose. The analysis of dried milk, II. D. Richmond (Aiiali/st. 31 (1906), No. 36',. pp. 219-22.'i). — Several modificatious of methods used for ordinary milk con- sidered necessary in examining dried millv or milk jiowder are noted and anal- yses of 7 samples are given. The Werner-Schmid metliod is considered suitable f(ir determining fat which can not be estimated by direct extraction. In determining milk sugar polari- metrically, 10 gm. of the sample is ground up iu a mortar with sutficient hot ACRICrLTrKAI. ClIKMISIHV. 9 n-Mter to iiiaUc n iiastc and then Lxraduall.v thinned willi lint wntci- and finally made up to Kin cc. If tiic ])o\vdci- is not all dissolved a little ammonia may be added, ("ane sugar is determined by the method descriiied by Harrison (E. S. K.. 1C>. p. S4()). Proteids are calculated from the total nitroicen of the Kjeldahl method I)y the factor ('>.S7. Two of the samples examined were api)arently made from skim milU. two bad received an addition of saccharate of lime, one an addition of a phos])hate, two an addition of cane su,i,'ar, and one an addition of sodium carbonate. Only one sample was made without the addition of any substance desi.s,Mie06), Xo. (>. />/>. 20 ')-2fJ7).— Five cc. of milk is diluted with water to 25 cc., boiled for .1 minutes and treated with ."» drops of commercial formalin. After again boiling for 2 to 3 minutes and allowing to stand for 5 minutes, ."i cc. of a 1 per cent solution of acetic acid is added. The line precipi- tate is then collected on a weighed filter, washed with water, and the fat extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. The fat-free mate- rial is then dried at 75 to 80° ('. and weighed. The entire operation occupies less than 2 hours. The fat may be determined by evaporating the acetone. The method is api)licable to milk iireserved with potassium bichromate. Estimation of casein. A preliminary study, H. V. Arny and T. M. Pratt (.inicr. .Jour. I'liann., 18 (,1!)06), Xo. 3. pp. 121-128). — lu the volumetric method proposed a definite quantity (.5 to 30 cc.) of milk is treated at ordinary tem- peratures with 20 cc. of decinormal ferric alum solution (48.1 gm. per liter), the mixture diluted with water, allow^ed to stand for a few minutes, filtered, the filter washed until free from iron, and the excess of ferric alum in the filtrate determined l)y titration with potassium iodid, hydrochloric acid, and decinormal sodium thiosulphate. The difference between the amount of ferric alum taken and that found in the filtrate gives the quantity required for the precipitatiofi of the casein. Concordant results were obtained in numerous determinations. Ex[>eriments indicated that the reaction is not afi'ected by the fat and sugar in the milk. Comparative determinations were made to establish a relationship ■ between the quantity of ferric alum solution required to precipitate the casein and the nitrogen in the precipitate as determined by the Kjeldahl method, but further work is considered necessary in order to establish a definite standard. The determination of fat in cheese, :M. Weihull (Svensk Rem. Tidskr., 17 (1005). A'o. 6. pp. 7.'/(5-i//8).— The author recommends the Gottlieb method for the determination of fat in cheese. The results obtained by this method were somewhat higher than those obtained by the ordinary extraction method and the Scbmidt-Kondzynski hydrochloric-acid method. — f. w. woll. Chemistry in the kitchen and household, G. Abel (Clirinic in Kiiche und ffaiis. LcipKic: B. ('. Tnihner. I'.lOr,. pp. YI + 162. fxg-^. 6).— In this volume, which is designed for popular use, some of the principles of chemistry are discussed with special reference to the household. • The bulk of the volume deals with the application of chemistry in the home, the special topics treated being fire, lighting and heating, cooking utensils, etc., animal foods, vegetable foods, and condiments. Chemical department, E. E. Eadd (\orth Dukotn sin. Ujii. P.inr,. pp. l')-22). — In addition to meteorological observations noted elsewhere, this report contains analyses of several proprietiiry stock foods, 3 sami)les of maimre. and 11 of Paris green. Report of the chemist. U. I". IIakk {\cir Mcriro Sla. h'pl. 100 1 pp. ■V]-'iG). — This repoi't on the work of the cliemicnl (K^partmenl during the year 10 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. iiK-hules analyses of 13G samples of hat guano and G samples of soil. Deter- minations are also given of the moisture in the soil and the i)rotein content of the wheat of 25 plats. The results are iuterp-reted as indicating a very slight increase of jjrotein in whc-it grown on soil with a liiiiited amount of moisture. The chemical laboratory of the Swedish Royal Agricultural Academy, 1856-1906, II. (J. SoDERBAUM (HtorkhoJni, lUiKi. iip. GO, fii/y. G).—\ sketch of the laboratory with biographical notes of the directors, A. Miiller, C. E. Berg- strand, L. F. Nilson, and the present author, and a complete bibliography of the publications of the laboratory during the iiast .10 years. — r. w. woll. Report of the chemical control station at Trondhjem, 1905, E. Solbero (Clirisliaiiia, JDO.l, pp. 5S). — The reiK)rt contains the usual ta])ular statements of the results of analyses of agricultural products made during the year, includ- ing soils, soil amendments, fertilizers, peat and peat litter, feeding stuffs, dairy products, human foods, also seed analyses. — f. w. woll. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Practical treatise on the weather, O. Freyhe (Praliischc Wetfcrkinnle. Berlin: /'. rorrii. lixil], pp. ¥111 + 17:1 iUiis.). — This claims to be a simple explanation of the use of weather maps in connection with local weather ob- servations. Instructions for cooperative observers (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Doe. :i'i7. pp. 31, figs. 10). — This Is the third edition of this pamphlet, which is designed " to furnish cooperative observers with brief instructions for their guidance in taking and recording observations, more especially of temperature and rainfall." Summaries of temperatures, rainfall, sunshine, and evaporation, E. F. Ladd {North D::; on pressure, temperature, rainfall, evaporation, humidity, etc., at a large . number of stations in different parts of Tunis. IVrKTE()i;( )!.()( !V WATER, 1 1 A contributio:i to the study of spring n.-nd fall frosts, K. Vandkrt.txdkn (Anil. Scrr. Md. (ihscrr.. l!)ii.',; alis. in Ifcr. (Irii. Ai/roii.. ii. xr/.. / {1!)06), No. 3, p. 103). — A ii()t(> is liiTc ixivcii mi sludit's rcpurtcd in liic :iiimi;il report of the .M«'t(H)r<)l()j;ic;il Service < f the Kiiyjil Ohservntmy for 1 '. >( Ci c 1 1' conditions under v'liieli frosts :ire formed in llie re.;^i<»n of Tccle nnd (if nienns of predicting frosts. The conclnsion is rcH-licd tli.il liie occurrence ol" spring; ;ind fall frosts is detennincd l;ii-,i:('i\- li.\' Idc'I cmdilinns. 'I'lic tlirce principnl nieteorolo.iileal con- ditions wiiich are liciicNcd to determine tlie occurrence ol' siicii fi'osts in tlu^ region in wliiili tlie ohscrx ations reported were made are (1( an antic.N'clone coverini,' a lar:.^' part or all of lOurnpc. (2) a low to tlie east or northeast and an anticyclone lo the west. ( ."> ) a Inw to tlie loutli of lOui-ope and a liifxli to the north. .Many other cnndilions have an iiitlnenec in the formation of white frosts. 'I'he determination of de\vi)oint was found to he an unreliahle indica- tinii of niLcht fmsts. 'I"he theory that tliei>> is a constant relation hetween the temperature shown by the wet hull) thermometer at a given hour and the niini- niuni niglit temjierature was not verified in these investigations, and this instru- ment therefore did not prove reliable as a means of predicting frosts. Balloons and kites in the service of meteorology, W. II. Dines (Nature [Lniidoii \. 1 'i ( HUH!). .Yo. laiii;. j)/). .;.',. .]i!). — This is a brief summary of i)rogress which has been made in the study of tlie ui)per atmosphere by means of balloons and kites. Recent pi'actice in the erection of light::ing conductors, A. J. Henry (f. .S'. Dcjit. Ani:. Wciilhcr liiir. Hid. .il. pp. 20). — The prineipal contents of this bulletin are a description of the lightning eonduetors on the Washington Monu- ment : the jireface to the Kejiort of the Lightning Research Committee, by Sir Oliver Lodge; the rules for the erection of lightning conductors as issued by the Lightning Itod Conference of 18S-, with observations thereon by the Light- ning Research Committee of 19()o, and brief statements of the latest practice abroad, in Holland, Hungary, and Germany. I Amount of nitrogen as ammonia and nitrates in rain water collected at Pretoria], II. Inole (Tniiisraal Agr. Jour., // {J!)0.')), pp. lO'i, 10 o : uhn. in .lour. Chcni. So<: ILontlon], HO UDOC), No. .123. II. p. 30.2). — Determinations of am- monia, nitrates, and nitrites in weekly samjiles of niin water collected at Pre- tori.M dui-ing the year ended .Inne ."Id. l'.M)."i, are reported. The results for the year are as follows: Rainfall lM.."!1 in., ammoniacal nitrogen L194 parts jier million, nitric nitrogen O.I'.h; part: anunoniacal nitrogen per acre anunoniacal nitrogen was on the average 85.!) per cent of the total nitrogiMi. "The nitrogen as annnonia varied from 0..']2 (week ending March IS) to A~) (week ending August 27) per million, the rainfall being lO.'.Mi nun. and l.oc mm., respectively. The nitrogen as nitrates varied from O.O."} to 3.7") per million (rainfall Ki.os and (t.;!S mm.). Nearly the whole of the nitrogen in the rain is hnaight down during the growing .season." Water and the law of minimum in the fertilization of soils, L. Tiiiry (Bid. Soc. Chim. BrUi.. 10 (100.1). N'l. .•^-.'), p. 2(!(i).— The role of water from the chemical, physical, biological, and electrical standpoints is discussed. Intensive culture is shown to reduce the water content of soil. This nuist be returned directly by irrigation or indirectly by inii)roved methods of culture if the pro- ductive cai);icity of the soil is to be maintained. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, A. C. Veatcii et AL. (V. .S'. Grol. Survcii Prof. Paper No. J/.'f. pp. 39.'/. />/.s. Sff, fifj-f. 71). — Tliis is a detailed report of studies of the geology and underground water conditions of Long Island, including also tests of methods of measuring velocity of under- flow, data regarding wells, sizing and filtration tests, and descrii)tions of surface t^treams. It is shown that the conditions on the island are such as to cause it 12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to readily absorb, filter, and store tlie rain water, and tbus to furnisli larj^e ciiiantities of very ])ure water. A study of the process of nitrification with, reference to the purification of sewage, HAKKitTTE Chick (Proc. Roij. Soc. [Loiidon], >Scr. B, 7? {1906), No. n J/7, pp. 241-266, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 90 (1906), No. 522, li p. 245). — The process of nitrification was studied in experimental laboratory filters acting both as continuous filters and contact beds. It was found that nitrification of ammonia during sewage purification occurred in two stages due to activity of two distinct classes of bacteria, one producing nitrites and the other oxidizing the nitrites to nitrates. These bacteria exist not only in the substance of the filter, but are also carried away in large quantities in the fil- trates. They belong to tlie same group as those producing nitrification in the soil. The action of the organisms producing nitrates may be retarded when the sewage is strongly anuiioniacal. Tbe ability of the nitrifying organisms to live and work in sewage filters so highly charged with organic matter is discussed. This is ascribed to (1) the presence of organisms in symbiosis with the nitrifying organisms, rendering the latter more resistant; (2) the retention of the organic matter in large part near the surface of the filters; and (:>) the presence of very large numbers of nitrifying organisms in the filters. The influence of temperature on the oxidation of sewage was studied, and it was observed that the efficiency of the filters and the rapidity of the process of oxidation were greatly increased by raising the temperature. In any case nitrification was extremely rapid, being completed during the time required for percolation, 2 to 3 hours. The continuous filters were more efficient than con- tact Iteds in purifying the sewage. The purification of sewage, W. Ramsay {Osten: Vhcvt. Ztg.. 9 {1906), No. 10, pp. 135-139). — This is a paper which was presented before the Sixth Inter- national Congress of Applied Chemistry, Rome, 190G, which discusses the loss of fertilizing matter, particularly nitrogen, in sewage, and the various methods of sewage disposal which have been proposed. The difliculties in the way of the successful use of the irrigation method alone are pointed out. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Some peculiarities of rock weathering and soil formation in the arid and humid regions, E. W. Hilgard {Aiiici: .four. Sci.. //. scr.. 12 {1906). No. 12Jf, pp. 261-269). — The author summarizes in this a.rticle his (tbservations and con- clusions regarding various phases of this subject, especially as regards soil formation, which have been recorded in various previous publications. It is made clear that tbe processes of soil formation in arid regions are very different from those oi)eratiiig in humid regions and show " the need of caution in ai)ply- ing tbe maxims of tbe humid region in arid climates." On the changes which minerals undergo in cultivated soil, T. Bieler {Bui. Soc. Nat. Af/r. Fniiicc, 66 (19116), No. 2, pp. 1S6-195). — The author pre.sents evi- dence to show tliat the solution of silicates in the soil is a very complex and gradual process, resulting in partial or total decomposition of these compounds under the action of various factors working in association. Among these factors, which are enumerated and discussed, are chemical decomposition, and the solvent action of air and water, of organic matter, roots, and micro-orgiinisms. The wire-basket method for determining the manurial requirements of soils, F. D. Gardner (i\ S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Circ. IS, pp. 6. figs. 2). — The metbdds of constructing the wire baskets and of using them in determining the manurial requiremcuts ot' soils are described (.see E. tS. K., 17, p, 227), SOILS FERTTLTZERS. 13 Soil analysis and agricultural charts in Italy, (}. Fascktti (Mis. in Zlschr. Aiigcir.Clicni.. J!) [V.ior,). A o. .id. jiji. HI-!. !H'i). — The need of systfinutic soil examiuiitioii iuul chartiiif; is poiiilcd (Hit. It is claiiiied that tliis work should be done with the aid and under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture in order to secure unifornnty of methods and results. The soils of Victoria, T. ('iiiian i )'<(ir llool,- .\<. '/. pp. Jfo-'f-'iOD). — This article reports a series of observations extending over about one year with reference to the temperature, moisture, and other conditions under which indigo is grown on these soils, with the ultimate object of finding means of rendering these as favorable as possible. Observations on rainfall, temperature, humidity, methods of cultivation. gen(>ral ])hysical ])i-opertics of the soils, and studies of specific gravity and soil moisture (to a depth of S inches) and its movement are reported, and bring out the following jioints: "(1) A large dail.v evaporation is taking place from the surface of the soil. "(2) This evaporation is entirely, or in greater part, counteracted by a large upward flow of moisture from a lower level and ultimately from the ground w;iter." Some banana soils of St. Mary and Upper St. Catherine | Jamaica], II. II. Cousixs (/.'///. Drpt. Ai/r. \./inii(ilcii\. ) {lUtiC). So. i. pp. 2^-33). — The results of examinations with reference to mechanical condition and percentages of lime as carbonate and humus soluble in ammonia of o'J samples of typical 14 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. banana soils are reported, and the condition and needs of the soils are discussed. The examinations were limited to the three points named because previous analyses and exi)eriments had indicated that the soils are not in present need of commercial fertilizers, but require special attention to drainage and humus and in some cases lime. The lime coiitent of some esparcet soils, F. G. Stkbler (Landir. Jahrh. 8chirciz, 20 (lOOtl). A'o. .3. pp. Ill-ISO). — Examinations of a number of soils on which esparcet was grown show that this and like plants can be successfully grown only on soils containing very small amounts of calcium carbonate and of good i)hysical properties. Kegeneration of overlimed soil, S. Maki and S. Tanaka (BuI. Col. Agr.. Tokyo Imp. I'liir.. 1 (UIOC). .Ao. J. pp. (U-ih't, fui. 1). — Pot experiments with barley are reported which indicate that only one-twentieth as much magnesia (MgO) in sulphate as in maguesite is needed to bring about favorable condi- tions for barley on overlimed soil. On the formation of humus, S. Suzuki {BuJ. Col. Afir.. Tokyo I)iip. Tnir.. 7 (1906), A'o. 1, pp. 95-99). — Observations on decomposition of oak leaves in flasks under different conditions show " that magnesium carbonate promoted the development of carl)onic acid, while calcium carbonate retarded it," and lead to the conclusion that " the humification process is promoted by magnesium carbonate and retarded by calcium carbonate." The addition of soluble phos- phate overcame in a measure the retarding action of the calcium carbonate. An examination of the physical and microscopic properties of the leaves indi- '"•ated that " the change in color and brittleness and also the development of mycelium go parallel with the development of carbonic acid. . . . "After sterilization and introduction of the peculiar kind of Penicillium known thus far only under the name of ' Schokoladenfarbener Schinnnelpilz ' the humification process proceeded much slower than under the original con- ditions." Plant nutrition studies, E. B. Yoorhees and J. G. Lipman (Xeic Jersey .S7fl.s. Rpt. 1905. pp. .ni-.m, pis. (J). — The methods and appliances devised for "a comprehensive study, first, of the needs for plant food of certain rather well- defined soil types, when used for general farming ; and second, the mineral requirements in the growth and development of legumes " are described, and the first year's results with cowpeas. oats, and oats and cowpeas on red shale soil classed as (1) good (i)roducing 20 bu. of wheat per acre), (2) medium (producing 15 bu. of wheat), and (?>) poor (producing 10 hu.) are rei»orted. " While these studies were carried out by means of the pot system, in which small amounts of soil are used under controlled conditions, the system used varied somewhat from that generally practiced in work of this character, where the pots are carried on trucks, which may be run to shelter during showers or rainy weather. The system adopted avoided the removal of the pots from the open air at any time, prevented an undue raising of the temperature, as the surfaces of the pots were not directly exposed to the atmosphere, and provided an easy means of weighing for controlling the amount of water added. The system may be described as follows : ... In the first place, a framework was erected, :i ft. high, 8 ft. wide, which was enclosed with matched boards, with openings on the top for insertion of the i)ots. . . . " In order to protect the jars from he:?t radiated from the covering of the frame, boards were nailed to cleats on the inside, thus providing an air space between the jars and the outside covering. "An iron ring of the same dijimeter as the hole for the jar was placed on the top of the box for each jar, in order to facilitate weighing the jars without SOILS FKl{'riLI/KKS. 15 rciiioviiii^ tliciii Irdiii (ho box. Tliis. loiicllicr witli the l);il;iiicc used, is shown in figure 1. 'I'lic Jmis woro tlio oniinnry inusi'uni Jars, without tops, having an extended tlan.^c at the top. serving ;is a supi)ort for the jar, thougli the cross- l)ieees were carried through tlie frame luider tlie boxes in order to relicNc any sudden strain upnn tlic flange. Tlicse jars were Ti in. in diameter and Kt in. deep. Tiiey were ail tai'ed by adding small (piartz i)ehhles, and each contained exactly lio ll>s. of soil. In orch'r to jirotect the jdants from high winds and fi'om rain, a detachable roof was made b\- a framework, hinged in the middk! and covered with duck. In order to provide for the growtli of the plants stakes were fastened to the sides of the frame, with holes bored in them at ditferent distances. The roof could, by this device, be adjusted at dilt'erent heights, and was held in place by means of iron staples." The detailed results of studies of the effect of small, medium, and large amounts of potash and phosphoric acid on the growth of the cowi)eas and of small, medium, and large amoiuits of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen on oats are reported, but no conclusions are drawn. " The experiments begun in Hammonton in 1904, to study methods of develop- ment of the light soils, as well as their adaptability for the growing of forage croi)s, were contimied through the present year." The object in the first case is " to grow profitable forage crops, in succession, by the use of commercial fertilizer alone." Data are given for crops of crimson clover followed by soy beans, rye F.(i. !. — lluliinfe for weighing soil pots. an(] vetch followed by corn, red clover followed by millet, wheat followed by cowpoas, and oats and vetch grown in IIXI."). The measure of soil fertility from the nitrogen standpoint, J. (J. Lipman (New Jersey Sfus. Kitt. 1005, pit. 225-280). — This is a review and contx-ibution to the study of the biological activities of the soil bearing upon the various proc- esses of nitrogen fixation, decay, nitrification, and denitrificatlon, each of which plays a certain role in the nitrogen feeding of the crop, with a view to finding means "to intensify the desirable processes of nitrogen fixation and nitrifica- tion; to suppress the objectionalile denitrificatlon, where it is at all apt to take I)lace ; to sujjpress, likewise, the too rapid oxidation of the organic niattei", and those ithases of decay that might lead to the liberation of elementary nitrogen." Series of studies of annnonia prodiiction in peptone solution inoculated with soils of different kinds fertilized in various ways and of experiments with Azotol)acter cultures isolated at various times in 1003, 1904, and 1005 ai-e reported. "The cultures of Azotohaeter vinelatKlii, isolated at the beginning of 100.3 and kei)t in the laboratory since that time, were found to have lost none of their nitrogen-fixing power. A similar comi)aiMson of fresh cultures of .1. heuerincki with those isolated a year earlier showed that also this species had retained its original power of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. As to the (pi.-uititative produc- tion of combined nitrogen, .1. riiichiiKlii is markedly suiierior to either A. hrycrincki or .1. chroococcum, with an output frequently more than double that 16 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. produced by either of the other species. A. heyeri)icki and A. chroococcum, while quite different in their cultural characteristics, are physiologically alike in so far, at least, as their power of nitrogen fixation is concerned. Like A. vinelandii, these two species may also increase their output of combined nitrogen when growing together with certain smaller bacilli." Investigations on the biology of nitrogen-fixing bacteria: A contribution to the knowledge of the variations in nitrogen content of bare soils, H. Wakmboli) (iMinUr. Jahrb., 35 {1906), No. 1-2, pp. 1-123; ahs. in Clicm. Centbl.. 1006, I, No. 12, p. lO-'il). — In this article the author reviews with considerable fullness previous investigations on denitrification and nitrogen fixation in the soil, discusses the general conditions controlling such changes in nature, and reports a series of experiments on the influence of temperature, water content, aeration, associative action of pure and mixed cultures, etc., on these processes. The principal conclusions drawn from the results obtained are as follows : Sterilized soils of very porous structure, containing IG to 30 per cent of water, when subjected to thorough aeration fixed nitrogen to an appreciable extent, indicating that under certain conditions there is a chemical fixation of nitrogen in the soil without intervention of organisms. This is in agreement with results obtained by Berthelot. The increase in nitrogen of both sterile and unsterilized soils was dependent to a considerable extent upon the temperature. The water content of thin layers of porous soils in which aeration was not interfered with exerted no appreciable influence on the nitrogen content of the S()il. In pot experiments with larger amounts of soil (about 13* kg.) the water content exerted a very appreciable influence. In such cases the most desirable water content from the standpoint both of preservation and increase of nitrogen in the soil was 20 per cent. With 10 per cent and less there was either no increase or a very decided decrease of soil nitrogen, the loss of nitrogen being especially large in case of the lighter soils. • The loss of nitrogen with a water content of less than 3 per cent can not be ascribed to denitrifieation, but must be due to some purely chemical process, since nitrates were not present at the beginning of the experiment and the nitrifying organisms could not develop with so small a water content. The growth of algjie on the surface of the soil favored an increase of nitrogen in the soil, but it is not clear whether this was due to nitrogen assimilation by the alga^ or to their influence in retarding denitrification. With large amoun.ts (about 3 kg.) of sterile soils a water content of 3 to 20 per cent did not influence the nitrogen content. With a water content of 30 per cent, however, a loss was observed. No influence of aeration on the nitrogen content of soils was observed in case of small amounts (150 gm.) of soils in thin porous layers either in sterile or in unsterilized condition. In pot experiments with about 13^ kg. of soil and 15 per cent of moisture thorough aeration increased the nitrogen content. The use of artificial humus favored the fixation of nitrogen, indicating that this material is a suitable source of carbon in artificial culture media for soil bacteria. With a temperature of less than 5° C. or greater than 00° C. there was no fixation of nitrogen in the artificial cultures. The most favorable tem- perature zone for nitrogen fixation in artificial cultures lies between 18 and Sl° C. Wide variations were observed in the capacity for fixation of nitrogen of the various organisms experimented with, both in pure cultures and in mixed cultures. In artificial cultures of azotobacter weak diffused light appeared to exert a favorable influence upon nitrogen assimilation. Some work of the Agricultural-Bacteriological Institute of Gottingen University, A. Koc n (.1////. lu-ui. Laiidir. (Icxell.. 21 (1906), No. 10, pp. 111-115). — A brief review is given of recent investigations at this institute on SOILS FKKTlLIZI'iUS. 17 iiitrosPii-tixins I);u't(M'i:i. the iiilluciuv (if cni-lK)!! hisul]ilii(l in iiicrcnsiii.i; the yield of crojis, frreeii iii.-imiriiif,'. solvent action of biuteria on phosiihatic fertilizers, and a source of error in estinnitinj; the yield of cereals. The author's experiments show that the activity of the nitrogen-fixing bac- teria is controlled more by the leniiierature of the soil than by the nutrient materials avaiialile. for example, in s;)il supplied with sugai" and kept at a lemi)erature of 7 ( '. there was no lixalion of nitnjgen. When, however, the temperature was raised to 15, or bettor, 24°, there was rapid fixation of nitro- gen. ^Moreovci-. in presence of substances such as sugar, which promote the action of the denitrifying organisms, denitrification is more likely to prevail at tlie lower temiieraturos than at the higher, liaising the temperature apparently (>nables the nitrogen-tixing organisms to overcome the denitrifying organisms. Observations on. the effect of carbon bisulpliid on the organisms of the soil indicate that the use of large quantities of this material does not prevent (b'niti'iticatioii. a result which does not bear out lliltnev and StiiruHn-'s expla- nation of the acti(ai of this substauee in increasing the yields of crops. Experiments are reported which show that the turning under of mustard as a green manure resulted in a loss of nitrogen from the soil, the cause of which was not ascertained. The author's investigations confirm those of Stoklasa in showing that soil bacteria and other lower organisms produce acids in the soil which aid in dis- solving and rendering assimilable the difficultly soluble phosphates. Data are reported to show that the api)earance of crops in the field is by no means an accurate index of their actual yield when harvested. On the question whether nitrites or nitrates are produced by nonbac- terial processes in the soil, E. J. Russell and N. Smith {.Jour. Ayr. 8ci., 1 {1H06), Xo. .'/, i)p. Ji'iJi-Ji')3). — The experiments reported in this article "were made with a view to discover how far purely physical and chemical processes, known to take place in the soil, may be expected to give rise to nitrites and nitrates." They dealt with the possibility of the formation of nitrites and nitrates during (1) the evaporation of water, (2) the oxidation of free nitro- gen by catalytic processes and induced oxidation, and (3) the oxidation of am- monia. The first dealt mainly with a study of Schiinbein's observations, fi'om which he concluded that aunnoiiium nitrite is produced when water is evapo- rated in air ; the second with the catalytic action of platinum black as studied by Loew, ferric oxid as studied by Bonnema, humus, and soil ; and the third with the oxidation of ammonia in the soil by catalytic action and induced oxida- tion. The results as a whole are claimed to show conclusively that there is no measurable formation of nitrites or nitrates in the soil from atmospheric nitro- gen or from ammonia by chemical or physical processes and that under no cir- cumstances does the evaporation of water produce ammonium nitrite. The evi- dence as to the oxidation of free nitrogen by catalytic or induced oxidation processi's in the soil is not conclusive, I)ut the results obtained in the experi- ments rei)orted indicate " that if induced oxidation takes place at all its effects are so extremely slight that in practice they would be altogether negligil)le. " Catalytic oxidation of nitrogen does not seem to occur in the soil. " Slightl.v different results were obtained with annnonia. As the higher oxids of iron and manganese possess a slight ])ower of catalytically oxidizing ammonia, it might be expected that soils in which they occur to any extent would possess the same power ; in any case, however, the effect is only small, and appears to be of no practical consequence. " Ou the other hand, ammonia oxidizes more readily in presence of other sub- 18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, stances umlei'soin}; cixidatioii. Experinionts with soils showed that this induced oxidation may, under certain rather artificial circumstances, come into play as a factor in i)ro(lucin,!; nitrates; hut it must he rememhered that at the low partial pressures of ammonia ohtaininj; in nature, l)acterial nitrification would he more prominent than in our experiments. Taking this point into considera- tion, the induced oxidation of ammonia can not he regarded as an important source of nitrates under natural conditions." The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen during the decomposition of forest leaves, L. Montemartini (Htaz. Sijer. Arjr. ItiiL. 3S (UXir,), No. 10-12, pp. 1 060-1 065 ).—CixvefuUy conducted experiments with 50 to 60 gm. lots of plane- iree, alder, hornheam, and oak leaves sterilized and inoculated with extracts of decomposing leaves showed a considerahle gain of nitrogen in the course of decomposition during the period from ahout the end of November to the last of March, thus confirming Henry's claim (E. S. R., 9, p. 1041; 15, p. 764) that timing the process of decon)position of the leaves of trees there is a fixing of atmospheric nitrogen and that such fixation does not take place when the material studied is sterilized, thus signifying that the phenomenon is due, to the [)resence of micro-organisms. Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, E. B. Voor- iiEES and J. G. Lipman (New Jersei,' i^tas. Rpt. 1905, pp. /JS-2iJ).— The experi- ments of previous years (E. S. R., 17, p. 344) were continued during 1904 and 1905, the crop gi'own in this year being oats. "The two oat crops of the first rotation added to those of the second rotation furnish an abundance of experi- mental material, which may he used to demonstrate how a one-sided system of fertilization affects the crop-producing power of the soil. It becomes clear here what the comparative value of nitrate, ammonia, or organic nitrogen may be and to what extent they may he used as a source of nitrogen when applied alone or together with animal manures." The relative availability of the nitrogen of the nitrogenous materials, as shown by the four crops of oats, is given in the following table: The (intiluhUilii of nitn>(/ni in (Jifferciit iiitrouriKJiix waierial!^ irith oats. Sodium nitrate Ammonium sulpliate Dried blood Solid manure, fresh Solid manure, leaehed Solid and licjuid manure, fresh ... Solid and licjuid manure, leaehed 18S9. 100.0 77.9 61.3 43.1 4(1.4 88.4 33.0 100.0 87.7 73.1 26.4 •22. 0 51..') 3.5. 9 100.0 64.7 6.'S.2 48.6 40.3 71.0 52.9 100.0 78.1 P>-i. 5 33.2 42.7 37.8 42.3 On the direct utilization of the nitrogen of the air for the preparation of fertilizers and other chemical products, A. Erank (Ztschr. Angcw. Cliciii., If) (1006). Ao. ID. pp. S:35-S.'i0: Vhein. Ztg., 30 (1906), No. 3S. p. i'/.O).— A paper before the Sixth International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Rome, 1906. which reviews the history of investig.-ition and invention in relation to this sub- ject, the progress made in establishment of manufacturing enteri)rises, as well as experiments to test the value of the product for industrial and .-igricultural purposes. Comparative fertilizer tests of lime nitrogen and nitrate of soda on oats, R. Otto (Dciit. Laiidir. yVcs-.sc, 33 (1906), No. 32, p. 275). — The two materials were applied on light soils in amounts furnishing equal rations of nitrogen. The lime nitrogen was applied about one week before the seeding of the oats. SOILS— r Kirn i.izEHS. 19 Tlio rcsuKs \v(M'0 ill nil cnscs r.noinlilc In llic lime nil rn^cii cxcciit Hint flio grain protluctHl with this fcrtili/cr coiitniiicd a soincwiint siimllcr pcrcciitn.^c of nitrogen than that pnxhiccd willi iiilrntc of soda. Calcium cyanamid and calcium nitrate, two new fertilizers derived from atmospheric nitrogen, and results of their use, II. vo.n Fkii.itzkn (dsfcn: Moor, yjxclir.. 7 ( l'.)(i(;\, p. .is ; ( HKiC). Vo. .?'/, Rvixrt. \o. 1.'. p. /'/.O.-'riic fcrtili/,iii^ xaluc of ilicsc iiintcrials is discussed, especial atten- tion Ixini,' ixiNeii to the resulls of tests i>\' liVLtroscopic niid itasie calcium nitrate in comparison with sodium iiitrat". II was found that these materials \vei'(! ahout e(|uall.v effectiNC as fertilizers. A new nitrogenous manure, lime nitrogen or calcium cyanamid, J. IIen- DIUCK {'rniiiK. Uii/IildJid (111(1 A(ir. Soc. Scot., .7. ■'Mi':ii ((islciT. riiinn-. Zlsclir. Zucl^crindii^. ii. Laiidir.. ,>'i {I'.Xl.')), pp. GGt-GS'i; (ihs. ill Cliciii. Cciitlil.. r.)i)i!. J. .Vo. !l. p. 7.S7). — When .-ipiilied l.l days hefore plantintc, the lime nitroj;en produced no injurious effects and jiroved Init little less ellicieiit than sodium nitrate and superior to anunoniuni sulphate both as i'e.i,'ards yield and (|ualit\' of hee-ts. Experiments on the action of nitrogen lime, (). ISoTic iikh (Dciit. l^aiidir. Prcssc, 33 (HKK!). .Vo. 3',. pp. .>S<). 2!)0}. — Pot experiments on oats with so-called nitrogen lime (tStichstoffL-dU,-), which is prepared hy iiassiuu atmospheric nitro- gen freed from oxygen over a fused mixture of calcium carhid and calcined cal- cium chlorid and containing about 22 per cent of iiitrcvgeii, are reported. The results show that this material is very similar in its act inn t:) calcium cyanamid (lime nitrogen), that like it it should not he used ;is a top-di'essing, and should li(> .aiijilied some tinu> before planting seed. Lime nitrogen, K. S.iollema (Cult lira, IS (HXKi). A'o.s. 200. pp. 3-27; 210, pp. HO-97). — Investigations on the fertilizing value of lime nitrogen ar(> (piite fully reviewed and exiieriments hy the author on rye and oats are reported which .-■■how that th(> lime nitrogen (lSO-27() lbs. |>er acre) was as a rule nearly as ellicieiit as nil rate of soda ;iiid soiiiewh:it nuu'e so than sulphate of ammonia. A mixture of K'.-l lbs. of lime nitrogen and IS.O Ihs. of nitrate of soda per acre gave the highest increase in yield in case of rye. The results of experiments with calcium cyanamid (lime nitrogen), A. Pozzoi.i (.l/y.v. /;/ CJiciii. Zt(/.. 3ii (IHOH), A o. 3s. p. -'/.7//). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Sixtli International C'ongress of Applied Chemistry at Rome in 19(H>. reviewing the results of .tests by various investigators of the fertilizing value of this material. It is jiointed out that the results of a large number of experiments show that the action of this material varies widely with different plants. Kxperinients by Frank are cited to show that the injurious effects observed in the use of lim(» uitrogen as ;i top-dressing in ]){)t experiments would not be ob.serv(>d in jiractice where much smaller amounts of tlie matei'ial would he used. l''xiieriments by the same investigator .also indicate that the fear of injury from :icetyleiie gas, which m;iy be geiiei'ated in small amounts wluai lime nitrogen is .-iitplied to suils, is groundless. lOxperimeiits with various plants showed no injury from the presence of this gas. The various factors which influence the decomposition of calcium cyana- mid, J. Stoki..\s.\ (.1/>.s'. ill rhciii. Zt(i.. .Ill {lUiiO), So. 3S, p, }.7.7). — This is an 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. jibstraft of a paper prcscntcHl at the Sixth Iiitcniatioiial Coii.uress of Applied Chemistry at Rome, lOOG. dealing espeeialiy with the water and air capacity of cultivated soils in its relation to the bacteriological decomposition of calcium cyanamid in the soil. It is noted especially that in humus soils, in which the nitrification process goes on very slowly, calcium cyanamid shows very little effectiveness as fertilizer. Vegetation experiments with " N " fertilizer in the year 1905, vox Lepei- (-1////. JX'iit. Ldiitlir. GrsrlL, 21 (lUiiV)). Yo. .?, pp. l!)-2-U fi(jx. ')). — A series of field and pot experiments with this material on various crops is I'eported. Previous exi)eriments ( E. S. R., 10. p. 8(;0) having shown no injurious effects with the amounts of " N " fertilizer used, lield experiments with rye. oats, wheat, potatoes, and beets, and pot experiments with barley, oats, maize, timothy, buckwheat, mustard, and flax were undertaken in 1905 to further study the limits of efficiency of this material as a fertilizer. The results confirmed those of previous years in showing a high fertilizing efficiency for the " N " fertilizer on cereals and like crops ( at rates of 50 lbs. per acre). Its value for hoed crops is, however, less certain. Green manuring experiments in 1905, Baessler {Mitt. Deut. Landtv. GeselL. 21 (lUOn), No. 22. pp. 23.i-2S7). — I'lat experiments which have been carried on in various localities for several years to determine (1) the l)est depth to which to plow under green manures, (2) the relative merits of si)ring and fall green loanuring, (3) the utilization of the nitrogen of green manures by the following crop, are reported. Shallow plowing under (10 to 15 cm.) gave in general the best results. Spring green manuring appeared to be as a rule more effective than fall. The utilization of the nitrogen and the general effect of the green manure was found to vary widely with conditions of soil, season, etc. Experiments with fertilizers, .7. II. Stewart and II. Atwood (Wcs!t Virf/itiia f!ta. Bui. .'ID. pp. JS.j-2Jn. pis. 6'». — The results of ('> years' experiments with various kinds and combinations of fertilizing materials on tcntli-acre i)lats on the station farm are summarized. Mechanical and chemical analyses of the soil are reported. These show no striking peculiarities as regards chemical composition, but that the soil is a clay loam fairly well supplied with fertilizing constituents. The crops grown during the different seasons included rye. clover, wheat, corn, and cowpeas The results show that the yields were uniforndy increased by applications of phosphoric acid. The oidy case in which nitrogen was beneficial was in the form of nitrate of soda ai)iili('(l as a spring top-dressing on rye. Potash in form of sulphate was of little or no value, and a mixture of potash and nitrogen gave like results. The indications are that the stock of available ])hosphorlc acid in the soil is so low that this deficiency must lie supplied before either nitrogen or potash can be of any particular value, and after the deficiency of phosphoric acid is sui»plied the plants feel the lack of nitrogen more than that of potash. Sta])le manure increased the yields materially and uniformly. The re.sults of applications of liine were totally unsatisfactory, in many cases reducing the yield. In general it was observed that the fertilizer combination which gave good results with one cro]) in the series tested also gave good results with the others. ■ That is, a fertilizer containing phosphoric acid gave good results with all of the crojys tested. In a comparison of the effects of commercial fertiiiz(>rs and barnyard manure it was found that corn responded more favorably to a dressing of stable manure than it did to an application of conniiercial fci'liiizcrs. wliile with cowpeas the opposite was true. It was observed also lliat allliougli the roots of the cowi)eas were well .supidied with nodules, the _vield was slightly increased by adding nitrate of soda to the fertilizer mixture applied. SOILS FERTTTJZERS. 21 In fTononil it is held tlinl " liiis ('.Npcriniciit slinws that tiiis soil is very (li'ficieiit in av.-iihiiiU' iilidsplioric acid, and that as soon as this deficiency is sniijilictl tiien tliere is a lacic of nitrogen and to a loss extent of i>otash also. Wlicn conniicrcial fertilizers ;;i-(' relied n|Kiii entirely lo maintain a hi.t,di degree of crop production a fertilizer containing' ail three constituents— niti'oj,'en. pot- ash, and iiliosplioric acid — will .i,'ive hetter results than a fertilizer containint; only one or two of these constituents. . . . " If le,i,'unnnons ci-ops .are raised and eithei' plowed under or f-I(il). — Experi- ments of previous years (E. S. R., IG, p. 75S) were continued with oats and fodder beets. The results for .3 years are partly summarized, showing a high fertilizing value for the reru\ian guano as comi>ari'd with the annnonium superphosiihate. The action of ammoniacal nitrogen as a fertilizer, T. Pfeiffer {Fuhlinfj's Laiidir. Zt;/.. 'i.') ( HxiH), A o. .). //p. I.j3-1')'.) ) . — Various causes for the frequently (tbserved inferioi'ity of annnoniacal nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen as a fertilizer ;ii'e discussed. It is claimed that there are so many unknown factors causing wide variations in the efficiency of ammoniacal nitrogen that the only safe plan is for the farmer to make field exi)eriments to test the matter for himself. On the use of commercial nitrogen in connection with barnyard manure, I'.ACiiMA.NX {Filhlimf.s Ldiiilir. Ztg., 5'> (JOOG), .Ao. ,'>. pit. 180-183). — The con- ditions under which it is advisable to supplement farm manures with the more active cummercial forms of nitrogen are discussed. The use of waste organic substances as manures, E. J. Russell (■/our. Bd. .I,'//-. [ Lojiihiii]. 13 (inoii). \Ji ; abft. in Ccnthl. Af/r. Clirin.. 3', (190G). A o. /. p/i. 30-33: .Jour. Chem. Soc. \ Lotiihiii]. nil [lunr,]. \o. .'I'L II. lip. nil. /.''.'I.- W.iter cidture experiments with diffi'rcid jiLants are reported which showed that when phasi)horic acid was absent the I'oot (le\-eloi)ment was retarded and the roots wci-e yellow when iron (as suli)hate) was i)res(>nt. The addition of phosphate precipitated the iron and i)revenled its injurious action, but in this case the plants suffered from chlorosis. (Jood results were obtained when ferrous phosphate and trical- cium phosphate were added to the solution. When dicalcium phosphate was 22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. used the plants were clilorotic and the root develoimieut was retarded. The author believes that the assumption that the constituents of the culture medium should all be in solution is incorrect. lie recommends the following solution: Potassium nitrate 1 gm. per liter, calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate each 0.5 gm.. ferrous phosphate and tricalcium phosphate each 0.2.5 gm. On phosphoric acid of ashes, I). N. 1'kianishnikov {Abs. in Chciii. Ztfi.. -Vi (1906). Xo. .17, ji. 'i-i'.)). — This is an abstract of a pai)er presented at the Sixth International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Kouie. I'.Mtr,, in which pot experi- ments are reported which show that the phos]ihoric acid of straw ashes is nearly as effective as that of soluble phosphates. 1 be phosphoric acid of Itirch wood ashes is somewhat less effective, and that of Hr wood ashes still less effective. (See also E. S. H.. 17. p. S47. » Analysis of deposits of calcium phosphate in the United States, P. Jumeah (Ami. Cliiiii. Aimliit.. U (VJOii). Xo. ■',. pit. /r;7-/7'y ).— The location, extent, and composition of the hard rock deposits of Florida are discussed in this article. The following comi)lete analyses of two sam])les of ground phosphate are given as representing the composition of i)roduc-ts of good (piality: Coiiijiositidii of i'loriihi liiinl rod: iiliospliiitc. A. B. Per cent. 1.80 1.10 " 35. 44 47.30 .70 1.60 3.70 Per cent. 1.08 1.(0 h 35. h2 47.47 . 72 1.48 5.30 nCorresponding to calcium phosphate, 77.43 per cent. ftCorresponding to calcium phosphate, 78.26 per cent. The utilization of sugar beet slump by the Dessau method, II. Ost {Ztsclir. Aiifjcic. Ciiciii., 1!) iVJOC), Xo. l-'i, i>p. (jo;i-Ui:,. ////x. //).— The preparation of cyanids, ammoinum sulphate, and other products from this material is briefly described. It is shown that in general about one-hali of the nitrogen of 1he slump is utilized by the various processes described, one-fourth as sodium cyanid and about an eiiual amount as anniioiiium sul])hate. History of the fertilizer industry, J. Uriixi. Jr. {Bivii. Rpt. Tcini. nc/>t. A(/r.. nifi.i-',. pii. :>Ji.'j-.>ll. //(/. /), — A brief general sunnnary of the history (>f tlie phosphate industiy in Teiniessee, containing also notes on geology, location and description, and mining of the phosphates. The chemical fertilizer industry, L. Schucht (Die Chciiiischr Diiiincvin- (Jiixtrir. lintiiKirick: Frirdrivh Vicircf/ d- Son, 1901). pp. VII + lll'i. fif/x. 27). — This is iiractically a summary intended for young chemists of the author's earlier work on the manufacture of superphosphates, the second edition of wdiich was pul)lishe(l in V-HYA. It deals with the i»reparation of bone meal for fertilizing purixises. sui)erphosphates, double superphosphates. Thomas slag, diealcium phosphate, industrial by-products, and atmospheric nitrogen, and gives methods of iui.alysis of fertilizers, with various tables useful in connection with such work. Commercial fertilizers, A. Goss and W. J. Jones. Jr. {hnliiuni Shi. Bid. ILL pp. 135-208). — This bulletin gives the text of the State fertilizer, law, with explanations as to how the law is adnnnistered and terms used in fertilizer SOILS FERTILIZERS. 23 analyst's, statistics uf foi-tiiizer sak-s in diUVrent sections of the State, and results of analyses of 308 samples of fertilizers collected during the sjirinj^ of lOOf) and 42«! samples collected in the fall of 1005. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, .M. A.- Scovell et al. {Kentucky Sta. Bill, l.i.i, 1)11. 191-22'i}. — Analyses and valuations of l."l samples of fertilizers inspected during lOO.T are reported. Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, J. 1*. Street, W. 1'. Ai.len, and V. J. Carhehuv {Xcir .Icrycii Sliis. h'/il. liXl.j, {jp. 15-76). — This is a reprint of matter contained in Bulletins 187 and 188 of the station (E. S. R., 17, pp. 4,50, 8-l(i), with the addition of a list of manufacturers whose goods were sampled and analyzed during l!Ki.">. and data relating to the wholesale prices of fertilizing materials in New York during different months of the year 1004 and valuations for 1005. Fertilizer analyses, fall season, 1905, and spring season, 1906, B. W. KiLGORE (Hill. X. ('. till. Ai/r., .il {1906). .Vox. .L pp. '/.s ,• '/, pp. //,S').— The names and guaranteed composition of fertilizers registered for 100(3, and analyses and valuations of 230 sam|)les of commercial fertilizers and 30 samples of cotton- seed meal, examined during the fall of 1005 and spring of 1000, with e.xplana- tions I'egarding terms used in fertilizer analyses, freight rates, valuation, etc. Analyses of commercial fertilizers {liicii. lipt. Tenn. Dept. Agr.. IDOS-'i. pp. 37-17). — The results of fertilizer inspection in the State during 1903 and 1004 are reported, with the text of the State fertilizer law and the rules and regu- lations adopted in accordance with the law. Standard fertilizers, 1906, T. Macfarlane (Laft. Inland Rev. Dept. [Canada] Bill. 118, pp. i^ ). — xVnalyses of 153 samples of fertilizers inspected during the year are reported and hrietly discussed. Attention is called to an apparent tendency toward increased use of low-grade fertilizers, and it is pointed out that this is poor economy. Fertilizers, .J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roy. Ayr. Soc. England, 66 {1905), pp. /.j.i-/J.'V).— Analyses of slag, steamed bones, soot, lime, mustard cake, poultry manure, feather waste, and other barnyard manures are rei)orted and briefly conmiented upon. Nitrogen (2.19 and 3.72 per cent) and siliceous matter (51.3G and 19.34 per cent) in 2 samples of soot are reported. The first, as the analysis shows, was fully one-half ashes and similar matter, while the second is con- sidered of good quality. Analyses of one sample each of poultry manure and feather waste are re- ported". The poultry n-.anure contained 02.5 per cent of water, 0.83 per cent of lime. 2.13 per cent of " alkalis, etc.," 0.65 per cent of phosphoric acid, and nitro- gen ecpial to 1.93 per cent of ammonia ; the feather waste contained 9.12 per cent of water, 1.25 per cent of lime, 2.74 per cent of " alkalis, etc.." 1.4 per cent of phosi»horic acid, and nitrogen equal to 12.08 per cent of ammonia. The use of chemical fertilizers in Belgium during the decennial period 1895-1905, .M. Behcer {Rei: ben. A'/ron., n. scr.. 1 (V.nni). So. 3, pp. 98-101).— The consumption of unmixed fertilizers in Belgium in 1904 is stated to be 307,070 metric tons (2,200 lbs.), an increase of 83.8 per cent over that of 1903. The consumption of mixed fertilizers was 70,002 metric tons, an increase of 4.0 per cent over that of 1903. Production and commerce in basic slags in Belgium (Rev. Gen. Ayron.. n. set:, 1 (191)6), No. 3, pp. 127, i,:;,S).— This is a brief review of- a report puljlished l)y the .Minister of Public Works of Belgium, showing that this country produces ;il)out 225,000 tons of Thomas slag annually. 210,000 tons of which is ground for use as fertilizer. About three-fourths of the total product of the country is exported to foreign countries. The slag contains on an average 18 to 20 per G579— No. 1— OG 3 24 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD, cent of phosphoric acid and is ground so that not less than 75 per cent of it will pass a sieve having 0.17 mm. meshes. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Agricultural botany, E. Schribaux and J. Nanot {Botanique Agricole. Paris: J. B. Bailliere d- Sons, 1906, pp. XI + 316, figs. 297,).— This work, which is a part of the Agricultural Encyclopedia issued by the publishers, is a general treatise on the subject of botany, in which the morphology, physiology, anatomy, etc., of the different parts of plants are described, and special chapters are given on the preservation of agricultural products, their improvement by breeding and selection, etc. Native economic plants of Montana, J. W. Blankinship {Montana Sta. Bui. 56, pp. 38). — The object of this bulletin is to enumerate, so far as pDssible, the native plants of the State utilized by the Indians, the early explorers, trappers, and settlers, as well as to mention the chief species now emi)loyed in our own industrial life. The lists are given arranged alphabetically according to the scientific names. Additional lists are given grouped according to their use in various arts, as foods, medicines, etc. Report of the botanist, H. L. Bolley CSorth Dakota Sta. Hpt. 190,), pp. 23-32). — The Investigations of the botanist have been confined largely to studies on wheat, flax, potatoes, grass, and native plants, breeding nnd selection for resistance being prominent items in his work. Attention is called to some of the results of selection for resistance to wheat rust, and the discovery of uredo and teleutospores in the grains of shriveled samples of durum and fife wheats is noted. Thus far attempts to propagate the rust from these infested grains have failed, but the occurrence of these spores in the seed is believed to offer a possible explanation for the wintering of the rust. In connection with the author's studies on the wilt of flax, innnime strains have been found that seem to be quite resistant to the wilt, but during the reason's observations it was found that these plants were especially attacked by a form of rust {Mcluni psora Uni). So severe was the rust that in some instances the flax plants were almost completely destroyed. It has already been observed that some sorts of flax are more resistant to rust than others, and in the future investigations will be carried on for immunity both to rust and wilt. Some notes are given on potatoes, and the variation of some varieties and of individual plants in resisting disease is pointed out. A brief account is given of the use of counnercial cultures in inoculating legumes, and in the experiments no distinction could be drawn between the treated and the untieated plats. The tree-feeding experiments, which have been described in previous reports (E. S. K., 10, 1). 131; 17, p. 201). were discontinued in 1!J(I5 on account of other work, but some observations made showed that the native plum trees which had been treated for the prevention of plum pockets were less attacked than untreated trees in the immediate vicinity. Trees treated for apple l)light in 1904 remained healthy during 1905 and produced fruit. Further observations on the germination of the seeds of the castor-oil plant, .7. R. Green and II. Jackson (Proc. Rot/. Soc. [London], ,Scr. B, 77 {1905), Isio. B 51Ji, pp. 69-85). — The results of a series of investigations extend- ing back about 15 years in which the authors endeavored to ascertain the course of the decomiiosition and utilization of the reserve materials in the seed of the castor-oil plant during germination are given. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 25 Various conclusions are drawn from earlier exi)erinients, which are modified somewhat, and the authors state that the germination of the seed of castor bean is associated with a remarkable activity of the cells of the endosperm, which set up a very complex metabolism. The protoplasm takes a prominent part in the metabolic changes produced, secreting enzyms. and causing various chemical changes in the cells. In this renewed activity the embryo contriI)utes to enzym formation, and the result is the production of a great variety of nutritive material, part of which is the direct product of enzym action and i)art is due to the secretory activity of the protoplasm as well as to the interaction of the products of both these agents. Two varieties of sugar, lecithin, fatty acids and the products of their oxidation, proteids and the products of their digestion, including various nitrogenous bodies, amino-compounds, and amido-compounds are present. Analyses of the cotyledons showed them to contain varying quan- tities of lecithin, in some cases amounting to L.30 per cent of their dry weight. Both sugars may be detected in the cotyledons, the relative amounts varying, I'ut cane sugar being usually i)resent in the largest quantity. The reaction of the cell sap is acid, showing traces of jihosphoric acid mixed with an organic acid whose nature has not yet been ascertained. It is probable tiiat in the transportation of the nutritive substances to the embryo the proto- plasmic threads in the cell walls play an important part, and dialysis undoubt- edly i)lays a large part in the absorptive processes, especially where crystalline substances are concerned. On stimulants of nutrition in plants, II. Micheels (Kcv. Sci. \P(iri.^]. .7. ser., 5 (1906), No. 14, PP- -)27W/2.9). — Experiments on the influence of solutions of colloidal tin on the germination and early grow^th of wheat, oats, peas, buck- wheat, etc., are reported, showing that this substance has a very marked influ- (iice in promoting germination and growth. It apparently acts upon the reserve material of the seed in nuich the same manner as diastase or other ferments. On the nature of the galvanotropic irritability of roots, A. J. Ewakt and Jessie S. Bayijss [I'roc Uoij. Soc. [L(jii(l(jii\. Sci: li. 77 {1905), No. B 51-'i, pp. 6S-66). — The authors review and attempt to explain the contradictory state- ments of a number of investigators on the nature of the galvanotropic irrita- bility of roots, after which they briefly describe some experiments which tend to show that the galvanotropism of roots is due to chemotropic stimulation by the products of electrolysis, of which the acid is more effective than the alkali. It is claimed that in Brunchhorst's experiments, which seem to show that sti'ong currents produced a curvatui'e toward the positive electrode and weak ones toward the negative electrode, the electrolysis probably occurred in the super- ficial cells of the roots submerged in water, the tissues being sufficiently imper- meable to the liberated acid and alkaline ions to allow them to accumulate beyond the minimum for stimulation. Although the curvature is usually sharp and strongly localized to the point of application of the electrode, the indica- tions are that the response is a stimulatory one and is not due to the direct action of the products of electrolysis, retarding growth on one side or acceler- ating it on the other. The action of certain organic substances on the form and structure of leaves, M. Molliard (Bui. tioc. But. France, 33 (1906), No. 1, i>p. 61-6.5). — Experiments are reported that were conducted to determine the relation which exists between the structure of some of the higher plants and the organic medium in which they were grown. All the experiments were with radishes, one lot being grown in mineral solutions, the others in various forms of carl)(>hydrates. The growth in the mineral solutions was comparable with that of ijlants grown under normal conditions, but when grown in solutions of saccharose, glucose, levulose, dextrin, etc., the morphological structures showed marked departures 26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. from normal. The color, size, form, and structure of the leaves were greatly modified by the different carbohydrates, and in some cases the changes were in proportion to the strength of the solutions. Saccharose intensified the. colora- tion, reduced the size of the leaves, and modified their contour. Glucose reduced the size of the leaves, their margins were more deeply dentated, and very impor- tant changes were noted in their structure, especially in the palisade tissues. Mannite and glycerin modified the leaves so greatly as to indicate an injurious action. Tlie growth of chlorophyll bearing plants in amids in the absence of carbon dioxid, .1. Lefevre (Conipt. Rend. Acad. Hci. [Paris], l-)! (W05). Nos. i', PI). 211-213; 17, PI). 66.',, 665 ; 2J,, pp. 103o, ltl36).— An account is given of experi- ments with common garden cress, nasturtiums, and sweet basil grown in artifi- cial soils to which various media were added, but with the entire exclusion of carbon dioxid. The seedlings were placed in pots filled with crushed silica that had been washed with acid and incinerated, sterilized artificial moss being mixed with it to give proper consistency. To each 350 gm. of the artifleial soil there were added 0.1 gm. each of tyrosin, oxamid, and leucin, and 0.4 gm. of glycocoll and alanin. The plants were placed under bell jars and kept free from carbon dioxid by i)assing all air through Schloesing baryta tubes. Numerous cheek pots were maintained, and the results in all cases were analogous. It was found under the conditions of the experiments that the plants grew- in the absence of carbon dioxid, increasing their height 5 to 10 times, with a cor- responding increase in the number of leaves. ^Yhen both carbon- dioxid 'and amids were excluded, no growth resulted and the plants speedily died. It is claimed that the growth was due to actual nutrition of the plants and not to artificial hydration. The results show that in the light, green plants are able to carry on synthesis in the presence of amids and in the exclusion of carbon dioxid. This synthesis is held to be a function of chlorophyll. On the water relations of the cocoanut palm, E. B. Copelj^nd ( Philippine ■Jour. ,Sci., 1 (1906), No. 1, pp. 6-57, pis. 3). — An investigation was inaugurated to determine, through a study of the iihysiology of the cocoanut palm, results that would be available for improving existing methods of the cultivation of the plant. The investigations are reported upon in the following order : The root, its structure and growth, and the absorption of water; the leaf, its structure, the activity of the stomata, and transpiration ; with final conclusions as tothe fitness of the plant for its characteristic haltitat and suggestions as to its most advantageous cultivation. Among the ])i-:ictical conclusions, the author states that a considerable supply of water nuist constantly be at the disposal of the tree, or it will protect itself against injurious desiccation by a partial suspense of its vitality. The quantity of mineral food which the tree takes is roughly proportional to the amount of water which it absorbs, and by increasing the plant's trans])iration the same results are obtained as would follow the application of fertilizers to the ground. The amount of transpiration can be increased either by increasing the amount of water at the disposal of the roots or by improving the conditions foi- its evaporation from the leaves. The transpiration of the cocoanut is accelerated by the action of the wind, and to a still greater extent by increase of illumina- tion. In planting the trees the liuthor doubts whether any increase beyond 15 meters' distance between trees would be advantageous. In his opinion, iinder ordinary conditions trees in a grove usually do best when placed at intervals of about !» iiH'ters. In order to secure increased yield, the author suggests better cultural niclliods and improvement through the selection of the seed used in planting. FIELD CROPS. 27 FIELD CROPS. Results of cooperative exiaerinients in agriculture, C. A. Zavitz (At))i. Rpt. Ontario At/r. (i»d Ux/iL I'liioii. ,iT (l!HI')), pp. 12-33). — A (loscrijition of lliese e.\i)erinioiits is ^ivon in coiiiiectioii with proviously reportod rosults ( E. S. K., 17. II. liT)!). In tho cooporiitivo cxperinieiits in tlie season of li)05 the loadiuf^ varieties of f,'rain crojjs g.ave tlie following averagi' .yields per acre: Joanette oats, 120 tests, .^)8..^),S l)u. ; Mandsoheuri Six-rowed liarley, 28 tests, .37.73 l)u. ; P.I.-iek llulless bitrley, 1.3 tests, 24. (;.''> bn. : Wild Goose spring wheat, 24 tests, ;54.87 bu. ; Common enmier, 19 tests, .".O.iH bu. ; Ked s^pelt as compared vA'ith eramer, .31:90 bu. ; .Taprtnese buclvwheiit, 7 tests, .37.50 bu. ; Early Britain field i)eas, 10 tests, 28..32 bu. : New Prize Winner field beans, 20 tests, 27.21 l»n. ; Early Yellow soy beans, 2 tests, 18.33 bu. ; Dawson Golden Chaff winter wheat. 14 tests, 23.1() bu. ; and Conipton Early corn, 17 tests, .5().74 bu. The best and most popular mixture of grains consisted of .34 lbs. of Daubeney oats and 48 lbs. of Mandscheuri barley, which produced on the average in 11 tests 2,073 lbs. of grain per acre. In all cases except one the varieties here mentioned ranked first in popularity with the experimenter.s. .Toanette oats stood second in this I'cgard. The leading varieties of field roots and fodder crops gave the following yields I)er acre: Yellow Leviathan mangels, 8 tests, 33.57 tons; Giant White Feeding sugar beets, 7 tests, 35.65 tens ; Sutton Magnum. Bonura swede, 2 tests, 18.04 tons; Red Top White Globe fall turnips, 2 tests. .34.53 tons ; Mastodon White Intermediate carrots. 8 tests, 24.-50 tons; Henderson Eureka fodder corn, 7 tests, 17.48 tons; .Japanese Panicle millet, 2 tests, 1(>.72 tons, and Dwarf Essex rape, 1 test, 17.82 tons. In 3 tests grass peas, connnon vetches, and hairy vetches gave 10, 8.93, and 8.05 tons per acre, respectively. Nearly all these varieties were the most popular with the experimenters, excepting Henderson Eureka fodder corn, which was outranked by White Cap Yellow Dent, and grass peas, which ranked next to the vetches. Three varieties of sweet corn, Ringleader, Mammoth White Cory, and Golden Bantam, requiring 84, 87, and 88 days, respectively, to mature for table use, were grown in 21 tests. In comparative value Ringleader stood first and in table quality Golden Bantam. The average results for 6 years in 38 tests show that corn in hills gave an average of 11 tons of whole crop as compared with 10.10 tons for corn i)lanted in drills. In the fertilizer experiments conducted as in previous years, the greatest yield of total crop of corn was secin-ed from the use of nmriate of potash and the greatest yield of Imsked ears from the complete fertilizer. An application of 100 Ibi^. of nuiriate of i>otash per acre increased the yield 1.5 tons at a cost of about .'j;3 per ton for the fertilizer used. The best .yield of swedes, 23.1 tons per acre, was secured where barnyard manure wa;^ applied. In 41 tests during T; years the best average yield of mangels, 26.5 tons per acre, was obtained with nitrate of soda, and during this same period in 74 experiments the highest average yield (jf oats, 48.7 bu. per acre, was secured with the complete fertilizer. In 1905 the average yields of 3 late vr.rieties of potatoes, Denlpsey Seedling, Empire State, and American Wonder, grown in 93 tests, were, respectively, 177.1. 160.3, .ind 1.59.4 bu. per acre. Of 2 medium varieties grown in 70 tests, I{oso of the North stood first with 184 bu. i)er acre, while among early' varieties in 1.58 tests Early Fortune headed the list with 107.4 bu. Dempsey Seedling, Rose of the North, and Early Fortune ranked first in jiopularity in their resi)ective classes. The aver.-ige results of 33 tests for 5 years show n slight advantage in growing potatoes on ridges as compared with growing them on the level. 28 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The Woburn field experiments, 1904, J. A. Voelckee {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, GO {1905). pp. 192-205). — Earlier results have been previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 543). In the continuous wheat-growing experiments the largest yield this year. 17.1 bu. per acre, was secured from the plat receiving in iilternate years, including 1904, 3* cwt. of superphosphate of lime, 200 lbs. of suljihate of iwtash, 100 lbs. each of sulphate of soda and sulphate of magnesia, with nitrate of soda sufficient to furnish the quantity of nitrogen contained in 100 lbs. of ammonia per acre. The injurious effect of the continued use of ammonia salts and nitrate of soda was strongly shown this year with a rain- fall of only 22 in. The effect of 2 tons of lime applied in December, 1897. was still noticeable this season. Where nitrate of soda was omitted for a single year the yield fell below that of the unmanured plat. In quality of grain the barnyard manure plat ranked with the best, while the nitrate of soda plat stood last. The highest yield of barley, 37 bu. per acre, was secured with a heavy dress- ing of nitrate of soda and minerals. As with wheat, the continued use of ammonia salts showed its injurious effects, while lime proved beneficial. In the green manuring experiment nuistard plowed in with mineral manures gave l)etter results with both quantity and qualit.v of barley than tares used in the same way. Of 2 Canadian wheats compared Red Fife yielded 20.2 bu. and Preston 12.0 bu. per acre. Both varieties produced grain of high quality. The use of 4 cwt. each of superphosphate, bone dust, and sulphate of potash, and 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia per acre for alfalfa gave a yield of more than 9^ tons of hay. Where 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda was substituted for sul- j.hate of ammonia the yield was a little over 8.3 tons, while single applications of these substances gave in all cases less than 4 tons per acre. English conmion sainfoin proved more satisfactory than English Giant, and loth gave much heavier yields than the French Giant and common varieties. Sulphate of potash gave better results as a fei'tilizer for potatoes than kainit. In the finger-and-toe experiments on swedes 2 tons of carbolized lime per acre was the only apiilication which produced no unsound roots. The Woburn pot-culture experiments, 1904, ,1. A. Voelcker {-Jour. Roij. Agr. Soc. England, 66 {1905), pp. 205-211). — A report on the Hills experiments :s given. The results of this year indicate that the use of solutions of sulphate of manganese and sulphate of iron not over 2 per cent in strength, improves the germination of seed grain. Soaking wheat in solutions of sulphate of manganese gave no appreciable increase in grain and straw, while soaking in a 2 per cent or 5 per cent solution of sulphate of iron produced a gain in total yield. It is concluded that solutions of sulphate of manganese up to 2 cwt. per acre, njiplied directly to the gi'owing plant, increased the yield and that- sulphate of iron used at the rate of one-half or 1 cwt. ])er acre has a similar effect. Silicates of potash and soda did not improve germination, but when given at least at the rate of 4 cwt. per acre were beneficial, especially in improv- ing the j'ield of straw. The germination of l)arley was not injured by soaking in these solutions. The use of a solution of sulphate of manganese up to a strength of 5 per cent was of some benefit, while soaking in a solution of sulphate of iron did not injure germination, but was not productive of any improvement. These solutions applied directly to the growing plant produced some increase of crop. Silicates of potash and soda benefited the crop, especially the straw. fReport on the] subsection of agronomy, W. II. Oi.tn {Colorado 8ta. Rpt. 1905. ])]). 2'i-SG). — The work of the season consists of field nursery work, testing of grains and forage plants, cooperative field work, and sugar-beet investiga- FIELD CHOPS. 29 lions. Of 0 varieties of harloy f^rown Ilaiicbion and U. S. No. 12028, both 2- rowed varieties, headed the list in yield with ."»'.».(; and it'AA bu. per acre, re.spec- tively. Tlie iiarleys vvei'e grown ( n liHallii sod, wiiicli encouraged a rank growth and a tendency to lodge. Of Ki varieties < f wlieat Colorado No. 45 and Colorado No. 50 were the earliest, ripening the first weei< in August. Minnesota No. 109 ripened last. The grain of this variety was otdy in the nulk when the grain of the two varieties mentioned above was in the dough stage. Kubanka sown in April and ;\Iay was not seriously injured by rust, i)ut Defiance, sown at the same time, suffered from this disease and lodged very badly before it was lully ripe. Sonora was more severely attacked by rust than any other variety. 'I'he results of seedings made at intervals of about 1 month from January to .lime seemed to indicate that the earlier seedings are the more satisfactory. In connection with milling wheat investigations it was found that, in the opinion of the millers, Deflance is the best spring wheat and Turkey Red the best winter wheat for milling purposes. Raking tests by over 40 experienced bread makers of Fort Collins showed that the flour of diu-um wheat produces bread of an t'xcellent tiavor and of good texture and vohnne. Among 10 varieties of oats Early Champion and TI. S. No. 12.308 ripened earliest and produced the finest straw. The most productive varieties were White Russian, Kansas No. 2, and Colorado No. 18, yielding 98.1, 92.8, and 92.4 liu. per acre, respectively. Colorado No. 5, the heaviest variety, produced grain weighing 47 lbs. per bushel. Cooperative field work with farmers in different sections of the State and the sugar-beet investigation work conducted by the station are briefly noted. Report of the agricultui'ist, J. J. Vernon (Xcir Mc.rico Sta. Rpt. UXi'i. jip. 2'i-J7). — A brief description of the work of the department with field crops is given and some of the results are reported. Twenty-four varieties of wheat were tested, the yields ranging from 57.5 bu. per acre for Rodi to 15.8 bu. for Kuby. Ruby also stood last in the yield of straw with 1,48().8 lbs. per acre, while Defiance stood first with 7,978 lbs. For the i)urpose of determining the best means of incorporating humus in the soil 1 plat received a heavy coating of stable manure, 1 was sewn to cowpeas, and 1 to hairy vetch. These were compared with a spring-plowed plat and a check plat which were cropped as usual. The cowpeas and the hairy vetch had made a very rank growth when they were i)lowed under. The largest yield of corn stover was secured on the cowpea plat, the largest yield of barley straw on the manure plat, of oat straw on the hairy vetch plat, and of wheat straw on the cowpea plat. In grain production the manure plat stood first in the yield of corn and barley, while the hairy vetch plat ranked first in the yield of oats and the spring-i)lowed plat in the yield of wheat. [Report on field crops], J. II. Siieppard (yorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 190'). pp. S3-.'i6. />/.s'. ■')). — A general outline of the woi'k during the year is given, together with more detailed notes on the pl.mt-breeding work and the results of experi- ments with red clover and alfalfa. Twenty samples of red clover from different States and countries are under test in a cooiierative exi>eriment with this Department. The yield of cured hay ranged from 1..S7 to sliglitly more than 8 tons per acre. The clover was sown with life wlie.it as a nur^e croii in the spring of 1904. On August 2 after the wheat had lieeii mown for hay the seed from Missouri, eastern Ohio, and Russia showed the best stand and most thrifty appearance, with the seed from Illinois and Wisconsin about as good. October 5 the seed from Illinois and Wisconsin had the best general ajipearance. The second growth was ready for cutting about Septendier 10, 1905. ;ind the yields secured during the year are regarded as positive evidence that with proper treatment red clover can be 30 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. successfully grown in the Red River Valley. At the time of the second cutting one-half of each plat was left to produce seed. The highest yield secured was 2 bu. 26 lbs. It was observed during this season that a clover seeding made in the spring with wheat as a nurse crop did not suffer as much from heavy rains as alfalfa. Alfalfa sown in 1901 and 1902 after 3 and 4 winter seasons still makes vigor- ous growth. On June 27 of this year, when the first crop was cut. the Turkes- tan variety was .36 in. high and formed 90 per cent of a stand, giving a yield of 2.37 tons per acre. The second growth, which was as heavy as the first, was allowed to ripen seed. Grimm alfalfa as compared with Turkestan had finer stems and produced more branches and leaves. The first cutting of Grimm alfalfa gave a yield of 3.24 tons per acre. I'orage crops, 1905, G. A. Billings (Neic Jersey f^tas. Rpt. 1905, pp. 3Jf9-37G. />/.s. 7rt).^The summer system of soiling was continued as in previous years (E. S. R., 17, p. 353). With the exception of two weeks in July, summer forage crops were fed to the station herd from May 1 to October 15, a period of 153 days. The average cost of production was .$1.93 ])er ton and the average yield on 16 acres 12.3 tons per acre. In this connection a series of forage crop rotations was studied. This included 1 plat of corn for silage, 1 plat of wheat and winter vetch for the first crop and v/hite flint corn for the second crop, and 1 plat of alfalfa for hay. A plat of oats and vetch and 1 of millet suffered from dry weather, while oats and peas began to mature when the dry weather set in and produced an average yield. Five plats gave an average yield of 14.8 tons of forage per acre, while 3 gave an average yield of only 7.3 tons. Excellent results were secured on the plat on which wheat and winter vetch' were followed by corn. The wheat and winter vetch produced 7.10 tons of forage per acre and the flint corn 108.7 bu. of ears and 5.6 tons of dry fodder. It is stated, however, that the high price of vetch seed makes its profitable use doubtful. General notes on rye, wheat, winter vetch, crimson clover, and alfalfa are given, " Inoculation experiments were made, but weather conditions interfered with the accuracy of' the results. The inoculating material consisted of 450 lbs. of soil from an old alfalfa field and the same quantity from a field of sweet clover. The plats so treated were compared with a plat receiving no inocula- tion and one inoculated the previoii;-! year. Before inoculation the land received 20O lbs. of oyster-shell lime and about .300 lbs. of fertilizer per acre. Tlie examination of the roots on all plats showed the nodules equally abundant. They were most numerous where the soil was deep and the foliage green and thrifty. On yellow spots with less thrifty plants the nodules were found in more compact masses than w'here the plants were green. An examination by tlie station bacteriologist showed that these masses alsd contained more of the branched fornis of bacteria, w^hich are usually found on healthy, vigorous plants, but in this case seemed so abundant on the sickly ones. This condition was not due to lack of nitrogen, as an application of nitrate of soda at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre sliowed no lienefieial effect. This clustering of thv, nodules is considered as possibly due to the ventilation of the soil or its pbrosity, soil acidity, or different bacteria entering in to influence the form of the nodules. Tbe results secured do not admit of giving definite conclusions, but it is sug- gested that some time previous to seeding organic matter be incorporated into the soil by a lil>eral application of barnyard manure or green manuring, and that an application of at least 2,000 \hs. of stone lime be given at the time of seledihg, or preferably, 2,000 lbs. a year or two before seeding and 1,200 lbs. at the time the seed is sown. FIELD CROPS. 31 Cylindor experiments were made witli lime for alfalfa on different types of soil. These soils were benefited l»y the lime in the follqwins oifler : Augusta limestone. P^reehold marl, New Brunswick red shale. Oakland glacial drift, Woodstown heavy clay, and Woodliine sand. In another test it was shown that nitrate of soda applied in June, July, and August did not increase the yield. In this test the use of 300 Ihs. of acid phosphate and 200 lbs. of muriate of potash gave an inci*eased yield of only 4.1 per cent over the use of 200 llis. of Sfcid phosphate and 150 lbs. of muriftte of potash. Thoroughbred white flint corn planted July 10 yielded 8.2') tons of green forage per acre, and a mixture of 12 qts. of Kafir corn and 1^ bu. of cowpeas, sown broadcast, per acre, gave a yield of 11.3 tons. Twelve varieties of cow- peas wei-e compared and notes on the habit of growth and the yields are given. Clay ranked first in the production of green forage, with 8.3 tons per acre, and Warren Xew Hybrid in the ])roduction of seed, with 13.3 bu. In a test of 4 varieties of soy beaus Medium Yellow No. 12.399 stood first in production of Ixith green forage and seed, the yields being (>.9 tons and 24.5 bu., I'espectively. The average cost of producing a ton of hay from 10 acres of oats and peas was .^7.91, the average yield per acre being 2.15 tons. Four varieties of corn grown lor the silo produced a ton of forage at an average cost of .$1.14, the range being from $1.10 to $1.19. Southern White stood first in yield, with 9.7 tons per ncr(>. A comparison of soiling and silage crops showed that corn silage cost per ton 18 cts. more than soiling crops. Nitrate of soda proved profitable when apjtlied as a toii-dressing to rye, but on wheat and vetch it was used at a loss. It is stated that this substance should be applied only on cereals and grasses very early in the spring. Observations and experiments on clover, alfalfa, and soy beans, II. Gar- man (Kentucky t years old. of 72 when 10 years old, and of 63 when 16 years old. The author believes that the limit for the FIELD CROPS. 33 vit.ility of good, mature alfalfa soort exceeds 10 years. The variation between different lots of seed is shown in this test by the sample whic-h was only 2 years old and had a germinating p"^ver of but 07.5 per cent. The seeds in this sample were small. Alfalfa, W. r. IIkadden (Colorado Sta. fiiil. III. i>i>. 12). — A synopsis of Bulletin .'",." of the station {K. S. K.. S. p. TOS). The alfalfa seed crop and seeding- alfalfa, A. M. Ten Eyck {Kiuixaft St a. Bui. IS'i, pp. U1-1S1). — This bulletin presents the experience in saving alfalfa for seed as described by several hundred iirominent alfalfa growers throughout the West, but mainly in Kansas. In this way complete directions are given for growing alfalfa for seed and also for seeding the crop and obtaining a good stand. Alfilaria (Erodium cicutarium) as a forage plant in Arizona, J. J. Thorn- RER {Arhotui std. Bid. -l.^. pp. 2.?-.7'> (1906), No. S. jip. 2(].'i- 269). — Distance experiments were conducted for several years with fodder beets and the results indicated (luite clearly that narrow i)lanting produced not only a larger quantity of beets and an increase in food material, but also favored tlie production of healthier and better-formed beets with improved keeping quali- ties. The author reconnnends planting the Friedrichswerth fodder beet in rows 14 in. apart, leaving the pl.-ints at intervals of 0 in. in the row. Clovers and how to grow them, T. Shaw (Xeir York: Orainic Jiuld Co.. 1906, pp. 3.'f9, pi. 1. p'l/s. 11). — A general description of the clover plant is given and popular directions for the growing of clovers are presented. An entire chapter is devoted to each of the more important varieties and species. In this li.st are included medium red. alslke. Mammoth, crimson, white. Japan, burr and sweet clovers, and Jilfalfa. A number of miscellaneous varieties of lesser importance, including sainfoin, Egyptian clover, yellow clover, sand lucern, Japanese clover, and beggar weed are briefiy noted. Cotton industry in the Leeward Islands, F. Watts (Wcfit Indian Bill.. 7 {1906), Xo. 1, pp. 30-35).— The growth of the cotton industry in the islands since 1000. when the present movement was begun by planting a small plat at the Antigua Experiment Station, is described. In 1004, 3,500 acres, and in 1005 34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ^*1ipproximately r),000 acres were grown. The results of fertilizer experiments show that commercial fertilizers are not yet necessary in cotton cnlture, and the author advises that the cotton seed be fed to stock and the land enriched by the use of the manure. Report on manuring of hay, 1906, K. P.. Greig {Aberdeen and A'o. of Scot. Col. Afn: Bill. .'). pp. 13. d(/ins. 2). — Results of cooperative fertilizer experimejits in 1904 and 1905 are tabulated and briefly noted. It was shown that a complete fertilizer of nitrate of soda, superphosphate, and sulphate of potash given at thie rate of about 4 cwf. per acre produced the largest crop and the largest profit in one application. Nitrogen was found essential and i)0tash more necessary than phosphates. Superiihosphate and basic slag were more useful than bone meal and ground Florida i)hosphates in the first year's application. Sulphate of potash and all the i)hospliatic manures showed considerable residual value. Cultural methods for sugar beets, W. II. Oi-iN (Colorado Sta. Bui. 109, pp. 12, figs.' 3) .—This bulletin points out the progress made in the culture of sugar beets in the State and records the methods practiced' by the mcst successful sugar-beet growers, as shown by question circulars sent to 1,000 farmers dis- tributed over 3 beet-growing regions of Colorado. From the answers, received it was found that 54 per cent of the growers practiced spring plowing, that usually early planting is best for yield and quality, and that nearly all those reporting used from 15 to 20 lbs. of seed per acre. The average space, between the plants in tlie rows is 10.4 in., and the best average results were secured where the crop was cultivated 3 times. The average tonnage for 1904 is given as 17.4 tons, and for 1905 as 14.25 tons per acre. The average expense per acre is estimated at i?33.05. Various other brief statements regarding the culture of this crop are also given. Progress of the beet-sugar industry in the United States in 1905, C. F. Saylor' (V. H. Depf. Agr. Rpt. 82, pp. 130, figs. .'>). — A general review of the beet-sugar industry for the year is given and discussions on the conditions favorable to the establishment of the industry, the culture of the sugar beef,, cliniatic conditions, and farm and factory results, together with the pi'o.bable future of the industry in this" country by States are presented. Statistic^, of the sugar industry in the United States and the world i,it large are also ^iy.©ii. Sugar-beef investigations in 1905 by the Bureau of Plant, Industry rof ihi» Department are briefly described. . r'_ (i-,i^ The total number of factories operating in 1905 was. 52. Four were, idle during the year, and in March, 1906, 12 factories were in building. j^L.^tato-' lated sunuuary' of" the results for 1905 shows that a total of 307,364 acres of beets averaging a yield of 8.67 tons per acre were harvested. The totaK.qu^n-, tity of beets worked was 2,605,913 tons,' producing 312,920.60 tons Q.f |5U2^Ar.^ The average sugar content of the beets was 15.33 per cent, the average UUVWy coefficient 82.96, tlie average length of the' campaign 76.6, dqys, and,, the e^U-. mated average extraction of sugar 11.74 per cent. ' ,' ' . . - -M ,i;lr(ii yi 'Fiji' I. i! ) was prctcticed in connection with beet growing, and reports from Sfat^ exne;"i-, ment stations summarize the recent experimental \^ork, carried on ,by tWsp, institutions. The work in growing single-gerin beet seed has reached a point where strains, have been secured producing approximately 25 per cent of single-germ seed. • It is reported that during the year blight or leaf spot in the Eastern States and curly top in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast areas did serious damage. It has been shown that the blight niay be prevented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. No definite cause for the curly top has as yet been worked FIELD CROPS. 35 out. It was oltsm'ved that this disoase raroly occurs twice iu the same place consecutively. The worlc in growing sugar-beet seed is described and the re- sults secured in 1904, which are the latest complete returns at hand, are again given. Earlier work in this line has been previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 29). The sugar industry of Natal, A. N. Pearson and A. Pardy {Natal: Dcpt. Agr. [1906]i pp. 16, figs. 2). — Flistorical notes on the sugar industry are given and its present position and prospects are described. Statistics of imports and exports of sugar and of the production in Natal, and the total consunii)ti(in in South Africa are presented. The varieties of cane generally grown are enumer- ated and briefly noted and analyses of different canes are reported. Report on the experimental work of the sugar experiment station for the year 1905, II. II. Corsixs {Rpt. ./(iiiiaica ,^u(/(ir llipt. ,St(i.. lf)0.'). pp. I'lO). — Fertilizer, varietal, selection, and distillery experiments are reported. In the variety tests a yield of nearly 50 tons per acre was secured on 2 acres of seed- ling B-208. In the selection tests this variety also showed the most merit, giving a tonmuge of G5.5 tons of canes per acre. Other varieties worthy of some attention as shown by results secured at Hope are D 1429, B 316, D 109, and D 95. Among Jamaica seedling canes resulting from naturally cross- fertilized seed grown in 1903, No. 30 gave an indicated yield of 74.4 tons per acre, equal to 20,i)55 tons of sucrose, and No. 22 gave a very rich juice contain- ing 2.2 lbs. of sucrose per gallon. The bulletin includes a report by C. Allan, fermentation chemist, on the manufacture of Jamaica rum. Manurial experiments with sugar cane in the Leeward Islands, 1904-5, F. Watts et al. {Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West Indies, Pamphlet J/.i^ HJiKi, pp. .'il, dgms. .y). — As in former years, the results with plant canes were unfavorable to the use of commercial fertilizers, but with the rattoon crop the use of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda was of benefit. The details of these experiments have been previously given (E. S. R., 17. p. 4r>0). Tobacco breeding experiments in Connecticut, A. D. Shamel {Connecticut titate ata. lipt. 190.5, pt. 6, pp. SSl-SJi2, pis. 3, pg. 1). — A general outline of the breeding work carried on, by the station in cooperation with this Department is given and two new varieties produced by hybridization, known as the .Cooley hybrid and the Brewer hybrid, are described in detail. The Cooley hybrid was obtained by CTOssing Havana seed with pollen from plants grown from Flodda Sumatra tobacco seed, and the Brewer hybrid by crossing Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco with Cuban as the mule parent. Methods of testing the burning quality of cigar tobacco, W. W. Garner ([/. evenness of the burn. It was also shown that the wrapper and binder strongly infiuence the character of the ash and that the binder very materially affects the ash of the wrapiier. Garlicky wheat, J. W. T. Duvel {V. S. Dciit. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. loo, pt. 3, pp. I'l, pis. 2). — Experiments are reported In which garlic was removed from 3 lots of wheat by drying the samples artificially and then removing the garlic liulblets by means of cleaning machinery. The^ .quantity of garlic by veiglit in the 3 lots. A, H. and C, was 2.17. 0.56, and 2.04 per. cent, and the 36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. jiverage loss in \Yeight due to the removal of garlic was 2.12, 0.50. and 1.88 per cent, I'espectively. Other results secured are shown in the following table: Results in experimental dryiuf] and cleaninfi of aarlicky wheat. Sample mark. Duration of drying. Temperature of air current hi drying. Maximum temperature of wheat. Water con- tent of wheat. Germi- nation. Lot A: Original sample Hours. Degrees F. Degrees F. Per ct. 16.55 8.94 5.87 15. 08 7.92 6.88 8.48 16.20 8.20 8.83 Perct. Experiment No. 1 2i 136 140 Experiment No. 2 4 Lot B: Original sample 80 Experiment No. 3 3 1 153-158 3i . 153-158 2J i 155-108 155 145 138 83.5 Experiment No. 4 85 Experiment No. 5 79.5 Lot C: Original sample 82 Experiment No. 6 2i 3 113-1.54 146-122 149 131 83 Experiment No. 7 85 Lot A was increased in value by 17 cts. per bushel, equivalent to 28.6 per cent ; Lot B by 30 cts., or an increase in its value of 54.5 per cent; and Lot C by 24.5 cts., or 40.8 per cent. In none of the experiments was all the garlic removed, but its quantity was reduced considerably more than was necessary to make the wheat grade as No. 2 Red. The cost of removing the garlic was 5^, 2f, and 4| cts. per bushel for Lots A, B, and C, respectively, as governed by the prices current at the time. The origin of Rietti wheat, E. A. Noebs (Agr. Juiir. Cape Good Hope, 2S {1906), No. 5, pp. 675-677). — The history of Rietti wheat is given and its com- position compared with that of hard, medium hard, and soft wheats. Specimen pages of a pedigree register for cereal breeding purposes, W. Dix (Mitt. Dent. Landic. GeselL, 21 {1906), No. 20, pp. 2i/-2 /.?,). —Samples oi the register forms are given and their arrangement, value, and use described in detail. References to recent work in plant breeding, C. Fruwirth {Jom: Landic. li't {1906), No. 2, pp. 139-15S).— About 40 references to books, bulletins, and articles treating of plant breeding are briefly given. The Swedish plant breeding work at Svalof, A. Ulander {Jour. Landw., lyJf {1906), No. 2, pp. Iii5~12'i. pis. 6). — The methods of carrying on the work in plant breeding at this institution are briefly described. The author points out that the old so-called methodic selection did not give the results that were expected, and improvement of large numbers of individuals at the same time, tven with the best equipment, does not lead to fixation and never to new varieties with good distinguishing characters. He believes that the improve- ment of agricultural plants nuist be based solely upon the laws of transmission and variation in the individual. The work nuist be conducted on a purely scientific basis and only morphological characters be taken into account. He is of the opinion that in this way the important and transmissible characters (if a plant may be most easily found, and that it gives to the newly bred varieties characters which are not influenced by climatic and soil conditions. While this line of work can be satisfactorily conducted only in specially eciuipped institutions, the efforts of the practical farmer and seedsman are to be applied in maintaining the productivity and the purity of the new variety after it leaves the institution. What benefit can the farmer derive from plant breeding, variety tests, and seed growing? C. Fruwirth {Wie kann sich der Landwirt Pflanzen- HORTICULTURE. 37 :;iichiii»r/. Sorton-rrsiiclic mid Sadti/iillxin zii yutze machen? Berlin: P. Farcy, lf>OG. 1)11. 6'-7. fu/s. Jf). — The topics discussed in this book are plant breeding and the application of its results, the testing of vai-ieties and breeds, seed growing, changes in a variety when taken to another locality, and the maintenance of the standard of a variety in general farm practice. On the adulterants and weed seeds in Kentucky samples of blue grass, orchard grass, timothy, red clover, and alfalfa seeds, II. Garman (Kcu- liicJc!/ Stri. Bui. 12Ii, pp. 35, pis. 2.'i). — Brief notes are given on the adulterants of Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, red clover, Mammoth clover, and alfalfa, as well as on weeds of which seeds were found in seed samples examined under the Kentucky law. The sections of the law referring to Canada thistles are reproduced. HORTICULTURE, Cyclopedia of American horticulture, L. H. Bailey and W. Miller ('^ew York: Douhlcdity, Puyc cG Co.. 1U06, vols. 6, .J. cd., enl., pp. XLII+92+2016, pis. IJio, figs. 2800). — This work has been corrected in minor details, enlarged and increased in usefulness by the addition of a sj^nopsis of the vegetable kingdom, with index of families and genera, making in all 92 pages of original matter. In the preface a rather extensive review is given of current horticultural progress. A large number of additional plates have been incorporated in the work. Report of the South Haven Substation for 1905, T. A. Faerand {Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. .3.5, pit. 30). — This bulletin is the regular annual report on the orchard and small fruits and nuts grown at the South Haven Substation, and is similar in character to the previous ones (E. S. R., 17, p. 37). A number of early and late varieties of potatoes were tested, as well as remedies for the San Jose scale. The most effective remedy for San Jose scale was the lime and sulphur mixture either with or without salt, in the pro- jiortion (if 25 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of sulphur, boiled 35 minutes. This remedy cost but one cent per gallon, while a number of commercial preparations tried cost ^1.25 per gallon. The lime, salt, and sulphur mixture, as well as a number of commercial mixtures were also tried half strength on trees when in full leaf. All were more or less injurious. A commercial mixture. Scale- cide, diluted to 1 to 20, was least injurious to the foliage, but even this did some injury. Sulphate of iron was used as a fungicide but proved without value as a spray on fruit trees. Among the strawberries tested Bederwood and Gersonda stood out con- spicuous, producing more fruit than any of the other varieties in either the old or new plantations. Notes are given on the varieties of currants, goose- berries, raspberries, blackberries, grapes, cherries, peaches, plums, apples, (juinces. and chestnuts grown at the South Haven Station, with the results of spraying experiments in some instances and of a test of cover crops. The russeting of api)les caused by spraying with Bordeaux mixture is believed to be due to the copper in the mixture, which in some way becomes soluble, since trees sprayed with sulphate of iron, Paris green and lime did not show the russeting, while it was quite apparent where sulphate of copper, Paris green, and lime were used. Report of the horticulturist, G. F. Warren (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 190.5, pp. 281-292. pi. 1). — The author made a study of the peach orchards of the State, giving some attention also to apples and asparagus. Popular notes are given on the enemies of these crops, especially insect pests and fungus diseases, with suggestions for their control. With attention to spraying, the peach indus- try can again be put upon a paying basis. 38 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Report of assistant in horticulture, Jennie A. Voorhees CSfew Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1905, pp. 295-332, pi. 1). — A further report is given on the fertilizer, irriga- tion, and variety tests of vegetables and small fruits started at the station some years ago and regularly reported upon since then (E. S. R., 17, p. 3G3)._ The yields secured wltli asparagus, raspberries, blacklterries, gooseberries, currants, pears, plums, cherries, apples, and peaches under the different and combined methods of treatment are slwwn in detail in tabular form and discussed. The .results are not markedly different from those reported last year. Report of the botanist, B. D. Halsted, E. J. Owen, and J. K. Shaw (^'c(^ Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1905, pp. 423-509, 517-525, pis. 17, dgm. i).— The work of the year has been along the plant breeding lines outlined in former station reports (E. S. R., 17, p. 304). In addition to the work with many sweet-corn crosses, a study was made of 3G varieties of popcorns, 35 crosses of summer and several winter squashes, crosses of many varieties of eggplants, green and wax bush .^beans, tomatoes, and salsify. The details of the work and the results obtained with each of these crops are given at length. In crossing tomatoes the hybrids obtained seem to follow closely the laws of inheritance as outlined by Mendel, standard size, flue leaves, yellow foliage, red fruit and smooth fruit being dominant characters as compared with dwarf size, coarse leaves, green foliage, yellow fruit and hairy fruit, respectively. Hybrids of the scarlet runner bean (Fliaseolus multiflorus) and bush bean {P. vulgaris) were profuse bloomers and produced pods and beans much like the Scarlet runner parent. No results have been secured in crossing Limas and bush beans. A fertile hybrid was secured between the scarlet Chinese eggplant (l^ol(iiiu))i iiifcyrifuUum) and the Fordhoolv Improved variety (»S'. rnelonyeiia). After nine years' ol)servation ,the weed experiment at the station has l)een brought to a* close, the perennial species finally gaining the upper hand. Notes on breeding and selection experiments with morning glories, primroses, marshmallow. Rose of Sharon, daisies, etc., ai"e given, as well as methods of removing and preserving seeds, keeping records, marking stakes, and making ink prints of vegetable friiits. Report of the horticulturist, F. Garcia (New Mexico l^ta.- Rpt. 1904, PP- 82-35) .^An outline of the work of the year, with some data relative to a test of varieties of potatoes and the yield of onions secured at the station. Of the 4 varieties of early potatoes tested Early Six Weeks gave the best results, the yield, being 8G.(;7 bu. per acre. Celery was found to be pithy on the drier por- tions of the field, but where plenty of moisture was available this defect was not observed. Importance of accurate descriptions, W. W. Tracy {Amer. Florist, 26 {1906), No. 945, pp. 112S-1130). — The desirability of accurate descriptions of varieties of vegetables in order that seed growers may produce plants true to type is pointed out. It is believed that if seed could be selected from plants of exact type for five generations, the improvement in seeds and market conditions would be greater than has come from the development of new varieties by hybridization or selection for the past 25 years. Acetylene light for forcing plants, M. J. Iorns (Cornell Countryman, 3 {1906), Xo. s, pp. i,s,j-/,s'.7, fiys. 2). — The author first demonstrated the absence of any injurious qualities in acetylene light. Further, it was found that plants may be grown successfully in acetylene light without any sunlight whatever, though the plants are not quite as green as when grown in sunlight. In using it as a forcing agent it was found that as a general thing the warmer the house and the more sunshine the plants received the less visible was the effect of the acetylene light on the plants. HORTICULTURE. 39 Sweet peas under the inlluciu'e of iifet.vl(>iK> lij^lit lilossoniod 5 weeks earlier llian those not receivinj,' the li^'ht. Easter lilies also responded promptly to the (iTects of the lif?ht. On the other hand, tomatoes, pole beans, and leeks showed little, if any, response to the li,i;ht. The results secured with root crops were inconclusive. It is concluded that with some special crops acetylene lijfCht will prove of undoulitt'd t-onunercial value. It is the nearest to being a complete substitute for sunlight that the author has found. Forcing plants by means of ether, J. E. IIowitt (Conicll Coiinfrifiinii). S (1906), No. S, pp. 187, 188. fif/s. 2).— Persian lilacs, subjected to fumes of ether November 24, were in full liloom December 25, ti days earlier than those not etiierized. Wlien the plants were etherized 48 instead of 24 hours they bloomed S days earlier, and wIkmi etherized 72 hours 10 diiys earlier than uiietherized plants. When A.stilhc japcuica was etherized 24 hours it was in full bloom a month to 5 weeks ahead of another clum)) not etherized. The book of rarer vegetables, (i. Wvtiii.s and H. Roberts (London and New York: John Lane Co., HXId, pp. lO'J. pli^. 7, figs. SO).— Brief directions for the culture and culinary uses of a large number of the more rare garden veg- etables. Among the more unusual described may be mentioned chervil, chick- pea, chicory, coco, commonly known as Colocasia escidenta, evening primrose, good King Henry (ClicnopodiiDi) bonus), hops, nettles, oxalis crenata, patience {Runicr paiiciitia) . black Congo potatoes, fir apple potatoes, quinoa (Chciwpo- ilhini quinoa), rampion (Cunipanula raptincaliis), rocambole (AiUiini scorodo- jiidsnin), scurvy grass (Cochlcaria officinalis), skirret (Siiiin sisannn), sorrel, soy beans, sweet cicely, tuberous glycine (Apios tu1)crosa), etc. Development of tlie Rockyford cantaloupe industry, P. K. P.linn (Colo- lado Sta. Biil. 108, pp. 17). — A historical account is given of the development of the cantaloupe industry at Rockyford from the first plantings to the present time. During the past 9 years 5,999 acres of cantaloupes have been shipped out of the Rockyford district. The yearly average is GdG acres. The largest number was shipped in 1904 — 1,182 cars. The cars used at present are 40 ft. long and carry '.UMi standard crates of 6(5 lbs. each. The Market Development of the Rockyford Cantaloui)e is treated by H. Woods, and tlie Early Market Conditions of Cantaloupes on the New York Market, by Lyon Bros. Co. A brief paper on The Cata loupe From a Luxury to a Necessity, by M. O. Coggins, is also included. Onion growirg, R. W. Fisher (Montitna >sta. Bui. (SO, pp. 119-PlO). — This iuilletin contains the results of experiments in growing onions for three years, both fnini seed sown in the open and sown in greenhouses and transplanted. Tile period between killing frosts in Montana is placed at 100 to 120 days, while the time required for onions to mature from seeding is 135 to 150 days, and if onions are not thoi'ouglily ripe their keeping quality is injured. The experi- liieiits are recorded in detail for each year and yields given by both methods of culture. (Jenerally si)eaking, the yields from transplanted onions were from 50 to 200 Mer cent larger than from seed sown in the field, while there was but little oi' no increase in cost of labor. The transjilanting insures an even crop, the maturity of the crop, and the keeping (piality of the onions. Prize Taker gave tile largest average yield of the 19 varieties grown, and was one of the best keepers, though not usually advertised as a winter onion. The seedling bulbs of this variety, however, kejit poorly Iiecause the growing season was not Imig enough to properly mature them. The use of well-rotted manure increased tlie G579— No. 1—00- i 40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. yield of both f1ekl-so\Yii niid ti'misplanted onions. Sut^fiostions are included for nmkini,' hotbeds. Notes on the truffle, E. Roulanger {Loiix-lc-Saiiiiin-: Litcirii Dcrlunic. IflOG, pp. 16, pis. 4). — This pamphlet is made up of three ])apers presented before the Societe Mycologique during the years lOO-t to 1!»U(J sui)plementing the author's worlj previously noted (E. S. R., ir», p. 472). lu these articles various phase.s of truffle culture and spore germination are considered. The best fruits for all sections, S. W. Fletcher et al. {Count nj Life Ainer., 9 (19116), \os. .-). pp. .J7i-.T7'/. ■198 ; 6. pp. 760. 762, 767/ ; JO (]!)fi6). .Yo. 1. pp. 100- 106). — A general discussion on the selection of fruits of l)igh qu-ility and ])Iant- ing. with recommendations as to varieties of orchard, bush, and other small fruits for each of the different States and Canada, the varieties suggested being largely those recommended by the horticulturists of the experiment stations. Effects of stocks upon varieties, A. G. Gulley ( West. A'. Y. Hart. Soe. Proc, .51 {1906), pp. 1-^-20). — Sweet Bough and Jersey Black varieties of apples were used as stocks upon which Red Canada and Red Astrachan were worked. No effect of the stocks upon the quality of the fruit could be detected. The use of Northern Spy as a stock did not delay the fruiting period of Jonathan or Red Canada worked upon it, showing again no visible influence of the stock on the scions. Influence of bagging on the quality of fruit, M. Garnier (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 78 (1906), No. 9, p. 208). — An account is given of some experiments carried on by Messrs. Riviere and Bailhacheat the agronomic experiment station at Versailles on the composition of fruits as aft"ected by bagging. Grapes and pears were the fruits investigated. The analysis of the fruit thus produced showed that the bagged grapes contained 205 gm. of sugar per liter of juice, while in the fruit not bagged there were Init 198.5 gm. The acid content of the fruit grown in tlie bags was 2.8G gm. per liter of .iuice, and in the open 3.08. In the case of the pears, likewise, the total sugar content of the pulp in the bagged fruit was greater than in the fi'uit grown in the open. The acid content of the pears grown in the bags averaged 2.80 gm. per 1,000 parts of fresh pulp, as compared with 1.75 gm. for fruit grown in the oi)en. Fertilizer experiments with grapes, E. Zachakewicz (Proci. Afjr. et Tit., (Ed. FEst). 27 (1906)-, Ao.s. .'/, pp. 118-122; 6, pp. 17 1-17. 'i; 7, pp. 21.5-218).— Numerous exi»eriments were made with fertilizers (»n different soils. Analyses are given of the soils and details of the results secured. The general conclusions drawn from the experiments are to the effect that nitrate of soda associated with sulphate of potash and superphosphate of lime is a valuable fertilizer, increasing the yields, hastening the maturity, and raising the sugar content of the fruit. In order to obtain maxinunn results with this manure, the sul- phate of potash and superphosphate of lime should be applied in the fall and worked into the soil, the nitrate of soda being added the following spring in March or April, and also worked in. The Gorz prune industry with special reference to sulphuring the fruit, A. Devarda (ZtscJir. Lmnlir. Versndisir. Orsferr.. 9 ( 19(i6) . Xo. ',. pp. J,8.')-6.i9) . — An account of the prune industry in the vicinity of Gorz with the result of stud- ies of various factors in the process of manufacture with the idea of improvin,i; the itroduct. Only well-ripened fruit^should be used for drying. The dried product should not contain over 25 to 30 per cent of moisture. In sulphuring the fruit not over 5 to G pounds should be used per hundred pounds of fruit, the duration of the sulphuring to last 20 to 30 minutes. In rainy weather sulphur- ing every 4 to 5 days is necessary. The time for each sulphuring under such conditions should not exceed 15 minutes. When pleasant weather again returns ■■ iioTnicuLTruE. 41 I he sul|iluir('(l fniil sliould be I'lillv cxihiscmI tn suiiliulit •■nid frt'sli air. rrunos in storajic a year lose |(racticall\- all liic suliiliuric acid tiicy i-ontaiii. A ehem- ii-al study was also iiiadi' of the li'cc and or^ainc suiiilnir in jinines and of the effect on the sulphur content of different nietliods of preparation for table use. Home preservation of fruits, 1Iknuii:tta W. ("ai.vi.n ( hiiliistridlifit. 32 {IHOH), .To. J.'/, /ij). .'i.i.i-'i.i')). — As a result of some experiments aloiifj; this line, it is calculated that a bushel of peaches will can 1(! to 20 qt. ; blackberries and rasi)l)erries 1."! to IT qt. per crate: tomatoes ir? qt. to the bushel; }j;rapes 1 pt. of juice to each 2 lbs. of fruit; medium-sized pineapples, 1 to a pint Jar. With f,'rapes 1 qt. of jiiice and l.o ll)s. of su.^ar ])roduced (i glasses of grai)e Jelly. Preventing the decay of ripe fruit, T. H. Sim (\iihil A;ir. ■lour, and Min. I\'(<'.. !) (HKI6). \n. .1. jiji. .>().>, .>ii.i). — Strawlierries and ('a]ie Lcooseberries were dijiped in a formalin sdlndon 1o |irevent rot. The results were practically a failure as the dipjied l>erries did not keep in good condition any longer than the untreated fruit and were greatly injured in appearance. Utilizing waste apples, C. 'P. Powell (Aiiicr. Af/r.. IS (l!)() ll)s., Seek-no-Further 4..". llts., and Koxbury Russet !» lbs. Small fruits in 1905, .T. P. 1'illsbury {Pcinii^ijlnntia Sl(t. Bill. 77. ])]j. 10). — Popular data are given on tlie I'esults secured in te.?ting 48 varieties of straw- iterries. 27 of raspberries, 2<) of blackberries, 2 of dewberries, 12 of currants, and 10 of gooseberries, with notes on the more important varieties. Varieties of raspberries and blackberries, with cultural directions, O. M. Taylor (\cir Yorlc Sfati- Stii. Bill. 27S, pp. Hl-1.51). — Notes are given on the varieties of raspberries and blackl)erries cultivated at the station during the past S years, with general cultural directions and desci'ii)tions of a number of varieties of each. Among the red rasi)i)erries Cuthliert is stated to be the most popular variety throughout the State, ('line is an early variety, but the fruit is small and the i)lant unproductive. King aufl Royal Church are inclined to crumble. Mai-lboro is rather dw.ni'f iait very productive. The fruit of the Turner variety is considered too sm.iU. The author states that inu'ple rasjtberries are superior for canning. Their v;!lu(> for this purpose is not fully appreciated. Roth Columbian and Shaffer are desirable kinds. Haymaker is i)roductive and a promising variety. Rlack raspberries require fre(|uent renewal because of injury from antbrac- i;ose. A new vari(>ty. Beyer, ripens its fruit on the current season's growth, but it has not as yet shown many desirable characters. The varieties Cumber- liiid. (Jregg. Mills, and Onondaga ])roduce fruit of excellent size and (piality. .\mong the nuu'e desiral)le early kinds are Eureka. Mohler. and I'almer. .\gawam and Ancient Britain are among tlie better lilackberries. producing large crops of berries medium to above in size. Snyder is the most cosmo- politan of all the varieties, very hardy and productive. .Many varieties of blackberries require winter iirotection. In the notes on tlie various \arieti(»s of JK'rries a discussion is given of tlieir enrliness and hardiness, and descriptive and bistoi'ical data given. Raspberries and blackberries, O. M. Tavi.or {\(ir Yarh- State ,S7ff. Bill. 27S. popiitiir ('<].. pp. 12). — .\ i)oi)nlar edition of tli(> altoxc. Table of the principal kinds of teas a-"d representative tea-growing dis- tricts of the world (Tea and Vuffvc Trade ./our.. 10 (I'JOG). Xo. J/, pp. lUO, 42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. J 07). — Au extensive table showing the various tea districts in the world and the kinds of teas produced in each. The fermentation of tea, 1, H. H. Mann {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pajiiphlct], 1906, pp. 22). — Three former reports have been issued by the author on this subject (E. S. R., 17, p. 254), in which it has been shown that the oxidizing enzym developed during withering is the principal and probably the only active agent in bringing about the changes of color and flavor which take place during fermentation. In the present report the changes which take place in some of the constituents of the tea itself, more specirtcally the t:innin, are considered. The marketable value of tea is closely connected with the quantity of tannin which may be easily extracted from the tea by boiling water. Caffein, which is the principal stimulating material of tea, does not bear a close relationship to market value. In good teas it appears to be present in quantities varying from 3 to 5 per cent, and in the lowest grades it may go down to 2 or 3 per cent. Analyses are given of several samples of tea to show that the market value is closely related to the total soluble matter and tannin content. Tannin is the chief source of pungency in teas, and is caused in greatest measure by the unfermented tannin. The color of the liquor, on the other hand, is caused chiefly by the fermented taimin. The body of the liquor is measured princi- pally by the total soluble matter, of which a large part is tannin, fermented and unfermented. The tannin in the leaf appears to be combined with sugar. During fer- mentation the enzym of the tea causes slight oxidation of the tannin, as a result of which the sugar is separated and the tannin undergoes a loss of water and the colorless tannin of the tea leaf is transformed into brown products. In investigations on the withering of tea it was found that "(1) The soluble matter and the soluble tannin in the leaf increase during the withering process, so long as the leaf does not dry up. (2) This increase in the important con- stituents of the leaf continues right through the process, so long as no drying takes place. ... (3) So soon as the drying of the leaf takes place, a large reduction in the amount of soluble matter and soluble tannin is noticed." Data are given which show that during fermentation a considerable reduc- tion in the amount of soluble matter and soluble tannin in the leaf takes place, and this is increased with heavy rolling. In the absence of fermentation organisms it was found that normal fermentation of the leaf is complete in •about 5.5 hours at most, including the rolling, where the temperature is main- tained at 80° F. In fact, very little change takes place after 4 hours have passed. At a temperature above 85° F, a darker brown oxidation product of tannin is produced which is completely insoluble in water, the formation of which rapidly reduces the pungency, color, and body of the liquor and there- fore greatly injures the quality of the tea. Among the practical conclusions reached is, that in order to make the best tea the temperature of the fermenting room must be kept down to 82° F. Suggestions are given on the consti'uction of fermenting houses whereby this temperature may be maintained. This temperature, with a saturated atmosphere, and the absence of injurious organ- isms are believed necessary conditions to the manufacture of the best tea. Some observations were made to determine the effect of light on fermenta- tion, as some planters use yellow, some red, and some blue light in this process. The rapidity of fermentation was pi-actically the same under white, red, and yellow light, but was less rapid under a blue light. No difference was noticed in the percentage of tannin, but only in the total soluble matter. The ultimate result was the same whatever the lighting used, providing direct sunlight and HORTICULTURE. 43 glare wore avoided. It is believed that wiiere extremely short fermentations are given the l)lne light may have yonw advantage in prodncing i)ctter col- ored tea. Investigations on the effect of thickness of spreading on the fermenting floor indicate that if the thickness did not go beyond l.n in. there was no notice- able difference in the i-esnlts. Investigations in firing indicate tliat nntil the leaf is crisp or nntil no juice remains nnsoliditied. drying should be as rai)id as possible, and at as low a temperature as possible, providing it is high enough to sto]) the normal fermentation of the leaf at once. Relative to the absorption of moisture by made teas, it is found tli.it teas when packed cont.-iin normally 2 to .H per cent of moisture, when exposed for 1.") hours the sample examined contained 0.6 per cent of moisture, after stand- ing •_'(•) hours. 10.4, and after standing l.'^G hours. 16.4 per cent. No marked change in the composition of the tea occurred, but \\ hen the tea' was allowed to absorb moisture at a temperature of 90 to 100° F. for 17 hours there was a loss of both soluble matter and soluble tannin. The renovation of deteriorated tea, II. II. Mann (Af/r. Jour. India, 1 (UXiG), No. 2. pp. 83-96). — The author discusses the deterioration in tea planta- tions due to unfavorable physical conditions of the soil, exhaustion of plant food, bad pruning, etc., and suggests methods of correction. Packing cocoa seeds (J/o. CoiiKular and Trade Rpis. [U. »S'.l, 19(16. No. 306, p. 115). — It is reported that excellent results have been obtained in packing cocoa seeds for exjiort by selecting seeds from ripe pods, thoroughly washing them in water and then gently rubbing them with a i-ough towel in order to remove most of the pulp. The seeds are then cooled in a current of air for 24 hours and packed in a material composed of equal parts of vegetable mold and finely ground powdered charcoal moistened just enough to resemble earth taken out of a shady place. The seeds are shipped in a tin box 8 by 4 by 4 in. A layer of earth and charcoal about f in. deep is placed in the bottom of the box and then a layer of seed, leaving a little space between each seed, followed by a layer of charcoal and earth and then of seed until the box is full. A neglected nut, J. W. Kerr {Country Gent.. 77 (1906), No. 21S6, pp. 59.'/, 59.'), figs. 2). — Shellbark hickory nuts from exceptionally good trees were secured in Pennsylvania and ])lanted by the auth.jr in Miiryland. They were from V.\ to 15 years in coming into bearing. Ten of the better varieties thus obtained are briefly described and illustrations given of the nuts. The seasons in a flower garden, Louise Shelton {New York: Charier Scrihiwr'.^ Sanfi, 1906. pp. 111. plx. '/). — A popular garden book giving specific directions for the planting of different kinds of flowers and the work to be done in the garden during each month of the year. The amateur gardener's rose book, J. Hoffmann (London, Neir York. (Did Bombay: Lonynian.^, Green d- Co., 190-5, pp. Xyi + 1')5. pis. 20, figs. 16). — This book h;is been translated into English by John Weathers and is intended pri- marily as .in adviser to garden lovers who devote special attention to roses. It treats princijially of the varieties grown in Germany and England. A feature of the work is 20 colored plates of as many different varieties of roses. Handbook on pruning roses (Croydon, Eng.: National Rose i^ociety. 1906, pp. 83, figs. l.'i). — Directions are given for pruning the different kinds of roses grown in England. Numerous illustr.'itions are given to supplement the written descriptions. A manual on the phlox, C. S. Harrison (York. Nebr.: 1906. pp. 31. figs. G). — This manual treats of the character and culture of different varieties of phlox, and is intended for the use of the nurseryman and amateur. Suggestions are also given on the showing of phlox and on the origination of new varieties. 44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The preservation of cut flowers, L. Fourton niul V. Ducomet (Rev. Hnrt. [Paris], 78 {1906), No. 11, pp. 260-262) .—The results are given of experiments ii' preserving cut flowei's by adding to tlie water in which they are liept various mineral and organic acids, bases, salts, antiseptics, etc. The flowers used were violets (Viola odorata), Ficaria ranunculoides, Narcissus poeticus, iris (Iris yermanica), stellaire (Stellaria holostea), Fumaria horei, Myosotis alpestrts, asperula (Aspcnila odorata). marguerite, seringal (Philadelphits coronarins). ^ilcnc prndiila. snapdragon (A)ifirrhi)nrni majiis). and prinn-osc. The various materials were used in concentrations varying from 5 to 1,000 gm. per hectoliter. The test showed that it was advisable to use mineral mate- rials in solutions less (oncentrated than 100 gm. per hectoliter. A mixture of mineral and organic materials did not give as good results as either alone. The length of time which each of the different flowers mentioned above could be kept by the various chemicals used is given in detail. The following materials have proved useful in prolonging the life of cut flowers : Chloral, sugar, limewater, potash, etherized water, nitrate of potash, kainit. sulphate of potash, phosphate of potash, phosphate of ammonia, clilovid of calcium, glycerin, and alcohol. Mineral substances have been favorable in very weak concentrations — 1 to 10,000 — and organic materials have given favor- able results in concentrations of 1 to 10 per cent. One of the conditions which has influenced the keeping quality of the flowers has been the distance of the surface of the liipiid from the base of the flower. The keeping quality was longest when this distance was least. Flowers keep as well when cut as when left on the plant, providing water is supplied to the cut stems and putrid fer- mentation is prevented. The work is to be continued. The effect of different chemical substances on the flowers of plants, J. C. HoGENSON (Cornell CoinUri/niaii. 3 (1906), No. 8, pp. 188-190, fig. 1). — The effect of iron filings, copper sulphate, sugar, lime, salt, potassium hydroxid, iron sul- phate, alum, and many other substances on the color of flowers, when added to the soil in which they were grown, was studied. So far as the experiment has gone it shows that with quickly-growing plants like narcissus and lily-of-the- valley no effect is noticeable. Azaleas and rhododendrons, which normally grow on acid soils, were successfully grown on limestone soils when these soils were made acid. This was conveniently done by adding magnesium sulphate, '•which upon coming in contact witli iiHiistnre of tlie soil hydrolizes and forms magnesium hydroxid and sulphuric acid. The magnesium is absorbed by the soil and plant, thus setting the sulphuric acid free. This tends to neutralize the lime by acidifying the soil. Pyrogallol, tannic acid, and hydrochloric acid will also neutralize lime, l)ut care must be taken not to put in too much. The results of this ex])eriment are (|uite satisfactory." Forcing bulbs by means of ether, ('. I. Lewis (Cor)irll ('oiintri/iiian. ,3 (1906), No. 8, pp. 190, 19U fin. 1).—X large number of varieties of bulbs, such as narcissus, tulips, hyacinths, alliums, callas, gladiolus, lilies, etc., as well as seeds, were subjected to fumes of ether, using an ounce of sulphuric acid for every 14 gal. of space for a period of fi-om 24 to 72 hours. Smaller amounts of ether were also used. With narcissus the gain in time of blooming from ether- ization was from 2 days to 3 weeks. With Lilliiiiii loiiffifioriini var. miiltifiorum, there was no gain in early bloom, but a decidedly taller growth. With a longer exposure there was a considerable gain in time of blooming as well as in height. Etherized seeds, such as peas, beans, radish, melon, lettuce, and onion, germi- nated sooner and more uniformly than unetherized seeds. Wild flowers worth cultivating, W. Mii.i.kr (Coinitri/ Life A»ier., 10 (1906), No. 3, pp. 322-321, fitjs. 15). — Six types ot wild gardens, including bog FoHKsruv. 45 ^'ardons. water S''i"(iens. rock gardens, etc., are described and the kinds of wild flowers used in planting them noted. Tables are given showing the connnon name, season of bloom, color, etc., of a large number of annuals iind peremiials which may be used in making wild-Hower gardens. FORESTRY. Exotic forest and park trees for Europe, II. Mayr ( FrriiidJiiiKlisclic Wald- 1111(1 I'arkhiiiinic fiir Ihtroim. Berlin: Paul I'urcij, IDlUu pi). \ III + li.Li. jtJx. 20, /ifl-'i. 2'>S). — The trees described in this work are those grown i)rimarily in North Amcrici. n(ii-llicrn .Mexico. .Iiipaii. Korea, ,Sii)eria, and noi'thern ("liina. For- estry conditions in these countries are described, based upon the author's per- senal otiservations, and the forest zones in the different countines outlined and compared with those of Europe. The cultural recjuirements and the uses of the various exotic trees dealt with are given with an account of their botany and correct nomenclatiu'e. General rules fen- the culture of exotic trees in Europe .•ire given with plans for their culture in i)arks and fore.sts. Principles involved in determining forest types, R. Zon {Proc. Soc. Amcr. Porcslcrs. I (I'.iiiii). \(). .i, 1)1). nn-isii). — This is a general paper on the subject in which it is held that a study of the life habits of forest trees and the estab- lishment of forest tyi)es nmst go h;ind in hand. Yield and volume tables should lie made separate for each type. If sylviculture is to be placed on a safe basis each forest should be divided into permanent, natural forest types, or types of s'tuation with forest growth corresponding to them in a manner similar to that of mapping soil types. It is held that when the laws of development and growth have been established for a forest ^)e it will hold good for the same forest type everywhere, thus giving to sylvicultural deductions the character of scientitic truths of a wide application. The role of light in forests, A. Giesler (Cciitbl. Qusam. Forstir., 32 {1906), A'o.s. 2. pi>. Ji'.)-l.i: 3, PI). U1-J22. d(jins. .)). — Results and many of the details are given of extensive investigations to deteruune the effect of light on the crown and stem develojiment of forest trees thinned to different degrees, and the cor- responding tloral devel()[)ment of the forest floor. It appears that the crowns even of strongly lighted forests hold back a large portion of the chemical light ra.vs. lu the case of Austrian black pine this was found to be (*>0 j)er cent, tir forest SO ])er cent, and i"ed beech 90 per cent. The luunerous small trees ef lightly thinned forests do not retain propoi'tionally as many of tlie chemical light rays as less numerous but more thickl.v leaved crowns of tile larger trees found in more heavily thinned forests. Moderately thinned and heavily thinned forest trees contain practically two and four times as extensive a leaf area respectivel.v as thinly forested trees. A linnt was found in the case of red beech, over which the mass production was no longer ])roi>:irtional with the increase in crown growth. I'hotometric studies with this tree favor thinning in the dominant condition, but not in the dominated. When onl.v 40 jier cent of the chemical light rays reach the soil, the flora develops to such an extent as to hinder natural regeneration. In thickly closed stands of light-dein.inding trees the abundance, vigor, and number of species of plants on the forest floor were incomparably smaller than in a stand of tolerant trees, a fact of importance in the natural regen(>ration of such woods. I'erenni.-ils made \\\\ SO to !»('. per cent of the flora species of forest tloors. Practical suggestions for the Massachusetts tree lalanter, R. ('. IIawley 46 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Mass. Forester's Off. Bid. J/, pp. 23, fig. 1). — Suggestions are given for the preparation and cai'e of a forest nursery, treatment in the nursery of the more important trees, planting out seedlings, with a discussion of the best species to plant, protection from fire, the cost of forest planting, and the returns to be expected from plantations. The forestry problem in Canada, E. Stewart {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 27 {l'.)0.'>), pp. Ji6-59). — The author estimates the total amount of timber fit for lumber and pulp wood now growing in Canada at 532.000,000,000 ft. and the forest area at about 2iiG.000.000 aci'es. In addition to this amount of timljer there is an immense quantity that has not yet attained suflicient size for cutting. Forestry in the East Africa Protectorate, E. Battiscombe (Indian Forester, 32 (1906), Ao. 3, pp. 11 '1-120, pis. 2). — Tlie present activities of the conservator of forests in the East Africa Protectorate are to stop the encroachments of the natives in the destruction of the forests ; to properly define the boundaries of the forests, and to find out the amount of timber available for extraction. A description of the forests at different altitudes from 5.000 ft. up is given. Between the altitudes of 5,000 and 6.000 ft. the forests are composed essentially of hard wood of, no great size. From this distance to 7.500 ft. the forests are varied, consisting of hardwoods and many quick-growing, large-leaved species. Juniper (J. proccra) begins to appear at an elevation of 5,500 ft. and gradually increases in quantity with the elevation. This is the most useful forest tree in the country. Podocarpu.s begins at an elevation of about 7.000 ft. Both these conifers flourish at an altitude of 8,000 to 8.500 ft., the former being found pure on the dry wind-swept hillsides, the latter preferring the deep soil of the broad-leaved forests but never found pure. Bamboos appear at an elevation of 8,0((0 ft., while the tree limit is reached at about 8,500 ft. Rubber, derived chiefly from the species Landolphia. is found over nearly the whole of the Protectorate. A description is given of a small block of forest for which a working plan has recently been made. Notes on the commercial timbers of New South Wales, J. H. Maiden (Syd- ney: Gort. Printer. 190 'i. 2. cd.. pp. 42, pis. 9). — I'opular information is contained in this pamphlet relative to the principal commercial timbers of New South Wales. The timbers of New South Wales are classified, their characteristics and principal uses pointed out, as well as their distribution, and the quantity available. The timbers are classified also as to speci:il purposes for which they may be used. Chaijarral as a watershed cover in southern California, L. C. Miller (Proe. Sov. Anirr. Foresters. 1 (1906). Xo. 3. pp. 1J,1[-1.',7).—A partial list of tht species of trees forming the chaparral in southern California is given, with notes on the density of the chaparral in the Pasadena and Santa Ana watersheds at different elevations. The density of the chaparral appears to increase with the height from 2,000 to ,3,000 ft. on east, south, and west exposures, and decreases in passing from the lower to the higher zones on northern exposures. In the improvement of California watersheds, it is stated that the question of fire protection nnist 1 e solved before successful reforestation can be carried out. Transverse test of Catalpa speciosa (Arl)oriculture, 5 (1906), No. 4, p. 109). — The results are given of two bending tests of this species of catalpa. using posts 3.5 in. in diameter and 8 years old. The average load carried when the distance between each post was 4 ft. was 795 lbs., and when the distance was 2 ft, 1,243 lbs. How spurious seed is disseminated (ArJjoriciiltiire, .j (1906), Xo. Jf, pp. 113. ll-'t). — The results of an examination of 21 samples of catalpa seed from 19 FORESTKY. 47 firms ni-o fjivoii. In every case the catalpa seed was bought for Catalpa speci- (tsti. Nine (if Ihe samples were found to be Speciosa hifjiioniokles, while a num- ber of tithers were hybrids. Only ."> ( f the samides were pure Catdlpd speciosa seed. Grafting chestnuts on oak for the reconstruction of chestnut orchards, Hi.NOM {Jiid. .S'of. \(it. Afir. France, (id {I'.illC,), Xo. .',, mi. .:J'/.7-J',.S ).— Of the oaks with which the author worked Qucrcux pcilunciilata seemed to be the only one which he coidd reconunend as a stock for chestnuts. Tests with the American red oak did not give satisfactory results. (JraftinK by the flute or whi]) method is recommended, the oiieration beins jjerformed when vegetation connnences in the stuck. On the increment and form of growth of larch trees, G. Schotte (8kogs- i-drdsfdr. Tidskr.. .'/ il9(l(!). .\ o. /, pp. is~.i.i, fi(/s. .%). — Siberian larch grown in -Sweden was found to have an average height, when 2 years old, of 18.7 cm. (range 9-28 cm.), and European larch, 12.1 cm. (range 5-19 cm.). The former were of straight growth without many branches, while the latter ramified strongly even the first or second year and acquired a shrnblike hAbit of growth. — F. w. woi.i.. Litter experiments in large pine forests, K. Bohmerle {CcDtbl. Gesam. Forstir.. .l> (l!lf)i!). Xo. //, iip. l-'i5-165, fif/s. 7). — The amount of litter produced and the increment growth on separate areas in forest are given for 5 year periods for the 20 years from 1882 to 1903. In one case the trees were 37 years old at the beginning of the experiment, and in the other .57 years old. In some instances the litter was removed annually and in others at the end of 5 years, and in still others not removed at all. When the litter was harvested yearly, about four cords or :',,()0() i)ounds dry matter per acre was secured. When harvested at the end of five year periods, only 51 to 53 per cent of the average yearly leaf fall was secured, owing to the decay of the older matter. The removal of litter had but little effect on tree growth, probably due to the stinuilation from annual raking and to the deleterious effects of moss growth which was greatest on the plats raked only every 5 years. The data are given in extensive faliular form largely as a report of progress. On the drying up of pine forests in northern Sweden in the spring of 1903, (}. Anderson {tikofjsrardfijr. Tidskr., S (lOOf)), No. 12, pp. .'fJi9-Jf77, figs. 7, map 1). — The disease manifested itself in the drying up of more or less of the new tip growths, some districts being much more affected than others. The cause could not be deternuned with certainty, but is thought to be due to unfavorable weather conditions. A resume in (ierman is given and a map showing the affected districts. Size of seed as related to vigor of germination and seedlings, G. Eisen- MEXGER (Ostcn: Foist ii. .lagd Ztg.. 2', {I '.106), Xo. 22. pp. i.S-7, IKG. fiffs. 6). — .\s the result of experiments with seed of spruce, Scotch and Austrian pine, the author found that large seeds germinated quicker and reached the period of iiiaxiinnm germination earlier than small seeds. The dark-colored seed of spruce and Austrian pine gave a larger percentage germination than light- colored seeds, while large dark-colored seed of both these trees produced much larger and more vigorous seedlings than large light-colored seeds. Small light- colored seeds produced the weakest seedlings of all. Rubber culture in the Philippine Islands, W. I. Hutchinson (Forestry and I nil/., 12 ( I'.ioH). Xo. .'). pp. 2.'i0. 2-il). — An account is given of the planting of I'ara, Ceara, Castilloa, and Randiong seed during the year 1905, with some measurenuMits of seedlings with reference to growth. Para rubber seedlings in 50 days averaged 15 in. in height. Ceara seedlings 7 months and 5 days 48 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. old averaged 12 ft. 5 in. in height. At a lower elevation the average height was U ft. 9 in. Castilloa seedlings abont T) months old averaged 17 in. in height. History of a rubber creeper in tropical Africa (Landolphia dawei), M. A. Chevalier {Ivdia Rubber Jour., n. .scr., SI (1906), No. 10, pp. 514-517). — This article is a translation of the official report of the Botanical Society of France, and contains a botanical description of Landolphia dawei, Clintandra clastica, and L. turhiintta. It is held that the L. forida of Dr. Preuss is identical with L. daicei. This creeper is believed to be the most promising rubber plant of a creeping nature now known with reference to tropical agricultiu'e. Coagulation of Castilloa rubber, S. AV. Sinclair (Jiul. Dcpt. Af/r. \Janiaica], h ilfJOG), No. 5, pp. 99, 100).— The author's method of coagulating Castilloa rubber consists essentially in the use of a box about 1.25 in. deep with a filter- paper bottom. When the latex is brought in from the field, about 4 times its volume of water is added. The mixture is then strained and allowed to settle in a cone bottom tank, after which the water is decanted off and the latex poured into the box. The surplus water rapidly passes through the filter paper and the 'remaining rubber layer is exi)Osed to a heat of 110° F. for 5 to G hours. After being used 10 or 12 times the filter paper must be rei)laced. This method is suitable for Castilloa only. The Ilevea latex passes through the filter paper. Exportation and packing of Hevea seeds, U. Bernard (Jour. Atir. Trap.. G (1906), No. 5S, pp. 99-101). — An account is given of sending hevea seeds from I'enang in the Malay States to Holland, packed as follows : 1 and 2, charcoal saturated with benzine; li, charcoal; 4, dried leaves; 5, sand, the seeds being first previously well dried ; G, sawdust ; 7, sawdust saturated with benzine. None of the seed germinated which had been packed in material saturated with benzine. Seeds packed in charcoal alone gave 66 per cent germination ; in sand and dried leaves, 46 per cent, and in sawdust, 25 per cent. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Beport of the botanist, G. P. Clinton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1905, pt. 5, pp. 263-3J0. pix. 13. fif/s. 2). — Notes are given on various fungus diseases observed during 1905 and accounts of investigations made upon the downy mil- dew (Phiitophthorn phaseoli) of Lima beans and the downy mildew or blight (P. infestans) of potatoes. Dtiring the season of 1905 fungus diseases on the whole were less troublesome in Connecticut than for several years previous, and the author calls attention to a number which have not hitherto been reported as occurring within the State. Among these were a fruit speck of apples due to an undetermined species of lungus, and a pod and leaf blight of Lima beans, which resembled that described as due to PJioina .' of commercial fertilizers, etc., are recommended. Tbc .Mil bur also reports tbe occurrence of Botrytlx imluhi (ui raspberries, causin,t; a jii'a.v mold, and associated with it was the cane wilt rnii,t,'us (Lcpto- s/iliirrid (■(iiiiotln/riinn ) . The occiiiTriK'c of /I ctci-osixiri inn rdriiihilr on spinach leaves, producing the leaf mold, is mentioned, ;ind while the funj^us does not a|)pear to be a ver.v vigorous ]»arasite, .vet the si»ots caused b.v it on tbe leaves depreciate the market value of the spinach to a considerable extent. A bi'ief account is also given of tbe dami)ing off of tobacco plants, which was sus- pected as being due to a Uhizoctonia, but an examination of specimens did not reveal this fungus in any of tbe .voung i)lants. Cultures of diseased material were made, and while the.v never produced any spores tbe scl(>rotia formed i-esembled those attributed to Sclerotinia, and it was thought jtossible that the fungus in this case was a species of that genus. In the studies on the Lima bean mildew tbe author reviews the previous investigations, describes the various stages of growth, and reports having found the oosi)ores, thus completing the life cycle of the organism. Attention is called to tbe fact that, aside from notes on the limited distribution of the Lima bean mildew, i)ractically all that is known about it has been worked out by the various Itotanists connected with the station. The microscopical characters of tbe fungus are described at considerable length, and tbe oospores, which tbe author was the first to discover, are found in tbe seed coats and cot.vledons of tbe seeds and to a limited extent in the tissues of the pods, but not in the stems or leaves. Artificial cultures were successfully made, and both couidial and oogonial stages were formed. The presence of the oospores in the seed empha- sizes the necessity for proper selection as a precaution against the disease, but in addition the rotation of crops, tbe destruction ()f rubbish, s]iraying, pro]ier cidtivation, etc., are recommended. A bibliography of literature relating to this fungus completes the account of this disease. In continuation of the work of the author in 1904 ( E. S. R., 17, p. 15H), studies were carried on on the downy mildew or blight {Phytophihora iiifc.sttnis) of potatoes, tbe author seeking to determine the means by which tbe fungus first infects tbe vines in the sunnner. the means b.v which it is car- ried over from year to year, the inoculation of the tubers, etc. The author believes that one of the means of primar.v infection is through the contact of tbe lea\('s with the ground at critical wet periods during July and August, when tbe germs of the blight are probably first generall.y available in the soil for infection. While the author has not yet determined from bis own observations whether the fungus is carried over tbe winter in the soil, so far as the observa- tions go they seem to indicate that blight starts earlier and more vigorously in fields that bore a blight-diseased crop the .v<^ar before, and such factors as earliness of i)lanting, situation of land, previous cro]), etc., nnist be considered. Notes are .given on secondary infections, growth in artificial cultures, per- petuation of the fungus, etc., and in connnenting on the delayed appearance of the blight, the author advances the ojiinion tliat its ajvpearance in July and August is to be attributed possibly to the fact that the mycelium from primaiy infections on young, rapidl.v growing tissues remains localized until after vege- tative growth of the host ceases and then renews its activit.v on the ai»pearance of favorable weather conditions. If the primary infections take place, as the author believes, l)y contact of the leaves with the gi'onnd, this would best be aci-omplisbed after the i)lants have attained full growth. Plant diseases of the year, W. I'aduuciv. (t'olurado >Sta. lipt. J'JO-J, pp. 50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Ji't-J)6). — Brief accounts are given of diseases observed during the year. Among them are grape mildew, peach mildew, rasjiberry yellows, asparagus rust, bac- terial blight to tomatoes, strawberry leaf blight, and Rhizoctonia of sugar beets. Report of the horticulturist, F. M. Rolfs (Florida SKi. Rpt. 1905, pp. 29-47). — A report is given of observations made relating to the diseases of a large number of plants of economic importance, the diseases being listed under the different host plants. Directions are given for the preparation and use of a number of standard fungicides. Fungi as related to weather, B. D. Halsted. E. J. Owen, and J. K. Shaw (Netc Jer.scu Ktas. Rpt. lUil.'). pp. .510-.517). — A tabular account is given showing the rainfall, temperature, and sunshine, and also statement-^ regarding the occur- rence of plant diseases during the months from April to September. The rainfall was somewhat below the average during the early part of the sunnner, but it exceeded the normal in August and September. Comparing the rainfall, dryness, temperature, etc., with the reported occurrence of diseases there seems to be shown a close relationship between the occurrence of diseases and the meteoro- logical conditions. The occurrence of fungi on various economic plants in the station grounds is briefly noted. Channels of entrance and types of movement in bacterial diseases of plants, E. F. Smith (Abs. in Science, n. ser.. 23 (1906), No. 585, pp. Ji2J,, Ji25). — A discussion is given of the various ways in which bacteria enter living plants, and some doubt is expressed as to whether certain stomatal infections may not take place through the action of drops of water standing on the plant, causing the destruction of cells underneath the epidermis. While this may account for infection through stomata, it does not remove the possibility of infec- tion through the water pores. The various means by which the bacteria are distributed through the plants are briefly mentioned, and the author states that the transpiration stream appears to have little to do directly with the movement of bacteria in the stems of diseased plants. It appears that in some cases bac- teria are able to pass from cell to cell through the pits or thin places in the cell wall without any extensive solvent action being necessary. Attention is also called to the distribution of starch in young potato tubers affected by Bacterium solanaceariini. This organism has little diastatic action on potato starch, and the irregular distribution of the starch in affected tubers seems to indicate the paralysis or destruction of considerable areas of tissue surrounding the bacterial foci, so that it is impossible for the plant to store up the starch in such cells. Cultures of Uredineae in 1905, J. C. Arthur (.Jour. Mycol., 12 (1906), No. 81, pp. 11-27). — An outline is given of culture experiments with some 30 species of rusts which have been successfully grown during 100.^. particular attention being called to the plum rust (Puccima pnnii-sjiiiiosd). The author investigated the possilde relationship between JEcitinp: 111*' (loni(ii)strntioii of tlio rolationshi]) Iiolwoen tho two different forms of the fuiif,'us. The author believ(>s it is very i)rol)al)le tliat a few viable uredo- spores are rarried over tlie winter in tlie teleutosporic pustules and in this case fiive rise to the infection of corn, and it is doubtless a fact that the rust is cur- ried over from year to year in part by means of surviving uredospores. The curly top or western blight of the sugar beet, C. O. Townsk.m) {.\hs. ill Sficiicf. II. scr.. .>.i {I'.Kiil). \ii. .is't. 1)1). .'i.>l'), .'i,>l). — An abstract is given of a paiier iiy tlie autiior in w lii< li there was a discussion of various theories tliat have been investigated as to the cause ol the curly top or western blight of the sugar beet. These theories inc hided the action of jiarasites, unfavorable soil, climatic, and cultural conditions, and inherent tendencies in the jdant toward the disease. The liacteriai theory has heretofore received more attention than others, but the results thus far seem to show that none of the organisms isolatinl from diseased beets is the sole cause of curly top. In some instances parasitica fungi have been found in the tissues, but inoculations made with the fungus in healthy plants in the tield have not produced the disease under the conditions employed. It is believed that a combination of unfavorable conditions is neces- sary to produce tlie curly top, and the most important discovery thus far made in. connection with the disease is that it does not usually attack beets in the same locality or even in the same tield two years in succession. Some diseases of beans, II. II. Whetzel (A'eto York Cornell >Stordeaux mixture fov the prevention of late blight of potatoes, and the results obtained in the different years did not agree in all respects. In 1904 but little difference was noticed between the sprayed and unsprayed rows, but the results in 1903 and 1905 showed that on the whole spraying is very beneticial. In 1905 the experiments were continued to ascertain the least number of ai)pli- cations of Bordeaux mixture that would be necessary to prevent loss from blight. With this in view, different plats were sjirayed with fungicides and the check plat was sprayed with Paris green to protect it from insects. One plat was sprayed twice with Paris green, once with Paris green and Bordeaux mixture, and once with Bordeaux mixture; a second similar area was given 7 sprayings, the first and third having Paris green added to the mixture; and on still another plat 8 sprayings were given, the first 3 being of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green and the last 5 Bordeaux mixture alone. The total yields per acre from the different Iilats were as follows: Check plat 42.5 bu. ; plat No. 2, which received 2 spray- ings of Paris green and 2 of Bordeaux mixture. 1S<| bu. : itlat 3. which received a total of 7 sprayings, 270 bu. ; and plat 4, which received 8 spi-ayings, 315 bu. per acre. 52 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Observations were made on the possibility of preventing discolored potatoes from rotting after digging, and it was found that where the discoloration was due to the presence of a fungus nothing could be done to stop the rot. Inhere appears to be little indication that the disease spreads in the soil after ripening, and on this account it is reconnnended that potatoes rotting in the ground should be left as long as the season will permit before digging. Notes are given on tomato spraying, in which Bordeaux mixture was applied on 0 different dates for the prevention of leaf spot, and while the treated vines remained green until frost, no data relative to the weights of fruits or yields were kept. In another series of experiments the plants were given 5 applica- tions of Bordeaux mixture, and the yield of sprayed and unsprayed plants is shown in tabular form. In every case the yield from the si)rayed plants was largely in excess of that from the unsprayed ones. In a previous publication of the station (E. S. H., 1('>. p. (>(j) an account is given of spraying cucumbers for the prevention of blight. These experiments have been continued, and as the result of 3 years' work with Bordeaux mixture on cucurbits it is shown that there was a decided inci'eaee in yield for the first and third years, when the downy mildew was present, and a decided decrease the second year, when no fungus was troublesome on the plants. This showing raises the question as to whether it pays to spray melons and cucumbers, and in the absence of knowledge relative to the probable occurrence of disease, it would doubtless pay to spray the plants or at least to be prepared to give thorough spraying on the first appearance of disease. Potato spraying experiments in 1905, F. C. Stewart. II. J. Eustace, and F. A. SiKRiNE {NeAV York Slatr Sta. Bill. 279, pp. 153-220. pl-i. 5. map 1). — A report is given of the fourth j'ear's experiments in ijotato spraying carried on by the authors in the lO-year series of experiments which have been previously described (E. S. It., 14, p. 875 ; 15, p. 781 ; 17, p. 4G). During 1905 the experiments carried on by the station at Geneva gave an increase of 119J bu. per acre when the plants were given 5 sprayings and 107 bu. when given 8 sprayings. At Riverhead, on Long Island, the gain due to 5 sprayings was 82 bu. per acTe and to 3 sprayings 31J bu. At this place the flea beetle was the chief enemy of the potato. In what are called the farmers' business experiments, in which jiotatoes were sprayed under the direction of the station officers, in 13 experiments, including 166S acres, the average gain due to spraying was 4Gi bu. per acre, the cost of spraying .$4.25 per acre, and the average net profit .$20.04 per acre. In 50 volunteer experiments, including 407 acres of potatoes, the gain due to spraying was 593 bu. per acre, and the average net profit in 29 of the experiments was $29.85 per acre. In comparative tests of the efficiency of soda Bordeaux and lime Bordeaux mixture the rows sprayed 4 times with lime Bordeaux yielded at the rate of 9 bu. per acre in 1 test and 35 bu. per acre In another test more than similar plats sprayed with soda Bordeaux. The addition of Paris green or arsenate of soda to Bordeaux mixture can be performed without any danger of injury where used in moderate amounts. During 1905 in unsprayed fields the loss from blight, rot. and flea beetles was estimated at 50 bu. per acre. The experiments conducted by farmers in the past 3 years have shown net profits due to spraying of .$22.79 per acre. The authors reconnnend I)eginning spraying when the plants are 0 to 8 in. high and repeating it throughout the season at intervals of 10 to 14 days, or until 5 or (i aiiplications have been given the plants. When bugs are trouble- some Paris green or other poison may be added. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53 Good results from spraying potatoes, F. II. Hai.l et al. (Neu) York Slate Std. litil. .ill), ixtpuhir al.. pii. lij). — A ])(>i»iil:ir odition of the above. Spraying for potato blight in 1905, ('. A. McCuE {Mlchiyan Sto. HuL .i.U>. jt/i. lSl-l->i3, lUjs. 2). — Alter l)ri('t1y (I('scril)inK the caiii-e of potato bli^'ht. the author gives the results of (■xiicriincnts in wliich potatoes were sprayed with Rordeaux iiii.xturc and ((iniparisdns nindc with similar plats receiving a s])i-ay- iiig of linu' watci-. Wiicrc tlic potatucs were jrivi-n 14 sprayings of Bordeaux mixture at intervals of 4 days a net gain of ."fll.'.K) i»er aere is reixirted. Where they were sprayed at intervals of 10 days, (5 ai)|)lieati()ns being given, a net gain of $ir).44 per acre is given. On plats sprayed every 1") days a net gain of $18.38 per acre is reported, and where given 4 sprayings at intervals of 20 Ua.vs $11.03 j)er acre net gain is reijorted. For the plat whicii received 14 sprayings of lime water at intervals of 4 days ;i loss of ."pl.TO is reported. The cost of the spra.ving is said lo have been 72 rts. per acre for each npjilication. Tliis amount the author believes could be rednced to not more than ~>7) cts. per acre. The author gives compiled information relative to sprayiug by individual farmers, the results obtaiianl iit other stations, etc.. and notes that the station expects to carry on exjieriments for the prevention of late blight for at least 5 years. The spraying of potatoes for iDrevention of leaf blight and rot, E. P. Sanuste.x and J. (i. Milwari) ( Wi.scoii.sin SUi. Bui. 13.5, m). .l), fig-^. 7). — In 1904 experiments were begun in spra.ving potatoes for the prevention of blight and rot and continued in l!»(ir), the details of the experiments being described in the bnlletin. In the different ex|ieriments in 10(1") important gains were noted for nearly every tre.ited lot, in sonu' cases the gains ranging from $19.20 per acre to $.■;(■> i»er acre, which were made ;it a cost of less than $4 per acre for spra.ving. The control of apple bitter rot, W. M. Scott (!'. »s'. Drpt. A()r.. Bur. Plant Iti(Iu.'<. Bui. '.hi, pp. .]('). pis. s, /if/. /). — An account is given of experiments for the control of- the bitter rot of api)Ies, whicli is due to the fungus formerly known as Glcco.iixjriuiii fructinciiuiti. but which has received the name GlomercUa rufo- maculaii.'<. A detailed account of the disease and the fungus has been given in a previous iiublication (E. S. U.. 1.1, ji. 270). In the present bulletin the author briefly describes the fungus, and the rela- tion of bitter-rot cankers on the branches of trees to infection, which was pre- viously noted (E. S. K., 14, pp. ;;()7, r»81 ; 15, p. 270), is discussed at some length. A discussion is given of the effect of moisture and temperature on the disease, and the relative susceptibility of diffei'ent varieties is conunented upon. The investigations which are reported were carried on in Nelson Count.v, Va., in a region famous for the production of Yellow Newtown or Albemarle Pippin apples. The "object of the experinunit was to determine to what extent liitter rot can be controlled by spraying with P>ordeaux mixture, the number of appli- cations required, and the proi)er time t') mak(> the applications. The season of 190.") was so favorable to the develoijuient of bitter rot and the disease api)eared .so early and continued with such abundance throughout the season that the results obtained are believed to be a safe guide for almost any season. It was found that bitter rot can be ahnost completely controlled Ity proper .'i|)plications of Pordeaux mixture, 93 to OS per cent of sound fruit having been saved b.v such treatment, while the fruit of the trees not sprayed rotted com- I>letely. Four apiilications made at llie jiroper time ai'(> believed to be sufficient to control the disease, and these should be made at intervals of 2 weeks, begin- ning about (■> weeks after the trees bloom. Thorough applications of Rordeaux mixture are necessary, so that the fruit may be well coated with the fungicide. Other diseases, such as scab, leaf sj)ot, and sooty blotch may be controlled in 54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. connection with the treatment for the bitter rot. For the combined treatment of apple scab and bitter rot the trees should be sprayed just before they bloom, as soon as the petals fall, a week to 10 days later, and about 6 weeks after the shedding of the petals, to be followed at intervals of 2 weeks there- after until 7 or 8 applications have been given. In a dry, cool season the intervals between the later sprayings may be length- ened. On the other hand, in a hot, humid season it will probably be found necessary to shorten the intervals and increase th.'> number of applications. If the treatment for any reason should be delayed until after it is discovered that infection has taken place, the trees should be thoroughly sprayed twice in rapid succession with an interval of a few days in order to coat the fruit thoroughly as quickly as possible. The wrapijing of apple grafts and its relation to the crown-gall disease, H. VON ScHRENK aud G. G. Hedgcock (U. S. Dcpt. A;ir.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. JOO. pi. 2, pp. 12). — In a previous publication (E. S. K., 17, p. 779) the nature and cause of crown-gall disease of apple trees and its different types are dis- cussed, and in the present publication only 2 forms are considered, the hairy root and the crown gall. The hard and soft types of the crown gall have not yet been fully differentiated. In the present paper an account is given of experiments in which cloth, rubber, waxed pai)er, plain thread, \^axed thread, and plain thread with union waxed were tested to determine their effect in preventing the occurrence of crown gall by providing conditions under which a perfect union is formed between the stock and scion in the shortest possible time. A large number of grafts were made, and the detailed results are shown, from which it appears that wrapping the grafts reduced the number of crown-gall trees very materially. The most effective wrapping, so far as the true crown gall is concerned, was that made of rubber, followed closely by cloth. The cloth wrappings, however, showed the liighest percentage of smooth trees, when not only the crown gall but also the hairy root form were considered. From the results thus far obtained, the use of either cloth or rubber as a material for wrapping apple grafts is recommended, and when the question of expense is to be considered it is believed that cloth will be found more desirable, as in most cases it gives results fully as satisfactory as rubber. The writers strongly advise against the wrapping of grafts with thread and subsequently waxing the grafts. Peach mildew, O. B. Whipple {Colorado Sta. Bui. 107, pp. 7. flffs. 2). — According to the author, peach mildew has made its appearance in some parts of Colorado, and the purpose of the bulletin is to point out the nature of the disease and describe some of the means of combating it. • Notes on rougeot of grapes, L. Ravaz and L. Roos {Co)iipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,1 {1905), No. 6, pp. 36(1. .?67).— The authors claim that this disease is characterized by an accumulation of red coloring matter in the leaves and is produced under vai-ying circumstances. They reject the theory that it is caused by the development of parasites within the leaves and show that it may be produced by the ringing of a branch or the severing of one of the principal veins of a leaf. That the disease is not parasitic they claim is further shown by analyses of many parts of the vines at different stages of growth. Their figures show that in the diseased vines ihere is a large accumulation of starch and sugar in the diseased parts and a deficiency of lime and magnesium in most pai'ts of the affected plants. Cranberry spraying experiments in 1905, C. L. Shear (T. »S'. Dept. Afjr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 10(1, pt. 1, pp. 8 fig. 1). — In a previous publication ( E. S. R., 17, p. 51) a brief account was given of cranberry diseases and the results of DISEASES OF PLANTS. 55 spraying experiments with I'.ordeanx- niixtnre. 'I lie lesnlts in lOO-i were not entirely satisfm-tory and llic experiments were repeated in ]!)05 with greater snccess. Applii-ations were made of Bordeaux mixture to which was added 4A lbs. of connuercial resin-lislioil soaj) to '50 gals, of the solution. Different [ilals were s]irayed at different dates during the season, and in addition to the experimental i)lats several aeres were treated, and the results showed marked differences in the appearance of the fruit on the sprayed .-.nd unsprayed plats by the middle of summer. In order to determine whether any injury would result from spraying plants while ill lilooiii. one plat was sprayed while in full bloom and the fruit compared with that oil adjoining plats not sprayed. No difference could be noticed in the amount of fruit on the sprayed and unsprayed plats. In order to compare the keeping qualities of sprayed and unsprayed fruit, more (iian ;;,(i()(i berries were collected and placed in glass dishes in the labora- tory and counted each week to determine the amount of disease which devel- oped. On October IS, about the time the fruit from the bog was marketed, 9.8 I)er cent of the sprayed fruit showed diseased berries, while 38.1 per cent of the unsprayed fruit and o7.4 per cent of fruit which had been treated with a simple copper sulphate solution were decayed. In other words, four times as much of the unsprayed fruit decayed between the time of picking and marketing as of the sprayed fruit. As a result of 3 years" spraying experiments, it is believed that by the proper use of Bordeaux mixture the loss from fungus diseases may be reduced to 10 per cent or less. As a rule the benefit is more marked in the second year than the first, and this is evident not only in the prevention of scald and rot of the fruit, but in the general improvement and productiveness of the vines. The cost of spraying in the experiments described above averaged from $15 to .$'_'() iier acre, aliout l.ood gals, of solution being applied in 5 applications. A new disease of coffee in New Caledonia, I. Gali.aud (Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. ll'iirisl, /',/ (inor,), \(,. i.i, PI). S!)8-900).— The author reports the occur- i-ence on the coffee tri'es of New Caledonia of the fungus I'cllicularia koleroga. This parasite which was first described from Mysore in 1880 has since been re- ported from Venezuela and now from New Caledonia. In Venezuela it is said to have proved a very serious pest, and attention is called to the disease to pre- vent its spread if possible. The fungus makes its appearance during the rainy season at a time when the coffee trees are most actively growing, and attacking the leaves it causes them to turn yellow, and finally the entire tree is defoliated and killed. In addition 1o the leaves it is found on all the- aerial organs of the plant, causing by its brownish mycelium the iiresence of yellowish-brown patches on the leaves, fruits, etc. The fungus seems to be a superficial one, and it is thought that jirobably it can be held in check liy the use of fungicides without injury to the host plant. Experiments along this lini' are to be undertaken. Cacao diseases, II iBiil. Dcpl. Af/r. {.fmiKiicd \, // ilDOG), .Yr>. /, pp. 11-13). — A description is given of a pod disease of cacao due to the fungus Dijilodia cncuolcoht, most of the information being drav^-n from another source (E. S. R., I."., p. !m;4). A tree-strangling fungus {■lour. lid. Af/r. \Loud'iii\, 12 (IDOC), No. 11, pp. i)iU)-(i'.)>, fig. 1). — A description is given of Thclephora UiriiHita. a fungus that, while not parasitic, is more or less destructive to seedlings through its growth about the base of the stems. The fungus adheres clo-sely to the stem, giving it (5579— No. 1—06 5 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. a frilled appearance, and may extend up the stem for a distance of 6 in. to a foot or more. When badly attacked the plants frequently are destroyed. Violet root rot {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 12 (1906), No. 11, pp. 667, 668, pi. 1). — Tbe author briefly describes the disease due to Rhizoctonia violucca, a fungus which attacks alfalfa, clover, carrots, beets, mangels, and potatoes. On account of the wide range of host plants, care must be exercised iu rotation ex- periments, and injury due to the fungus may be prevented to a considerable extent by iiniiun- rotations, drainage, culture, and seed selection. Broom rape on pelargonium, P.. D. Malsted, E. J. Owen, and J. K. Shaw (New Jerscij Htaa. Rpt. 1905, p. 509, pi. 1). — An account is given of the attack by one of the broom rapes (Orohanchc minor) on i)elargoniuras growing in the greenhouse at the station. The author also notes the occurrence of 0. rumosa on tomato plants under the same coftditions. Spraying' m.ixtures, W. E. Bear {Jour. Bd. Af/r. \Loudou], 12 {1906), No. 11, pp. 660-666). — The author calls attention to the unsuitability of some fungicides for general use, and states that the spraying of fruit trees and bushes is at pres- ent in an empirical stage. He suggests that experiments should be carried on to put the practice on a more satisfactory basis. These would include investi- gations on the effective strength of solutions, importance of purity of materials, and the proper times for spra.ving. A method for the determination of the fineness of sulphur used as a fungicide, V. Dussekre {Aim. Af/r. ;S'»/,s.s'C, 6' {1905). No. 9, pp. •IS.3-,3S7). — For the rapid determination of the fineness of sulphur to be used in combating the powdery mildew of the grape the author recommends an adaptation of the Schone soil elutriator, and gives the results of a number of tests of this ap- paratus, comparing the results with those obtained by other methods. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. International catalogue of scientific literature- N — Zoology {Intcrnat. Cat. .S'c/. Lit.. 1905. pts. 1, pp. VIII+'i32: 2. pp. A/+,96-J).— The third annual issue of the literature on zoology is divided into 3 parts, of which the first part contains a general account of the system pursued in classifying zoological literature and an author index on literature published since 1V)01, but particu- larly for the year 1903. I'art 2 contains a subject index of literature relating to invertebrate animals. The night hawk, A. Meraz {Com. Par. Agr. [Mccico], Circ. J/0, pp. 4, pg. 1). — The h.-ibits of this bird are I)riefiy discussed with particular reference to its agricultural imiiortance. The night hawk is almost strictly insectivorous and a large proportion of the insects upon which it feeds is injurious. In an exam- ination of 87 stomachs of night hawks, 20,000 ants were found in addition to various other insects. Birds that eat the cotton-boll weevil, A. II. Howell {U. *S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Biol. Siirrcg Bui. 25, pp. 22). — Observations on l)irds in the region where the cotton-boll weevil prevailed in 1905 have added somewhat to the list of those known to feed upon this pest. At present 28 species are recorded as feeding upon the cotton-boll weevil to some extent and part of them in summer and others during the winter months. Notes are given on the importance of various birds iu this work, including orioles, blackbirds, meadow lark, night hawks, sparrows, fly catchers, quail, etc. Details of observations at different points are also presented together with a tabulation of the results obtained by the examination of birds' stomachs. Fifth report of tHe State entomologist, W. E. P.ritton {Couiicciicui fitate ^ta. Rpt. 1905, pt. ',. pp. XV -f 1S9-262. pis. 12. fii/s. 7).— A brief statement is ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57 mndo of Iho orsniiizntinn. 0(inipniont, locturos, corros]ioii(lonco, and nursery in- .siHH-tion of tlio vMiloniol(»,iri<'al deitartnioiit. During: the year under report about (5,000 trees were sjjrayed for seale ins(>cts and attention was also given to to- lia<-('0 insects. iii.)S(|ui(oes. insecticides, clin-leaf i>eetle, onion nia^Kot, cutworms, San Jose scale, etc More than ('..(mio jicar, iveacli, and ai)ple trees located in r> towns were treated for San Jose sc.ile. Tlie si)ray ^nixtnres included lime-sulphur and lime-sulphur- salt w.-islies lioiieil with external heat or self-boiled and kerosene-limoid emul- sion. The linie-suliihnr mixture was itrei)ared according to the formula 20-14— 40. The average etliciency ranged from 88.8 to 94.9 per cent, beiug lowest in the case of kerosene limoid and highest after the use of a lime-sulphur and sodinui-siilphid wash. The cost of the various washes ranged from 54 cts. to ."t;!. (■>('» per 40 gal., being lowest in the case of lime-sulphur wash and highest with the kerosene limoid. The author considers all of the mixtures as fairly satisfactory. No api)reciable benefit was oI)served from the addition of salt to tlie lime-sulphur wash. A list is presented of insects collected frou) the flowers of fruit trees and I)lan1s .nnd notes are also given on mosquitoes, woolly maple scale, tussock moth, sc.ile insects of Connecticut, gypsy moth, and Indian meal moth, as well as short |iaragiMi»li>^ <"> " number of less important injurious insects. The apple mag- got was found infesting huckleberries and the thistle butterfly was observed as an enemy of holl.xhocks. Report of the entomologist, E. II. Sellard.s {Florida Hid. Rpt. 1!)0',, pp. /7-i.s'). — During the year under report considerable of the entomologist's time has been taken with identiflcation of insects and nursery inspection. The desir- ability of a State inspection law is urged. Considerable damage was done to liotatoes by a potato maggot {I'cgomnht fusciceps). This pest tunnels thrrugh the ])otato causing a destruction of its substance and leading to the develop-jient of decay. It is suggested that the use of commercial fertilizers may assist in repelling this insect. Some injury was also done to potatoes by ants which attack the stems. The conunon potato beetle is also reported as having at last lieen found in Florida. The injuries thus far done in Florida are not very sericnis. Considerable attention is given to a discussion of the mosquitoes of Florida and notes are presented on white fly, cottony cushion scale, cotton stainer, and rucJiiKiiift (listdiist which attacks the roots of the grape fruit. Report of the entomologist, J. B. Smith (^^ew Jcrsei/ fita.s. Rpt. 1905. pp. .'>.i7-(!S~;. pis. 7. fh/s. .HI). — In combating the San Jose scale the author recom- mends that sjiraying be done as soon as the fruit is off and the foliage is mature in the fall. Preference is given to soluble oils as an insecticide although other kei'oseiie mixtures ;uid lime-sulphur-salt are also recommended. An accouut is presented of the eft"orts put forth in Newark and other cities of New Jersey in controlling shade-tree insects under the direction of commissions appointed for that purpose. Notes are also given on the oyster-shell bark-louse, elm-leaf beetle, gyi)sy moth, brown-tail moth, pear psylla, cornstalk borer, rose chafer, .Vsiatic lady bird, tussock moth, i)eacli soft scale, cottony maple scale, and other injurious insects. During the season successful experiments were carried out with a lime-sul- phur-caustic-soda mixture ai)plied in the first week of April for destroying San Jose .scale. A l)rief summary is also presented of entomology in the crop bulletin and on observations made in the exi)erimental orchard of the station. In experiments on cranberr.v insects it aiipeared that l-Jiidciiiis riHciniana may be partly destroyed in the egg stage by flooding the cranberry beds for 2 weeks 58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. under 18 in. or more of water at a teniiierature of v>{\" V. Reflooding of the beds for 24 hours after the ejrgs have hatched will destroy nearly all of the larvfe. It appears that the natural enemies of the cottony maple scale may be largely depended upon to control this pest. Brief notes are given on the results of j)ractical tests with a number of proprietary insecticides. A report is given on the mosquito investigation during 190.5 (pp. 6.5.5-089). In this work particular attention was given to determining the beneficial results from previous drainage work and other remedial measures and a further sur- vey of the study to determine the work still to be done. Estimates are given of the cost of operations which will be carried on in utilizing the State appropria- tions for mosciuito work. Report of the government entomologist, C. Fuller {Xatcil Dept. Af/r.. Rpt. Govt. Ent., Ji ( 1!H)3--'/. pp. .'/?, pU, ,S'. flijs. 3). — A general account is given of the rou- tine work of the ottice with notes on lectures given by the entomologist and travel done in various parts of the colony. An unknown species of Carpocapsa is referred to under the name of Natal codling moth and brief notes are given on its habits. It attacks peaches, Chinese guavas. oranges, and mandarins. The pest may be partly controlled by removing infested fruits, but spraying with Paris green combined with Bordeaux mixture is also of great value. An account is al.so given of the true codling moth, fig curculio (Mctatyges turrit us), mango weevil, Bengalia deprcssa which attacks man, dogs, rabbits, and other animals ; Mediterranean fruit fly, mosquitoes, Bacpada hilaris. scale insects, locusts, rhu- barb blight, English sparrow, and various other pests. Formulas are also pre- sented for the prep.-iration of certain insecticides. Report of the government entomologist, C. Fuller (\(ttiil Drpt. Af/r.. lipt. Govt. Ent., ') (190Jf-5), pp. 17, pL 1). — The routine inspection and other work of the office for the year is brieflj^ described. A statement is also given regarding the investigation of fruit fly parasite. It is believed that the parasite which has been found in Brazil does not promise to be of much assistance in the con- trol of the fruit fly. Copies are also given of certain legislation relating to plant diseases, cotton diseases, weeds, fruit inspection, etc. During the year under report arsenical insecticides were extensively used in the control of locusts, and this work gave good results. Entomological division, W. R. Dewar (Oraiuic Rirer Colony, Dcpt. Af/r., Ann. Rpt., 1 {190Jt-5). pp. 1S3-238, fl(/s. /«).— The matters discussed in this report include the use of arsenicals and other methods for combating locusts, the inspection of nursery stock so as to prevent the introduction of injurious insects, the distribution of lady beetles, the investigation of mosquitoes and ticks, as well as a large vai'iety of insects injurious to garden and field crops. A brief account of birds as related to agriculture is given by C. M. .lohnston (pp. 221-228), and the subject of injurious weeds is also discussed (pp. 229-238). The entomological section, C. R. Simpson iTrun.^raal Af/r. Jour., .', {1906), No. 1.), pp. C)l9-62(). Ills. '/). — Ophiitsa catcUu is injurious during its larval stage to the leaves of Ciistoi--oil beans while the adults puncture peaches, thereby greatly injuring the crop. Notes are given on the insect in its various stages and on its natural enemies. In small plantations of castor-oil beans hand- picking is quite satisfactory, while on large plantations si)raying is necessary, and for this purpose Paris green or some other arsenical is reconuuended. Notes are also given on IJcUocopris liainad) yas and the cigarette beetle. Report on injurious insects in Finland, E. Reuter {lAindthr. ^tyr. Meddel., 50, 1905, pp. 27). — The year under report was unusually cloudy and cold and therefore somewhat unfavorable to the multiplication of insects. As in previous reports, the author classifies his discussion of injurious insects according to the plants affected. Grasses of pastures and meadows were injured to some extent 1 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 59 liy Charanf: (iraminis^ and a minil)or of other iiisofts wliich produeo blasting of tlu' lioads. The larva' of d'aiic Hies wvvv also ohscrvcd in considerable luuiibers. Hrief notes are i^iven on wirew (trnis, snails, fiaiit tly, and other enemies of cereals. Anionj,' the .uai-dcn pests the cal)ba,i:e and beet-root maggots deserve special mention. Potato scab al.so prevails (piite widely. The life history and habits of IriijifKlii obiiu.rUt are described. The most injurious insects on fruit trees dni'inu the year were codling moth. Ari/i/rcsthia conjiiffclla. gipsy moth, and pear-leaf ])list('r-niife. In combating the g.vpsy moth, lead arsenate was nsed with good results. Itrief notes are also given on insects in.jurious to trees and ornamental plants. Entomolog'ical notes, J. Kotinsky {Hatniii. Forrsirr and Affi:, 2 {lDO.')),No. 10, lip. 2'J'>-2i>'J) . — iSiplKinta acuiu is found in large numbers on coffee and is ix'lieved to assist in the distribution of the brown eye-spot disease of coffee. Notes are given on a i)arasite of tlie egg of this pest and on ScutelUsta cyanea and tle.is in relation to the distribution of the disease. Annual report for 1905 of the zoologist, C. Warbukton {Jour. Roy. Agr. /S'oc. Eiu/liiiid. ca {I'Ji).')). /ij). ns--] oz. of resin soap in 3 gal. of water. Formulas are also given for various fungicides and insecticides, together with notes on methods for controlling some of the more imintrtant insect pests. National control of introduced insect pests, 10. D. Sanderson {Pop. Set. Mo., '),S' (}!l(i(;). \o. .'). pp. J/.il -,',.]!)). — Tlie (piestions raised by the great damages caused by the boll weevil, gypsy moth, and brown-tail moth are discussed with particular reference to the interference of the National Government in the con- tiol of these pests. The case is believed to be analogous to those in which, for the purpose of protecting human health against various plagues, the Federal Government has felt called upon to interfere. Various instances are cited in which this I)ei)artinent has taken a hand in the suppression of animal plagues, particnlaiiy the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in New England. Catalogue of recently described coccidse, J. G. Sanders ([/. S. Dept. A(jr., Bur. Kilt. liul. 12. tech. srr.. jit. 7, y>/>. JS). — Several additions to the species of Coccida- have bi'en made since the pnl)lication of ^Mrs. Fernald's catalogue in 60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Massachusetts Station Bulletin SS and are here arranged under 9 genera, 137 species, and 22 varieties. Formalin as a reagent in the preparation of some soft-bodied Coccidae, E. E. Green (Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 17 (1906), A'o. 19S, pp. 129, 130}.— Some difficulty has been experienced in preserving C'occidie, especially the soft-bodied species, for subsequent study. The chitin of the skin often fails to hold its form, and the dermal cells and other characteristic features may become oblit- erated. The author accidently discovered that formalin in a 3 per cent solution preserves these features in excellent condition. The bionomics of grain weevils, F. J. Cole (Joiii: Econ. Biol.. 1 (190G). A'o. 2, pp. 63-11). — The exiierinients reported in the present paper were made on the common grain and rice weevils. It appears that moistui'e under a temper- ature of 80° F. is favorable to the life of adult grain weevils but that the tem- perature of 80° F. without the moisture is quite fatal to the beetles. A non- ventilated atmosphere at a temperature of 80° F. charged with water vapor furnishes favorable conditions for the life of the beetles. Experiments in withholding oxygen from the beetles indicate that they may thrive well in an atmosphere containing SO per cent of carbon dioxid. It is obviously impossible therefore to destroy them by preventing ventilation. Animals injurious to sugar beets, J. Jablonowski (A czukorrcpa dUati rll<'n.sr(/('i. liitiUtiicst : 11 uiH/ariuii .s'h//«/- Beet Assoe.. 1906, pp. 288, flgs. 65). — The sugar beet industiy of Hungary is of sufficient importance to justify an elaborate study of the insect enemies of this plant. The author has made observations on the important insect enemies of sugar beets, and in the present volume presents the results of his study, together with the results of other investigators who have worked along the same line. The insects discussed in the volume include a long list of species injurious to the various parts of the sugar beet. Myriapods, mites, and related species of animals are discussed. Among the more important insects mention may be made of Cleonus puncti- veniris, C. pedestris, Hultiea oleracea, various species of wireworms. Aphis papaveris, caterpillars injurious to leaves, especially webworms, Pegomyia hyoseiiami, related species of maggots, etc. Insect pests of cotton in India, 11. Maxwell-Lefroy {Agr. Jour. India, 1 (1906), Ao. 1, pp. .'i9-61, pl.t. //). — On account of the large annual production of cotton in India the insect pests of this crop assume considerable economic importance. In the present article particular attention was given to cotton aphis, Dijsderviis einguJutus, bollworms (Gelechia gosxypieUa, E(trilated to C. aiiricilid, wiiicii attacks su.i^ar cane in r>en,t,Ml. 'i'lie life liistory of the sugar- cane moth horer is described in detail. The moths tiy at night and hide among the leaves or ruhhish during the day. Cane, maize, and sorghum are the prin- cipal plants attacked by the ])est. In the cane the insect is injurious chiefly during the young stage of the plant before the joints are formed. All i>arts of corn are attacked, including the cob. and sorghum is injured in all its stages. The eggs of the moth Imrer are jiarasilized to some extent, but artificial reme- dies must be ado])ted in combating il. The species seems to be generally ilis- tributed throughout India. Not all of the remedies recommended for sugar- cane borers in various parts of the world are applicable to this pest. The two best suited for controlling it are the destruction of young cane tops as soon as it is noticed that they are infested and the use of corn and sorghum for trap crops. The melon fly, I). L. Van Dixk (IJairaii. Forester and Afjr., 3 (IDOG), No. .'/, PI), l.n-1. >',)). — FiucHx cucurhUw attacks all of the couuuon cucurbits as well as string beans, tomatoes, mangoes, and [>apaya. Notes are given on the life his- tory of the pest. The insect attacks the vines as well as the fruit and causes a rapid decay especially in wet weather. All infested melons and vines should be collected regularly during the season and burned or otherwise destroyed, and no such material should be left in the field after harvesting. The insects may also be prevented from doing damage to the growing cro]) by covering young melons with paper, straw, or a piece of gunny sack. Codling moth parasites, AV. W. Froggatt {A. J. pp. .')3S-.')/iO). — The author requested Professor Henipel of the Agronomic Institute of Sao I'aulo to carry on further observations regard- ing the value of the fruit fly parasite found in that 4'egion. According to the late.st rei)ort of Professor Ilempel. it appears that there is no hope of obtaining any efhcient help in cont?'olling the fruit fly by the use of this parasite. The grape curculio, F. E. P.rooks (West ] irf/iiiia Sta. Bui. 100, pp. 211-2'i9, pis. S'). — Two insects (|uite connnonly feed on the fruit of the grape in \Vest Virginia. These :\vv the grape-licrry iiuitli and the grape curculio (Crapouins i)i(i(/u(ilis). The grai)e curculio has received little attention from entomologists and was, therefore, made the subject of a continued study by the author for a long jH'riod. .V circular letter of incpiiry sent out to various vineyardists elicited the information that the gi-.ipc curculio is (piite widely distributed throughout the State and does consi(lt'ral)le injury. The curculio is a native insect and appears to have fed on wild grapes for centuries. The grape curculio IS described in its various stages and notes are given on its life liistory. The eggs are laid in i)unctures made in the fruit and hatch within 4. to ('> days, after which the larva feeds upon the fruit, leaving it later for pupation. The pupa may be found in various locations, especially just under the surface of the ground. This insect apitears to feed only on the grape. It winters over in the adult form and the hibernated beetles appear during the la.st of May. Apparently there is no connection between the injury from this insect and gra])e rot. Some 62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. little difference is observed in the extent to which different varieties of grapes are attacked. The grape curcnlio is preyed npon by a number of insect ene- mies. Among the various methods which may be adopted in controlling this pest, spraying is of chief importance. It appears to be possible by means of arsenical sprays to control the pest quite completely. For this purpose 4 oz. of Paris green and 4 lbs. of lime in ')() gal. of water are quite satisfactory. Grapes may also be protected by surrounding each cluster with a paper bag. If this method of combating the pest is adopted it may be estimated that pins will cost l.j cts. a thousand, bags 85 cts. per thousand, and the work about $1 per thousand bunches. This method not only has the advantage of protecting grape clusters against the curculio, but also prevents rot, and the grapes have a fine appearance. It is recounnended for home vineyards and commercial grow- ers who cater to a fancy trade. The insects may also be controlled to some ex- tent by jarring and by collecting infected grapes. A brief bibliography relating to this insect is appended to the bulletin. Arsenical treatment of grape flea beetles, L. Trabut (Bui. Affr. Algerie ct Til II is ic. 12 (V.KKi). Ao. 6'. PI). 112-11.'/). — Some difficulty has been experienced in the use of ui-dinary arsenicals for destroying this pest since the grape foliage i.5 injured by applications strong enough to destroy the Insects. Within recent years, however, better results have been obtained from the use of lead arsenate s;ince this material is almost eqiu^lly poisonous to the insects and not soluble and therefore not injurious to the grape foliage. The Bombay locust (Acridiuni succinctum), 11. Maxwell- Lefroy (Mem. Dept. Ai/r. India. Ent. 8er., 1 {1006). Xo. 1. pp. 112. pis. IS).— The present account contains a report of investigations on Acridiuni siicciiictiim in India during the years 1903-4. In various parts of the Bombay Presidency this locust prevails in large numbers where it feeds on grasses, sorghum, and various other crops. In some cases the migratory locust {A. peregrin um) appeared after the other species had left. The winged locust appears during October, undertakes niigration during November, remains largely in forests from December vuitil March 20, shows other migratory movements from March 20 to May 20, after which they become scattered. The life history of the insect is discussed in detail. In combating this species, various remedies have been tried, including the use of arsenical poisons. Experiments were carried on by G. K. Walker in which the effect of eatiqg forage plants treated with arsenicals was tested on cattle. In some instances unfavorable results were obtained, since arsenic taken repeatedly in small doses exercises a cumulative poisonous effect. The general programme of eradication of locusts as recommended by the author includes a 'f:tudy of the movements of-the swarms during the first migrating period, driving the locusts out of crops and destroying them, jtarticularly at night and at the lime when the young hoppers first appear. A hopperdozer, P. K. Blinn {Colorado Sta. Bill. 112, pp. 8, figs 5). — During recent yeai's alfalfa has been greatly injured by grasshoppers in various parts of Colorado, and for the last few years these pests have apparently been increasing in numbers. Last year the injury from grasshoppers was unusually severe. Various methods were adopted, sucb as driving and the use of poisonous baits, but without much success. Experiments were carried out by the author in a number of localities during which a hopperdozer costing about $4..50 for con- struction was tested to determine its value when hauled over the field behind the mowing machine. It was found that 1 horse could be attached to the side in such a manner as not to frighten the grasshoi)pers away from the bo{)per- dozer. The hoi)perdozer was mounted on wheels in order not to catch in the hay. The use of this machine on a G-acre field of alfalfa resulted in catching between ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOUV. 08 0 and 10 hu. of grasshoppers ostimatod at the rate of :50,000 grasshoppers per hushel. In (iiic instaiK-e on another field siucess was had in using the lioppor- . 7.0. — Some controversy has prevailed in regard to the (piestion whethei- sheep hotfiies deposit eggs or living Iarva> in the nostrils of the sheep. According to the author's ohservations this depends somewhat on the weather. Wlien conditions are favorahle the fly deposits eggs, hut if the weather is such that the females nuist remain inactive for s(mie days the eggs may hatch within the hody liefore heing dejiosited. On the life history of the ox warble flies Hypoderma bovis and H. lineata, A. I). I.MMS {.Jour. Eeoit. Biol.. 1 (1!)06), \o. i, pp. 7-J-,S'.'M. — The hal)its and life liistory of these insects are discussed in detail and a brief bibliography of the snliject is also given. According to the author's observations it is practically impussihle to decide at the present time in favor of any one of the three current theories in regard to the life history of Hypoderma horis. It may be that the larvjp. inunediately after hatching, eat their way throagh the hide and remain in the subcutaneous tissues until they are fully grown. On the other hand, the Iarva> may wander extensively through the tissues of the host, even entering the spinal canal, and may then return to the subcutaneous tissues where they reach maturity. Again the larvie may be taken into the esophagus from which they hore through the tissues and reach the skin. The usual remedies reconnnended foi- these ]>ests are described. The role played by biting flies in the spread of trypanosomiasis, .T. D. E. lloi.Mis [.lour. Trop. Vet. Hci., 1 (IDOG) \o. 2, pp. 1 V.)-l?Ji).—T\\Q author calls attention to tlie fact that the idea that flies and other l)iting or blood-sucking insects act as carriers of disease is as old as the art of medicine, and that it is more difficult to reject than to accept it. Evidence is ])resented, however, on the basis of .'1 years' observations and experiments tending to show that the role of lilting insects in the transmission of tryiianosomiasis in horses has been at least greatly exaggerated. During a period of 3 years infected ponies were kept in contact with healthy ponies in a stable where various species of horse flies were very numerous. The author frequently ol)served these flies sucking blood from an infected pony and later attacking healthy ponies. A number of the flie.-; were examined and the horse blood in them was found to contain the organism of the disease. In no case, however, was the disease transmitted from an infected to a healtliy animal. ()thei' evidence along the same line is ]ires(Mited. The author ix'lieves, therefore, that "the theory that biting Hies directly transmit the disease in cases of natural infection looks less probable and less worthy of consideration from a ]ira<-tical standimint." The anatomy and physiology of the tsetse fly, F. Stuiilmanx (Pflaiizer, UK).',. .Vov. 2'i. pp. .](J!)-3S.', ; 26, pp. J.S'.j- '//■-)• — The oI)servations of the author were chiefly confined to GlosHina fu-Hca.d. tach i iioides. tind (1. palpali-s. Detailed anatomical descriptions are given of the month parts, salivary glands, alimen- 64 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tary tract, the digestive processes, and other physiological functions of these insects. An analytical table was presented for the identitication of species of the genus Glossina. The action of Aspergillus niger and A. glaucus on the larvae of Culex and Anopheles, l\. (Jai.i.i-Valekio and Jeanne Kochaz-ue-.Jongh (Ceiithl. liiiht. Ir/r. I. /. AJ,t.. <)ri(/.. 'i. .',. /)/>. 630-633).— The authors carried on experiments with nio.squito larvie in glass vessels in which spore-bearing cultures of Aspcri/illiis niger and A. ghtucus were mixed with the water. The larva* became infected with the spores of these molds and the infection i)er- sisted into the pupal and adult stages. An attempt was made to experiment along the same line under field conditions. I)nt the results were not satisfactory for the reason that it was found very difticnlt to observe the effect of the molds with certainty. Apparently the method is not practical under tield conditions. Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, F. Sherman. .Jr.. and R. S. Woglum (.Y. V. Dt. A(ir. J'Jiit. ('ire. 11. pp. IJ/. Jhjs. 2). — On account of the effectiveness and genei-al applicability of the combination of Paris green with Bordeaux mixture in lighting both insect and fungus diseases, the authors have prepared an account of this mixture with notes on the formula, method of preparation, u.se, and applicability in treating the insect and fungus enemies of fruits and garden crops. Annual report of the Beekeepers' Association of the Province of Ontario, 1905 {Ann. Rpt. [iccl^ccpcr^' .l.s-.sf;r. Ontario. I'.Xii]. pp. 7i). — This report cdii- tains an account of the ])roceedings of the twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Ontario Beekeepers' Association held in Toronto, November 15-17, 1905. At this meeting a considerable list of papers were read and were followed, by intei*- esting discussions. In the president's address, H. G. Silibald called attention to the advantages of beekeepers from attending such meetings and exchanging views on the various problems of beekeeping. F. C. Harrison also discu.ssed the methods of diffusing apicultural knowledge (pp. &-10). It was urged that bee joiu-nals should contain every month advice to beginners regarding the common troubles which they are likely to meet with in caring for bees. R. H. Smith called attention to the necessity of .systematic advertising in the successful marketing of honey (pp. 1(M8). Complaint is freiiuently made that the demand for ])ui-e comb honey is not sufficiently active. It was suggested that this is ])artly due to a lack of judicious advertising on the part of bte raisers and carelessness in the packing and marketing of the product. F. T. Shutt rejoi-ted a number of experiments in apicultural work (pp. 23-2(5). Honey consumers sometimes complain of the granulation of honey and believe that this indicates some impurity. Attention was called to the fact that pure honey will granulate or candy even if it is maintained in cold storage at a tempei-ature of 40° F. A large number of chemicals were tested in attempts to devise a successful method for bleaching wax. No good results were obtained. Brief notes were also given on the nature of honeydew on trees. The report also contains short articles on Production of Comb Honey, by R. Lowey (pp. 2(i-28) ; Amendments to the Foul Brood Act, by F. J. Miller (pp. 30-33) ; A Method of Preventing Swarming, by J. Fixter (pp. 39-41) ; Bee- keeping in Can:ida :ind .Taniaica. by A. Laing (pp. 49-53) ; Out Apiaries, by D. Nolan (pp. (Jl, t!!') ; and other notes and discussions. Note on bacteria pathogenic to the silkworm, S. Sawamura {BuJ. Col. Af/r.. Toli/o Imp. Inir.. 7 (lOiiH). \o. 1. p. 1(16).— \\\ a study of flacherie of silk- worms tlu- author linds that the disease may be caused by a number of bacteria. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 65 including varions spofios of I'rolous. Microrocnifi p]/o;/riirf) niireus, BaciUus coli, B. rllciihdclii. li. fcrnn/cinis. IS. fuclisiHiix. H. iiic'riiiiii. B. megatheriiwi botnbycis, IS. inyvoUUs. B. pi/'jci/diiriis. B. nihcfdcicns. and B. riridans. FOODS -HUMAN NUTRITION. Cooking- quality of potatoes (Jour. Bd. Agr. [LoiitUm], IS (WOG), Fo. 1, Pl>- 'n-'/!)). — lOxpcrinicnts on tlic coolving (lualily of potatoes. i).v wliich is meant the appearance, texture and llavor alter conkinj,', carried on at tlie Kdinhiiri;!! and East of Scotland A.ixricultural C(dle.t;e, are i)rietiy summarized. Of the (iilTercnt varieties Langwortby is cl.assed as excellent; Twentieth Century. Wliite Itiossom. and liritish Queen as very .i,'ood. and Pink Blossom, Factor. r])-to-I )ate. and Kini; Edward VII as .i^ood. "The varieties in the .^roup classed fjood .iri' at least equal to Up-to-I)ate in (|uality. and some of them surpass it. Qu.ility in potatoes, of course, will vary considerably with soil and cultivation. On some farms the varieties clas.sed here as good woidd lie very jiood in, p. 238). — This is an introductory text- book which takes up among other questions the microscopy of common starches, and foods and drugs and their adulterants. The testing of yeast employed in bread making (Pure Products, 2 (1906). Nos. -'/, pp. 181-190; 5, pp. '22()-2S0). — Differences between brewers' yeast and compressed yeast are pointed out. The compressed yeast consists of the so- called top fermentation yeasts with water removed, so that the yeast may be conveniently shipped and stored. It is stated that the chief trouble arising in bread making from the use of brewers' yeast is due to the almost entire absence of diastatic enzyms and to the larger propoi'tion of trypsin which it secretes. The trypsin causes cleavage of pi'oteids, and so the glutenin of the dough becomes softened to such an extent that it fails to retain carbon dioxid. When compressed yeast is used the glutenin remains tough and retains gas. In testing compressed yeast such characteristics :is color, odor, taste, and Iceeping (piality should be taken into accoimt. The yeast should also be examined for adulter- ation with bottom-fermenting brewers' yeast, and methods of making the tests are i)ointed oiit. The fermenting iiower should also be determined, and the Hay- duck method is considered most satisfactory for the purpose. The decomposition of French mustard by bacteria and its prevention, A. Kossowicz (Ztschr. Lundir. Versuclisic. Oestcrr., 9(1906), No. 3, pp. 111-116. pi. 1). — Two forms of bacteria were isolated which were regarded as the main cause of decomposition of bottled mixed mustard. Other chan.ges were attrib- uted to mechanical and chemical causes ; for instance the separation of the liquid from the solid portion and the rancidity of mustard fats. Sterilization of the bottled mustard is recommended as a preventive, as well as the use of well stoppered bottles and mixing the mustard with 4 or 5 per cent vinegar and allow- ing it to stand 12 hours before bottling. A study of three vegetarian diets, D. N. Pa ton and J. C. Dunlop (Proc. Roy. .Voc. Edhih., 25(190J,-5), pt. 1, pp. J,98-.506). — Two of the 3 dietaries studied included milk and eggs as well as vegetable foods, while the third was made uj) entii'ely of bananas. The subject of the fruitarian dietary, a man wei.ghing 52 kg., consumed during the 5 days he was imder observation 0 lbs. 8 oz. of this fruit. The food value of the diet was only 7.5 gm. protein, 0.7 gm. fat, and 199.8 gm. carbohydrates per day with a fuel value of 856 calories. During the entire period considerably more nitrogen was excreted than was consumed, the amount being e(iuivalent to a daily loss of 19.8 gm. of tissue protein, or about 100 gm. of flesh. These values are very similar to those noted in starvation. The total amount of nonurea nitrogen was less than normal and the preformed ammonia was very small. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION . 67 In tho otli(>r i* diets tho anioiint of protoin and onorgy was snflifient for the maintenance of health and nniseular vigor, but tlie cost was considerably in excess of " that for which the laboring classes in town or country are able to jtrocurc an c(|nally satisfactory diet." "Till' study of the ordinary diets of the laboring classes in all countries seems to show that whenever possible a diet is secured which will yi(>ld soni(>thing over :?,()()(» calories of energy and ov(>r 100 gm. of proteids per man per diem. It is improliable that so many different races should have made the same mis- takes in the essential elements of th(Mr very varied diets." Results of digestion expei'inients with milk powder, V. Krult, (Milclnr. Zcntbl., 2 {Willi), yo. //, pp. l(hj-.n.3). — A summary of analytical data and the results of artificial and natural digestion experiments led the author to conclude that milk powder is readily and thoroughly digested and may be used in infant feeding and in the household in many ways. Nitrogenous metabolism in normal individuals, J. M. Hamill and S. B. ScHBYVEK (Joiir. I'Jii/.siol., 3.'i (1006), Xo. 3, Proc. PJii/sioL Soc, 1906, pp. Y- XII). — Six-day experiments with 7 subjects showed that on an average the ni- trogen excreted per day was 13.5 gm. Allowing for a loss of 10 per cent in tho feces, this is equivalent to O.S gm. of protein per person per day. The ratio of uric-acid nitrogen to total nitrogen was fairly constant, being 1.-54 on an average. Carbohydrate combustion in the animal body, J. Stoklasa (Brr. Dent. Vhciu. (i€>ieU., .3S {190.')), 'No. 2, pp. tiO'i-GlO). — Studies of the effect of expressed meat juice on carbohydrates led to the conclusion that the energy -yielding proc- esses in cell i)rotoplasm are brought about by the enzym lactolase which forms lactic acid from Ciirbohydrates, and by alcoholase, which forms alcohol and car- bon dioxid. The secondary products which are formed by further cleavage are produced only when oygen is present. The enzyms which cause such cleavage are acetolase and formilase. The cleavage products capable of oxidation are converted into carbon dioxid and water by the oxygen of the air. The chemistry of digestion in the animal body. Ill, Proteid cleavage in the digestive tract, E. S. London {Ztschr. Phi/siol. Che)ii.. .'/7' {1906), Xo. '1-6. pp. 36S-.^1'}). — In the middle portion of the small intestine alanin and as- partie acid were noted as cleavage products in addition to those reported by other observers when meat was fed. The experiments ^vere made with dogs. The author believes that it is possible to determine proteid cleavage quantita- tively in the animal body, and that Fischer's ester methods may be iised with good results in studying products of animal digestion. Concerning the extractive material of muscular tissue. Ill, Methyl- guanidin, W. (Jii.ewitsch {Ztschr. Physiol, ('hem., .'/7 {1906). \o. 'i-6. pp. -'iHl-'il,')). — Methylguanidin, a constituent of meat extract, the author concludes is formed by autolysis either after death or. more probably, during life and is to be regarded as an oxidation product of creatin or creatinin. For earlier work see E. S. R., 17, p. 683. Protein assimilation in the animal body, E. .\bderhalden and P. Rona {ZtHchr. Phiixiol. Chriii.. J,l {19(16), \o. .',-6. pp. 397-.',03).—\\heu the body is supplied with a lai-ge excess of protein the authors conclude, from their experi- ments, that it has the power to select those which are best suited for the forma- tion of body proteids. The experiments were made with dogs, and the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was determined. A law of growth reiterated, G. Lusk {Amer. Jour. Phi/siol.. 1.', (]D06), \o. 3, Proc. .\)nrr. Physiol. .S'oc, 18 {1905), pp. XVII, XVIII).— The law which the author formulates is that in the normal development of young of the same age and si)ecies a definite percentage of the energy content of the food is required for growth irrespective of the size of the individual. 68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Demands for heat and the calorimetric value of a ration with respect to temperature or climate, J. Lefevre {Coiiipt. Rriid. Hoc. Biol. [/'«/■/., pentosans (18.7, and ash 72.G i>er cent. 'I'he coellicieiits otttained in the tests with i)igs were Iiroteln 72.3. fat r)7.(). nitrogen-free extract '.fJ.T. crude lilx-i- (m.'",. pentosans Tn.l, and ash (Jl.O per cent. T!ie author helieves that other sorts el cucurl)its would have practically the same nutritive value. The urine was kualyzed and the amount of metlian excreted was calculated. Taking these facts into account tlH> ])Ii.vsiological nutritive value of the cucurbits for steers was 70.2 and for pigs (i'.» per cent. The nutritive value of ground beech bark, A. Zaitschek (f.andir. Jdlirb., 3-'> {1!)06), No. 1-2, pp. 2SH-2 'i 'i ) . — Digestion experiments were undertaken with sheep and pigs to ascertain the nutritive value of ground beech bark, a material offered as a feeding stuff in times of scarcity. The sheep could not be induced to eat the matcM'ial even when ndxed with molasses. The mixture was, however, eati'U by swine. Imt the ground beech bark was found t'> be wholly indigestible. Analyses ^were made of th(> urine. Rejjort of progress regarding the f)roposed act to be introduced by the Dominion government relative to the sale of concentrated feeding stuffs, \V. P. (iAMBi.E (Aiiti. h'pt. Ontario A(/r. (uid E.rpt. In ion. 2.7 (HXI.'j), pp. .jD-61). — The need for a law recpiiring an inspection of concentrated feeding stuffs in the Dominion of Canada is s])okeii of and a report given of the efforts which have been made to secure the enactment of such legislation. Fattening cattle for the years 1904 and 1905, F. P.. Lim-ielu {.Montana Hta. Bui. .'jS, pp. .')7-S2). — Cpntinuing earlier work ( E. S. P., ir>, p. 700) 2 tests with steers are reported. In the first test crushed wheat, ground oats, ground barley, and a mixture of ecpial parts of these grains were compared, the coarse fodder in every case consisting of clover hay. Each of the 4 lots contained 8 steers and the test as a whole covered 101 days. The average daily gain ran.ged from 2.00 lbs. per head on wheat to 2.35 lbs. on mixed grains. The greatest range in feed recpiired per pound of gain and in the cost of feed i)er pound of gain was also noticed with the.se two lots, being respectively l.s:', and 2.1.5 lbs. and 4.50 and 5.83 cts. Considering this and earlier woi-k the author estimates on the basis of the amounts required per pound of gain that the different grain rations supple- mented by clover hay rank as follows: Mixed grain, barley, wheat, and oats. In the second test different anumnts of grain (barley, oats, and br;in 2:1:1) wei-e compared, the daily grain rations being re.spectively .".. 5. 7. .-ind 10 lbs. pi'r head. The coarse fodder In every case consisted of clover hay. Each of the 4 lots contained (i steers and the feeding i)eriod covered 129 day.s. The smallest gain. l.Ki lbs. per head per day. was noted with the .5-lb. grain ration and the greatest gain. 1.37 lbs. per head per day, with the lO-lb. grain ration. The feed required per pound of gain ranged from 1.89 lbs. on the 3-lb. grain ration to 5.1(! lbs. on the lO-lb. grain ration. The greatest variation in cost of feed per pound of gain, namely, (i.7 and 0.5 cts.. was also noticed with these two lots. "The results of the tests made during tlie winter 1002-3 ;ind 10():]-4 seemed to show that the relative value of the differ(>nt grains (when fed with clover) to produce increase in live weight on a steer, is : 1st, mixed grain ; 2d, barley ; 3d, wheat ; 4th, oats. 70 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " In this test while the steers fed the larger grain ration gained more and taster than those fed the smaller grain ration, yet the gains were in no wise in proportion to the difference in the grain." Feeding range steers, J. J. Vernon (Netc Mexico Sta. Rpt. 190-'f, pp. 27, 2,S)._The valne for winter feeding of alfalfa hay alone and supplemented by a light grain ration of bran and cracked wheat 1 : 8 was tested with 2 uniform lots of 5 2-year-old range steers each. On alfalfa and grain the net profit was calculated to he $7.42 per ton of hay and on the hay alone .$S.4(l. The quantity of milk taken by nursing calves and its fat content, T. Henkel and E. Muhlbach {Lamlw. Vers. Stat., 63 {1906), No. 5-6, pp. JtOl- Ji69, figs. 12). — It was found in the experiments reported on methods to be fol- lowed with nursing calves that the best results were obtained when the calf nursed at frequent and regular intervals. If the calf nurses before the cow has been milked at all, it obtains milk of low fat content. If, however, the cow has been milked somewhat, the calf obtains milk rich in fat. The effect of different methods of milking iind other related questions are also considered. Sheep feeding experiments for the years 1904-5, F. B. Linfield {Montana Stu. Bill. 59. pp. sr>-116).—-ln the lirst of the feeding tests the comparative value of wheat screenings, wheat, oats, barley, and a mixture of eciual parts of wheat, oats, and barley, was tested with 5 lots of lambs and 5 lots of wethers, each lot containing 24 animals. The grain ration in every case was supple- mented by clover hay. During the whole period of the test, 97 days, the greatest gain of the wethers. 0.219 lb. per head per day, was noted with the lot fed wheat, and the smallest gain, 0.187 lb., with the lot fed the mixed grain. The cost of a pound of gain was lowest, 7.49 cts., on wheat screenings, and greatest, 8.73 cts., on mixed grain. With lambs the greatest gain, 0.25G lb., was noted on wheat screenings, and the smallest gain, 0.219 lb., on wheat. These two rations also showed the greatest range in cost, a pound of gain being valued at 3.8 cts. on screenings and 5.57 cts. on wheat. Considering all the lots, the average gain with wethers was 0.2 lb. and with lambs 0.237 lb., the cost of a pound of gain in the two cases being 7.92 cts. and 4.G1 cts. For feeding wethers, the author ranks the grains as follows when fed with clover hay : Wheat, barley, oats, wheat screenings, and mixed grains ; and for lambs — screenings, oats, barley, mixed grains, and wheat. When sold, some of the lambs which were light weight at the beginning of the test were not sufficiently finished to bring the highest price, and the author concludes that 3 months' time is not a sufliciently long feeding period for such animals. In a test, covering (i5 days, of clover hay and grain, with and without roots, which was made with 2 lots of 32 sheep each, the average gain per head per day with the roots was 0.205 lb. and without roots 0.195 lb., the cost of a pound of gain in the 2 cases being G.4 and 7.3 cts. The sheep included in this test had been used in experiments on the effects of poisonous plants, and some of them had lost weight during the summer. On an average they weighed 83 lbs. each at the beginning of the trial. The roots fed in this and the following test con- sisted of sugar beets, with occasionally mangels. Using one lot of 16 and one of 14 sheep, wheat screenings and mixed grain (barley, oats, and bi-an 2:1:1) were compared, the ration in each case contain- ing clover hay and roots in addition to grain. In 05 days the average gain on screenings was 0.193 lb. and on grain 0.3 lb. and the cost of a pound of gain 0.2 and 4.4 cts. The feeding was then contimied foi- 58 days, both lots l>ii?ing fed clover hay and roots with the mixed grain. During this period tla?. ayeragP; ANIMAL PHonrCTION. 71 gain was (MM.". Ih. per lioad per day, and the cost of a ixmiid of gain 5.7 fts. The shoop us«>d in this test were hadly " loi-oed " and when received were liardly strong enough to stand. They weiglied on an average 42.5 lbs. "'Locoed" sheep that had been treated with vermifuges fed during 123 days gained as rapidly and made as economic gains as a band of healthy wethers, r.eing small and thin, however, they would iiave to be fed at least twice as long to get them re.ady for the market." Heavy (1.5 11..) and light (1 lb.) grain rations were compared with 100 wethers divid( d into 2 uniform lots. The grain consiht(>d of the mixture men- tioned above and was supplemented by clover hay. On the heavier ration the average daily gain in the s. with 18.0 lbs. clover hay on an average. Experiments with Siiffolk and Lincoln crossbred sheep at Glen Innes Experimental Farm (A(/r. Guz. A'. .S'. Wales. 11 (1906). .A"o. .3. pp. 236-238, fi;/. 1). — The breeding tests were carried on by R. II. Gennys, who found that the Lincoln-Merino cross produced heavier wool than the Suffolk-Merino. The wool of all the crosses was nmch improved by the Merino blood. As mutton sheep the Suffolk-AIerino crosses, both as lambs and as full-grown sheep, were superior to the others. Sufficient data have not yet been accumulated regarding the Kommey and Shropshire crosses for drawing deductions. Effect of covering the body on the distribution of fat, J. Bergoxie (Compt. h'cml. .S'oe. Biol. [Paris], 60 (1006). Xo. 16, pp. 191, 7i?2).— Experiments with lambs with one-half the body shorn at intervals of 8 days failed to show any effect upon the formation of fat. Slight differences in the distribution of the fat on the shorn and unshorn sides were noted. Pig feeding experiments, F. B. Linfield {Montana Hta. Bui. 51, pp. 39-o6) . — In the first of the tests reported the relative efficiency of grain and alfalfa hay and grain and roots with and without exercise was studied with 4 lots of 4 pigs each, the test covering 80 days. The roots fed in this and other tests were nearly always sugar beets. The average daily gain per pig on grain and hay with exercise was 0.57 lb. and without exercise 0.42 lb., and on grain and roots with exercise 0.G5 lb. and without exercise 0.30 lb. In the second test barley and bran alone and supplemented by skim milk and Iiy clover hay were comjiared with .*> lots of 5 pigs each for 98 days. The third test was like the second excei)t that sugar beets as a supplement to barley and bran were also included. This test covered 81 days and the 4 lots contained 4 pigs each. Considering both tests the average gain on grain alone was 0.92 lb., on grain and skim milk 1.37 lbs., and on grain and clover hay 1 lb. per head per day. The corresponding gain on sugar beets was 1.09 lbs. In the third test the lots fed barley and bran and grain and clover hay were not ready for market at the close of the test, so the feeding was continued for 17 days, the ration consisting of the grain mixture supplemented by roots and skim milk. The average daily gain per head was 1.8 lbs. In the fourth test reported full rations of grain wet up with water and with skim milk were compared with a one-fourth grain ration mixed with water, the rations in eveiy case being supplemented by pasturage. Two of the lots con- tained 3 pigs each and the remaining lot 2 pigs. The test covered 55 days. On the full grain ration mixed with water the gain was 1.41 lbs. per head per day, on the full grain ration with skim milk 1.70 lbs., and on the half grain ration 0.94 lb. 6579— No. 1—06 6 72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Omittiug the first test aud the supplementary period of the third test the author calculates that on grain alone 5.28 lbs. were required for a pound of gain and smaller amounts when other feeds supplemented the grain. The author calculates that in none of the tests did the pigs return the market price for the feed if valued at 4 ets. per pound live weight. If sold at 6 cts. per pound the calculated gain would average .$l.S.j per 100 lbs. feed. "A point of considerable importance is that this result indicates that when running on pasture, hogs will keep in good condition and even gain in live weight on a light grain ration. There are yet many other facts, however, to be worked out along the lines of this test. " The important point brought out in this test is the value of some supple- mentary food added to the grain ration in fattening hogs. . . . " In these tests, skim milk, sugar beets, clover, or alfafa have been used, and their value seems to he in the order named. It is apparent that in some way these additional foods have a value beyond what their composition would indi- cate. These supplementary foods seem to act in two or three ways. 1st, they seem to stimulate the appetites of the animals so that they eat more of the grain and make more economic gains because there is a larger surplus over the requirements of the body to tui'u into meat. 2d, these supplementary foods may aid the digestion of the hogs so that they can make better use of the food given them." Digester tankage for swine, K. S. Shaw (Michigan ^Sta. Bui. 237, pp. 149-157). — So much milk is supplied to cheese factories, condensed-milk facto- ries, and sold to cities and towns that on many farms there is a scarcity of skim milk for feeding young calves and pigs. A substitute for skim milk is, therefore, desirable and the value of digester tankage for this purpose was studied for young pigs in 1 test of 50 and 2 tests of TO days' duration with pigs 50 to 120 days old at the beginning of the trial. In one of the tests corn meal, middlings, and tankage 3 : .3 : 1 mixed with water were compared with the same grain ration mixed with skim milk. In the other tests middlings and corn meal 2 : 1 with the addition of one-eleventh of tankage wet up with water were compared with the same grain ration mixed with skim milk in the proportion of 1 lb. of meal to 3 lbs. of milk. On the tankage rations the average daily gain was 0.98 lb. and the feed con- sumed per pound of gain- 3.14 lbs. On the meal and skim milk rations the average daily gain Avas 1.08 lbs. per head and the feed required per pound of gain 2.48 lbs. meal and 5.G7 lbs. skim milk. In a check test covering 10 weeks in which 2 lots of 5 pigs each were fed middlings and corn meal 2 : 1 mixed to a thick slop with water 4.09 lbs. of meal were required per pound of gain, the average daily gain being 0.8 lb. " The indications . . . are that digester tankage can be used successfully as a substitute for skim milk in the ration for the growing pig from weaning time ou." The results suggest " that a slightly greater proportion of tankage than one-eleventh of the ration could be fed, increasing the gains somewhat, and still keeping within the cost of production of the skim milk ration." Corn meal and digester tankage in the propbrtion of 5 : 1 and 9 : 1 were com- pared for fattening pigs with rations of corn meal only and with rations of middlings and corn meal 2 : 1 with and without the addition of one-eleventh of tankage. The tests covered from 70 to 98 days. The average daily gain per pig on the tankage rations was 1.19 lbs. and on the rations without tankage 0.98 lb. The average cost of a pound of gain with tankage was 4.44 cts. and without tankage 4.8r> cts. "The gains were greatest in every case where tankage was used in the ration and this was more and more noticeable as the feeding period was prolonged. . . . ANTMAL PRODTTCTTON. 73 In .i,'('ii('r,il lilt" li.mircs .i,'iv('ii inilic.itc Hint laiik.i^c (■■iii lie used to i^ood iidviuitnj^e in tilt' rntidii for the fnttciiiiii; lio;^ ;is well ;is l"(ir tlic .t^rowiiii; jii.i;." Motion and muscular work in relation to digestion in horses, A. Sciieu- NERT (Ltniilir. ./(ilirh.. A'l (IHO'i). A o. .■;. jip. SU5-827). — I'nictical doductioiis are drawn froni cxiKTiiiicnls iiiTviously rciKirtcMl (E. S. R., 17, ]i. ."is.j). If work is rcasonahlc in anMuinl and nut ((jiiI iiincd until .i^rcat fati.^inc is induced it does not exercise an\- unra\ uraiile eriect u|mhi the dii^estion in li<)i-s(»s, Imt, on the (itlier hand, ni.-iy exercise a CaNoi-ahle effect, Aniin.als wiiicli have worked he- fore llie,\- are U'i\ and .are allowed lo I'est after eatin;^ digest their food in the same wa\- as horses al rest. The Ranidae: How to breed, feed, and raise the edible frog (Allcinlalc, \. ./.: Mcadoir liniak I'diiii. llli:.'>. iij>. .11. p;/s. H). — The author helieves that fros; raisinj; for niai-ket may he made a profitahle industry and some directions are f^iven wliieli, it is i lainu'd. are has(>d on experience. The life history of the froj; is descrihed. The author states tliat the common l^ro^'s of .Vnierica are I'dmi rsruhnhi and J\'. Iciiijiniiiriii and recommends Hie former as the species which should be raised for market. In his statements he has ap|iarently confused the English and American species as it is h'. vntcxhUuid. a lart^e frog, which is commonly eaten in the T'nited States, whei'eas the small lOnudish frog (A*. csci(Jciita) is not indig- enous here. Studies in oyster propagation, .1. Nelson (Xcir .Jcrsci/ St), The results obtained were for the most part negative. " It seems evident that spawn artificially j)repared lacks something to enable it to grow into sjial. or possibly there was an element lacking in the boxes. These points must be investigated next season." In general, the boxes were regarded as satisfactory. The water inside seemed to he ])ure and as rich in oyster food as that outside. The tixatioii of oyster sp:it and the genesis of oyster spawn are illustrated by a number of plates. First lessons in poultry keeping, J. H. Robinson {Boston: Farm Poultry I'lih. Co.. lUii.'i. pp. liis. fif/.s. 61). — In a series of lessons designed for houn; in- struction, breeding, feeding, care of poultry, the use and managen)ent of incu- hiitors, the construction and furnishing of poultry liouses, and related questions are taken u]). Poultry work for 1905, .1, II, Sheppekd (North Dakota Kla. h'pt. WO.',, pp. .'id-'/S). — A brief sunnnary of data on the eggs laid. set. ;ind hatched: the poultry used and sold: and the linanees of the station poultry department. The American standard of perfection {Aincr. Poult ri/ Af<.soc., 1900, pp. 299, I'kjk. 12-'i). — As stated in the subtitle, this volume contains a description of all varieties of fowls, including domestic i)Oultry. ducks, turkeys, and geese, recog- nized by the American Poultry Association and is designed as a manual for judging i)oultry. This edition was prei)ared at the twenty-eighth annual meet- ing of the .Vmerican I'oultry Association at Rochester. The material published in. earlier editions has been revised and new breeds and varieties have been added. " hut the policy has been, .and is. to admit only such as have become well established and that clearly are entitled to the distinctive term 'standard- bred.' " The volume also contains a glossary of technical terms and the consti- tution and by-laws of the American Poultry Association, 74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The production of brown or tinted eggs (Jour. Bd. Agv. [LoHf/O)?!, 12 (J006), A'o. 10, pp. G11-G13). — Since brown-slielled eggs are preferred in the British niarljet and bring a higher price their production is discussed. Lang- shans. Cochins, Plymouth Rocks, Orpingtons. Game. Wyandottes. Brahnias. Faverolles, and Coucous de ^Maliues produce eggs of the desired color. A innnber of satisfactory crosses are also suggested. " In crossing two breeds producing respectively white and tinted eggs, it is necessary to depend chiefly upon the females for conservation of tlie tinted characteristic, and it is advisable that in such crossing the m;ile only should be selected from the white egg-producing races." Egg production of virgin fowls, J. Nelson {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. IDO.'), pp. 393- 'lOO). — The presence utter. Experiments with the dairy herd, G. A. Billings (Neir Jersey Stas. Rpl. 1905, pp. 376-390, pis. 6). — The improvement of dairy herds is briefly discussed and an experiment in breeding a pure-bred Guernsey sire upon common stock is reported. The records of 1 dam and 4 heifers are given. In every instance the fat content of the milk of the offspring was higher than that of the mother. This practice is recommended not only for increasing the fat content of the milk but for giving the milk a higher color. Notes are given on the construction of concrete mangers for cattle and on improvements in the milk room at the station, including the laying of a con- crete floor. The value of keeping milk records is illustrated by the records of the colU^ge herd. The data obtained during 9 years on the cost of producing and handling milk indicate that cows producing yearly less than 5,000 lbs. of milk containing 4 per cent of fat are unprofitable. With milk at 3 cts. per quart the records show that 30 cows have returned profit over and above the value of manure, while 11 were unprofitable. With butter at 20 cts. per pound only 13 out of 44 cows showed any profit above the manure after deducting for feed, labor, interest on the cai)ital invested, and depreciation of the herd. Dairying, J. J. Vernon (A'e/r Mexieo Sta. Rpt. 190), pp. 28, 29). — In experi- ments with 8 cows, feeding bran with alfalfa hay was compared with feeding alfalfa hay alone. In 12 weeks 4 cows consumed 11,207 lbs. of alfalfa hay and 2,700 lbs. of bran and produced 5.r)43 lbs. of milk, while 4 cows fed alfalfa alone consumed 11,378 lbs. of hay and produced 4.028 lbs. of milk. Tests of Guernsey cows for advanced registry {Connecticut State St a. Rpt. 1905, pt. U. I). 3)3). — Nine cows were tested during the year, the records of 3 being given. DATRV FARMINC DATRYTNO. 75 Milking trials {-/(jur. Jiril. Ihtiri/ l-'unitcr.s' .Itmuc., .id { I'Jtni) . mt. 135-169). — Two-day tests of 7:'. cows and s i^oals .u-c reported in dotail. Summaries of j)revious tests have been noted in E. S. It., 16. pp. 504 and 1118. The average yield of mill; in pounds and tlie contents of fat and solids-not-fat in percentages for tlie tests in 1905 by breeds are respectively as follows: Shorthorn, 49.1, ;{.,sr). and 8.99; Jerseys, 84.7. 5.2.'). and 9.14; Guernseys, 81.4. 4.81. and 9.15; Ited I»olls, 88.5, 8.08. and 8.9:?: Korries. 28.2, 4.10, .and 8.90 ; and crosses, •15.7, 8.,82. and 9.08. An experimental inquiry into the factors which determine the growth and activity of the mammary glands, .1. E. E.vnk-Ci.ayi-on and E. II. Staklinc; (Proc. Roy. Soc. \ London], Scr. li. 77 [lUfii]). So. B ■',.i(i. pp. ■'>n.;-.-,.li, pi. /).— Tlio oxporiniciits coiisislod in injccdn^' linid extracts of tlic ovary, uterus, ]>lact'iita. ;iii(l fetus inO) virLcin ral>l)its with a view to producing changes in tlie mannnary glands which occur normally in pregnancy. In (i cases the authors produced in tliis way a lirauching in the ducts of the mammary glands, a proliferatiiin of the ei)ithelial cells, and in one instance a formation of secreting acini. While the results were not considered entirely conclusive they fav' r the view advanced by Ilildebrandt that the growth of the mammary trland during ])regnancy is due to the action of a specific chemical stinnilus pro- (hiced largtly in the fetus, which inhibits the secretory activity of the gland cells. Lactation is. therefore, due tn the removal of this substance. The elimination of nitrates by the mammary gland, L. MarcaS and ('. IlTYCE (Bill. A!;r. \ Brussels]. JJ W.ltiC). Ao. 2, pp. :>n-22-')}. — The depend- ence jilaced upon tlie ])re.sence of nitrates in milk as a proof of watering, led the juithors to administer potassium nitrate to 22 cows and test their milk by (liphenyliimin. Nitrates were irregularly detected in the milk. On the bacteriological conditions of the udder and the milk, C. Babthel (A', fjuiiltbr. ALiiil. Ilnndl. och Tiilskr.. '/J (1006), No. 1, pp. //S-J6).— The autlinr corroborates Ward's and von Ereudenreich's conclusions that bacteria iKii'iiially find their way into the udder of the cow, and shows that these are mostly cocci, while tyiiical milk bacteria are not able to invade the udder. The .irticle gives a review of the results of investigations conducted along this line Ity ("oiiii and Stocking, Kolle, Sommerfeld, and others. — f. w. woll. Bitter milk, C. Uvyv.e (Bill. Af/r. \ Bnis.< per cent preserved milk ?> to (J days and such milk is believed to be in no way injurious. A bibli- ography is appended. On the addition of foreign fats to milk, C. Girard {Ahs. in Choit. Ztg.. ,]0 (1906), No. J/l, p. 50-'i). — The author's experiments were made with cocoanut oil, lard, cotton-seed oil, margarin, etc., and showed that the addition of these materials to milk reijuired special apparatus and the employment of a tempera- ture of 80° ('., which gave the mixture a taste rendering it unpalatable. Grading cream, O. Erf (Kansas Hfa. Bill. ISo, pp. ISS-l'i'i). — In the dairy department of the college cream has been graded for nearly 2 years with, it is stated, universal satisfaction to the patrons and a marked imjjrovement in the quality of the cream. According to the scheme used, cream to be of first grade should contain not more than 0.2 per cent of acid, have no undesirable flavors or odors, be not over 3 days old, and contain not less than 30 per cent of fat. Second-grade cream may contain as much as 0.3 per cent of acid but should be untainted, not more than 5 days old, and should contain 30 per cent or more of fat. Third-grade cream may be somewhat stale and tainted and contain less than 30 per cent of fat. It is estimated that there should be a difference in price of at least 4 cts. between the first and second grades and not less than 2 cts. between the second and third. The bulletin also discusses the grading of butter, gives directions for the de- termination of the ;i(idity of cream, enumerates the causes of undesirable flavors and odors in cream, and makes suggestions concerning the proper care and handlTng of cream. A new Babcock m.ilk-testing bottle, R. C. Whitman (.lour. Ai)iei: Med. Assoc. ',7 ( 1!)(i6), No. 3, pp. 20.1,, 203). — The bottle described has been designed for testing small quantities (5 cc. ) of milk and for use in an ordinary urine cen- trifuge. Into the neck of the bottle proper is ground a graduated glass tube, making both not to exceed 5* in. in length. It is stated that the bottles have been comjiared repeatedly with the regulation I'.aI)cock bottles and have given klentical I'csulls. Examination of Babcock test rqaparatus (Connecticut State Sta. I'pt. VJii'i, pt. 6, p. S.'/S). — During 1905, 4 itipettes, 216 cream-test bottles, and T.'! milk-test bottles were tested. All were found accurate except 4 milk-test bottles. Investigations in the manufacture and storage of butter. I, The keep- ing qualities of butter made under different conditions and stored at dif- ferent temperatures, ( '. E. (Jkav ; with remarks on the scoring of the butter, G. L. McKay (U. H. Dept. Ayr.. Bur. Anini. Indus. Bui. ,sV/, pp. 2-i).— This bulle- tin, which is the first of a contemplated series, gives results of one season's work in making butter under different conditions and storing it luider different tem- peratures. The plan embraced a study of the keeping qualities of butter as affected by (1) temperature of storing, (2) pasteurization of cream, (3) salting. DAFin' FARMINO DATin-TNCx. 7 ( (4) i)Mfkinj^ in tul)s ;iii(l cmus. and (~>) filliiitc cans pai-tly and (Mitircly lull. The I'csults arc suiiiiiiarizcd li\- .Mr. (ira.\- as follows: " r.iitlcr coiilainin^' low iicrcciitajios of salt ]" and +10' F. scored about the same. -Vt +32° F. tlicr(> was a slij^lit difference in faxor of cans. " Butter in full cans kept nuicli better than did butler in cans only i)nrtially full, the d(>tei-i()rati()n doul)tless hein.i^ due to the presence of air in the i)artially full cans. '■ Ihitter held at — 10° F. kei)t best, both when in stora;,'e and after removal from storage. " I'.utt(>r made from cream received at the enginery sweet and in "^ood condi- tion ke])! \\ell while sloi'cd at Hi and +1(1° F. : also aftei' remo\aI from stor- age, giving results wholly satisfactory. " Tiutter made from cream received at the creamery sour and in fair condition kept well while in storage at — 10° and +10° F., hut deteriorated rapidly after i-emov.il from storage, giving, on tlie whole, results which were very unsatis- factory." l*rofesst)r McKay, who was one of the judges, conunents upon tlie scoring of the hutter, concluding from all the (hita at hand that in these experiments light salting and low temperatures gave nnich tlie hest results for storage hutter. Yields of salted and unsalted buttei', F. Fkiis (Mis. in Maelkeritid.. 19 (UXid), \(>. 10, pp. .'i30-.'iS3) . — Trials were conducted in two different creameries lo dctei'mine the yields of butter from ordinary ripened cream, with and without salting. The hutter was worked three times, the second time 1 to 1-^ hours after the first working, and the third time 3 to 4 hours after the second. Both the cream and the buttermilk contained about the same amounts of butter fat in e;\ch trial. For each 100 lbs. of salted butter an average of 0S.5 lbs. of unsalted butter was oittained. the increase in the yield of salted Initter l)eing caused l\v the 3..") i)er cent of salt :idded, which more than made up for the greater loss through working out of water. The average water content of the salted butter was 14.42 per cent and of the unsalted l"t.31 per cent. Tlie solids-not-fat in the salted butter .averaged ;',.27 per cent and in tlic unsalted 1.17 per cent. — v. w. WOIJ,. Denmark's butter exports, 1904-5, I>. BonoiLD ( 7'/r/.s.s7,r. TjOiKhih-oiioii}.. ID(l5. No. 12, pp. 630-6 'I'l). — The article contains the usual summary of butter' imports and exports from Denmark during the year ending September 30, 11)05. The imjtorts amounted to about 30,000,000 Danish pounds, and the exports to 10(i,()(iO,o(iO pounds. The net exi^orts, therefore, amounted to 1.11,000,000 pounds, 1,0(1(1,0(10 jiounds less than the preceding year. — v. w. woli.. The cold storage of cheese, ('. B. L.\nk H . X. Dcpt. Aifi:. liiir. Aiiini. liiiliis. liul. X3. pp. 26. pis. a, pf/s. -'/). — The author, aided l)y D. Stuart, has Iirouglit together the results of experiments carriiMl out by the late Maj. II. E. -Mvord, diu-ing I'.to.".^. to determine the intluence of different temperatures of storing upon the weight and (luality of piiraffined and unparaffined cheese. The temperatures compared were 2S°, ;;4°, and 40° F. rarafttned and unjiar- afhned lots of the 3 types of cheese known connnercially as Cheddars, Flats, and Young Americas, weighing on an average ()8, 37.7, and 10.4 lbs., respectively, and aggregating about 3 tons, were stored at these tenu.ieratures, and in addi- tion a test on a nuich smaller scale was made of the effect of storing cheese at a temperature of about 5°. During 247 days the unparathned Cheddars stored at 40° lost 0.87 per cent in weight, at 34°, 5.12 per cent, and at 28°, 2.88 per cent. During the same period the Flats lost at 40°, 5.53 per cent; at 34°, 4.37 per cent, and at 28°, 2.19 78 EXPEEIMENT STATION KE(M)RD. per cent. During 20.3 days the Young Americans lost at 40°, 9.34 per cent; at 34°, G.95 per cent, and at 28°, 4.25 per cent. Assuming that tbe cheese sold at a imiform price of 10 cents a pound; tlie profits in storing at 28° over 40° were 30 cents per hundred for Cheddars, 33 cents for Flats, and 51 cents for Young Americas. Paraffining reduced the loss in weight of the Cheddars to 3.19 per cent at 40°, 1.36 per cent at 34°, and 1.27 per cent at 28°, and the loss in weight of the Young Americas to 2..38 per cent at 40°, 2.11 per cent at 34°, and 1.45 per cent at 28°. Comparing paraffined cheese at 28° with unparaffined cheese at 40°, the saving from paraffining amounted to 40 cents per hundred for Cheddars and Flats and 52 cents for Young Americas. The quality of the cheese was not influenced to any marked degree by the different temperatures used and was not injured in any instance by paraffining. Investigations in the manufacture and curing of cheese. VI. The cold curing of American cheese, with a digest of previous work on the subject, C. F. DoANE (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aiiiin. Indus. Bui. So, pp. 68). — After review- ing previous experiments in cold and cool curing of cheese in the United States and Canada, the author reports an experiment made at Plymouth, Wis., for the purpose of determining tbe effect of different low temperatures of storage and the time of putting into storage upon tbe curing of the cheese. The cheese used was manufactured under strictly commercial conditions, placed in storage directly from the press and at tbe age of one and two week-s, and held at tem- peratures of 32° and 40° F. Rennet was used for part of tbe cheese at the rate of 3 oz. per 1,000 lbs. of milk, and for the remainder at double this rate. All tbe cheese was paraffined. Tbe details of manufacture, tbe weights of cheese at different periods, and the numerical and descriptive seoi-es are presented in tabular form and discussed. • Paraffining and placing in storage at the end of one week lessened consider- ably the loss in weight, as compared with paraffining and storing at the end of two weeks. This was considered the most interesting feature of the results so far as loss in weight was concerned. In many cases there was no shrinkage whatever from the time of paraffining to tbe time of final weighing, 5 to 7 months later. Tbe average total scores for low rennet cheese were as follows : Placed in storage directly from tbe press and held at 32°, 95, and at 40°, 94.3; placed in storage at tbe end of 1 week and held at 32°, 93.8, and at 40°, 90 ; placed in storage at the end of 2 weeks and held at^2°, 93, and at 40°, 90, and cured at the factory 81.4. Tbe scores for tbe high rennet cheese were as follows : Stored from the press at 32°, 94.4, and at 40°, 92.3 ; stored at the end of 1 week at 32°, 93.4, and at 40°, 90.3; stored at tbe end of 2 weeks at 32°, 91.G. and at 40°, 90.9, and cured at the factory, 90.5. In some instances taints developed in cheese kept out of cold storage for 1 and 2 weeks, but did not appear in the cheese placed in storage directly from the press. Furthermore, when the taints bad once started to develop, the 32° tem- perature served nuich better to bold them in check than tbe 40° temperature. The author therefore believes that tbe greatest beneficial influence of cold cur- ing is with what would otherwise be poor cheese. Contrary to tbe belief gen- erally held by dealere, the results indicate that cheese with too much acid should be placed in cold storage as quickly as possible and the colder the room tbe better. Tbe high rennet cheese ripened more rapidly than tbe low rennet cheese, and held its good qualities fully as long if not longer. The manufacture of Lancashire cheese, F. J. Lloyd (Jour. Brit. Dairy DAIKV FARMING DA IH VINO. 79 Farmers' Assoc, 20 {I'JOG). jji). 36-52). — The aulbur has investigated the methods of making cheese in Lancashire ami in this article malies suggestrons for ovorcoming faults and difficulties observed by liim, and reports some experi- uH'iital \v(.s,- London: Chapman if Hall. Ltd.. 1906, pp. J7 -1-586', pi. 1). — Since the publication of the German edition of this collection, two addi- tional chapters have been prepared by Ehrlich and Sachs, which are also in- cluded in the i)resent English edition, and a general review of recent work in immunity was prepai-ed by Ehrlich expressly for the translation. The subject of immunity in so far as the writings of Ehrlich and his disciples are concerned is therefore brought down to date. The original German edition has already been noted (E. S. li., l(^ p. 00). The local treatment of parasitic and infectious diseases with, remedies introduced in connection with an electric current, I). Bernaedini {din. \Ct. [Milan \. 2i) {l!l(i6), Xo. 20, pp. .'/DO- 'if).',). — From time to time experiments have been made to determine the influence of an electric curi'ent in hastening, and intensifying the penetration of drugs applied locally. The author secured some rather positive results from the use of this method. Rabbits were inoculated with anthrax cultures in the tissue of the ear and after 3 hours a solution of corrosive sublimate was applied to the ])oint of inoculation under the influence of an electric anode for a period of 10 nnnutes. Another rabbit was treated in the same manner except that the application of an electric current was omitted. After 56 hours it appeared that the rabbit which was not treated with electricity exhibited all of the bacteriological and pathological symptoms of anthrax while the other animal remained entirely normal. Public abattoirs. I, Construction and arrangeiiient, .T. De Loverdo {Ahat- toiffi piihlics. I. <'onstructio)i- et agencemcnt. Pari-n: H. Diinod tC- E. Piiiat, 1006, pp. nil -f iH)2, pis. 11, figs. 375). — This volume contains an elaborate account of the construction of abattoirs in France and other countries, particular attention being given to those in France with historical notes on the develop- ment of abattoirs in that country. The author discusses in a detailed manner the various points of construction, arrangement of rooms, and apparatus and other matters related to the architecture, sanitary regulation, ventilation, and use of abattoirs. Particular attention is given to cold stoi-age plants and their proper regulation in connection with abattoirs as well as to various other secondary industries dependent upon abattoirs. Public abattoirs. II, Inspection and administration of abattoirs and cattle markets, II. Martel, J. De Loveruo. and Mallet {Ahaffoirs piihlic^. VETKKTN\RY MEDTCINE. 81 //, InsjirclioH el iKlniiHislrdlioii (h's (ilidlloirx i nsliilldl inn dcs uuirchrx (tux hrstidii.r. /'dtis: II. DiiikxI d- /•,'. I'iiidl. l'J(t(l. jip. 17 f (;',.'i. plx. N. fins. 110). — This volume (■()ini)l(M('s the .iiciicral accduiit ol' aliatt(»ir>^ and coiitaius ,i (lotailt'd (lisfussion of the administration and inspection work to be carried on in abattoirs and small slausbtcrhousus. The subject-matter is arransed under a number ot different heads, including sanitary inspection of animals, the reasons for insiu'ction, the obligations of moat inspectors, condemnation of meat. French legislation, methods of inspection of various animals, stations for inspecting imjiorted meat, inspection of private abattoirs, special inspection of m(>;it for use by the army, the use of horses and dogs for food, insi)ection of ani- mals before slaughter by veterinai'y jiolice, meat legislation in countries other lliau France, iusiiecliou of .abattoirs ;ind connected buildings for saiutai-y con- ditions, genei-al administr.at ion of al)attoirs and cattle m;irlotassium pernnm- ganate and ;itro])in. Notes are given on a number of other harmful plants, i'lcluding a species of rubber jilant ( Aitiiiath camas. etc. Eradication of tuberculosis by the methods of Bang and Ostertag with reference to the aiDplicability of these methods to Saxony, .1. Riciitp:r {/Jxvhr. liifnUousK-ranl-. ii. Ujui. Haiislirn. I (lHOd). \o. .?-.?. pji. 187-210). — Tubercailin tests show tliat in Saxony about two-thirds of the cattle in the whole kingdom .are affected witli tuberculosis. The unusual prevalence of this disease m.akes it necessary to devise a practical method of not too great expense in controlling the disease. As is well known, Bang's method consists in the inocula- tion of each herd with tuberculin, the separation of healthy and reacting .inimals into two herds, which umst be kept separate thereafter and under the care of different attendants, the rearing of calves on cooked milk, the disinfec- tion of the staliles in which the healthy part of the herd is kei)t. and a repetition of the tuberculin test everv 'I months. This method, while effective, has been 82 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. found altogether too expensive and too elaborate for application to the average farm. For this reason it is utilized less and less even in Denmark, where gov- ernment aid is secured in carrying it out. The chief objection to Bang's method is the great increase in the amount of labor necessary to maintain two separate herds on different parts of the fann and prevent infection from spread- ing from one to the other. Moreover, the repetition of the tuberculin test at frequent intervals has been found to l)e a considerable hardship. The author believes that Bang's method is practical in localities where only a few herds are affected or in herds where the number of tuberculous animals is not great. In Saxony, however, with two-thirds of the cattle tuberculous, the method is con- sidered quite unpractical. Ostertag's system of eradication consists simply in the destruction of cattle affected with tuberculosis to such an extent that it may be readily recognized by physical symi)tonis and the rearing of calves under conditions which prevent infection. This method does not require the separation of the herd into tubercu- lous and healthy groups, but merely reciuires, as soor; as the disease becomes advanced far enough so that the animals may spread it by coughing or other- wise, that such animals be destroyed. The c-alves are reared on ])asteurized or sterilized milk or on the milk of other healthy cows. While Ostertag's method may not seem to satisfy sanitary requirements so strictly as that of Bang, it is much less expensive, more easily put in operation by the average farmer, and. as experience has shown, almost if not equally effective. The author believes that Ostertag's method is not capable of eradicating tuberculosis, at least within a short time, in a herd without separation of diseased animals, but that it does prevent a further infection and that the method is particularly applicalile to the conditions in Saxony. Experiments with milk artificially infected with tubercle bacilli, E. C. ScHKOEDER and W. PI Cotton {U. S. Dept. Ai/r., Btir. Aiiiiti. Indus. Bid. SO, pp. 18). — Three degrees of infectiousness were artificially in'oduced in milk l)y adding 1 loop of a culture of tubercle bacilli to 10 cc. of milk from which other degrees of infectiousness were obtained by diluting 10 times and 100 limes. Guinea pigs fed on the milk which contained the largest number of tubercle bacilli became infected without exception after feeding on this material 30 days and in 33i per cent of cases after being fed 1 day. Guinea pigs fed on milk containing a more dilute infection did not become diseased. Evidence was obtained, however, that guinea pigs ai"e not very susceptible to infection with tuberculosis through the alimentary tract. Hogs were inoculated subcutaneously with cultures of tubercle bacilli obtained from man and animals. In all 12 hogs were used in the experiments. It appears from these experiments that the high susceptil)ility of guinea pigs to tuberculosis liolds good only when infection is made in the abdominal cavity, veins, thorax, or subcutaneous tissue. During the experiments, 52 guinea pigs and 0 hogs were fed on milk containing small quantities of tubercle bacilli, with the result that none of the guinea pigs were affected, while 5 out of the G hogs contracted tuberculosis. The experiments indicate clearly that the localization of tuberculosis in the lung gives no hint as to the point at which infection took place. The lung may readily become infected by tubercle bacilli which enter the body at some other point. The authors conclude that the experiments "direct special attention to the danger sustained through exposure to tuberculous mate- rial that enters tlic body with the food. This fact can not be too strongly emphasized." Behavior of the cows' udder toward artificial infection with human and bovine tubei'cle bacilli, L. Meyer (Ztschr. Tienned., 10 (1906), Xus. 3. pp. VETERINARV MEDICINE. 88 161-101 : '/. /;/). 2Jtl-276). — An olaliorntc I'cviow i^ iircsonlod of llic litoratnn' reliitin? to this question in connectiuii with a l)il)liu};riii)liy uf s:; titles. In testing the virulence of tubercle bacilli of different origin, resort is usually had to the subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraiieritoncil methods of inoculation. The author chose the method of injection into the uddi r without jiroducing any lesion. In these experiments three cultures were used, two of hvu)ian and one of bovine origin. The two cultures obtained from consumptive human patients failed to produce tuberculosis when injected into the udder of cows, and calves which drank the milk also remained healthy. The bovine tubercle bacilli, however, produced a general infection which involved not only the udd(M- but various other organs and tissues and caused infection in the calf which drank the milk. Tuberculosis of the male genital organs of cattle. .T. Kowai.ewskv (Rrr. G(hi. MM. 1V^. 7 {1!)06). A'O. 80, pp. .'/ 17 -', 19). —It is stated that in Moscow, tuberculosis of the male genital organs of cattle was only observed in 1 cas(> out of 74,380 which were inspected at slaughterhouses, Onaccoxuit of the unusunl rarity of this form of tuberculosis the author gives detailed notes on two casws wliich came inider his observation. Tuberculin tests, X. O, Nielsen ( Maaiirflskr. Dyrhr.')). — The author undertook the ai)plication of the tuberculin test in his neighborhood for the purpose of determining the extent of infection. The results obtained were very satisfactory in so far as the reliability of the test is concerned. In one locality where 08 hogs were fed on the skim milk obtained from a creamery, 29 were found to be tuberculous. A system of pasteurization of the milk was consequently adopted. Tuberculin and the organism, F. Koiiler (Tuhcrl-tilln inuJ Orf/diiisiinii^. Jena: Gusto r Fischer. 100.'). pp. 100). — The extensive tests which have been reported with tuberculin in eow-s of different countries throughout the civilized world have led to differences of opinion regarding the reliability of tuberculin, its use for therapeutic purposes, and other matters connected with the gencn'al problem of tuberculosis. The author has presented in a brief manner a sum- mary fif results obtained by Viirious investigators, the material being arranged under various subheads including chemical investigations, pathology, clinical studies, and therapeutic use of tuberculin. This summary of literature relating to tul)erculin makes it ai)parent that while numerous facts have beeTi worked out with tolerable certainty there still remain many doubtful points for further investigation before positive statements may be made regarding the elTect of tuberculin upon the organism. The demonstration of antituberculin and tuberculous tissue, E. Weil and IT. Xak.v.i.vma (Miiiiclicii. Med. Wrhiischr.. .',.] {Willi). .\o. 21. pp. lOOl-lOO.'t).— An attempt was made to determine the specific effect of tuberculin upon tuber- culous tissue, and in these experiments active serum was used after being ren- dered inactive by increasing doses of horse blood. The author believes that the experinients of Wassermann and Bruck proved merely that extractives from tubercle bacilli are found in tuberculous foci. The formation of the complement takes place as a result of a mixture of tuberculin and organic extract. It is believed possible that antituberculin may be present in tuberculous tissue, but this has not been proved. The authon .discards the theory that complement is formed by a chemical affinity between antituberculin and tuberculin. The leucocyte and the tubercle bacillus, J. Bartel and W. Neu.mann (Centhl. Bait. \cic.]. 1. Aht.. ()ri(iiix\. GO {1!)06), Xo. ].'>. p/). 7'//-77/.:?).— The author ;idded saccharose and glucose to a bouillon medium for the purpose of testing these substances. It appears from these experiments that saccharose and glucose exercise an effect on the amount of chloroform-bacilline produced by the tubercle bacillus. A method for demonstrating anthrax bacilli in blood and tissues, J. FORSTER {Cciithl. Bitht. \c1(:\. 1. Aht.. Ori;/.. -'/O (HXIH). Xo. ■'>. pp. 7.')]-7.'j-',) . — A simple metliod for demonstrating anthrax bacilli has been found in the use of gypsum. After allowing the suspected material to grow for some time on a gypsum rod, cultures are made from this material in order to subject them to microscopic examination. If such cultures are heated to a temperature of 65° C. for 2 minutes, other bacteria such as coli bacillus and proteus will be killed, while the anthrax bacilli will lie luiaffected. Protozoan blood diseases of man and animals in German East Africa, A. Treutlein (.y a lichen. Med. Wc]iiif.i ilHiiC), Xo. 18, pp. S'io-S.jT). — Brief notes are given on the classification of the protozoa which are concerned in the production of blood diseases in man and animals. It was observed dur- ing investigations made in the region of Dares-Salaam that organisms resem- bling trypanosomes were freiiuently seen in blood preparations in cattle suffer- ing from Texas fever or African coast fever. Ticks and African coast fever, C. P. Lounsbury {Af/r. .Jour. (Uipc Good Hope, 28 (1906), Xo. J, pp. ().3J/-6o.'f). — The investigations of the author regard- ing the means of transmission of African coast fever have been continued. At first it was believed that only two species of ticks were concerned in transmit- ting this disease. It has been found, however, that 5 species are implicated — Uliipieephahis oppeudieHhituK. R. evcrtsi, R. siiinis, R. iiiteii.'<. and A*, capeiisis. Otiier ticks belonging to different genera apparently have nothing to do in transmitting African coast fever. In the author's experiments it was found jHtssible to triUismit the disease by means of one infected tick, but usually more were required. The incubation period averaged 13J days and the duration of the disease 12 days. As a rule, the animals did not show serious symptoms until within a few days before death. Often it is impossible to transmit the Infection by means of the ticks from diseased animals. In 35 cases positive results were obtained, and in all these cases the ticks had become infected in one stage of growth and communicated the disease in the succeeding stage. Tissue alterations in the cows' udder in cases of sporadic galactophoritis. Van der Linde (Arch. IF/.v.v. ». Prakt. Tierlieilk., 32 (1906), Xo. J,-5, pp. 3.31-362, pis. 2). — Detailed clinical notes are given on 35 cases of this disease. As a result of these studies the .•lutiior comes to the conclusion that the udder of the cow exhibits a tubular chai'acter just before the jjeriod of lactation, while VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85 (lurinjr laotntion it is an alveolar sland. Immediately after the close of the IK'TJod of hiftatlon it again becomes tulmlar in character. Si)oradie galacto- phoritis appears to he a hypertrophic and polypous chnmic cntarrii of the udder. The lymphatic glands are eidarged and the catarrii ajipears to be due. to. a streptococcus. A disease of young cattle in county Wexford, A. K. Mettam (Dept. Agr. and 'rccli. fiislr. Ireland Jnur., (i {I!)(i(!), Xo. ,i. jip. .'iCd-'ild, pis. 2). — For several years a disease has prevailed among young cattle in the county of Wexford and i;'. characterized by chronic diarrhea, emaciation, and finally death. The chief symptom is progressive anemia and emaciation. An examination of the feces and of the intestines. i)ost-mortem, showed the presence of t^fronf/i/Jiis (/rarilifi and tluke worms. Occasionally the lungs were infested with *s'. inicninis. in advanced cases the yellow marrow in the cavities of the long bones was rejilaced by red marrow, ^■arious lines of treatment were adopted, such as the use of thymol, coal-tar creosote, carbolic acid, etc., and the feces were examined from day to diiy to note the effect of treatment. Recovery was brought about by the use of a tonic containing arsenic, tartar emetic, and sulphate of iron as well as by treatment with carbolic acid and turpentine, oil of tar, aud thymol. In one case the recovery took place without any treatment. Creosote, lysol, tobacco, byposulpliite of soda, and various other remedies appeared to diminish the num- ber of i»arasitic worms, but did not bring about a recovery. The author was nnal)Ie to determine whether the stomach worms were the only cause of the disease. In one instance 28 animals in apparent health were examined and stomach worms were found in the feces of 24 of them. The disease seems, there- fore, to be due to an excessive infestation with these worms. Proliferation of connective tissue in the beef liver in cases of distomatosis, A. Jaeger (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. TierheiUc, 32 (IDOU). X<>. 4-5, pp. .',.')6-/,7(;. pis. 2). — The literature of this subject is critically reviewed in connection with a short bibliography. The author describes the various tissue changes which take place in the beef liver after infestation with flukes. A cirrhosis occurs in the form of an induration process, the cause of which is to be sought in the toxic nietal)olic products produced ])y tiie liver flukes in the Idle ducts. A hoof disease occurring in connection with foot-and-mouth disease, ScHENKL {Wcliiischr. Tierlicill: ii. Yivlizucht, 50 {1906), No. 21, pp. .',03-.'i05). — The author had opportunity to observe a number of cases of hoof trouble which occurred in connection with foot-and-mouth disease. The parts chiefly affected were the crown of the hoof near the cleft and the internal walls of the cleft. The lesions consisted of ulcers in connection with which some proliferation of tissue took jilace. In a few cases the lesions extended to the bones of the foot. 'The affected tissue was removed and a thick layer of iodoform sprinkled on the diseaseing ill and braxy is so close that confusion often occurs in r(>aching a diagnosis. It was found that at cer- tain seasons of the year the blood of sheep is quite resistant to the organisms of 86 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. hotli diseases, while at other times it is highly susceptible to their action. The fatal effect of the pathogenic bacteria may. therefore, be prevented in part by drenching the sheep with cultures of these bacteria during the periods of resistance. Diseases of swine, R. A. Craig {New York: Oraiif/c Jitdd Co., 19011. pp. IDl, pgs. 23). — In view of the agricultural importance of swine raising the literature relating to swine diseases may l)e considered as too much scattered to be avail- able for practical use by the farmer. The author has attempted in the present volume to bring together the known facts relating to the common diseases of pigs. The sul)ject-inatter is discussed inider a number of heads, including gen- eral, surgical, infectious, and parasitic diseases. Particular attention is given t© a thorough discussion of the serious infectious and parasitic diseases of hogs. The hog-cholera group of bacteria, J. Citron (Zt.schr. Ilyo- u. Infections- krank., 53 (19.06), No. 1, pp. 159-115). — In the author's experiments particular attention was given to a study of agglutinins and aggressins and other bacte- rial substances contained in the hog-cholera group. It was found that monova- lent hog-cholera serum agglutinates the organisms of hog cholera, paratyphoid, and mouse typhoid. The most of the bacteria belonging to this group, when studied in vitro, show a very slight absorptive power for antibodies, ^yhile a study of the cultural characters and serum reactions of bacteria of this group indicates a close relationship between the different members, the author never- theless believes that more study must be devoted to the group before it is safe to consider the organisms of hog cholera, mouse typhoid, and paratyphoid as identical. Iramunization of hogs against swine plague by means of aggressin, E. Weil (Ccutbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., OrUj., J,l {1906), No. 1, pp. 121-125).— Attention is called to the difficulties which have been experienced in producing innnunity against the various forms of hemorrhagic septicemia, to which group swine plague belongs. By means of aggressin, however, many of these difficul- ties are overcome, and according to the author's experiments excellent results ;re obtained. It was found in exi)eriments with rabbits that when these ani- mals were inununized against swine plague by a single injection of aggressin obtained from hogs, an innnunity was produced which protected them against inoculation with virulent cultures nearly 5 months later. In experiments with hogs it was found that the aggressin in order to be perfectly effective should come from other hogs rather than from rabbits. When rabbit aggressin was used it appeared that 2 inoculations of 10 cc. were enough to protect the animal against a fatal dose of swine-plague culture. It seems that for a short time after inoculation with aggressin and before this material has become effective, the animals are unusually susceptible to swine plague and more likely to take tlie disease than are those which have not been treated with aggressin. Intestinal emphysema of hogs, A. Jaeger (.1/-c7(. ITm-. ;/. Prakt. Tierhcilk., 32 {1906), No. 4-5, pp. 410--'f55, pJs. 3).- — Considerable attention has been given to this i>eculiar condition which is quite often met with in bogs, and no specific cause has heretofore been definitely assigned for it. According to the author's investigations, based on a large number of cases and on the bacterio- logical study of the tissues involved, this disease must be considered as a local infection in the small intestines, in which the most important processes take place in the lymphatic vessels. The disease is said to be due to a specific organism referred to as Bacillus coU lyniphaticiis aerogenes. Inoculation experiments were made with the organism in question, as a result of which the characteristic vesicles containing gas developed along the walls of the intes- tines and bacteria were again recovered in pure cultures. I VETERINARY MEDICINE. 87 Treatment of tetanus, DFSonsRY (/.'»/. Sac. Cent. MM. Vri.. f^.l (1906), \(j. 10, pp. 271-27.'i). — The author has had considerable experieiic-o in treating tetanus, especially ill horses, and discusses the effectiveness of different methods. In a recent case of tetanus which occurred in a colt, antitetanus serum was administered intravenously in a dnsc nf .".(i cc. toixctliei' with 10 cc. <>l" tnllianiii. The treatment was continued t"<)r :! days and diurctin and l)enzoate of caffein were also given. At first there was imi)rovement. !)ut later .serious symptoms recurred. Tallianin was then ailniinistered regulai-ly and the animal linally recovered. Trypanosomiasis of horses in Annam, J. J. Vassal (Aim. fust. I'axtciir. .'0 (lIKid). \(). //. pp. 2')()~2!)-'). ftj)arently not rabies. G57S)— No. 1— OG 7 88 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The results obtained from Negri's method were always positive in cases where the corpuscles were found and since the method seems to be perfectly reliable to that extent it is considered useless to sacrifice animal life in making inocu- lations when the corpuscles are found. A detailed tabular statement is pre- sented of the various animals examined and of the ttndings of Negri's bodies and lesions in the Gasserian ganglia. The significance of Negri's corpuscles in the diagnosis of rabies, W. Ernst (Moiiatsli. Prakt. Tierhcilk.. 17 (lOOG). ^'o. !)-lU, pp. 453--',66, figs. 3).— The author made a careful study of the nature and occurrence of Negri's cor- puscles in animals affected with rabies. As a result of these investigations it was found that in 9G to 99 per cent of the cases of rabies in which clinical symptoms have appeared, intracellular structures are found in the central nervous system which do not api)ear in healthy animals or in the case of any other disease. The microscopic recognition of rabies by this means is possible oven when, on account of decomposition of the material, no help could be expected from inoculation tests. In all cases where Negri's corpuscles are found the diagnosis of rabies is considered perfectly reliable and inoculation tests may be omitted. The diagnosis may be made with a certainty within 3 to 4 hdurs by means of an embedding method calling for the use of acetone and I'arallin. It still remains doubtful whether Negri's corpuscles are a develop- mental stage of the rabies organism or a i)roduct of cell I'eaction to the disease. Negri's corpuscles in rabies, N. Ball (.lrc/(. ^'et. Xaiik [l^t. Pctersl).], 3(! (191)6). .Yo. 3. pp. 1.53-170, figs. 2). — The literature relating to this subject is critically discussed in connection with a short bibliography. The author pre- sents in a tabular form the results obtained by various investigators in an examination of the brain tissue of rabid animals for the presence of Negri's corpuscles. As a result of the author's study, it is concluded that approxi- mately 9G.5 per cent of animals affected with rabies show peculiar structures known as Negri's corpuscles in the nerve cells, particularly in Ammon's horn. In healthy animals or in animals affected with any other disease than rabies, Negri's corpuscles are not to be found in the nerve cells. These bodies, there- fore, constitute an excellent means of diagnosis which may be accomplished within 5 to 7 hours after the post-mortem examination of the animal in ques- tion. The absence of Negri's corpuscles in the nerve cells of animals suspected of rabies does not exclude the possibility of rabies being present. The toxin produced by Aspergillus funiigatus, E. Bodin and L. Gautier (Ann. lust. Pasteur. 20 (190G), No. 3. pp. 209-224) .—From the study of this fungus in cultures and in experimental animals it was found that Aspergillus funiigatus produces a toxin which ma.v be rightfully compared with the toxins of bacteria. For the formation of this toxin in cultures it is necessary to have a mixture of protein, especiall.v of the peptone t.vpe, and some carbohydrate, especially glucose, saccharose, maltose, or dextrin. The reaction of the toxin must be either neutral or alkaline. The effects of the toxin are chiefly observed in the nervous system and are produced more or less rapidly by the method of inoculation. The s,vmptoms of poisoning from the toxin are muscular con- vulsions resembling tetanus and leading to death within a few hours if the ani- mal does not recover. The rabbit and dog are very susceptible to the toxin, while the guinea pig, cat, mouse, and white rat are more refractor,v. The dog and cat are naturall.v immune to the spores of A. fumigatus, but are quite sus- (■e])t!ble to the toxin pntduced by the fungus. Chicken pox: The forms of chicken pox and their relation to true pox and their micro-organisms. Keischauer (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., .',0 {1900), Nos. 3, pp. 356-361; Jf, pp. ^7-M79; 5, trp. 653-683, pis. 2).— The RURAL ENGINEERING. 89 common ohicken pox. also known as epitheliomn contfisiosum, has Ions Ikhmi known in veterinary st-ienco and api)ears to be distribnted tlironyiiont tiie civilized world where fowls are kej)!. The sympt(>nis of this disease consist' essentially in tnbercnlous exanthema of the skin and .sijecific alterations of the visible mucons membranes. Some fever also accompanies the disease and it is hiiihly conta.^ions. The palholosical histology of chicken pox is described in some dclnil. It appears thai in many cases the proces^^es observed in the throat are of a dipl^heritic natnre and the micro-orj^anisms concerned are iierhaps of a saprophytic type which, nnder certain conditions, penetrate into the livins; tissne. The micro-organ isms found in chicken pox closely resemble those observed in other kinds of pox which affect mammals, and these niicro- or!j;anisms are distributed in a very similar manner throuKhtmt the body. All forms of pox. therefore, seem to be somewhat closely "related. Dehnite state- ments concerning the relationship, however, can not be made with any safety. A bibliography of this subject is appended to the article. Cachexia due to Syngamus trachealis in pigeons, H. P. Rossi ( Clin. Vet. [Milan I, 2D {1901!) . Xo. '/. pp. 73-tS2). — An extensive infestation of gapeworms was noted by the autlior in a colony of pigeons. The gapeworms were occa- sionally found in the esophagus of young pigeons and obviously young birds became infested through the food given them by the parent birds. Many of the young pigeons died as a result of esophageal infestation. The parasites were frequently observed in the trachea and occasionally in the bronchi of adult [)igeons. in which situation they caused a cachectic state and occasionally death by asphyxiation. RURAL ENGINEERING. Interstate royal commission on the Hiver Murray, representing the States of New Soutli Wales, Victoria, and South Australia (Rpt. Conirs. (tSlplney). 19H2, pp. -iJy. dynis. 15, //;«/>« 12). — In 1901 there was appointed a royal commission representing the three States of New South Wales. Victoria, and South Australia, whose duty it was to recommend a plan for controlling and utilizing the river Murray, which forms the boundary between New South Wales and Victoria and flows through the territory of South Australia. This connnission favors the abrogation of the doctrine of riparian rights and the sub- ordination of navigation to irrigation, but recommends that navigation be main- tained by means of locks. It reconuiiends the delivery of a fixed quantity of water from the main stream to each of the three States and a pro rata reduction in case of shortage, iind that the torrential tributaries be left to the control of the States in which they are situated. It is recommended further that the carry- ing out of this agreement be placed in the hands of a special commission to be created by agreement between the three States, the commission holding that this v>-ork could not be properly done by the federal olficials. Tiie report gives nuich interesting information as to present development and ihe schemes which have been adopted for su|)plying the capital necessary for the construction of irrigation works. In Victoria the government has built Ihe main canals, and the distributing ditches have been built by local organizations with funds loaned by the government. The report states that in no case have these local organizations lived up to their agreement with the State. In Vic- toria £1,000.000 out of a total of £1,300,000 of obligations of these associations have been canceled by the State. In New South W'ales the works have been built by the government without any provision for the return of the money invested. 90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In South Australia attempts have been made to provide for the unemployed by settling them upon irrigated tracts, these colonies usually being communistic. None of them has succeeded. Suggestions for the construction of small pumping plants for irrigation, F. II. Xeweix (InUj. Age, .U (1006), Xo. !K pp. r,). — This article outlines the construction of plants adapted to pump water from wells sunk in gravels. The author suggests that such wells should be 12 to 15 in. in diameter sjunk into water-bearing gravel 30 to GO ft., strainers »f slotted galvanized iron being provided through the gravel strata. He states that "a 15-in. well drilled in good water-bearing gravel to a depth of 40 ft., the lower 30 of which is strainer surface, should supply at least 300 gal. per minute when the pumj) lowers the level in the well by 10 ft." For large-size plants the writer recom- mends arranging a battery of wells in pairs, all being connected to the suction pipe. The arrangement in pairs is for the purpose of removing fine sand from the gravel between the wells, by pumping from one of the pair of wells while running clear water into the other. The inclosed runner type of centrifugal pump. '■ long sweep" fittings, and internal combustion motors are recommended. For plants of 20 to 30 horsepower tlie installation of gas-producer plants is ad- vised, since at $8 per ton the cost of coal should be equivalent to gasoline at 4 to G cts. per gallon. NMth regard to the economical height to which water may be lifted, the author considers that " it is very unlikely that it will pay to ]iump water under jiresent conditions in the valleys of the western plains to a total height of more than 30 ft., including the suction lift of the pump." Data are also given on the cost of pumping and first cost of plants. Agricultural machinery in the United States (Landir. llascli. ii. Gcrdte, G (1906), \o. 12, p. J).»— In speaking of the economy resulting from the use of machinery in farming operations in the United States, Dr. Laughlin. of Chicago, gave the following tigures before a political econouiy society in Berlin : The sow- ing of grains which formerly required 10 hours and 35 minutes by hand can now be accomplished in 32.7 minutes by machinery ; harvesting and thrashing which required 40 hours and 40 minutes by hand can now he done in 1 hour by machinery. The time required for planting of corn of G hours and 15 minutes has. through aid of machinery, been reduced to 37.5 minutes; husking opera- lions retjuiring formerly GO hours 40 minutes now require 3.G hours. The mow- ing machine performs in 1 hour and G minutes what a man with a scythe for- merly could accomplish in 7 hours and 20 minutes. Potato planters will now plant as many potatoes in 1 hour and 25 minutes as formerly required 15 hours to accomplish by hand. Test of American manure-spreading machine (Maschiiicii Ztg.. Jf (1906), A'o. 12, pp. 137, 13S, fig. 1). — A discussion of the report on a public test of a manure-spreading machine manufactured in the United States. It is concluded from this test that while the machine does excellent work its value to the farmer is reduced because of its high price and the excessive power required in its operation. It is predicted, however, that it will find extensive use in Germany. Two tools for the culture of root crops (Ma.'ichiucn Ztg.. '/ (1906), Xo. 11. pp. 12S, 129, fig. 1). — One of these is a hoe of special shape provided with markers ; the second is a tool for transplanting roots, consisting of an open coni- cal tube, the lower end being sharpened to a cutting edge and a handle being attached to the upper end. The tube is thrust into the ground around the root and the whole plant is removed without disturbing the soil immediately sur- rounding the root and root hairs. Owing to the conical shape of the tube it is claimed that the operation of withdrawing the tube after the plant is in its new position is comparatively easy. KURAL ECONOMICS. 91 Plowing by electricity at Dahlwitz ( MasrJiinrn Ztf/.. '/ (100C). Xo. 12. pp- /.?//, l.l'). pfiK. 2). — The :ii)i);u-atiis in use here consists of a fiiing plow which is alternately moved back and forth across the field between two " anchor wagons." By this apparatus about 2J acres per hour are plowed, and the cost, taking into account all oi)erating expenses and interest on cost of e(iuipnient, including power ])lant, amounts to .$(t.<;4 per acre. While it is claimed that the use of the appa- ratus has ]iroven i)rofitable in this case, it is pointed out that this would not in general be irue except prdbably in those cases where the electric plant could be operated continuously throughout the year, the power generated being i)ut to other profitable uses when not used for plowing. The windmill in agriculture, C. E. LAWFoitn ( I'/r. .Jour. Cape Good Hope, 28 {1906), Xo. 2. pp. 2011-20.'), figs. 6').— After calling attention to the defects in the mills at present being employed in South Africa and elsewhere, the writer urges the following imi»rovements : More rigid and stronger frames, i)rovided with good ladders and large roomy platforms surrounded b.v railings; a tower cai» provided with large rings and burnished-steel balls; a gear head with easily "get-at-able" bearings and a band brake capable of holding the wheel in the highest winds with a minimum power. To increase the efficiency of the mechan- ism the writer recommends roller bearings in the gear head and a mangle motion in substitution for the usual crank and pitman arrangement. He advises the use of two pump.s — one for light breezes and the other for combination with the first in the case of heavy winds. As to oiling devices, be thinks the endless chain or ring oiler the best for solid bearings, and syphon cups with compound, soft-iron wire wicks the best for roller bearings. The writer thinks that " power mills" have certain essential advantages over the usual form, particularly in the efficiency with which the power is transmitted from the wheel to the pump. The utilization of solar heat for industrial purposes by means of a new plane-mirror reflector, C. Guntner (.S'c/. Amer. Sup., 61 (1906), Xo. 1586, pp. 2'>'iO'.>~2-')-'il2. fii/s. ()■). — This is a description of a new form of reflector devised by the author, which has certain features radically different from the conical- shaped reflectors of other inventors. His device consists of a series of plane mirrors an-anged in a horizontal position and suppoi'ted by a peculiar link work whicli is moved to conform to the position of the sun, and which maintains the niirmrs in such ]Kisition that the sun's rays are projected upon a long cylin- drical boiler. The latter lies above the mirrors in a horizontal position, with its axis in a north and south direction. The mechanism is such that the mirrors can be turned completely over about their axes as a protection in case of hail- storms. From exi)eriments it was found that a reflector with a surface of 1.000 s((. ft. delivered in 12 hours an amount of energy equal to that generated by the consumption of 4,400 lbs. of hard coal, this being in European latitudes. The inventor estimates that the reflectors can be built at an expense of about $2 per square ,vard of surface, and predicts that because of its simplicity, cheapness, and effectiveness it will he useful as an aid to ]inmping operations in arid regions and for other uses in localities where fuel is scarce and sunshine abundant. Tests of the relative value of crude oil (Beaumont, Texas), kerosene, and gasoline (Xeir M<:iiro Sid. Rpf. 190 ',, pp. 2'.>-.U\. RURAL ECONOMICS. Rural economy. O. X. Lau.man (Coniell Couutnjiiiau. .? (1906). Xo. 9. pp. 211, 212). — In this article rural economy is tentatively outlined as "that Held of knowledge dealing with the facts, deductions, and theories concerning the 92 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. economic side of agriculture." The author calls attention to the difference in division of the suhject that has taken place in Europe and the United States, and points out that in the latter the agricultural colleges are developing the subject of rural economy rather than that of general economics. The transition in agriculture, E. A. Pratt {London: John Murray, 1006, pp. X+35'i, pis. 10, figs. 2). — The author shows in this volume the changes vs'hicli have taken place in English agriculture during the past few years as a result of the decline in cereal production in Great Britain. As a result of foreign comijetition, the conservative English farmer has largely given up the culture of wheat and other cereals and is yielding to the advan- tages of agricultural cooperation in methods of producing, collecting, shipping, and marketing poultry and dairy i)roducts. vegetaliles. fruits, flowers, etc. The opiKjrtunities open to the British producer along these lines are shown by the fact that articles of agricultural production, the bulk of which consists of food supplies, were imported into the United Kingdom in 1905 to the value of nearly $1,100,000,000. The author maintains that " though in our eircumscribed limits we might not be able to become absolutely self-supporting in regard to all these things, we could certainly produce them for ourselves in greatly increased quantity." The continued development of British agriculture along the lines of combina- tion and improved nuirketiug conditions, the improvement of the present tenant system, and the further extension of the cooperative allotment of land to factory workers and others near large towns as a means of training for farm and hor- ticultural work and improving their financial condition are earnestly urged upon the attention of the British government, liecause they. " represent the present-day hope of the British agriculturist." To this end the author con- cludes that the government " should carry out a scheme for the promotion of agricultural education on essentially practical lines : that experimental farms, especially in connection with fruit culture, should be set up in every district where they are likely to be of direct service; tliat assistance should be given in the setting up of agricultural credit banks ; and that a more generous measure of flnancial support should be extended to the Board of Agriculture and Fish- eries with a view to enabling it to increase its powers of usefulness to the agri- cultural community." Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Afjr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, vol. 8, Nos. 1, pp. l-s ; 2, pp. 9-16). — These numbers for May and June contain the usual sta- tistical matter on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign coun- tries. Special reports are also included on the beet-sugar production of the United States and Canada ; ocean freight rates on cotton ; grain crops of the provinces of Alberta ;.nd SaskatchexA'an ; outlook for tobacco, 1906; world's international trade in wool ; exports of cattle ; and other topics. Cotton production and statistics of cotton-seed products, 1905, W. M. Steuakt and 1). ('. Kopek (Bur. of flic Cviisu.s \r. S.\ Bui. 'I'l. pp. 72, maps 2, (Ifpn. 1). — In 1905 the total crop of cotton ginned, counting round as half bales, amounted to 10,725,002 bales, of which 10,242.048 siiuare bales and 279,s:UJ round bales were upland cotton, 112,539 Sea Island, and 230,497 bales linters. The average production of cotton for the last 4 y(\-ivs is given as 11,3.39,323 bales, or 534,767 bales more than in 19(i5. The i)roduction of cotton for several years is given in tables by States and counties and cotton culture in the different cotton-producing countries of the world is described. A table is also given summarizing the cotton-seed iiroducts industry, showing capital invested, num- ber of employees, salaries and wages, miscellaneous expenses, cost of materials, and value of products, by States and Territories, for 1S90, 1900, and 1905. MISCELLANEOUS. 93 Virginia, its forests, minerals, and agricultural possibilities, D. A. Wii.r.tv {'/'rdilc^iiKiii. .',.', (I'.)IH)), So. J, />p. ■')!, :,.i). — The agricultural possi- bilities in the lines of inarl). — This contains reports of the director and heads ol" de- partments on the work of the station during the year 1905, and a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. The experimental work contained in the report is abstracted elsewhere. Digest of the work of the Ploti Agricultural ExjDerinient Station for the decade 1895-1904, A. A. Bichikhin et ai.. (Snjd Rahol Plotiiaiiskol Selsko- Kliozijalstreiiiiol Opuitnol Stantzii. Odessa, 1905, pp. XV-\-29.'f, fi0 ft. has been con- 96 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, structed. at a cost of about $1.(»()0, for use in eonnectiou with the botanical work of the college and station. Nevada University and Station. — X. E. Wilson, for 15 years chemist of the station, and more recently in charge of the chemical work of the university, has been granted a two-years' leave of absence. He will be the manager of a large wholesale and retail drug business, with an analytical laboratory connected. Dr. Maxwell Adams, a graduate of Stanford University, assumes his work as professor of chemistry in the university, and S. C. Dinsmore, assistant chemist, will have charge of the station work. New Hampshire College and Station. — F. W. Rane, horticulturist in the col- lege and station, has resigned to accept the position of State forester of Massa- chusetts, with headquarters at Boston. The former forester, Alfred Akerman, resigned during the summer to accept a position elsewhere. New York State Station. — W. E. Tottingham, assistant chemist, has resigned Ills position to become instructor in agricultural chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. II., J. Eustace, assistant botanist, has accepted a position in the Bureau of Flant Industry, this Department. Oklahoma College and Station. — F. O. Burtis has resigned his position in charge of animal husbandry, and has been succeeded by W. F. McDonald, of Teeswater, Canada. L. A. Moorhouse has returned from a year's leave of ab- sence and taken charge of the department of agronomy. Rhode Island Station. — Leon J. Cole, Ph. D., of Harvard University, has been appointed chief of the division of animal breeding and pathology. W. F. Pur- rington, of the New Hampshire College, and H. S. Hammond, of the Ontario Agricultural College, have been appointed assistant chemists in the station. A new horticultural building and greenhouse is being built with a State ap- propriation of .$15,000. Accommodations for station work will be provided in one wing of the greenhouse. Virginia Station. — Seymour M. Herrlck, a graduate of Cornell University, has been api)ointed assistant chemist. Cooperative arrangements have been made between the U. S. Deijartment (jf Agriculture, the State board of agriculture, and the Virginia Station, for work in the trucking region of the State. The new agricultural hall is nearing completion. Arrangements have been made for the construction of two large fermentation cellars, which will be artificially re- frigerated, for the purpose of studying the production of vinegar and other fermented products of the apple. Washington Station. — II. R. Watkins, instructor in chemistry at the Kansas College, has been ai)pointed assistant chemist in the station. West Virginia Station. — The death is reported of A. L. Post, assistant bac- teriologist in the station. Experiment Station for Economic Botany in Sweden. — The establishment of a botanical experiment station near Landskrona, Sweden, is noted in the t^cicn- tific American. This station, named Esperanza, which has been established by a bequest of Oscar I*]kman, is intended solely for investigations of an economic nature, such as the cultivation of medicinal, pigment, and fiber plants. The station was dedicated in July and consists of a museum and experimental fields. Two directors have been appointed, Tom von Post, a practical botanist, formerly director of the seed-control station at I'psala, and author of the Lexi- con Generum Chanerogamarum. and Iljalniar Lindstnlm, in charge of the phar- maceutical side of the work. Bacteriological Laboratory at Rothamsted. — On Julj' 19 at the Rothamsted Experiment Station occurred the formal opening of a new laboratory erected and partially endowed (.$250 a year) by J. F. Mason, M. P., in memory of his KOTKS. t)7 father, tlie Into .laiiios Masuii. of Kyuslian Hall. Oxon. who for many years con- ducted on bis own estate extensive experiments on the influence of leguminous crops on fertility. Tlie new laboratory is said to be the only one in England de- voted exchisivcly to the sludy i>{' ngi'icnllural liadcriology. Agricultural Education at the American Institute of Instruction. — The se\('iity-sixth annual (■(inveiitinn of the .Viiicrican Institute of Inslructii)n was held at \ew Haven, Conn., .luly '.i li'. In the dei)artment of rural education the pai)ers and discussions were devoted largely to the subject of elementary agriculture. Hon. Walt(>r K. Itangei-. comnussioner of public schools in Provi- dence, and Mr. Franlc V. Murdiick. principal of the North Adams, Mass., Normal School, discussed The Significance of the Report of the Massachusetts Commis- sion on Industrial Education. I Inn. Mason E. Stone, superintendent of educa- tion of Vermont, and Dr. W'illiani V. Brooks, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, consideicd tlic subject Have the rrinci])les of .\griculture a Legiti- mate Place in the Curricula of the New England Public Schools? The School Garden as an Instrument of Sound Education was the subject of a paper by W. H. Baldwin, principal of the State Normal School at Hyannis. Mass., and The I'reparation of Teachers for School Garden Work was presented by H. D. Ilemenway. of Westchester, Conn. California Polytechnic School. — A new two-story domestic science ijuilding, -11.' by 1<>:; feet, is just jyeing completed. It contains on the first floor an office and receiJtion I'oom. 2 sewing rooms with adjoining cloak room, closets, and fit- ting room, a lecture room and a class room for classes in botany with adjoining office and herbarium. On the second floor are the kitchen, laboratory, pantry, butler's pantry, lockers, dining room, office, 2 class rooms (one for bookkeeping), and rest room. Agricultural High Schoils in Georgia. — The last general assembly of Georgia passd a law establishing 11 Congressional agricultural high schools as branches of the State College of Agricidture, to be under the general supervision of the board of trustees of the University of Georgia. Each school will receive for maintenance an ecpial share of the inspection fees collected by the State depart- ment of agriculture not otherwise appropriated, amounting as now estimated to about .$(>.(I00 a year, but the different localities in which the schools are located must furnish not less than 200 acres of land and the necessary equipment. The course of study wilf be limited to the English branches, agriculture, farm me- chanics, and such other studies as will admit a boy to the freshman class of the State College of .\gricultnre. it is contemplated that the boys will perform .ill the work on the' farms and al)out the school jn'operty. and will receive wages from the proceeds of the farms. New Agricultural High Schools. — The school board of Cecil County, ]Md., has decided to open this fall an agricultural high school at Calvert, in the northern part of the ccmnty. and has engaged Mr. II. O. Sampson, of this Department, as superintendent and teacher of agriculture. The recent legislature of the State p.isscd an mt ivijuiring agriculture to be taught for at least one year during a ( hild's connection with the public schools, and this subject will .ippear in the next manual of studies issued by the State superintendent of pui)lic instruction. A new high school has been opened at Petersham, Mass.. with a course in agriculture. Edwin II. Scott, a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, is instructor in that department. ;Much interest has been exhibited in the l)rovision of this new course, which was equii)iied in advance of any other de- partment in the school. Marinette County, Wis., is erecting a liuilding for a new agricultural high 98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. school patterned after those ah-endy in (jperation in Dunn and Marathon counties. The high school at St. Louis. Mich., has introduced a three-year agricultural course. The agricultural work begins in the second year and runs through both terms of the second and third years, the following topics being considered : The soil — origin, drainage, and capillary action; the plant — food, propagation, and diseases : orchard, garden, and held ; farm animals, dairying, and gardening. New Haven Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association. — The American Veterinary Medical Association held its forty-third annual meeting in Harmouie Hall, New Haven, August '21 to 24. About 150 members were present, and a still larger number of visiting veterinarians and others attended the sessions. A special feature of the meeting was the unusual interest shown in the improvement of veterinary education in the United States by raising the stand- ard of entrance requirements in veterinary schools, imjtroving the curricula in these institutions, and standardizing so far as possible the veterinary degree. An association of veterinary faculties and veterinary examining boards has been formed from the members of the general association, and this branch association has undertaken seriously the work of improving veterinary educa- tion. Reports were received from men who had personally inspected all veteri- nary schools in the United States and Canada, and specific features of these institutions were approved or disapproved accoi'ding to the manner in which they met the reciuirements laid down by the association. On the whole, it appeared that there is much encouragement along this line, since definite improvement was shown in a number of educational institutions and in the work of the veterinary examining boards of the different States. The defects of the systems in vogue in different localities were thoroughly dis- cussed and suggestions made for improvement during the coming year. W. H. Lowe in his presidential address referred to the good showing made by the meat-inspection service in the recent agitation, and recommended that the association give all possible help to the improvement of the veterinary organization of the Army, veterinary education, and veterinary journalism in the United States. C. J. Marshall, in his report as chairman of the committee on intelligence and education, considered particularl.v the educational value of veterinary hos- pitals. In order to make a thorough study of cases of animal diseases it is necessary to have the patients under closer observation than is possilib^ in ordinary private practice. The reports of stock raisers on the condition of r.nimals during treatment can not be relied upon very full.v. since such men do not observe closely all the symptoms which appear during treatment. In the reports furnished by resident State secretaries it appeared that rabies has prevailed to an unusual degree in Connecticut ; hog cholera is rapidly passing under control in Kansas : a nourishing veterinar.v association has been established in Kentucky ; vaccination against bovine tuberculosis is progressing satisfactorily in Pennsylvania ; tick eradication is being pushed forward in Tennessee ; Government support to the veterinary service is satisfactory in Cuba and Hawaii : nulk sanitation has been ]iut en a good basis in Massachu- setts; veterinar.v education is iuipmving in Illinois. I»ut the (Miicago system of milk inspection is insufficient. P. A. Fish discussed the properties of arecolin hydrobromid. This is an alkaloid from the areca nut. and in doses of 1 to G grains in horses causes sali- vation, perspiration, or purgation. A dose of one-tenth of a grain in the eye causes contraction of the pupil. Large (piantities administered h.vpodermically NOTES. 99 may imuiiico rf'si)iratory i)ai-alysis. It apjioars to have no veniiifni,'0 effect, but is rocoiunieiuled for laminitis ami azoturia. One of the most marki'd <"ffc('ts of tlie drug is to hiwer liie i)hi(id ])ressnre. \'. A. Moore and ^^^ .1. Tayloi- discussed the agghiti nation mctimd in the dia.unosis of glanders. The method is considered vei-y usi'fui in doulitful cases. The process takes place even witii dead glanders liacilli, and mallein does not interfere with tlie reaction. In general, a reaction is obtained in dilutions of 1 : l.()(H)-2, jier cent mixture of crude oil and water is preferred. K. Kbbitt gave the results of his study on tuberculosis in swine, which :il)l)ears most commonly in a glandular or scrofulous form. The author has observed more tuberculosis in swine than in cattle, and believes this is not all y moans of platinum hydrochlorid, Regel 108 Few observations on elcnietitary analytical determination of ash, von Konek. 109 Estimation of carbon in soils and kindred substances, Hall, Miller, and Marmu 109 Method of determining hydrogen peroxid and ferrous salts, Mathewson and Calvin 109 Polenske method for detection of cocoanut oil in Vmtter, Rideal and Harrison. 109 Determination of fat in milk jxnvder and cream cheese, Haupt 110 Convention of Association of ( Xlicial Agricultural Chemists, 1905 1 10 CooiH-rative work on fats and oils, Toliuan 110 Provisional methods for determination of food preservatives 110 Changes in provisional methods for analysis of foods and additions thereto ... 110 Changes in othcial methods of analysis and additions thereto, 1899 to 1905 ... 110 II CONTENTS. METEOROLOOY — WATER. Page. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1904-5 „ Ill Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXIV, Nos. 3, 4. Ill INleteorological observations, Ostrander and Barry Ill Meteorological observations, Ellis et al _ Ill Meteorological chart of the Great Lakes, Henry and Conger 112 Well waters from farm homesteads, Shutt 112 Fluctuations of water level in wells, Veatch 112 Geology and water resources of eastern portion of Panhandle of Texas, Gould. 113 Geology and underground waters of Roswell artesian area, X. Max., Fisher.. 113 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soils, Peter and Averitt 114 Chemical investigation of Tennessee soils, Mooers 114 Mechanical analysis of soils 114 Agricultural reconnaissance of Uinta Indian Reservation, McLaughlin 115 Changes in cultivated soils, Mercier 116 Drainage through unmanured and uncropped land, Miller 116 Relation between lime content of soils and plants, Kadgien 117 Lime factor for flax and spinach, Namikavva 117 Some analyses of natural humus compounds, Michelet and Sebelien : . . . 117 Control of soil moisture in orchard soils, Shutt 117 Variation of land and water temperatures, Cooper 117 Calcium sulphate in aqueous solutions, Cameron and Bell 117 Reclamation of alkah soils, Dorsey 118 Soil fertility, Whitney 119 Maintenance of soil fertility in grain farming, Pettit 119 Our soil needs managing 119 Example of how analysis of soil may be of use, Mayer 119 Clover sickness of the soil, Kossovich 119 The loss of nitrogen from soils. Snyder 119 Nitrogen enrichment of soils through growth of legumes, Shutt 120 Inoculation for growth of legumes, Shutt 120 Influence of charlock on nitrification in soils, Gutzeit 1 20 Methods of bacteriological investigation of soils, Buhlert and Fickendey 120 Green manures, Cruz 120 Utilization of fertilizers under varying rainfalls, von Seelhorst 121 Preservation of manure and its most profitable use, Immendorff and Forster. . 121 Sewage disposal in small gardens, Somerville 121 Restoring the fertility of a run-down farm, Thorne 121 Influence of reaction of manure upon yield, Aso and Bahadur 121 Naturally occurring fertilizers and waste products, Shutt 121 Oxidation of nitrogen in high-tension flame, Brode 121 Oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen with reference to manufacture of nitrates and nitric acid, Renouf 121 Nitrogenous fertilizer from the air 122 Electric production of nitrates from the atmosphere 122 New fertilizers prepared from atmospheric nitrogen, Dusserre 122 Water ])ower in Norwav and future of Birkeland and Eyde discovery, Grandeau ." ".. 122 Manurial value of calcium cyanamid, Aso 123 Eflicacy of calcium cyanamid under different conditions, Inamura 123 Artificial nitrates and the preservation of soil industry 123 Oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen oxid compounds, Schmidt and Bocker 123 Rational process for obtaining ammonia and sal-ammoniac ... .' 123 Application of Chili saltpeter as top-dressing for some Japanese crops, Aso — 123 Manurial value of different [lotassium compounds for barley and rice, aso 123 Effect of potassic manures on growth of Co/ocasia antiquonun, Namikawa i24 Fertilizing value of steamed Thomas slag, Bottcher 124 Factors which influence fertilizing action of diflicultly soluble phosphates, Prianishnikov 124 Thomas-ammonium-phosphate lime, a new mineral fertilizer, Haselhoff 124 Thomas-ammonium-phosphate lime, Kettler 124 Bibliography of use of sulphate of iron in agriculture, Horton 124 Limestone and lime industry of West Virginia, Grimsley 124 Commercial fertilizers. Hills and Jones - 124 CONTENTS. Ill AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. Fuiu'tion of silica 'a\ nutrition of cereals, I, Hall and Morison „ 125 Utilization of nitrogen of air by plants, Jamieson 125 Action of radium on plants 125 Presence of hydrocyanic acid in seeds and plants 126 Hydrocyanic acid in SanihucuH nigra, Guignard — 126 !*resence of liyy acpieous formaldehyde solutions, Schniirer 186 Disiut'ection by means of formaldehyde and potassium permanganate, Cunmiing 1 8(3 RURAL ENGINEERING Primer of irrigation, Anderson 186 Investigatinns of irrigatiim practice in Oregon, Stover 186 Irrigation in the Nnrth Atlantic States, Bowie, jr 187 Underflow canal used for irrigation at Ogalalla, Nebraska, Slichter 187 Contribution to study of irrigated meadows in the Vosges, Olry 188 A sand trap for irrigating ditches. Crafts 188 Underflow in Arkansas Valley in western Kansas, Slichter 188 Underground water in valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, Richardson . . 189 Water jiowers of northern Wisconsin, Smith 189 High-lift turljine pumps; their design and efficiency, Durley 189 Suction gas producer trials 189 Test of producer gas engine plant at Toledo, Ohio 190 Use of alcohol as a fuel for gas engines, Diedericks 190 Free alcoh(jl in the arts ami as fuel, Baskerville 191 Alcohol law and its relation to American industry, Willey 191 Firing boilers with vegetable fuels, Ringelmann 191 Science of thrashing, Conner 192 Refrigerating ap^jaratus, Pillaud 192 RURAL ECONOMICS. How to choose a farm, Hunt 192 The marketing of Irish produce 192 The economic future of the negro, Dubois and Stone 192 The packers, the private car lines, and the people. Armour 1.93 Yearbook of world economics, Calwer 193 Foreign live stock and dead-meat imports into the United Kingdom 193 Cotton, Burkett and Poe 194 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1905 194 Seventeenth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1904 194 Eighteenth Annual Rei)ort of Tennessee Station, 1905 194 Kxperiinent Station Work, XXXV 194 [Kansas] Press Bulletins Nos. 12-5-151 194 13ulletius of Alabama College Station 194 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Stations in the United States- -Continued. Alabama College Station: Page. South Dakota Station : Page. Index, 12 U904), 13 (1905) .. 194 Bui. 96, Mar., 1906 133 Colorado Station: Tennessee Station: Bui. 113, June, 1906 183 Bul.,vol. 18,No.3,Dec., 1905.137,185 Bui. 114, May, 1906 161 Bul.,vol. 18, No. 4, Dec. , 1905. 161 Bui. 115, May, 1906 138 Eighteenth An. Rpt., 19 Utah Station: 05 194 Bui. 116, June, 1906 161 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 93, Mar., 1905 115 Bui. 42, June, 1906 174 V'ermont Station: Delaware Station: Bui. 123, June, 1906.... 124 Bui. 75, June 18, 1906 162 West Virginia Station: Hawaiian Sugar Planter."?' Station: Bui. 101, Mar., 1906.... 136 Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 16, 1906 138 U. S. Dejmrtment of Agriculture Idaho Station: Bui. 54, May, 1906 145 Farmers' Bui. 254 142 Illinois Station: Farmers' Bui. 255 142 Bui. 107, Apr., 1906 160 ,161 Farmers' Bui. 256 165 Bui. 108, May, 1906 160 Farmers' Bui. 257 119 Circ. 102, INIay, 1906 172 Farmers' Bui. 258 181 Circ. 103, June 1906 173 194 Kansas Station: Biological Survey: Bui. 136, June, 1906 194 Circ. 48 157 Kentucky Station: Circ. 49 156 Bui. 126, Apr., 1906 114 Circ. 50 157 Massachusetts Station: Circ. 51 157 Met. Buls. 209-210, May-June, Circ. 52 156 1906 114 Bureau of Chemistrv: Michigan Station; Bui. 99 (20 cents) no Bui. 238, May, 1906 172 Bui 100 (10 cents) 164 Minnesota Station: ,139 Circ. 27 no Bui. 94, Feb., 1906 119 Circ. 28 no Bui. 95, Mar., 1906 140 Circ. 29 no Missouri Station: Circ. 30 no Circ. Inform. 20, Apr., 1905.. 156 Bureau of Entomology: Circ. Inform. 21 152 Bui. 58, pt. 1 (5 cents). Bureau of Soils: 159 Nebraska Station: Bui. 92, June, 1906 144 Bui. 33 (10 cents) 117 Nevada Station: Bui. 34 (10 cents) 118 An. Ept., 1905 134, 173 ,194 Weather Bureau: Ohio Station: Met. Chart Great Lakes , 1906, Bui. 171, Mar., 1906 143 No. 1 (10 cents) 112 Bui. 172, Mar., 1906 138 Monthly Weather Review, Circ. 55, May 1,1906 143 vol. 34, Nos. 3-4, Mar. -Apr., Oklahoma Station: 1906 (20 cents per number, Bui. 71, June, 1906 136 $2.50 per year) 111 Porto Rico Station: Rpt., 1904-5 111 Bui. 7, 1906 (15 cents) 142 Office of Experiment Stations: South Carolina Station: Bui. 167 (10 cents) 1H7 Seventeenth An. Rpt., 1904... 194 Circ. 67 186 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washhigton, D. C. For the publications of the W^eather Bureau, requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is .$1 per volume, or 10 cents per numl^er. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVIII. October, 190G. No. 2. The address of Mr. James J. Hill upon " The future of American agriculture '" has attracted wide attention and connnent in the public press. It was a notable address, showing thorough familiarity with the improvident and wasteful methods that have characterized much of our farming, and a full realization of impending dangers to the future well l)eing — not of agriculture merely, but of all industry. It was a powerful appeal for a greater degree of intelligence in farm- ing operations and for placing the art on a more enlightened and conservative basis. Coming from a man of national reputation as a shrewd and far- seeing business manager and promoter, and presenting facts with a vividness that startles, the address commands respect and enforces thoughtfid consideration. It is this, rather than the originality of the views advanced, which has served to attract public attention and lend to it an influence which the conclusions of a less prominent man would not have had. It is a hopeful sign when a man of great business interests is able to recognize the economic value of scientific work to agriculture and to appreciate the importance of the conservative methods it has taught. AVhen such a man is willing to pause long enough in his work of promotion and development to sound a note of Avarning that arouses attention from coast to coast, agricultural experimentatioii is conscious of having gained a strong ally and received a marked impetus. Such a champion is w^orth much to the cause. Mr. Hill's intelligent appreciation of the problems of agricultural production and the teachings of scientific study and experimentation was no surprise to those who have known him. This was to be ex- pected of a man who has taken sufficient interest in the establishment of a substation in Minnesota to give three-quarters of a section of land for it, who has lent his support to the movement for agricultural schools in that State which resulted in favorable legislative action, and who has carried thousands of farmers to the agricultural colleges and experiment stations of Minnesota and Xorth Dakota especially, free of charge or at nominal fare, that they might see the work done there and be placed in position to profit by it. 101 102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The keynote of Mr. Hiirs address was the maintenance of soil fer- tility as the rightful heritage of posterity. The necessity and far- reaching importance of doing this was enforced as it rarely has been before. In a striking way he showed the fundamental dependence of all industry upon the soil, the source not only of food, but of wealth to support manufactures. "All the life that exists upon this planet, all the development of man from his lowest to his highest qualities, rest as firmly and as unreservedly upon the capacities of the soil as do his feet upon the ground beneath him.'' All industry must stop, he explains, when the products of the soil are not forthcoming to furnish the money for the pay rolls. He characterizes the soil as " the one unfailing national resource, . . . the sole asset that does not jierish because it contains within itself, if not abused, the possibility of infinite renewal." But he points out that in utter disregard of these facts the waste of this treasure '' has proceeded so far that the actual value of the soil for productive purposes has already deteriorated more than it should have done in five centuries of use." He quotes the late Professor Shaler as saying that " of all the sinful wasters of man's inheritance in the earth, and all are in this regard sinners, the very worst are the people of America," and shows that nowhere is this reckless disregard of future needs exemplified in a more marked degree than in the treatment of our soils. " There is," he says, " except in isolated and individual cases, little approaching intensive agriculture in the United States. There is only the annual skimming of the rich cream, the exhaustion of virgin fertility, the extraction from the earth by the most rapid process of its productive powers, the deteri- oration of life's sole maintenance. . . . Except in isolated instances, on small tracts here and there farmed by people sometimes regarded as cranks, and at some experiment stations, there is no attempt to deal with the soil scientifically, generously, or even fairl}^" The effect of this depletion of fertility is illustrated by the statis- tics of production and the low return in money value from an acre of land. He points to sections where everything has been taken away and nothing given back, and where, owing to the wasteful methods, a condition has already resulted in which " agriculture as an indepen- dent industry, able in itself to maintain a community, does not exist." He shows that while the yield of wheat in the favored wheat-produc- ing areas in the Northwest has fallen from an average of 25 bushels an acre to 12 or 15 bushels, the production of other countries has steadily increased and fertility been built up at the same time. " The French nov/ draw from the soil more than five times as much wealth as they did a century and a half ago." Some startling figures are presented to show the inadequacy of our present production in the face of a rapidly increasing population. It EDITORIAL. 1 03 is estimated that at the present rate of growth this country will have a i)oi)iihition of loO,000,000 less than twenty years hence, and tliat Avithin forty-four years Ave shall have to meet the wants. of more than 1^00,000,000 people. It is stated as a mathematical fact that within tAventy years, under present conditions, our Avheat crop will not be sufficient for home consumption and seed, without leaving a bushel for export. These facts Avere presented, not in the spirit of the pessimist, but to enforce the necessity for action Avhich Avill check the present tendency and prcA'Cnt further damage. Diversification in farming was urged — the practice of rotation of crops, of stock raising, and of more inten- si\"e tillage, Avhicli will make our lands more productiA^e Avhile it maintains their fertility; and with this done it was concluded that our possibilities Avould be equal to the demands. " If not another acre were to be redeemed from the wilderness," he says, " if the soil Avere treated kindly and intelligently, and if industry Avere distribu- ted duly, and po])ular attention were concentrated upon the best possible utilization of the one unfailing national resource, there Avould be produced all necessary food for the Avants of, in round numbers, 650,000,000. But this means such study and labor to raise produc- tion to its highest terms as liaA^e entered scarcely at all as yet into the American comprehension." The remedy, Mr. Hill suggests, lies in agricultural experimentation and popular demonstration. " Let the zeal for discoA'erA', for experi- ment, for scientific adA^ancement that have made the last century one of multiplied wonders, focus themselves upon the problems of the oldest of sciences and arts." Let the Government establish model farms in every rural Congressional district, " later perhaps in every county in the agricultural States," in order to illustrate better methods of farming to maintain fertility. " Let the Department of Agricul- ture show exactly Avhat can be done on a small tract of land by proper cultiA'ation, moderate fertilizing, and due rotation of crops." Whether or not we agree Avith the exact form which this relief should take, Ave must agree that the remedy lies along the lines of agricultural experimentation to furnish the basis for reform, and of popular instruction and demonstration to bring the facts forcefully before the people. And all will agree Avith his assertion that there must be " a readjustment of national ideas such as to place agriculture and its claims to the best intelligence and the highest skill that the country affords in the very fore front." The problems of soil fertility are foremost at many of our experi- ment stations at the present time, and a considerable share of the projects planned to be iuA-estigated under the Adams fund center around this subject. The fundamental importance of the subject is 104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. not underestimated, but the difficulties in studying so complex a question are very great. In this connection the presidential address of Dr. E. B. Voorhees, before the American Chemical Society at the Ithaca meeting last summer," is timely and instructive. It deals with Some Problems for Agricultural Chemists, which it shows require the cooperation of other branches of science as well. It makes some specific sugges- tions for lines of investigation which are fundamental in character and are greatly needed at this time to answer the questions of prac- tical men. As indicating the difference between such fundamental investigation and isolated experiments, and as showing something of the method of attack, the address is excellent. One of the problems proposed is the ultimate effect of the con- tinued use of commercial fertilizers. It is pointed out that in some cases a condition has resulted from using large quantities of commer- cial fertilizers which makes the soil less responsive or less adapted to certain crops. This effect may be assigned to various causes — chemical, physical, biological, etc. — but in the speaker's opinion we have as yet nothing definite and positive to answer. The question is a very live and important one, and grows in large measure out of the system of fertilization which has been recommended. Another problem relates to the decline in productive capacity of soils under cultivation, especially in the richer sections — that is, the loss of fertility. This may be explained in part as due to imperfect chemical or physical or bacteriological conditions of the soil, or of all of these combined, but it is urged that we should not deal in probabilities, and we do not yet know the measure of the effect of these various factors. We must find out what the cause of the appar- ent exhaustion is, be able to show the farmer what his sources of loss are, and suggest a remedy. The importance of humus in relation to fertility is another subject mentioned which needs investigation. Notwithstanding all the in- vestigations that have been made, the speaker expressed his conviction that much remains to be learned as to the function of this constituent and the manner of the influence it exerts in maintaining and im- proving fertility of soils. " We are unable from our present knowl- edge to state whether the effect is physical, chemical, or biological, or whether it is a combined effect of each, or whether it is absolutely essential that the organic matter be present in large amounts in order that the best results may be obtained. It is a problem well worthy of the attention of our agricultural chemists, and one which must be solved if we are to give safe advice as to the cultivation of our soils." The nitrogen question, the maintenance of the proper supply in the soil and prevention of losses, is also pointed to as one of far- o Published in Science, n. ser., 24 (1906), No. 613, pp. 385-390. EDITORIAL. 105 reaching importance to agriculture, and the application to this end of nitrogen assimilation from the air by certain plants. '• We have many instances of attempts made to improve soils or to maintain their fertility by the introduction of leguminous crops, which have proved disastrous rather than helpful in promoting plant growth or of iDermanently increasing fertility in this respect. Furthermore, we have no definite knowledge as yet as to the conditions which are necessary in order that the plants shall appropriate nitrogen from the air rather than from the soil, nor have we any definite informa- tion as to how^ large a proportion of the nitrogen so gathered is re- tained in the soil for the use of cereal and other crops which depend entirely upon soil sources for their nitrogen." The supi^lying of fertilizing elements other tnan nitrogen is also a question for the near future, in view of the present heavy demands upon the known supplies of these materials, ll^iile there is suffi- cient supi^ly of these in the soil to last for certain kinds of crops for centuries, under conservative management, it is pointed out that there is a class of crops- — such as vegetables, fruits, berries, etc., the demand for which is rajjidly increasing — which "can not be grown to perfection and in such quantities as to meet the demands of a modem civilization without the stimulating effect of immediately available plant food." The increasing demand for these fertilizing elements, the speaker held, could not be supplied by natural means, including the use of homemade manures, and hence the source of supply of phosiDhate and of potash salts furnishes a broad field for study. Another problem, economic in character, lias to do with the trans- fer of the plant food elements from one place to another, and their loss in so far as our own country is concerned. " There is no doubt but that by careful adjustments of trade conditions it will be possible to obtain quite as much money for our surplus products as is obtained at the present time without having the practice result in so great an annual loss of our plant-food constituents." .It will be seen that in a large measure these two addresses dealt with the same great agricultural problem, but from somewhat differ- ent i)()iiits of view — the one enforcing the need of checking the rapid depletion of soils in fertility, in view of the fundamental importance of the soil to all industry and the rapidly increasing jiopulation; the other by analyzing the sul)ject and suggesting lines of research upon which to base methods for greater conservation of this fertil- ity and increased agricultural production. In conclusion Doctor Voorheos emphasized the importance of a broad and detailed study of the whole question of soil fertility, and his belief that " there is no field of investigation more promising of fruitful results for the in- vestigator and the country at large." 106 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. One of the greatest needs in investig-ntion along this line is to deal Avith the subject in its diflerent phases, rather than to consider it for purposes of research in extenso. Soil fertility in itself is not a proj- ect. It is a grand division of agriculture embracing a score, per- haps hundreds, of projects. And if we are to learn anything more about soil fertility than that it is the ability to produce crops, and more about its maintenance than the calculated amounts of nutrients removed and the fertilizing constituents needed to make good this draft, we nuist separate this great subject into its different phases and prosecute the individual research along narrow lines. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. On the determination of water-soluble and total phosphoric acid in super- phosphates, K. Roiiii {C/icm. Ztg., 30 {1006), No. J/Ji, pp. 5Ji2, oJ/.J ; aba. in .ijuili/st. .11 (I'.tOC), Ao. J«.>. p. 215; .Jour. C'Jieni. *S'oc. [London], 90 (1906), Xo. .525, II, p. -'lOO; Chcni. Centhl, 1906, 11, No. 2, p. 163).— " Water- fioluble phosphoric acid. — A iiuuiber of determinations were made on 3 samples to compare tlie method in which the sample is digested with water for 2 hours, with occasional shalang, with that in which it is agitated continuously witli water for 30 minutes in a shaking machine, different speeds being also tested. The most constant results are given by the latter method, the speed being about 30 to 40 rotations per minute, but digesting the sample without any shaking at all gave results only about 0.2 per cent too low (with 19 per cent of water-soluble P2O5). The sample used should pass through a 2 mm. mesh sieve. "7'o/«/ phosjihoric (tcid. — Extraction with nitric acid, with a mixture of nitric and sulpliuric acids, and with aipia regia, gave practically identical results. Extraction with hydrochloric acid, which is never used in practice, gave results about 0.2 per cent too low. The magnesia precipitate should be allowed to stand 24 hours before filtering, or else mechanically stirred for 30 minutes. On allowing it to stand for only 2 hours, an error of up to 0.22 per cent of P2O5 was found in a number of analyses." Investigations on the causes of error in the a^jplication of the citro- niechanical method to the determination of phosphoric acid in natural IDhosphates and phosphatic slags, E. (Juerky and E. Toussaint (BiiI. Aijr. IBru.s.scls], 22 {1906), No. 3, pp. 315-3-'t9 ; Bui. Soc. Chiin. Self/., 20 (1906),' No. ■'>-6, pp. 167-203). — Studies are reported which lead to the conclusion that the errors referred to are due to the presence of fluo-silicates and to a deficiency of iron salts as compared with silica in solution. Th(> author proposes to eliminate llie eri-ors due to these causes by removing the fmorin by treatment with sul- I)huric acid and by adding iron salts before precipitation according to the fol- lowing method : To 2.5 gm. of the material in a 250 cc. Jena glass flask add 10 cc. of concen- trated sulphuric acid and heat over wire gauze until acid fumes begin to appear, allow to cool, adding water carefully until the volume has reached about 100 (C, then add 25 cc. of aqua regia and boil for 10 minutes on a sand bath, cool, make the volume to 250 cc., and filter. To 25 cc. of tlie filtrate add in the case of natural phosphates 5 to 10 cc. of a 2 per cent solution of ferric chlorid, neutralize partially with ammonia, cool if necessary, and add 30 cc. of citrate solution with 15 cc. of annnonia and .35 cc. of magnesia mixture, shake for i hour, filter after allowing to stand for 1 hour. wash, ignite, and weigli. The author uses either Peterman's alkaline citrate or a solution containing 500 gm. of citric acid neutralized with a slight excess of ammonia and made to 107 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. a volume of 2 liters. In case of the latter solution 40 cc, corresponding to 10 gm. of citric acid, is used. The separation of silicic acid in the determination of citric-acid soluble phosphoric acid, J. HasenbXumer {Chem. Ztg., SO {1906), No. 53, pp. 665, 666; abs. in Cheni. Ccntbl., 1906, II, No. 6, p. 556). — Investigations with a number of different kinds of Thomas slag are reported which show that tbe higher results obtained when silicic acid is not previously removed from the solution are not due to tbe presence of tbis substance in the precipitate, and indicate that tbe discrepancy may be due eltber to tbe carrying down of a certain amount of phosphoric acid in the gelatinous silicic acid when this is removed before precipitation or to the fact that tbe precipitate obtained after removal of the silicic acid is different in composition from that produced before such removal. The use of compressed air in analysis of superphosphate, G. Schliebs {Cliem. Ztg., SO {1906), A'o. JT, p. 5S'i). — Good results are reported in the substitution of agitation by means of a stream of compressed air in place of mechanical agitation. The determination of potash in potash salts and mixed fertilizers by the Neubauer modification of the Finkener method, M. Kling and O. Engels {Ztfivlu: AnaJiit. Chcui.. ',5 {1906), No. 5-6. pp. 315-332; abs. in Analyst, 31 {1906), No. 365, pp. 273, 21',; Chem. Centbl., 1906, II, No. .',. p. 360).— The authoi's have used the following modification of the Finkener-Neubauer method with satisfactory results : Dissolve 10 gm. of the potash salt in 500 cc. of water, and to 25 cc. of this solution, corresponding to 0.5 giu., add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, tbe necessary platinum chlorid, and evaporate to dryness in a porcelain dish. Take up with water and alcohol as in Neubauer's method, collect on a Neubauer- Gooch crucible, wash with alcohol, and dry by placing the crucible on a moderately hot metal plate. Reduce the platinum salt in a current of coal gas, heating for the first 10 minutes over a very low flame, and finally at a faint red heat for 20 minutes. When reduction is complete heat tbe crucible for 2 minutes over the naked flame of a Teclu burner, wash tbe contents of the crucible about 15 times with hot water and 2 or 3 times with cold 15 per cent hydrochloric acid, immerse the crucible to about three-quarters of its height in nitric acid of the same strength in a porcelain dish, cover the dish with a clock-glass, beat for about 30 minutes on the boiling water-bath and allow to cool. Finally wash the platinum in the crucible with hot water and alcohol, ignite, and weigh. In case of mixed fertilizers, shake 20 gm. of the sample with 800 cc. of water for 30 mituites in a liter flask, make up to the mark, and filter. To 100 cc. of the filtrate, corresponding to 2 gm., add ammonia and ammonium carbonate in a 200 cc. flask, make the volume to 200 cc, and filter and evaporate 50 cc, corresponding to * gm. of materia' to dryness in a platinum dish. Dry the residue, drive off ammonium salts, and ignite to fusion, taking up the fused residue with hot water and a little hydrochloric acid. Filter if there is an insoluble residue. Add platinum chlorid solution (2 cc. of a 10 per cent solu- tion is usually suflicient), evaporate to dryness, and determine potash as described above. The accuracy of the method was tested by a number of determinations and it was shown that the i)resence of i)liosphates does not interfere with the determination. A table for calculating tbe amount of potash from the weight of platiiunn ol)tained from 0.5 gm. of substance (factor=0.4S10S) is given. On the determination of potash by means of platinum hydrochlorid in the presence of sulphates of the alkalis and alkaline earths, K. Kegel {Chem. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 109 Z.tg., 30 (1906), No. 55, pp. (SSJf, GS5 ; abs. in Chcni. ('mm., 1006, II, No. 0, p. 558; Aintlijt. 631). — By combining ash determination and analytical combustion in one operation the ash content is always higher than by ordinary incinera- tion. By heating the ash obtained in the combustion in the air the weight is reduced to that obtained in ordinary determinations. The difference is said to be due to incomplete dissociation of carbonates of alkalis and alkaline earths, to the variation in volatility of the alkaline salts, and to various minor causes which are enumerated. Estimation of carbon in soils and kindred substances, A. D. Hall, N. H. J. MiLLKR, and N. M.\rmu {.Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 89 {1906), No. 522, pp. 595-')91, fig. 1). — The authors tested Wolff's method of determining organic carbon by oxidizing with a mixture of chromic and sulphuric acids, and found Ihat while this method in its original form gave results which were much too low, by the addition of a short tube containing red-hot copper oxid to complete the combustion the whole of the carbon in the soil could be obtained as carbon dioxid. The carbon dioxid evolved is absorbed in dilute caustic alkali in a lieiset tower and determined by double titration with phenolphthalein and methyl orange, as suggested by Hart. A method of determining hydrogen peroxid and ferrous salts and other reducing agents, W. E. Mathewso.n and J. W. Calvin {Anicr. Chem. Jour., 36 {1906), No. 2, pp. 113-111). — The yellow compound formed by the action of hydrogen peroxid upon soluble titanium compounds is instantly decomposed by reducing agents. The authors have utilized this fact in devising a method for detennining reducing agents by titrating against a standard solution of hy- drogen peroxid and vice A-ersa, a titanium salt being used as an indicator. The results rei)orted in this paper were obtained with ferrous ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrite. On the Polenske method for the detection of cocoanut oil in butter, S. KiDEAL and II. (J. IIarkison {Analyst, 31 {1906), No. 365. pp. 25Jf-260, fig. 1). — This method (E. S. K.. 15. p. 850) depends upon the relation of the insoluble to the soluble volatile fatty acids, which the authors do not find to be as constant in pure English butters as was found by Polenske. For pure butter obtained from different localities in England during .Tune and July the Polenske numbers varied from 1.6 to 2.15. Samples taken fortnightly from the same dairy for nearly a year showed variations from 1.2 to 2.75. The average Reichert-Meissl and Polenske numbers for the pure English butters 3— No. 2—06 2 110 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. were, respectively, as follows : Two samples 27.88 and 1.33. 2 samples 28.70 and 1.53, 7 samples 29.36 and 1.77, 8 samples 30.44 and 2, 7 samples 31.52 and 2.10, 3 samples .32.43 and 2.37, and 1 sample 34.55 and 2.15. The authors find, howeA'er, that when cocoanut oil is added to a pure butter fat the relative increase in the insoluble acids agrees practically with the results obtained by Polenske. An increase of 1 in the Polenske number over that of a genuine butter having the same Reichert-Meissl number indicates the addition of 10 per cent cocoanut oil, the minimum quantity that can be detected by this method. In no case did the samples of margarin examined give a higher Polenske number than 1. Cheese fats showed the same ratio of insoluble to soluble fatty acids as in the case of Initter. The deterinination of fat in milk powder and cream cheese, H. Haupt {Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nalir. n. GenmsniiL, 12 {1906), Xo. ',. pp. 217-221).— The author favors the Gottlieb-Rose method. In 4 milk powders the fat content as determined by this method was, respectively, 17.33, 17.86, 28.55, and 28.84 per cent and by ether extraction 17.16, 17.40, 28.48, and 28.99 per cent. A sample of Parmesan cheese showed a fat content of 26.85 per cent by the Gottlieb- Rose method and 26.28 per cent by ether extraction for 10 hours. Correspond- ing results were obtained with Emmenthal, Edam, Gorgonzola, and Camembert Cheese. Proceedings of the twenty-second annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at Washington, D. C, November 16, 17, and 18, 1905, edited by H. W. Wiley (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bill 99. pp. 211, figs. 2). — This is the official report of the proceedings of the conven- tion. A summarized account of the meeting has been given (E. S. R., 17, p. 423), and a circular of the Bureau containing extracts from the proceedings noted (E. S. R., 17, p.. 8.34). Cooperative work on fats and oils, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1906, L. M. Tolman (['. *S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 27, pp. 6). — This (,-(intains the provisional method for the titer test adopted by the associa- tion in 1905 and a differentiation of the " cold test " and the " cloud test " as a basis for further cooperative ^vork. Provisional methods for the determination of food preservatives as authorized by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1905 ( [/. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Chem. Circ. 28, pp. 13, fig. 1). — This circular contains the changes and additions to the provisional methods for the analysis of foods pub- lished as Bulletin 65 of the Bureau so far as they relate to preservatives. Changes in provisional methods for the analysis of foods and additions thereto, from 1902 to 1905 ( C. ,S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 29, pp. 20).— Owing to the impracticability of revising Bulletin 05 of the Bureau it has been thought best to compile the additions to and changes in the methods given in that bulletin which have been aiithorized by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists and to suggest at the next convention a plan for the revision of all the methods. Changes in official methods of analysis and additions thereto, 1899 to 1905 (V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 30, pp. 28). — It has been found impracticable to incoi'porate the changes and additions authorized by the Association of Official AgriciUtural Chemists to the official methods of the association as published in Bulletin 46 of the Bureau of Chemistry, so this and the three circulars noted above, giving a compilation of the authorized changes and additions, have been issiied for the purpose of presenting the present status of the methods in order that the subject of revision may be acted upon by the association at its next convention. METEOROLOGY WATER. Ill METEOROLOGY— WATER. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1904-5 {['. S. Dept. A(/r., WcatJirr Bur. h'pt. Hid',-.-,, pp. XXIV+3SJi).^V:\vl 1 of Ihix report oontaius a review of the last iU years" work of the Bureau and an account of the work of the year (E. S. R., 17, p. 734) ; part 2. a list of observing stations and changes therein durinsr 1004, and twice-daily observations for 30 selected stations, 1904; part 3. nimthly and annual meteorological summaries for 180 stations; part 4, monthly and annual means and extremes of temperature and datjes of first and last killing frosts. 1!)04 ; part 5, monthly and annual precipitation. 1904; and part ral note on the weather of each month. Meteorological observations, W. T. Ellis, .W. T. Macoun, R. Robertson. W. S. Blair. S. A. Bediord. A. Mackay, and T. A. Sharpe {Canada E.rpt. Farms lipts. 190.;. pp. 2.S. 91. 263. 301, 321. 3-16. 3.17. J,00. J,01, //5S).— Summaries are given of observations on temperature, precipitation, etc., during 1905 at 112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa ; Nappan, Nova Scotia ; Brandon, Mani- toba ; Indian Head, Northwest Territories ; and Agassiz, British Columbia. Meteorological chart of the Great Lakes, A. J. Henry and N. B. Conger {V. S. Dcpt. A(/r., Weather Bur., Met. Chart Great Lakes, 1006, No. 1, pp. 20, pi. 1). — This is a snmmaiy of observations on the meteorological conditions of the winter of l'J(»5-G in the lake region, with notes on ice on the Great Lakes winter of 1905-0, opening of navigation for the season of 1906, and display of storm warnings on the Great Lakes. Lists of stations and location of flagstaffs and steel towers, and Canadian Great Lakes storm-warning stations are also given. Well waters from farm homesteads, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1905, pp. l.j.'i-l.'jl). — Of the 83 samples of water of which analyses are given " 22 were reported as safe and wholesome, 38 seriously polluted, 12 sus- picious and probably unsafe for drinking purposes, and 11 saline in character." Fluctuations of the water level in wells, with special reference to Long Island, New York, A. C. Veatch (V. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply and Irriy. Paper No. 155, pp. S3, pis. 9, fiys. 17). — This bulletin contains a report of obser- vations made on the fluctuation of the water level in wells, both with direct reading and self-recording gages, in connection with an investigation of the geology of Long Island by the Geological Survey in the summer of 1903, and also a general discussion of the fluctuation of water in wells. Some of the results of this study may be briefly summarized as follows : "(1) The most important and characteristic of the natural ground-water fluctuations is the regular annual period. This is a relatively uniform curve, with a single maximum and minimum, on which the fluctuations of shorter periods, as a rule, form but' minor irregularities. This curve does not generally resemble the rainfall curve. Were the rainfall uniform throughout the year, the ground water would still show a regular yearly period and the maximum would occur early in the year in the North Temperate Zone. The effect of irregularities in the rainfall is to move the time of occurrence of this maximum either forward or back. "(2) The water from single showers is generally delivered gradually to the ground-water table and, even where noticeable fluctuations are produced, these do not commonly make important irregularities in the regular annual ground- water curve. "(3) Single showers may, by transmitted pressure through the soil air, produce instantaneous and noticeable rises in the water in wells and notably increase the stream discharge without contributing either to the ground water or directly to the surface flow. "(4) The amount contributed to the ground water can not be satisfactorily estimated by the rise and fall of the water in wells, because the same amount of rainfall under the same geologic and climatic conditions, in beds of the same porosity, will produce fluctuations of very different values. Near the ground- water outlet the total yearly range may be but a few inches, while near the ground-water divide it may be 50 or 100 ft. When an attempt is made to calcu- late the amount of water received from single rains, the results are not reliable, because in the cases which are usually taken, such as sharp, quick rises, it is impossible to tell how much of the rise is due to transmitted pressure and how much to direct infiltration. "(5) Because of the increase in stream flow due (1) to transmitted pi'essure from rains, (2) to changes in bai'ometric pressure, and (3) to increase in area of ground-water discharge, with the elevation of the ground-water table, it is not possible to correctly separate the quantity of water in the stream discharge METEOEOLOGY WATER. 113 (■()iitril)nted by spring flow from that coiilriliulcd l>.v diroct surface run-off. There are many reasons for believing tliat in luuuid regions ' flood flows ' contain hirge percentages of ground water. "(G) Tidal fluctuations in wells are vtM-y often produced by a plastic defor- mation due to the loading of the tides, and the occurrence of such fluctuations in wells does not in itself indicate a connection lietween the water-bearing strata and tlie sea. "(7) Teiiipei-nture ch;iiiges may produce marked fluctuations (1) by changes in capillary attraction — such fluctuations are perceptible only at the surface of the zone of comiflete saturation, are not transmitted to deeper levels, and vai'y directly with the temperature; (2) by changes in viscosity or rate of flow — fluctuations due to this cause vary inversely with the temperature, and show in deep wells by transmitted pressure." The geology and water resources of the eastern portion of the Panhandle of Texas, C. N. (>oui.d {IJ. aS'. Geol. Stirvcy, Water-Siii)pli/ and Irrlg. Paper No. lo'i, pp. li-'h ph. 1,), figs. Jf). — This report summarizes field observations during 1903 and 1904 on topography, geology, water resources (underground, springs, streams, also drainage and irrigation) in general and by counties for an area of approximately 10,800 square miles, lying in tlie northeastern part of the Texas Panhandle, and including the counties of Lipscomb, Ochiltree, Hansford. Hutchinson, Koberts, Hemphill, Wheeler, Gray. Carson, Armstrong. Donley, and Collingsworth, each of which is approximately 30 miles square. As regards the future of irrigation in the region the report says : " Taking into account the local facts it seems very doubtful if there will ever be any extensive irrig.-ition in the region under discussion. The supply of water is not sufficient for this jiurpo.se except along the larger streams, where the conditions are such that dams can not be constructed. Small streams, springs, artificial ponds, and wells supply water for limited irrigation, sufficient often to raise vegetables and fruit for a family, but not more. As time goes on and the region is more thickly settled, these small plants will increase in number. " There is little to warrant the hope that the water supply in the Panhandle will ever increase, and unless some more efficient means than the ordinary wind- null be secured to lift the water from deep wells to the surface it is extremely improbable that anything like extensive works can ever be installed. On the other hand, it is obvious that only a very small part of the available water is now being utilized. It is possible that the future will witness in this region thousands of small pumping plants, each capable of supplying sufficient water to irrigate a garden and an orchard." Preliminary report on the geology and underground waters of the Roswell artesian area, New Mexico, C. A. Fisher ( r. Survey, Water-tiuppJii and Irrig. Paper No. 15S, pp. 29. jils. 9). — The area to which this report relates is located in southeastern New ^Mexico. It comprises about 1,800 square miles lying along Pecos IJiver and extending from a point .5 miles north of Roswell to below the mouth of Seven Rivers. In addition to the discussion of the artesian waters, the report includes a brief description of the geology of the sedimentary rocks, their structure, and their relation to the underground waters. The ar(>a of flowing wells is indicated and ■-■ecords of representative wells aiv given, which are intended to illustrate the chai'acter and succession of the water-bearing beds. Information respecting surface waters available for domestic and irrigation purposes and a brief description of the climatic and agricultural features of the region are also given. "The climate of the Roswell basin does not differ materially in the prevailing aridity from that of the remainder of southern and eastern New Mexico. The 114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tempeiTiture of the region is high, witli a low relative humidity. Tlie summers are usually long and hot and the winters mild and pleasant. The maximum temperature is 110° and the minimvim seldom falls far below zero. . . . The average annual precipitation at Roswell is 1(5.0 in. The greater part of this amount falls during the months of June and July in frequent showers, which, although often violent, are generally local and of short (hiration. Only a small percentage of the annual precipitation falls as snow. . . . " The general aridity of the climate renders farming without irrigation impracticable except in a few low-lying areas adjacent to Pecos River. In con- sequence agriculture is restricted to those portions of the valley where water can be obtained from some of the various canals or from artesian wells. The cultivated portions of the basin at present comprise about one-eighth of the total area included in this report, the remainder being utilized for pasturage of cattle — an industry to which the higher lands are well adapted. . . . " It is believed that there is no cause for fear that tlie \\'ater supply through- out the northern part of the Roswell basin will give out or become inadequate for all requirements under proper economy of practice. In the region of Artesia and McMillan not enough wells have been sunk to indicate the amount that the water-bearing beds may be expected to yield. There is pressing need for greater economy on the part of the users of well water throughout the Roswell basin." SOILS— FERTILIZERS, Soils, A. M. Peter and S. D. Averitt {Kciitiicki/ .S7«. BiiL JN'o. 126, pp. 63- 126). — This bulletin discusses methods and uses of soil analysis, reports analyses of 127 samples of soils from different parts of Kentucky, and gives the results of a comparison of 3 methods of determining hunuis in soils and a study of the causes of error in determinations of this substance by the method of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. The unsatisfactory character of methods of soil analysis for practical purposes is pointed out, but the uses which can be made of results obtained by these methods are indicated. Results are reported which indicate that the official method for humus in soils gives results whicli are much too high. The author proposes to approxi- mately eliminate the error by " deducting from the apparent weight of humus 10 per cent of the weight of the residue remaining after burning off the humus." The determination of humus in portions of the humus solution corresponding to 1 gm. of soil by boiling with potassium permanganate solution (3 gm. of salt to 1 liter of water) gave results which agreed fairly well with the determina- tions by the official method corrected as described. An attempt to use a colori- metric method with the nitric-acid solution of the residue obtained by evaporat- ing the humus solution to dryness did not give satisfactory results. The chemical investigation of Tennessee soils, C. A. Mooers (Bien. Rpt. Torn. Dept. Agr., 1003-.'i, pp. 147-15.'i}. — This paper discusses briefly what con- stitutes fertile soil, the importance of the mineral constituents of plant food and The best proportion of these constituents in soils, and the need and value of chemical investigation of the soils of Tennessee. Mechanical analysis of soils {.Jour. Agr. HcL, 1 (1906), Xo. 4, PP- -P'0--'f7Jf). — The method adopted l)y the chemical committee of the Agricultural Education Association is described and the general principles of the method are discussed. The method is as follows : "(1) Ten gm. of the air-dry earth which have passed a 3 mm. sieve are weighed out into a porcelain basin and worked up with 100 cc. of fifth-normal hydro- chloric acid, the acid being renewed if much carbonate of lime is present. After SOILS FERTILIZERS. . 115 standing in contact with tlio acid for 1 hour the whole is tin-own upon a driod, tared lilter, and washed until free of acid. The filter and its contents are dried and weighed. The loss represents hygroscopic moisture and material dissolved hy the acid. "(2) The soil is now washed off the filtei- with dilute annuoniacal water onto a small sieve of 100 meshes to tlie linear inth. tlie i)ortiou passing through being collected In a beaker mnria'd at H). s..". and 7..") cin., respectively, from the bot- tom. The portion wliich remains upon the sieve is dried and weighed. It is then divided into 'line gravel' and 'coarse sand,' by means of a sieve with round holes of 1 mm. diameter. The portion which does not pass this sieve is tlie 'tine gravel." This should be dried and weighed. The difference gives the 'coarse sand.' If re(iuired, both these fractions cau also be weighed after ignition. "(.'}) The portion which passed the sieve of 100 meshes per linear inch is well worked up with a rubber pestle, and the beaker filled to the 8.5 cm. mark and allowed to stand 24 hours. The ammoniacal liquid which contains the 'clay' is then decanted off into a Winchester quart. This operation is repeated as long as any matter remains in suspension for 24 hours. The liquid containing the ' clay ' is either evaporated in bulk, or measured and. after being well shaken, ill aliquot portion taken and evaj)orated. In either case the dried residue con- sists of ' clay ' and ' soluble humus.' After ignition the residue gives the ' clay,' and the loss on' ignition the ' soluble humus." "(4) The sediment from which the 'clay " has been removed is woi'ked up as before in the beaker, which is filled to the 10 cm. mark and allowed to stand for 100 seconds. The operation is repeated till the 'fine sand' settled in 100 sec- onds is clean, when it is collected, dried, and weighed. "(5) The turbid liquid poured off from the 'fine sand' is collected in a \Yin- ehester quart, or other suitable vessel, allowed to settle, and the clear liquid siphoned or decanted off. The sediment is then washed into the marked beaker and made up to the 7.5 cm. mark. After stirring, it is allowed to settle for 12^ minutes, and the licpiid decanted off. The operation is then repeated as before till all the sediment sinks in 12i minutes, leaving the li(iuid quite clear. The sediment obtained is the ' silt,' v,-hich is dried and weighed as usual. The li(iuid (•ontains the ' fine silt ' which, when it has settled down, can be separated by decanting oft" the clear liijuid, aud dried and weighed. "(0) Determinations are made of the 'moisture' and 'loss on ignition" of another 10 gm. of the air-dry earth. The sum of the weights of the fractions after ignition plus loss on ignition phis moisture plus material dissolved in weak acid should approximate to 10 gm. "(7) It is advisable to make a determination of the ' fine gravel ' in a portion of .50 gm. of the nir-di-y earth. The soil should be treated with acid, as in 1, and after that is removed l)y decantation may be at once treated with dilute am- monia and wash(>d on the sieve with 1 mm. round holes. The ' fine gravel ' left on the sieve is then dried and weighed, and the percentage found should agree with that found in 2. If it does not the result now found should be taken as the true one."" Agricultural reconnaissance of the Uinta Indian Reservation, \y. W. Mc- Lau(;hi.i.\ (Ittili s/p. 23). — The area covered by the reconnaissance reported in this Ijullelin includes approximately 650,000 acres of agricultural land situated in the Uinta Basin about 105 miles east of Ileber and 90 miles northeast of Price, Utah. The general conditions are described and data are given relating to climate, water supply, and soils. It is stilted thiit the soils of the upi)er part of the benches are more desiralile than those of the river bottoms, which fretjueutly contain injurious amounts of 116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. alkali. The upper lands require more frequent and larger applications of irri- gation water than the lower lands. The water supply is sufficient for all till- able lands. The climate is equable during the greater part of the year but variable in spring and fall, although there is no extreme weather and winter grazing of stock is practicable. There is some danger from frost on the upper lauds. Arid or dry farming will probably not be successful on account of the very low precipitation, varying from 6 to 142 in. at different places in the reservation for the whole year and from 1.23 to 2.95 in. for the 3 months June to August. The changes in cultivated soils, A. Mercier (Bnl. Soc. Chim. Belg., 19 {1906), No. S-9, J). 261 ; abs, in Rer. Gen. Arjron., n. ser., 1 {1906), No. 2, pp. 56, 57).— The author concludes from his studies that digestion with hydrochloric acid of 1.18 sp. gr. does not furnish any information of practical value as to the fertility of the soil. In comparative tests of normal and tenth-normal hydrochloric acid for this purpose the conclusion was reached that the normal acid is the strongest which should be used for studies of this kind. The author concludes that all of the fertilizing material assimilable by plants is removed in the first half liter of solution with acid of this sti-ength when 250 gm. of soil is used for extraction. The material removed by further treatment is merely an indication of the changes in the soil. The apparatus used in the extraction with acid is described. The amount and composition of the drainage through unmanured and uncropped land, Barnfield, Rothamsted, N. H. J. Miller {Jour. Agv. HcL, 1 {1906), No. J,, pp. 377-399, fir/s. 4)-— I" this article a brief account is given of the Rothamsted drain gages and the results obtained with them since their establishment in 1870 are summarized. There are 3 of these drain gages 0.001 acre in area, extending to depths of 20, 40, and GO in., respectively. The annual averages for the 35 years, 1870 to 1905, were as follows : Rainfall 28.97 in. ; drainage— 20-in. gage 13.84 in., 40-in. gage 14.61 in., GO-in. gage 13.65 in. ; drainage per cent of rain — 20-in. gage 47.8, 40-in. gage 50.4, 60-in. gage 47.1 ; evaporation — 20-in. gage 15.13 in.. 40-in. gage 14..36 in., 60-in. gage 15.32 in. " The rain supplies annually to the soil about 5 lbs. of nitrogen. Of this amount about 4 lbs. represent nitrates and ammonia which would be rapidly nitrified in the soil, and the rest, about 1 lb., represents organic compounds which may be either more or less readily nitrified than the organic nitrogen of the soil. In any case the total amount is very small as compared with the amounts found in the drainage through the soil of the gages. " During the last 28 years the average loss of nitrogen in the gages has been 31.4 lbs. per acre per annum. The annual losses vary from year to year con- siderably, partly owing to differences in the rainfall and partly to the distribu- tion of the rain. There is. in addition ... a slight tendency for the nitrates to decrease, but this only manifests itself when successive averages of several J ears are compared. The yearly amounts of nitrogen in the drainage of the 60-in. gage have varied from 61 to 15 lbs. with the highest recorded rainfall in 1878-9 (41.05 in.) and the lowest rainfall in 1897-8 (19.51 in.). Both years >i-ere preceded by years of high rainfall. In 1898-9 when the rainfall was, for a second year, unusually low, the 60-in. gage lost nearly 31 lbs. of nitrogen ; and in 1899-1900 nearly 38 lbs. The very low results of 1897-8 are partly due to the complete washing out to which the gages were pubjected the year befoi'e, when the 60-in. gage lost 41.4 lbs. of nitrogen. It is probable, however, that the 19 years between the maximum and niininnim losses have helped to increase the difference." The average annual amounts of chlorin found in the drainage water during 28 years of observation were as follows : In the drainage water of the 20-in. SOILS FERTILIZERS, 117 gage 14.84 lbs. per acre, of the 40-in. gage 15.89 lbs., of the 60-in. gage 14.(!4 lbs. For the 28 years there has apparently been a gain of 8.68 lbs. per acre for the 20-in. gage, a loss of 20.72 lbs. for the 40-in. gage, and a gain of 14.28 lbs. for the (>0-ln. gage. A list of 10 references to articles relating to this sniiject is given. The relatio.i between lime content of soils and plants, A. Kadgien (Fiili- liiif/'!^ LaiiiUr. Zt(j., 55 {1906), No. !), pp. StO-SlO).— The lime content of a large mnni)er of Prnssian soils is compared with that of varions crops grown on the soils. In the (»pinion of the author so many conditions influence the lime content of I he ]ilant that this can not be taken as a reliable index of the lime content of tlie SI ill. The advantages of liming, particularly wh.en other manures are liberally used, are discussed. On the lime factor for flax and spinach, S. Namikawa (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. I'liir.. 7 ( 19(1(1). Xo. 1, pp. 57-60, fi(j. 1). — ^Pot experiments are reported which indicate that a lime-magnesia ratio in the soil of 1 : 1 is the most favorable f('r the growth of these crops. Some analyses of natural humus compounds, K. iMichelet and J. Sebelien {Chcm. Ztg., 30 (1906), No. 31, pp. 3.76-,:].78).— Analyses of typical samples of humus from 10 different sources, leaf mold, peat, soils, etc., are reported in full, showing wide variations in the composition of the humus from the different sources. Further studies of the behavior of the humus when treated with allca- !ine solvents, etc., are contemplated. The control of soil moisture in orchard soils, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1905, pp. 133-137). — In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 17, p. 119) two series of experiments, each comprising 3 plats, were instituted at the experimental farms, Ottawa, in 1905 (1) to ascei'tain the moisture con- tent of soil luider a thick mulch of straw as compared with that of a soil con- stantly cultivated and uncultivated soil; and (2) to learn the relative moisture content of soils under hairy vetch, tares, and constant cultivation. A series of experiments AA'ere also conducted on the experimental farm, Nappan, N. S., on G plats " to contrast throughout the season the moisture con- tent of soil (1) bearing an oat crop; (2) carrying a second season's growth of clover (with timothy) and harvested; (3) similar to 2, but with the growth cut from time to time and used as a mulch; (4) cultivated till June 15, then sown with crimson clover; (5) cultivated till July 20, then sown with crimson clover; (()) cultivated luitil July 20, then left undisturbed." On account of the ample and well-distril)nted rainfall at Ottawa the differ- ences in moisture content under the different methods of treatment were not very large. In the experiments at Nappan, however, where the rainfall was deficient, the beneficial effect of cultivation in conserving soil moisture was very strikingly demonstrated. The variation of land and water temperatures, W. F. Cooper ( Rpt. Midi. Acad. Sci., 7 (1905), pp. .'lO-J/S). — This paper reports the results of a series of observations on land and water temiieratures on the west side of Saginaw Bay and east of Tobico Bay, northwest of Bay City. These show the average w^ater temperature during the period of observation (August, 1904) to be 72.11°, that of the land 72.38°. Calcium sulphate in aqueous solutions: A contribution to the study of f Ikali deposits, F. K. Cameron and J. M. Bell (U. S. Dcpt. Afjr., Bur. Soils Bill. 33. pp. 77. p(/K. 77). — "The purpose of this bulletin is to bring together and arrange in a logical sequence the results of the numerous investigations which have been made on the relation of calcium sulphate to aqueous solutions. Ex- perimental methods and details are either omitted or, if of unusual interest, are described but briefly, since the numerous references to tbe iterature which 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. are giveu will make them available to anyone \Yho may be interested. lu like manner practical applications of the results are merely indicated, as their discussion can be more profitably given elsewhere than in this necessarily technical description of a chemical problem." - The bulletin deals with the transformations of the different modifications of calcium sulphate : the occurrence of calcium sulphate in nature; solubility of the salt in water and in aqueous solutions of calcium sulphate and other calcium salts, of electrolytes not containing a common ion, and of nonelectrolytes. and calcium sulphate in salt deposits in alkali regions. It is presented as " a chapter in the larger study of the chemistry of alkali," developing the theories ad- vanced in Bulletin 17 of the Bureau (E. S. R.. 13. p. 2.32) as far as calcium sulphate enters into the formation of alkali. Of the forms in which calcium sulphate exists, namely, hemihydrate, dihydrate (gypsum), natural anhydrite, artificial anhydrite, gypsum and natural anhy- drite occur together in nature and are the only forms which remain stable in any solution. The solubility of calcium sulphate in water apparently reaches a maximum at about 40° C, when about 2,100 parts per thousand go into solution. The presence of other substances in solution affects the solubility of gypsum, thus salts having a common ion depress the solubility, low concentration solu- tions of electrolytes which do not have a common ion increase the solubility, non-electrolytes differ in their effects. Solutions containing 48 parts per thou- sand of sulphuric acid behave like water. These results make it quite clear that the composition of the drainage water from alkali soils which contain a mixture of various salts can not be predicted from the relative solubilities of the salts present. Reclamation of alkali soils, C. W. Dorsey (T'. .S*. Dept. Af/r.. Bur. Soils Bid. SJf, pp. 30, pis. .'/). — This bulletin defines alkali; discusses its origin and accumu- lation in soils, its effect on crops, methods of preventing alkali accumulation, treatment of alkali soils, including cultivation of alkali I'esistant crops, use of chemical antidotes, and scraping, flushing, and flooding with and without drainage to free soils from alkali; and gives an account of the alkali reclama- tion experiments of the Bureau of Soils near Salt Lake City. Utah, Fresno. Cal., North Yakima, Wash., Tempe, Ariz., and Billings, Mont., and a summary of experience gained from these experiments, including possible injury to the land by constant flooding, resulting water-logging of the soil, destruction of tilth and loss of valuable fertilizing constituents, effect of hardpan in retarding leaching, clogging of drains by roots and silt, depth and distance apart for drains, and cost of reclaiming land by flooding and drainage. As regards the last two points, it is stated that " in practice it is not advis- able to place drains less than 3 ft. deep, and depths of 4 or 5 ft. or more give much better i-esults. " The distance apart at which drains should be placed depends largely on the character of the soil. In heavy soils rapid reclamation may be accom- plished with drains 100 to 150 ft. apart. In porous sandy soils the distance may be greater, intervals of 250 to 300 ft. in many cases answering the purpose. The less the interval between drains the more rapid can reclamation be carried on. but the distances given above are conservative. "As to the cost of carrying on such reclamation, it has been found to depend on the local conditions of each area. AYhile in the central portion of the United States all sizes of drain tile are sold at reasonable prices, this is uot the case in the West. . . . Even considering the exorbitant prices at which the farmer must purchase his tile, it is still possible in the greater number of western dis- tricts to provide an adequate drainage system for small tracts of land at an SOILS — FEKTILIZERS. 119 avornjro cost of from $1.' to !?-"> fin acre. ... To reclaim lands containing any considerable aniounl of alkali will cost from .$.'50 to .$.")() an acre, including the cost of installing drains. leveling the land, and constructing necessary levees and diivcs, as well as the cost of Hooding. The item of leveling has been esti- mated at from .$."> to .^l.'j. which would cheapen the cost of reclamation just so mn
  • (1!)0G). Xo. S. pp. 2-^-^lS. pi. J. fii/s. /, ). — The use of insoluble phosphates in connection with farm manure or green manuring with legununons plants to supply an abundance of decaying organic matter in the soil, and thus render tlie insoluble ])li()si)hates more available, is advocated. Our soil needs managing ( Af/riciiltiirc \\chr.]. .'> (1906). Xo. 2. pp. G-13). — It is pointed out that the loss of fertility in Nebraska soils, which is becoming quite pronounced in many cases, is not due to lack of mineral elements jf fer- tility, but to decline in humus and impairment of physical condition. Methods of ci'opping and tillage which will repair these deficiencies are discussed. Example of how analysis of soil may be of use, A. Mayeb (Jour. Laiidir., 54 {1906), Xo. 1, pp. .',7-.j0; ahs. in Jour. Chein. Hoc. [London^. 90 {WOli), No. 522, li, p. 2.'i9). — The determination of the potash requirements of 4 tobacco soils from Deli. Sumatra, by extraction witli dilute hydrochloric acid is reported. Loss on ignition agreed approxim.-itely with humus only in case of sandy and sandy peat soils. Clover sickness of the soil, P. Kossovich {Zhur. Opuifn. Afiroii. (Rusts. Jour. E.rpt. Laiiflir.). (! (1905), Xo, 5, pp. 515-599). — The author describes an ex- tended series of experiments conducted during G years. Numerous pot experiments were supplemented b.v a few field experiments. Clover sickness appeared in i)ot cultures as well as in the field. The soils used were chernozems and podzol clays. Parallel experiments were conducted with soils from clover-sick fields and from fields on which no clover had been raised. The results in general lead to the conclusion that clover sickness is directly connected with the impoverishment of the soil in nutritive substances, usually phosphoric acid, in the first place, and then in potash. The author finds no reason whatever for the assumption of the existence of a specific clover sickness due to the formation in the soil by the clover plant itself of compounds directly injurious to clover. — p. fikeman. The loss of nitrogen from soils, II. Snyder (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 9.'i. pp. lSS-19'i). — In connection with studies of the influence of different methods of f.ii-ming upon the nitrogen content of soils which have been reported in pre- vious bulletins of the station, samples of soil from typical farms in Minnesota were obtained and analyzed in ISO-l. Ten years later samples from the same fields were a.gain analyzed, and the losses of nitro,gen which had occurred dur- ing the period were determined. The results, as briefly reported in tliis article, show tiiat "the loss of nitro- gen from 4 grain farms in 10 years amounted to from 3 to 5 times more than was removed by the crops. This loss was due to the rapid decay of the humus and the liberation of the uitx'ogen. which forms an essential part of the humus. The losses of nitrogen from these grain farms were practically the same as 120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. from the experimental plats at the university farm. The results of the tests on the small plats are in accord with tlie held tests in different parts of the State. " Where clover was grown, crops rotated, live stock kept, and farm manure used, an equilibrium as to the nitrogen content of the soil was maintained, the mineral plant food was kept in the most availa))le condition and maximum jields were secured." The nitrogen enrichment of soils through the growth of legumes, F. T. Shutt {Caiiada E,ri)t. Farms Rpts, UK)'), iq). 127-13(1). — The cxliaustion of soil nitrogen by continuous cropping withovit manure is illustrated l)y analyses of virgin and cultivated soils of the Northwest Territories, and pot and plat ex- periments extending over two years are reported which show that when mam- moth red clover was grown on soils and turned under there was a gain during the two years of 179 lbs. of nitrogen per acre to a depth of '.> in. in the pot experiments and 17.") lbs. to a depth of 4 in. in the plat experiments. Inoculation for the growth of legumes, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 190.'), pp. 130-132, pi. 1). — Pot and plat tests of pure cultures furnished by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and the Ontario Agricultural College on clover and alfalfa are reported. Comparisons were made of no treatment, inoculating seed, and inoculating soil in the pot experiments and of untreated and treated seed only in the plat experiments. In the pot experiments there was some increase, especially in case of soil inoculation, the Ontario Agricultural College culture being more efficient than the Bureau of Plant Industry cultures. In the plat experiments on clover inoculation of the seed increased the yield decidedly, the Washington culture being more effective than the Ontario culture. The results of the plat experiments with alfalfa were inconclusive. The influence of charlock on nitrification in soils, E. Gutzeit (Ccnthl. Balct. [efc], 2. Aht., 16 (1!>06), Ao. 10-13. pp. 3:^S-3S1 : ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [Lon- don], 90 {190(S), No. .525, II, p. 476). — Field experiments and bacteriological studies are reported which show that charlock may be prevented from producing seed by one sprinkling with a 15 per cent solution of iron sulphate, and that the injurious effect of the growth of such weeds on cultivated plants is due not only to their draft upon the plant food, moistures, etc., of the soil needed by the cul- tivated plant, but also to their influence upon the bacterial life of the soil, especially upon nitrification, whicii is checked by the draft of the weeds upon the lime and water content of the soil. Bacteriological methods, using nutrient solutions inoculated with soils and also soil extracts as culture media, were found useful means of stud.ving such questions. On methods of bacteriological investigation of soils, Buhleet and Ficken- DEY (Genthl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Aht., 16 (1906), \o. 1(1-13, pp. 399-.',05; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Hoc. \Lo)iring the washing out of the soluble nitrogen of the soil. Preservation of manure and its most profitable use, Immendorff and FoRSTER i>S(:pitrate from Jahrh. Dent. Lundw. GchcU., 21 (1906), pp. Jf9-61). — I'feiffer's conclusions regarding the preservation of manure (E. S. K., 14, p. 233) are given and the action of manure preserved in different ways on loam and sandy soils is discussed. • Sewage disposal in small gardens, A. F. T. Somerville (Af/r. Gaz. N. /S'. Wales. II {I'.xii!}. \o. .j. pp. 27'i-276). — Simple methods of disposing of house- hold sewage and wastes are ])rietiy described. Restoring the fertility of a run-down farm, C. E. Thorne (Mo. lid. Agr. Ho. liiil.. ■') { mod). A'o. N. /(/'. 'i-2'i). — In this paper the bringing up of a run-down soil by the " well-informed use of animal manures, reenforced with such fer- tilizing materials as may be required to more perfectly adapt these manures to the soils on which they are employed " is discussed. On the influence of the reaction of the manure upon the yield, K. Aso and R. Bahadur (Bui. Col. Ayr., Tokijo Imp. Univ., 7 (l'.)l>6) , Islo. 1, pp. 39-^0, pi. 1). — An account is given of pot experiments with peas, ouions, barley, and rice "to compare the effects of the (neutral) disodium phosphate with the (acid) monosodium phosphate and with calcium superphosphate in presence of ammo- nium sidphate or of sodium nitrate in sand culture and in soil culture." The conclusion was reached that " (1) the reaction of the manuring com- pounds is of very great influence; (2) the combination of ammonium sulphate and disodium phosphate yielded the best result iu the case of paddy rice, while the mixture of sodium nitrate and monosodium phosphate produced the highest yield with barley aud pea. ... As a general conclusion, however, it may be iiientioned that small changes in the reaction of the maniu-e have often a much greater influence on the yield than might be presumed, and that the effects differ with different crops." Naturally occurring fertilizers and waste products, F. T. Shutt (Canada E.ritt. Farms Rpis. l'J (1906), .Ao. .J, pp. S.'iH-361, figs. 6). — This is a review of this subject based upon an address by O. N. Witt, to which reference has already been made (E. S. R., 17, p. 746), aud u monograph by J. Erode (see above). 122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The development of methods and the histoiy of investigations on which they are based is traced, the principles and efficiency of some of the more successful methods are discussed, the essentials of a commercially successful method are enumerated, and the Birkeland and Eyde method, which it is claimed in large measure fulfills these conditions and is the most efficient yet proposed, is described. It has been shown that by this process, with cheap water power, nitric acid can be produced at a cost of less than 1.2 cts. per kilogram for energy or less than one-tenth of the present price of nitric acid. The most important factor affecting cost is the concentration of the dilute nitrous gases obtained. " This problem has not yet found its technical solution, doubtless it will be solved." Progress has been made in this direction by Birkeland and Eyde, resulting in the production of a basic calcium nitrate. Other methods of utilizing the atmospheric nitrogen are briefly considered. Of the 4 methods thus far proposed 8 are fheniical and 1 bacteriological. " The bacterial absorption of nitrogen is, at present, confined to leguminous plants, and unless a more active breed of bacteria can be developed, bacterial action, while valuable, can not replace the use of Chile saltpeter. The formation and decomposition of nitrids is the second method." Technical difficulties have thus far prevented the development of methods based upon this principle. " The third method is Frank's well-known process, in which pure nitrogen, not air, is absorbed by heated calcium carbid, forming calcium cyanamid, which is a valuable fertilizer. This process is on trial technically. Whether the calcium cyanamid can compete with the synthetic nitrate is doubtful. The fourth method is the nitrogen oxidation." Nitrogenous fertilizer from the air (Mark Lane Eirpress. .94 (1906), Nos. S881, Pert, and Feed., p. Ill; 388^, Pert, and Feed. p. //).— Papers by Professor Silvanus Thompson, already )ioted (E. S. R., 17, p. 829), and by Sir William Ramsay in the Engineering Supplement of the London Times, are briefly reviewed with reference to the following features: (1) The necessity of a tuiure new source of nitrogen for agriculture, (2) methods of production, and (3) fertilizing value of the products. The general conclusion drawn from the review of these papers is " that agri- culture will not languish from want of nitrogen when the nitrate of soda deposits have died a natural death from exhaustion ; but that inexhaustible supplies will be available, and probably at lower prices." The electric production of nitrates from the atmosphere (Nature [London], 7.5 (1006), Xo. 1893, pp. .3.5 J, 356').— This is an abstract of an address by S. P. Thompson, which has already been referred to (E. S. R., 17, p. 829), discussing especially the success of the Birkeland and Eyde process in Norwaj'. It is stated that in the experimental factories using this jirocess 500 kg. of nitric acid per year have been produced for every kilowatt of power. " The conditions in Norway were exceptionally good for the furnishing of power at exceedingly low rates. Hence the new product could compete with Chile salt- peter on the market, and would become every year more valuable as the demand for nitrates increased and the natural supplies became exhausted." New fertilizers prepared from atmosiDheric nitrogen, C. Dussekre (Chron. Ayr. Yaud, 19 (1906), No. 5, pp. 123-127). — Experiments with lime nitrogen on potatoes are reported, and the probable value of calcium nitrate prepared l)y electrical methods is discussed. Water power in Norway and the future of the Birkeland and Eyde dis- covery, L. Grandeau (Joirr. Agr.^Prat., ii. ser.. 11 (1906), No. 12, pp. 361, 362, fig. 1). — Statistics are given of the horsepower of various waterfalls (aggre- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 123 c:atin{» nbmit rtOO.OOO horsopowor) which have been ac(iulrod in Norway for the purpose of the niiinufacture of nitric acid from the air. On the manurial value of calcium cyanamid, K. Aso (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo I nil). r)iir.. 7 iUHKi). Xn. I. pp. 'il-.'i,^). — Experiments in open-bottom cylinders sunk in tiie irround and in pots to compare calcium cyanamid with ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate on upland and paddy rice and hemp grown on sandy and loamy soils are reported. All the results show distinctly that calcium <-yanamid is an effective nitrog- enous fertilizer, the only unsatisfactory result being that with paddy soil. That soil was rich in humus and closely related to moor soils which, according to Tacke and Feilitzen, do not yield such satisfactory results with calcium cyanamid as other soils do. In general the calcium cyanamid was not inferior to ammonium suli)hate and Chile saltpeter. The efficacy of calcium cyanamid under different conditions, R. Inamura (Bill. Col. .I///'., Toliio hup. I'liir.. 7 iUlod). Xo. 1. pp. 'j3--'>')). — Pot experi- ments with Brassica chincnsis are briefly reported to show that calcium cyana- mid was more effective in combination with superphosphate than with neutral phosphate, the acid phosi)hate neutralizing the annnoniuni carbonate produced in the soil from the calcium cyanamid and thus bringing about the conditions most favorable to the growth of the Brassica. The combination referred to was much more effective than ammonium sulphate with superphosphate without addition of lime. Artificial nitrates and the preservation of soil industry {.\gr. Students' Gaz.. 11. scr., 12 (IVOG). No. 6, pp. 1'.)'>-1'JS). — This article is an argument in favor of a system of c-ropping which keeps the soil well covered and stocked with organic matter and against " excessive cultivation of grain with the aid of artificial nitrogenous manures," the view being that the former increases the natural ca]>acity of soils to fix nitrogen and the latter tends to destroy this power. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen-oxid compounds, O. Schmidt and R. Booker {Ber. Dent. Chem. Gesell, 39 {1906), No. 6, pp. 1366-1370; ahs. in Amer. Jour. 8ci., Jf. ser., 22 {1906), No. 127, pp. 78, 79). — The two principal methods of oxidizing ammonia, viz, combustion in electric flames, and oxida- tion by means of contact substances (platinum and platinized asbestos), are referred to, and a series of tests of the efficiency of combustion in tubes filled with platinized asbestos are reported. The total oxidation secured varied from 70.3 to 80.45 per cent, with an average of 75 to 70 per cent, apparently depend- ing mainly upon the temperature. Red heat appeared to be the most favorable temi)erature for oxidation. The process of producing nitrates is not considered profitable. A rational process for obtaining ammonia and sal-ammoniac by the utili- zation of residuary and waste products {Sci. Amer. Sup., 61 {1906), No. 1580, pp. 2531 'i, 2531-J). — Various proce.sses for obtaining these substances from guano, gas liquor, bones, wool, leather, horn, feather, and similar wastes are briefly described. The formulas for preparing artificial fertilizers from lye waste are also given. The information given in the article is taken fi-om Roller's hand- book on the utilization of waste products (E. S. R., 14, ]». 717). On the application of Chile saltpeter as top-dressing for some Japanese crops, K. Aso {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {1906), No. 1. pp. ?J, 76). — In plat experiments with upland rice and Colocasia there was an increase from top-dressing with sodium nitrate: witli sesame there was no increase. The manurial value of different potassium compounds for barley and rice, K. Aso {liul. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {1906), No, 1, pp. 67-72). — From 124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pot experiments with different potasLi salts on barley and rice the following conclusions are drawn : (1.) While the chlorid hastened the flowering process and increased grain production, the increase being highest in the case of barley, it reduced to a like extent the yield of the rice; (2) the fertilizing value of the silicate was highest in several cases, and this material may be considered a favorable potash fer- tilizer for the Graminea^; (3) while the chlorid acted very favorably in the production of grain, the sulphate was more favorable to the production of straw, in accord with Sebelien's former observations; (4) carbonate was inferior to sulphate in all cases when it was applied with secondary sodium phosphate, a physiologically alkaline manure. On the effect of vai-ious potassic manures on the growth of Colocasia antiquorum, S. Namikawa (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {li)U6), No. 1. pp. 73, 7-'f). — In plat experiments it was observed that kainit and 40 per cent potash salt were about equally effective, considerably more so than wood ashes. On the fertilizing value of steamed Thomas slag, O. Bottcher {Deiit. Lanclw. Presse, 33 {1906), Xo. 27, i^P- ■231. 2.32).— Comparative pot and field tests of superphosphate and Thomas slag which had been disintegrated by sub- jecting it to steam under pressure and ground in the usual way are reported. The pot experiments were made with oats, the field experiments with a mixture of oats, barley, peas, and vetch and on meadow grasses. The results indicate in general that the steamed slag is slightly less effective than the groinid. On the factors which influence the fertilizing action of difficultly soluble phosphates, D. N. Prianishnikov (Abs. in Chem. Zfg., 30 {1906), No. 37, p. Ji38). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Sixth International Con- gress of Applied Chemistry at Rome, 1906. The paper discusses this subject from 4 standpoints, (1) the properties of the phosphates themselves, (2) the individuality of the plants on which they are u^ed, (3) the properties of the soil, and (4) the chai'acter of the associated fertilizers. Particular attention is given to the fourth point, which has been discussed in previous articles by the author (E. S. R., 17, p. .538). Thomas-ammonium-phosphate lime, a new mineral fertilizer, E. Hasel- HOFF {Fiihling's Lanilw. Ztg., 5.5 {1906), No. 8, pp. 257-26^). — This material (see also B. S. R., 17, p. 049) is shown to rapidly undergo decomposition with loss of nitrogen. Thomas-ammonium-phosphate lime, Kettler {Dent. Zuckerindus.,31 {1906), p. 390; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 30 {1906), No. 24, Repert. No. 7. p. 55).— This mate- rial, which is described as an intimate mixture of Thomas slag, aunnonium sul- phate, and lime residue from sugar factories is highly recommended. A contribution to the bibliography of the use of sulphate of iron in agri- culture, II. E. IIoRTON (Cliicago. III., 19(i6, pp. 69). — This is a biliograiihy of 4.52 references, beginning with the work of Thaer in Germany in 1S09 and continu- ing to 1905. The limestone and lime industry of West Virginia, G. P. Grimsley {W. Va. Gcol. Purvey [Pub.], 3 {1905), pp. 312-J,22, pis. 11, figs. 6).— This report con- tains chapters on distribution and properties of lime in minerals and rocks, the limestones of West Virginia, technology of lime manufacture, and the uses of limestone and lime. Commercial fertilizers, .J. L. Hills and C. H. Jones {Vermont Sta. Bill. 123, pp. 137-20 Jf). — This bulletin reports the results of analyses of 1.30 brands of fertilizers, the output of 12 companies, collected during the spring of 1906, compai'es the results obtained with those of 4 jirevious years, and discusses celling price, valuation, and purchase of fertilizers, and the moisture relations of soils. A AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 125 It waf3 found that sr> per cent of the brands met their guaranties and that the crude stock used in the fertilizers was generally of good quality. The aver- age selling price was .$29.52, the average valuation $10.38. " A comparison of analyses of brands for 5 years shows in some cases essential evenness and in othei's considerable variation in comiiosition." The advantages and disadvan- tages of l»uying mixed goods and separate ingredients are briefly stated and the cooperative purchase of inimixcd fertilizing materials is recommended as more economical. A general discussion of weather conditions and chemical composition, phys- ical characteristics, biological content, irrigation, drainage, and tillage of soils with reference to control of moisture and better utilization of fertilizers are included in the bulletin. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The function of silica in the nutrition of cereals, I, A. D. Hall and C. G. T. MoRisoN (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Her. B.. 11' (1906), No. B 520, pp. .'t5r)-.',ll, fujs. 11). — A brief summary is presented of opinions relative to the function of silica in plants. The authors call attention to the constant and considerable proportion of silica in the ash of certain plants and give an account of held and pot experiments to determine if possible its action. As a result of their investigations they consider that silica, while not an essential constituent of plant food, plays an important part in the nutrition of cereal plants, like barley. The effect of a free supply of solnble silica shows itself in an increased and earlier formation of grain, and it acts by causing an increased assimilation of phosphoric acid i)y the plant. There appears to l)e no evidence that the silica within the plant causes a more thorough assimilation of the phosphoric acid, or that in itself it promotes the transfer of food materials from one part of the plant to the other. The physiological function of silica are found to take place within the plant tissues, and not in the soil as has sometimes been claimed. Utilization of the nitrogen of the air by plants, T. Jamieson {Agr. Re- search Assoc. [.S'cof.] Rpf. liiii.'. pji. SI. pjx. 12). — The author rejects the theory of Hellriegel and others that nitrogen assimilation in the higher plants is confined to the Legnminosa^ and a few other orders of plants, where the fixation takes place through the syml)iotic action of micro-organisms in the root tubercles. He claims that nitrogen assimilation is a function common to many plants, through the presence of specialized cells in the epidermis and also specialized hairs on various aerial parts of the plant most abundant in the younger parts of the plant. The basis of this theory seems to be albumin reactions observed in certain thin-walled cells of the epidermis of the leaves and in certain hairs, the author arguing that the formation of the albumin took place where observed, and the absence of the reaction with iodin indicated the transfer of the nitrogenous compounds from the specialized organs to the leaves for the use of the plant. The action of radium on plants {Jnrdin. 20 {1906), 'So. .'i-il, p. Go). — The influence of radium on seeds, it is stated, depends upon the thickness of the seed envelop, its distance away from the radium, and the quantity of moist soil covering it. When the moisture is excessive, germination may be retarded or completely arrested. The transformations wliicli take place in the cellular tis- sues are the same as those occasioned by too much light. Experiments made with other radioactive substances, such as radiotellurium, have given similar 8989— No. 2—06 3 126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. results, while with polonium no definite action has been obtained. If the air is charged with emanations of radium, vegetation is retarded or entirely destroyed. The presence of hydrocyanic acid in seeds and plants iProg. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. I'Est), 21 (1906), No. 25, pp. 736-7Jil). — A compilation is given showing the presence of hydrocyanic acid in plants, and its wide distribution is indicated by the various plants which are reported to have been determined as containing it. Among the plants reported as containing this substance are a number of species of Phaseolus. lupines, vetches, lot-us, sorghum, flax, cassava, cherry laurel, currants, etc. A brief list of publications relating to this topic is given. Hydrocyanic acid in Sambucus nigra, L. Guignard (Conipi. Roid. Acarl. Sci. [Paris], I'll (lUO.'j), Ao.s'. 1, pp. 16-20; 26, pp. 1193-1201) ; and E. Boukquelot and E. Dan.jou {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], IJ/l (1005), Nos. 1, pp. 59-61; 15, pp. 598-600). — Although working independently, the authors simultaneously announce finding in the fresh green leaves of the common European elderberry a glucosid, which under the action of an enzym yields hydrocyanic acid, as much as 12G mg. of the acid being obtained from 1 kg. of fresh leaves. In the second paper by Bourquelot and Danjou the name sanibunigrin is given the glucosid, and some of its properties are described. In subsequent investiga- tions of Guignard the glucosid was found in the cortex, younger shoots, leaves, and immature fruits, the amounts varying ai)preciably with the stages of growth and disappearing entirely from the fruits when ripe. In addition to occurring in 0.7), .Vo. 8. pp. 1SD- JUl). — It is claimed that comparatively few oI)scrvations on the osmotic strength of cell sap in i)lants growing under different physical conditions have been made, and the authors have undertaken a series of experiments to determine this factor. Tlie method ilcviscd involves the observation of tiie plasmolysis of the cells, and by this means a numlu'r of plants were examined with regard to the strength of their cell sap. A series of sodium-chlorid solutions was made up in various gram-molecule concentrations. Portions of the plant the strength of whose cell sap was to l)e deternnned were placed in water. Strips of the epidermis of the leaf were placed in a drop of the solution and gently covered with a cover ghiss, and when the solution just failed to plasmolyse it was taken as isotonic with the cell sap. It was found most convenient to use plants with red coloring matter in the epidermis, and liut little difference was noticed in the strength of sap I)etween the cells containing the red and those containing the colorless materials in the same leaf. The data presented show that there was a greater concentration of cell sap in those plants which had been most strongly subjected to factors tending to promote a loss of water by transpiration. In considering the effect of the con- centration of the cell sap on the absorption of water, it is shown that the con- centration exerts an important physiological bearing on the plants. From observations made on plants growing in mountain regions and other dry situa- tions it is determined that a high osmotic strength of cell sap may prove a valuable ]iiiysiologic-;il chnracter in connection with water alisorption. On the sensibility of chlorophyll in tolerant and intolerant species of plants, W. LuBiMENKO (Coinpt. Tlciul. Acad. .S'c/. [Pari.^], JJ/l (190')). No. IS, /)/'. •J-^-Ji, o36). — In continuation of previous observations (E. S. R.. 17, p. 0.51), the author made comparative studies of the carbou-dioxid assimilation of plants tolerant and intolerant to light. For the intolerant species he selected Scotch pine, European larch, white birch, and the common locust, while for the shade-growing species fir, yew, linden, and beech were chosen. For each of these species 2 series of experi- ments were carried on, one in artificial feeble light, the other in full sunlight. Spectroscopic studies were made of the chlorophyll solutions of the different species. It is claimed that the assimilative energy depends on the concentration of the coloring matter in the chloroplast. The curve which represents the assimi- lative energy following the concentration of the coloring matter reaches its highest limit under natural radiation for the intolerant species and falls below that limit with the tolerant ones. The author raises the question as to whether among tolerant and intolerant plants the physical difference in concrentratiou of chloi'ophyll is not possibly due to difference in physiological irritability of i)rotoi)lasm when exposed to light. The growth of chlorophyll-bearing plants in confined atmospheres in the presence of organic materials, Moi.i.iakd {C'liiipt. Reml. AnnL Sci. ll'dris], I'll (lOO-')). \o. 7. pp. 3S:)-.ini). — A report is given of investigations with rad- ishes growH in fermentation tubes in the jiresence of various forms of starch, sugar, etc., which show that the plants were able to make considerable growth. 128 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. utilizing the carbohydrates through their roots. In tlie absence of light the utilization of sugars took place very slowly, ami it appears that for this form of syntliesis sunlight is necessary. Handbook of flower pollination, P. Knuth, trans, by J. R. A. Davis (Ox- ford: The Clarcnihm Press, 1006, pp. XIX+382, figs. 8i).— This voliune, vehich is No. 1 of a series, is based on Miiller's work on The Fertilization of Flowers by Insects, and it deals with the structure of flowers and the relation of in- sects to pollination. A bibliography of more than 3,800 titles completes the volume. Color stimulus and vital functions of plants, .1. B. Dandeno (Rpt. Mieh. Acad. ScL, 7 (1905), pp. JfJf-Jfli). — A number of experiments are reported upon which were carried on to determine the effects of different portions of the solar spectrum on different functions of plants. Red, yellow, green, blue, and violet colored glass plates were used, which gave results appi'oximatiug those obtained with pure colors. The detailed results are given, which show that red stimulates growth more than yellow, while yellow is more active in photo- synthesis. Blue and violet exercise greater formative influences than the other colors. A study of the effect of dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid upon the radicles of corn seedlings, F. A. Loew (Rpt. Mich. Acad. ,Sct., 7 (1905), pp. 50-52). — The author carried on a series of experiments to ascertain the cause of the death of the radicles of germinating grains of corn in extremely dilute solu- tions of hydrochloric acid. Different lots were subjected to treatment with a 1/256 normal solution of hydrochloric acid and comparisons made with seed- lings germinated under normal conditions. It was found that the amount of acid in dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid is reduced by growing corn seedlings in them. The mineral content of radicles killed in 1/256 normal hydrochloric acid was nearly one-half that of normal radicles. Bacteria and fungi were found to thrive in the solution in which the seedlings had been killed. Seedlings which were killed in the hydrochloric acid solution mentioned above excreted mufla material rich in potash, and it was found that those grown in distilled water excreted potash, or some other alkali. The death of the radicles is believed to be caused by a chemical action, from the fact that the amount of acid in solutions in which the seedlings were grown became greatly reduced. The fact that the killed radicles contained less potas- sium than normal ones and that the solution in which they were killed was rich in potassium, suggests that death is caused by a chemical action between the acid of the solution and the potassium of the radicle. The fact that fungi and bacteria grew vigorously in the solution in which the seedlings were killed, but did not thrive in the distilled water in which the seedlings were growing, suggests that the excretions caused by the acid solution might be some organic compound especially nutritious to these lower forms of plant life. The toxic action of copper sulphate upon certain algae in the presence of foreign substances, Ei.lkn 1>. P.ac ii {h'pt. Midi. Acad. Sci.. 7 (1905). pp. ^8- 50). — A toxic action of copper sulphate of extreme dilution upon certain algiB I'.aving been claimed, the author carried on a series of experiments to test the strength required to kill some of the lower alg;v> in a, 321-3J,t, 357-361, 36J,-380, J,01-J,15, phs. 6).— The report on work with field crops at the Canada experimental farms in 1905. Most of the lines of investigation have been previously described (E. S. R., IT, p. 125.) lT7(ertf.— The results of the uniform te.st plats- show that among 59 varieties of spring wheat Austi-alia F, although badly rusted, ranked first with a yield of 39 bu. 40 lbs. per acre. Hungarian White and Kirsche, varieties added to the test plat this season, are described. The list contains 17 varieties produced at the Central Experimental Farm. Preston, Ilerisson Bearded, Advance. Prin- gle Champlain, Huron, and Red Fern were the most productive varieties, as shown by the yields for the last 5 years. These are all bearded varieties, and Pringle Champlain and Red Fern give promise of good milling qualities. Red Fife, White Fife, White Russian, and Laurel were among the most productive beardless sorts, and of these Red Fife and White Fife are the best for making strong flour. Aurora was the earliest variety of spring wheat grown at the Central Experimental Farm this season, while Early Riga, Ebert, Riga, Downy Riga, and (Jehun were the earliest in the regular plats. Of 11 varieties of durum wheat Roumanian, which stood at the head of the list this year with a yield of 40 bu. 20 lbs. per acre, has also given the best yield during the last 5 years. The 18 varieties of winter wheat under test ranged in yield from 30 to .50 bu. per aci-e, the leading varieties being American Banner, Gold Coin, and .Tones Winter Fife, yielding .50 bu.. 40 bu., and 45 Im. 20 lbs. per acre, respectively. At the Nova Scotia farm at Napi»:ui. Pringle Champlain stood first with a yield of .'?5 lai. among 2S varieties, and Ilerisson Bearded last with .-i yield of 13 bu. 20 lbs. Roumanian durum wheat yielded 22 bu. iter acre, while Goose, Yellow Gharnovka. and Maluiioudi yielded 17 bu. 20 lbs., IC, bu. 40 lbs., and 14 Itu., respectively. At the Manitoba farm the yields of 30 varieties ranged from 33 bu. 20 lbs. to 52 bu. per acre. The varieties yielding 45 Ini. or more per acre were, in decreas- ing order of yield, as follows: Preston, Laurel, White Fife, Huron, Advance, Red Fife, and Wellman Fife. The yields of 4 durum wheats under test were iis follows: Yellow Gharnovka .54 bu., Roumanian .50 bu.. Goose 49 bu.. and Mahmoudi 4<; bu. 40 lbs. per acre. Mahmoudi suffered slightly from rust while the other varieties were free from it. A mixture of 200 lbs. oi superphosphate, 130 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. KM) lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 100 lbs. of muriate of potash per acre, one-half ;il)plied before sowing and one-half when the wheat was 2 or 3 in. high gave bet- ter results than any other applications vised. The soil used for the experiment was a light lo:un, cropped for many years without fertilizers of any kind. Wheat grown after peas gave better results than where grown after roots, wheat, corn, or flax. The yields in this same test were also in favor of the use of the shoe drill as compared with the disk drill, and of sowing 1^ in. deep as compai'ed with 8 in. deep. Five varieties of wheat grown in fields varying from 5 to 11 acres in size ranged in yield from 30 bu. 20 lbs. to 48 bu. 12 lbs. A 10-acre field of Preston stood at the head of the list and a G-acre field of the same variety at the foot. Selectied and unseleeted seed of different varieties were compared at this farm and in each case the yields were in favor of the selected seed. At Indian Head, where 34 varieties of spring wheat were grown, the yields varied from 16 bu. 40 lbs. to 4G bu. per acre, the leading varieties being Min- nesota No. 1G3, Huron, Haynes Blue Stem, White Fife. McKendry Fife, Bisho]), and Wellman Fife, all yielding about 43 bu. per acre. Of 10 varieties grown in field lots a .5-acre field of Huron ranked first with a yield of 47 bu. 12 lbs., and a 10-acre field of Preston gave a yield of 4G bu. 54 lbs. per acre. The average per acre for all varieties in this test was 40 bu. 3 lbs. In a fertilizer test 200 lbs. of muriate of potash per acre, sown before the grain and harrowed in, gave the best results. The 4 varieties of durum wheats grown produced the following yields: Goose 54 \m. 40 llis.. Yellow Gharuovka 52 bu., Mahmoudi 51 bu. 20 lbs., Roumanian 45 bu. 40 lbs. per acre. At Agassiz, B. C, an attack of the midge nearly destroyed the wheat crop and the 28 varieties of spring wheat gave yields ranging from only 5 bu. 20 lbs. to IG bu. per acre, and the yields of 4 varieties of durum wheats from 8 to 12 bu. per acre. Abundance ranked first with a yield of .33 bu. 20 lbs. per acre among G varieties of winter wlieat. Choice Club was badly winterkilled. Spelt and emnier. — At the Central Experimental Farm 10 varieties of spelt and emmer ranged in yield from 1,380 to 2,400 lbs. of grain per acre. Most varieties rusted but slightly. White spelt and Thick emmer are reported as considerably rusted. Long emmer and Single emmer are to be rejected on , account of their extreme lateness in ripening. At Nappan Red spelt and Com- mon ennuer gave about eciual yields of grain, but Red spelt i)roduced 50 per cent more straw than Common emmer. The yields of these crops at the other farms are reported without connnent. Oats. — At the Central Experimental Farm 07 varieties of oats were grown this season, including 7 varieties originated at the farm. Banner, White Giant, and Uberfluss, yielding 84 bu. 4 lbs., 84 bu. 4 lbs., and 80 bu., respectively, stood at the head of the list. Banner, White Giant, Lincoln, and Virginia White Abundance have been most satisfactory during the past 5 years among the white varieties; Uberflus and Holsteiu Prolific among the mixed sorts; Men- nonite and Columbus among tlie pure yellow oats, and Black Beauty among the black varieties. At Nappan 39 varieties of oats were under trial. The yields ranged from 45 bu. 30 lbs. to 92 bu. 32 lbs. per acre. Improved Ligowo and Mennonite ranked first with yields of over 90 bu. Of 41 varieties of oats grown at Brandon, Golden Giant. Improved American, and Goldfinder were the most productive sorts. The yields of all the varieties at this farm ranged from 82 bu. 12 lbs. to i:!5 bu. 10 lbs. i)er acre. At this farm oats on summer fallow yielded 115 bu. 30 lbs. ; after corn, lOG bu. 16 lbs. ; and after roots, 71 bu. 0.06 lb. per acre. FIELD CROPS. 131 At Indian Head (ho yiohls of 41 varieties of oats varied from To bu. IS lbs. Id 117 liu. 22 lbs. The leadinj; 10 varieties, given in decreasing order of yield, jirodnci'd lid Itn. or more per acre: (Joldflnder, Pioneer, Siberian, .Toanette, (Joldcii 'rartariaii. Twentieth Century, Columbus. (Jolden P.eauty, American Triumitli, and Tartar King. In field lots from-2t to 10 acres in size Banner, :imong 12 different varieties on a 10-acre field, ranked first with a yield of 107 bn. IM lbs. per acre. The average yield ])er acre of these varieties was 03 bu. ;)0 lbs. liainier also stands first at this farm in a comparison of 9 varieties for i) years. At the liritisli Columliia farm Abundance, (Jolden Fleece, and Siberian gave the best results. These varieties were also least affected with rust. Barley. — In 1905 among the 6-rowed varieties of barley Nugent, a variety i)ro- duced at the Central Experimental Farm, gave the best yield at that institution. The yields this year ranged from 40 bu. to 72 bu. 24 lbs. per acre. Twenty-nine \ arieties, including 12 produced at the farm, were grown. The most productive sorts for the last 5 years were Stella, Odessa. Nugent, Mensury, and Blue Long Head, and among the earliest are Odessa and Mensury. Of 25 varieties of 2-rowed barley, including S produced at the farm, Swan Neck, Danish Chevalier, and French Chevalier led in yield. The average returns for the last 5 years at this farm show that French Chev- alier, Danish Chevalier, and Canadian Thorpe were most productive. Stand- well, Beaver, and Princess Svaliif also gave good results, but the last mentioned is late in ripening. Beaver, the earliest 2-rowed variety as shown by 5-year tests, ripens about 2 or 3 days before French Chevalier. Beardless and hulless varieties of 2-rowed barley have been found deficient in strength of straw. At the experimental farm in Manitoba 19 6-rowed and 15 2-row^ed varieties of barley were comiiared. Of the 0-rowed varieties Mensury produced the stifC- est straw, and ^Mansfield, a crossbred variety produced at the Central Experi- mental Farm, led in yield with 77 bu. 24 lbs. per acre. This variety also gave the highest average yield for the past G years. Gordon, the leading 2-rowed variety, pi'oduced 07 Ini. 44 lbs. per acre, followed by .Jarvis, Harvey, French Chevalier, and Danish Chevalier, all producing over GO bu. Barley after roots gave a better yield than after corn or on summer fallow. At Indian Head the leading varieties of 2-rowed barley were Beaver, Invin- cible, Gordon, and Standwell. and the leading 6-rowed sorts, Stella, Nugent, Claude, Blue Long Head, and Yale. In field lots of several acres each Odessa, Claude, and Mansfield yielded 73 bu. 34 lbs., 72 bu. 22 lbs., and 70 bu. 45 lbs. per acre, respectively. The average yield per acre for 10 varieties so grown was t;:; bu. 17 lbs. Nine varieties grown in field lots for 5 years ranged in growing period from 99 to 110 days, and in yield from 50 bu. to 64 bu. 46 lbs. per acre. Rijr. — At the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa spring rye produced 40 bu. per acre, and 4 varieties of winter rye ranged in yield from 28 bu. 12 lbs. to .30 bu. 4 lbs., the leading variety being Mammoth White. At Indian Head 53 bu. 32 lbs. per acre was secured from spring rye and 40 bu. from winter rye. The following yields of winter rye sown on October 15 were secured at the experimental farm for British Columbia : Thousand Fold 47 bu. 48 lbs., Mammoth White 46 bu. 24 lbs.. Giant 44 bu. 16 lbs., and Emerald 42 bu. 8 lbs. per acre. Com. — This season Eureka, Pride of the North. andThorobred White Flint were the leading varieties of corn at Ottawa. The average yield from drills w^as .".0 tons 987 lbs., and from hills, 28 tons 1,221 lbs. per acre. Thorobred White Flint, Eureka, and Ued Cob Ensil;ige gave the best results at the experimental farm for the Maritime Provinces; Longfellow, Angel of Midnight, and Compton Early at the experimental farm for Manitoba ; Eureka. Superior Fodder, and 132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pride of the Nortb at the experimental farm for the Northwest Territories, and Pride of the North, Thorobred "\^'hite Flint, and White Cap Yellow Dent at the farm for British Columbia. Distance experiments with varying results are also reported. Peaf<. — Among tlie most productive varieties grown for the past 5 years at the Central Experimental Farm are Golden Vine, Victoria, Mackay, White Wonder, Prince, Canadian Beauty, and Prussian Blue. Chancellor, perhaps the earliest variety at the farm, ripens about 4 days before Golden Vine. Fifteen of the 29 varieties tested this season were produced at the farm. Mummy, the leading variety at.Nappan, yielded 39 bu. 20 lbs. ; Early Britain ranked first at Brandon with 51 bu. 40 lbs. ; Kent at Indian Head, yielding 70 bu., and Paragon at Agas- siz with 50 bu. per acre. Potatoes. — Of 47 medium and late varieties of potatoes grown at Ottawa, Dal- meny Beauty, Rural Blush. Ashleaf Kidney, Manistee, Norcross, Carman No. 1, and Sabean Elephant, given in the decreasing order of yield, produced over 400 bu. per acre, Dalmeny Beauty giving a yield of 475 bu. 12 lbs. and Sabean Ele- phant of 404 bu. 48 lbs. Of 32 early varieties Maule Thorobred gave the best yield. The 12 best-yielding varieties during the past 5 years have given average yields ranging from 418 bu. to 4-56 bu. 43 lbs. per acre. The 3 leading varieties were Dr. Maercker, Late Puritan, and Carman No. 1. In a test of resistance to blight Holborn Abundance ranked first and was also one of the most produ^'tive sorts grown. The average increase in yield per acre of marketable potatoes, apparently due to spraying with Bordeaux mixture, was 92 bu. 31 lbs. Of differ ont solutions used in spraying Bordeaux mixture and Paris green were most effective. At Brandon the yields of 49 varieties of potatoes ranged from 201 bu. to 887 bu. 20 lbs. per acre. Dreer Standard headed the list in productiveness. The 12 varieties standing next varied in yield per acre from 700 bu. to 799 bu. 20 I'os. At Indian Head, Seedling No. 7 and Vermont Gold Coin headed the list with yields per acre of 640 bu. 48 lbs. and 625 bu. 24 lbs., respectively. At Agassiz Late Puritan and Empire State stood first in yield among 44 varieties. Flax. — Of 7 varieties grown at Ottawa, Riga, Russian, and Novarossick yielded 10 bu. 40 lbs., 9 bu. 30 lbs., and 9 bu. 10 lbs. per acre, respectively. At Brandon much better yields were produced this season and the leading varieties, Russian and Improved Russian, gave yields of 30 bu. 40 lbs. and 30 bu., respec- tively. Sowing at the rate of 50 lbs. of seed per acre again gave the best yields at Indian Head. The leading variety at this farm Avas Yellow Seeded. Buckwheat. — Five varieties of buckwheat were sown June 20 at Nappau and harvested September 1. Siberian, or Tartarian, ranked first in yield with 43 bu. 16 lbs. per acre. Rye buckwheat, with 37 bu. 24 lbs., standing next. Root crops. — At Ottawa, turnips, mangels, carrots, and sugar beets were sown on May 10 and May 23, and in each case the first sowing gave much the better jields. The leading varieties and their yields per acre were as follows : Pei'- fection Swede turnip 3G tons 500 lbs.. Half Long Sugar White mangel 52 tons 600 lbs., Manuuoth White Intermediate carrot 32 tons 500 lbs., and Danish Red Top sugar beet 40 tons 1,300 lbs. These yields represent the first sowing. At Nappan the first sowing of root crops was made about May 25 and the second about June 8. The results were also much in favor of the early sowing. The leading varieties were Magnum Bonum turnip, Mammoth Yellow Interme- diate mangel, Red Top sugar beet, and Improved Short AVhite carrot. The use of commercial fertilizers in addition to an application of 20 tons of bai-nyard manure per acre did not prove profitable for these crops. The work and results with roots at Brandon, Indian Head, and Agassiz were similar to the results just given. FIELD CROPS. 133 Tobacco. — Forty-nino variotios of toliaooo wore grown at Ottawa this season ami of 7 varieties having done well in jirevious years and grown in larger areas, Connecticut Seed Leaf and Kentucky Burley gave the hirgest total yields per acre of all grades of leaf. Little Oronoka and Lacks were ripe on September 15 and the other varieties were nearly ripe. Orasscx and other forage crops. — Inoculated and uninoculnted seed of clover und alfalfa gave the same results with reference to nodules on the roots at Nappan. hut the clover in each case had many more nodules than were found on the alfalfa. Green soy beans produced a much larger yield than white soy i)eans, and Italian millet far outranked 5 other varieties grown. At Brandon connnon red clover gave a heavier yield than alfalfa. Algerian, the leading millet, produced fi.l tons of hay per acre. At Indian Head in 1904 alfalfa gave nnich larger yields of hay than several grasses with which it was compared. At Agassiz 3 cuttings of clover were secured for the silo, making a total of 32 tons 1,590 lbs. per acre. Clover was found cheaper for silage than corn. Miscellaneous. — A report is given on the inspection of different experimental farms and on the growing of winter wheat in Alberta and of different farm crops in the Yukon country. The grades of wheat in the Manitoba inspection di- vision and the most important varieties long under cultivation in Canada are described. Forage plants and cereals at Highniore Substation, 1904-5 (i^oiifli Dakota »S7ff. Bui. .96*, pp. 2S-6(). figs. 5). — A brief history and description of the station is given, together with the monthly rainfall records for the years 1888 to 1905, inclusive, and the results of forage plant and cereal investigations for 1904-5 are recorded. Forage plants, W. A. Wheeler and 8. Balz (pp. 2.3-45). — Of 5 varieties of alfalfa from seed sown May 12, 1905, an average yield of 1,750 lbs. of hay per acre was secured. Oasis stood first with an average yield of 1,930 lbs. The average height of the different varieties was 1 ft. 3 in. In the breeding ex- periments with alfalfa it was observed that the varieties from Turkestan showed greater variation than those from America or southern Europe. The Turkestan alfalfa produced a larger percentage of coarse, shrubby plants than the other varieties. Owing to an excessive rainfall a good stand of red clover was se- cured. The barnyard millets were found low in quality and the pearl millets, or Pencillax'ia, too late for the seasons. Good results were secured with broom corn, or proso millets, and foxtail millets. Broom corn millets matured in from 75 to 85 days and foxtail millets from 85 to 110 days. In 1904, when July and August were very dry, the broom corn millets matured a small crop of seed, but none of the foxtail millets ma- tured. In 1905 good crops were secured from all varieties tested, the large amount of moisture especially favoring the foxtail varieties. In 1904 the broom corn millets i)roduced an average of 1 bu. 35 lbs. of seed per acre, while the following season the.v produced 29 bu. 37 lbs. Foxtail millets produced a yield of an average of, 42 bu. 22 lbs. per acre in 1905. In plant-breeding work with millets grown in centgeners the average results for all varieties show an average of 99 days for the growing period, 17 lbs. 13 oz. as a total weight of 100 plants, and 6 lbs. 9 oz. as the weight of seed secured from 100 plants. The growing period ranged from 93 to 103 days and the total weight of 100 plants from 16 lbs. 1 oz. to 20 lbs. 12 oz. The light and dark seeded varieties have been separated for breeding work and their comparison is now in progress. A large number of inti'oduced and native grasses have been under test, but onl.v Bromus inermis. slender wheat-grass, western wheat-grass, wild rj-e-grass, and wild timothy are considered worthy of further trial. Seed of Bromus iner- 134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mis from ?,0 or 40 different sources bas been tried and quite a difference was noted in the character of the plants from the different lots of seeds. The yields of a one-fourth acre plat of slender wheat-grass were 980 ll)s., 908 lbs. and 1,920 lbs. per acre for the years 1903, 1904, and 1905, respectively. The first two years that this plat was started no hay was cut. Wild rye-grass gave results similar to those of slender wheat-grass. In 1905 experiments were conducted to compare some northern-grown va- rieties of corn. Of the early varieties Minnesota No. 13 gave the largest yield and produced the best quality of corn. In a series of rotation plats this variety jielded an average of 46 bu. per acre. A plat of flint corn planted May 25 ripened September 26 and yielded 64 bu. per acre. All varieties of sorghum were a failure in 1904 on account of the late drought, but in 1905 a large amount of fodder was produced, and some varieties gave a good crop of seed. Mon- tana No. .341 was the earliest variety grown. In 1905 this variety grew to a height of 9 ft. 8 in., and produced 6 tons and 88 lbs. of fodder per acre. Cereal investigations, J. »S'. Cole and 8. Balz (pp. 45-60). — This work is car- ried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Earlier results have been previously noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 364). Of durum wheat 49 varieties have been under trial. In 1903 the yield ran from 9 bu. to 20.2 bu. per acre, the average being 14.9 bu., in 1904 from 8.2 bu. to 23.8 bu., with an average of 14.7 bu., and in 1905 from 20.8 to 38.7 bu. per acre, the aver- age being 28.6 bu. The average yield per acre of the 10 best varieties of durum \A heat for the three years varied from 20 to 24.4 bu. The leading varieties of other grains and their yields in 1905 were as follows : Pedigree blue stem, common bread wheat, 24.8 bu., Horn barley, 54.4 bu.. Sixty Day oats, 64 bu., Emmer No. 1524, 2,410 lbs., winter rye, 25.7 bu., winter wheat, 6.8 bu. The winter wheat was badly winterkilled, but the winter rye made nearly a per- fect stand. Studies were also made on the effects of the immediately preceding crop on the yield of grain in an unfavorable season, and the experience points out that as good a crop of grain can be grown following a well-tended crop of corn as can be grown after the best summer-fallow. In a test with heavy and light seed made in 1905 the heavier seed in every case but one gave the heavier yield. In the average of seven trials there was a difference of 2.17 l)u. per acre from an average difference of 14.3 1])S. per bushel in the weight of the seed. In some instances the lighter seed lu'oduced a heavier crop of straw but a lighter yield of grain than was secured from the heavier seed. Agriculture and animal husbandry [field crops], (4. II. True (Nevada 8ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 40-42, pl. !)■ — Brief notes on the station work during the year are presented. The experiments were conducted in cooperation with this Department, and their purpose was to determine the least amount of water consistent vs'ith good growth in growing crops under irrigation. It was found that on the station farm twice as much water is required to grow a crop of alfalfa as in some other localities. On a farm in the Lower Humboldt Valley 3.54 ft. of water were used, while on the station farm the same season 7.60 ft. were applied. It is I)ointed out that these differences in the amounts of water used are due to the difference in the water-holding capacity of the soil. A yield of 25,919 lbs. of corn fodder per acre was secured with 4 irrigations and a total amount of water equal to about 2.50 ft. One-half acre of potatoes, cultivated once and receiving G irrigations aggregating 4.65 ft. of water, yielded 300 lbs. of marketable pota- toes less than a one-half acre plat cultivated after every one of 5 irrigations and receiving only 3.64 ft. of water. FIELD CROPS. 135 , In a comparison of tho flooding and t'nrrow system of irrigiition in ^vowing whoat, the furrowod t-rop received a deptii of 1.705 ft. of walei- and yielded 2.142 lbs. (if jjrain lo the acre, and tlie Hooded tract received 1.42 ft. of water and yielded 2.()!t.'! llts. These expei'iiiieiits dn])licated with oats resulted in a hetter yield from lloodiiii,'. Kn))anka macaroni wheat received l.Sn ft. of water and yielded 1,548 lbs.; Velvet Don, 1.84 ft. of water and yielded 1,274 llis., and Polish, receivin.i; 2 ft. of water, yielded 1.:}7S lbs. of grain. Investigations on the drying of grain, with, especial reference to barley, L. KiESSLiNo (]')lljsclir. liaiicr, Ltnidir. hUtt.. 11 iVJIU't). \i>. 13~ 137). — Similar work by other investigators is reviewed, and tlie anthor's residts are shown in tables and are discussed at length. Barley of good germinating capacity, when dried under temjieratures r.anging from .'U to !)8° C, was reduced in germinative power, the greater reductions being shown in connection with the higher temperatures and the longer periods of drying. Of these two factors the temperature exerted the greater influence. A gradual heating was less injurious than a sudden rise of temperature in the barh>y. The germinative energy was more subject to the influence of heat than the germinative ability, and for this reason the number of sprouted kernels is not considered as a criteriim of their viabilit.v, as many of them do not live. It is also stated that drying at high temperatures atTects the develop- ment of the embryo. Other grains, low in germinative abilit.v, were in some cases imi)roved by heating, but otherwise the effects were the same as with barle.v. The author points out that on account of the individuality of the seed and the variation in the methods of drying, the data secured in experiments of this kind do not warrant a definite general application. Tests were also made to study the effect of drying on the germination of inunature barley. Immediately after harvesting barley germinates poorly, but it improves from day to day, and generally after having been properly stored for about two months it reaches its maximum germinative ability. The water content of the barle.v kernel did not seem to influence the rapidity of ger- mination, and when the moisture in the grain was prevented from evaporating its gernnnative energy was, nevertheless, improved by storing, but this improve- ment was slower than when the air had access to the stored grain. Exposing the kernels to the rays of the sun also improved the germinative power, and storing for a time in the heads was similarly beneficial. The germinative quality of grain from different varieties, in the same conditions of rijieness and age, varied considerably. The results of other experiments are regarded as indicating clearly that immediate thrashing after harvesting is likely to reduce the germinative (luality of barley, and that it is best to store the crop in the sheaf for several months. Artificial drying further proved beneficial in retarding fungus growth on the grain. A high water content in barley before drying and a high drying temperature reduced the viabilit.v of the siirouted grain, iirincipally in those kernels which were the first to germinate. The general conclusion is drawn that while artificial drying promotes the rapidity of germination it may also reduce the germinative ability, that the cairing of bai'le.v by going through the sweating process while in storage can not be rejilaced by artifici.al heating, and that fresh material under the application of heat nuist be handled with care, if serious injury is tcTbe avoided. Preservation of the ability of seeds to germinate, A. Mayek (Joki: Landic, 54 {lUOO), ^o 1, i)i>, oi-oli), — An account of an experiment i . which seed of 136 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Brassica oJeracea, which are rich in fat, and of Medicago .^ativa, poor in fat, were preserved in the presence of burnt lime and of concentrated sulphuric acid or calcium chlorid. The results of the experiment were as follows: Original germination of the Brassica seed 98 ; germination 4 years later, when preserved with burnt lime 88; 11 years with sulphuric acid 10.5, and with calcium chlorid 54.8 per cent ; water content (> per cent. With M. sativa, not counting the " hard " seed, the following results were obtained : Original germination 88.8 ; germina- tion with 11 years' preservation with sulphuric acid 79.5. and with chlorid of calcium 85. In the case of M. satira complete drying of the seed with the suli)huric acid had practically no effect on germination, but rather helped to preserve the seed. With the oily Brassica seeds the results were less favorable, the medium drying in the presence of lime for 4 years giving much better results than com- plete drying with sulphuric acid. The point is made that the ability of seeds to germinate does not necessarily continually decrease with age, but that this is dependent in considerable measure upon the dryness at which they are pre- served. Experiments in the manuring of a meadow, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood (West ]'irgiiiia Htu. Bid. 101, pp. 251-262, pis. 2). — For 6 years an unfertile upland meadow was treated with barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers, and the yields of hay per acre were increased from a little more than li tons to over 5^ tons. It was found that both systems of manuring were highly profitable. The barnyard manure, when applied in the fall and thoroughly harrowed in the spring, became so disintegrated and incorporated with the soil that it was not raked up with the hay in harvesting. The use of barnyard manure at $1 per load, when spread upon the meadow, was found to be more profitable than the use of commercial fei-tilizers, and the annually repeated top-dressing of barn- yard manure also left the soil in better condition than the other treatment. Fertilizer experiments on meadows, A. Grete {La>i(ln\ Jalirh. >Schiceiz, 20 (1906), Xo. .'f, pp. 2-')9-286). — Fertilizer tests were conducted for several years in poor, sandy soil. It was found that with a production of 3,000 kg. of dry matter per hectare a lack of phosphoric acid in the soil became manifest. The insufiiciency of potash supply in the soil was also shown when the maximum of production, without the use of potash in the fertilizer, was reached. The third year of the experiment the application of potash was capable of producing in the yield more than .3,000 kg. of dry matter per hectare. The use of nitrogen on these meadows was not profitable. The quality of the grass was improved through the use of potash and phos- phoric acid and reduced when nitrogen was given. The plat receiving potash and phosphoric acid produced in each of the three years the highest quantity of protein. It was observed that Gl per cent of the phosphoric acid and 100 per cent of the potash applied was recovered in the crop. In addition to the potash recovered 1.8 per cent was taken from the soil. Alfalfa, F. C. Burtis and L. A. Moorhouse (Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 11, pp. 12). — In connection with the general directions for alfalfa culture in Oklahoma, fall seeding is recommended, particularly for the less adapted soils. At the station, on a clay loam underlaid by a very stiff, impervious subsoil, an average of 2.32 tons of alfalfa hay per acre were secured during 4 years, the yields increasing from 1.70 tons in 1902 to 3.13 in 1905. On another Series of plats, on the same kind of soil, 3.08 tons of hay were secured on an average for 3 years, while a field of about 5 acres gave an average per acre for 4 years of 2.G9 tons, the maxi- mum yield in any one year from 5 cuttings being 4.20 tons. FIELD CROPS. 137 The influence of insufficient potash in the soil on the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris- nanus, von Seeliiokst (Ztsclir. rHaiizciikniiik., 16 {190(>), A'o. i. pp. 2-J). — Oliservations were made on a series of different crops and it was found that cereals were not much benefited by a larf^e supply of potash in the soil, while beets and potatoes, and especially lej^miiincms crops, particularly this species of Phaseolus, made a much better growth when the supply of potash was large. Where the beans were grown for a number of years on a soil rich in potash, the lower yields secured from year to year showed that the available potash compounds were being reduced. Of all the crops under experiment beans were the most sensitive to lack of i)otash in the soil. Alsike clover, II. A. Morgan and M. .Tacou (Tennessee Sta. Bill., Vol. XVIII, Xo. ■?. pp. ,.^.i-.37. //,'/. J). — The failure of red clover and the use of alsike as a substitute for this crop is discussed, and general notes on the history and value of alsike clover, together with directions for its culture and its use for hay and pasture, are given. Correlation in fodder beets, II. Rriem (FHIiHih/'s Litnilir. Zti/.. .5.7 (1906), .\o. 7. PI). 2.'f6-2o3). — The results of different investigators of this sultject are brought together and discussed. The data presented indicate that of 100 Mammoth fodder beets weighing from 400 to GOO gm. each, 25 specimens contained 9 per cent of sugar ; of those weigh- ing from (iOO to 800 gm., 28 contained 8 per cent of sugar ; and those weighing from 800 to 1,000, 1,000 to 1,200, and 1,200 to 1,G00 gm., 39, 31, and .39 individual beets, respectively, contained 7 per cent of sugar. In each case the largest num- ber of beets of a uniform sugar content is presented. It is further shown that with the increase in weight of the beet the percentage of sugar decreases, but that the absolute amount of sugar in the beet increases. In experiments made by Alaas beets weighing from 800 to 1,000 gm. contained 58.08 gm. of sugar, or 6.42 per cent, while beets weighing over 2,000 gni. contained 111.3t), or 4.80 per cent. The relation of variety- to sugar content was studied by Wohltmann in a series of storage experiments, in which he found differences in the loss of sugar while the beets were in the silo varying from 60 to 20 per cent. In selecting for breeding purposes the same author found that of 6,115 individual beets of the most conmion varieties, 26 per cent of the Mammoth beets, 15 per cent of the Oberndorf, and 5 per cent of the Eckendorf contained 8 per cent of sugar. AVith reference to the relation of the quantity of leaf produced to the siigar content of the beet, Maas concluded from his work that the weight of leaf matter is primarily dependent upon the variety. He found that the percentage of leaf weight decreased as the size of the beet increased, but that the absolute weight of leaf inci-eased. The thickness of the leaf also increased with the weight of the beet. In thick beets the same amount of leaf produced much more sugar than in thin individuals. A strong development of the stalks was unfavorable to the i)roduction of sugar. The results further showed that a high sugar con- tent is corr«>late(l with early maturity and a thick leaf. The hop and its constituents, edited by A. C. Chapman (London: The lireir- ing Trade Revieir. IDdo, pp. 90, pis. 10. flijH. 3). — In this monograph on the hop plant the topics discussed, treated l)y different authors, include the physical characteristics of a good hop, fertilization and cross fertilization of the plant, the manuring of the crop, the cold storage of hops, the essential oil. the bitter substances and resins of hops, h()|) alkaloids, and the part played by hop tannin in brewing. Oat experiments, II. P.. (tRKIg and .1. IIendrick (Aberdeen and Xo. of Seot. Col. Af/r. Bill. 6. pp. 2S). — The leading grain-producing varieties in comparative tests were Banner, Thousand Dollar, Newmarket, and Siberian. The older local 138 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. varieties in jjeneral produced more straw, hut the excess of grain was more than eiiual to the deficiency of straw in the new varieties. A chemical study of the different varieties is reported, and the percentages of husli and Ivernel in air-dried samples, the comjwsition of the kernels and of the straw are given in tables. The potato crop, I). Youn(; (Trail.-!. Hi(ihJ(ui fertilizer regularly increased the yield, but at very small i)rofits, and when l)arnyar(l manure is used the api)licati(in of jiotash, in a conunercial form, becomes necessary. As a carrier of nitrogen, sodium nitrate a])i)eared to be much more effective for tobacco than tankage. Turnip experiments, 1904, J. IIp:NnRicK and II. B. Greig {Ahcrdceii and No. of Scot. Vol. .\(/r. hill. '/, piK .?(), dftin^. 2). — The results of cooperative fertilizer experiments Indicated that on the soils in question, of which the chemical and mechanical analyses are presented. ])otash is more important than nitrogen for turnips. Superphosphate or basic slag, or a mixture of the two, seemed to be the most profitable source of phosphoric acid. It is stated that in a good year a complete dressing of commercial fertilizers in medium quantity, with 10 tons of barnyard manure, will give satisfactory returns. More than 1(» tons of barnyard manure is not recommended. Ground lime, applied when the turnips are sown, generally decreases the crop. Chemical analyses were made of different parts of the turnip, and it was found that the upper half contains a higlier percentage of dry matter than the lower, and that the outside part next the rind is richer in dry matter than the iinier part. Nitrogenous manures for turnips, I{. P. Wright {Trans. Hif/liland and Ayr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., IS {1906), pi>. !>. 3-1(19). —-The results of cooperative experi- ments for several years are reported and the conclusion is drawn that the largest increase in crops may be secured by applying one-half of the nitrogenous manure in the drills in the form of sulphate of ammonia, and the other half as a top-dressing in the form of nitrate of soda. Culture experiments with vetches, F. G. Stebleb and A. Yolkart {Landic. Jalirh. Svhirciz'. 20 {IHOC). \o. .',, i)i). 2^3-2aS, pi. 1) .—A comparative test of different species and varieties of vetches secured from different countries is reported. P>rief notes on various species are given. The results secured indicated that the yield of summer vetches depends very largely upon the time of sowing the seed, the best results being obtained from early sowing. Field peas were not found equal in value to vetches as a catch crop. It is pointed out that satisfactory results can be obtained only from good, pure seed. The heaviest yields were secured from vetches obtained from Alsace, Hungary, and Burginidy. Bulgarian vetch was one of the least satisfactory. Fertilizer tests with wheat and corn, H. Snyder {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 9Jf, jip. 1I)'>-1S7). — Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash fertilizers were applietl, singly and in combination, to one-fourth acre plats' of wheat to determine the influence of these fertilizers on the character of growth and on the yield. In these ex])eriments ].")0 lbs. of a complete fertilizer, containing l.(!8 per cent of nitrogen. 15.46 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 1.0 per cent of potash were used. The phos]ihate fertilizer consisted of 8(t lbs. per acre of treated rock phosphate, containing 17.50 per cent of phosphoric acid, and the potash fertilizer of 40 lbs. of kainit, containing 1.''>.5 per cent of potash. Nitrate of soda, containing 15.0G per cent of nitrogen, was used in (juantities of 40 lbs. per acre. The complete 140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fertilizer was valued at $25 per ton, the acid phosphate at $15, the uitrate of soda at $50. These experiments were cooperative and wore conducted in different counties in the State and at the station. On an old soil, reduced through excessive grain culture, the use of commercial fertilizers did not result in raising the yield more fhan 3.6 bu. per acre. On a grain-cropped soil, where clover had been grown, phosphoric acid and potash increased the yield, while nitrogen did not prove economical. In one experiment phosphoric acid alone caused an increase in yield of -i bu. per acre, and in other tests its use produced a better stand of clover. xVt the station, on land producing 27 bu. of wheat per acre with- out fertilizers, the use of commercial fertilizers gave no appreciable increase. The application of nitrogen to old and exhausted wheat soils increased the protein in the grain from 1 to 3 per cent. In the tests with corn, potash in three cases gave beneficial results, but insuf- ficient to pay for its cost. Better results were secured from barnyard manure than from the commercial fertilizers. From the one season's work no definite conclusions are drawn, but the re- sults indicate that commercial fertilizers should not be used indiscriminately on old soils for the ]iur]»ise of increasing the yield. Some common weeds and their eradication, A. D. Wilson {Minnesoia Hia. Bui. 95, pp. 193-237, flgs. 25). — A general discussion on the methods of avoiding and eradicating weeds is given, with brief notes on the more common species. At the station wild oats from the crop of 1905 were planted in September of that year and 70 per cent germinated. A large percentage of wild mustard and wild barley also germinated under the same treatment. It is pointed out that by facilitating the germination of these weeds in the fall they may be killed by frost and by subsequent cultivation. In another test 3 lbs. of rape seed sown per acre in cornfields at the last cultivation produced an excellent crop of rape and prevented the growth of pigeon grass or other weeds. Hemp sown thickly on a piece of ground infested with quack grass did not quite eradicate this weed. The use of Gi gal. of kerosene per square rod was inefficient in destroying quack grass, and the same was true of the use of 80 bbls. of salt per acre. A 15 per cent solution of Sulphuric acid, at the rate of 40 to 50 gal. per square rod, killed the plants, but this treatment is also too expensive to be practical. Covering the grass with tar paper apparently killed it, but this method, also, is too costly. HORTICULTURE. Horticultural work at the Canada experiment stations, W. T. Macoun, W. S. Blair, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay, and T. A. Sharpe (Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. 1905, pp. 91-116, 121-124, 302-309, 312-320, 3J,r,-355, 380-39-',, -',15-J,38).— The results of cultural expei-iments are reported with a large number of flowers, fruits, and vegetables grown on the experimental farms in Canada. .The data are similar in character to those reported in previous years (E. S. R., 17, p. 139). Much miscellaneous information on the general work of each of the stations during the year is also included. W. T. Macoun, at the central farm, reports the result* of the examination of 30 seedling fruits of various kinds. Descriptions are given of 27 new or little- known varieties of apples in Ontario and Quebec. The net profits in the closely planted Wealthy apple orchard previously reported upon, amounted to $103.13 per acre in 1905. This makes the average net profit since the orchard has been bearing over $105.75 per acre, and since the orchard was started, $59.03 per aci*e. HORTICULTURE. 141 It will 1)0 remembered that the troos in this cxpcriincnt arc Wealthy and that they are set 10 ft. apart each way. Some results of experimental shipments of apples to Glasgow in 1905 show that W(>althy apples hrouf;;lit the same price whether packing material was nscd or not. A tahle is given showing the yields of individual trees of Wealthy, McMahan. INIcIntosh, and I'atten Greening ai)ples for each of the years 1898 to 19(),"). Scions are being selected for propagation from the most productive trees. Twelve varieties of new black currants, originated from seedlings, .-ire described, and a table given showing the results of a test of 50 varieties of strawberries. Two new formulas are given for making kerosene emulsion. In one freshly slaked lime is used, and in the other flour. It is found that a perfect emulsion can be made by slaking one-half pound of good quicklime and emulsifying with 1 qt. of kerosene to 2 gal. of water from 3 to 5 mhiutes. It does not appear to be a matter of much moment whether the lime be dry and powdery when mixed with the kerosene or not, as kerosene emulsions have been made from both air slaked and freshly slaked lime, the lime being made into a thin cream with water before adding the kerosene. When flour was used it was found that 8 oz. was suflicient to hold in suspension 1 qt. of kerosene, and even 2 oz. would make a temporary emulsion for immediate use. If the flour was scalded before adding the kerosene, 2 oz. of flour was sufficient to make an emulsion that would stay up for more than a week. The flour emulsion is considered the more useful where it is not desired to discolor the trees on which it is used. Some data are given of experiments in pruning tomatoes in the field, which indicate that earliness is considerably increased by pruning, and that the total yield is slightly greater from plants pruned once than from plants pruned twice. In fact, the total yield from plants pruned twice was not quite so gi'eat as from unpruned plants. W. S. Blair, at tlie Nova Scotia station, found that in garden practice it is a decided advantage to stake even half tall varieties of peas and to plant two rows (j in. apart, allowing 2 ft. space to the next row. This is much preferable to a single row 2.5 ft. apart, since about double the crop is secured. There is more difficulty in hoeing the double rows, and in field plantings it could not be prac- ticed. Pods from the staked peas were much superior to the unstaked peas. Tomato plants pinched back slightly did not give so large a yield as when not pinched back. At the Manitoba station S. A. Bedford reports the fruiting of 2 varieties of standard apples. Hibernal and Duchess of Oldenburg. The Hibernal tree was root-grafted on Siberian crab in 1901, while the Duchess of Oldenburg was top- grafted on Siberian crab. Native Manitoba plums have been found much earliei'-thau any of the other plums grown at the station, many of them rip(Mi- Ing their fruit August 15. In experiments in planting maple seed, a row 27() ft. long planted in the spring produced 2,000 trees, while rows of the same length, when i)lant(>d in Ihe fall, produced only 900 trees. Report of the horticultural division of Mustiala Institute, 1894-1904. K. Stkning {Luiidthr. Sti/r. MnUlcL, .',1(1<)0'> ).l)p. 7.i. plx. 22). — The report gives a brief account of the history of the division, with a description of the hoi'ti- cultural grounds of the institute, kinds of crops grown and value of different varieties, methods of culture, insect and fungus enennes. etc. A number of (^xcellent half-tone reproductions of fruit trees and views of the grounds are included in the report. — f. w. woll. 8989— No. 2—06 4 142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vegetable Growers' Association, Province of Ontario (Ann. Rpt. Teg. Groiv- crs' Assoc. Ontario, 1 (1!)05}, pp. J/S). — The history of the formation of the society, which occurred March 25, 1905, is uot«d, tlie constitution and by-laws of the association given, and the papers read before the association on a large number of sui)jects relating to vegetables and their culture. The home vegetable garden, W. R. Beattie (U. S. Dept. Affi:, Farmers' Bui. 255, pp. .'/?, pgs. .jJf). — Some considerations are given on the location of the garden and its general arrangement, methods of preparing the soil, and the use of fertilizers, construction of hotbeds, seedbeds, etc., with detailed cultural directions for all the more common vegetables grown in the garden. The bulle- tin concludes with a planting table, in which the quantity of seed or number of plants required for 100 ft. of row, distance to i»lant, times for planting, and jH'riod re(iuired for the maturing of the crop are indicated. The farmer's garden (Bui. Maine Dept. Agr.. 5 (1906). Xo. 1. pp..i2, fig. 1). — Popular directions are given for the garden planting of fruits and vegetables, with a number of papers from growers in different sections of the State setting forth the value of the home garden. Vegetable growing in Porto Rico, H. C. Henricksen (I'orto Rico Sta. Bui. 7, pp. 58, pis. 10, figs. 2). — Popular directions, based on the results of a .season's work in which 6 plantings of vegetables were made 2 months apart, are given for a large number of vegetables. In general, it is shown that by proper cultural methods practically all the vegetables grown in temperate regions can be successfully grown at the station. The bulletin also contains a brief discus- sion of the principles of soil preparation and cultivation, the use of fertilizers and manures, the planting of seeds and the handling of seedlings, and the sjiraying of plants for the control of insect pests and fungus diseases. Cucumbers, L. C. Cokbett (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 25Jf, pp. 30, flgs. IJt). — Popular directions are given for growing cucumbers for early market in the open and in cold frames, growing cucumbers for pickling i)urposes, and for forcing cucumbers under glass. Treatment of the plants for the control of insect pests and fungus diseases is also considered. The wild melon and the culture of melons in Central Asia, J. Barsacq (Jardin. 20 (1906), Xo. Jf66, pp. 213-216). — In addition to a general discussion on melons in Central Asia, detailed observations are given on about 30 of the best known varieties, in which the time of maturity of each variety, average weight, quality, and keeping quality are considered. Electricity as applied to agriculture (Gard. Chron., 3. ser.. 39 (1906), No. 101)6. pp. 211. ,.^/.s'l.— It is stated that the effect of electricity on the growth of different cereals, fruits, and vegetables is being tested on an extensive scale at Pltchill and Bevington, in England. In all 19 acres are being treated. Over this area high poles have been erected and from these, at a height of K! ft., wires have been suspended. The clectrictiy is discharged from these wires, the current being generated by a dynamo driven by a three-horsepower oil engine. Wheat and barley are the principal crops that are being grown, and a 25 per cent increase in yield is expected. A case of persistent vitality in seeds, B. Landreth (Proc. Anier. Phil. Soc, J,5 (1906), No. 182, pp. 5-8). — Seeds taken to Fort Conger, about 490 miles from the pole, by the Greeley expedition in 1883 were found in 1899 by the Peary party and sent to the United States, where they remained unplanted until the spring of 1905, when a package each of lettuce and radish seed were planted. 1'he lettuce seed failed to germinate, but about one-half of the radish seeds grew to perfection and reproduced seed. HOETICULTUKE. 143 The Thays process for germinating seeds of mate, C. Tiiays (Jour. Agr. Trop., 6 (l!Ki(!\. \o. 67. />/>. 2ll.i-2.',. iip. .'/). — A list is given of vario\is orchard and snjall fruits wiiicli are most likely to succeed in different sections of the 8tate. Orcliard culture, W. J. Green and F. H. Ballou (Ohio Sla. I!iil. HI. pii. 18!)- 215, fg.'i. 18). — Results are given of a comparative test, extending over a period of G years, of different methods of cultivating apple orchards. On one plat of 40 Jonathan and Grimes trees the usual method of clean culti- vation early in the season, folh)wed by a fall cover crop, was observed. On a second plat clean cultivation was given throughout the season. On a third the trees were set in sod and the gi-ound kept cultivated in a circular area 3 to 4 ft. in diameter about each tree. The grass between the trees was cut 3 or 4 times during the season and allowed to lie in place. On a fourth plat the trees were likewise set in sod. but were not cultivated. At the time of planting they were heavily mulched with straw. The grass between the trees was cut 2 or 3 times (hiring the seas )n, raked uji and distributed around each ti'ee as a undch. The ]il:it which was giv(Mi clean cidtivation throughout the entire season washed so ii.-idly that this part of llie e\|ieriiiient Ii;h1 to be discontinued at the end of the fourth season. Hence this method of cultivation Is not recommended 144 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. for Ohio conditions. The average girth of the trees in each of the remaining plats and the average weight of apples secured are shown in the following table : The s/rotvth and yield of apple trees by different methods of culture. Method of culture. Average girth of trees. Average yield per plat. Clean culture followed by- Cover crops Inches. 9.71 8.55 10.56 Pounds. 22 Sod culture 7 Sod and mulch 43 The table brings out the fact that the best results, as regards both growth and yield of fruit, have been obtained by the sod-mulch method of culture. It has been claimed that in orchards receiving clean cultivation early in the season, followed by a cover crop, the root system develops to a greater depth and is consequently less injured by drought, heat, and cold than by the mulch system. The authors examined numerous cubic-foot areas of soil from the dif- ferent plats with reference to development of roots, examining first a 2-in. layer, then the next 4 in., and finally tiie bottom G in., separately. " The main root systems of apple trees, under the different methods of culture, were found to be at a surprisingly uniform depth, the greater portion of the roots, both large and minute, being removed with the upper 6 in. of soil." On the plat given clean culture, followed by cover crops, it was found that thousands of feeding rootlets penetrate upward to the very surface of the soil, where they actually come in contact with cultivator or harrow, while but very few of these rootlets penetrate to the lower, more compact, colder soils. Each season these feeding rootlets are cleanly pruned away by the plowshare, without apparent injury to the trees or crops, since they have performed their function and their places are occtipied the succeeding season by a new generation. A very dense network of feeding rootlets was also found on the surface of the soil beneath the heavily mulched trees. These rootlets also penetrate the lower layers of the mulch itself. There appeared to be, however, fully as many feeding rootlets in the upper 0 in. of the soil itself as was the case when the soil was given clean cultivation throughout the early part of the season. It is held, therefore, that since the main root system forms at as great a depth under the mulch system as when the crop is given clean cultivation, and since the feeding rootlets are just as numerous in the soil itself, the removal of the mulch, or even a change from heavy mulching to the clean culture cover-crop plan, would not be as disastrous as has been generally supposed. The destruction of the surface rootlets and of those that penetrate the mulch, either by cold, drought, or heat, is therefore no more serious a matter than is the destruction of the rootlets in the clean cultivated soil l)y the plow. The authors state that " under the ' sod-mulch system ' of cultui'e the trees have uniformly made a heavier, more vigorous growth than under any other system of culture. This is no doubt due to the certainty and uniformity of the generous store of fertility right at hand — the concentration of an abun- dance of plant food where it is jnost available and the consequent presentation of conditions, beneath the mulch of vegetable matter, especially favorable to a healthy, unstinted, contimums nourishment of the ti-ees." Cover crops for young orchards, U. A. Emerson (Nchrasla t^ta. Bill. 92, pp. 1-23, pis. 2, figs. 8). — A sunnnary is here given of experiments which have been carried on since 1899 in the use of cover crops in young orchards. Part of the [lata here given have been previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 10G6). HOETICULTURE. 145 Tlio antlior s]io\vs that tlio faotor of fii'st importance in protection against wintei" injury is the s«>curinfj of hardy varieties; second, the selection of u com- paratively liisrii site for the orcliartl : and. third, (he use of cover crops, which dry out liie soil cai-JX' in llie fall and in(hice c.-irlN' malurit.x'. In Ihe State of Nebraska cover crops unist be considei'cd jiriniarily from the stand])()int of (heir effect on the soil moisture, rather (li.in from their fertilizins; vahie. The author thus sums up the requirements of an ideal orchard covei- crop for Nebraska : "It should start growth promptly in order (o insiu'(> an even stand smd to choke out weeds. It should grow vigorously to insure a heavy winter cover and to dry the ground in case of late-growing trees, so as to hasten their matiu'ity. It should be killed by the early fro.sts so that it \Aill stop drying the groiuid after dangei' of late tree growth is passed, and to help conserve our light fall rains, so nuich needed by the trees in wint(>r. ... A cover crop should be heavy enough to furnish as good direct protection as possible against freez- ing and thawing of the ground, and it slionld starid sufficientl.v erect to hold snow against the power of strong winds. . . . Finally, in ease of poor soils or of old and feeble trees, the cover crop should be a leguminous one, in order that it may add to the store of nitrogen in the soil, and thereb.v increase the vigor of growth of the trees." This excludes from use siich crops as rye. winter wheat, vetches, and clovers which live over winter, and late-growing crops, like field ])eas, rape, oats, and barley. Of the crops killed by early frosts the most satisfactory have been corn, cane, and millet. These crops start promptly into growth in nndsummer, choke out the weeds, dry out the ground, and make an erect winter cover which holds the snow fairly well. In dry falls, corn makes a poorer growth than cane or millet. " Millet makes a good cover if it can get six weeks of growth before frost. It stands nearly erect and thus holds the snow well, and is so leafy that it affords fair winter protection even without snow." A number of tables are given showing the effect of various cover crops on soil and moisture in both the spring and fall, on the depth to which the ground is fro- zen underneath them, and their effectiveness in holding snow. Crops which stand erect catch the snow and hold it, and the ground freezes to a less depth under- neath than crops which mat down. A good covering of snow is one of the most effective means of preventing alternate freezing and th;iwing of the ground, and also prevents the ground from freezing so deeply. Picking-, packing, and marketing the apple, L. B. JunsoN (Idaho Sta. Bui. .j-'i, pp. 37, pis. 11). — Popular directions are given for the harvesting, picking, and marketing of apples, including an account of packing houses and fittings, and directions for organizing fruit growers into associations to secure better packs and higher prices. The appendix contains a circular of advice to growers and packers distributed among the members of the Hood River Apple Growers' Union, the text of the Canadian Fruit Marks Act of 1901, and the articles of incorporation and by-laws of the Ilood Kiver Fruit Growers' Union. Relative to the time of harvesting ajiples. tlie author calls special attention to the necessity of harvesting Jonathan apiilcs when the seeds have turned a light brown. If (he fruit is not picked until well colored and the seeds are dark around the edges, it is likely to rot at the core while still sound on the outside. Orange cultivation in the Khasi hills, B. C. Basu (Agr. Jour. India, 1 (1006) , Xo. J, pp. (>2-G7). — About 1(10 s(iuare miles of the Khasi hills are suitable for orange cultivation. The oranges grown are known to the world as the Sylhet oranges, and are i)roduced entirely from seedlings, which bear at the end of about 7 years. The general methods of culture are given in detail. 146 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. A Louisiana plant breeder, J. L. Norman (Nat. 'N urserymmu Ih (1906), .A'o. 6". ]ii). 183. IS'f. fig. 1). — The author describes his method of breeding hardy oranges and the umbreHa mulherry originated by him. The wild apricot or wild peach {TrauKrodl Af/r. Join-.. J (1906), No. 1.'). p. 617, pi. 1). — A colored plate is given of the fruit of Ldiidolpliia capenKis. com- monly called the wild apricot or wild peach. The fruits are edible, with a pleasant acid flavoi-, and are said to make good jelly, brandy, and vinegar. The dried banana, P. Ammann (A(ir. Prat. Pai/s Chaiuls, 6 (1906), No. 38, pp. 381-389. fl(/s. .'i). — A discussion of the commercial future of dried bananas, with the results of experiments in drying Ijananns with two different forms of evaporating machines. It appears that there is a loss in peeling bananas of about 35 per cent of their original weight. In one experiment 5 kg. of peeled bananas gave 1.5 kg. of dried bananas, and in another 1.88 kg. A larger portion of dried bananas was ob- tained from the use of mature fruit than from slightly green or overripe fruit. Analyses are given of two samples of banana flour. Statistics on the German fruit industry (Jahrb. Deaf. Landw. GeselL. 20 {1905), pp. I'i2-16.'i). — Statistics are given showing the acreage and number of the different kinds of orchard fruit trees in various provinces of Germany. Fertilizer experiments with cacao, L. Strunk (Tropoipflaiizcr, 10 (1906), No. 8. pp. 516-535). — A number of different fertilizers and combinations were used on cacao. The heaviest yield of unfermented fruit was obtained on a plat in which each tree was fertilized with 1,000 gm. kaiuit, 480 gm. superphosphate, and 240 gm. sulphate of ammonia. When 1,000 gm. of slaked lime were used instead of. superi)hosphate in the formula, or when the sulphate of ammonia was omitted entirely, the yields were about 12 per cent less. The details of the experiment are given for each plat monthly from April to November in tabular form, with the analyses of the soil on Avhicb the experiment was conducted. The grape trellis, T. V. Munson (Texas Farm and Ranch. 25 (1906), No. 32. p. 2, flffs. 2). — The author describes an improvement of what is known as the Munson three-wire canopy trellis, giving illustrations. The improvement con- sists primarily in the methods of tying on the cross pieces of the posts, and in grounding the wires to prevent injury to the fruit from lightning. How to make a fruit garden, S. W. Fletcher (New York: Doiibledaii. Page & Co., 1906, pp. XlX-\-283, pi. 1, figs. 190). — This book contains popular directions for the planting and care of all of the common orchard and small fruits, includ- ing subtropical fruits, and for the harvesting and storage of the same. Methods of treating insect pests and fungus diseases and varieties especially adapted to the home garden in each of the different States are considered. The appendix contains numerous formulas relative to spraying material, grafting wax, rules for the exhibition of fruits, etc. Many new illustrations add greatly to the value of the work, which is intended primarily for the amateur in fruit growing. Common sense gardens, C. Y. V. Sewell (Ncic York: Grafton Press, 1906, pp. 396, pis. 72, figs. 23). — The author discusses methods of laying out home grounds and of j)lanting them. The merits of various trees, shrubs, and flower- ing plants for ornamental purposes are considered in detail, as well as such matters as walks, walls, water, and the harmonious arrangement of all of these with the home. Carnations, picotees, and pinks, II. W. ^YEGUELIN (Loudon: 11'. //. c(- L. Col- llngridge, 2. cd., rev., pp. V 111 + 10',. pis. 7. figs. 2.1,). — This work is devoted pri- marily to the culture of these flowers outdoors. FORESTKY. 147 FORESTRY. On the rate of growth and yield of forests in Vasterbotten County, Sweden, (i. Hkkonhs i S/coi/sninlsfiir. Tidsl-r.. '/ {]'.)<)()). \, hkij) 1, (Itims. 2). — The autiiDr finds that the i)er('eiita!j;e iiu-rement of the pine and spruce forests in this region of about 25,000 hectares amounts to 1.9 per cent or 1.03 cubic meters per hectare, ranging from 2.7 to !.:'> per cent for the different types of forest. The total yield is calculated to be on an average 0.90 cubic meter ])er hectare of productive area or over 16,000 cubic meters for the forests sur- veyed.— F. \v. WOI.L. Observations on afforesting moor lands, II. Liechti {Schweiz. Ztsclir. Forstir.. .(? (19U6), No. 5, pp. I'll-lJl, pis, 2, fig-^. 5). — The successful afforesta- tion of moor lands with spruce, pine, etc., Is described and illustrated. Deforestation in China, B. Wiixis (I'roc. Sue. Amcr. Foresters, 1 {1906), No. .i. pp. I 'i 1-1 'id. pi. 1). — A discussion of the general forest situation in China with s])ecial reference to the defoi'ested regions in northern China. Growing locust in Hungaria, A. GaskilL (Forestry Quart., // (1906), No. Jf, pp. 106-111). — The author studied the methods of growing locust in the forests lying in the Great Danube plain about 100 miles south of Budapest where conditions seem to be somewhat similar to those found in the eastern part of our plains region. A money return of about 24 per cent on land valued at $20 per acre is secured. Tables are given showing the stands of seedling and second growth locust on sample plats of 1 acre each and of the yield of locust sprout forests of the first, third, and fourth classes. Rocky Mountain seedling growth, J. C. Blumer (Forestry Quart.. '/ (1906), No. 2. pp. 9S-10.')). — A number of observations on the reproduction of forest trees in the Pike's Peak Forest Keserve were made. The principal species of trees in this district are conifers, and of these, i)ull pine, red fir, limber pine, and Engelmann spruce are most numerous. The seed of all these species needs bare mineral soil on which to germinate. Attention is called to the great density required for natural pruning in the Engelmann spruce. " Trees 3 or 4 in. in diameter, 15 to 20 ft. high, and 40 years old. nmst usually stand not over 1 ft. apart in order to lose their branches up to 3 or 4 ft. from the base." Germination period of some conifers, E. Zederbauer (Centhl. Gesam. For.stir., 32 (1906), No. 7, pp. 306-315). — A large number of tests were made of the time required for germination of seeds of different species of conifers. With most of the species of Picea, Pinus, Larix, Tsuga, Sequoia, Douglasii, Cryptomeria. and Cupressus, the i)eriod of germination varied from 14 to 28 days, and of Pin us strohus from 30 to 40 days after placing in the germination apparatus. Germination tests and valuation of pine seeds, Haack (ZtseJir. For.'^t u. Jaydir.. 3s ilUdd), No. 7. pp. J/'il-.'i"!.'), pi. 1). — In continuation of previous work (E. S. H.. 17, ]». 370) the author made extensive investigations to determine (1) how the various forms of pine seedlings which appear in germination tests are to l)e judged with reference to the value of the sampled seed, (2) the in- fluence of light on the germination of pine seed, (3) the relation between luboratoi-y tests and the percentage germination actually obtained under field conditions, and (4) the effect of different degrees of temperature and different amounts of moisture on the germination of pine seed. It was found in the first place that many seeds which germinate should not be counted as such in germination tests because the germs are so w^eak that they never produce plants. Illustrations are given showiiTg many of these weak 148 EXPERlMEiSTT STATION RECORD. seedlings. For the larger percentage of pine seeds the optinunn germination temperature is 24° C. The total percentage of germination, as well as the energy of germination, was less in darkness than in light. The poorest results were secured with blue light, while yellow light stood next to daylight in value. The strength of the light also had considerable influence. Seed which gave 95 per cent germination in the laboratory gave but 39 per cent under unfavorable conditions out of doors, and seed which gave 60 per cent germination In the laboratory gave but 3 per cent germination out of doors, showing that the difference observed in germination tests in the laboratory is not a measure of their relative values for out of door planting. It was also found that the seed which germinated with greatest energy under favorable conditions produced more plants when sown out of doors than seed which gave the same percentage of germination but were not so vigorous. The data secured in drying seeds at different degrees of temperature and in atmospheres saturated to different degrees of moisture correspond closely to that previously reported (E. S. R., IT, p. 370). Seed held at a temperature of 80° C. in an atmosphere saturated with 59 gm. of water per cubic meter were not noticeably injured. Seed dried in an atmosphere containing from 90 to 105 gm. per cubic meter were injured in a temperature of 56° C. When the mois- ture was raised to 190 to 296 gm. per cubic meter the seed was entirely killed, which, when dried in an atmosphere containing 59 gm. per cubic meter was not Injured. The life history of Pinus sylvestris, A. W. Boethwick (Trans. Roy. Eng. Arbor. Soc, 6 {1905-6), pt. 2, pp. 205-223, pis. J/). — A monograph on the Scotch pine, including an account of the fungus insects affecting it. Picus elastica, its natural growth and artificial propagation, E. ]M. Cov- entry (Calcutta: Govt., 1!)06, pp. YI -\- 35. pis. 3). — This bulletin embodies pri- marily what has been learned in Assam regarding the growing of Ficus elastica. Account is given of the methods of culture and preparation of the rubber for market. The science of para rubber cultivation, H. Wright (India Rubber Jour., n. ser., 32 (li>06). To. 3. pp. I'/O-l-U). — A paper on this subject, read befoi-e the Kegalla Planters" Association in Ceylon, with the discussion following. A compilation of notes on India rubber and gutta-percha, G. P. Ahern ([P]iilii)piiic] Bur. Forestry Bui. 3, pp. JfO, figs. 2, map 1). — A large amount of material relative to the culture, preparation, and uses of Ceara, Castilloa, and Para rulibcr is hero brought tugethcr. Experiments with rubber-yielding plants in Dominica, J. .Jones (West Indian Bui., 7 (190G). A o. 1. pp. 16-20, figs. 3). — The results secured at the bo- tanic station in growing and tapping Castilloa elastica and Funtumia elastica are reported upon. The results indicate that Castilloa is more wind resistant and less subject to injury than Funtumia, and therefoi-e better suited to culture in the island. Rubber experiments in St. Lucia, J. C. Mooke (West Indian Bui., 7 (1906), Xo. 1. pp. 21-29, figs. 3). — Some data are given on tapping exjieriments with Castilloa elastica. The trees were 15 to 17 years old and the average yield of rubber obtained was 11.66 oz. per tree. What are the essentials of a State fire law? E. A. Sterling (Proc. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, 1 (19(16), Xo. 3, pp. hl2-l'i0). — A pa])er on this subject de- livered before the society in 1904. The creosoting of home-grown timber, W. B. Havelock (Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 13 (1906), No. 1, pp. 13-16). — A table is given showing the results of tests to ascertain the absorption of creosote oil under high pressure by 56 kinds of timber. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149 Tlio timber \v:is sawn to difteroiit sizes, seasmied in the open air, and the oil injected mider a pressure of 80 to So lbs. per square inch for 8 hours. The creosote was warmed b.v steam during iise and a vacuum of 0 lbs. was obtained in the cylinder before the oil was injected. The tabic shows the alisorption of creosote per cubic foot of the wood impregnated. Big returns from growing trees, F. Bubns {Faniiiii;/. I [I'.iini], \,s'. in Science, n. xcr.. 23 (tUdO). ,Vo. ^IXi. p. G.')). — Notes .nre given on the following diseases : (1) Twig-girdle of the apple due to a I'homa-like fungus. (2) Trunk rot of the cherry due to Hchizophyllum commune. A small orchard of trees 5 to 6 years old was completely destroyed by this fungus. (3) Wheat leaf fungus {Leptospharia tritici). Among other things, its distribution over the same area as the Hessian fly was noted. (4) Bacterial leaf blight of wheat. A bac- terial blight of the leaves was common on the leaves of wheat in the breeding plat at the experiment station and was also observed elsewhere. (.5) Bacterial blight of soy bean. This disease was quite serious on soy beans used as an orchard cover crop at the experiment station. ((\) Moldy corn due to a fungus provisionally referred to Diplodiu jncn/dis, l)ut differing in several points in habit and structure. Report of the consulting botanist, W. Caeruthers {Jour. Roy. Ayr. fioc. EnyUind. 66 {1905), pp. 162-173, figs. 2). — After brief accounts of the purity and germination of clover and grass seeds and the enumeration of species of poisonous and troublesome weeds, the author describes a number of diseases of plants which were observed during the year. The principal of these were diseases of potatoes, and the observations are briefly summarized regarding the Nectria solani, potato scab, potato canker hitherto ascribed to Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, a wart disease, the early blight caused by Maerosporiuni solani, and two bacterial diseases of potatoes, one at- tributed to Bacillus sohtniperda, the other to B. phytophihorus. Recent observa- tions place the fungus Chrysophlyctis with ffidomyces. Notes are given on a number of other miscellaneous diseases. The rusts of Australia, D. McAlpine {Melbourne: Dept. Ayr. Victoria, 1906. pp. Till + .3-'i9, pis. .5.5, fiys. 28). — This publication treats of the structure, nature, and classification of the rusts of Australia, all the species known to occur being included in the book. Those which are not native to the country are specially designated, and all the species are figured so far as specimens were available. This monograiiii is ])roliminary to a study of methods of preventing the appearance or limiting the spread of rusts on numerous commercial crops. The first part treats of the different stages of the rusts and their relation to the host plants and to other fungi, and a chapter is devoted to the present position of rust in relation to wheat production in Australia. In the second part of the book classifications and technical descriptions are given of the different species. An extensive bibliography of literature completes the work. Infection of plants by rust fungi, W. L. Balls {New Phytol., .) {1905), No. 1, pp. IS, 19). — The author notes having observed that the germ-tubes of spores on infected leaves radiated from the spore if the surrounding atmosphere was kept well saturated, and this suggested that water vapor might be the body in search of which the fungus entered the stomata. 150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In another publication (E. S. R., IG, p. 885) it has been shown that the first entrance of the germ-tube was probably clue to some positively chcmotropic body which is common to all plants. To determine the identity of this sub- stance the author tested the germination of spores placed on a membrane of thin rubber, perforated with holes comparable in size with stomata. This membrane was arranged with one side exposed to air saturated with watei- vapor and the other to the air of the laboratory. On the latter side spores of Pucchua ghi- marum hordei were sown, and after 2 days the membranes were microscopically examined and the germ-tubes were found entering the majority of these arti- ficial stomata. It is believed that other circumstances may possibly share in attracting the germ-tube to the stomata of the plant, but the attraction of the water vapor is believed to account for the first entrance of the germ-tube. Smut in wheat, barley, and oats, and how to prevent it, I. B. P. Evans {Transvaal Agr. Jour., J, (1906), No. IJf, pp. 389-306, pi. 1). — The author reports on the abundance of smut in wheat, barley, and oats in the Transvaal, and de- scribes the copper sulphate, hot water, and formalin methods of treatment for its prevention. Smut treatment, A. Mackay {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1905, p. 364). — At- tention is called to the serious loss due to the presence of the bunt or stinking smut of wheat, and the author recommends the treatment of the seed wheat with solutions of formalin or copper sulphate before seeding. Formalin solutions are also recommended for the treatment of seed oats and barley. Preventives of smut in wheat, S. A. Bedford {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1905. pp. 32 'i. 325). — According to the author, about G per cent of the wheat re- ceived at Winnipeg during the past year was rejected by the inspectors on ac- count of the large amount of smut prevalent. Attention is called to the desirability of treating seed, and the results of treating seed with formalin and copper sulphate are shown. In the experi- ments reported different lots of seed wheat were sprinkled and soaked with solutions of formalin and copper sulphate and the resulting crop was entirely free from smut, although the untreated wheat contained more than 12, per cent smutted heads. The increase in yield attributed to the treatment was from 2 to 5 bu. per acre on the different plats. Notes on brusone, U. Brizi {Agr. Mod., 11 {1905), pp. 380, 394, 4'i2; ahs. in Centhl. Bald, [c/c], 2. Aht.. 15 {1906), No. 21, pp. 653, 654).— A study is given of brusone or smut of rice, in which the author reviews various theories regard- ing its cause and gives the results of his own Investigations regarding it. Yoglino is said to have considered it primarily due to bacteria attacking the plants from the soil, while Ferraris and Farneti consider Piriciilaria oryza' the cause of the disease. According to the author the injury to the plant is first shown on the finest rootlets, a fact which apparently escaped all previous investigators except Vogliuo (E. S. R., 15, p. 590). The first indication of the disease may be seen in the browning of the paren- chymatous tissues of • the fmest- roots, followed by the discoloration of the epi- blem and the central cylinder and later by the destruction of the protoplasm in the parenchyma cells. The appearance of the disease on the aerial parts of the plant follows after a considerable interval. If rice is grown in poorly aerated water cultures, typical brusone will develop on the roots, stems, and leaves within a few days, but the author takes this as an indication that the disease is not of parasitic origin, but that it results from the destruction of the roots in a poorly aerated soil. The disease is always worst in heavy soils accompanied with a high temperature. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 151 For tho prevention of the disoaso llie author rocomnionds the frequent chiing- ing of the water on the fields and deep stirring of the soil whenever possible. While the disease is believed to be primarily due to eonstitutional causes, yet the uniform occurrence of organisms seems to indicate that it is greatly compli- cated by their activity. On the stages of development reached by certain biologic forms of Ery- siphe in cases of noninfection, E. S. Salmon (Xcir J'lnjtoL, .'/ {I'.lO.')), A o. .9, /*/). 211-22.1. III. I). — Experiments were carried on with a number of biologic forms of Kriisiiihc (/ram'mis. and it was determined that the failure of the conidia to Infect certain hv)st species is to be attributed not to the failure of the germ-tube to penetrate the leaf cells of the plant, Imt to the inability of the fungus to develop the haustorium which is formed, or to the incapacity of the fully formed haustorium to adaiit itself to the intracellular conditions. A fungus disease of alfalfa in England, E. S. Salmon (Gard. Cliroii., 3. set:, 39 {1906), Ao. 1000, pp. 122, 123; Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 13 (1906), No. 1, pp. 51, 52). — A report is given of diseased alfalfa plants which showed several superficial, warted, gall-like (mtgrowths, about f in. across, found at the crown of the roots. These galls, upon examination, proved to be due to attacks of Urothlyctis alfaJ- f(r. From the appearance of the i>lants it was evident that they had been in- fested for some time, and some of the plants were almost dead. This is the first i-eport of the fungus in England. It was first observed in Ecuador in 1892, and later reported as occurring in (iermany (E. S. U.. 14. p. 77.3). A detailed account of the disease and the results of investigations on the fungus are jirom- ised at some future time. Potato scurf and potato scab, II. T, Gfssow (Jour. Roy. Afjr. ^oc. Enpland. 66 (1905). pp. ll,i-lll. p'/>. 7/2.9--'/.3J ) .—Attention is called to the advisa- bility of early and thorough spraying for the prevention of the downy mildew of grapes, and formulas are given for the preparation of different fungicides, to- gether with directions for their application. Report on experiments for the control of mildew in 1905, E. Chuard, H. Faes. and F. Porchet iCJiroH. Af/r. Vaud., 19 {1906), Xos. 6, pi). I'fo-l.lS ; 7, pp. 181-1:'^9 : H, pp. 226-23.5; and 9, pp. 270-277/). — An account is given of some cooperative experiments on the control of grape mildew by the use of fungi- cides. This work was begun in 1903 and continued in 1904 and 1905, and the present report is based very largely upon the results obtained in 1905. In the investigations it was found that the mildew made its appearance earlier than usually reported, on which account the first ai)plication of the fun- gicide should be advanced beyond the date generally recommended, namely, June 15. In the vineyards treated (5 reported perfectly satisfactory results; in 3 others the results were less satisfactory, but an analysis of the reports indi- cates that the treatment was not strictly in accordance with the recommenda- tions given. All the reports show that the fungicides which were used, consisting of Bor- deaux mixture, soda Bordeaux, and copper acetate solutions, need not be used in strengths gi-eater than 2 per cent, these being as efficient as those used in greater concentration. For the first application not less than GOO liters per hectare should be employed, to be followed by 3 or 4 applications at the rate of 1,100 to 1,200 liters per hectare. The time intervening between the applica- tions should not exceed 20 days during years favorable for the development of the fungus. Smut of cultivated bamboo, S. IIori (BiiI. Imp. Cent. Ai/r. Expt. Sta. .Japan, 1 {190.5). No. 1, pi). 73-89. pis. ;)._The author notes having received in 1904 specimens of the large bamboo {PhyUoHtachys piihcnda) that were affected with a snuit. The disease always occurs on the younger internodes and growing portions of the branches, and apparently it may appear whenever the sur- rounding conditions are favorable, from the time the spring buds open until the growth of the branches ceases. Such diseased branches seem generally to stop further gi'owth. and finally the entire plant is destroyed. The smut has been found on several kinds of bamboo. l)oth cultivated and wild, but where the large bamboo is extensively cultivated it seems to be con- fined to that species. At i)resent it is known to occur on 4 sjiecies. namely. Ph yllostachyn bambusoidcs, P. pubcrula, Sasa raniosa, and Arundiuaria shnoni chino. 154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The characters of the fungus are described at considerable length, and as a I'esult of the author's studies he determines it as probably identical with Ustilago shiraiana, an amended description of which is given. As preventive measures it is recommended that smutted branches be cut off and burned before the spore masses mature and the spores are scattered, and the removal of wild species in regions where the large bamboo is extensively cultivated. It is believed that spraying with Bordeaux mixture at the time the sjjring Inids are develoiting would i)rove beneficial. The wilt disease of pigeon pea and pepper, E. J. Butler (Afir. Jour. India, 1 {W06), No. 1, pp. 25-36, pis. J). — A description is given of wilt diseases of the pigeon pea (Cajanus indiciis) and of the cultivated black pepper. The pigeon pea wilt is found over a wide extent of India and in some )-egions is of serious consequence. The plants are attacked here and there over the field, and when a period of hot dry weather occurs large areas appear suddeidy infected. The practice in growing this crop in India is to ratoon the fields, and in these the fungus spreads so that in some instances all plants are killed. An examination of the diseased plants showed the presence of a fungus which the author has determined as a species of Nectria, and inoculation experiments have shown in a considerable proportion of the trials that the disease is due to some of the stages of this organism, 3 of which are described at some length. In the account regarding the pepper vine wilt, the author states that the; serious destruction of the plants in some regions threatens the industry. In many instances it was found that the wilted plants were affected by nematodes (Heterodera radlcicola), but the uniformity of the symptoms of the disease seemed to indicate that some other cause than the nematodes must be ascribed to it, and evidence is presented which the author believes warrants the state- ment that it is due to a species of Nectria. The symptoms of the disease are described, and it appears that while the nematodes may contribute to the de- struction, the primary cause is to be attributed to the fungus. In conclusion the author enumerates a number of species of plants that are subject to wilt diseases, about 1 dozen cultivated crops being more or less sub- ject to damage from this cause. Tree root rot (./our. Bd. Atir. [London], IS (1906). No. 2, pp. lll-ll'f, flg. J). — A root rot of trees, due to Arniillaria incllea or Agaricuft mellcus, is de- scribed, and it is stated that nearly all kinds of orchard and deciduous trees are subject to its attack as well as many coniferous trees. Usually the first indication of disease is to be observed in the drooping and yellowing of the foliage, and when these symptoms appear the presence of a thin firm white sheet of mycelium situated between the bark and the wood about the collar of the plant or on the main root branches indicates that this fungus is the cause of the trouble. Later this mycelium extends up the trunk of the tree and changes into Itlack cord-like strands of mycelium, known as rhizoniorphs. When trees are found affected a portion of the bark at the collar should be removed and if the mycelium is found to have grown up the trunk the best course to be recommended is to cut down the tree, removing as much as possible of the root, which should be burned. If the mycelium has not ascended the trunk Init is confined to certain branches of the root they should be removed and as much as possible of the root exposed and covered with a mixture of lime and sulphur. When the toadstool forms appear at the base of the trunk they should !)(' collected and Imrncd. A canker of the yellow birch, .T. I'.. Pollock (Rpf. Mich. Acad. *Sfc/., 7 (1905), pp. 55, 56). — A brief description is given of a canker observed on branches and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 155 twigs of ypllow biroli. This canker not only causes the disfiguration of tlie tree, but seriously interferes with its growth by cutting off ilie channels of water and reserve transportation. An examination showed that tlie canker was due to a si)ecios of Nectria which agrees fairly well with Nectria coccinca, although dittering from the de- scriptions usually given. A modified technical description of the fungus is j)resented. and while there is no experimental proof of its parasitism, it is concluded that the canker of the yellow birch is due to this fungus. The dis- ease is local in its attack, not spreading from a given point of infection Jmt through new inoculations. The point of infection is usually the base of a dead lateral twig, and the cause is proI)ably due to a wound parasite. The Novar system of combating larch disease {■lour. Bd. Af/r. [London], 12 {1006), \o. 1,2. i)i>- 72.i-725). — On account of the serious injury caused by the larch disease in areas where larch is grown as a pure crop, a number of methods have been suggested for reducing the liability to serious loss. A method, known as the Novar system, suggested by Mr. Munro Ferguson, is described which reduces the liability to loss very considerably. This consists of planting pure larch woods, and when the trees attain an age of 10 to 20 jears all are removed except the soundest, of which from 300 to 500 per acre are left. Stems that are sound or fairly sound at this age are not likely to suffer from disease later in life. In order to keep the surface of the ground clear of grass and similar vegeta- tion, additional trees are provided, and for this purpose it is suggested that Norway spruce, silver fir, or beech be planted underneath the fir, all these species being tolerant to shade. Other species have been experimented with and the list can probably be considerably extended. In about 20 years from the first thinning the larches will be thinned again so as to have a stand of 100 to 200 trees per acre, which will be ready for market at from 60 to 80 years. Notes on the variation and possible parasitism of Ganoderma sessile, J. B. Pollock (Rpt. Mich. Acad. 8ci., 7 {1905), pp. 53. 5Jf). — A brief account is given ot the occurrence of specimens of this fungus, which were found on a maple tree in the Universit.v of Michigan campus. ancted. lait the l)ulbs apjieared not to suffer except in so far as they were injured by intei'ference with the functions of the leaf. 156 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The disease is cbaracterized by the presence of yellowish-brown spots on the leaves and flower stalks, the spots sometimes appearing at the tips of the leaves, but usually some distance below. The disease usually makes its first appearance about the end of April, and where the cells are killed the uitper part of the leaf stalk or flower stalk fre(iuently bends over. When the flower stalk is attacked the flowers naturally suffer, sometimes failing to open entirely, and they are alvA'ays injured for market i)urposes on account of the reduction in . the length of the stalk. The fungus, which appears to be hitherto undescribed, is a species of Ramu- laria, to which the name R. narcissi is given. A technical description is appended. The best means of preventing the disease thus far known seems to be a solu- . tion of one-half ounce of potassium sulphid in a gallon of water. A species of Hormodendron on Araucaria, J. B. Pollock (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 7 (IDii-J). pp. 56. 57). — The writer's attention was recently called to an olive-colored mold-like growth on the surface of living branches and leaves of an Araucaria grown as a house plant. The growth while not copious was easily visible by the fact that the parts coated by the fungus were of a noticeably dif- ferent color from the normal parts. An examination showed that the fungus was a species of Hormodendron, probably H. cladosporioides. Later the same fungus was found in a greenhouse at Ann Arbor growing on diseased violet leaves. The only species of Hormodendron that has been described as an active para- site is H. hordei, which is. quite destructive to barley. The question is raised as to whether the fungus on the Araucaria is parasitic or not, and it is believed .that the condition under which the plant was grown indicates that if parasitic the fungus is only weakly so. Directions for making Bordeaux powder, R. M. Bird (Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 20, pp. 3). — As the result of experience in the use of dry Bordeaux mix- ture powder in orchards, a modification of the directions for making the mix- ture previously given (E. S. R., 15, p. 166) is noted, whereby the work is simpli- fied and much of the annoyance of flying dust and lime is avoided. As now recommended, 10 lbs. of copper sulphate is dissolved in 4 gal. of hot water. From a barrel of quicklime 5 lbs. of the best is taken to make a milk- of-lime solution with 4 gal. of water. The remaining lime is slacked to a per- fectly dry dust. The copper and milk-of-lime solution are poured together simultaneously into a third vessel and stirred until no greenish streaks appear, after which the mixture, water and all, is scattered in the lime dust and mixed with a rake. While still somewhat damp it is rubbed through the sieve and spread out to dry. This requires a day or two, after which the mixture will keep indefinitely. These quantities make about 2.jO lbs. of powder. Bordeaux mixture, G. Gandara (Com. Par. Afir. 1 .l/r,//co]. Circ. 35, pp. 9, figs. 11). — Directions are given for the preparation and application of Bordeaux mixture for the control of various fungus diseases. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Directions for destroying pocket gophers, D. E. Lantz {J\ »<^'. Dcpt. Apr., liiol. Survey Circ. 52, pp. J/, figs. 3). — Pocket gophers are distril)uted almost everywhere west of the Mississippi and are occasionally so injurious that they must be combated by means of strychnin, carbon bisulphid. or traps. The pres- ent circular is based on Bulletin 5 of the Biological Survey (E. S. R., 7, p. 20). Directions for preparing specimens of large mammals in the field, C. H. Mekkiam {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Biol. ^Survcl| Circ. J/D. pp. ',, figs. 6). — For the pur- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157 pose of assisting field agents and otliei-s in jn-oparing satisfactory slcins for sliip- nient to tlie' Bureau, directions are given regarding measuring, slcinning, drying, and otherwise preserving tlie slvins of niamnials of all sizes. Suggestions are also made regarding labeling, ]iMcking. and shipping of sucli specimens. ImiDortation of snakes into Hawaii, J. Wilson (f. .S'. f)ci)t. A{ji\, lilol. Sur- vey Cirv. Ji8, p. 1). — Notice is given that on ;uid after August 1, l()Or», no permits shall he issued for the introduction of snakes of any kind into any part of the llawaiiau Islands. Directory of State officials and organizations concerned with the protec- tion of birds and game, 1905, T. S. Palmer {('. »S'. Dcpt. A(/r.. liiol. Siirrci/ Circ. oO, pp. 16). — This directory, which has been published since I'.XX), has been revised in the present issue to August 15, 1905. In summarizing the contents of the circular it is shown that in 3G States the enforcement of tlie game laws is entrusted to State officers, in G States to county officers, aiul in Virginia to city or district wardens. List of publications of the Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture (f". )S'. Dcpt. Aorer is not particularly injurious. The insects may also be readily collected from the flowers of golden-rod. Exiieriments will be conducted to determine whether a resistant race of Idack locust trees cnn l»e pi'opagated. A bibliography of the articles relating to this insect is also given. The principal insects injurious to the cocoanut palm, C. S. Banks (PliiUp- pine Jour. . pp. UiS-KH, pU. 11). — Orijcte^ rhinoceros is most frequently found in heaps of decaying vegetation. The larvje attack the f.oft-growing point of the cocoanut. This pest is described in its various stages. The injurious attack of the insect proceeds from above downward. The adult beetle makes burrows for egg laying and for securing food, and nearly all cocoanut trees in the Philippines are eaten somewhat by this pest. Direct remedies are very difficult to apply, liut considerable benefit may be derived from cleaning away all weeds, underbrush, and other rubbish underneath the cocoanut trees. Notes are also given on the habits, life history, and injurious attacks of Rhyncliophorus ferruffiiiciis and other insects which attack the wood of the cocoanut. The corn root louse, J. J. Davis (III. A{/r., 10 {1906). Xo. 7, pp. 213-218. figs. 6). — The economic importance and distribution of this pest are briefly described and notes are given on the amount of damage which it may cause if left with- out any treatment. The pest is cared for by the common brown ant. Notes are given on the success which has recently been had by the Illinois Experiment Station in combating this pest by thorough cultivation of the soil before planting and late in the fall. The cotton worm, It. S. Woglum {X. C. Dept. Agr. Ent. Circ. 16. pp. 8). — The habits, life history, and means of combating this pest are briefly described. As artificial remedies, dusting with Paris green mixed with flour or air-slaked lime, and spraying with Paris green and lime in water are recommended. Experiments to control the pea worm, N. S. P>laik (Caiifida E.rpt. Farms Rpts. 190.'). pp. .ill. .?/.M. — Pea vines were sprayed with Paris green at the rate of \ lb. to 40 gal. of water to which a little whale-oil soap was added to make the mixture adhere more thoroughly. In some cases the amount of Paris gi'een was doubled. It appears that the early varieties of peas are much less subject to injury from the pea worm tlian the later varieties. Spraying with Paris green just as the pods are begiiniing to foi'm appears to be not so effective as when the o])eration is done a little later. Combating the grain weevil, M. Albrecht {Wclinschr. TierheUk. u. \'ieh- zucht. y.) (1905), Xo. 52. pp. 826, 827). — On account of tlie great destruction which this insect causes to corn and other cereal grain, a number of remedies have been suggested for controlling it. According to the author, if dry sand be mixed with grain infested with the weevil, the insects will crawl out of the grain as soon as possil)le and will not penetrate back into the sand. They may therefore be easily destroyed on the surface of the sand. 160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On a crane fly (Tipula parva), >S. Onuki (liiil. Imp. Cent. Af/r. E.ri)t. St a. Japan, 1 {1905}, No. 1, pp. yo-O.'t, ph 1). — The larva^ of a supposed crane tly tem- porarily referred by the author to Tipula parva is widely distributed in Japan and is one of the worst pests of rice in that country. In some localities from GO to 90 per cent of the seedlings are destroyed. There are two annual genera- tions of the insect. The pest is described in its various stages. It appears that the larvje can not exist in water for a long time and flooding for (5 to 3G hours is therefore the easiest, cheapest, and most effective method of con- trolling the insect. Ravages of the gypsy and brown-tail moths {McdfnnJ, Mass.: MerJford yerciiri/. 1906. J. ctl.. pp. Id. pis. l.i.i\. — This volume contains a brief account of the present distril)ution of the gypsy and brown-tail moths, with notes on the injury caused by these pests and a copy of the act of the Massachusetts legislature, approved May 5, 1905, providing for the suppression of the g.vpsy and brown-tail moths. The major portion of the volume is occupied with a series of reproductions of photographs showing the prevalence of the gypsy and brown-tail moths in various j)arts of the infested district and the damage done by these pests to trees. Spraying apples for the plum curculio, S. A. Forbes ( Illinois Sta. Bill. 108, j)p. 26S-2S0, p!js. //). — The author first began his work on methods of controlling the plum curculio on apples in 1885. Elaborate experiments were carried out in 1904, using arsenate of lead as an insecticide. Different sets of trees were sprayed from 6 to 8 times, at in- tervals of about 10 days, between May G and July 28. The apples obtained from sprayed and unsprayed trees were collected, counted, and notes m;ide on their condition. It appeared that the yield of the orchard was increased by about one-half as the result of spraying, while the size of the fruit was increased jibout one-fifth, thus making the value of the apple crop 2 to 3 times as great as it would be without the spraying. The cost of spraying was IT cts. per tree for four applications; the work costing 15 cts. and material 2 cts. Since arsenate of lead adheres quite firmly to the skin of the apple a chemical analysis was made to determine whether apples sprayed with this insecticide w(mld be injurious as food. According to this analysis one grain of arsenic was found adhering to four pounds of apple peelings, when the fruit was removed, one day after being sprayed with four times the usual strength of the insecticide. The author also discusses the influence of sprayed and unsprayed blocks of trees upon one another, particularly with reference to the conclusions to be drawn from si)r;iying experiments. Spraying apples for the plum curculio, S. A. Forbes (Illinois sia. Iliil. lOS!, ahs., pp. 3). — A brief sunnnary of Bulletin 108, noted above. Comparative experiments with various insecticides for the San Jose scale, S. A. Forbes {Illinois Sta. Bill. 107. pp. 2-il-261). — In control w(n-k in orchards infested with San Jose scale the author tested 11 insecticide mixtures, with par- ticular reference to their effectiveness and cost. The results obtained in these experiments indicate that mixtures of lime and sulphur, without any other ingredient, are cheapest and most efficient. In the experiments in question these mixtures cost from .$0.84 to $1.03 per 100 gal., while the California wash, containing salt, cost from $0.94 to $1.07 per 100 gal. ; Oregon wash about the same, and self-boiled mixtures of lime and sulphur cost considei-ably more. Some of the commercial insecticides, containing the same ingredients, cost as much as $5 per 100 gal. In general the early spring appeared to be the best time for treating trees for scale insects, while the midwinter treatments were far less effective. Propria- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 161 tary soluhio nil niixtnros fivo onsily nppliod. Imt nrp somewhat Ipss efficient tliau lime and sulplmr and cost about 2* times as much. Whale-oil soap was also found to be eflicient. but cost nearly 8 times as much as lime and sulphiu'. Comparative experiments with various insecticides for the San Jose scale, S. A. FoitiiKs {Illinois Std. Jiitl. Un\ abs.. pp. J). — A brief suumiary of bulletin 107. noted above. The cottony maple scale, S. A. .Johnson (Colorado >^l(i. liiil. 1U>. pp. 16, figs. 4)- — Brief notes are given on the distribution, food ])lants, life history, natui'ai enemies, and treatment for this pest. Attention is called to the fact that the insect is ordinarily not as injurious in natural forests of maples as upon maple trees planted for shade purposes on lawns .nid along highways. Experiments were made with kerosene emulsion, varying in strength from 5 to 50 per cent, with whale-oil soap, and with a proi)rietary insecticide. It appears from these tests that the cottony maple scale may be controlled by application in winter of kerosene emulsion at a strength of 15 per cent or greater, or by the use of whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 1 gal. of water. Under unfavorable conditions it may be necessary to use a slightly greater strength of the insecticides. The winged form of phylloxera, H. Faes (Cliron. Agr. Vaud, 18 (1905), No. 23, i)p. 5'SO. .T(S'i). — Experiments were undertaken to determine the conditions under which the winged form of this insect appears. When underground forms were collected in warm weather and kept under close observation, winged forms appeared within 5 days. In cold weather the winged forms did not appear at all. The farmer's garden and its enemies, W. W^ Fkoggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 16 (HKi.'j), Xo. 10, pp. 10.l'i-10J,0. pi. 1, figs. 6 ) .—According to the author too little attention is paid to the insect pests of garden crops. Notes are given on the appearance, habits, and means of combating snails, slugs, centipedes, bollworm, cabbage aphis, potato moth, diamond-back cabbage moth. Plusia r( rticillata. yi/siiis riiiitor. Aulacophora hilaris. etc. Fifty years' progress in the practical control of insect and fungus pests of Illinois horticulture, 8. A. Forbes (Trans. III. Hort. iS'oc., n. scr., 39 (1905), pp. 219-227). — Brief historical notes are given on the work of investigators regarding insect and fungus pests in Illinois with special reference to the developments which have been accomplished in insecticides and fungicides. The control of insects, fungi, and other pests, G. M. Bentley (Tennessee SUi. Bill.. Vol. X^'III, Xo. -'/, pp. 31-.'i5, pgs. '/). — Suggestions are made regard- ing the ])reparation of the standard insecticides and fungicides and their appli- cation in the control of the more important insect pests and fungus diseases. Insects and insecticides, C. P. Gillette (Colorado St a. Bill. 11'/. pp. Jff, flgs. 33). — This l)ulletin is essentially a revision of Bulletin 71 of the station, with additional notes on tlie insect pests of currants and gooseberries (E. S. R., 14, p. 169). The fumigation of nursery stock, A. F. Burgess (Ohio Dept. Agr., Div. Nurserij and Orchard Insp. Bui. 6, pp. IS, pis. 7). — During the fall of 1904 a series of experiments was made to test the effect of fumigation upon nursery stock. For this jmrpose peach. i)luin. apple. i)ear, cherry, and privet trees were used. The time of exi^osure varied from 40 minutes to 5 hours and the amount ( f cyanid from i to S oz. per 10<) cu. ft. From these exi)eriments it appears that fiuiiigatiou is the best known method for treating nursery stock. It destroys all living insects with the exception of the larv:e of borers. It is less effective on the eggs of oyster-shell bark-louse or scurfy scale. Nursery trees and shrubs may be injured if treated with excessive strengtlis of gas, biit no injury was caused by the use of 1 oz. of cyanid per 100 eu. ft. for an exposure of 40 minutes. 162 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. In general it is believer! that nursery stock is more injured by the treatment before and after fumigation than by the process of fumigation. In order to obtain successful results it is necessary that the fumigating house be gas tight and that the chemicals he of high grade. Fumigation of orchard trees in Ohio is considered impracticable. Spraying fruit trees, A. Dickens and K. E. Eastman {Industrialist, 32 (1901!), Xo. 2S, pp. 'i-r>-'i'i'i. fif/s. -'/).— During recent years it is said that the quality of fruit produced in Kansas has somewhat deteriorated on account of lack of attention to the necessity of spraying. The general imi)ortance of spray- ing is briefly referred to and notes are given on methods of controlling codling moth and other insects, together with an account of some of the most effective insecticides, such as arsenate of lead and a combination of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. Petroleum emulsions, C. L. Penny {Delairurc St a. Bill. 7.5, pp. 39). — On account of the importance of soluble oils in spraying for various scale insects, the author made a study of various methods by which such combinations can be brought about. It appears that a potash soap can be dissolved in kerosene more readily than a soda soap. Soaps are most efficient as emulsifiers when they are made from ueatsfoot or sweet oil, while those made from cotton-seed oil. lard or castor oil are poorly adapted to the purpose. Commercial oleic acid and fish oil seem to be particularly excellent emulsifiers. Various combijiations may be used in produc- ing soluble oils. It is not necessary to use soap alone, but carbolic acid, ammonia, alcohol, or even water may assist. If soap with or without other materials is capable of emulsifying 25 times its weight of kerosene oil the ratio is said to be a high one. The author found it possible to prepare an emulsifier which would produce a satisfactory emulsion when mixed with 40 to 100 times its weight of kerosene. It is found that if emulsions are made without any free oil they may then be diluted with water indefinitely without danger of separation into component parts. In general it is desiraljle to obtain a mixture with a high ratio or one in which the amount of oil is very large as compared with the soap. It appears that if a little water is added to the soap before mixing with the full amount of kerosene the emulsion is made much more easily. After pi-eparing soluble oils by means of an emulsifier and kerosene or petro- leum it may seem desirable in some cases to add some other insecticide to the mixture. Most of these substances, however, are incompatible with soluble oils and cause them to decompose. Paris green is about the only exception. A number of detailed formulas are given for the preparation of the petroleum emulsions. The various fornudas are given for the purpose of showing how emulsions can be made but without recommendations of their efficiency in destroying insects since they have not been thoroughly tested by the station. Chemistry of insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1905, pp. lJi9-154). — The soda-Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture was pre- pared according to 2 formulas calling for 4 to 0 lbs. of copper sulphate and 5 to 7i lbs. of carbonate of soda per 40 gal. of water. This mixture has been used chiefly for potatoes. It was tested on orchard trees with the result that it proved harndess to the foliage except when Paris green was used in connection with it. Brief mention is also made of the use of limold in the preparation of kerosene emulsion and of flour also used for this purpose. It is found possible to make a valuable emulsion with kerosene by adding flour at the rate of 8 oz. to 1 qt. and water added at the rate of 2 gal. for every quart of kerosene. After thorough churning the mixtui'e is then ready for use. The flour emulsion spreads readily and does not clog the nozzle. I ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 163 Notes are also sivoii on I'onnaliii and milky forma Idohyde as a smut pre- ventive and potassium cyanid lor ('umi.::;ali()n imrjioscs. A chemical study of the lime and sulphur dip, K. II. Shaw (Trans. Kans. Acad. *Sc/., Jl) (Ilio',). j)l. I. /tp. .').i-6U). — Some time has been spent by the author in investigating? the clicmic il composition of lime and sulphur dips. In order to study the composition of this dij) and the changes which it under- goes, small vats were constructed in the laboratory so as to provide condiitons as nearly as possible like those whicli prevail in actual field work. During the first day the ratio of calcium in thiosulphate to the calcium in the sulphids was as 1 : S, while on the sixteenth day it was ~t : s. Likewise on the first day the ratio of the sulphur in the thiosulphate to the sulphur in the sulphids was as 1 : 13, while on the sixteenth day it was 4: 13. The specific gravity was also found to increase constantly and regularly. This is due to concentration from the evap- oration of water and also to the oxidation of sulphids. On certain tropical ants introduced into the United States, W. M. Wheeler (Ent. .A'c/r.v. 77 (HXIG), \<). 1, pp. 23-26). — Moiioiiioriiim destructor was re- ported from Florida and Alabama. This ant is believed to have been recently introduced from the Tropics. It feeds on either vegetable or animal sub- stances. Two otlier tropical ants have recently appeared in the United States, Iridomiinncx hioniUs and Prenolepis loiif/icornls. The deposition of eggs and the larval life of Tabanidae, A. Lecaillon (Ann. Soc. Ent. Erancc, 74 {1905}, Xo. 1-2, pp. 20-28. pi. 1. pj. 1).—X brief review is given of the literature relating to this subject. The author's observations were confined largely to Tahamts quadrinotatus. The female of this species lays its eggs on the stems of various plants at a short distance above the ground. The eggs are deposited in large masses attached to these plants and the female appears to select sometimes a moist and sometimes a comparatively dry locality for oviposition. The larv;e hatch within 13 days or occasionally a longer period and live in the soil, feeding on animal or vegetable material. According to the author's observations the larv;e did not attack other insect larvae placed conveniently for them, but would suck out the juices of such insects after they had Ijeen killed. The eradication of warble flies by the cooperation of dairy associations, N. ViLLEMOES (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 16 (1906), No. 7, pp. 226-228). — The first attempts along this line were without much result for the reason that sufficient interest was not felt in the matter by the individual dairyman. In subsequent years, however, the work of eradicating warble flies was prosecuted more industriously and with better success. In 1905 a total of 4,333 cows were treated at a cost of 58f days' work, and the number of warble-fly larviie de- stroyed was 10,30G. The results shown in the greater comfort of the cows and larger yield of milk indicate that the treatment of dairy cows for warble flies is well worth while. Internal morphology of the American cattle tick, W. E. Allen (Studies ZooL Lab. Univ. Nehr., No. 67, pp. 2'io-280, pis. '/). — On account of the thorough manner in which the external anatomy of the cattle tick has been studied and d(»scribed, the author confines his attention in the present article to the discus- sion of the internal morphology alone. The methods of preserving ticks for microscopic study are described and notes are given on the anatomy of all of the internal organs. A brief bibliography relating to the subject is appended to the paper. The Ixodidae of the Argentine Republic, F. Lahille (An. Min. Agr. Argen- tina Srec Zootec., liact.. ^^et.. ij ZooL. 2 (VMj.i), No. 2. pp. 166. pis. 13. figs. 23). — This constitutes an elaborate monograph of the Ixodida; found in Argeu- 164 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. tina. The ticks belonging to this family and also the genus Argas are described with notes on their habits, life history, and economic importance. The blood parasite which causes Texas fever and is carried by cattle ticks is discussed with particular reference to its proper name. The author believes Ihat this should be Babesia hovis. Analytical tables are presented for the identification of various species of the Ixodidse. A tabular list is also given showing the name of the tick, the name of the discoverer, the host, and locality. The genus Boophllus is retained and the common cattle tick is referred to under the name B. aiDiiilatiis. The form found in Argentina may be a variety of the typical species. From the literature of the subject and also from experiments carried out by the author data are presented regarding the reaction of ticks toward light, tobacco fumes, sarnol, and other substances. The subject of insecticides and dips for the destruction of ticks is presented with particular reference to Amer- ican experiments in this field. It is held that ticks may be exterminated by a suitable system of pasture rotation. Experiments with bees, S. A. Bedford {Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. 1905, pp. S'l'). S.'/il). — Last year the bees were not placed in their winter quarters until November 28. A corner of a cellar under a residence is used for this purpose, being partitioned oft", kept dark, and the temperature regulated as uniformly as possible. The amount of honey consumed during the year was G to 28 lbs. per colony with an average of li lbs. A test of the importance of ventilation in wintering bees indicated that it. is not necessary to have a current of air passing through the hives provided the cellar is kept well ventilated. A bee scale, C. Deche (Apicultenr, 50 {1906). No. /,. pp. llfS. If/J,, fig. 1).— A description is given of a simple scale weighing only 30 lbs. and capable of easy transportation from place to place. The scale is especially adapted for weighing colonies of bees, Imt may also be used for other purposes. Beehives and bee keepers' appliances, P. N. Hasluck {London: Cassell d Co., Ltd., 1905, pp. 160, figs. 155). — The present volume contains a digest of in- formation relating to beehives and other appliances necessarj^ in bee raising. The material of the volume is arranged in chapters on bar-frame hives, temporary hives, tiering bar-frame hives, stocking beehives, permanent and temporary observatory hives, inspection case for hives, queen-rearing hive, bee smokers, honey and wax extractors, and miscellaneous appliances for bee keepers. The various devices described in the volume are well illustrated. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Some forms of food adulteration and simple methods for their detection, W. D. BiGELow and B. J. Howard {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Cheni. Bui. 100, pp. 59). — The common forms of adulteration met with in baking powders, alcoholic antl nonalcoholic beverages, canned vegetables, cocoa, chocolate, coffee, tea, con- dimental sauces, dairy products, flavoring extracts, fruit products, meat prepara- tions, and other food products are described and discussed, and data summarized in tabular form showing the extent of adulteration as determined by American Investigators. Sugar, flour, and cereal breakfast foods, it is stated, are i>ractieally free from adulteration. " The rumors which have been circulated from time to time that arsenic and other poisonous substances are used in breakfast foods have been entirely without foundation. . . . " There is an impression in some quarters, unfortunately, that flour is adulterated with ground gypsum or other mineral matter. It is also believed by many that alum is used for the purpose of whitening bread. It may be said, however, that these forms of adulteration are not practiced in this FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 165 lountry. ... At tho prosont tinio there is proljiihly no produr-t on our inurkot more free from adulteration than wheat flour. " Some adulteration i.s practiced in special kinds oT flour. For instance, much of the so-called jiluten flour on the market is nurports to i>e. Fretpiently initreated wheat flour is sold for f?luten flour. I'uckwheat flour and other .si)ecial articles of that nature are also freiiuently adulterated with cheaper cereal products. "As a class the sugars, both hit,'h and low grades, as found on the market are practically free from adulteration. During recent yeai's, however, a product has i)een put on the market to a limited extent which consists of a mixture of cane .sugar with starch sugar (glucose) and saccharin, the latter being an artificial sweetening material derived from coal tar. There is a jiopular belief that granii- lated sugar is often adulterated with white sand or pulverized rock, and that pulverized sugar is commonly adulterated with starch or lime dust. Cases of such adulteration, however, have never been found by this Bureau, and it may safely be .said th.-it they occur rarely if at all." Simple methods are described for detecting the forms of food adulteration and sophistication which are most likely to occiu'. Cotton-seed meal for bread, J. H. Connell (Texas Farm and Ranch, 2'> il90i)), JVos. 20, pp. 12, 13; 21, p. /2).— The author believes that cotton-seed meal may be used to advantage as a constituent of bread and other articles of food, and in connection with a lecture on the subject exhibited samples of foods made in part of cotton-seed meal. On the protein substances of barley, in the grain itself and during the brewing processes, II. Scu.iekmng {Voiiipt. Rend. Lah. VarUhcrfi. (> {1906}, \o. //. pp. 229-301, pis. 2, d(jms. 3). — From an extended study of the composition and changes in nitrogenous materials in barley during growth, riiiening. and storage some general conc-lusions were drawn from which the following are quoted : "An aiiprecialile amoiuit of proteose in a barley crop must always be con- sidered as indicative of rather unfavorable harvest condition.s. "A loss of dry matter (respiration loss) is not likely to take place during the storage of barley, provided the storage takes place under suital)le conditions, and providing also the barley sample has reached a suitable degree of maturity before being reaped. " If reaped at an early stage, barley is less rich in nitrogen than it is if reaped later. " The chenucal composition of dry matter in respect of the various groups of nitrogenous substances, mineral constituents, and water-soluble acid combina- tions is, i>roperly speiiking, not dependent ou the species, variety, or type of barley. "The cultural condition of the soil, as also climatic conditions, exert some influence on the amount of mineral constitutents in barley dry matter, and to a certain extent also upon the .-unounts of total nitrogen and amin-aniid nitrogen, whereas with regard to the other groujjs of nitrogenous substances, the influence of th(>se factors is less marked than the degree of maturity and time of storage." Preparation of vegetables for the table, Maria 1'arloa {V. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Farmers' Bid. 2oH, pp. '/(S). — Data are sunmiarized regarding the structure and compf)sition of vegetables, their classification, the principles which underlie vegetable cookery, wastes in preparing and cooking vegetables, the changes induced by cooking, and similar (piestions. and a number of typical recipes for cooking vegetables are gi\cn. In considerable part the data are based on the author's studies and exporimeuts on the theory and practice of vegetable cookery. 166 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. The food of natives, A. Loir (Rer. HcL [Paris]. 5. scr.. J {1906), islo. 19, pp. o90-.j02). — The author reports observations on the diet of native hiborers in South Africa, with special reference to the effect of diet on health. He con- siders that the monotonous diet, different in character from the food to which they were accustomed, was responsible for the illness observed. The article contains information on native foods and food lial)its. Statement of information collected by the board of education and the foreign office regarding naethods adopted in great continental and American cities for dealing with underfed children, K. L. Moraxt (Lo)i<1- SofJ-ifJl). — Analyses of 10 samples of corn are reported. On an average the samples were drier than American-grown corn, doul)tless owing to the dry South African climate. They contained " less protein and fat, but more starch, while they are about the same so far as ash and crude fiber are concerned." " It would appear from these analyses that flint varieties of mealies, so far as chemical composition goes, are decidedly preferable for feeding purposes to dent varieties, and that the soft corn is poorest in ash, protein ('flesh form- ers"), and fat. though richest in starch." Castor bean by-products, A. Halenke and M. Kling {Landw. Vers. Stat., (j-'i (1906). :\(). 1. pp. .'>l-86, figs. i3).— Available data regarding the histology of castor-bean seed, the composition of seeds and by-products, castor-bean prod- ucts as adulterants, and other questions are suunnarized. Blood molasses as a feeding stuff, G. Monti ni {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 38 (190.')). \o. 9, pp. 7s.')-79S). — Tests with farm animals are briefly summarized, showing the vahie of blood molasses as a feeding stuff. Calculating rations, A. Stutzek (BcreclniiDuj dcr Fiittcrrationcn. Berlin: Paul I'urey, 1906, 2. cd.. pp. 81). — This is the second, revised, and enlarged edition of this popular treatise, which discusses the food requirements of different farm animals, the composition of feeding stuffs, method of calculating rations, and related (piestions. Concerning the composition of animal fat, C. Schneider and S. Blumen- JELD (C'hein. Ztij., 30 (1906), Ao. 6, pp. 53, 5-'f). — The chemical and physical con- stants of fat from seal, lynx, bear, crane, and other sorts of game are reported. Live stock, J. H. Grisdale (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 190,i, pp. Jfl-Sl, 73- 75). — It is estimated that the average cost of feeding and care of work horses at the station is 32.33 cts. per working day. The extensive use of bran in the place of oats has effected a very considerable saving in the cost of horse feeding during the year, and the value of bran and oats in different proportions as compared with oats alone was studied with 5 lots containing 2 work horses each, the grain ration being supplemented with mixed hay. On some of the rations there were small gains and on others losses, but in general the conclusion was reached that bran may " very safely and very profitably constitute a very large percentage of the meal ration of working horses. Probably equal parts bran and oats might be taken as a fair propor- tion in which to mix the two feeds. Where the mixture is being fed to horses with sound teeth there does not seem to be any particular advantage in grinding llie oats." Beef production, .1. II. (Jrishai-e (Canada Expt. Farms lipts. 1905, pp. 62- 70). — In short /•. long feeding jieriods a lot of 9 steers was fed for 127 days in comparison with a similar lot fed 202 days. The average daily gains per steer in the 2 cases were 1.85 and 1.83 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain 6.7() and 7.38 cts., respectively. The influence of age on the cost of beef was studied, the average daily gain with 3-year-olds being l.G.") lbs. per head at a cost of G..'j2 cts., with 2-year- olds 2.1(5 lbs. and 5.99 cts., with yeai'lings 2 lbs. and 4.3 cts., and with skim- milk calves under 8 months 1.54 lbs. and 3.4 cts. Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 17. ]>. 171), the cost of ])roducing baby beef was studied with steers 2 years old, with steers 13i months old. and with calves, full fattening rations and limited growing rations being compared in ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 169 each case. Witli 2-yo;ir-()l(ls the j^reatest jiiiin. l.(;() lbs. per head, was notcil ■"vith a lot of ."> animals dm a full fattoiiiuf,' ration, the test covering 110 days, and the smallest gain, l.l'.i ll>s. per lie;al. in tlii' case of a similar lot fed a limited growing ration for 7S*; days. The greatest range in cost of gain w:ui also noted with these lots, the values being 7.2S and 4.o7 cts. With the yearling steers the greatest gain,. 2 lbs. per head per day. was noted on the fnJl fattening ration, the e.xperimental period covering I'.KJ days, and the smallest gain. 1.47 lbs. per head per day, with a l<»t fed the limited growing ration for 1G9 days. With calves the daily gain on a limited growing ration was I..'', lbs. per head in a test covering 201 days, and on a full fattening ration 1..54 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain in the 2 cases being :\.'tH and S.4 ots., respectively. Cattle, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. mo,'), pp. 2S7. 288-297, SJ/l-SJfS, 39Jt-396).— The herds kept at the Mari- time Provinces, Manitoba, and ludian Head exjierimental farms are described find feeding tests rejiorted. At the Maritime Provinces farm, 8 steers fed loose in stalls gained 2,!mm» lbs. in 10.J days as compared with 2,010 lbs. gained by a like number tied in stalls. Considering all the steers the average dail.v gain was l.ij.j lbs. per head and the cost of a pound of gain 9.33 cts. The influence of age on the cost of beef production was tested with 3-year-oIds, 2-year-olds, and yearlings, S animals constituting a lot in eacli case. The .3- year-olds gained at the rate of 1.(34 lbs. per head per day, the cost of a pound of gain being 8.76 cts. Similar values witli the 2-year-olds were 1.7() 11 )s. and S.44 cts., and with the yearlings 1.7.'i lbs. and 7.00 cts. Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 17. p. 171 ), full fattening and limited grow- ing rations were compared. Summarizing the data it was found that steers fed a full fattening ration for an average of 637 days made an average daily .t,ain of 1.40 lbs. per head, the cost of a pound of gain being .5,78 cts. Animals fed a limited growing ration for 1.108 days ou an average gained 1.08 lbs. per head per day at a cost of 6.1 cts. At the Manitoba e.xperimental farm in a test covering 112 days, the average daily gain made by a lot of 6 yearlings was 1 lb. 11 oz. per head per day and by G 2-year-olds 1 lb. 7 oz. under similar conditions of feeding, the calculated profit in the 2 cases being $2.22 and $2.51. The results were practically the same as tliose obtained in an earlier test (E. S. R., 17, p. 172). "There is very little profit in fattening steers when tlie difference between the buying price in the fall and the selling price in the spi-ing is not more than $1 per 100 lbs." At the Indian Head experimental farm the average gain of 4 2-year-old steers was 240 lbs. per head in a test covering 16 weeks and the calculated profit per steer $.5.07. Similar values for a lot of 4 3-year-old steers fed a similar ration were 210 lbs. and $4.17. Swine feeding, .J. H. Grisdale {Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. l<,)U'i, i>p. 70- 78). — Alfalfa, clover, and root pasture supplementing meal rations were com- j)ared with roots and meal fed in pens and with meal fed in pens witliout sup- I-lementary feed, using 5 lots of 5 pigs each. In the 35 days of the test the gain ranged from 1.31 lbs. per head per day on root pasture to 1.77 li)S. witli the lot fed roots inside. The gain was most cheaply made with the last-mentioned lot. costing 3.09 cts. per pound, and was most costly, 4,23 cts. per pound, with the lot fed meal without supplement;iry feed in pens. When pigs were jiastured on an acre of ri])(^ jieas " the returns in pork were not satisfactory, but the effect of the exercise and tlie peas together was won- derfully beneficial so far as form of i)igs was concerned and so far as fitting them for finishing off for the packer when brought into the pens." 170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Swine, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay {Canada Expt. Farms h'pts. 1905, pp. 291, 298, SJ/S, 3U, 396. 397).— Brief statements are made regarding the pigs kept at tlie Maritime Provinces. Manitoba, and Indian Head experi- mental farms. At the Maritime I'rovinces farm 10 pigs pastured on clover, rape, and hairy vetch and fed milk and meal 1 : 1 made an average daily gain of 0.74 lb. from Jidy 1 to October 1. A similar lot fed on milk and meal only made an average daily gain of 0.90 lb. per head. Both lots were then fed under like conditions until November 15, the average daily gains being l.:^ lbs. and 0.9.5 lb. per head, respectively. At the Manitoba experimental farm 12 pigs pastured on brome grass and fed grain in addition gained 995 lbs., tlie calculated profit iK'ing .*f:!;'..:'.S. First annual report of the Poultry Institute of the Province of Ontario, G. C. Creelman (Ann. Rpt. Poultry Inst. Ontario, 1 {1905), pp. 87). — A brief account of the meeting and a number of papers by different authors on various problems connected with poultry feeding. lu one of these, entitled " Dry Feed- ing : The New Poultry Culture," by A. F. Hunter, the experience of a number of practical feeders on the value of dry rations for poultry is summarized. Report of the poultry manager, A. G. Gilbert {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1905. pp. 233-261, pi. 1). — Recent changes in the local poultry market are dis- cussed, as well as other general questions of poultry feeding, and the results of tests on a variety of topics reported. A progress report is made of tests undertaken with a view to building up pro- lific and satisfactory strains of poultry. Trap nests were used to insure accu- racy in the individual egg records kept. When hens 2 or 3 years old were compared with pullets the older birds pro- duced the greater number of eggs. " To secure early winter layers in either cold or partly warmed houses the pullets should be hatched early and come from strong and vigorous parent stock. To have prolific layers of large eggs in either unhealed or partly warmed houses the pullets should come from hens which have proved to be good layers of large eggs." The rations fed to these lots and the method of feeding are described in detail. In the incubator tests it was found that eggs from hens kept in cold houses showed the greatest percentage of fertility and hatched the most chickens, facts which were brought out in earlier tests (E. S. R., 17, p. 175). The eggs with the weaker germs were laid by hens kept in partially warmed houses. The same i-ations were fed in both cases. " Eggs were turned once per day after cooling. During the cooling of the eggs the doors of the incubators were left open. Neither incubator required any moisture." Eggs from hens which had laid well during the season and had a free run " showed remarkable fertility and strength of germ." Records were kept to ascertain how soon after mating eggs would hatch vigorous chickens. The shortest time recorded was 41 hours 50 minutes. Poultry, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay {Canada E.rpt. Farms h'pts. 1905, pp. 298, 299, 3U, 31,5, 397).— The poultry kept at the Maritime Prov- inces, Manitoba, and Indian Head experimental farms are briefly spoken of. At the Manitoba experimental farm 4 Plymouth Rock cockerels fed ground grain gained 4 lbs. in 21 days, the cost of feed being 24 cts., as compared with 3 lbs. gained by a similar lot fed the same grain ration (wheat and oats 3:1) unground, the cost of the feed in this case being 21 cts. At the Indian Head experimental farm the records kept showed that Light Brahmas averaged 47 eggs each from April to October as compared with 56 eggs laid by Black Miuorcus and 78 eggs laid by Plymouth Rocks. DAIKY FARMING DAIRYING. I7l DAIRY FARMING DAIRYIXG. Further investigations on the influence of individual food constituents upon milk production, A. Mokokn, C. Beger, uiid ii. Fingerling {Landw. IVr.s. »S'/(//.. U'l (l'Ji)il). Xo. 2-3, i)p. 93-2Ji2). — The investigations previously noted (E. S. K., Ki, J). <■)!)(;; 17, ]». 2S('>) were continued iu a somewhat modified forni during 1905. Ei.^lit sliccii iind '1 goats were made use of in the o series of ex- periments conducted. The addition of fat to a ration poor in fat and protein increased to a marJved extent llie yield of nnll< and mill< constituents and also the ])ercentages of fat and total solids. The adtlition of protein to the same basal ration increased to a still greater extent the yield of milk and milk constitnents, with the excep- tion of the fat, which showed a decided dimiimtion. The percentage of total solids was also reduced. The simultani'ons addition of both fat and protein increased the yield of milk and fat and compensated for the unfavorable influence of the protein wlieii added iilone. The refractometer number of the milk fat was increased by the addition of fat to the ration, bnt was not affected by the addi- tion of protein. When the protein in a ration rich in protein and poor in fat was replaced to a greater or less extent by thermically equivalent quantities of fat, practically the same results were obtained. The yields of milk, total solids, sugar, and proteids were reduced and the yield of fat was increased both in percentage and absolute amount. The most favorable inflvience of the fat \^^ls exerted when the average amount fed was 1 gm. per kilogram live weight. The refrac- tometer number of the milk fat increased ajiproximatel.v in proportion to the substitution of the fat for protein in the ration. The substitution of a thermically equivalent quantity of fat for a part of the carbohydrates in the ration rich in protein and poor in fat increased the yield of milk and milk constituents, especially the fat. These results, confirming those of the previous investigations, indicate that food fat is better suited for the production of milk fat than protein and carbo- hydrates and is the only food constituent which exerts a specific influence in this direction, as is shown not only by the yield of fat but b.v the changes iu the properties of the fat. ProttMii and carlxjliydrates exert no such specific influence. The influence of emulsified and nonemulsified fats of difEerent kinds upon milk production, C. Beger {Liiiidir. 1 rr-v. tStat., 6'.} {1906), Ao. 2-.J, />/>, 2'i9- 252). — This is a preliminary report on ex]ieriments wnth 1 sheep and 1 goat in which the influence upon milk production of feeding butter fat, peanut oil, palm- nut oil, and fat exti-acted from hay was studied. Of the 4 fats, butter fat exerted the greatest stimulating influence and ha.v fat the least. The iialm-iuit oil produced a marked lowering of the refractomet(>r luunber. Further ex])eri- ments are considered necessary in order to determine whether the differences observed are imi)ortaut or are within the limits of experimental error. A favor- able influence was believed to be exerted by feeding the fats in the form of an emulsion. Influence upon milk secrption of concentrated feeds rich and poor in fat when fed with difEerent coarse feeding stuffs, G, Fingerling {Laitdir. I crv. (^tat., G'l {1906), Ao. J-.T, /*/). 299--'il2). — In these experiments, conducted witli 2 goats, the substitution of rice meal rich in fat for barley feed poor in fat increased both the absolute yield of fat and the i)ercentage of fat in the milk. This effect was considered due to a specific influence of the food fat upon the milk fat, and this was more apparent as the difference iu the fat content of the 2 rations was increased. 172 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. By feeding a concentrated feeding stuff ricli in fat along with an unsuitable coarse feeding stuff, such as hay which had been subjected to the effects of rain, it was possible to increase the yield of milk fat up to or above that produced " by normal hay supplemented by a concentrated feeding stuff' poor in fat, the ration so composed having an average fat content. It is believed that this result would prove of practical value if confirmed by experiments with cows. In confirmation of earlier results obtained by the author (E. S. R., 17, p. 70) the experiments showed the importance for milch cows of the aromatic, stimulat- ing, or condimental substances normally present in sufficient quantities in feed- ing stuffs. AYhen deficient, however, as in weathered hay, they can best be sup- plied l)y the addition of normal hay, or occasionally by seeds like fennel and anise, rather than l»y the use of the commercial condimental stociv foods. On the influence of feeding cocoanut cake upon the composition of butter fat with special reference to the Polenske number, M. Siegfeld (MilchiD. ZentbL, 2 (1006), No. 7. pp. 289-295). — Tests made with 7 cows showed that feeding cocoanut cake exerted no apparent influence upon the Reichert-MeissI number but increased slightly the Polenske number and influenced to a much more marked extent the saponification number, iodiu number, and the average molecular weight of the nonvolatile fatty acids. First annual report of grade dairy herd, R. S. Shaw and A. C. Anderson (Michigan Hta. Bui. 238, pp. 161-176, pi. 1. figs, -i).— In 190-f, the college pur- chased a grade dairy herd of 20 cows and planned to breed 5 cows and their female progeny to pure-bred Jersey bulls, 5 to Holstein, .5 to Guernsey, and 5 to Shorthorn bulls. This bulletin is a report on the milk and butter production and the food con- sumption of tills herd for the first year of the experiment. The average pro- duction of the herd for the year was 6,258.9 lbs. of milk and 298.25 lbs. of butter. Eliminating the poorest cow, which produced only 1,205 lbs. of milk and 48 lbs. of butter, the remaining 19 cows averaged 6,525 lbs. of milk and 311.4 lbs. of butter. The average profit per cow over cost of feed was $36.58. The poorest cow was kept at a loss of $9.88 and the best at a profit of $60.29. An account of the feeding and management of the herd is given and illustra- tions of 4 of the cows are included. Testing inuividual cows, II. A. Hopper (Illinois Sta. Circ. 102, pp. ^0). — This circular, which emphasizes the importance of studying the i)roduction of indi- vidual cows, contains records for one year of 18 dairy herds in Illinois, includ- ing 221 cows. The average production was 5,616.99 lbs. of milk and 226.63 lbs. of butter fat. The best herd averaged 350.17 lbs. of butter fat and the poorest 142.05 lbs. The best 10 cows averaged 388.75 lbs. of butter fat and the poorest 10, 109.42 lbs. It is believed that at least one-third of the cows in the ordinary herds are prac- tically unprofitable. A marked improvement was observed in herds where grad- ing had been practiced. It was found possible to remove 5 cows from a herd of 10 and thereby increase the profit $7.62 per head. Butter tests with Shorthorn and Jersey cows, J. H. Burton (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], l.i (1906), Xo. >,. pp. 193-200). — Ten Jersey and 0 Shorthorn cows on an average were tested once or twice a month from November, 1900, to July, 1904, the total number of tests being 86. A test consisted in taking 50 lbs. of the mixed milk of each breed, separating it, churning the cream after 2 days and determining the amount of butter produced. On an average 1 lb. of butter was made from 27.92 lbs. of Shorthorn milk and 19.09 lbs. of Jersey milk. In these tests the Shorthorns produced 650 gal. of milk and the Jerseys 500. The relative profits of the 2 breeds are discussed from various standpoints. Uuder the local conditions of the experiments the Jerseys DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 173 woro not rnnsidovod i)rnfUablo, ns tli(> oxtra return in Imttor was more Ihan (•()ni])ensate(l by greater barrenness, a ln,i,'her deatb rate from tnlu'rculosis and milk fever, and other causes. Dairy herd records, J. H. Grisdale, R. Robertson, and S. A. Bedkoro (Caii- (1(1(1 IJ.rijt. Fdniis /,'/)^s•. 190.-,. pp. 51-61. 287. 2S8, 3 '/3).— Records are given of 35 cows at the central experiiiicntal farm, 22 cows at the experimental farm for the Maritime Provinces, and in cows at the exj)erimental farm for Manitoba. At the central experimental farm tests were made of the feeding value for cows of a b.v-product from distilleries anf.. 19 {1906). \i>. (i'j'i-Un.i ; 22-23, j)]). 711-71D). — Descriptions ari' t^ivcn of 28 strains of aerobic gas-producing i)acteria belonging to the BaclUus coli and Bucterium aerogenes groups, com- pared and classified according to morphological and cultural chai'acteristics. The motile organisms were not unifonnly peritrichous and hence the desig- nation Pscudoinonas coli is preferred to Bacillit!^ coli. Cultural characteristics, especiall.v the growth on gelatin plates, were found insufficient to distinguish the coli and a(>rogenes groups. Organisms in both groups were found capable of i)roducing indol and nitrites. The gas-i)i'oducing i)ro])erties of the 2 groups perunt the recognition of clearly defined subgroups, but do not permit of a sharp distinction between the organisms of the 2 groups. The characteristic so-called stable odor was produced on agar cultures and in fermented milk by the indi- vidual organisms of both groups. A contribution to the bacteriology of milk, A. MacConkey {Jour. Ilijg. [Cambridge], 6 (1906), Xo. 3. pp. 3S.5-'i07). — Bacteriological studies wex'e made of organisms Isolated from milk as sold for domestic use and from milk obtained directly from the cow. The results obtained are reported in detail and support the general opinion that gas-forndng bacteria are not normall.v present in nnlk, but that they gain access to it through want of cai'e and cleanliness in milking and handling the milk. No gas-forming organisms were found in samiiles drawn directly from the cow. It is considered iiracticable to obtain milk containing when freshly drawn less than 1,500 organisms per cubic centimeter and with no gas-forming organ- isms in at least 50 cc. The presence of gas-forming organisms is considered as showing fecal contamination. Those most frequently found in fresh milk were Bacillus oxytocus pcrniciosus, B. neapolitanus, and B. coli communis, while those appearing at a later stage were B. cloacw and B. lactis aerogenes. Out of 107 non-chromogenic lactose fermenting organisms isolated from milk only one gave the reaction of B. acidl Inctici. In the routine examination of water and food stuffs for the identification of organisms the author would substitute the fermentation of dulcit. adonit, and inuliii. and Voges and I'roskauer's reaction for the character of the growth on nutrient gelatin, action on milk, formation of indol, fermentation of glucose, and action on neutral red now generall.v employed. A bacteriological study of the certified milk of Philadelphia, A. H. Stew- art (Amcr. Jour. McJ. Sci.. 131 (J9(l(!),Xo. Jf, pp. ()2o-63o). — The bacteriological standard of the milk commission of the Pediatric Society of Philadelphia re- quires that milk to be certified must not contain injurious oi'ganisms nor more than 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Five dairies furnish certified milk. Samples of milk from these dairies were collected at frtMiuent intervals froju July, 1004, to August, 1905. and exam- ined for pus cells and bacteiia. The re.sults showed that 57.4. 1(5.5. .']6.5, 35, and 2.S.1 jier cent of the samples of the 5 dairies respectively were below standard. Streptococci were occasionally j)resent. The number of pus cells ranged from 100 to nearly ;>00.(M»0 per cubic centimeter, the immber usually being well u]) into the thousands. The milk of one dair.v which guaranteed a lower bacterial count than 5.000 i)er cubic centimeter was below standard in SI. 2 per cent of the 16 samples examined. The author states that most of the certified milk is stored for 24 hours in Philadelphia before delivery and when examined at the end of this period almost 176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. uoue complies with the standard. ^Yhile admitting tliat the hacterial counts of the certified milks were rather disappointing, the author believes that these milks are probably among the best produced in this country. With the present equip- ment of railroads, a standard of 10.000 bacteria jier cubic centimeter is be- lieved to be too hard to attain. Suggestions are made for the improvement of present conditions. On the influence of high carbon dioxid pressure on the bacteria in water and milk, W. Hoffmann {Arch. Hyg., 57 {1906), No. J,, pp. 319-J,00, fig. 1).— Subjecting water to a carbon-dioxid pressure of 50 atmospheres for 24 hours pre- vented the development of bacteria. The same was also true of water inocu- lated with typhoid, cholera, and dysentery organisms and subjected to the same pressure for 3 hours. Milk treated in the same manner for 24 hours at 56° showed a precipitation of the casein. The bacteria, however, were capable of growth after being sub- jected to these conditions. Milk obt.-iined under hygienic ])recautions and sub- jected to carbon-dioxid pressure remained sweet for 24 to 48 hours longer than the same milk not subjected to pressure. In diluted serum agglutinins were not Injured by the influence of moderate pressure for 48 hours, though bacterial development was checked or prevented. The preservation of milk, especially with, hydrogen peroxid, A. Babes {Ahs. in Rev. G6n. Lait, 5 {1906). No. 16, pp. 381, 3S2).— The author argues that hydrogen peroxides superior to formaldehyde as a means of preserving milk to be used for the purpose of immunization against tubei'culosis according to the method of von Behring. Whole milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and cream, 1906 {Lah. IiiJaiid Rev. Dept. [Canada'] Bui. 121, pp. J/S). — Of 319 samples of whole milk analyzed, 45 were pronounced adulterated and 85 doubtful. This was more unfavorable than the results ol)tained in previous years. Twenty-nine samples of ci'eam examined showed percentages of fat ranging from 12.G3 to 33.51. The author believes that the following standard should be established in Canada : Whip- ping cream not less than 25 per cent of fat, and table cream not less than 17.5 per cent. Further bacteriological investigations of the butter of Stuttgart, A. Reitz iCentbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Ahf., 16 {1906), Nos. 22-23, P2). 119-133; 25, pp. 116- 191,, pi. 1, dgm. J).— The earlier investigations (E. S. R., 17, p. 1109) were con- ducted for the purpose of determining the presence of tubercle bacilli in butter. In the present investigations 30 samples of butter were examined for the pres- ence of typhoid and diphtheria bacilli, negative results being obtained. Typhoid bacilli added artificially to butter made from sweet cream were found alive at the end of 10 days, but not after 15 days. In butter made from sour cream the typhoid bacilli were alive after 7 days, but not at the end of 10 days. The total number of bacteria varied between 9,000,000 and 40,000,000 per gram. It is believed that insufficient attention was paid to pasteurization. For the determination of the total number of bacteria, gelatin was preferred to agar. During the first few days the bacterial content of the butter decreased, after which it increased rapidly for 2 to 3 weeks, when it was 2 to 3 times as great as at the beginning. The numbers then decreased. The species of bac- teria found which were considered of si)ecial importance were Bacterium coli comynune. Streptococcus ptiogeiws, B. prodigiosum. species of Actinomyces and Saccharomyces, and molds. The last 3 groups were considered as having a marked influence on the rancidity of the butter. An extended liibliography of this subject is appended to the article. Investigation of salt, A. Hesse {Milrlnr. Zeiithl. 2 {1906), No. 1, pp. 295- 302).— Analyses of U2 samples of dairy salt representing ttie different brands in DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. l77 commnn nso in ;Mofkloi)l)nr.c: ;iro rojiortod. with r-oniiiioiits ni»oii tlic iiifhiciice of tlu' tlilVcrcnt iiiiinii'itics round in salt njion tlio (inality of butter. Contribution to the analysis of cheese, O. Jknsen and E. 1'lattnkr {Ztuchr. Ciitcr.sitv/i. XdJir. ii. (ivnusxiiiH.. I i ( t'.KHV), No. '/, iij). I'.).i-210). — The authors are ondeavoriuf,' to as':"ertain if differences eaiiable of recognition by chemical methods exist between normal and faulty cheese. In this article the methods of analysis employed are described and analyses of 10 Emmenthal cheeses of differeid <|Tiality, 1 normal Cheddar cheese, and 1 old Backstein cheese are re- porteil and discussed in detail, witliout general conchisions being drawn. Investigations on the propionic fermentation in Emmenthal cheese, E. VON FRKunEJN'UEicii and U. Jensen (J»». Ayr. Suisse, 7 {1906), No. .'i, pp. 221- 2.{2, pis. 2). — The results of the investigations show, according to the authors, that the gi'eater part of the propionic acid found in Emmenthal cheese is formed by specific ferments at the expense of the calcium hictate resulting from lactic fermentation. The proc(>ss is rejiresented by the following eciuation : 3C3lI,A=2(^3lI„0,+ C JI,0,+ C0,,+ H,() Several of tlie propionic acid ferments are described. The carbon dioxid liber- ated in tlie fermentation is considered the principal cause of the holes formed normally in Emmenthal cheese. Outside of the propionic-acetic fermentation there occurs often a pure acetic fermentation of the calcium lactate, due as nuich to propionic ferments as to lactic ferments. Investigations on the butyric fermentation in Schabzieger cheese, E. von Ireudenreicii and O. Jensen (Ann. Ayr. HuhKC, 7 {I'JOB), No. .'/, pp. 2-'iS-252). — The origin of the butyric acid In the fermentation of this cheese was studied bacteriologically. The autliors isolated 2 bacilli which attack casein feebly and lactose vigor- ously and produce butyric, propionic, and formic acids in practically the propor- tions found in this cheese. The organisms are not believed to have anything to do witu the ripening of the cheese.' The butyric-propionic-formic fermenta- tion in tliis cheese, like the propionic-acetic fermentation in Bnnuenthal cheese, is believed to be an accessory process independent of the ripening of the cheese, but important as regards the production of aroma. Bacteriological studies of the aboniasum and rennet, J. Thoni {Landio. .Jahrh. Scliirci;:, 20 {1V06), No. 3, pp. 181-2.^2, pjs. ;2).— Bacteriological studies of till' fourth stomach, the whey used in preparing rennet, and natural rennet are reported, and man.\- of the micro-organisms isolated, including some new species, are descril)ed. The fourth stomach, used in the preparation of rennet, was found in general to have a fairly constant bacterial flora consisting of indifferent, injurious, and beneficial nucro-organisms. The indifferent forms included cocci, species of Sarcina, and Streptothrix, Bacterium fluore.sccn.s. hay bacillu.s, potato bacillus, and a new species of Bacterium. The injurious organisms included Bacterium roll. Ji. IdctiK (rroariics. and 2 new species of Bacillus. The useful organisms included Lutic-acid b.icteria. pnjpionic acid-producing organisms, and Myco- derma. Among the ntnv organisms described 2 are considered of special inter- est— one designated Bacillus .'i or B. acidi acrtici. an anaerobic acetic acid-pro- ducing orgaiusm, and B. .j. an organism found to i)rodnce late fermentation in cheese. The different parts of the rennet stomach showed marked differences in the bacterial content. The i)yloric end and fatty parts particularly showed high numbers of bacteria, consisting for the most part of the Injurious forms. The whey used in the preparation of rennet was found to be poor in bacteria, and the few bacteria that w'ere present were found to be without iuUuence. The 178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. indifferent forms were found to disappear quifldy from the rennet, while the 2 other groups developed more or less rapidly in proixjrtion to the numbers originally present in the stomach. It is believed that in practice the growth of the beneficial bacteria may be favored by the observance of suitable precautions, such as the cleaning of the stomach, the discarding of the pyloric and fatty portions, which harbor especially the injurious organisms, and the keeping of the rennet at about 30° C. When prepared in this way, the beneficial organisms generally rea«h their high- est numbers in about 2 to 3 days. Through the addition of a mixed culture of Bacillus casei e and Mycoderma in the preparation of rennet it is believed that the practical value of the rennet is increased. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the veterinary division, T. Flintoff {Orange River Colony Dept. Agr., Ann. Ri)t., 1 {l!l(iJ,-.3), pp. ll-'/S, pis. 3). — An account is presented by the veterinary staff of the Orange River Colony stock inspectors of the prevalence of various animal diseases in the colony, which are classified according to the animal affected. In horses particular attention is given to glanders, horse sick- ness, and osteoporosis ; in cattle, to foot-and-mouth disease, African coast fever, and tuberculosis ; and in pigs, to hog cholera and swine erysipelas. A state- ment is given regarding the number and condition of the government stallions in the colony. A new disease in goats, called contagious catarrhal fever or goat distemper, is reported by H. K. Tasker. Goats affected with this disease show greatly swollen ears followed after 5 to 7 days by discharge from the nostrils and eyes. The disease reaches the crisis in about 14 to 18 days. At the height of the disease the animal will stand still nuich of the time, being unable to move except with a staggering gait. The period of incubation is 5 to 7 days. The disease appears to be contagious, although this point is not definitely determined. The cause of halisterisis of the bones and therapeutic notes, Klimmer and Schmidt (Monatsli. Prakt. Tierheillc. 17 (1906), No. 11-12, pp. J, 8 1-5 17). —The term halisterisis means deficiency of mineral matter and is used in preference to osteomalacia for the reason that it indicates the cause of the disease rather than the final condition observed in the bones as the result of the disease. The symptoms of halisterisis are described in great detail as observed in cattle, hogs, goats, dogs, and other animals. In all cases the disease connnonly referred to inider the name rickets was due to the deficiency of mineral matter in the feed. On the basis of physio- logical experiments a table was prepared indicating the lime requirements of different domestic animals, a-ccording to their size, age, and sex. Other tables are presented showing the percentage of lime and phosphoric acid in a great variety if feed stuffs under different conditions. The literature on this subject is reviewed in connection with the bibliography of 127 titles. The authors come to the conclusion that halisterisis. being due to an insutticient amount of min- eral matter in the feed, should be treated by the addition of suitable bone salts and phosi)hate of lime. Immunity in tuberculosis, S. Flexner (Pop. »S'c/. Mo., 69 {1906), No. 3, pp. 229-2 'i7). — The more striUing results obtained by investigators with regard to tuberculosis are briefly outlined with i):ii-ticnlar reference to the controversy started by Koch and to recent work of immunizing cattle and other animals to tuberculosis. It is believed that no lasting or effective innniniity toward tuberculosis can be obtained by the use of tubercle bacilli killed by heat or any other agency. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 179 The artificial production of immunity to tuhorculosls appears to rest upon the use of attenuated llvinj? tubercle bacilli. The possible danger from the use of human tul)ercle bacilli in innnuniziny cattle is also discussed. Human and bovine tuberculosis, N. Raw (Bril. Med. Jour., 1906, No. 2381, PI). 3.57, ./.7.S). — In a continuation of his studies on the relationship of human and bovine tul>erculosis. the author finds repeated confirmation of liis previous conclusion that there are two forms of tubercle bacilli, but that man is sul)ject to both and may readily become infected particularly in childhood by drinking tuberculous milk. The author believes that human tubercle bacilli do not attack the ordinary lymphatic glands of the body but produce lesions chiefly in the lungs. It is argued, therefore, that In most cases where the mesenteric glands are affected the tubercle bacilli are of bovine origin. Experimental transmission of tuberculosis from man to cattle, A. Eber (Ztsclir. FUisch ii. M ilvhhijg., IH {IHOii), \o. 7. i)i). 21S-223). — The material used in the inoculation experiments reported in this paper came from tuber- culous mesenterial glands of human origin. It is found possible by using this material in the inoculation of a bovine animal and subsequently making a reinoculation from this animal into another bovine animal to produce an acute miliary tuberculosis resulting in deatli within <■> to 7 days. Similarly when the material was first passed through a guinea pig and subsequently used for the inoculation of cattle death resulted within 51 days. In a third case, bacilli of less virulence were obtained. It appears from these experiments that tubercle bacilli may be obtained from liuman cases of tuberculosis which are equally as pathogenic as bovine bacilli for cattle. The author argues, therefore, against the proposition of separating human and liovine tubercle bacilli on the basis of differences in virulence. The origin of tuberculosis, J. Bongert {Dent. Tlerdrztl. Wvhnschr., 14 il'JOU). \(). 21. Pit. 2.'tl-2.'i4) . — During the investigations carried out by the author it appeared that a diffuse tuberculous infiltration of the intestinal nuicous membranes is often observed in cattle, and this trouble is caused by greatly attenuated tubercle bacilli. These bacilli show great differences in their morpholcjgical, cultural, and pathogenic properties. The author objects to the statement of Schiitz that tuberculosis of cattle is always caused by the bovine tyi)e of tubercle bacilli for the reason that the type found in cattle is by no means constant. For example, highly virulent and greatly attenuated bacilli may be found in the same case of tuberculosis. The relation between human tuberculosis and pearl disease of cattle, Lydia Rabinowitscii (Berlin. Klin. Wchiischr.. 43 (1906), No. 2Jf, pp. ISJf- 188). — Summing up her investigations on the interrelation of human and bovine tuberculosis, the author comes to the conclusion that man may become infected with pearl disease, but thai the frequency of such infection is still undeter- mined. A determined warfare against bovine tuberculosis is, therefore, neces- sary not only in the interest of animal industry, but for the protection of human health. The nutrition of animals and tuberculosis, I). Bonora (Gior. R. 80c. cd Accad. \(t. It 111.. ■',.', (I'.xiC). No. 20. pp. Ji80-Ji8J,) . — The relationship between the nutrition of animals and the development of tuberculosis is briefly discussed. It is maintained that a rational system of feeding in which a liberal and well- lialanced ration is useil should lie at the foundation of any system devised for the control of tuberculosis. This reconnuendation was m.ade in the belief that properly nourished animals are less susceptible to tuberculosis than those which are suffering from malnutrition. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis, II. VallI^e (Conipt. Rend. Aead. Sci. [J'uri.'sl. I'i2 {1906), No. 20, pp. 1101-1103). — The author has continued his 180 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. studies on the comparative role of the digestive and respiratory organs as the primary location of tuberculous infection. It appears that in many cases in vi^hich the lungs and bronchial glands are affected most extensively, the original infection was located in the intestines and was due to ingestion of tuberculous material with the feed. The author believes that in this respect calves and childi-en behave in the same manner toward tubercle bacillus. According to the author's investigations the source of infection must remain doubtful even in cases where the lungs and other respiratory organs are the only parts affected, for cases which are apparently of purely pulmonary origin may nevertheless trace their source of inf^-tiou through the intestines. The virulence of lym^phatic ganglia in tuberculous animals, H. Vall^e (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol [Paris]. GO (1906), No. 19, pp. 911-91.3).— A number of authors have called attention to the fact that lymphatic glands of apparently normal condition may contain tubercle bacilli. This fact has been noted most frequently in connection with experiments in imnuinizing cattle against tuber- culosis by the use of human tubercle bacilli. In these cases the glands of the immunized cattle contained tubercle bacilli for a long time after apparent recovery from vaccination. The author finds that the mesenteric as well as other lymphatic glands of cattle, after tuberculous infection from any source, may contain virulent tubercle bacilli without showing any abnormal condition. It is concluded, therefore, that none of the lymphatic glands in a tuberculous animal may be considered as free from tubercle bacilli. The bearing of these investigations on the utilization of tuberculous meat is apparent. Combating tuberculosis of cattle, J. Poels {Tijdschr. Tccartsenijlc, 33 {1906). Xos. S, pp. -'i77-'i96: !). pp. .',.3-J-5.'i8). — Attention is called by the author to the great importance of a more thorough clinical stud.v of tuberculosis in order to be able to recognize by the physical symptoms the first occurrence of tuber- culosis in the lungs. It is believed that the extensive use of tuberculin and the complete reliance of most veterinarians upon this reagent have led to some neglect in the study of physical symptoms. The disease is admittedly more infectious wlien the lungs are attacked than when it is confined to other internal organs. The importance of being able to recognize the presence of the disease in the lungs is therefore obvious. Four cases of equine tuberculosis on one farm, W. R. Davis {Vet. Rec, 18 (1906), No. 92.5, p. 678, p8. pp. .'/.7, fi(/s. G). — The material contained in this bulletin is essentially a condensation of lUilletin TS of the Bureau of Animal Industry (E. S. R.. 17. p. 1190). The treatment of cases of bloody urine in cattle with hemoglobin, Evers (Berlin. Tieriir-tl. Wdni-'elir.. IflOll. No. ID. p. Sl!'i). — IbMuoglobin is dissolved in a 20 per cent itrol solution at the rate of 1 gm. to 5 cc. and should be used 182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. within 24 hours after mixins. When administered hypodermically, it causes no bad effects at the point of inoculation. The author reports that he has used this remedy on more than 40 experimental animals, Including horses, cattle, and sheep, in some cases administering as nuich as 500 cc. Considerable benefit is alwajs manifested from the use of hemoglobin in cases where the amount is below normal. Recurrence of parturient paresis, Kahn (Brrliii. Tierdrstl. WcJinschr., 1906, A'o. 11. p. 322). — In the experience of the author as well as that of other investigators, the recurrence of parturient paresis soon after an apparent recovery Is very rare. Notes are given on a case In which air Infiltration was used in the treatment of the disease. The cow recovered within a few hours, but suffered a relapse 5 days afterwards. Air Infiltration into the udder was again administered, after which recovery took place without a recurrence of the disease. Parturient paresis, Gebaueb (Berlin. Tieriirztl. WclDtscUr.. 1906, Xo. 20, pp. 377-310). — In a lirief review of the literature of this subject the author gives particular attention to the investigations of Iless and Zehl. The evidence thus far preser'ted for considei'ing parturient paresis as an infectious disease is not very strong. The most characteristic and pronounced symptom is cerebral anemia. The author believes that the often-observed cessation of the milk secretion in cases of this disease is an attempt on the part of the organism to compensate for the disturbed circulation. In one Instance the author observed a case In which the symptoms were identical with those of parturient paresis and the Infusion of air into the udder caused a prompt improvement, but later serious symptoms occurred and the animal was slaughtered. It was found in this case that the cerel)ral anemia was due entirely to a vaginal hemorrhage which had lowered the blood pressure. Milk fever before parturition, Gallier (Bid. Hoc. Cent. Med. Vet., S3 {1906), \(i. I), p. l')3). — This disease, while always related to parturition, sometimes occurs before as well as after this event. Notes are given on a case which came under the author's oliservations. A comiilete recovery took place after the api)lication of the Schmidt treatment. The treatment of infectious vaginal catarrh of cattle, II. Raebiger (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnsehr.. 1906. l^o. 13. pp. 2',1. 2J,2, figs. 4).— In the treatment of this disease considerable difficulty has been experienced on account of the merely temporary effect of ordinary antiseptic washes. The author devised a syringe, by means of which dry antiseptic materials and also salves could be injected. The results obtained from the use of this apparatus have been very satisfactory. It is considered, however, that in all cases in which the uterus is also affected the cow should be fattened and sold for beef since, if she is kept in the herd, it is practically iin]iossible to prevent the further spread of the disease. The enzootic appearance of gangrenous vaginitis in cows, A. M. Bekgmann (Furtschr. Vet. IlutJ-, 'i (19il6), Xo. 1, pp. 1-6). — The disease occurs most fre- quently in connection with calving and attacks chiefly heifers and young cows. A brief account is given of the persistence of the disease from year to year in a badly infected herd. The cause of the disease is infection with the necrosis bacillus. In order to prevent infection of the milk of diseased cows. It ap- pears to be necessary to make frequent use of lysol douches. This treatment should be applied immediately after parturition. Notes on the enzootic occurrence of gangrenous vaginitis in cows, A. M. Bergmann (Hvensk, Vet. Tidskr:. 11 (1906), No. 3. pp. 117-120). — Several cases of this disease have come under the observation of the author. The usual symptoms and pathological alterations are described. Quite satisfactory re- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183 suits wore obtiiiuod by tlic tliorou,;,'!! aiiplicatioii of washes of clilorid ol' zinc in |() per cent solution. Poisoning of cattle by Lima beans, (J. Mosselman (.1//;/. Mrd. I'r/., 55 (HXKi). .Vo.s. ,)'. /(/*. I'll-I'i.l; //, ])i). 2l)5-.il5). — The seeds of various varieties of I'lia-scoliiN liDiatiis contain (luantities of shicosid which is cajjahle, after fer- mentation, of producin,:; i'nouj,'h hydrocyanic acid 1o kill herbivorous animals which eat the beans. According to experiments, 500 gm. of beans may be enough to kill a horse and if fed in hirger quantities the result may be fatal even after cooking. Even the leaves of cultivated varieties were found to be toxic, but the toxicity varied greatly according to the age of the plants and the stage of vegetation. lu cases where the jilants or beans contained free hydrocyanic acid animals refused to eat them. This was found to be the case with rabbits and guinea ])igs after allowing them to fast for 2 days. It is believed by the author that not all varieties of P. hoiatus are poisonous, and it is suggested that this mat- ter may depend somewhat on the soil and nature of the cultivation. Mushroom poisoning in cows, Haga (yorsk Vet. Tids'^kr., 18 (1906), No. 1-2. pp. 29. .30). — In a small herd of cows in Suldal, 2 animals died as a result of eating i)oisonous mushrooms, apparently Agaricus niusciirhix. The symptoms were those which are commonly described as occurring in man and developed :vith great violence. There was profuse diarrhea accompanied with brain symptoms. No opportunity was had for testing any remedial measures. Larkspur and other poisonous plants, (J. H. Glover {Colorado Sta. Bui. 113, pp. 2'i, plfi. 8). — The losses from poisonous plants in Colorado are annually a seri- ous drain on the stockmen. The station in cooperation with tlie Biu'eau of I'lant Industry of this Department is investigating a number of problems connected with poisonous plants. In th(> i)r(>sent rei)ort a general discussion is given of tlie factors which deter- mine plant poisoning and particular attention is given to larkspur, death eamas, water hemlock, lupines, and rubber plant. As remedies for larkspur poisoning the author recommends drenches with potassium permanganate and a liypo- dermic injection of atropin. Descriptive and biological notes are also given on death camas, water hemlock, and lupines, with brief notes on curative methods. The bulletin also contains a feature of practical importance to stockmen consist- ing of a synopsis of symptoms and treatment to be applied in tlie poisoning of cattle, horses, and sheep by different plants under different conditions. Geel dikkop, R. Paine {Jour. Conrpar. Path, and Thcr., 19 (1906), No. 1, pp. 5-8). — This disease, connnonly known b.y its Dutch name, which means yellow thick head, affects chiefly ^Merino and Africander sheep and Angora goats. The ti'onble usually appears in herds grazing on low land after a considerable rainfall. The head and ears swell greatly and a dropsical condition of these parts ai)pcars. The temperatui'e often rises to 104° F. A certain jiercentage of cases may live for a week or more, but they usually end fatally. If no treatment is adopted, the swollen parts biecome dry, shrivel up, and crack. The general con- dition of jaundice is also observed. Most sheepmen believe that the disease ma.v be prevented b.v I'emoving the flock to high land where the disease is not preva- lent and keeiiing the sheei) corralled initil after the dew is off in the morning. When examincMl post mortem, affected sheep were found to show a general jaimdiced condition, with a soft liver, inflanmiation of the gall bladder, and occa- sionally an enlargement of the spleen. Considerable benefit is to be derived from feeding the sheep on alfalfa and giving them plenty of good water. The average mortality is about 40 per cent. Occasionally the disease appears to be capable of transmission by inoculation, but the nature of the trouble is not well understood. 184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bacteriological diagnosis of chronic swine plague, Junack {Ztschr. Infec- tioHSkrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 1 (1906), No. 2-:i. pp. 153-166, fig. 1). — Data are given regarding tlie bacteriological diagnosis in a large number of cases of pure swine plague, eonibinatioii swine plague and bog cbolera. pure hog cholera, and intestinal csitarrh of pigs. The bacteria obtained in these tests are enumerated. It appears from the author's study that in case of the prevalent chronic form in swine plague a negative bacteriological finding does not decide the matter for the reason that the demonstration of BaciJlus SHiscpticui< fails in about one-third of the chronic cases of the disease. In such cases the anatomical findings and the infectiousness of the disease makes it possible to reach a diagnosis. Certain races of B. sulsepticus when cultivated on artificial nutrient media form short rods in addition to long threads and retain both of these forms when inoculated into other animals or maintained from generation to generation on artificial media. Active immunization against hog cholera, M. Prettner ( Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wvhnschr., 19(16. Xo. 1(1, pp. ITS, ll'i). — Hogs were inoculated intraperitoneally with the organism of hog cholera and subsequently an exudate was obtained from these hogs which, after sterilization, was used in testing its immunizing power on other hogs. Four parallel tests were made in each of which one ani- mal was treated with this exudate and the other not. In all cases the immune animals remained healthy without any reaction. The author believes that his experiments justify the hope of obtaining a method of producing active immun- ity in hogs by means of an exudate caused by Bacillus suipestifer, but not containing bacteria. Glanders: Its nature, distribution, and prevention, P. Fischer (Ohio Live Stock Assoc. Bui. 6, pp. 9). — The successful control of glanders in the author's opinion depends upon the education of horse owners in an understanding of the dangers of this disease and in a thorough appreciation of the wide distri- bution of the disease and the danger of allowing infected horses to be utilized in any way which will bring them in contact with healthy horses. Attention is called to the danger of infection from glanders in unsanitary stables, black- smith shops, and from public watering troughs. The establishment of a simple basis for judging mallein reaction, Foth (Fortschr. Vet. Hyg., 3 (1906), No. 11, pp. 2^1-249). — The author summarizes a number of results obtained in the use of mallein for the purpose of determin- ing the reaction which usually occurs in typical cases of glanders. As a result of this study it is concluded that mallein is a suitable reagent lor determining glanders in herds of horses at a comparatively small expense. At present, however, it is a difficult matter to establish an exact standard for the mallein reaction. In order that such a standard may be set up it is con- sidered necessary to carry on experiments with horses artificially inoculated with glanders in order to be able to test them with mallein at periods of known length after the beginning of infection. Mallein nuist also be tested more extensively on horses known to be nonglanderous. It is considered desirable also to compare the mallein reaction with the results obtained by agglutination. Malarial fever in horses, A. T. Peters (Nebraska Sta. Press Bui. 22, pp. 7, figs. 3). — The symptoms and prevalence of this disease are briefly described. The disease has been observed in Nebraska since 1902 and has caused the death of many horses. Affected animals become gradually emaciated and the number of red blood corpuscles much reduced. The author did not succeed in obtaining cultures of any organism which might be considered as the cause of the dis- ease. A pai'asitic worm was found in connection with the disease, and fui'ther study will be devoted to this parasite and to the possible occurrence of patho- genic bacteria, • VETERINARY MEDICINE. 185 Malaria in horses, G. J. Brickman (SvensJc Vet. Tidskr., 11 {IDfiC). Xo. 3, pp. 12I)-1S0, /iffs. 2). — Particular attention is given in this account to the etiology of uiahiria in horses. The blood parasite was found in the red blood corpuscles and produced, diu-ing the course of the disease, a sort of pernicious anemia in tlic blood of horses. The disease is accompanied with profuse sweating and the thorough application of arsenical treatment appears to relieve this s.vm])tom and otiicrwise checlv the course of the disease. The occurrence and treatment of inflammation of the lumbar part of the spinal cord, Kull (Ztaclir. ^'ctcrillli|■h■., IS (lUOd), Xo. S-H, pp. .i.'>3-:l')6). — Dur- ing the years 1904 to 1900 an infectious disease broke out among army horses and was referred to under the names infectious catarrh and inflammation of llic lumbar portion of the spinal cord. The spinal affection was the more im- portant part of the disease and is therefore retained as the more appropriate naiiic. The disease was controlled by a thorough quarantine of all stalls in which inlVcted animals had stood and by the use of antiseptic solutions in such con- nection. It was found possible to i)roduce passive immunity of short duration against tlie disease l)y scrum treatment. Ill effects sometimes produced on horses and mules pastured exclusively upon alsike, M. Jacob (Tennessee Sta. BuL, ]'ol XV II I, No. 3, pp. 28-30, fig. 1). — A peculiar disease has been noted in certain parts of Tennessee as a result of pastiiring too exclusively on alsike clover. The disease affects only horses and mules and improvement takes place in mild case^ as soon as the animals are removed from alsike pasture. The exact cause of the. disease is not understood. The chief symptoms appear on the skin in the form of inflamed areas which are later sloughed off leaving sores. The eyes, tongue, mouth, and alimentary tract may also be affected. In cases where the skin only is affected, treatment is simple and consists in removing tlie animal from alsike pasture and treating sores with an antiseptic wash. Recent investigations concerning rabies, L. Panisset {Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., H {J 900), No. 87-88. pp. 113-13!)). — The literature of this subject is critically discussed in connection with bil)liographical references. Particular attention is called to the recent investigations undertaken for the purpose of determining the most satisfactoi-y methods of diagnosing rabies in a rapid and reliable manner. The course of rabies virus and antirabies vaccine, P. Remlinger {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [J\iris\. 60 (1906), Xo. 12. pp. .)7.i-J7J). — As a result of numer- ous ex]»eriments on lal)oratory animals it appears that rabies virus travels from the point of entrance into the organism toward the nerve centers along the peripheral nerves and that the antirabies vaccine passes toward the nerve centers in the lymphatic system. The results of vaccination, therefoi'e, vary according to the rehitive rate of speed which these two sultstances take in their course townrd the central nervous system. The appearance of virulence in the saliva of rabid animals, J. Nicolas (.lour. Med. ^'vt. ct Zootceh., .77 (WOO), Apr., pp. 208-218; Compt. Rend. tioc. Biol. \Paris'\, 60 (1906), No. 13, pp. 625, 626).— In the control of outbreaks of rabies among domestic animals it is of great importance to know as definitely as possil)le just when tlie saliva becomes virulent. For this purpose a number of inoculation experiments were made on goats, rabbits, and dogs. The virus in the saliva was found to i)e virulent from 4 to 6 days before the appearance of any symptom of tlie disease in dogs and goats and at least 4 da.vs before the appearance of symptoms in dogs inoculated in the muscles. A malignant infectious eye disease in fowls, Rabus (Wchnschr. Tierheilk. u. Vichzucht., 50 (I'JOO), No. 11, pp. 201, 208).— In a flock of 12 fowls, 8 186 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. developed symptoms of a contagious eje disease consisting in intense inflamma- tion of the conjunctiva wLich became covered with a mucous or purulent ma- terial. Some of the worst cases were killed while the less developed cases were treated by means of silver nitrate at the rate of 1 i)art to G in water. The disinfection of stock cars by means of aqueous formaldehyde solutions, J. ScHNURER {Ztschr. Iiifevtioiifikraiik. it. Hyg. Hanaticre, 1 (HHJO), No. 2-3, pp. accomplished by the most thorough spraying of cars with formaldehyde for the for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of this method in destroying thoroughly reached with the formaldehyde solution. The strengths of formaldehyde used were 1, li, and 2 per cent. When these applications were made at relatively low temperatures the effect was not as good as could be desired. Better results were obtained when a higher tem- perature was maintained in the cars. A complete disinfection can not be accomplished by the most thorough spraying of cars with formaldehyde for the reason that cars are not constructed so that every crack and cre\'ice could be thoroughly reached with the formaldehyde solution. Disinfection by means of formaldehyde and potassium permanganate, J. G. CiM.MKNG (Npt. Midi. Acini. Sci.. 7 ilDd.J). pp. 171-1:^0). — Claims have been made that when formalin is poured o\er potassium permanganate, a rapid process of oxidation takes place which leads to the liberation of formaldehyde gas in large quantities. This matter was tested by the author, and during his experiments 3.000 speci- mens of infected silk threads, cloth, and filter paper were exposed to various conditions of disinfection. The organisms used in these experiments included anthrax bacillus, typhoid bacillus, streptococci, and various other bacteria. In these experiments the permanganate process was compared directly with the regular distillation method reconmiended by Novy. The results obtained indi- cate that the permanganate process is not as useful as the distillation method, but that the former method is so simple that it may be used effectively and safely by a layman. RURAL ENGINEERING. Primer of irrigation, D. H. Anderson {Cliicarfo: The D. H. Anderson Pub. Co., 1005, pp. 257, phs. 16). — This is a volume which, according to the author, is intended to " lend aid to those who are beginners in irrigation farming." In carrying out this idea the author considers his subject in its relation to other branches of agricultural science and takes up, in turn, the formation and qualities of soils, together with their treatment for alkali, etc.; plant foods and a simple exposition of the chemical processes involved in plant feeding ; the tilling and laying out of land with special reference to irrigation farming; finally discussing in a popular way the more technical aspects of the subject, such as duty and measurement of water, pumps and irrigation machinery, etc. The author has compiled in a readable manner much information of value to those about to take up or already engaged in irrigation farming. Investigation of irrigation practice in Oregon, A. P. Stover ( U. 8. Dept. A (jr.. Office K.rpl. Htas. Circ. 67. pp. 30, fiijs. //). — This circular covers the work done in Oregon by INIr. Stover in lOOf). The methods of preparing land for irrigation and of applying water are discussed from the standpoint of the needs of Oregon rather than describing Oregon practice. One of the most interesting features of the circular is the discussion of flood water or winter irrigation in the Butter Creek Valley, where the water RURAL ENGINEERING. 187 supply (Uiriiis tho siinunor is extroinoly limited. Larse quantities of water are api)lie(I tt) Ilic land when llie streams are lii.tjh in the spring, and with this heavy irri.uation lliree (•r(>|)s of alfalfa ar(> raised and orchards are also suc- cessfully maintained. The success of this form of irrigation is attrihuted to the impervious subsoil and peculiar formation of the valley which prevents the ground water from draining out. .Seepage measurements were made in a number of canals, showing lai'ge losses. The efforts made to check these losses in the Irrigon Canal are described at (■•ome length. Plowing and harrowing the silt in the bottom of the canals was tried without benelicial effect. Later a homemade device called a chain puddler was tried, with good results, the seepage loss after the use of this puddler being less than half that before it was used. This puddler consists of heavy chains attached to the euds of a beam placed across the running gears of a wagon and extending across the ditch. The chain drags on the bottom of the ditch, tears u]) the vegetation on the bottom of the canal, and puddles the silt. The circular gives directions for preparing land for applying water by various methods, together with estimates of the cost of these operations. Irrigation in the North Atlantic States, A. J. Bowie, Jr. {U. 8. Dcpi. A (jr.. Office E.ri>t. Ktas. Bid. 167, pp. oO, figs. 7). — This report includes data collected during .July and August, 1905, in a study of irrigation as practiced in Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania. New Jersey, New Yorlc. Khode Island, and Massachu- setts. The territory investigated lies in the humid district of the Lnited States, where the ainiual rainfall is between 40 and 50 in. and where irrigation is not always necessary for the growth of crops and has been confined to truck farms and meadow lauds. Truck farmers in the vicinity of large cities fre- quently use city water at a cost of .$1 to .^1.50 per 1,000 cu. ft., or .$44 to $05 per acre-foot. In spite of this prohibitive price when compared with western practice, those farmers practicing irrigation in the district covered seem to find it profitable. This is probably due to the fact that the yearly value of the truck crops is estimated as being increased 30 to .50 per cent. "As the cost of irrigation usually lies between .$.30 and ,$100 per acre it is fair to assume an acreage profit of $200 or more per acre due to irrigation." A large number of irrigation plants in the States covered are described in detail and from the study the following conclusions are drawn : "The irrigation of meadows and truck farms is an established and i)rofit- able practice in the North Atlantic States, while the profitable irrigation of field crops has not been demonstrated as yet. " The methods employed are very expensive compared with western practice, liut are the outgrowth of peculiar conditions and meet the re(iuirement of very small ai)plications of water. "The quantity of water required by truck crttps either as rain or irrigation is about 1 inch in depth every week, and in the light sandy soils generally used it should be applied in (juantities not exceeding 1 inch at a time." An underflow canal used for irrigation at Ogalalla, Nebraska, C. S. Sliciitkr (IJ lit/ill. Xeirs. .'>(] (1906), Ao. 1. pp. '/. -T, /?f/.s-. 6). — The writer gives the results of an investigation of this canal made during 1905. The canal excavation is about 12 ft. wide at the bottom and about f!..jOO ft. in length, extending along the south bank of the South Platte River and reach- ing a total depth in its upper portion of 5 ft. below the bed of the river. This is the only successful instance of a large number of such constructions which have from time to time been tried, and in the jiresent case the writer thinks success is due to the small size of the canal and the unusually large slope of the 188 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. river at the point in question. The percolation into the caual per square foot of percohiting surface was found to be 0.01 to 0.02 gal. per minute per foot of head. These figures are said to be low, " due to the vegetation and slime that obstructs the sand through which water must pass, but it is mainly due to the fact that stratified gravels do not readily transmit water if the water must travel across or perpendicuhir to the direction of bedding." The cost of construction and subsequent expenses for maintenance are found to be so large that the author expresses the opinion that a pumping plant con- sisting of a Corliss condensing engine and centrifugal pump woiild be more satisfactory. Use of water in agriculture — a contribution to the study of irrigated meadows in the Vosges, M. R. Olry (A tin. Inst. Xut. Ayron., 2. *er., J {1906), No. 1, pp. 283-382). — A thorough study of a system of agriculture in the depart- ment of "Vosges, France, corresponding more or less closely with that found on certain elevated plateaus of the western United States. The systems of water distribution described are similar to those existing in many western States, and the same confusion and difficulty is experienced in the strict enforcement of priorities in times of drought, to remedy which the writer recommends irrigation associations between whom agreements shall be made to use water- in turn for a period of 5 days each. With regard to the quantity of water used the author finds that " In the great majority of cases the quantity of water used in the districts studied varies between 150,000 and 300,000 caibic meters per hectare per year (sufficient to cover soil to a depth of from 50 to 100 ft.). The amount diverted by the canals amounts usually to 100 liters per second per hectare " (1.4.3 cu. ft. per second per acre). — In commenting upon this apparently exorbitant use of water, the author says : " Nobody has been able up to the present to stop this harmful practice, for the farmer does not consider it prejudicial to the maintenance of soil fertility, the general idea being that ' too much water can not be used,' yet by following these methods the soluble constituents of the soil disappear, the humus becomes less and less capable of nitrification, the free phosphoric acid is unable to com- bine with bases and is slowly drained away, lime is dissolved in the presence of the excess of carbonic acid and is likewise lost through drainage." A sand trap for irrigating ditches, II. O. Crafts {Eiujin. Rcc, ali (1906), No. 6. pp. l.~)0, l')l). — Some considerations bearing on the necessity of such de- vices in the case of canals diverting water from streams carrying large amounts of foreign matter, and a description of a typical sand trap. The underflow in Arkansas Valley in western Kansas, C. S. Slighter (U. 8. Gcol. Hurroj. Watcr-iSiippJij and Irrig. Paper \o. l')3. pp. 90, pis. 3. flgs. 2//). — Investigations on the underflow of the Arkansas River were made during the summer of 1904. The following principal conclusions were reached: "(1) The underflow of Arkansas River moves at an average rate of 8 ft. per 24 hours, in the general direction of the valley. "(2) The water plane slopes to the east at the rate of ~l ft. per mile and toward the river at the rate of 2 to 3 ft. per mile. "(5) The underflow has its origin in the rainfall on the sand hills south of the river and on the bottom lands and plains north of the river. "(7) The influence of the floods in the river upon the ground-water level does not extend * mile north or south of channel. "(8) A heavy rain contributes more to the underflow than a flood. "(9) On the sandy bottom (JO per cent of an ordinary rain reaches the water plane as a permanent contribution. KURAL ENGINEEEING. 189 "(10) Tbo aiiiouiit of dissolved salts ^'rows loss with tlie dopth and with distance from the river channel. "(11) There is no appreciable run-off in vicinity of (iarden, Kans. "(12) Carefully constructed wells in Arkansas Valley are capable of yield- ing very large amounts of water. Each square foot of percolating surface of well strainers can be relied uiioii to yield more than 0.25 gal. of water per minute under 1-ft. head. "(14) Private pumping plants in the bottom lands will be profitable for irri- gation if pro]ier kind of power be used. . . . The present cost of puniiting with gasoline for fuel is not encouraging." The measurements of movement of underflow were made l>y the electrical method. (Jround-water levels were obtained by observing water levels in pri- vate and si)ecially sunk wells. Various contour maps of the water plane, cross-sections at various points, and views of cardboard models of changes in water plane at different localities illnsti'ate the report. Underground water in the valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, Utah, G. B. Richardson {l\ »S'. Gcol. Survey, Water-supply anO Irrig. Paper No. J.57, pp. 81, pis. 9, fiys. 5). — This paper "outlines conditions of occurrence of the subterranean waters and describes their development in the valleys of Utah Lake and .Jordan River." Water powers of northern Wisconsin, L. S. Smith ([/. S. Geol. Survey, Water-supply and Jrriy. Paper Ao. lo6, pp. l.'t'), pis. o, flgs. 5). — A study of the water powers of the various drainage systems of northern Wisconsin, including for each system information as to its topography and drainage, reservoir sites, and the water powers develoi)ed along the different streams. High-lift turbine pumps; their design and efficiency, R. J. Durley {Enyhi. Mag.. .31 (lOOG). Xa. '/. pp. 503-52-j. figs. ;?.'/). — A review of the work which has been done in the last few years in the application of the centrifugal pump to those high-lift operations where formerly only the reciprocating pump was practicable. These high-lift centrifugal pumps differ from the usual centrifugal pumps merely in having a ring of guide blades sui'rounding the impeller. By placing turbine pumps in series so that the first impeller discharges into a space con- nected with the suction of the second wheel, and so on, a multiple-stage pump is obtained, making it possil)le to pump against corresi)ondingly greater heads. The usual head for a multiple-stage pump is from .'JdO to (ioO ft., though l)y put- ting two or more such jiumps in series heads up to l,r)0() ft. have ijeen attained. "The results attained by the modern high-lift centrifugal pump may be stated generally as follows: An efficiency in most cases of 70 to 75 per cent can be obtained, and under suitable conditions, when the relation between head and discharge is most favorable, this may even reach 80 per cent on trial. " It is probal)le that further progress will soon enable efliciencies correspond- ing to those of the best water turl)ines to be obtained. " It is worthy of remark that high-lift turbine pumps can maintain their original efficiency much better than is usual with large piston pumps." A numl)er of examples are cited of successful a]iplication of the turl)ine pump to various jairposes. and the article is llkistrated by numerous diagrams and half-tones of different tyiies of pumps. Suction gas producer trials {Engineer \Eonrfon\. 101 {lHOd). A o. 2(;.S'>. pp. ii')!). (!(10. fi(/s. III). — The 20-hoi-sepower jilant of the National Gas Comi)any. Ltd., Ashton-under-Lyne, secured the gold medal in the tests conducted under the auspices of the Royal Agricultural Society at Derby. 8989— No. 2—06 7 190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The main features of tliis plant consist of a vaporizer surrounding the upper portion of the generator, which can be removed for periodic cleaning when using hard water : and of :i device for heating the air previous to its mixture with the steam. The latter device consists of a spiral passageway located in the outlet of the generator. The walls of the passage are highly heated by the outtiowing gas, and the air in traversing the passage becomes correspondingly hot, enabling it to carry along the requisite quantity of steam in suspension as it enters the generator. A hand-operated fan is also provided to facilitate starting. The gases are cleaned and cooled by being passed through an ordi- nary coke scrubber, after which they pass directly to the engine. Test of producer gas engine plant at Toledo, Ohio (Gr^.s- E))[/iiie, 8 {1906). No. 8, pp. 254-256). — Report of a test of gas engine and producer plant of American design and manufacture. On test the fuel consumption was 0.84 lb. of Pennsylvania pea anthracite coal per brake-horsepower hour, thus giving a thermal efficiency of about 24 per cent. The same plant now in commercial operation uses 1.14 lbs. of coal per brake-liorsepower per liour. The efficiency of the producer alone was found to be about 9."] i)er cent. The use of alcohol as a fuel for gas engines, II. Diedericks {Intcrnut. Mar. Engin.. 1906, pp. 263-270). — In this article the autlior gives a very complete resume of the whole subject, his information being drawn largely from German practice. He considers the fuel value and physical properties of alcohol, and the details of the alcohol engine wherever they may be different from a gaso- line or crude-oil engine. In the discussion of denaturizing agents for ethyl alcohol the following table is given, showing the materials and their percentages as used in different coun- tries : Denaturizinfi agents used in different eountries. Country. Specific gravity of denatur- ized alco- hol at 15° C. Methylene (wood al- cohol) and its impu- rities. Pyridine or pyridine bases. Acetone. Benzol. Benzine. 0.832 .819 .825 .835 .826 .836 Per cent. 7.5 1.5 .75 3.75 .5 10.0 Per cent. Per cent. 2.6 .5 .25 1.25 Trace. 5.0 2.0 2.2 Per cent. Per cent. 0.5 Germany: 0.5 .25 .5 Trace. .5 .65 .32 2.0 Austria: Denaturized alcohol 2.5 .835 I 6.5 .837 1 ."S-O 1.0 With regard to benzol the author states that " from 10 to 40 per cent is some- times employed, thus raising the heating value of the fuel and thus decreasing the cost per heat unit." As to the rusting of the engine cylinder by the use of alcohol, it is claimed that this may be obviated by greater care in securing a proper mixture of air and alcohol and by using benzol as an additional safe- guard. Several types of alcohol carbureters are illustrated and described, and attention is called to the fact that a high degree of heating in the carbui-eter is undesirable from the standpoint of capacity and because of danger of pre- iguition. The best temperature for the carbureter is shown to be between 75 and 80° F. In discussing the efficiency and cost of operation of engines using different explosive fuels, the author brings out certain facts not generally recognized. RURAL ENGINEERING. 191 Assuming,' that nlfohol can lio put on tho market at tlio same jn-ico as gasoline, he is ai)Ie to coniimte the heat cost, as sliown in the following table: Relative heat cost of alcohol, gasoline, and kerosene. Heating value per pound Cost per— Specific gravity. Cost of 10,000 B.T.U. Gallon. Pound. B. T. U. 19,000 18, 600 10, 080 Cents. 15.0 13.0 15.0 Cents. 2.57 1.88 2.21 0.710 .800 .815 Cents. 1.35 1.02 2.19 From German tests the following table of economy and cost figures is collated : Relative economtj of alcohol, etc. {German data). Fuel. Cost for 10,000 B.T.U. Best con- sumption of fuel per B. H. P. hour. Best ther- mal brake eflaciency. B. T. U. per B. H. P. hiur. Fuel cost per B. H. P. hour. Cents. 1.35 1.02 2.19 Pound. 0. .580 Per cent. 23.0 11,000 14,140 8,030 Cents. 1.485 .725 18.0 .803 31.7 1.442 1.7.58 From these figures the author concludes that at the present time, with 90 per cent alcohol at 15 cts.. the operation with alcohol would cost about 19 per cent more than with gasoline and about 22 per cent more than with kerosene. The advantage of gasoline from the standi)oint of fuel cost is, however, said to be less than the other advantages in favor of the alcohol engine, which accounts for its extended application in European countries. Free alcohol in the arts and as fuel, C. Baskerville {Amer. Mo. Rev. of. Revieics, 5-} (1900), Xo. 199, pp. 211-21Jt). — A brief discussion of the uses of alcohol, its manufacture and denaturization, with certain economic and social conditions likely to result from the removal of the tax upon the denaturized product. The alcohol law and its relation to American industry, D. A. Willey (Tnidcsntuii. .JJ (19(16). Xo. .9, p. -ll). — The writer reviews the status of the alcohol industry in France and Germany and makes some predictions as to its future in this country under the " alcohol law." It is held that alcohol can l)e distilled from corn at a total expense of less than 12 cts. per gallon, and from refuse of molasses, beets, and sugar cane at about 10 cts. per gallon. As an instance of the industrial development which will result from the use of grain alcohol, the author mentions one large imple- ment firm which has enlarged its plant purposely for making gas engines so that it will be able to build no less than 20,000 a year. "The indications are that fuel stations for distrilaiting alcohol will be located throughout the United States, just as petroleum tanks are now situated." The writer thinks " the advantages to the South and West from the use of alcohol are especially notable, since these sections produce such an enormous quantity of corn, potatoes, and beets, together with refuse molasses from sugar manufacture." Firing boilers with vegetable fuels, M. RI^GEr.MA^'N (.Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.. 12 (1906), Xo. 2S, pp. .'/6-.50). — In this article means are described for utilizing as a fuel peat, wood, tree branches, bark, sawdust, dry weeds, straw, sugar-cane stalks, etc. The quantities of each necessary per horsepower hour are given, and special types of furnaces adapted for such fuels are illustrated and described. 192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Science in thrashing, C. F. Conner (St. Joseph. Midi.: The Threshermen's Rerieiv Co., 1906, pp. 17 i, figs. 20). — In this work the author treats of the operation, management, and care of thrasliing machinery. In the first portion of the book the various parts of the thrasher are described and their functions explained. Numerous practical suggestions as to adjustments and management are given. In part 2 traction and portable engines are considered, some thermodynamic theory being included, together with explanations of the action and advice as to the care of various engine and boiler appliances. Eefrigerating apparatus, H. Pillaud (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 78 (1906). Xo. 15, pp. 355-358). — In this article is noted the increasing application of cold storage for the preservation of fruits and vegetables as well as l>ulbs and flowers. Various machines exhibited at the last agricultural show at Paris are described. Some of these machines are intended for hand power, the capacity being about 1,300 gm. of ice per liour. The various refrigerating mediums used in the machines exhibited were ammonia, carbonic acid, sulphur dioxid, and methy- lated chlorin. EURAL ECONOMICS. How to choose a farm, T. F. Hunt (Xeic York: The MacmiUan Co., 1906, pp. XVIII -\-Jtl2, figs. 133). — "In this book the attempt has been made to state the principles concerned in the selection of a farm, and then to apply these prin- ciples to a discussion of the different regions of the Western Continent." The author regards farming as a business, and treats the selection, arrange- ment, and management of a farm from the standpoint of making a profit. To this end fertility of soil, topography, nearness of location to market, and trans- portation facilities for the products of the farm are important factors in select- ing farm property. " The local market is often of considerable advantage for the sale of the minor products of the farm, even when the major products are shipped to a distant market." The United States is divided by the author into geographical divisions which practically conform in nature of soil, climate, and suitability of crops. Methods of cultivation adapted to each region are given, as well as plans and illustrations of typical farms in tliese different sections, in the outlying possessions of the United States, and in other countries in North and Soutli America. An appendix contains information about securing title to public lands in the United States and Canada, various agricultviral statistics, and an extended bibliography. The marketing of Irish produce (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 6 {1906), Xo. .'/. pp. 662-675). — Based upon information secured from a large number of wholesale buyers of Irish agricultural produce, attention is called to the defects in present methods of grading and packing eggs, cranuned poultry, and fruits. Suggestions are made to Irish producers and shii)pers for improv- ing present methods of marketing these and similar goods with a view to more successfully meeting foreign competition in London and other British markets. The economic future of the negro — the factor of white competition, W. E. B. Dubois and A. II. Stone (Piihx. Aiiier. Ecoii. Assoc.. 3. scr.. 7 (1906), Xo. 1, pp. 219-2'.).'i). — This is the subject of 2 papers read at the eighteenth annual meeting of the American Economic Association held at Baltimore, Md., December 27-29, 1905. Statistics are given which show that white farm laborers and particularly Italian immigrants are slowly displacing the colored race in the South along the line of agricultural pursuits. It is believed, nevertheless, that " the home of the masses of the [colored] race must remain in the Southern States, and that their destiny must be worked out upon the soil." Better educational and agri- EURAL ECONOMICS. 193 culturnl systoms. the priviloRo of acquiring land, jnstioo in executing wage and land tenure contracts, cultivation of food supplies in addition to cotton, and in- tensive culture are urged as means of raising the million and a half of colored farmers and farm laborers to a position of economic equality with their white compel i tors. The packers, the private car lines, and the people, J. O. Aumotk (J'hiht- (h'1i>hiit: Henri/ Mtriniis Co.. JD06, pp. X IT + 15-380).— The author treats of the origin and development of the refrigerator-car service, and gives statistics to show to what extent this means of transportation has been instrumental in developing the cattle, fruit, vegetable, and other rural industries throughout the United States. The advantages of this service in supplying fresh agricultural products at all seasons of the year and at reasonable prices to distant urban po|iulations are also indicated. Yearbook of world economics, R. Calwer {■/iihrhuch dcr Weltirirt>ul>lication statistical data relating to labor, agriculture, mining, iron and textile manufactures, finance, etc., for the year 1.904, in comparison with preceding years, are reported. The chapter on agricultvu'e is mainly devoted to the world's production of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and corn. The acreage devoted to the growth of these crops in the main cereal-growing countries is Indicated, together with the prices per ton in the principal markets of the woiid. Statistics are given which show that there was a gradual increase in cereal yield from 1878 to 1004. Foreign live stock and dead meat imports into the United Kingdom (Dept. A{/r. and Tech. I list r. Ireland -Jour.. 6 {1906), .Yo. .'/. pp. 100-108, d(jms. 1). — Comparative statistics of the impo ts of live stock and meats into Great Britain from Ireland and foreign and colonial countries for the years 1885 to 1905, inclusive, are reported and discussed. The highest total value of live stock imported from foreign and colonial countries was recorded in 1897. amounting to £11,380,492. Since then the live stock import trade has slowly declined, particularly with pigs and sheep. The import of live cattle from foreign countries, however, has not changed much from year to year. In 1905 the returns show the number of cattle imported from foreign countries to be 565,1?)9. valued at £9,665,806, as compared with 749,131 imported from Ireland. As regards the importation of fresh meat into the United Kingdom, there has been a steady increase of value from £4,016,684 in 1885 to £17,430,443 in 1905. Nine-tenths of the fresh beef imported comes from the United States and Argen- tina, but the latter is slowly taking the lead in this branch of British trade as shown by the following figures : Imports of fresh heef into the United Kingdom. Imported from the — In 1904. In 1905. In 1906 (sixmonth-s). United States Cwt. 2,395,836 1,675,271 Cwt. 2,232,206 2, 580, 152 Cwt. 1,228,743 Argentina 1,517,103 "The prices realized, however, by Argentine beef remain considerably lower than those obtained by the fresh beef from the United States." while home- grown and Irish prime beef maintains a clear lead over all in market prices. The attention of the Irish farmer is called to the fact that the imports of foreign and colonial meat have been increasing more rapidly than any other agricultural im])ort which competes with home produce. This, it is clauued, " points to the fact that Ireland must depend ou a diversified agriculture and that she must produce fresh supplies of the best quality in every line." 194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cotton: Its cultivation, marketing, manufacture, and the problems of the cotton world, C. W. Bukkett and C. H. Poe CNetv YorJc: Douhlcday, Page d- Co., 1906, pp. XII + 331, pis. 58, figs. 4). — A popular discussion of the subject of cotton, in all its economic aspects, from the preparation of the land to the final disposition of manufactured cotton fabrics. The authors point out the possibilities of the South to provide the world's chief markets not only with raw cotton, but with manufactured cotton goods and cotton-seed by-products. The value and importance of the cotton crop to the future agricultural and economic development of the South is especially emphasized. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1905 (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 45). — This contains reports of the director and heads of depai-tments. The director discusses reclamation and irrigation work in Nevada, farmers' Institutes, etc., and gives a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. The departmental reports contain notes on forage plants, orchard, and small fruits ; spraying for the San Jose scale ; meteorological conditions ; experiments with field crops, etc. Seventeenth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1904 {South Caro- lina »S7fl. Rpt. I'.iii'i. pp. 26). — This contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1904, and reports of the vice-director and members of the station staff on the different lines of work during the year. The report of the chemist contains averages of analyses of different classes of fertilizers from 1891 to 1904. Eighteenth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1905 (Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 47-63). — This contains the organization list of the station, reports of the director and members of the station staff, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. A preliminary note on clover diseases in Ten- nessee has been abstracted from another source (E. S. R., 17, p. 567). Experiment Station Work, XXXV ( ['. .S'. Dept. Agr., Formers' Bui. 259, pp. 32, figs. 3). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Use of commercial fertilizers, weight of lime per bushel, spreading lime, soil steriliza- tion, weights per bushel of seeds, disease resistant crops, corn billbugs and root- louse, asparagus rust and its control, alfalfa meal as a feeding stuff, singed cacti as forage, cattle feeding in the South, milk fever, nail wounds in horses' feet, and use of a cheap canning outfit. Press Bulletins Nos. 125-151 (Kansas 8ta. Bill. 136, pp. 143-206, fig. 1).— Reprints of press liulletins on the following subjects : Meadow fescue, corn en- silage for steers, rabies or hydrophobia, preventive work against the Hessian fly, Bromus inerniis, poison for prairie dogs and other rodents, warbles or grubs in cattle, the common garden mole, grasshopper poisons, baby beef, ringbone and spavin, contagious abortion in cattle, some troubles of swine, testing seed corn for vitality, garget (congestion of the udder), Kansas Experiment Station egg-laying contests, swine feeding test with sorghum-seed meal, Kafir-corn meal, soy-bean meal, and corn meal, summer pruning, preparing fruits for exhibition, the garden webworm, a shade-tree pest (the fall webworm), testing winter wheat varieties for western Kansas, a troublesome parasite of the horse, swine feeding tests (Armour's deodorized meat meal and alfalfa hay as supplemen- tary feeds to corn), the San Jose scale in Kansas, and baby beef production with western feeds. Bulletins of Alabama College Station ( Alalia ma College f^ta. Index to Vol. XII, Bids. 127-129, and Ann. Rpt. 1904, PP- 105-112; Vol. XIII. Bills. 130-134, and Ann. Rpt, 1905, pp. 205-214). NOTES, Alabama College Station. — ('. S. W.-ildnip li.-is I)0(mi ;i]>i)ointo(l iissistnnt cheiuisi. Arkansas University and Station. — Hon. C". ('. Iliunby, of I'rescott, bus beeu :iI)i)oiiited a iiieniber of tbo boaid of trustees of tbe university, to succeed Hon. Doufi:iild MoMillau. resigned. Tbe work of tick eradication in tbe nortbern part of tbe State bas beeu beynn by a preliminary survey of Benton and Wash- ington c-ounties. Dr. W. Lenton. recently apjioiuted instructor in veterinary scieuce and veterinarian to tbe station, will bave cbarge of tbe work, in co- oi)eratioii witb tbe Bureau of Anim.-il Industry of tills Department. (". II. Tour- gee, wbose resignation from tbe Oklahoma College and Station was previously noted, bas I)een appointed in tbe dairy department of the Arkansas Station. Colorado College and Station. — II. M. Cottrell, formerly of the Kansas Col- lege anil Station, b.ns lieen appointed professor of ainmal husl)andry, vice J. A. McLean, who, as previously noted, has gone to tbe Iowa College. L. F. Paull, formerly of tbe Kansas Station and for tbe last year a graduate student at Cornell University, bas, according to Coijiell CoKiitrniiKin. been appointed assistant horticulturist at tbe Colorado Station. Georgia Station. — At a recent meeting of tbe governing board, tbe resignation of R. J. Redding as director was accepted, and .Martin V. Calvin, of Augusta, Ga., secretary of tbe State Agricultural Society, was elected to succeed him. J. M. Kimbrougb. agriculturist, was elected vice-director. Illinois Station. — A. X. Gregory and N. E.- Bell, graduates in chemistry of tbe North Carolina College, have been appointed as analytical chemists to succeed W. F. I'ate, who, as previously noted, has gone to the Ohio Station, and C. E. Leigbty. who bas accepted a position witb the Bureau of Plant In- dustry of this Department. W. G. Eckhardt bas been api)ointed assistant in soil fertility. Kansas College and Station, — The new horticultural building is ueariug com- pletion. Tbe greenhouses are to be replaced by a large modern structure this winter. Tbe station has leased 40 acres of farm land just outside the city for experiments in dry farming. Kentucky Station. — E. S. (Jood, formerly connected witb tbe Illinois Univer- sity and Station, bas accepted a position in animal husbandry at tbe station. Louisiana Stations. — E. Itosentb.-il. (laii'yin;in at the Calhoun Station, bas re- signed. Massachusetts College and Station. — The formal inauguration of Kenynn L. Buttcrticld as ]iresi(lent cf tln' college took place October 17. .\mong tbe insti- tutions represeiitcil at tlic exercises were tiie agricultural colleges of Con- necticut, Michigan and Rhode Island, Boston. Clark and Maine universities, Amherst, .Mt. Ilolyoke. Sinnnons and Smith colleges, the Case School of Applied Science, and tbe Massachusetts Institute of Technology, In an introductory address M. F. Dickinson. U>v ihc board of" trustees, i)aid a glowing tribute to tbe late President (ioodell. Tbe subject of tbe inaugural address of IM-esident lUutertield was The Forward Movement in Agricultural Education. In this be outlined tbe directions along which progress is making, the special missiou 195 196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and opportunities of the college, and a program for strengthening its worli and developing its field of usefulness. H. A. Parsons has been appointed dairy tester, vice J. G. Cook, resigned. F. G. Hellj-ar, inspector in the division of foods and feeding, has resigned to accept a position as assistant in the agri- cultural deiiartnient at Mount Ilernion School. Michigan College. — A dei)artnient of farm mechanics has been established and placed under the directioji of L. J. Smith, a graduate of the engineering course at this college in inoc. Missouri University and Station. — Among the recent appointments are the fol- lowing: Miss Edna I). Day, Ph. I)., of the University of Chicago, as assistant professor of household economics ; L. F. Childers, of the University of Missouri, as assistant in agronomy ; E. A. Trowbridge, as assistant in animal husbandry, and W. H. Chandler, of the University of Missouri, as assistant in horticulture. H. S. Wayman has been promoted from assistant in dairy husbandry to instructor in the same subject. B. M. Duggar, botanist, and W. L. Howard, assistant horticulturist, have returned from a year's leave of absence in Eui'ope. Nebraska University and Station. — Roscoe H. Shaw, assistant professor of agricultural chemistry in the university and associate chemist in the station, has resigned to become assistant professor of dairy husbandry in the Univer- sity of Missouri. He is also connected with the Dairy Division of this Depart- ment as dairy expert. Cornell University. — L. B. Judson. of the Idaho College and Station, has been appointed assistant professor of horticulture. The new buildings of the col- lege of agriculture are approaching completion, and it is expected will b^ ready for occupancy this fall. A model schoolhouse is being erected as a part of the extension work. In addition to the usual recitation room, it will contain a large laboratory for nature study. An effort will be made to secure its dupli- cation at many places in the State. North Carolina College and Station. — J. G. Hall, who has been taking ad- vanced work at Harvard University, has recently been added to the station staff as assistant pathologist. W. A. Syme, Ph. D., a graduate of the college and of Johns Hopkins I'niversity. has been appointed assistant chemist in the station and instructor in the college, and J. C. Temi>le has been appointed assist- ant in bacteriological work in the college and station. He will give his atten- tion especially to work in connection with soils. Robert S. Curtis, a graduate of the Iowa Agricultural College, has become assistant in animal husbandry in the college and station. Porto Rico Station. — D. W. May, director of the station, has returned for a short visit, and will attend the convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at Baton Rouge. Pineapple plants sent up from the station last spring and planted outdoors at the Arling- ton Farm of this Department produced fruit whi<-h was of good flavor and ■well matured liy the first of October. South Dakota Station. — The station plans to erect a building to be used by the veterinarian in investigating diseases of farm animals, at a cost of about $2,000. West Virginia University and Station. — T. C. Johnson has been placed in charge of the botanical work of the university and is no longer connected with the station. E. B. Copeland, who has been connected with the government lab- oratories at Manila, has been elected horticulturist of the station and will enter on his work about the middle of November. He is a graduate of Leland Stan- ford University, and previous to going to Manila occupied the chair of botany in this university. Wisconsin University and Station. — Andrew McLeod has been appointed in- structor in soils in the luiiversity and assistant in soils in the station. Conrad Hoffmann has become assistant in agriculture and bai-teriulogv and Christ NOTES. 197 Sc'liroetlor assistant in animal husbandry in the university and station, and E. J. Dehviclie suiierintondent of the Northern Wisconsin substations. State Experimental Farm in Brazil. — The following facts concerning the Fa- zenda Modelo. at IMracicaba, Brazil, are furnished by its director, J. Willi.\ni Hart, formerly of the University of Illinois : The Fazcnda has an area of 319.12 hectares (about 788 acres). AV)0ut 50 hectares are luider cultivation, and the remainder is pasture and second-growth timber. The princijtal crops are corn, rice, beans, sugar cane, and cotton. Many variety tests are Ciirried on. One field of corn from selected seed yielded at the rate of 00 bu. per acre. Florida velvet beans, planted in corn at the last cultivation, grew vigorously, and the I'oots were found to be covered with nodules. Plat tests with alfalfa and California burr clover indicate no advan- tage from liming, and that phosphoric acid is most needed. Alfalfa grown under irrigation has given good yields, and garden vegetables are being grown in contour checks and depressed beds. If this proves practicable a profitable field will be opened, as during the dry season from June to November the mar- kets are almost bare of green vegetables. It is also hoped that by means of irrigation the planting of rice may be deferred so that the crop will mature two months later than at present. In this way dry, sunny weather will be insured for harvesting and thrashing. A plantation of 9.000 coffee trees and a vineyard of 400 grapevines have been planted on newly cleared land. Over 100,000 seedling oranges and lemons are in nursery rows, ready to be budded. George Weigt. a graduate of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, is horticulturist and pomologist. The students of the Louis Queiros School of Agriculture receive instruction In modern agiicultural methods. At present 47 are in attendance. The Fa- zenda is equipped with the latest and best American machinery. The cattle and hogs are mostly native blood, but improvement is I>eing sought through importations from Europe. The State of Sao Paulo appropriates about JP2.J,000 a year for the main- tenance of the Fazenda, besides special ai>propriations for the erection of buildings. New Experiment Stations in Madras. — The Madras Department of Agriculture has arranged to start a new experiment station at Attur. in the Chingleput dis- trict, and another at Nandyal, in the Kurnool district. The former will be de- voted to the thorough trial of jjereunial and exotic cottons under irrigation and to the growth of fodder ci'ops, and the latter is to be devoted mainly to the study of the varieties of cotton known as " Northerns " and their improvement hy selection and crossbreeding. .V study of the sorghum crop of the Nandyal \'al- ley will also be made. Chinese Experimental Field. — The Chinese Government has approved a re- quest made by the native board of commerce at Peking for the u.se of the Loshan garden, which is situated on the Imperial Road outside of the Ilsichih Gate of Peking, with an area of KiC^ acres, as a field for agricultural experiments. In 190.J the board was authorized to take measures for the encouragement of agri- culture, but up to the present, with the exception of the few experimental fields and agricultural schools established in Chihli, Shantung, Shansi, Honan, and Fukien, little has been done along this line. Agricultural Investigation for Tropical Agriculture. — At the York meeting of the British Association the past summer Prof. Wyndhani Dunstan, in his open- ing address to the section of chemistry, speaking of some of the oi>i)()rtnnities aff(U-ded to applied chemistry in the field of agriculture, said : " If we are to compete successfull.v with foreign countries, it is necess.-iry that the position of science in relation to tropical agriculture should be definitely 198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. recognized. The days when a Itotanical garden served the purpose of an entire scientific establishment in a colony have passed away, and we now require, in order that a proper return should be obtained and the natives assisted in their agricultural practice, a scientific department with a proper complement of speci- ally trained officers, including a consiilting chemist, other specialists being added to the staff as the requirements arise. These officers should be remunerated on a scale likely to attract some of the best educated men from this country, which is at present far from being the case." Macdonald College. — Sir William Macdonald, who established the institution at St. Anne de Bellevne, has deeded the ]iroporty to McGill University and pro- vided an endowment of .'i!2,(>00,(X)(>, besides the plant. A main building, build- ings for agriculture and horticulture, for chemistry and physics, for biology and bacteriology, are in process of construction, together with a boys' and a girls' building, a horticultural barn, and a power house. All of the buildings are substantially built of brick, iron, and concrete, with partitions of fireproof hollow tile and floors of concrete with wood laid on top in certain of the rooms. The walls are lined inside with hollow tiles, so as to give a dead air space. The construction is very thorough in every respect. The buildings are to be heated from a central heating plant, with a compre- hensive ventilating system. Several of them are connected by underground passages, to be used in bad weather. It is expected that the buildings will be ready for occupancy in the fall of 1907. They will provide accommodations for about 400 pupils — 175 men and 22.5 women. The school has a farm of about 560 acres, a part of which is in cultivation. One of the farms purchased was provided with large barns for cattle, and considerable stock is being kept there. The college will have a large poultry plant and extensive rooms for showing agricultural machinery. In addition to training boys and girls for farm life, a regular normal depart- ment will be conducted for the training of teachers, with a special view to providing persons suited to teaching elementary agriculture, nature study, and the like. Although affiliated with McGill University, the faculty of the college will dictate as to the courses except such as lead to degrees. Elementary Agricultural Education. — The Morgan Township High School, located at Okeana, Butler t'ounty, Ohio, has introduced elementary agriculture, and a class of 9 students is taking the work this year. There is also in the school an agricultural club, organized under the direction of the Ohio State University. The committee on education of the Ohio State Grange has undertaken an active campaign for the study of agriculture and domestic science in the sub- ordinate granges of the State, under the direction of the college of agriculture and domestic science of the Ohio State University. The committee having this work in charge has issued a number of educational circulars and two bulletins, one setting forth the objects of the work and giving an outline of a course of study and reading on the soil and its management, and the other an outline and course of study on farm crops and gardening. The college of agriculture of Illinois University has added an instructor this year for the purpose of preparing prospective teachers of agriculture and to determine what phases of agriculture seem best adapted for introduction into public schools. A small class of college students has taken up this work. The County Superintendents' Association of Indiana has forwarded to I'urdue University a formal reciuest to organize a training school for teachers in agriculture and nature study. The OkUthoiiia School Herald is running a department of agriculture, edited by E. E. Balcomb, teacher of agricidture in the Southwestern Normal School. NOTES. 199 Agricultural Instruction in Ireland. — Acfordiiis to tlio Aiumnl Koport of the Depiirtineiit of Agriculture and Tec-linical lustruc-tion for Ireland. llK»4-r), agri- cultural instruction was continued at the Koyal College of Science, Dublin. th(> Albert Agricultural College, Glasneviu, and at Munster Institute, Corlv. Ai the Royal College of Science 38 students were in attendance. ;tt tlie Albert Agricul- tural College 08, and at Muuster Institute 50, the latter all young women. 'IMie courses in dairying, calf rearing, poultry keeping, gardening, sewing, cooking, and laundry work at the Munster Institute are so highly appreciated that although only ;"(() students can lie admitted, there were at the time of tliis r<>j)ort nearly 2~A) applicants on the waiting list of the department. Winter agricultural schools, running from six to twenty-six weeks, were held at l(i centers and 317 students were enrolled. Twenty itinerant instructors were at work during the year and attended a total of 1.054 meetings of farmers. A large number would have been employed but for the difficulty of securing men of adequate training and experience. To overcome this difficulty somewhat the department held a forestry school for instructors in agriculture at Avondale Forestry Station, a poultry-fattening school at Avondale Poultry Station, and a bee-keeping school at All^ert Agricultural College. Reclamation of the Rann of Cutch in India. — The following concerning this great reclamation enterprise is (pioted from tScioicr: "According to Renter's Agency, the Indian government has under consideration a scheme for reclaiming tlie Rann of Cutch, a work which, if carried out, will be similar to that under- taken by the Dutch in the Zuider Zee. The Rann of Cutch is a waste, at some seasons water, at others land, and it is proposed to reclaim it by closing the inlets from the sea, which are narrow. The water, which is everywhere shal- low, would then evaporate rapidly, leaving heavy saline deposits. These, it is thought, could be washed out and drained away by a great canal to be con- structed from the Indus. The application of scientific agriculture to the re- claimed land and the construction of a railway linking Karachi and Bombay would complete the jiroposed scheme." International Conference on Hybridization and Plant Breeding. — xVt the con- cluding meeting of this conference, according to a note in Xatiirc. Veitch gold memorial medals were presented to W. Bateson. F. R. S.. the president of the con- ference. Professor Johannsen. Professor Wittmack. and I'rof. Maurice de Yil- morin. and silver-gilt Banksian medals to Miss E. R. Saunders, lecturer on botany r.t Newnham College, and R. II. Biffen, for eminent services rendered to scien- tific and iiractical horticulture. Professor de Vilmorin, as the representative of the Horticultural Society and the Botanical Society of France, invited the society to hold its next conference at Paris. During the conference the following resolution was adopted : " That the mem- bers of the International Conference on Ilyln-idization and Plant Breeding, gathered from all parts of the world and assembled iu the Hall of the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain, desire to express to the President of the I'nited States of. America and to the Minister of the Department of Agriculture at Washington their hearty appreciation of and thanks for the invaluable as- sistance which has Iteen given to farmers, liorticulturists. planters, and scien- tific men tiirouglumt thi' whole world l)y the lil)eral distribution of American re- search ]>ubli cations." Jubilee Horticultural Exposition. — An iutern.itional ;irt and hortii-uitural ex- position is to l)e held at Mannlieim. Germany, during the growing season of JVMIT. Eiglit sjiecial exhibits are to be made on different dates, six of whicli will be international in character. The first of the international exhiliits will l)e held ^lay 18-21. at which forced fruits and vegetal»l(»s. including asparagus, will be the special features. A secoud exhibit will be held June 8-11, with straw- 200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. berries, early cherries, stone fruits, and early vegetables as the leading features. A special cherry exhibit on June 22-25 will be confined to German productions. On July 13-15 an international exhibit of early fruits and vegetables will be made, on August 10-12 of early pome and drupaceous fruits, on September 21-24 of fall vegetables, and on October Jj-l-l a general exhibit of fruits. An Abstract Journal for Tuberculosis. — The literature relating to tuberculosis of man and animals has become so extensive and is published in such a great variety of journals, some of which are mainly devoted to other matters than medicine, that it is almost impossible to obtain abstracts even of the most im- portant articles without consulting a long list of journals. To supply this ap- parent bibliographical deficiency a new abstract journal has been established, Internationales Centralblatt fiir die gesannnte Tuherkulose-Literatur. the object of which is to contain as complete a list of references as possible to the litera- ture in the whole field of tuberculosis. Miscellaneous. — It is learned from Nature that Maj. P. G. Craigie, assistant tsecretary of the British Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and known to many through his visit to the American stations, has retired. He is succeeded by Mr. Henry Rew. Dr. Otto Miiller. of Konigsberg, has been appointed director of the Bacterio- logical Institute of the East Prussian Chamber of Agriculture, which opened October 1, 1006. The American Breeders' Association will hold its regular winter meeting at Columbus, Ohio, January 15-18, 1907. The sessions will be held at the uni- versity and board of trade buildings. The association now has an annual membership of over 950, with 42 life members. Its second annual report has just been issued. A New England conference on rural progress is to be held in Boston next March, under the auspices of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. A farmers' reading course in practical agriculture for the farmers of South Africa is to be given vmder the supervision of William P. Brooks, director of the Massachusetts Station. The course will be covered in Brooks' Agricul- ture, Vols. I and II, and the student will be guided in his studies by a large syllabus of over 00 pages, containing lesson assignments, heli)ful suggestions, directions for experiments, and over 2,000 questions on the lessons. At the opening of the session of the Southeastern Agricultural College at Wye, October 1, Dr. Henry E. Armstrong delivered the inaugural address. A conference of fruit growers was held at the college October 22, with discussions upon methods of planting, fungus diseases, insect attacks, and strawberry cul- ture, by S. U. Pickering, E. C. Salmon, F. V. Theobald, and W. P. Wright. Registration for the conference was in advance. The Queensland Department of Agriculture has inaugurated a system whereby young men who find it impractical to attend the Agricultural College at Gatton are given the opportunity of gaining an insight into farming at the Hermitage State Farm, Warwick. The department of agriculture of India has begun the publication of a series of memoirs, which deal with scientific subjects relating to agriculture. These memoirs will be published in separate series, designated as Chemical Series, Botanical Series, Entomological Series, etc., and will appear as material is available for publication. Up to July, 190G, three ninnbers had appeared in the Botanical Series — The Haustoria of the Sandalwood, Indian Wheat Rusts, and Fungus Diseases of Sugar Cane in Bengal. In the Chemical Series, one number has been issued on the composition of Indian Rain and Dew, and in the Entomological Series one number, The Bombay Locust o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLP^N, Pii. 1)., jUsldant Director KDITOHIAL DKI'AKT.MKXTS. ^Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. 11. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W . H. Evan«, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. f lortieulture and Forestry — C. B. Smith. Zootechny and Human ^'utrition — C. F. Langworthv, Ph. D. Agrotechuy, Dairy Fanning, and Dairying — H. W. Lawson. Agricultural Chemistry — \V. 11. Beal, C. F. Langworthv, and H. W. Lawson. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — B. P. Fleming. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII, NO. 3. Editorial notes: Progress in medical and in agricultural science and practice 201 Relation between investigation and instruction 204 Retirement of Director R. J. Redding 206 Recent work in agricultural science 207 Notes 297 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Detection of natural phosphates in phosphatic slags, Ledoux 207 Determination of actual agricultural value of phosphatic slags, Gregoire 207 Determining phosphoric acid in slag and natural phosphates, Ruwet 207 Determination of phosphoric acid in artificial fertilizers, Christensen 207 New modification of method of determining phosphoric acid 207 Indirect determination of small amounts of magnesia, Berju 207 Solubility of phosphoric acid in typical Swedish soils, Nannes 208 Chemical equilibrium of bases with phosphoric acid, Berthelot 208 Analysis of nitrate of soda, Bensemann 208 Two new color reactions for nitric acid, Reichard 208 Investigation and valuation of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, etc., Krische 208 Methods of determining carbon dioxid, Holtschmidt 208 Determination of caribou dioxid in waters, Bruhns 208 Reliability of the Baudouin reaction, Rurdam 208 Formaldehyde: Its composition and uses. Smith 208 Paints and their composition, Ladd and Holley 209 Report of chemical laboratory of Swedish Moor Culture Society, von Feilitzen . 209 Report of the chemist: Division of foods and feeding, Lindsey - 209 I II CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY WATER. Page. Meteorological reports, Georgeson 209 Meteorological statistics for 1905, Loud 209 Colorado Springs weather records between 1872 and 1903, Angel! 209 Meteorological observations, Ostrander and Barry 209 The weather for 1905, Doten -• 209 Annual preciiiitation in Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Slaughter 210 Meteorology, Carpenter and Hamner 210 Meteorological conditions in Denmark, 1904-5, Willaume-Jantzen 210 Extension of river and flood service of Weather Bureau, Frankenfield 210 Influence of shelter tent upon temperature and moisture, Frear 211 Certain relations of rainfall and temperature to tree growth, Gannett 211 Cyclonic storms and Kochester weather, Fairchild 211 Tar smudge, Thackara 211 Guide to the weather, Bornstein 211 Amount of chlorin in rain water, Jorissen 211 Chlorin in rain water 211 Composition of Indian rain and dew. Leather 212 Prevention of the growth of alg;e in water supplies 212 Number of bacteria and their significance in interpretation of water analysis. Gage ,212 Progress of self-purification in water, Hofer ' 212 SOILS FERTILIZERS. studies of Wisconsin soils, Whitson and Stoddart 213 [Acidity and nitrogen in Hawaiian soils] , Shorey 213 Exploitation of peaty soils, NicoUe 214 Shifting sands, Birge 214 Soil temperatures, Georgeson 214 Hints for agricultural associations 214 The improvement of wet and alkali meadows. Farcy 214 Insoluble alkali compounds in humus substances of the soil, Berthelot 215 The removal of salts from soils in Egypt, Aladjem 215 A saline soil of the lower valley of the Po, Peglion 215 Absorption of alkaline carbonates by soils, Dumont and Maquenne 215 Influence of bacteria on nitric acid in soils, Stoklasa and Vitek 215 [Indian soils and fertilizers]. Leather 216 Plan for a soil test with fertilizers, Frear 217 Cooperative fertilizer trials in Sweden, 1905, Bolin 217 Assimilation of mineral matter in vegetation experiments, Ulbricht 218 Agricultural value of poultry manure, Hawkins 218 Artificial fertilizers, Lee 218 Nitrogen from the air .• 218 Spontaneous formation of dicyandiamid in fertilizers, Perotti 218 Nitrate of sodat>. mixture of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, Feruglio. 219 Influence of soil bacteria on solubility of phosphates, Koch and Krober 219 Aluminum phosphate v. mineral superphosphate and Thomas slag, Bonomi.. 219 Calcium superphosphate as compared with Thomas slag, Bonomi 219 Economical use of potash fertilizers, Bonomi 219 Sulphate of potash, Bargeron 219 Salt, Engelhardt 219 Fertilization, Redding and Starnes 220 Analyses of fertilizers, Goessmann 220 Compilation of analyses of agricultural chemicals, etc., Haskins 220 Official inspection of commercial fertilizers, 1905, Goessmann 220 Report on general work in the chemical laboratory, Goessmann 220 Fertilizer analyses, 1905-6, Kilgore 220 Analyses of commercial fertilizers 220 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, 1905, WoU and Olson 220 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Report of the botanist. Stone and Monahan 221 The numbers of bacteria in sterilized and unsterilized soils, Osmun 222 Notes on formation of albuminoid substances in j^lants, Montemartini 222 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Stimulation of nutrition of plants, Micheels 222 Synthesis and breakiiij^ down of organic nitrogen in j)lants, Schulzc 223 Formation aud j)hysi()logical use of pentosans in plants, Calal)resi 223 Calcium salts and assimilation of nitrate nitrogen, Yermakov 223 Tubercles on legumes with and without cultures, Sheldon 223 FIELD (Kors. Report on agricultural investigations in Alaska, 1905 [Field crops], Georgeson. 224 Report on agricultural investigations in Hawaii, 1905 [Field crops], Smith... 225 Report on agricultural investigations in Porto Rico, 1905 [Field crops]. May. 226 Report of the agriculturists, Brooks, C'liurch, and Haskell 226 Influence of exju'rinicnt-station work on t'ulture of tield crops, Schutel 227 Experiments with grain and forage plants, 1905, Moore and Stone 227 Wyoming forage plants and their chemical composition. Knight et al 229 Forage crops grown at Coast Land Experiment Station, Garrison 229 Farm practice with forage crops in western Oregon and Washington, Hunter. 229 Diversihed farming in the cotton belt, Spillman et al 230 Summary of press bulletins 230 Business of seed and jilant introduction and distribution, Pieters 230 Experiments on germination of new harvested seed, Eberhart 231 Effect of inbreeding in plants, Shamel 231 Breeding of cereals by means of artificial crossing, Tschermak 231 Feeding value of soiling crops at different stages of growth, von Feilitzen 232 Alfalfa as a forage crop of Pennsylvania, Watson 232 Inoculation experiments with alfalfa and soy beans, Russell and Moore 232 The improvement of corn in Pennsylvania, Wing 233 Eureka silage corn, its value for Massachusetts farmers, Lindsey and Smith. . 233 Variety and distance tests of corn and cotton, Kilgore et al 233 Cotton experiments, Newman 233 Cultivation of maguey in the Philippine Islands, Edwards 234 Composition of soy beans, Frear 234 Experiments with sugar beets, season 1905, Woll, Moore, and Stone 234 Dark fire-cured tobacco of Virginia, INIcNess and Mathewson 235 The composition of turnips and swedes, Hendrick 235 Winter wheat, Wiancko and Fisher 235 The flinty condition of wheat, Ferle 236 HORTICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson 236 Report of the horticulturist, Henricksen 236 Report of the horticulturist, Waugh 236 Horticultural work 237 The book of market gardening. Castle 237 Excessive feeding as factor in producing variation in tomatoes, Sandsten 237 Rhubarb culture, Kunath 237 Rhubarb culture in England, Skahveit 237 New fruit productions of the Department of Agriculture, Webber 237 Promising new fruits, Taylor 238 Relation of early maturity to hardiness in trees, Emerson 238 Conditions which affect time of annual flowering of fruit trees, Sandsten 238 New o])portunities in su])tropical fruit growing, Rolfs 239 The handling of fruit for transj)ortation, Powell 239 Small fruits in 1904, Pillsljury 239 Cranberry investigations, Wliitson, Haskins, and Malde 239 Tannic acid as a fertilizer for grapes, Cavazza 240 Report of the coffee specialist. Van Leenhoff 240 Cross i)ollination of almonds, Dargitz 240 Progress in drug-plant cultivation. True 241 Hybrids and liybridization among lni]1)ous plants, Van Tubergen 241 Compilation of analyses of fruits, garden crops, and insecticides, Haskins 241 IV CONTENTS. FORESTRY . Report of forest circles in Bombay Presidency, 1904-5 241 Reports on forest administration in Burma, 1904-5 241 Forestry conditions in Canada, Scheck 242 How to grow young trees for forest planting, Sterling 242 Woodlot thinning, Bogue 242 The nascent forest of the Miscou beach plain, Ganong 242 Sugar ])ine and western yellow pine in California, Cooper 242 AVaste in logging southern yellow pine, Peters 243 Notes on the Benguet pine, Maule 243 Ornamental and sliade trees, Kennedy 243 Prolonging the life of telephone poles, Grinnell 243 Memorandum on mechanical tests of S(ime Indian timbers, F.verett 243 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases prevalent in Nebraska during 1905, lleald 244 Infection experiments with Erysiphe graminis, Reed 244 A preliminary report on the blast of rice, Metcalf 244 Diseases of sweet potatoes in Alabama, Wilcox 245 New bacterial disease of pods of some leguminous plants. Von ( )ven 246 Apple scab in eastern Washington, Lawrence 246 Black rot of apples due to Sclerotinia fructigemi, Heald 246 Pear blight 247 The ripe rot or mummy disease of guavas, Sheldon 247 The presence of copper in olive oil, Passerini 247 Combined treatment of powdery and downy mildew, Hugounenq 247 Experiments in combating downy mildew of grapes, Passerini 247 American gooseberry mildew 248 A disease of cotton wood due to Elfving'm wegalorna, Heald 248 Peridermium cerebrum and Cronartium quercuimi, Shear 248 The adherence of copper fungicides, Gastine 248 Use of dilute solutions of sulphuric acid as a fungicide, Kraemer 249 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY'. Federal game protection. A five years' retrospect. Palmer 250 Directory of officials and organizations concerned with protection of liirds and game, 1906, Palmer 250 The zoological record, Sharp 250 Meadow mice in relation to agriculture and horticulture, Lantz 250 Requirements in interstate shipments of nursery stock. Burgess 250 Report of the entomologist. Van Dine 250 Report of the entomologists, C. H. and H. T. Fernald 250 Fifth report of State entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, Phillips. 251 Report of the entomological division, Dewar 251 Farm practice in the control of field-crop insects, Webster 251 Proliferation as factor in control of boll weevil, Hinds 251 Destroying weevils in cowpeas 252 A locust campaign, Sawer 252 Locust birds and locust poisons, Lounsbury 252 Codling moth work in 1904, Ball and Peterson 252 Codling moth in Yakima Valley, Melander and Jenne 253 Gypsy and brown-tail moths and their European parasites, Howard 254 Test of sprays for San Jose scale, Rumsey and Brooks 254 Checking cottony scale and report of State nursery inspection, Bues 254 The peach-tree borer, Starnes 254 The principal insect enemies of the peach, Quaintance 254 Insects injurious to forests. Western pine-destroying bark beetle, Webb 254 Insect enemies of forest reproduction, Hopkins 255 Two insect pests of the elm, Melander 255 The mosquito, Symons, Coffin, and Gahan 255 Mosquito control, Quayle 255 Report on horseflies of Louisiana, with remedies and natural enemies, Hine. . 256 Natural history of Tabanidee, especially Tabanus quatuornotatus, Lecaillon 256 CONTENTS. V Page. Habits and life liistories of t^onie Hies of tin; Taliaiii(l;i-, Iliiie 256 British tick?, Wlieler 256 How to get rid of rattle ticks, Melvin 257 Tests of dii>s as lice killers, Lewis 257 Economical prciJuration of sulphur-lime spray, Thatcher 257 Hpray for ])rolit 258 Silk industry 258 KOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Ropincss in bread, Watkins 258 Alcohol in 1 .rca:l, Schniclck 259 Foods and food products, whisky and other beverages, Ladd et al 259 Table sirups, Wiley 259 Fruit and its u.ses as food, Langworthy 259 Directions for pr(>serving native fruits and vegetables, Adams and Pandsten 260 Energy required by man in form of heat, Maurel 260 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Condimental and tonic stock foods, Frear 260 Inspection of feeding stuffs 260 Commercial feeding stuffs, Wheeler et al 261 Inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, Woll and Olson 261 Coefficients of digestil)ility of American feed stuffs, Lind.sey and Smith 261 Analyses of oats, Juritz 261 Do white moss and white-moss peat possess any feeding value? von Feilitzen. 261 Speltz and millet for product!^ )n of baby beef, Wilson and Skinner 261 Digestion experiments with wethers. Alfalfa and native hay, Knight et al 262 Grain rations for fattening wethers, Humphrey and Kleinheinz 263 Production of winter lamlis, Hum]jhrey and Kleinheinz 263 Exercise r. confinement for young wethers, Plumphrey and Kleinheinz 264 Soy beans in grain rations for lambs, Humphrey and Kleinheinz 264 Summary of pig feeding experiments, Linfielulletin on this suliject has already been pul)lished (E. S. R., IT, p. (!;5())- The present bulletin contains analyses of a larse num- ber of paints, with information concerning frauds practiced, such as short weight, the cost of paints, trade and chemical names of the principal i>aint pigments, etc. Report of the chemical laboratory of the Swedish Moor Culture Society, 1905, II. VON Fkilitzen (Si-enska Mosskulturfor. Thlskr., .iO (1006), Xu. 3, pp. 163-1 S>^). — The results of analyses of 1,024 samples of moor soils, peat fuel, peat litter, lake mud, fertilizers, and miscellaneous agricultural i)roducts are given in the report. — f. w. woi.i.. Report of the chemist: Division of foods and feeding, .1. B. Lixdsey (Mas- sacliKsett.s Sfa. I'pt. I'Jii'). pp. d'l-l'S). — Statements are made concerning the ex- tent and character of the work of tliis division during the year. Of the 1,665 pieces of dairy glassware examined 1!)T were eondenuied on account of inaccu- rate graduation. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Meteorological reports, C. C. Georgeson ( ('. S. Dcpt. Af/r., Office E.rpt. Stas. Bill. Ui'.i. pp. 7, 'pi. .')■',. Gil. O.'f-lOO). — Tabular summaries are given of the reports of the volunteer weather observers of the Weather Bureau of Alaska on tem- perature, precipitation, and general weather conditions during the year ended September 30, lOO.j, and the general weather conditions at the experiment sta- tions at Sitka, Copper Center, Rampart, and Kenai are briefly discussed. Meteorological statistics for 1905, F. II. Loud (Colo. Col. Pub., 12 (1906). Sci. Ser., A'o.s. -'/7--'/.9, pp. 215-305). — The instrumental equipment and methods of making observations at the observatory of Colorado College are briefly de- scribed and a detailed daily, monthly, and annua.l summary of observations on temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, humidity, winds, and svuishine is given. Colorado Springs weather records between 1872 and 1903, ('. M. Angell (Co/o. Col. rub., 12 (1906), Sci. Ser., Ao.s. .J7-//.9, pp. J'^O-JiS).— Tables give mean monthly temperature, maximum and minimum daily temperature, mean of maxi- muin and minimum daily temperatures, maximum daily range of temperature, total monthly wind movement, maximum wind velocity, prevailing monthly wind direction, mean monthly relative humidity, total monthly precipitation, maximum daily precipitation, and number of clear, partly cloudy, and cloudy days compiled from records of the observatory of Colorado College and of the Denver ollice of the T'. S. Weather Bureau. Meteorological observations, J. E. OsTRAxnER and T. A. Bahry (Massa- iJiKsctts Std. Met. Bills. 211, 212, pp. .'/ each). — Sununaries of observations at Am- herst, INIass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precii)itation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July and August. lOOC. 'i'he data are briefly discussed in a general note on the weather of each month. The weather for 1905, S. B. Doten (yerada Sta. Bill. GO. pp. 19. chart 1).— An account is given by months of the weather conditions during the year 1905, with an annual summary in which the records for 1905 are compared with those for the preceding 17 years. The data reported include observations on temperature, precipitation, cloudi- 1112.5— No. 3— 06 M 2 210 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, ness, and direction of tlie wind. The average temperature for the year was 49.5° F., the highest temperature 98°, July 0, tlie lowest 7°, December 24. The total precipitation was 5.09 in., being 2.51 in. less than the normal for 17 years. There were 222 clear days during the year. There was an average daily range in temperature of 29°, the greatest variation being during the cloudless months of July and August, when the daily range was 36°, and least in January and February, when the average daily variation was 23°. This great daily range of temperature is an important and characteristic fea- ture of the climate of this region. " In the spring it endangers the fruit crop, for warm, sunny days are followed by nights cloudless and cold, when the frost plays havoc with bud and blossom. ... [It] certainly has its bad influences on agriculture in this vicinity, but it is equally certain that it forms in other ways one of the most pleasant and beneficial features of our climate." Annual precipitation in Oklahoma and Indian Territory, J. P. Slaughter {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 51, 58). — Tabular summaries are given of annual precipitation at various places in Oklahoma and Indian Territory during the period 1SS9 to 190.". Meteorology, T. M. Carpenter and N. C. Hamner {Pennsylvania 8ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 60-70, 213-23Ji). — The observations here recorded are of the same character as those reiwrted in previous years (E. S. R., 17, p. 222). Monthly summaries of observations are given in the body of the report and the detailed record in an appendix. The summary for 1904 is as follows : Summary of meteorological observations, 190-i. Growing season (Apr.-Sept.). Barometer (inches): Mean Highest Lowest Temperature (°F.): Mean Highest Lowest Mean daily range Grcali'st daily range Least daily range Mean daily relative humidity (percent) Rainfall (inches): Total Greatest monthly Greatest daily Number of days on which 0.01 in. or more of rain fell Mean percentage of cloudiness Number of days on which cloudiness averaged 80 percent i or more. Average hours of sunshine per day I Last frost in spring ' First frost in fall ' 30.086 30.779 (Mar. 7). 29.305 (Mar. 8). 4.0.7 89 (.Inly 18).... — 15 (Jan. 5).. . 17.5 43 (May 12).... 1 (Jan. 27) 36.03 , 6.30 (July)... 1.79 (July 10) , 1.50 51.3 122 61.1. 89 (July 18). 19 (Apr. 14). 18.8. 43 (May 12). 80.3. 21.61. 1.79 (July 10). 81. 48.3. 51. 5 h. 50 min. May 12. Sept. 16. Meteorological conditions in Denmark, 1904-5, V. Willattme-Jantzen {Tidsskr. LandiJkonom., 1905, No. 10, pp. 517-532). Extension of the river and flood service of the Weather Bureau, H. C. Frankexfield (f. S. Dcpt. .\S7«. h'pt. I!)l)'), pp. 3'i-3S, ilf/nis. .?). — Data are recorded for observations on temperature inside and outside of a shelter tent used for the growing of Smn.-itra tobacco during the week beginning August .".1. 1!)(>2, and (ui soil moisture inside and outside of the tent during tlie ])eri()d from July 21 to September 11. The temperature observations show that during the night the temperature inside and outside of the tent was very nearly the same. At midday, however, the temperature inside the tent was considerably higher than outside on days of bright sunshine, a difference of 18° being observed at 3 p. m. of September 5. The soil moisture determinations showed in general that the soil uuder the shelter was always more moist than that in the open air except some time after heavy rains, the difference amounting on the average to l.G per cent, "corres- ponding to one-eighth of the entire average amount in the unsheltered soil, a difference sutlicicnt to influence plant growth very materi;illy." Certain relations of rainfall and temperature to tree growth, II. Gannett {Bui. Amci: (Jeogr. Soc, 38 {1906), No. 7, pp. Ji2.i-'t3Ji ; ahs. i)i Science, n. set:, 2Ji {1906), No. 611, p. 3J,.j).—The author " finds that the timber line has a mean annual temperature of approximately 30°, but the data relating to rainfall are more definite and more significant than tliose of temperature. It appears that the lower limit of the yellow i)ine is at or just I)elow 20 in. of rainfall. The lower limit of the red fir is at or about 30 in., and there is apparently no upper limit, the fir being abundant where the rainfall exceeds 100 in. a year. The redwood belt in California includes only one station with a rainfall less than .'!0 in. This seems to show that the isohyetal line of 30 in. is the lower limit of this species." Cyclonic storms and Rochester weather, II. L. Fairchild (Proc. Rochester Acad. .S'cJ., 3 {1906), No. 3. pp. 301-316, figs, i?).— This article contains a general discussion of meteorological elements which go to make climate and of the two main types of climate, continental and oceanic, and summarizes observations at Rochester during the last 25 to 30 years on temperature, precipitation, cloudi- ness, winds, etc. The nature and movement of cyclones with special reference to Rochester conditions are also explained. Tar smudge, A. M. Thackara {Mo. Consular and Trade Rpls. [U. .S'.], 1906. No. 309, pp. 83, S.'i). — Trials of a patented tar smudge for protection of fruit against frost are briefiy reported. Guide to the weather, R. Bornstein (Leitfaden der Wetterkunde. Brun.'<- u-ick: Friedrieh Meirer/ and Son, 1906, 2. ed., iTi: and enl., pp. 230; rer. in Ainer. Jour. Sci., .',. .ST/-., 22 {1906), No. 121, pp. 81, 82). Amount of chlorin in rain water, W. P. .Jorissen {Client. Weckbl.,3 {1906), III). 'i2. .'/.?.• til)s. in Chon. Ccnthl.. 1906. I. p. 698; Jour. Cheni. Soc. [London], 90 {1906). No. .7,2.7, //, p. .'i86). — "As a result of 92 experiments the author has found that, in certain districts near the North Sea, tlie mean proportion of chlorin in rain water is al)Out 29.0 mg. of chlorin per liter." Chlorin in rain water (Agr. Students' Gaz.. n. ser., 13 {1906). No. 1, p. 26). — The r.-iinfall at the agricultural college, Cirencester, for the t! months ended .March 31. 1900, was 13.33 in., falling on 99 days, and contained chlorids equiva- lent to 14.2<; lijs. of common salt per acre; for the 12 months ending on the same 212 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. date the rainfall was 26.77 in., falling on 1S2 days, and containing the e(iniva- lent of 20.22 lbs. of common salt per acre. Composition of Indian rain and dew, J. W. Leather {Mem. Dept. Afft: India. Cliciii. So:, 1 iWOG), \o. 1. pp. 11; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 90 (1906), A^o. 525, II, p. .} and o..")! to 4.12, respectively." The prevention of the grovsrth of algae in water supplies (Engin. Rcc, 5.'i (1906), lS!o. 10, pp. 26S, 26^). — An abstract is given of a paper presented at the last annual meeting of the Royal Sanitary Institute by S. Rideal and R. Orchard, reporting results of comparative tests of Moore's copper sulphate method and treatment with electrolytic chlorin. The use of 1.2 parts of the latter per million parts of water was more effective than 1 part of copper sul- phate per million. The chlorin treatment is considered an effective means of preventing green growths in water and of destroying a large proportion of microscoiiic jtlnnts which are found in water. A study of the numbers of bacteria developing at different temperatures and of the ratios between such numbers with reference to their significance in the interpretation of water analysis, S. De ]\I. Gage (Boston. 1906, pp. 223-251). — This is a reprint from Biological Studies by the Pupils of William Thompson Sedgwick. In the investigations reported in this paper 17 different classes of samples of water were examined. These classes and the methods used in their investiga- tion are described. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that "nearly all of the informa- tion desired concerning the bacterial content of water may be obtained by the use of selective media, by the use of selective temperatures, or by a proper combination of the two. In the present investigation the selective action of four different temperatures, 20°. 30°, 40°, and i")0° C, and two different media, regular agar, and litmus-lactose agar, in determining the bacteriological con- tents of a numlier of different kinds of water, have been studied ; and while the results obtained have been in many cases inconclusive, and in other cases too few in number to warrant the drawing of any far-reaching conclusions, they indicate in a measure the procedures which must be followed in order to place the bac- teriological analysis of water on the same plane as the chemical analysis." The substitution of litmus-lactose agar for agar or gelatin as culture medium is recommended on the ground that the former permits the simultaneous determination of the total bacteria and of the acid-producing organisms with- out appreciably increasing the labor involved. " The numbers of the two classes of bacteria so determined indicate more completely the character of the water than would the numbers of either class determined alone." The total numl)er of bacteria determined at 20° C. is not of special significance, but the number of acid-producing organisms at this temperature is an important check upon the total numbers. The number of bacteria and of acid-producing organisms determined at 30° C. after 24 hours' incubation affords a means of more sharply distinguishing between polluted and pure waters than the num- bers determined at lower temperatures. " The numbers of bacteria determined at 40° C. are of great interest, since in this class of bacteria must be included the disease-producing organisms. The distinction between waters of different SOILS FERTILIZERS. 213 kinds and liotwooii wators of Ihc saiiio kind roprosontiiiK diffoi-ciit dogivos of l)ollution is wfli marked hy (•taints at tliis tonijK'i-aturo. On the progress of self-purification in water, IIofku iMituchcu. Mrd. Wchiisclir.. :,.i (UK).-)), lip. ,Li(>l)-ii6i): dh.s. in Chciii. Ccntbl., 1906, JI, No. 7, I). 637). — A discnssion of chemical and biological i)rocesses with special refer- ence to the Isar. SOILS FERTILIZERS. Studies of Wisconsin soils, A. It. Wiiitsox and ('. W. Stoddart (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. l!)(i.-), pp. .^62-2SJ. fir/x. U. map 1) . — The soils of the State are classified, chiefly accordinj^ to orijiin, and tlie different classes are described and mapped as follows: (1) Red clay, chietiy of lacustrine origin, (2) last glacial clay on crystalline rock, (.']) old glacial clay on crystalline rock, (4) last glacial clay on limestone and sandstone. (5) old glacial clay on limestone and sandstone. ((>) residual clay on limestone, (7) sandy soils of last glacial period, (8) resid- ual sandy loam soils of Potsdam sandstone, (0) residual sandy soils of Pots- dam sandstone, (10) loess or soils chiefly of wind origin, and (11) nuick and peat soils. The methods of chemical analysis used are described and the results of analy- sis of the different type soils are briefly reported, and an experiment begun by F. II. King, in which a study has been made of the changes which take place dur- ing the exliaustion of soil fertility by continuous cropping, is reported. In these expei-iments a virgin soil has been cropped practically continuously for 8 years in cylinders 18 in. in diameter and 42 in. in depth, 20 of the cylinders being cropjied with corn, 8 with oats, G with potatoes, and 14 with common red clover. To determine the fertilizing constituents in which the soil was deficient various kinds and combinations of fertilizing materials vA'ere applied to the soil, and chemical analyses were made of the soil at the beginning and end of the series of experiments. The results show that the supply of available pot-ish was more completely exhausted than that of any other element, although in the case of oats the available nitrogen and phosphoric acid were also insufficient. Chemical analysis showed that the most noticeable change which had taken place in the soil was the reduction of the organic matter from 3.24 per cent to 2.22 per cent " and suggests that the potassium which has been used by the plants grown on this soil has come chiefly from the organic matter which has been decomposed." Experiments with peat soils which were begun in 1904 (E. S. R., Ki, p. T"m) were continued during 1905 on a farm at Marinette, Wis., the object of the ex- periments during this year being " first, to determine the fertilize:- recjuire- ments of the soil in its .virgin condition ; second, the availability of untreated rock phosphate; third, the relative adaptability of different grasses for hay; and, fonrtli. the effect of ground limestone used to neutralize the acidity of this soil." Experiments witii grasses, barley, and oats are briefly reported. Tbe season was; unfavoraI)le and tlie results are considered inconclusive. [Acidity and nitrogen in Hawaiian soils], E. ('. Siiorky ( C ^'. lUpt. A (jr., Office Expt. Stas. liul. 170, pp. 28-37). — A brief preliminary report is given on acidity determinations in 25 samples of soils by the method of Hopkins, Knox, and Pettit. Only 2 samples were acid to litmus paper, but all gave acid solutions when extracted with 5 per cent salt solution. The acidity apparently did not interfere to any great extent with nitrification, since the soils exanuned contained from 15 to 55 parts per million of nitrates. It was observed tliat 214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. there was a large decrease in nitrates when a soil was allowed to stand for some time in contact with water. The greatest amonnt of nitrates at the end of 24 hours was found in soil to which about two-thirds of the water required for saturation had been added and declined as saturation was approached. The addition of a small amount of chloroform or heating of the soil after satura- tion with water to 125° C. for .5 minutes prevented this change of nitrates in case of all the soils examined. Investigations are reported which indicate that excessive rains do not wash the nitrates from the soil as rapidly as has been supposed. " While the samples of soil examined in this work have not been numerous, extreme types have been included from different islands, and the data obtained are sufficient to warrant the assertion that a widespread characteristic of Hawaiian soils is that when thev are at cr near the saturation point with respect to water there is a change of nitrates and an apparent fixation of a portion of the nitric nitrogen in a form not easily soluble." Previous investigations on the constitution of the nitrogenous compounds in Hawaiian soils were continued. It was found that while the percentage of nitrogen compounds in the soils is large, their solubility in water is low although more readily soluble in hot acids and alkalis. Hot acid solutions were studied by the Osborne and Harris method. The striking point observed was the large amount of nitrogen contained in the magnesia precipitate and the con- clusion was reached "that in the soil nitrogen which is soluble in boiling acids a portion, approximately 50 per cent, is in a form unlike, for the most part, the products of decomposition of protein bodies with acids." On dry distillation the soils rich in nitrogen examined gave an alkaline dis- tillate containing ammonia, as well as pyridin and some of its homologues not yet identified. The author believes that the pyridin exists in some form in the soil and reports some preliminary studies of oxidation of the soil by neutral and alkaline permanganate, which, however, yielded no very definite results. The exploitation of peaty soils, F. Xicolle {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 11 (1906), 'No. 25-26, pp. 75S-761). — The methods of reclaiming and bringing under culti- vation of such soils are briefly discussed, especially methods of drainage and fertilizing. Fertilizer experiments on peaty soils are cited as indicating that although potash is deficient in many cases, peaty soils are as a rule more benefited by phosphatic fertilizers, particularly phosphatic slag, than by potash fertilizei's. Shifting sands, W. S. Birge (Amer. Inventor, 15 (1906), No. 9, pp. 230, 231, fif/s. Jf). — A brief account of the work of this Department on Cape Cod, Massa- chusetts, with sand-binding grasses. Soil temperatures, C'. C. Georgeson (I'. *S'. Dept. Af/r., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 169, pp. 91-93). — Readings at 7 a. m. of thermometers G in. above the ground and G and 21 in. below at the experiment stations at Sitka, Copper Center, and Kenai during the season of 1905 are reported. Hints for agricultural associations (Cent. Apr. Com. Madras Circ. 6, pp. 5). — Among the more important subjects briefly discussed in this circular are reclamation of alkali land, the use of various kinds of manures, tillage, irriga- tion, new crops, and cultural methods. The means which it is claimed have been successfully employed in India for reclaiming alkali lands include hurdling cows on the area and thus allowing the manure to accumulate, green manuring, fencing to increase growth of natural herbage, use of crude calcium nitrate from artificial niter beds, plowing in paddy straw (on wet alkali lands), and appli- cation of gypsum. The artificial preparation of niter is exjdained. The improvement of wet and alkali meadows, J. Farcy (Jour. Agr. Prat., V. scr., 11 (1906). No. IS, pp. 56'). 566). — Methods of drainage, irrigation, and. fertilizing \/hich will cori-ect the unsatisfactory conditions are briefly described. SOILS FERTTLTZEKS. 2 1 5 Investigations on the insoluble alkali compounds existing in the humus substances of the soil and their role in plant physiology and agriculture, M. Bekthelot (Ann Chim. et. I'hys., S. set:, S {190G), Muij. iii>. 5-D ; ahs. in Chrm. Ztt/., 30 (1906), .Yo. ;>,s', licpert. Xo. 22, p. 252).— Sec E. S. K.. 17. ]>. r,44. The removal of salts from soils in Egypt, R. Aladjem (Jour. .1//;. I'ntt., n. Kcr., 12 (1906), So. 33, pp. 21.'), 216). — The uietiiods of flooding; and draiiiai^c eini)loyed for this purpose are described. A saline soil of the lower valley of the Po, V. Peglion (.Itti R. Accatl. Ecoii. Agr. Firenzc, .'>. scr., 3 (19(i6). So. I. pp. .19-6 j). — The proportion .and the coni])ositiou of tlu> soluble salt (alkali) in tbc soil are rejiorted. On the absor^Dtion of alkaline carbonates by the mineral constituents of soils, J. DUiMONT and L. Maquenne (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l'i2 (1906), So. 6, pp. 3J,.5-3.',~ ; ah.s. in Rcr. fici. [Paris], ■',. .spr., 5 (1906), So. 7, p. 210; Jour. Chcin. 8oc. [London]. 90 (1906), So. 522, II, p. 2//9).— The extent of absorption due to chemical changes w.as determined by nieasurinj;- the amount of carbon dioxid evolved when a solutiou of potassium carbonate was added to moistened clay, fine sand, kaolin, silica, iron hydrate, and alumina, and allowed to stand for some time. The results indicate that the sandy constituents of soils do not exert any decomposing action on alkaline carbonates ; kaoliri acts very feebly in this respect ; silicic acid even when dried decomposes potassium carbonate in the cold, but to a less extent than other colloidal substances ; hydrates of iron and aluminum act very energetically, and tlie action of alumina particularly is in all respects comparable with that of clay. It appears that the absorbent prop- erty of clay exceeds that of its constituents talcen individually or collectively. In a note on this article Maquenne maintains that the absorbent property of clay is due to and is a necessary consequence of its chemical com[)osition. The position of the OH groups in clay is such that the latter can form with both bases and acids, compounds which are probably dissociable by water. On the influence of bacteria on the metamorphosis of nitric acid in soils, J. Stoklasa and E. Vitek (Ztsclir. Liuulir. Versuchsir. (isfcrr., 9 (1906), So. 2, pp. Jf9-10o). — The authors' investigations with a great variety of organisms in different media lead to the conclusion that nitrous acid is always the inter- mediate product in the reduction of nitrates liy these organisms. It was found that carbon dioxid and hydrogen are jiroduced from the carl)ohydrates or organic acids of the culture media and that the nascent hydrogen conil)inos with the oxygen of the nitrates to form water and thus reduces the latter to nitrites. A hypothetical scheme for such breaking down of glucose with production of hydrogen is given. In the same way denitrifying organisms reduce chlorates to chlorids, arsenates to arsenites, ferricyanids to ferrocyanids. Certain of the most widely distributed carbohydrates in soils and manures, as for example, xylose and arabinose, are not specially good nutrients for deni- trification bacteria, but favor slow amnionisation of nitric and nitrous a<'ids. It is true, however, that the typical denitrifying organism Bacillus Jiartlcbi in a medium containing arabinose was able to assimilate 33.()2 per cent of the nitrogen of nitrate and convert it into protein substances. The soil also fre- quently contains carltohydrates. such as the hexoses, and organic acids, which favor denitrification. Nevertheless, denitrification as a rule plays only a secondary role to nitrification and ammonisation in soils. The authors' studies of a number of beet soils showed that the ammonisation bacteria predominated in them, Clostridium gelatinosuni being especially preva- lent, but associated with other organisms which play an inii)ortant part in con- 216 EXPERIMEKT STATION RECORD. verting nitrate nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen, viz, Bacillus nii/coides, B. suh- tilifi, B. mesoitericits, and others. It was found that Clostridiiiiii gclatinosum in an arabinose medium converted 46 per cent of nitrate nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen and utilized about G per cent of the nitrogen in the production of protein substances. [Indian soils and fertilizers], .J. W. Leather {Ann. Rpt. Imp. Dept. Agr. [India]. V.X) ',-:>. pp. 53-63, fig. i).— The work of the agricultural chemist to the Government of India during the year ended June 30, 1905, and during previous years is summarized, including studies of available plant food in soils, alkali, combined nitrogen in rain and dew, amount and nitrate content of drainage water, composition of well and canal waters, composition of manures, purification of sewage, composition of canal silt, and methods of artificial preparation of saltpeter. The soil studies indicate that nitrogenous manures are generally needed by Indian soils, the sulphates vary widely and are sometimes deficient ; in the usar or alkali soils the pi'oportion of alkali in the upper G or 12 in. rarely exceeds 1 to 2 per cent and is commonly much less. The principal constituents of the tilkali are sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, silicate, sulphate and chlorid, and magnesium sulphate and chlorid are occasionally present. The greatest injury is caused I)y the sodium carbonate, both by its corrosive action and by its bad effect on drainage. The most effective remedies for alkali which have been tried are good C'ultivation combined with heavy manuring and the application of gypsum. Drainage has not proved successful on account of the silting up of the tile. The gypsum treatment is too expensive for general use on vei'.v bad land. The total nitrogen in the annual rainfall (S7.45 in.) at Dehra Dun was 3.59G lbs. per acre and at Cawnpore (49.30 in.), 3.25 lbs. Dew was much richer in nitrogenous compounds than rain water (2 to 4 parts per million). The pro- portion of nitric nitrogen was relatively larger in dew than in rain. It usually equaled and sometimes exceeded the ammonia, the reverse of what would be expected. Percolation at Cawnpore was the same from a 3-ft. drain gage as from a G-ft. gage. The amount of nitric nitrogen ren)oved per year in drainage water from bare soil was about 74 lbs. per acre for the 3-ft. gage and 123 lbs. for the G-ft. gage. It is reported that examination of cei'tain well waters from Gujarat, which had been found to have a jiarticularly beneficial effect on tobacco, showed the I)resence of large amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium nitrates. The proportion of nitrates was so large that the waters could not be used without previous dilution. The investigations on sewage reviewed in this article have already been referred to in the Record (E. S. R., 15, p. 7G2). One of the principal objects of these investigations was to ascei'tain the rate of hydrolization of organic nitro- gen in septic tanks and of luirification in contact beds. It was found " that the late of change was considerably greater when the concentration of this organic nitrogen was high than when it was low, and that for a strong sewage a I'elatively smaller tank would be required than for a weak sewage. Secondly, there seemed to be a limit to the destruction of this organic matter. . . . After the amount of this nitrogen had fallen to about 1 part per 100,000 (hundred thousand), no further diminution occurred. . . . Out of every 100 parts of nitro- gen in the fresh sewage, from 10 to 20 were lost in the septic tank, and a fur- ther 10 to 20 were lost in the bacteria bed treatment. The total loss experienced varied from 30 to 40 parts. The magnitude of this loss has not apparently any relation to the strength of the sewage, for it was nearly as great when the weak as when the strong sewage was being treated." SOILS FERTTLIZEES. 217 Examinations of canal water nsed for irrigation of whoat, rice, and sugar cane showed tliat during tlie tiood season tlie silt in the amount of water used on rice would carry as high as 32 lbs. of nitrogen and 42 ll)s. of phosphoric acid. The amount used on the wheat crop, however, would probably fvu-nish not more than 5 lbs. each of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The process of i)ercolation employed in Indian saltpeter works to obtain a strong, almost saturated, solution of salts is briefly described, and a study of the composition of " sitta," a product obtained in the process of refining the saltiK'ter, is re])orted. The product is mainly sodium chlorid, but often contains adnux- tures of from 2 to 14 i)er cent of saltpeter, which mainly determines its agri- cultural value. Plan for a soil test with fertilizers, W. Freak {PcnusjiU-unia Sta. Rpi. 190.5, pp. 22-1'), ]il. /). — A plan of an experiment to determine the most profitable kinds of fertilizing materials to a])ply to corn or wheat is descrilunl. Cooperative fertilizer trials in Sweden, 1905, P. Bolin {K. Laiidthr. Ahad. Handl. och Tidskr., 1906, Bihanij, pp. 121). — The fertilizer trials discussed in this report were conducted in 14 different counties by county agricultural so- cieties in cooperation with the Royal Agricultural Academy. Two hundred and fifty-four different trials, including about 7,000 plats in the aggregate, were con- ducted, viz, 130 trials with spring grains, SS with root crops, 35 with pastures or meadows, and 1 with winter grains. The general plan of the trials was similar to that of earlier years (see E. S. R., 15, p. 5G9 ; 17, p. 654). The n>i>ort contains complete details as to the conditions under which the individual trials were conducted, the system of fertilization adopted, and the results ob- tained, with genei'al discussions of the latter. Among special trials conducted during the year the following may bo noted : Comparative trials icith ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda. — These trials were conducted with potatoes (0 trials), mangels (5 trials), fodder beets (3 trials), and oats (8 trials). The fertilizers were applied at the rate of either 35 or 25 lbs. of nitrogen per acre for the crops mentioned, except for oats, which received nitrogen at the rates of 25 and 12.5 lbs. per acre. In the case of the former crops, 35(5 lbs. of superphosphate and 178 lbs. of potash salt per acre wer(» applied, in addition to the nitrogen fertilizer, and for oats, 2()7 lbs. of superphosphate and 89 lbs. of potash salt. If the increase in yields produced by the nitrate of soda over that on the control plats be taken as 100, the effect of the ammonium sulphate was, on the average, as follows for the various crops : Heavy nitrogenous fertilization — potatoes 63, mangels 78, fodder beets 71, and oats, grain 97, straw, 78; light nitrogenous fertilization — potatoes 54, mangels (50, fodder beets 77, and oats, grain 78, straw 03. The effect of the annnonium sulphate in this year's trials, on the average for all trials and all crops, was cipial to 72 per cent of that of a corresponding amoinit of nitrate of soda. Comparative trials with cyanamid, lime niter, a>nnionium sulphate, and nitrate of soda. — The first fertilizer contained about 20 per cent of nitrogen. and the second one (P.irkeland and Eyde process) about 11 per cent. Only one of the series of trials planned was carried through successfully, viz. with oats on clay soil. The results obtained showed that for this crop and soil the fer- tilizer value of the lime niter was fully equal to that of the nitrate of soda, calculated on the same quantities of nitrogen, and that tlu- action ot the cyanamid is quite similar to that of ammonium sulphate. On the best time of liming fallow ground. — A field of clay soil seeded to rye on August 16, 1904, was divided into plats, some of which were manured and limed, while others were either manured or limed only. The manure was applied June 14, and the slaked lime (3,000 kg. per hectare) either on the same 218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. date or August 16. The best results both as regards grain and straw were obtained on the manured and limed plats where the lime was applied on the latter date. The lime applied at the time of manuring did not produce as good results as manure alone, there being an average increase in grain over the yield on the plats neither manured nor limed amounting to 270 kg. per hectare in the latter case against 170 kg. in the former and 470 kg. in the case of the manured plats that were limed August 16. The lime alone (applied August 16) did not produce any beneficial effect, the jield obtained being even somewhat lower than that of the control plats which were neither manured nor limed. The results show plainly that lime will give best results on fallow ground when applied late in the fall. — f. w. woll. The assimilation of mineral matter by different crops in vegetation ex- periments with, calcareous manures carried on from 1896 to 1903, R. Ul- KRiCHT {Landw. Vers. Stat., 63 (1906), Xo. 5-6, vp. 321-37^; al)s. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London~\, 90 (1906), No. 523, II, p. 304).— This article reports plat and pot experiments with lime, marl, and limestone on potatoes, oats, corn, rye, barley, rape, yellow lupine, vetch, red clover, and serradella in continuation of those of previous years (E. S. R., 15, p. 860; 16, p. 32). The influence of the different calcareous manures on the growth and plant food assimilation of the crops is discussed in detail, especially in case of the leguminous crops. " Application of lime resulted in a slightly diminished assimilation of nitro- gen and phosphoric acid in the case of lupines, vetches, and serradella, whilst the potassium was increased in lupines and serradella, but not in vetches. The magnesia in all three plants was considerably increased by manuring with cal- cium and magnesium carbonates and was distinctly increased even by burnt Carrara marble, which contains only small amounts of magnesium." Agricultural value of poultry manure, H. V. Hawkins (Year Book Agr. ^'ictoria, 1905, pp. ^27, .'/2S). — Observations with Dorkings, averaging 8 lbs. each, showed that the manure produced during the daytime amounted to 14 oz. per bird, and during the nighttime 2 oz., or 46 lbs. per annum. The fertilizing value of well-cared-for manure is discussed and the best means of preserving the manure are explained. Artificial fertilizers, F. E. Lee {Year Boole Agr. Victoria, 1905, pp. 115-137, figs. 12). — This is a general discussion of the subject, including explanations regarding the need of fertilizers, the valuable constituents of fertilizers, the fertilizers on the Victorian mai'ket during 1905, hints on mixing artificial fer- tilizers, comparison of fertilizers with farmyard manure, the valuation of fer- tilizers, and a summary of the fertilizer law of Victoria. Nitrogen from the air (J/arA; Lane Express, 94 (1906), No. 3897, p. 613).— This is a brief note on an address by P. A. Guye before the Society of Chemical Industry on the problem of the electx-o-chemieal fixation of nitrogen. Attention is here called especially to the relative cost of nitrogen fixation by the calcium cyanamid and the electro-chemical methods. It was estimated that the cost of nitrogen fixed as calcium cyanamid will be about the same as that in the am- moniacal salts and the nitrates of Chile. Under present conditions the electro- chemical method is believed to be somewhat cheaper. On the spontaneous formation of dicyandiamid in fertilizers containing calcium cyanamid, R. Perotti (Atti R. Acad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 15 (1906), I, No. 1, pp. 48-53; ahs. in Chem. Centbl, 1906, I, No. 17, p. 1467; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 90 (1906), No. 523, II, p. 304).— The author shows that when calcium cyanamid is exposed to moist air a portion of the nitrogen escapes as ammonia and a part is transformed into dicyandiamid. These changes are important because of the loss of nitrogen and also because the fertilizing value of the dicyandiamid has not been definitely determined. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 219 Nitrate of soda as compared with a mixture of nitrate of soda and sul- phate of ammonia, I). FEiadLio (Ann. 11. Shi:. S/x-i: Afjr. I'dinc, S {l!)Oli). [ip. 7.c?-7'6'). — The results of ]il;it experiments with wiieat here reported indieate that the nitrate ahjne in - applications was more effective than a mixture of nitrate of soda and sulphate of annnonia. The influence of soil bacteria on the solubility of the phosphoric acid of different phosphates, A. Koch and E. KmiuER {Fiihliii(/'s Landw. Ztg., 55 (J906), Xo. 7, in). 225-2.i5; aU. in Clirni. Ztg., SO (JDOG), .\o. S',, Repot. No. 12. j). l-'i'i). — Bacteriological and chemical studies with a large numher of insoluhle l)hosphates showed that bacteria i)r()duce acids which render such phosphates soluble. These acids must, however, first neutralize ammonia, lime, or calcium and magnesiiun carbonate, and similar suhstances which may he present. The hacteria work on all phosphates, hut at varying rates, depending upon the com- position. They woi'k with particular rapidity on Thomas slag once the basic constituents are neutralized. A larger amount of acid is required, as a rule, than the chemical reaction would indicate. The better action of bone meal on hunms soils is due not only to the solvent action of the humus and carbon dioxid but also to the greater activity of acid-forming bacteria in such soils. The applica- tion of lime nentralizes these acids and thus interferes with their solvent action on the i)hosphates. Aluminum phosphate as compared with mineral superphosphate and Thomas slag, /. P.o.no.mi (Aidi. K. St(i.z\ Spcr. Agr. Id inc. S (1906), pp. 26-32). — Pot experiments on spring wheat and clover with these phosphates combined with other fertilizing materials are reported. The aluminum phosphate used contained 20.48 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in neutral citrate, 14.72 per cent soluble in Wagner's solution, 42.37 per cent soluble in alkaline citrate, and 45.5G per cent total phopshorie acid. The superphosphate contained 13.25 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in neutral citrate, the Thomas slag 10.18 per cent soluble in neutral citrate and 13.89 per cent soluble in Wagner's citric-acid solution. The results show that the aluminum phosphate itroduced a substantial increase of yield in case both of clover and wheat. l)ut was always inferior to the super- phosphate. In case of spring wheat the aluminum phosphate was inferior to the Thomas slag. l)ut superior to it in casc^ of the clovtn'. Calcium superphosphate as compared with Thomas slag, Z. Bonomi {Ann. R. mas. Sper. Agr. Udinc, S {1906), pp. 38-65. pi. i ) .—Comparative field tests are reported of Thomas slag containing 14.5 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in citric acid and 10 per cent of free lime, and mineral superphosphate contain- ing 9.38 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in water and 13.18 per cent soluble in neutral citrate solution. The results show in general that the Thomas slag was the more economical fertilizer, but in many cases the superphosphate sup- plemented by applications of lime gave larger increase in yield. The economical use of potash fertilizers, Z. Bonomi {A)in. R. Staz. Sper. Agr. I'll inc. S (19(1(1). fip. 11-Sl). — The results of field experiments on red clover were somewhat inconclusive. Although the use of i)otash fertilizers in all cases increased the yield, in many cases this was not sufficient to return the cost of the fertilizer. The author thePi'fore concludes that potash fertilizers should be used with caution. Sulphate of potash, L. Bargeron {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 11 {1906), No. 21-22, pp. 667, 66S). — This article discusses briefly the sources, manufacture, and consumption of this salt, as well as the relative economy of sulphate and chlorid of potash. Salt, F. E. Enoelhardt (Sgraciise, N. Y.: Aiitlmr \ 1906]. pp. 15). — An ac- count is given of the formation of salt deposits in general and of the discovery 220 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. and character of the deposits in the United States, with a more detailed account of the rise and decline of the Syracuse salt industry and the borings made to discover the source of the Onondaga brines. Fertilization, R. J. Redding and H. N. Starnes {Georgia Sta. Bui. 72, pp. 121-1 J/.l). — " The purpose of this little bulletin is to furnish a handy manual for the use of farmers concerning the methods of culture of the leading farm, orchard, and garden crops of the South, and the formulation of fertilizers for the same. . . . The suggestions and formulas are largely based on carefully conducted experiments in the field, orchard, and garden, some of them many times repeated, on the Georgia Experiment Station farm. They are here com- piled, with amenduients, from previous bulletins that have appeared from time to time during the last 15 years." Analyses of fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann (Massachusetts 8ta. Bui. Ill, pp. 28). — This bulletin gives market valuer of fertilizing ingredients and reports analyses of licensed fertilizers collected in the general market and miscellaneous fertilizing materials sent to the station for examination, including wood ashes, lime ashes, prepared lime, oyster-shell lime, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of potash, saltpeter waste, dried blood, linseed meal, cotton-seed meal, high-grade sulphate of potash, potash magnesia sulphate, carbonate of pottish and magnesia, dissolved boneblack, acid phosphate, burned l)one, phosphatic slag, dissolved bone, ground bone, fine-ground bone and tankage, tankage, dry ground fish, bone waste, horn waste, beef scrap, sheep manure, cotton waste, sludge from filter beds, manure and lime, leather refuse, Chincha Peruvian guano, JLiobos Peruvian guano, compound fertilizers, and soils. Compilation of analyses of agricultural chemicals, refuse salts, ashes, lime compounds, refuse substances, guanos, phosphates, and animal excre- ments, II. I). IIaskixs (Mas.sacJnisetts Sta. Riti. 19113, pp. 1.55-1S3). — This is a compilation of analyses made at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and Experiment Stations, 1808 to 1905, inclusive. It does not include analyses Of licensed fertilizers. Report on official insiDection of commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals during the season of 1905, C. A. Goessmann (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 50-60). — The results of examinations of 511 samples representing 313 brands are summarized. Tables show the average composition of the differ- ent classes of all fertilizer analyses, and the maximum, minimum, and average composition of special crop fertilizers. A schedule of trade values of fertilizing constituents and a list of licensed manufacturers and dealers are given. Report on general work in the chemical laboratory, C. A. Goessmann (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 61-6 '/). — Brief notes are given on the exami- nation of wood ashes and lime ashes. Fertilizer analyses, fall season, 1905, to spring season, 1906, P>. W. Kii.- GORE (Bul. A. V. Bd. Ayr., 27 (1906), .Vo. 7, pp. S3). — The names and guaranteed composition of fertilizei's registered for 1906, and analyses and valuations of 750 samples of commercial fertilizers and 76 samples of cotton-seed meal ex- amined during the fall of 1905 and spring of 1900, with explanations regarding terms used in fertilizer analyses, fi'oight rates, valuation, etc. Analyses of commercial fertilizers (South VuroJina Sta. Bul. 119, pp. 37). — This bulletin contains the analyses of 055 samples of fertilizers collected during the season of 1905-0. " These analyses were published in 20 weekly bulletins issued and distributed during the months of February, March, Ain'il. and May." Inspection of commercial fei'tilizers, 1905, F. W. Woix and G. A. Olson (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 377. .978). — Analyses of 15 samples of fertilizers licensed for sale in the State during the year are reported. AGRTCULTUKAL BOTANY. 221 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Report of the botanist, (J. E. Stone and N. F. Monaman (Massficlnisctts Std. h'i)t. 190.'), pij. JI.')-I'i.j). — Notes are given on a number of diseases tbat bave iieen under observation. The long period of dry weather rendered many plants free from fungus diseases, but. on tbe other hand, tbe conditions were favorable for the outbreaI< of otbers. The downy mildew of tbe tomato, potato rot, and cuoumber and melon I)ligbt are briefly noted, after wbich tbe effect of sun scald, leaf scorch of conifers and other evergreens, winterkilling, etc., are described. An account is given of some investigations carried on to determine tbe rela- tion between soil aeration and germination and growtli. In tbese experiments air wa.s forced tbrough tbe soil, and lettuce seed, wbich is quite susceptible to aeration, was planted in tbe different boxes-. From tbe results tabulated it is sbown tbat a considerably larger proportion of tbe seed germinated in the aerated box tban in tbe unaerated one. A comparison of sterilized loam and sterilized subsoil was made, 8 pots being used, 4 containing loam and 4 subsoil; of these 2 each of the loam and subsoil were sterilized, and the remaining pots were left uiisterilized as cbecks. After sterilization soy beans were planted, and in the sterilized loam tbere was an increase of 14 per cent in the germinations, wbile in the sterilized sub.soil there was a loss of TjI.T percent. No explanation of this pheuomenon is offered, but it shows tbat extreme precautions are necessary in drawing de- ductions from experiments in wbich tbe soil is sterilized. Tbe influence of soil sterilization on the germination of old seed was tested, tbe object being to ascertain tbe degree of acceleration which would result from seed planted in sterilized soil. Seventeen lots of seed were planted in sterilized soil and an equal number in unsterilized soil. The germinations were counted, and showed a positive gain in the germination of seed sown in ^sterilized soil. Marked differences were obtained from different kinds of seed, tomatoes re- sponding but little, if any, to this metbod of treatment. Tbe cause of the variation in different species is unknown. In attempting to ascertain tbe causes underlying tbe effects off st^rilized soil on seed germination mentioned above, tbe autbors carried on a series of experi- ments in wbich soil decoctions were used to water the seed. The results indi- cate tbat the acceleration and increased germinating capacity of sterilized soil niay have a chemical explanation. Fndoubtedly the driving out of the ga.ses and the subsequent absorption and renewal of fresh oxygen in sterilizing prac- tices act beneficially to the soil and induce the seed to germinate more (luickly. Sterilized subsoil, or soil lacking in humus, has the same effect on germination as sterilized loam rich in organic matter, but it inhibits growth to a large extent, differing markedly in this respect. It appears from these experiments that a considerable amount of humus is necessary in soils in order that they may be materially benefited by sterilization. The results of germination exi)eriments to test the relative value of light and heavy seeds are given. The general conclusion is drawn tbat with many kinds of garden seed it is best to separate the seed and discard all but tbe large, well- developed, mature, and heavy seed. Tbe occurrence of asparagus rust during the season is discussed, this disease having been iiarticularly troublesome in many parts of Massachusetts as tbe result of the extremely dry summer. Cultural methods are said to have given beneficial results in keeping this disease in check, and weekly cultivation com- bined with judicious fertilization has proved verj^ satisfactory. The autbors JH'lieve that the i)ractice of burning the old asparagus brush in tbe fall is, by destroying a large number of tcleutospores, an elhcient metbod of control. 222 EXPEETMENT STATION RECOED. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has not proved satisfactory and this me lod of control is no longer recommended. An account is given of the treatment of the college pond with copper sulphat*^ for the destruction of algje which had become very troublesome in it. Treat- ment of the pond with 1 part of copper sulphate to 4,000,000 parts of water showed that after 24 hours there was a slight decrease in Anahwna (los-aquw, the most common alga, and in 2 or 3 days it had practically disappeared. Spiro- gyra, desmids, and diatoms appeared unaffected by the treatment, and the animal life showed no ill effects, so far as the authors could observe. I'xom examinations made of the bacterial content of the water it was found that there was a rapid decrease for the first few days after treatment, after which there was a slight increase, but that the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter of water never reached the original proportion. A comparison of the numbers of bacteria in sterilized and unsterilized soils, A. V. OsMUN {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. UfG-l^S). — A study was made of sterilized soil to determine the effects of sterilization on the bacterial flora. The stimulating effect of soil sterilization on plant growth had suggested a similar effect on the bacterial content of the soil. To investigate this subject two boxes of equal size were filled with soil, one being treated for half an hour with steam and the other left untreated. One v,'eek after sterilization samples were taken from each box and the bacterial content determined. At the first examination a decided decrease was noted in the bacterial content of the sterilized soil as compared with the unsterilized, but after an interval of 2 weeks the number of bacteria in the sterilized soil had increased to almost double the number in the unsterilized soil and continued to be greater as long as the investigation was carried on. From the results obtained in this experiment and from tests of other soils, both sterilized and unsterilized, the author concludes that steam treatment of soils stimulates bacterial development in them. Notes on the formation of albuminoid substances in plants, L. Monte- martini (Atti 1st. Bot. Univ. Pavia, 2. sei:, 10 (1905). p. 20; abs. in Bot. Centhl. 102 (1906), No. 28, pp. 35. .36").— From a review of the literature it is shown that different investigators have obtained contradictory results regarding the action of light on the formation of nitrogenous material in i)lants. The author carried on a series of experiments, a preliminary report of which is given. From his results it is shown that in the germination of beans and maize light exerts a very different effect, depending on the external and internal conditions under which it acts. The results of the experiments are to be given in detail at some future time. The stimulation of the nutrition of plants, H. Micheels (Rev. Hart. Beige. 32 (1906), No. 2, pp. 29-33; ahs. in Bot. Centhl, 102 (1906), No. 30. pp. 90. 91). — The author calls attention to the diverse conclusions of various investi- gators relative to the effects of stimulants on the nutrition of plants, some claiming that the addition of mineral fertilizers to the soil does not modify the mineral composition of the plants, but only stimulates their growth and the production of organic matter, while other investigators claim that certain min- eral salts have a direct stimulating effect. The author, in connection with a physicist, investigated the effect of various colloidal substances, and carried on experiments with barley, peas, buckwheat, and oats, which show that colloidal solutions have a direct stimulating effect and that in some cases they play the rol^ of diastases. This appears to open up a new line of investigation on the nutrition of plants. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 223 The synthesis and breaking down of organic nitrogen in plants, E. ScHULZK {Laiidir. .Jaltrb., 3.') {11)06), Ao. '/, /*/*. 62l-(HHi). — A eriticul review is };;iveii of the literature relating to the siihji'ct of nitrogenous metabolism in plants with special reference to protein, asi)aragin, glutamin, riciiiin, lecithin, (>tc. The author states that no attemi)t is made to include all the literature, hut only such as appears necessary to give .•in adeipiate knowledge of the ])resent status of the subject. The formation and physiological use of pentosans in plants, G. A. Cala- nuKSi (.s7(/~. ^i)cr. A9-'J3).— An investigation of tlie occurrence of pentosans in plants was carried on, in which a considerable numher of plants were studied. The literature relating to the occurrence of pentOf?ans in plants- is i-eviewed, and after describing his experiments, the author summarizes his own investi- gations, .stating that the observations of de Chalmot (E. S. R., 5, p. 1103) regarding the presence of pentosans in seeds germinated in the dark are also true for many plants in their adult stages of growth. The pentosans seem to be produced by the transformation of other substances whicli are formed early in the life of the plant, and with the gradual increase in the dry material of the plant they appear to diminish. The percentage of pentosans in a given plant does not depend on the external development and weight of the green plant, hut under like conditions the age of the plant determines this question. 'J'lie percentage of cellulose seems to have a definite relation to the amount of pentosans, hut it has not yet been demonstrated that this quantitative propor- tion signifies any generic relationship. Among the cereals investigated, the author found that those stems which are most resistant to the effects of storms are usually richest in jientosans. In beet roots thei'e appears to be a definite relation between the quantity of saccharine matter present and that of pento- sans, the proportion of the former being less than that of the latter. In general, the greatest quantity of pentosans will be found in plants that contain the least amount of other nutritive substances. On the relation between calcium salts a,nd the assimilation of nitrate 'nitrogen, W. W. Yermakov (Zhnr. Opiiitn. Aijron. {liiiss. Jour. Expt. Laiidw.), 6 {nmr,), p. J,31; ahs. in Chem. Ztf/., 30 {1906), No. 22, Repert. No. 6, p. 83).— On the basis of experiments with plants and from theoretical considerations, the author concludes that calcium is necessary to the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen in plants. The explanation of this is that the nitric acid produced in plants acts on glucose to produce ammonia, which is utilized in the formation of proteid compounds, and oxalic acid, which is precipitated by lime and thus prevented from interfering with the continuation of the process. Tubercles on legumes with and without cultures, J. L. Sheldon ( West Vir- (jinia titu. Bui. 105. pp. 319-33Jt). — The results of field, greenhouse, and labora- torj' tests with different forms of cultures for the inoculation of legumes are reported. These were begun in 1904 with cultures of bacteria from this De- partment and a commercial preparation, comparison being made with tlie same species of legumes grown without inoculation. In some of the experiments the author obtained results that seemed to indi- cate that the germination of the seed was interfered with in some way by the treatment, and an examination of the roots of both inoculated and uninocu- lated plants seemed to indicate tiiat while the use of cultures is not to be con- denuied they are not needed in the ma,iority of West Virginia soils. In some cases the author attributes the failure to obtain a stand and a profitable crop of such legumes as alfalfa, clovers, and cowpeas to imperfect soil conditions and the abundance of weeds rather than a lack of i)acteria. Tables are given showing the gain or loss of different crops attributed to inoculation. 224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FIELD CROPS. Report on agricultural investigations in Alaska, 1905 f^ield crops], C. C. Georgeson (r. .v. Dcpt. Ayr.. Office Expt. titas. Bui. 169, pp. 30-51, 56-58, 61-63, pis. 3). — Earlier work with field crops at the Alaska Stations has been previously reported (E. S. R., 17, p. 349). The work at the Sitka station is now devoted chiefly to horticulture. Work at the Copper Center St(itio)i. — It has been demonstrated at this sta- tion that owing to the early frosts in August grain growing is not very success- ful, but that under usual conditions any anioiuit of rough feed can be pro- duced. It was found that ne\^' ground fertilized with guano at the rate of 500 lo GOO lbs. per acre produced from 50 to 90 per cent better crops than when no fertilizer was used. Each variety of the various grains tested was grown on several tracts. On tracts A, B, and C half of each plat was fertilized at the time of seeding with guano at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre. Tracts A and C were seeded with a small hand drill. Tract B was seeded in open drills by hand and covered with the hand rake. Tract D was seeded with a horse drill. Frost on August 14 seriously Injured the crops. A croi) of winter wheat sown August 8, 1904. came through the winter fairly well, and the grain was in the dough and beginning to harden when injured by the frost in August. It is believed that some of the grains will grow. Ro- manow spring wheat sown May 9 matured no seed. Saskatchewan life sown May 10 was sufHciently matured for good hay by August 30, and cured very quickly when cut. Notes on a number of other varieties of wheat are given, but in every case these were injured by frost. Ladoga and Harold were the furthest advanced when the first killing frost came, and part of the grain se- cured was matured sufficiently to grow. These 2 varieties were followed in degree of maturity by Ebert, Plumper, Stanley, Early Riga, and Roumanian. Silver hull buckwheat from home-grown seed from the crop of 1903 made a good growth, but was killed to the ground by frost August 14, when some of the seed was nearly matured. Excelsior winter rye sown July 10 had the grain well filled and was in the dough on July 28. It was not matured when injured by frost, when the crop was cut for seed. True Stock spring rye on fertilized ground grew from 40 to 44 in. high, and .yielded fully two-thirds more forage than oats under like conditions. Chami)ion barley on tract A, sown May 11, was in the hardening stage at the time of the first frost and was thrashed for seed. On tracts B and C the crop was spoiled by frost. Hanna 2-rowed barley on tract B, seeded broadcast May 23 on the ground, had matured sufficiently for good hay by August 22. Lapland was almost ripe on August 14, but the frost shriveled the grain to some extent. When the first killing frost came, August 14, Champion was the furthest ad- vanced, being closely followed by Chevalier, Odessa, Black Hulless, Manchuria, jNJanshury, Hanna No. 9133, and Primus No. 10586. Finnish black oats on tract B, from Sitka Experiment Station seed, were little damaged by the frost, and the crop was saved for seed. On tract A, which was sown May 12, there was no visible injury from frost. Of the different varieties of oats grown Burt Extra Early ripened several days before any other variety and was thrashed before frost. Finnish, Swedish Select, Sixty- day, Improved Ligowo, and Tartar King ripened about together, and the early seedings showed no injury from the frost of August 14. The grasses under test were in their third season of growth, but owing to a dry year poor results were secured. Red, white, and alsike clover, sown in 1903 FIELD CROPS. 225 and 1904, were wliitorkillod, and the plats reseeded this year made very little growth. The same was true of perennial rye grass. Work at the Rampart Station. — The crops at this station were grown on virgin soil, without fertilizer. On the spots where stumps had been burnt a fine growth was secured, but elsewhere the stand was thin and the straw short. Manshury barley, from Sitka-grown seed, sown May 1!), was harvested Septem- ber G. This variety produced well-filled heads of good length. Rampart-grown seed gave practically the same result. The Saskatchewan fife spring wheat, from Canadian seed, did not mature, and Velvet Chaff Blue Stem only ripened partially. Spring rye, sown May 19, began to head 47 days later, but it filled so slowly that it did not fully mature. Russian buckwheat was one of the few crops killed i»y frost August 19. Amber, E.xcelsior, and Giant French winter • rye, sown August 17. matured and were harvested on September 5. Kharkov winter wheat almost all winterkilled. Work at ihc Kciiai Station. — Oats sown May ;]0 and ;>1 stood .30 to 40 in. high on August 1,5, with 75 per cent of the plants headed. Septemi)er 1 they were 48 to GO in. high, but some of the grain was injured by frost. Hanna 2-rovved barley, sown May 20, was in the milk and dough stage when injured by frost, and buckwheat, sown the same day, had ripened a small percentage of its grain when killed by frost August 26. Grass seed was sown May 25, and the following heights on September 1 are recorded from different species: Tall fescue, 18 in.; timotliy, 18 in.; orchard grass, 12 in.; Italian rye grass, 10 in., and a mixture of the grasses planted this season, 10 in. Seeds of wild rye, wild barley, and CaJamagrostis laitf/sdorfii, all native species, were much slower in g(M'niinating than the inip()rt(Ml seed. Report on agricultural investigations in Hawaii, 1905 [Field cropsj, .7. G. Smith (T. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 110, pp. 13-22, 23, 2.',, pi. l).—\ cooperative tobacco experiment is in progress for the purpose of demonstrating the practicability of growing the best grades of cigar tobacco in Hawaii. In con- nection with a brief report on the experiments some of the Hawaii tobacco soils are described, the advantages of the climate for tobacco growing pointed out, and a general outline of the cultural processes followed is given. In 1904, at Ilamakua, the following varieties were grown under cloth: Su- matra, Florida, and Long Stem ; Cuban, Florida, and Vuelta Abajo ; Connecti- cut Broad L(>af and Seed Leaf; Zimmer Spanish; Virginia Dark Leaf; White Burley, and .Japanese. This year's work demonstrated that tobacco under cloth was not successful in Hawaii, at least in regions of high rainfall. Brief notes on the behavior of each variety are given. The quality of the leaf of some of the varieties was pronounced excellent by experts and manufacturers. The results of 1905 indicated that wrapper tobacco of fine texture and body and filler leaf of mild flavor and of good burning qualities are commercial possif)ilities. This season the crop was grown in the open, the only protection l)eing forest on all sides of the plat. While the quality of the tobacco produced was good, the shade was darker than the market demands. About 20 per cent (if the crop of Sumatra was of excellent (luality as regards texture and body, l)ut only about 10 per cent showed desiral)le shades of color. This portion of the crop was valued at from .$2 to .$4.50 per pound. The yield was at the rate of about 1,000 lbs. per acre. The portion of the crop unsuited for wrappers commands a price of only about ]0 cts. per pound. The leaf of the Cuban tobacco not suitable for wrappers sells at prices ranging from 15 to 40 or 50 cts. per pound. The yield of the Cuban leaf ranges from 450 to 600 pounds per acre, and fully 25 per cent of this season's crop would have been suitable for wrapper leaf if the colors had been lighter. It is estimated that if a grower 11125— No. 3— OG M 3 226 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECORD. produced tobacco on his own land and with his own labor the green leaf could be produced at the cost of about 2 to 2i cts. per pound. General notes on the culture of cassava in Hawaii are given and its value for Hawaiian conditions is indicated. Report on agricultural investigations in Porto Rico, 1905 [Field ci'ops], D. W. May (/". .S'. Dept. Ar/i:, Office Expt. Htas. Bui. Ill, pp. 1-11, i)U. 2).— General notes on the agricultural conditions of Porto Rico are presented and the conditions and prospects of the culture of sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, corn, rice, potatoes, and forage crops are discussed. Experiments with cotton at the station indicate that sea-island cotton is the most profitable for Porto Rico. Egyptian cottons made a very rank growth, but the production was not xery satisfactory, probably due to the excessive rainfall. The fertilizer experiments with cotton show that the three elements of plant food were needed, but more especially potash and phosphoric acid. It is estimated that from G,000 to 7,000 acres were planted with sea-island cotton during the season. The two principal insect enemies of this crop at the present time are the cotton caterpillar (Alabama aryillacea) and the cotton stainer {Dysderciis snturcUus). The results from seed corn from the States have not been promising. The only serious insect pest of the corn plant is the cotton boll worm (Heliothis obsoleta). Of 5 varieties of potatoes from northern-grown seed the best results were obtained from Bliss Triumph and Early Rose. Some of the potatoes produced were shipiied to San Juan and New York, and the indications are that under proper conditions potatoes may be grown commercially with success. Heavy fertilization and freqvient spraying with Bordeaux mixture are recommended for successful potato culture. Of the different forage crops grown the cowpea proved the most promising. Beggar weed made a fair growth, but did' not reach the height it does on the light sandy soils of Florida. Velvet beans were not equal to the cowpea for a quick-growing crop. On properly drained and inoculated soil alfalfa made a prom- ising showing. So far the clovers have not done well, and lupines and vetches have also failed to make satisfactory growth. The sugar beet was found subject to blight in the later stages of its growth. Turnips and kale in experimental plats did very well. Improved varieties of peanuts from the States gave goofl results at the station, while horse beans were practically a failure. Experi- ments with fiber crops are in progress, and the insular government has made provision for growing sisal on a commercial footing. Report of the agriculturists, W. P. Brooks, F. R. Church, and S. B. Has- kell, (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 15-43). — The lines of work were the same as those followed in recent years (E. S. R., 17, p. 2.34). The' experiments this season included 244 field plats, 150 closed plats, and 245 pots in vegetation experiments. Mixed oats and peas were grown this year in connection with comparative tests of different sources of nitrogen, and on the basis of yields secured the materials ranked as follows : Nitrate of soda, dried blood, sulphate of ammonia, and barnyard manure. Based on the increase of all the crops since the beginning of the experiments the relative rank was: Nitrate of soda 100, dried Jjlood 68.72, sulphate of ammonia 60.78, barnyard manure 80..58. High-grade sulphate of potash was superior to muriate for clover, for rhu- barb, and for blackberries. The different potash salts used as fertilizers for soy beans this season ranked as follows: Carbonate, high-grade sulphate, sili- cate, nitrate, muriate, low-grade sulphate, and kainit. The poorest results ivere obtained with kainit, the crop being much lower on the kainit plats than FIELD CHOPS. 22Y on those which hnd rcceivod no jHitash for tho past 8 years. lu the experi- ments with a fertilizer iiiixture rich hi potash and a special corn fertilizer the yields were jiractically equal, but tho cost of llie fertilizers was lower when the fertilizer rich in potash was used. The crop of this year was mixed hay. In the comparison of a inod(>rate api)Iication of barnyard manure alone witli a smaller application of niaimrc in conibination with ico lbs. of hij;h-j,'rade sulphate of ])otasli pei- acre, tiie lart^er average yield was produced with the manure and the ]Kifasb. and liiis combination also costs .$0.40 less per acre than the larj,'er quantity of nianui-e .-ilone. Mixed hay was also grown in con- nection with this test. The sprin,sj application of barnyard manure .trave the better yield in all cases, but the difference was not sullicient to cover the larj^er cost of the extra bandlinix. There was little or no wash over the surface during the winter. On the grass lands receiving different fertilizer treatment in rotation the average yield of hay was at the rate of 4,840 lbs. per acre for all 3 systems of manuring. The average yield in this test from 1893 to 1905, inclusive, was (!,479 lbs. An application of nitrate of soda, after harvesting the first crop of grass, gave but a relatively small increase in yield, but, in one instance, where applied at the rate of 150 lbs. per acre an increase of nearly 1 ton of-rowen. or considerably more than sutticient to pay the cost of the fertilizer was obtained. The results in detenuining the relative value for garden crops witii fertilizers supplying respectively nitrogen and potash, when used with mamu-e, show that on the basis of total crops produced the standing of the differnet nitrogen fertilizers' is, for the early crops, nitrate of soda 100, dried blood 95.G7, sulphate of ammonia G3.08, and for late crops nitrate of soda 100, dried blood 98.77, sulphate of ammonia 79.52. For 15 years the relative standing of the fertilizers supplying potash is, for early crops, sulphate of potash 100, nuiriate of potash 94.(36, and for late crops sulphate of potash 97.09, and muriate of potash 100. A large numl)er of experiments during the past 8 or 10 years indicate the doubtfulness of successful alfalfa growing in Massachusetts. Illustrations of the influence of experiment station work on culture of field crops, J. I. Schulte ([/. *S'. Dept. Affi: Yearbook 1905, pp. Ji01-'ii.i, fiff. 1). — Specific instances are given of the improvements brought about in methods of farming and in the use of improved varieties of crops through the influence of the experiment stations. Shallow culture of corn, more careful seed selection, varieties adapted to special districts and purposes, heavier yields of oats, h(!tter varieties of cotton, the control of potato diseases, better methods in fertilizing and sweating tobacco, the development of the sugar-beet industry, the distribu- tion of new varieties of sugar cane, the introduction of new forage crops, etc., are among the more important matters discussed. Experiments with grain and forage plants, 1905, K. A. Moore and A. L. Stone {Wiscmisin Shi. h'pf. J!)l).',. pp. .}.}il-.i.').'). fif/s. •>). — The variety tests with grain and forage plants for the season were mainly conducted as in previous years. The results are briefly discussed and the data secured are in-esented vi tables. The Oderbruck and Manshury barley were the most satisfactory varieties on trial. Oderbruck has now been grown for 7 years by the station, in comparison with 3G different varieties and imi)roved by selection. In 1905 a yield of 58 bu. per acre, weighing 50 lbs. per measured bushel, was obtained, and on the aver- age for the 7 years ,53* bu. i)er acre was s(>ciu-ed. This variety has shown a protein content of 15 per cent. Maushury barley grown iu UU cooperative tests 228 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. gave an average yield of 38.6 bii. per acre, or 6.7 bu. more than other varieties on trial. Of 18 varieties of oats, Swedish Select, White Bedford, American Banner, and Wisconsin Wonder showed the most desirable characteristics. Sixty-day oats, one of the newer varieties, ranked first this season, with a yield of 66.8 bu. per acre. The Swedish Select oats are well adapted for uplands and seem to do better on poorer grades of land than other varieties tried. Their great root development renders them resistant to droughts. When grown on low rich soils they are likely to lodge and to fail to fill out. Two varieties of winter wheat, Minnesota No. .550 and Beleglona, yielded 31.5 and 33.6 bu. of grain and 3.05 and 2.27 tons of straw per acre, respectively. Through a series of 5 years, early varieties of soy beans gave yields varying from 20 to 40 Ini. of beans per acre. Planted and cut with corn soy beans made an excellent silage, but were unsatisfactory when used alone. The plants were observed to develop nodules on their roots without inoculation when grown con- tinuously upon the same ground for 3 years. With inoculation nodules were de- veloped the first year. On rich land the effect of inoculation was not apparent, but It was very noticeable on the poorer grades of soil. Four acres of sandy and clay loam soil were spring-plowed and sown with alfalfa at the rate of 20 lbs. per acre April 27. 1904. Barley sown at the i-ate of 1 bu. per acre was used as a nurse crop. A top dressing of well-rotted manure was applied in the fall of 1904 and in 1905 crops were cut June 12, July 13, and September 1. from which a total yield of 3f tons per acre was secured. In cooperative tests in 1904, 87 of 120 experimenters secured good stands of alfalfa, the common American variety doing as well as the Turkestan. From the results thus far secured it is concluded that under proper conditions alfalfa may be grown in ijractically all counties of the State. Cooperative experiments with medium red clover have been in progress with this Department. Twenty-four, including 2 foreign varieties, were under test. Russian U. S. No. 12169 was exceptionally fine and yielded at the rate of 16.32 tons per acre of green forage and 3.64 tons per acre of well-cured hay. Four li-acre plats of Russian and American red clover were compared with a 3-acre plat of common medium red clover in 1905. The yields from these different plats varied from 1.7 tons for the common medium red to 2.2 tons for Russian No. 2. The corn-breeding work of the station is carried on for establishing earlier maturing qualities in some of the later heavy-yielding varieties of yellow dent corn. In the breeding experiments Wisconsin No. 8, originally the Minnesota No. 13, was used as the male parent, with 8 other varieties for the female par- ent. These varieties were planted in 1904 and the progeny was tested in 1905. The result secui^ed with each selected ear is shown in a table. Striking varia- tions in the manner of growth and bearing qualities of the different ears mani- fested themselves. In a cooperative test of growing Silver King corn, for the purpose of selecting progeny of high-yielding ears for further trial, the I'ows, each representing a single ear. showed a variation in total yield of from 14 to 97 bu. per acre of shelled corn and an, average yield of 58^ bu. Fertilizer experiments were conducted with barley, sugar beets, oats, soy beans, and clover. Different combinations of commercial fertilizers were used. The beneficial effects were detected on the grain plats as soon as the plants appeared above ground. The clover showed no apparent difference between fertilized and unfertilized plats. In treating barley with formaldehyde solutions for the eradication of smut, the general results indicated that solutions stronger than 1 pt. of formaldehyde to 20 gal. of water are likely to injure the germinating power of the grain, FIELD CKOPS. 229 especially when exposed to the solution for iis long ii tinio as 24 hours before sowing. Wyoming forage plants and their chemical composition, II. G. Knight, F. E. Hefner, and A. Nelson (Wyoniiiuj ,Sta. Bui. 10, pp. 7.T. pi. 1. figs. 31). — The woi'k here presented is in continuation of that reported in a previous bulle- tin (E. S. R., 17, p. 240). The description and analyses of the following plants are recorded: Mountain wheat grass {Afiropyron violaceum), rough hair grass (Agrostis hyemalis), Canada bent grass (Calamagro, opinion of certain investigators. When species of rye with different tyi)es of heads were crossed, the female parent was neither alone nor most prominent in ex- erting its influence on the product and its progeny. Natural crosses resulted where different species of rye were grown in alternate rows. In about one-half of the plants of the first generation of rye crosses the type of head and form of seed of the male parent was prevalent, while in the other half the same char- acters of the female ])arent predominated. In the second generation the indi- viduals split up into groups, showing the type of head of either the one jiarent or the other, or of both together. One-ftmrth of the number of individuals showed the spike characters of the female parent, one-fourth those of the male parent, and one-half wci-c intermediate. Crosses of winter and spi-ing varieties of rye. when grown as sjjring varieties, show a medium period of growth, and spring rye as the prevailing type in the 232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. first generation. In the second generation tlie proportion of individuals of the spring type to those of the winter form, at the time of heading, was as 2.5: 1, while in the third generation the proportion raised to 3.4 : 1. Winter culture of the first generation reduced the spring form to the proportion of 1.34 : 1, and this influence was still noticeable in the third generation. Summer culture of the second generation increased the proportion of the spring type to more than 3 : 1, but winter culture of the second generation reversed the proportion to 1 : 9.49. The author concludes that not only morphological, but also adaptive charac- ters are capable of showing transmission according to Mendel's law. He also found that the cultivated and wild forms of the cereals cross readily, and that the tribe Hordeae is especially disposed to cross breeding. The feeding value of soiling crops at different stages of growth, H. von Feilitzen (J^rcvska MosskiiUiirfdr. Tidslr., 20 (191)6), No. 1, pp. 72-77). — A mixture of field peas, oats, and barley was grown on well decomposed marsh soil, and three cuttings were made, the first at the beginning of bloom and the second and third 10 and 20 days later, respectively. The largest yields of green forage, protein, carbohydrates, and other food ingredients were obtained in the last cutting, although the percentage content of the different constituents was highest in the first cutting. It is recommended to cut leguminous soiling crops when they have reached full bloom, as at this period the yields of both dry matter and nutrients are much higher than at earlier stages. — f. w. woll. Alfalfa as a forage crop of Pennsylvania, G. C. Watson (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 7^-86).— The culture and fertilizer tests with alfalfa at the station for a series of years are summarized. In the experience of the station alfalfa grew in a compact, gravelly soil with good drainage quite as well as in a loose loam. Heavy applications of phosphoric acid and potash were very effective in improving the growth of the crop, but 5 tons of barnyard manure per acre gave better results than the phosphoric acid and potash contained in 500 lbs. of a good brand of commercial fertilizer. Turkestan alfalfa did not appear as valuable as the common alfalfa. It is stated that fall-seeded alfalfa on dry land will withstand severe winters' in Pennsylvania better than the common red clover. Where alfalfa grew vigor- ously from the start nodule.^ appeared on the roots, but where the growth was weak and slow few plants were provided with them. Lime was in no case applied to advantage. In several instances alfalfa withstood the first winter, but was completely killed out during the second. Inoculation experiments with alfalfa and soy beans, H. L. Russell and R. A. MooRE (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 2Ji2-261, p1. 1, figs. 6).— In the ex- periments reported the seed was first disinfected and then inoculation was brought about by the use of soil from previously cultivated alfalfa and soy bean plats and by the use of bacterial cultures. The tests were made under green- house and field conditions. Field peas were also included in a part of the tests. The work was carried on for 2 seasons and the results seemed to warrant the conclusion that the necessary nodule-producing organism for the field pea is sufficiently abundant in the soils tested to make inoculation unnecessary. With alfalfa the inocula- tion with soil emulsions or soil scattered broadcast over the plats was more effective than the use of bacterial cultures. Soil from sweet clover fields or emulsion made from the sweet clover nodules was effectively used for the in- oculation of alfalfa. The use of bacterial cultures had no effect on the soy bean, while seed infected with soil from an old soy bean field formed numerous nodules. FIELD CROPS. 233 The improvement of corn in Pennsylvania, D. C. Wing (Penii. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 133. pp. 76, fnjs. is). — This bulletin is a general treatise on corn and its culture. Special attention is given to the iiuproveinent of the crop with the hope of producing lietter varieties and better yields in Pennsylvania. The results of experiment station work have been largely drawn upon in its compilation. Eureka silage corn — its value for Massachusetts farmers, .T. K. Lindsey and P. II. Smith ( M(i.'<-'«ic]iiiscfts Shi. U'jit. I'.Xi.',, pp. SC^H.i). — Eureka silage corn, a late dent variety, was c()mi)ared with Sibley Pride of the North, a medium dent maturing at the station. In 1903 and 1904 Eureka grew 11 to 13 ft. high and when cut September l"i the ears were very immature and the whole plant contained about 6 per cent more water, more ash and fiber, and less extract matter than Sibley Pride of the North. The field-cur(Hl fodder of Eureka contained 09 per cent of water and" that of Pride of the North only 38 per cent. The green and dry fodder of Eureka were found to be (57 and 04 per cent digestible, respectively,, while Pride of the North cut green was 71 per cent digestible. The Eureka produced 04 per cent of stalks and 7 per cent of ears and Pride of the North 47 per cent of stalks and 22 per cent of ears. The yields of green fodder were 20 and 13 tons per acre, respectively, for Eureka and Pride of the North, but in actual food material produced the 2 varieties were nearly equal. Variety and distance tests of corn and cotton, B. W. Kilgore et al. {Bid. A\ C. Dcpt. Agr., 21 {1906), No. 2, pp. 64). — A record is given of the year's work on the North Carolina agricultural department test farms. The results of variety tests for the past 5 years show that Cocke Prolific is a most substantial and reliable variety of corn and one of the best on the sandy loam soils of the eastern part of the State. This variety from home-grown seed ranked second in 1900, 1901, 1904, and first in 1902, 1903, and 1905 at the Edgecombe farm. The data obtained at the different farms with all the vari- eties varied considerably. Notes on the different varieties grown are given and the sources of the seed used are listed. As indicated by an average of 5 years' results corn on the Edgecombe farm should be planted 4 by 3 ft., and on the Iredell farm, as indicated by 3 years' results, 5 by 2 ft. Rus.sell Big Boll cotton, on an average for 6 years, has ranked first among a raimber of varieties according to value of total crop, being followed by Cul- pepper Improved and Peterkin Improved. The different varieties are noted, and the sources of the seed used in 1905 are listed. The distance experiments at the Edgecombe and Red Springs farms during the past 4 years favored a spacing of 3^ ft. by 10 in. for the Edgecombe section and of about 4 ft. by 60 in. at Red Springs, while a three years' test at Iredell farm showed best results from planting 4 ft. by 24 in. Cotton experiments, C. L. Newman {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 120, pp. 19). — A number of fertilizer and variety tests with cotton are reported. In one series of fertilizer tests cow manure and stable manure, with and with- out phosphoric acid and potash, and cotton-seed meal and hulls, with and with- out phosphoric acid and potash, were compared. The fertilizing constituents, from a chemical standpoint, were the same in quantity in the different appli- cations. The largest yield of seed and lint per acre, being 004 and 3.32 lbs., respectively, was secured on a plat receiving 2.960 lbs. of stable manure, 192 lbs. acid phosphate, and 99 lbs. kainit. The average yield of seed cotton from the 2 plats receiving cow manure was 427 lbs. i)er acre, and from the plats fer- tilized with cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls 260 lbs. per acre, showing that the meal and hulls after having served their purpose as a cow feed and converted into a fertilizer produced an increase in yield of 64 per cent over their direct application to the soil. 234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lu another series of tests, comparing cow manure witli compost, the quan- tities applied being based on the chemical analyses, the best yields amounting to 666.6 lbs. of seed and 333.3 lbs. of lint per acre, were secured from the use of 2,640 lbs. of compost per acre. This plat gave 82 lbs. more lint per acre than a plat which had received 5,428 lbs. of cow manure and 272 lbs. of acid ])hosphate. In a third series of experiments, with the use of commercial fertilizers alone and in combination, an application of 1,360 lbs. of acid phosphate and 320 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre stood first in yield, with 754.7 lbs. of seed and 377.3 lbs. of lint per acre. This plat also ranked first in early maturity, 94 per cent of the crop being gathered by September 28. The effect of acid phosphate in hastening maturity was noticed in the results secured. A home mixture, ap- plied at the rate of 595 lbs. per acre, containing 1.6 per cent of phosphoric acid, 0.64 per cent of potash, and 0.54 per cent of ammonia less than Peruvian guano, gave an average of 43.8 lbs. of seed cotton more per acre than the guano, which was given at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre. The results with a number of varieties of cotton compared liy the station during a series of years are compiled and presented in tallies. It is shown that Texas Oak led in yield twice and ranked third once, Crossland stood third once, Bates' Improved Prolific ranked first once and second once, Doughtey's Long Staple and Jackson Limbless each stood second once. Peerless ranked s-econd and third once, and Drake Cluster and Texas Burr were each third once. The Aldrich system of growing cotton and corn, which consists in growing the cotton rows and corn rows alternately in pairs throughout the same field, was compared with 2 check plats, one in cotton and the other in corn. The cotton check produced 1,599.2 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, worth $72.60, and the corn check 36 bu. of corn per acre, worth .$21.60, or a total of $94.20 for 2 acres. The plat grown by the Aldrich system produced an aggregate value of f 13.58 less than the check plats, or $6.79 less per acre. The cultivation of maguey in the Philippine Islands, 11. T. Edwards {Phil- ippine Bur. Agr. Farmers' Bid. 13, pp. 25, pis. 9). — A general account is given of the history and distribution of maguey in the world and in the Philippine Islands. The plant is described, its climatic and cultural requirements noted, and its value and uses pointed out. In connection with directions for harvest- ing, a description of the extraction of the fiber and fil)er-extracting machinery is presented. Composition of soy beans, W. Freak {Pc>iiisylr(i)ii(i Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 39, 40). — The composition is reported of the grain of Cross Bred No. 6, Early Black, Ita San, and Early Green soy beans. The conclusion is drawn from the data that for seed the Cross Bred No. 6 and the Early Black are the safer varieties in the more elevated and northern part of Pennsylvania, and that Ita San and Early Green, which are early enough for the southern and less elevated portions of the State, are preferable for that region on account of the size of the plants and their productiveness. None of these varieties gave a yield of 35 bu. per acre, which was secured by the Mas- sachusetts Station from the Medivnn Early White variety. Experiments with sugar beets, season 1905, F. W. Woll, R. A. Moore, and A. L. Stome {Wisco)isi)i Sfa. lipt. 1905, pp. 356-362. (h>m. 1). — Variety, fertil- iser, and culture tests were made. In the variety test the highest yield, 15,631 lbs. of beets per acre, was secured from Breiistedt Kleinwanzleben. The yields of beets and of sugar from Breu- stedt Kleinwanzleben, Schlanstedt Kleinwanzleben, and Heine Kleinwanzleben were above the average for the entii'e field. The sugar content of the beets ranged from 16.4 per cent in Hoerning to 17.7 per cent in Schaefer. The use of a complete fertilizer in growing sugar beets showed a mai'ked improvement FIELD CROPS. 235 Ixitli ill the .yield and tlic (|ualit.v of tiic Ijects produfed. TLio yield of boots was increased liy 41.9 per cent and the yield of sngar by 4T.."> per cent over the check jilats. An acre of snyar beets si'own for factory ])nrposes yielded 2.">.0(ir) lbs. of beets, or about S,S(iM lbs. of sii.^ai' per acre. Tlie sngar content for the entire field was l(!.7r> per cent and tlii' purity SS.T ])or cent. Dark fire-cured tobacco of Virginia and the possibilities for its improve- ment, G. T. INIcXkss and K. II. ^NIatiikwsox {!'. S. Drpi. At/r. Yearhook lOOo, jip. 219-230, plx. 'i. fill. /).— An article dealing solely witli the dark tobacco of Virginia and treating expressly of the conditions existing in the district whore this crop is produced. Tli(! history of tobacco culture in the State is brioHy i-eviewed, the types of loaf described, the common methods of cultivation, curing, and marketing dis- cussed, and improvements in the different linos suggested. Notes are also given on the selection of soils, the making of seed beds, and the use of fertilizers. In VMM the Bureau of Soils began a series of experiments in Appomattox County with the object of determining by practical commercial tests what may be accomplished in these older tobacco-growing sections. An acre of land was fertilized after the usual farmer's method with 400 lbs. of fertilizer, costing .$5 an acre, and furnishing 12 lbs. of ammonia, 36 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 12 lbs. of potash. A second acre plat was fertilized wtih 850 lbs. of home-mixed fer- tilizer, costing .$10.44, and containing 73i lbs. of ammonia, 57 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 75 lbs. of potash, and a third acre plat received 1,700 lbs. of home- mixed fertilizer, costing .'?r)2..30, and giving 1.53 lbs. of ammonia, lOG lbs. of phos- phoric acid, and 125 lbs. of potash. The acre fertilized after the usual fanner's method yielded G73 lbs. of tobacco, which sold for .$45.50 gross, or an average of 6f cts. a pound. The second acre plat produced 883 lbs., selling for .$81.09, or an average of 9J cts. a pound, and the third acre plat yielded 1,.3.34 Ibs^ which sold for $111.29, or 8| cts. a pound. To keep the product of the plats uniform the number of plants set per acre was 4,200, 5,000, and 6,000, respec- tively, and the net profit mentioned in the order given was .$5, .$21, and $29. The composition of turnips and swedes, .1. Hendkick {Trans. Highland ami Af/r. ,S'oc. Scot., 5. scr.. IS (10()()), iip. 281-296, fif/s. 2). — The work in Great Britain during recent years on the composition of turnips and swedes with a view to their improvement is summarized. It was found that the upiier half of the turnip and the outer poi'tion contained a higher percentage of dry matter than the lower half and the inner portion. The determinations were made on sound and hard roots and the results are con- sidered as in'obably not holding with dry rcjots, consisting largely of soft, spongy tissue. It is believed that by selection the composition of root crops may be improved. Winter wheat, .V. T. Wiancko and M. L. Fisher (Iiidiaini Sta. Bill. ll.'/. in>- 291-308). — This bulletin summarizes the results secured witli the varieties of winter wheat grown by the station since 1900. In coni]iaring the varieties Michigan Amber of home production was taken as the standard, the average yield for this variety for 6 years being 30.5 bu. per acre. Among the varieties seeming most promising or reliable at present are mentioned Uudy. .Mealy, Tennessee White Fultz, Winter King, and Farmer's Frii'iid. Daw.son (Jolden ("hafl" and Gold Coin also gave good yields. Tennessee White Fultz. Dawson Golden Chatf, and Gold Coin have shown themselves to be very hardy, strong in straw, and good yielders, but they are all white and rather soft wheats and are, therefore, not recommended for milling qualities. The Hungarian and Russian varieties, including Gluten. Gluten B 86, California, Kharkov, Beloglino, Turkish Red, Buda Pesth, and Ghirka Winter were all very hardy, more or less rust resistant, and of excellent milling quality, but 236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. extremely weak in the straw. Of the varieties having a 5-year record, Ten- nessee White Fultz, Winter King, Red Cross, Gluten B 86, Beechwood Hybrid, and Buda Pesth ranked first in the order given and their yields exceeded the yield of the standard variety by 27 bu. for Tennessee White Fultz and by 9.4 bu. for Buda Pesth. Notes on winter-wheat culture ai-e given, the value of crop rotation, and the relative effects of fertilization in good and poor wheat seasons are pointed out. In rotation experiments, which have been in progress on the university farm for 18 years, the continuous grain-growing plats in 1906 gave an average of 20.6 bu. per acre, as compared with 26.6 bu. per acre for rotations with clover. A rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and clover gave an average return for the 3 last wheat crops of 21.1 bu. per acre, while a rotation of corn and wheat gave but 16.9 bu. In the fertilizer experiments it was observed that the beneficial effects were very much greater in the poor seasons than in the good seasons, and that the average gains produced were 5 bu., or 116 per cent greater. The flinty condition of wheat, F. R. Ferle {FiihUng's Landio. Ztg., 55 (1906), No. 14, pp. 402-Jf9.'f) .—Two samples of flinty wheat which had been brought from the vicinity of Algiers in 1898 and kept in ordinary glass bottles were sown in the spring of 1905. These samples showed a germination of about 30 per cent. In the crop produced by one of the samples the normally devel- oped grains were all flinty, and in the other sample the degree of flintiness was even greater than in the original seed. The author points out that while a reduction of the vegetative period through the lack of moisture and with an ex- cess of light and heat wheat has a tendency to become flinty, the greatest and most important factor in the production of flinty kernels is inherent in the va- riety and is transmitted. He further states that a variety of a flinty character will retain its flintiness for a long time, even if grown under conditions unfavor- fPble for the production of flinty grain. HORTICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. Georgeson (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. 8tas.,BuL 169, pp. 27-39; 51-54; 58-60; 63-65; 66-91, i)ls. 2).— Notes are given on the results secured at the Alaska experiment stations lo- cated at Sitka, Copper Center, Rampart, and Kenai, in the culture of various vegetables, orchard and small fruits, and flowers. Large quantities of seed were distributed to all parts of the Territory, and the reports of many persons who planted these are incorporated. Report of the horticulturist, H. C. Henricksen (Z7. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bid. Ill, pp. 23-41, pis. 2). — This is the I'eport of the horticulturist of the Porto Rico Experiment Station for the year 1905. It gives a general outline of the work done at the station during the year with citrus fruits, pine- apples, mangoes, rubber, vegetables, and about 50 miscellaneous tropical plants. Beport of the horticulturist, F. A. Waugh (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 4'ii~49). — Further notes are given by the author on the behavior of the winter-injured peach trees receiving (1) no pruning; (2) moderate pruning; (3) severe heading back, and (4) cutting back to stubs or dehorning (E. S. R., 17, p. 248). The general conclusion of the preceding year, that moderate pruning is to be preferred for winter-injured peach trees, still stands, " though the severely pruned trees made a relatively better showing under the stress of a good crop of fruit." The results of the experiment, as a whole, indicate that when the wood has been injured by freezing peach trees should be moderately pruned, removing not more than one-third to one-half the previous year's growth. HOKTICULTUEE. 237 " When only the fruit buds are killed, the wood being uninjured and the trees in good condition, prune severely, cutting back the annual growth to two or three buds. It may be expedient to cut some branches back even into two or three year old wood." Horticultural -work {Oklahoma f^ta. Rpt. 1906, pp. SG-JfS). — Notes are given on storing sweet potatoes, small fruits (E. S. R., 17, p. 664), and planting trees for posts, wood, etc. The fundamental conditions for success in storing sweet potatoes are stated to be potatoes healthy and free from bruises and cuts, dry when stored, and kept dry while in storage, and the maintenance of temperature of the storage room between 50 and 65° F. One method of storing the potatoes is to keep the temperature of the storage room up to 00° for about a week as soon as the potatoes are stored, giving good ventilation. Where this process is not con- venient the tubers should be given all the ventilation possible, so they can dry very rapidly for about 2 weeks. The book of market gardening, R. L. Castle {London and Neic York: John tauG Co., 1906, pp. Ill, pU. 1^, figs. 6, dgms. 5). — This book discusses the busi- ness aspects of market gardening, dealing with the selection of land, labor ques- tions, crops, preparation of produce for sale, grading, packing, marketing, coop- eration, taxes, crop returns, values, etc. This is volume 27 in the series of Hand- books of Practical Gardening, edited by II. Roberts. Excessive feeding as a factor in producing variation in tomatoes, E. P. Sandsten {Wisconsin .S7f/. Rpt. 1905, pp. 300-31 J/, figs. 11). — An account is given of the variations obtained with the variety Spark's Earliana when the soil in the greenhouse bed in which they were grown was fertilized with nitrate of soda at the rate of 800 lbs., sulphate of potash 600 ll)s., and desiccated bone 1,000 lbs. per acre. The variations obtained by this excessive amount of fertilizers were as great as those commonly observed in different varieties. Many of the modifications in flower, foliage, and fruit are illustrated. Cuttings of the different plants, when rooted and transplanted to the open field, reproduced the variations ob- served in the greenhouse, and the writer is of the opinion that this method of producing variation in plants by excessive feeding may play a very prominent part in the securing of new varieties of plants. Rhubarb culture, Kunath {Arh. Deut. Landw. GeseU., 1906, No. 117, pp. 12-.'ilf. figs. .')). — An extensive account is given of rhubarb culture in Germany, with analyses with reference to food and fertilizer constituents and suggestions on the preparation of rhubarb for the table. Considerable data are given on the yields secured in experiments with different varieties of rhubarb and on the extent to which rhubarb is grown in different sections of Germany. Rhubarb culture in England, B. 'Skalweit {Arh. Deut. Landw. GeseU., 1906, No. Ill, pp. Ji.5-51).- — An account of the commercial culture of rhubarb in Eng- land, including directions for fertilizing rhubarb and a brief bibliography on the subject. New fruit productions of the Department of Agriculture, H. J. Werber {T\ iV. Dcpt. Agr. )'(-2!i(i. pis. 7, fig. 1). — Descriptions are given of a new citrange. 2 new limes, and 5 new pineapples originated under the author's direction. The new citrange has been named Morton and is sweeter than either the Rusk or Willlts, less bitter and almost seedless. It has resisted cold which has greatly injured other oranges, and it is believed that it can be grown from Tennessee and Arkansas southward and near the coast in Oregon and Wash- ington. It will be chiefly useful as a breakfast fruit and for the preparation of citrangeade. The two new limes have been called Pulmettu auU Lverglade. 238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Both are improvements over the limes usually grown in Florida. The varie- ties of pineapple have ))een called Miami. Seminole, Eden, Matthams, and Gale. Illustrated descriptions are given of each, with an account of its origin. All are remarkable for their superior flavor. Promising' new fruits, W. A. Taylor (U. *S'. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1905, pp. ■'f95--jlO, pis. 9). — Historical notes and illustrated descriptions are given of the Virginia Beauty and Carson apples; Crocker pear; Everbearing peach; Golden plum ; Riley, Scioto, and Pringle Damson plums ; Eulalia loquat, Hollis, Money- maker, Schley, and Success pecans, and Trapp avocado. The relation of early maturity to hardiness in trees, R. A. Emerson (A^e- 7^/-a.s7,-« .S7a. Rpt. 1905, pp. 101-110, fir/s. 13). — The author states "that resistance to cold in trees Is due often almost wholly to the habit of early maturity rather than to constitutional hardiness." That early maturity and hardiness is in a large measure a matter of variety is brought out in a number of illustrations showing the difference of maturity in fall of different varieties of plums and apples. Young trees also grow longer in the fall than old trees, as a consequence of which the wood is less matured and the trees are more subject to injury from cold than older trees. Data and illustrations are given for black walnut and honey locust trees, show- ing that trees grown from seed from a southern locality grow longer in the fall and enter the winter in a more sappy and green condition than the trees grown from seed obtained farther north. The hardiest trees of black walnut were grown from seed obtained from South Dakota.' Natural late growing trees can be forced into early ripening by planting on high land instead of low ground and by the use of cover crops planted in midsuunner, which dry out the gi'ound enough to check growth of the trees and thus force them to ripen their wood before winter. By the use of cover crops late growing varieties were made to stop growth from a few weeks to 2 months earlier than similar trees in adjoin- ing plats given late cultivation. Conditions which affect the time of the annual flowering of fruit trees, E. P. Sandsten ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 137, pp. 21 ) . — The author made a study of the interrelation of climatic conditions to the time of flowering of a number of orchard fruits. Tabular data are given showing the blooming period for the years 1899-19t»5 of 20 varieties of plums and 25 of apples, and of the principal climatic features during each of these years. It has been held that a definite number of heat or temperature units are re- (luired for a given species to come into bloom, and this has been termed its " physiological constant." The author shows that the relation between tempera- ture and time of flowering of apples and plums in different years is too wide and variable to be used as a basis for calculating a physiological constant, especially if the spring temperature only is considered: In 1902 plums did not bloom until the average of 762 positive heat units had been received in the spring, while in 1901 they bloomed after receiving but 601 units. If. however, the positive tem- perature unit lie reckoned from the preceding .Inly — a period covering the entire development of the flower bud — instead of January, it is shown that the flower buds of 1901 received a total of 4,487 units, or 450 to 500 more than the flower buds of 1902 received. A number of factors other than temperature were also found to influence the time of blooming. A heavy fruit crop retards the development of flower buds and delays blossoming. The distribution of the heat and rainfall during the growing season, soil conditions, and health of the trees are also factors. If these factors are eliminated " it seems reasonable, from the evidence presented [that], a physiological constant can be formulated from the climatic conditions during the 10 months preceding the time of flowering." HORTICULTURE. 239 New opportunities in subtropical fruit growing, P. II. Rolfs (U. <)■',. jtp. 'i.VJ-'i~>'i. pis. ,1, pt/s. J). — The author discusses the uses and culture of the avocado, iiiaiipt. su^,'ar apple, cerimau, and guava. , The handling of fruit for transportation, G. II. Powell (U. H. Dc/iI. Af/r. Yearbook JOU.j, jiji. 3'i!)-.3ili, pis. .'i). — A discussion is given of tlie requirements of fresh fruits as regards harvesting, i)aclving. cooling, and transportation to l)revent molds, rots, and deca.v. Owing to improvements in transportation facilities, liuits grown in California and the Southern States are shipped to Eastern and XoiMheiii markets in a fresh condition. Frequentl.v large lo.sses occur, dne to sliiii|iin.i; Iriiit too warm or in rough handling, lioth of which .greatl.v favor llie (Icvelopnient of fungus diseases. Mechanical injuries to the Iruit may lie caused h.v the puncture of insects, hy the stem of one penetrating the other, tinger-nail cuts, dropping the fruit on sharp siu'faces, cli])per cuts, etc. Some pickers ma.v injure only 1 per cent of the fruit in gathering, while others may injure as much as .50 to T.j per ceut. Any ahrasion of the skin forms a lodging i)lace for si)ores, which rapidly develoj) in w^arm, moist air, resulting in decay. Factors which favor long keeping qualities are cold, dry, pure air, sound fruit, wrapping, cooling after it is picked, and shipping in comparatively small packages which cool quickly throughout. A free circulation of air should he main- tained about the packages. Where possible fruits should be cooled before put- ting into refrigerating cars for shipment. Fruit allowed to stand until morning may be 20 to 40° cooler than when picked in the afternoon. The use of salt and ice in refrigerator cars will i)roduce a lower temperature than the iise of large cakes of ice alone. It i-e(juires from 4 to 7 days for fruit In barrels held at 32° F. to cool down to a uniform temperature of .32° F. A longer time is required where the fruit is wrapped. The protection of the wrapped fruit, however, against bruising usually outweighs the disadvantage of slower cooling. While immediate cooling after ]>icking and transportation in refrigerator cars will prevent the development of rots during transportation, such fruits if roughly handled, bruised, or cut in any way in harvesting will decay very promptly when offered on the market. Small fruits in 1904, .1. P. Pilisdury (Pennftylvania Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 198-206). — Tal)les are given showing the usual annual data (E. S. R., 17, p. 254) relative to the date of flowering, ripening, rust resistance, vigor, yield, and size of a large number of strawberries grown in 1904, and the average weight of the berries during a period of 0 years. Similar data are given for a lai'ge num- ber of vai'ieties of raspberries, blackberries, currants, and gooseberries grown at the station. Cranberry investigations, A. R. Whitsox, L. I'. IIaskixs, and O. G. Malde {Wiscoiisiii Kid. I\pl. J 905, pp. 282-299). — An account is given of further progress in the cranberry work at the station previously noted (E. S. R.. 16, p. 778). In the experiments of IDO.'i the holding of the winter's flood on the plants up till May 21, instead of A[)ril 21. resulted in later bloonung and later harvests. Improving the soil by weeding, sanding, and drainage has resulted in warmer soils and less danger from frosts. A table is given showing the jiiaximnm and mininnnn temperatures on different Itlats, from ,Tul.v 22 to Sejjti'inber KJ. It is shown that low temperature of the marshes is "due to radiation from the surface through the air above, producing lower temperatures than that of the general mass of the atmosphere a short distance above." The difference in temperature in the vines at the ground sur- face and o ft, above averaged .5.22° over a period of .58 days. In the experiments in draining the marsh to different depths ])ractically the 240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. same yields were obtained in 1904, whether the water was held at the surface, 4 to 8 in. below the surface, or 14 in. below the surface. In 1905 the heavier yields were obtained on the more thoroughly drained plats. Data are given showing the relation of frost formation to humidity, rainfall, and evaporation, and the seepage in reservoirs. Covering plats from IJ to 2 in. deep with sand reduced the yield of fruit the first year, but resulted in a very vigorous growth of vines. The cost of sanding, when the sand was hauled IJ miles, was at the rate of 40 cts. per yard. To determine the effect of lime carbonate on cranberries, a plat containing about 8 sq. rd. was treated with 500 lbs. of air-slaked lime. The first season the vines on this plat grew as well as those on adjacent plats, but the next year the vines on this plat remained red throughout the summer, showing no growth whatever, and many died out entirely. It is believed these results indicate that hard water would be fatal to the growth of the cranberry. A number of experiments were made with fertilizers, from which it appears that the use of a mixture of about 250 lbs. acid phosphate, 75 lbs. nitrate of soda, and 75 lbs. of sulphate of potash per acre each year might be profitable on vines in heavy bearing. The application should be made soon after the winter's flood is withdrawn. Good results were obtained in the planting of new bogs by scattering the vines before the ditches were dug. The soil from the ditches was then pulverized and mixed into thick nmd and poured over the vines in small ridges about 1 ft. apart. While wasteful of vines, this method resulted in more rapid growth than on uusanded bogs. Good results were also obtained by planting cuttings in rows on sanded bogs. Also in planting on narrow ridges about 2* ft. wide and 1 ft. high. Observations on the keeping qualities of green and ripe fruit showed that when berries were picked September 8, the following April 36.5 per cent were sound ; when picked on September 24, 46.9 per cent, and on October 8, 44.2 per cent were sound. Notes are given on the cranberry fruit worm and on the value of flooding the vines as a means of control. The investigations on cranberry blight indicate that the amount of blight is largely controlled by the vitality of the vines. Tannic acid as a fertilizer for grapes, L. E. Cavazza (Italia Agr.. 43 (1906), No. 16. pp. .390-392. pStas. Bill. 111. pp. '/,?-'/?', pis. 2). — This report covers the work done at the Porto Rico Experiment Station for the year 1905. A large number of varieties of coffees have been imported from different sections of the world and planted, extensive plantings of Porto Rico coffee made, and experiments in the improvement of an old coffee grove begun. The cost of preparing and planting an acre of land for coffee was found to be about $60. The yield of coffee obtained on several experimental plats, differently fertilized, is given. Various diseases and insect pests which affected the crop during the year are briefly noted. Cross pollination of almonds, J. P. Dargitz (Pacific Rural Press, 72 (1906), No. 10, p. Up). — The author gives an account of the bearing of 300 acres of almonds planted with different varieties. FOEESTRY. 241 The I X L variety has yioldt'd hut one fair crop, thon^h the trees are 17 years old. When planted in alternate rows with Dralve Seedling or Texas Prolific, they have borne <]uite regularly and heavily. Both the Drake and Texas Pro- lific bear regularly and well. When Nonpareils were planted in alternate rows with I X L the results have been unsatisfactory. The Texas seems to be a much better pollenizer for the Nonpareil than any other variety. At pi-esent all I X L trees are being worked over to Texas Prolific, and the author states that if planting out a young orchard he would plant Nonpareils and Texas Pro- lific in alternate rows, or Drake Seedling and Texas Prolific in the same manner. Progress in drug-plant cultivation, R. H. True {U. S. Dci>t. Agr. Yearhooh 1905, pp. ').!J-.')'iO, /)ls. 3). — Popular descriptions and cultural directions are given for the growing of Golden Seal, Cascara Sagrada, Seneca snakeroot, purple corn- flower, American worniseed, jimson weed, poke, burdock and yellow dock, Asiatic poppy, foxglove, and peppers as drugs. The demand for each of these is x'ather limited, and it is recommended that prospective growers in the begin- ning cultivate only small areas. Hybrids and hybridization among bulbous plants, C. G. Van Tubergen {Oard. Chron., 3 ser., J,0 (1906), No. 1025, pp. 132-134) .—This is a paper pre- sented before the Hybridization Conference in London, in which the author gives an account of some of the hybrids obtained with Lilium, Brunsvigia josephitKe, Colchicum, Eremurus. Freesias, Gladiolus. Hymenocallis, Iris, and Nerine. Compilation of analyses of fruits, garden crops, and insecticides, II. D. Haskixs (Maf^saclniKctts *S7(/. Rpt. 19il5, pp. IS'j-lDU). — Compiled analyses with reference to fertilizing constituents are given for a large number of orchard and small fruits, grapes, and vegetables, including sugar beets, potatoes, corn, and tobacco, with a table showing the relative proportions of phosphoric acid, potassium, and nitrogen in vegetables, and analyses of 20 insecticides. The composition of 20 prominent garden crops shows on the average, in a thousand parts, nitrogen 4.1, potassivml oxid 3.9, and phosphoric acid 1.9 per cent. FORESTRY. Administration report of the forest circles in the Bombay presidency, including Sind, for the year 1904-5 (Admin. Rpt. Forest Dept. Bomhay, 190-'i-5. pp. 110). — The usual schedule reports are given showing the reserved, protected, and unclassed forests in the northern, central, southern, and Sind forest circles, with an account of the wouk of the year, etc. The appendices as usual show the detail of expenditures incurred in the different circles and re- ceipts from different sources, the progress inade in working plans, statement of forests surveyed, etc. Reports on forest administration in Burma for the year 1904-5 (Rpts. Forest Admin. Burma, 190^-5, pp. 113). — An outline is given of the forestry work done during the year in each of the forest circles of Pegu, Tenasserim, northern, and southern, with a general summary of the same by the Chief Con- servator of Forests, F. B. Bryant. Under the subject of sylviculture it is stated that the natural rei)roduction of teak is generally scarce or even absent in areas which have been long protected from fire, and that where areas are annually burnt over reproduction is gen- erally satisfactory. Selection fellings in moist forests uTider fire protection have not usually been followed by satisfactory teak reproduction. ' 11125— No. 3— 00 M 4 242 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Forestry conditions in Canada, U. Scheck (Ber. Land n. Forstw. AusJande, 1906, A'o. 11. pp. 122, iitiip 1). — A popular account is given of the physical fea- tures, agriculture, and forestry conditions of the different provinces of Canada. How to grow young trees for forest planting, E. A. Steeling {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1905, pp. 183-192^ pJ. 1, fig. 1). — Directions are given for grow- ing seedling forest trees from seeds planted in the nursery. Conifer seedlings should be kept under partial sliade for at least two years before transplanting. A shade made by spacing lath about an inch apart is about right. The lath shade framework should be about 18 inches high and erected as soon as the seed is put in tlie ground. After transplanting at two years of age seedlings will require no further shading. No shade is required for the broad leaf species, but such seeds as the locust, coffee tree, mulberry, and hackberry should be treated with water heated nearly to the boiling point and allowed to soak 4 or .5 days before planting. Woodlot thinning, E. E. Bogue (Forestry and Irrig., 12 {1906), No. 8, pp. 385-388, fig. 1). — A detailed account is given of the thinning of rxj of an acre of woodland, showing the number and kinds of trees on the land, the number removed, the average diameter, etc. The nascent forest of the Miscou beach plain, W. F. Ganong {Bot. Gas., Jf2 (1906), No. 2, pp. S1-1U6, figs. I'l). — An account of the forest flora of the island forming the northeastern angle of the Province of New Brunswick. In many respects, it is stated, the vegetation of this beach plain closely resembles that of the sand beaches and dunes of Lake Michigan. Sugar pine and western yellow pine in California, A. W. Cooper (V. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Bui. 69, pp. Ji2, pis. //). — The author discusses the range and distribution of the yellow and sugar pines, the species with which they are associated, various forest types, botanical characteristics of each, and methods of lumbering observed in California. He gives data showing the average num- ber of trees and percentage of each species per acre at the various elevations in two counties of California, the rate of growth, and diameter and height of the trees, with suggestions for conservative methods of lumbering. Data are also given showing the character of the wood and the commercial importance of these trees in the West. Yellow pine ranges from centi*al British Columbia, east to the Black Hills, and south to Arizona and New Mexico, while sugar pine is limited to small portions of the Pacific mountains. The sugar pine is one of the most intolerant trees of the Sierra conifers. In its early growth, however, it is shade demanding, and may be stunted or even killed in full light. Tests indicate that not more than 25 per cent of the seed is germinable. The matured trees are very resistant to fires, being rarely killed. Yellow pine can stand much more drought than sugar pine and is less demand- ing as regards soils. During early life it grows much more rapidly in both height and diameter than sugar pine, but at the age of 100 years is surpassed by the sugar pine, which attains to a greater height and diameter. Sugar pine closely approaches eastern white pine in its physical characteris- tics and is used for practically the same purposes. The yellow pine is consid- erably heavier than sugar pine and proportionately stronger. In 1904, 289.000,- 000 ft. of yellow pine was lumbered in California and 128,000,000 ft. of sugar pine. Under present methods of lumbering but few companies cut trees under a diameter of 24 in. on the stump. The average cost of getting the logs to mill i& placed at .fS per thousand, and it is estimated that few companies can place lumber on railroad tracks for less than .$14 per thousand. The general conclusion is drawn that conservative management of the sugar and yellow pine forests of California is practicable, and that the greatest ob- FORESTEY. 243 stacle to securing a future crop of timber is fire. It is bi'lievod, however, that effective fire protection is possible at a reasonable cost. Waste in logging southern yellow pine, .7. G. Peters ([/. ureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The present bulletin is preliminary, and further investigations are to be carried on with fer- tilizers and other methods of soil treatment, as well as experiments to determine the exact nature of rice blast. Rice blast is known to be present in practically all of the regions devoted to rice culture in South Carolina and it has also been reported from Louisiana and Texas. In addition to lowland rice it is known to affect upland rice wherever grown in South Carolina, and while in general the disease resembles that called brusone in Italy, it does not appear to be identical with it. The characteristic features of rice blast are distinct lesions at one or more joints. Beginning as small spots on the sheath nodes the tissues underneath gradually die until the joint is partially or entirely involved. In consequence the parts of the itlant above the affected joint die by degrees. This cutting off may take place at any joint above the water and at any stage from the shooting DISEASES OF PLANTS. . 245 of the head until the grain is mature. According to weather conditions and the length of tinio tliat the dead top of the stallc is subject to the action of weather, it may appear bleached, blackened, or discolored in various ways. Very frequently the stalk breaks off at the point of attack, and in 70 per cent of all cases observed the point of infection was at the lowest joint on the rachis, or what is pojmlarly known as the neck. If the lesion is below the neck, the first sign of the disease is one or more miiuite spots, which appear on the sheatli node directly above the joint. At first the tissues appear water- soaked and sunken and later the spots become discolored, brownish, or black. This discoloration spreads up the sheath, but usually for not more than an inch, and downward for a distance of one-fourth to one-half inch. The spot becomes more shrunken and extends laterally, girdling the stem. The skin becomes broken, resulting in an open wound, which may appear blackened from the growth of various organisms on the dead tissues. A microscopical examination of the neck shortly after the appearance of the spot reveals the presence of the spores of a fungus, but as yet it has not been positively identi- fied. Thus far experiments have not determined the exact cause of the disease. The rice blast does its damage by arresting the development of grain, which may be done at any time. The financial losses due to this cause are very great, and in some localities the disease has resulted in the abandonment of rice cul- iivation. Investigations conducted to determine whether the disease might be distrib- uted by other plants than rice seem to indicate that while it may affect a few species of plants, such, as Panicum crus-galU, yet it is improbable that the disease can originate or spread from this source. A number of typical cases of blast, as observed in plantations, ai'e described, after which the author discusses the conditions of spread and methods of con- trol. So far, there does not appear to be any connection between the disease and weather conditions, nor is there any evidence that the blast is transmitted by seed. There does appear, however, to be a distinct relationship between the soil conditions and the disease. It has been shown that the blast may be readily produced by inoculating healthy plants directly from diseased ones, but so far it has not been produced by pure cultures of any one organism. The disease occurs in its most virulent form on rested land, land that has been recently reclaimed, or land that is fei'tilized with nitrogenous fertilizers. In considering methods of control, the author discusses water treatment, the use of fertilizers, spraying, securing immune plants, etc. The best results have been obtained where marl or lime were used as fertilizers. It is believed that the disease has practically run its course in South Carolina and will not spread further unless nitrogenous fertilizers are used or resting is practiced on these lands that are annually producing poorer and poorer crops. Such lauds should be treated with great cai-e and should not be rested under any circumstances, nor should nitrogenous fertilizers be applied to them. So far as known, there are no varieties of rice that are entirely inuuune to this disease, and variety tests and selections for immunity have thus far failed. Brief notes are given on other diseases of rice, among them smut, rust, damp- ing off, spotted blight, etc., most of these diseases being fairly well known and capable of control. A brief list of works relating to rice diseases completes the bulletin. Diseases of sweet potatoes in Alabama, E. M. Wilcox (Alabawa College Sta. Bill. 13-'), pp. IC. fif/s. .'/I. — A preliminary report is given on some of the diseases to which the sweet potato is subject in Alabama, the principal ones described being black rot, dry rot. scurf, soft rot. soil rot. stem rot. and white rot. Where preventive treatments are known the author has described them. 246 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. A bibliography of the more important literature relating to the diseases of the sweet potato eomi)letes tlie bulletin. A new bacterial disease of the pods of some leguminous plants, E. von Oven (Centbl. Bait, [efc], 2. AM., 16 (1006). Xo. 1-3, pp. 67-7-J, pi. 1).—A description is given of a bacterial disease of peas and other leguminous plants that was investigated by the author in 19(»5. The disease was first noticed in the vicinity of Berlin and proved very desti-uctive. Its cause is said to be Bacillus leguminiperdiis n. sp., which attacks the fruiting pods of peas, beans, wax beans, lupines, etc., and possibly will be able to destroy the fruits of other plants, particularly those of tomatoes. The diseased pods appear to be smaller and ripen earlier, the ripened fruits being darker and quite unlike the normal ones. The organism was isolated and cultivated in pure cultures, and inocula- tion experiments showed the possibility of transfering it to all available legumes, tomatoes, etc. The organism is said to be very unlike that of Bacillus phaseoli, previously recognized as causing disease of beans, etc. (E. S. R., 9, p. 1058.) Apple scab in eastern Washington, W. H. Lawrence {'Washington Hta. Bui. 7J, pp. 14). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., IG, p. 573) the author gave the results of a study of the life history of the fungus causing apple scab in western Washington, and also some experimental work in combating it. In the present Inilletin an account is given of additional work recently carried on in the eastern part of the State, where the climatic conditions are quite different from those reported in the previous publication. The general development of the fun.gus in the eastern part of the State was noted, but no additional facts were found regarding its life history. The rapid increase in tlie amount of disease is shown in a table, giving the percentage of the disease on 12 varieties during the past season, \^'hich shows an average increase of 52 per cent in scabby fruit. Experiments were carried on for the prevention of the disease in which trees were sprayed with ordinary Bordeaux mixture and also dust Bordeaux. On 85 trees representing 15 varieties sprayed with dust Bordeaux, the average percentage of clean fruit was 13 per cent, while on 50 trees representing the same numlier of varieties that were not sprayed the average percentage of clean fruit was G per cent. On the other hand, GO trees representing 8 varieties that were sprayed with liquid Bordeaux gave an average of 89 per cent clean fruit, showing the evident superiority of the liquid Bordeaux for the prevention of this disease. Notes are given on the r»reparation and aiiplication of the fungicides. The black rot of apples due to Sclerotinia fructigena, F. D. Heald (Ne- hraska titu. lipt. lOOo, pp. 82-91, pis. 2). — Attention is called to the fact that the rotting of fruits by Sclerotinia fructigena has generally been characterized as the brown rot, and that some symptoms attending this rot have hitherto escaped American and English investigators. The form here described is that known as black rot, which has been noted by several German in\estigators, and is attributed to attacks of Monilia. As the black rot due to Monilia and that caused by Sphwropsis malorum have been confused, attention is called to some of the external differences. In apples affected by the Monilia the skin is shiny, coal black, smooth, and perfectly free from external evidence of fungus mycelium or fruiting bodies, while in the case of fruits attacked by Sphjeropsis the surface of the apple is sometimes brown and soon becomes dotted with black pustules containing the pycnidia of the fungus. Ihe areas between the pustules are darkened, giving the whole surface a dark In-own or black color. In Monilia-affected apples the fruit does not shrivel DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247 greatly, while, on tlir contriiry, those affected with Sphseropsis become greatly reduced in size and exhihit an irrei^ular wriulvled surface. Experiments with cultures and inoculations show I lie (litTci'cnce in tlie two diseases. The author helieves that a laclc of moisture is one of the imjjortant factors in determining the development of the :Monilia. The precautions taken to prevent the occurrence of scah and other fungus diseases hy spraying with liordeaux mixtiu'e, removing nunnmy fruits, etc., are reconunended for the prevention of this disease. A brief ])ii)liograpliy completes the account. Pear blight ( Ohlalioiiia St a. Rpt. 1900, p. J/S). — A summary is given of a press bulletin ])revi(msly i.ssued by the station calling attention to pear l)light and giving suggestions for its control. The varying susceptibility of different varieties to blight is pointed out and the desirability of additional data in respect to lial)ility to disease is iudcated. The ripe rot or mummy disease of guavas, .1. L. .Sheldon ( West Virffinia Ntd. Jiiil. 1(1). p/t. 299-.31.'). j)J.s. .). fif/. 1). — The author reports having observed in the greenhouses of this Deiiartment some disea.sed guavas, from which material was collected for study on account of the similarity of the disea.se to the bitter rot of apples. Supplemental material was obtained from Porto Rico and Florida, and a study made of the fungus and its effect upon the fruit. The disease, whicli has been previously described as due to Glocosportioii psidii (E. S. R., 16, p. 477), seems to be rather widely distributed, and the fungus is known to occur in Porto Rico, Florida, California, Mexico, and Australia. When infested by the fungus brown spots appear on the ripening fruits, and these spots gradually increase until the entire fruit becomes affected, the de- cayed fruits finally falling off or remaining on the trees as mummies. A study of the fungus to determine its relationship with allied species led the author to l)elieve that it should I)e associated with the genus (Tlomerella. The presence of copper in olive oil obtained from fruit sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, X. Passerini {Atti R. Accad. Ecoti. A (jr. Gcorg. Firenzc, 5. ser., 3 {19(i6). Xo. 1, pp. 139-l.'fJf). — In the author's investigations olive oil was found to contain traces of copi>er whether the trees had been sprayed or not. The amount found in oil from olives grown on sprayed trees was not appreciably greater than from olives grown on unsprayed trees. The quantity present, which was less than 1 mg. per kilogram of oil, was so small as not to be injurious when eaten. The quantities found ranged from traces to 0.40 mg. per kilogram in oil from olives on untreated trees and from a mere trace to 0.47 mg. on treated ones. Combined treatment for powdery and downy mildew, L. IIugounenq (Rev. Vit., 2.', {1906). Xo. 6>i.',-6J,6. pp. .',29 .'/.3.?).— In commenting upon the effi- ciency of the treatment suggested for these diseases ( E. S. K., 17 p. 87(0. in which the addition of an alkaline polysulphid to a neutral copper acetate solu- tion was recommended, the author states that this fungicide proved very adhe- sive and quite ellicient in combating both diseases. The addition of the polysulphid to the copper solution is said to result in the formation of :i chocolate-colored precii)itate mixed with a small quantity of sulphur. Wlieii sprayed upon foliage this copper n()lysul])hi(l iiecomes copper sulphid through exposure to the air and later is further changed into copper ^•ulphate and sulphur. Experiments in combating downy mildew of grapes, X. Passerini {Atti R. Accad. Hcoii. A). Xo. 1, pp. l.'io-UfS). — Experiments are reported which were carried on in IDOn relative to the effi- ciency of copper sulphate neutralized with lime; copper sulphate and iron sul- 248 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. phate neutralized with lime ; copper sulphate, alum, and Hme ; and iron sulphate neutralized with lime, these fungicides being tested for the control of downy mildew of grapes. Groups of vines in the vineyard were sprayed under similar conditions, 4 applications being given them, and the effect of the treatment was determined by a committee of inspection. The amounts of copper per unit of leaf surface after the different sprayings up to the beginning of October are reported. In every case more copper was present where the vines had been sprayed with a 0.5 per cent solution of copper sulphate neutralized with lime than on any of the other lots. Iron sulphate was found to be without appreciable effect in checking the downy mildew. The addition of iron sulphate to the copper solu- tion diminished the efficiency of the Bordeaux mixture, and the solution to which, alum was added was not as valuable as that in which copper sulphate and lime alone were used. American gooseberry mildew (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 6 (1906), No. .3. PI). hh'y-'iT'^ P^- 1, t^OS- 2).— An account is given of the goose- l)erry mildew (i^plurrotlicca mors-uvce), which is reported as occurring on red currants in Kilkenny County, Ireland, and a warning is given regarding its possible spread. For its prevention the author recommends spraying with a solution of 2 oz. of potassium sulphid in .3 gal. of water. A disease of cottonwood due to Elfvingia megaloma, F. D. Heald {Ne- hraska Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 92-100, pis. .'/). — The author reports having observed specimens of living cottonwood in which the entire heart and sapwood were permeated by the mycelium of the fungus Elfvingia megaloma. which produced a gradual dissolution or decomposition of the wood cells and rendered the wood soft and punky in some instances and very brittle in others. A brief historical statement is given regarding the distribution of this fungus, the symptoms produced, the anatomy of the host plant, etc., and suggestions are given for its control, which consist in the removal of the diseased trees, destruction of the sporophores, etc. Peridermium cerebrum and Cronartium quercuum, C. L. Shear (Jour. Mycol., 12 {1906), No. 83, pp. 89-92). — The common occurrence of Peridermium cerehrum on trunks of ordinary pine about Washington and also the abundance of Cronartium quercuum on oaks in the same vicinity led the author to an inves- tigation to determine the possible connection between the two forms. A number of inoculation experiments were undertaken, and the large number of sori occurring on most of the artificially inoculated leaves as compared with the very small number found on the surrounding ones, taken in connection with their much earlier appearance, seems to indicate a genetic relation between the two forms. While the matter can not be regarded as settled, the evidence at hand seems to indicate the connection between the species of Peridermium and the uredo and teleutospore stages which are found on various species of oaks. A list of species of pine and oak upon which the two forms are found is appended. The adherence of copper fungicides, G. Gastine (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 5 {1906), No. 5, pp. 595-603). — After giving a summary of the investigations of Girard (E. S. R., 3, p. 734) and Guillon and Gouirand (E. S. R., 10, p. G51), the author describes his investigations relative to the adhesiveness of various copper fungicides. The coefficients of adhesiveness were determined in a manner somewhat differ- ent from that usually employed. The fungicide was thoroughly distributed over grape leaves and glass plates, and after drying, the leaves and plates were washed and the amount of copper removed determined. The proportion between DISEASES OP PLANTS. 249 Iho aniniinl rcinainins ■■iiul tlu> orisinal anionnt is givon as the coefficient of adhesion. The fiiniLj;ici(los tested were Bordeaux mixture, soda Bordeaux, copper acetate sohitions, annnoniacal copper carbonate solution, and several special trade prepa- rations. Ail the fungicides were so prepared as to contain approximately the same amounts of copjier. In the sununary of the author's' conclusions it is shown that the alkaline Bor- deaux mixture made hy what is termed the American method and the same mixture to which molasses or linseed oil was added were the most adhesive, from 90 to 95 per cent of the copper remaining on the leaves. Neutral Bor- deaux mixture had a coefficient of 75 to 80 per cent, and acid Bordeaux mixture 50 to 55 per cent. The adhesiveness is said to be diminished by mixing the copper sulphate and lime in too concentrated forms. Delaj^ in application after preparation reduces adhesiveness, although the molasses Bordeaux mixture re- tains its coefficient of adhesiveness after standing for 48 hours. Neutral soda Bor- deaux mixture had a coefficient of 85 per cent when made by the American method. Where this mixture was alkaline 72 to 75 per cent remained on the leaves. When freshly prepared from dry powdered chemicals it had a coefficient of 70 to 75 per cent, but if the powders were allowed to stand for several hours the adhesiveness fell to 50 per cent or less. This was also found true for a number of proprietary mixtures which are sold in powdered form. All the mix- tures containing carbonate of soda lost their adhesiveness rapidly, and after standing during 2 days of warm weather prior to application to the foliage all traces of copper were removed by the washing process. Mixtures to which soap or sugar was added differed but little from ordinary soda Bordeaux mix- ture in their adherence. In general the copper acetate solutions were less adherent than those described above. Neutral copper acetate had a coefficient of 50 to 52 per cent, but by the addition of sulphate of soda it was increased to 58 to 65 per cent. By the addi- tion of kaolin to neutral copper acetate the coefficient of adhesiveness was increased to 65 to 72 per cent, and where ammonia was added it was increased to 80 to 83 per cent. The copper acetate and ammoniacal solutions did not seem to depreciate very much on standing. Eau celeste had a coefficient of 56 to 58 per cent, ammoniacal copper carbonate solution 73 to 76 per cent, and copper formate 82 to 83 per cent. In practice the forms of Bordeaux mixture give the best results, but they offer many difficulties of preparation and application that the copper acetate solutions do not. On this account the author believes that solutions will prob- ably be found adapted to general use, although their adherence to the foliage is not as perfect as those fimgicides containing lime. The use of dilute solutions of sulphuric acid as a fungicide. H. Keaemer (Science, n. scr., 28 {1906), Isio. 599, p. 9Jil). — In a paper presented at the cele- bration of the two-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, the author gives the results of the use of dilute solutions of sulphuric acid as a fungicide for preventing the mildew on roses. The fungicide was tested on plants growing outdoors as well as in the greenhouse, and the application of a solution containing approximately 1 part of sulphuric acid to 1,000 parts of water was employed. The roses were unin- jured by the acid solution, and they began immediately to develop new leaves and young shoots entirely free from mildew after from 3 to 6 applications on alternate days. Should subsequent experiments confirm these observations, the use of sulphuric acid will have certain advantages over the use of sulphur, as it does not discolor the foliage and its employment is more easily controlled. 250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Federal game protection. A five years' retrospect, T. S. Palmer (f/. H. Dept. Agr. Yearbook lOD.j, pp. 5Jjl-562, pi. 1, figs. IS). — A summary is preseuted of the main features in tlie woi'Iv of game protection in tlie past five yeai\s. The chief points considered are the Lacey Act, importation of foreign birds and mammals, interstate connnerce in game, cooperation of this department with State officials and AuduI)on societies, and the game preserves. Directory of ofl&cials and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game, 1906, T. S. Palmer ([/. 8. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Biol. Survey Circ. 53, pp. 10). — The purpose of the present directory is to furnish the names of persons in the different States and Territories from whom information may be had respecting the local game laws and the requirements which must be met by individuals who wish to hunt in different localities. The zoological record, D. Sharp {Zool. Rec, U (1904), PP- LXV + 1202).— In this volume detailed bibliographical lists are given of literature relating to the various groups of the animal kingdom and published for the most part during the year 1904. Meadow mice in relation to agriculture and horticulture, D. E. Lantz' {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1905, pp. 363-376, pis. .',, figs. l).—Of the 165 species of Microtus known to science about 78 are found in North America. Some species of meadow mice show a very large distribution and often occur in such numbers as to be a serious menace to fruit raising and gardening. The feeding habits of meadow mice are described and notes are given on their natural enemies, which include a number of birds and mammals. The unusual prevalence of meadow mice in certain localities is attributed to the destruc- tion of their natural enemies. Considerable success in the control of meadow mice has been had with the use of grain or some other form of bait poisoned with strychnine, the drainage of swamps, a periodic jilowing of grass lauds which serve as breeding grounds for meadow mice, and the destruction of weeds and dead grass in the fall by burning or other methods. Requirements to be complied with by nurserymen or others who make- interstate shipments of nursery stock, A. F. Burgess (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 15, pp. 6).- — This circular contains in a condensed form the essential requirements of the laws of various States regarding the shipment and intro- duction of nursery stock. A more complete account of these laws will soon be published by the Bureau of Entomology. Report of the entomologist, D. L. Van Dine (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. lilt, pp. 3S-5H. pi. 1). — A brief account is presented of the organiza- tion of entomological work in Hawaii and of the woi-king staff and equipment. Bee keeping is fostered to a considerable extent, and the author presents a list of native and introduced bee plants. Likewise with silk production much energy is being expended in encouraging this industry, and it appears to be well suited to the conditions of the Hawaiian Islands. Quite favorable results were obtained fi'om a test of cold storage in the shipment and preservation of silk- worm eggs. A committee of citizens has been appointed to make a study of the situation with regard to mosquitoes and considerable work has been done in the study of fish which eat mosquitoes. A partial list is presented of the insects injurious to various cultivated crops in Hawaii and a bibliography is given of publications relating to Hawaiian ento- mology. Report of the entomologists, C. II. and H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 149-152). — During 1905 a number of injurious insects were ob- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 251 served in nmisuiil ahnndnnct'. I'articulnr atlciition was given to the study of the San Jose scale, cutworms, army worms, and various other iiests, as well as to fumigation of groonhouses. The authors state that the gipsy moth is now spreading i-apidly ovci' the State. Fifth report of the State entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, J. L. Phili.u's {Ri)t. Vit. Htnte Eiit. and Plant Paih., ■'> (j!)(tj,-r>), /j/>. ,s,s. fifjs. IJf). — In this report an account is given of the work in controlling the San Jose scale in Virginia in the years 1903-1905. The organization and scope of the work is deserihed with notes on nursery and orchard inspection. In growing nursery stock free from San Jose scale it is recommended that a site be selected as little infested as possible with no orchards near- the intended mirsery. All stock should tluMi be fumigated and after the first winter should be treated twice annually with lime and sulpinu' w.-ish. An accoiuit is [^resented of the present status of nursery and orchard ins]iec- tion in Virginia, with a description of fumigation methods and their effective- ness as applied under different conditions for the desiructon of San Jose scale, scurf.v scale, and other i)ests. The action of hydrocyanic acid on nursery stock was also studied, with the result that this appeared not to be a serious matter under ordinary conditions. The only conuuon causes of unsatisfactory results in fumigating nursery stock are the use of adulterated potassium cyanid and the practice of fumigation during midwinter when the scale insects are least susceptible to fumigation. Detailed directions are given on the preparation and effectiveness of lime- sulphur wash made according to different formulas and .various other insecti- cide preparations. Report of the entomological division, W. R. Dewar {Orange Rirer Colony Dcpt. .{(/)■.. Ann. Rpt.. I (lf)ii',-r,). jip. i,s\3-2.3S. figs. ,S').— The organization and work of the division of entomology are briefly outlined with notes on the routine work. Particular attention is being given at present to the control of locusts by means of arsenical solutions and by other methods, as well as to the distribu- tion of lad.vbirds, control of noxious weeds, and study of various miscellaneous insects, including ticks, Bagrada hilaris, cabbage aphis, diamond-back moth, potato moth, bean weevils, boll weevil, grain aphis, red scale, and other scale insects. A brief report is made by C. N. .Tohnston on the birds of Orange River Colony in their relation to agriculture. Farm practice in the control of field-crop insects, F. M. Webster ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 100'), pp. .'fGo-J/TG, plx. 2, figs. 2). — In order to control the insects which attack field crops it is necessary that the farmer shoidd have a practical knowledge of the liabits of these posts. The best results ai-e obtained by the use of a suitable system of crop rotation combined with thorough plowing at seasons when the insects would be most injured by such operations, good tillage, occasional summer fallowing, and the destruction of weeds and all un- necessary vegetation in which insects may breed. Proliferation as a factor in the natural control of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, W. E. IIinus (( . »S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bin: Rut. Bui. 59, pp. '/■T, pis. G).— In the study of the cotton boll weevil by the Bureau of Entomology, attention is given to all details which may in any way bear upon the control of this pest. In 1902 it was noted that the cotton plant has a tendency to protect itself by proliferation of cells at the point of injury by the cotton boll weevil in the squares or bolls. A thorough study of this phenomenon has been carried on to date and statistics collected bearing on the problem of the effectiveness of this tendency of the plant in controlling the pest 252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. It appears from these observations that in many varieties of American up- land cotton proliferation takes place in 51 per cent of the cases of weevil at- tack upon squares and in 55 per cent of those upon bolls. The increased rate of mortality among weevils as a result of this proliferation was found to be 13.5 per cent in squares and 6.3 per cent in bolls. Climatic conditions appear to have little effect upon proliferation, and all varieties of American upland cotton appear to proliferate to about the same extent. The use of fertilizers apparently does not increase proliferation and the proliferating tissue is not poisonous to the weevils. Death results from mechanical causes. Destroying weevils in cowpeas (Oklahoma St a. Rpt. 1906, pp. 83-35). — Brief data are given relative to the amount of damage caused by weevils in cowpeas. Experiments with gasoline and carbon bisulphid showed that the gasoline did not evaporate as readily as carbon bisulphid and is less effective than the latter. One pound of carbon bisulphid was. found to be sufficient to treat 40 bu. of cowpeas. A locust campaign, E. R. Sawer {Rliodesian Agr. Jour., 3 (1906), No. 3, pp. 225-230). — Attention is called to the great devastation which may be worked by the locust if these pests are not controlled. The organization of the field work in the locust campaign in South Africa is described. Particular atten- tion is given in this campaign to Pacliytylus sulcicollis and Acrklium purpuri- ferum. The methods of destruction are quite varied, but the most effective and most economic appears to be in the use of an arsenical spray. Locust birds and locust poisons, C. P. Lounsbuey (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 28 (1906), No. 3, pp. 36Ji-366). — Several complaints were made that the extensive use of arsenic and other poisons in the destruction of locusts had led Incidentally to the poisoning of locust birds from eating the dead locusts. The opinions of a number of entomologists who had experience with this matter in South Africa are quoted to the effect that no such poisoning takes place. It appears that birds or domestic fowls may eat poisoned locusts in consider- able quantities without thereby being badly affected. Codling moth work in 1904, E. D. Ball and E. G. Peterson ( Utah Sta. Bui. 95, pp. 65-107, figs. 12). — The authors in their work on the codling moth have proceeded on the basis that the first work to be done is a careful determina- tion of the life history of this pest under local conditions. Various points con- nected with the habits and life history of the codling moth in Utah were care- fully worked out anew so that the practical spraying experiments devised by the authors rested on a scientific basis. The work reported in the present bulletin had for its chief objects the deter- mination of the relative value of early and late sprays and the separation of the injury caused by the first brood from that of the second. The spraying experiments were carried out in 3 orchards containing a number of varieties. Paris green was applied at the rate of 1 lb. to 120 gal, of water. The early applications were made just after the blossoms fell (May 28 to June 1) and a second time (June 10 to 14). Three late applications were made on August 4, August 18, and September 2. All of the trees were banded and the bands examined every 3 days in order to count the larvie. All windfalls were care- fully examined, and between August 1 and 3 all of the apples on the trees were examined to determine whether the larvte entered through the calyx or side of the apple. The observations on the periods covered by the 2 broods of codling moth in Utah indicate clearly that August 1 is about the separating point between the 2 broods. The results of spraying were carefully determined with reference to the production of the first and second broods of codling moth. It appears that two early applications of Paris green killed 89 per cent of the first brood of ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253 codling moth the first year, and 9G per cent where the method was continued for 2 years. It is also learned that two-thirds of the worms entered the apple through the calyx. The two early applications destroyed all but 4 per cent of the worms which attempted to enter through the calyx, while 22 per cent of those which attempted to enter the side of the apple escaped the Paris green. From observations made in Colorado and elsewhere the authors believe that the second brood is about .5 times as numerous as the first. The average number of wormy apples per tree without spraying was 247 as a result of the attack of the first brood. If tlie second brood is 5 times as numerous this would make an average of 1,482 wormy ai)ples per tree during the season if imsi^rayed, while the average number on sprayed trees would be H)2 the first year and GO the following year if the treatment is repeated. The .authors also determined that 90 per cent of the worms which entered the calyx during August and Sep- tember were killed by Paris green which had been applied in June. This Indi- cates the lasting effect of the early applications. The total cost of two arsen- ical applications, banding and examining the bands during the season, was 14 to 21 cts. per tree or li to 2 cts. per bushel of apples. As a result of their work on the codling moth the authors conclude that the only proper time for the early, spray is just after the blossoms fall and before the calyx closes. It appears that the two early applications of Paris green will kill nearly nine-tenths of the codlinng moth up to August 1 and that enough poi- son remains to kill two-thirds of the larvae of the second brood. The three late applications destroyed three-fourths of the second brood of codling moth, but the early sprays appear to be of much more value than late ones, since late sprayings alone will not save the crop in badly infested oi'chards. The codling moth in the Yakima Valley, A. L. Melander and E. L. Jenne (Washington Sta. Bui. 77, pp. 96, pis. 13, figs. 7). — The codling moth has been known in the State of Washington for 25 years and in the warmer river valleys causes an almost total destruction of the apple crop if no protective measures are taken. An elaborate test of insectides was made in a number of orchards, using a gasoline power sprayer in some cases. The habits and life history of the cod- ling moth are described in detail, with especial reference to the bearing of avail- able data upon the number of broods of this pest. In the Yakima Valley there appeared to be 2, and possibly 8, broods of the codling moth, the first and second broods being separated by a period of 3 or 4 weeks. The authors found that the windfalls rarely contain larvae of the codling moth. About 70 per cent of the first brood of larvse attempt to enter the apples at the calyx end within 2 to 5 weeks after the blossoms have fallen. The second bi'ood begins to enter the apples toward the end of July. According to the authors about CO per cent of the larvae drop to the ground after leaving the apples, the remaining 40 per cent crawling down the trunk of the tree. It is recommended, therefore, that bands on apple trees should be inspected at inter- vals not greater than 2 weelvs. Rarely pears, peaches, and prunes are infested with the codling moth. Notes are also given on natural enemies of this pest. In spraying for the codling moth arsenate of lead is recommended as the best remedy. Fruit growers are advised to buy arsenate of lead from reliable deal- ers rather than attempt to make it themselves. Paris green is also effective when used at the rate of 1 lb. to 12.5 gal. of water, but London purple and arsen- oids are not recommended. If a given neighborhood is not badly infested it will be unnecessary to spray for the second brood ; otherwise, light sprayings are required. In such cases two sprayings for the first brood and two or three for the second are recommended. It is believed that spraying every 2 weeks throughout the season is an unnecessarily expensive system. It was found that 254 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOBD. trees may be sprayed 4 times with the power sprayer at the cost of 8 cts. per tree, and with the result of saving 90 per cent of the fruits, while 85 per cent of the crop was free from codling moths after two applications. The gypsy and brown-tail moths and their European parasites, L. O. Howard (f*. ,S'. Dept. Agr. Yearhook 1903, pp. 123-13S, pis. 2, fi(/s. 6).— The his- tory of these two pests in the United States is briefly outlined with notes on the appearance and habits of both insects, the artificial remedies commonly used against them, and American parasites which have been thus far found attacking them. The author has succeeded in interesting a number of European ento- mologists in the work of collecting and shipping parasitized specimens of these insects to Boston, where it is hoped parasites will be reared to assist in con- trolling the pests. A test of different sprays for the San Jose scale, W. E. Rumsey and F. E. Bkooks {West Virginia 8ta. Bui. 107, pp. 347-354). — A report is made on the results obtained from the use of 4 brands of proprietary insecticides in controlling the San Jose scale. The conclusion is reached that preparations of concentrated soluble oil are the most convenient materials to use in destroying scale insects. They are not only effective, but are easily handled and do not injure the spray pumps, harness, horses, nor the face and hands of the workman. Directions for checking the cottony scale and the report of State nursery inspection, C. Bues (Wisconsin Hta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 315-329. figs. 5). — The cottony maple scale is most easily dislodged from the trees in \yisconsin during the month of June. It is found possible to wash them off the trees by means of a forcible spray of water, and for this purpose the fire department allowed the use of some of its apparatus. Good results are also obtained by spraying in summer with kerosene eumlsion and with a strong emulsion in early fall. The work of spraying may be made simpler by suitable pruning of the trees. A brief statement is given on the condition of nurseries in Wisconsin, and on the present status of San Jose scale, imported willow weevil, apple leaf hopper, strawberry root louse, apple canker, and other insects and fungus diseases. The peach-tree borer, H. N. Starnes {Georgia Sta. Bui. 73, pp. 1^5-190, figs. 12). — The borer is not the most important enemy of peaches in Georgia, but in the author's opinion stands about fourth among the pests of this tree. The in- sect is described in its various stages, and notes are given on its life history as shown by numerous observations made in Georgia and elsewhere. The methods recommended for the control of the peach borer include wrapping the base of the trees with brown paper or newspaper, mounding the trees with earth, removing the larv;ie with steel instruments, and the use of caustic sub- stances for destroying the larvae. In a series of laboratory experiments it was found that many of the borers were prevented from emerging when buried in the soil to the depth of 3 inches or more. This suggests the possible value of deep plowing just before the borers are ready to emerge from the soil. The principal insect enemies of the peach, A. L. Quaintance ([/. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1905, pp. 325-348, pis. 7, figs. 7). — About 190 insect enemies of the peach are known to be of more or less importance. Biological and economic notes ai'e given on many of the most serious insects included in this number, the chief among which are plum curculio, peach borer, San Jose scale, West Indian peach scale, black peach aphis, peach twig-borer, fruit tree bai'k-beetle. and nematode root-gall. Some insects injurious to forests. The western pine-destroying bark- beetle, J. L. Webb {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 58, pt. 2, pp. 11-30, pis. 2. figs. 6). — According to the observations of several members of the Bureau of Entomology, the western pine-destroying bark beetle {Dendroctonus hrevicomis) ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 255 is tLo most iiiiportiUit enemy of the western jiinc in cei-tMin \)i\v\s of Idaho where the destruction of this tree was invest iiiatcd. The presence of the pest is indicated by dead and dying trees and by pitch tubes and small quantities of resin in tlie ere^•i(•es of the l)arlv. Tlie insect Is lound throuf,'hout Idalio and from Calirornia to Washington and attacks the western yellow pine and su.^'ar pine. It is estiniat(>d that from 2 to 5 per cent ef pine timl)er has been destroytMl annually by this iK'st during tlie past -i years. A brief account is given of the obsei'vations made by a number of investi- gators in Idaho, Waslnngton, and elsewhere. The life history and habits of the insect are traced in some detail and brief notes are given on the natural enemies. The pest ajtpears to attack and destroy the best specimens of trees and is capable of devastating pine trees over large areas. The insect passes the wintei- in the outer bark of trees which were killed during the previous summer. On this account it is recommended that infested trees be located in the fall and cut between October and May, after which the bark should be removed and destroyed. Insect enemies of forest reproduction, A D. Hopkins ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Year hook I'JOo. pp. 2'i!)-2'iG, p(jx. !)). — Insect injuries to foi'est trees may occur during the period of flowering, fruiting, germinating, or growth of the seedling, sapling, and matun^ trees. Brief accounts are presented of some of the more noted forest insects and of their attacks upon sprout forests. While ordinary insecticide methods are of some value in the control of forest insects, the chief reliance must be placed on systems of forestry. Two insect pests of the elm, A. L. Melander (Wasliingtoii ,Stu. Bill. 7.'/, pp. 7, fig. 1). — Elm trees in Washington are sometimes greatly injured by the eim bark-louse. This pest may be controlled by thorough spraying with the lime-sul])hur wash during February or March. The elm leaf-louse is also quite a serious pest, but may be largely controlled liy a winter spray of lime and sulphur, or, if this is not given, the iise of kerosene emulsion will yield the desired results. Formulas are given for preparing these insecticides. The mosquito, T. B. Symons, T. H. Coffin, and A. B. Gahan {ManjJand Sta. Bui. Ui'.i. pp. ll-12.'i, figs 37). — The agency of mosquitoes in transmitting dis- eases to man is briefly discussed and descriptions are presented of mosquitoes connnonly observed in Maryland. Considerable interest has recently been aroused in mosquito extermination, particularly in the neighborhood of Balti- more, where favorai)le conditions prevail for the multiplication of these pests. The usual line of treatment is discussed, including drainage and the use of oil a.nd other insecticides. Brief mention is made of some of the less common substances used in destroying mosquito larva*, including a number of proprie- tary remedies. The value of lime, copper sulphate. carl)()lic acid, creosote, and oil is also discust. Mosquito control, II. J. Quayle {California Sta. Bill. 17S, pp. ')■'>, figs. 35).-=- At the recpu'st of the Burlingame Improvement Club the station undertook an examination of a tract of land near San Francisco badly infested with mosquitoes. The species most numerous in this region was Ochlcrofatiis lati- rittatus, but the malaria mosquito and other .epecies were also present. A general account is ]ir(>sent(Ml of tb(> life history and nugration of mosquitoes and of their cdnnei-lion with disease in man. The campaign of eradication undertaken by the station consisted in the establishment of a thorough system of drainage in the salt marshes where the mosquitoes chiefly prevailed and in the use of oil on a few of the pools in fresh-water creeks. In a few instances similar work was carried out by pri- vate individuals to rid their own property of mosquitoes. The success of the 256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. general work of eradication was very striliing since during the second season the chief species of mosquito concerned was seen only in the rarest instances. Some attention was given to the natural enemies of mosquitoes. Under the conditions which prevailed in the region in question fish could not be used advantageously, since they would not voluntarily live in the pools where the mosquitoes bred. The best species for use is apparently the stickleback. A number of insects are also mentioned as enemies of mosquitoes. Copper sulphate was used at the rate of 1 part to 1,000 in small pools, but almost with- out effect. The author also discourages the hope that eucalyptus will prove of any great value in the work of combating mosquitoes. The species chiefly concerned in the mosquito campaign in question are de- scribed in all their stages and a synoptic table is presented to assist in their determination. A list is also given of the mosquitoes known to occur in California. A preliminary report on the horseflies of Louisiana, with a discussion of remedies and natural enemies, J. S. Hine (Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 6, pp. JfS, figs. 20). — An investigation was made of the distribution of species of horse- flies and their injurious attacks in Louisiana and other parts of the South. The larvje usually pass their life in the water or under ground and are, there- fore, seldom observed. The species of Chrysops and many of those of Tabanus lay their eggs on plants over water, while others deposit on plants standing in wet ground. The larvfe feed on animal life of various kinds. Detailed notes are given on the life history of Chrysops i-iUaius and Tabanus atratus. The eggs of the latter species may be carried for many miles in water and the insect may be thus distributed far from the point of its original location. A number of natural enemies are known to attack the horseflies, some of these insects being predaceous and others parasitic. The use of nets, oil, and in- secticides of disagreeable odor may give considerable relief. Covering pools of water with kerosene, as recommended by Porchinski, is not always effective. The author recommends collecting the eggs of horseflies in localities where they are most numerous. An annotated list is presented of all the species found in Louisiana. Some points on the natural history of Tabanidae, especially Tabanus qua- tuornotatus, A. Lecaillon (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 60 {1906), No. 9, pp. 459, 460). — The eggs of this species are laid during a period of 2 or 3 weeks in June. The females deposit their eggs during the middle of sunshiny days on dry herbage in masses of about 300 to 400. The egg masses are almost always found about 30 to 50 cm. from the ground. The larvfe, as soon as hatched, fall to the ground and penetrate into the soil. Habits and life histories of some flies of the family Tabanidae, J. S. Hine [U. S. Dept. Acjr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 12, pt. 2, tech. ser., pp. IV, 19-38, fig». X2). — A detailed account is presented of the life history and habits of Tabanus tasiophthalmus, T. sulcifrons, T. stygius, T. vivax, T. atratus, and Chrysops mcerens. Considerable new information is given, particularly with reference to the place and method of depositing eggs. In some cases this information will be of advantage in devising practical means for controlling horseflies, but these insecticide methods have not been worked out. British ticks, E. G. Wheler {Jour. Agr. Scl., 1 {1906), No. 4, pp. 400-429, p]s_ 6). — The ticks of Great Britain have received but little study from a sys- tematic standpoint, and on this account the author undertook an investigation of their life history and habits, as well as a study of their form and relationship to diseases in man and animals. The larger part of the article is occupied with a description and classification of the ticks known to the author as occurring in Great Britain. In this ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 257 systonintic arrangeniont tbo ticks are divided into 2 subfamilies, Argasinjip, and Lvodinje. A considerable number of species are referred to these families as occurring in Great Britain. These include Argaa reflextis, Ornithodorus megninl, Ixodes hexagonus, I. ricinus, and species of Hyalomma, Ilifmaphy- salis, Dermacentor. and other genera. How to get rid of cattle ticks. A. D. Melvin (U. »S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anini. Indus. Circ. 97, pp. .'/. fig 1). — Attention is called to the importance of active cooperation between local officials in various States south of the Texas fever quarantine line and the Bureau of Animal Industry for the purpose of eradi- cating ticks. The eradication i>f licks is believed to be possible if all suggested precautions are taken. Cattl(> and premises may be freed from ticks by hand picking the cattle and destroying the ticks, after- which the cattle maj' be thoroughly greased. Infested cattle should be examined every other day, attention being given to the inside and back portion of the thighs, wher(> the ticks are liable to be most numerous. For greasing the cattle, crude oil is recommended, or cotton-seed oil, fish oil, or lard. Whei-e a farmer owns but a few head of cattle, the cattle may be picketed on tick-free i)asture and occasionally moved, taking care to avoid these localities for 9 months thereafter. Another method recommended is the rotation system and requires two fields. The cattle are removed from the pasture by September 1 and no animals are allowed on this pasture until March 15 of the following year. Before the cattle are allowed to go back into the original i)asture they should be carefully examined for the presence of ticks. Tests of dips as lice killers, L. L. Lewis {Oklahoma Sia. Bui. 72, pp. 8). — The importance of dips in combating parasites on cattle has long been recog- nized, and a number of these dips were tested by the author in controlling lice and cattle ticks. In experiments with coal-tar ])repnrations it was found that the dips were more effective when used at temperatures of TO to 80° F. than when applied cold. Lice were usually found dead within from 3 to 10 hours after cattle and horses were dipped. Hogs may be regularly dipped, like other animals, or a wallowing vat may be provided containing a small (juantitj- of crude oil on the surface of the water. ^Yhen this is done, the hogs keep themselves free from lice. Most of the coal-tar dips, which were tested, failed to kill the lice eggs, but kerosene emulsion was more effective in this respect. Farmers who own but a small number of cattle will find it too expensive to construct vats especially for dippping. For these small owners it is desirable that cattle be regularly insjiected about every 2 weeks from July to September, and hand treated with crude petroleum or kerosene emulsion, after the large ticks have been picked off. The effectiveness of pasture rotation in controlling ticks is also mentioned The economical preparation of the sulphur-lime spray, R. W. Thatcher (WasJiiiigtoii Shi. Bill. 7il. pp. 16). — It is considered that the efficiency of the lime-suli)hur wash is demonstrated and that at present experiments may well be directed toward the i)reparation of this insecticide more cheaply. A chemical study was made of the reactions which take place in the prepara- tions of the lime-sulphur wash according to various formulas. From this study it appears that lime-sulphur wash contains 2 sohiltle compounds, viz. penta- sulphid and thiosidphate of calcium. The relative amounts of these 2 com- l)ounds are about the same in sprays prei)ared by any of the formulas and are not influenced by the presence or absence of salt. Blue vitriol, on the other liand, combines with the pentasulphid compound rendering it insoluble. Cal- 11125— No. 3— Otj M 5 258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cium pentasnlpbid decomposes rapidly under the influence of the atmosphere after being sprayed on trees and acts energetically as an insecticide. While calcium thiosulphate decomposes more slowly, the continued action of the in- secticide long after its application is apparently due to this latter compound. The author believes that the cheapest fornuila for the preparation of lime- sulphur wash is 1-1— t. Spray for profit (OAlalioiiia ,St(i. Rpf. VJIk;. pp. .'i',-o.',). — Directions are given for the choice, preparation, and application of insecticides and fungicides for controlling insect pests and fungus diseases of fruits, garden vegetables, cereals, shade ti-ees, ornamental plants, and cotton. Silk industry {Mo. Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. »S'.], 1906, No. 305. pp. 185-190). — A statistical account is presented regarding the extent of the silk crop in various countries, including Italy, Austria, Syria, Greece, Persia, and the far Orient. Notes are also given on the methods of growing the mulberry and care of silkworms. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Eopiness in flour and bread and its detection and prevention, E. J. Wat- kins (Jour. ^oc. Chcni. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 8. pp. 350-357, pi. i).— Experi- ments are reported and data summarized regarding the causes of ropiuess in bread, the ways in which ropiness is conveyed, and methods of prevention. The trouble is produced by varieties of Bacillus mcscntericus introduced into the dough through the flour where it sometimes occurs in large numbers, pos- sibly coming from the bran coats. Breads containing bran and straight grade white flours nre most liable to develop ropiness. The bacillus is a prolific spore former, and the spores are capable of resisting high temperatures for long periods. The development of the bacillus, when once present in the dough after bread has been made, depends partly on the reaction of the bread and partly on atmospheric conditions. The presence of acid is unfavorable to the development of bacillus, but normal bread is only faintly acid in reaction and always insufficiently so to prevent the development and spread of ropiness. The author's experiments led to the con- clusion that " the addition of a small quantity of acetic acid to the dough will effectually prevent the appearance of ropiness in the resulting bread during a much longer period than bread is usually kept. The minimum quantity of acid appears to be about 0.8 lb. per sack of flour, whilst a maximum of 0.7 lb. should not be exceeded on account of its softening action upon the gluten. When lactic acid is employed as a preventive, the minimum quantity is greater ; below O.G lb. per sack its action is somewhat uncertain. ' The greater softening action of this acid ujion gluten must not be lost sight of when considering the quantity to use." " Low temperature and dryness of the bread store tend to suppress develop- ment, but the maximum temperature of 18° C. (G.5° F.) can not be exceeded without great risk. " When a batch of bread is found to be ropy, all flour in stock should be at once tested, so as to locate the infected stock, and in the meantime fresh supplies of flour from a different source should be laid in. " When the infected batch of flour has been discovered, it should be isolated, so that it can be worked up under those conditions which are most unfavorable to the development of the bacillus, i. e., the doughs being made slightly acid and the bread being quickly cooled and kept at low temi)erature during storage. Such flour might advantageously be kept until the colder months when the pros- pects of development are at a minimum. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 259 " During the suiiuium- months the danger of purchasing ropy flour may be entirely obviated l)y tin- apiilication of tlie broad-tube test to a sample of the flour before buying." The pajK'r is followed by a discussion. Alcohol in bread, L. Schmelck (.\or.s7,- Laiidmandsblad, 25 (1906), No. 9, p. 117). — Thirteen different samples of fresh bread from 10 bakeries were fomid to contain from 0.35 to 0.70 cc. of ak-ohol per 100 gm.. the average amount being 0.~r2 cc. xVfter 10 days about one-half-of the original alcohol content was lound to bo jiresent. — f. w. vvoll. Foods and food products, whisky and other beverages, and drugs and medicines, E. F. Laud kt al. (Xurtli Dakotii Slu. Bnl. (I!>. pi). oO). — ^Tlie investi- gation reported was carried on under the provisions of the State law regulating the sale of foods, beverages, and drugs. Foods and food products, E. I\ Ladd and A. (1. XicA-lcs {pp. .i-22). — A large number of samples of jams, i)reserves, and jellies, canned vegetables, flavoring extracts, dairy products, meat, fish, sausages, confectionery, and other food ])ro(lucts were examined. As shown by comparison with earlier work, the authors point out that there has been a marked decrease in the adulteration of food products, short-weight cans, and " sloppy canned goods." Whisky. E. F. Ladd and R. E. f^taUlncis {pp. 23-26).-— Ninety-flve whiskies and I)randies were examined. Drug and proprietary products, E. F. Ladd and C. H. Kiniherly {pp. 21-50). — A large number of drugs and medicines were examined. Table sirups, H. W. Wiley {V. S. Dept. Ayr. Yearhook 1905, lip. 2Jtl-248, pis. 2). — The manufacture and food value of sirups made from maple sap, sorghum juice, and cane juice are spoken of and the superiority of natural sii'ups emphasized. "The sirup made directly from the sugar cane must of necessity commend itself to the consumer in comparison with the use of molasses arising as a by- Iiroduct of sugar manufacture. In the production of sugar it is an economic necessity to niake a white product, and this requires the use of bleaching agents of some description. Among these sulphur is perhaps the most common. Also, in the washing of white sugar in the centrifugal, solutions of salts of tin or of indigo are often employed for giving an- additional luster to the sugar. This bleaching agent nnist of necessity remain in the molasses, making it to this extent unsuitable for consumption. For these reasons it is evident that the production of a t:iblc sirup directly from the original source should be encour- aged. " It appears from a general survey of the data which have been collected in these experiments that it is entirely possible to supply the demand for table sirup in the T'nited States directly from the original sources, thus removing the danger of adulteration or contamination with substances injurious to health. The general consumption of a sirup of this kind would, it is true, interfere with the industry which is engaged at the present time in making a synthetic sirup for table use from doubtful sources, but which as a rule contains more or less molasses — the by-product of sugar manufacture — and contaminated more or less with substances injurious to lK\iltli. The general welfare of the farmer and consumer would therefore be promoted by the general consnmi)tion of pure sirups of the kind which have been described." Fruit and its uses as food, C. F. Langwortiiy (f. .V. Dcpt. Ayr. Yearhook 19115. iiii..}(n-.]>'i. /ii/. J). — .\mong the questions considered in this general sum- mary are color, flavor, and composition of fruits, effect of ripening on composi- tion, the place of fruit in the diet, digestibility, and relative economy, raw and cooked fruit, aud the hygiene of fruit. 260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, " In general, it luaj- be said that fruits are wholesome, palatable, and attract- ive additions to our diet, and may be readily made to furnish a considerable part of the nutrients and energy required in the daily fare. Fresh fruits are dilute foods and closely resemble green vegetables in total nutritive value, but dried fruits and many preserves, etc., are much more concentrated, comparing favorably with some of the cereals and other dry vegetable foods in the amount of total nutrients and energy which they supply per pound. The characteristic chemical constituents of fruits are carbohydrates, and so they are naturally and properly used in a well-balanced diet to supplement foods richer in protein, as cereal grains, legumes, nuts, eggs, dairy products, meats, and fish. Intelli- gently used, fruits are a valuable part of a well-balanced diet and may well be eaten in even larger (piantities that at present." Practical directions for jDreserving native fruits and vegetables, Mrs. L. H. Adams and E. 1'. Saindsten {Wisconsin ,St(i. Bill. 136, pp. 13). — Household methods for making jams, jellies, preserves, etc., are described, particular atten- tion being paid to the use of native fruits. A few directions for canning vege- tables are also given. The energy required by man in the form of heat, E. Maurel (Coiiipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], GO {1906), No. IS, pp. S63-866). — The author briefly summar- izes his own investigations and discusses other published work. His own esti- mate of the average amount of energy required in temperate regions in spring and fall by a man weighing 65 kg. is 2,400 calories, in summer 2,000 calories, and in winter 2,800 calories. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Condimental and tonic stock foods, W. Frear (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. Jfl-59). — A number of condimental and tonic stock foods were examined chemically and microscopically and data suunnarized regarding the effect of such feeding stuffs on the rations of farm animals. Analysis shows that these feeds are in general made up of cereals and com- mercial by-products and of ordinary and inexpensive drugs, such as copperas, Epsom salts, fenugreek, gentian, mustard, sulphur. The price at which they are sold is usually out of all proportion to their nutritive value and the cost of their ingredients. The data summarized show that, generally speaking, aromatic foods do not increase the flow of digestive juices nor do such feeding stuff's induce greater gains in weight or milk yield. As the author points out, animals in health rarely need these feeds while those which are sick need special treat- ment. " The farmer can make his own condimental mixture far more cheaply than he can buy most of the market preparations." " It will not do, however, to infer that such mixtures are never uesful, even though they do not cause the healthy animal to improve in its functional activi- ties, do not ward off disease, nor promise cure of well-developed disorders. Wlien used in sufficient quantity they may serve to arouse a flagging appetite, secure the consumption of food when too little variety is available, or when it is inferior in quality, or stimulate a depressed digestive system to the point of digestive activity, as cayenne rouses the adynamic stomach of the drunkard. In such cases, when salt alone has failed to correct the undesirable condition, and change of staple diet is impossible, a condimental mixtiire may be helpful." Inspection of feeding stuffs {New York State Sta. Bui. 280, pp. 233-260).— The feeding stuffs examined during the fall of 1905 and the winter of 1905-0 under the State law included cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal and feed, corn bran, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, hominy feeds, mixed wheat offals, compounded feeds, meat meals and similar animal products, compounded ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 261 poultry foods, dried niol;isses beet i)uli), dried l)e(>t \m]]), hurley lue.-il, oat by- ]ii'()dncts. and allali"a meal. Commercial feeding stuffs, II. J. Wiikklek kt al. {lihodc Isltuid >S7(;. /{(//. I Li, PI). ll-Oti). — Under the provisions of the State .law analyses were made of a number of samples of cotton-seed meal and feed, linseed meal (old and new process), gluten meal and feed, brewers' and distillers' grains, malt sprouts, wheat middlings, wheat bran, mixed wheiit feeds, honnny meal, corn meal, hors;^ feed, dairy and stock feeds, poultry feed, animal meal and bone, provender, alfalfa meal and molasses, alfalfa meal, sugar feed, crushed oats, dried beet liulji. oat feeds, and proprietai'y feeds. " Consiuners ar(> again caulion(>d to beware of ground feeds other than genuine corn meal, wheat middlings, bran, and mixtures of the last two, unless they are guaranteed. The law does not require that -these be sold under a guaranty. Consumers are equally cautioned to read the guaranti<>s, for cotton- seed meal containing only about 23 to 24 per cent of protein is guaranteed, as is also that containing from .'?8 to 48 per cent. Adulterated 'mixed feed' is also on the market containing only from 12 to 13 per cent protein, while the genuine mixed feed, composed of pure wheat bran and middlings, usually con- tains from ir» to IS per cent of i)rotein." Inspection of concentrated conamercial feeding stuffs, F. W. Woll and (!. A. Olsox {Wisconsin Hta. Rpt. lOO-l, pp. 31 ■'iS')!). — A table is given showing the jii-oportions of i»rotein and fat in 01 brands of commercial feeding stuffs licensed for sale in the State. Coefficients of digestibility of American feed stuffs. Experiments made in the United States, J. B. Lindsey and P. H. Smith {Massachusetts »S7«. Rpt. J 905, pp. 2:L'i-2.'i8). — A summary of digestion experiments which have be(>n made with farm animals at the experiment stations in the United States. Analyses of oats, C. F. Juritz {Rpt. Senior Anal. Cape Good Hope, 1905, pp. 3.'i-3.70 per cent, and ash 2.99 per cent. The amid nitrogen was 20.8 per cent, the digestible albuminoid nitrogen 6.6 per cent, and the indigestible nitrogen (nuclein) 72.6 per cent of the total nitrogen. Carbohydrates yielding mannose, galactose, dextrose, levulose, and pentoses on hydrolysis were found in sphagnum and sphagnum peat, but quantitative determinations were not made of these l)olysaccharids. The feeding value of the sphagnum moss is shown to be very low. — F. w. woi.i.. Speltz and millet for the production of baby beef, .1. W. Wiesox and II. G. Skixxek (South Dakota Sta. But. 91, pp. (il-l.'i. fiys. 8). — The relative value of si)eltz, oats, millet, and corn for calves raised on separator milk and for year- lings on iiasture was studied, as well as the practical)ility of fatt(Miing yearlings for the ])roduction of baby beef. I lay was fed in addition to the grain. Each lot contained 2 steers and a sijayed heifer and the test as a whole 262 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. covered 431 clays. The tjaiii rauged fruni 1.47 lbs. i>er lie;ul on millet to 1.84 lbs. on com. " The best gains were made with the groniid millet during the fattening period, being 1.7G lbs. per head daily, while the lot fed on corn meal produced 2.8 lbs. per head daily during this period. ... " Speltz produces a hard fat, about the same as oats ; and as good a quality of meat as corn. . . . ** Fat made by Black Veronesh millet seed was much softer to the touch than that made by either corn, oats, or speltz. When fed as a fattening ration, this variety of millet seed seems to be more like oats than corn. This is shown by the fact that the lot fed on oats required practically the same quantity of hay per pound of gain as did the lot fed on millet. . . . " It required 0.37 of a pound more of ground millet seed than it did ground corn to produce a pound of gain on calves fattened for baby beef. . . . " With the exception of the speltz lot, the spayed heifers brought the same price as the steers. . . . " Ground oats proved to be a profitable feed for the production of baby beef. I'rom a careful examination of the lots before shipping these steers were nearly as fat as those fed on corn. . . . " When the calves were fed in lots on the same kind of grain from birth to maturity those which received the most highly carbonaceous grain produced the largest per cent of dressed meat. . . . " In feeding calves for the production of l)aby l)eef the following prices were obtained per bushel for grains used: Corn 47 cts., oats 2G cts., millet 38 cts., and speltz 33 cts." Digestion experiments with wethers. Alfalfa and native hay, H. G. Knight. F. F. Hefner, and G. E. Mokton {Wiioiiiiiig Sta. Bill. (19, pp. Jf2, flffs. Jf). — 14ie digestion experiments reported gave the following average results : D'Kjcat'ihU'itji of alfalfa and native hay — Experiments n-itJi ivetliers. Kind of feed. Second cutting alfalfa First cutting alfalfa Native hay Native hay (sedges, rushes, grasses) Num- ber of tests. Dry mat- ter. Per ct. 64.50 60.39 64.64 63.21 Protein Per ct. ■ 79.63 76.33 56.26 59.06 Per ct. 43. 32 35.29 41.59 62.87 Nitrogen- free extract. Per ct. 46.23 44.37 69.96 65.09 Crude fiber. Per ct. 75.53 71.80 08.04 64. 12 Ash. Per ct. 55.85 45.85 30.63 53.04 " Wyoming alfalfa hay runs higher in crude fiber and crude protein than the average. The digestion coefficients of the crude protein is also high. The nutritive ratio of first-cutting alfalfa is 1 : 3.10 ; second cutting for both years, 1 : 3.68. Second-cutting alfalfa is apparently a better feed. . . . " The native hays of Wyoming are better and more nutritious than timothy grown in the Eastern States." Analyses were made of the above-mentioned feeding stuffs, and in view of the fact that alfalfa is more difficult to cure than some other hays in wet seasons detailed studies were also made of the water extract of alfalfa and native hay as it was thought that this material might bear some relation to the difficulty experienced in curing alfalfa hay, particularly in damp weather. The total water extract of alfalfa hay on an average amounted to 27.43 per cent, of which 5.93 per cent was ash and 21.50 per cent organic matter. In the case of native hay (western wheat grass) the total water extract was 22.23 per cent, the ash and organic matter being, respectively, 2.58 and 19.65 per cent. In the case of ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 263 Dative hay (wire grass) the total water extract was 18.84 per cent and the ash and organic matter 3.79 and 15.0.5 per cent, r(!si)ectively. " Such a hirge percentage of soluble nutritious material as is present in alfalfa malve it an excellent subject for bacterial attack and subseijuent fermentation when dampening during the process of drying. This may be one injportant reason for the ease with which alfalfa discolors and ferments, compared with other well-known and much-used forage." The value of various grain rations for fattening wethers, (.i. C. Humphrey and V. Ki.Ei.NiiKiNz (W'iscfiiisiii Sla. h'pl. lOO'). pp. J.9-.7J, fi(js. Ii). — Three series of tests are reported, made in each case with 4 lots of 4 animals. In the first test lot 1 was fed cracked corn and whole oats 1:1; lot 2, cracked peas and whole oats 1:1; lot 3, cracked wheat and whole oats 1:1; and lot 4, whole oats. In the other tests the rations were the same, except that barley was substituted for cracked wheat with lot 3. In all cases the grain was supplemented by pas- ture, hay, cabbage, and roots. The tests have covered 14-18 weeks. Considering the series as a whole, the average weekly gain on corn and oats was 2.7 lbs. iier head, on peas and oats 2.53 lbs., on barley and oats 2.32 lbs. (2 tests only), and on whole oats 2.34 lbs., the cost of food per pound of gain ranging from 4.5 cts. on corn and oats to 6.G9 cts. on peas and oats. In the first year's trial the weekly gain on wheat and oats was 2.G4 lbs. per head and the cost of food per pound of gain 5.2G cts. The lots were each year exhibited at the International Stock Show and were awarded a number of prizes. " The results of this experiment indicate that a mixture of cracked corn and whole oats is the most economical feed and the best for producing mutton of the highest quality. " The oat ration seems the best for producing firm handling quality without softness or overripeness. Peas and oats are also highly recommended for this purpose, but they proved expensive. Barley and oats gave results that war- rant further trial. The single year's test of wheat and oats was not satis- factory." The production of winter lambs, (!. C. Humphrey and F. Kleinheinz (Wis- consUi Sta. Rpt. 190,}, pp. oS-dl, figs. .'/). — Six grade ewes, 4 of which showed Dorset blood, pastured during the summer and bred to a Dorset ram, gave birth to 7 lambs. At lambing time the ewes were kept in a warm pen. They were fed bran, oats, and oil meal 20 : 10 : 1 with clover and alfalfa hay, cabbage, roots, and silage. The lambs were fed alfalfa hay and a mixture of bran, oats, corn meal, and oil meal 4:2:2:1. The average weight of the lambs at birth was 10.7 lbs., the average age when marketed 75.2 days, and average weight before shipping G0.4 lbs. The calculated net profit i>er lamb was .$G.43. The production of satisfactory winter lambs " requires good housing and a knowledge of feeding and management that will insure rapid development of the lambs from birth until placed upon, the market. Such knowledge can be acquired only by experience and studying the conditions and successful opera- tions of others engaged in this occupation." The trial reported the authors consider successful. " The lambs were all saved, they developed good form and (|uality, and conmianded a good price. The cost of feed was comparatively small, though the (luantity and quality was all that could be desired. The ewes were good milkers, and had tlun-e been more twins produced, as was the case in former yi>ars, the profits would liave been still greater. " In selecting ewes for winter lambs, size, prolificacy, and good milking quali- ties are essential, as the gains made by the lambs are largely dei)eudent upon 264 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the milk supplied. Dorset ewes are recommended for this purpose, since they breed early, ai-e prolific, and give large quantities of milk rich in fat." Exercise v. confinement in -winter for young wethers, G. C. Humphrey and F. Kleinheinz {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 62-C)Ji). — In the test reported, which covered 14 weeks, 14 lambs given outdoor exercise made an average weekly gain of 0.94 lb. per head and required 7.07 lbs. of grain and 27.02 lbs. of coarse fodder per pound of gain. In the case of a similar lot fed on the second floor of the sheep barn and given no exercise the gain was 1.04 lbs. per head per week, the grain eaten per pound of gain O.tJO lbs., and the coarse fod- der 25.57 lbs. The cost of feed per pound of gain in the 2 cases was 12.7 and 12 cts., respectively. Both lots were fed similar rations of mixed hay, mangels, and corn, oats, and bran 1:2:1. Summarizing this and earlier tests (E. S. R., 16, p. 807), the authors state that the average weekly gain per lamb with exercise has been 1.2 lbs. and without exercise 1.3 lbs., and the cost of gain in the 2 cases 12 and 11 cts. " The results of these 3 trials lead one to believe that for feeding growing wethers, close confinement in pens which are dry, with fresh air and light, is equal to, if not somewhat better, than allowing plenty of exercise. It is believed that there is much space in the farm buildings throughout the State which could be utilized for feeding a greater or less number of wethers. No better class of stock can be recommended for converting farm grains and roughage into cash and fertilizers than sheep. The farmer who has feed and unoccupied space in barn driveways, emptied mows, or stair lofts, can utilize the same to a good advantage by feeding sheep." The value of soy beans in grain rations for lambs, G. C. Humphrey and F. Kleinheinz (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 65-GS). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 10, p. 807), a ration of soy beans and shelled corn 1 : 1 was compared with a similar mixture of oats and shelled corn. The 9 lambs fed the soy-bean ration made a total gain of 119 lbs. during the 12 weeks of the test as compared with 71 lbs. in the case of the corn and oats ration. The grain eaten per pound of gain in the 2 cases was 6.35 and 10.02 lbs., respectively, and the coarse fodder 10.51 and 16.65 lbs. The lambs fed soy beans produced 95.1 lbs. of wool and those fed oats 81.3 lbs. From this and earlier work the authors conclude " that soy beans are an economical supplement to corn for gains with sheep both in body v>'eight and wool production. The increase in wool produced was 13.8 lbs., which sold for 30 cts. per ])ound, increasing the profits by $4.14." The feeding stuffs used were analyzed. Summary of pig feeding experiments, F. B. Linfield (Vtah Sfa. Bill. 9.), pp. 27-62). — Feeding tests with pigs are reported and general deductions are drawn from tlie investigations which have been carried on since 1890 at the station. In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 10, p. 980) the value of dairy by- products for fattening was studied. In a test made with 2 lots of 3 pigs each and 1 lot of 4 pigs the average daily gain in 7(i days on grain alone was 0.67 lb. per head ; on grain and slciin milk 1 : 10, 1.43 lbs., and on grain and skim milk 1 : 5, 1.62 lbs. In the second test, which covered 87 days, 8 lots of 3 pigs each were used and skim milk or whey alone, grain alone, and grain and skim milk or whey in large and small amounts were tested. Three lots were fed in pens, the others on pasture. The gain on pasture ranged from 0.67 lb. i)er head on skim milk only to 1.25 lbs. on a full ration of grain and skim milk. In pens the gain ranged fi'om 0.75 lb. on grain alone to 1.35 lbs. on a full ration of grain and skim milk. ANTMAL PRODUCTTOlSr. 265 Considering both tests the dry matter eat(>n per pound of gain ranged from 2.0n lbs. witli iiastnred pigs fed skim milk or whoy alone to 4.45 lbs. with pigs fed grain alone. In general, the lots fed skim milk and grain made larger gains than those on skim milk alone or grain alone and those fed in pons more than similar lots in pastnre. The feeding was continued for 1<; days with 4 of the lots used in the second test to secure data regarding the intiuenco of previous methods of feeding on subsequent gains. All the lots were fed a full-grain ration with skim milk and whe.v. The lot previously fed a half-grain ration on pasture made the most rapid gain. 2.00 lbs. per day, "and made the gains at a smaller cost in grain for each pound of gain." The lot previously fed skim milk alone on pasturage made the smallest gain, 1.77 lbs. per head per day, and made the gains least economically. " Skim milk alone would appear not to be so good a preliminary feed for fattening hogs, as the gains were not so rapid nor so economical in any of the stages of fattening as when the hogs were fed a half-grain ration on pasture." To test the value of whole milk 3 young pigs averaging 41 lbs. each were fed this material for .50 days, some grain being given the last week of the period. The average gain was 0.867 11). each, 13.25 lbs. of milk and 0.18 lb. of grain being required per pound of gain. After an interval of 13 days on pas- lure the feeding was resumed and the pigs were given milk and grain 3 : 1 for 30 days. The average daily gain was 1.89 lbs. each, 5.12 lbs of milk and 1.71 lbs of grain being required per pound of gain. The author calculates that when fed with grain whole milk has twice as great a vahie as when fed alone. " Compared with trials with skim milk, 100 lbs. of whole milk displaces on the average about twice as much grain as 100 lbs. of skim milk, or, in other words, 50 lbs. of whole milk is equal to 100 lbs. of skim milk as a feed for hogs when both are fed with grain as a part of the ration. " The above is, of course, the result of but one trial and may be modified by future tests." The general conclusions regarding skim milk, which were drawn from the station experiments as a whole, follow : " For the most rapid gains, and therefore the greatest economy in time and labor, a ration of grain and skim milk in the proportion of 1 lb. of grain to 5 of skim milk for young animals and 1 to 3 for older animals has given us the best results. When the animals were fed in pens we got the most rapid gains, but when on pasture slightly the most economic gains. Thus whether to feed in pasture or in pens is a matter to be determined more by the circum- stances of the feeder than liy any great advantage in either method. " When the price of grain is higli, slower but more economical gains iire made by feeding a small quantity of .grain and giving all the milk the hogs will eat. When so fed considerably better results are obtained by feeding on pasture than in pens. " Hogs will gain fairly well on a ration of skim milk alone, but we have found it difficult to keep them in good health when so fed in pens. When this ration is fed on pasture the hogs keep in better health, gain a little more rapidlj% and make more economical gains. Such a ration is not to be recommended when grain can be obtained at a reasonal)le price." As regards the value of different grains, tlie conclusion drawn from the Utah work is that wheat has proved the most effective as regards both rapid- ity and economy of gain. Corn meal and barley have proved to have much the same value, barley being somewhat suiierior on the basis of weight of the pigs. It also appears that the best results were obtained, as regards both the rapidity and economy of gain, when pigs were given grass, or allowed to run 266 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. on pasture, or when fed skim milk with a grain ration. In the winter season pigs should be fed in a dry pen, but they will make faster and more economical gains if they have access to a little alfalfa hay. Whole corn compared with corn meal for fattening pigs, W. A. Henry {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 16-20). — Five pigs fed equal parts of heavy wheat middlings and corn meal mixed to a slop with water gained 106 lbs. in 14 weeks, 5.77 lbs. of grain being required per pound of gain, as compared with a gain of 12.3.6 lbs. per head in the case of a similar lot fed a mixture of equal parts of dry wheat middlings and shelled corn, 5.2.3 lbs. of grain being re- quired per pound of gain. Summarizing the present test and earlier investigations (E. S. R., 16, p. 808), the average gain on the dry ration has been 96.8 lbs. per head and the feed eaten per pound of gain 5.18 lbs. Similar values on the ground corn and wheat middlings ration have been 110.9 lbs. and 4.88 lbs. Grinding the corn, accord- ing to the author, effected a saving of 5.7 per cent. The advisability of grind- ing is determined by the price of corn and the cost of grinding. " When corn is worth only 25 cts. per bushel the saving from grinding amounts to only 1.4 cts., not enough to pay for the grinding unless cheap power is available. As corn advances in price it will be noticed that the saving per bushel increases practically three-tenths of a cent with each 5 cts. advance in the price of corn. Should the price of corn be as high as 75 cts. per bushel the saving by grinding would amount to a little over 4 cts. per bushel." Soy beans v. Tvheat middlings as a supplement to corn meal for gro'wring and fattening pigs, G. C. Humphrey (Wisconsin Sta. Itpt. 1905, pp. 21-30, pi. 1, figs. 2). — In continuing the work of the previous year (E. S. R., 16, p. 809), 5 pigs were fetT corn meal and soy-bean meal 2 : 1, while a similar lot was fed corn meal and wheat middlings in the same proportion, both lots being given some skim milk. During the 27 weeks of the test the average gain per head on the soy bean meal ration was 1.37 lbs. and on the wheat middlings ration 1.24 lbs., the grain consumed per pound of gain in the 2 cases being 3.75 and 4.14 lbs., and the skim milk 3.9 and 4.31 lbs. As shown by slaughter tests with 2 animals from each lot, the dressed weight on soy beans was 82.85 per cent of the live weight and on wheat middlings 84 per cent. Other data are recorded. The conclusions drawn from the tests were in effect as follows : Soy beans make an excellent supplement to corn meal for growing and fattening pigs and are a little over 10 per cent more valuable than wheat middlings for pork production. In feeding equal amounts of the two rations, the soy beans and corn meal supply a slightly higher percentage of dry matter and digestible matter than the wheat middlings and corn meal. For firmness, fine grain and texture of flesh, and even distribution of fat and lean, the ration of wheat mid- dlings and corn meal is superior to that of soy beans and corn meal. Feeding cotton-seed meal to swine, J. G. Fuller (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 31-36). — In the first trial reported a ration of equal parts of corn meal and cotton-seed meal mixed to a thick slop was fed to a lot of 5 pigs, while a similar lot was fed the same mixture soaked in water for 48 hours so that it had become thoroughly soured. At first the gains were satisfactory, but about the middle of the 10 weeks' test the pigs began to lose their appetite and for the last 4 weeks they lost flesh and 2 in each lot died late in the test or after it closed. The total gain on the fresh cotton-seed ration was 131 lbs. and on the sour cotton-seed ration 1.39 lbs. In a second test, made under practically the same conditions and covering 6 weeks, the total gain made by 5 pigs was 41 lbs. on fresh cotton-seed meal and 39 lbs. on sour cotton-seed meal. In this test also the gains were satisfactory ANIMAL PRODUCTION. . 267 until the sixth week, when 1 pig fed the fermented cotton seed dicil .md Ihc con- dition of the remainder was such that the experiment had to l)e discontinued. Two pigs died a few days afterwards. In this and the preceding test post mortem exannnation sliowed that the vital organs were affected, as has been noted in other exju'riments with cotton-seed meal. In the third trial, which was made with 2 lots of 7 pigs each, the ration con- sisted of nine-tenths corn meal and one-tenth cotton-seed meal fed in compari- son with corn meal and wheat middlings 1 : 1, the grain in both cases being sup- plemented by skim milk. In 9 weeks the pigs fed cotton-seed meal gained ?m2 lbs. and those fed wheat middlings 409 lbs. In the fifth week of the test one of the pigs fed cotton-seed meal died, but post-mortem examination showed none of the conditions present in the other trials. " From these trials there is no encouragement for the faruKU', under our present knowledge, to feed cotton-seed meal to swine. While it is used (juite generally for dairy cows, and, in certain localities, is fed in large quantities to fattening cattle, it may prove fatal to swine when fed even in relatively small quantities." Middlings and ground barley v. niiddlings and corn meal as a grain ration for young sows, J. G. Fuller (Wisconxin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. ,31', 38). — Six young sows fed ecpial parts of wheat middlings and ground barley mixed with skim milk made a total gain of 043 lbs. in 15 weeks, the total amount of grain and skim milk eaten being 3,370 and 4,008 lbs., respectively. An etiual mnnber of sows fed wheat middlings and corn meal 1 : 1 with skim milk gained 7;;0 lbs. and consumed a total of 3,342 lbs. of grain and 4,008 lbs. of milk. The inferior gain made on the ground-barlej^ ration was attributed to the fact that one of the pigs lost weight rapidly toward the close of the test. With this exception the animals in both lots were in excellent condition at the close of the trial. The location, construction, and operation of hog houses, W. Dietrich (flliiiois 8ta. Bui. 109, pp. 2S6-302, figs. G). — The location and construction of hog houses are discussed and mehtods of operating a hog house planned and built at the station, which meets the requirements indicated, are given. According to the author's summary — "A hog house should be located so that it is well drained, well lighted, and gives access to pasture, good shade, pure running water, and clean mud wallows. " The two princii)al kinds of hog houses are the individual houses and the large houses with individual pens. Each has its points of advantage. " For sanitation the building should be constructed so that it is dry, venti- lated, free from dust and drafts and so that the direct rays of the sun fall upon the floor of the p(>ns at the time the winter crop of pigs is farrowed. These rays should also be excluded during the summer. "The building should be made serviceable by luMug built so that it can be used every day in the year and be arranged so that the largest amount of work may be performed with the smallest amount of labor. " For large houses gates and partitions made of wire are best because they <]<> not obstruct the light and heat rays from the sun, do not hide the pigs from \ iew of the attendant, nor from each other, and do not furnish lodgment for disease germs. "The large hog house is operated so that two litters per year are farrowed and grown for market and so that the pigs are put on thv market at the most favorable season. The fecundity of Poland China and Duroc Jersey sows, (J. :M. Rommel iC. N. Driit. Afir.. Bur. Aiiiiit. IixIiik. Circ. 9.1. pp. /.?). — Tlie examination of Toland China record books indicates an increase of 0.48 per litter for 20 268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. years, an increase which the author points out would not be of great im- portance when liogs are raised for the l)utchers' trade, but whicli represents a very substantial increase to the value of the breed considered from a breeding standpoint. Considering American and Ohio Poland China records for 1898 to 1902, the average sized litter is 7.52. The records for Duroc Jersey sows showed dif- ferences too small to have any particular importance as regards increase or decrease in fecundity. The average size of litters for 10 years covered by the records consulted is 9.20. These results confirm common observation — that Duroc sows are more prolific that Poland Chinas." Laws pertaining to horse breeding in Wisconsin ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 37 9-3 S. 2). —The text of the laws enacted April 22, 1905, regulating the public service of stallions in Wisconsin is quoted. Ostrich, farming in Arizona, W. Pickrell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1905, pp. 399--'i06, pis. 3). — An historical account is given of ostrich farming in Arizona and general problems concerned with ostrich raising are spoken of, such as egg laying and incubation, feeding and care of the chiclis, pluclcing and sorting feathers, handling and feeding ostriches, and the possible profits of the ostrich industry. Young ostriches, according to the author, are usually kept in troops of 25 to 50, and when a year old the males should be separated from the females. When .3 years old the birds should be paired and each pair placed in a separate inclosure. If they are to graze on alfalfa or other green feed, the inclosure should be large enough to supply them all they need. If given dry feed, the inclosure need only be large enough for exercise. " One of the very [test feeds for ostriches is alfalfa. One acre of good alfalfa in Arizona will maintain 4 ostriches without their receiving any additional feed. When pastured or fed on green alfalfa they are always healthy. . . . " Ostriches thrive well on any tender green forage, and they prefer the kind they have been taught to eat. Birds fed on hay, when turned out, often refuse to eat grass until they become very hungry. " For dry feed, alfalfa or clover hay cut up, mixed with bran, and moistened is excellent. An ostrich will consume about 3 ll)s. of hay and 1 lb. of bran daily. They should have gravel and broken bone at all times. Occasionally an ostrich will get a piece of bone lodged in its throat. In such case, if the bone can not be worked up or down by external manipulation, the throat may be cut, the bone removed, and the incision sewed up. It will heal very quickly. " Ostriches may be fed any kind of grain — corn, wheat, barley, oats, or peas. Some farmers feed a little grain while the birds are nesting. Oi'dinarily, how- ever, if ostriches are in good fiesh and have plenty of good green feed they need no grain. Besides, if fed much grain they are liable to become cross and hard to manage." As regards ostrich farming as a profitable industi-y, the author points out that an acre of alfalfa will keep 4 birds, yielding annually 1.5 lbs. of feathers with an average value of $20 per pound, and 36 to 90 eggs, weighing 3.5 lbs., which may be used for incubation or for food, and if the ostriches are sold, which is rarely the case, the price ranges from $100 for 0 months old birds to $800 or more per pair at 4 years. Ostriches are too valuable for food purposes at present, but it is iiointed out that the flesh is said to be much. relished by those who have eaten it. while the eggs are palatable when made into omelets, etc. Poultry experiments, W. P. Brooks, F. R. Church, and S. P.. Haskell (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905. pp. .'iS-.'iG). — Wheat and corn supplemented by animal meal were compared with 2 lots, the ration in both cases being charac- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 209 terized by high fat and ash content and a low flixn- content. Suflicient corn oil was added to the wheat ration to make the total fat in the 2 rations prac- tically the same. In the first period, March 2 to May 12, the relative egg production on wheat was at the I'ate of 39 eggs and on corn 45 eggs per day per 100 hens, the cost per egg being 1.030 and 0.749 cts., respectively. In the second period. May 13 to September 23, the egg ])roduction on wheat was at the rate of 31 eggs and on corn 41 eggs per day per 100 hens, the cost per egg being 0.895 and 0.703 ct., respectively. These results, it is pointed out, are in accord with those of earlier years (E. S. R., 17, p. 283). In the second test wheat and corn were compared, milk albumen being used as a source of animal food, and corn oil being added to the wheat ration to make the fat content of the 2 i-ations alike. Both rations were character- ized by relatively high ash content and low fiber content and by a fat content lower than in the first test. In the spring period the egg production was at the rate of 41 eggs per day per 100 hens on wheat and 39 eggs on corn. Similar values for the summer Iieriod were 35 eggs on wheat and 31 eggs on corn. The cost of food per egg in the spring period on wheat was 1 ct. and for the summer jieriod 0.845 ct., aTul on corn 0.942 and 0.871 ct., respectively. The experiment indicates " that, unless the fat content of the ration is rela- tively high, the more starchy foods are not sufficient to produce a satisfactory egg yield, and the product falls below that obtained from feeding a ration higher in protein." lu the thii-d test the rations were characterized by low protein and high fat and ash content, the grains selected for comparison being oats with oat feed and rice. Bi'ef scraps were used to supply animal food. For the spring period the average egg production for the oat ration (high fiber content) was 40 eggs per day per 100 hens and for the rice ration (low fiber) 42 eggs. Similar values for the summer period were 38 and 40 eggs. The cost of food per egg on the oat ration was 1.019 cts. for the first period and 0.935 ct. for the second Iieriod, and for the rice ration 1.103 and 1.048 cts., respectively. As heretofore (E. S. R.. 17, p. 283), the rice ration gave a very satisfactory egg yield, but it is so high in price that it can not be fed economically. It was selected for experimental purposes on account of its low fiber content, and results indicate very clearly that a small amount of fiber is unfavorable. The nutritive ratios in the food combinations used ranged from 1 : 4.03 in one of the wheat rations to 1 : 0.09 in one of the corn rations. " Our experi- ments clearly do not supi)ort the view that a narrow nutritive ratio is essential to good egg prodxiction." Raising chicks artificially, J. II. Stewart and II. Atwood (West Virf/inia fita. Bill. .'AS', iJi). 11 1- IS',. Ills. .'/). — Much attention has been devoted at the station to the incubation and brooding of chickens, and on the basis of the data secured and other available information directions are given for managing incu- bators, brooding chicks, feeding, care, and similar topics. The necessity for a satisfactory incuiiator, which is dunildc. is pointed out, and the authors are in favor of hot-air niaciiincs because tiicy are less trouble- some to manage. " It is a very l)ad plan to use eggs for incubation whicji have been produced by hens that have been fed heavily during the winter for egg production. Under these conditions the vigor of the hens, when spring comes, is apt to be reduced, and even though the eggs may hatch fairly well, the chicks are a])t to be weak and puny. The breeding stock must be vigorous in order to produce the right sort of eggs. . . . 270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " During the first two or three days after the chicks are liatched they require warmth and the opportunity to gain strength rather than to receive food. They should be supplied with water, however, and it will do no harm if they have a little fine chick grit at which to peck. . . , " During the past few years we have found that by raising chickens in a piped brooder house and then transferring them to colony houses the labor of attending to individual brooders is not only avoided, but the chicks have been healthier and more of them have been raised to maturity. Outdoor brooders have not been successful. They are difficult to attend to in stormy weather, and in a few years become old and out of repair, and if indoor brooders are to be used on any considerable scale it seems wiser to construct a piped brooder house kept warm by a heater burning coal or gas rather than to bother with a number of individual lamps, each of which is almost of as much trouble to attend as the large heater." The value of skim milk for laying hens, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 102^ pp. 265-211). — Two tests are reported of the value of skim milk v. water for wetting a feed mash. In the first test, which covered 122 days. 22 hens fed skim milk laid 1,244 eggs as compared with 99G eggs laid by the 22 hens fed mash wet with water. In the first period of the second test 60 hens fed the skim-milk ration laid 862 eggs in 37 days as compared with 6.32 eggs laid by a similar lot fed no skim milk. In the second period, which covered 56 days, the rations were reversed. The chickens fed skim milk laid 1,220 eggs as compared with 978 in the case of the lot fed no skim milk. In every case the pens contained 1 cock to 10 hens. " In both experiments more eggs were produced when skim milk was substi- tuted for water for moistening the mash. " Under the conditions prevailing in these experiments and with eggs selling for 20 or 25 cts. per dozen the skim milk used for moistening the mash had a feeding value of from 14 to 2 cts. per quart. " In these trials 802 qts. of skim milk were fed. resulting in an increase in the egg production of 702 eggs." A comparison of White Leghorn and mongrel hens for winter egg production showed that under similar conditions 50 mongrels in a year produced 4,807 eggs as compared with 5.824 eggs laid by the blooded stock. Both lots were handled alike, receiving the ordinary care and attention which would be given on an average farm. In addition to the skim milk used to moisten the mash the Leg- horns consumed 61 lbs. of food costing 85.3 cts. as compared with 66.8 lbs. of the same materials costing 92.1 cts. which was consumed l)y the mongrels. The calculated profit from the eggs was $1.39 for the Leghorns and 86 cts. for the mongrels. " The mongrels gained in weight 1 lb. per head more than the Leg- horns. If this increase in weight is taken into consideration, then the Leg- horns gave a profit of 40 cts. per hen more than the mongrels." The highest prices for fresh eggs are usually obtained from November to March. "During these 4 months the mongrels laid only 364 eggs and the Leg- horns 1.029. or practically three times as many." In the authors' opinion the experimental data recorded in this test furnish some evidence regarding the error incident to exjieriments of this character. " These results indicate that in poultry experiments of this class in which 25 or more fowls are used in each lot the results of a (5 months' trial will be practi- cally as accurate and reliable as though the test were continued for an entire year. Also that the error, almost inseparably connected with experiments of this nature, should not exceed 3 per cent after the test has been conducted for 4 or 5 months." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 271 Inheritance in poultry, C. B. Davenport (Washington: Carnegie Institution (if W'uslihigttiii, I'JDiJ. pp. J36, pis. 17, figs. //). — An elaborate series of experi- ments in poultry breeding carried on at the Cold Spring Harbor Station for Ex- perimental Evolution led to a n\mil)er of general conclusions from which the following are quoted : " Poultry exhibit numerous unit characteristics wliich do not blend in hybri- dization, but are iniierited in alternative fashion. Tho. unit characters are not innnutable thing-; in hybrids, but subject to modification — ]»erhaps i)(>rmanent — by interaction of the alternative' characlers. "Although the great majority (jf characteristics of poultry are inherited alter- natively, yet a few cases of color characters show a particulate inheritance. The comparative rarity of blending of characters makes it easier to see how new characters will not be ' swamped by intercrossing with the pai'ent form.' " Specific and varietal characteristics in de Vries's sense are not inherited in .•I markedly different fashion, although in 2 cases jn'ogressive variants do not Mendelize typically. " The patent characteristic is usually dominant dver its latent allelomorph. Old and new characteristics are equally dominant. Dominance and recessive- ness of characteristics are not always accompaniments of their segregation in the germ cells ; both, moreover, are fn^iuently incomplete. Dominance is usually, but not always, inde])endent of the races crossed. Prepotency is as truly important in iulHU'ltance as dominance. . . . " Reciprocal crosses exhibit differences due to the fact that the father and the mother transnnt different kinds of characteristics. . . . " The proportion of the 2 sexes in hybrids is normal. With few excejitions con-elated characteristics easily sejiarate as a result of hybridization so that any conceivable combination may be effected." DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Feeding experiments with milch cows, ,J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood ( West Virginia Sta. Bui. 106, pp. 335-8't5, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Two experiments are reported in which the economy of feeding more silage and hay and less grain was studied. The first test included 8 cows and lasted 20 days, and the second, 7 cows and lasted 4.5 days. "Realizing that definite conclusions can not be drawn in feeding trials of this nature from 2 short tests, yet these experiments indicate that when a dairy- man has plenty of good corn silage it will not be wise to feed more than 5 or 6 ll)s. per day of a mixture of cotton-seed meal and wheat bran to cows of the average size employed in this test." Dried-beet pulp or molasses-beet pulp for dairy cows, F. W. Woll and G. C. HL•^rI•Ill{EY (Wisconsin Sta. h'pt. 1!)0.'), pp. 1(IS-JJ7). — Brief notes are given on the production of these 2 feeding stuffs and feeding experiments with cows are reported. The ration used for comparison consisted of ."> lbs. of hay. o5 to 40 lbs. of silage, and about 8 Ib.s. of a grain mixture consisting of wheat br.an. distillers' grains, and cotton-seed meal in the proportion of 2 : 2 : 1. Driet ladp or molasses-beet pulp was substituted for the wheat bran in the ratio ot ?>:2 l)y weight. Two tests were made, the first including !."> cows and the (•econd (i. When wheat bran was i-eplaced I)y dried-beet pulp in tlie proportion indicated liiere was no appreciable difference in the effect of the 2 rations. Molasses- beet pulj) substituted in the same manner jiroduced. however, about 12 per cent more milk anu S per cent more butter fat. Beet pulp showed a tendency 272 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOED. to decrease the fat content of the milk. The results, therefore, nidicate that when wheat bran is valued at $18 a ton, dried-beet pulp is not worth over $12 iind molasses-beet pulp over $13 a ton. Bibby's dairy cake, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 19- So). — Digestion exi)eriments with sheep and feeding experiments with cows were made to determine the value of this proprietary feeding stuff which is said to be composed of cotton seed, carob beans, corn, wheat, fenugreek, salt, etc. The material was found to resemble in composition and digestibility standard wheat middlings. At prevailing marliet prices it is not regafded as an economical feeding stuff. It is believed that farmers will do well to produce their hay, silage, and corn meal and purchase only those feeding stuffs that are rich in protein, such as cotton-seed meal, gluten feed, distillers' grains, brewers' grains, wheat mid- dlings, and bran. Concerning wheat bran, J. B. LiNDSEy {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 9'i-ll'i). — Notes are given on the composition, digestibility, and fertilizing in- gredients of wheat bran as compared with other concentrated feeding stuffs, and 2 feeding experiments with cows are reported. The roughage in the 2 rations compared consisted of liay and silage and the grain feed of cotton-seed meal and flour middlings. To this was added either bran or silage with corn meal or corn-and-cob meal. In one of the experiments tlie results were slightly in favor of the bran ration, while in the other the so-called silage ration gave the best results. The author concludes that for small herds the quantity of purchased grain may be reduced to 3 to 4 lbs. daily by substituting home-grown corn in place of wheat bran. It is suggested that the grain mixture may consist of li lbs. cotton-seed meal, 2 lbs. flour middlings, and 2i to 3 lbs. corn meal or corn-and- cob meal. Malt sprouts may be substituted for the wheat, oats, or rye mid- dlings. Where the feeding can not be closely supervised and where it is desired to feed more than 5 to 7 lbs. of grain daily, it is considered advisable that the grain mixtures should consist of one-third to one-half of wheat bran. The addition of salt to the ration of dairy cows, S. M. Babcock ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 19(15. pp. 129-15G, pis. 2). — This article contains a review of the litera- ture of this subject and the results of experiments conducted in 1889, and again in 1899 and 1900. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the amount of salt in addi- tion to that obtained in feed and water necessary to maintain the health of cows and the normal flow of milk. In each of the 3 trials conducted the cows showed an abnormal appetite for salt after having been deprived of it for 2 or 3 weeks, but did not appear to be affected in health until a much longer period, varying in individual cases from less than 1 month to more than 1 year. In all cases cows deprived of salt Anally reached a condition of low vitality from which recovery was rapid w'hen salt was supplied. The results, however, indicated that when cows are not giving milk they may be nniintained in good health for an indefinite period with no salt other than that contained in normal rations. It is estimated that the daily ration fed contained the equivalent of 0.75 oz. of salt, which is assumed as the mininuim amount re- quired per 1,000 lbs. live weight for an animal not producing milk. Cows giving milk should therefore receive in addition enough, salt to compen- sate for the chlorin in the milk, which is estimated as equivalent to O.G oz. of salt for each 20 lbs. of milk. As a slight excess wall do no harm it is recommended that cows be given at least 1 oz. of salt per day. It is considered evident, how- ever, that the amount of additional salt required will vary greatly in different localities. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 273 The length of time required in these experiments for demonstrating the in- jurious (MTocts of depriving cows of s:ilt raises the question in the mind of the author if tlie periods usually ciiipliiycd in feeding experiments have been suffi- ficntly long (o show tlic iiliysioiogical cfrcet of any ])articulai" food. Influence of dehorning and tuberculin testing on the milk secretion of dairy cows, F. W. \Voll and G. C. IIi'.mphrey ( ir/.S(o;(.s//; ,Sta. h'pt. 1905, pp. ih^-Ll'i). — Fourteen cows were subjected to the tuberculin test and then de- liorned. The millc of these cows as regards yield and composition was com- pared with the milk of cows dehorncnl but not tuberculin tested, of cows tuber- (ulin tested but not dehorned, and of cows neither dehorned nor tuberculin tested. The result showed on an average a decrease of about 8 per cent in the yield of milk for the first few days after dehorning, but a loss of only about 2 per cent in the yield of butter fat. Dehorning, therefore, increased the fat con- tent of the milk 0.27 per cent. These results are noted as being in accord with the results of investigations at other exi)eriment stations which are cited. The tul)ercidin test was ai)])arentl.v without effect upon milk secretion. The university dairy herd, 1904-5, G. C. Humphrey and F. W. Woll ( Tf/s- coiisiii sia. If III. Ulti.'), pp. () lbs. of fat at 'a profit over cost of feed of $37.92. Ten cows of the large dairy type produced 6.874.5 lbs. of milk and 297.34 lbs. of fat at a jirofit of .$.')6.39. Twelve cows of the dual purpose type produced 6,558 lbs. of milk and 261. 11 lbs. of fat at a profit of $31.49. The average net profit of the 3 types l( .r the period from 1898 tol905 was respectively $39.08, $.39.31, and $35.22. On the whole, the large dairy cows have been the most profitable. It is therefore liclieved that attention should be given to the matter of size in the selection of dairy animals. .Analyses are given of the feeding stuffs used. A conqtarison of the ration fed during the year with those of previous years showed a maximum yield and fat content of milk coincident with a narrowing of the ration. It is not believed that a narrower nutritive ratio than 1 : (i will be found advantageous except in the case of high producers, li is suggested that the nutritive ratio may profitably range between 1 :6 and 1 : 7. the dry matter from 20 to 24 lbs., and the digestilile protein from 2 to 2.4 lbs. 1112.5— No. 3—06 M 6 274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Official tests of dairy cows, 1904-5, F. W. Woll (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 125-127). — This is a brief accouut of 804 tests reported in detail in Bulle- tin 131 of the station (E. S. R., 17, p. 903). Market milk, J. B. Lindsey and P. H. Smith (Massachusetts »S7«. Bui. 110, pp. J/S- ft'J^- -J)- — I'art 1 of this bulletin is a general discussion on the character, composition, and food value of milk. Part 2 is a resume of the conditions of milk production observed by the authors during the winter months in the region supplying Amherst and North- ampton, Massachusetts. The majority of the stables were found to be dirty, poorly lighted, and badly ventilated. Many of the animals were exceedingly dirty. No herd had been subjected to the tuberculin test. The health of the animals appeared satisfactory in most cases. No fault was found with the water supply in the majority of cases nor to the food supply in any instance from the standpoint of the health of the animals. Modern appliances for the handling of milk were not in general use. Part 3 gives the results of chemical and bacteriological investigations of 113 samples collected during the period from July to March from milkmen while engaged in retailing the milk. The acidity expressed in degrees or the number of cubic centimeters of tenth normal sodium hydroxid solution requii-ed to neutralize 100 cc. of milk varied from 12 to 21.3 and averaged 1-1.7 on the day of collection, thus indicating that the majority of the samples were not over 12 to 24 hours old when tested. The* average composition of 110 samples was as follows : Total solids, 13.23 per cent ; fat, 4.49 per cent, and solids-not-fat, 8.74 per cent. In general the samples were above the Massachusetts standard. Only 2 were known to have been watered and 5 were considered somewhat suspicious. All the milk retailed at 6 cts. per quart. Of 101 samples, .50 contained more than 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter; 41, more than 100,000; 13, more than 500,000, and 9, more than 1,000,000. The proportion of acid organisms in the majority of the samples varied between 10 and 35 per cent. The li(iuefying bacteria exceeded 10 per cent in 22 out of G9 samples. A disagreeable odor was detected in G5.5 per cent of the samples, which was considered as due particularly to the habit of allowing the milk to stand exposed to the air of the stable for some time after milking. It is considei-ed clear that a great deal of the milk offered for general consumption was not produced under satisfactory sanitary condi- tions. In part 4 the authors make practical suggestions concerning the duties of ]iroducers and consumers of milk. When milk testing 4.5 to 5 per cent of fat is produced under reasonably satisfactory sanitary conditions the authors believe that 8 cts. per quart must be obtained in order to secure a fair return from the investment. Care of milk on the farm and the manufacture of butter and cheese, R. W. Clakk (Utah tita. Bui. 96, pp. 109-135, fins. '/).— This is a popular discus- sion on the sanitary production and handling of milk and improved methods of butter and cheese making with the results of some experimental work. The author, in conjunction with ,T. A. Crockett, made some experiments in canning cheese. After pressing in molds the cheese was placed in tin cans holding from 5 to .30 lbs., the cans having been previously paraflined on the in- side to prevent rusting. This method prevented loss in weight and lessened the attention required during curing, but increased the cost of the cheese from 1 to 3 cts. per pound. After curing for 90 days canned, paraffined, and unparaffined cheese scored practically the same. The loss in weight of the paraffined and un- paraffined cheese was 5.5 and 8.G per cent, respectively. In 8 trials paraffined cheese lost 3.7 per cent in weight and unparaffined cheese 7.6 per cent during curing for 3 months at 65° F. The scores averaged DAIKY FARMING— DAIRYING. 275 r(1.4rt and 'X',.U'>. rospcftivoly, for the 2 lots, in furthor oxporimonts cold storage gave bottt'r results than tJR' ordinary t-uring room for both parattlned and nn- paraffinod <'lu'osc\ It was estimated that paraffining cheese effected a savini; of 22.5 cts. pel- hundred when cheese was cured from 00 to 100 days at ordinary temperature. The P>ai)cock test was compared with chemical analysis of 15 samples of skinuned milk, the test being made with alxmt one-fourth more acid than usual and the tester run at a higher speed and several minutes longer than custom- ary. The average results for the 2 metlKjds were, respectively, 0.1 and 0.1t)S. In tests Willi 4 m.akes of hand separators, dilfereni temperatures of milk and variations in speed of separator bowl were conip.-ired. With cold milk and low .speed, 0.44 per cent of fat was left in the skim milk as determined by tlie Bab- cock test. "The most satisf.-ictory slcinnning was secured when tlie milk had a temjx'ra- ture of about S5° F. and the separator operated according to the directions of the manufacturers." On the detection of a tainted condition in pasteurized milk, H, L. Kusseli. and ('. lIoFFMAXA' (Wisconsin Sla. h'/il. 11)0.'). pi>. 2.iJ-2.ii!). — The station was called upon to investigate the cause of an undesirable flavor in the product of a large dairy company which was pasteurizing its milk for the general city trade. The investigation showed that the trouble was due to the custom of passing steam through the pasteurizing machine immediately before the milk was turned into the apparatus. Some of the steam condensed in the machine and this not infrequently contained enough grease or oil to impart an objectionable flavor to the milk. The case is considered interesting as indicating how much trouble can sometinu>s ])e caused ])y an apparently trivial circmustancc. Studies on pasteurization of milk in a " continuous-flow " machine (Miller apparatus), II. L. Kussei.l and C. Hoffmann (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 232-2 '/I. /![/. 1). — In deternuning the period of exposure, use was made of the following method, which is believed to have superior advantages over the colorimetric method ordinarily employed : " The heater is first filled with water. To determine then the mininmm period of time necessary for any particle of milk to pass through the machine, the exact time of starting the milk flow is noted, and also the appearance of the first indications of turbidity. This gives the time necessary for the most rapidl.v flowing particles of milk to pass through the machine. To find the maxi- mum ])eriod of exposure, some samples of the milk are taken at the cmtlet at stated intervals, every 5 or 10 seconds or so, for a period of several nunutes. A determination of the fat in these samples is then made. " When the fat content has been restored to its original amount, it indicates that all of the water in the machine has been replaced by the flowing milk. By charting these fat determinations, not only can the miniuuim and maximum periods of exposure be ascertained with exactness, but the actual exposure for any proportion of the entire flow can also be found." With the iiiacliiiie umhT investigation the results of tests showed that some of the milk i»assed through in 15 sec(mds and some in 45 seconds, but that most of the milk remained in the machine alwut 'M) seconds. When the rate of flow was diminished about one-half, the minimum periotl of exposure was from 25 to 2S seconds ;ind the maxinuun from 70 to lOO seconds. Bacteriological examinations were made of the raw milk and the milk after heating, after cooling with water, and after cooling with ice water. The rate of flow approxinuited 1,800 lbs. per hour and the rate of exposure ranged from 15 to 50 seconds. I<"'rom the results of te.sts made under both winter and sum- mer conditions it is considered apparent that the luunber of bacteria capaitlo 276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of resisting the beating process is subject to wide fluctuations. Tbis is con- sidered due to tbe wide variation in time to wbicb tbe milli was exposed. Wben tbe temperature fell below 150° F.. tbe bacterial content was very greatly increased. On tbe wbole, tbe results sbowed a mucb bigber bacterial content tban tbat found in milk treated witb tbe intermittent nietbod. It is believed tbat if a temperature of not less tban 1G0° F. is maintained tbe bacterial con- tent of tbe milk will be fairly satisfactory, altbougb not so low as wben a longer application is made at a low temperature. Bacteriological test of a bottle-washing' device, H. L. Russell and C. Hoffmann {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 221-231, fig. i).— Tbe efficiency of a combined bottle-wasbing and sterilizing macbine was investigated. Tbe appa- ratus in question was capable of wasbing from 2,400 to 4,000 bottles per hour. Tbe cleaning was considered surprisingly well done and sterilization was con- sidered a valuable adjunct to tbe wasbing. Wben exposed to steam for 14 sec- onds tbe bacterial content of tbe bottles was found to be 268,140 bacteria per bottle and wben exposed for .30 seconds. 1.3.740. Even wben exposed for 30 seconds tbe bottles were by no means rendered stertle. Bottles bandied in an ordinary commercial way and exposed to steam for 10 minutes were found to contain a nuicb smaller number of bacteria. In tbe condensation water in bottles which bad been steamed and allowed to stand at room temperatures for 24 hours tbe number of bacteria varied from 1.786,800 to 3,981,000. In 2 corresponding series of bottles containing no con- densation water the numbers of bacteria were 60,710 and 3.30,100. In a series of steamed bottles exposed to the air for 24 hours tbe number of bacteria averaged 292,450 per bottle, while in a similar series wbicb bad been covered witb a linen cloth tbe number of bacteria averaged 11,615, sbowing tbe im- portance of keeping bottles covered. The milk of sheep in Corsica, Comte (Jour. Pharm. ct Chim., 6. ser., 2Jf {1906), Ko. o, ijp. l'Jd-20'i). — Analyses were made of tbe milk of 14 flocks of sbeep aggregating 1,917 individuals. Tbe results are interpreted as showing a superior quality of tbe milk for cbeese making as compared witb that of sheep In tbe region of Roquefort. Gathered-cream plants, J. Michels (South Carolina Sta. Bill 118. pp. 12. (lam. 1). — Tbe .author l)elieves that dairy farming should be encouraged in Soutb Carolina, and in tbis bulletin comments on tbe value of cream plants to farmers making dairying a secondary matter, outlines a method of organizing a cooperative creamery, and gives general plans for tbe construction and oper- ation of tbe plant ^A■itb an itemized statement of tbe equipment necessary. The relation of lactic-acid bacteria to the formation of butter iiavor in milk serum, J. Michels (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 198-206. fig. i).— In tbe experiments reported butter made in the ordinary way was compared with butter made by tbe Le Clair method, in wbicb a large quantity of ripened skim milk is added to sweet cream and tbe mixture churned immediately. Data were obtained as regards the flavor of tbe 2 kinds of butter, tbe bacterial content, and tbe keeping quality. The author's conclusions are as follows : " From tbe foregoing data it is apparent tbat tbe development of tbe desir- able flavors in butter may be made independent of tbe butter fat in tbe cream, tbat tbe growtb of tbe lactic-acid bacteria in tbe milk serum results in tbe for- mation of by-products which are readily absorbed by tbe butter fat wben brougbt in contact with tbe same and give tbe cbaracteristic flavor to tbe butter. This would seem to indicate that the fat itself does not enter into tbe process, ex- cept in a passive way. It does not seem to make any particular difterence, so far as the degree or intensity of tbe flavor is concerned, whether it develops in DAIRY FARMINC DAIRYING. 277 direct coiilnft witli llic fat, (H- wiicUicr il is roniicd iiKlcpciHlciitly of it and is later absorbed. " The trenu eoiiteiit of butter made from ereain to wbich a I'iiiened skim-millc start(>r has been added was .LCtiierally eoiisidenibly less than that of l)ntter made in tlie usnal way. This marked variation in germ content does not a])iiar- ently harmonize with (lie unitornnty of liavor ui>ted in the 2 ijrocesses, hut this seenung discrepancy is capable of ready explanation. Wliere tlie ripening cbanges occur in the skim milk itself, germ growth goes on to sucli a point that a great many of the bacteria die. leaving their characteristic by-products in the milk serum. \Vhere the i-ipeuing occurs in contact with the cream, excessive acidity is not produced, and llK>refore a larger germ content is actually found, although perhaps the degree of flavor is not any more marked." The influence of changes of temperature on the results obtained with a lactometer in calculating milk solids, P. ('. Kannev ( \Vi>, l>l). I'JO-J!)" ).- — In correcting lactometer readings for temijerature it is quite customary to .add 0.1 for each degree above ('>0° F. and subtract 0.1 for each degree below r>()°. The exiterimental work reported indicates that this method is n^asouably accur.-ite when Hunted to temperatures between od and 70°. For correcting readings taken at temperatures above 70° the addition of 0.2 for each degree was found to give closer results than the addition of 0.1. In calculating total solids by the Babcock fornuila it is believed that correc- tions for temperature should be made by Fleischmann's or Vieth's tables, which, however, are not considered as giving accurate results for readings taken at temperatures above 80°. In order to eliminate all errors, the author concludes from the results of his experiments that lactometer readings should be taken at G0°. Estimating the amount of water in butter by the overrun obtained in each churning, O. Ueiiling and A. Wallin {WiscoHKin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. hS6-18f)). — In the experiments the results of which are given in this article the M'ater content of butter was determined in most instances by chemical analysis, but was estimated in some trials by the amount of overrun. The authors conclude that the water content of butter is increased by work- ing inunediately after washing as compared with working after the butter has drained for about half an hour, and that the water content is also increased by allowing the granular ])utter to remain in water for some time before working. The w.-iter content of the butter was not always increased by increasing the amount of churning in the wash water nor by washing in warm water. Renovated butter: Its origin and history, L. Weixs (T. .s'. Dcpt. Ac/r. Yearhfjok 1905, pp. S93-.39S). — This is a brief account of renovated butter. At the present time there are 78 factories manufacturing this product. During the fiscal year lOfi.") the output of these factories amounted to 00.000,000 lbs. Paraflaning cheese, L. F. Rosengren (Nord. Mcjeri Tidn., 21 (1906), Nos. 2(), pp. .i.>2, 35,1; 27, pp. 365, 366, fif/s. 3). — Experiments with i)aratlining dif- ferent kinds of full-cream and h;ilf-skim Swedish cheese showed losses in sveight durmg '■'> to 7 months* storage of -1.7 to 11.2 jier cent. — F. w. woll. The Swiss cheese industry of Wisconsin; whey butter making, E. II. Fakrixgton {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 1.j7-1S0, figs. 12). — This is a briefer account of observations i)ublished in Bulletin i;;2 of the station (E. S. K., 17. p. use,). Lactose-fermenting yeasts, the cause of an abnormal fermentation in Swiss cheese, E. G. Hastings (Wisconsiii Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 207-221, figs. 6). — This is a more technical accoinit of investigations previously reported in bulle- tin form (E. S. R., 17, p. 498). l i O EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Compilation of analyses of fodder articles and dairy products, made at Amherst, Mass., 1868-1905, E. B. Holland and P. H. Smith {UdnHachmeUs Sta. L'pt. 1905, pp. 200-223). — These tables show the composition, digestibility, and fertilizer ingredients of various products. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Characteristics of some of the contagious and infectious stock diseases, A. W. BiTTiNc iuul G. U. KonEUTS {Iiuliuiia Sta. Bill. 113, pp. 209-2SS, pgs. 20).^- The purpose of the present bulletin is to present an outline of the chief symp- toms and post-mortem lesions observed in the common diseases of live stocli. The most approved lines of treatment in the case of each disease are given, and mention is also made of State and Federal laws relating to these diseases. How parasites are transmitted, B. H. Ransom ( f7. ^.' Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1905, pp. 139-166, fig.s. 50). — The parasites referred to in this article are grouped into arthropods, roundworms, tapeAAorms. flukes, and protozoa. Examples are given of these various classes of parasites, with notes on their life history and the means by which tbey are transmitted from one animal to another. The transmission of tuberculosis from man to cattle, A. Eber {Berlin, Tieriirztl. Wc]tii.scJrr., 1906, Xo. 28. pp. 527-537). — A critical review is given of the literature relating to this highly controversial problem. The author exam- ined carefully the evidence presented by Koch for his belief in the nonidentity of human and bovine tuberculosis. The experiments carried out by the German Imperial Health Office are believed not to, support the contentions of Koch. Human tuberculosis cultivated in vivo in domestic animals, G. Moussu (Coiiipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 61 {1906), No. 26, pp. 95-97).— ^X hen cultures of human tubercle bacilli were suspended in the intestinal cavity' of cattle and other animals it was found that these animals would soon give a reaction to tuberculin, which existed for a year or more, although no true infection took place. Milk and dairy products as sources of infection in tuberculosis, O. MIjller {.Jour. Compar. Path, and Titer.. 19 {1906), No. 1, pp. 19-33).— As a result of a study of the literature of this subject, together with personal observations and experiments, the author believes that the infectiousness of milk is chiefly refer- able to tuberculosis of the udder and that cows in which the udder is not affected do not excrete tubercle bacilli or at least only to a very slight extent. The transmission of tuberculosis, therefore, takes place through the milk of cows af- fected with the mammary form of the disease. In cases, however, in which the disease has reached an advanced stage without affecting the udder, tubercle bacilli may be found in the milk. The disease prevails especially in dairy regions among calves and pigs, and in order to avoid danger from its further dissemination it is necessary to observe great cleanliness about the dairy and sterilize all milk of tuberculous cows before feeding to calves or pigs. The milk of tuberculous cows, G. Moussu {Arch. Wiss. u. Prald. TierJieilk., 32 {1906), No. 3, pp. 279-29J,, pis. 2).— In this article particular attention was given to the study of the origin of tuberculous mammitis. The litei'ature re- lating to this subject is briefly reviewed and notes are given on the pathological changes produced in the udder after tul)erculous infection. As a result of the author's investigations it is concluded that the milk of all tuberculous cows shoulc' be excluded from utilization without previous treat- ment. This is considered necessary on account of the fact that mammary tuberculosis can not be recognized or diagnosed in its early stages. Apparently the disease assumes such similar forms and such a similar course iu both man VETERINARY MEDICINE. 279 1111(1 (■nttlo tli.it llic results olitniiicd in tlic study of one species may )»e applied lo the otlier. Tuberculosis among dairy cows, ^^■. 1.. Luii.k (.loitr. Coitijtitr. I'alli. inid Thcr., 1!) (10(H)). Xo. 1, /ip. '/,S-.70). — ("ircunistauees are related with re,i?ard to the unusual ijrevalence of tuberculosis in a herd of -^0 cows the owner of which appeared to take i^rent pains in carini,' for and feeding animals and in keeping the stables and cows in a cleanly coiulition. 'IMie cows were fed a generous and suitable ration, the stables were well built, witli good drainage and con- crete floors, and sand bedding was used and changed daily. (Jood ventilation was also provided. Nevertheless the disease prevailed to sudi an extent that the owner felt compelled to go out of the business. The i)revalence of the disease is supposed to' have been due to the fact that the cows were kept con- Hned for about (5 months of the year and that the calves were allowed to suck the cows without regard to whctlici' tlicy were tuberculons or nut. The spread of tuberculosis by means of male animals from the stand- point of the breeder, Ukutior {Berlin. Ticrarztl. WchnscJir., 19011, No. 10, pp. U19-113). — It is frequently asserted that tuberculosis may be transmitted by male animals to offspring directly, through the agency of the mother animal or by means of a susceptibility to tuberculosis. The literature^ relating to this sub- ject is critically reviewed. The author concludes that male animals are not capable of transmitting tuber- culosis to offspring except jiossibly in an indirect manner by first infecting the mother animal. The heretlitary transmission of the tendency to tuberculosis is considered as of very rare occurrence. Pleural and peritoneal tuberculosis in cattle, ,T. F. Heymans {Arch. Inter- nut. J'Jiariiiucod. ct Ther., 1) {1003)', No. 5-6, pp. 375-387, pi. 1). — One of the most im])urtant features in the study of tuberculosis is the determination of the character and growth of tubercles found in cases of this disease. The author gave particular attention to the tubercles found on the pleura and peritoneum of cattle. These tubercles were studied not only to determine their microscopic character but also their virulence. It ap])ears from this study that a considerable j)ortion of the pathological alterations on the serous membranes in the cases of bovine tuberculosis are not tubercles, or agglomerations of more or less detached tubercles, but simply in- flammatory conditions which are at first progressive and later regressive. These iniianimatory areas are due to irritating substances w^hich come from neighlioring tubercles. The virulence of the true tubercles is also found to vary greatly. In many cases it w'as impossible to obtain any virulent tubercle bacilli from them. Failures in the tuberculin test on cattle, A. Carini {Arch. ir/.s'.s\ ii. Pralct. TicrJieiUc, 32 {lOOG), No. 6, pp. 5()2-573). — Tlie special purpose of this article is to i)resent a sunnnary of the author's investigations regarding the reliability of the tuberculin test. As a result of numerous experiments the author comes to the conclusion that the percentage of failure in tuberculin tests is esti- mated too low by most writers on this subject. According to the author's ex- jierienee failure may be expected in about 17 per cent of cases, even where the greatest care and precaution are exercised. Vaccination against tuberculosis of young ruminants in the alimentary tract, A. ARLoixf! {Coinpt. Rend. Acad. >Sci. [Pari.s], 1J,2 {190(i), 'No. 26, pp. 1.'iS7-l-'iiS!i). — As a result of investigation along this line the author comes to the conclusion that an active innnunity toward tuberculosis may be produced in young ruminants by feeding them cultures of either human or bovine tubercle bacilli after these organisms have been properly attenuated. There appears to 280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. be little choice in this regard between the human and bovine bacilli. A reaction to tuberculin takes place before any infection has occurred, therefore, in the absence of all tuberculous lesions. The effects of tuberculin absorbed by the digestive tract in healthy and tuberculous animals, A. Calmette and M. P.ketox (Compt. Rend. Aciid. HcL [Paris], 1J,2 {1906), No. 11, pp. 616-618).— The author's experiments were carried out on guinea pigs, for the reason that these animals are particularly susceptible to tuberculosis. It was found that tuberculin absorbed l>y the alimentary tract has a toxic effect upon nontuberculous animals and that this toxicity is particularly mani- fest in young animals. There appears to be no tendency toward the establish- ment of a tolerance for the ingestion of the gradually increasing doses of tuberculin. If guinea pigs are rendered tuberculous by a single alimentary infection they react regularly to tuberculin if they are fed this reagent in doses of 1 mg. which are entirely without effect upon healthy guinea pigs. It was also shown by the experiments in question that in the case of tuberculous ani- mals a reaction takes place to tuberculin whether this reagent is administered hypodermically or by way of the alimentary tract. Griserin as a treatment of tuberculosis, Springefeldt {Arch. Wiss, u. Prakt. TkrheUlc, 32 {1!)0G). Xo. 6. pp. 5'i5-'>61). — (iriserin has been proposed by certain German investigators as a chemical cure for tuberculosis in human beings and animals. The author tested this chemical on 24 guinea pigs, which were artificially inoculated with tuberculosis and afterwards treated with griserin. In no case was the disease checked by the treatment with griserin. The lesions spread and the disease showed a tendency to become generalized as rapidly as where no treatment was applied. The action of essence of turpentine upon the virus of glanders, tubercu- losis, and anthrax, V. (iAltieb {.Jour. Mvd. Yet. ct Zooiech.. .',1 {1906), Mar., pp. l-'iO-lltl). — It has long been known that the virus of glanders is quite easily affected by the essence of turpentine. The tubercle and anthrax bacilli, however, are far less susceptible. According to some experiments the tubercle bacillus is not destroyed by immersion for 8 hours in essence of turpentine. It would appear, therefore, that this substance is not suitable for disinfecting objects which have become contaminated with the tubercle bacillus. Turpentine is also of little avail in destroying anthrax infection, particularly if spores are present. Experiments were carried on by the author in inocu- lating guinea pigs and rabbits with anthrax virus followed by vaccination with 0.25 cc. of essence of turpentine. The turpentine appeared in all cases to prolong life somewhat, and in a few instances the animals recovered entirely from a fatal dose. The effect of preparations from tubercle bacilli upon the tuberculous organism, A. Wassermann and C. Brook {Dent. Med. Wchnschr., 32 {U>ii6). 'No. 12, pp. 450-.'i54). — In tlie experiments reported in this article the authors gave attention chiefly to establishing the location of antituberculin and tuber- culin in the organism of the affected animal and the reaction between these two substances. It appears that antituberculin may be quite readily demonstrated in the tnl)erculous organs of man, guinea pigs, cattle, and other animals. During the treatment of tuberculous animals from preparations of tubercle bacilli a specific antitul^erculin appears in the general blood circulation. While the anti- tuberculin is present in tuberculous organs of tuberculous animals it does not appear in the serum. If such animals are treated with tuberculin or other preparations from tubercle bacilli these materials, on account of their aflinity VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281 for antituborfulin. itass into llio Inlioi-culous orK.'in and liopomo combinod with the iuititnbcrculin. The spccilic reaction of tulKTculous tissue, tlierefore. talces phice on account of the fact that tlie tuljerculin is attracted by the antitiiber- culin into tlu' tuiierculous tissue and i)econies localized in such structures. The virulence of tubercle bacilli, A. Marmobkk '{Berlin. Klin. Wcliiixclir., J/S (liJIld), Xo. 11. ]ii). 328, 329). — One of the dithculties always incur '-ed in work with tui)ercle i)acilli is found in determining their virulence. The author at- tempted to work out an original method of securing evidence of slight variation in the virulence of different cultures of tu])ercle bacilli. For this i)urpose white mice were selected and on account of tlieii- high r(>sistancc to tiie tubercle bacillus were i)reviously treated with injections of (luinin chlorate. This drug has the effect of i)aralyzing the white blood corpuscles so that the organism v^^as less resistant to infection. During these experiments it was found that the virulence of tnlu'rcle bacilli depends primarily vipou the age of the culture ami grows less as the cnltui'e becomes older. The resistance of tubercle bacilli to acid, C. Ciaccio {Conipt. Rend. Soc. Biol [I'ltris], 60 (l'J(HS), Xo. 12, pp. 585, 586). — It is freciuently stated that the acid resistance of the tubercle bacillus is due to the presence of a fatty acid in the body of the bacillus. Ac<'ording to the author's investigations, however, while the tubercle bacillus does contain fatty substances the si)ecif!c coloration of the bacillus and its acid resistance is n(jt due to fatty acids, but to some other substance. The homogenization of acid-resistant bacilli, L. Kauwacki {Zts-chr. Tuher- kulose, 9 {1906), Xo. ,i, pp. 226-228). — In homogenizing tubercle bacilli of va- rious sources, the best results are obtained when potatoes and diluted serum are used in the place of glycerinated bouillon. Homogeneous cultures of tubercle bacilli when transferred from one serum medium to another have a tendency to develop flocculent deposits. The boyine tubercle bacillus appears to l)e quite diflicult to homogenize and this may be taken as a rather constant character- istic of the bacillus. Anthrax, B. V. Fursenko (Arcli.Vet. Naiik [Ni. Petcrsh.], .36 {1906), Xo. 6, pp. S9.3-Ji02. fifj. 1). — A study was made of the behavior of anthrax in pure cultures and of the progress of the disease after the inoculation of rabbits, par- ticular attention being given to the localization of the bacilli in affected animals. Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw, D. E. Salmon and T. Smith {U. S. Dept. Aflr., Bur. Anini. Indus. Circ. 96, ]ip. 10). — This is a reprint, with a slight re- vision, from the Siiccial Ueport on the Diseases of Cattle (E. S. R., 10, p. 708). False foot-and-mouth disease, .M. Mi'iller {Dent. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., I't {1906), Xo. 28, pp. .?.i//, ,].i5). — The author observed several cases of mouth dis- ease in cattle. The symptoms to be seen in the mucous membrane of the mouth resembled somewh:it those of true foot-and-mouth disease, but were found to be due to the si)ines of Oronis spinosa which occurred in considerable quantity in the hay fed to the cattle. Calf scours: A new method of treatment, L. A. Klein {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 122, pp. 9).— On account of the general importance and prevalence of scours among calves fed on skim milk, the author tested the value of formalin added to the milk before feeding to the calves. In these experiments 12 calves were treated by adding formalin to the milk at the rate of 1 part to 4,000. Eleven calves recovered without any further treatment— 7 on the second day, 8 on the third, and 1 on the ninth. In one case it was found necessary to administer castor oil, creolfn, and subnitrate of bismuth before a complete recovery was brought about. In :\ cases of scours in calves running at pasture and receiving grain at the same time the formalin treatment did not prove effective. 282 EXPEKIMENT STATION BECORD. Foot-rot of sheep, .7. R. Mohleb ami H. J. Washburn (U. 8. Dcpt. Afjr., Bin: Anhn. Indus. Circ. O.'i. pp. 117-137, fit/. 1). — This circiihir is reprinted from the annual report of the Bureau for 1904 (E. S. K., 17, p. 715). The parasite of common sheep scab, C. M. Johnston (Orange River Colony Dept. Ayr., Biol. Dir. Leafict 2, pp. 6, figs. ,}).— Distinction is made between common scab, head scab, and foot scab as affecting sheep. The common scab mite is described and notes are given on its life histor.v. According to the present law in the Orange Kiver Colony the second dipping of sheep is required to be given 14 to 18 days after the first. It is proposed to change this so as to re(|uire that it be done within 10 to 14 days. A clinical study of braxy, R. Froehner (Deut. Tieriirstl. Wclutschr., 1^ (1906), No. 30, pp. 359, 360).— Occasion was offered for a study of a number of cases of this disease in sheep. The feed which the sheep received was examined and found to be in good condition. It was therefore not concerned in the pro- duction of the disease. According to the evidence obtained it appears that tiie sheep became infected during the process of shearing as the result of using uncleanly shears. A bac- teriological examinatiou showed the presence of the bacillus of malignant oedema. Bursattee, F. E. I'lace (Vet. Rec., 18 (1906), No. 923, p. 6V/6').— It has been found that iodized phenol is an excellent remedy for this disease. Experi- ments indicate tha.t iodin is the most certain agent for destroying nematode worms in the blood and feces of infected animals. Copper salts as a supposed preventive of hog cholera, S. Aveby (Nebraska 8ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 116, 117). — Hogs were fed a solution of copper sulphate at the rate of 1 \h. per gallon of water, with or without Rochelle salts, to render the solution alkaline. Since the hogs seemed to endure the solution without Rochelle salts, as well as when this chemical was added, the plain copper sul- phate solution was used at the rate of 1 oz. per day for each hog. This treat- ment continued for several weeks and caused no trouble except an occasional loss of appetite. A test v/as then made to determine whether the solution of copper sulphate was of any value in preventing infection of hog cholera. It was found in this experiment that hogs treated with copper sulphate became affected and died in the same manner as those which were not treated. Hog cholera, F. Koske (Arh. K. Gsndhtsmnt., 24 (1906), No. 2, pp. 305-345).— As a result of numerous cultures aiid observations on Bacillus siiipestifer, the author determined that the hog cholera bacillus may retain its virulence pei*- fectly for 2 or 3 months in ordinary agar cultures or for 120 to IGO days in the buried carcasses of pigs. The cultures were destroyed liy sul)jection to a Hi per cent cresol solution for li minutes or a 5 per cent carbolic solution for ;'. minutes. Numerous experi- ments were made in testing the susceptibility of various laboratory animals and larger domestic animals to the organism of hog cholera, and notes are given on the pathological condition produced by such inoculation. In the author's experience there is little difference in the agglutination results as obtained by the use of a monovalent and polyvalent serum. Serum obtained from an inoculated ass was able to jirotect hogs against fatal doses of hog cholera bacilli ]»revi()usly inoculated intravenously. The etiology of hog cholera and swine plague, F. IIutyra (Berlin. TierdrzU. Wchnschr., 1906, No. 32, pp. 607-610, figs. ,7).— The' literature relating to the controverted points regarding hog cholera and swine plague is briefly reviewed. In experiments carried out by the author it was found that a filtered blood serum or fluid from the lungs of hogs affected with acute swine plague was capable of producing an acute infectious disease after subcutaneous inoculation VETERINARY MEDICINE, 283 in younfi; piffs. In sonio cnsos such inoonlation producecl ;i r:>pi(lly 1".'it:il Iumu- orrbiigic septicemia. 'I'lie niitlioi' liclieves fliat there is some evidence in favor of assuming the existence of an nitrninicroscopic organism as tlie canse of swine l)lague. Hog cholera and swine plague in South Africa, A. 'l"iii:ii.i:i{ {t'orlsclir. \'. siiisciiliciis was demon- strated and in which hog cholera was not present. A])parently there is no epizootic in South Africa due to Ji. .sai.septicus, but the common infectious hog disease is associated with hog cholera, which gives B. stiiycpticiis an oppor- tunity to infect hogs. Is the virus of swine plague and hog cholera filterable? K. Ostebtao (Berlin. Ticn'irztl. Wclnis'-hr., IV06. No. ,?//, />/>. 62d-(x2(J). — In experiments in the filtration of the virus of swine plague the results were negative in some cases and positive in others. Where positive results in infection took place it appeared that the infection was due to some other agent than the organism of swine plague. The author also carried on some experiments in filtering the virus of hog cholera to determine wh(>ther this virus was infectious as showu to be in some cases by the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. In the first test the filtered virus was not infectious, but when material from this country was used in the experiments it was found to be virulent after filtration. The author expects within the near future to develop a practical system by means of which hog cholera may be controlled. The relation of Bacillus pyogenes suis to swine plague, F. Koske (Arb. K. G.^iuHit.'<(iiiit.. I'l (1006), No. 2. PI). lHl-195). — Numerous investigators have at- tempted to jilague. Toxic phenomena observed as a result of injecting dead glanders bacilli into the stomach, .1. CantacuziSne and P. Rieglek (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], (tl (]<)IH!). No. 21. pp. 2S1-233). — The exi)eriments reported in this paper were carried out on guinea pigs, both young and adult. It was found that 284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. when large quantities of dead glanders bacilli were injected into the stomach of jjuinea i)igs they produced more or less severe intoxication followed by a rapid death in cases where large numbers of the bacilli were used. Not only the soluble products of the bacilli but the bacterial bodies themselves pass through the intestinal wall and are found in the ganglia, si)leen, and lungs, where they may produce broncho-pneumonia. Where small (luantities of the dead bacilli are used a tolerance is develoi)ed on the part of the animal, which may last for a period of :> months. A disease of the horse simulating farcy, F. S. H. Baldrey and G. D. Mar- tin {Jour. Trop. Yet. ticL, 1 (IDOG), No. 3, pp. 316-319). "^In a case which closely resembled farcy an organism was obtained which is somewhat shorter and thicker than that of the glanders bacillus. Inoculation of guinea pigs with this organism produced a mild illness which lasted for 4 or 5 days, but the lesions were not fatal. The period of incubation was 4 days. An anthrax-like bacillus found in a horse suspected of anthrax, R. E. Montgomery {Joiiy.Trop.Vei. HcL, 1 {190(!),]\'uted to the action of poisonous i)lants. The flora of one region noted for the occurrence of jwi-soning c(mtained r>5 different plants, the most of which were gathered in a fresh condition and fed to sheep. As a result of tiiese experiments it appeared that Znga'lcnus vcneno.itis may cause poisoning, but that Dclphiniinn nienziesii is not poisonous in any stage of growth. Among the lupines studied only Lupinus ornatus appeared to be poisonous. Neither arnica, wild cherry, nor any of the other plants studied caused symptoms of poisoning. Poisoning of horses by the common horsetail weed (Equisetum arvense), A. T. I'ktkks and L. B. Stirdkvant { XchrasLa ,s7(/. Rpt. lini.',, /ip. 111-115, pi. 1). — On account of complaints of the poisoning of horses from eating com- mon horsetail an examination was made of this plant and feeding experiments were carried out. In one case a mare was fed 4(i ll)s. of iKU'setail hay during a period of :'> weeks witliout showing any characteristic sym])toms of jioisoning. In all of the experiments the horses showed a distinct aversion to the weed. 286 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The amount fed ranged from i lb. per day, at the start, to G lbs. The first symptoms of poisoning in one case began on the fourteenth day and consisted of a crouching gait, partial loss of muscular control, pale bluish color of the mucuous membranes, and occasionally a subnormal temperature. The symp- toms of staggering were most apparent on cold, rainy days. Decoctions of horsetail were also made and given to horses. The authors conclude from their experiment that horsetail is not present in the hay of Nebraska in sufficient quantities to be dangerous to horses, but that in large amounts this weed might prove fatal. Occurrence of barium in the Ohio Valley brines and its relation to stock poisoning', C. L). IIowaku {West Virginia tSta. Bui. l(l,i, /ip. .^si-2!:)5). — From time to time reports have been given of farm animals dying under symptoms of poisoning without the cause being definitely determined, but the suspicion pointing to the salt used in each case. An analysis of samples of brine obtained from the Ohio Valley of West Vir- ginia showed the presence of barium chlorid in quantities ranging from 21 to 46 grains per gallon of brine. The barium chlorid is a highly poisonous drug causing a great increase of blood pressure and other effects similar to those of digitalis. The symptoms of poisoning resemble those of nitrate of potash, but the barium chlorid is nuich more poisonous. If the brine is treated with sodium sulphate or soda ash the barium, lime, and magnesium contained in the brine will be removed and the salt obtained from it will be of better quality for general use. Brief notes are given on the character of the salt ol)tained in West Virginia and on the antiseptic properties of chlorid of lime and barium. KURAL ENGINEERING. First annual convention of the North. Dakota drainage league: The In- ternational drainage conference {Grand Forks. X. Dak.: Press Puh. Co.. 1906, pp. 89). — The report of the North Dakota Drainage League contains an address by Hon. J. L. Cashel suggesting the desirability of including drainage projects under the provisions of the National lieclamation I^aw ; an address by G. A. Ralph in which he discusses drainage projects completed or under construction in Minnesota ; a paper on the relation of the office of State engineer to drainage problems, by A. L. Fellows ; an address by C. G. Elliott in which he treats of the need and value of drainage, its results in other localities, and its legal phases, particularly with reference to assessment for the expenses of drainage improve- ments and the avoidance of unnecessary litigation ; and a paper by J. T. Stewart on the drainage problems of the Red River Valley as related to the; Dakota side, in which the more technical phases of the question are discussed, with an outline of a scheme of drainage to give the best service at the least cost. Papers and addresses were delivered at the International Drainage Conference by Hon. ,J. L. Cashel, Prof. E. F. Chandler, Prof. W. R. Hoag, C. H. Dancer, of Manitoba, and G. A. Ralph. Subsurface drainage of land by tile, R. E. Horton {Reprinted from Mich. Engin., 1906, pp. 22, fif/s. 8). — This is an attempt to place upon a mathematical basis the determination of the amount of water i-emovable by tile drains in a given time, their distance, and size. The treatise is based upon formulje derived by Slichter for the flow of water through soils, which the author has adapted to the present purpose. These fornmhe involve constants depending upon the porosity of the soil and the effective diameter of the soil grains. In order to make the formuhip applicable, the constants ai'e given for a number of cases. The lesults of typical problems seem to check with successful prac- RURAL ENGINEERING. " 287 tk-t', thus aiipnrontly conform ins tlio author's idoa that tho proltlenis connoctod with hind drainaj^o can bo phiced upon a fairly rational basis. Drainage of tidal and swamp lands in South Carolina (lUin'ni. \. tH.'i). — This is a report of the drainaj^e convention held in South Carolina, at which a paper was presented by Dr. E. .Mead and C. G. Elliott, sunnnarizinj,' the results secured by this Ottice in its studies in South Carolina. " It appears from facts given in the paper that larj^e areas of rice lands, some of which have been in cultivation for a century or more, have been and others nuist be abandoned, or at least otlier crops substituted for rice; this is largely due to changes in river conditions, including lack of fresh water reiiuired for Hooding the rice fields." Three conditions are necessary to make (he land suitable for cultivation: (1) vStrengthen the existing levees, rebuild those destroyed, and make Ibeni high enough to withstand tioods. (2) Ditch the inclosed lands, so tliat soil water can be removed to a depth of 3 ft. (3) Install ]iumping jdants to remove all such drainage water as can not be removed by gravity through sluices or trunks. The entire drainage i)roblem is summarized as follows : " The coastal secticm of the State iiuist be drained before it will be sufficiently healthful to attract thrifty and intelligent farmers. This can be done in such a W'ay as to make the country sanitary, with the exception of the river lands, for .$5 per acre, and for high-class cultivation for .$10 to ,S;15 per acre. The tidal river rice land* which are injured by salt water should be converted into drained fields and lilanted in upland ci'ops. This may«be done at a cost of $15 per acre." The relation of irrigation to dry farming, E. Mead (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Year- hook JUli.j. }ij). .'i23-.'i38). — In this article the author discusses the question of so utilizing lands in the great semiarid belt of this country as to make them sup- port the largest number of people while giving them the gi'eatest measure of human c(mifort. The failure and lessons resulting from the first attemi)ts to farm these lands are r(>\iewed and the present reawakened interest described. In connection with dry farming the writer considers a small irrigation plant a jn-erequisite of success, and three methods are given by which it is deemed l)Ossible to control enough water to irrigate from 1 to 10 acres of every dry farm: (1) Pumping from soil w-ater or underground streams; (2) storage in small surface reservoirs of storm waters or the irregular flow of streams; and (3) irrigation with flood water, usually in the winter or spring. Each of these methods is discussed and existing successful examples given. The following principal conclusions are drawn: (1) That the foundation of the dry farm should be mixed husbandry, in which stock raising is the leading feature. (2) The dry farm slumld have a larger acreage than either the irri- gated or humid farm, pai'ticularly if irrigation is to be a feature of the dry farm. (:>) There are few localities where enough water can not be had for the irriga- tion of 1 to 10 acres on each section. (4) Supjilemental irrigation is the insur- ance of the dry farm whether the water is confined to intensive cultivation of a small tract or used in emergencies on larger areas. The State engineer and his relation to irrigation, R. P. Teele (U. S. Dejtt. Agr., Office Expt. Htan. Bui. 168, pp. 09, fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the whole subject of pul)lic control of the use of water in irrigation, since in most of the arid States whatever there is of j)ul)lic control centei's in the office of the State engineer. The matter is taken up by States in the order in which the ofiice of State eugiueer was created. 288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The essential features of a system of public control of irrigation are: Some method of defining rights ac(iuired before the assumption of control by the State ; a procedure for the acquirement of rights, and an administrative system for distributing the water of streams to those entitled to its use. The laws of each State are discussed from these three standpoints. There is now fairly complete control of irrigation by the State in Wyoming, Nebraska, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, North and South Dakota, and Oklahoma, while Colorado, Montana, Oregon, and New Mexico have only partial provision for such control. The bulletin sketches the history of irrigation legislation in each of these States and shows the efficiency of the laws enacted as demonstrated by experience. Irrigation and the permeability of soils, A. MtJNTZ and L. Faure {Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris']. I'/S (1D; corn, 25.2; and sweet potatoes, 17.G in. "(b) Cost of pumping per acre: Alfalfa, .$10.50; wheat, .$9.80; corn, $0.92; and sweet potatoes, .$4.91. RURAL ENGINEERING. 289 "(e) Cost ; All;iir:i. $1.2.">: coni. HT> ds. ; and sweet potatoes, (!4 cts. "(d) Thf yield per acre • Alfalfa. 2..".;> tons; corn, ."tl.!* I)U. ; and swecl potatoes, 10.000 lbs. "(e) The value of the cro]) ])er acre: Alfalfa, if85.08 ; wheat, .$18.00; corn (includin.ij the stover), .$:!r).L'7 ; and s\v(>et potatoes. .$170." Public roads: Mileage and expenditures in 1904 (('. S. Dcpt. A(jr., O/jicc J'lih. Ilniids Circs. .H). pji. .> : .'ill, pp. i: J/. /(/*. ,? .• .).>. ]ip. .> : .'i.i. pp. S; J/Ji, pp. Jf ; Jf5, I'll- 'i ■' 'I'i- I'll- -^ ■' 'i^- Pit- 'i : '/•''• /'/'• .-.' ■'>'>- Vl>- - : '>l Pl>- 2; ')2, pp. 2). — Thes« are a series of le.-iflets issued by the Ollice of Public Roads, U. S. Depart- ment of A.t;riculture, in which road statistics are j^iven by States. The iiresent luunbers include the States of Alabama, Arizona. Arkansas, Iowa, Maine. Mary- land, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Vir- ginia, and Washington. For each of these States statistics are given by coun- ties as to the total number of miles of public roads, together with those which have been surfaced, and the expenditure in mone,y and labor as i)ropert,y and lai)or tax. An exijerinient in dust prevention {Engln. Rec, ->// (lOOG), Xo. 12, p.-Ul). — Experiments liy the State engineer are being carried <»n near 'I'roy. N. Y., on the prevention of dust on a road running through a village of considerable population, where the dust nuisance is very annoying. The means employed are as follows: "Tar, of about the consistency of molasses when cold and fluid when heated, is sprinkled over the road surface. The low sj)ots in the road are then filled with screenings, which are consolidated b.v the tralhc before the second application of the tar is made. This process is rei)eate(l a third time, and is said to result in a practically dustless highway, which will not need another treatment for a year or more. The tar employeil is specially prepared for the purpose by boiling until all its water has been driven off. so that it is not likel.v to foam when heated for application to the roads." Tar and oil for road impi'ovenient : Report of progress of experiments at Jackson, Tenn. ( r. ^S". Dept. Af/i:, Office Pub. Roads Cite J/T, pp. 8). — In this circular are reported results of experiments with coal tar, Texas oil and its residuums, in the improvement of macadam and earth streets and roads. The tar was applied during hot weather to the repaired, cleaned, and thoroughly dried surfaces of roads in and near the city of Jackson, Tenn. The tar was kept at a temperature of 200° while being conveyed over the roads in a tank wagon, from which it was distributed over the road surface by a hose with sijecial nozzle and spread evenly in a thin layer b.v laborers using stiff brooms. The tar was absorbed by the road in 8 or 10 hours, after which a light coat of sand or sci'eenings was evenly spread over the surface and the road rolled by steam roller. The average quantit.v of tar used per squ.-ire yai'd was 0.-15 gal. and labor cost $0.0050 to .$0.0005 per square yard. It is stated tliat " after more than 7 months, including the winter season of 100.5-G. the tariTd I'oads and streets are still in excellent condition. They are hard, smooth, and resemble asphalt excei)t that the.v show a more gritty sui'face." By sections cut from the streets it was found that the tar formed a matrix of 1 to 2 in. ir. thickness, in which the individual stones were embedded. The tar is said to have antiseptic qualities, to make the road as dustless as asphalt, and to lessen greatly the noise of traffic. In the experiments with oil on city streets, 0.48 gal. was used per square yard at a cost for labor of .$0.0057 per square yard. On the county roads the respective items w(>re O.-'IS gal. and .$0.0033. The oil was applied to the "dusty 11125— No. 3—00 M 7 290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. road surface and no subsequent treatment except spreading by brooms was given. The best results were obtained with heavier oils used hot. Dust is largely prevented on roads treated with the heavier oils, but the light, crude oil was found too volatile to produce perninnent results. The oiling and tarring of improved roads {Engin. Rec, 5.'f {1906), yo. 8, p. 197). — A discussion of means for abating the dust nuisance on country roads. The inefRcacy of oil treatment when the oil is merely sprinkled upon the im- proved road surface is well shown, it being concluded that " oil treatment is de- cidedly worse than nothing, especially as the result, after a period of dry weather, is no less dust than before and certainly of a not less disagreeable charactei"." When the road surface is swept clean and is perfectly free of dust, crude oil or tar treatment is suggested, but the fact is emphasized that the road surface must be clean and dry and trafhc must not be resumed until the oil or tar is absorbed. This, it is stated, will prevent the raising of dust for a considerable jieriod. The concrete block industry as an adjunct to agriculture, E. Freund {Masch. Zttj., >, {1906), ^os. 11, pp. 124-126, fi(js. 2; 12, pp. 133, 134; 13, pp. 145-lJil, figs. 6). — The writer describes a molding machine for the manufacture of concrete brick, and blocks for various uses; for example, cornices, lintels, arches, etc., together with a hand or power driven machine for the mixing of materials. The proportions of the various ingredients are given and also a discussion of the relative lengths of time of setting with different grades of cement. The total cost for the manufacture of 1,000 briclv is given as $2.G5 using lime and cement, and $3.20 using cement alone at the prices for the re- spective materials prevailing in Germany. The number and distribution of silos in "Wisconsin, G. N. Knapp {Wis- consin Hia. Ilpt. 1905, pp. 363-366, fig. 1). — A statistical record compiled from reports by assessors on the number of silos in the various counties of Wisconsin. The number of silos per county is found to be usually in direct proportion to the number of dairies. The total mniilier reixirted foi' the State was TIG. Motor trucks and motors at the fifth automobile show, M. Hardy {Ann Gemhloux, 16 {1906). Xos. .',. pp. 213-23.5, figs, lo ; 6. pp. 3o9-3S3, fii/s. .'M.— The Avriter describes a large inunl)er of power trucks, giving data as to tbeir per- formance and structural details. lie compares gasoline and steam motors in their applicatiiin to motor trucks and finds that " if one considers the progress Avhich has l)e('n made and the advantages of steam, steam motors should be in more favor tlian the other. So far as starting and changes cf velocity are iconcerned, particularly for heavy trucks, steam motors possess an elasticity .■and pliancy \vl)icli do not lu'long in the same degree to the intei'nal combustion motor." A so-called " ent'rgy-car " is descril)etl, wliicli is designed especially for rise in agricultural oi)erations. It consists of a light wagon carrying an explosion motor cnuplcd to an electric generatcr by a special device. The generator is so wound tliat it may operate either as generator or motor, and it is connected to a small storage battery carried by the wagon. The batteries furnish an additional i)ower when the load is greater than the explosion motor can develop normally. By the entire combination a flexibility of control, ease, and certainty of operation are obtained which would not be possessed b.v the explosioia motor alone, to which are condiincd tlic advantages tliat it may deliver mechanical energy at the wagon or electrical energy at a distance to be used for power or electric ligliting. With reference to the economy of different types of motor, tlie writer regards the nK)tors of the automobile type much less economical and durable than other types of njotor due to their high velocity of rotation and greater cylinder RURAL ECONOMICS. 291 wear due to sliort Icnjith of coiiiicctiii^' rod. They iirc, liowovor, chcaptM- in first cost tlian other types. The author states that gasoline motors furnish power at 0.141 frane per 100,000 Uilogranuneters (2.7 ets. per 72.3,240 ft. lbs.). Accidents by farm machinery, (i. X. Knapp (Wisconsin tSta. Rpt. 1005, pp. 567-J7.i). -^Statistics relating to the number of persons Injured or maimed in the operation of farm machinery an- presented. From the figures given it is found that accidents resuUing fi'om (he use of corn shredders " are in the majority of cases serious, 'rweuty-eight per cent are fatal, 50 per cent result in cripples by the loss of arms or hands, and 23 per cent of the accidents result in partial cripples by the loss of fingers. In 1004 10 persons lost arms in corn shredders to 10 persons who lost arms in all other machinery combined." Attention is directed to the great car(> necessary in the operation of corn shredders, and the law relating to the equipment of such machinery with safety devices is given. Alcohol in gasoline engines, E. W. Longanecker (Funii Iiiiplciiioits, 20 il!)06), Xd. a. p. JiO). — In an article originally appearing in Qas Power the writer giv(>s the results of some preliminary experiments on the use of alcohol in gasoline engines. He thinks that the average compression pressure for alco- hol should be somewhere between 90 and 120 lbs. per square inch, and advises increasing the length of the connecting rod or making such changes in the com- pression space as will bring about this pressure. It was found that while the engine could be started by the use of alcohol alone by spraying tbe latter into the inlet pipe, it was much more satisfactory to use gasoline for the first 12 or more impulses. Denaturized alcohol in France (8ci. Amer. Sup., 62 (1906), No. 1599, pp. 256 1 ■^-256 1 5. liij^. -'/). — In this article the writer considers chiefly the denaturiz- ing agents employed in France, comparing the kinds and jiroportions with those used in other countries. The official denaturant in use in France at the i)resent time consists of 1.0 part of methyl spirit (wood alcohol) and O.-j part standard benzine to be added to every 100 parts of alcohol. The denaturants may vary under official license, with the particular use to which the product is to be put. For use in internal combu^- tion engines, about ."lO per ctMit of benzine is added, whi<-h increases the calorifi<' power of the alcohol to about 7.850 calories — nearly the same value as for gasoline. The denatiu'ants have been found unsatisfactorj% especially when used in engines, and the French (lOvevnnient offers a prize of .f;4,()00 for a denaturant which renders the alcohol unfit for drinking yet without objection- able odor, which will not separate by fractional distillation or erode the metal l>arts of lamps or motors, which will not be poisonous, but which m:iy easily be detected. .V second prize of .$10,000 is offered for an apparatus which will allow alcohol to be used for lighting in the same manner as is petroleimi. The api)aratus used in the deuaturizing process is illustrated and described. It is said that the process is a most simple one, reiiuiring no heating or like ai)|)aratus. RURAL ECONOMICS. Causes affecting farm values, G. K. IIor.^^ES (/, S. Drpt. Agr. Yearbook 11105. PI). 5ll-5.i2). — I'.ased on in(iuiries jiddressed to 45.000 correspondents throughout the I'nited States, the causes which have influenced the increase in value of farm lands and inqirovements since the census of 1000 are sunnnarized and discussed. This increase since lOOO is estimated at 33.5 ])er cent on the value of all farm property, or $6,131,000,000 for the 10 classes of farms as grouped by the Census. 292 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " The rate of increas-e for cotton farms is highest, 48.2 per cent . . . and the lowest of all [are] the dairy farms, with au increase of 25.8 per cent." The most important causes assigned in explanation of this increase of farm values are the increase in prices received for farm products during the past 5 years and the pressure of new demand for land upon a fixed area. Incidentally, how- ever, very large effects in increasing values " have been derived from better cul- tural methods, from the substitution of profitable for unprofitable crops, by the adoption of more intensive culture and crop, by better applied labor, by larger and cheaper facilities for I'eaching markets, and by some improvements in the business features of marketing products. Each one of these causes is of large account and all together combine to make the net return per acre larger than it was 5 years ago by an amount sufficient to raise the capitalization of farm lands in a considerable degree." The influences affecting both the increase and decrease of farm real-estate values are itemized and grouiied according to the economic phenomena and con- ditions most noticeable throughout the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Cen- tral, South Central, and Western groups of States. These conditions are giving rise to movements in population which tend to raise values where they are most needed, namely, in the South, in the semiarid regions of the West, and in " the depressed East." The author points out the importance of the adjustment of urban and rural populations in promoting national welfare, and concludes that " high prices of lands necessarily require that there shall not be too large a per- centage of total population engaged in agriculture, and the nonagricultural population must be prosperous so as to pay profitable prices for agricultural products." Agriculture in the United States, ,J. ,T. Macfarlane (Coin. Amer., 3 {1906), 'No. 1, pp. 6-S, dgms. 3). — Statistics relating to the increased yields and values of staple agricultural products are reported and discussed, the data being com- piled in great measure from the census of 1000 and from the publications of this Department for the years 1900 to 1005, inclusive. The economic factors contributing to the great development of the agricultural wealth of the United States are also enumerated. The world's agriculture, J. J. Macfarlane (Com. Amcr.. 3 {1906), No. 3, pp. 10-12, (Iffms. 3). — By means of diagrams the author discusses the relative proportions of land of the world's leading nations that are devoted to cereal production, to pasture, and to forests, as well as the extent of cultivated, cul- tivable, and waste land in each country. Statistics are i)resented of the present population of the various countries and of the world's cereal production in 1905. The average yields of leading cereals for the five years 1001-1905, expressed in millions of bushels, are as follows: Oats, 3,371; wheat, 3,160; corn, 2,896; rye, 1,581; barley, 1,330. From a study of all the data presented the author believes that no nation at present is equal to the United States in agricultural area or wealth, and that there is very little prospect of any being so in the near future. The value relations of buildings, live stock, and implements to fixed capital, Clausen {Jour. Laiidw., 54 {1906), No. 3, pp. 217-234). — The author defines fixed or basic capital {Grumlkapiial) as the combined value of land and buildings, and discusses the value relation to each other of the different ele- ments of capital invested in agriculture. The Province of Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 5 groups according to certain definite characteristics of the land, and statistics are presented of each group which show the relation of cultivated area to total area; the estimated value of estates not including improvements ; the percentage of investments in buildings, live stock, and implements ; the value per hectare of total area in- AGRTCULTUHAL KDl^CATTON. 293 clndinjr huildings : and tlio valno of l)nil(liii.t,'s. live stock, and iiuiilciiients per liectare of total ari'a and \)vv hectare of cultivated area. Bural credit institutions: Mutual funds, P. GiLLilSRON-Dtinoux (Jiisliln- tioiiN nir, contain in addition to the usual statistics on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries the following si»ecial articles: Tobacco acreage and condition July i; 190G. by types ; exports of durum wheat, 1905-6; exports of farm .and forest products in 1906; adulteration of alfalfa seed; alcohol production in the German Empire; imports of farm and forest products in 190G ; and other topics relating to agricultural statistics. Agricultural statistics, 1905 (Bd. Agr. and Fishcrief< \London], Agr. Statis., 100.'}. pp. LXI-\-S06). — This publication contains complete returns of acreage under crops and grass and number of live .stock in each county of Great Britain tor the year ended June .">, 190.j. Statistics are also given on the value of land; returns of produce and yield per acre; prices of wheat, barley, oats, bread, live stock, and other agricul- tural produce: trade in live stock with Ireland; supply of cattle, sheep, and pigs at certain markets; agricultural imports and exports of the United King- dom; and on the weather of Great Britain. Indian, colonial, and foreign agricultural returns are included and compared. Agricultural returns of Great Britain, 1906 (Bd. Trade .four. \Lo)ido})], .')'i {1 !)')()). Vo. :)J'i. pp. .'i')'/, Jf'y.j). — A summary is given of the a.creage under crops ;uid tlie nnmlier of live stock in Great Britain on June 4, 1900, in com- parison with similar data for the year 1905. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education, J. S. Stewart (Alliens, (la.: Author, 1000, pp. 7). — Condensed report of an address before the (Jeorgia Educational Association, Jmie L'l*. \'.»\i\. The three tests — usefulness, furnishing mental discipline, and h.nving cultural value — are applied to the subject of agriculture to determini! w hether it is worthy a permanent place in the curricula of schools and colleges. The writer believes that it meets all of these tests and outlines a scheme for agricultural schools in Georgia. The educational element in agriculture, J. M. Colson (South. M'orlnnan, S-i iJOOi;). Vo. n. pp. .')O.)-.i(n). — An addi-ess before the Virginia State Teachers' Association, in which a discussion is given of the educational value of agri- .iects of chapters : Why plants grow, tbe plant and tbe water, plant foods, soils, tbe soil and tbe crops, wearing out tbe soil, legumes, tilling tbe soil, draining tbe soil, tbe crop, insects and diseases that injure tbe crops, tbe flgbt against weeds, tbe stock on the farm, feeding tbe stock, tbe three c's — cows, corn, and clover, tbe dairy, poultry, some special crops, farm buildings, farm accounts, forestry, bome and school grounds, scbool gardening, and bome gardening. There is also an ad- dendum containing plans for tbe construction and ventilation of barns and score cards for judging corn, beef cattle, dairy cattle, draft horses, swine, and mutton sheep. The feature A^bich distinguishes tbis text-book from any other that has ap- peared in this country is the nature of tbe practicums, which consist of prob- lems in agricultural arithmetic. There is a total of 274 of these problems, of which there are from G to 24 following each chapter and related to the subjects discussed in that chapter. There are also scattered through tbe text numerous tables taken from tbe publications of this Department and adapted to tbe needs of tbe text-book, as well as numerous references to the bulletins and other pub- lications of this Department. Teaching horticulture in public schools, E. Y. Hallock (Aincr. Flori.st, 27 (1906), Ao. D51, pp. 216, 217). — This is a report of a special committee of the Society of American Florists, presented at the meeting of the society in Dayton, Ohio, August 21, lOOti. In it are discussed such matters as text-books, standard- izing courses of study, instructions to teachers, lectures, and children's gardens conferences. A plan for garden work and instruction in horticulture is given in outline form. The use of illustrative material in teaching agriculture in rural schools, D. J. Crosby (U. S. Dept. Ayr. Yearbook IDO.'j, pp. 257-27',, pis. S, figs. 10).— \n this article the writer discusses tbe value of agriculture in rural schools, de- scribes methods employed in teaching this subject in a consolidated school in Tennessee, in a village high school in Pennsylvania, and in a country high scbool in Kansas, describes 8 exercises which can be performed with simple and inex- pensive apparatus, and discusses agriculture as an aid to other school work. Nature study and elementary agriculture for the elementary public schools, A. C. Tkue and D. .1. Ckosisy (ITcsf. Jour. Ed., 11 (l'.)06). Xos. .'/-7, pp. 8-2Jf) .—Th'iii article was prepared at the request of a connnittee appointed at a meeting of the State Teachers' Association and tbe State Faruiers' Institute nt Berkeley, Cal., December 20-29, 190.5, and is Intended to show in some detail MISCELLANEOUS. 295 tlio topics which should ho iiichided in naturo study and olenu-ntary agricultural instruction and tiio nietliods which should ho followed in this work. It was pre- pared to meet the conditions existing in California schools, and is divided into o parts to correspond to the grouping of grades already recognized in that State, viz. nature study for Group I (grades 1-8), nature study for (Jro.up II (grades 4-C), and elementary agriculture for (Jroup III (grades 7 and 8). The topics to be discussed in nature study and elementary agriculture are given in the order of treatment reconnnended, and the use to he made of school gardens and other practicums is discussed. A ninnber of practicums are outlined, and lists of hooks and other puhlications on nature study, school gardens, and ele- mentary agriculture are given. The references to works on elementary agri- culture are arranged according to the divisions of this suhject, viz, plant pro- duction, animal production, dairying, rural engin(>ering, and rural economics. The foundations of chemistry as seen in nature study, J. Bkittain {Ottawa Sat., 20 (1!)()(1), Xo. .'/, IH).' S!)~!)2). — Simple experiments with wood, sugar, starch, and other carbohydrates to illustrate chemical union and show the presence of carbon and water in these substances. MISCELLANEOUS. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1905 {U. ls. 7). — This contains a brief summary of the results of experiments with various crops, notes on live 296 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. stock in Poi'to Rico, and reports of tlie entomologist and botanist, tlie horticul- turist, and the coffee si)ecialist. The experimental work is noted elsewhere in this issue. Nineteenth Annual Keport of Arkansas Station, 1906 ( .lrA(f//.v«.s St(t. Ujit. 1906, pp. VlII + 77-210). — This includes the organization list of the station, a brief report of the director, giving the subjects of the bulletins issued during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, and reprints of Bulletins 88-91 issued during the year. Eighteenth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1905 ( M(issarliiisrtl'< ^ta. Ept. 1905, pp. 25Ji). — This includes the organization list of the station, n report of the director, a financial statement for the fiscal yi>nr ended .June oO, 1905, and departmental rejwrts abstracted elsewhere. Nineteenth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1905 ( Xchrnsha Std. Rpt. 190.5, pp. 111). — This contains the organization list of the station, a review of the work of the station by the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June :>0, 1905, and miscellaneous articles abstracted elsewhere. Fifteenth Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1906 {Oldahoma t^ta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 13-63). — This contains a report of the director, a summary of the press bulletins issued during the year, meteorological observations noted elsewhere, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. The press bulletins are to a large extent a repetition of matter published in the regular bulletins of the station. The subjects treated include : Hardy Ber- muda grass. Bermuda hay. wheat experiments, pasturing wheat 1904-5, harvest- ing cowpeas. destroying weevils in cowpeas, soy beans as a catch crop, storing sweet potatoes, small fruits, planting trees, pear blight, spray for profit, fungi- cides, insecticides, remedies for chinch bugs, poisoned bran for cutworms and grasshoppers, the cotton square borer, soil inoculation. l)lackk'g vaccine, and horse breeding. Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1905 ( Prinifii/Jrania ,Sta. Rpt. 1905, lip. 236). — This contains the organization list of the station, a linancial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. a rejyort of the director on the work of the station during the year, and departmental reports, parts of which are abstracted elsewhere. The report also contains reprints of Bulletins 71-75 of the station, already noted, and of an article on the energy value of red clover hay and corn meal (E. S. R.. 17, p. 579). Twenty-second Annual Report of Wisconsin Station, 1905 i^Yisco)^sin >St(i. Rpt. 1905, Pit. 391). — This contains the organization list of the station, a report of the director, including a subject list of station publications, numerous articles abstracted elsewhere, lists of exchanges and acknowledgments, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. Two articles are reprinted from Bulletin 129 of the station (E. S. R.. 17, p. 498). Accessions to the Department Library, April-June, 1906 ( ['. »Sf. Dept. Agr.. Lihnuij Bui. 60. pp. 6-'i). NOTl-S Georgia Station. — Martin V. Calvin, nf KiciuuoiKl. (ia.. lias Ikmmi clcclod to sviecood II. J. Ivcddiiis; as (lirector. Kansas College and Station. — Accdi'diiii,' i<> the I ixhififrUiUKl. .]. V.. rayiu- has been selected to take charije of the station at (Jarden City, to be condncted in cooperation with this Department. The collefje has a total enrollment of l,:^.r»(;. •A gain of ai)ont 200. The State legislature will he asked to appropiMate .$(i70,r)0o for the next liienniinn. Ol' this amount .$2n.">,000 is for current e.\i)enses. Louisiana Stations. — Fritz Zerhan, IMi. I). (Munich), has succeeded to th(> plac(» of Dr. C. A. r.rowne. jr.. as ehennst at the sugar station. R. C. Ilolt/.elaw, formerly assistant ehennst at the State station, lias lieen recently ai>pointc(l assistant to the State chemist of Georgia. Maine University and Station. — Percy Camjiliell li.is lieen apiioiiited assistant in animal Imsliandry. Massachusetts College and Station. — ^I. A. lUake. assistant in horticulture, has resigned to become horticulturist at the New Jerse.v State Station. The vacancy ])reviously noted, caused by the resignation of F. (J. Ilelyar. Uas been tilled by the apiiointment of W. K. Hepburn. Michigan College. — The campus has been extended by moving all of the older barns back 200 or .300 yards to an elevated i)i>sition on the river bank. It is projjosed eventually to erect a new agricultural building on the site thus \-acated. A new engineering building is in jirocess of erection. It is t(» con sist of a stone and brick basement, above which will be four stories of vitrified brick, trimmed with white sandstone. This is to cont.ain class rooms .-iiid laboratories for the deiuirtnients of matbematics, ]ih.\sics. di-awing. ;ind civil ;.'nd mechanical engineering. The ohl iiiech.-niical building will be devoted to sho])work. Plans are being jierfected for a jubilee week next spring to celebrate the fif- tieth !innivers;iry of the opening of the first agricultural college in the T'nited States. t,t is now jiroj^sed to hold the jubilee May 28-.31. A programme is b(ing arranged so that the delegates to the Association of American Agricnl- lur.-il Colleges and Experiment Stations, which it is hoi)ed will meet in Lansing at tli;it lime, may attend all of the more iiiii)ortant sessions of the jubilee. President Uoosevelt will speak May '.'A. and the college is planning to i-ntertain from 10,000 to l.l.ttOO people on that day. Minnesota Station. — A. D. \Yillioit has been apjiointed assistant in soil in- vestigations, and Ceorge Craig assistant in animal breeding experimeiUs. Mississippi College and Station. — I). C. Mooring has been oppointed assistant in horticulture. K. U. Lloyd Is to have charge of the farmers' institute and extension work. .T. W. Fox has been put in charge of the Delta substation and C. T. Ames of the Holly Spring station. Nebraska University and Station. — M.nrtin Nelson has been api»ointed in- structor in tield crops and soils in the university and assistant in crops in tlie .station. 297 298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New Hampshire College and Station. — Harry F. Hall, formerly assistant ii» liorticulturc. has hi't'ii aiipointeri horticulturist to sucot'ed F. W. Kane, whose resignation has heen previously noted. Cornell University and Station. — Charles II. Tuck, a graduate of the univer- sity in 1906, has, according to the Cornell Cotintnjmun. heen appointed super- visor of the farmers' reading courses, vice G. W. Ilorsford. who has entered the employ of this Department. Henry Jennings, a f!)rnier student, is rei)orted as having accepted a position as poultrynian at the Maryland Station. Dr. C. II. Rohei-ts, a practicing dentist of Ulster County, N. Y.. has recently endowed five scholarships in the College of Agriculture, donating .^:!(I.(100 for the imrpose. Oregon College and Station. — C. E. Bradley, formerly head of the chemical department of I'acific University, has heen api)ointed assistant chemist in the station, and W. II. Wicks, a graduate of the Oregon College, has heen appointed assistant horticulturist. A contract has recently heen let for the erection of a women's i)uilding, to cost .$71..>00. Virginia College and Station. — Dr. .1. M. McBryde has lioon tendered a pen- _sion under the retirement fund of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advance- ment of Teaching. It is reported that he will retire at the close of the present college year. The director and several iiieniliers of the station staft' were charged with the management of the live stock department of the State fair, recently held at Richmond. The station made an exhibit of potatoes, tobaccos, and cereals in the grain and straw, which attracted a great deal of attentidn. A working dairy was also ojierated dining the fair. Armour Agricultural Scholarships. — .J. Ogden Armour has offered to the presi- dent of the International Live Stock Exposition the sum of $5,000 to be distrib- uted annually at the exposition in 20 agricultural scholarships to be competed fe recognized or established by the exposition. The details are to' be determined by the management, and the scholarships are to be known as the J. Ogden Armour scholarships. The gift has been accepted by President Spoor.. Meeting of the International Congress of Applied Botany. — A meeting of the committee on applied botany, appointed by the Botanical Congress of Vienna in 1905, was held in Paris August 25 and 26, 1906, for the purpose of organiza- tion and formulating plans for investigation. The committee adopted as a pre- liminary programme a resolution providing for the appointment of a competent investigator to visit all parts of the world and study what has been done in applied botany along the lines of agriculture and horticulture, and the methods and facilities of such investigations. This inspection is to 1)e made and a report submitted at the next meeting of the association in lOOS, To meet the expense of this trip the committee undertakes to raise a fund of $4,000 by subscriptions from societies and individuals interested in the various lines where botany touches upon agriculture and horticulture. The choice of the traveling inspector Avas left to a committee consisting of Messrs. Fruwirth. de .Taczewski. ^Marchal. Ph. de Vilmorin, and Trabut. . A second connnittee, consisting of de Jaczewski, Proost. Schilbersky, Trabut. and Brie]-, was appointed to make a study and report upon the legal means adopted by all countries to prevent the introduction and spread of plant para- NOTES. 299 sites. A zoolofrist is to he addoi'. to this coniiiiitlce, imd insect jiests will i>e iiK-Iu(k'(l ill the re])ort. I'rofessor Fhihault accepted a coiuiuission to prepare a catalogue showing regions of similar climatic conditions as indicative of their iiossihilities in applied hotany. Southeastern Iowa Short Course. — Special arrangements have heeii made lor short courses in corn and live-stock judging and domestic science, to he held luider the nianag"nieni (if the Young Men's Christian Association in its new liuilding at Mount Pleasant. Iowa, December 17-22» The Iowa Agricultural College will cooperate with those having the course at Mount Pleasant in charge. The classes in live-stock judging will lie conducted by Professors ('urtiss and liliss. of Ames, in the new pavilion at the fair grounds, and the corn judging will be in charge of Professor Ilolden and assistants. During tlie week lectures will be given by President Storms and Doctor ^IcXeil. of Ames, <_». M. Konmiel. of this D(>pai'tment. and othei's. Agricultural Education in Hungary. — Xew regulations fur the Royal Hun- garian Horticultural School at Pudapest provide tliat only applicants 20 years old or more, wlio have finished tlie sixth grade in public schools and have had cue year of ])ractical experience in gardening, can lie admitted. Among tlio technical subjects taught in the course are garden architecture, machines and implements, landscape gardening, garden managcMuent, agricullnre, farm economics, and farm law. The agricultural academy at ilagyar-Ovar is so crowded that it is recom- meuding students to go to other agricultural academies in Hungary where tlie qualifications for admission to the Magyar-Ovar Academy will admit Ihem to the second year. School for Meadow Culture in Austria. — A meadow culture school was opened ut Eger November 1, v hicli is temporarily in charge of Franz Lindner, director of the agricultural «chool at Eger. Forestry at Oxford. — A three-year forestry course is now provided at Oxford. Two years of the course are sjient at the luiiversity and the third year on the Continent. Candidates for the Indian forest service are selected partly by examination held by the civil service commissioners and partly by nimiiuation. ('andidates who liave taken the full course and secure appointments receive about $1,500 the first year, and the grading is such that the final sabiry may i"each .'};10,00(» a year. At the end of twenty-two years Indian forest officers can retire on a full pension, tlie maximum being about .$2,.'')00 per year. Butter Competitions. — According to the Journal of the Board of Agriciiltiirr. the department of agriculture for Ireland has been holding a novel form of dairy competition during the past few years. The butter exhibited at such comi)etitions is arrang(Ml for by telegrams dispatched by the department on the morning of the day on which the exliibits are to be held. The competitors are unaware of the dates, and the constant daily attention whicli must accordingly be given the work is one of the principal advantages which accrue from this system. Allotments to Agricultural Laborers in Denmark. — The Danish Covernmcnt has recently undertaken an iiupiiry into the results obtained from the act of 1800 as amended in 1004. I'nder this act laborers who are able to provide suit- able buildings, stock, ini])lenients, etc., may borrow from the state sums equal to nine-tenths of the mortage value of the property to be obtained. The interest on the loan is 3 per cent, and no principal can be ])aid during the first five years. After that 4 per cent is to be paid on two-fifths of the loan for interest and princiiial, and the remainder of the loan is to be repaid later at the same rate. 300 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. During the five years in whicli tbe act lias been in operation 1.859 allotments were acquired in this way, with loans auiounting to $1,815,000. The great majority of the owners were agricultural da.v laborers, and the total area of their holdings amounted to 14,552 acres, or nearly 8 acres each. The ma.iority of the holders were members of cooperative societies, nine-tenths being members of cooperative dairies, one-third members of bacon-curing societies, and one- fourth members of societies for the cooperative sale of eggs. Miscellaneous. — The annual meeting of the New York State Association of School Conmiissioners and Superintendents was held at Cornell University October 3 to 5. Considerable attention was given to a discussion of the best means of adapting rural schools to their environment. The consensus of opinion was that such schools should not teach agriculture separately, but as a part of the general scheme of pedagogy, of which it should be the basic factor. Mark Lane Express states that negotiations are now proceeding whereby the Midland Agricultural College of Leicestershire is to be converted into a college of agricultvire of the proposed Nottingham Universit.v. xVuthority will then be c;ranted to confer degrees, which is not now permitted. It is learned from the same source that the agricultural department of Leeds University is endeavoring to revive interest in the canning industry. Lectures are being given by a member of its staff on the canning and preserving of fruit in various centers in the vicinity. At tlie celebration of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of the University of Aberdeen a new block of buildings, costing over $1,000,000, was formally opened by the King. The buildings include extensive class rooms and labora- tories for agriculture. The October number of Forestry and lrriibull 309 Determination of soluble and insoluble volatile fatty acids, Delaite and Legrand. 309 Use of chromed hide powder in determination of tannin, Nihoul 310 Examination of some Western Australian barks, INIann and Cowles 310 [Chemical work for agricultural department of Western Australia], Mann 310 Practical methods for identifying and estimating l)oric acid, Prescher 310 Pure food, drug, and paint law, Ladd 310 Pure food, pure drug, formaldehyde, Paris green, and paint laws, Ladd 310 I 11 CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY WATER rage. Monthly Weather Keview, Vol. XXXIV, Nos. 5, 6 310 Meteorology, Boname 311 Meteorological observations at Ploti Experiment Station, Svolinsky 311 Some facts about the weather, Marriott 311 Weather forecasting from synoptic charts, Henry 311 Kecently organized weather service for North Germany, Bornstein 311 Cannonading against hail, Tabard 311 Studies of annual precipitation of Continent of Africa, Fraunlterger 312 Climatology of South Africa 312 Present day climates in their time relation. Ball 312 Cold waves and frost in the United States, Garriott 312 The thermal anomalies < m the earth's surface, Ilojjfner 312 Annual variations in the temi)erature of the earth's surface 313 Apparent periodicity in yield of wheat for Eastern England, Shaw 313 Law of sequence in yield of wheat for Eastern England, Shaw 313 Report of the meteorological committee, Great Britain 313 Work of chemical laboratory of Ploti Station, 1905, Welbel 314 The value of pure water, Whipple 314 Quality of water in Upper Ohio River basin and at Erie, Penn., Lewis 314 Underground-water resources of Mississippi, Crider and Johnson 315 Underground-water papers, Fuller 315 Bibliographic review and index of underground-water literature, 1905, Fuller, Clapp, and Johnson 315 Destructive Hoods in the United States in 1905, Murphy et al 315 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Soils, Hilgard • 315 The soil and its cultivation, Difiloth 316 Soil survey field Iwok 317 Alkali soils of the United States, Dorsey 317 Analyses of soils, Juritz. 317 Physical properties of sands and method of determination, Kuhler 317 Contributions to our knowledge of composition of huuuis, Michelet 317 Influence of long-continued rains on impoverishment of soils, Grandeau 317 Erosion of soi', or washing away of our farms, Warfield 318 Preservation and improvement of soils, Gallagher 318 Soil moisture, Burns 318 Moisture conditions of a loam soil under various crops, von Seelhorst 318 Investigations of hygroscopicity of some typical Swedish soils, Nannes 318 Soil temperatures at Norwegian stations, 1903-4, Holtsmark and Andersen . . . 318 Solvent action of roots upon the soil particles. Hall 319 The fallow in modern agriculture, Rhodin - 319 Recent contributions to knowledge of moorland culture, von Feilitzen 320 Culture trials of Swedish Moor Culture Society, von Feilitzen 320 Plant culture and fertilizer trials in Northern Norway, Larsen 320 Results of vegetation experiments in years 1901-1903, Prianishnikov 320 Value of soil analyses for ascertaining fertilizer requirements, WeibuU 321 Contribution to practical soil analysis, WeiliuU 321 Relation of sodium to potassium in soil and solution cultures, Breazeale 321 Deficiency of potash from systems of fertilization in Belgium, Verstraete 322 Loss of nitrogen from nitrate of soda, Stoklasa, Jelinek, and Ernest 322 Natural losses of nitrogen from soil and use of nitrate of soda, Grandeau 322 Nitrification as studied In' means of drainage water, Hudig 322 Study of nitrification in spoils by means of drair.age water investigations 323 Role of organic matter in nitrification, M untz and Laiiie 323 Investigations on intensive nitrification, INIuntz and Laine 323 Niter and the national defense, jMiintz 323 Nitrogen assimilating Clostridium, Pringsheim 324 Bacteria of tubercles of leguminous plants, Kellermann and Beckwith 324 Securing of nitrogen for agriculture in twentieth century, fstutzer 324 Apparatus devised for utilizing nitrogen of the air, Neuburger 324 The new Norwegian saltpeter industry 324 Occurrence of sodium salts in Egypt, llughes 324 The manufacture of ammonium sulphate in Belgium 325 Crude ammonia, Bergeron 325 CONTENTS. Til Page. Field experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers at Pare des Princes, Grandeau. 325 Changes in the fermentation of manure, Sjollema and dc Kuijtcr de Wildt 325 Experiments with lime as a prest-rvative of manure, WrihuU 325 Does didymium c-idorid injuriously affect plant growth? Bottcher 326 Relation betwH'cn care of licjuid manure a*nd content of fertilizing constituents, Stutzer and Vageli-r 326 Piidsphates in New Zealand, Aston 326 I'hosphates in Nantes, (ioldschmidt 326 Action of difticultly soluble phosphates on rye by means of lu])ines, Mayer 326 The selection and use of fertilizers, Brooks 326 Food for plants 327 Commercial fertilizers, Roberts 327 Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, .McDoiiiicll ct al 327 Analyses of commercial fertilizi'rs, Frear 327 Review of progress in the fertilizer industry for 1905 327 The fertilizer season records, Bunnners 327 Consumption of fertilizers, season of 1905-6 327 Sludge treatment in relation to sewage disposal, Watson 327 AOUICI'LTl'KAL ){OTANY. Flora of the State of Washington, Pijier 328 Absorption of atmosidieric moisture by desert shrubs, Spalding 328 Relation of desert plants to soil moisture and evaporation, Livingston 328 Variations in nitrogen and phosphoric acid of succulent plants, Andre , 329 Cyanogenesis in plants, IV-V, Dunstan, Henry, and Auld 330 Additional species of rosaceous plants containing hydrocyanic acid, (hiignard. ;>30 'The latent vitality of seeds, Becquerel 330 FIELD CROPS. Crop rotation, Cole 331 Results of culture experiments in 1905 331 The blossoming of barley, Fruwirth 332 The respiration of barley, (^vam 332 The study of corn, Shoesmith 332 Cott( >n culture in Korea 332 Improvement of cotton by seed selection, Thornton 332 A test of commercial cultures for legumes, Butz 332 Culture tests with potatoes in 1905, Dannfelt and Rhotlin 333 Potato culture experiments, 1905, Weibull et al 333 Influence of period and fertilizer on compcjsition of potato tubers, Vageler 334 Tria 1 tests with rye, Hansen et al 335 Comparative tests with varieties of sugar cane, Ei-kart 335 Macan >ni or durum wheats, Shepard 335 HOKTICULTCKE. Studies in jilant breeding in the Tropics, Lock 336 Truth about ginseng culture, Evans 336 Seed packing for the Tropics, I'atterson 336 Fruit industry 336 Statistics and fruit crop report. Peart 336 \'arieties of fruit for the home orchard, Price 336 Drying up of orange trees as result of autumn siroccos, i'onf and (hinn and Hutchinson 337 Treatment of dett-riorated tea, .Mann 338 Report on a samjile of coc^oanut "water" from Ceylon, Dunstan 338 Mechanical effect^ of frost on fruit and forest trees, Sorauer 338 Knglish walnuts in New York, I'omeroy 339 TIk' pecan and its cidture, Hume 339 Ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants in Minnesota, Green 339 IV CONTENTS. FORESTRY. Page. Chestnut in Connecticut and improvement of the wood lot, Hawes 339 The improved chestnut in lower Austria, Bohnierle 340 7i'a.s.s((f IdtiJ'olia gum, Bhankernath 340 Practical arboriculture. Brown 340 Forest mensuration, Graves 340 Eeport of fo.'-est seed testing station at Eberswalde, Schwappach 341 Forest seed analyses and control, Fron 341 The hardness of woods, Janka 341 Forest tires, Akerman 341 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Some fungus diseases of cultivated plants in France, Delacroix 342 Some parasitic fungi of tropical cultivated plants, Delacroix 342 Blight and powdery mildew of peas. Van Hook 342 Anthracnose of beans and peas, Blin 342 A disease of ginseng due to Phytophthora, Van Hook 342 Diseases of beets and mangels, Massee ,343 Perpetuation of potato rot and leaf curl, IMassee 343 The root rots of sugar beets, Peters 344 ToiJ rot of sugar cane 344 Investigations on some diseases of tobacco in France, Delacroix 344 Tobacco wilt in South Africa, Lounsbury 344 A new fungus of economic importance, R. E. Smith and Elizabeth H. Smith . 344 Revision of the genus Hemileia, Massee 345 Diseases of coffee with particular reference to Hemileia rantatri.r, Buis 345 An effective treatment for grape anthracnose, Lounsbury 346 Investigations on the development of Botr-ylis cinerea, Gnillon 346 Notes on the grape powdery mildew, Pacottet 346 Combined treatment against downy and powdery mildew, Vernet 346 Respiration of grape leaves attacked by downy mildew, Pavarino 347 Gooseberry mildew in Eui-oi)e, its spread and i^revention, Eriksson 347 Notes on Glceosporima ribis, Klebahn 347 Studies on Gloeosporium, Viala and Pacottet 347 Notes on leaf blight of sycamore, Beauverie 347 Cortinarius as a mycorrhiza-i)roducing fungus, Kauffman 347 Studies in root parasitism. Barber 348 The witch broom disease in Surinam, van Hall 348 A fungus attacking the roots of Para rubber, Ridley 348 The biology of Polyporus squainonus, BuUer 348 Common fungus and insect pests of growing vegetable crops. Loch head and Jarvis - 349 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. Distribution and migration of North American ducks, geese, and swans, Cooke 349 North American eagles and their economic relations, Oberholser 349 The economic relations of seed crows, Hollrung 350 Birds as conservators of the forest, Beal 350 Squirrels and other rodents of the Adirondacks, Paulmier 350 Destruction of rats and mice in fields, Macias 350 Notes on the destruction of injurious vermin, Johnston 350 The frog book, Dickerson 350 Third annual report of the State entomologist, Cooley 351 Report of the chief inspector of nurseries and orchards. Burgess 351 Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology. Surface . 351 Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology. Surface 351 Monthly l)ulletin of the division of zoology. Surface 351 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, Stiles and Hassall 351 Report of secretary of Louisiana crop pest conmiissidii, 1904-5, Newell 351 Injurious insects and other animals in Ireland, 1905, Carpenter 351 Entomological inspection report. Craw 352 Notes on insect swarms on mountain tops in New Zealand, Hudson 352 Seasonable notes on some orchard pests, (^uinn 352 CONTENTS. V Tilt' (.'iit(>iiiolo<^ical 8C('ti(iTi, Riniii8on 3o2 Report of ciitoiuolo^'ist for liiilf yi'iu- ended JK'c. 1^1, 1904, Loiiiislniry Ii52 ReixM't of entoiuologiHt, 1!H)5, Ltninslmry 352 Distribution of injnrions insects by artificial means, Theobaiil 352 L'(>\d storajje as a factor in spread of insect pests, Fuller 353 Report of economic zoologist on cotton insects, Iches 353 The boll weevil, life history and habits, Newell 353 Report on Paris green experiments against boll weevil, 1905, Marston et al... 353 The tobacco siilitworm in Hawaii, Kotinsky 353 An outbreak of locusts, Tonnelier 353 The locust nute, Jarvis 353 CIcddnIn si'.niotdtd and its control, Jungner 354 1 lairy caterpillar pests of crops, Lefroy 354 Ifi/piDiniiii'iitd indlinella, Dassonville 354 I'ear and cherry tree slug, Newman 354 important notes on the gypsy and l)rowii-tai! mollis, Steiie 354 The gyi)sy and lirown-tail moths, I'elt 354 The ftiiit Hy and its paiasitt's, 1 iempel 354 Spread ( f fruit lly in the neighborhood of Paris, ( iiard 354 The orange-tree butterfly, Howard 355 I nternal parasites of DIdspis ]>('utagoria, Berlese 355 On the parasites of f>liisi)is pejitar/ona, Howard 355 The mango weevil ( Cri/ptorhyiichus mangifenv), Van Dine 355 The oyster-shell bark-louse, (^uinn 355 The oystet-shell Ixuk-louse, Jarvis 355 ;V scale insect of the cocoanut i)alm, Fleutiaux 355 A new species of fungus parasitic on Ceroplasles rusri, Berlese 355 Ladybirds and woolly aphis, Breen 355 The mite disease of grapevine, Muller-Thurgau 356 Winter treatment for acariosis of grapes, Faes 356 Man/onnli'st vitium, Huergo 356 I iisects affecting the black locust and hardv catalpa. Cotton 356 Elm-leaf beetle, :\hiyet '. 356 Injuries to trees by insects, Cecconi 356 Two enemies of Jmiiperus communis, Torka 356 Note on the life history of Hoplocerambyx s])inicnrnis, 8tebbing 356 Synopsis of Portuguese galls and gall insects, Tavares 357 Studies on South American termites, Holmgren 357 Habits and peculiarities of some South African ticks, Lounslmry 357 A new enemy of common fowls, Hempel 357 Studies on C'ulex and Anopheles, (ilalli- Valerio and Rochaz-de Jongh 357 A new mos<|uito killer 357 Mites affecting farm homesteads, Jarvis 358 Cockroaches, Froggatt 358 The reaction of insects toward formalin fumes, Lampert 358 Destruction of insects in greenhouses liy hydrocyanic acid, Tilli(>r 358 Arsenate of lead, Lounslmry 358 Spraying to control or prevent injury fmm insects and plant diseases. Smith.. 358 Apiculture, Ilommell 358 Bees and the corolla of (lowers, Faideau 358 FOODS — HUMAN' NUTRITIOX. Beliavior in the body of phosiihorus compounds, Tunnicliffe 359 Value of experiments on metabolism of protein, Al^derhalden 359 Progress of proteid cleavage on different diets, Vogt 359 Pnrteid siil)stances in muscle, Soave 359 Present knowledge regiwding fat, Jolles 360 Recent advances in jihysiology of digestion, Starling 360 Influence of chocolate and coffee on uric acid, Fauvel 360. Notes on purin-free diets, Potts 360 Sailors' foof rabi lits, Selter 382 Atelectasis of lungs and its relation to swine plague, Simader 383 Notes on the etiology of swine plague, Stadie 383 Imnnmization toward hog cholera by aid of bacterial extracts. Citron 383 Active and passive innnunization toward hog cholera, Prettner 383 Feeding experiments with feces containing trichina>, Hoyberg 383 Behavior of glanders 1»acillus in urine, Cagnetto 384 Control of glandiirs and the use of mallein, Schlegel 384 Four cases of tetanus with recovery. Mole 384 Infectious inflammation of s])inal cord in the horse, Schlegel 384 Negri's coriiuscles and infection with rabies, Bongiovanni 385 The cause of roup, Muller 385 Spirillosis of fowls, Levaditi and Manouelian 385 Do ])acteria of fowl cholera occur in intestines of healthy geese? Ostertag and Ackermann 385 The disinfection of stables, Haring 386 RUKAL ENHiTNEEKING. History of rural engineering, Chaldea and Assyria, Ringelmann 386 Irrigated agriculture in Egypt in ancient times, de Ceris 386 Irrigation in ]\b)ntana, I'ortier, Stover, and Baker 386 Punjab irrigation branch jiapers - — 386 Investigation of natural basis of irrigation farmnig in North America, ( iolf . . . 387 Design a!i<. California Station: Page. Bill. 17!», June 30, 190(i 827 ("ire. 19, Apr., 190(5 386 Connt'cticut State Station: i!ul. 154, St'i)t., 1906 839 Hawaiian Sugar Plantens' Station: Div. Agr. and Cheni. Bui. 17, 1906 335 Div. Agr. and Cheiu. Bui. 18, 1906 373 Illinois Station: Circ-. 104, Julv, 1906 391 Kansas Station: Bui. 187, June, 1906 369 Bui. 188, June, 1906 370 Bui. 139, June, 1906 832 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 86, Aug., 1906 868 Maryland Station: Eighteenth An. Rpt., Iit05 ... 394 Nineteenth An. Rpt., 1906 ... 394 Minnesota Station: Bui. 96, Apr., 1906 339 Montana Station: Bui. 61, Dec, 1905 361 Bui. 62, Dec. 15, 1905 851 Nel)raska Station: Bui. 93, June, 1906 362 North Carolina Station : Bui. 194, June, 1906 337 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui. 2, Mar., 1905 361 Spee. Bui. 3, Apr., 1905 310 Spec. Bui. 4, Apr., 1906 310 Ohio Station : Bui. 178, Apr., 1906 342 Pennsylvania Station: J'.iil. 78, Julv, 1906 382 Soutli Dakota Station: Bnl. 9S, June, 1906 331 Bui. 99, June, 190ti 335 Stfditins in the United tStntes — Continued. Virginia Station: I'a-ge. I'.nl. 160, Mar., 1906 . . 373 Bnl. 161, Mar., 1906 336 Bnl. 162, May, 1906 370 v. S. Ih'iKirtiiieiit of .{(jrictiltnrc. Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 39, pt. 14 (10 cents) Bui. 39, pt. 15 (10 cents) Bnl. 39, pt. 16 (10 cents) Bui. 87 (10 cents) Bui. 88 (10 cents) Bnl. 89 (5 cents) Circ. 98 Circ. 99 Biological Survey: Bui. 26 (10 cents) Bui. 27 (10 cents) Bureau of Chemistry : Bui. 69 (rev. ed.), pt. 9 (10 cents) Bureau of Soils: Bui. 85 (25 cents) Soil Survey Field Book, 1906. Bureau of Statistics: Bui. 42 (20 cents) Bui. 43 (10 cents) Bui. 44 (10 cents) Bui. 45 (10 cents) Bui. 46 (10 cents) Bui. 47 (lOcentii) Weather Bureau: Bui. P (30 cents). Monthly Weather Review, vol. 34, Nos. 5-6, May- June, 1906 (20 cents per number, . $2.50 per year) 310, Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 172 (15 cents) 351 351 351 367 879 870 380 373 349 349 361 317 317 393 391 391 892 893 .■593 812 312 38(> Note.— The imhlioations of the T'nitod States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent other technical publications are given hi the list above. The publications of the re(iuests and remittances should b(> directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is .$1 per volume, or 10 cents per nund)er. The i)rices of other technical publications are given in lh(> list .Mbove. The ' ublications of th(> St.-ite experiment .stations are distributed from the stations .uid not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVIII. December, li)06. No. 4. The convention of the Association of American Agricultural Col- leges and p]xperiment Stations at Baton Rouge was one of unusual interest, especially to experiment station officers. The chief centei- of interest was the Adams fund, its aims and limitations, and the general policy regarding its use. There was a broad discussion of the subject of research work, its relation to the other activities of the experiment stations and to the general public. At no previous meeting has there been so full and intelligent consideration of this subject and of the distinctive features of research and investigation. It did much to clarify views and elevate ideals, if it did not always relieve the feeling of i)ressu)'e on the part of some that the needs and demands of their constituents should be met in a direct way. Such, however, could hardly fail to liave carried away a clearer impression of the desirability of agri- cultural research and of its practicability as well. The l)road field and duty of the experiment station as a scientific institution was emphasized — its relations to agricultural education and to the promotion of agriculture in a broad sense, as well as to the local needs of the farmer. The need of a definite policy for every station and of adherence to its policy and programme of work was made evident, a need which is especially urgent at the present juncture. I'he re])ort of the new standing committee on station organization and ])()licv Avas received with special interest. This conunittee is made up of a representative body of station men, headed by Dean Davenport as chairman. It has held several meetings during the year and has given careful and intelligent study to questions relating to the policy of the stations toward the Adams fund. Its conclu- sions are therefore entitled to uuich respect, and should have great Aveight in formulating the sentiment of the American stations. While the committee deemed it impracticable at this time to deter- mine in detail the kinds of work pro|)er under the new fund, it laid doAvn the folloAving broad proposition: '"It is evidently the inten- 301 302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tioii of the Adams Act to provide the means for carrying on investi- gations of a relatively high order, with a view to the discovery of princijiles and the solution of the more difficult and fundamental problems of agriculture. To this end it is very desirable that care- ful attention shall be given to the choice of definite problems to be studied and the methods by which the solution of these ]jroblems is to be sought. Investigations in connection Avith which there is good reason to expect the establishment of principles of broad applica- tion should be preferred to those which have only local or temporary importance, or from which only superficial results are to be ob- tained." The greatest evident difficulties in planning work under this new act were shown by the data collected by the connnittee to be (1) a lack of clear discrimination between investigation in a strict sense and the ordinary experimental work, (2) a lack of definiteness in the purpose and plan of the investigations, (3) a tendency to take up too large or broad problems, and (4) the outlining of too large a number of projects. *■' In the abstract everybody agrees with the purpose of the Adams Act and the desirability of restricting the fund closely to original investigations. AVhen we come to con- crete cases, however, there is very great ditference of opinion." This was attributed in part to a habit of mind wdiich has led to the desig- nation of relatively simple experiments and tests as " investigations," although evidently not so in any real sense, and to a biased judg- ment which places undue stress upon demonstration work and the attainment of immediately practical results. Upon the latter point the committee said : " The mental attitude of many of our station workers is wrong. They see only the immediate duty of the station to the local farmer of to-day. They forget that the station has a duty to all phases of agri- culture in a broad sense, and that this may lead to much more perma- nent and widespread benefit. The development of agricultural education has come very largely as a result of station work. The stations have furnished the stock in trade of the agricultural in- structor, and their work has been the means of putting agricultural instruction on a better j^edagogic basis. They OAve a duty to agri- cultural education and agricultural science which it is very important should be more generally recognized. The Adams fund wnll enable them to more largely meet this duty, and at the same time to lay a broader and more substantial basis for the science as well as the art of agriculture. In most States this new fund can safely be used for investigation which will not necessarily give an immediate return to the farmer, for the other funds will usually take care of the demands of the farmer sufficiently to keep him satisfied." This is a broad conception of the stations' mission. Without dis- paraging any form of activity in the aid of agriculture, it calls atten- EDITOEIAL, 303 tion to a too narrow view, which has often obscured our vision and had a noticeable eiTect upon the station workers themselves. In this it has struck a very vital part, for the aim and work of a station are determined in large measure by the men composing its staff. The commanding i)()sition of the man as the most important factor in research was strongly emphasized by the connnittee, and almost as a corollary to this it was urged that "" the man and his line of work nnist be suitable to each other.'' The latter is an important item which in the exigencies of station work has not always been given due consideration. It recognizes that men have special qualitications Avhich should be discovered and encouraged. It is useless to try to exact research from a man whose interest and ability lie in demonstration and extension work, and it is a Avaste of good material to require extensive institute work of an investigator who has little heart in institute work and finds it uncon- genial. While most stations can as yet specialize and differentiate to only a limited degree, they can in large measure relieve their re- search men of duties which are onerous to them, and utilize them more largely and more advantageously in lines in which their special quali- fications and special interests lie. Regarding the training of station workers, the committee held it to be " more important that a man be thoroughly educated in the fundamentals of science than that he be trained in some of its appli- cations," since the man of thorough scientific training can readily acquire the known facts and point of view in the agricultural applica- tion of the science, while the other hopelessly lacks the basal knowl- edge of the science. The high ideals set forth by this committee received the approval of the association in the adoption of the report, and the discussion of it was in accord Avith the view that research is the life of progress in agriculture, and that a point has been reached in our station work where it is imperatively necessary. One session of the section on experiment station w^ork was devoted to an open discussion upon The Kind and Character of Work under the Adams Act, and the Society for the Promotion of xVgricultuial Science, which met just prior to the convention, held a symposium on experimental work, which was occupied largely with this general subject. In the latter, papers were presented by Prof. Thomas F. Hunt on What is Research ? ; by Dr. H. J. W^ieeler on Tendencies in Station Work as Influenced by the Conception of Scientific Investigation, and b}' Director C. D. ^A^oods on The Experiment Stations and the Adams Act. These papers w'ere folloAved by a general discussion, and later by the presidential address of Dr. II. P. Armsby. 304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Doctor Armsby pointed to the popularity of the experiment sta- tions as tlieir greatest danger, since it ''threatens to be their perma- nent undoing as agencies of scientific researcli." He urged the importance — nay, the necessity — of research as a basis for the devel- opment of agricultural education and of improved practice, and pointed out that the public needs to understand better than it does the nature and the importance of research. " Unless science makes progress, practice will mark time." Considering the provision for agricultural research which the Adams x\.ct makes, he cautioned that this act may " prove also to be a da}^ of judgment for the stations, in that it will reveal to all men their conception of original research and demonstrate whether or not they have a broad fundamental grasp of the idea of investigation. Differences of opinion regard- ing the application of this fund are already apparent. The stations stand at the parting of the ways. Will they simply add demonstra- tion to demonstration, propaganda to pro})aganda, or will they grasp the opportunity to dedicate this new fund sacredly and irrev- ocably to original scientific research, broadly conceived and liber- ally executed ? " The discussion in the section on experiment station work served to reenforce the general opinion that the new fund should be used for investigation in a strict sense, and by illustration it helped to show the distinguishing characters of such work and to bring out the dis- tinction between information, facts, and knowledge. Information may be of a very general nature, entirely empirical in character, and bear no relation to the cause or reason. Much that we publish as a result of our experiments is merely statistical information, witli no attempt to trace the why or wherefore. A fact implies something more definitely established, but this may not be true of its relation- ships to other facts or observations. Isolated facts are often valu- able when rightly applied, but it is when they are correlated into knoAvledge that they have their full value and contribute definitely to our understanding of principles. As Doctor Armsby said in his excellent paper on Problems of Animal Nutrition, " one principle well founded is worth a thousand facts, because it includes them all ; " and he added, referring to the subject under discussion, " I can not avoid suspecting that the prin- ciples which have been borrowed from foreign investigators and popularized by station literature and in other ways have done quite as much to help the practical feeder as our own experiments." The principal doubt expressed in connection with the inauguration of research work was as to the attitude of the constituents of the sta- tion, and the ability to suppress their impatience for results. This diflicultv is believed to be in a measure overestimated. "W^iile it is EDITORIAL. 805 tiMic that the public does not like loiio--time investments and wants to see the results or the prospects of them, it is also true that it has made great strides in the appreciation of scientific investigation of agricultural problems, and has become more patient to wait until safe results can be secured. In some quarters it has already become im- patient of inconclusive work. It can be interested in investigations into the why and wherefore as it could not have been a few years ago, and this tendency, it is believed, can be developed and intensified. Education will do much to remedy this condition. It is not so many years since the only interest of the farmers in some sections was in substations and simple demonstrations. Now it goes much further. We should not yield to this apparent obstacle, although we recognize it and take account of it in the selection of our research problems. Many of these may be made to appeal to the farmer if they have a definite aim, and at least a considerable number of men can be made to see their importance, even though they be quite technical, and to support the station in the undertaking. Take a specific case : Tomatoes grow luxuriantly in a certain State but tend to set fruit only sparingl3^ This is not a varietal character- istic, is not local, and does not appear to yield to the usual cultural methods. The cause for it is unknown. It may, it is thought, have some connection with the semiarid condition of the soil or atmosphere, the richness of the soil or its deficiency in some fertilizing element, or it may be due to other causes. It is a live, practical question. The station in that State might conduct a variety of field trials, working in the dark, in the endeavor to hit upon some method which would increase the tendency to set fruit ; or it can, as is proposed, conduct a systematic investigation into the cause of this phenomenon, eliminat- ing the eti'ect of various factors one by one, and studying the problem in its physiological considerations as a basis for practical deductions. The chances for ultimate practical results are greater in the latter case than in the former. Moreover, the work will be thoroughly done as each phase is taken up, and results of scientific interest will be secured which may quite likely have a bearing upon other crops. Is the matter of less interest to the practical man because it is car- ried out in this thorough scientific way and he can not understand each step ? And is he more likeW to become impatient at delay than if miscellaneous field trials were made without any reference to the fundamental cause? It hardly seems likely, if he is given to under- stand that the station is addressing itself to the practical problem to the best of its ability. But there are other problems whose practical relations seem more remote to the general public, and which have to be taken b}^ them on faith. In a considerable number of States such researches can not 306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. be undertaken with the present public sentiment, and we must look to States Avhere this sentiment is more advanced and where the de- mands on the station are less insistent. Some of these researches have become indispensable to further progress and are of interest to all the stations, although only a few can enter ujjon them. In some instances we lack both the men and the equipment to carry them on in more than one or tAvo places at the outset, and where these men and facilities exist the great desirability of encouraging develop- ment to the fullest extent seems to need no argument. This view was expressed by the section on experiment station work in reference to the investigations upon the principles of animal nutrition made with the aid of the respiration calorimeter at the Pennsylvania Station. The section commended this work in highest terms, recognizing its importance in the development of animal feed- ing; and in view of the special facilities combined at the Pennsyl- vania Station in investigator and apparatus, expressed " its earnest hope that at this time, when plans are being laid for so wide an exten- sion of research in agriculture in the United States under the Adams Act, that the line of research already established by the Pennsylvania Station will be continued and developed to the fullest extent deemed practicable by the board of control." The keynote of the discussion at the Baton Rouge meeting was that the provision for genuine research in agriculture had come none too soon, that our ideals should be set high, and that an enlightened public sentiment should be developed in the individual States as a foundation and support for it. In this advanced work public senti- ment must be led. It can not be expected to lead the stations, as it often has in the case of the more practical work. The idea should be spread abroad that they can not solve fundamental problems at short order or get results of worth under high pressure. Given the proper aim, the stations must be allowed to work out the problems of agriculture in their own way. RECENT WORK IN A(;RICULTULVL SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. On methods of determining phosphoric acid in artificial fertilizers, P. Christenskn Cridsxkr. Laiidokononi., I'JUd, No. 5, p/J. S08-S12). — This is a resumf^ of a monograph by the author on the subject. The results of determinations of water-sohible phosphoric acid in the same superpliosphates were found to differ as much as 0.75 per cent according to the modifications of the molybdate method proposed by Fresenius, Wagner, and Maercker. Similar differences were found in the results for citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, and in the case of total phosphoric acid- in bone meal differences of 1 per cent or more were obtained by the various methods. The dift"erences were shown to depend on the manner of precipitating with mag- nesia mixture, and a method of pi'ocedure was worked out by the author which gave correct results. A rapid " direct molybdate " method is recommended for further trial. The yellow precipitate formed by addition of ammonium molybdate is ignited to constant weight, and the residue weighed for calcula- tion of the per cent of phosphoric acid in the fertilizer. The methods are not described. The author found that bone meal containing 31 per cent total phosphoric acid gave 30 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in a 2 per cent citric-acid solution. Its citrate solubility was therefore equal to that of Thomas slag. It follows that phosphoric acid in bone meal must either be equal to that of Thomas slag or, if experience and exact culture trials show it to be less valuable, the present method of valuation of phosphoric acid in Thomas slag can not be considered reliable. — f. w. woll. On the rapid analysis of superphosphates, M. .Iacquet, G. Quintanilla, and F. Arreuonijo (Rcr. R. Acad. Cicii. Madrid, Jf (1906), No. 5, pp. 092-598).— The method pi'oposed is as follows : Grind 2.5 gm. of the superphosphate in a mortar with about 15 cc. of cold distilled water, filtering the extract and repeat- ing the operation until the filti'ate amounts to about 200 cc, finally washing the filter with water at 80° C. After cooling add 1 or 2 cc. of nitric or hydrochloric acid to clear up the solution. Digest the filter and contents in 100 cc. of Joulie's citrate solution (400 gm. citric acid per liter) at 60° C. on a water bath for 3 hours, stirring for 1 or 2 minutes every quarter of an hour. Make the so- lution to 250 cc. To 50 cc. portions of the water and citrate solutions add 100 cc. of 22° ammonia and 10 to 15 cc. of magnesia mixture (.55MgCl,+105 NII^C1+.3.50XH3 of 22° + H,0 to one liter). Shake in a mechanical agitator making 40 to 50 revolutions per minute for 3 hours, collect the precipitate on a filter, and proceed as usual. This method gave resiilts with a variety of materials closely agreeing with those obtained by the ordinary method. In- creasing the revolutions of the shaker to 70 to 80 per minute and reducing the time to 1 hour gave higher results than those yielded liy the ordinary method. Investigations on the causes of error in the application of the citro- 1,3087— No. 4-=-0f! m 2 307 308 . ■ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mechanical method in the determination of phosphoric acid in natural phosphates and phosphatic slag, II. I'kllet (Ann. Vlihn. Ainili/t.. 11 {lUHd), 'So. 9, pp. 331, 332; aha. in Chcin. Ccnthl.. 1006. II, No. 16. p. l.i8J,).— The author briefly discusses the investigations of Guerry and Toussaint (E. S. It.. 18, p.lOT) on this subject and describes the method which he employs to remove silicic acid from solution, namely, moistening with hydrochloric acid, evaporating to dryness, and taking up in hot hydrochloric acid. It is claimed that the removal of silica is not necessary in the molybdic method, and that a precipitate of phospho-ammonium molybdate of definite comi)osition can always be obtained. On the determination of phosphoric acid as magnesium pyrophosphate, B. ScHMiTZ (Ztsclir. Aiialj/t. Cliciii., .',.') {1906). No. 8. pp. 312-.')22; abs. in Cliem. Ccnthl., 1906, II, No. 10, p. 911).— The author precipitates the nearly neutral- ized (with HCl) ammonia solution of the molybdic precipitate with add (IK'l) magnesia mixture, finally malving tlie solution allvaline with ammonia. Should one titrate calcareous marl with sulphuric acid? Schulze {CJicni. Ztff., 30 (1906). No. n, pp. 937, 938). — A series of comparative tests is reported which showed that the use of sulphuric acid gives uniformly lower results than hydrochloric acid, but the reason for this is not made clear. The determination of organic matter in waters by means of potassium permanganate, A. Garcia (Ann. Chim. Analyt.. 11 (1906), No. 9, p. 3JiO). — The author finds that the ammonia already present or set free from salts or organic matter in water by alkaline permanganate is oxidized to nitrous or nitric acid, which increases the amount of permanganate reciuired, and thus alkaline permanganate gives higher results for organic matter than acid per- manganate. The detection of humus substances in water, Klut (Phann. Zt;/., 51 (1906), pp. 777, 77,S'; ahs. In Vheiii. VcnthL, 1906, II, No. 13, p. 1081).— It is stated that no typical reaction for this purpose exists. Various indirect tests for color, odor, reaction, etc. are des('ril)ed. A new method for the quantitative estimation of pentosans, A. Jolles (Zt-'^cJir. Analijt. Vlinii.. ','> U906), No. 3-',, pp. 196-20Jf) .—DeUxUea directions are given for estimating furfurol, and data are reported showing the accuracy of the method, which consists essentially in boiling the substance to be tested with hydrochloric acid, distilling witli water vapor tlie furfurol formed, neutral- izing with sodium-hydroxid solution, adding bisulphate solution, and titrating with iodin. On uniform methods of analysis of cane factory products, H. Pellet (Internat. Sugar JoHrV., 8 (1906), No. 94, PP- 506-.')ll). — Notes are given on the steps which have been taken toward securing unification of the methods for saccharine products in different countries. Analyses of cane molasses made by three methods are given to illustrate the differences arising from the use of different methods. Comments are made on the suggestions which have been offered for the unification of methods and a resume of methods for the analysis of molasses is given. An accurate commercial method for the analysis of sugar beets, D. L. Davoll (Internat. Sugar Jour., 8 (1906), No. 9-'/, pp. 512-516, fig. 1). — ()li.jec- tions to the method of hot-water digestion are overcome, according to the author, by substituting a beaker for the flask, and finally completing the mass to a certain weight, 209.2 gm.. instead of volume. By this method, which is described, it is possible to make from fJOO to 700 analyses in one day. instead of 125 by the usual method. Report on the estimation of glucose by the volumetric method, A. Watt (^Internat, Sugar Jour., 8 (1906), No. 94, PP- 502-506). — In determining glucose AGRirULTURAT. ('TTEMTSTRY. 809 ill iH'ot sugar it is cMHsidcrcd iinportaiit to staiHlar(liz(> the Fehling solufum with a sulutioii ul" pure siK-rosc and invert sugar in the iiroitortions found in tiie sample. If a elarified solution is used it is also eonsiden^d necessary to clarify the standardizing solution before titration. When these precautions are taken the volumetric method is believed to be capable of giving as accurate results as the gravimetric method. The method of analysis of milk used in the government laboratory for samples referred under the sale of food and drugs acts, H. D. Richmond and K. II. :Mii.i.i:u (.W(f(///.^■^ .?/ (IHOd). \(). .i(!7. pp. .?/7-.J.?.T).— In the case of fi'esli millv Hie luacer.-ilion nieUiod employe hydrated form and to the presence of aldehyde in llie etlier. In 18 out of !"•• analyses of samiiles of sour millc the authors rejtort fair agreement of Hie li^'ures for fat liy the maceration method with those ob- tained by the (Jottlieb method on Llie fresh sanii)les. A consider;ible variation ill the remaining sample was attributed to an unusual deconiiiosition. The main i)art of th(> pa])er deals with the corrections allowed for decompo- sition products in cniculating the composition of the fresh milk when the sample examined lins undergone fermentative changes. The method employed in the government lal)oratory makes corrections -for alcohol, volatile acids, and ammonia, and is believed to give results within 0.2 per cent of the truth except in cases of high l)iityric fermentation or other abnormal decompo- sition. The authors lielieve that certain small additional corrections may be made with advantage and suggest allowance for lactic acid, butyric acid, and the aldehyde taken up from the ether vised. The work, on the whole, indicates that the government laboratory method is substantially accurate for the usual samples, but that special corrections ought to b(> ai)plied in cases of unusual fermentations, two of which were found by the authors in an examination of the li) samples. The refractometric determination of milk fat, F. Lowe {MilcJiir. Zeiithl.. 2 (1906), A'o. D. pp. '//'/-'//6').— Scales have been constructed for the Wollny and Abbe refractometeis whereby the percentages of fat may be read directly. A modification of the salt method, Rusche (Molk. Ztg., 20 (1006), No. 38. jip. 1075-1(117 ). — In jireliminary experiments the author obtained good results by reducing the amount of salt required in the Gerber alkali method from 240 to 120 gm. per liter and increasing the amount of alcohol from 0.(5 to 1 cc. This modi lica lion is ]»elieved to lessen the danger of saponifying the fat. The determination of acidity in cream, Hesse-(}ustrow (Milcltir. ZeiithL, 2 (1906), A'o. 9, pp. .'lis. 1,19). — In determining acidity by the Thorner method, it is considered necessary to weigh 10 gm. of cream rather than to measure 10 cc. with a pipette. On the determination of fat in cheese, M. Weibull (Ztschr. I'litersuch. Nahr. N. (IcHits.'^iiitl.. II {I'.iiiC). Xo. I.!, pp. 7.U)~73S). — Comparative tests of the extraction, hydrocldoric acid, and Gottlieb methods were considered as showing the superiority of tlie last-mentioned method for this purpose. Investigations on the determination of soluble and insoluble volatile fatty acids, J. Delatte and J. LEcajAXD (/////. r. Vhhii. Beh/., 20 {19(i(!), A"o. 7. pp. 230-23')). — The Reichert-Meissl number was found to increase from ;'.O.o:i when saponification was completed in \ hour to 4().5."> when the period of sapon- itication was prolonged to from 5 to 6 hours. This increase is considered due to depolymerizatiou. Saponification for * hour is recommended. 310 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Siiponificatioii with glycerin and soda was compared with the usual method of saponification with alcohol and potash. The figures with glycerin were regu- larly •'*' to 4 lower, and this method is therefore considered unsatisfactory. On the use of chromed hide powder in the determination of tannin, E. XiiiouL (Bill. *S'oc. Chim. Belg., 20 (1906). Xo. 7. pii. .i.iO-.l'/O ) . — Comparative tests of hide powders containing from 0,6 to 5 per cent of chromium oxid are reported. The author gives preference to the use of powders only feehly charged with chromium. Examination of some Western Australian barks, E. A. Mann and It. E. CowLES (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 23 {1906), A'o. 11, pp. 831, 832). — Determina- tions were made of the percentages of tannin in the barks of a number of com- mon trees in Western Australia with the following results : Acacia decurvens, 15.1 per cent; Eucalyptus salmonopliloia, 1G.9, 19.8, and 12.25 per cent; E. loai- phlcba, 10.6 per cent; E. longicornis, 8.73 per cent; E. redunca, 12.5 per cent; E. occidenialis. 84.57, 39.3, and 44.5 per cent; and E. coruvla 10.1 per cent. [Chemical work for the agricultural department of Western Australia], E. A. ]Mann (TIcs'^' Aitst. Govt. Lab. Bill. ,i, pp. 2-'>-31, pis. 4). — The separatiisn and study of poisonous principles in various plants, including especially poison bush (Gastrolohitini calijcinum and OxijIohuuH parrifloruni), Indigofera hovi- perda, and dai'uel or drake (Lolium tcmiilciitum), which have proven injurious to stock, are briefij' reported, as well as comparisons of total and available phosphoric acid and potash in certain typical soils of Western Australia, anal- yses of various lime and guano deposits, analyses of soil from a white ant hill showing an increase of total and available fertilizing constituents over sui'- rounding soil, and miscellaneous analyses. Practical methods for identifying and estimating boric acid together with rules for detecting forbidden preservatives, J. Prescher {Die prak- tischen Metlioden der Bcstimmung und des Nachtceises der Borsdure, nebst Aivweisung zur Untersuchung auf verboteiie Konservierungsmittel. Liibcck: Charles Coleman, 1906, pp. 56, illiis.; rev. in Osterr. Chem. Ztg., 9 {1906), A^o. 17, p. 2.'i0). — The directions which are given correspond to the law regarding the examination of meat, passed in 1900. Pure food, drug, and paint law, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota >Sta. Spec. Bui: 4, pp. 18). — The State pure-food law as amended and reenacted and the pure- drug law and the paint law are given. Pure food, pure drug, formaldehyde, Paris green, and paint laws, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui. 3. pp. 22). — This gives the essential features of each law with rulings and interpretations for the guidance of interested parties. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Monthly Weather Beview (Mo. Weather Rev., 34 (1906), Nos. 5, pp. 201- 253, figs. 13. charts 15; 6, pp. 255-305, figs. 2',, charts 6).-— In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteoro- logical tables and charts for the months of ]May and June, 1906. monthly review of the progress of climatology throughout the world, recent papers bearing on meteorology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau Library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. 5.— Present Day Climates in Their Time Relation, by F. M. Ball (see p. 312) ; Relations Between Velocities of Progression of Lows and the Areas of Rising and Falling Pressure Accompanying Them (illus.), by S. Hanzlik ; Glaisher's Factors and Ferrel's Psychrometric Formula (illus.), by C. F. Mar- vin; Improvements in Seismographs with Mechanical Registration (illus.). MF/rE()R( )LO( ; V WATER. 311 by C. F. Marvin; Wontlici- r.iircau M(mi as Kdueators; Ednr-nlionnl Notes; A Destructive Local Storm Near I'aris, 111.. Ii.v 1%. (). Laughliii ; The Kodaikaiial Solar riiysics Observatory (illus.). by li. II. Kiiiil)all; Hawaiian ;\b)nntain Kecords ; The riiotoelectric Properties of Selenium Cells liiins. i. hy K. E. (iuthe; West Indian Chart; I'henoloiiical Study; Meteoroloj^ical Work in China, by C. F. Talman ; Abnormal Ai)ril Temperatures in New South Wales, by 11. A. Iluut; Severe Hailstorm in the (iulf of Mexico, by IJ. (}. I'.indley; The Seiche and Its Mechanical Explanation; Meteorology in (Jcini.in Fniversities ; Observations of "Shadow Bands" Without an Eclipse: Tornado in Australia; and Meteoroloicical Institute of Saxony. No. (>. — The Mount Rose Weather Observatory (illus.), by .1. E. Church, jr.; U.se of the Lantern in Teachiuf; Meteorology, by ,T. I'. Goode ; Studies on the Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere — IV, Numerical Comjmtations in the Vertical Ordinate, by F. II. Bigelow ; The Waterspout Near Tarrytown, N. Y., July 10, 1!)04 (illus.), by .M. L. Bacon; The Tornado of June (5, 1906, near La Crosse, Wis., by G. A. Oberholzer ; Weighting Forecasts ; The Tornado of April 12, 1906, at Stafford, Kans. (illus.), by W. E. Seright ; The Structure of Hailstones (illus.), by D. S. Landis; Suggestions to Observers of Hail- stones ; Weather Bureau Men as Educators ; Lantern Slides for Lectures ; Meteorology in Australia ; The Energy of a Storm, by T. D. Smith ; and Aero Clubs and Meteorology. Meteorology, P. Bqname {Rap. An. fita. Ayron. Mauritius, 190.'), pp. 1-10). — Obscrv.itions on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and evaporation in Mauritius during 190.5 are summarized. A marked fall of barometer preceding tornadoes which passed over or near the island is recorded. The year w-as unusually wet, the mean annual humidity being 88.4, the rainfall 2.410.2 mm., 50 per cent higher than for the previous year. The number of rainy days was 326 and the annual evaporation .'^76.2 nnn. Meteorological observations for the year 1905 at the Ploti Agricultural Experiment Station, M. Svolinsky {Ghodichnuii Otchct Plot)/. ,Selsk. Khoz. Opuitii. tStaiitzii, II {1905). pp. l-2Ji, 121-12ff). — As in previous years, observa- tions are reported on atmospheric precipitation, snow cover, evaporation, humid- ity of the air, temperature of the air and soil, sunshine, solar radiation, atmos- pheric pressure, and winds, with some description of the self-registering apparatus used. The characteristic features of the season 1905 were a marked deficiency of rainfall, especially during the summer, high temperatures of the Jiir and soil, and increased sunshine. Some facts about the weather, W. Marriott {London: Edicard Htunford. 1906, pp. 32; rev. in Nature [London], ?// {1906), No. 1917, p. 29.')). — A popular discussion of the subject esjiecially adapted to the British Isles. Weather forecasting from synoptic charts, A. J. Henry {./our. Franklin In.st.. 162 (1906), No. J. /*/). 291-.M6. fifis. 6). — This method, based upcm two well established facts, namely. (1) the general eastward drift of the atmos- phere in temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and (2) the close relation between the weather and the distribution of atmospheric pressure, is described and the gain in accuracy, length, and usefulness of weather fore- casts is discussed. The recently organized weather service for North Germany, R. Bornstein (Mitt. Deut. Landir. GescU., 21 {1906). Xo. .il. pp. 313, 31.'i).— This service is briefly described. Cannonading against hail, Tabard {Ann. l^oc. Af/r. Sri. rt Indu.^. Lyon, 190.'). pp. .'i.i-6r>. Pax. .i). — This article discusses (juite fully the history and jires- ent status of hail protection in France by cauuouudiug, describiug uud discuss- 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing the theory of various forms of ordnance for this purpose, particularly the different forms of acetylene cannon first introduced by Magj^iora Graziani. of Italy. The advantages of this system are quite fully explained. Studies of the annual precipitation of the Continent of Africa, G. Fraun- DERGEB {Mitt. Justus Perthes' Geogr. Anst., 52 {1906), Xo. .'/, p/>. 73-82, map 1). — The available data on this subject are compiled, and a colored map showing the geographical distribution of rainfall is given, with discussions of the general rainfall characteristics of the continent and of different typical districts as fol- lows : Eastern Sahara, Guinea coast region and hinterland, Congo and Orange, east side of longitude 25° and British East Africa, Somaliland, Abyssinia. Egyptian Sudan, and Egyjit. Climatology of South Africa (Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Hoc. [Londo^i], 32 {1906), No. 139, pp. 239, 2JiO).— This is an abstract of a paper by C. Stewart before the British Association at its Cape Town meeting, summarizing quite fully the climatological conditions of South Africa, based upon the observa- tions of a considerable number of stations scattered over the I'egion. The chief factors controlling the climate are stated to be ocean currents and elevation. A remarkable feature is the great imiformity in mean annual tem- perature, this being about r>2° throughout the region. " This is due to decrease of temperature with increase of elevation above sea-level, almost neutralizing the increase of temperature which would otherwise occur with increased intensity of solar radiation due to a nearer approach to the (Mjuator." The temperature of the coastal regions varies with relation to the ocean currents. South Africa is divided ifito three rainfall areas " (1) winter rain- fall ax-ea in the west, (2) constant rains (small area) in south, and (3) summer rains in the east." There was little evidence in support of tlie " south-east rain " theory, especially for the coastal areas. In the cape peninsula the largest t:mount of sunshine occurs in summer; in the plateau regions in winter. Present day climates in their time relation, F. M. Ball (Mo. Weather Rci\, 3'i {191)6), Xo. .'). pp. 201-205). — A l)rief review of some of the more important facts regarding climatic changes with special reference to geo- logical changes. It is stated that while we must conclude fi'om all the scientific data avail- able that all climates remain invarial)le. " the most elementary knowledge of geology and related e;irth sciences is sufficient to prove that climates have changed many times in the geologic ages through which the earth has passed. All theories accounting for such changes lead irresistibly to the conclusion that climates to-day must l)e changing, although not in any measurable amoiuit." Cold waves and frost in the United States, E. B. Garriott ( V. 8. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Bui. P, pp. 22, chitrts S2H). — "The paper notes briefly the general distribution of the colder areas of the Northern Hemisphere, refers to general conditions that are associated with cold waves, and presents a chronological account of historical cold i)eriods in the United States. It then summarizes and classifies the moi'e important cold waves and frosts that occurred from 1888 to 1902, inclusive, and -presents 328 charts that exhibit the meteorological conditions that attended the principal cold waves of that period." The thermal anomalies on the earth's surface, F. Hopfner {Mitt. Justti.'i Perthes' Geogr. A list.. 52 {1906), Xo. 2, pp. 32-36, chart 1). — New normal monthly and annual isotherni;'l lines for the different hemispheres similar to those of Dove a are calculated and charted to show thermal anomalies and oDie Verteilung der Warme auf "der Oberflache der Erde (Berlin, 1852). METEOROLOGY WATER. 813 their probaMe ciuises. The possible sourcos of error in such worlc are dis- ciissod. Annual variations in the temperature of the earth's surface {Mitt. Justus J'crthes' Geogr. Anst., ')2 {1906), No. 2, ]>. 31. lig. I). — Isothermal lines based upon data given in Ilopfner's article above referred to are charted. These show directly the dependence of temperature upon the distance from the polos and indirectly its dependence upon the distribution of land and water. An apparent periodicity in the yield of wheat for Eastern England, 1885 to 1905, W. N. Shaw (Proc. Roy. Soc. [ Loudon i, 8er. A, 78 {1900), No. A5.U, l>p. 69-16, fii/. 1). — \\\ account of a continuation of studies which have been ItrieHy reported elsewhere (E. S. R., K!. p. or);!). As a general conclusion from these further studies conlined to Eastern England it is stated that " a relation between the autumn rainfall and the wheat crop is sufiiciently manifest, but evidently the fall of rain is subject to disturbances of an irregular character which have little counterpart in the curve of wheat values." The law of sequence in the yield of wheat for Eastern England, 1885-1904, \\. N. Shaw {ilet. Zt^chr.. 1906, [Haini-Bund \. pp. 208-216. fins. 2).—X dis- cussion is here given of comparative observations already noted from another source (see above). The results of 20 years' observations for Eastern England indicate a some- what different relation of crop and rainfall from that indicated by the obser- vations for the whole of England, being as follows : Wheat yield =4(i bu. — 2.2 times the preceding autumn rainfall, and this relation held quite closely for 13 of the 20 years. The other 7 years, however, were somewhat anomalous and the I'ainfall-yield relationship did not hold. A closer examin.-ition of data for these years indicated an 11 year periodic tluctuatinn of yield made up of com- ponent harmonic periodic fluctuations having a common nodal point in the in- terval 1895-96, in which there was a reversal of the yield curve. In a later publication (see note below) the author compares the actual yields of wheat during 21 years, 1885-1905, with that computed from component curves having the following amplitudes : Period (years) H 11 \\ 11 11 11 2 3 4 5 6 Amplitude (bushels) 4-2.9 +0.5 -1.8 +2.8 +1 -J 1 The calculated and actual results show a remarkably close agreement throughout the period. The relationships here indicated apparently furnish a means of predicting the yield of future years. The yield thus predicted for 1905 w^as 81.9 Im., while the actual returns showed 82 bu. Report of the meteorlogical committee, Great Britain (/»'/>^ Met. Com. [Gt. Brit.]. 1906. pp. l.',/,. pis. .7. ////. / ; aJis. in Nature [London]. 7/, {1906), No. 1923. p. 'ill). — This consists as usu;il of administrative reports regarding organizati'm and operations (during the year ended March 81, 1900) in marine meteorology, forecasts and storm warnings, climatology, publication, and miscellaneous sub- jects, with appendixes relating to the supply of infonnation to the public, lists of logs and other documents received during the year, distribution of instru- ments, reports on inspections of meteorological stations, list of persons and in- stitutions from whom publications are received, list of persons and institutions •to whom publications are sent, and financial statement. Among the more important researches begun or com])lete(l during the year are "(1) the study of the trajectories of air in traveling storms, emiiodied in an official publication entitled 'The Life-history of Surface .\ir Currents;' (2) redetermination of the velocity equivalents of the lieaufort scale of wind 314 expertmp:nt station recoed. force; (3) coonection between the yield of wheat in eastern Enghiud and the rainfall of the previous autumn (see p. 313), and (4) possible relationship between exceptional strength of the southeast trade wind at St. Helena and exceptional rainfall in England." The percentage of complete or juirtial success of special harvest forecasts was 89 ; of the regular forecasts for the whole of the British Isles, 88. The number of storm-warning telegrams justified by subseiiuent gales or strong winds was 88.4 per cent. The work of tlie chemical laboratory of the Ploti Agricultural Experi- ment Station in 1905, B. M. Welkel {Ghodlchnuii Otchet Ploty. Selsk. Khoz. Opiiifii. Stantzil. 11 {1905), pp. 7S-119, 128-135). — Analyses of atmospheric pi'e- cipitation and drainage waters from lysimeters and of crops and soils used in pot experiments, with reference especially to content of nitrogen in different forms, are reported as in previous years, with discussion of the distribution of the nitrogen compounds and the nitrogen balance in the soil. The results obtained were very similar to those of previous years. The pot experiments showed that forage plants exert an individual influence on the rate of nitrification, esparcet being superior in this respect to alfalfa. The experiments with barnyard manure, which were continued during the year as in previous years, show that the effect of .the manure does not extend beyond 3 years and is shown mainly in an increase in nitric nitrogen and assimilable phosphoric acid in tlie soil. The value of pure water, G. C. Whipple (Engin. Rec, 54 {1906), Nos. 10, pp. 269-212, fi(i. 1 : 11, pp. 303-305).— The contents of this paper are briefly summarized in part as follows : "(1) Pure water as compared with impure water has a real financial value to a community. (2) This value may be measured by determining what impure water costs the community. (3) There are three principal characteristics which affect the value of water to the general consumer — its sanitary quality, its attractiveness, and its hardness. (4) A formula is suggested for computing the effect of the sanitary quality of water on its financial value to a comnmnity ; it is based on the typhoid fever death rate. (5) A foi'mula is suggested for computing the effect of the general attractiveness of water on its value to con- sumers ; it is based on the physical characteristics of turbidity, color, and odor. (6) A formula is suggested for computing the effect of the hardness of water on Its value to the consumers ; it is based on the use of soap in the household. (7) Considered from the financial aspect alone, and disregarding all hu- manitarian considerations, the filtration of a polluted water supply adds vei'y greatly to the vital assets of a community; hence, as a mere business proposi- tion, no city can afford to allow an impure water supply to be publicly distributed. (8) The advantages to a community of having a water su[)plv nut only safe, but also attractive in appearance, taste, and odor, are material from a financial aspect ; the increased value of many waters because of the improvement in their esthetic qualities alone .justifies the cost of filtration. (9) Water-softening at present does not receive the attention it deserves at the hands of municipal autliorities ; the economic advantages to be gained by removing the hardness of water are so great that, in many cases, the saving to the ordinarv water con- sumers justifies the cost of softening water." Quality of water in the Upper Ohio River basin and at Erie, Penn., S. J. IiEwis {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply and Irrig. Paper No. 161, pp. 11^, pl" 6, figs. 3). — "This paper discusses the quality of water on the most important tributaries of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, and Maryland, and the nature of the water supply at Erie, Penn. The amount anu SOILS FEHTTT.IZKHS. 315 «-li:;ra<-tcr of the ijollul ion is di'seribed and the results of drinking coiitaniiiialcd watiT as shown \>y typhoid statistics are indicated. " Summary of the underground-water resources of Mississippi, A. F. Ckidkk and L. ('. Johnson {U. S. Oeol. Siirrci/, \Vater-Sui>iily anil Iniy. I'aper Ao. l-')i), PI). VI-\-Sf). pis. 6, figs. 11). — This bulletin gives a detailed account of ob- servations on the topography, general geology, and underground-water resources of the State, including under the latter head notes on wells in different counties of the State, deep well records, and sanitary aspect of wells. (See also E. S. R.. 17, p. 040.) " In the Gulf Coastal I'lain. of which Mississippi is a i)art. conditions ai'e favorable for reducing to a niininnun the deaih rate caused bj' drinking iniimre and unwholesome water. A study of the geologic conditions of the State shows that there is a great thickness of unconsolidated sands interbedded with water- tight clays which dip slightly to the south and west and form large inulerground reservoirs for the accunuilation of water. The State has a heavy annual rain- fall, which enters the upturned edges of the open-textured sands, collects in these wide reservoirs, and thus becomes available as well water when the over- lying strata are drilled through. Good deep-well water can be obtained over almost the entire State, and there are large areas in which under favorable conditions flowing wells are obtained. The dip of the strata is so regular and the w'ater horizons are so numerous that the areas are small in which potable water can not be found at comparatively shallow depths. " In most of the localities having flowing wells the supply seems adequate for all demands so far made upon it. The low cost of drilling wells in the (iulf embayment has made it possible for even the poorest to have plenty of good water. Railroads, cotton mills, sawmills, canning factories, and various pui)lic works have found the deei)-well water cheaper and better than surficial water. Along the southern coast in the rice area water for irrigation is in many jilaces obtained from artesian wells." The advantages of driven, bored, or drilled wells over open wells arc (piite fully e.xplained. Underground water papers, M. L. Fuller {V. S. GcoI. Surreij. Wdtcr- Sliippli/ anil III if/. I'd Iter \o. 160, pp. ID.'j. pi. 1, flys. .'/). — A number of short pajiers by different authors dealing with questions I'elating to the occurrence, distriimtion. amount, contamination, peculiarities, and methods of study of \ui.;. ///*. 1.V>). — A bibliography of 721 titles, with an alphabetical iniU-x of subjects, is given. Destructive floods in the United States in 1905, E, C. Murphy et al. {U. S. Geol. Surrey. Watcr-Supply and Irrig. Paper No. 162, pp. V + 105, pis. Jf, flgs. 11). — Data are given for 1!) floods occurring in the United States during the year, with notes on damage caused in some cases and possible means of prevention or control. The bulletin also contains a discussion of flood dis- charge and freipiency and an index to flood literature in the United States. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soils, F. W. IliLGARD (\'e\r York and London: Tlie Macmillan Co.. 1906. pp. XXVH + .T.W. figs. 90). — This volume embodies the matured fruits of a long and varied ex])erience, geiierall.v under pioneer conditions, in both humid and arid regions. Its conclusions are of especial value because they are bused to 316 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. so large au extent upou studies of soils in their natural condition and in which cultural adaptations have not been obscured by long years of artificial treat- ment. In the author's opinion the advance of knowledge of soils has been retarded by the fact that investigations in this field have dealt mainly with more or less artificial soils — that is, soils which have long been under cultiva- tion and whose natural relations to vegetation have thus been obscured. The book " includes the discussion both of the methods and results of direct physical, chemical, and botanical soil investigation, as well as the subject-mat- ter relating to the origin, formation, classification, and physical as well as chemical nature of soil, usually included in works on scientific agriculture. " In the presentation of these subjects, it has been the writer's aim to reach both the students in his own classes and in the agricultural colleges generally, as well as the fast increasing class of farmers of both regions who ai'e willing and even anxious to avail themselves of the results and principles of scien- tific investigation, without ' shying off ' from the new or unfamiliar words nec- essary to embody new ideas. . . . But in order to segregate to some extent the generally intelligible matter from that which requires more scientific prepara- tion than can now be generally expected, it has been thought best to use in the text two kinds of type ; the larger one embodying the matter presumed to be interesting and intelligible to the general reader, while the smaller type carries the illustrative detail and discussion which will be sought chiefly by the student. " As regards the chemical nomenclature used in this volume, the writer has not thought it advisable to follow the example set by some late authors in substituting for the well-known names of the bases and acids, those of the elements, and still less, those of the intangible ions. . . . " Inasmuch as all the elements are presented to and contained in the plant in compounds only, and these compounds are themselves, in the dilute solu- tions used by plants, known to be largely dissociated into their basic and acid groups, it seems to be most natural to pi'esent them under the corresponding, even if not absolutely theoretically coi'rect names of acids and bases, to which the farmer and the trade have been accustomed for half a century. Upon these considerations the long-used designations of potash, soda, lime, phosphoric, sulphuric, nitric, and other acids and bases have been retained in this volume, adding the chemical formula where, as in analytical statements, a doubt as to their meaning might arise." The make-up of the book is indicated by the following summary of its con- tents : An introduction and 5 chapters devoted to origin and formation of soils, 12 chapters to physics of soils, 6 chapters to chemistry of soils, and 3 chapters to soils and native vegetation. The soil and its cultivation, P. Diffloth (Le sol ct les hihours. Paris: J. B. BailUere tC Son, 1906, pp. ^90, flgs. lU; rev. in Mois ScL, 8 {1906), No. Jf, p. 15; Nature [London'], 7^ {1906), No. 1905, p. -)). — This is one of the series of volumes constituting the Eiicyclopedie af/ricole. edited by G. Wery. The volume treats of the origin, properties, composition, analysis, and cul- tivation of soils, and is divided into two main parts, agrology and preparation of the soil. Under the general head of agrology are discussed the relation of land to agriculture and the general rules and principles which govern the relations between the nature of the soil and the products which It yields. The second part treats of the various operations of clearing, cultivating, and improving land. The soil is considered in its threefold relation of mechanical f'.upport, reserve material, and medium, niid recent discoveries regarding the relation of the soil to the nutrition of plants are embodied in the work. SOILS FKHTITJZFJtS. 817 Metiicxls of ]ili\sic;il. iiiccli.niiicnl, j^^'oldiiical. iind cliciiiical analysis ol" soils are liriolly dcscrilM'd. Soil survey field book (('. S. Dcpt. Aijr., Bur. kloils, >^on iiurvcy Field Book. 1906, pp. 310, fuj. 1). — This i^ a revision of Instructions to Field Parties and Description of Soil Tyi)es, i)ublisLied in 1904, in which an attempt has been made to correlate the soils of the United States in the li^dit of the addi- tional iuforuiation which has been obtained from soil surveys since that lime, only such changes being made as were considered necessaiy to bring each soil into its proper place in the classification. The book contains directions for surveying soils; classification of soils according to type, class, and series ; instructions for estimating and mapping alkali ; methods of determining total salts in water ; instructions for the qualitative determination of alkali salts; instructions regarding the collec- tion of laboratory samples and the iirei)aration of reports ; descriptions of established soil types; indexes of soil tyjtes arranged alphabetically by crops and series and by States; and an alphabetical list giving number and page of soil survey reports in which the different descriptions of soils are found. Alkali soils of the United States, C. W. Dorsey {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. J), I) p. 1 ',)(!. piia. 13). — This is a review of literature and sunuuary of pres- ent information, dealing with the alkali content of arid soils, comparison of soils of arid and humid regions, origin of allcali, kinds of alkali, accuuuila- tion of alkali in the soil, and resistance of plants to alkali, with a resume of the work of agricultural experiment stations on alkali soils, and the soil and alkali surveys in the irrigated districts, laboratory investigations, and reclamation experiments by the Bureau of Soils. Analyses of soils, C. F. Juritz {Rj)t. Senior Anal. Cape Good Hope, 1905, pp. 31, 32). — Percentage of flue earth passing A-mm. mesh sieve and partial chemical analyses of soil passing 1-mm. and i-mm. mesh sieves are rei)orted (water, organic matter, chlorin, and nitrogen in the first case and lime, i)otash, and phosphoric acid in the second) for 47 samples of soil from different parts of the f'ape of Good Hope. On certain iDhysical properties of sands and the method of their determina- tion, E. J. KuiiLER {Titer eiiiit/e physikalisclic Eificnschaften de.s Sandes u)id die Methoden cw deren Bestimmuinj. Nuremherfj : f . E. Sebald, 1906, pp. 85, pi. 1, fiffs. .5).— This thesis discusses and gives the results of studies of those properties of sand — size and shape of particles, porosity, relation to movement of water, etc. — which are of special importance to the engineer. The x'esults, however, are also of importance from the standpoint of the physics of soil moisture. A list of references to the literature of the sultject is given. Contributions to our knowledge of the composition of humus, E. J. Miche- LET (ArcJi. Math, or/ \(iturridcii-'^l:.. 27. \o. 7, pi>. IS). — Ten samples of decayed wood, lake mud, or cultivated soils were examined for their contents of water, ash, organic substances, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, pentosans, methyl pento- sans, methoxyl number, the object in view being to ascertain the variations in the pentosan contents of natural humus substances and the relation between the methyl pentosans and the pentosans, as well as to examine whether the presence of methyl groups combined with oxygen (O-CII,,) in tlie humus could lie proved by the so-called methoxyl number. — f. w. woll. The influence of long-continued rains on the impoverishment of soils, L. (jRANDE.w (Jour. Afir. J'nit.. ii. .'p. 521. .7..'?). --This deals especially with the influence of long-continued rains in checking nitrifl- 318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cation and washing nitrates from the soil. The loss of potash and phosphoric acid from this cause is inconsideralile. The erosion of soil, or washing away of our farms, S. W. Wakfield (Bicii. Rpt. Tciin. Dept. Agr., 1903-.'i. pp. llo-lZO). — A brief discussion of this subject, showing its great importance to the farmers in middle and east Tennessee. Preservation and improvement of soils, R. Gallagher {Bleu. Rpt. Tenn. Dcpt. A(jr., I'JOS-'i. pp. 120-12-'i). — A brief general discussion of this subject, including a description of a system of cultivation and rotation which the author has found effective in restoring the humus content of the soil and bringing back " unproductive and unsightly fields from barrenness to the production of paying crops." The rotation proposed is peas (for hay), rye, peas, wheat, fallow with manure, corn, wheat, clover. Soil moisture, G. Burns (Yearhook Ehediv. Agr. Soc, Cairo, 1905, pp. 265- 272). — A general discussion of this subject with special reference to Egyptian conditions is given and experiments to test the effect of surface cultivation to conserve soil moisture are reported. Surface cultivation in general reduced the loss of water, but shallow cultivation (hoeing) proved better than deep cultivation during the hot summer months. The moisture conditions of a loam soil under various crops, C. von Seel- HORST (Juiir. Lamlw., 54 (1906), No. 2, pp. 1S7-206. pis. 3; ah.s. in. Chei)i. Ztg.. 30 {1906), No. 62, Repert. No. 25, p. 253). — Data for yields and moisture c(m- tent of soils in case of field experiments during 3 years with potatoes, wheat, rye, oats, beets, peas, and clover are reported and discussed. It was observed that rye exhausted the soil moisture less than wheat. The exhaustion was especially marked in case of clover and oats and was very small in case of potatoes and peas. The application of the results in deciding upon the best rotation to conserve soil moisture is indicated. Investigations of the liygroscopicity of sorae typical Swedish - soils, G. Nannes {K. Landthr. Akad. Haiidl. och Tid.^kr.. hh (1905), No. 6, pp. 382- 886). — Determinations of the hygroscopicity of soils were made by drying 5 gm. of the air-di'y sample for 5 to 6 days over 10 per cent sulphuric acid in a desiccator in partial vacuum at ordinary room temperature. The weight being constant after this period the residual water was determined in the humus soils according to Arntz's method by drying in a dry current of air at 105° C, and in the other kinds of soil, in a drying oven at the temperatures for the respective soil types given by Rodewald and Mitscherlich. The results of the investigations of soils in Skaraborg County, Sweden, made by the author indicate that the hygroscopicity per cent of sandy, sandy loam, and peat soils ought not to be less than half the amount of organic substance which they contain, while that of clay soils ought not to go appreciably below the content of organic substance, and should be higher, the more fertile the soil is. — r. w. woll. Measurements of soil temperatures at Norwegian stations, 1903-4, G. HoLTSMARK and A. K. Andersen (Norges Laiidhi: Jloiskolcs Skr., 1905, No. 8, pp. 22). — This is a continuation of previous observations, with average data for Aas station for 189G-1904, and for the stations at Jousberg, Rotvold, Bodo, and Stend for the period 1900-1904. The following avei'age annual figures will prove of interest. The latitude, longitude east of Greenwich, and altitude of the different stations are as follows: Jonsberg, G0° 45', 11° 12', 200 meters; Rotvold, G3° 26', 10° 29', 24 meters; Bodo, 67° 16', 14° 26', 15 meters; Stend, 60° 16', 5° 20', 48 meters. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319 Averaijc (iiuiikiI soil Iciiipcratiircs for \oru:<)f a permanent acid, or- ganic or inorpinic, to attack the solid mineral ])articles of the soil and to bring them into solution for the nutrition of the plant. The growing j)ortions of a plant root are always giving off carbon dioxid, and carbon dioxid, especially in the concentrated solution which must be momeutarilj^ formed in the cell wall of the root hairs, has an a])preciable solvent effect upon the majority of the min- erals composing the soil. This carbon dioxid alone is capable of giving rise to such solutions as are required for the nutrition of the plant. As the direct evidence is also adverse to the idea of an excretion of acid, the principle of not seeking remote causes would lead us to attribute to carbon dioxid, and to carbon dioxid only, the long-recognized solvent power of the plant upon the soil." The fallow in modern agriculture, S. Rhodin {K. Landthr. Alcad. Handl. och Tidskr., JfO (1906). Xo. 1, pp. .57-72, fig. 1). — The evidence and views in re- gard to the value of bare fallow, especially in Swedish agriculture, are brieliy discussed. While bare fallow of loose sandy soils is not to be recom- mended, because the losses of nitrogenous substances occurring, generally speak- ing, exceed the gains through nitrification, this is not the case witli other types of soils. Here an accumulation of nitrates takes place through the fallow, which greatly benefits the following grain crop. Field experiments with cabbages in 1903 and with potatoes in 1904 and 1905 were conducted for the purpose of determining whether inoculation of sandy soils with fallow soil would prove beneficial on account of the large bacterial content of the latter. The systems of fertilization followed are shown below, the different ijlats receiving as a basal fertilizer 37 per cent potash salt and Thomas phosphate, at the rate of 22.5 and 400 lbs. per acre, respectively. The nitrate gf soda was applied at the rate of 300 lbs. per hectare (267 lbs. per acre) and the inoculated soil at the rate of (i cubic meters per hectare. Yields per acre (uid /icrrrnfai/r increase of crops on inoculated and uninoculated iirareUy soil. Cabbages, 1903. Potatoes, 1904. Potatoes, 1905. Pounds. 8, 906. 88 24,. 582. 99 24, 939. 27 33,222.67 60,834.00 Per cent. 36 100 101 135 250 Pounds. 6, 791. 49 17, 368. 42 20, 819. 84 23,046.56 30,172.06 Per cent. 39 100 120 132 173 Pounds. 9,908.90 15,809.72 20,485.83 18,370.44 23,046.56 Per cent. 62 100 Potas.siuni jihosphate -f- soil from 130 Pota.«i.sium tihosphate + soil from fallow ficirt 116 Potassium phosphate + nitrate of soda 145 320 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlie author calls attention to the fact that a marked after-effect of the nitrate of soda is noticeable, even as late as two years from its application ; there is an increase in the subsequent crops grown on the nitrate plats, as previously called attention to by Maercker, Wagner, and Weitz ; the explanation given by Wagner is that the nitrate is changed by the calcium carbonate in the soil into sodium carbonate, which occludes the soil particles and increases the water- retaining power of the soil, and thereby also the subsequent crops grown on the land. — F. w. woLL. Recent contributions to our knowledge of moor land culture, H. von Feilitzen (j^. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., JfJf {1905), No. 6. pp. 369-' 381). — A general resume of recent reseai'ch work on moor soils. Culture trials of the Swedish Moor Culture Society at Jonkbping and Flahult, II. voN Feilitzen {tivenska MosskultHvfiJr. Tidskr., 20 (1906), No. 3, pp. 193-219, p'l/s. 2). — Among the trials described in this report the following may be mentioned : Trials with liming and applications of sand, white moss or peat soil (dyjord) on moor soils; fertilizer trials with 37 per cent potash salt and mineral fertilizer (groiuid feldspar) ; with different potash salts, phosphates, and nitrogenous fertilizers, with lime niter, nitrate of soda for pasture laud and for winter rye on sanded white-moss sdils. — f. w. woll. Plant culture and fertilizer trials in Northern Norway (Tromso Stift), B. R. Laesen (Tidsskr. Xorske Laiidhr.. 12 (1905). No. 9. pp. 389-5.98 ) .—The article gives a brief account of trials with potatoes, turnips, and other root crops, and of a few fertilizer trials conducted in this northiern region. In several subsequent issues of the Tidsskrift various phases of agriculture in this region are further discussed by diffei'ent writers. — f. w. woll. Results of vegetation experiments in the years 1901-1903, D. N. Pei- ANisiiNiKOv {Izv. Moscov. Sclsk. Klioz. Inst. {.±1111. Inst. A(jroii. Moscou), 11 (1905), No. 2-3, pp. 155-219). — The present article is a report for the sixth, seventh, and eighth years of the culture experiments. The following are the general conclusions of the author : (1) By the introduction of ammonium salts in sand cultures the conditions of the assimilation of phosphoric acid are essentially changed, even the diffi- cultly soluble phosphates becoming available for all the plants. This influence may ordinarily be caused by nitrification, but it may also result from the physio- logical acidity of such salts as ammonium sulphate. It is obvious that in the nitrification of the latter two acids — nitric acid formed from the base and sulphuric acid — must be neutralized. Ammonium nitrate of all the sources of nitrogen appears to be most favorable for the maintaining of the nutrient solutions in the neutral state ; but even this salt can not be used when the avail- ability of the various phosphates is tested, since it may undergo nitrification and may also become physiologically active. (2) Ash washed with water (to remove potassium carbonate) contains the phosphoric acid in a highly assimilable form ; the development of plants pro- vided only with this source of phosphoric acid is not only equal to that of " normal cultures," but frequently surpasses it ; this once more proves that the so-called normal cultures elaborated by Knop, Hellriegel, and others do not have the ideal composition. (3) As in previous experiments, phosphoric acid in the form of bone meal proved in sand cultures to be fairly available, the yields with bone meal being in most cases not lower than 60 per cent of those obtained with soluble phos- phates. If, however, calcium carbonate or ferric hydrate were added the yields with bone meal were considerably lower. (4) The sand cultures with phosphorites of different origin seem to war- rant the conclusion that the variations in the solvent power of different plants SOILS FETtTTTJZETtS. 821 iiiiiy be uiurc iiiiporlanr than the varying properties of tlie phosphates. Lupines, lor example, can .show, with an apatite lilce i)hosphorite, a considerable devel- opment not inferior to that witli amorphous i)hosphorites, while the Gramineaj give with any phosphorite an extremely poor yield. In field cultures, however, the influence of the soil seems to predominate over everything else. (5) Iron and aluminum jihosphatc's are not to ])e considered as unavailable to the plants. (6) As Votchal has also shown, potash mica proved in these experiments to be a considerably better source of potash than orthoclase. (7) The data of the sand and water culture experiments regarding the im- portance of chlorin for plants do not corroborate the generally accepted opinion of the usefulness of chlorin as such for plant life. Of more importance, prob- ably, is its influence on the physiological reaction of the culture media. (8) The liming experiments lead to the following conclusion: While it is true that the oi)timum amount of lime introduced depends not only on the prop- erties of the .soil, but also on those of the plant, it seems to be beyond a doubt that the influence of the soil is much stronger than that of the i)lant ; thus the lupine, which is considered a calcifugous plant, tolerated on a chernozem soil larger iiuantities of lime (1 per cent of the total weight of the soil) than oats on a marshy clay. — p. fireman. On the value of soil analyses for ascertaining the fertilizer requirements of soils, M. Weibull (Malmd. Ldits K. H iishdll. .Sdllsh: Kvrili^-^hr., 190.j, No. 3, pp. o!)2-597). — The article gives a brief summary of the author's views with regard to the practical value of soil analysis, based largely on the experience gained (luring several years' field experimentation on Swedish farms, in connection with chemical and mechanical analyses of the soils on which crops were grown. He concludes that determinations of the nitrogen and phosphoric-acid contents of a soil are of no practical value, since all normal soils respond to nitrogenous fertilization, irrespective of their nitrogen content, and no definite relation has been found between the phosphoric-acid content of the soil and the manner in which they respond to applications of this ingredient. As regards potash, three points should be kept in view, the potash content of the soil, its stiffness (con- tent of clay), and the crop to be grown thereon. If a soil contains less than the following average percentages of potash .soluble in warm hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.1), it is nearly always benefited by potash fertilizers: Heavy, medium, and light clay soils, 0.25, 0.20, and 0.15 per cent, respectively: clayey sandy and sandy soils, 0.12 per cent. Potatoes, barley, and other crops which need considerable soluble potash call for potash fertilizers when grown on a soil containing as nuich as or less potash than given; on the other hand, oats under similar conditions will not require potash. As regards lime, the reaction of the soil is important. Acid soils always require applications of lime, at least suflicient to change their reaction to neutral. Neutral soils as a rule only need lime when their content of assimi- lable lime is less than 0.25 per cent, or in the case of heavy clay soils, where an addition of quicklime or slaked lime will decrease their stiffness. Alkaline soils do not, generally speaking, need lime, but if very heavy may be imi)roved physically by applications of burnt or slaked lime, — f, w. woix, A contribution to practical soil analysis, M. Weibull (Chem. Ztg., 30 {1906), So. .7.0. p. 7,22: nhs. hi Chew. CeiithL. 1906. 77, No. 8, p. 103). — See abstract above. The relation of sodium to potassium in soil and solution cultures, .1. F. Bre.vzeale {Jour. Aincr. Chem. Soc, 28 {1906), No. 8, pp. 1013-1025, pi. 1).— This subject was studied in a series of experiments with wheat and one ex- 322 EXPERIMENT STATTON EECORD. periment with radishes by the pot and water-culture methods of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, the plants being grown for 15 to 19 days In solu- tions or 24 to 32 days In soils containing varying proportions of potash, soda, and other constituents, biit of equal concentration, and then being transferred for 2 or 3 days' growth in a full nutrient solution. It was observed that the general development of the plants was in the same relative order as their transpiration. The presence of sodium increased the transpiration and size of plants ex'en when there was an abundance of potash and other mineral con- stituents in the solution. As a rule, however, the effect of soda in increasing the size of the plant was not marked where no potash was present. In case of both soil and solution cultures " there was a greater demand for potassium in the plants wliidi had been growing in a [medium] which had received no potassium than in the plants which had always had a suflicient quantity of that element. . . . The absorption of potassium from the solution of the second period was strikingly decreased when sodium was present in the solution of the first period. . . . Plants which for the first period grew in a solution containing sodium liut no potassium drew less heavily upon the potas- sium of the full nutrient solution than the plants which for the first period grew in a solution containing neither sodium nor potassium. There was a greater absorption of potassium where sodium had been absent than where it had Iteen present." The deficiency of potash resulting from systems of fertilization in Bel- gium, Vekstraete {Bui. Soc. Chim. Belg., 19 {1905), A'o. 8-9, p. 267). — Figures are presented to show that the systems of fertilization practiced during many years past in Belgium have resulted in a decline in total and available potash. The loss of nitrogen from soils in fertilizing with nitrate of soda, J. Stoklasa, J. .Jelinek, and A. Ernest (Zfschr. Zuchcriudus. Bohmcn, 30 {1906). No. 5, pp. 223-233; ahs. in Chem. CentU., 1906, I, No. 11,, pp. IISI, 1182; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London]. 90 {1906), No. 523, II, p. 303).— Culture tests in Gil- tay-Aberson solutions with various samples of soils rich in humus and of Bohemian sugar-beet soils are reported, which show that when glucose and salts of citric acid were present there was a considerable loss of nitrogen by deni- trificatlon. Other experiments with extracts of the soils inoculated with Bac- terium, hartlebi indicated that the soils were deficient in organic substances which could serve as a source of carbon for denitrifying organisms. The authors therefore conclude that with proper tillage these soils would not lose nitrogen in the free state. The natural losses of nitrogen from soil and the use of nitrate of soda, L. Grandeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 11 {1906), No. 18. pp. 553, 55Jf). — A brief discussion of this subject based upon investigations made at Rothamsted (E. S. R.. 17, p. 533). Nitrification as studied by means of drainage water, J. Hudig {Cultura, 18 {1906). No. 211. pp. l.',9-163, fig. i).— Studies by Sjollema of the drainage water of 6 plats of land, each 300 square meters in area, during 4 years are reported. The results show that the loss of nitrogen in the drainage water was very small and practically negligible. Even when nitrogen was applied in the spring in form of ammonium sulphate the losses were not large unless heavy rains occurred at the time. The nitrogen is apparently rapidly taken up by the young growing plants at this season of the year and only a small portion is free to pass into the drainage. The greatest losses occur in the fall, when the soil Is bare and heavy rains occur, the nitrates having accumulated in large quantities during the warmer period of the year. Large losses at this season SOILS FERTILIZERS. 323 are, however, prevented by the growing of cover crops. Ohservations on the .same subject l).v Hall at lioth.-mistetl are also reviewed. The study of nitrification in soils by means of drainage water investiga- tions (2Jilt. Dent. Lundu: GescIL, 21 (lOOG), No. IS, pp. 195-203. flys. 2).— This article is based upon reviews of the llothauisted work by Miller and Hall and Bieler (E. S. R., 8, p. 63G ; 17, p. 542), and of Sjollema's investigations in Holland by Ilndig (see p. 322). The role of organic matter in nitrification, A. Muntz and E. Laine (Compt. h'ciid. Acad. Sci. \l'ari.s\. I.',2 (I'.KiC), \o. S, pp. .'iJO-J/S.j ; abs. in .Jour. Chcm. -S'oc. [Londuii], 90 (1906). Xo. rj2J,'l/, p. 2.9S).— In view of the fact that Wino- gradsky has shown that organic matter is not necessary to the growth of nitrifying micro-organisms and that there is a general opinion that the pres- ence of organic matter is a disadvantage rather than advantage in the growth of such organisms, the authors undertook to determine the true relation of organic matter to nitrification. Witii this purpose in view they studied the rate of nitrification in neutral anuiioiiiuui huinate prepared from garden soil and in a solution of sulphate of ammonia containing an equal amount of nitro- gen. They also studied the rate of nitriticati\. \(i. .?. /)/*. 1.^8, l:i'.)). — This is ji review of a report published by the niiuister of public works of Bel.ijiiiin, discussing esi>e('ially tlie inetliod of preparing anunoniuni sulphate l)y s.-ituration of gas liquors with sulplnirii- nc'id. The annual production of I'.elgiuni is stated to be about 14,700 tons, 4,000 tons coniing from gas works and 10,700 tons from furnaces. Crude ammonia, L. Bkroeugn (Jour. Af/r. Prat., n. scr., 12 (IIKKl), Xo. .)',', /III. 777-/7.9. fi!/. /). — The composition and use as fertilizer, weed destroyei", ;ind inscH'ticido of tliis l)y-iiroduct of gas making are briefly discussed. The cnniju'sition of the in:>teriMl varies witliin tlie following wide limits: Water 10 t(p -7) per cent, ferrocyanid ." to ^~>. free ammonia 0 to '2. annnonium sulphate (>.."• to .">. sulphiicyanogen O.o t(i 7, annnonium cyanid O.o to 1, free sulphur 20 to ■i'l. It is estimated that towns using gas produce about 1 ton of this material annually per 1.000 inhabitants. It is claimed that the material may be used with advantage as a fertilizer if applied from li to 2 months before seeding. .\pplied at the rate of :>0 gm. per square foot the material has bi>(>n found to be ;i very effective weed destroyer. It has also been found to lie (|uite useful in (-(imbating nematodes, ph.vlloxera. and other parasites. ( Se<' also ]•;. S. R., 17, piL ;>.-.l. 1142.) Six years' field experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers at Pare des Princes, L. Grandeau i./oiir. Ai/i: I'rai.. ii. scr., Jl (1906), No. 23-2//. pii. 1(12, 7().i). — Field experiments on potatoes and corn fodder with different forms of nitrogenous fertilizers combined with various other fertilizing materials are briefly sunnnarized, the results indicating that in general on a dry sandy soil jioor in lime the action of nitric nitrogen is decidedly superior to that of ammo- ni:ic;il or organic nitrogen. Investigations on the changes which occur in the fermentation of manure, P>. Sjollema and J. C. de Kuijteb de Wildt (Cultiira, 18 (1906), Nos. 210, pp. G6-89, figfi. 2; 211, pp. 130-1 Jfl, fig. 1). — The apparatus and methods used and the results obtained in studies of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of manure at different temperatures are discussed and pot tests of fresh manure and that fermented under different conditions, in comparison with other fertilizers, are reported. The investigations show that under certain conditions there may be a large loss of free nitrogen from fermenting manure, the extent of the loss depending hirgely upon the air supply. If the supply of air is cut off the loss of nitrogen in this foiMu ceases. If air is freely admitted and the tempera- ture" maintained at about .lO" C. annnonia is rapidly formed, but no free nltrng(>n is evolved. Excluding air, however, does not entirely prevent the formation of ammonia. Temperature appears to be a very important factor in deternnning the character of changes which occur. By fermentation at a low temperature with a deficient air snpi)l.v. nitrogen compounds are formed which are not rcadil\- available tu plants. The I'eadily .available albunnnoid nitrogen of m;innr(> is assimilated by plants (hiring the first year, and in case of some kinds of manure more than one-third of the nitrogen is taken up by plant roots within a few months. The anmionia content is not an exact measure «.f the effectiveness of the nitrogen in stable mamn-e. Experiments with lime as a preservative of manure, M. Weibull (K. I.diiilthr. Akad. Tfaiidl. och TnWcr., J/.') (1906), So. 1, pp. .i-l.'i ; (ths. in Chem. Zlg.. .V) (1906), No. 62, Repert. No. 25, p. 2-5 J/). — Experiments wei'e made by the author duriTig the years 1908—4 to study the preserving effect of lime on barn- yard mamire, and during the seasons 1903-1905 to study the fertilizer value of common and limed manure for wheat, potatoes, mustard, and fodder beets. 326 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The average losses of the manure in weight, organic matter, total nitrogen, and aunnonia during 3 to 3^ months were as follows : For common manure, loss in weight 25.9 per cent, organic matter 26.3, total nitrogen 16.5, and ammonia 40.7. For the limed manure (the lime being applied at the rate of 1.2 kg. per head daily) : Loss in weight 22.3 per cent, organic matter 22.2, total nitrogen 16.9, and ammonia 41.6. The results of the field trials showed that, in the case of all the crops experimented with, the limed and the common manure possessed a similar fertilizer effect, thus indicating that these crops are able to appropriate similar amounts of nitrogen fi'om both kinds of manure when this is well cared for and handled in a similar way. — r. w. woll. Does didyniium chlorid, a new disinfectant and preservative material, injuriously affect plant growth? O. Bottcher (Deut. Landw. Pressc, 32 {1905), 'No. 90, PI). 752, 753; ahs. in Cciifhl Agr. Chew., 35 (1906), No. 7, pp. 451, 1,52).— Experiments are reported which indicate that this material, which is now being put on the market in Germany at prices which permit of its use as a disinfectant and preservative, is an effective preservative of manure and, in amounts neces- sary for this purpose, has no injurious effect upon plants. The relation between the care of liquid manure and its content of valuable fertilizing constituents, A. Stutzer and P. Yageler {FiUiUng's Landw. Ztg., 55 (1906), No. 10. pp. 33S-3ff8). — Analyses of a large number of samples of liquid manure produced under a variety of conditions of care and management are reported, showing wide variations in composition with different methods of preparation and handlini,'. Phosphates in New Zealand, B. C. Aston (Neio Zeal. Dept. Agr., Clicm. Div. Bid. 1, pp. 10, pis. li, figs. Jf). — The deposits of phosphate which have already been discovered and exploited in New Zealand are briefly described and the terms of a bonus offered to encourage further discovery of phosphates in the island are explained. One of the most important recent discoveries of phosphates is that occurring in limestone pockets near Clarendon, Otago. " New Zealand mineral phosphate, which has hitherto been found in workable quantities only at Milburn and Clarendon, Otago, has a dirty yellowish-white or light-gray color. Some specimens exhibit a decided pink tinge in patches. It is usually amorphous (non-crystalline), but thin veins of crystalline apatite have been found at Clarendon. . . . Since the discovery of phosphate at Claren- don some 15,000 tons of the fertilizer have been quarried, ground, and put on the market." Phosphates in Nantes, L. Goi.dschmidt {Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [V. »S'.], 1906, No. 2636. pp. 5, 6). — In connection with statistics of importation of phosphates into Nantes attention is called to the fact that formerly phos- phates of high grade were imported into this city from Mona Island on the east coast of Porto Rico, and while the exploitation of these deposits ceased after a relatively short period it is believed that they may be worked with advantage. The action of difficultly soluble phosphates on rye by means of lupines, A. Mayer {Deut. Landw. Presse, 33 {1906), No. 52, pp. 1,33, //34).— Field ex- periments are reported which show that insoluble phosphates applied to a pre- vious crop of lupines gave better results at less cost in case of the following ci'op of rye than superphosphate. The selection and use of fertilizers, W. P. Brooks {Farming, 2 {1906), No. 2, pp. 50, 51). — This article is based on the "better farming" talks delivered on the special trains recently run through New Eugland, and outlines briefly the principles which should guide in the purchase and use of fertilizei's. It advocates the purchase of high-grade fertilizers especially adajjted to the soil SOILS FERTILIZERS. 827 and iTup conditions in each casr. 'Plic .i;ro\\lli of Ix'cts on liuicd and ludinicd plats is I'ecomniondod as a yood i)i-actical luoans of delerniininj; wiiL'thcr llio soil is acid. The more j^cncrally useful results of IVrtilizci" cx[)eriiiiouts on various croi)s at the Massachusetts Station are hrietly sunnnarized. Food for plants (\cir York: William S. Mijcrs, 1905, rev. ed., pp. 2-'il, fiffs. .'/.i). — This is a new cdilion, with sniiplcnicntary notes, of this couipilatiou pre- pared mainly from tlie \vritinj;s of Josepli Harris and from the work of the various aj^ricultural experiment staticms. Xotes and tables ^'iviiii; miscellane- ous information are included. Commercial fertilizers, (i. Uobkuts {(Uilifoniia Hhi. Bid. 119, pp. 57-8.3). — This bulletin j^ives the results of fertilizer iuspectiou for the second half of the fiscal year l!tOr>-(;, the results of the first half year having been pul)lished in Bulletiu 17;^ of the station (K. S. K., 17, p. 1051). It reports examination of 230 samples of fertilizinj^ materials, of which "22 were sent by farmers luider the two-dollar fee provision. .~)C. were talI were lalven by inspectors from f::oods in the hands of agents and manufacturers." The valuation of fertilizers is brielly discussed and suggestions are made regarding the purchase of fertilizers. Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, II. r>. McDonnell ET Ai.. {.]/(!. Ai/r. Col. Qinirl.. 1901), Xo. .i.3, pp. 511). — Tables are given which show the guaranteed and actual composition and comparative value per ton of fertilizers inspected by the Slate chemist from February to July, 190G, inclusive. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Frear (Penti. Dept. Ayr. Bid. I42, Pit. 01). — This bulletin gives the results of fertilizer inspection in Pennsylvania (luring the 5 months ended December .'>!, 100."). A review of jDrogress in the fertilizer industry for the year 1905 (Zlsclir. AiKjew. Chem., 19 {1900), No. S2, pp. 1390-1392).— Thin is a Iirief review of progress made, (»s[)ecially in Germany, during the year in enlargement of plants and in development and improvement of milling and mixing machinery, methods and processes, and products. Considerable progress was made during the year in the enlargement of factories with their own sulphuric-acid plants, but the l)usiness was handicajiped by a scarcity of labor and the profits were not large. The fertilizer season records, W. L. Summers {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. So. Aust., 10 (19(10). Xo. J. p. iS).— Statistics are given of the fertilizer trade in South Australia for the period 1897-190G. It is shown that the use of fertilizers has increased from .■J.OOO tons on 00,000 aci-es in 1897 to .59,000 tons on 1,321,000 acres in 1900. Of the fertilizers now used it is estimated that 95 per cent consist of superphosphates in some form or otlier. Consumption of fertilizers, season of 1905-6 {Amer. Fort., 25 {1906), No. 2, pp. 12. 13). — Statistics are given for Mississippi, North Carolina, West A'ir- giiiia. Kentucky, Florida, Missouri. Alabama, Tennessee, Texas, and California. Sludge treatment in relation to sewage disposal, J. D. Watson {Eiigiii. Itec, 5.'t {1900), Xo. 9. i)i). 225, 2.'iG-2'i9). — The author reports experiments at Birmingham, England, in which exceedingly satisfactory results were obtained with the .septic tank treatment for separating suspended matter from sewage, the sludge being disposed of on land. It is claimed that with the plant used the sewage of 900,000 people is dis[)osed of without any object ionable odors at a cost of about 5 cts. i)er i-ubic; yard of wet sludge. The sewage is allowed to flow through a series of septic tanks at an average lineal velocity of about 1.2 ft. iici- mimite; "the street wash and other coarse detritus are deposited in llie lirst <(impaitmenl of the septic tanks and removed about once a week; a large j)ortiou of what might be termed 'grit chamber 328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. deposit' is pumped forward into the septic tanlcs ; the deposit in tlie septic taiilkS is reduced to an inodorous bunius mass by bacterial activity ; and at intervals of about seven weelvs or so the inodorous septic sludge is pumped upon adjoining lands, covering the same to a depth of some 8 to 10 in. . . . By absorption and evaporation the loss of water causes this sludge to be reduced to somewhat less than half its original buUc, and there results a fairly dry mass which thus far has been of little service for purpose of cultivation." Rye gave unsatisfactory results on soil treated with sludge in the manner described. Italian rye grass gave better results. In black soil mixed with an equal amount of the sludge about one-third of various garden seeds germinated, but did not mature. " It was therefore quite clear that it was a mistalce to run so much sludge on the surfate of the land at one time, and in sul)sequent working not more than half the amount of sludge has been jjut on the surface of the ground, with far more satisfactory results." AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Flora of the State of Washington, C. V. Piper (U. S. ^al. .l/».s'., Contrih. Nat. Herbarium, 11, pp. 637, pis. 22, iiiai> 1). — An account is given of the flora of the State of Washington, based upon the author's study of the plants of that State during a period of 20 years. The principal aim in the work is to present a summary of our present knowl- edge of the vascular plants of Washington and to call attention to some of the more important taxonomic and ecological problems which are disclosed. The author describes the early botanical explorations of Washington, and gives an account of the physiography, geology, and climate of the State, after which he discusses the distribution of plants and gives an account of regions of peculiar botanical interest. Following this an annotated catalogue of the species of vas- cular plants of Washington is given, and an extended bibliography and index completes the publication. Absorption of atmospheric moisture by desert shrubs, V. M. Spalding (Bill. ToiTcij Bot. Cluh, 33 {IDOO. Vo. 7, pp. 367-375) .—The author has b?en led to investigate the subject of the absorption of water directly from the atmosphere by leaves and other aerial parts of plants, and in the present paper gives a sunnnary of his investigations. It is found that of 12 species of desert perennials subjected to experiment all exhil)ited some slight capacity for direct absorption of water from the atmos- phere, but in general the amount absorbed is very insignificant in comparison with that given off in corresponding periods in dry air. So far as the observa- tions go, there appears to be no evidence that the quantities of water so absorbed are utilized in the body of tlie iilant. The rapidity with which the water thus absorbed is returned to the atmosphere suggests that the process is a physical one and of no physiological significance. This investigation seems to show that the roots of desert plants constitute their only reliable active agent in providing a normal water supply. The relation of desert plants to soil moisture and to evapoi'ation, B. E. IjIvinoston (Curiicgic lust. WdsJihifitoii PiiJi. '>(). pp. 7S. fli/s. 16). — Studies were carried on at the desert laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, which is located near Tucson, Ariz., with reference to the relation between certain desert plants and their physical environment. The studies recorded are the results of an attempt to determine some facts in regard to the minimum water supply with which desert plants can thrive. After discussing the relation of the soil and atmosphere the author takes AGRlCtTLTTJRAL BOTANY. 329 up tlio study of llie pl.iiil. Till' iniiiii physical ractnr wliifli was found to (icItTiiiiiK- till' nature of the vej^etalion oil 'ruiiiainoi' Hill near the laboratory was the water relation. Except duriiii; tiie i-ainy seasons, the soil on thid hill is far too dry for most i)lants. and only |]ios(> forms can live there that are ada[)tetl to tlry soils and a hiiih I'ate of e\aporation. Studies of the mininunn water suiii)ly for fjorniination of seeds were also made. With desert plants such as /'(UKjiiicria xplciidciis and the fihint i-aetu^M germination took ])lace in soils eontaininj,' from 1.") to 12() ])er cent of moisture. For purposes of comparison a number of seeds of cultivated ])lants were investigated in the same way. and it was found that Mexican beans and wheat germinated in l."> |)er cent, but more vigorously in 20 per cent moisture in the soil; the cultivated balsam germinated slightly in 2(» ])cr cent. Imt nnicli better in 25 per cent; radishes failed to germinate in soil containing less than 20 lier cent moisture, and red clover did not germinate until a moisture content of at least 25 per cent had been reached. lu summarizing his conclusions, the author states that the deei)er soil layers of Tumamoc Hill contain at the end of the dry season a water content adequate to the needs of those desert plants which are active during the months of drought. The soil moisture is conserved very largely by the high rate of evaporation and the conseciuent formation of a dust mulch. Desert plants show an adaptation to existence in dry soil, being able to exist in soils somewhat drier than those needed by ])lants of humid regions, but this adaptation is comparatively slight and is not considered of primary importance. The downward penetration of precipitation water is slow in the soil itself, but comparatively rai>id on the whole on account of the presence of numerous obli(iue rock surfaces along which the flow is not markedly impeded. By the nuddle of the summer rainy season all of the soil except the first few centimeters is sufficiently moist to allow the germination and growth of most plants. The seeds of FoiK/iticria si)lrii(leii-s and Cerriis f/if/onfnis failed to show any special adaptation to germination in soils drier than those needed by such seeds as beans and wheat. Immediately following germination the seedlings of desert plants exhibit r. slow aerial growth, but an exceedingly rapid elongation of the ])rimary roots, so that these should soon attain to depths where moistui'e is alway.s ]»resent in an amount adequate for growth. The high moisture-retaining jtower of the soil where these investigations were carried on holds near the surface much of the water received from single showers and offers excellent oj)portunity for the rapid absori)tion of this by shallow-growing plants, such as the cacti. In tlie conduct of these exix riments the author found that the effect of air currents in increasing evaporation and transpiration is so great that measure- ments of n.ntural transpiration can not be made in closed chambers, and by me;ins of a si)ecially devised apparatus a physiological regulation of the rate of transpiration was shown to exist in the forms studied. The regulation of transpiration seems to be controlled by air temperature, the checking of water Mjss beginning to be effective between 7'.)° and !KP F., and disaiipearing between 75° and S0° F. A study of the variations in the nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the juices of succulent plants, d their maxima at the same periods i>\' growth. The content of nitric acid in tlu' juice was always comparatively large. 380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cyanogenesis in plants, IV- V, W. R. Dunstan, T. A. Henky, and S. J. M. AuLD (rroc. Hoy. Soc. [LundonJ, Her. B, 78 {1906), No. B523, pp. 145-158). — The authors are making a systematic investigation of various plants with a view to ascertaining definitely whether they contain phaseolunatin. They have already reported upon the presence of this glucoside in Phaseolus lunatus (E. S. R., 15, p. 55G), and in the present papers they deal with investigations with flax and cassava plants. Previous investigators have reported the presence of a glucoside, linamarin, in flax, and the authors' studies have been carried on to determine its possible identity with phaseolunatin. In the isolation of the glucoside it is found that the flax plant differs from Lotus arahicus and Sorghum vulgare, which show a steadily increasing amount of glucoside until the plant approaches maturity, after which it decreases until there is none present in the seed. In the flax the seed contains a small amount of glucoside, which increases on germination, and reaches a maximum when the plants have attained a height of 2 or 3 in., after which it gradually diminishes and finally disappears. The authors Iso- lated the' glucoside from flax plants about 4 or 5 in. in height in which stems, leaves, and roots were used. The material obtained was compared with phaseolunatin. and the two substances proved to be identical. A study of the euzym of the flax showed that it would hydrolyze phaseolunatin from the seeds of Phaseolus lunatus and vice versa, so it seems probable that the euzym in both plants' is identical. In the second paper a report is given on the occurrence of phaseolunatin in cassava plants, the studies being made largely of the rind of the bitter root, which was specially prepared for the investigation. From this material a glucoside was separated w-hich does not differ in any way from that obtained from the other plants mentioned above, and the euzym is closely related to, if not identical with, the emulsin-like ferment obtained from the seeds of P. lunatus and from young flax plants. It appears from the investigations that these plants, representing three widely separated orders, contain the same glucoside. Additional species of rosaceous plants containing hydrocyanic acid, L. GuiGNARD {Voiitpt. lUiid.Acud. *s'ci. [Paris], 11,3 (1906), No. I4, pp. Ji51-Jf58). — Hitherto most of the species of rosaceous plants that have been reported to contain hydrocyanic acid in their foliage have belonged to the tribe Prunew. The author made extended investigations and found that a considerable num- ber of species belonging to other tribes also contain hydrocyanic acid in their leaves. The amounts present vary from a mere trace to as great a content as that reported for the cherry laurel. The number of species known to contain hydrocyanic acid is about double that previously reported. The latent vitality of seeds, P. Becquerel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 142 (1906), No. 26, pp. 15Jf9-1551). — The author reports investigations on 550 species of seed, representing 30 of the more important families of plants, the seeds having been kept in storage from 25 to 135 years. In the experiments at least 10 seeds were selected, carefully washed in sterilized water, and partially decorticated so as to make the integuments permeable. They were then placed on aseptic cotton under glass covers and kept at a imiform temperature of 28°. The results of the investigations are given in detail. Eighteen out of 1)0 leguminous species germinated, as well as 3 species of Nelnmbium seed, 1 species of Malvacete, and 1 of Labiatfe. These seeds ranged in age from the season of 1819 to 1878, and in the case of one species of Nelumbium to 1888. No seed germinated belonging to any of the Graminea?, Liliacete, Urticete, Polygouaceti', Chenopodiacene, Ranunculaceie, Eu- PlELt) CROPS. B3l phorbiace.T, Crncifera'. Papaveracete, Rosaceae, Solanaceas Rorajiiiiiicca', Coiivol-^ vulacciv, ^'ol■b('lla(•«•i^', I'lantMiiinoa'. to (i(t years old, the author failetl to get any geniiination of a uunil)er that have been rreiiuently reported by other observers as having germinated after long periods of time. The oldest seed, whieli had retained its vitality for SO years, inc-huled :} species of leguminous seed protected by very thick integuments. In such seeds the seed coats seemed, through their impernieal)ility, to have brought about a thorough drying of tbe seed such as is artitif-ially i)roduced by drying over chemicals or in vai-uum. and in this \\a\- the reserve material was protecleil from oxidation. FIELD CROPS. Crop rotation, ,T. S. Cole {Saiitli Ihtkodi ,sl(i. liul. !)S, pp. 7.7-/0,"?). — Tbe experiment here reported has been in i)rogress since 181)7. F>arli(>r results liave been iireviously noted (E. S. li., l.">. p. 287), and a revised outline is here given. The purpose of the present bulletin is to show which crops reduce soil fertility and which maintain its productivity. The best order of succession of crops is also shown as indicated by these results. The best average yields of wheat were secured after either corn or potatoes. Results following these two in order of merit were obtained from summer fallow, millet, vetch, peas, wheat, and oats. The introduction of a tailtivated crop into the rotation was found to become more important as the conditions for the production of a maximum total crop were more unfavorable, especially if due to a dry season. It was foinid that wheat is a more particular crop than oats and recpiires a better place in the rotation. The culture of Canada lield peas and vetch increased the growth of straw in the following crops, but gave no material increase in the yield of grain. This was most marked where the peas were plowed under as green manure or fed off with lR)gs. Oreen manuring with peas has so far shown no benefits over a summer fallow. At the end of 8 years land growing wheat and corn alternately is producing better total crops of wheat than land growing wheat alternately with vetch and witli summer fallow. .Manuring laud gi'uwing wheat alone has so far not been profitable, but a decided ])rofit was secur(>d in manuring land for corn. Where the corn crop ^\•as manured a residual effect was observed for at least 4 years. It is believed that in tbe Ix'st rotations lor South Dal^ula tlic laud should l)i> sown to some perennial grass for a short t(>rm of years and tli;it brome grass is well adapted to this use. Flax was not more exhausti\(' of the fertility of the soil than the other gi'ain crops. Results of culture experiments in 1905 {.(Ihodlchinin Otchct I'lotij. Srlsk. Kfidz. Opidlii. sliiiitziJ. 11 il'.xi.')). itj,. .}:,-7,>. I.i.')-Lri). — In a dry season the inHnen good results. Of dill'crcnt commercial fertilizers used the phosphates were most effective, giving an apparent increase of l().r> per cent in the cereal crops and of 2.5 i)er cent in tlie crop of sugar beets. The leading varieties of winter wheat were Banat and Cham])agne. both e.-ii-ly sorts, yielding 1,770 kg. of grain per hectare, followed by Don. ;i medium early variety, with about the same yield. Owing to the dry .si>ason the spring wheat varieties gave but small yields, 8S2 EXPERTMEI7T STATION RECCED. with imliealions that Onlkn among the soft wheats and Harnovka and Epi noir among the hard wheats, are Ix'st adapted to the region. Some varieties of barley, inchiding Stoekmannsoder, Minnesota, and English D, matured in 101 days, while several others, Including JNIontana Chevalier, required 114 days. The heaviest grain-yielding A'arieties were Escourgeon du Midi, Bavarian, Hungary, and Chevalier, and the lightest grain-yielding varieties were Svalof, Pedigree, Wisconsin, and I'omelle. The results further showed that Escourgeon du Midi ranked first in stooling capacity and pro- duced the largest number of grains per head, and that Auvergne occupied first place in the weight per thousand grains. The blossoming of barley, C. Fkuwirth {Fii1ili)ig's Laiidir. Ztf/.. .To (1906), A'o. 16, pp. o-'i-'i-ooS). — Tile author reports the results of his own observations on the process of blossoming in tlie different kinds of barle.v and reviews the observations made by other Investigators in this same line of work. The respiration of barley, O. Qvam (Tidnskr. XorsJcc Landhr., 13 {1006), No. 6, pp. 263-28.^}. — Investigations were conducted to establish the relation between the germination of seeds and the amount of carbon dioxid given off in the process of germination, and to devise ultimatel.v a method by which the more rapid determination of the respiration of seeds might be substituted for germination tests. Similar work by other investigators is described, together with a report on the metliods and the apparatus used by the author. In the tests made it was observed that the quantity of carbon dioxid respired by the seeds increased with the increase in tenqierature and the moisture content of the grain. — f. w. woll. The study of corn, V. M. Shoesmith (Kdiisas Sta. Bill. 139. pp. 223-2Ji9, figs. 12). — This bulletin is a guide in elementary corn judging. Notes on the his- tory, types, and varieties of corn, rules fm- judging, discussion of ])oints of the score-card, and a description of corn breeding and improvement are given. Cotton culture in Korea {Diplo. ami Co».s. Rpts. [London], 1906. No. 65.^,, pp. 11). — A report is given on the rei-iiU of experiments in cotton culture in Korea. It is shown that upland cott.ni i ; apparentl.v well adapted to that country, the crop being considerably lieavier than that of the native plant. In a comparison of the 2 t.vpes of cotton the onl.y difference in season observed was in the bursting of tlie pod. which was later in the upland cotton on account of the larger boll produced. T'pland cotton gave a larger yield than the native variety even wlien the buds and superfluous shoots were not pinched out. The upland type not only gav(> a greater percentage of ginned cotton than th# native plant, but the fiber v\-a^'. also longer and finer. It is estimated that about 298,200 acres of cotton are grown i:i Corea, and that this area represents about 4.r> per cent of the total cultivated land of the countr.v. Improvement of cotton by seed selection, T. Thornton {West Indian Bill.. 7 {1906), No. 2, pp. 133-170). — A general discussion of the subject is given and the work with seed selection in P>arbados during 190r>-r> is described. It is stated that out of 204 plants first Kelcctel in the field only 14 gave satisfaction in all the characteristics exanuued. In determining the qualities of the samples the length of staple, the proportion of lint to seed, the pro- portion of wealv fibers, diameter of fibers, silkiness. and fineness was con- sidered, and the data thus secured are given in a tal)le. A test of commercial cultures for legumes, G. C. Butz {PeniiS!jlva)iia Hta. Bui. 7S, pp. 13). — Seed of alfalfa, vetch, so.v beans, and cowpeas innculated with a commercial culture was compared with the same kinds of seed not so treated in flowerpots filled with sterilized sand to which was added a nt.Lt) CROPS. 333 SufRcient quantity of mineral iilnnt food. Tlic object of the exporiinont was mainly to t(>st llic activity of tlu' b;ictcri;i !>>• tlic iirodnction of root iiodulos. Tlio germination in all cases seemed to show no clfccf dnc to tlic treatment. As to growth, alfalfa and soy beans showed no decided ailvantage from the use of the connnercial culture. In the case of vetch the bacterial culture had apparently been effective in one pot. With cowpeas slight ditferences in favor of inoculation were also perceptible. The same experiment was carried out in the field and the results in general confirm those obtained with pot culture. The soy beans which i)roduced no nodules in tlie |)ot-culture tests showed a dccidedl.N- lieavy iirodn<-tion in the field, and this was aitparently in favor of the inoculation. Culture tests with potatoes in 1905, H. J. Dannfelt and S. Riiodin (/v. Landthr. Akad. Ilaudl. och Tidski:, 1,5 (1906), No. 2, pp. 92-131).— X report on experiments conducted by the Royal Swedish Agricultural A<;ademy in 9 differ- ent coimties of Sweden. In the fertilizer tests at the experiment slaticin of the Royal Swedish Agri- cultural Academy the relative value of nitrate of soda, Norwegian lime niter, annnonium sulphate, and calcium cyanamid was studied. In each case .5."5.4 lbs. of nitrogen was applied per acre, with l.'j-i lbs. of potash in 87 per cent i)()tash salt, and 50 lbs. of citric-acid soluble phosphoric acid in the form of Thomas phosphate. The highest average yield, 27,871 lbs. per ap gave better results than planting 15 cm. or 5 cm. deei*. In the variety tests the largest yields of tubers were obtained from Evergood, Chieftain, and Nero Guardian, and the highest yields of starch from P>rocken, Diana. Modrow Industrie, and Sas. In starch content lirocken and \'ega rank(»d first with 19.5 per cent, being followed by Deutscher Reichskanzler with 18.5 per cent, and Saxonia with ]7.1 per cent. All the varieties mentioned were quite resistant to disease except Diana and Saxonia. Observations for a sei'ies of years on Swedish farms have shown tli.it tlie yields of Magnum Bonum during late years have been somewhat higher tlian before, while the starch content and the palatability of the tubers have de- creased. The disease resistance of the variety is essentially imchanged. The seed of 3 strains of Magnum Bonum potatoes, imported from Scotljind, showed a higher productive capacity and a greater resistance to disease than acclimated home-grown seed, but in starch content the tubers from the Scotch seed stood lower than those from the home-grown seed. — r. w. woi.i.. Potato culture experiments, 1905, M. Weibull kt al. {Malniii. Lilnf^ K. IlushaU. Hdllsk. Krrtlsskr., 1906, No. 1, pp. 120-169). — Cooperative experiments were conducted at 25 different farms in southern Sweden. Of the varieties B34 fiXtEBIMENT STATIOK RECORD. under test Agnelli headed the list with a yield of 2G.700 lbs. of tubers and 4,486 lbs. of starch per acre, the avei*age staix-h content being IG.S per cent. Fiirsst Bismarck, the variety ranking first in starch content with 19.5 per cent, yielded 18,307 lbs. of tubers and 3,5G9 lbs. of starch per acre. In fertilizer experiments, in which an application of 223 lbs. of nitrate of soda and ITS lbs. each of 20 per cent superphosphate and 37 per cent potash salt was used, the yield of potatoes was apparently increased from 20,897 lbs. — the yield of the unfertilized plats — to 24,950 lbs. per acre. The quantity of starch produced per aci*e on the unfertilized plats was 4,103 lbs. and on the fertilized plats 4,521 lbs. The use of the fertilizer, on the other hand, seemed to have decreased the starch content from 19.7 to 18.2 per cent. In another series of experiments with the same varieties of potatoes the effect of the application used in the previously described tests was compared with the I'esults secured from the use of 134 lbs. each of niti'ate of soda, 20 per cent superphosphate, and 37 per cent potash salt, given with 17,800 lbs. of barnyard manure per acre. The check plats yielded 17,827 lbs. of tubers per acre, the plats receiving commercial fertilizers alone 21,529 lbs., and the plats treated with commercial fertilizers and bai'nyard manure 24,048 lbs. The yield of starch for the 3 series of plats was 3,284 lbs., 3,622 lbs., and 4,121 lbs. per acre, and the average starch content 18.3, 16.8, and 17.1 per cent, respec- tively. F. W. WOLL. The influence of the vegetative period and of the fertilizer used on the chemical composition of potato tubers, P. Vageler (FiihUiig's Landw. Zty., 55 (1906), Xo. 16, pp. 556-563). — It is pointed out from the results of experi- ments that the specific gi-avity and the content of dry matter increase with the length of the vegetative period. Mineral matter and nitrogen were not taken up by the tubers after the end of July. As the vegetative period progressed the quantity of stored starch increased, the increase being greatest in August, but somewhat reduced in September. A general application of lime, barnyard- manure, or the two fertilizers given together, increased the water content, ash, chlorin, potash, total nitrogen, nitrogen-free extract, sugar, and dextrin of the tubers. The use of barnyard manure increased the quantity of crude fiber, while liming reduced it. Without a general application the use of potash increased the water, ash, chlorin, potash, and protein content, and in a lesser degree the nitrogen-free extract and sugar content, while phosi)horic acid increased in a lesser degree the moisture and ash content, the quantity of nitrogen compounds, with the exception of the amid and total soluble nitrogen content, and nitrogen-free extract. The nitrogenous fertilizers largely reduced the specific gravity, ash, phosphoric acid, starch, and crude fiber, while the quantity of all other components was increased by this treatment. In connection with liming, applications of potash gave an increase in the moisture content, ash, nitrogen-free extract, insoluble albuminoids, and starch. The use of phosphoric acid remained neutral with reference to water, total ash, chlorin, potash, protelds, and sugar, but its use increased the specific gravity and the phosphoric acid, total and insoluble nitrogen, and crude-fiber content, while the quantity of soluble ash, soluble amid, and albuminoid substances and starch were greatly reduced. An application of nitrogen favored an increase in specific gravity, water, phosphoric acid, and all nitrogenous substances with the exception of albuminoids. The quantity of total ash, soluble ash, chlorin, potash, starch, and to a very small degree crude fiber, were reduced through nitrogen fertilization. With barnyard manure as a general application potash increased the water FIELD CROPS. 335 content, the quantity of all ash components with the exception of phosphoric- acid, the insoluble uitroj^en, albumin and albimiinoid nitrogen, nitrogen-free extract, and the starch. All other constituents, as well as the specific gravity, were reduced. Phosphoric acid increased the quantity of water, the ash con- stituents with the exception of the soluble ash, which was greatly depressed, the nitrogen com])ounds, nitrogen-free extract, starch, and crude fiber. An application of nitrogen increased the (piantity of water, the total and soluble ash, chlorin. and especially the nitrogen content, while it had no effect on the starch content and reduced the specific gravity. Where lime and barnyard manure were used as a general dressing, potash applied as a fertilizer favored an increase in si)ecific gravity, total ash, solui)le ash, chlorin. jiotash. phosphoric acid, albuminoid nitrogen, and starch; showed no eft"ect on the moisture and nitrogen-free extract content, and decreased the (pumtity of all other constituents. Phosphoric acid had a favorable influence on the water, total ash, chlorin. potash, phosphoric acid, total and albuminoid nitrogen, nitrogen-free extract, starch, and cnide hiier. 'I'his i-esnlt was analo- gi>- 2!)S-300). — Results secured at the state experiment stations for plant cultiu'e in Denmark showed that during the period 1895-1904 Bretagne and I'etkus rye were the most valuable varieties under test. — f. w. woll. Comparative tests with varieties of sugar cane, C. F. Eckart {Haxvaiian Siiffar Planters' Sta.. Div. Affi: and Chew. Bid. 11, pp. 20). — The results of a plant crop of 17 varieties of sugar cane were reported in Bulletin No. 12 of this station (E. S. R., 17, p. 761), and the data given in this bulletin refer to the ratoon ci-op of this same planting. Those results, including sugar yields and the (luality of the .iuices, are compared with the plant cane results previously reported. Tn addition, the results secured with introduced seedling canes together v.-ith a few native and other varieties are also given. The tables pre- sented also include information regarding the check of growth in the cane due to the winter season and the relative rapidity of recovering normal development under favorable conditions. All results are tabulated without comment. Macaroni or durum wheats, J. H. Shepard (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 99, pp. 105-115). — This bulletui is a continuation of Bulletin 92 of the station ( E. S. R., 17, p. 2(>9). As heretofore, comparisons with Russian, Mediterranean, and miscellanoous macaroni wheats were made, and the data secured are tabulatiMl with brief conmients. Kubanka 5039 for 190-1: and 1905 yielded the largest ]ier cent of protein. It was observed that the total protein was less in all varieties in a wet season than in a dry one, but it is considered evident that the durum wheats will not suffer protein dinunution in that climate. The bread and macaroni tests showed that tlu- loaf volume did not vary greatly among the better varieties. Arnautka and Wild (Joose, two heavy yielding varieties, were compared with the other soils, bnt they showed no |iiirticular superiority in any of these tests. It is pointed out tliat the durum wheats carry iiior(> protein than the bread wheats, but that the gliadin content is usually lower, and that apparently the greater per cent of gluten offsets in a measure the lack of gliadin in bread making. The results secured during the years 1904 and 1905 are regarded as reaffirm- 336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing those reported in 1903. On the strength of these experiments Kubanka 5639 is recommended for more general use. HORTICULTURE. Studies in plant breeding in the Tropics, R. H. Lock {Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, 2 (190',), ^'u. 2. pi). 299-356; {1905), No. 3, pp. 5.57W,i ', ).— The author gives brief historical notes on the general subject of plant breeding, giving special attention to the results secured by ]\Iendel and the confirmation of these by more recent experimenters. Details are also given of a large amount of the oxperiuiental work by the author in crossing various cultivated peas with native jx'as. Tlie results obtained in these experiments are in the main contirmatory of those secured l)y Mendel, although several exceptions occurred. A bibliography of SO papers on various phases of i)lant breeding is included. Truth about ginseng culture, W. M. Evans {Rural New Yorker, 65 {1906), No. 2951, p. 121). — The author discusses the condition of 3 ginseng plantations of considerable size which he recently visited. The ginseng had l»een planted for 3 or 4 years and involved an initial outlay of considerable money. Blight has seriously injured the growth and productiveness of the plantations in every instance. Two of the i)lantations have been practically abandoned and the third has not begun to pay expenses. Seed packing for the Tropics, W. II. Patterson {Gard. Citron., 3. ser., J/O {1906), No. 1033, p. 255). — (termination tests were made of seed sent from England to the West Indies in ordinary paper packets. The tests were made (1) on receipt of the seed, (2) at the end of the month, (3) at the end of 2 months. The seeds germinated well at the end of the first and second months and fairly well at the end of the third month in the case of beans and peas. It is not deemed advisable to attempt to grow seeds that have been kept for a longer period than this in the Tropics. Data are also given for a similar test with a large numlier of vegetable seeds sent out from Kew. As a result, the writer thinks it is not so much a ques- tion of the temperature and moisture as of ravages of small ants and weevils after the arrival of the seed in the Tropics. Fruit industry {Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [V. 8.], 1906, No. 2616, pp. 1-6). — Statistics are given showing the total exports of fruits from the United States to different European countries in 1905. The largest amount of green and canned fruit is shipped to Great Britain, while Germany is our greatest purchaser of dried fruits, many of which are used for the manufacture of jelly, marmalade, etc. The total exports of fruit for the year ended June 30, 1906, were valued at .*? 14,964, 158. In 1904 the value was $20,347,699, and in 1905 $15,2P7,391. Statistics and fruit-crop report, A. W. Peart {Proc. Conference Fruit Groicers Canada, 2 {1906), pp. 19-26). — Tables of statistics are given showing the number of bearing and non-bearing fruit trees in Canada and each of the provinces in 1901, the yields of the same in bushels and an estimate of the value. Data on the yields, value, and acreage of grapes and small fruits are also given, and tables showing the apples exported from Canada during each of the 10 years jirevious to .Tune 30, 1904, and the countries to which they were shipped. Varieties of fruit for the home orchard, H. L. Price {Virginia 8ta. Bui. 161, pp. 123-1 Jf.'f, figs. 13). — Brief descriptions are given of a few of the bet- ter varieties of each of the different orchard and small fruits which may be HORTICULTURE. 837 };i-()\vii ill tli(> lioiiic ii.'irdcii. Directions iirc ;ilsu .^'ivcii for laying tud.v of wliy the dryiiii,' wind of llio fall sirocc') is so iiiiicli more iii.jiirious to citrus fruits tliaii earlier in 11i(> season. Anatomical stndies were made of the leaves of a iiumher of cilrns fruits sncli as tiic (U-aiit^e. citron, mandarin, pomelo, sour orange. <'fc. (lenorally it was found that the resistance to the dryiiij; wind was j,'reater in yoiim: leaves ilian in old Iea\-es. Hence, in the sprinji and simnnei', when the circulation of sap is most rapid, these winds are less iiijurioiis than later when the leaves become older and sap circulation is much slower. In order to avoid llie injurious eflecls ( f the drying,' winds so far as ]iossilile it is sug- .iiestcd tlial llie li'ees he ]iruneil in summer lime. This will c;nise ih>w shoots to i)usli out. Iiearini; fresh ycuin.L; lea\-es, which will he more resistant at the iim(> of the autuinn sirocco. Tins iiniiiini; must he done with considei'alile (^iscri'tion, of course, as the removal of au.\' Lu'ire parts of the leaves would seri- ously injure the maturinj; of the fruit. It was .also found that when the cultivated oranges are grafted on sour orange stock the s.np circulation was not as free as when other stocks were used. Hence stock.s other than soiu* orange are urged. Oil palm culture, L. Strunk (Tropciipfianzer, JO (1006), No. 10, pp. 637- 6"./2). — I'bysical analyses are given of the fruit of a number of varieties of oil lialm grown in Kameriui and also of the fruit produced on seedling trees from iirodnctive mothers. With the better varieties of oil palms the propor- tion of kernel to shell was usually greater than 1:2, while in the varieties usually grown the relation of kernel to shell varied from 1 : .3 to 1:4. Seed- lings grown from productive oil-bearing mothers did not uniformly inherit the tendency to oil productiveness. Seed from the seedlings, however, which werc^ rich in oil is to be planted to see if a strain rich in oil can not be secured v.hicb will come true to seed. Mulberries, II. II. Hume and F. C. Reimer (North Carolina Sia. Bid li).), pp. S9-5D, fujs. 11). — This Imlletin gives iHipula:- directions for the propagation, planting, cultivation, .•lud pruning of mulberries, with descri])tions of 1.") of the more imjiortant varieties. One of the characteristics claimed for the mulberry is that the fruit rijicns over a period of several months. The tree is a rapid grower and the abun- dance of fruit jiroduced makes it specially useful for planting around stables and chicken and stock .yards. As the fruit is greatly relished by birds a few mulberry trees planted in the orchard serves as a protection to other more valuable fruits. Canning pineapples (ilex/ liidiiin liiil.. 7 U!>0(!), No. 2, pp. 17S-1S5). — - Statistics are given showing the exports of fresh and canned pineapples from tlu' Bahamas, with an account of the metliods of canning pineapples followed in Hawaii, the P.;iliamas, .laniaica, and the Straits and Federated Malay States. Viticulture in New Zealand, R. Bragato (Nrii-; Zrnl. Drpt. Apr.. Mt. Div.. V.tiKi. pp. GO. fii/s. .3.i). — This is :i handbook for the use of viticulturists in New Zealand, giving detailed directions for tlii' culture of grapes. Green manuring in tea culture in India, II. II. .Manx .ind (". .M. Hutch- inson (linlioii Tea Assoc. \ /'ainiilild \ i, Hiot;. pp. J. J, />/x. 10). — The value of a large number of ]ilants .as green manure for t'a i:i India is discussed at length .ind the results given of expi'riments made t ) determine the green manur- ing value of a few of the more prominent ones. 338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. One of the best of the lefiuuiinous trees appears to be the sail (Albizzia stipulata). Statistics are given which show that tlie average yield of tea per bush near sau trees in one instance was 1.7 lbs., while on the same plat farther away from the trees the yield was but 0.8 lb. per bush. In another instance the yield is shown to have been increased 50 per cent when the bushes were grown near sau trees. The good effects of the sau tree are believed to be due in some instances to (1) the light shade that it casts, (2) the retention of the rainfall, (3) the manurial value of the flowers and fallen leaves, (4) the condition of the soil brought about by the extensive and ramifying root sys- tem, and (5) the ability of the trees to utilize free niti-ogen through the nodules on the roots of the trees. The root radius of trees 5 years old in one instance was found to be 55 ft., and the depth of the tap root 82 to 10 ft. Analyses of the soil near sau trees showed a slightly larger percentage of organic matter and a little more nitrogen than in the soil some distance away fi-om the trees. The method of growing this tree on tea plantations, as well as that of the dadap (Erythrina litJiospcnna) and boga-medeloa (Tcphrosia aniilMa) is given at length. Another valuable plant for green manuring tea is the bean Phascolns inungo. The increase in yield in tea where this plant has been used has varied from 12 to IG per cent. The value of such other plants as Crotohtria striata, pea- nuts, mustard, and i^eshaitia caiinahlna is also discussed. Treatment of deteriorated tea, H. H. Mann {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] 4, 1906, pp. 2Ji). — It has been noted that as tea plantations inci'ease with age the quantity of tea obtained is greatly lessened. The author considers the various factors which cause this and gives suggestions on methods of culti- vation, pruning, draining, green manuring, and the use of such fertilizers as cattle manure, oil cake, etc., for rejuvenating such old plantations. Report on a sample of cocoanut " water " from Ceylon, W. R. Dunstan {Trop. Ayr. and Mag. Ceilhm Agr. Soc., 26 {1906}, No. 5. i)p. 317, 578).— The water in the cocoanut was analyzed with a view to the manufacture of sugar from it should it be found in sufficient quantities. The results of the analyses were as follows: Water, 9G per cent; ash, 0.5 per cent; mannitol, 1.8 per cent; cane sugar, 0.1 per cent ; glucose, 0.9 per cent ; acid constituents, 0.48 per cent. A sample of water from ripe cocoanuts contained 2.6 per cent of cane sugar, 0.5 per cent of glucose, but no mannitol. Based on these data it is concluded that the manufacture of sugar from cocoanut water is not likely to be profitable, even though the material were a waste product. Experimental studies on the mechanical effects of frost on fruit and for- est trees, P. Sorauek {Landtc. Ja]irh., 35 {1906), A'o. //, pp. .'i69-.j25. pis. o). — The details are given of an extensive botanical studj^ to determine the physio- logical effects of early and late frosts on the mature and immature wood of a large number of fruit and forest trees, including the cherry, pear, apple, rose, linden, elm, beech, horse-chestnut, spruce, and oak. The effect of frost on dif- ferent wood tissues is shown in numerous plates illustrating cross sections of injured wood. Among the more important conclusions drawn are the following : The same degree of cold has a different effect on trees, depending on whether the twigs are still young and green or whether they are more nearly ripened and filled with reserve material. In the latter case the effects are chiefly mechanical, and are marked by a discoloration of the cell contents and a browning of the cell walls, while in the former, if the young twigs are not killed outright, the effects are primarily mechanical. The discolorations occur principally in the cambium and pith of the twigs, FORESTRY. 339 especially in the newest layers of peruiauent tissue, and affect corresponding zones in the leaf stems. In most woods the thin-wulled parenchyma, contain- ing crystals of oxalate of lime, is first affected. The first hreaks or ojienings in Ihe vascular bundles occur either in the region of the hard l)ast fibers or in the boundary region between I he cdnenchymatous tissues and the eiidodernus. The spiral vessels are especially susceptible to injury. In the line veins of the leaves these spiral vessels frequently showed a brown discoloration when the surrounding mesoph.vll was uninjured. Frost, however, does not act uuiforndy. Some of the tissue in the leaf may be brown while the remaining i>ai-ts are still green. 'I'lie dangci- from frost is greatest where the bud is attached, because of the large amount of i)arenchynui la proportion to the solid ring growth at this place. Frost injury is confined to the region affected and does not spread to new tissue as does a fungus disease. In addition to discoloration, frost causes many mechanical injuries, and the younger the twigs the greater the amount of such injury. Openings in the leaf and bark surfaces caused by frost are most numerous where the soft parenchyma tis.sue is united with more solid tissue. Injuries on the upper side of the leaf are generally distinguished by the collenchymatous tissue being split ajjart from the i)arenchyma lying underneath. Eruptions («f the vascular cylinder are generally manifested eitlicr in radial clefts within the medullary rays or in tangential cracks within the cambium region. In addition, many cavities appear in the pith and the bark i)arenchyma. The separated tissue within the cambium region gradually heals over, often presenting the appearance of a 2-years' ring growth. Sucli a])pearances are most frequently found directly under a bud place. The permanent wilted appearance of frost-injured twigs is due to th(> uplifting and splitting of the plant tissue. Leaves which when left on the branch show a wilted condition because the water in the tissue is frozen or has been forced out of the cells regain their normal turge.sence on placing the stems in waiter. English walnuts in New York, A. C. Pomeroy (Amcr. Afjr., 78 {1906), yo. /-J. pp. 2S9, 297, pf/.<<. .?).— The author states that in 1876 English walnuts were planted in Niagara County, New York, and that at the present time some of the better trees give an average annual yield of about 20 bu. of nuts. Sugges- tions are made on the culture of English w.ilnuts and illustrations of the trees and nuts are given. The pecan and its culture, II. II. IIu.mk {I'ctcrshurti. \ ii.: Amer. Fruit and Xut Jojir., 1!)06, pp. I'tO, pis;. 10, ihjx. .?,S). — A compact treatise on pecans, treating of the botany, varieties, various cultural operations including harvest- ing and marketing, and the diseases and insects, the uses of the luits, and a hililiography of 23 papers on the suliject. Ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants in Minnesota, S. B. Grekn (M iinicsotd Sta. Hid. fXi. pp. 2,V.)-3')U fKjx. 1(1')). — Brief popular descrip- tions are given of a large luunber of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants which can be successfnll.y grown in INIimiesota, with some general rules for i)lanting. making lawns, planting for special effects, and winter protection of p(>rennial i)lants. .\ ])ronunent feature of the bulletin is the unusually large number of illusti-atioiis of different ornamental plants showing their uses for adornment. FORESTRY. Chestnut in Connecticut and the improvement of the woodlot, A. F. II.VWES ( Connect iciif Sidle ,sl(i. Bill. l-')'/. pp. Jfl, pis. 11, fujs. 3). — "The purpose of this bulletin is to s<>rve as a guide for the better management of (mr woodlots." Suggestions on making iuiiirovcnieiit thiiniing, and tables based 13087— No. 4— OG M 1 340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. on the stem analyses of over 400 chestnut trees grown in Connection L showing the volume in cubic feet and cords of trees of different diameters, and the application of volume tables in estimating the yield of stands are given. The uses of chestnut for fuel, ties, piles, telegraph and telephone poles, and lumber are discussed, and data given on the relative profits in growing and hand- ling each of these. The cost of cutting, logging, and sawing chestnut lumber is placed at between $5 and $6.25 a thousand ; of cutting, logging, and sawing ties 15 cts. each ; and of hewing ties 10 cts. each. For cutting and peeling piles and poles the cost is usually 1 ct. a linear foot, while the cost of hauling ;> miles varies from 30 to 40 cts. in the case of a 25 ft. pole, to .f.j with a 65 ft. pole. Cordwood costs 90 cts. to $1.25 a cord for cutting, and from $1.50 to $2 a cord for hauling G miles. As to the relative profits of the different forms of timber it is stated that straight trees pay best when cut into poles and lumber pays better than ties or cordwood. Tables are given showing the average height and diameter of sprouts and seedlings of various ages from 20 to 108 years old. The increase in volume of trees varying from 3 to 31 in. in diameter is also shown in tabular form, as well as the average and minimum length of time required for a chestnut tree to produce various numbers of ties. Relative to the time of cutting the chestnut, the author states that if for fuel alone the trees may be cut when they are 20 in. in diameter. If sound and straight enough for poles they may be profitably left until 25 in. in diameter. A chestnut forest should not be left standing nuich longer as this is the age at which it reaches its main height growth ; it is likely to be attacked by rots and deteriorate if left longer. A table is given showing that both sprouts and seedlings have a larger proportion of diseases as the.v reach 20 in. and above than before this time. The sprouting ability of chestnuts seems to be equally good all over the state and to be undiminished through a number of generations. Some data are given showing the value to railroad and other companies, requiring a con- tinuous supply of timber, in establishing permanent foi-ests in Connecticut. The improved chestnut in lower Austria, E. Bohmerle (Ceiitbl. Gesam. Fori^tiv., 32 (1906). .A'o.s-. 7, pi'. 289-301!: S-9. pp. 355-367. fl(is. J/). — An account is given of the growth in many different locations of the cultivated chestnut. Statistics showing the diameter measure breast high of stands of different ages, the use of the wood for conniiercial purjioses, and its characteristics green and dry are also considered. Bassia latifolia gum, P. Shankernatii {hnlUni Forester. 32 (1906). Is'o. 8, pp. 399-1(02) . — Analyses of the gum of iNIohwa trees indicated that it might be of value as a substitute for Balata, as it has very similar composition and properties. Tapping experiments, however, showed that the amount of gum which can be obtained from the trees is too small to make the working of such trees practicable. It required about 20 mature Mohwa trees to yield 1 lb. of this substitute for gutta-percha. The text contains analyses of 3 samples of the gum. Practical arboriculture, .1. P. Brown (ConncrsrUJc. Intions of log rules and instruments used in determining the height of trees. Otiicr maltci-s, su<-h as volume tahh's. form factors, contents of stanils, age and growth of trees, yield tal>les, legislation regarding the measurem(>nt of logs, etc.. are also included. Report of the forest seed-testing station at Eberswalde, Sciiwappacii (Zt.sclir. Forst ii. ,/(i(/<1ir., J,S (I'.UHl). Xo. S. pp. .J0.7-.W.7, ////. /). — A general re- port is given on the sei'd-testing work of the station dui-ing :! years, 1!)().'> to i90t;. In the testing of seed of a large numher of species of forest trees the germi- nation was considerably more rai)id and comi)Iete in light than in darkness. Experiments were made in testing the germination of seeds from trees vary- ing from 20 to 150 years old. The average percentage germination of seed from trees 20 to 40 years old was Ti); with trees 80 to 100 years old, 00; with 2 stands of trees 140 years old, »;0, and with 1 stand I.IO years old, 90. The heaviest seeds were obtained from the oldest trees. In the test of light v. dark-colored seeds, the dark-colored seeds gave much the better gernunation. A test was also made of the germination of seed stored for difi'erent periods but without conclusive results. Forest seed analyses and , control, A. Fron (An)i. Sci. Af/ruii., 2. scr., 10 (1D0.5), II, Xo. 3, pp. 332-J,35, figs. 7; 3. scr., 11 {1906), I, No. 1, pp. 133-153, fjf/s. ;?.i). — The author treats of the work don(> in foreign countries in the con- trol and analyses of forest seeds. The various stations having this work in charge are described and the aver- age n-sults secured with a large number of forest seeds relative to maximum, minimum, and average germination, percentage of purity, etc., are brought together. The technique observed in analyzing and testing the seeds is given with c(msiderable detail and suggestions offered regarding standards which should be observed in making the tests for purity, germination, etc. The hardness of woods, (J. Janka (Die Hdrte des Holzes. Vicuiid : W. Frick, liioa, pp. 32, fins. 7). — This is a report issued by the forestrj^ experiment station in Mariabrunn, and shows tlie relative hardness of a large number of different woods when dried and when saturated with water, and in some cases when impregnated witli oil. The hardness was determined by pressing into the wood either radially or longitudinally a small iron ball or half-ball. In some instances an iron wedge, a cube, or an ax was inserted. Extensive tables are given showing the results obtained. Generally speaking the results show that when the tests were made hmgi- tudinally the wood was about 30 per cent more dillicult of penetration in the case of conifers and 20 per cent more dillicult in the case of broad-leaf species than when a radial pressure was ai)plied. Wood which has grown rapidly, as shown by the widths of the animal rings, is less hard than that which is grown more slowly. Likewise, any increase in the sjiecific gravit.v of wood is followed b.v an increase in its hardness. Soaking the wood for 7 months so that it became saturated with water re- sulted in reducing its hardness in the case of conifers about 50 per cent and in the case of broad-leaf trees 3.5 per cent. Saturation with oil also decreases the hardness of the wood. It was found that the ax penetrated wood in a slanting manner about 35 per cent easier when the wood was moist than when air-dried. Forest fires, \. Akerman (Mass. Forest Scrv. Bui. 5, pp. 2.'/). — The in.juries resulting to forests from tires are discussed, and estimates given of the annual 342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. losses in Massachusetts, with suggestions for extinguishing and preventing for- est fires. The texts of the Connecticut. ]Massachusetts. and Minnesota forest- fire laws are given in the appendix. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Some fungus diseases of cultivated plants in France, G. Delacroix {Ex- tract from Bui. »S'oc. Mycol. France, 21 (1905), No. S, pp. 1-23, figs. 6). — Brief descriptions are given of the occurrence of Septoria cucurMtacearum on melon leaves, Septoria on tomatoes, a disease of palms due to Exosporium palmi- vortim, a disease of almonds due to Fiisicoccum ami/c/daU n. sp.. and a disease of oleanders caused by Phoiiia oJcandriini n. sp. Some parasitic fungi of tropical cultivated plants, G. Delacroix (Extract from Bui. Soc. Mycol. France, 21 {1905), No. 3, pp. 2Ji-37. fir/s. 10). — Among a number of diseases of economic plants that are caused by attacks of parasitic fungi, the author describes the following new species : CoUctotrichiim, theo- iromicolum occurring on the fruit of cacao, C. hrachytrichum on the leaves of cacao, Gloeosporium manmferw on mango leaves, a number of species of fungi on rubber trees, Gkmicrella artocarpl on bread fruit, Diplodla perseana on the avocado, and PhyUosticta cinnamomi on the leaves of cinnamon. Blight and powdery mildew of peas, J. M. Van Hook {Ohio ^ta. Bui. 113. pp. 231-2Ji9. fii/.s. 12). — After an introductory note by the botanist of the station calling attention to the presence and injury due to these diseases on a crop of peas grown for canning purposes, a description is given of the different diseases and their causes, together with suggestions for their pre- vention. The blighting of field and garden peas is due to the fungus Ascochyta pisi, and from the author's investigation it was found that the infection spreads largely through the use of diseased seed. Having determined this fact a series of experiments was carried on to test the germination of peas affected with the blight fungus and also the effect of seed treatment and the value of spraying and tying up the vines as preventives. Seed treatment proved valueless, as the fungus is less susceptible to fungicides than the germ of the seed. For a similar reason heating the seed failed. Tying up the vines and spraying, while increasing the crop slightly produced peas that were much freer from disease than others and on that account are valuable in growing healthy peas for seed purposes. Planting healthy peas in soil free from fungus is recommended as the best means of reducing the loss of blight. The author states that the fungus causing pea blight is known also to attack alfalfa, chick-peas, common beans, and hairy vetch. All varieties of the common bean examined were affected, but some much more than others. In the note on the powdery mildew (Erysiphc communis), the author states that by spraying with Bordeaux mixture the disease may be readily pi'evented. Anthracnose of beans and peas, H. Bi.in {Rev. Hort. [Paris], 78 {1906), No. l.'i, pp. 335-337). — Descriptions are given of the anthracnose or beans due to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and of peas caused by Ascochyta pisi, with suggestions for their prevention. In experiments carried on in 1901 and 1903 in which beans were tlioroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, relatively little disease was observed, and the author thinks that ;i similar treatment would be efficient in preventing the anthracnose of peas. A disease of ginseng due to Phytophthora, .7. ;\I. Van Hook {^^prc. Crops, II. srr.. 5 (1906). No. '/■), p. D'/). — Tlie author describes a disease of ginseng which is due to Phytophthora omnivora. The fungus is very common on many DISEASES OF PLANTS. 343 plMiits and has l)r('ii ohscrNi'il on niaii\- spcciinciis ol" i^iiisciii; submitted for examination. The author reconnnends tlio destruction of all dead jilants. sjtra.vin.i,' with Bordeaux nuxturi-. and fre(iu(Mit chanjrinj;- of location as far as i)Ossil)le or sterilization of soil. In sprayinir, particular attention must be paid to covering the petioles and stem in the re^'ion of the fork, as this seems to be the jwrtion of the plant most subject to attack. Diseases of beets and mangels, G. Masses {Roy. Bot. Ganl. Kcir, Bui. Misc. hi form., J HOG, Xo. 3, pp. .'/'J-dO, fi(/.s. 5). — Notes are given on a number of dis- eases to which beets and mangels are subject, among them beet cank<>r. beet rust, leaf spot, mildew, root rot, beet-root tumor, white rust, scab, heart rot, etc. Among the diseases described which are relatively little known in this country are the beet canker, due to Pionnotes hetcc, aud the heart rot, caused by tSpha'rella tabiftca. The canker attacks beets and mangels in storage, particularly if the roots have inidergone a period of sweating. The fungus causes dingy yellow spots tliat api)ear on the surface of the roots. These soon spread, fonning irregular nodular gelatinous crusts, involving more or less of the root, initil the whole is disorganized and destroyed. The fungus also attacks potatoes, as the author has proved by ninnerous inoculation experiments, and he believes it is identical with that which has been described as P. rhizopliihi, which is said to attack potatoes and dahlias. The author suggests care in storing, so that the roots should be thoroughly dry. and that every precaution should be taken to prevent sweating in storage. The heart rot, which has been reported as destructive in some localities, usually manifests itself in August, when the roots have attained a fairly large size. The first indication of its presence is seen in the drooping of the large outside lejives. The appearance is somewhat sinnlar to that of wilting due to lack of moisture, but the leaves do not regain their upright position during the night, and an examination shows a considerable iwrtion of the upper surface of the leaf stalks bleached and studded with nunute black points. The fungus grows downward, entering the crown of the root, which is eventually killed. In this destruction the fungus is frequently aided by other fungi, bacteria, nematodes, etc. When symptoms of this disease appear, all affected roots should be pulled and burned or deeply buried. Perpetuation of potato rot and leaf curl, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Keic, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1906, JSo. '/, pp. Ill, 112). — A description is given of experi- ments to show the means by which the potato rot (Plnjtophthora infestuns) and the leaf curl (Macrosporium sohini) are perpetuated. Attention is called to tlie freijuent suddeii apjiearance of these diseases and the fact that fields are often destroyed within 124 hours. This widespread destruction has led to an investiga- tion of means of dissemination other than by si)ores to acccmnt ftn* this epidemic form of disease. The author took a number of diseased tubers, cut them in halves, and planted them in pots, placing the pots under conditions where the temperature, atmos- I)here, and soil moisture could be controlled. The plants grown in cool, well- lighted, dry bouses showed no trace of disease at the end of 2 months, but when one of the i)lants was removed to a warm house and placed under a bell .jar it was l)Iackened and killed b.v the fungus within 9 days. Similarly marked i-esults were olttained by using potato tubers infested with the Maci'osi)orium. showing tliat this fungus can also be perpetuated by hybernating mycelium present in the tul)ers. The experiments seem to indicate that the fungus may be present, but held in 344 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr EECORD. abeyance by atiuospberic (•oiiditions. When a number of warm, damp days of dull weather intervene the funyus, already present in the tissues, develops with great rapidity. It is believed that the two diseases will not occur in an aggressive form when the climatic conditions are unfavorable to their develop- ment. The root rots of sugar beets, L. Peters {Ber. Dent. Bat. GesclL. 2'/ {1906), No. 6, PI). 3i.J-.329). — Attention is called to the fact that a number of fungi are concerned in the diseases connnonly referred to as beet root rot, and the author describes the characteristic effects produced by PythUua dcharijanum and Phonia hcfw. In addition to these fungi he states that Apliaiionnjccs hrvis must be considered as causing a form of rot of sugar-beet roots. Specific differences in the action of these fungi are pointed out. Top rot of sugar cane {Queensland Agr. Jour., 16 {1906), No. S, pp. 498- 50.5). — A summary is given of investigations on the top rot of sugar cane, a disease which has been known in Australia for a number of years. In some seasons nearly the whole crop has been a failure, while in other cases the re- duction in yield has amounted to over 20 to GO per cent. The disease can be first recognized near the center of the heart of the young sprout. The leaves at this very eai'ly stage of the disease are paler than the ordinary color, and the heart becomes a yellowish brown, while the expanding leaves are thinner than usual, somewhat dry, and slightly curled. The ap- pearance of the different parts of the cane plant as affected by this disease is described, and the liability of different varieties to disease is considered. Th.e changes shown in the early symptoms of the disease seem to be the con- sequence of chemical processes, as neither fungi nor bacteria are to be found in the earliest infected parts of the plant. The chemical changes effect disorgani- zation and death of the plant cells, and the wounds thus made are invaded by various kinds of fungi and bacteria. Various other theories have been advanced as to the cause of the disease, but the author l)elieves that it is due to chemical changes. ])()ssilily indutANTS, 345 or iVMiicilliiiiii rot. 'I'lio .•ilTcclcd Iciuoiis nrc easily dislin^cuislioil I'roiii those attacked liy the hhie mold, althou.^di the latter fuii^ius rajiidly follows the other and soon covers the decayin.ix fruit. 'I'he odoi' of the lemons affected hy the lirown rot is characteristic, and (he |icculiar rancid sin(>!l can l»c (|uickly detected hy an experienced person. When hrou n lot (irst nia(l(> its apiu-ariincc in p.-ickinu houses, st'arch was made in the oi'chai'd to locate the orii^in of the troul>lc. .-md 'emons showing,' ;i lirowiush discolored are.n on the side or end without any decided softening' of the rind \vere found on the trees. The affected fi-uit keeps its size, shape, and solidity for a considerable time, wheii it usually falls to the .u'round. Tender the conditions of lemon jiackins,' this fun.i,'us finds its way into the boxes and spots deNcloji on fruit that are ajiparently sound wiien put away. The diseased fruits are soon involved to.i;ether with all those which lie in eon- tact with them. The trouble never spreads in the mass of stored fruit except by actual <'ontact of the healthy lemon with an .affected spot. When a large .nnount of fruit becomes affected, the characteristic odor is very pronounced. A study was made of the fungus and inoculation exix'riments showed that it w.-is the cause of the disease. The investigations of the authors showed that it is a hitherto unrecognized fungus which has relationshi]> with a number of genera. I>oth the genus and species are believed to be new and the organism is described as Puthiacijsils citrophtJiora. A bulletin from the California Station on the nature and control of the dis- ease is promised in the near future. Revision of the genus Hemileia, (i. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kcu\ Bui. Mi.sc. I II form.. J9III!. .Yo. .-\ pii. .^')-'/2. itl. 1). — The author calls attention to the lack of information regarding the secidial stages of si)ecies of Ileniileia. and suggests that as there are known to be species of .Ecidium on plants that are i.Iso infested by Hemileia. probably a form of heteroecism exists in this genus, and that the solution of this problem woiUd be of value in attempts to check the ravages of the parasitic form. He notes also that Ilemileia Vdiitdfri.r has been reported as occurring in various regions upon the indigenous .^pecies of ("offea, and he thinks that it is not necessary to assume that the coffee disease has always betMi imjiorted with coffee iilants from one country to another. Suggestions are given for the prevention of spread of the disea.se, and mitil the iecidi;il stage is known it is believed that where the nature of the ground and other circumstances permit of spi-aying. 'the use of half-normal strengths of Bordeaux ndxture is advisable. A note is given from an observer in 'fonkin stating that the spread of the disease seems to be checked by the removiil of coffee shade. The author gives amended descri]itions of the genera and species, describing 4 species of Hemileia. of which //. nixfdiri.r .-ind If. iroadii are known to occur l);irasitically uiion coffee. //. nistntri.r. which is widely ]nded. Diseases of coffee with particular reference to Hemileia vastatrix, Buis (Af/r. Pnit. PdiiH Chauds. (! (W06), No. '/.i. pp. 228-2-',!, figs. 2).— Notes are given on the ravages of Hemileia taxintri.v in Ceylon. Madagascar. Reunion, etc., 346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and attention is called to various means that have been tried to combat it. These include the destruction of the affected foliage, spraying and fumfgating diseased plants, the influence of location on the disease, resistant varieties, etc. Spraying was found to be effective under certain conditions, but it is often so expensive as not to be economically advantageous. Liberian coffee and some Java and other hybrids seem to be quite resistant, so far as the author's investi- gations have been carried. Improved culture seems to be valuable in rendering the plants less liable to injury. Where Arabian varieties are grown, the plant- ings should not be made in situations where there Is too great humidity and heat. The trees should be artificially irrigated where there is a lack of rain- fall, selection made of vigorous plants from the nursery, and attention paid to the choice of fertilizers and the keeping down of weeds. An effective treatment for grape anthracnose, C. P. Lounsbury (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 29 (1906), No. 1, pp. 29-35, pfj. i).— After briefly describing grape anthracnose, due to Gloeoi^porimn aiiipclophagum. the author calls attention to the varying susceptibility of different varieties to this disease and points out the almost complete resistance of a number of forms. For the prevention of the disease winter treatment with an acid solution of iron sulphate is recommended, and an account is given of experiments in which a vineyard was treated with this solution. Vines that had suffered sevei'ely the year before, when given the treatment bore a heavy crop of fruit and but occasional evidences could be found of the presence of any disease in the vineyards. Investigations on the development of Botrytis cinerea, J. M. Guillon (Couipt. Rend. Acad. f^ci. [I'ari.^]. l',2 {1906), \o. 2',, pp. 13.',6-13J,9) .—The author has studied the development of Botrijti.^ cinerea, which causes the gray rot of grapes, and has endeavored to ascertain its method of rapid spreading. Inoculation experiments made upon wounded grapes showed that the spores develop rapidly and in from 36 hours to 3 days are able to cause a pronounced infection. In other experiments it is shown that the Botrytis developing normally in contact with uninjured grapes is able to penetrate the epidermis of the fruit and set up an infection within a relatively short time. It is also found that the fungus l>y its mycelium is able to spread from place to place, so that grapes not inmiediately in contact are readily infected, even if the spread of the spores by means of the air should be disregarded. Notes on the grape powdery mildew, P. Pacottet (Rev. Tit., 26 {1906), No. 6-')5, pp. 9-13). — Attention is called to the perithecial phase of the powdery mildew. The author believes that the ])erithecia are formed annually in France in different places and that they play a very important part in the spread of the disease. A number of localities are mentioned in which the perithe- cial stage is commonly produced, and there seems to be indicated a direct relationship between the autumnal temperature and rainfall and the develop- ment of the perithecia. For the prevention of the destructive spread of the disease, attention to these centers is recommended and the perithecia destroyed as far as possible. Combined treatment against downy and powdery mildew, L. Vernet (Prog. Agr. et Tit. (Ed. nj^t), 27 (1906), No. 19, p. 557).— For combating these 2 diseases of grapes the author recommends spraying with a 2 per cent solution of Bordeaux mixture, 4 applications to be given the vines, and it is suggested that immediately following the first and third applications the vines be dusted with a mixture of equal parts of sublimed sulphur and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 347 gypsuui or sulphate of limo. Tho addition of the sulphate of lime is said to favor the transformation of tlio copper hydrate, nialves tlio solutions more adherent, and favors tlie better distrilnition (if the snlpluu-. The pathological respiration of grape leaves attacked by downy mildew, L. I'AVAKi.NO (.1/// 1st. liol. liiir. J'liriu. 2. scr., 11 {WOii), p. hi; iihs. in Hot. Cent hi., 102 (IVOG), Ao. 2S, pp. 38, ;J.';).— The efCeet of Peronospora on the respiration of grape leaves was studied and found to exert a marked influence on the normal respiration, as well as the intramolecular respiration of the leaves. The normal respiration is greatly accelerated by the downy mildew and the intramolecular respiration is much more active in diseased leaves. Ou Investigating the presence of ferments in both diseased and normal leaves, the author found that the diseased leaves contained much greater quantities of oxidase than normal and that the same is true for injured leaves or nonparasitic diseases. These oxidases he does not believe ar(> directly pro- duced by the parasites, but are the result of a reaction of the protoplasm of the plant when i-ontiguous to the parasite or to some poisonous substances ex- creted by the parasites. He believes that the oxidizing ferments which are found in various organs of the grape attacked by Peronospora are a cause of the disease of wine known as '" cnsse." The gooseberry mildew in Europe, its spread and prevention, J. Eriksson (Ztschr. I'flanzcnkrank., 16 (1906), No. 2, pp. 83-90, pis. 2, map i).— An ac- count is given of the occurrence and distribution of the gooseberry mildew (Sphocrotheca mors-uvw) in which the author mentions its appearance in dif- ferent countries and indicates later stations of its occurrence. The life history of the fungus is described and brief suggestions given for its control, A brief bibliography is appended. Notes on Gloeosporium ribis, II. Klebahn (Ztschr. Pflanzenlcran'k., 16 (1906), A'o. 2, pp. 65-83, pis. 2). — In his studies on some of the imperfect fungi, the author has carried on experiments with Glccosporium ribis, and from his investigations he is led to recognize its ascospore stage. This stage he describes as I'seudopcziza ribis n. sp., and inoculation experiments have shown that this fungus and the conidial form are related. Studies on Gloeosporium, P. Viala and P. Pacottet (Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 3 (1906), Xo. 1. pp. 31-83, figs. //.3). — Studies are reported on Gloeo- sporium ncrviscquum, the cause of the sycamore anthracnose, in which the yeast-like and cyst reproductive bodies are described. Notes are also given on some similar bodies observed in Ascochgta pisi. A description is included of the cultural changes and methods employed in the investigations. Notes on leaf blight of sycamore, J. Beauverie (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Pari.s], 11,2 (1906), No. 26, pp. 1551-1554) .—A description is given of the leaf blight of the sycamore due to Glomsporium nervisequiim or Gnomonia veneta, particular attention being called to its occurrence in nurseries. In some parts of France this fungus has been exceedingly destructive, especially on young seed- lings, and preventive treatments are suggested. Cortinarius as a mycorrhiza-producing fungus, C. II. Kauffman (Dot. Gaz., .'i2 (1906). No. 3, pp. 208-21 'i. fig. 1). — According to the author, while con- sideraiile attention has been paid endotrophic mycorrliiza, th(; fungi which cause ectotrophic mycorrliiza have not been investigated except in a very few cases. Some investigation is needed to determine the fungi causing mycorrhiza in order to determine some of the problems which have to do with its physiological action. The author had observed that specimens of Cortinarius were constantly found 348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in limited areas in such close iTi'oxiniity to certain trees that there appeared to be some connection between them, and siibseciuent examinations showed that a species of Cortinarius was associated with red oaks, maples, and climbing bitter sweet (Cclastriis scandetis). This species of fungus, it was observed, is characterized by its brick-red mycelial strands and stem, and microscopical examinations showed that it formed truly ectotrophic mycorrhiza. A discussion is given of the fungus and its relation to the host plants. The species, which has been determined as new, is described under the name CortiiKiriiis ruhipes. Studies in root parasitism, C. A. Barbkr (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 1 (1906), No. 1, pp. SO, pis. 7). — Studies are reported on the root parasitism of the sandalwood tree (Santalmn album). Attention has been drawn to the sandalwood tree during recent years on ac- count of the occurrence of a serious disease, and it was thought worth while to make a careful study of the root system with reference to its possible bear- ing on it. In addition doubt has been cast on the extent of the root parasitism. The author has therefore made a study of the haustoria of the sandalwood tree, paying particular attention to the early stages up to the time when they ]iene- trate the woody tissues of the host plant. In addition to the parasitic sandalwood, for which over 100 host plants have been found, studies were made of a number of other allied species. The various tissues of the host and its parasite are described at considerable length, and a second paper is promised to deal with the structure of the mature haus- torium. The witch broom disease in Surinam, C. J. J. van Hall (Trop. Life, 2 (1906), No. 6, p. S3). — The Avitches' broom disease of cacao is said to be widely spread in Surinam, the disease in places proving a very serious one, inasmuch as it attacks not only the trees, but also the pods. The infested pods exhibit black spots, which spread rapidly, the pods remaining small and deformed. In some eases fully 50 per cent are practically destroyed. Upon the twigs the dis- ease does not seem to be so serious, and the author believes that if the pods can be kept in a healthy condition considerable progress will be made in checking the disease. To get rid of the disease, experiments are now being carried on in pruning the trees thoroughly, following this by good tillage of the soil, and also spraying with Bordeaux mixture. These experiments have not yet been sufficiently pur- sued to warrant any definite conclusions, but the indications are that the amount of injury may l>e decidedly reduced by these treatments. A fungus attacking the roots of Para rubber, H. N. Ridley (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States. 5 {1906). No. .3, pp. 6-'/, 65).— The author reports having received from a number of localities rubber trees that were attacked by some fungus which appeared different from Fomes semitostus. The specimens were all young trees about 2 in. in diametei", and the roots were encrusted with a white mycelium. The trees were dead; if left alone the trees die within about 3 weeks after the first appearance of the disease. The fungus appears to be some member of the Polyporese, and the attack quite similar to that which has been noted on clove trees, coffee, etc. The biology of Polyporus squamosus, A. PI. R. Duller {.Jour. Econ. Biol., 1 {1906), No. 3, pp. 101-138, 7)/.s. 5, figs. 6). — After some general remarks on the destruction of wood by fungi and a review of literature, the author describes his investigations on the destruction of the wood of the sycamore maple by Polyporus squamosus. So far as the author's knowledge goes, this fungus has never been ol)served on anv coniferous tree, but it attacks numerous species of maple, oak, elm, ECONOMTC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 349 hazel, walinit, linden, ash. willow, hircli, elc. The fruitini^ hodies of the funjius are descrihed, and it is said that when a tree has heeii killed hy /'. fiquamofniii the funfjus may continue its annual jiroduction of fruiting hodies loi- a considerahle period. In this case the fun.ijus is considered saprophytic, and in the case of its appearance on posts, fiai; i)oles, etc., it is believed that llie infection took place when the trees were livinj,', although under favorable conditions the dead wood nii.eht become attacked. Notes are fjjiven on the spore (■liara<-ters of Ihc funi^us, experiments on their germination, vegetative growth, etc., after wliicli tlie dianges induced in the wood are described, i)articular attention being paid to the chemical changes which are brought about by the fungus. An;ilyses of sound and decayed wood show lu.irked differences in Ihe <;n-bon content, tlie carbonizing of the wood amounting to an increa.se of at least 2 per cent of the dry material. In the study made the author found evidence of the action of enzynis pro- duced by the fungus. Altogether there appeared to be 8 or 10 different enzyms occurring in the fruiting bodies. Among those noted were laccase, tyrosinase, amylase, emulsin, protease, lipase, rennetase, " coagulase," etc. Attempts were made to develop the fruiting bodies from imre cultures, but while a dense mat of mycelimn was secured, no signs of fruiting bodies m.nde their appearance. The comnion fungus and insect pests of growing vegetable crops, W. LocHHEAD and T. D. Jarvis {Ontario A(jr. Vol. and Expt. Farm Bui. 150, pp. S.'i, figs. 35). — Popular descriptions are given of the diseases of plants w-hich are caused b.v fungi, slime molds, and insects, and where known the remedies are described. A chapter is given on the preparatiou and. application of fungi- cides and insecticides. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Distribution and migration of North American ducks, geese, and swans, W. W. Cooke ( f. .S'. Dept. Agr., Biol. Kiirrey Bid. 2(!, pp. D0).—Ot the 64 recognized species of ducks, geese, and swans in North America north of Mexico, 24 breed in the United States. Of these the most important species are considered as being wood duck, mallard, black duck, teal, canvasiiack, red- head, and Canada goose. The effect of inadeciuate protection for water fowl is seen most strikingly in the case of the wood duck, which has suffered greatly in some localities. The protection of ducks, geese, and swans in order to be effecti\(» must be in force particularly at the breeding .season, during migration, and in tlie winter. The striking diminution in niunbers of some of the species is largely due to unsports- manlike slaughter at times ^^*4len they are least able to escape. One of the most important winter homes of North American ducks and geese is the State of California. An el.iborate account is ]iresented of the distribution and migration of these species and detailed notes are given on the breeding range, winter range, .spring migration, and fall migration of each of the species and suiisjiecies recognized in North America. The North American eagles and their economic relations, II. C. Ober- noi.sER (C S. Dcpt. Agr., Biol. Siirveij Bnl. 27, /)/). SI, pis. 2, pgs. 2). — The economic relations of eagles are somewhat ditticult to determine on account of the fact that they feed upon many rodents .lud other noxious small mammals, but also destroy game birds, water fowl, l;unbs. poultry, and other useful ani- mals. In the author's opinion eagles are therefore to be considered about neu- tral in economic influence. 350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A detailed account is given of the general habits, food, and economic status of the golden eagle, gray sea eagle, and bald eagle. In the case of each one of these species its distribution and the extent of its destruction by man are mentioned. The economic relations of seed crows as based on an examination of stomach contents during a period of 11 years, M. Hollrung {Landw. Jahrb., 3.5 (1906), No. //, pp. .579-620, fig. i).— During the years 1895 to 1905, inclusive, the stomachs of seed crows were examined for the purpose of learning their feeding habits. Many inquiries were made personally and through agricul- tural newspapers with i-egard to this question in parts of the Province of Saxony. The material at the di.sposal of the author was unusually extensive and a careful examination was made of about 4,000 stomachs of these birds. It appears that the seed crows are omnivorous, feeding upon seeds, animals, various kinds of waste material, and mineral matter. Occasionally the birds are charged with killing young hare and injuring cereals. Barley, oats, rye, wheat, corn, buckwheat, and other vegetable material were found in the stomachs of the seed crows. On the other hand, the birds destroyed cock- chafers, wireworms, various caterpillars, and snout beetles which are injurious 10 cultivated crops. Under ordinary conditions, therefore, it is believed that the destruction of seed crows is not justified. Birds as conservators of the forest, F. E. L. Beal (A'^. Y. State Forest, Fish and Game Com. Ann. Rpt., 8-9 (1902-3), pp. 236-27J,. pis. l.'t, figs. 2).— In this article particular attention is given to a discussion of the habits of birds which spend a large part of their time in forest trees. The benefits derived from the destruction of forest insects^by these birds are mentioned and notes are also given on the injury caused to trees by a destruction of buds. The birds studied in this connection include woodpeckers, titmice, creepers, warb- lers, cuckoos, etc. The squirrels and other rodents of the Adirondacks, F. C. Paulmieb (N. Y. State Forest, Fish and Game Com. Ann. Rpt.. S-9 (1902-3). pp. 33.5-3.51. pis. Jf). — In the State of New York, 28 species of rodents are recognized. In the present article brief notes are given on the habits of the more conspicuous species with pai'ticular reference to their food and economic relations. Destruction of rats and mice in fields, C. Macias (Com. Par. Agr. [Mexico], Circ. .'il. pp. 25. figs. 28). — Brief notes are given on the injuries caused by vari- ous species of mice to cultivated crops. A number of formulas are given for the pi'eparation of poisoned baits to destroy these pests and suggestions are made regarding a great variety of traps also used for this purpose. Notes on the destruction of injurious vermin, C. M. Johnston (Orange River Colony Dept. Agr., Biol. Div. Leaflet 1, pp^ 7). — In eradicating jackals strychnin is the drug which is most commonly used in poisonous baits. At present, however, it is more difficult to induce the jackals to eat the bait than was formerly the case. Notes are given on the methods of preparing poisonous baits and on the use of traps and other methods for destroying rabbits, baboons, and grain-eating birds. The frog book, Mary C. Dickerson (Neiv York: Donhleday, Page d Co., 1906, pp. XVII+253, pis. 112, figs. 5.5).— The biology and feeding habits of North American spadefoot toads, common toads, tree frogs, and frogs are given together with elaborate descriptions of the appearance of the various species. The economic relations of frogs and toads are discussed and notes are given on the nature of their food. The illustrations of the different species are of unusual excellence. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 351 Third annual report of the State entomologist, li. A. Cooley {Montana Sta. Bui. C)2. jip. ISI-.i.id. Ills. ',. fii/.^. .',). — This report is occupiod with a KCMieral .•uroiiut of tlic codliiii,' moth, i)liiin gouger, bollwonii, and whito-lined morning sphinx. The codHng moth is now distriimted locally in the main frnit-growing regions of Montana, and the author believes that it can not be exterminated. Hecom- ■ meiidations are made of methods calculated to control the insect in infested localities. The plum gouger has a local (list rilmt ion in the State at present and attacks only native varieties of plums. During V.H)~) the bollworm did considerable damage to corn in various i)arts of the State. Some alarm was felt by alfalfa growers over the unusual prevalence of the white-lined morning sphinx. The author believes, however, that this insect was feeding mostly on weeds and only to a slight extent on cultivated plants. Keport of the chief inspector of nurseries and orchards, A. F. Burgess (Ohio Drjif. .\(/r., Dir. Xiirscnj and Orchard hisi). I'pt. I'JO.'), pp. //.j). — The author discusses the extent of nursery inspection during the year, the number of trees infested with San Jose scale and other injurious pests, fumigation of nurs- ery stock, orchard inspection, and other routine work of the inspector's office. An account is also presented of cankerwonn, plum curculio, codling moth, grape-berry moth, elm-leaf Iteetle, catalpa sphinx, and other injurious insects. Brief notes are given on methods of spraying for various insect pests and on the use of K-L mixtures, Con-Sol, and other insecticides. The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface (Pcnn. Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Div. Zool, J, {1906), No. 1, pp. JfO, figs. 2).— Notes are given ,on experiments with asparagus beetles. Spraying with lead arsenate and resin soap gave good results. A list is also presented, with formulas, for the prepara- tion of standard insecticides and fungicides, together with notes on the special treatment of a number of the more common injurious insects. The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface {Pcnn. Dept. Agr.. Mo. But. Dir. Zoo/., ', (19(16). No. 2, pp. -',3-80, pU. 9).—X brief ac- count is given of the use of whale-oil soap, kerosene emulsion, and lime-and- sulphur wash in combating the oyster-shell scale, scurfy scale, and San Jose scale. The greater part of the bulletin is occupied by a systematic description of riemiptera. The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface (Pruii. Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Div. Zool., J, {1906), No. 3, pp. 82-112, pis. -i).— In experinients with insecticides for controlling oyster-shell bark-louse good results were ob- tained with whale-oil soap and kerosene emulsion. Notes are given on summer treatment of scale insects, ants, fall webworms. flies, red spiders, grain weevil, and other insect pests. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A. ilASSAi.i. (I . S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indus. Bui. 39, pts. IJ,, pp. 951-10.',],; 1'), pp. 10J,.~)-1116 : 16. pp. 1111-1208). — In continuation of the index of medical and veterinary zoology these parts contain the names of authors from Laache to Lyutkevich. Report of the secretary of the Louisiana crop pest commission, 1904—5, W. Newell {Crop Pest ('(mi. J. a. ('ire. 7, pp. 21). — Brief statements are pre- sented regarding boll-weevil quarantine in Louisiana, experiments with cul- tural methods, I'aris green, and other means of controlling the boll weevil, tog<'ther with notes on the San .Jose scale, nuisery and orchard inspection, cattle ticks, liorseflics, and oi'ange insects. Injurious insects and other animals observed in Ireland during the year 352 ' EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 1905, G. H. Carpenter (Econ. Proc. Roy. Duhlin Soc, 1 {1906), No. 8, pp. 321-3JfJi, pis. 5, figs. 8). — Notes are given on aeuiatode worms, cabbage aphis, diamond-baclv moth, sings, gooseberry sawfly, wireworms, rice weevil, and vari- ous other insects affecting cultivated crops and trees. In combating slugs, dressings of salt or lime have usually been found most effective. The cabbage aphis may be controlled in small gardens by spraying with kerosene emulsion. Attention is called to the importance of attacking this insect at its earliest appearance. Entomological inspection report, A. Craw (Haicnii. Forester and Agr., 3 {1906), Xv. 6, pp. 187-189). — A brief account is given of the extent of importa- tion of fruits, vegetables, and various plants and of the inspection made on such material. During this inspection of more than 19,000 packages, many cases of serious infestation were discovered, and infested plants or fruits were fumii^^ated or destroyed. Notes on insect swarms on mountain tops in New Zealand, G. V. Hudson {Trans, and Proc. Neio Zc;al. Inst., 38 {1905), pp. 33.'t-336).—8ome of the com- monest species of insects in New Zealand were observed in large swarms on mountain tops at elevations of 4,000 to 7,200 ft. In some cases ladybirds were noticed in immense quantities at high elevations where there is no vegetation and where plant lice could hardly have been present to serve as food. Seasonable notes on some orchard pests, G. Quinn {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust.. 10 {1906), Xo. 1, PI). 9-l-'i). — Biological and economic notes are given on the codling moth, oyster-shell bark-louse, black peach aphis, plum curculio, peach leaf curl, and apple scab. The entomological section, C. B. Simpson {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 4 {1906), No. 16, pp. 839-853, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The life history and nest-building habits of white ants are described. In destroying these insects the best results have been obtained from the use of an apparatus by means of which fumes from a heated mixture containing 1 part sulphur and 9 parts arsenic are pumped directly into the nest. A brief statement is also made regarding locust control. Report of the government entomologist for the half year ended Dec. 31, 1904, C. P. LouNSBURY {Cape Good Hope Dept. Agr., Rpt. Govt. Ent. 1901,, pt. 2, pp. 12). — During the period under report particular attention was given to experiments with dips for the destruction of ticks, investigation of grape dis- eases, and the regulation of the importation of plants. Arsenite of soda was found to possess great value as a tick destroyer. This remedy was tested on a number of fai*ms and was found to be as efficient without the addition of tar as when this material was added. C. W. Mally also presents a brief report on locust destruction, fruit fly, and cornstalk borer. Report of the government entomologist for the year 1905, C. P. Louns- nuRY {Cape Good Hope Dept. Agr., Rpt. Gort. Ent. 1905. pp. 95-104) .—The work of the year was concerned largely with a study of the transmission of animal dis- eases by ticks, the natural enemies of the fruit fly, cornstalk borer, locust de- struction, codling moth, and nursery inspection. Little hope is expressed for the successful control of the fruit fly or codling moth by means of insects. Con- siderable attention is now being given to the establishment of Capri figs in Cape Colony for the purpose of introducing the fig wasp, which will assist in fertilizing Smyrna figs. Some notable instances of the distribution of injurious insects by arti- ficial means, F. V. Theobald {Sci. Prog. Ttventietit Cent., 1 {1906), No. 1, 2>p- 58-72, figs. 3). — A large number of examples are mentioned of injurious insects which have been carried from their original home to other parts of the same country or other countries in food products or as a result of the extensive ECONOMTd ZOOT^OGY ENTOMOLOGY. 353 (levelopiuent of intonijitioii.il <(iinni<'rcc. in this connection particular mention is made of the codling motli, fruit tlics. scale insects, woolly aiihis, ])ear mid.ue. Colorado iiotato beetle, Hessian (l.v, ;iiid sheep scab mite. Cold storage as a factor in the spread of insect pests, ('. Fri.i.KU (Xahil Agr. .Jour, mid \liii. I'. 7. /i. li-'il'i). — The ;inthor had occasion to observe that tiie fiuit-ll.\' nia^nOts may remain alive in ]ieaclies keiit in cold storage at a tem;ieiatare of ;W to 40° F. lor a jtcriod of at least 124 days. Report of the economic zoologist on cotton insects, L. Ichks (HoI. Min. A(jr. [liticno.t Ai/rcs]. .1 {liXIH). Ao. .1 pp. ,i7.}-.?20).— The author made a study of the insect pests of cotton in Chaco. particular attention bein,:,' 1,'iven to J'nxlciiid ornithoiHtUi and Ahlhi .ri/liiKi. In combating the lepidopterous jiests of cotton good success was had from the use of Paris green or arsenic in the proportion of 1 part to 50 parts of flour. Paris green as well as white arsenic was also used in a fluid foi'iii. The boll weevil. Information concerning its life history and habits, \V. Newell (Crop /'r.s7 Com. I.ii. ('in: '.K pp. „'.''. //(/\. 1.',). — .\ summary is presented of the life history and habits of the boll weevil in its dilfereiit stages and the means by which it is disseminated, its migration, hibernation, and other matters connected with an understanding of its history. Report of the executive committee upon the Paris green experiments con- ducted against the boll weevil during 1905, P>. \V. Marston. L. S. Frier- .sox, and \Y. Newell [Crop I'c.'d-legged locust. A brief account is given of the ai)p(>arance and habits of this iiarasite. 354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cicadula sexnotata and its control, J. R. Jungner {Arb. Dent. Landw. GescU.. 1906, .Vo. 7/.>, />/j. .>0. pi. J. figs. 3, (him. 1). — This insect is well known throughout Germany as the cause of great injury to grasses, cereals, and cer- tain legumes. The habits and life history of the species are described in considerable detail. According to the author, a number of other insects are associated with it in attacking cultivated crops, and parasitic fungi in some cases become located on the plants as a result of its attacks. A number of insects and birds prey upon Cicadula sexnotata, but the insect is not sufficiently controlled by natural means. In combating the pest, fields of grain may be protected by plowing furx-ow^s around them in which runniug water is maintained or which are covered with a film of oil. Badly infested grass lands may be burned over in the fall, and considerable l)enetit is derived from suitable systems of rotation. Hairy caterpillar pests of crops, H. Maxwell Lefroy (Agr. .Jour. India. 1 (1906), No. 3, PI). 187-191, pi. 1). — The habits and life history of a number of caterpillars in India are briefly outlined. Attention is called to the desirability of recognizing all such pests iu the early stages, since insecticides applied at this time are far more effective. Hyponomeuta malinella, L. Dassonville (BiiJ. Acjr. Alffcrie et Tioiisie, 12 (1906), No. I'l, pp. 298-300, fig. 1). — The caterpillar of this insect is one of the most serious pests of apple trees in the region of Ain-Touta. but experiments have shown that it may be readily controlled by the use of arsenate of lead. Directions are given for preparing this insecticide. Pear and cherry-tree slug, L. J. Newman (Jour. Dept. Afjr. Wefit. Aust., 14 (1906), No. 2, pp. 109-111, fig. 1). — The habits and life history of this pest are briefly described. As remedies in controlling the insect the author suggests dry air-slaked lime, white hellebore. Paris green, kerosene emulsion, benzole, and Bordeaux mixture. Important notes on the gypsy and brown-tail moths, A. E. Stene (Off. Coinr. Suppression Ggpsg and Broirn-tail Moths [R. /.]. Circ. 1, pp. 14, P?«- -'/)• — A copy is given of the recent Rhode Isl:ind law regarding the extermination of these pests and providing for the appointment of a commissioner to have charge of the work. Brief notes are given on the life history of the pests and on methods for controlling them. The gypsy and brown-tail moths, E. P. Felt (N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 103, pp. 42, pis. 10). — On accoiuit of the unusual interest manifested at present in the control of the gypsy and brown-tail moths, the author presents a general ac- count of the appearance, habits, life history, and most effective means of com- bating these pests. The fruit fly and its parasites, A. IIempel (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 7. ser., 1906. No. 5, pp. 206-214). — A ))rief historical statement is given concerning the investigations conducted by various entomologists in the neighborhood of Bnhia in search of parasites of Ceratitis capitata. A number of such parasites have been found and have been kept under the observation of the author for the purpose of determining their economic importance. As a result of this study it is concluded that parasites can not be depended upon to furnish much assistance in controlling the pest, and fruit growers are urged to continue the usual methods of control. The spread of the fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in the neighborhood of Paris, A. Giard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 143 (1906), No. 8, pp. 353, 354), — The author called attention to the presence of the fruit fly about Paris six years ago. but little effort has been put forth to control this pest. In the meantime it has gradually increased and is doing considerable damage. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOI>OGY. 355 The orange-tree butterfly, C. W. IIowakd {Transvaal Ayr. Jour., // {1906), yo. Id, lip. I.n-l.l2. III. I). — 'I'lic :ii)i)(>:ii';uic(' ;iii(l life history of I'apUio (Iciiidleiin arc I)ri('rt.v outlined, 'i'liis \>rs\ m.-iv be (■(HilroUcd by sin'ayin.i,' witli Taris i^Tccn nt the rate of 1 lii. to L!(i(i ,i:al. nf water. Internal parasites of Diaspis pentagona, A. Berlese {B(jI. Ilffic. Min. Ayr., Indus, c Coin. llioni(\. .'/ {I!ll)(i). .Vo. 7. />/;. (ICl (Ki'i). — lUtispis prnlayaita is recognized as a serious pest of iiuili>crries. and some attention is liein^; i^iven to the enconraspnicnt of jiarasitcs of tliis insect. On the parasites of Diaspis pentagona, L. (). Howard (/•;»/. .Acfrv, 11 {1906), -Yo. N. pp. .ii>l-2i>.i, fiy. 1). — I). pciiiayoHa has been known in tlie District of CoUinibia since 1892. and an o])portunity has, therefore, l)een had to study rather closely its insect parasites. A number of infested scale have been sj^nt to Italy in the hope that beneficial i)arasites mi.ijht be reared from them to assist in combating the pest in that country. A considerable number of parasites have been reared, one of which is described as new under the name Prospalta hrrle«i. The mango weevil (Cryptorhynchus mangiferae), I). L. Yan Dine {Hawaii ,Sta. Press Bill. 11. pp. It. i)lx. i). — The injury done by tlie nningo weevil to the seeds of mangoes was tirst noted last year and the pest has already become a serious one. Apparently it has been introduced into Hawaii some time since ]S!)8. The hal)its and life history of the ])est are briefly described. The weevil undergoes its entire development within the seed and can not, therefore, be treated by ordinary insecticides. It is stated that the destruction of rubbish about the trees during the i)eriod from October to March will kill many of the hibernating weevils. It is also recommended that neglected trees along the wayside he destroyed. The oyster-shell bark-louse, (i. Quinn {-Jour. Dcpt. Ayr. So. Aust., 8 {1905), Yo. 11, pp. 6.39-6 'il, pys. ,3). — It is not known when the oyster-shell bark-louse was first introduced into South Australia, but apparently it has l)een present for many years. A detailed account is given of the life history of this insect and the injuries which it produces. In spraying for the pest the author recommends the use of lime-sulphur-salt wash, various resin compounds, kerosene emulsion, and red oil emulsion. The last-named insecticide is made of 1 lb. soap, 1 gal. red oil, and 1 gal. soft water, the nuxture being dihned before si)raying to 14 to 1(1 gal. The oyster-shell bark-louse, T. 1). Jarvis {Caiiad. Ent.. 38 {1906), Yo. .9, pp. 2S9-29.'i. fiys. ,?). — The a])pearance, habits, and life history of this insect are l)riefl.v discussed by way of c()mi)arison with scurfy scale and San Jose scale. \Yhile a number of (>f1icient femedies are known for this pest, the be.st results have followed the use of lime-sul])hur-salt wash. A new species of fungus parasitic on Ceroplastes rusci, A. Berlese {Redia, II {1906). \(). .'//. pp. 166-168). — In western Africa, particularly in Dahomey, a scale insect was observed in large numbers on the cocoanut i)alm which jiroved to be Asjiidiotus dcstriicUir. A mi.xture containing soda ;ind resin is recom- mended as a si)ra.v for this i»est. A new species of fungus parasitic on ceroplastes rusci, A. Berlese {Redia, 3 {1905), No. 1. pp. 8-15. pi. 1. fiys. .1). — In the body cavity and various organs of a number of scale insects, including Ceroplastes nisei, fungus bodies are found resembling yeast cells. The fungus is descrilied as lunv under the name Oospiira sacea rd ia iia. Ladybirds and woolly aphis, D. L. Bree.n {-lour. Dipt. Ayr. West. Aii.^t., 13 (1906). Xo. 5. p. '/'/?). — Leis eon for mis was introduced from Tasmania and 13987— No. 4—06 m 5 356 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. liberated in apple orchards badly iufested with woolly aphis. The ladybird in question has shown itself to be very efficient, having practically annihilated the woolly aphis on the majority of the apple trees. A number of native lady- birds are beneficial. The mite disease of grapevines, H. Muller-Thukgau {CentM. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 15 (1905), Ao. 19-20, pp. 623-629, fio-s. 2).— The disease caused by this mite was at first not understood. Since the discovery of the mite, liowever, successful remedies have been devised. The remedies suggested by the author include spraying with a 4 per cent solution of lysol. a 3 per cent solution of soda, or a 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid. Badly infested parts may be removed and destroyed. Winter treatment for acariosis of grapes, H. Faes (Cliron. Agr. Yaiid, 19 {1906), No. 3. PI). ■'i3-.'f9, pi. 1). — Lysol in 4 per cent solution gave excellent results in laboratory tests. It moistened the wood instantly and penetrated into all cracks, killing the mites promptly. A mixture containing 3 per cent black soap and 1 per cent carbolic acid gave results about equal to those obtained with ly.sol. A 30 per cent solution of iron to which 1 per cent sul- phuric acid was added was effective in destroying the mites, but did not spread so readily as lysol. Margorodes vitium, J. M. IIuergo {BoJ. Min. Agr. [Buenos Ayres], 5 {1906), No. 3, pp. 321-325). — This insect causes great damage to grapes, but in some cases it appears that the injury attributed to it has been caused by nematode root worms and other diseases. The insects affecting the black locust and hardy catalpa, E. C Cotton {Ohio Dept. Agr., Div. Nursery and Orchard Insp. Bui. 7, pp. 55, ^igs. 11). — On account of the increased demand for black locust as railroad ties and for similai- purposes, the study of its insect pests assumes considerable importance. This tree is seriously attacked by a number of pests, the most important of which Is the locust borer. The insect injury is exceedingly serious, particularly on account of the fact that it is not readily detected in the early stages of attack. Detailed notes are given on the habits, life history, and injuries caused by the locust borer, locust carpenter moth, Odoiitota dursalis, Ecdytoloplia insiticiana, Crepidodera rufipes, Apion nigrum, locust sawfiy, San Jose scale, Ceci'opia moth, and numerous other species which injure the locust more or less. The hardy catalpa is much less seriously attacked by insect pests. The author discusses the more serious of these enemies, including Ceraioiitia catalpa'. Cccido- myia catalpa', fall webworm, white grubs> and other insects. Elm-leaf beetle, V. Ma yet {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst). 27 {1906), No. 25, pp. 725-728, pi. 1). — An account is given of the habits, natural enemies, and means of combating this pest. A large number of insects prey upon it. but these are not suflicient to hold it in check. Spraying with arsenicals is a satisfactory treatment. Injuries to trees by insects, G. Cecconi {titas. Sper. Agr. Itah, 38 {1905), No. 10-12, pp. 865-905, pis. 7). — Particular attention is given in this article to an account of the life history, habits, and injurious attacks of white ants and A'arious species of moths, beetles, and other insects which injure forest trees. Two enemies of Juniperus communis, Y. Torka {Naturw. Ztschr. Land u. Forstio., Jf {1906), No. 9, pp. 399-IfOJt, figs. 5). — While the common cedar is not considered of much value in Germany, it has nevertheless been found necessary to devote some attention to its insect enemies. The author presents notes on the habits, life history, and injurious attacks of Phlwosiiius thuja' and Callidium castancuiii. A note on the life history of Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, E. P. Stebbing ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 357 {('(tlcuttit: Siijit. Govt, /'rinliiif/. Iiidht. I'.xiC. pp. 111. pis. .3). — Sal troos are lai-j:t'l.v ust'd lur railroad ties in liulia, and this wood has been so badly injured by the attacks of H. spiiiiconiis that large (iiiantities of ties have had to be rejected. The full-grown larvre are found in the wood in February and the beetles appear and are seen on the wing from May until July. The tunnels of the larvic penetrate into the heart of the tree. The only way of combating the pest successfully appears to lie the drastic method of cutting out infesti'd trees and charring (lie outside so as lo Idll all larv:i'. Synopsis of Portuguese galls and gall insects, .T. S. Tavares (lirotrrid, J/ (190.5), pp. V-XII + 1-12S, />/.s. /.'/).— A brief bibliography relating to the galls of Portugal is presented and an elaborate tabulation is given of the gall insects found upon various trees and herbaceous plants in Portugal. Studies on South American termites, N. Holmgren {Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Sys- triii.. dcoiir. II. liiol. 'I'icrc. ..M (W06). \o. ■'>. pp. 521-076, fi(jf<. 81).— A detailed descrijitive account is presented of various species of white ants known to occur in South America. Many of these species are described as new. Notes are given on the biology of white ants with special reference to the forms of the individuals and the construction of their nests. A bibliography of th<> subject is also i)resente(l. Habits and peculiarities of some South African ticks, C. P. Lounsbury (Cape Town: Govt., 19l).'>. pp. Id). — A number of ticks are known to cause serious injury to farm animals in Cape Colony, aside from their agency in carrying diseases. The author has given particular attention in his investiga- tions to Ainbhjomma lichnvinii, Arr/a.'i pev-'iicii.'i, I.rodes pilo.^itM. and various species of Khipicephalus and P.oophilus. Attention is called to the fact that our knowledge of the life history of ticks is very meager. The author reared the different species through jis many stages as possible and presents data as to the time occupied l)y the ticks in different stages, and other details of their life history. A new enemy of common fowls, A. IIempel, (BoL A(jr. [Sao Paulo] 7, set:, 1006, No. 6, pp. 2.5!)-261). — Arga.'i vcflexus is known to be a parasite on pigeons and the author has observed a number of instances in which young chickens and adult fowls were infested by it. The remedies usually adopted against .1. pcvsiciis will doubtless be of avail against this pest. Studies on Culex and Anopheles, B. Galli-Valerio and Jeanne Rochaz-de .ToxGir (Atti Soc. Stiidi Matavia, 7 (1906), pp. 1-17). — The author presents in a tabular form data relating to the time of appearance of various species of mosquitoes and the temperature and other climatic conditions which prevailed. In a study o/ the natural enemies of moscjuitoes it was found that Triton cristatus iviid T. muticeUiis are quite influential in the destruction of the mos- quito larva- and nymi)hs. Furthei' studies were made with reference to the action of the spores of A.^i)rr{/iJIii.^ nif/cr and .1. fjUiHCun on mosquitoes. A. niger was found to exercise a very prejudicial effect on the development of mos- quitoes and in general the presence of the spores of these fungi in water infested with mosquito larvse is believed to check their multiplication to an appreciable extent. A new mosquito killer (Municipal .four, and Engin.. 21 (1906), No. l-'i. pp. o.i.'j, 336). — A by-pi'oduct obtained in the manufacture of turpentine by the frac- tional distillation of itine wood has been tested in the destruction of mosquitoes and has been found to be very effective, iiossessing certain advantages over sul- Iihur. The material is a liquid which can be readily volatilized by the applica- tion of heat and a current of air over the heated surface. The fumes are, there- fore, generated outside of the room to be fumigated and then conducted into 358 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. this room. The material costs about tlie same as sulpliur, requires only 1 hoiir for treatment as compared with 2 hours with sulphur, does not injure metals, fabrics, paint, or color, and is not particularly irritating or harmful to human beings. Mites affecting farm homesteads, T. D. Jarvis {Canad. Ent., 38 {1906), No. 7, pp. 2,i!)-2Jfl). — A description is given of a serious infestation of a house with Ti/rogluplius longior. The mites occurred in large numbers and collected on clothing and other articles. The house was tightly closed and fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas, using 24 oz. of cyanid to 1,000 cu. ft. The treatment Ijroved (juite effective and apparently destroyed all of the mites. Cockroaches, \\. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 11 {1906), No. 5, pp. 4.'iO-JiJi7, jjL 1). — The author describes several of the common species of cock- roaches in New South Wales and presents a brief account of practical methods for controlling the pest. The methods include the use of phosphorus paste, borax, gunpowder, bisulphid of carbon, and hydrocyanic acid. The reaction of insects toward formalin fumes, K. Lampekt {Ztsclii: Wiss. Insektcnhiol., 2 {1906), No. 1, pp. 12, 13). — On the occasion of fumigating a house after an outbreak of scarlet fever the author placed a number of insects in open glass vessels and other situations to note the influence of formalin fumes upon them. The fiunigation was prolonged for 4 hours. The insects used in this experiment were cockroaches, spiders, larvse of wasps, etc. None of the insects were affected by the formalin fumes. The author believes, therefore, that formalin is not adapted for the destruction of insects in houses. Destruction of insects in greenhouses by hydrocyanic acid, L. Tillieb {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 12 {1906), No. 32, ijp. 181, 182, fig. i).— The use of hydrocyanic acid in destroying insects in greenhouses is, becoming more gen- erally practiced in France. For this purpose a special apparatus is illustrated and recommended. For ordinary greenhouse work the author suggests the use of 2.5 gm. of potassium cyanid for a cubic meter of space. Arsenate of lead, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. .Jour. Cape Good Hope, 29 {1906), No. 2, pp. 223-228).— The author states that arrangements have finally been made by which an excellent quality of arsenate of lead may be obtained in Cape Colony. This insecticide is recommended as superior to Paris green or any other arsenical poison for use against the codling moth and most leaf-eating insects. Spraying to control or prevent injury from insects and plant diseases, R. I. Smith {Ga. Bd. Ent. Bid. 19, pp. 127-168, figs. 3). — A general statement is given regarding the importance of spraying and the use of insecticides and fungicides. » The main part of the bulletin is occupied with fornuilas for preparing and directions for applying a standard insecticide and fungicide. A spray calendar is also given recommending applications for the more common injurious insects and fungus diseases. Apiculture, R. Hommell {Apiculture. Paris: J. B. Bailliere d Son, 1906, pp. XIl+5-'i2, figs. 178). — This volume is one of a series which will constitute an agricultural encyclopedia published under the direction of G. Wery. The whole subject of bee raising is discussed in detail. The subject-matter of the volume is arranged under the following heads : Anatomy and physiology of bees, biology of bee colonies, wax. nectar, honey, bee plants, structure of bee- hives, management of bees, extraction of honey, utilization of all bee products, and the various enemies of bees. Bees and the corolla of flowers, F. Faideau {Apiculteur, 50 {1906), Nos. 8, pp. 98-107, figs, o; 5-6, pp. 195-203, figs. 5). — A study was made of the FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. , 359 influence exerted l»y the color and odor of flowers ni)on tlie visits of bees in the collection of honey and other bee foods. The author conies to the conclusion, as the result of this observation, that the odor of flowers is a much more important factor in attracting bees than is the color or shape of the corolla. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Concerning the behavior in the body of certain organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds, F. W. Tunnicliffe, (Arch. Inteniat. Fhannacod. ct Thrr., W (Jnod), Xo. l-.'i, pp. 207-220). — Using 2 children as subjects, a compar- ison was made of an organic phosphorus body (a compound of glycero- phosphoric acid and pure casein) and an inorganic body, calcium phosphate, the special object of the experiments being to determine whether by increasing the phosphorus of the diet it is possible to increase the amount of phosphorus retained in the body and to observe the effects of inorganic and organic phos- phorus compounds upon proteid metabolism. The balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was determined in the experi- mental periods and in the fore and after periods. The conclusions which were drawn are. in effect, as follows : In the healthy child the addition of an organic phosphorus compound to the diet was followed by an increase in the amount of phosphorus assimilated by and retained in the body. An organic phosphorus compound increases the amount of nitrogen of the food assimilated. The addition of calcium phosphate to the food did not Increase the amount of phosphorus assimilated or retained by the child, nor did this compound exert any favorable influence upon the as- similation of the nitrogen of the food. The phosphorus contained in the sodium glycero-phosphate of casein is practically entirely assimilated by the body. The article contains a summary and discussion of data regarding the more or less complicated organic i)hosphorus compounds which are regarded partly as foods and partly as medicines which " have found extensive therapeutic use and seem to be gradually i-eplacing the older inorganic phosi)hates." The value of experiments on the metabolism of protein, E. Abderiialden {Zentbl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. StoffnechseU. n. srr.. 1 (1906), Xo. 18, pp. 561-565). — A critical discussion of recent studies of proteids. The author be- lieves that a knowledge of cell metabolism may be gained by biological and chemical methods. Progress of proteid cleavage on different diets, H. Vogt {Beitr. Chcm. Physiol, u. Path., 8 (1906), Xo. 11-12, pp. .'i09-.',30, fins. .J).— Studies with men and dogs, in most of which the proportion of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the urine was determined at hourly intervals after the ingestion of food, showed that the rate of digestion varied with different proteids. The author points out that when the cleavage curves of different foods and combinations are known, together with the factors dei)endent upon them, some satisfactory theories can be formulated regarding diet in health and especially in disease. Proteid substances in muscle, M. Soave (Atti R. Acad. Hci. Torino, .'/O, Xo. IS, p. 8.31; ahs. in Zentbl. Physiol, 20 (1906), Xo. 12, p. 3.9//).— Analyses showed that beef muscle and rabbit nnisde contained about the same proportions each of histidiu, arginin, and lysin. Quito different proportions were found in myosin and myogen. Ammonia nitrogen was also found in myogen but not in myosin. According to the author, at least one of the hexon bases, namely arginin, must exist in muscle in a free state or at all events in a compound which is not an integral part of the muscle proteid. 360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The iDi'esent knowledge regarding fat considered from a physiological- chemical standpoint, A. Jolles {Uvischau, 10 (1906), No. JfO, pp. 795, 796).- — A summary of data regarding the structure of fat, its cleavage in the body, forms in which fat is assimilated, lecithin and its compounds, and similar topics. The author points out that fat is exci-eted in the human body through the skin, the lU'ine, and the feces, and that the total amount excreted per week varies according to the individual, the temperature of the atmosphere, the work per- formed, and other factors, for instance, being greater when severe work is per- formed in a warm temperature than when the temperature is cool and no work is performed. Mercers' Company lectures on recent advances in the physiology of digestion, E. M. Starling (London: Archibald Constahle & Co., Ltd., 1906, pp. ir,6; rev. in Brit. Med. Jour., 1906, No. 23S7, pp. 781, 7S2).— The work of other investigators has been included in this general summary, as well as that of the author and his collaborators. Some of the questions considered^ are the changes which food stuffs inidergo in the process of digestion, the rate of change, the factors which cause cleavage to cease, digestive ferments, and the mechanism of the movements of different parts of the digestive tract. Influence of chocolate and coffee on uric acid, P. Fauvel (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l',.' {1906), No. 25, pp. 1428-1430).— The excretion of purin bases in the urine was increased by the methyl xanthins of chocolate and coffee, while the uric acid excretion was unchanged. The precipitation of uric acid by acids was prevented. In the author's opinion, the influence of the bodies present in chocolate and coffee, especially theobromiu, is less pernicious than that exerted by the purin bodies of meat and leguminous vegetables. Notes on purin-free diets, W. A. Potts (Lancet [London], 1906, II, No. 14, pp. 933-936, fig. 1). — Basing his argument on the contention that it is desirable for persons in health, as well as those suffering from various diseases, to sub- sist on a purin-free diet, different foods and food combinations are discussed, and some arguments are presented for a fruitarian diet. The so-called nutri- tive value of a number of foods is shown graphically, but apparently the data represent simply total dry matter. Sailors' food, W. Spooner (Brit. Med. Jour., 1906, No. 2388, pp. 862-864).— Information is summarized regarding the rations provided for British sailors, the disadvantages of the usual ration pointed out, and changes suggested. To secure needed variety the use of various simple foodstuffs from time to time is recommended, and a table is given showing quantities which are considered equivalent. Vegetarianism (Dietet. and Hyg. Gaz., 22 (1906), No. 9, pp. 535, 536).— Some popular fallacies regarding vegetarian diet are pointed out. As regai-ds the possible transmission of disease from animal and vegetable foods, the following statement is made: "If meats are well cooked and vege- tables carefully cleaned, the dangers from disease-producing bacteria will be reduced to a mininium." A new variety of bread (Pure Products, 2 (1906), No. 7, pp. 383-386).— A form of bread made in Europe is described in which the clean moistened grain is allowed to malt until germination begins, then crushed and ground until it is fine, and made into dough. Both rye and wheat are used for this sort of bread. The solanin content of potatoes, M. Wintgen (Arch. Pharni., 244 (1906), No. 5, pp. 360-372). — From the author's investigations the conclusion was reached that the solanin content of potatoes varies markedly with different FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 361 varieties, but in .wiienil is lower tliaii tlie average figures ordinarily quoted. No increase in the solanin content of stored potatoes was noted when the si)r(»uts were removed. It was found that diseased potatoes jwssessed no higher sohmin content than sound i)otatoes, nor did it appear that bacteria increased the solanin content. A biological method of separating cassava starch, K. »e Krui.tff {Tcyfi- DKUiniii. n (JlKXi), Ao. ,s', lip. .')OS-50H) . — In comparative tests the author found that it was i)ossil)le to obtain a larger yield of cassava starch by biological than by mechanical methods. The biological method consisted in allowing bac- teria to destroy the cell walls and free the starch. The amount of iron in spinach, II. Skkger {Phanii. Ztg., 51 (1906), No. 33, I). 372). — Four samples of spinach containing from 8(').7 to 89.5 per cent water showed on an average 0.104 per cent iron on the dry-matter basis. The pro- portion of iron in alcohol extract of spinach and related topics was also studied. Candle-nut oil (Agi: Gaz. N. i^. Wales, 11 {1906), No. S, pp. 859, 860).— Au analysis of caudle-nut, the fruit of Aleurites triloba, is reported. The propor- tion of fat is 59.93 per cent. In the author's opinion 55 per cent of the oil could be readily extracted commercially. The nutritive value of fish, G. Rosenfeld {Zcnihl. Inn. Med., 21 (1906), No. ?', pp. 169-176). — From the standpoint of both nutritive value and palata- bility fish is an important food and iu the author's opinion, based on experi- ments, equal to beef as a source of energy in the diet. It produces the same sensation of satiety and this lasts for a long time. Fish causes the excretion of a smaller amount of uric acid than meat. Loss of material when fish is cooked, A. Beythien (Pharm. Gcntralhalle, Jfl {1906), p. 1J,0; ahs. in Zentbl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Hfofficcchscls, n. ser., 1 {1906), No. 17, p. 560). — The experiments reported showed that the water in which fish was boiled contained 8.8 to 11.3 per cent of the total fish protein. As the water could not be used for food purposes on account of its odor this represents a waste. A cook book for nurses, Sarah C. Hill {Boston: Whitconib tt- Barrows, 1906; rev. in Dietet. and Hyp. Gaz., 22 {1906), No. 9, p. 576').— The author has brought together recipes of dishes identical in method of cooking and differing only in one or two ingredients, and discusses such topics as fluid diet, light soft diet, convalescent diet, and diets suited to a number of special diseases. Foods and food control, W. I). Bigelow and C. H. Greathouse {U. 8. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Chcm. Bui. 69, rev. cd., pt. 9, pp. VI + 705-778). — A digest which serves as an index of the compilations of laws regarding food and food control previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 891). Food adulteration, F. W. Traphagen {Montana Sta. Bui. 61, pp. 13.')- 180). — Informaticm regarding the effects of food preservatives and similar ques- tions is summarized and the results of the examination of a number of samples of catsups, jams, jellies, canned goods, and other foods and food products re- ported. Of the samples examined 101 were found to be adulterated as com- pared witii 1-13 in which no adulteration was found. A warning regarding the use of chemical preservatives in meats, E. F. Ladd {Nortlt Dakota Sta. >S'/>rc. Bui. 2, pp. 7). — Tlie riMiuirements of th«' State pure-food law with respect to meat and meat products are pointed out. and attention is directed to the fact that the laws are to be strictly enforced. Data are also reported regarding the examination of a sample of strained honey and 3 samples of preserves, all of which were adulti'rated or sojihisticated. Preservatives in food and food examination, ,T. C. Thresh and A. E. 362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Porter {London: J. tC- A. Churchill, 1906, pp. JfSJfj rev. in Pub. Health [London], 19 {1906), A"o. 1, pp. 53, 5^). — This volume contains chapters on presei-vatives, artificial coloring matters, unsound food, the sophistication of food and its de- tection, and related questions. Review of the literature of composition, analysis, a'nd adulteration of foods for the year 1905, A. J. J. VA^DEVELDE and M. Henseval {Heparulc from Bui. ,s'rrr. ^urveill. Fabric, et Com. Denrces Aliment., 1906, pp: 120). — The subjects included are general articles, apparatus, water, milk and cream, fats and oils, cheese, cereals and cereal products, spices, sugar, sirup, etc., vinegar, fruits and vegetables, adulteration, and similar topics. In many cases the bibliographical data are supplemented by short abstracts. For earlier woi-k see E. S. R., 17, p. 787. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Cattle feeding experiments, H. R. Smith {Xcbraska Sta. Bui. 93, pp. 23, fig. 1). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 17, p. 088) the relative merits of different sorts of coarse fodder for supplementing corn and the value of differ- ent concentrated feeds as compared with alfalfa were studied with 6 lots of 10 steers each. In the first test the rations consisted of snapped corn with prairie hay and with corn stover, each alone and with equal parts of alfalfa hay, snapped corn, and alfalfa hay, and with corn fodder (entire plant and ears) and alfalfa hay. In the 12 weeks covered by the period the average daily gain per steer ranged from 1.02 lbs. on snapped corn and corn stover to 2.06 lbs. on snapped corn and alfalfa hay. The greatest range in grain consumed per pound of gain was also noticed with these lots, being 4.6 lbs. on the alfalfa hay ration and 9.25 lbs. on the corn stover ration. The greatest amount of coarse fodder per pound of gain, 22.44 lbs., was also noticed with the last-mentioned lot, and the smallest amount, 10.47 lbs., with the lot fed prairie hay and alfalfa hay with snapped corn. Gain was most cheaply made on snapped corn with corn stover and alfalfa hay, costing 5.01 cts.. and was dearest on sutxpped corn and prairie hay, costing 8.76 cts. per i)ound. The Steers were followed by pigs, and the value of the pork produced, as a by-product for each pound of gain made by the steers ranged from 0.7 cts. with the snapped corn, prairie hay, and alfalfa hay to 1.18 cts. on the snapped corn and prairie hay ration. As pointed out by the author, in each of the 4 lots where alfalfa, a coarse fodder rich in protein. \\;is used, the gains were larger than in the other cases and were made on less feed and at a lower cost. Feeding alfalfa with prairie hay 1:1 as compared with prairie hay effected a saving of 40 per cent of the corn re(iuired per pound of gain and 47 per cent when fed with corn stover as compared with stover without alfalfa. " The larger saving of corn in the case of stover was no doubt due in part to the fact that stover is more deficient in protein than is prairie hay." The amount of feed wasted " was vei'j- slight in case of alfalfa and very considerable with the corn stover. From one-third to one-half of the lower part of the cornstalk was thrown out because (»f its being refused by the cattle." " Alfalfa hay is pronouncedly superior to prairie hay for beef production, and the more rapid the extension of the area of land devoted to the production of alfalfa, supplanting the less valuable and lower yielding native hay, the more rapid will be the production of wealth from our soil. " Native prairie hay, if for any reason it is most available for feeding pur- poses, should not be fed with corn alone, but rather with corn supplemented ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 368 with a siiiiiU (|u.iiitity dl' soiiu' iinilciii food, sudi as oil inonl. to .^i\(' iiioi'c nearly a balance ol" luitriciits in kccijiiis; with aiiiiiial rt'(iuireuieiits. "Cornstalks cut ami jmt in the shock iiinnediately after the ears ripen possess a food value which can not consistently l)e ignored by the farmer, and existing hind values warrant (lie larj^er utilization of this rou.nhnrss by the adoption of methods of harvesting' that will make such material more valuable for feedinj^ puiposes." After an interval of .3 weeks the cattle used in the precedinj: test were ayjiin subdivided into (! lots of 10 steers each. Corn alone, corn and bran ii : 1, and corn with oil meal and with cotton-seed meal 9:1, with prairie grass hay in every case, were compared, as well as corn and corn-and-cob meal each with alfalfa hay and prairie ha.y 1 : 1. The feeding period covered 8 weeks. The average daily gain ranged from 1.27 Ib.s. per head on corn and prairie hay to 2.ri2 lbs. on corn and oil meal. The grain eaten per pound of gain ranged from '.».7T lbs. oii both tlie corn and oil meal and the corn-and-cob meal and alfalfa hay rations to 15.10 lbs. (»n corn, and the hay eaten from 2.7 lbs. on corn and oil meal to 3.94 lbs. on corn. The cost of a pound of gain was largest with the last-mentioned lot. being 1(1.74 cts.. and lowest, 7.4 cts., with the lot fed corn and alfalfa hay. Pigs followed the steers, and the value of the i)ork produced as a by-product to each pound of gain made by the steers ranged from O.GS ct. in the case of the corn and cotton-seed meal ration to 2.05 cts. in the case of the corn ration. " Conclusions can not be drawn from the results of a single experiment, but the records of this test indicate that oil meal is superior to cotton-seed meal. The greater profits, however, from oil meal were due in part to the fact that the hogs behind the cattle fed cotton-seed meal made much smaller gains. "The records in this experiment also indicate that oil meal has a value nearly three times as great as bi'an. . . . " None of the jirotein concentrates proved as cheap as alfalfa hay." Our available stock foods, W. H. Dalrymple (Louisiana ,S7«.s-. Bill. 86, pp. I'f, figs. 11). — Available data regarding the composition and nutritive value of a number of feeding stuffs, especially those of local origin, are spoken of, and sample rations for different farm animals are suggested in which such feeding stuffs are used. Requests for information regarding the feeding of low-grade sugar cane molasses or blackstrap were sent to a number of planters. Opinions regarding its use were not entirely uniform, but in general they showed that this material was extensively used and very favorabl.y regarded. The consumption of molasses per head per day on 47 sugar estates averaged about 10 lbs., the range being from 2 or 3 lbs. to a little over 21 lbs. The majority of those supplying information conceded that molasses effected a saving of 10 to 50 per cent in feed bills. The opinion was generally advanced that feeding molasses dimin- ished the number of cases of dietetic ailments, such as colic, etc., and improved the health and therefore the capacity of the animals for woi'k. " Some feed molasses as an ingredient of a mixed ration ; others, by itself, ad libitum, in an open recei)tacle; while still others adopt both methods. . . . The fewer number of planters feed their animals 3 times per day, the majority twice." In a number of cases the replies received stated that molasses was fed to all classes of farm animals except poultry as well as to horses and mules. Value of ground maize cobs, R. II. Gennys {Agr. Gaz. .Y. »S'. Wales, 11 (IflOd). \o. 5. pp. -'/7.), '/IH. pg. 1). — Data are summarized regarding the compo- sition and feeding value of corn-and-cob meal, and a test brietiy noted in wluch 864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. somewhat shriveled iuul iiiuiiature com ears, havinj^ no market value, were coarsely ground and the corn-and-cob meal fed to 11 pigs for 21 weeks. The ration consisted entirely of the corn-and-cob meal mixed with water. The calculated profit was about $56. Farm horses were also fed on corn-and-cob meal with chaff, " They were at work fairly hard during the period and held their own well." Utilization of fresh pea pods and asparagus waste, A. MOller {Konserv. ZUj., 1906. p. .',0; ahs. in Vlivm. Ztf/., SO il'JOH), Ao. 12. Rcpcrt. No. 30. p. 295).— With a view to determining their feeding value the author made analyses of the asparagus waste and the fresh pea pods which accumulate at canneries. The asparagus waste contained, on a dry matter basis, 5.09 per cent water, 20.97 per cent protein, 2.00 per cent fat, 37.13 per cent nitrogen-free extract, 25.84 per cent crude fiber, and 7.99 per cent ash, and the pea pods 7.88 per cent water, 16.00 per cent protein, 1.25 per cent fat, 50.69 per cent nitrogen-free extract, 18.85 per cent crude fiber, and 5.33 per cent ash. Potato drying in Germany, Parow {Miit. Deut. Landw. Geselh, 21 (1906), No. 25, pp. 26.'/-266). — When potatoes can not be otherwise utilized it is stated that they may be dried and used as a feeding stuff. Information is given regarding the method and cost of drying and the value of the dried product. Concerning the poisonous properties of peanut cake, F. Schmidt (Chcni. Zt(j.. 30 (1906), No. 73, p. 8S2).— The author attributes the harmful effects sometimes noted after feeding peanut cake jirincipally to the presence of sand. Fermentation, bacterial growth, and adulteration with castor beans are also regarded as causes. A native plant recommended as a fodder for the dry country, J. H. Maiden {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 11 (1906), No. 7, p. 719).— A brief note to the effect that the Noogoora bur (Sida cornigata, var. trichopoda) is valuable as a fodder plant. It is said that sheep fatten quickly on it and that cattle relish it, but that horses do not care nnich for it. Concerning the nutritive value of amid substances, B. von Strusiewicz (Inaug. Diss. Univ. Gottingen [1906]; abs. in Jour. Landw., 54 {1906), No. 1, p. 81). — Feeding experiments with sheep to study the nutritive value of the amid substances in beets and beet molasses led to the conclusions that such material is fully equal to digestible protein, and that in estimates of the nutri- tive value of feeding stuffs the amid nitrogen should not be subtracted from the digestible protein and reckoned with the nitrogen -free extract. Sheep and saltbushes, Coolabah farm, R. W. Peacock (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 17 {1906), No. 7, pp. 701-707, figs. 3).— On saltbush alone, 5 sheep fed in a pen lost 3.2 lbs. per head in a year's feeding period, but were apparently healthy, while sheep fed on saltbush supplemented with hay, grass, green feed, etc.. gained 12.5 lbs. each during the same time. Six sheep running in a salt- bush paddock for a year gained on an average 11.17 lbs. each. Feeding salt- bush diminished the yield of wool somewhat, but the fleece was of good quality. The saltbush mutton was dry and tough, resembling mutton produced during time of drought, but the flavor was sweet. " Very little fat was on inside — the kidneys were just covered with a thin film; also paunch." The value of the different varieties of saltbushes may perhaps be gauged by the partiality of the sheep for them. The following varieties were fed: Atriplex niinunularia, A. rcsicaria, A. angulata, A. semibaccata. and A. leptocarpa, the first mentioned being the chief feed throughout the test. "They relished a change from one variety to another at all times, but were more partial to .1. aiigitlata than the other varieties." The cross breeding of sheep, J. S. Loosley {Rhodesian Agr. Jour., 3 {1906), ANIMAL PRODUOTION, 365 No. 6. PI). ('tl!)-G.l'i. Ills. 3). — A siiiuiiKiry of datn on lh(> success which has atteiulod tho crossing of native Kalir and Africandoi' owes with imported well- bred rams. Tender present conditions, in llie antlior's opinion, farmers can not do better tlian to lireed such crosses. The swine industry in Ontario {OiiUirio Ihiit. Ai/r. liiil. I'/H. pp. 3(!). — On the basis of answers received tn a circular list of (piestions, data are sum- ma ri/.cd resiardinj; the condition of the swine industry in the various counties of tile rro\ince of Ontario. The majority of the counties j;ave ]>reference to the Yorkshire breeds. Pure- bred sires are used almost entirely. The general tendency throughout the province is slightly to increase the ijroduction of pork. The average cost of .sunuuer feeding is estimated to be $4.")! per hundredweight and winter feeding .?5.88. "A luunber of correspondents, especially in western Ontario, state that with comfortable quarters and roots the cost of feeding is no greater in winter than in sunuuer." The l)ulletin also contains a sunmiary of data on the i)oultry industry by (}. E. Day. Inheritance of color coat in swine, W. J. Si'ILlman (Science, n. scr., 2ff {1906), \o. HI'/, pp. 'i-'il-JfJfS). — A brief statement regarding breeding experi- ments with Tamworth, Yorkshire, Poland China, and Duroc Jersey pigs and the wild boar of Europe, conducted by Q. I. Simpson. The results are not regarded as conclusive, " but they do render it highly probable that there are good Mendelian characters in this class of animals." Origin and history of the horse, H. F. Osborn (Proc. N. Y. Farmers, 1905-6. pp. ■'>-.!0. pis. HI). — The origin of the horse, distribution and migration of horses, and related (]uestions are discussed very largely on the basis of the author's recent studies and discoveries of fossil remains. Poultry (\QH(irl.^ Rpt. W. Va. Bd. Afjr., 1906, No. 2, pp. 159, figs. 38).— Articles by a number of writers on various topics connected with poultry rais- ing are uicluded in this report, as well as a summai-y of experiment station work on the subject, one of the articles being by K. C. Atkeson on white guinea fowls {])[). 40. 41). It is stated on the basis of personal experience that this variety is more satisfactory than other varieties, since they are tamer and lay in the chicken house instead of seeking out-of-the-way nests, while they are par- ticularly satisfactory for table fowls. " The young guinea does not require as much care as the turkey, Imt if liatched early will reciuire more care than chickens. June [in West Virginia] is al)out the best month to have them hatch, and if they are kept contined for the first few days so that they will not exercise too mucli. they will get along all right as they are exceptionally free from disease." Poultry, A. G. Gilbert and V. Fortier {Vaiiada Cent. E.rpt. Farm Bui. 5Jf, pp. 15. pis. 5. figs. 55). — In this bulletin, whicli sununarizes data on the rearing, feeding, and management of poultry, experience gained at the experimental farms has been sununarized, as well as general information. The breeding, feeding, and general management of poultry, A. CI. (lilhert (pp, 5-28). — The author calls attention to the princii>les which underlie profit- able poultry raising, describes l)reeds, and discusses rations and manner of f(>(>ding them, the molting of fowls and methods of shortening this period of uonproduction, and related tojiics. Tlu>re are also short chapters on turkeys, ducks, and .geese. On incubation, the rearing and fattening of chickens and foicls, poultry buildings, etc., V. Fortier (pp. 29-75). — The author treats of incubation, natu- ral and artificial poultry raising, the growth of chickens and the fattening of 366 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. heus. poultry buildin.trs and runs, and the treatment of poultry diseases, injuries, etc. Poultry for export, (i. Bradshaw {Agr. Giiz. ^\ S. Wales, 17 (1906), A'O. 8, jip. S26-858, figs. 11). — A competition in raising poultry for market sliinved that under local conditions chickens can be raised to three and a half or four months at a cost of twenty-five cents each. Detailed statements are made re- garding the quality of the poultry shipped to the London market and the con- dition of the poultry industry as a whole. The author believes that the local demand for poultry of good quality can be greatly increased. Meat powders, etc., for poultry food {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales. 11 (1906), No. 8, p. 85'J). — An analysis is reported of a poultr.v food of animal origin. Color in birds and color feeding, L. Dechmann (Rel. Poultry Jour., 13 {1906), Kos. 6, pp. 618. 619, 628; 7, pp. 683, 68J,, 702, 103. pgs. 3; 8. pp. 155-151, 800, 801, figs, -i)- — The general question of color of poultry feathers and factors which affect it are considered and data summarized on the possibility of intiuencing the color of feathers and shanks by colored light and by feeding pigment. The castration of ostriches, Elley (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 29 {1906), No. 3, pp. 349-35-'i, fig. 1). — The operation of caponizing ostriches is described. It is claimed that caponizing induces increased weight of feathers, better phys- ical condition of the birds in times of drought or scarcit.v, and a probable im- provement of the flesh, provided the birds should be used as food, while it lessens the dangers from fighting. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. On the influence of asparagin on the production of milk and its con- stituents, T. Pfeiffer, W. Schneider, and A. Hefner {Mitt. Landio. Inst. Bres- lau, 3 {1906), No. 5, pp. I'/l-llO). — In experiments with 3 goats in continuation of earlier work (E. S. It.. 17. p. 39G), the addition of 4.5 gm. of asparagin daily to a basal ration was compared with the addition of 58 gm. of aleurone to the same ration. The results as judged by the increase in the yield of milk, total solids, and fat were almost as favorable for the asparagin as for the aleurone. When the asparagin was fed, however, the live weight of the animals decreased, while a slight increase was observed when the aleurone was fed. It is therefore concluded that the asparagin increased the milk production at the expense of body weight, and that this amid in contrast to aleurone and other proteids is not to be classed as a true nutrient, but as a condimental or stimulating sub- stance. Report of the Spotted Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association, 1905 {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 1 {1906), No. 5, pp. 285-32.'i, pi. 1). — The average annual yield of 88 cows of this breed was 3,Gu8 kg. of milk, showing an average fat content of 3.93 per cent and total solids of 13.04 per cent. Examination of colostrum of goats, M. Sieufeld (Milrhu-. Zenthh, 2 {1906), No. 8, pp. 360-363). — The analysis of a sample of colostrum obtained during the first day of lactation showed the following composition: Total solids, 28.16; total proteids, 8.40 ; casin, 3.68 ; fat, 14.70 ; sugar, 2.94 ; and ash, 0.99 per cent. On the second and third days the total proteids decreased to 4.14 and 4.46 per cent, respectively, and the fat to 5.10 and 5.50 per cent. The fat obtained dur- ing the second and third days showed a Reichert-Meissl number of 28.7, a I'olenske number of 5.15, a saponification number of 227.2, and an average molec- ular weight of the nonvolatile fatty acids of 259.7. The percentages af cho- lesterin and lecithin were respectively 0.042 and 0.091. DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING — AGROTECHNY. 367 Market milk investigations. II, The milk and ci'eam exhibit at the National Dairy Show, 1906, C. H. Lam: ( /. ^S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aitiin. Indus. Bui. 87, pp. 21, pifi. .//). — This bulletin gives the results of an experiment in judg- ing or scoring niill< and cream in a contest conducted at the National Dairy Show held in Cliicago February 15-24, 1900. The work was designed to Ik- cilu cational in cliaracter by showing some of tlie pos>its were divided into 15 classes — certified milk, marlcet niillv, and cream. Tlie conditions of entry recpiired that the milk or cream be a fair sam- ple of the product as sold by the exhibitor and that it be fre? from preservatives and not jiasteurizcd or sterilized. All the milk and cream entered in the contest was ])ro(ln(e(l on l''eliniary IL'. iiacju'd in ice. shipped to Chicago, and scored on February 1."). The numhei- of I'xhihitors in the 3 classes mentioned were, re- spectively, S, 2.3, and 17. For certified milk the numerical scores allowed for perfect were as follows: Flavor, 4(> : cluMnical snn- light. The results showed that the red and green rays were without influence, while tiie ultra-violet, blue, and yellow rays produced marked changes. The same difference's were observed when uncolored bottles filled with milk were wrai)ped with diflerent color(Ml silk i)aper. In order to prevent changes in the milk it is therefore necessary to exclude the light or wrap the bottles in red or green paper. Experiments were made with mice to determine if the modified millv has in- jurious i)roperties. While the results did not warrant positive conclusions, the authors believe that the use of such milk may not be without bad effects on inf:ints. The use of sodium citrate as a modifier of cows' milk, J. W. England {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, J,7 (1906), lYo. 16, pp. l?J,l-12>t3, flf/s. 16).— The author concludes from the experimental data reported in this article that when citrated nulk is brought into contact with the gastric juice, the sodium citrate is decomposed b.v the hydrochloric acid into sodium clilorid and citric acid and lliat the resulting sodium chlorid exerts important physical, chemical, and phys- iological influences in the digestion of the milk proteids. The citric acid liber- ated is not believed to have any greater tlierapeutic value than the hydrochloric acid. In the cold, sodium citrate has no decomposing action on calcium casein. Condensed milk, P. Diffloth {Indus. Lait [Paris], 31 {1906), No. 32. pp. o2,3--')2o) . — Notes are given on the manufacture of condensed milk without the addition of cane sugar. Samples so prepared contained a nuich higher percent- age of water than usual. The composition of condensed milk made from whole nulk without the addition of cane sugar was as follows: ^Yater ()1.4r), proteids 11.17, fat 11.42, lactose 13.90, and ash 1.99 per cent; and that from skim milk as follows : Water GS.G2, proteids 12.34, fat 0.26, lactose 15.73, and ash 2.96 per cent. Variations in the test of separator cream {Kansas 8ta. Bui. 131, pp. 203- 211). — The experiments reported in this bulletin show the extent of variations in the fat content of cream due to several causes. The principal results are stated as follows : " 1. The temperature of milk makes a difference of from one to five per cent in the test of cream at average skimming temperature, greater variation being caused in extreme cases. " 2. The amount of flush water used with average skimming temperatures makes a difference of from one to three per cent, in extreme cases making a difference as great as ten per cent. " 3. The variation in steadiness of the bowl makes a difference of from two to sixteen per cent, depending on the amount of vibration. " 4. The variation of the speed of the bowl causes a difference of from one to thirteen per cent in the test of cream, depending on the variation in speed. " f). The amount of milk allowed to flow through the separator bowl from one- half to full capacity makes a difference of from one to six per cent, depending upon the divergence from full capacity of the machine. "6. The amount of acid in the milk causes an irregular variation in the test of cream, depending u^wn the amount of acid it contains. Where the acid 370 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. reaches a high point, 0.3 to 0.4 per cent for instance, and the separator is used continuously for an hour or more, it will eventually clog the same as in the ease of cold milk. The cream will then become thicker until the separator is entirely clogged. The extent of the clogging will depend on the amount of acid in the milk and the size of the machine. The higher the acidity and the smaller the niaehine the sooner the separator will clog." Improving the quality of cream from inferior m.ilk, W. D. Saunders {Virginia *S7«. Bill. 162, pp. I40-I0O, fius. 2). — In the method described in this bulletin sour or bad-flavored milk is closely skimmed and the cream so obtained is diluted to any desired extent with fresh skim milk. In one of the experiments reported a composite sample taken from 12 lots of milk and cream showed an acidity of 0.24 per cent. The cream, as taken from the separator, showed an acid content of 0.117 per cent. The skim milk used for diluting the cream contained 0.15 per cent acid. The acidity of the mixture before pasteurizing was 0.13 per cent and after pasteurizing 0.121 per cent. A can of this cream which contained 40 per cent of fat w-as cooled to a low tem- perature, covered with a felt jacket about 1 in. thick, and shipped to New Orleans, the time in transit being about 36 hours. So far as known this cream reached its destination in prime condition and gave good satisfaction. Two other experiments of a like nature are reported. Effect of bacteria in wash water of butter (Kansas Sta. Bui. 138, pp. 212-222, fiys. 2). — Experiments were conducted at the station at three different times of the year to determine the amount of contamination in various kinds of water used for creamery purposes. Determinations of the number of bac- teria in well water, pasteurized, sterilized, filtered, and treated in other ways and in melted ice are reported, and scores are given of the butter washed with the different kinds of water. The conclusions drawn from the work are as follows : " 1. It is both practical and economical to sterilize wash water for butter if it can be cooled and used immediately. Otherwise, the practice is a useless expense. " 2. A filter for creamery water is only a source of contamination and filth unless frequently cleaned and refilled with fresh filtering material. " 3. Water melted from ice, even though kept at 50° F., may become filled with bacterial growth if allowed to stand for a few hours in a wooden tank from day to day without thorough cleaning. Great care should therefoi-e be taken in the utilization of such water for cooling purposes. " 4. There is a direct relation between the bacterial content of the wash water used and the keeping quality of the butter. " 5. Water kept at a low temperature from 40° to 50° F. for a few hours inhibits the development of bacteria, or destroys from one-half to four-fifths of those present." Investigations in the manufacture and storage of butter. II, Prevent- ing molds in butter tubs, L. A. Roueks (U. .S'. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. Anitn. Indus. Bui. 89, pp. 13, fig. 1). — Notes are given on molds and experiments on prevent- ing their growth in butter tubs are reported. In each of G trials, 1 tub was soaked in cold water over night in the usual way, 1 was boiled 5 minutes in a saturated brine and left in the brine all night, 1 was soaked over night in a brine containing 9 per cent of commercial formalin, 1 was coated on the inside with paraffin, and 1 was immersed for a few seconds in a bath of paraffin at 2.50° to 2G0° F. All the tubs in each lot were filled from the same churnin : and otherwise treated alike. Of the untreated tubs all became moldy. Of those treated with hot brine, 1 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING ACROTECHNY. 3Tl was badly molded. 1 slii^Iitl.v UMildcd, and 1 molded (m the outside. Of those treated with fornmldeliydc, 1 w.is badly molded, aud of those coated with parartiu lume showed any mold whatever. The author considers that dipping the tubs has no particular advantage over coating the inside. Directions are given for applyiiig the i)aralliu and notes are given on the cost. The advan- tages of paratlining are sunnnarized as follows: (1) Certain prevention of moldy tubs, (2) preventiim of mold on butter and liner by avoiding air space, (3) neater apjiearance of tub, and (4) I'eduction of loss fi'om shrinkage. On butter powders, F. Reiss {Milch ir. Zctithl, 2 (1906), No. 8, pp. 808- 370). — An imfavorable report is made upon the use of preparations^ designed to be added to cream for the purpose of increasing the yield or quality of butter. Tests were made of two such preparations. Butter trade {London: [Bd. Affr. and Fisheries], 1906, pp. XL + 459). — This is a rejyort of the committee of the Board of Agriculture aud Fisheries of Great Britain ai)i)ointed to consider the need of further legislaticm concerning the trade in butter and butter substitutes. The report contains the evidence of 49 witnesses, legislation in other coun- tries, and the conclusions of the committee which include among other recom- mendations that butter factories should be registered, that no substances be added to butter whereby the percentage of moisture is increased, that the addition to butter of any fat not derived from milk: be expressly and directly prohibited, that neither butter nor margarin shall contain more than 16 per cent of water, that penalties for the importation of adulterated butter be pro- portional to the magnitude of the consignment, and that substances other than butter and margarin containing butter fat be sold with a Hunt of 24 per cent of moisture under a name approved by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. On the influence of salting on the formation of holes in Emmenthal cheese, O. Jensen (Landir. Jalirh. ^Srhicciz, 20 {1906), No. 8, pp. Jf37, J/SS). — Different Quantities of sodium chlorid ranging from 0.5 to 10 per cent were added to a peptone bouillon containing calcium lactate aud the medium inoculated with propionic-acid organisms. It was found that the presence even of 0.5 per cent of salt checked the developrnent of the organisms and that 10 per cent pre- vented their growth entirely. This injurious influence upon the growth of bacteria is attributed to the formation of calcium chlorid which causes a pre- cipitation of the proteids. In earlier investigations the author found that the outer portions of Emmen- thal cheese contained more salt than the interior of the cheese. This is there- fore oft'ered as an explanation why the outer layers of large Emmenthal cheeses and also small cheeses contain fewer holes than the central part of large cheeses. On the lactic fermentation in Emmenthal cheese, (). Jensen {Ann. Agr. f^uissc, 7 {1906), No. .',, pp. .l'jJ-281; Milcliii:. ZciitbL, 2 {1906), No. 9, pp. 393- J,14; Rev. Gen. Lait, 5 {1906), Nos. 20, pp. J,6Jt-470; 21, pp. J,81-J,92; 22, pp. 508-579). — Lactic ferments, according to the author, exercise an indirect influ- ence in cheese ripening in restraining gassy fermentation and putrefaction, and a direct influence in the decalcification of the ])ar;icaseia and the decompo- sition of the albununoid substances. In the investigations reported the author did not find as high a degree of acidity in Enunentlial cheese 4 hours old as was found by Peter (E. S. II., 16, p. 101!)). The acidity of the whey in the interior of the cheese at this stage decreased from 2S to 11° (cubic centimeters of tenth normal sodium hydroxid solution reipiired to neutralize 100 cc. of whey) as the temperature of cooking increased from 48 to 60° C. Lactic fermentation was apparently greatly re- duced by heating the curd above 58°. 13987— No. 4^-06 m 6 372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. When the eveuins milk was kept cool over night tlie acidity of the whey in the cheese varied from G to 13°, and when the milk was kept warm fi'ora 16 to 26°. The highest degree of acidity fomid in cheese 4 hours old in these experi- ments was 29°. The ripening of the evening milk was, therefore, considered of great importance in the acidification of the whey in the cheese during the first 6 hours after manufacture. The addition of 1 per cent of culture to the evening milk did not seem to increase the acidity. It is believed that acidification takes place mainly within the interior of the cheese, and in the early stages^ of this process the most important organism concerned is a hitherto imrecognized streptococcus, which is to be the subject of a special report. Later Bacillus casei e predominates This organism, considered the most important in the ripening of this cheese, reaches its maxiramn development soon after the cheese is made, which fact is believed to confirm the view previously put forth by the author that the ripening of hard cheese is due to the enzyms liberated by the disintegration of bacterial bodies w^hlch were formed in the cheese during the first few days. In regard to the process of decalcification, the author concludes that in fresh Emmenthal curd inorganic calcium and inorganic phosphoric acid exist in the same proportions as in tricalcic phosphate, and that during the acidification of the cheese the greater part of the tricalcic phosphate is transformed into dicalcic phosphate, and hence does. not pass into the whey. In order to lessen the danger of gassy fermentation in Emmenthal cheese, it is recommended that the evening milk be held at a temperature of about 20°, or where much trouble of this kind is experienced that the evening milk be cooled and cultures of Bacillus casci s and the streptococcus referred to be added to the milk before making into cheese. Investigations of 0. Johan-Olsen on the manufacture and ripening of cheese, IIuss {Milchw. Zentbl., 2 (1906), So. S. pp. 363-368).— Thifi is a re- view of the investigations of O. Johan-Olsi-n en the use of pure cultures of yeasts in the manufacture of various kinds of cheese. A rennet-producing bacterium isolated from Galium mollugo, J. Hohl (Landw. Jahrh. >sv-7/ (((/.c. .20 (1!)06). A'o. S, pp. .'i39-'i.'i'j). — The organism isolated from this plant is described as a variety of Bacterium sijnxauthuni. It was' found to be capable of coagulating milk without the formation of acid. The author also notes the isolation from soil of a bacillus having the same prop- erties as regards the coagulation of milk. Review of the work of the season for 1905-6, .J. A. Kinsella {Islew Zeal. Dept. Afft'.. Dairji. Dii\ Bui. 8, pp. 91, i)ls. l)). — This report contains statistics on the exports of dairy products from New Zealand and discussions on a num- ber of subjects of practical interest in dairying, such as salting butter, mottled butter, moisture in butter, paraffining butter boxes, use of preservatives, testing dairy herds, pasteurization, milking machines, etc. The exports during the year amounted to 314,165.5 cwt. of butter, valued at £1,696,403, and 121,322 cwt. of cheese, valued at £376,098. Some experiments in keeping butter at freezing temperatures from March 4 to May 8 are reported. None of the butter of first quality showed any appreciable deterioration during that time. The coating of butter boxes with parafl3n is urged on the grounds of saving a considerable ^mount of shrinkage. Yearly records of 3 private dairy herds are included. Nineteenth annual report of the Bern dairy school at Riitti-Zollikofen for the year 1905-6 (./aJircsher. Molk. Hclntle Riitti-ZoUiJcofeii, 19 (1905-6), pp. 56, pis. 2, figs. 2). — In addition to an account of the educational work of this school, the report contains brief summaries of experimental work con- cerning the testing of milk, gassy fermentation in cheese, use of pure cultures DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING — AGROTECHNY. 373 in the proparatiou of nMincl, (Ictcrniiiiatioii of tlic acidity in wlu'y from cheese, and variations in tlie dieniical composition of mlUv. Report of the dairy institute at Proskau, 1905-6 (lirr. MUclur. Inst. ProHlaiu, 1905-6,'pi). 29). — A report of the worlc of tliis institute during; tlie year, inchidinji analyses of a lars^'e number of samples of mill<. Officials, associations, and educational institutions connected with the dairy interests of the United States for the year 1906 (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus, ('in: !>!>. pp. /'/). Production of lactic and acetic acids from milk sugar, Kayser (Indus. Litit. [I'aris\. 31 {1906). No. Stl. pp. .7,S'()-5.S.9 ) . — Tlie principles involved iu the mainifacture of lactic acid and acetic acid from milk sugar are briefly stated and figures given to show the profits in this industry. Hawaiian waste molasses, S. S. Peck (Hairaiian Suf/ar Planters' Sta., Div. Af/r. and Clicm. Unl. IS, pp. 2.S).— It is stated that in the mills of Hawaii the waste molasses to each ton of sugar manufacluicd amounts to from 15 to 23 gal., averaging 55 per cent of sucrose. With a view to determining if the ex- haustion of molasses depends upon the ratio existing between the invert sugar and inorganic salts as found by IT. r. V. Geerligs in factories in Java, analyses were madt' (if the products of a nuni])er of factories during 2 seasons. The nietliods of analysis employed and the ivsults obtained are given in full. The author's sinnnnu'y is as follows : "(1) The ratio of glucose to ash does not serve as an indication of the ex- haustion of the Hawaiian n)olasses. "(2) The limit of the further recovery of sugar is estal)lished princii)ally by the viscosity of the molasses. "(3) The viscosity of the molasses originates with the gums, and any method reducing the quantity of gums or their stickiness, makes for the possibility of further recovery of sugar. "(4) The ashes of molasses and the <'omposition of the ashes vary with the conditions of growth of the cane and the amounts of lime used in the clarifica- tion of the juices. "(5) A high salt content in th(> irrigation water increases the iwtash and chlorin in the ash. but not to an appreciable extent the soda with which chlorin was originally combined." The influence of selected yeasts upon fermentation, W. A. P. Moncure, K. J. Davidson, and W. B. Ellett (Mrf/ijiiu Sta. Bui. 160, pp. 97-1:20, figs. 2, charts Jf). — Brief notes are given on the changes which take phice during the transformation of the fruit .juice into an alcoholic beverage, the sources of yeasfs in nature, and on the natural control of fermentation, and experiments showing the individualit,v of .veasts are reported. Tests were made to determine the effect upon unfermented cider of two yeasts designated No. 37 and No. 66. Under identical conditions the yeast No. .37 lib- erated 1S.9 gm. of COo. and yeast No. 6(i, 19.6S gm. The cider fermented with yt>ast No. 37 contained 4.5() per cent of alcohol and 0.472 per cent of acid. The cider fermented with yeast No. 66 contained 4.84 per cent of alcohol and 0.514 per cent of acid. The aroma produced by yeast No. 37 was pronounced very rich, fruity, and extremely pleasant, while that produced by .yeast No. 66 was raflicr sharp and nf ;in acid and slightl.y disagreeable nature. These 2 yeasts were further compared in some 34 tests. The results with both yeasts were comiiared with n.itural fermentation as regards the amount of carbon dioxid liberated and the composition of the fermented ciders. The percentage of alco- hol i)roduc(>(l l)y natural f(>rmentation was 4,44; b.v yeast No. .37, 4.70; and by yeast No. 6t!. 4.S3. The amoiuit of yeast found necessary to dominate fei'menta- tion was 1 to 400 parts of must 374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. The station lias a collection of abont 70 pnre cultures of yeasts, the more promising of which are hrietly noted. The influence of sulphurous acid on fruit wines, H. Muller-Thukgau (Gentbi. Biikt. [c/c], 2. AW., 11 (1906), A'o. 1-2, pp. 11-19).— In laboratory experiments during several years fresh pear juice was treated with sulphur dioxid in different amounts. In this w^ay the development of injurious organ- isms such as lactic-acid bacteria was checked or prevented. The favorable influence of this treatment was the more marked the sooner it was applied after pressing. As compared with samples not treated with sulphur this method Increased in general the alcoholic content of the fermented product and also the nonvolatile acids, but decreased the amount of volatile acids. The lactic acid in treated samples was only one-third that in untreated samples. The free sulphur dioxid disappeared rapidly so that only small quantities were present in the perry. The total amount of sulphur dioxid, however, showed no decrease. It is suggested that potassium metasulphid may be used instead of the sulphur dioxid. The method was applied to perry making under practical conditions with equally satisfactory results. The use of 84 mg. of sulphur dioxid per liter was as favorable as a larger amount. The perry contained a total of 83 mg. of sulphur dioxid per liter with 4 mg. in a free form. The combined form is believed to be free from objections from the standpoint of health. Filtration of wine, L. Moeeau {Rev. Vit., 26 (1906), No. 663, pp. 229-23^).— Analyses are reported of a number of samples of wine before and after filtra- tion. The results showed a considerable modification in the conqjosition of the wine. The method nevertheless is considered at times indispensable in clarification. The manufacture of Jamaica rum, C. Allan (West linlian BiiL. 7 (1906), No. 2, pp. 141-152). — This report contains a description of the process of manu- facturing rum in Jamaica, with analyses of a lai'ge number of samples of rum and of fermentation products of distilleries. A complete course in canning (Baltimore: The Trade, 1906, pp. 116, fig. 1. map 1). — This l>ook gives directions for the building of canning factories, discusses the economics of the business, and gives detailed formulas for the canning and preserving of all the vegetables, fruits, fish, meats, and soups commonly canned. Data for making jams, jellies, mince-meats, pie filler, spice mixtures, etc., are also given. riax spinning in France, C. J. King (Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1906, No. 2663, pp. '/, J). — This report on the spinning of flax and flax waste contains a description of a new method for the spinning of these articles which it is believed should be of considerable value in developing the linen industry in the United States. The new process, which- is invented by A. Guillemaud and protected by patent, consists in an adaptation to flax of the system now employed in spinning cotton. Industrial by-products utilized in agricultui'e as foods and as fertilizers, E. Collin and E Pekuot (IjCS rrsidiis indiistrivls iitilisrs par Vagrieulture com.mc aliments et comme engrais. Paris: J. B. BaiUiere & Son, pp. XI +" 299, figs. 93; rev. in Mais ScL, 8 (1906), No. 3, p. 15). — The work deals with the by-products of the manufacture of oils, perfumes, extracts, etc., used in agriculture as foods or fertilizers. The first part gives general information regarding the source, composition, and use of oil cake and like products, but the second consists of original monographs on the morphology of oily seeds and fruits, and on the external ai>pearance, microscopic character, chemical com- position, sophistication and adulteration, uses, therapeutic value, poisonous VETERINARY MEDICINE. 375 [H'operties, and .•ulvaiita,t,'»'s and disailvantajit's of cakes used as foods and as fertilizers. VETERINARY MEDICINE. The veterinary service of the United States, !{. Ostertag (Das Vcteri- Hiincescti (Icr ]'crcini(jtc>i Staulcii ran Xord-Ainci ika. Berlin: Richard Schoctz, JH06, pp. VIII + 151, flgs. n). — The author spent 2 months in the United States for the purpose of studying our institutions designed for instruction in animal industry and veterinary soieuce, the stock yards, abattoirs, cold storage plants, meat insiH'ction, dairy farms, milk inspection, city milk supply, methods of combating various animal diseases, and other veterinary matters. The opinion of the author regarding the status of animal industry and veterinary science in this country is of ctmsiderable interest on account of his standing in Ger- many and his wide exi)erience with these matters. With regitrd to veterinary schools, the author speaks in high praise of 2 or 3 of them, but criticises the standard of instruction in some of the private schools without endowment in which the only source of income is from student fees. The systems of instruction in animal industry and dairying are consid- ered as being of a very practical and efficient nature.^ Special mention is made of the Iowa Agricultural College in the line of animal industry and of the Wisconsin Agricultural College in dairying. In summarizing his impressions of animal industry and veterinary science in the United States, the author states that veterinary education with us is still in its infancy, but shows many sti'ong features, particularly the practical instruction in animal breeding and stock judging offered to students in veteri- nary science. The woi'k of the Bureau of Animal Industry is praised for its efficiency, particular mention being made of the control work on Texas fever, sheep scab, tuberculosis, and hog diseases. The conditions which prevail on the better class of dairy farms and the regulations already in force in many cities for the inspection of milk conspire, in the author's opinion, toward fur- nishing an excellent city milk supijly at a reasonable price. The veterinary section, A. Theiler et al. (Transvaal Af/r. Jour., .'f (IDOG), No. 111. lip. 777-SU'i). — Although foot-and-mouth disease prevailed greatly in South Africa in 1893 no outbreak has occurred since l'.)03. The colonial laws regarding this disease are apparently satisfactory. Notes are given on the present status of Texas fever, African coast fever, anthrax, and glanders. In the case of glanders, attention is called to the danger from horses affected with a mild form of the disease. It is believed that if an indemnity were l)aid for such cases by the government the owner's consent to the destruction of the animal could readily be obtained, and the spread of the disease would thcrcliy be checked. Notes are also given on sheep scal> and horse sickui^ss. Results of investigations in the field of general pathology and ijatholog- ical anatomy, O. Lubarsch and R. Ostertag (Krf/eb. Allg. Path. Mcntich. it. Ticrr. 10 (l'.)ti. ',-.')), pp. XV-\-'.)l^9, pi. 1). — As usual in this series of reports, a detailed review is given of literature bearing on the pathology of man and animals, together with classified bibliographical references. A review of Rus- sian literature on general pathologj' for the years 1904-5 is presented by R. Weinberg. Particular attention was given to trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, :ind tumors. The review of literature on tuberculosis was prepared by A. Eber. The army horse in accident and disease, A. Plummer {[V. S. War Dcpt.], l!)(ll! \rrr. ctl.]. pp. IK!, pl.s. 2.i). — The school of application for cavalry and field artill(>ry at Fort Riley. Kansas, offers opportunity for the practical training of students in the management of the common diseases of horses and mules and Sc 376 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. in the care of horses in health. The present volume is prepared as a manual for the use of students in the training school for farriers and horseshoers. It contains a brief account of the symptoms and treatment of the common diseases of horses arranged according to the part of the body affected or the nature of the disease. The conformation and points of the horse are also described aiid notes are given on stable management, anatomy, and the use of medicines. Modern phthisiogenetic and phthisiotherapeutic problems from an his- torical standpoint, E. von Behring {Beitr. Expt. Ther., 1906, No. 11, pp. XXXyi-\-156). — Since 1901 the author and his disciples have issued numerous publications dealing with the progress of their work on various problems of tuberculosis. The present account is in the nature of an historical summary of this work with explanations of its bearing upon the practical control of tuberculosis and with the consideration of certain points of priority which have arisen. The use of the author's bovovaccin has been tested on such a large scale that it is now believed to rest upon the firm basis of practical experience. Many of the controversial matters relating to phases of the tuber- culosis problem are discussed, particularly the question regarding the chief source of contagion in tuberculosis. The author adheres to his position that tuberculosis in both man and animals is very largely transmitted through the alimentary tract rather than through the lungs. Infection, in the author's opinion, takes place chiefly during an early age. In the near future it is stated that the author's new method for the control of tubeix-ulosis by the use of tuberculase will be explained in greater detail and will be offered for experimental use. This material is obtained by first extracting from the tubercle bacilli those substances wiiich are soluble in water, alco- hol, and salt Solution, after which the remainder of the bacterial bodies is thoroughly pulverized and prepared for use in a liquid form. At first the method appeared not to promise much from a practical standpoint for the reason that the elaborate method necessary for obtaining tuberculase made the material altogether too expensive. Much improvement has been made in cheapening the method of manufacture, and the author therefore hopes to be able to prepare the material at a reasonable cost. Tuberculase is not infectious and does not contain living tubercle bacilli. It is, therefore, recommended by the author in the treatment of human tuberculosis. The use of a vaccine such as is used in preventing bovine tuberculosis is not recommended in the case of man. The intestinal origin of pulmonary tuberculosis, A. Calmette and C. GUERIN (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 20 (1906), No. 5, pp. 353-363). — In a previous inves- tigation by the authors it was found that, contrary to von Behring's contention, adult animals, at least in the case of goats, became infected with tuberculosis through the alimentary tract more readily than young animals. In the present article an account is given of further work along this line on cattle. In these ex- periments virulent bovine tubercle bacilli were used and were introduced into the second and third stomachs by means of a sound passed down the esophagus. The authors believe that the chief reason why experiments in the alimentary infec- tion of cattle, have so frequently failed is that tubercle bacilli given in the form of a drench reach the rumen and there become so greatly diluted in a large mass of material in this organ that infection rarely takes place. In experiments reported by the authors, 4 cows previously determined to be free from tuberculosis were inoculated by the method .iust described. All of these animals beciune tuberculous, and the authors conclude that animals may readily contract tuberculosis through the alimentary tract both in young life and at an adult age and without the development of any lesions of the walls of the alimentary tract. According to the authors' observations, tubercle bacilli VETERINARY MEDITINE. 377 are ivliiined in the mesenteric g.-uif^lia in youn.s; animals and remain in these ganji^lia sunictiincs for years, tlie lesions nllinialel\- liealini^. In adnlt aninuils, on the otlier iiand. Ilic dclcnsive action of llic .^an^dia is less active and the tubercle bacilli are carried more readily into tlie .i,'''nei'al circidation, thns reach- ing the lungs. So-called primary pulmonary tuberculosis of tlie adult is, there- fore, most often of Intestinal origin. Intestinal origin of ijulmonary tuberculosis, III, .V. Calmette and C. GuliRiN {Ann. In>it. rastciir, III (I'.UHi). \n. s. pii. GOD-HI',).— An elaborate re- view is presentetl of the literature relating to this subject, particular attention being given to an examination of the evidence presented in favor of assuming inhalation as one of the chief sources of tuberculosis. The authors believe, as a result of tlu'ir studies and direct exi)eriments, that in tlu- innnense majority of cases the pulmonary or pleural localization of tuberculous lesions is due to tubercle bacilli carried to the point in question in leucocytes and introduced primarily into the alimentary tract. It is believed, therefore, that animals and man could be practically protected against tuberculosis if the food and water in all instances could be so sterilized as not to contain any tubercle bacilli. In the authors' experience a single intestinal infection with tubercle bacilli produces a mild form of the disease, during which the animal reacts to tubercidin for a period of 1 to 2 months, but frequently recovers, to all appearances, after such a period. In these cases the authors have established beyond question that the animals had recovered and that the animals were insusceptible to the disease. On the other hand, in all cases where a repeated intestinal infection took place, especially if the different infections followed one another at short intervals, the tuberculous lesions developed rapidly and never healed. In the authors' opinion these facts explained the frequently observed presence of healed tu- bercles in man and animals. The experimental production of transmissible varieties of tubercle bacilli, S. Akloing {Coinpt. Rend. Acad. Nc/. [Paris]. IJ/I {JUdi;). \o. 2o. pp. l.i!)r>- 1391). — The possibility of modifying the virulence of the tubercle bacillus has long been known, but some dilliculty has been experienced in securing a race of the bacilli which would show a low virulence and retain it when transferred from one culture to another. The author states that he has suc- ceeded by means of the use of heat in obtaining a culture of tubercle bacilli of such low virulence that the bacilli produce no true infection, but are ab- soi-bed and exercise merelj' a vaccinating efCect. The author has also succeeded in making frequent transfers of these bacilli from one culture to another without altering their virulence. The race of bacilli with which the autlior has experimented has, therefore, become for practical purposes a vaccine withcmt the power of producing infection. Fat-free tubercle bacilli, II. Vallee {Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 60 (I'.WC)). \i>. IL pp. 1().>()-1022). — According to the author's experiments tubercle bacilli retainetl all of their toxic products after being deprived of their fat content. This point was tested by inoculation of calves, horses, and other animals. Tuberculosis as a cause of condemnation of food animals, Reuter {Vrtlschr. Bayer. Landw. Rath.. II (1906), No 2, 8up., pp. 542-557.— Con- demnation of food animals on account of tuberculosis, according to German law, requires the determination of the facts that the animal was intended for food and is affected with tuberculosis to such an extent that more than half of the animal is totally unfit for food or can only be used for food after being treated. The author discusses the legal and sanitar.v difficulties which have arisen in this connection and considers that a new definition is required of the stage of tuberculosis which necessitates coudemnatiou of the uuimul. 878 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Retrogressive infection in the development of tuberculosis, A. Krein- BERG (Ztschr. Pleisch u. MUchhijy., 16 (PJOU), \o. 10, pp. 322, 323).— On ac- count of the great importance of tuberculosis in meat inspection, the author made a study of the course which infection talies in different animals during the progress of the disease. It is found tbat in some cases infection spreads not altogether in the direction of the currents of blood and lymph. Occasionally the lympb stream appears to become checked and to be turned in a backwax'd direction so that infection sometimes appears in parts of the body where it would not naturally be expected. Immobility caused by cerebral tuberculosis in cattle, C. Besnoit {Rev. Vet. [Toulouse], 31 {1006), Xo. 9. pp. ■J77-'>S.~}. fi;/. 1). — Brief mention is made of the peculiar symptoms, including inability to move, which appear in cases of cerebral tuberculosis in horses and cattle. In cattle this form of tuberculosis is considered l)y the author as being quite frequent and details are given concerning the post-mortem lesions found in one case. Tuberculosis in the bee moth, S. Metalnikoff {Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Oriy., .)i {1906), Nos. 1, pp. 5/f-60; g, pp. 188-195, pis. 2).— On account of the fact that the bee moth lives lai'gely on wax in bee colonies, it is obvious that it possesses a ferment capable of dissolving or digesting this wax. The author was, therefore, led to study the action of this ferment upon tbe wax capsules of tubercle bacilli. It was found that the bee moth is quite immune to tubercle bacilli obtained from man, cattle, or birds. This immunity is due to the very rapid destruction of the tubercle bacilli by means of phagocytes and inside of special capsules formed in tbe blood or lympb. Even after injection with relatively enormous doses of tubercle bacilli tbe organism of the bee moth seems to suffer no harm and all of the bacilli are found inside of phagocytes or other cells within 1 hour. The bee moth, however, appears not to be able to destroy tubercle bacilli obtained from fish. After inoculation with these organisms a pronounced phagocytosis takes place, but the phagocytes do not overcome the bacilli and the moth finally dies. Immunity toward tuberculosis, S. Metalnikoff {Centltl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Am., Orlg., J/l {1906), No. 3, pp. 391-396).— Blood and extracts of various kinds from bee mollis were used in treating guinea pigs to determine the effect of such treatment upon the course of infection with tuberculosis. It was found that the blood and body extracts of bee moths were capable of greatly prolonging the life of guinea pigs infected with tubercle bacilli. It was also found that the blood of the bee moth had the power of destroying tubercle bacilli in vitio. Combating tuberculosis by means of special offices of information, J. HoGiLD {Maanedskr. Dyrlagcr, 18 {1906), No. 2-3, pp. 114-128).— The mere use of tuberculin for determining the presence of tuberculosis in a herd of cattle is not a satisfactory means of controlling the disease unless further regulations are adopted in order to make the information gained by the use of tuberculin more immediately effective. The author recommends that special oflices be created for reporting cases of tuberculosis in cattle and giving information concerning tbe procedure with this disease. It is ilso recommended that the importation of animals into reacting herds of cattle shall not take place until after a sufficient time has elapsed to make sure that the nonreacting cattle are healthy. A plan is pro- posed for the use of tags for marking healthy and tuberculous cattle so that no mistake can be made. It is also urged that the repeated use of tuberculin in attempts to immunize cattle be prohibited. The tuberculin test of hogs and some methods of their infection with VETERINARY MEDICINE. 379 tuberculosis, E. C. Schroeder and J. K. Mohler (f. »S'. Dcpi. Afjr., Bur, Aniin. /ndiis. Bill. S8. 1)1). -7/).— On account of the prevalence of tuberculosis anionji: hogs in certain localities it is often desirable to use the tuberculin test in separating affected from healthy animals. In the studies which were made by the authors, 12 hogs were infected with tuberculosis by feeding them milk to which tubercle bacilli had been added. Four hogs were allowed to follow cattle affected with tuberculosis, 4 more followed cattle which received tulu^rcle bacilli in their drinking water daily, and V2 hogs were infected with tuber- culosis by subcutaneous inoculation. A study was made of the normal temperature of hogs, and it appears that the temperature of fat hogs is higher than that of poor ones. It was found that the temperature of hogs rises rapidly and to the extent of 3° or 4° as a result of driving or excitement. It became necessary, therefore, to place each hog in a rectangular crate about 12 hours before taking the temi)erature and to keep them thus confined until the tuberculin test was comi)leted. The temperatures were taken hourly for IG to 23 hours before injection and for from 30 to 40 hours after injection. The dose of tuberculin was i cc. per 100 lbs. of live weight. Of 58 hogs tested with tuberculin, 26 reacted and were found to be tuberculous upon post-mortem examination. In nearly every instance the temperature of tuberculous hogs reached 105° F. after injection. The reaction to tuberculin begins within 7 hours, reaches a maximum about 14 hours after injection, and continues for 16 hours later. Since it was found that the temperature of hogs might be elevated as much as 4.4° F. by walking 4 minutes at a slow pace, it is obvious that time and labor will be wasted in making a tuberculin test with hogs unless precautions are taken to prevent excitement and worry in the animals. When these precau- tions are observed, the tuberculin test is practically as reliable with hogs as with cattle. The temperature and autopsy records are presented in detail in a tabular form. With regard to the method of infection of hogs it was found that the feces of tuberculous cattle or cattle which received tubercle bacilli in their food are highly infectious for hogs which follow them in the feed lot. Hogs readily contract tuberculosis in this way ; in fact their susceptibility through exposure to infected food is much greater than that of guinea pigs. Tuberculin in guinea pigs artificially infected with tuberculosis, P. Stazzi (Clhi. Vet. [Mila)i], 29 (11)06), \o. 32, />/). 773-7S2, pi- 1).— During the author's investigations it appeared that guinea pigs rendered tuberculous by artificial inoculation show a reaction to tuberculin which becomes more pronounced as the disease progresses. In guinea pigs which show an unusual susceptibility to tuberculin this reagent may cause parenchymous congestion and hemorrhage. In the author's opinion the striking sensitiveness of guinea pigs to tuberculin in advanced stages of tuberculosis is susceptible to several interpretations, but the simplest one is that with the progress of the disease the amount of tuberculin already in the animal body becomes greater until a point is reached where any additional amount can not be endi:red. The resistance of tuberculin toward light, H. Jansen (Ccntbl. Bald, [etc.'i, 1. Aht., Orit/.. >,1 (I'Xld), \o. 7, pi). 77,j-77'.), fig. 1). — A test was made of the effect of intensive illumination upon tubercle bacilli killed by light and upon tuberculin. It was found that the illumination had no influence whatever upon dead tubercle bacilli. The specific toxin of the tubercle bacillus as found in tubercu- lin is very resistant to light and intense illumination for 2 hours appeared to have uo effect upon it. 880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The simultaneous method of vaccination against anthrax, G. Sobern- HEiM {Ztscltr. InfcktiuiisKraiik. u. llijy. tluuKticrc, 1 (1006). \u. 6, i)i). 'i-'i-i- IfoO). — The use of serum aud virus simultaneously, according to the method devised by the author, has been extensively tested on all kinds of domestic ani- mals susceptible to anthrax, and the results obtained Indicate that the method is a reliable and satisfactory one. Immunization against anthrax by the method of Sobernheim, A. Stadie {Ztschr. Infectionskrank. u. liytj. Hausticrc, 1 il90lJ),No. 2-3, pp. 127-1J,3) .—The Sobernheim and Pasteur methods of immunizing animals against anthrax were directly compared. In a case of two sheep treated by the Sobernheim method and subsequently tested with virulent cultures 4 weeks after the Immunizing process, both animals died of anthrax within 5 days. On the basis of this experiment and others with calves, the author comes to the conclusion tliat Sobernheim's method possesses no superiority over the Pasteur method. The effect of sterile animal decomposition products on anthrax bacilli, C. ScHiPP {Dent. TicriirzU. Wclnisvlir., J.'t {1906), No. S',, pp. J,05-'fl0 ) .—lu the experiments reported in this paper it was found that the fluid obtained from decomi)osiug animal bodies exercises a bactericidal effect upon anthrax bacilli, even after it has been filtered so as to be free from bacteria. This effect of the decomposition fluid is not destroyed by heating to a temperature of 100° C. Anthrax spores, however, are not affected. The gases produced during decomposition of animal bodies have no effect upon the anthrax bacillus. Inoculation with blood from animals immunized against rinderpest by the use of bile, E. Rassau {Ztschr. Infectionskrank. u. Hycj. Hausticre, 1 {1906), No. Ji-5, pp. 283-3S8) .—AtUnition is called to the danger of using the blood of immimized animals for vaccination against rinderpest in the regions where Texas fever prevails. If such blood Is used Texas fever may be trans- mitted to the vaccinated animals. The author states that the boundary of the region In which Texas fever occurs in South Africa is not so well defined as is the case in the Unitecl States, Paraguay, and the Argentine. An outbreak of redwater {Rhodesian Agr. Jour., 3 (1906), No. 5, pp. 529- 531). — In studying an outbreak of this disease it was noted that the African coast fever was not present and that the usual blood parasite was to be demon- strated in all cases. It appears that stabled calves may l)e removed to infected areas in winter with impunity, for the reason that infestation with ticks takes place gradually as spring opens. Some unusual host relations of the Texas fever tick, B. 11. Ransom {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 9S, pp. 8). — Ordinarily the Texas fever tick passes its whole life from the larval to the adult condition upon one animal, where it undergoes two molts. Other ticks closely related to the Texas fever tick differ considerably in their life history, so that a number of possible schemes of host i-elatlons may be formulated for ticks as a whole. Experiments undertaken by the author indicate that some variations may occur in the ordinary programme as laid down for the Texas fever tick. For example, ticks removed from the host just after the first molt will develoj) to the adult stage if placed upon another animal within 24 hours after removal. Ticks may also be removed from one animal to another after the second molt without causing any disturbance in their life history. Tioks removed from their host just before the second molt were found to be able to molt and live unat- tached to any host for 2 weeks. Moreover, Texas fever ticks will attach them- "^ VETERINARY MEDICINE. 881 selves in a larval oomlitioii not only to cattle, horses, mules, and jacks, hut also to cats and dogs. By way of comparison notes were given on the known facts in the life history of the ticks which carry African coast fever and European piroplasmosis. In a continuation of this study an investigation will he made to deternnne whether the Texas fever tick is ahle to transmit the disease in other than the larval stage, whether other species of ticks may transmit Texas fever, and whether other animals tlian cattle and horses may be concerned in the dissendnation of the ticks. Vaccination for septic pneumonia in calves, Goldrerger (Berlin, Tierarztl. Wchiisclir., 11)06, Xo. 27, pp. 507, oOS). — Sei)tic pneumonia occurred in an unusu- iilly serious outbreak causing death of every calf ou the estate in question within a few days after birth. The author began the use of a vaccination nifllKid a|)plied within one day after birth and in this wa.v prevented the fur- llier development of the disease. Lorenz's organism of pneumonia, IIobstetter (Ztschr. Veterinurk., 18 (1006), Xo. 27. pp. 303-30-)). — The author undertook a study of a number of cases of pneumonia in horses for the purpose of determining whether the organism described by Lorenz was present in or on the skin. All tests gave negative results. Not a trace of the organism in question was found in numerous pieces of the skin taken for examination, neither was the author able to find an organ- ism of pneumonia in the dust removed by currying infected horses. The transmission of pleuro-pneumonia to sheep and goats, E. Dujardin- Beaumetz {Ann. In.^t. Pat^fenr, 20 {1006), No. 6, pp. .'/17-.'i.'iS). — Pleuro-pneu- monia is commonly considered as affecting only cattle. During the author's ex- periments, however, he found it possible to transmit the disease to sheep and goats in a number of cases. There seemed to be no difference in the suscepti- liility of sheep and goats to inoculation. When the udder of sheep was inocu- lated, only slight inflammation was produced, but the milk contained the virus of iileuro-pneumonia, as was shown by repeated observations. Etiology, pathology, morbid anatomy, and other matters connected with the diseases of sheep known as louping ill and braxy, D. J. Hamilton, J. M. McCall, and E. G. Wheler (London: Bd. Agr. and Fisheries, 1906, pis. 1, pp. 36; 2, pp. 3fi2, pis. 8, figs. 29; 3, pp. 13). — The authors were appointed as a committee to investigate louping ill and braxy in sheep. The symptoms of these 2 diseases are somewhat similar and the diseases are sometimes confused by those who have had little experience with them. Loup- ing ill is confined to the British Isles, being most prevalent in the west and south of Scotland and north of England. The mortality varies from 20 to 50 per cent. Sheep of all ages are susceptible, and occasionally cattle and pigs or even geese are affected. In acute cases the symptoms are those of septi- cemia, and the\nimals live only a few hours, while in chronic cases the course of the disease may be extended for a few weeks. Braxy is known in various parts of Great Britain, the Faroes, Ireland, and Norway. The death rate is usually 20 per cent, and at times the disease may cause almost total annihilation of a flock of sheep. The disease runs a very rapid course. During the investigation of the committee an elaborate series of observations were made on the organisms which produce louping ill and braxy. In all cases of louping ill an organism is found in the intestines which is referred to under the name Bacillus chorctr paralgticfr or/.v. Similarly in braxy a specific organ- ism appeared to be the cause of the disease, and ticks apparently have no defi- nite connection with either louplug ill or braxy, No success attended the 382 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. numerous experiments of the committee in immunizing sheep to either louping ill or braxy by subcutaneous inoculations of cultures of the bacterial organisms. Treatment by means of drenching, however, was very satisfactoiy. This con- sists in adding cultui'es of the organisms in question to the water which is given the sheep, and in oi'der to be successful the treatment must be applied at seasons when sheep are naturally somewhat resistant to the diseases. It is be- lieved that this method of drenching may prove successful in the case of other diseases. Experiments in vaccination against contagious agalactia in sheep and goats, A. Ceixi and D. de Blasi {Clin. Vet. [Milan], 29 (1906), No. 32, pp. 169-773). — A test was made to determine the effect of virus filtered and heated to temperatures ranging from 40 to 45° C. for a period of half an hour in vacci- nating sheep and goats against contagious agalactia. It appeared, during the investigation of the authors, that goats and sheep could be completely protected in the majority of cases against subsequent infection by treatment with virus previously heated so as to attenuate it. The use of milk from cases of the dis- ease previously rendered nonhifectious gives no benefit, since such milk appears to be without imumnizing power. Malarial catarrhal fever or bluetongue of sheep, E. M. Jarvis {Rhodesian Agr. Jour., 3 {1906), No. 5, pp. 513-516). — Bluetongue has been studied by the author during the past 5 years. The symptoms vary considerably, but there is ordinarily a high fever and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, which becomes reddish or occasionally blue. The mortality is not very high and the post-mortem findings are not striking. If the disease occurs in a virulent form it may be controlled by vaccination. The benefits of sheep dipping, F. S. H. Baldrey {Agr. Jour. India, 1 {1906), No. 3, pp. 201-20Ji). — The regular periodical dipping of sheep is desirable and in many cases necessary not only in the control of sheep scab but in destroying other animal pai'asites which may be found in the wool and on the skin of sheep. Pseudo-tuberculosis of sheep and its relationship to echinococci {Dcut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., IJf {1906), No. 29, pp. 3Jf6-3JtS, figs. 2).— The micro- organism of this disease was isolated and studied in pure cultures. A number of experimental inoculations were also made, and the author gave considerable attention to a study of the distribution of the organism in the infected animals. It appeared that in certain instances the bacterial organism was carried through the cells of the intestines through the agency of echinococci carrying bacilli. The method of vaccination for swine erysipelas, Pflanz {Deut. Tier- arztl. Wchnschr., 14 {1906), No. 27, pp. 321, 322. figs. 3).— With an ordinary hypodermic syringe considerable trouble is experienced in vaccinating hogs without hard work and the probability of becoming badly soiled. The author uses a syringe furnished with a rubber tube one-half to one and a half meters long. As soon as the needle is inserted into the skin back of the ear the hog may run about the pen somewhat but the length of the tube enables the opera- tor to prevent the needle from being withdrawn imtil the serum has been injected. A pulmonary disease of rabbits due to bacilli resembling those of swine plague, II. Selter {Centhl. Bald. {etc.]. 1. Aht., Orlg.. Jfl (1906). No. .',, pp. .'i32-.'i35) . — An outbreak of a pulmonary disease occurred among rabbits and was studied with the result that an organism was found which closely re- sembled that of swine plague and must be referred to this group of bacilli. The exact relationship between the two is not yet determined. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 383 Atelectasis of the lungs and its relation to swine plague, Simadkr (Ber- lin. Ticriirztl. ]Vc]inft., Orig.. J,l {lOllG), .\o. S. pp. .9.'/.J-,7.T,i).— In the author's experiments with laboratory animals, chiefly rabbits, he was quite unable to find Negri's corpuscles in any part of the nervous system of any animal after infection with rabies, either from laboratory or street virus. It would appear, therefore, that complete reliance can not be placed on Negri's corpuscles in the diagnosis of this disease. The cause of roup, R. Muller {Centhl. BaJct. (etc.), 1. AM.. Orig., Jfl (Ifxny), -Yo.s'. -'/. ni). J,23-Jf26; .5, pp. 515-523; 6, pp. 621-628).— The author made a bacteriological study of several cases of roup in fowls. A bacillus was found that grows readily on blood-agar and which appears to be closely related to the bacillus of human diphtheria. Notes are given on the behavior of this bacillus when cultivated on different kinds of nutrient medium. By means of inoculation experiments the author found it possible to produce roup artificially in laboratory animals, with symptoms essentially the same as are observed in spontaneous cases of 'the disease. The bacillus of roup appears not to form a toxin. It may be destroyed by subjection to a temperature of 58° C. for one-half hour. The bacilli, however, are quite resistant to ordinary disinfectants, and a thorough use of such materials is required in order to eradicate an infection with this disease. Spirillosis of fowls, LEVAmxi and Manouelian (An». I)ist. Pasteur, 20 (1906). Xo. 7. pp. 593-600). — A detailed study was made of the pathological histology of spirillosis as produced in fowls by Spirillum gallinoruni. It appears from this study that the septicemia caused by the organism in question is not due entirely to the multiplication of micro-organisms in the blood, but that the parasite infests a number of glandular tissues, including the liver and spleen. In the presence of Treponema pallidum the micro-organism appears not to penetrate into the protoplasm of the cells. The spirillum which causes the disease in question is capable of entering and infecting the eggs in the ovary. A favorable turn of the disease at the crisis is due to the destruc- tion of the spirillum by the large leucocytes of the spleen and liver. Do the bacteria of fowl cholera occur in the intestines of healthy geese? II. OsTERTAG and I'. AcKERMANN (Ztsclir. Iiifehfioiishraiik. u. Ilitg. Ilaustirre, 1 (1906), No. 6, pp. JfSl-Ul, fiff- !)■ — It is sometimes believed that fowl cholera may break out as the result of hardships suffered by the fowls and that there- fore the organism of the disease must have been present in the alimentary tract during apparent health. This matter was investigated by the authors with the result that the bacteria of fowl cholera were not found in the intestines of healthy geese or fowls. The disease did not develop in birds which were kept in cages for 5 or 6 days under unfavorable conditions and without food or water. The incubation period of the disease and the length of the course of fowl cholera varies considei-ably. (Jeese may die as the result of eating one meal containing fowl cholera bacilli, and death may take place in from 2 to 10 days. The incubation period in geese is usually 1 to 2 days and in chickens 4 to 9 days. 386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The disinfection of stables, C. INI. Haring {California Sta. Circ. 19, pp. 3). — The purposes and meaning of disinfeftion are briefly discussed and sug- gestions are made regarding sanitary methods of cleaning ^ind disinfecting stables. KURAL ENGINEERING. History of rural engineering, Chaldea and Assyria, M. Ringelmann {Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 5 {1906), No. 1, pp. 85-139, figs. 52). ^In this article the author discusses the agricultural machines and rural engineering works of the ancients so far as knowledge concerning them can be gained from inscrip- tions, relies, and other sources of information. He treats of their agricultural implements, such as plows, hand tools, grinding mills, etc., their methods of using them, their means of transportation by sledges, wheeled vehicles, and rafts of inflated sheepskins, together w'ith a description of the form of harness used on horses and oxen, and the status of the slaves, by whom agricultural opera- tions were carried on. Irrigated agriculture in Egypt in ancient times, A. de Cekis {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 11 {1906), No. 23-2-'/, pp. 120-125. figs. 7).— This is a chapter from A Study of the History of Rural Engineering, by M. Ringelmann, reviewed above, in which, from an exhaustive study of Egyptian documents and other data, he has been able to determine in great detail the system of irrigation and crop culture practiced bj' the ancient Egyptians. The author finds that " after having protected the valley against the floods of the Nile by insubmergible dikes, parallel to the river, they had increased the zone capable of submersion by a number of canals, of which it is still possible to find the remains. This indicates to what degree the departments of rural engineering relative to embankments, basins of inundation, and drainage had been carried." Irrigation in Montana, S. Fortier, A. P. Stover, and J. S. Baker {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office E.rpt. ,Stus. Bui. 112, pp. 108, figs. iS).— The object of this bul- letin is to present the present status of irrigation in Montana in its engineer- ing, agricultural, and legal aspects. The method employed was to study these various features in typical sections, rather than to attempt to cover the w-hole State. In their study of conditions in Montana the authors paid special attention to the means of bringing about the more economical use of the water supply, which would make possible the largest development of the State's agriculture. The most conspicuous sources of waste were poorly constructed ditches, poorly prepared fields, careless use of water, and lack of public supervision of the acquirement of rights and of the distribution of water. Owing to the large supply of water, as compared with the present demand, there has been an indifference to these things, especially the need of legislation creating such public control as will insure the peaceable enjoyment of the rights to water, which is necessary to the highest development. In his conclusions Professor Fortier makes certain recommendations regarding such legislation. Punjab irrigation branch papers {Punjab Irrig. Branch Papers, No. 11, pp. 109. (Igins. 1 ). — This bulletin consists of three repoi'ts, (1) Lining of Water Courses for Previ'ntion of Absorption ; (2) Waste of Water by Cultivators in Irrigating their Fields; (.3) Number of Waterings required for Wheat Crops. The experiments on ditch lining were carried on in parallel trenches, 24 ft. long, the loss by seepage being read with hook gauges. Evaporation was meas- ured separately and allowed for. Crude oil, cement, lime, coal tar, and cla.v puddle were applied in various combinations. Oil was found to be most RUKAL ENGINEERING. 387 effective, retlucinir the loss over !)0 per cent in some cases. Cement and coal tar are ne.\t in eflicienc.v, while lime and clay pnddle are least effective, the latter reducing seepage about one-half. Hand methods only were cmplo.ved, the lining being mixed thin and spread from a pail handled by one man. Owing partly to the tendency of thin cement mortar to settle and to its great weight, it was found to be much more expensive to ai)i)ly than the^oil, which runs freely at a moderate temperature. Oil and tar were applied to a depth of g'2 in. for each coat, being dusted over with damp earth at once and protected by a backfilling of earth to a depth of 8 to 18 in. Neat cement was ai)plied 7;\ to t^ in. thick for each coat, two coats being used. Lime paste was put on in one coat i in. thick. Clay was mixed thin and spread by hand from pans in three layers, giving a total thickness of :} in. All the linings were covered with a foot or more of earth which was settled with water, after which the channel was reexcavated to its desired size. It is proposed to continue these experiments for several years, as the most important consideration is the durability of the linings used. The exiteriments to determine waste were made on grain fields, experimental plats being selected adjoining fields irrigated in the usual manner. The only difference in the method of application lay in the use of smaller checks on the experimental plats. The excess used by the cultivators was 41 per cent for the first watering, 24 per cent for the second, 20 per cent for the third, and 30 per cent for the last. The total depth applied was 0.81 ft. on the plats and l.O.j ft. in the fields. The yield of grain was not materially different on ac- count of the amount of water applied. The experiments to determine the number of irrigations for wheat showed that three irrigations would produce a full crop and that more than four were a positive injury. An investigation of the natural basis of irrigation farming in North America, A. Golf {Inuug. Diss., Univ. HuUe-^Vittclthcr(J, 1903. pp. SI). — A study of the topography, climate, soil, and water resources of the arid region of the United States in their relation to irrigation. Design and construction of small irrigation canals, W. L. Strange (Trans- raal DvpL Irritj. and Water t^iippJij Bid. 2, pp. 7.7, pis. 39). — This is a series of notes dealing with the subject in a, brief but comprehensive way, numerous and valuable practical suggestions being given. In an appendix are included tables of canal discharges based on Bazin's formula and a number of drawings of canal structures in plan, elevation, and section. The utility of wind power in agriculture {linpl. and Macli. Rev., 32 (1906), Ao. 317, p. 5JJ). — In commenting upon the uses to which wind power can be put it is suggested that in sawing wood by the aid of a windmill a 24-in. saw blade be used with a 12 to 14 ft. wheel and a 28-in. with a 16-ft. wheel. It is as.serted that a 12-ft. windmill will furnish sufficient power to saw 12 to 15 cords per day, and that the same mill in a fair wind will grind 12 to 15 bu. of grain per hour. The demand for windmills in British South Africa {Mascli. Ztg., .} (1906), yo. 10, p. 117). — For several years past there has been an agitation in South Africa to undertake the irrigation of extensive tracts of land in that country. Owing to a general business depression these plans have failed of execution, but an impetus has been given to private enterprise by which some excellent results have been obtained. lu this connection there is a constant demand for windmills, most of which are imported from the Uidted State*. The mills which have been sent are. according to the writer, far from being modern in design, of faulty construction, and unsuited to the needs of the 13987— No. 4— OU m 7 388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. country. Mills which disappeared from our markets 20 years ago are yet being sold in South Africa. Some of these are so poorly built that it requires a strong wind to turn them ; iu others the towers are so weak that they are unable to resist storms. The mill for the irrigation of a small farm in South Africa must be designed to lift enough water from a depth of 25 to 30 ft. to cover daily 1 acre of laud with water to a depth of 3 iu. Further considera- tions are ease of erection, simplicity of mechanism, and automatic regulation as far as possible. The usual wind velocity observed along the seacoast and in exposed places is 12 to IS miles per hour; iu the interior, 8 miles per hour. The difficulty of surveying deep bore holes (Eiigiti. Rec, .5^ (1906), No. 4, p. 87). — A method is described in which the difficulty is surmounted by the use of photography. Fourth annual report of the State board of public roads of the State of Rhode Island, 1906 (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Pub. Roads R. I., 4 {1906), pp. 37, pis. 39). — An account of the work accomplished and iu progress under the Rhode Island " good I'oads law." The road drag for improving earth roads (Engin. News, 55 (1906), No. 2If, pp. 666, 667, figs. 2). — The Illinois Highway Commission recommends a light road drag for improving the condition of muddy roads ; the lighter and more simple the drag, tlTe greater its effectiveness. A form recommended is that consisting of two split logs 10 and 12 in. in diameter and 9 ft. long, held parallel to each other and about 3 ft. apart by suitable braces. A chain is attached with a short and long hitch so that the drag travels at about 45° to the direction of the road. The flat surface of the split logs is on the forward side, and the lower edge should be protected by a strip of wagon tire. More complicated forms of drags are shown and the theory of road dragging explained. Roads and tires {Engin. Rec, 54 {1906), No. Jf, p. 81). — Reference is made to the increasing difficulty iu designing and maintaining good roads suitable for all kinds of traffic. It is pointed out that while a smooth, hard surface, such as a steel roadway, might be ideal for the use of heavy freight traffic, it would be poorly adapted for the rubber tires of motor cars, which slip on smooth wet surfaces. Although a macadam pavement is excellent in affording a bite or grip for traction purposes, it is very rapidly worn out, since the binding material is swept out as dust or mud under the action of motor-car tires. It is sug- gested that the solution of the difficulty may be found in elastic but solid tired wheels, a more resilient roadbed, or a combination of both. The application of electric motors to agricultural operations, F. Koester {Engin. Mag.. 31 (IDOG), No. 5, pp. 655-667, figs. 15). — An article descriptive of the use of electric power iu agricultural operations on farms in Europe, with some arguments as to its advantages, mainly from the standpoint of ease of distribution and lessened fire hazard. Little data are given as to economy, but this may well be questioned for any but the most extensive un- dertakings in the light of the fact that the first cost of a plow system averages about .$10,000. Denatured alcohol, its use in Germany and France {Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1906, No. 2662, pp. 1-11).— An article prepared by the consuls-general of Berlin and Paris in response to the generally expi-essed desire for information on the subject. Statistics are given showing that in Germany a large proportion of the alcohol output is derived from potatoes, the production of which for this purpose is the chief support of mauy of the farming regions remote from business centers. RURAL ENGINEERING. 389 It is found that it rtMiuirrs l.UCi Im. of potatoes to id'oduce 1 '^al. of pure alcohol. The cost is diliicult of determination, d('|)endinf; upon a variety of factors such as the size of distillery, efliciency of apparatus and methods, and upon the disposal of by-products. Statistics are given relating to the use of alcohol for drinking and industrial purposes, to the use of incompletely denatured alcohol, and the consunii)tion of tax-free alcohol. The methods of denaturing are discussed, and systems of distribution and government control described. In the case of France, similar information is given, with description of the methods pursued by the Government in the attempt to e.xtend the use of the denatured product. Its use seems not to have been attended with much suc- cess as a fuel, either for lighting or power. Although it was found by experi- ment to be a pure and economical fuel, it required a special type of engine and was found to erode valves and cylinder surfaces. When used in lamps it was attended with no success whatever, due probably to the ineffective char- acter of the apparatus. Boyal agricultural show {Engineer [London^, 102 {1906), No. 2636, pp. 16-18. fi(if(. S). — A description of various types of road locomotives and power machinery exhibited at the Derby show. A gas-producer test is mentioned iu which tlie consumption of anthracite pea coal was 0.785 lb. per brake horse- power per hour. Cylinder cooling in the alcohol engine {Engin. Rec, 5^ {1906), No. Jf, p. 87). — It is asserted that the flame of burning alcohol radiates heat less rap- idly than that of gasoline and that, therefore, the problem of cooling the cylin- ders of alcohol motors will be less ditiicult than with those using gasoline. The efficiency of suction gas plants: Remarkable results {Impl. and Maclt. AVr.. 32 {1906). No. J7//, pp. 1S8, 189).— The saving effected by the use of these plants and gas engines over the old steam plants, as given by various users, amounts to 75 to 80 per cent. Farming by steam power, J. L. Donahue {Threshermen''s Rev., 15 {1906), No. 9, p. 7). — A problem iu connection with farming in the semiarid lauds of Colorado and New Mexico is the breaking up of the largest possible area in the limited time during the early spring when the ground is in condition to plow. It is equally important that this ground be packed and harrowed simul- taneously with the plowing in order to conserve the soil moisture. To solve this problem and at the same time reduce the expense to the minimum, steam power has been employed with considerable success. A 32-horsepower engine pulled 8 14-in. moldboard plows, 2 corrugated iron rollers, 2 harrows, and 2 seed drills, by which it was possible to plant 12 acres in peas per day of 10 hours, at an expense of $25 per day. Without the seeders 20 acres could be plowed, packed, and harrowed per day at an expense of $1.25 i)er acre. With ground in less favorable condition the expense is greater. The chief factors of cost in operation are coal and the hauling of water. It is suggested that the use of the alcohol engine luay reduce the probable cost of operation to 50 cts. per acre. Steam plows used {Earm Machinerij, 1906, No. 767, p. 2'/). — It is asserted tliat by the use of steam plows and other labor-saving devices an increase in yield of sugar cane of 50 per cent has been effected in Trinidad, thus assuring the contiiniance of an industry which was in danger of becoming extinct through the effects of competition of Cuba and Porto Rico. The draft of plows {Threshcrmen's Rev., 15 {1906), No. 8, p. 20).— In an article copied from the Country GenUeman tables are compiled from the results of draft trials made in England and this country, which show the total number of 390 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pounds required to pull a 14-in. plow cutting furrows of different widths and depths, together with the horsepower required at a rate of movement of 2i miles per hour. Stone-gathering machines, W. L. Summers (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. So. Aust., 9 (19(16). Xo. 12, pp. 786. 787).— The writer describes the efforts being made in South Australia to evolve an effective machine which would remove loose stumps and stones from cultivable land, thereby reducing the cost of clearing. Although prizes were offered and several trials held, no machine has yet been designed which will meet the requirements. A machine for picking cotton (Qiieoislaiid Agr. Jour., 11 (1906), A'o. 2, pp. 106-108, iJ?«. 2). — The construction, operation, and efficiency of a cotton- picking machine invented by George A. Lowry are discussed. Implements and machinery at the Suffolk show (Impl. and Much. Rev., 32 (1906), No. 375, pp. 320-325, figs. 11).— The results of tests of a large number of various agricultural tools are given, one trial of especial interest being in the showing made by a l^-ton tractor driven by a petrol or paraffin motor. This machine plowed an acre of light dry soil in 21 hours, using G gal. of petrol and hauling a 3-furrow plow. The same machine subsequently operated a thrashing machine, pulled in turn a 4i-ton load, a 7-tiue cultivator, and two 6-ft. mowers. Some observations in the farm machine and implement section of the D- L. G. exhibition at Berlin-Schoneberg, (i. Kuhne {Masch. Ztg., // (1906), No. Ill, pp. 158-162). — A large number of tools, implements, and prime movers are mentioned and briefly described. Of special intei'est among the latter are portable farm engines of from 8 to 2G horsepower, using producer gas on the suction principle. In this type of machine a gas producer, together with its scrubber and cooler, is made a part of the equipment, and with the engine is mounted on a strong four-wheeled wagon. The producer is adapted for anthracite coal or coke, as well as for peat, lignite, and wood. The coal consumption guaranteed is O.G kg. per liorse- power hour for machines of from 8 to 12 horsepower. In order to be able to compete with an equipment showing such notable economy manufacturers of steam engines are improving their designs, and a portable steam plant is described in which a 120-horsepower compound engine uses superheated steam and Is provided with a condenser. By this equipment a saving of 40 per cent in fuel and 24 per cent in water eonsumiition is effected over the same size machine using saturated steam. A portable apparatus for farm-power purr>oses. in which is combined a gaso- line engine, a set of storage batteries, and dynamo-motor, is described, as is also a small explosion motor in which there are certain novel features, notably a peculiar adjustable cylinder lining, making piston rings unnecessary. Cement mortars, M. Ringelmann (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 12 (1906), No. 29, pp. 76-78). — Directions as to the proportions and methods of using mortars made with lime and hydraulic cements. When using quicklime the proportions recommended for masonry are : Lime, 1 volume ; coarse sand, 2 to 2.5 volumes. For plaster, lime, 1 volume ; medium or fine sand, 0.5 to 1 volume. When using hydraulic or Portland cement the following is recommended : For ordinary masonry foundations, pavements, and plaster, use 1 volume of cement to 3.3 volumes of medium-sized river sand. For a very energetic moi'- tar, use 1 volume of cement to 1.8 to 2.0 volumes of line sand. For mortar to be used under water, use 1 vohnne of cement to 1.5 volumes medium ri^er sand. What the farmer can do with concrete, C. H. Miller (Fanning, 2 (1906), No. 2, pp. 11-13, figs. IJi). — A popular article on the varied applications of con- RURAL ECONOMK^S. 391 (■veto on the farm and llic a(lvanta^^'s following,' its use. Among the uses- ('numerated are foundations for houses, barns, and windmills, sidewalks, fence ])osts, water troughs, cisterns, tanks, and cesspools, tioois for house and stable, stairs, well curbs, stalls, hog pens, chicken houses, corncribs, ice houses, in- cubator cellars, nuishroom cellars, hotbed frames, bridge abutments, chimneys, ventilators, and hitching posts. Attention is called to the fact that in estimating on cost of concrete sufEcient broken stone should be pi'ovidiMl to till the whole volume under estimate, since the cement and sand merely till the voids in the broken stone. A calculation is given of the cost of concrete posts, by which it is found that posts can be made for 14 cts. each. It is explained, however, that this low cost would be possible only when large numl)ers of posts are made. Detailed bill of material for storage barn, sheds, feed lots, and other equipment for feeding experimental cattle in carload lots, II. W. Mumford and E. S. Goon (Illinois St a. Vive. lO'i, pp. 111). — A circular supplementing Bui. 110 of the Illinois Experiment Station and giving a detailed bill of material used in an experimental cattle-feeding plant. RURAL ECONOMICS. Changes in farm values, 1900-1905, G. K. Holmes (C7. ^. Bept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bill. //S, pp. Ji6). — Detailed statisti(?al data on this subject are reported. The analysis, economic causes, and character of the resirits of this investi- gation have been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 18, p. 291). Local conditions as affecting farm values, 1900-1905 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bid. Jf.'/, pp. SS). — This bulletin consists of a partial reprint of an article from the Yearbook for IDO.") (E. S. R., p. 291) with selected state- ments from reports of 4.j,000 crop correspondents which show " the local conditions affecting values of farms in all parts of the country." The state- ments in general apply to medium-size farms, cover five years, and are gi-ouped into counties and States under geographical divisions of the United States. Keport and scheme of national land settlement, H. R. Haggard {London: Govt.. I'JO'), pp. \'fl I -\- 7-'/). — The contents of this report have already been noted from anotli(>r source ( E. S. R.. 17. jt. SK!). Agricultural settlements in British colonies {London: Dcpt. Com. Agr. Settlements Brit. Colonies, 1906, vols. 1, pp. iV + Jfl ; 2, pp. IV + 381).— In January, 1905, Mr. H. R. Haggard w^as appointed special commissioner by the British government to investigate and report on the Salvation Army agricultural colonies established in the United States and at Hadleigh, Eng- land, with a view of suggesting some scheme for the settlement on agricul- tural laud in the colonies of poor individuals and families fi'om British cities (see above). The report of the committee appointed by the British government to con- sider the i)lan suggested by the sjiecial commissioner is given in volume 1 of this publication, together with notes and memoranda by individual mem- bers of the connnittee bearing on certain phases of the subject. The report treats of the history of British agricultural colonies during the nineteenth century in Canada. South Africa, and Australia ; outlines and discusses the scheme for agricultural settlements i)roposed by Mr. Haggard ; reviews the evidence of witnesses who testified before the committee as to the respective merits of colonization and emigration ; and enumerates the reasons why the scheme for national land settlement proposed by the commissioner should not 392 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. be adopted by the British governnient. While unable to indorse any plan of colonization at the present time, the eonmiittee makes several recom- mendations relative to the government giving financial aid to emigration societies, selection of colonies for emigrants, supervision of emigration, and the emigration of soldiers whose term of service has expired. Volume 2 consists of a complete record of the evidence taken before the committee which forms the basis of the report, together with 23 appendices bearing upon various phases of emigration, agricultural statistics, coloniza- tion schemes, etc., a detailed analysis of the evidence, and an index. Land settlement, agriculture, and live stock, E. G. Stenberg {8tatis. Reg. West. Aust.. I'JII.'i. pt. ,'), jip. 72, map 1). — Statistics for the year 1904 in compari- son with similar data for the years 1895 to 1904 ai'e published from official gov- ernmental i-eturns without .comment. The data relate to the occupation of laud in Western Australia, areas open for selection, land improvements, and other subjects relating to land settlement ; the areas under crops, total and average yields, kinds of field crops and fruits, cereal production, fertilizers, irrigation, dairying, poultry raising, bee raising, employment and wages of farm labor, prices of farm products, and related agri- cultural topics ; and the number and classification of live stock, number slaugh- tered and lost from various causes, and the number and value of imports and exports of Vwe stock. The development of agriculture in Denmark, K. J. Thompson {Jour. Roy. Statis. 8oc., 69 (1900). Xo. 2, pp. 37-M/ii).— This is a paper read before the Royal Statistical Society of London in May, 1906. Statistics are presented and discussed on the historic development in Den- mark of systems of land tenure, size of holdings, cultivated areas, live stock, trade in agricultural produce, prices, cooperation, and labor, the data in general being compared with similar data relating to Great Britain. The present con- dition of agriculture in Denmark is said to be highly prosperous, and this pros- perity is assigned to three causes, namely: (1) Land tenure, which has cre- ated a homogeneous farming community who, as owners of the soil, cultivate farms of moderate size; (2) education, which by means of elementary, tech- nical, and adult continuation schools has produced the most enlightened peas- antry in the world; and (3) cooperation, which by promoting the production and sale on a large scale of agricultural products for exportation abroad has fulfilled the aim of Danish agriculture. Cooperative credit in Bengal, W. R. Gourlay (Agr. Jour. India, 1 {1906), No. 3, pp. 216-219). ^The author briefly describes the plan adopted by the im- perial and provincial departments of agriculture of India in promoting agricul- tural credit banks in the provinces. The system consists primarily in making village societies rather than indi- vidual peasants responsil)le for borrowing, disbursing, and collecting principal and interest on loans, which are advanced at rates ranging from G to 124 per cent interest instead of from 25 to 50 per cent as charged by money lenders. There are at present 8G experimental village societies in Bengal, and more than 60 of these are said to be woi'king on sound principles. The results, says the authoi', " show that we are on the road to a successful solution of the problem of financing agriculture." Notes are also given on the institution of banks for advancing seed grain to agriculturists. Imports of farm and forest products, 1903-1905 (T. >V. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bui. .'/.>. i>p. 62). — Detailed statements of imports of farm and forest products, including the countries from which consigned, are reported. The fol- lowing table summarizes the value data : RUEAL ECONOMICS. 393 ^'(lll((^s iif (linn 011(1 fonsl iiroil nets i in ii(>rl< of farm and forest products exported from the United States. Kinds of export.s. Year ended June 30— Total, 1903. 1904. 1905. 1903-1905. 8878,480,557 58,281,124 8859,160,264 70, 085, 789 8826, 904, 777 63,199,348 82,564,545,598 191,566,261 Total 936,761,681 929, 246, 053 890, 104, 125 2,756,111,859 Trade with noncontiguous possessions in farm and forest products, 1903- 1905 (r. S. Depl. Aijr.. Bur. Statis. Bill, .p, />/>. .'/o). — The value of farm and forest products shipped from the United States to I'orto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, I'hilippine Islands. Tutuila, Midway Islands, and Guam in 1905 was $15,851,720, as (•oini)ared with a value of $15,154,8;'.7 in 1904; while the shipments from noncontiguous possessions to the United States amounted in value to $()1,()99,925 in 1905, as compared with $46,898,012 in 1904. Data as to the (piantity, value, and destination of the various products are reported in detail. Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1905 {Btir. of Labor [U. 8.] Bui. 6.',, pp. 111- 316). — Statistical data of the retail prices of 30 staple foods secured in the principal industrial centers of 40 States, including the District of Columbia, are reported. For the United States as a whole the average cost of food per family ranged from .$29-ow ( r. S. Dcpt. A(/i:. Bur. Statis. Bui. .'i.i. pp. lO.l pis. .',. fiij. /). — The author describes tlie conditions under which wheat is grown and harvested in Russia and points out tlie actual and possible exportations of wheat to Eu- ropean markets when* it competes with wheat from other countries. In the course of this study detailed facts are presented regarding the pojiu- lation and physical conditions of the country, system of land ownership, cereal production, the agricultural methods in vogue on private and peasant farms, and the wages of agricidtural laborers, many of which fiictors l)(>ar upim the cost of wheat" production. The two comi)eting cereals in Russia are rye and wheat, and statistics are presented showing a steady gain in the cidtivation of wheat. While the rye is consumed for bread by the peasants most of the wheat is marketed. The primitive methods of agriculture. l;ick of modern implements and machinery, ignor.-uice of the peasantry, and excess of si)ring sowings over 394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. winter sowings are regarded as factors in lowering the yield of wheat. " Not- withstanding the exceptional fertility of the black soil which covers nearly the whole of the Russian wheat belt, the yield of wheat in Russia is found to be invariably smaller than in any country, with the possible exception of Argentina. . . . On the whole a spring yield of 8i bu. per acre and a winter yield of Hi bu. seem to be normal for the Russian Empire, with a grand average of a little over 9 bu." From a commercial standpoint wheat is not regarded as low in cost of pro- duction under Russian conditions, the cost of raising winter wheat ranging from 46.5 to GG.G cts. per bushel. " Excluding I'oland, the average cost in Euroj)ean Russia proper varies between 4G and .54 cts. a bushel." The cost of spring wheat varies between 40 and 53 cts. per bushel. In the opinion of the author the future development of the wheat-growing industry in Russia will depend upon the improvement of the economic and social conditions of the people by increasing the allotments of laud to peasants, by better educational systems, and particularly by overcoming the greatest obstacle of all — the extreme poverty of the peasant. [The sugar industry in Brazil] (Inteniat. Sugar Corn. [London], Proc. iSpruig Sess., 1906, pp. 36). — This publication mainly consists of reports by several Belgian consuls residing at different places in Brazil and by the British vice-consul located at Rio de Janeiro which give statistics regarding the cost of production, quantity, and prices of grades of sugar, freight rates, export and import duties, etc. General information relating to methods of manufac- ture, shipping, and marketing sugar, as well as the part the Brazilian gov- ernment has played in promoting the sugar industry, is included. Season and crop report for the Province of Bengal for the year 1905-6 {Dept. Agr. Bengal, Season and Crop Rpt., 1905-6, pp. 25). — Data are presented on the character of the seasons ; area cultivated, cropped, and irrigated ; pro- duction per acre and total production ; prices, trade, and stock of food grains and other products ; number of live stock and implements ; and condition of the agricultural population. MISCELLANEOUS. Eighteenth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1905 (Maryland Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. XX-]-2.ffO). — The report proper contains the organization list, a report on the work and expenditui-es of the station during the year, and a finan- cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. Reprints of Bulletins 94-103 of the station previously al>stracte(l are appended. Nineteenth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1906 (Mar gland Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. XII -j- 126). — This contains a report on the work and expendi- tures of the station by the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190G. and reprints of Bulletins Xos. 104-109 of the station iirevi- ously noted. Agriculture in other lands with special reference to dairying, J. A. Kin- SELLA (Wellington: AY(r Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1906, pp. 90, pis. 30). — Obsei'vations made by the author in Great Britain, Denmark, Canada, South Africa, and Argentina are reported. Farm science (Chicago: Internatio)ia] Harvester Co., 1906. pp. 128, figs. 60).- — This contains practical discussions of the following subjects: Alfalfa cul- ture in America, by J. E. Wing; modern corn culture, by P. G. Holden ; best methods in seeding, by W. F. Brown; small grain growing, by W. M. Hays; profitable hay making, by T. Shaw; up-to-date dairying, by C. D. Smith; in- creasing fertility, by C. G. Hopkins; and power on the farm, by F. R. Crane. N 0 T E S Florida University and Station. — K. W. Clothier, erroneously announced in a previous issue of the Kci-ord as the successor to C. M. Conner in the university and station, has been appointed professor of agriculture and horticulture in the university only. The position of agriculturist in the station has not yet been filled. K. Y. Winters, a graduate of Clemson College, has been appointed assistant in botany. Georgia Station. — The station has recently erected a new laboratory building for the use of the new departments of bacteriology and plant breeding and plant pathology. Idaho University. — A school of agriculture has been established, providing a 4-year course preparatory to the regular college work. A 4-year course in domestic economy is also announced. Purdue University. — Farm mechanics has been added to the curriculum of the school of agriculture. It is to include class-room and laboratory practice in the subjects of farm machines, roads, buildings, and drains. Iowa College and Station. — The department of agricultural extension, estab- lished as recently noted in charge of P. G. Holden, has been organized as fol- lows: M. L. Mosher, in charge of farm crops; P. K. Bliss, in charge of animal husbandry ; A. H. Snyder, in charge of soils ; J. C. Guthrie, in charge of dairy ; J. W. Jones, in charge of horticulture; Miss Mary F. Rausch, in charge of household economics; and G. E. Stayner, secretary. In accordance with a law passed by the last legislature, facilities for instruc- tion and research in cement and clay products have been provided, and 4-year and 2-year courses are being offered. According to the Iowa Agriculturist, II. J. Quayle has resigned to continue entomological work at the University of California, and is succeeded by C. E. Bartholomew. Maryland College. — The general agricultural course has been subdivided and separate courses are now offered in agronomy and animal industry, horticulture, and chemistry. Montana College. — The general agricultural course has been expanded into separate courses in agronomy, animal husbandry, dairying, and horticulture. A 3-year elementary course in agriculture, continuing for G months of the year, has been offered in the newly created school of agriculture, to take the place of the 2-year winter course. Nebraska University. — It is noted from Science that at a recent meeting of the regents of the university, the grade of " head professor " was established. Among the appointments made under this title were C. E. Bessey (botany), Lawrence Bruner (entomology), H. B. Ward (zoology), O. V. P. Stout (civil engineering), E. A. Burnett (animal husbandry), A. T. Peters (animal pa- thology), and Samuel Avery (chemistry). Most of the above are or have been connected with the station. It was further ordered that these head professors j>hould constitute the "university senate." New Mexico Station. — .1. I). Tinsley. head of the department of soils, has been appointed superintendent of farmers' institutes and cooperative exiieriments, and will spend the greater i)ortion of tlie year in traveling over the Territory organizing this work. George M. Lummis has been appointed assistant in the 395 396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. department of soils and will have charge of the college classes and the experi- mental work. J. B. Thompson, recently appointed assistant in horticulture, has resigned to accept a position in the Philippine department of agriculture, and Is succeeded by Lorenz Greene, a graduate of the Kansas College. It is planned to add an irrigation engineer to the station staff in the near future. Cornell TTniversity and Station. — H. J. Webber, in charge of plant-breeding work in this department, has been appointed professor of plant biology, and will enter vipon his new position in the spring. J. E. Coit, J. P. Stewart,-'and W. H. Griffiths have been added to the department of horticulture. Oregon College. — A 4-year course in forestry, leading to the degree of B. S., has been added to the curriculum. Pennsylvania College and Station. — Thomas F. Hunt, of Cornell, has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station. He will 'continue in his present position until the close of the college year, giving a part of his time to planning for the future development of the work in Pennsylvania. Vermont University and Station. — C. L. Beach, in charge of dairying at the Connecticut Storrs College and Station, has been placed in charge of the work in dairy husbandry in the Vermont University and Station. A. P. Bigelow, a former student at the dairy school, will be dairyman at the station, vice C. L. Stygles, resigned. It is expected rapidly to increase the work in diarying. Armour Scholarships. — At a joint meeting of representatives of many of the agricultural colleges and the managers of the International Stock Show plans for the distribution of the Armour scholarships were decided upon. One scholar- ship will be given to each college leading at the exposition in judging horses, cattle, swine, sheep, and corn, one to the college making the best exhibit of feed stuffs, and one to the college making the highest average. The remaining 13 will be apportioned according to the winnings of the colleges at the show, except that no college may receive more than 40 per cent of the total number. The aw^arding of the scholarships to students will be done by the respective colleges. Madras Agricultural College. — A new agricultural college and research insti- tute for Madras is now in course of erection. In 190.5 a grant to the presidency by the government of India of $50,000 per annum, which was subsequently in- creased to $100,000, added to the allotment made by the government of Madras removed all financial difficulty experienced by the Madras agricultural depart- ment. The result of this improved financial condition was the decision of the government to close the agricultural college at Saidapet and establish a new college and research institute, adequately equipped with laboratories and class- rooms and with a suitable farm near Coimbatore. The staff will consist of an expert agriculturalist as the principal of the col- lege, a superintendent of the central farm, a government botanist, and an agri- cultural chemist. Ultimately an entomologist and mycologist may be added. The staff will combine teaching with research work. Problems connected with the agriculture of the presidency will be studied in the laboratory and the field, w^hile the students will be given a general education in all branches of agri- cultural science. Vacation Forestry Excursions. — The Royal Agricultural College of Ciren- cester has instituted for its forestry students a series of annual vacation excur- sions to the German forests. The initial excursion included visits to the Ober- forsterei of Darmstadt, the oak and pine woods of Viernheim, the large coppice in the Odenwald now under conversion to high forests, and some of the Heidel- berg woods. Shorter excursions to forest areas in England and Wales are frequent during the college year. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — This association held its NOTKS. 397 twonty-third annual convention in Washin;;ton. I). C, Xovombcr 7-0, 1900. The meeting was well attended. Prof. W. ^I. Hays, Assi.stant Secretary of Agri- culture, Prof. C. E. ;Munroe, of the George Washington University, and Prof. Alexius de Sigiuond, of Budapest, Hungary, upon invitation of the association, delivered brief addresses appropriate to the occasion. The presidential address of C. G. Hopkins was entitled, " The Duty of Chemistry to Agriculture." This dealt mainly with the question of soil fer- tility, and included a review of investigations by the Bureau of Soils of this Department, work of the experiment stations in Hlinois, Minnesota, and Ohio, and data obtained at Rothamsted. In the following note concerning the procivdings no cFfort is made to incor- porate the results of investigations as embodied in the recommendaticms of I'eferees and conunittees as these are regularly published promptly in circular form by the Bureau of Chemistry. The detailed proceedings are also pub- lished by the same bureau. Reference will be made merely to the nature of the reports and papers whicli were for the most part submitted iu abstract form. The subject of food adulteration was, as usual, a prominent feature of the programme. Reports of 14 associate referees on this subject were presented. E. F. Ladd made a brief preliminary report on colors, which was supplemented by a paper by II. M. Loomis on the solubility and extraction of colors, and by a paper by A. G. Nieholls on the detection of certain vegetable colors iu foods. C. II. Jones, associate I'eferee on saccharine products, reported that the work on this subject during the year had been confined to maple products with par- ticular reference to the malic acid value. Cooperative work by 13 analysts was reported. II. C. Lythgoe presented a report on fruit products. II. E. Barnard reported cooperative work by 10 chemists on the analysis of beer and recommended methods for adoption. C. A. Crampton reported on distilled liquors. No report was presented on vinegar, but a paper entitled the Fuller's Earth Test for Caramel in Vinegar was submitted by W. L. Dubois. The method is considered unreliable and of value only as a preliminary test. E. M. Chace reported that the work on flavoring extracts had been confined to the proposed methods for the determination of citral in lemon oils and extracts. Results obtained by 4 chemists were included in the report. W. M. Allen, associate referee on baking powder and baking chemicals, reported work on the deter- mination of carbon dioxid. L. M. Tolman, associate referee on fats and oils, reported that much had been accomplished during the j'ear in the cooperative investigations on the cold test. H. C. Lythgoe submitted a brief report on diary products for the associate referee, A. E. Leach. R. E. Doolittle i-eported on condiments other than spices. This consisted of an outline of methods which the associate referee had found of value in judging the products be- longing to this class. C. D. Howard, associate referee on tea and coffee, reported that the work done by him on this subject during the year had b(»en confined principally to a study of methods of determining caffetannic acid.. Xo cooperative work was undertaken. In this connection a review of the methods for chemical analysis of tea w-as submitted by R. E. Doolittle and F. O. Woodruff. This gave the results of determinations of water extract, tannin, and thein by different methods. A paper on the determination of moisture in tea by -R. E. Doolittle and A. W. Ogdfu was also read. Drying in nn oven was compared with drying in a current of hydrogim. W. li. Dubois, as associate refen^e on food preserva- tives, gave the results of his investigations on the determinaticm of salicylic 398 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. acid iu beer, wine, catsup, and other products. A. McGill, associate referee on cereal products, referred to deflnitions of grain, flour, etc., and reported a study of tlie literature on gluten, nongluten, nitrogen, valuation of flours, and gliadin. Investigations on the determination of water iu foods were reported by F. C. Webber, associate referee on this subject. The referee on the determination of nitrogen, J. B. Gibboney, reported considei'able cooperative work on the determination of total and available nitrogen by different methods. In connection with this i-eport J. P. Street read a paper on the detection of peat in commercial fertilizers. It was be- lieved that a pentosan determination will indicate the presence of as small an amount of peat as 10 per cent. A report on the separation of nitrogenous bodies in cheese was submitted by the reteyee, R. Harcourt. The results of cooperative work on the extraction. of, ^yater-soluble and salt-soluble products were included in the report. F. . C. Cook presented a report of investigations on meat proteids. ' , ....,,,^,.;,.' Dairy products was reported upon by, . the^ref eree, F. W. Woll, and papers on this subject by G. A. Olson and A. W. Bosworth were read. The latter dealt with the determination of acidity in cheese. J. K. Haywood reported upon feeding stuffs, and C. A. Browne, jr., upon methods of sugar analysis. Considerable work by the referees and collaborators upon sugar was reported. This has been mainly along lines previously studied by the association. The organic constituents of cane molasses were studied, and methods for the deter- mination of nitrogen in molasses were compared. Data were presented showing variations in the polarization of raw cane sugars. The work on the unifica- tion of reducing sugar methods was reported by P. H. Walker. Tables for the estimation of dextrose, invert sugar, lactose, and maltose have been prepared and published. W. D. Home submitted a method for the determination of sulphites in sirups. A report on medicinal plants and drugs was submitted by the referee, L. F. Kebler. The referee on soils, J. H. Petit, reported cooperative work along the lines approved by the association at the last meeting. The referee on phos- phoric acid, B. W. Kilgore, reported that investigations on the determination of available phosphoric acid in basic slag had been conducted, but that the results were not yet ready for publication. The associate referee. J. M. McCandless, reported the results of cooperative investigations on the deter- mination of iron and alumina in phosphate rock and on the neutralization of the official solution of ammonium citrate. The referee on inorganic plant constituents, W. W. Skinner, reported inves- tigations on the amount of sulphur and phosphorus found in plant ash obtained by various methods. A. L. Knisely, referee on potash, reported co- operative work on the determination of potosh in one sample of soil and in one sample of a mixed fertilizer containing considerable organic matter. The report of the referee on tannin, 11. C. Keed. was mainly an argument for discontinuing work by the association along this line. The association, however, voted to continue the work on this subject. A report on insecticides was submitted by the referee, G. E. Colby. This contained the results of pre- liminary tests of a simple method of determining the kerosene in kerosene emul- sions by the centrifugal method. The committee on food standards, through its chairman. W. Frear, submitted a report of progress. The committee was continued. II. W. Wiley, chairman of the committee on fertilizer legislation, submitted a report on conferences concerning a national fertilizer law. The committee was continued with instructions to secure, if possible, the collaboration of the great fertilizer in- NOTES. 399 terests in the perfection of .1 moasure to be sui)initte(l to Congress. In this con- nection a paper on the adnlteration of conunercial fertilizers was read by J. M. McCandless. Instances of adulteration of fertilizers in Georgia were cited. A report on the testing of chemic-al reagents was submitted by the referee, L. F. Kebler. U. J. Davidson submitted a report of the committee on the unifi- catiou of terms. The association deferred action on this matter for one year, the committee being continued. The committee on definition of plant food, II. W. Wiley, chairman, cited numerous authorities and recommended that plant foods be dcHiied as those substances entering the plant from without and which are utilized in the metabolic activities of the plant. The definition was adopted by the association and the committee discontinued. One of the special features of the meeting was the report of the committee on revision of methods. The methods of the association are at present em- bodied in two bulletins of the Bureau of Chemistry and in reports of the pro- ceedings of the annual conventions. The task of revising these for publica- tion in one bulletin has been left to the secretary of the association, aided by a committee on revision. It is expected that this revision of the methods will be published in circular form before the next meeting of the association, when final action can be taken. The officers elected for the ensuing year are as follows : President. J. P. Street, New Brunswick, N. J. ; vice-president, H. Snyder, St. Anthony Park, Minn. ; secretary. IL W. Wiley, Washington, D. C. ; additional members of executive committee, B. B. Ross, Auburn, Ala., and B. L. Hartwell, Kingston, R. I. The place of meeting for next year was left to the executive commit- tee, preference being expressed for the .Jamestown Exposition. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of Australasia. — At a meeting held at Sidney, New South Wales, August 20, 190G, and attended by representa- tives of Queensland, Victoria, New Zealand, and New South Wales, " The Asso- ciation of Ofiicial Agricultural Chemists of Australasia," to consist of " the chief chemists for the departments of agriculture in the states and colonies of Australasia," was formally organized on lines very similar to those of the Asso- ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists of this country. The objects of the association are stated in its constitution to be: "(1) To secure uniformity in the methods, results, and modes of statement of analyses of fertilizers, soils, feeding stuffs, agricultural products, and other materials connected with this industry. (2) To afford opixjrtunity for the discussion of matters of interest to agricultural chemists." The meeting took action ui)on forms of reports on soils for farmers, methods of analysis for soils, fertilizers, feeding stuffs, wheat and flour, dairy products, water, lime, insecticides, and cattle dips. Action on legislation regarding adul- teration of fertilizers and other agricultural products and the fixing of stand- ards was postponed, on account of the absence of representatives of some states and provinces, until the next meeting, which is called for March or April, 1907, in Sidney. A committee was appointed to " investigate means for making short flying Isoil] surveys and to test the rapid methods of analysis adopted by the Ameri- can Bureau of Soils." "The conference was unanimously of the opinion that all field experimental work should be carried out in conjunction with and under the supervision of the agricultural chemists in so far as relates to design and conduct of the experiments themselves and the interpretation and publication of the results." The extension of such work (a) by means of experiments conducted at state farms and agricultural colleges, (i>) by experiments on the farms of private 400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. individuals, aud (c) by means of plats in scliool gardens, was recommended, and the scope and objects of field experiments were outlined. The supplement- ing of field experiments by pot experiments in the investigation of certain prob- lems was also recommended. The testing and certification of all calibrated glassware, especially that used in dairies and butter factories, and the allowable limits of error are to be reported upon at the next meeting. Referees were appointed to investigate and report upon the Kjeldahl method with and without the addition of mercury (C. J. Briinnich) and upon the determination of iron and alumina in phosphate rock (B. C. Aston). The officers elected were F. B. Guthrie, president ; C. J. Briinnich, vice-presi- hosphoric acid, Schucht 417 Contribution to determination of lime and magnesia, Westhausser 417 Description of a calcimeter, Passerini 417 Chemical soil analysis, Mitscherlich 417 Analysis of nitrate of soda. Beck 418 Scheit)ler's ap])aiatus for cai'bdiiic acid in carbonates, Collins 418 Determination of ash in an electrically heated furnace, Sei})ert 418 Report of committee on standai'd methods of water analysis 418 Determination of total arsenic acid in London purple, Mahin 418 Direct nu-thod for the analysis of milk, d'lluart 418 Experiments in relation to milk testing, HTift 418 Estimation of proteid in Innnan milk, Sikes 418 (Quantitative; dcterniination of proteids in milk, P>oggs 419 Rapid determination of water in l)utter, Patrick 419 Direct determination of water in butter, Aschmann and A rend 419 Refraction of nonvolatile fatty acids of l)utter, Ludvvig and Ilaupt 419 Detection of adidteration of l)utter with cocoanut oil and oleomargarin, Kobin. 419 Detection of formaldehyde in milk, Acree 419 Determination of salicylic acid in canned tomatoes, catsups, etc., Dubois 419 Boric acid: Its detection and determination. Low 419 I II CONTENTS. Page. Fermentation of cane molasses and estimation of sugars present, Harker 420 Methods of determining total solids in wine, Roncali 420 Determination of esters, aldehydes, and furfural in whisky, Tolman and Trescot 420 Determination of lead number in maple sirup, Winton and Kreider 420 New method of determining glycogen, Pfliiger 420 Text-botik of physiological chemistry, Abderhalden 420 Fifth annual meeting of the Association of German Food Chemists 421 Report of chemical section of Wellcome research laboratories, Beam 421 Annual report on progress in agricultural chemistry, 1905, Dietrich et al 421 Drug legislation in the United States, Keliler and Ragan 421 METEOROLOGY — WATER. The classification of climates. Ward 421 Changes of climate, Ward 422 Climate [of Alaska], Alibe, jr 422 Work of Weather Bureau and its relation to transportation, Bowie 422 Public weather service of the German Empire, Grohmann 422 Meteorological observations at Storrs, Stocking, jr 422 Meteorological observations, Ostrander, Lindblad, and Barry 423 [Meteorological summary for 1904-5], Burke 423 Meteorological observations during 1905 423 Antigua meteorological returns, 1905 423 British rainfall, 1905, Mill 423 The rains of the Nile Basin in 1905, Lyons 424 Physiography of the River Nile and its basin, Lyons 424 Hail, Loisel ." " 424 On hail and weather shooting, Baur 424 The mechanics of water softening, Royle 424 Underground waters of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois, Glenn 424 Effect of copper upon water bacteria, Kellerman and Beckwith 425 Use of B. prodigiosus as an indicator m water examination, Hilgermann 425 Prevention of stream pollution by distillery refuse, Stabler 425 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil analyses, Mann 426 Composition of soils of French Guiana, Hebert 426 The soils of the INIuganj steppe, Sacharov 426 Contribution to study of sand in tropical soils. Van Bijlert 426 Influence of cultivation on conservation of moisture, Chouchak 426 How long does lime last in the soil? Hall 426 Chemical and physical action of salt water on soils, Hissink 427 Effect of fertilizers on reaction of soils, Veitch 427 Insoluble alkaline compounds formed in dead leaves, Berthelot 427 Insoluble alkaline compounds in organic matter of soils, Berthelot 427 Insoluble alkaline compounds formed by artificial humus, Berthelot 427 Experiments with wood charcoal, Berthelot 427 Irrigating sediments and their effects upon crops, Forbes 427 Assimilation of nitrogen by leguminous plants 428 Influence of bacteria on metamorphosis of nitric acid in soil, Stoklasa et al 428 Anaerobic nitrogen-collecting bacteria, Haselhoff and Bredemann 429 Formation of crystals in cultures of denitrifying bacteria, Hutchinson 429 The new nitrogenous fertilizers, Sebelien 429 Nitrogenous fertilizers in 1905, Rordam .- 430 Oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen in the electric arc, Perkin 430 Water power in electro-chemical manufacture of fertilizers, Cote 430 Calcium cyanamid ( Kalkstickstoff ) , Frank 430 Results of tests f)f calcium cyanamid as a fertilizer 430 Lime nitrogen, nitrogen lime, and nitrate of lime, Gerlach 430 Chilean nitrate deposits 430 Chilean nitrate of soda industry and the new cartel, Krische 430 Mountains of saltpeter, Dunn 430 Utilization of peat V)Ogs for production of nitrates, Miintz and Laine 430 Nitrate of soda and nitrate and nitrite of lime, Grandeau 431 The action of nitrite on plants, Stutzer 431 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Use of ammonium sulphate as a fertilizer, lUu'hnianu 431 Production of sulphate of anunnnia 431 Use of gypsum in recovery of anuiioMia in coke makino:, Warth 431 Further fertilizer experiments with agricultural phosphate. Bachmann 432 Composition of deposits of phosphate of lime in the I'nited States, Jumeau 432 Granite n)ck potasli , 432 Potassium mining crisis, Albert 432 The use of lime and magnesia as fertilizer, J^oew 432 Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, Street, Allen, and Carberry 433 J Fertilizers and feeding stuffs act, 1 906 433 AOIUCnLTCUAL HOTANY. Flora of Colorado, Kydberg 433 Role of seed coats in delayed gernunation, Crocker 433 Influence of sunlight on development of sugar beets, Strakosch 4.33 Injurious action of acetates and formates on plants, Aso 434 Stinmlating iiiHucnce of sodium lluorid on garden plants, Aso 434 Stimulating action of calcium tluorid on ])hanerogams, Aso 434 Degree of stinudating action of manganese and iron salts on barley, Katayama. 434 The nucro-organisms of natto, Sawamura 434 The drug known as pinkroot, Stockljerger 435 International catalogue of scientific literature. W — Botany 435 FIELD CROPS. Report of work at McNeill Branch Experiment Station, Ferris 435 Five years' results on sewage irrigation fields of Arad, Gyarfits 436 Errors in field tests, Holtsmark and Larsen 436 Svali'if method for breeding agricultural plants, de Vries 4.36 Chemical composition of Washington forage crops, Thatcher 4.36 Some reasons for failure with alfalfa, Lyon 437 Adulteration of alfalfa seed, Galloway 437 Tables for determination of protein content of barley, Glimm 437 Culture tests with brewing barley, Behrens '437 Continuous corn culture, Adams and Wheeler 437 Cotton culture in its relation to climate, Eckardt 437 A new type of red clover, Brand 438 Seed of red clover and its impurities, Brown and Hillman 438 Short treatise on culture and handling of flax, Steglicii 439 Influence of external conditions on hemi) and hemp filjer, Behrens 439 Comparison of Improved Ligowo and Provence Gray oats, Richter 439 Orchard grass, Oakley 439 Potato culture experiments, Behrens 439 Sugar beets in Kansas 439 Report on fertilizer tests with sugar cane, Lemarie 4.39 Sunflower culture and its ]»rofits in Ru.ssia, Walta 4.39 Fertilizer experiments with tobacco, Behrens 440 Species of tobacco, their phylogeny, (luality, and u.ses. Comes 440 Characters determining the quality of wheat, Cserhtiti 440 HOKTICUI.TUKH. Horticulture department, Fisher i 441 Report of the horticulturist, (iarcia 441 The Casaba melon, Kovce - 441 Dwarf fruit trees, Waugh 441 Fruits for the Hawaiian Islands, Brigham 442 Suggestions on renewal of ))each industry in New Jersey, Warren . . 442 Pruning peach trees, Horsfall 443 Culture'of the olive, Degrully 443 Growth and rijiening of persimmons, Bigelow, Gore, and Howard 443 Bananas and ])inea])ples in Western French Africa, Henry 443 Culture and commerce of the banana in Costa Rica, Jores 443 Analysis of ]iinea{)i)]es, Cuadrado .- 443 New wax article 443 IV CONTENTS. Page. European grapes, Garcia 443 Wild plant iiiijirnvt.'Uient, Pierce 444 All the hollies worth growing, Miller 444 Lawns and how to make them, Barron 444 Pot fertilizer experiments with roses, Weber 444 Further development of etherization in forcing of lilacs, Ledien 444 Epsom salts for azaleas, Hogenson 445 FORESTRY. Forest planting on coal lands in western Pennsylvania, Spring 445 The utilization of tupelo, Holroyd 446 Lumber sawed from poplar, ))irch, maple, and beech, Braniff 446 Cross ties purchased by steam railroads, 1905, Hale 447 Experiments on strength of treated timber, Hatt 447 Transverse strength of clanwilliam cedar 447 Black wattle forestry in South Africa, Holtz 448 Consumption of tanbark in 1905, Hale 448 Wood used for pulp in 1905, Hale 448 Cultivation of Ficus elastica, the India rubV)er of the east. Bald 448 DISEiVSES OF PLANTS. New anthracnose of alfalfa and red clover, Bain and Essary 448 Indian wheat rusts, Butler and Hayman 449 Flower infection by smuts, Brefeld and Falck 449 Combating stinking smut of wheat and rye, Volkart 449 Relation of the weather to rust of cereals, Moreland 450 Investigations on disease of rice called brusone, Brizi 450 Some fungus diseases of corn, Pammel 450 Recent investigations on potato and tomato diseases, Appel 450 The early and late blight of potatoes, Grei'u and Waid 450 Fungus diseases of sugar cane in Bengal, Butler 450 Gumming of the sugar cane, Cobb 451 Preliminary notes on root disease of sugar cane in Hawaii, Brain 451 Pear blight, Rolfs '. - .--.---- 451 Bordeaux mixture for Cycloconium on the olive, Tobler and Rossi-Ferrini ... 451 Treatment for fumagine of olive, Vidal 451 Notes on gooseberry mildews, Salmon - - 451 American mildew in Sweden 451 The American gooseberry mi Idew in 1906, Salmon 452 A disease of grape stocks, Magnus - 452 A new Plowrightia from Guatemala, Kellerman 452 The blister blight of tea, Mann - 452 The occurrence of Lasiodiplodia on cacao and mangoes, CUiarles 452 A bacterial disease of oleander. Smith 453 The Alternaria blight of ginseng, Whetzel 453 Infectious chlorosis of smiie mallows, Baur -453 A new disease of Erythrina, Janse - 453 Studies upon some chromogenic fungi which discolor wood, Hedgcock 453 Dilute sulphuric acid as a fungicide, Kraemer 454 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Parasitism and mutualism in nature, Laloy 454 The bird, its form and function, Beebe 454 Rabbits and their destruction, Dowling 455 Animal poisons, Faust 455 Game laws for 1906, Palmer and Williams, jr 455 Zoological yearbook, 1905, Mayer - 455 Some results of experiment station work with insecticides, Wilcox 455 Eighteenth annual meeting of Association of Economic Entomologists 455 Report of State entomologist of New York, 1905, Felt 456 Report of State entomologist, 1905. The crop pest law of Georgia, Smith 456 Means of combating.grain insects, Hoffmann 4.56 The brown-tail moth and how to control it, Howard , 457 CONTENTS. V Page. Codling moth and fniit fly, licnson 457 Two important sJcalc insects and tiicir control, Clarke 457 A new Retinia attacking AuHtriau ]>int', Cosenw 457 Mealy bngs, Froggatt. 457 Revision of the Tyroglyphidie of the United States, J>anks 457 The wing veins of insects. Wood worth 458 Introduction of parasites. Harper 458 Flairellate forms in intestinal tracsts of diptera, Linganl and .Jennings 458 The l)reeding iiahits of tiie tsetse lly, Minchin 458 The extirpation of the tsetse lly, Minchin 458 Analyses of Paris green. Street 458 Report of inspector of fumigation ap]iliances, 1905, Hodgetts 459 Re])ort of connnission on ri'aring of silkworms for 1905, Godinot 459 KOOJ)S — ^lUIMAN NUTKITION. Standards of ])nrity for food jirodncts 459 Rules and regulations for enforcement of Food and Drugs Act, Shaw et al 459 Experiment station work relating to food and nutrition of man, Milner 459 Nutritive value of bread as comjiared with breakfast foods, Ilarcourt 460 A proposed method for examining bleached flour, Shaw 4(50 Contribution to history of use of bark bread, Dillingham 460 Rolled oats, Macfarlane 460 F]x])eriments with simple foodstuffs, Jacob 461 Is freshly slaughtered l)eef i)alatableand wholesome? Hladik 461 Canned meats, Macfarlane 461 Potted meats and bologna sausages, Macfarlane 461 F]xperiments on the digestibility of fish and poultry, Milner 461 Composition of tamarind pulp, Remeaud 462 Coffee, coffee products, and coffee surrogates, Franke 462 Preserved f( )od products, de P>revans. 462 Food preservatives, !Mc( iill 462 F^ffect of salicylic acid upon digestion and health, Wiley 462 Diet and dietetics, (Jautier, edited and translated by Rice-Oxley 463 Food and dietetics, Norton '. 463 Accuracy in dietetics, Roberts 463 Dietary studies of a week's walking trip. Knight 464 Portable ration for soldiers in battle and on the march. Seaman 464 Nutritive requirements of the body, Benedict 464 • ANIMAL PRODICTION. Live stock 464 F]quipment for feeding cattle in carload lots, Mumford and Good 464 Maintenance rations for beef breeding cows, Mumford 465 Feeding experiments with cattle, Lloyd 466 Steer feeding. Smith 467 Sheep, Lli )yd 467 Grazing hogs, Ll( >yd 467 Fjisilage for horses; flipping for horses 467 Farm i)oultry, poultry houses, and fattening chickens, Graham 468 Poultry experiments, (lOwell 4()9 Poultry investigations at Maine Station, Woods and Gowell 471 Poultry division, Linfield 471 Preserving eggs, Thatclier , 471 DAIRY KAKMINC DAIKYINCi — AOKOTKCn NV. Modern dairy farming, Puxley 471 Report of dairy connnissioner for tlu; Dominion of Canada, 190(5 472 Association for development of the dairy industry of Iloorn, 1905 472 F^xperiment station aiitl dairy institute at Kleinhof-Tapiau, 1905-6, Hittcher. 472 Dairy dei)artment, Klliott 472 Report of dairy dejiartment. Smith 472 Preliminary observations on protein supply of dairy herd, Mairs. . 472 Testing cows for advanced registry. Beach 472 VI CONTENTS. Page. Grooming cows and adding mineral suljHtances to feeds, Lipschitz 472 Experiment station work relating to pure milk, Lawson 473 Inspection of dairies, Harrington 473 Studies of market milk, Stocking, jr 473 Milk hygiene investigations, Rullmann and Trommsdorff 473 Milk contamination in collection and transit, Lloyd 473 Fecal material and bacteria in milk, Weber 473 Destruction of tubercle bacilli in manufacture of milk ]>o\vder, Hoffmann 473 Feeding young animals raw r. boiled milk, Kichlnff 473 Phosphorus and calcium of hmnan milk, Sikes 474 Infantile mortality and goats' milk, Wright 474 Feeding experiments with perhydrase milk, Bohme 474 Some bacteriological dairy investigations, Weigmann, Gruber, and Huss 474 Application of mechanical refrigeration to ice cream manufacture. Hart 474 Pasteurizing apparatus at international dairy exposition at Brussels 474 Our butter analysis 474 Report of experiment station for cheese making at Lodi, 1905, Besana et al .. 475 Coagulation of milk with rennet, Smeliansky 475 The action of rennet on casein, Petry 475 Nature and conditions of rennet action, Spiro 475 The national fruit and cider institute 475 Caiise of production of aldehydes in wine, Passerini 476 Influence of temperature on odor and taste of wine, Wortmann 476 Clarification of sugar with iron compounds, Geerligs 476 Inorganic constituents of cane juice in relation to sugar content, Geerligs 476 Modern soaps, candles, and glycerin, Lamborn 476 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Rejiort on investigations in veterinary medicine, EUenberger et al 476 Annual report of veterinary dei)artment of [Mississippi] Station, Robert 476 Second report of Wellcome research laboratories, Balfour 476 Tuberculosis of food-producing animals, Salmon 477 The living sources of tuberculosis, Cadeac 477 The avenues of infection with tuberculosis, Calmette 477 Resorption of dead tubercle l)acilli, INIarmorek 478 Action of tubercle bacilli upon anthropoid apes, von Dungern and Schmidt . . 478 Protective vaccination against Texas fever, Graffunder 478 Piroplasma bigemumm in Texas fever in Lolland, Folger 478 Red water in cattle, Wooldridge 478 The csfttle tick in its relation to southern agriculture, Mayer 478 Rinderpest in S( )Uth Africa, Turner 479 The importance of forage in distribution of anthrax, Spissu 479 Inoculation experiments with Actinomyces asteroides, Nakayama 479 Septic pneumonia of calves, Riihm 479 Infectious catarrhal bronchitis and pneumonia in cattle. Martens 479 Treatment of infectious vaginal catarrh of cattle by salves, Sch weikert 480 Epizootics of cowpox among dairy cows, Freger 480 Warble Hies and their control by law, Ostertag 480 Trephining the skull of Ccenurus cerehralis bovis, Braun 480 A disease of sheep in Ayrshire 480 Microscopic changes in nervous system in chronic dourine, Mott 481 Destruction of Tnjpanosoiiia brucei in the spleen, Rodet and Vallet 481 Treatment of trypanosomiases with benzidin colors, Nicolle and Mesnil 481 Diseases caused by palisade worms in horses, Glage 481 Protective vaccine against rabies. Heller 481 RURAL ENGINEERING. Practical information for beginners in irrigation, Fortier 482 Reading courses in irrigation, INIead 482 Drainage investigations, Elliott 482 Report of progress of stream measurements for calendar year 1905 483 Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California, Lee 483 Turbine water-wheel tests and power tables, Horton 484 Development (if test for cementing value of road material, Cushman 484 CONTENTS. Vri I'age. ( 'onstnu'tion of saiiil-clay and l)iiriit-c'lay roads, Spoon 485 \\'ati'r[)ii(nf roads as a solution of tlic dust pidlilcm, .Mackenzie 485 Involution of farni-iniplenient iuvewtigations, Zintheo 480 I nstructions to engineers of timber tests, Hatt 486 RURAL ECONOMICS. Some present ])ro1)loins in agriculture, Bailey 486 Agrii-ultural dcvcloiiUKMit and social welfare of the farmer, 1)(^ N'uyst 486 Tlie negro farmer, 1 hi Hois 487 Prussia and its agricultural relations, !\Ieit/.en et al 487 Development of agriculture for the live years 1901 to 1905 488 Crop Reporter '. 488 Cotton movement and fluctuation, 1 901-1906 488 A(;i{IClLTrRAL EDUCATION. Progress in agricultural education, 1905, True 488 Statistics of land-grant colleges and experiment stations, 1905, Spethmann 488 School agriculture 489 Agriculture, a school subject, Burkett 489 Outline for instruction in agriculture in common schools, Cary 489 Agriculture in rural schools, Crosby 490 Report of committee on industrial education : School gardens 490 Status of veterinary and agricultural instruction, A'an dcr Bruggen 490 Agricultural etlucation in Denmark and Sweden, Sealand 490 Twenty-five years of Tuskegee, Washington 490 Wiiat J lampton means by education, Shaw 490 Tlie army training schools at Fort Riley, West 490 Teai-hing the ruiliments of cooking in the class room Reel 491 Agri-ultural practices and morals, Wortley 491 Agriculture in our pul)lic si-hools, Kyle 491 Concerning nature study and primary agriculture, Scheffer 491 Report of committee on school gardens and native plants, 1905, Adams 491 An outline in garden study. Brown et al 491 School gardens, Livingstone 491 Gardens for city schools. Parsons 492 A city school garden 492 Nature study and high school chemistry. Smith 492 The farmers' institutes in the United States, 1905, Hamilton 492 Farmers' reading course, Fletcher 492 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1905 492 Seventeenth Annual Rei)ort of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1905 492 Thirteenth Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1905 492 Eighteenth .\nnual Report of Mississippi Station 492 Twelfth Annual Repf)rt of ^Montana Station 498 Sixteenth .\niiual Report of New Mexico Station, 1905 493 Exi)eriment Station Work, XXXVI 493 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama College Station: Page. Circ. 1, Oct., 1906 457 Arizona Station : Bui. 53, Sept. 20, 1906 427 California Station: Circ. 20, Apr. , 1906 482 Colorado Station : Bui. 100, 1905 433 Connecticut Storrs Station: Seventeenth An. Rpt., 1905. . . 422, 461,464,472,473,492 Illinois Station : Bui. 110, July, 1906 464 Bui. Ill, Aug., 1906 465 Maine Station: Bui. 130, June, 1906 ......... 469 Massachus^etts Station: Met. Buls. 213-214, Sept.-Oct., 1906 423 Minnesota Station: Thirteenth An. Rpt. ,1905 492 Mississippi Station : Eighteenth An. Rpt. , 1905 435, 466, 467, 472, 476, 492 Missouri Fruit Station : Circ. 2, Feb., 1903 443 Circ. 3, July, 1906 451 Montana Station: Twelfth An. Rpt. , 1905 423, 441,471,472,493 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 195, Sept. 1, 1906 458 Bui. 196, Sept. 12, 1906 433 Bui 197, Sept. 18, 1906 442 New Mexico Station : Bui. 58, Apr., 1906 443 Sixteenth An. Rpt., 1905 441,493 Ohio Station: Circ. 58, June 15, 1906 450 Pennsylvania Station : Ann. Rpt., 1905 472 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 113, June, 1906 437 Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Washington Station: Bui. 71, 1905 . . . Bui. 72, 1905 . . . 471 436 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Circ. 19 459 Circ. 20 437 Circ. 21 459 Farmers' Bui. 260 438 Farmers' Bui. 261 478 Farmers' Bui. 262 493 Farmers' Bui. 263 482 Farmers' Bui. 264 457 Farmers' Bui. 265 455 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 38 (40 cents) 477 Bui. 90 ( 15 cents) 471 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 98 (25 cents) 421 Circ. 31 462 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 60 (20 cents) 455 Bui. 13 (tech. ser.) (10 cents). 457 Forest Service: Bui. 73 (10 cents) 446 Circ. 38 486 Circ. 39 ... 447 Circ. 40 446 Circ. 41 445 Circ. 42 448 Circ. 43 447 Circ. 44 448 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 95 (lOcents)..'. 438 Bui. 100, pt. 5 (5 cents) 435 Bui. 100, pt. 6 (5 cents) 439 Bui. 100, pt. 7 (5 cents) 425 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 8, Nos. 6-7, Oct. -Nov., 1906 488 Office of Experiment Stations: An. Rpt., 1905 (50 cents) 455, 459, 473, 482, 486, 488, 492 Office of Public Roads: Bui. 27 (10 cents) 485 Note. — The publications of the Ignited States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington. D. C. For the pul)lications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should he directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical puI)lications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experimi'ut stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVIII. January, 1!)07. No. Interest in extension work in agricultnre is developing rapidly. It is looked to as another means of making the work of the experiment stations more effective by bringing it home to the farmer in a way to appeal to him, and as spreading the influence and aid of the agri- cultural college. It i)roceeds u})on the basis that the colleges can not give all the instruction in agriculture which is desirable within their walls, but that a vast body of adults outside may be reached and benefited by more direct contact. Extension work differs from the college work proper in character, aim, and method. The college instruction in both regular and short courses is conducted at a central point at '\vhi h the pupils nnist be iissembled ; and the courses are usually detinite and fixed, and have a pedagogic form. Extension work seeks the farmer and rural poj^u- lation in their own surroundings, in much the same way that the farmers' institute does ; and in a sense it may be regarded as a develo^D- ment and expansion of that form of aid, for in their present status the institutes are a conspicuous form of extension teaching. It must naturally be movable, elementary, and of short duration in any l^articular locality. It is informational in character rather than educational, for it can only present or demonstrate facts in a general way and in a quite didactic manner, and in the nature of the case can not go far into the reason and theory. While it is in this sense superficial, it is thought possible to give it something of the pedagogic form which is being worked out for other grades of agricultural instruction, by systematizing the various features and presenting them in logical order. Extension teaching does not take the place of the short courses at the colleges, the elementary agricultural schools, or other agencies at present j)rovided. It supplements the experiment station and the agricultural college, thus constituting a third branch of the system for agricultural instruction, which in its development may be regarded as sej)arate and distinct in field and character, but closely correlated with the other two l)ranches. 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Although several kinds of extension work have been carried on for some time, the movement to organize it and give it more definite form as a department of the college is quite new. It is still in the formative stage, and the details of organization are yet to be worked out. The same is true of the scope to be given it, and its relations to certain phases of work which the agricultural colleges and the experi- ment stations are now doing, and to such agencies as the farmers' institutes. But there is a widespread demand for more direct contact with the rural population, and a well-defined belief that in the form of exten- sion work this will be the next significant development in the educa- tion of the American farmer. No one familiar with the conditions of agriculture in various parts of the country will question the great field of usefulness open to such a department. Soils are suffering and being depleted by lack of proper treatment to conserve their fertility, wasteful methods are pursued in handling irrigation waters and various by-jiroducts of the farm, weeds, insects, and plant diseases are allowed to devastate fields, poor s6ed and inefficient cultivation to greatly reduce quality and yield, and improper selection of cows and other stock to cut doAvn the profit almost or quite to the point of loss. Economists and such men as James J. Hill are crying out against our improvident and reckless agriculture. The exi^eriment stations have in large measure worked out the remedies for these conditions, and pointed the way to more intelligent and remunerative practice; they have demonstrated these things to the farmers, and have spread the new^s broadcast through the i^opu- lar bulletin, the agricultural press, the farmers' institute, and the railroad special. The good they have accomplished in this Avay is the strongest argument for a wider organization of extension work, for it demonstrates that the farmers can be reached and that a large proportion of them can be led to put the teachings of agricultural science into practice. But the abilities of the stations in this line are limited by the other demands upon them. In entering upon such work they are stepping out of their field as investigators and delaying develojjment along the lines with which they are especially charged. More and more it is becoming apparent that investigation and extension work in agriculture do not belong together, although mutually dependent and closely associated. The demands upon each are fast assuming such proportions that a separate force is becoming necessary to carry on the more important features of the work. There will be some over- lapping for a time, as there will be with the regular educational work of the college, but the interests of all phases of the work are fast call- ing for greater differentiation. The extension department seems the next logical step in the devel- EDITORIAL. 408 opment of our agricultural sysfcm. Tliosc who have given the matter careful study believe that in view of the i)resent feeling toward agri- cultural ex})eriuientati()n and education, the time is ripe for this step, and they point to indications that we are on the eve of a great extension movement in comiection witli the agricultural colleges. The jjresent status of extension work in the United States was brought out in the report of the committee on extension work at the Baton Ivouge convention of agricultural colleges and experiment sta- tions. This standing conuuittee was appointed a year ago, at the time of the reorganization of the conmiittees, and was an expression of the necessity and importance of this phase of work. The committee defined extension teaching in agriculture to embrace " those forms of instruction in subjects having to do with imj^roved methods of agricultural i^roduction. and with the general welfare of the rural poi)ulation, that are offered to people not enrolled as resi- dent pupils in educational institutions." It grouped the various forms of extension work under six headings, as follows : (a) Farmers' institutes; (b) itinerant lectures other than farmers' institutes, includ- ing traveling schools of various types, special railroad trains, etc.; (c) literature, including correspondence and reading courses, travel- ing libraries, etc.; (d) field demonstrations, educational exhibits at fairs, and the like; (e) educational features in charge of rural socie- ties; and (f) formation of leagues or federations of rural societies, establishment of social centers, and similar undertakings. The classi- fication is based primarily upon the kinds of work to be done, and secondarily upon types of institutions doing the work. The first four groups are intended to embrace all forms which belong primarily to universities, colleges, and other agencies whose work is distinctively educational. In the conunittee's preliminary survey of extension work inquiries were sent to a wide range of institutions and organizations, agricul- tui'al and otherwise, to which a thousand replies w^ere received. These show that there are already established over three hundred active centers of extension teaching in agriculture, and doubtless othei's for which no re})orts were received. " Nearly all the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations in the land are doing extension teaching to a greater or less degree, and ])ractically all of the granges and thousands of agricultural societies of various sorts do work that could be called extension teaching in agriculture." Aside from these, it is interesting to note that the normal schools are not only giving courses in agriculture for teachers, but in several instances are sending out lecturers to teachers' and farmers' insti- tutes, giving demonstrations, issuing pamphlets and school bulletins on agricultural subjects, and in other ways i)uttiiig themselves in 404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. touch with the farmers, teachers, and pupils in the rural communities. State and county superintendents of public instruction reported some form of extension teaching in one hundred and twenty-three cases, representing a great variet}' of forms ; and seventeen State and local libraries reported that they maintain traveling libraries, lectures, lecture bureaus, etc., for agricultural subjects. Commenting on the enormous amount of extension work which the exjoeriment stations are doing, not only through their printed bulle- tins and the mass of corresi^ondence of station officials, but also through demonstrations, lectures, and many other lines of effort, the committee asks " Why should the experiment station longer burden itself with extension teaching? Why should it not turn over all of the duties just enumerated to other hands and thus free itself in time, in -money, and in energy, for concentration upon the gigantic prob- lems of genuine research?" The obvious answer to this inquiry is the lack of other agencies with the organization and funds to meet the demands for this outside work, and the feeling of responsibility resting on station officers that their work must be adequately placed before the farmers, and that they must serve their interests in vari- ous ways. The stations probably feel the pressure for this assistance more keenly than any other agencv, unless it be the farmers' insti- tutes, for they are in such close touch with the farmers and their special needs. But there is no question that they would welcome de- partments equipped for this sjDecial object and working in close coop- eration with them. The committee emphasized the desirability of concentrating, coordi- nating, and systematizing the extension teaching in connection with the land-grant colleges, and of developing the more important aspects of it. It recommended that each college should organize as soon as practicable a department of extension teaching in agriculture, coordi- nate with other departments or divisions of the agricultural work, with a competent director in charge, and. if possible, Avitli a corps of men at his disposal; and failing this, that it appoint a faculty committee on extension teaching in agriculture, to consider methods and all matters relating to this subject, and especially the feasibility of organizing definitely a department of college extension. The report points out that " nearly all the institutions are feeling their way. The scattered nature and unorganized character of the work are obvious and significant. Only a few institutions have or- ganized de})artments of extension teaching. The work thus far has grown out of the needs of the farmers and the desire of the younger institutions to win the regard of the farmers as well as to instruct them." And it adds that these efi'orts " have been seriously limited by the financial resources at hand and the small amount of time at the disposal of the employees of the institutions." EDITORIAL. 405 It is evident that extension teaching has secured a strong foothold in our system of agricultural education. It is felt that the time is not far distant when sjK'cial ap])r()|)riations will be made for this de- partment of instruction, and that it is not too soon to begin the con- sideration of the pi'oj)er organization of such work to meet the needs of \arious connnunities and conditions. Already several States are looking in that direction, and in Iowa a full-fledged extension depart- ment has been organized in connection with the agricultural college, manned by a corps of eight persons, which is now conducting itiner- ant schools with notable success. Eventually this new feature is des- tined to have a marked effect on the work of the agricultural college, the experiment station, and the farmers' institute, and will do much in enabling them to more effectively and fully realize their true missions. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1906. E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Office of Experiment Hf at ions. The twentieth annual convention of this association was held at Baton Eouge, Louisiana, November 14-lG, 1906. The headquarters of the association were at the Istrouma Hotel, where most of the ses- sions were held with the exception of the evening session, at which the presidential address was delivered, which took place in the assembly hall of Louisiana State University. The meeting was an unusu- ally large one, and, as has been the case in recent years, it was made the occasion for the meeting of several societies and associations not affiliated with theassociation, although related to it in work. Among these were the Associations of State Universities, of Farmers' Insti- tute Workers, and of Horticultural Inspectors, the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, and the Economic Entomologists of the Cotton Belt. The association enjoyed the hospitality of Louisiana State Univer- sity and the experiment station, and under their auspices an excursion was made by boat to the Cinclaire sugar plantation and factory, about 8 miles down the Mississippi River, where opportunity was offered to follow the cane from the field through the various stages in the sugar factor}^, to the separation of the crude sugar. This ex- cursion proved a pleasant social event, and a most interesting experi- ence to a large proportion of the delegates, who were thus given a more definite impression of an important agricultural industry. Fol- lowing the convention many of the delegates spent a day in New Orleans as the guests of Tulane University, and participated in a ban- quet given in their honor. GENERAL SESSIONS. The general sessions were presided over by President M. H. Buck- ham, of Vermont, who delivered the annual presidential address on the evening of the first day. This was in the main a plea for plac- ing greater emphasis upon the liberal and " humanistic " culture studies in the curriculum, as a means of preventing narrowness and 40G CONVENTION OF C()LL?]GES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 407 cnulonc'ss of thoii!:i— No. 5—07 M 2 410 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. teachers and investigators in agriculture. The comradeship, of it is itself worth the while. . . . The experience with the two sessions of the graduate school indicates that no agricultural college or experi- ment station can afford not to participate in it if the institution expects to keep in living touch with the knowledge and opinions of the day." An account was given of the second session of the school, held at the University of Illinois the past summer. (See E. S. R., 17, p. 1129.) The total enrollment was 131 persons, as against 75 per- sons in the first session. The total expense of holding the session was $3,108.15. Toward this the colleges contributed $950, less $127.48 for traveling expenses of the graduate committee; and the university collected $710 in fees. This leaves a net balance standing against the University of Illinois of $1,635.63 as its contribution to the undertaking. The committee recommended that the reports of the dean and the registrar of the school, together Avith other papers relating to it, be published in pamphlet form as a history of the movement. It also recommended that in locating the sessions of the school, the equip- ment of the institution for postgraduate work should be taken into consideration, that the next school should be located now, and the faculty chosen at once, and that the contributions of $25 from each college toward the support of the school be continued. The com- mittee presented invitations for the graduate school from loAva State College and from Cornell University, and Dr. W. H. Jordan ex- tended the invitation of the New York State Station in connection with that of Cornell University. The report of the committee was adopted, including the recommendations, and the place of holding the next session of the school was left to the committee. The report of the committee on extension work was presented by President K. L. Butterfield. This report defined extension teaching in agriculture, and grouped the various forms of extension work under six heads. The main part of the report consisted of a sum- mary of the present status of agricultural extension teaching in this country, on the basis of a circular letter which was widely sent out. The committee recommended that each college establish as soon as practicable a department of extension teaching in agriculture, co- ordinate with other divisions of the agricultural work and in charge of a competent director, and that pending such action a faculty com- mittee be maintained to study the problem. Much interest was shown in the report and in its early publication. The association placed itself on record as strongly in favor of ade- quate appropriations to the Office of Experiment Stations to enable it to enlarge its work ui:>on agricultural education, the details of the CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 411 various forms of a<:'riciiltural extension teachiuir, and to assist the different institutions to or. HIS.]; ('hnii. Zt()n dioxid are fully described and advocated. On the analysis of nitrate of soda, P. Beck {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 4-^ {1906), No. 11, pp. 669-687). — A series of determinations on pure sodium nitrate and on samples of commercial nitrate is reported, which show that the indirect method in common commercial use is inaccurate and should be replaced by direct methods of analysis. Scheibler's apparatus for the determination of carbonic acid in carbon- ates; an improved construction and use for accurate analysis, S. H. Collins (Jour. 8oc. Chcm. Indus., 25 {1906), No. 11, pp. olS-o22. fit/s. 3; abs. in BuL Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser. {1906), No. 18-19, p. i069.— Studies of the causes of error in the use of this apparatus are reported and a modification which is believed to secure greater accuracy is described in detail. Determination of ash in an electrically heated furnace for elementary analysis, II. Seibert {Chem. Ztg., 30 {1906), No. 79, pp. 965, 966).— Referring to a recent article by von Konek (E. S. R., 18, p. 109), the author reports com- parative determinations which show that with proper precautions this method of determining ash does not give higher results than the ordinary methods used. He attributes the higher results obtained by von Konek to occlusion of oxygen by the platinum vessel in which the incineration takes place in the furnace. Report of committee on standard methods of water analysis to the labora- tory section of the American Public Health Association {Chicago, 1905, pp. 1^1) ■ — This is a reprint in pamphlet form of an article which has already been noted (E. S. R., 17. p. 334). The determination of total arsenic acid in London purple, E. G. Mahtn {Jour. Anicr. Chcm. »S'oc., 28 {1906), No. 11, pp. 1598-1601). — The coloring matter is removed from the acid solution by means of chlorin gas. Several slight modifications are made in the methods of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists for reducing the arsenic acid to arsenious acid. A direct method for the analysis of milk, E. d'Huart {Inst. Liixemh., Sect. Sci. Nat. [etc.]. Arch. Triinset.. 1906. Nos. 1-2. pp. 125-133, figs. 2). — Instead of sand or other absorbent material the author uses a roll of fine platinum wire gauze sufficient io absorb fi'om 8 to 10 gm. of milk. The gauze containing the milk may be weighed in a covered crucible or in a weighing bottle. After dry- ing to a constant weight and determining the total solids the fat is extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus and the ash subsequently determined on the same sample. Analyses made by this method in comparison with other methods are reported. Experiments in relation to milk testing, H. Hoft {Milchw. Zentbl., 2 {1906), No. 8, pp. 355-360). — The changes in the total solids of buttermilk upon long keeping were found to be slight. During the first four days the decrease averaged about O.IG per cent and during Q or 7 days 0.33 per cent. After that the reduction was very slight. The addition of iinunonia to acid or curdled milk exerted no appreciable in- fluence upon the determination of total solids. Ammonia was added to skim milk, buttermilk, and whole milk, and total solids were determined at intervals for about 3 months. The loss in total solids was small, the greatest amount during a period of 3 weeks being 0.17 per cent. On the estimation of proteid in human milk, A. W. Sikes {Jour. Physiol., Si {1906), No. 6. pp. /,81-.i89).—The results and conclusions of the author's investigations are stated as follows: (1) Precipitation of the proteid of human milk by means of hot alcohol is complete; (2) the hot alcohol extracts the non- proteid constituents completely; (3) the addition of a small quantity of citric acid prevents the precipitation of the salts; (4) the jiroteid is weighed directly, AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 419 not oalculatod from tlu> .•iiiKniiit ol' llir nitrom'ii it contiiins; (5) by centrifuging tlio method is nMulcrcd nioro rapid tlinii by filtering, and the washing of tlie lirecii)itate is more tliorongh : and (('<) drying of the precipitate is rapid. A simple method for the quantitative determination of proteids in milk, T. R. B(k;(;s (/;///. Jiilnis lloiikhis Ilosp., 17 {tUnC). So. JS7. /ij). -i'li, .I'lA). — The I)roteids in niillv diluted in the i)roiK)rtion of 1 : 10 are i)recii)itated in an Esbach lube by means of a 10 per cent solution of phosphotungstic acid in about 3 per cent hydrochloric acid. The rending of the i)recipitate is made after 24 hours. The rapid determination of water in butter, G. E. Patrick {Jour. Amer. Vhcm. .S'oc, 28 (1906), No. II, pit. 1611-16J6).— The author expels the water from 12 to 10 gm. of butter by boiling in a wide test tube over a naked flame. The water content as indicated by the loss in weight by this method is be- lieved to be seldom if ever more than ().."> per cent from the truth. Direct determination of water in butter and other fats, C. Aschmann and J. r. Akkm) (Clicni. Ztfi., .in (190G), Ao. 7S, j). 9.5.J, fi;/. 1). — This is based upon the distillation of the fat with xylol and the measuring of the water. The refraction of nonvolatile fatty acids of butter, W. Ludwig and H. llAui'T (Ztsclir. I nivrsHch. Xalir. it. Gcini.s.snitl., 12 (WdG), No. 9, pp. 521- 523). — This is considered of value in determining the adulteration of butter with 10 per cent or more of cocoanut oil. Butter from various sources showed refractometer numbers of the nonvolatile fatty acids varying from 29 to 30.2 and palmin from 10.1 to 1G.5, while the addition of 5 per cent of palmin to but- ter reduced the refractometer number of the nonvolatile fatty acids to 28, the addition of 10 per cent to 2(>.9, the addition of 50 per cent to 22, and the addition of 00 per cent to 17.1. On the detection of the adulteration of butter with cocoanut oil and oleo- margarin, L. Robin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], IJ/S (1906), No. 15, pp. 512-51Ji). — The fatty acids in cocoanut oil are almost entirely soluble in 00 per cent alcohol at a temperature of 15° C, those of butter only partially soluble, and those of margarin only slightly soluble. In water the fatty acids in but- ter are much more soluble than those of cocoanut oil and margarin. These characteristics are believed to be sufficient to enable the determination of mixtures of cocoanut oil and margarin with butter, and a method of pro- cedure for this ])urpose is outlined. On the detection of formaldehyde in milk, S. F. Agree (Jour. Biol. Chem., 2 (190()). No. 1-2, pp. l'i5-l',S). — Act-ording to the author's investigations Ilehner's test for formaldehyde in milk depends upon the presence of casein .•ind lactalbumin. and the intensity of the color bears a relationship to the amount of these substances present. Of several aldehydes tested (acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, chloral hydrate, benzaldehyde, cuminol, and vanillin) vanillin alone gave the same reaction as formaldehyde. Other complex proteids as well as casein and lactalbumin gave the violet color with formaldehyde and sulphuric acid. The glolmlin from squash seed was found to give the most intense color and this substance was made use of in detecting formaldeliyde in milk in concentrations less tlian -1 to 250.000. A method for this jmriiose is suggested. Determination of salicylic acid in canned tomatoes, catsups, etc., W. L. Diiiois (Jour. Anicr. Vhein. Hoc, 28 {1906), No. 11, pp. 1616-1619).— By the uiethod suggested the color is removed before extraction with ether. The ma- terial is rendered alkaline witli ammonia and then treated with milk of lime. In the filtrate from this mixture the salicylic acid is determined colorimetric- ally. Boric acid: Its detection and determination in large or small amounts, W. II. Low {Jour. At)ier. Chnn. .s'oc, 2S {1906), No. 7. pp. 807-823, litis. 2). — 4^0 EXPEKIMEKT STATION RECORD. Modifications are suggested of the qualitative test with tunnerie paper and of tlae quantitative test, wliicli depends ujion tlie ignition of the sample, distilling with methyl alcohol, and detection with indicators, the methods and api)aratus heing described in detail. Attention is called to the wide distribution of boric acid normally in food products. " Boric acid occurs naturally in apples and probably in other fruits and vegetables. It is present in almost all common salt and some kinds con- tain relatively considerable amounts of it." Determinations of boric acid in a number of kinds of salt used in packing-house products showed the presence of 0.043.J to 0.7(^> grain per pound' avoirdupois. The fermentation of cane molasses, and its bearing on the estimation of tlie sugars present, (i. IIaeker i-Joiir. Sac. Cliciii. Indus.. 2-') {I'.KK!). Xo. 17. pi). 831, 833-836). — The alcohol actually produced from the fermentation of cane mo- lasses is generally much less than the possible yield as calculated from the determinations of saccharose and reducing sugars. The author concludes from his investigations that this is due to the fact that the analytical figures overstate the amount of fermentable sugars actually present. A considerable portion of what analysis indicates as saccharose is not inverted by invertase and hence is not that substance. From the figures ob- tained in some of the experiments, the author found it possible to apply a cor- rection to the ordinary analysis. Calling the possible yield of alcohol frofn a molasses 100, the corrected analysis indicated a yield of 85.8. It was found that the bodies which appear as saccharose in the analysis and which are inverted by acids but not by invertase are decomposed during the early stages of fermentation. On various methods of determining total solids in wine, F. Roncali {Stas. Sj)er. Agr. Ital., 39 (1906). No. J,, pp. 289-322).— U\vec-t and indirect methods of determining total solids in wine were compared on numerous samples from various sources. A study of the methods for the determination of esters, aldehydes, and furfural in whisky, L. M. Toman and T. C. Trescot (Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 28 (1906). Xo. 11. pp. 1619-1630). A method for the determination of lead number in maple sirup and maple sugar, A. L. Winton and .1. L. Kkeider (Jour. Amer. Cfioii. ,Soc.. 28 (1906), No. 9, pp. 120Ji-1209). — The method proposed depends upon the iise of a definite volume of standard lead subacetate solution and upon the determination of the lead remaining in this solution after it has been used as a precipitating I'eagent w'ith a sample of maple sugar or sirup. " The determination of ash and its characters and of lead number will usually suffice for the detection of the adulterants now in common use." A new method of determining glycogen, E. Pfluger (Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], ll-i (1906), No. .1-6. pp. 23i-2.}7).— The author discusses recent litera- ture on glycogen determination and proposes some modification and amplifica- tion of his method of dotormining it. Text-book of physiological chemistry, E. Arderhalden (Lehrbuch der physioJogischcn Chemlc in Dreissiff Vorlesungcn.' Berlin and Vienna: T'rhan d i^chicarsenherg, 1906, pp. VIII + 787, figs. 3). — In preparing this text-book the author states that he has selected those subjects of physiological chemistry which admit of reasonably complete treatment. The book includes 30 lectures, 4 of which are devoted to carbohydrates, G to proteids, 1 to micleoproteids and other cleavage products, 2 to ash constituents, and 2 to metabolism. This volume as a whole constitutes a sunnnary of available information regarding the theories of luitrition and the views which are at present held regarding the chemical processes which take place in the body. The author METEOROLOGY WATER. 421 states that lie lias piu-poscly oiiiillcd rcrcrciicrs to discussions of laboratory iiH>tli()(ls. Tlirou^'hout the vohiinc imuicrous iTrcrciiccs arc made (o the litera- tiii-c of the subjects treated, and indexes are provided. Proceedings of the fifili annual meeting of the Association of German Food Chemists {Ztsvltr. infcrsiiclt. Xalir. it. Gciiussintl., 12 (,1906), A'o. 1-2, l>l>. ;-/i'/).— This meetiuf; was held at Niiriiberj,', May 2"., 20, lOOG. * Tapers on the following sub,ieets were jiresented and discussed: Food control and its ditliculties, by J. Kiiuis; spices, by E. Siiaeth ; fruit .iuices and jellies, by W. Fresenius; the examination and jud.i^inj? of carbonated lemonade, by A. r.eythien ; the use of saponin in carbonated beveraj,'es, by E. Schaer ; judg- ing the jiurity of water, by II. (Jrosse-I'-ohle ; the glazinj? of coffee, by E. Schaer; cocoa and chocolate, by II. I'.eckurts; contribution to the knowledge of cocoa. I)y II. .Mattlics and I'. .Miiller; the inlluence of cocoa on the organism, by U. ( ». .Xcnmann : t!ie soi.inin <-ontent of potatoes, by M. Wintgen ; judging wine and wine legislation. Iiy W. Freseiuns : poisoning with phosphoreted liydro.u'cn. 1)\- I'. Lehnkerini,'' : and chemical investigations of Mosel wine, by W. I. F.aragiola. ReiDort of the chemical section of the Wellcome research laboratories, Gordon College, Khai'toum, W. I'>eam (Khartoum: Dcpt. Ed., Sudan, (lurt., I'JiiG. pp. 20.')~2'i'i. fills. !.')). — Included in this report are analyses of Nile River water: the milk supply of Khartoum; several commercial dried milks; Sudan grains, including wheat, corn, sorghum, millet, lentils, Mt/iia sinensis, and Doliclios lalilab: salt; limestone; gums; and other products. Notes are given on llie detei-mination of viscosity of gum solutions, the use of asbestos as a funeral shroud, on a new form of hydrometer, on the determination of crude tiber. and on a simple form of blast lamp for use with benzine. The hydrom- eter consists of the ordinary form provided with a float made of a hollow ring of glass, supi)orting an ui)right short section of amber colored glass tubing, at the top of which rather than at the surface of the liquid the reading is taken. Annual report on the progress in agricultural chemistry, 1905, T. Diet- Kicii ET .M.. t./dhrcslicr. A(/r. CIkiii.. .'>. .s-rr., ,S {l!i(>')), pp. AA'A"17 -1- 561). — This contains the usual abstracts of important articles on agricultural chem- istry ai)pearing during the yi>ar with titles of articles of less importance. Drug legislation in the United States, L. F. Kebler and E. T. Ragan ( U. »s'. Drpt. A(jr.. liiir. ('Iicni. Bui. US. pp. 217). — This is a compilation of all the National and State laws in force governing the sale of drugs. METEOROLOGY WATER. The classification of climates, K. DkC Waud (lUd. Aincr. Gcogr. Soc, 38 (1906), Nos. 7, pp. Ji01-.'il2, flfis. 3; 8, pp. .'i6.',-.',77, pis. 2, p, ill lut .1(1(11' I'.lO.'i. I ti)(u;\. pp. IC). — Summaries of tridaily observatious at Para- marii)o on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, direction of wind, cloudiness, and precipitation are given. Antigua meteorological returns, 1905 ("ll'cs/ liididii Bill.. 7 (1906), 3i^o. 3, pp. 2'>(l-2t)S) .■ — Data are given for average rainfall in Antigua from 1874 to 1905, inclusive, monthly rainfall at a large number of places in the island during the year 1!)05. and monthly temperature, pressure, dew point, and wind movement at the government laboratory, St. Johns, during 1905. Notes are also given on a cyclonic disturbance which occurred north of Antigua August 31 and September 1, 190G, with a discussion of the rainfall of St. Croix in relation to sugar crops. The general conclusions arrived at in the latter case are that a small amount of rain evenly distributed gives better results than larger rains falling unevenly. The rainfall of July, August, and September decides the crop of the next year whenever the canes are in a healthy condition at the end of June. Rain falling in January to March of the year the crop is taken off feeems to have no influence. , British, rainfall, 1905, 11. R. Mill {London: Edicard Stanford, 1906, pp. 8,S+i7/, iilx. 7, p!/s. 11; rev. in Nature [London], 75 (1906), A'O. 1931, p. 5). — This, the fort.v-fifth iinnu;il report on British rainfall, is compiled from observa- tions by 4,09() volunteer observers in different parts of the British Isles. The distribution of tlic r.-iinfall both in space and time is discussed as well as the relation of t(»tal rainfall during the year to the normal. Original articles of special interest are a review of Hellmann's report on pre- ci])it;iti()n in the North German river basins, and a study of the relation of cvapor.ition from a water surface to other meteorological phenomena, namely, temperature of air and soil, duration of sunshine and rainfall, relative humidity, and amount of rain at Camden Sipiare. The rei)ort shows in general that 19(»5 was exceptionally dry, the rainf.-ill deficiencies for the year l)eing for England and Wales Ki per cent, for Scotland 5 per cent, for Ireland 12 per cent, and for the British Isles as a whole 12 per cent. The average rainfall during the year was 28..S in. for England and Wales, 4.''>.04 in. for Scotland, 85.8 in. for Ireland, and 38.92 in. for the British Isles. The observations on evaporation as related to other meteorological phenomena were made at Camden Square by means of a standard iron tank 6 ft. square and 2 ft. deep, the rim of the tank rising 3 in. above the surface of the grass-covered ground and the surface of the water being maintained nearly at the ground level. Measurements were made bj' means of a hook-gage resting on the rim of the tank aud read by means of a yeruier to the hundredth of an inch. The 424 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. results show that " when the rate of evaporation was below the average for the year, it followed the mean temperature ; when it was above the average for the year it followed the sunshine and the black-bulb temperature, and that the wind appeared to have had but little effect upon it." The rainfall during the year at Camden Square was 22.97 in., the evaporation 1G.14 in. The mean of the records of evaporation at 11 different stations shows that the amount of evaporation increased steadily to July and then fell uniformly until the end of the year. The rains of the Nile Basin in 1905, H. G. Lyons (Cairo: AI-Mokattam Print b} State west of Teiniessee River with tbe excep- tion of a narrow strii» tliat extends along tbe west bank almost to Padncali. In Illinois it includes a large part of Massac, Pulaski, and Alexander counlies." Tbe main topics discussed in tbe rei)ort are source of underground water, artesian conditions, pbysical features of region, geology, underground-water res/*. ID). — Tbe results of a study of llie resistance ropbytic bacteria can l)e exjiected from using concentrations of copper sufTiciently strong to destroy B. coli." It was found that the presence of carbon dioxid matcn'ially increased tbe resistance of B. call and B. tj/plii in tap water and in tri])le-dis'tille(l water alone iind with the addition of c.ilcium carbonate. Experiments on tbe use of copper sulphate in connection witb liltration showed "that in mecbanical liltration witb .alum it is necessary to limit tbe use of copper sulphate to treatment some hours before coagulation. When solutions of aluminum sulphate and copper sulphate are mixed and alkali or hard water is added in (|uantith>s suHicient to cause precipitation the copper is coagulated at once, while tbe ;iluminuni is deposited on tbe copper and incloses it. with the residt that the copper-alum coagvdum is no moi'e toxic than is the pure alum coagulum. When copjter and iron salts are i)recipitated together the reverse of this seems to take place and the precipitate retains its toxic prop- erties. . . . The presenc(> or absence of cai'ben dioxid is jirobahly imi)ortant in tliis connection." On the use of Bacillus prodigiosus as an indicator in water examination, K. IIiL(iKU.MAX.\ (Arch. Ujjy., 'j'J (I'JOU), No. 2, pp. J-JO-l-JS). — Investigations of the behavior of this color-pi'oducing organism under different conditions are rejjorted wbicb indicate that it is not reliable ;is a quantitative means of ascer- taining tbe bacterial efficiency of filters. Prevention of stream pollution by distillery refuse based on investiga- tions at Lynchburg, Ohio, II. Stari.er (!'. H. Gcol. Hurvci/. Watcr-Hiippi!/ a ml Ivriij. Pit per Ao. 11',). pp. 3-'i. pi. J, fls/s. 5). — "This report gives an account of investigations carried on near Lyncbbvu'g, Ohio, t i discover feasible means of jireventing tbe pollution of streams by distillery refuse. Lynchburg is in High- land Count.v. Obio. a few hundred yards east of the East lirancb of Little Miami Kiver and about ('.() miles nortbeast of Cincinnati. It lias a ])oi)ulati()n of a little less than LdOO.- Above and below Lynchburg tbe East lirancb of Little Miami River flows through an agricultural district, and as tbe town has no .sewerage system the stream is not seriously polluted excei)t by the distillerj' i-efuse. Tbe investigation was therefore confined to tbe following sub.iects : (1) Tbe processes at tbe distillery and tbo sources of jiollution; C2) tbe effect i75o."*. — No. ."> — "7 M ;; 426 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. of the iiolkitiuii on the stream; (3) tbe economical disposal of distillery wastes 1)1 such way that there will be no pollution of streanii^." As a result of practical trials evaporation of the distillery refuse, using the residue for cattle feed and the distillate as water for mashing, is strongly recommended. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soil analyses, E. A. Mann {./oin: Dvpl. A;/r. Wci^t Aiist., U, (1906), No. 2, PI). 122, 123). — Thirty analyses of soils from different parts of Western Aus- tralia are reported, with brief comments on the results. "The principal features of these analyses are: (1) The large number of 'acid' soils. (2) The frequent deficiency in lime. (3) The generally low per- centage of total fertilizing constituents. This deficiency is often made up by mechanical conditions favorable for the free penetration of the root system. (4) The relatively large proportion of 'available' to 'total' phosphoric acid and potash in some instances. (5) The lack of humus." On the composition of soils of French. Guiana, A. Hkbert (Compt. Rend. Acad. Scl. [Paris], I'lS {1906), No. 1, pp. 6'-'/-67j ) .— The results of analyses of G3 samples are briefly summarized, showing that the soils are very variable in physical characteristics and that there is generally a sufficient supply of nitro- gen and a great deficiency of phosphoric acid, potash, and lime. The soils of the Muganj steppe, and their transformation into alkali soils, 8. Sachakov iZhur. Opnitii. Agron. (Russ. Jonr. E.vpt. Luiidir.), 6 {1905). No. 2, pp. 176-2Ji2, figs 4; Izv. AIoscov. Selsk. Klios. Inst. {Ann. Inst. Agron. Mos- cou), 12 (1906), No. 2, pp. 226-236; ahs. in Centhl. Agr. Chem., 3o {1906), No. 8, p. 567). — The geological origin and chemical and physical properties of 3 typ- ical soils of this region are described in detail, as well as the characteristic vegetation on each. A considerable proportion of the soils is more or less im- pregnated with alkali of the neutral white kind composed of chlorids and sul- phates of the alkalis and alkaline earths. The distrilnition of this alkali in the soil under different conditions and the influence of irrigation in causing its spread are discussed, the author comitaring his observations on this subject with those <)f similar character reported by llilgard. A contribution to the study of the sand in tropical soils, A. Van Bijlert {Chem. WeeJcbL, 3 {1906), pp. J,13-J,20; ahs. in Chem. Centbl., 1906, II, No. 6, p. 555). — Determinations of the amount of hygroscopic moisture absorbed from a saturated atmosphere, of nitrogen absorbed from a solution of am- monium sulphati\ and amount of matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxid of sands and sandy soils from Java are reported. The author concludes in general from the data obtained that a chemical study of soils is of more importance than mineralogical and mechanical ex- r.mination. Influ.ence of cultivation of the soil on the conservation of moisture and the yield of crops, D. Chouchak {Bid. Agr. Algeric et Tnnisic, 12 {1906), No. 12, pp. 231-2 'il, fig. 1). — An account is given of experiments in the Crimean Peninsula which show that cultivated fallow contained at the end of summer 4 to 6 per cent more moisture than uncultivated. How long does lime last in the soil? A. D. Hall {Jour. Ed. Agr. [London^, 13 {1906), No. 6, pp. 321-330). — Data largely derived from observations at Rothamsted are presented to show that the fertility of many English fields to-day "is due to the liming and chalking that was done by the farmers of the eighteenth and earlier centuries." It is shown, however, that the fertility due to this cause is being steadily SOILS FERTILIZERS. 427 t>xh;uistod I>y cultivation ;ii\(l liy percolatiui,' i.iiu waler. " For exaiiii)!*', the Itothiiiusted soil, which at the bi'trimiing of the ninctccntli century must have contained soniethin.tr like a hundred tons of chalk pci- acre, has now less than tifty. and many other soils wlii'-h started with a smaller initial stock are be^in- nin.ir to run danj^erously short. All over the coimtry there is evidence that mvich of the land, especially on the heavier soils, is in need of liming, and thouirh it would not be wise to return to the old wasteful dressings of 6 to 10 tons to the acre, a much smaller (piautity. half a t(m or so per acre, could be profitably applieil at least once in the c(mrse of each rotation." The chemical and physical action of salt water on soils, I). .1. IIissink (CIiciii. ]V((l,bI.. .! (JHOC). pjK S'l.'j-.'iO.J : (thx. hi Cliciii. CciilhL, HXXi, //, \u. J,, p. So.': Jitiir. Chcm. Sac. [Londoiil. '._)() ( I'JOG) . Xo. 5^8, II, pp. 701, 70i).— In- vestigations are reported which show that the chemical action of small amounts of salt water, as in case of lands occasionally overflowed by sea water, is in general beneficial in increasing the solublity of most of the soil constituents. The physical effects, however, are not so favoi'able. the salt water tending to puddl(> and compact the soil. The effect of fertilizers on the reaction of soils, F. I'. ^■EITC^ (Science, n. •s-r/-.. .^3 tlUOd). .Vo. .-,!).!. pp. 770-77.3).— See E. S. K.. IT. p. 4:',1. On the insoluble alkaline compounds formed in dead leaves, ^I. Bertiielot I A II II. Chilli, ct I'hi/s., 8. scr., 8 (1906), Maij, pp. SO-'fl). — Investigations are reported which show that dead leaves contain considerable amounts of alkaline compounds insoluble in water, particularly salts of potash, which exhibit the phenomena of double decomposition and equilibrium with solution of salts of weak acids, such as acetic acid. On the insoluble alkaline compounds formed in the organic matter of soils, M. Berthelot (Ann. Cliiiii. ct I'Jii/.'i.. 8. scr., 8 (1906), Map. pp. '/i-.'/.Ti. — The ex]ieriments here reported yielded results similar to those obtained in the case of dead leaves noted above. On the insoluble alkaline compounds formed by artificial humus com- pounds of organic oi'igin, M. Berthelot (Ann. Chini. ct Flips.. 8. scr.. 8 (190()), Map, pp. .'lo-.jj). — By repeated treatment with hydrochloric acid a hu- nuis compound was obtained from soil which contained from .3 to 4 per cent < f nitrogen. When this substance was treated with potash solutions a salt wa ; obtained which on prolonged washing lost the major part of its potash but still retained from 3.7 to 0.2 per cent of insoluble potash. Similar results were obtained with dead leaves and with comjiost. Experiments with wood charcoal, M. Berthelot iAiin. CJiiin. ct Plips.. 8. .scr.. 8 (19116). Map. pp. .7 /-.j 7). —See E. S. R., 17. p. 842. Irrigating sediments and their effects upon crops. It. H. Forbes (Arizona sta. Bui. .7J, pp. .5-')-08. fir)s. 10). — This bulletin reports the results of a study of the fertilizing and physical effects of sediments upon soils, in continuation of previous work along this line (E. S. R., 14, p. 423). In this investigation a study has been made not only of the effect of ordinary stream sediments but of mine tailings from concentratin.g ])lants. The streams of the Southwest carry unusually large amounts of sediments, particularly in times of fiood. Measurements are reported which show that the Gila River at Florence carries an annual average of 10.23 tons of silt per acre-foot, the Salt River at ^IcDowell 1.2 tons, the Colorado at Yuma 9.02 tons. The amounts of fertilizing materials in these sediments are calculated to be. for the Gila River. 214.3 lbs. per year of potash. .30.1> lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 2S.1 lbs. of nitro gen : for the Salt River, 18 lbs. of potash. 0.0 lbs. of i)hosphoric acid, and 5.5 lbs. of nitrogen; fur the Colorado River. 113.1 lbs. of potash, 10 lbs. of phosphoric 428 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. acid, and 4.S lbs of nitrogen. Of course there are wide variations in amount and composition of tlie sediments at different times. A study of mine tailings which find their way into the Upper (iila River shows that they differ hut little from the natural sediments as regards potash and phosphoric acid, hut that they are lacking in nitrogen and organic matter, the constituents most needed in the desert soils. The most pronounced effect of the free use of irrigation water containing large amounts of sediment is the formation of a silt blanket which interferes with the penetration of irrigation waters and in other ways impairs the phys- ical condition of the soil. Experiments on the effects of these silt deposits on the growth of alfalfa during the summer of 1005 on 3 fields situated respectively under the Colorado Kiver near Yuma, under the Salt River near Phoenix, and under the Gila River near Solomonville. are reported. In case of the field on the Gila River the irrigation water used contained a large amount of tailings from the concentration of copper ores. Observations were also made on a num- ber of alfalfa fields along the Upper Gila River. The results show in general a marked injurious effect from the accumulation of sediments in alfalfa fields, but like results from the use of water rich in sedi- ments were not in general observed in the case of corn, barley, and wheat. In the case of such crops the ground is cultivated in a manner impossible with alfalfa, and the sediment blanket is broken up, turned under, and incorporated with the soil. In this way the blanketing effect is lessened or entirely done away with and the sediments are left free to exert such fertilizing influence as they may possess. It is therefore concluded that " in all cases cultivation, as deep, thor- ough, and frequent as practicable, is the prime means both of utilizing bene- ficial sediments and of mitigating the effects of harmful ones." As compared with the natural sediments the mine tailings were of little or no fertilizing value and, were fully as injurious from the standpoint of the phys- ical properties of the soil. Certain injurious effects which have been popularly ascribed to mine tailings are shown to be due to other causes, such as plant diseases of various kinds, which have no relation to the water sediments. It is believed, however, that sunburning of crops, which is common throughout the Southwest, is due largely to the use of turbid irrigating waters. Methods of lessening sediments in irrigating waters, especially the use of set- tling basins, are briefly discussed, and it is stated that " it is proliable that, to an increasing extent, settling basins will be found a necessary adjunct to irri- gating systems in the Southwest." In this connection mention is made of set- tling basins at present in use along the Colorado and Gila Rivers, and a brief account is given of the remains of prehistoric settling basins along the Salt River. Assimilation of nitrogen by leguminous plants {Kature [LoimIoii], 7 J/ (IDOG), No. 19.i3, p. JT.T). — A brief reference is uiven to experiments at Midland Agricultural and Dairy College of England with lliltner's pure cultures on tares, peas, alsike clover, alfalfa, and crimson clover grown in pots of boiled, sterilized quartz sand. Inoculation proved lieneflcial in all cases. A method of inoculation which consists in mixing dried sterilized soil with crushed healthy nodules from the roots of plants of the same kind as those which it is desired to inoculate is described. On the infl.uence of bacteria on the metamorphosis of nitric acid in the soil, J. Stoklasa. .1. .Iki.inkk, and A. Ernest (Ztsclif. LainJir. VcrnncJisir. Osterr., 0 (1906), ;Vo. N. /*//. S'i'/-s:,l : (il)st. ill (Item. Zf(/.. :W (1!)0(!). Ao. !>0. Rcpert. No. J/S, p. 386). — This is an account of a ctmtinnation of previous studies (E. S. R., 18, p. 215) and deals with the evolution of carbon dioxid and free nitrogen in Giltay SOILS FERTILIZERS. 429 nutrient solutions, with .lud witliout addition of glucose and citric a<-id inocu- lated with soils of dilTcicnl kinds, csiu'ciall.v those used in suj;ui'-l>eet culture. The couelusion is reached as in ]H( \ idus investigations that the organic mat- ter occurring in such st)lutions as those exjieriniented with does not furnish a readily availahle source of carbon for the respiration ]»rocesses of denitrify- ing organisms and consequently nitric acid is not reduced to an appreciable ex- tent in such soils. The authors are of the opinitm that the decomposition i)rod- ucts of the carbohydrates under 'the influence of micro-organisms are lactic acid, alc(thol. and carbon dioxid. the decomposition of nitric acid in presence of alcohol taking place according to the following formula : C.IIoO +2X263= 2COo-f- 4X4-:!IT,0. Investigations on anaerobic nitrogen-collecting' bacteria, E. Haselhoff and G. Bkedemann (Landic. Jahrb., S') {1006), A'o. 3, pp. 381-414, fiff- 1 ; «?>«• in Chem. ZUj., 30 (1906). Xo. 57, Repert. No. 21, p. 223; Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lon- iloii], 90 (1906), No. 528, 11. p. 698).— Tho authors report studies of (1) the occurrence and distribution of ameroliic Itacteria similar to Winogradski's Clostridium pastewrianHiii in soils and on the leaves of various cultivated plants: (2) the capacity of these organisms to fix free nitrogen; and (3) the characteristics of the organisms as compared with C. pasteuriunutn. The Clostridium forms of organisms were found to be widely distributed in soils and on the leaves of forest trees; in fact they were found in all of the samples examined. Pure cultures were isolated from cultivated soils. Roth mixed and pure cultures of the organisms showed rates of assimilation of nitrogen similar to those observed by Wiuogradski with C. pasteurianum. Calculated to 1 gm. of dextrose or mannite the amount of nitrogen fixed was according to -Winogradski (C. pasteurianum) 2 to 3 mg., according to Reijerinck ( Azotobacter. mixed culture) as high as 6.93 mg., Yogel (Azotobac- ter in mannite solution) 8.52 mg., Gerlach and Yogel (Azotobacter, pure cul- ture) 8.9 mg.. Haselhoff and Bredemann (mixed and pure cultures) 0.42 to 2.74 mg. A morphological description is given of the isolated organisms and experi- ments which have been undertaken to determine the agricultural conditions best suited to the activity of the organisms are referred to. The methods used in obtaining the Clostridium cultures are fully described. Formation of crystals in cultures of denitrifying bacteria, H. B. Hutchin- son (CenthJ. Bakt. \ctc.\. .L Ahl.. ir, (1906). Xo. 10-13, pp. 326-328; abs. in Jour. Chem. Hoc. [London], 90 (1906), Xo. 525, II, p. 411 ; Chem. Ccnthl., 1906, If. Xo. 7, p. 621). — "Cultures of l)acteria from garden soil in Giltay solutions produced skins consisting of acicular crystals of magnesium phosphate and became strongly alkaline. Denitrification was not vigorous. The alkalinity, which is presumably due to production of sodium carbonate from the citric acid, became ecjual to that of a tenth-normal solution in four weeks. The alkalinity and the amount of crystals seem to increase with increased surface and aeration." The new nitrogenous fertilizers, J. Sebelien (Tidsskr. Xorske Landbr., IS (1906), Xo. 2. pp. 49-81). — The article contains a summary of recent fertilizer trials with calcium cyauamid and lime niter in comparison with nitrate of soda and annnonium sulphate, and also reports on similar experiments conducted Ity the author and P.. P. Larsen at Aas Agricultural College. The fertilizing effect of lime niter and nitrate of soda was found to be apju-oximately the same, the small variations ol)served being attributal)le to differences in the character of the soils experimented with. Pot experiments were made with oats (»n sandy .soil, with oats and barley 430 EXPEKTMENT STATION EECOED. on sandy soil mixcil with rlay. and witli mustard and carrots on sandy soil. In several instances lime niter produced somewhat better results than nitrate of soda. This was due to the lime which it contained in addition to its nitro- gen, as shown by the fact that pots fertilized with nitrate of soda and calcium carbonate gave higher results than nitrate alone, and as a rule results similar to those obtained from a corresponding amount of lime niter. The author concludes that there is no reason to expect any ditference in the fertilizing effect of a lime niter free from lead, and a nitrate of soda free from perchlorate and similar poisonous substances. — r. w. w^oll. Nitrogenous fertilizers in 1905, K. Rordam (Tidsskr. Landokonom., 1906. Nos. 7, pp. Ji01--'iOS; 8, pp. Ji33-^52). — A discussion of the various nitrogenous fertilizers on the market, and especially of calcium cyanamid and lime niter, their method of manufacture, comparative fertilizer value, and the pros- pects of their future imjiortance. — f. w. \\oll. The oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen in the electric arc, F. M. Perkin (Xattirc [London]. U, inHiG). Xo. i.92i, pp. Ji'i'i-'i-'i'l Pvx- -'/). — A brief account of various methods of electrical oxidation of the nitrogen of the air, but par- ticularly of the Birkeland and Eyde process as developed at Notodden, Norway. The utilization of water power in the electro-chemical manufacture of fertilizers, Cote {Ann. Hoc. Agr. Sci. ct Indus. Lijon. 1905, pp. 215-211. fiijs. .'/). — A general discussion of this subject from the standpoint of rural econom- ics, the synthetic preparation of nitric acid and c.vanamids. liquefaction of air, and manufacture of copper salts. Calcium cyanamid (Kalkstickstoff), H. Frank (Pure Products, 2 {1906), Xo. S. jtp. .>i'i(!-/i5.'i). — This is a translation of a lecture before the Agricultural Club of Berlin, which describes briefly the methods of preparing this substance and its use as a fertilizer. Results of tests of calcium cyanamid as a fertilizer {Risidtafi di alctine prove di concimazlone con calciocianainidc. Rome. 1906. pp. -'/.'/, figs. ,?7) — This is a compilation of experiments with this material on a number of differ- ent crops b.v varioiis investigators. Lime nitrogen, nitrogen lime, and nitrate of lime, Gerlach {Dent. Landir. Pres.^e, 33 {1906), No. //,}, p. 365). — The use and value of these products are briefly discussed. Chilean nitrate deposits {Jour. Franklin Inst., 162 {1906), No. 2, p. 159). — A brief note is given on the opinion commonly held by Chilean miners that the formation of nitrate deposits is due to atmospheric electricity. It is stated that " there is a remarkable amount of mist surcharged with electricity in the Pampas, whei'e the saltpeter is mined, so much so that telephones are deranged. Apparently the ozonized air disengages nitrate of ammonia, which combines with rock salt to form saltpeter." The Chilean nitrate of soda industry and the new cartel, P. Krische {FilJi- iing's Landir. Ztg.. 55 {1906). No. 16, pp. 563-56S). — A general discussion of the condition of this industry with special reference to the nitrate supply of Germany. Mountains of saltpeter, PI. H. Dunn {TecJi. World Mag., 5 {1906), No. 4, PI). 397-,^01, //r/.y. ', : ahs. in A7ner. Fcrt., 25 (1906). No. 3, pp. 10-12).— The deposits of nitrate occurring in Death Valley, California, are described. The utilization of peat bogs for the intensive production of nitrates, A. MtJNTZ and E. Laine {Conipt. Rend. Acad. ,S'cJ. [Paris], l.'i2 {1906), No. 23. pp. 1 239-12.'!.', ; ahs. in Jour. Cheni. Hoe. [London]. 90 {1906). No. 525, II. p. 476). — Experiments ai'e reported which show that "when a 0.75 per cent solu- tion of ammonium sulphate is passed over a peat bed impregnated with nitrify- SOILS FKRTIl.IZERS. 431 iiiK organisms, il licconics (h.-ii'i^cd willi iiitrntrs to (he cvtciil ol" O.Sl! piT cent, This can I)o iiicrcnscd to 4.17 ]h-v ct-iit i).v iuhliiii, a lurtlKT (inantity <>l' aauiio- ninni snlpliatc to the solution and aixain snlucctinj,' it to'tlie nitrifying action, tlu' operation Ix'in.i; repeated "» times. Tlie most snitaltle temperature for the reaction is 30°, and the fuel necessary for iiiaintainiui,' tliis tem])erature is afforded hy tiie air-dried peat. Further, tlie nitrogen contained in the jx'at, wiiicli amounts to 2 to '.\ per cent, can he ohtained in the form of .•nmnonia . to tlie extent of 1.7!) to l.(il2 per cent l)y distilling the peat in sui)erheated steam, the other products of the distillation (hydrocarbons, water gas, tar, etc.) forming the fuel reiiniivd for the operation. ■' Teat, therefore, is singularly well adapted for the intensive pi-odnction of nitrates, since it forms an excellent medium for the growth of tlie organism, suijplies the fuel necessary for the various operations, and tinally supplies the ammonia required for the pi'oductiou of nitrates." Nitrate of soda and nitrate and nitrite of lime in field experiments at Pare des Princes, 1906, L. Gkandeau (Jour. A(jr. Prat., n. ser., 11 {1906), No. J.7-.J6'. Pit. 7JJ-7JJ). — Comparisons of nitrate of soda with nitrate and nitrite of lime obtained from the Notodden factories in Norway on corn and potatoes are reported. The results show that in general the Notodden products com- pare favorably with nitrate of soda, and that there is no injurious effect from tlie use of the nitrite as a fertilizer. The action of nitrite on plants, A. Stutzer {Jour. LaixJir., J'/ {1906), No. 2, pp. 125-138; ahx. In Vhvin. (UiitbL, 1906, II, Xo. J/, p. ,3,5.i ) .—Experiments are reported which show that nitrite injuriously affects germinating seeds, but that the injury varies with the kind of plant. Young beet plants are espe- cially affected. Red clover at the end of the germinating period is resistant. With older plants the nitrite is not injurious and is in some cases less effective, in other cases more effective than nitrate as a source of nitrogen. The author iii'lieves that in the preparation of nitrogen compounds by means of electricity effort should be made to obtain a jiroduct as free from nitrite as possible. Use of ammonium sulphate as a fertilizer, Bach.mann {Fulilii)(/'s Laiulw. Ztff., 55 {1906), No. 13, pp. j!i51-Ji59). — Experiments are reported in continuation of those of previous years (E. S. R.. KJ, pp. 24.1. 860) which show that in case of rye one early spring (end of March) application of ammonium sulphate gave on the whole better results on both loam and sandy soils than fall or late spring applications. The same was true in case of summer cereals and beets. The action of annnonium sulphate, esjiecially in case of later applications, is controlled to a large extent by the rainfall during the season. Results were not conclusive as to the best depth of application for summer crops, but indicated that it should i>robably be deejier on loam soils than on sandy soils. Production of sulphate of ammonia {Jour. Bd. Apr. [London]. 13 {1906), No. 6. pp. 359. 360). — The production of this material in the United Kingdom during liJOo is given as 209,114 tons as against 24.'">,!t!)0 tons in 1004. The av(n-- age i)rice in 1005 was about $01 per ton. Use of gypsum in the recovery of ammonia as a by-product in coke making, II. Warth (Vltciu. Ncu-K. 93 (I9(i6). No. 2-^2S, pp. 259. 21HI : ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chcni. Iiidufi., 25 {1906), No. 1 '/, p. 686). — The use of calcium su]plint(> is recom- mended for tlic i'('co\ery of anuiionia from gas li(]uor when large (piantities of sulphuric acid are not availalile. In exi»eriments reported a sam])le of gas li(juor containing 2.0 gm. of ammonia per 100 cc. was well shaken with gypsum, allowed to settle, and the i'lear li(|uid drawn off. From this clear solution it was found possil)le to recover 07 per cent of the ammonia present in the original gas liquor, namely. 432 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. lY per cent by boilinj^ the solution and ahsorhins the ammonia evolved in sul- phuric acid and 80 per cent in form of crystallized annnoniuni sulphate by con- centrating the residutfl solution. In order to dispense entirely with the use of sulphuric acid, the gas liquor was first treated with gypsum, the solution drawn off and treated with ferrous sulphate, the precipitated ferrous sulphide removed, and the clear solution eA'apo- rated to obtain crystallized ammonium sulphate. In this way it was found possible to recover 05.4 ])er cent of the total ammonia. Further results of fertilizer experiments with agricultural phosphate, H. Bachmann (Jdiir. Laiidir.. 5-'f {1906), No. 3, pp. 301-307; abs. in Jour. Cliem. Soc. [London]. 90 {1906). Xo. 528, 11, pp. 702, 70,?).— Field experiments on two sandy soils with rye and beets in continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 17. p. 17) are here recorded. The results are not entirely conclusive, but indicate that amorphous agricultural phosphate (fine-ground raw phos- phate) is almost equal to Thomas slag in the first and second years. The ac- tion of apatite ceased after the first year. Composition of deposits of phosphate of lime in the United States, P. .luMEAT (.1;/;/. VJiini. Aniihif.. 11 (19(16). \»s. 6. ///>. 211-216: 7. p/i. 2.')6-261 ; ahs. in Chcin. CoithL, 19(i6. 11. Xo. .s', p. 70')). — This is a continuation of an arti- cle previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 22) and deals with the plate roCk, soft and pebble phosphates of Florida, and with Tennessee, South Carolina, and various minor phosphate deposits, including among the latter those of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Arkansas. Alabama, W.voming. Porto Rico, and Canada. Statistics of ])r()duction, composition, etc., are given. Granite rock potash {Amer. Pert.. 27 {1906), No. 2, pp. 16. 17). — This is a reprint of an article by C. G. Hopkins, of the Illinois Station, which maintains that " while there is reason to believe that heavy applications of finely ground granite rock carrying a considerable percentage of potassium can be used with profit on certain soils, and for certain crops under suitable conditions, it is unfortunate that such misleading and exaggerated statements should be made as . . . are published in several daily papers." It is shown that 1 ton of potassium chlorid. at .f4() to .$50 per ton. contains as much potash as 10 tons of granite at $3 per ton. "At .$."5 a ton for granite and $.jO a ton for i^otassium chlorid, the amount nf insoluble potassium' which can be purchased in a ton of granite for .$3 is no greater than the amount cf soluble potassium which can be purchased in 200 lbs. of potassium chlorid for $5. The fact that the granite is insoluble, and very slowly available, while the potassium chlorid is soluble in water and readily available, more than coiuiterba lances the difference in cost. Furthermore, the c; st cf transportation and application of one ton of granite as compared with 200 lbs. of potassium chlorid will also, in most cases, more than counterbalance the difference in cost." Experiments by the Maine and Vermont stations are cited to show that the potash of granite dust and ground feldspar has a rather low fertilizing value. Potassium mining crisis, T. J. Albekt {Mo. Consular and Trade Rpts. [r. 8.]. 1906, No. 309. pp. 77-SO).— The conditions which render it probable that the combination which now controls the outimt and jirice will break down are I)riefiy discussed. The use of lime and magnesia as fertilizer, O. Loew {Landw. Jahrl}., 35 {1906). No. 'i. pp. .',27-5'iO; ah.'^. in CJicni. Zt/*. 2i).j-.>91, fi(/s. -J). — A study has been made of some of the causes of delayed geruunation which is reported in seed of many plants, and contrary to the common view that the cause is generally to be found in the em])ryo the author finds that the structure of the seed coats is the determining factor. Specific instances are given of delayed germination due to various peculiari- ties of seed coats. The author finds that seed coats which exclude water are much more liable to delays in germination than are seed coats which exclude oxygen. In nature, growth of delayed seeds comes about by the disintegration of the seed coat structures by longer or shorter exposure to germinative con- ditions. In the case of seeds of the hawthorn there were found to be characters in the eml)ryo which delayed germination, and in these instances the germina- tion finally comes about through long exposure to germinative conditions but not in di*y storage. The phenomena in delayed germination in the case of the cocklebur, various species of IMantago. and other i)lants are described. The influence of sunlight and diffused light on the development of sugar beets, S. Strakoscii {Hcparalc from (jstcrr. I'liijar. Ztschr. Ziickcriiidiis. ii. Laiulv:, 19(l(), A'o. 1, pp. 11, fii/x. 2). — The sugar beet, it is claimed, can form all the starch necessary to its growth in very diffused light. Nevertheless direct sunlight stiuuilates the formation of sulistances in the plant such as starch. A lack of direct sunlight increases the nonsugars in the beet juice as well as re- duces the total sugar content. The latter, however, is not influenced in the same proportion as is the total size of the beet root. Under similar conditions there is a greater amount of intracellular respira- tion in normal leaves than in those grown in greatly diffused light, although the latter show a stronger ei)idermal transpiration. In conipariiig sun and shade produced leaves the stomatn of those grown in lull light were found to be larger, and relatively more slom.-ita were found on the ui)per and fewer on the lower sides of the leaves. Translocation of the results of assimilation was continued longer in the case of shade-produced leaves. \Yith an increase in light intensity tlici-e was ft)und a 434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (liniiiiutidii of iiionosaccbarids as compared with disacchai-ids. I)<>xtrose is associated with the nionosafcharids of the lieet leaves. Tliere are indications that cane sugar is not an intermediate ])r<)dnct of beet leaves, but is a reserve capable of translocation to other parts of the plant. This the author expects to Investigiite more fully. Injurious action of acetates and formates on plants, K. Aso {BuL Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp- I nii'.. 7 {I'.iiiG), Xo. ], pp. 13-2 'i). — The author states that free acetic and formic acids even in considerable dilution are injurious to plants, although it was not to be expected that the sodium and calcium salts of these acids in moderate concentration would prove injurious to phanerogams. The effect of various acetates and formates was found to differ very materially from that of the oxalates, and marked differences were observed in the be- havior of acetates and formates toward flowering plants and algje. Experiments were carried on with various alga\ seedlings of sorghum, onions, peas, barley, young branches of oak. and other plants, to show that the acetates and formates of alkaline metals and calcium act injuriously on flowering plants In solutions of ().."> i)er cent or over, while under the same conditions they are not injurious to the higher alga?. Neutral potassium acetate of the same con- centration is poisonous to both phanerogams and higher algae. The pni.-iomius action of acetates and formates is lield to be caused by the hydrolytic dissociation of these salts into acids and bases in the living cells, whereby the base is absorbed by the proteids and the acid being set free injures the protoplasm. Stimulating influence of sodium fluorid on garden plants, K. Aso (Bui. Col. Aiir.. Tokiju Imp. Univ., 7 {1906), 2\o. 1, pp. S3, 8 J). — Pot experiments with seeds of a number of plants were carried on, which showed the stimulat- ing effect of small quantities of sodium fluorid. The flowers appeared flrst in the pots which contained 0.02 gm. sodium fluorid. But little difi'erence w^as noticed, however, in the size of the flowers in the treated and untreated pots. The stimulating action of calcium fluorid on phanerogams, K. Aso (Btil. Col. Afjr., Tokyo Imp. I iiir.. 7 (1906). Xo. 1. pp. S.-,-90. pi. l).—ln other experiments the author has found that sodium fluorid acts as a strong poison on seeds and seedlings, although it exerts a stinudating etfect on their develop- ment when highly diluted. The fact that in soil cultures sodium fluorid passes readily into calcium fluorid, which is but slightly soluble, renders it probable that the stimulating compound in soil cultures is not sodium fluorid, but calcium fluorid. In order to determine this, experiments ^yere made with peas and barley, which showed that calcium fluorid is formed in the soil when sodium fluorid is applied, aud that as it is slightly soluble in water it can act as a stimulant of plant growth. The degree of stimulating action of manganese and iron salts on barley, T. Kataya.ma (Bui. Col. Ayr.. Tokyo Imp. liiir.. 7 (1906), No. 1, pp. 91-93, dgm. 1). — Investigations with oats, upland rice. !>arley, and wheat have shown that the stimulating effect of manganese salts is less on cereals than on legu- minous plants. Exi)eriments were conducted to determine the amount of manganese salt necessary to produce as favorable results on the common cereals as have been obtained with this salt when ap])lied to peas. When fractional doses of high dilution were ai)plied as top dressing, the results showed that 0.01 per cent of manganese and iron suli)hates produced a moderate increase in the harvest of barley, but that a further increase led to a general decrease in yield. The micro-organisms of natto, S. Sawamura (Bnl. Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 (1906), Xo. 1, pp. 107-110). — Natto, which is a kind of vegetable cheese FIELD CROPS. 485 pre] in rod hy tlic ri'i'iiicntnlioii nf hoilcil soy li(>;iiis. coiitnins liu-j^c ainoniils of iinicil;if;o, and tlit' viscosily resenee of 2 species, which are designated as Bacillus No. 1 and P.acillus No. 2. It is probable that for the formation of good natto cheese both species must be present. In order to test for enzyms produced on soy beans by the Iiacteria, jirecipi- tates were made and tested, in which way it was found that the enzym was of a tryptic nature. Bacillus No. 2 also i)rodueed a diastatic enzym, and from these facts it is inferred tiiat natto may have some beneficial influence on digeslion. The drug known as pinkroot, W. \V. Stockbergeu (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. riuiit Indus. Iii;I. 100. jif. '). iJj). s of higli elliciency has Iieen a subject for study for some years, and it is demonstrated that a substitute has to a considerable degree replaced the true article. This explains in a large measure its un- favorable commercial and medical status. Results are outlined in the bulletin of a detailed study of the pinkroot and its more important adulterants, which may serve to aid collectors and drug experts in distinguishing the plant from its sophistications. International catalogue of scientific literature. M — Botany (Internal. Cat. .sci. Lit., 'i (1!)0G), pi)- T//7+ .95/).— -This is the fourth annual issue of the catalogue of scientific papei's compiled and published by the International Council of the Royal Society of England, and includes the literature of 1904 with some titles omitted from previous issues. About 4,600 titles are enumer- ated, the plan of grouping being about the same as that previously noted (E. S. R.. 14. p. d. The hairy vetch was sown in the fall of 1902 and is reported as being in a most promising condition. Inoculating the vetch field produced a more vigf)rous growth and a good stand. Subsoiling at the station has not shown any very marked results. This year ?>~).7 bu. of corn and 900 lbs. of seed cotton were obtained on land prepared 5 in. deep, and 37.1 bu. of corn and 1,025 lbs. of seed cotton per acre on land broken 18 in. deep during the spring of 1903. Rotation tests now in progress for 3 years with cotton, corn, oats, and cowpeas resulted during the last year on the rotation plat in a yield of 904 lbs. of seed cotton per acre as com- pared with 724 lbs. on a plat similarly fertilized i)ut growing cotton continu- ously for the same length of time. 436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The woi'k with small fruits, vegetables. lierimida gi'i^ss, cassava, sugar-cane, and live stock is briefly outlined. Five years' results on the sewage irrigation fields of Arad, .7. (Jyakfas {ZUclu: Laiuhf. Vcrsvchsw. Ostcrr.. D {I'JOG), 'So. i), pi). S.JD-S90).—A history is given of the sewage irrigation field and its management is described. Vegetable culture gave in general unsatisfactory results. Kale for forage, poppy, corn grown for grain, and potatoes were also unprofitable. The sun- flower was observed to transpire greater quantities of water than any other crop grown on the field. It made a very luxuriant growth, but was un- profitable on account of the difficulties in the way of its use. Broom corn pro- duced brush from GO to 100 cm. long and of the required degree of fineness. The yield of hemp under sewage Irrigation was lower than the average yield for the entire country, but the fiber secured was of proper quality. Barnyard millet made an extremely heavy growth, while sugar beets were not successful. Fodder beets were the only hoed crop which gave gQod I'cturns. Ridgo culture for the fSdder beet produced better yields than level culture, and beets grown from the seed without transplanting were more successful than transplanted beets. Errors in field tests due to lack of soil uniformity, (i. Holtsmark and B. R. Larsein (LaiKhr. Ices'. ^St(lt.. C.J { 1!)0U), Ao. 1-2. pi). 1-22, (liims. //). — This article, previously noted in E. S. K.. 17. p. 9G3, appears here in German. The Svalbf method for breeding agricultural plants and its relation to the theory of selection, II. de Veies (Sepunitc from. Arch. Rassen. ii. GcscU. Biol, 3 {1906), No. 3, pp. 3-'i5-338). — A detailed description is given of the method followed at Svalof in improving agricultural plants. The matter pre- sented is compiled with a view to discussing from a scientific standpoint the value of the principle of selection in plant improvement. The chemical composition of Washington forage crops, R. W. Thatcher (Wdsliington »S7a. Bnl. 12, pp. 21, dgm. 1). — The experiments in progress have for their object the determining of the chemical composition of the hay crops as now cured in the eastern sections of the State, the variations and composition of hay from the same plant when grown under different conditions and in dif- ferent sections, the analyses of several of the leading forage crops of the State in different stages of maturity, and the effect of different conditions and meth- ods of curing upon the chemical composition of the hay. These investigations will require several years of study, and this bulletin is a report of only the first year's work. The samplers an.-ilyzeil are briefly described and the composition of grass hay, grain hay, hay from leguminous crops, fodders, silage, and root crops, as deter- mined by analyses, is given in tables. The digestible nutrients in the feeding stuffs analyzed are also shown. The analyses show that the common grass hays, grain hays, and alfalfa hay contain about the s.nme amounts of total digestible nutrients, but in widely differ- ent proportions, the grass hays being richest in carbohydrates and alfalfa richest in protein, while the grain hays contain these substances in a fairly well-balanced i)roportion for a maintenance ration. The analysis of timothy hay shows a surplus of carbohydrates and that of alfalfa of protein. It is stated that neither timothy nor alfalfa can be fed alone without waste. Alfalfa iiay from irrigated sections appeared to be richer in ])rotein than that grown without irrigation. It was also found" that the total nutrients of alfalfa hay were about the same regardless of the stage of growth at which the crop was cut, but the proportion of protein was nnicli greater when the crop w.ns cut early than when cut late. From these results it is concluded that the riper the crop gets the more nearly it approaches to a balanced ration and the safer and . FIELD CROPS. 437 iiioro ooonoinical is its nso mIoiio; hut nltoiition is nillod to tlio fiict thnt l)oyon(l full bloom tlio ])ro]K)rtioii of p. (Ui-in. <)0-l(l9). — Cooperative culture tests showed that connnon local varieties of barley failed to equal in (piality and producing ca- pacity the introduced varieties with which they were compared. This is be- lieved to b(> due rather to improper seed selection than to a defect in the varieties. Chevalier barley was so unsatisfactory in both ciuality and yielding power that the variety is not recommended for general cultivation. The best results in quality and quantity for 3 years were secured with Goldthorpe, Ilanna barley standing next. Continuous corn culture, G. E. Adams and H. J. Wheeler (Rhode Island sta. Hid. 11.]. pp. <}'.)-] I )). — In the spring of 1894 the station decided to devote an acre of land to the continuous culture of corn. The soil was partly a silt loam and partly a light sandy loam. The first 2 years only chemical fertilizers were used, the maintenance of soil hunnis being placed ui)on the corn stubble remaining u])on the field. The following 2 years li.ilf uf tile ai-ea was sown with crimson clover at the time of the last cultiva- tion (if corn and half to rye, in order to compare the merits. of a legununous and nonlegununims crop as a means of maintaining soil humus. P>eginning with 189S. after the experiment had l)een in i)rogress 4 years, the first quarter of the acre jilat was sown to crimson clover and the third quarter to winter rye at the time of the last cidtivation of the corn, while the second and fourth (juarter acre received no cover crop. In 1899 the land was limed to insure the success of clover. The history of the land is given and the fertiliziM' treatment and the results secured in each year are recorded. A sunnnary r acre annually, as compared with $4.28, or an average of $0.3(5 an acre amiually from using rye. 438 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Cotton culture in its relation to climate near the limits of the cotton belt, W. R. EcKARDT (Iiiaiifj. Diss., I'fiii: Joia. 1906, pp. 11-i). — The reUition of the different climatic factors to the culture of cotton in the northern and southern hemispheres is discussed. Special attention is i,Mven to cotton cnltnre in the United States and the climatic conditions of this country are compared with those of Europe. In his discussion on cotton growing in the southern hemisphere the author points out the favorable climatic conditions in the German-African colonies for the culture of this crop. A new type of red clover, C. J. Brand ( C. »V. Depi. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bill. 95, pp. '/•». pU. S, fif/s. 2). — This bulletin describes the jierformance and characteristics (if a strain of red clover ol)tained from Orel, in the P.lack Earth region of Russia. Cooperative experiments have been carried on with this strain and with other red clover secured from various sources in this country and Europe, in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Indiana, Ohio, and the Province of Ontario, Canada, and the results are here discussed. The average inirity of seed used in the experiments was 98.13 per cent. The seed showing the highest percentage of purity, was secured from Oregon, which was 99.68 per cent pure, while the feed grown in New York contained the highest percentage of impurities, 7.4G per cent, or 92.54 per cent of pure seed. The average germination of all samples was 87.07 i)er cent, the range being from 58.2 per cent for seed fi'om Courland, Russia, to 99.12 i)er cent for seed from eastern Ohio. A detailed description of the experiments carried on in each State is given. A description of the new Russian tyiie is given and its advantageous char- acters discussed. The designation Tiifoliiiin, pratciise foliosum is proposed. It is stated that this variety is distinguished by the dustlessness of its hay, due to the almost complete absence of hariness ; by its heavy yield for the first crop; by its leafiness and the persistency of the basal leaves, on which character the proposed varietal name is based; by the succulence of its stems: by the greater palatability as compared with hay from domestic seed ; and by a later period of maturity, the harvest of this new type coming from 10 days to 2 weeks later than that of our ordinary red clover. Reports received during .190G conlirm tlie observations made during the previous year. Reports during the present year on the growth of this variety, also referred to as Russian clover No. 16, on a Nebraska farm show that the plant has a tendency to become perennial. Of the different kinds of seed sown in 1904 the Russian clover No. 16 was the only strain that had a full stand from the first seeding. Seed of red clover and its impurities, E. F.rowx and F. II. IIillman (('. S. Dcpt. Af/r., Funiicrs' Bui. 260, pp. 2'/, p'. Stixit.ioh ( Dres- den: V. IleinrieJi. 2. eiJ.. pp. l'>). — liricf notos on rtax culturo with rofereiico to cliiiiato. soil, rotation, cuitiviitioii. fertilization. sood\ and liarvc'stinj; are given, lo.i^ether witli concise dii-(>ctions for rettini;. dryin.i;. and market in.s; the crop. The influence of external conditions on henip and hemp flber, J. Beiirens ilirr. Liiiulir. ]'ers. Aiixl. A iif/iislciih.. IHii.'), pit. .'il-'/.i). — Th(> results of the ex- pci-jnients here descrii)ed indicate that the free .access of li^'ht fails to influence the (leveloi)inent of fiber in the hemp ])lant. A comparison of Iniproved Ligowo and Provence Gray oats, F. Riciiter (/'rn(/. Af/r. el \ il. HJd. TA'.s-O, 27 {lf)06). No. J,r>, pp. .567-570).— In culture tests of these vai'ieties tiie Provence (Jray yielded 2.4r)0 kff. per hectare and the Lisowo 8.270 kg- The hectoliter weif^ht of the Liffowo was 4.3.5 k>;. and that of the Trovence (iray 43 kg. It is conchided from the results secnred that Ligowo Improved might he reconnnended for general culture either as a winter oats in southern localities or as a sjiring variety in the more northern regions. Orchard grass. It. A. Oakley (C »S'. Dept. Apr.. I'lir. I'ldut In(lu,. 1)1. 1). — This hulletin descrilx^s the methods followed in growing orchard grass for h;iy, jKisture. and seed in different sections of the country. It is stated that orchard gr.ass yields on an average from 10 to 12 bu. of seed per acre, which sells for ^].'2~) a husliel. When sown for seed it is advised to sow 1 bn. of seed pen" acre, and when grown for hay or pasture to use more than this (jnantity. Red clover sown with orchard grass at the rate of 1 bu. to ." or 7 acres is considered a profitable mixture. Orchard grass sown together with tall meadow oat grass and meadow fescue for hay and ])asture also gives good results. The seed is harvested about June 15 to .Tune 25. The average life of an orchard grass meadow is given as from 5 to 7 years. Potato cultui'e experiments, J. Behrens (Bcr. Ldiidir. \'er,^. Anst. Au- med to bear no relation to each other. The starcli jii-oduction of individual plants was also api)arently independent of the starch content of the seed tnbiTs. Sugar beets in Kansas (Qiitirl. h'pt. Kaiis. lUL Aijr.. 2'> (1906), Xo. 09, pp. 3,2. fifps. ()). — A series of articles giving the history and the present status of the beet-sngar industry in Kansas, with a record of its progress since the pas- sage of the State bonnty law in 1001. (Jener.-il directions on the culture of the sugar beet are included, and growing sugar beets in the Arkansas valley in K;insas is described. Report on fertilizer tests with sugar cane, C. Lemarie (Bill, fjeon. Indo- Cliiiie. II. scr., 9 (1906), No. 53. pp. 629-635). — Fertilizer experinrents were con- ducted on naturally poor soils, especially deficient in lunnus. The results showed that miner;ils .alone wer(> inelfectiv<> and that where insufficient (inantities of barnyard manure were used the returns were also unprofitable. A heavy dressing of barnyard manure gave a somewhat smaller yield, but was nevertheless more profit:il)le than an ai)plication of barnyard manure together with connnercial fertilizer. The author concludes that the first need of the soil is a suiijily of lunnus. Sunflower culture and its profits in Russia, V. Wai.ta (Fiihrnui't^ Lniidir. Zhl.. 55 (1906). No. 20. pp. 701-70S. fip. /).— The history (»f sunfiower culture in Russia is given, together with a description of the methods followed. The tpian- 440 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. cities of plant food talcen from the soil by the crop are shown and tlie cost of suntlower production, together with the yields of seed and oil, are discussed. Fertilizer experiments with tobacco, J. Beiirens (Ber. Landic. Vers. Aiist. Augiistenb., 1005, pp. 3.'f-.'/l). — A comparison w-as made of martellin and other potash salts as fertilizers for tobacco. No increase in the yield. of leaf which might have been attributed to the use of the fertilizers was secured. The different forms of potash also were almost without influence upon the (luality in this test with the exception of the sulphate, which seemed to have reduced the quality slightly. High topping of plants seemed to favor the quality of the leaf. In a second fertilizer experiment the influence of different fertilizer treatment was studied. Tobacco receiving no potash in the fertilizer showed the lowest potash content, but did not rank lowest in burning quality. The leaf with a high potash content ranked lower in burning quality than the produce which contained less potash. These results are interpreted as meaning tliat the potash content is not alone, nor even predominant, in controlling the burning (luality. The tobacco grown on the check plat which received no fertilizer treatment stood lowest in ash, but not in potash. The highest ash content was secured on a plat receiving ])otasli, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen, followed by the i)lats i-eceiving potash and nitro- gen, and potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and lime. The burning quality of the leaf did not seem to increase with the content of potassium carbonate. Species of tobacco, their phylogeny, quality, and uses, O. Comes (Xaplcs: 190.5, pp. 231, figs. 68; abs. in Bot. Ceiithl, 102 {1906), ^o. 36, pp. 268-270).— The great variability in the different species of tobacco due to various causes is discussed, their history, geography, and statistics are given, and the importance of new phylogeny of every species and strain, in coiuiection with the improve- ment of the crop, is pointed out. It is stated that individuals originating from the same plant are early in maturing when grown from the grains which ripen earliest on the mother plant, while the individuals from the later maturing seed are likely to be late in maturing. The form Xicotiaiiu tahacum liacaiieiisis introduced into a strain by breeding gives aroma to the product, while the form Rrasiliensis increases leaf produc- tion. Characters determining the quality of wheat, A. Cserhati {Ztschr. Laiidw. Ycrsiiclisir. Ostcrr.. 9 (1906), .Yo. 10, itp. 899-912). — The results of experiments with different varieties of wheat are reported and data with reference to the weight per hectoliter, weight per thousand kernels, mealiness or softness, and protein and gluten content in their relation to quality are tabulated. It is con- cluded that the quality of 'wheat can not be determined by means of the different characters which were studied, and that the only definite way of judging wheats is by their milling products. It is stated that the weight per hectoliter is a valualile factor only when the wheats compared are of the same variety and were grown in the same locality. It is known that the same wheat varieties grown under the same environment yield more flour when their weight per hectoliter is high, but when the wheats are not of the same variety or have been grown in different regions no reliance can be placed upon this character in judging the flour content. The weight per thousand kernels, which is referred to as the absolute weight, was found to vary considerably. A normally developed wheat has an absolute weight of 2.") to .^.''t gm. Foreign varieties grown in these experiments, which produced flour of an inferior quality, were higlicr in absolute weight than the Hungarian sorts. The domestic varieties as a rule weighed less than 40 gm.. while the foreign wheats in nearly all cases weighed over 40 gm. per hundred IIORTICULTUKE. 441 keriiols. It is pointed out tliat tliis result does not ncM-ossnrily indicilc that wiio.-it is better in (|Uiilit.v on .-urount of its low absolute \vei.t,dit. The absolute wei.t^lit and mealiness were correlated to some <>xtent, wheats with a hi.sjh absolute weight also rankln.i; high in mealiness, and those low in absolute weight standing low in mealiness. Although this was generally the case, in many instances wheats gi'own in the same rcgi ipiality of the wheat. HORTICULTURE. Horticulture department, K. W. Fishke {Montana 8ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 281- 2S'i). — This gives a brii'f outline of the work of the year, with some details in regard to thinning experiments with apples. In one case with Duchtss and Wealthy trees ranging from iS to 15 years old al)out t of the crop, or an average of 918 apples, was taken from each tree. !t required 15 minutes to thin the fruit from one Duchess tree and 22 min- utes from each Wealthy tree, the trees in the latter case being larger and with a heavier crop of smaller fruit. At these rates it is figured that it would cost '^7 to thin an acre of Duchess trees and .$'.).00 an acre of Wealthies. In some other experiments it required D minutes to thin fruit on Mcintosh trees I)lanted IS ft. apart each way. For thinning Alexander trees 14 minutes was required. In all cases marked benefit in the increased size of the apples as the result of the thinning was noted. Report of the horticulturist, F. (Jaucia {Xov Mexico Sta. Rpt. lHOo. pp. 21-31). — A general outline of the work of the year, with some details of the cost of producing chiles. The cost per acre of preparing the land, sowing the seed, irrigating, hoeing, cultivating, etc., for green chiles was .$15.82, seed $4, picking .$12.78. hauling to cannery $4..50, making a total cost of .$.37.10 per aero. The yield was 7,.5.36 lbs., which sold at the cannery for li cts. a pound, leaving a net pi'ofit for this crop of $75.94. For red chiles the cost of produc- tion was .S4."..(i4 per acre ami the net profit .$n(;.2r). The Casaba melon, C. C. Royce (Pay-ific Rural Pirxs. l.i it HOC). Xo. 20. p. 308). — Letters from this Department are quoted, showing that seed of the Casaba melon was sent to parties in California as early as 18(i9. Dwarf fruit trees, V. A. Waicii (Xcu: York: ()ru)if/r Judd To,, IDOC). pp. I2'i. fircial importance in this country, may find a place in the gardens and small gr<)un0,000. Tlie ])resent article deals with the recent efforts of the government of Costa Rica and the United Fruit Company to develop this industry in the islands. The cost of production is id.nced at about 10 cts. i)er bunch. Analysis of pineapples, (}. A. Cuabrado (Bol. Ofic. Sec Ai/r. CiiJia, 1 (tnod). No. ('). pp. '/:??- '/./'/). — The results secured in the analysis of ])ineapples are given, with an account of the chemical methods employed in making the analysis. New wax article ( l/o. f'onfaihir (iinl Trade Rpts. [V. ,S'.], ]!)06. No. 313. pp. ln'.i. 110). — An account is given of the wax obtained from r.-ttia palm, the same palm from which is gathered ratia fiber. 'I'he wax is a by-product obtained in the production of the fiber, and has about tlu'ee-fifths the value of the fib(>r. In one experiment 104 kg. of leaves gave 0.78 lb. of i)rei)ared wax. It is estimated that the average wax production would be about 100 gm. for every kilogram of rafia obtained. It is believed the wax will have a connnercial value about equal to that of beeswax. European grapes, F. Garcia (Nca- Mc.rico Sta. Bui. .'JN. pp. 32. pr/s. G). — .Votes are given on tests of 52 varieties of European grapes, with l)rief descri])- tions of the same and directions for the culture of grapes in New .Mexico. A discussion on the crown gall diseases of the grapevine, by G. G. Iledgcock, of tbe r.ureau of I'lant Industry, is included. 444 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The European or Vinifera grapes appear to be well adapted to culture in the Rio (irande Valley, where native or American grapes are but little grown. The Mission is the variety generally grown, but both earlier and later varieties are desirable for prolonging the season. The Chasselas group of grapes appears to be quite resistant to the crown gall, which is a prevalent disease there. From tests at the station it appears that a rather light soil is preferable to heavy adobe for Euroi)ean grapes. As a protection against winterkilling the vine should be hilled in the fall. Irrigating the hilled vine during the winter was not found to be detrimental. From 4 to <> ii-rigations in sununer were sufficient to mature a crop. Wild plant improvement, N. B. Pierce (Paeific Rural Press, 72 (1906), No. 19. pp. 292, 293). — The author states that while there are 805 experiment .sta- tions and agricultural colleges and 252 important botanic gardens and arboreta now in the world, not one has been foiuided for or specifically devoted to the improvement of wild plants. It is believed that there is a lai'ge field for useful work in this direction, and in substantiation of this statement the work that might be undertaken with various species of cotton, grapes, flgs, persimmons, olives, raspberries and blackberries, chestnuts and walnuts, clovers, millet, grasses, and the various grains, vegetables, flowers, and timber trees is suggested. All the hollies worth growing, W. Miller {G(trd. Mufi. [2V. Y.], // {1906), No. ■'), pp. 23Jf-2S7, p(js. 10). — This article sets forth the horticultural value of the various species of ilex, including the red-berried evergreens, the red-berried deciduous species, the scarlet-orange group, and the black-berried group. Cul- tural directions are given for the various hollies, with a planters' guide to the species. 9 Lawns and how to make them, L. Barron (Nctv York: Douhledai/, Page d- Co.. 1906. jip. 11 'i. plx. SI). — This book contains very full directions for the making of large and small lawns, renewing old lawns, fertilizing, grading, and general care of lawns, with accounts of the ditferent species of grasses used for lawns and lawn mixtures, and of the machinery and tools used in the making and caring for lawns. In the final chapter a tabular presentation is given, showing the essential differences in regard to soil lequirements, character and uses, prices, weights, quantities to sow, etc.. of 17 standard lawn grasses. Pot fertilizer experiments with roses, F. Weber {(lartcnfora. ')5 (1906), No. 20, pp. ')29-333). — A fertilizer experiment was carried out with the variety Frau Karl Druschki, in which one pot was used as a control, one fertilized with pigeon manure dissolved in water in the propoi'tion of 1 : 24, each pot receiving about 0.2 of a liter per week ; one the same manure in the same projiortion and amount per plant plus 3 gm. of sulphate of ammonia, and a fourth fertilized with 2 gm. of nitrate of soda, 1 gm. double superphosphate, and 2 gm. of chlorid of potash, all dissolved in 1 liter of water and applied at the rate of 0.2 of a liter per pot weekly. The work was carried on at 5 different experiment stations and the i-esults as regards growth, resistance to disease, and the production of flt»wers recorded for each station. Generally speaking, the smallest growth was made in the control ]M)t. At 8 of the 5 stations the plants fertilized with minerals alone were most resistant lo disease and insect attacks, while the average of the re- sults secured at all of the stations showed that the minerals alone produced from 2 to (') per cent more flowers than were ol)fained in any of the other pots. Further development of etherization in the forcing of lilacs, F. Leuien {MiiUcr's Dent. Giirt. Ztg., 21 {1906), No. 'i). pp. r>30-r>3'i, figs. .',). — An account rORESTKY. 445 of tlio (levoloi)iiioiit of ctlicfiziitioii in tlic forcint,' (if lilacs in Ccnn.niy is jiivcii, with the results of i-ccciil cxpcriiin'iils by the nullior. With the varicly .Marie Lci^rayc it was observed that by the end of July the llower buds had already formed. When the plants were defoliated at this time and broujrht in a elose, moist, warm air, they blossomed within 4 weeks without etherization. The plants did not blossom any sooner than this when etheri/.ed either before or after defoliation, neither did the plants jiroduce bloom when brought into a warm, moist atmosi)here indess they were first defoliated. When the plants were defoliated and left in the open, even in warm weather, they did not produce flowers. A moist temperature, as well as a warm one, seemed to be an essential condition of their bloominj;. It is believed that these observations make an important supplement to the theory of Johannsen on the decree of maturity and rest period of plants. With the variety Charles X the llower buds did not develop so early nor did they respond when tliQ i)lant was defoliated in a warm, moist atmosphere, as was the case with Marie Legraye. When this variety was defoliated and etherized Jidy 27, a large number of the uppermost buds wei'e killed, though many leaves were sent out from the lower buds. When etherized with 40 gm. of ether per hectoliter of space, with the leaves on, it j)roduced several well expanded flower clusters 4 weeks later. With Charles X, as with the Marie Legraye, plants neither defoliated nor etherized did not produce flowers even though kept in a warm, moist atmosphere. The results show that with Marie Legraye it is possible to have flowers from the beginning of August on, and with Charles X from about the first of Sep- tember. At this time about 40 gm. of ether per 100 liters space can be safely used with the latter variety. Epsom salts for azaleas, J. C. IIogenson {Gard. Mag. [N. Y.]. Jf (1906), No. 5, p. 228, fifjx. S). — The author successfully grew azaleas in soils well sup- plied with lime by the use of sulphate of magnesia to counteract the lime. In the experiment here reported 2 plants as nearly alike as possible were I)otted separ.'itely in a compost to which nearly a half ounce of lime was added to every r> lbs. of soil. To one of the pots there was added in addition a (pi.arter of an ounce of sulphate of magnesia to every pound of soil. The flower buds of the plant in the pot to which no sulphate of magnesia, was added made a poor development, and finally turned brown and dried up without opening at all. while in the pot in which the sulphate of magnesia was added the plant made a good, vigorous growth and bore and abundance of flowers. Like results were also secured with rhododendrons. FORESTRY. Forest planting on coal lands in western Pennsylvania, S. X. Spring (('. S. Drpt. A(/r., Forest ,Serv. (Jin: J/l, pp. 16). — A brief history is given of the original forest c(mditions of the coal lands in Pennsylvania, with an account of the development of coal mining and its effects on .agriculture and forestry in the mining district. The injurious effects on all vegetation of coke produc- tion, due to sulphur gas, is briefly mentioned and the opportunity for forest Iilanting on these lands discussed at considerable length. A planting plan covering 450 acres was made for lands in this area and is given in detail. The plan, it is believed, will be generally applicable to the Connellsville basin in Pennsylvania. The chief trees recommended are red oak, chestnut, white oak, European lanli. yellow poi)lar. hard maple, and hardy catalpa. The plan provides for the growing of nur.sery trees for restocking 446 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. this urea. 'Vlw total outlay per acre for forest i»laiitiii.i; is placed at ai>i)roxi- iiiately $10. Special atteutiou is called to insects as obstacles to planting in western Pennsylvania, the more serious of these being a measuring worm and certain insects especially injurious to locust trees. The utilization of tupelo, II. B. Holroyd ( U. .S'. Dcpt. Agr., Forest 8err. Circ. 40, lip. 16, figs. 4). — An account is given of the range and distribution of this wood, its uses, methods of logging and milling, the air and kiln-drying. With increasing knowledge as to the best methods of handling this timber has come an extension of the uses to which it is put. In IDU") it is estimated that 40,000.000 ft. of this lumber was cut. The dry wood weighs about 32 lbs. per cubic foot and the shipping weight varies from 3,000 to 3,500 lbs. per thousand feet. The wood is strong, stiff, tough, and hard to split, but easy to work with tools. It takes glue, paint, or varnish well, absorbing but little of the material. The better grades of the wood are extensively used in England for interior finish and flooring. Tupelo is much used in this country in the manufacture of boxes, laths, pumps, violin and organ sounding boards, drawers, panels, etc. It promises to be especially useful for tramways and as flooring for depots, warehouses, and other places subject to heavy traffic. As it takes preservatives well it is thought it may find use as cross-ties, street paving, and cross-arms. Special cai'e must be taken in piling tupelo. The front foundation of the pile should be at least 2i ft. high and have a slope of 1 in. for each foot of length. The best results have been obtained by malting the pile G ft. in width and not over IG or 17 ft. high. Cross strips should be made of thoroughly dry material, li to 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick. An 18-ft. pile should contain 7 of these strips, a IG-ft. pile G, a 14-ft. pile 5, and a 12-ft. pile 4. The boards should be laid 24 to 3 in. apart. Between the top of the pile and the roof a space of about G in. should be left to admit plenty of air. The roof should extend a foot or two beyond each end of the pile and should be so constructed as to exclude the rain. At least 18 in. should be left between piles. Experiments show that tupelo can be kiln-dried by the same methods and with the same success as red gum. " The lumber should enter a temperature of about 93° F. at the, wet end of the kiln. The temperature gradually in- creases as the truck moves toward the dry end, where it should stand in a temperatui'e of from 140° F. to 150° F. for 2 or 3 days." The lumber on the kiln truck should be so piled as to leave continuous open spaces in order to give an upward vent and aid the circulation. Tupelo lumber kiln-dried 15 days came out without molding, staining, or stick rotting. The loss in weight was aI)out 33 per cent and the shrinkage in board measure 4.4 per cent. Grades and amount of lumber sawed from yellow poplar, yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech, E. A. Braniff (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Bill. 73, pp. 3(1). — An endeavor was made to determine in typical localities and under good conditions of manufacture the graded yield and money vahie of yellow poplar, yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech. The graded yield of yellow poplar was made in both Virginia and Tennessee, and of birch, sugar maple, and beech in the Adirondack hardwoods. In this work the saw crews were followed, the trees and individual logs in the trees measured and marked as they were felled, and the amount and grade of lumber produced by each log determined at the mill. In the case of yellow poplar 5,735 logs from 1,407 trees were thus traced through a Tennessee mill and the logs from 315 trees through a Virginia sawmill. The yield of firsts and seconds, saps, box boards, commons, and shipping and mill culls is shown in tables for KOHESTKY. 447 trees of different dianielers raniriii^ from 1.". to Tn in., as is also the money valne of the trees and the valne of the iniiilicr per l.ddo ft. I'.ased on this work a loff rnle is jxiven for sontlieni liardwoods and the mctliod of nsins in tinil)er cruis- inj; tiie (lata oiitaincd is dcscrilicd. In the stndy of Adirondack liardwood the inner portion of eaeh 8-ft. log and each l(i-ft. log was put into ties, the rest of the log ])eing manufactured into lumiu'r. Twelve and 1 i-ft. logs were made entirely into lumber. The graded lumber sawed from each of the different species is given in tabular form for trees of different diameters ranging from 13 to 81 in. and tlu? results discussed in detail. The better grades of yellow birch are shown to increase from 1/. jx-r cent in a l.'Mn. tree to 58 per cent in a ;!l-in. tree, while the poorer grades ilrop from SO to 40 i)er cent between the same diameters. In a discussion of the profits from Adirondack lumbering it is shown that if all birch and maple were cut down to and including 19 in. diameters the profits per acre would be .$8.14. of which $7.48 would be from birch and (it) clover fields of T(>nuesse(> tliis disciise .-ippears to be tlie most destructive fundus disease Ivuown. There appear to be in the case of clover 2 critical periods when the plant is especially subject to tlie disease. The first is when the seedlinss encounter tlie first prolonjxed hot spell duriiii,' summer, at which time the disease attaclcs the petioles. Tliis appears to I)e tlie period of jjjreatest injury. The other period of especial susceptibility is during; llie ripening; of tlie seed, when tlie severest attacl|»earins usually to survive. The statements given are gen- eral in cliaracfcr and more detailed descriptions will be given later. Thi' name ('(jJlvtotridi iini frifolii n. sp. lias been giv(>n the fungus, a tech- nical description of whicli is ai>peiidcd. Indian wheat rusts, E. .7. Butler and J. M. Hayman {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Hot. Scr., I (IHOd), ^(). 2. pp. 1-52. pis. .5).— According to the authors' investigation :t distinct species of I'ust are i)revalent in India, black rust (Piic- 0.3). Combating the stinking smut of wheat and rye, A. Volkart {Lunilic. 450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Jahrh. Schwch, 20 (IDOG). No. S, pp. Ji.',r,-.',!)0. figsi. ,1). — An extended account is given of experiments in treating seed wiieat and rye with various fungicides for the prevention of tlie stinlving snuit. The fungicides tested were copper sulphate, Ceres powder, hot water, Bordeaux mixture, soda Bordeaux mixture, and formalin. The effect of these different solutions on the germination of the seed and their efficiency in preventing the smut are described at length. In conclusion the autlu)r states that while all the treatments are more or less efficient, yet for general jmrposes the use of a solution of formalin is to be preferred. The relation of the weather to rust of cereals, W. H. Moreland {Mem. ])ept. Agr. India. Bot. Scr.. 1 {lUOC). So. 2, pp. 53-')8, dgm. 1). — The author has compiled data to show the influence of the character of the season on the rust* of cereals; the amount of rain in October, which determines the wetness of the seed bed ; the average humidity of January and February, and the aver- age of January and February taken together. It was found that the amount of October rainfall hps no influence on deter- mining the amount of rust on wheat. Where harvest is earliest the extent of rust varies with the humidity during January. Elsewhere the rust varies gen- erally with the humidity of the months of January and February taken to- gether. The occurrence of a case in which barley was badly rusted while wheat was free from it will re(iuire some exjflanation other than weather relations. Investigations on the disease of rice called brusone, U. Brizi (Ann. 1st. Agr. [Milan], 5 {1901-190Ji), pp. 77-'>J). — After briefly reviewing the various reputed causes of brusone of rice the author gives an account of experiments carried on with this disease. While he is not able to say definitely what are the causes of the disease, yet from his investigations he concludes that it is pri- marily due to some functional disturl)ance of the root system of the plants and IS not caused by fungi or other parasites. It seems possible so to disturb the normal activities of the plant as to make it readily attacked by different fungi, but the disease can originate indej^endently of all parasitic attacks. Some fungus diseases of corn, L. 11. Pammel (Iowa Agr., 7 (1906), No. 2, pp. 47-50). — Popular descriptions are given of corn rust, bacteriosis, eorn wilt, and leaf browning. Recent investigations on potato and tomato diseases, O. Appel (Jahreshcr. Ver. Vertreter Angew. Bot., S (1904-5), pp. 122-l.Ui, figs. 2).— Notes are given of recent observations on a luimber of diseases of potatoes. Among them are the speck rot of tubers due to Stijsanus stemonitis, a disease attributed to l^pondylorJadimn atrorirens. injury due to mites, a Fusarium disease, the rot caused by Plnjtophthora infcstans, a leaf rolling disease caused by a Fusarium that is said to be similar to but not identical with F. o.njsponim (E. S. R., 1"), p. 1088), a bacterial disease of potatoes, and bl;ick shank of potatoes. The early and late blight of potatoes and how to combat them, W. J. Green and C. W. Waid (Ohio 8ta. Circ. 58, pp. .'/). — Descriptions are given of the early and late blight of potatoes and suggestions for their prevention. The cii'cular is issued in advance of a bulletin on the same subject. Fungus diseases of sugar cane in Bengal, E. J. Butler (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. »S'cr., 1 (1906). No. 3. pp. 53, pis. 11). — A preliminary report Is given of the principal fungus diseases which affect sugar cane in Bengal. The cause and characters of the different diseases are briefly described and recommenda- tions made for combating them so far as means are known. The diseases described are red rot or red smut (CoUetotrichwm falcatum), smut (TJstilago saccliari), Diplodia cacaoicola, Cytospora sacchari, pineapple disease (ThieJaviopsis ethaccticus), black rot (Spharonania adiposum), brown DISEASES OF PLANTS. 451 lo:if spot {('crcosponi lunfi'ipcH). ring spot (hci)t()s)thiiri(i Hdcchari). mid sooly mold (Capiiodiinn sp.)- Of these diseases the red r«>t or red snuit is by Imi- tlic most destructive. The autlior believes this disease is < ai'ricd in tlie nia.jdrity of cases liy cane cuttiii.Ks tliat are i)lanted. 'The sel(>(ii(>ii of sound cane and of resistant vai'ieties, the destructi(ni of diseased material, and the avoiding of ratooning are recommended as possible means of control. In iuldition to the above, brief notes are sjiven on a mnnber of oUkm- diseases that are not conunon or are as yet inu'ei)orted from r.eiiKal. althoujih iirobably e.xistiuL,' there or liable to introduction. Gumming of the sugar cane, N. A. Coisi! {Hnirail. I'laiitcrs' Mo.. 2.7 (tOOG), \(>s. t. jip. I.i-.i(i. /i(/x. Ill; .>. PI). .17- US, fi(/s. 2). — This is a reprint of Hawaiian Supir rianters' Station. Division of I'atholo.ii.v and I'hysiolos.v F>ulletin ;'. (E. S. K.. 17. p. T7S). Preliminary notes on root diseases of sugar cane in Hawaii, L. L. Brain (Hairdii. /'hi liters' .l/o.. 2J {lOOa). .Vo.s'. ,i, pj). 10J,-12L fi(/s. II: '/. PI). lo3-lG6, Jul. 1). — This is a rei)rint of Hawaiian Su^ar Planters' Station. Division of I'athology and Physiolo.try Bulletin 2 (E. S. II.. 17. p. 77.S). Pear blight, F. 'SI. Rolfs (Missouri Fruit Sta. Circ. 3, pp. 4)- — Attention is called to the bacterial blijiht of pears. The life history of the organism and mode of infection are described and methods of treatment su,l,^i?ested. The use of Bordeaux mixture for the control of Cycloconium on the olive, O. ToBLER and U. Rossi-Ferrini {Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firensc, 5. yrr.. 3 (190()), Xo. 3a, pp. 327-337). — The results of a series of experiments in spraying olive trees for the prevention of attacks of Cycloconium oleai/iiiiiiii are given, which show that while in general the appearance of the tree is improved by tlie use of the fungicide, yet mai'ked differences are to be noted in the effect on the yield of different varieties. The exi)eriments cover a period of ?> years with a number of varieties, and the results are tabulated. Treatment for fumagine of olive, D. Vidal [Profi. Agr. et Tit. (Ed. VEst), 27 (Hioii). \(). 'i3. jip. ■')()'.)-') ir>). — An acccmnt is .given of experiments that have been carried over a number of years for the prevention of fumagine of olives, and the author states that the most efiicient treatment is one that is directed against both the fungus and the insect which it follows. Spraying the trees with Bordeaux mixture to which either turpentini' or a resin soap mixture was added gave splendid results. \Yhere a tobacco decoction was added to the Bordeaux mixture the results obtained win'e less favorabh^ In general, a Bordeaux nuxture containijig 2 per cent copper suliihate is pre- ferred, and the turp(>ntine maj' be poured into the in'e])aration. after which it is to be vigonmsly stirred. The annual or biennial ])runing of the trees facil- itates the preventive treatment, and it is thought that by continuing it for ."> or (■- years olive orchards could be cleared of these pests. Notes on gooseberry mildews, E. S. Salmon {(lard. Vhroii.. 3. scr., //O (IflOG). No. 103',. p. 2'.).'i). — Tlu> occin-rence of the Euroj)ean gooseberry mildew (Micro- splifcrn grossuUiria) on red currants is noted, this fungus having heretofore been reported in Europe as attacking only gooseberries. Attention is also called to the fact that the American gooseberry mildew (Sphfrrotheca viors-uvfr) has been reported during the present season as occurring on red currants in Irel.-nid and in Denm.-irk. For the prevention of in.iury by these fungi siir.-iying with ])otassium snljihid is reconnnended. American mildew in Sweden {Gard. Chron., 3. scr., JfO (1906), A'o. 1033, p. 262). — .Vn account is given of means which have been adopted in Sweden to exter'uinate the gooseberry mildew (i0 toward the publication in news- papers of a full description of the disease, with instructions for ridding gardens of this pest. It is recommended that all infected bushes be dug up and burned and to i)re- vent the spread of the mildew by spraying the bushes with a strong mixture of sulphur. The importation, transplanting, or sale of gooseberry bushes is pro- hibited until the end of the year 1907. Growers will be compensated for the loss of stock, preference being given those who have cultivated them for nursery jmrposes. Attention is called to the fact that this fungiis occurs on related species, par- ticularly on some of the currants, and in one instance it is said that the fungus has been found on raspberries. The American gooseberry mildew in 1906, E. S. Salmon (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., JfO {1906), A'o. lOSa, pp. 301, 302).— A warning is given to English goose- berry growers of the danger of introduction of the American gooseberry mildew (Spharotlicca mors-uvcr), which is reported as being very prevalent in parts of Ireland. Attention is also called to the occurrence of this fungus in Germany and Sweden, and the means that are taken to combat its sjiread. A disease of grape stocks, P. Magnus (Ber. Dent. Bot. Gesell., 24 {1906), \(>. 7. pp. .'i02-.'i(U! ) . — A discussion is given of the reported occurrence of rhizo- niorphs of ArtniJhtrki itteUca on grape stocks, and the author announces the identification of the basidiomycetes, CoUj/bia t^clutipcs, and Mnras)iiius horealis on material submitted for study. The latter species is believed to be in all probability a saprophyte. A new Plowrightia from Guatemala, W. A. Kellerm.an {Jour. Mycol., 12 {1906), No. 85, pp. 185-1H7, pi. 1). — A disease of the American century plant {Agave americana) is described, which attacks the living leaves at a few points, the infection proceeding rapidly until the entire leaf may be involved. The fungus appears to be an undescribed species of Plowrightia, and the author has designated it as P. wiUiamsoniaiia n. sp. A technical description is given. A blister blight of tea, II. H. Mann {Indian Tea As.^or. [Pamphlet] 3, 1906, pp. 13, pis. .3). — A serious outbreak of blister blight on tea in Upper Assam has drawn especial attention to this disease on account of the completeness of the destruction which it causes in a very short time and of the local character of its appearance. The disease is caused by the fungus PJ.robai^idium rr.rajis, w'hich can be found sporadically on tea leaves throughout the year, but becomes epidemic only from April to June. The infection is carried from season to season by these sporadic leaves, and germination appears to take place only on a wet leaf or stalk. It usually reciuires about 10 days from germination to become visible on the leaves, and in about 2 or 3 weeks the disease reaches the characteristic white stage. As a rule the least healthy and vigorous bushes are those most subject to the blight, the best plants generally being less affected, and on this account the author recommends measiires that will tend to increase the vigor of the plants. The occurrence of Lasiodiplodia on cacao and mangoes, Vee.\ K. Charles {Jour. Mycol., 12 {1906), No. 87/, pp. i//.j, 146). — A brief account is given of an investigation of diseased wood and fruits of cacao which were sent to this Department from Brazil for examination. Subse(]uent consignments showed the same disease to be present in San Domingo and also on the fruit of mangoes that probably came from Florida. In both instances the fruits were found DISEASES OF PLANTS. 453 to 1)0 infoetod with a s]»ocios of Lasiodiiilodia. but wliother the fuiis^ns is L. tubcricola or a new sjtecies is yet to be detenuiiied. It is thouiilit ])ossibIe tiiat this fungus may l)e connected with liie witclu>s' broom disease, whicli is so destructive to cacao, but as yet tiiis lias not been established by cultural exiK'riments. A bacterial disease of oleander, ('. <^. Smith {Bot. Gaz., 42 (1906), No. 4, III). Sl)l-,il(). fifiH. .'/). — An exanunation was made during the autumn of 1005 of some diseased oleanders whicli were sent to the pathological laboratory of the rniversity of California. These plants were affected with large. h:ird, woody knots on stems and leaves, and their appearance suggested the possibility of tluMr relationshi]) with the olive disease known as olive knot or tuberculosis. Cultural experiments were carried on with the organisms ciiusing the disease and reciprocal artificial inoculations were made from the olive to the oleander. It was foiuul that the disease in both is caused by the same organism. The cultural characteristics of the organisms isolated from both plants are essentially alike in all res])ects. The Alternaria blight of ginseng, H. FI. Whetzel (Cornell (Unnifri/HKin. Jj (1!)()G). Xp. 2, pp. 33-41, ti!/f<. .9). — The cultivation of ginseng, having become of considerable economic importance, has led to a study of a number of dis- eases, and the author describes the Alternaria blight, which has proved ex- ceedingly d(>structive in some localities. The species of Alternaria has not yet been determined, but from experiments it has proved to be tndy parasitic and constantly associated with the disease. A description is given of the effect of the fungus on the host plant, particu- lar attention being paid to the destruction of the seed crop. For the preven- tion of injury it is recommended that the iilants be sprayed with ;i 4-0-40 solution of Bordeaux mixture, to each 100 gal. of which is added about a g.al- lon of a resin-soda mixture. Infectious chlorosis of some mallows, E. Bauk (Hifzber. K. Preiiss. Akad. TF/s.y., 1906, Xo. 1; ahfi. in Bot. Ceiitbl. 103 (1906), No. 2, p. 21).— An account is given of experiments with a form of chlorosis observed ui>on certain species of Miilvacea'. The investigations show that it is infectious within certain groups, but no organism of any kind could be found associated with it. The disease is at- tributed to the proI)able action of some of the metabolic products of the weak- ened plant. A new disease of Erythrina, .1. M. .Tanse (Ann. .Tnnh Bot. Biiitrnzorf/. 2. SCI'., .) (1906). pt. 2. pp. 15.3-197, pis, 6). — For a number of years a destructive disease of Erythrina, an important coffee shade tree, has been observed in .Tava, and studies have been carried on to determine its cause. The disease has been found to be due to bacteria, the principal point of attack being the roots, but very characteristic effects are produced in the trunk, branches, and leaves. The bacteria seem to secrete two enzyms. one of which attacks the lignified cells, while the other dissolves the cellulose. Studies upon some chromogenic fungi which discolor wood, G. G. Hedg- cocK ( .]f(). Bot. Ganl. A)ni. Rpt., 17 (1906), pp. .7.9-/7'/, pis. 10. fir/s. 3: .lour. Mijcol.. 12 (1906), No. S.l, pp. 2fl// -2/0). —This investigation was undertaken primarily as a study of chromogcMiic fungi which are concerned in the coloi- reactions which take place in stained timber and also on account of the losses to the hnnbcr industry due to the lowering of the gi-adc of luinbci- in piles through the .-irtion of many wood-staining fungi. .Mtcntiim has Iieeu given not only to tliusc which deeply ]tenetrate wood :iiid st.iin it, iiut also to those which discolor it superficially. 454 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. In his investifxntions the author found about 20 species of fungi, and these are grouped according to the effect on the wood as follows: Wood-bluing fungi — Ceratostoniella S species ; wood-blackening and wood-browning fungi — Graphium 7 species, Ilormodendron 2 species, Honniscium 1 species; and wood-reddening fungi — renicilliuni and Fusariuni 1 species each. These dif- ferent species are described at length, technical descriptions of the organisms . and their effect on the timber l)eing indicated, and in addition notes are giA'en on a few species which have not been sufliciently studied for definite charac- terization. Dilute sulphuric acid as a fungicide, II. Kraejieu (/'roe. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Ji5 (IdOH). No. 183, PI). 151-163, /?(/. 1). — On account of the etttciency as a fungi- cide of sulphur when gently heated over steam pipes, the author was led to in- vestigate the action of heat on sulphur and found that when gently heated sul- phur gives off large quantities of sulphuric acid. The ethciency of sulphur as a fungicide when used in greenhouses is believed to be due to the sulphuric acid, as relatively little sulphurous acid is formed under greenhouse conditions. In order to determine whether sulphuric acid has a fungicidal value, the author conducted a series of spraying experiments, a preliminary report of which has already been given (E. S. R., 18, p. 240). Strengths varying from 1 part to 200 to 1 part to 10,000 were used, and the stronger solutions proved to be quite injurious to many kinds of plants. It was found that there was a con- siderable difference in the resisting power of plants when sprayed in this man- ner, but most of them could withstand strengths of 1 part to 500 or 1 part to 1.000 without serious injury. Subsequent to these experiments, an opportunity was offered of treating a rose garden for mildew, in which the bushes were sprayed on (> successive mornings with a solution containing 1 part of sulphuric acid to 1,000 parts of water. • Within a week the mildew had disappeared entirely and the young leaves \A hich were putting forth showed no signs of injury. At the same time a par- allel experiment was carried on, using copper sulphate, 1 to 1,000, and roses sprayed with this solution had the tips of the young leaves considerably injured. During 1004-5 an opportunity was given of testing sulphuric acid. 1 to 1.000, on roses grown in the greenhouse, with the result that the mildew was com- pletely eradicated and the new growth was vigorous. The author concludes that dilute solutions of sulphuric acid may have a bene- ficial effect on the plants treated, apart from their fungicidal action. Inasnmch as the antiseptic proi)erties of sulphurous acid are well established, he believes that possibly the combination of sulphurous and sulphuric acid would be more effective than sulphuric acid alone. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Parasitism and mutualism in nature, L. I>aloy (rarasitisinc cf Mutual i>^i)ie dans la Nature. Paris: F. Alcan, 1906, pp. VIII + 28-',, figs. 82).— In this vol- ume the author has attempted to present a discussion of various interrelations between animals of different groups and between plants and animals. The dis- cussion, therefore, covers parasitism in general, the parasitism of plants upon animals, and of animals on plants, and the various relations which have been demonstrated to exist in tb(> plant and animal generally between individuals of different sorts. The subject of minncry also receives consideration. The bird, its form and function, C. W. Beebe (New York: H. Holt d- Co.. I'JdO, pp. XI -f -'i!)6, fiiia. 371). — ^The author has studied the anatomy and ECONOMIC Z()OLO(JY ENTOMOLOGY. -455 jihysiolojry of tlio bin! Irdin the slamliidiiil (if tlic purpose niiil us(> of the vjirious stnictviivs olistTvcnl ill birds. The sul)j('fts discussod in llic vohimc incliido tbc framework of birds, their food, various features of th(> extei"iial niiatoiuy. and nuiiierons anatomical lieculiarities observed in various icronps of l)irds with sujrirestions of the pur- pose which these structures serve. Attention is .^iveii throu,i,diout the discussion to tlie reh^tionship of birds to their environment. Rabbits and their destruction, W. (J. DowuNc; (Af/r. (lat. .V. N. Wales. 11 (J9()()), No. S, lip. ,s'O.T, SdG). — Tlie destruction of rabbits is recoiicnized as ;i dif- ficult problem in tiily from their habitats diirinj; the summer months. Animal poisons, E. S. Faust (Die Tivrischcn Giffe. liruiisnich-: /•'. Mcirci/ d- Son, IDlKu ii/i. XIV -\- 2.'iS). — The literature relatins? to the various kinds of animal toxins has been systematically consulted by the author and critically discussed in connection ^\•ith numerous bibliographical references. In an introductory chapter the author treats of the nature of animal toxins and their effects and therapeutic uses. The greater part of the volume is occu|iied with s]iecitic discussions of the toxins found in mammals, I'eptiles, batrachians. tisli. mollusks, arthropods, worms, echinoderms. and coelenterates. Particular attention is given to the poisons produced by certain snakes and the tliera])eutic treatment of their bites as well as to bee stings and the toxins contained in fish ;ind molluslcs. Game laws for 1906, T. S. I'almek and It. W. Williams, Jr. {l\ S. Dcpt. A(/r., Farnicrx' Bui. 2(io, pp. -J-'i, fKjs. .)). — The purpose of this bidletin is to pre- sent in a brief form a summary of the game laws of the United States and ('aiiada regulating seasons, shipments, sales, and licenses in connecti(m with Imnting. The information along this line is brought down to date to include the laws passed in 1900. Zoological yearbook, 1905, I*. Mayer (ZooI. JaJucshcr.. 1906, pp. VIII + ~)C)0). — As in ])revious reports by the author the zoological literature of IDOr; is reviewed in a systematic nuinner in connection with elaborate bibliographies. Some results of experiment station work with, insecticides, E. V. Wilcox (r. .S. Drpt. Af/r., Office E.rpt. ,Stns. R/it. 191).',, pp. 239-280).— A summary ac- count is giv(Mi of the more inii)ortant contributions of experiment station entomologists to the study and practical applicaticm of standard insecticides, jtarticnlarly lime-sulphur-salt wash, petroleum oils, liydrocy (pp. 25-28). This committee j)resented a list of the more important injurious insects with their preferred common and scientific names for the purpose of securing uniformity among entomologists in the use of these names. A paper by F. V. Theobald contained a discussion of the currant root-aiihis (pp. Ku; 170K Srh hour urn foilieiis .-ittacks the roots of tlie currant, c.-iusing galls wiiicii somewhat re.-;eiiiliie those of the woolly ajiliis. The biology of the jiest is described. The best tre.itmeiit is to be found in the use of bisnlphid of carbon, 456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. C. Fuller in a paper on The l'lnj,aie Ixx-ust of Xatal (p]i. 171-174) referred to the work which has been done In Xatal In controlling Avridiinn purpnrifcriim. The best poison for these pests appears to be arsenite of soda at the rate of 1 lb. and sugar -i or 5 lbs. per 1.5 gal. of water. The feeding habits of Lcpisnia saccharhia were studied by H. Garnian (])]). 174-1 70). According to the speaker's experiments the silver-fish does not feed upon starch or sugar, but preferably upon animal products, such as glue used in binding books and in the moiuitiug of photographs. Occasionally silk is attacked by the silver-fish, but this is also an animal product of a nitrogenous nature. Twenty-first report of the State entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York, 1905, 111. P. Felt {N. Y. State Miis. Bui. lOJ,, pp. 'iB-lSG, pis. 10. iifjs. JiS). — As is customaiy in these reports, a brief account is l)resented of the general features of entomological work during the season. The author has continued to give attention to the grape rootworm, and finds that by the thorough application of arsenicals, combined with tlie use of beetle catchers and with cultivation of the soil to kill the pupte, badly infested A ineyards may be protected until they recover from the attacks of the grape rootworm. In some cases, however, vineyards have practically been ruined by this pest. The insect is more injurious on loose sandy soils than on heavy clay soils. The use of arsenicals alone will ordinarily not give complete satisfaction. An account is also presented of outbreaks of the army worm and of the life history and injurious attacks of various species of grass webworms belonging to the genus Crambus. In fighting the San .lose scale, lime-sulpluu' washes were used as prepared according to 11 different formulas. The general results were very similar where external heat was applied in jireparing the wash, but the author prefers a formula calling for 20 lbs. of lime and 15 lbs. of sulphur in 50 gal. of water, boiled at least 30 minutes. During the season notes were made and are recorded in the report on codling moth, apple maggot, rose beetle, scurfy scale, white grubs, and various insect l>ests of shade and foi'est trees. The shade-tree problem of the State is dis- cussed, with especial reference to the insects which are concerned in injuring these trees. A test was made of the Caucasian bee. This bee appeared to be quite healthy and reasonably gentle, but was not received early enough in the season to give it a fair test. The mosquito problems of the State are also mentioned v>ith reference to campaigns of draining and insecticide work against these pests. A number of gall insects are described and notes given on the malformations caused by these insects on various plants. Report of State entomologist of Georgia for 1905. The crop pest law of Georgia, K. I. Smith [Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 20. pp. 161-l!).i). — During the year under report considerable inspection work was done and entomological infor- mation was also spread through the agency of farmers' institutes. Particular attention is given in this report to a discussion of the most important insect. enemies of peach, apple, pecan, cotton, grain, and garden crops. A copy is also given of the croi) pest law of Georgia and of the regulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Means of combating grain insects, I. F. Hoffman (lllus. Landic. Ztg., 26 (J906). A'o. HO, pp. 690-692. figs. 6).— Notes are given on the habits and injurious attacks of a number of grain insects, particularly the granary weevil. In combating these pests the author has had the best success from the use of carbon bisulphid and anilin milk. The carbtm bisulphid proved effective in l-:CU>;oMl(' ZOOLOGY' ENTOMOLO(;V. 457 all cases, but was subject to some disadvantages as compared with anilin milk. The latter preparation is made by adding anilin oil to water in the proportion of 1 : IT). The mixture in then S])ra.ved or jtainted on the cracks and walls of the granary and the fumes produced exercise a fatal effect upon insects for a long time thereafter. The author states that it is i)erfec-tly safe for human beings to work for a period of '1 iiours in the fumes produced from such treatment, init that a longer period might cause nervous disturbances or other signs of ])oisoning. The brown-tail moth and how to control it, Ij. O. Howard ( L\ (S'. Dcpt. .\ (1906), No. 1932, p. 30). — The presence of the tsetse fly in considerable num- bers was noted in a locality where banana plantations wei'e supjiosed not to exist. Later such plantations weiv found, and the author suggests that if the tsetse fly breeds only in banana plantations it might be practicable to combat them by introducing jungle fowl and other birds which would feed upon them in such places. Analyses of Paris green, J. P. Street {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 195, pp. 12). — A copy is given of the law of New Jersey regulating the sale of Paris green. In accordance with this law. .SO samples of Paris green were analyzed and 20 F()(»i)s — iii'AiAN .NL''rKl'l'l()^'. 459 wt'iv found to 1h> of undoubtod purity. Xo saui])!*' coutaincd more tli.in :; \n'v ront of free arseiiious acid. l)ut ."i siiiiiiilcs did not contain the reiiuired .">() per cent of arsenic in conii)ination. The re(iuirenients of the law arc so moderate that it is believed all manufac- tur«'rs can easily conform to tlicni by jrivinj; attention to the matter. Report of the inspector of fumigation appliances, 1905, P. W. IIougetts {'I'dnnito: Oiildrio liijit. A;/):. J'JOtl. i>i). 7). — An ins])ection was made of the laru^cr miiscrics in the jiroviuce of Toronto. In some localities (be San Jose scale is spreadinj; rai)idly and effective means have not been taken for controll- iut,' it. In t,'cncral the funn,!;ation appliances of the various nurserymen were found to be satisfactoi'v. Report of the commission on the rearing of silkworms for 1905, (ionixor {Ann. iSoc. Af/r. Sci. , [qi. -'I'lO-'i'id). — The members of tln^ commission ai)pointed for I he encouragement of the silk industry report that lliey have traveled ipiite extensively throu.a;hout the lcrrit(n'y under their supervision and have assisted in furtherin,i; the industry of raising silkworms by expert advicv and the use of government subsidies allowed for this pur- ipose. The production of silk and other details are presented in a tabular form. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Standards of purity for food products ( /. ,S. JJcitl. A;ir., (t/ficc /S'cc. Virc. 19, l>l). 19). — The food staiidanls given are intended to supersede and supplement those contained in publications previously noted (E. S. R.. 10, p. 894; IT, p. 1( »!)(•,). Standards for tea and coffee have been added and some additions have been made to the standards previously i)ublished for meat and meat products, milk and milk products, fruit and fruit products, flavoring exti'acts, and edible vegetal)le oils and fat. and a few modifications have also been made in the text. Rules and regulations for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act, L. .M. Sii.vw. .1. WiLsox. and V. II. .Metcai.f ( T. ,S'. /)cy>/. .1///-.. Office Sec. Virc. ,n. iij). 20). — The rules and regulations recouunended by the committee ap- pointed from the Departments of the Treasury. Agriculture, and Commerce and Labor regarding the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act. approved by Con- gress June .'iO. l!H»i. are embodied in this circular, as well as the full text of the Food and Drugs .\ct. Some experiment station work relating to the food and nutrition of man, li. D. MiLNEK (l . S. Dept. Aur.. Office I-:.i[)t. Sta.s. L'i>l. 190.5, pi>. .i.i.')-.iSl) .— Attention is directed to the large amount of work which has l)een done by the experiment stations, aside from that carried on in coojjeration with the nutri- tion investigations of tlu; Office of Experiment Stations. Numerous examples of the work are cited, particularly of studies pertaining to production and distribution of food, improvement in yield and quality of cereals, improvement in character of dairy products, food jireservation and preparation, and food adulteration. "Although the stations have already performed in the aggregate a large amount of work along the lines referred to in the present article and in related lines not mentioned, the indications are that similar work will be undertaken still more extensively in the future. For example, there is a growing opinion that the energies of the station should be directed toward the solution of the problems of the various industries for the utilization of tai-m crops as well .-is toward the production of the crops; that more attention should be devoted, for instance, to tlie study of tlic technology of the pre]iaral ion and ])rcservaliou 460 EXPEKIMEXT STATlOxX ]!K( '( >I!D. of butter, cheese, evaporated fruits and eauued goods, luaearoui. aud other prepared cereal products, etc. Studies on canning and preserving, the manu- facture of special cereal foods, and other lines of work which have to do with the preservation aud distribution of food products bear an important relation to I)otli jn-oducer and consumer." The nutritive value of bi-ead as compared with breakfast foods, K. Har- COURT (Aincr. Food Join:. 1 {Hldti). \o. 10. /*/'• J'^- J-')- — Hesults of digestion experiments with corn meal farinas and several commercial breakfast foods are reported and compared with average results ()i)tained by other investigators with cereal goods and with bread. The author concluded that the special foods studied were less thoroughly digested than white bread. From the data presented it is evident, in his opinion, "that corn meal, rolled oats, and l)ri'a(l ww among our most economic foods. It is. however, true that rolled oats, or e\en the farinas, do not agree with everyone, and that the predigested goods may be useful food for ])eople who have ditticulty in digesting starch. They may also have a place in a hurry-up breakfast. It is evident that a curious name of a much advertised food does not indicate a high nutritive value, and the intelligent buyer who has to consider econt)my will hardly pass by the old forms of breakfast foods aud bread unless their own actual experience has demonstrated that these newer foods have a superior value to them." A proposed method for examining bleached flour, K. II. Shaw {Jour. Amer. Vliciii. .S'oc, .is {JU06), Xo. 6. pp. 6S7. i!SS). — The connnercial processes for bleachiug Hour artificially very generally make use of the higher oxids of nitro- gen, and when devising' a method for the detection of l)leaching it was assumed that some uitro body might exist either as residual nitric oxid or as a nitro starch compound. The proposed method consists in extracting the tlour with lioiling alcohol, cooling, filtering, evaporating nearly to dryness, extracting the residue with a mixture of eipial parts of alcohol and ether, and filtering. The filtrate is evap- orated to a sirup-like consistency and distributed in a film over the porcelain dish used and a drop of sulphuric acid solution of diphenylamin is allowed to trail over the film. lu the tests reported this left a blue path in every case where the flour used had been artificially bleached, while no coloration was perceptible in unbleached flour. "A flour bleached by a process using ozone alone as a bleaching agent would probably not respond to the diphenylamin test. Such a process, however, is not used in the West to the writer's knowledge. It is also possible, but highly improbable, that a flour might be found which, fresh fr#!n the wheat, would yield the blue color when tested. To decide these points a much larger numlier of samples will be examined." A contribution to the history of the use of bark bread, F. T. Dillingham {Bill. Ellipse!/ lust.. 3 (HKiG), pi. .'). pp. 1.20-1.2S). — The inner bark of trees, particularly conifers, has been frequently used by inhabitants of northern coun- tries as a food in times of dearth. The data on the subject are summarized, as well as the results of studies of nine samples of bark. It was found that the barks apparently contain decidedly smaller quantities than wood of mamian (the constituent on wliicli it was assumed the food value would depend). " It is not to be denied, as yet, that the mannan in bark bread may be of real importance for human sustenance ; but, to all appearance, further \A;prk will be needed to account completcdy for the physiological sig- nificance of this kind of food." Rolled oats, T. Macfarlane {Lab. Iiilaml h'cv. Dept. [Caiiaila] Bill. 127, pp. 12). — To determine whether the flaked and rolled oats manufactured aud sold FOODS — Il^^rAN nutiutton. 461 in Ottawa wei'O ol' iuferior (luality. as had hcon claiuied. Ion samples werr rol- lectecl and analyzed. Of those t;4 sanijiles showed a OMide II'mt roiilent hi>,'lier tlian 2 \h'V cent, "and this would seem to indii-alc tliat with rcuard to 11.:; per cent of the oat- meal samples now otfci'ed for sale in llic Dominion tiu- (piality ini,sj:ht l)e im- I)roved. At the same lime none of liic samples were found to contain the large amount of oat hulls orif^inally complained of, and in the ahsence of any stand- ard, it is iinjMjssible to characterize any of the samples as adulterated." From fuller analyses which were made of a number of the samples it appeared that the otmeals contained on an avera,i,'e ^'2.^^ ]»er cent protein and 4.<;7 per cent fat. Experiments with simple food stuffs, L. .Lvcoit (Ztsclir. Biol., //S {1906), No. I. 1)1). 19-62). — rrevious investii,'ations on animals fed with single food stuffs, although contradictory in some ways, in general led to the conclusion that as compared with the ordinary mixed diet such a diet is harmful, the absence of appetizing qualities in the diet rendering it monotonous and unpalatable. In the investigations reported starch, olive oil, <'asein, sugar, salts, and crude fiber were among the r.iaterials employed. No bad results followed the use of a diet of such foods in experiments with pigeous and rats. The author notes, however, that appetite is very important and that often animals used for ex]ierimental purposes refuse food, lose weight, and even die on a diet which is nutritious, but which has become unpalata])le. Is freshly slaughtered beef palatable and wholesome? J. IIladik {Ztschr. Hijij. II. lufcctlonskiiiitk.. o'l (1906), pp. l.J0-l.'i6 ; abx. in Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyu., 11 {1906), Nu. 1, p. 23). — Numerous and long-continued experiments led the author to conclude that cooked meat eaten in considerable quantity did not produce any digestive disturbance and that freshly slaughtered meat was palatable if well prepared. Canned meats, T. Macfari^ne {Lali. Inland Rev. Dcpt. [Canada] Bill. 123, jjp. 26). — Of the .'>22 samples of cainied and potted meats and similar products examined 1.").8 per cent were found to contain boric acid. This was the only preservative identified, though others were looked for. The quantity found was small " not exceeding the limit fixed by the English parliamentary commission of 0.5 per cent," and was probably added in the form of borax. Potted meats and bologna sausages, T. Macfablane (Lai). Inland Rev. Dcpt. [Canada] Bui. 12o, pp. 10). — Microscopical examination showed the presence of foreign starch and consequently cereal meal of some sort in 90 samples of potted meats referred to in an earlier bulletin (see above). The author points out that such addition can not be considered adulteration if the fact is indicated by the name of the article. " It may be that this is done by the use of the word ' loaf ' in a great many instances. But the words ' potted," ' deviled." etc., do not justify the addition of flcmr or corn meal, and iirticles with such names can not be regarded as otherwise than adulterat»Ml if they have received additions of cereal jirodncts."" Data are also given regarding tlie composition of connnercial goods containing cereal ]iroducts inleiideil for use in the mamifactnre of jiotti^d meats and similar products. Only one of tlie samples of jiotted meats was found to contain foreign color- ing matter. Of :'>'2 samples of l)ologna sausage examined. ~> contained added pre- servatives and 11 artificial dyes. Experiments on the digestibility of fish and poultry, K. D. ^Iilneu (Con- iiecticiit St fins stii. Rjit. 19().'). py. 116-1)2). — Following the usual methods the digestiliility of canned salmon, fresh cod steaks, canned chicken, and fresh roast duck were studied with 4 healthy men as subjects, the special foods fur- 462 FA'PERTMENT STATION BECORD. nisliing an integral part ol' a siiujilo luixeil diet. Tlie digestihility of the fisli and poultry alone was <'ali'nla1ed : tlie average re.siilts follow: Cocfficiriit.s- of ilii/i'sl ihilll II of fish iiiid jioiiltiji — iircntfir of four tests. Kind of food. Protein. Fat. Energy. I'll- crni. 96.23 9.5. 93 96. 74 94.66 Per cent. 97.01 97.40 97.13 97.32 Per cent. 85. 63 Cod 80.27 85.35 Duck 91.14 " From the results of IG experiments in which canned salmon, fresh cod, canned chicken, and roast duck made up in turn a considerable portion of the diet, it appears that these foods are very completely digested, the coefficients of digestibility being approximately those previously found for other animal foods. The foods containing a considerable proportion of fat were apparently as com- pletely digested as those in which the percentage of fat was relatively small. The number of kinds of poultry and fish investigated and the number of ex- l)erinients carried on with each are too small to warrant further conclusions." Composition of tamarind pulp, O. Remeaud (Jour. Pharm. ct Chim., 6. set:, 23 {liXiO). Xo. 9, PI). Ji.iJf-\Sit). — Analyses were made of commercial crude and purified tamarind pulps and of pulp prepared by the author from fruit col- lected at Saigon. . The " dry extract " ranged from (Vl.S to To per cent, the ash from 2.8 to 3.3 per cent, and the total acidity, calculated as tartaric acid, from 11.7 to 15.9 per cent. Tartaric acid, acid potassium tartrate, and invert sugar were identi- fied as jtrominent constituents of the fruit. Coffee, coffee products, and coffee surrogates, E. Franke (Kaffee, Kaffee- konserven und Kaffeesurroiiutc. Yieiuui and Leip.sic: A. Hartlehens, figs. 32; rev. in Ostcrr. Cheiii. Ztg., 0 {1906}. Xo. 20. p. 281). — The preparation of coffee lor the market is described, as well as the manufacture of coffee products and of coffee substitutes from figs, grains, malt. etc. Preserved food products, J. de Brevans {Le.s con.'icrves aUnieutaircs. Pari.><: J. B. BaiUiere ct- Hons. 1906, 2. ed., pp. VIII + J,61, figs. ?-})•— This handbook discusses the general princiiiles of food preservation, the preservation of products of animal and vegetable origin, adulteration of jiroducts made from meat. milk, butter and eggs, vegetables and fruits, and the analysis of preserved foods. rood preservatives, A. McGill (Lah. Iiilaud Rer. Dept. [Canada] Bui. 126, pp. 32). — Data regarding the chai'acter and effects of food preservatives are summarized and discussed, such a collection of information being regarded as a necessary preliminary to the making ral (l(>ducti(ms are based on results obtained with f) subjects. The data reported "show very clearly that salicylic acid and salicylates ,\pltear to exert an exciting inlluence ujion the activities which take place in the alimentary canal, stinnilating the organs to greater effort, and this stimu- lation leads at first to increased digestion ;ind absorption of the foods which are introduced into the stomach. In the light of the data which are exhibited .salicylic acid ii:i.\ he said to increase the solubility and absorption of the food in the alimentary <'anal, so that larger parts of the nutrients taken into the stomach actually enter the circulation." This belief " is perhaps to a certain extent undeserved." " This work is offiued as an unbiased study of all the data recorded, both of those which ai)iiear to be in favor of the use of salicylic acid and those which ai)pear to be against its use, and leads to the inevitable conclusion that sali- cylic acid is a substance which, when added to foods even in small quantities, exerts a depressing and harmful influence upon the digestion and health and the general metabolic activities of the body. Further, thei-e appears to be no necessity for its use, as food can be preserved in unobjectionable ways with- out its aid. Its indiscriminate use would tend to carelessness in the quanti- ti(»s employed, thus increasing the dangers to which the consumer is subjected. Also its use in the preservation of foods tends to induce carelessness and indif- lerence on the part of the manufacturer, as when a chemical antiseptic is employed many of the processes necessary to the proper selection, cleaning, and jireservation of foods may lie omitted. The addition of salicylic acid and sali- cylates to foods is therefore a process which is reprehensible in every respect and leads to injury to the consumer, which, though in many cases not easily measured, must finally be productive of great harm." It was found on an average that the dry matter of the food consumed was equivalent to 0.9 per cent of the body weight. Diet and dietetics, A. (Jautiee, edited and trans, by A. .T. Rice-Oxley (Lon- <}(m: Archibald Coiixtahlr d- Co., Ltd.. lOOd, 2. cd., pp. Z//+.5.52, fif/s. 10).— In this general treatise ou food and nutrition the author considers the principles which underlie the subject, methods of experimenting, characteristics of the initritive value of diiTerent foods, diet in ditferent circumstances of health and dis(>ase, and related (piestions. Many of the author's investigations are sum- marized and innnerous r(>ferences are made to the literature of the subjects discussed. Food and dietetics, Alice 1'. Norton (Cliicufjo: American l^chool of Uouse- lioUl Economics, lOOo, pts. I, pp. 1-61, fif/s. !), charts -J; 2, pp. 62-116, flg.f. III. chart 1 : .?. pp. 117-187, fifift. 16). — The proportion of total income expended for food and in other ways, characteristics of different animal and vegetable foods, composition and digestibility of food, special diets, dietaries, and dietary standards, and related questions, are discussed in the form of a series of lessons designed for instruction by correspondence. Accuracy in dietetics, D. Roberts (Jour. A7ner. Med. Assoc, 46 (1.906), No. 16. pp. 1162. 1163). — In order to facilitate the calculation of the nutritive value of rations the author has prepared a table showing the weight, protein content. 4^)4 EXPERIMENT STATION rtEOOTin. aud fuel value of household measures (glassful, teaspoonful. tablespoonful. etc.) of a number of common food materials. Dietary studies of a week's walking trip, II. L. Knight (Connecticut tStorr-s 8ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. I.'f3-163). — An account was kept of the food eaten by 2 young men during 'a 7 days' walking trip. Each carried about 25 lbs. of luggage and covered about 20 miles pei* day. Generally speaking the foods selected were those supplying nutritive material in small bulk. One of the subjects obtained on an average 86 gm. protein and .3,189 calories of energy per day and the other 56.6 gm. protein and 1.866 calories of energy. A portable ration for soldiers in battle and on the march, L. L. Seaman {Jour. Ainer. Mat. Assoc. 'iG {1906). Xo. 21. pp. 1G06-1(>OS). — An efficient ration for soldiers in battle and on the march, it was pointed out. must fur- nish proximate constituents in necessary proportion, must be easily digested and palatable, and have a minimum waste. In the author's opinion, smoked beef is a valuable constituent of such a ration as it is easily digested and palatable, may be eaten raw or cooked, and does not become distasteful as soon as canned roast beef or corned beef. For the carbohydrate constituent of the ration he suggests a mixture of 7 parts rice and 3 parts barley meal, cooked, dried, and ground. Tea or coffee is regarded as an essential part of the proposed ration, which also includes sugar, chocolate, salt, and pepper. The calculated protein content is 93.20 gm. and the energy value 2,672 calories. The nutritive requirements of the body, F. G. Benedict {Anier. Jour. Physiol., 16 {1906), Xo. '/, pp. Ji09--'i37). — A general discussion of theories of metabolism with special reference to recently published work of a number of investigators. The author concludes that the evidence which has been presented is far from sufficient to warrant the assertion that the amounts of protein ordinarily con- sumed should be permanently and materially diminished, and believes that there is evidence to show that permanent reductions are decidedly disadvantageous and, indeed, not without possible danger. Basing his deductions upon the results obtained by the respiration calori- meter (E.S. R., 15, p. 698) and the fact that the law of the conservation of energy obtains with the animal body, the author points out that the energy intake can be diminished only as the energy output or the muscular activity is diminished. " These facts make any pi'oposition to lower food consumption unaccompanied by decreased muscular activity impracticable." ANIMAL PRODTJCTION. Live stock {Quart. Rpt. W. Va. B<1. Agr., 1906, No. 3, pp. 132, figs. 33).— A number of papers by different authors on the feeding and care of live stock, diseases and their treatment, and related questions, and a summary of the laws of West Virginia relating to infectious and contagions diseases of animals. Storage barn, sheds, feed lots, and other equipment for feeding experi- mental cattle in carload lots, H. W. Mumford and E. S. Good {Illinois Sta. Bui. 110, pp. 303-32^, fi(/s. 6, d(/ins. 9). — The general plan of the experimental plant used at the station for beef cattle feeding experiments is described and a de- tailed description given of the construction of the storage barn, methods of pre- paring and handling feed, and of the construction and operation of the feed lots, the sheds and feed carrier system and of the corn crib and engine house, as well as a general summary of the cost of the plant as a whole. ANIMAL I'KODUCnON. 4()5 "The gcueral plan ul' tlio exi»erimental t'ooiliug plaut at this station, for tUo feeding of 200 bead of beef cattle in carload lots, and individually, consists of a storage barn facing east and west and two ro\\'s of feed lots connected by a j)aved alley, lying east and west from the west side of the storage barn. Sonth of the feed lots is a corn crib 144 feet In length, and north of the stor.-ige l):irn is a 20 by 2S foot engine house. On the west side of the barn and north of the alley are stock scales. "There are twelvi' feeding lots in tiie two rows iiieutioiied. seven of whicli are situated on the sonth side of the alley and five on the north side. All face to the south and all are i)aved with brick with the exception of three lots on the nortb side of the alley, one of which is used for experimenting with cattle fed in an ordinary earth lot. The sheds on the south side of the alley are open on tlie south side, while those on the north side are inclosed and jjrovided with large sliding doors. None are jtaved. " I'Ved carriers convey the concentrates and ch;iff(Ml rougiiage from the sec((nd lloor of the storage barn to the lots on tli(» south side (tf the alley." Maintenance rations for beef-breeding cows, II. W. Mumford {lUinois 8ta. Bill. 111. pj). S2Ji-3Ji2, figs. //). — Using 3 lots of 10 grade cows 3 to <> years old. corn silage, shock corn, and corn stover wei'e compared with a view to securing data regarding the relative value of cheap feeds available on Illinois farms for maintaining beef-breeding cows during the winter season. The corn feeds were sup])lemented by clover hay and oat straw, except that for about the first two- thirds of the period no clover hay was used in the corn-stover ration. To determine whether ensiling the corn is more valuable for winter feeding than curing it. the amount of corn and its accompanying coarse fodder was made the same in the silage and shock corn rations. " In the selection of the feeds to be fed, an effort was made to use such as ai'e not looked upon as cash crops of the farm, but more in the nature of by-products of low commercial value." In 140 days the average gain on the silage I'ation was 1.07 ll)s. per cow per day, the amounts eaten Iieing 16.05 lbs. silage. .>.5 lbs. clover hay, and O.oG lbs. oat straw. On shock corn the gain was 0.758 lb. per cow per day, the feed eaten being 8.7 lbs. shock corn, :{.5 lbs. clover hay, and 10.83 lbs. oat straw. On corn stover the gain was 0.41 lb. per cow per day, the feed eaten being 21.07 lbs. corn stover and 5.15 lbs. oat straw when the cows received no clover hay, and when stover hay was used 10.20 lbs. corn stover, 1.56 lbs. clover hay, and 8.19 lbs. oat straw. As the experiment progressed the cows fed silage and shock corn were in iK'tter condition and more contented than those fed the corn stover, and, fur- thermore, the character of the feces indicated that in the latter case there wei'e digestive disturi)ances. No such disturbances were noted with the cows fed the silage and the shock corn. "The corn plant, i'ed either in tlie form of shock corn or silage, suiiplemented with a limited amount of clover Iiay, jiroved satisfactory rations for wintering beef-breeding cows." " I'ndei' tlie i-onditions of this exi)erimeut, silage pi"o- duced 41 ])er cent greater gain in live weight tiian an e(|ual acreage of shock corn." For a part of the test the cows were allowed free access to loos(> salt, and !i record was kept of the amount consimied. The average daily consiunption w.as o.ds lb. on the silage rati(m, 0.12 lb. on the shock-corn ration, and 0.10 lb. cm the corn-stover ration. Two of the cows fed corn silage and 2 fed shock corn dropped calves and were removed from their respective lots. At the end of the test the oldest calf was 70 days old, and in no case had the.v been given other feed than the milk of 4(\^ EXPERIMENT STATION TtECORD. their dams. The average gain of the calves ranged from 1.49 lbs. per head per day to 1.98 lbs., both extremes being found with calves from the corn silage lot. The average daily cost of keeping the silage-fed cows which calved was 7.56 cts. and those fed shock corn G.84 cts. Before calving the average daily cost was 5.8 cts. and 5.5 cts., respectively. " In this test it took approximately twice as much feed to maintain a cow when suckling a calf as it did during her pregnancy. . . . " Corn plant fed in the form of silage is more palatable than if fed in the form of shock corn, which may be the cause of its being more efHcient for the maintenance of beef-breeding cows. " The yield of crops used in this test was 57.9 bushels of corn and 2 tons stover per acre ; and for crops purchased, viz, clover hay and oat straw, yields of If and one ton, respectively, were assumed. " On the above basis approximately one acre of land is sufficient to produce the crops necessary to support a breeding cow 140 days in winter, and this acreage should produce a considerable amount of grain in addition to that neces- sar.v for the maintenance of one cow. " The product of one-third acre of land is sufficient to maintain a cow 140 days in winter, if we regard the surplus grain produced as offsetting an acreage proportionate to its market value." Feeding experiments with cattle, E. R. Lloyd (MississipiJi Sta. Rpt. 1&05, pp. 11-13). — In a comparison of cotton-seed hulls with corn silage for beef production, it was found that 6 steers in 45 days made a total gain of 451 lbs. and consumed 240 lbs. of silage, 1,482 lbs. of hulls.. I.^.'jO lbs.' of hay, and 1,752 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and corn chops. A similar lot fed the silage ration gained 570 lbs. and ate 2.97.3 lbs. of silage, 240 lbs. of hulls, and the same quanti- ties of the other feeding stuffs as the first-mentioned lot. " The results show 1 lb. of hulls equal to 1..5S lbs. of ensilage. This indicates ensilage to be the cheaper feed." Some data are recorded regarding the cost of rearing and wintering cattle and regarding pasture gains. The estimated total cost of raising a "feeder" to the end of the third year was $23.75, the average weight of the steer 9.30 lbs., and the calculated net profit .$13.45. The feed required to finish the steers cost on an average .$11.42 per steer, making the estimated net profit when the finished animals were sold, .$14.10. The cost of growing and finishing young cattle was studied with 5 calves, which ran with their dams through the first winter without additional feed, then were pastured through the sununer and wintered as yearlings on hay, and finished and sold the following winter when 28 months old. The cost of feeding to the beginning of the finishing period was $12.99 per head and during the finishing period $12 per head. Taking into account the cost of marketing, the net profit per steer was calculated to be $17.2(5. During the 135 days of the fattening period the " best daily gain was 2 lbs. ; the smallest daily gain was 1.65 lbs." The estimated cost of wintering a In-eeding herd of IS cows and a bull was $84.10. or $4.66 jier cow. The cattle had access to a rick of hay, and from December 29 to Ajiril 1 were fed a little cotton-seed meal and hulls and as much shredded fodder as they would eat up clean. The above estimate includes the purchased feed hulls and cotton-seed meal, but does not take into account the home-grown hay. As regards gain made on pasture, it was found that 3-year-old steers which had been wintered on hay withoiit grain gained 209 lbs. per head on an average when pastured from April 1 to November 15. Yearling steers which had been fed during the winter on corn, cotton-seed meal and hulls made an average gain AxniAi. I'noDrcnoN. ' 4B7 of 4." Ills, per head on pHsturc. ami ytumu' lioifcrs wliirli Imd lircii wiiilcrcd nii liay without frraiii i;aiiic(l, <>n .-m nvcrap", I'.M llis. mm pasture. For sevoral years wlicat has been iuducU'il in I he station's systoni of crop rotation for prodm-ins,' liay. It is cut in tlic thuiuh stajro and cured, the huid iieiiii,' then ph)\ved and planted to coi-u or to co\v]»eas. To determine the ett'ect of frrazinjj, on the yield of wheat hay. S calves were pastured on a plat of ;?.Ta acres for one month. They averajred :',r>() Ihs. in weifiht " and made fair gains on the wheat with(mt other food." The j^razed wheat headed out and was ready to harvest 10 days h\ter than a similar plat whicli liad not heen grazed, the yield of hay from the two plats being respectively 1,-1() lbs. and 1.812 lbs. per acr(\ Steer feeding, A. Smith {Missisftiitpi Sin. h'pt. }!)0.',. pj). IS, 19). — A test was undertaken to compare stable feeding with feeding in an ojien yard and to study the relative merits of a mixed ration of hay, corn meal, wheat bran, cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls with a ration of cotton-seed meal and hulls alone. Seven steers fed the mixed ration in the stable for nO days made an average daily gain of 2.00 lbs. at a cost of 8.5 cts. jier i)ound. Three steers fed a ration of the same character under the same conditions made an average (hiily gain of 1..S5 lbs. per head at a cost of 10.7 cts. per pound. A similar lot of .5 steers fed cotton-seed meal and hulls in the stable gained, on an average, 1.0.3 lbs. per head per day, the cost of a pound of gain being G.l cts. Five steers kept in an open lot but with access to shelter when fed the mixed ration made an average daily gain of 2.8 lbs. per head per day at a eost of 0.1 cts. while a similar lot fed meal and hulls in an open lot without shelter gain(>d 1..^2 llts. per head per day at a cost of 8.2 cts. per pound. The calculated net prottt from the cattle iised in the above tests was .$70.87. " The results of the experimimts serve to show that good cattle can be fed at a profit and that higher prices can be obtained for cotton-seed products, corn, and hay by feeding the same to a good type of beef cattle than by selling in a cash market and at the same time the fertilizer material ma.v be retained on the farm to increase the productiveness of the soil." Sheep, E. R. Lloyd (Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1905, p. l.'i). — As shown by the recorded data for 4 years, the average cost of wintering sheep at the station has been .$1.14 per head. The estimated profits from a flock of 22 sheep for last year were .$42.86 and none of the breeding ewes were sold. " There is I'eady sale for early lambs at good prices. Sheep could easily be made one of the most profitable lines of live stock farming for the average farmer in this State." Grazing hogs, E. I{. Lt.oyd ( M ississii>i)i Sf(i. Rjtf. 190'). jtp. I.i. /'/). — Cow- jieas without grain have so far given better results, it is stated, than any of tlie other croiis tested at the station. In lOO:'. the cowpeas were grown on thin hill land and an acre produced '.i'tO lbs. of pork. In 1004 the crop was grown on good v.illey land and produced 483 lbs. of pork per acre. The pigs were turned on the I»asturage when the cowpeas wei"e ripe and were fed no grain in addition to the pasturage. -Vlfalfa withoiit grain has been found "to be little more than a maintenance ration for hogs." The pigs us(>d in the test, which covered 2 years, ranged from .S to 24 months in age. Ensilage for horses; dipping for horses (Xatal Apr. Jour, and .!//». Rrc. II {19011). So. ■'). jtp. '/.s'.)- J.s'N ». — Silage, jiresumably corn, has been found a sat- isfactory feed for horses at the Mooi Hiver Remount Depot. The winter ration consisted of 4 lbs. of silage chopped with 2 H)s. of alfalfa or other forage, an ounce of salt, and :i few pounds of crushed corn. 408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOItD. It is stated that dipping liorses has been suceessfull.^- practiced and is followed jiy freedom from ticks and skin diseases. Farm poultry, with the results of some experiments in poultry houses and fattening chickens, AV. R. Graham (Ontario A(/r. Vol. and Expt. I'anti Bui. Ijl, pp. 40. pijs. >.')). — The rearing, feeding, and management of chicks are discussed on the basis of station experience. The rearing of market fowls, housing poultry, the use of trap nests, construction of fattening crates, the use of the cranuuing machine, dressing and shipping i)Oultry. egg preservation, and related topics are also spoken of and some experimental work is In'iefly sum- marized. The effect of different housing conditions upon egg production is shown by the fact that during January, Febriiary, and March some 50 hens kept in a warm house laid 946 eggs, while a similar lot in a house with a cloth front laid 1,092 eggs. The hens in a cold house laid 1,021 eggs and those in a house with movable windows 1,0.35 eggs. During the same 3 months of the preceding year the hens in the warm house laid 607 eggs, those in the house with cloth front 718 eggs, in the house with movable window's 819 eggs, and in the cold house 1,074 eggs. According to the author, " every hen should be allowed at least 0 sq. ft. of floor space. Each bird of the Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte, and such breeds, requires about 9 in. of perch room ; Leghorns, etc., about 8 In. ; and Brahmas 10 in. Roosts should be made low^ or near the ground. There are several rea- sons for this. Fowls of the heavier breed can not fly high, and those of the lighter breeds frequently injure the soles of their feet in jumping from high perches." In the author's experience, " the best results are obtained from keeping 20 to 25 birds in a flock. Some succeed with 60 to 75 in a flock, but these are the minority." As regards egg production of different breeds, it was found that 13 Plymouth Rock hens laid 693 eggs, the average cost per dozen being 6.02 cts., and during the same time an equal number of Andalusians laid 8.34 eggs, the cost per dozen being 5.34 cts. In general, hens over 2 jears old, the author points out, are seldom good layers. " Leghorns, Minorcas, etc., are sometimes good during their third and fourth years ; but, generally speaking, the Rocks and such fowls are of little or no use as layers after the second year, being much inclined to become excessively fat. "For summer egg production the lighter breeds of late-hatched pullets of the heavier breeds are best. Do not expect a hen that has laid well all winter to lay exceptionally well during the summer." Wet and dry feeding and other similar topics are considered. As regards prac- tice at the Ontario Agricultural College, it is stated that for the last year or two mashes have been little fed, such materials being very largely replaced by sprouted grain. " So far as we can see at the present time, the sprouting does not improve the feeding qualities of the gi'ain very much, with the exception of oats. The palatability of oats is increased considerably. We have made the oats equally as palatable by soaking them in warm water about six hours. At the present time our plan of feeding is to feed whole grain in the litter in the morning, using about one to two pounds for twenty birds, the latter amount when they are la.ving heavy ; at noon feed mangels, clover hay. and meat food in the winter time. If we have no meat, a small quantity of grain is scattered in the litter on the floor. In the summer time no grain or feed of any description is given. At night they are fed all the sprouted grains, either oats or barley, sometimes wheat, they will eat. During very cold weather in the winter they AX I.MAI. I'HoDrCJiON. 4(l'.> ar« t'efl occnsiouall.v foru, either in the uiorning or evening. Wliere this is given, it is scattered in the litter." As regards the merits of natural and artilicial hatching, the author is of the oi)lnion that as good results can be obtained with the incubator as with the hen. In a test of the gains made by chickens fattened in July it was found that 12 Plymouth Rocks fed in a crate gained on an average 2.1 lbs. per head and re- quired l\.2 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. Under similar conditions 8 high- grade Leghorns made a gain of 1.2S ll»s. per bird, requiring 3.4 lbs. of grain i)er pound of gain. When dressed, they were somewhat plumper than tbt; Plymouth Pocks, owing to their being mature, l)ut they were rather small. The author points out that the majority of buyers regard crate-fed birds as superior to thosi» fed loose in pens. His own preference is for feeding iu crates, as it takes less room, and he believes that the poultry can be thus fed with less labor .nnd will produce a more even product. "No matter which method is followed, cockerels should l>e fed for 2 weeks or moi-p before they are killed and sold." Tests of the relative value of different grain rations extending over a num- ber of years are sunnuarized. In general, the smallest and most expensive gain was made on a mixtiire of corn meal and pearl oat dust 2:1, and the largest and cheapest gain on <-orn meal, ground buckwheat, and pearl oat dust 2:2:1. Skim milk was fed in addition to the grain in all cases. Data are recorded which show the exact quantities fed to fattening birds, the general i)rinciple of such feeding being light rations at the beginning with a gradual increase until all the feed is given which will be eaten up clean. No feed is left before the birds longer than 10 minutes after it is placed in the trough. Some data are also given regarding the relative gains made by indi- vidual birds in 3 weeks. From a summary of data on the relative value of whey, skim milk, and numerous feeds for fattening chickens, it appears that gain was most cheaply made on a mixture of equal parts of corn meal, oatmeal, and shorts mixed with whey, the cost being 4 cts. per pound, and was most expensive (6 cts. per pound) on a mixture of equal parts of corn meal, shorts, and oatmeal, with 30 per cent of pork serai», water l)eing used to wet up the ration. " Sour skim milk, i. e.. milk that is thickened, is, without doubt, the best liquid to mix with grain rations where a uniform product is wanted, and more so where white-fleshed c-hickens are in demand. " Sweet skim milk h.as not a feeding value for grown chickens equal to sour milk. " Whej' is a better food than is generally considered. The results a{)pear to indicate that it aids digestion. " Whe.v and pork scraps have not given tlie results expected. " Where pork scrap and beef scrap can Ite procured at reasonable cost, say 2 cents or less per pound, they are good value, especially where a yellowish fiesh is in demand. "Grain mixtures only, mixed with water, are not economical, considering this test." Poultry experiments, (i. .M. Gowell (Maine Std. Bill. 130, pp. 101-132. pis. o). — Additions to the station poultry plant are described, as well as a recentlj' established iioultry farm ; niethods for the selection of breeding stock are out- lined ; detailed accounts are given of methods of feeding chickens and hens followed at the station, and experiments are reported. In a test to determine the effects of early maturity on laying, it was found that a lot of chickens selected in .Tuly and August because they were evidently about to begin laying, gave an average of 180 eggs per bird in a year, as com- 470 I<:XPER1MENT STATION lll'.COKI). pared with 14-i egt;^ per bird from all the station pullets. The large number of eggs laid by tbe selected early pullets, and the fact that few of them were poor layers, in the author's opinion, shows the advantage of selecting early layers for breeding purposes. As regards the feed required for i-aising l)roilers the station records show that cockerels hatched in April and May, when 11 or V2 weeks old, weighed 2.25 lbs. dressed, and pullets 1.75 lbs. On an average bnth pullets and cockerels had eaten 9 lbs. of grain, 1 lb. of beef scrap, and 0.25 lb. of grit. The estimated cost of feed re(iuired to raise a 2-lb. broiler was 2'A cts. " To make bi-oiler raising most profitable, warmed houses should be used and the birds raised early enough to be all marketed while high jirices are obtainable." The dry-feed system of feeding referred to in earlier publications (E. S. R., 17, p. 388) is discussed and data recorded regarding the amounts eaten per hen during the past year, which were grain and meal mixture !>0 lbs., oyster shell 4 lbs., dry cracked bone 2.4 lbs., grit 2 ll)s., charcoal 2.4 lbs., and clover 10 lbs. Succulent feeds are supi>lied to the station poultry throughout the year. In a test beginning .January 1 and covering 4 months mangel-wurzels and cut clover were compared with 2 lots of loO hens each. The lots were fed and cared for alike, except that one received 17 lbs. of mangels per day and the other 5 lbs. of clover leaves and heads. On mangles the average egg yield was 6.3.9 eggs per hen and on clover 59.6 eggs. " The slight difference between the yields of the two lots can hardly be regarded as indicating greater value for the mangold ration. " The vigor and api)arent healthfulness of tlie two lots were equally good. In the general feeding both mangolds and clover are used dally. Formerly it was thought necessary to steam or wet the clover with hot water, in order to get good I'esults from it. It is now cut and fed dry, in the bottom of cement barrels, cut off about ten inches high. About 5 pounds are eaten daily, by 100 hens, with very little waste. Apparently as good results are gotten from it as when it was scalded, the labor of preparation being very nuich lessened." Using 50 year-old Barred riymonth Rock hens, which had been kept by themselves since they were 12 weeks old, the time recjuired to establish fertility in eggs when hens are first mated was studied. All the eggs laid the first day of mating were found to be infertile. Eggs laid the second day showed fertility in different degrees. From 21 eggs laid the third day 10 chicks were hatched. " The eggs laid during the days Immediately following the fourth day of mating yielded rather more than 50 per cent of good chicks, which is about the per- centage usual in the general incubation work here, which, however, is done earlier in the season, when conditions are supposed to be not as favorable." It is commonly believed that eggs from hens which have been laying for a long time are less likely to hatch than those produced earlier in the laying period. To test this point, eggs laid the first 10 days of each month from January to October by 40 hens were incubated. The percentage which hatched ranged from 24 in February to 61 in April. The percentage was also notice- ably high (52 to 58 per cent) in July. August, and September. "From this test there appears no support of the theory that long-continued laying reduces the chick-producing capacities of the eggs." The effects of long and short mating periods upon the proportion of eggs which hatched were also studied. From pens where the males and females ran together all winter 3,240 eggs were incubated and 1,529 chicks were hatched, an average of about 1 chick to 2.13 eggs. From pens where the males and females had not been together until the mating season liegan 2.160 eggs were incubated and 1,075 chicUs batched, or about 1 chick to 2 eggs. DA I in IWUMINc; DAIiniNC ACHOI'FX'lINn . 471 " These slif^lit (lifffi-cnccs in results should imt he iiiterpretod as iiioaniiiy that there are advantages in the short over the long niatings. . . . " While tlu! results of this test may not be convincing, the 1.5U0 birds eni- jiloycd and the large number of eggs incubated, with the satisfactory average yields of a chick from 2 eggs, does furnish data sufHcient to ivmove scruples regarding the fitness of long-mated birds for breeders." Poultry investigatior.s at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, C. D. Woods and G. M. (Jowell (?'. X. nc/it. Af/r., Bur. Aiiiiii. Indus. Jiiil. 90, PI). Ji2, pU. J, fi()s. 2). — This is a revision of a bulletin of the Maine Station (E. S. R., 1"), p. 1104). The new material which has been iiicoritorated consists very largely of descri])tions of the station jxiultry plant, the methods followed in poultry ex[)eriments, and the way in which data are recorded. Poultry division, F. B. Linfiei.o (MoiihiiKi .'i/r/. h'pf. ]'.)()■'>, />/>. 2oJ, ,i->'i. fiflfi. J).— A brief account of the station ixniltry and the eggs laid. liens kept in a small and Inexpensive colony house with a drop curtain front and having quite a free range made the best record, producing on an average lii.") eggs ])er bird pi'r year. .\ new poultry building at the station is described. Preserving eggs, R. W. Tpiatcher (Wdsltiin/taii .s7(/. Bill. 11. pp. I)'). — The relative value for preserving eggs of 1(» ]tcr cent and ."> per cent solutions of water glass, of a mixture of limewater and salt brine (the limewater lieing made by mixing a pound of quicklime and 0.5 lb. of table salt with 4 qts. of boil- ing water), and of a commei'cial egg ])reservative were studied. The eggs were placed in stone jars, 50 to a jar, and the li(|nids poured over them until they were entin^ly submerged. The eggs were examined at intervals for 8 months. "These experiments show that eggs can be kept in good condition for home use at least eight mouths by immersing them either in a water-glass solution or in limewater and salt brine. Those preserved in water glass this year appeared to come out in better ccmdition than those kept in the lime and salt mixture. Other experimenters have succeeded in keeping eggs to their entire satisfaction in solutions of water glass as dilute as 5 per cent, but the author's experience this year was that a sti'ongei* solution gave a better preservation. It seems jirobable that a solution halfway between the two which were used . . . would be better than either of these, since it would doubtless give a better ])roduct than the weaker solution and would not deposit sediment, thereby gradually losing strength, as the stronger solution did." The author calculates that a i)ound of water glass properly diluted is sutli- cient to cover 12 to 15 doz. eggs and that the cost of the preservative would be less than one cent per dozen. " Each day's gathering of eggs may be )>acked immediately after gathering by placing them in the jar and pcmring over them just enough of the solution to cover them. This is better than to hold the eggs for several days, at the risk of their becoming stale, in order to have n sullicient mnuber to fill the entire ve.ssel at one time. "Eggs packed by . . . [the water glass] method will keep for some time after they ar(> removed from the i)reservative solution. The author has used some which have been out of the solution for four weeks without being able to detect any deterioration in (niality." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. Modern dairy farming, H. I.. Puxlkv (Loiiddii: I.. I . Clill : Xcir York: C. ftcrih)irr'.'< .S'ox.s-. J!)0(), pp. 231^. p/.s-. .9, /?f/.s. .32). — This is designed to he a prac- tical handbook for the beginner in dairy fanning. It deals not only with siich matters .-is the selection and management of cows, the milk su))))ly. butt<'r 472 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECORD. making, and cheese making, but also witli the pi'oductiou of various field crops, A-eteriuary remedies, and pig feeding. The book embodies the results of considerable practical experience and for this reason will doubtless be found A-ery useful, but unfortunately for an elementary treatise it is not entirely free fi-om mere theories or loose state- ments. For instance the author considei's it possible that " in good germs the valuable and health-giving properties of milk reside." And again, "the spores of most bacilli are as easy to destroy as the bacilli tliemselves." Report of the dairy commissioner for the Dom^inion of Canada, 1906 {Rpt. Dairy CoDir. Canada, 1006, pp. l')7, j)Is. 2'i). — This report on the progress of the dairy industry in Canada contains considerable statistical matter, re- sults of experiments in the cool curing of cheese, notes on the management of cheese-curing rooms, directions fcr coating cheese with paraffin, classifications and standards for butter and cheese, plans for cheese factories and creameries, a reprint of a bulletin on creamery cold storage, an account of a visit to Europe ill the interests of Canadian dairying, and other articles of a lilve nature. Annual report of the association for the development of the dairy indus- try of Hoorn, 1905 (]'cr!sla(/ ^'cl•. Exploit. FrocfziiivcJboerdcrij Hoorn. 1905, pp. 35). — This report includes notes and observations on the use of pure cul- tures in dairying, milk with abnormal ijroperties, ripening of Edam cheese, hay extract, etc. Report of the experiment station and dairy institute at Kleinhof-Tapiau, 1905-6, HiTTCHER (Her. Vrrf!. Stat. it. Lchvanst. MoUnr. Klrinhof-'rapiaii. 1905-I), pp. 12). — An account is given of the work of this institute during the year including data on the production of the dairy herd at the institute and of other herds in that region. Dairy department, W. J. Elliott (Montana St a. Rpt. 1905, pp. 2S5-2S8). — In this report are given the amount and cost of feed and the returns from milk and butter for each of the 15 cows in the station hei"d during the year. The average profit per cow over cost of feed was .$49.20. Report of dairy department, A. Smith (Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 20-22). — This report includes a monthly record of 15 cows for 1 year, a brief statement concerning experiments in sheltering cows, and making cheese. The results of a brief trial indicated that exposure to stormy weather caused a shrinkage in the yield of milk. The work with cheese, according to the author, shows that good cheese can be produced in the State. Preliminary observations on protein supply of dairy herd, T. I. Maiks (Pennsylvania St a. Rpt. 1905, pp. 96-10 J,). — During 1905 the station herd of 34 cows was divided into two lots, one of Avhich was fed more protein than the other. Records are given of the individual cows for January to May, 1905, and for comparison for the year 1904. The results so far obtained are not consid- ered as warranting any definite conclusions. Testing cows for advanced registry, C. L. Beach (Connecticut Storrs. St a. Rpt. 1905, pp. 24-32, fifjs. 3). — This gives the results of official tests of G cows for advanced registration and also milk and butter fat records for 1 year of individual cows in 5 dairy herds. The production of butter fat by individuals ranged from 135 lbs. to 421 lbs., and by herds from 190 to 319 lbs. On the influence of grooming cows and adding certain mineral sub- stances to feeds upon the yield and quality of the milk, Lipschitz (Neder- land. Wcckhl. ZiiirrJhncid. Vcrntcrlt, 12 (1906), Xo. 11: ahs. in Milchic. Zenthl., 2 (1906), No. 10, p. }62).— The thorough cleaning of cows did not result in an increased yield of milk, as was found in Russian experiments (E. S. R., 17, p. 72). The feeding of .50 gni. of salt per cow daily was found to be excessive. The digestion of the animals was unfavorably influenced and DAIllY FAltiSlI X(i DAlKVINCi ACiKOTKC 1 1 N V. -473 the ash content of the milk was increased. An allowance of 15 to 80 gm. is reconunended. The feeding of 50 gni. of calcium phosphate in the form of bone meal decreased rather than increased the yield of milk. The ash content of the milk was increased. Some experiment station work relating to the production and sale of pure milk, II. W. Law son (I . s. hvpt. Agr.. O/Jicc K.riit. Stns. h'pt. 19d5, pp. 2X1-301). — A review of slat inn jiultlicaticais relating to sanitary milk pro duction. Inspection of dairies, ('. IIakuingtox (Ann. Itpt. lid. Health Mass., 37 {1!>0.'>). pp. .'>l!)-5.i(!). — This is a report on the inspection of 2,151 dairies in Massachusetts during the 7 mouths ended September 30, 1905. Of the whole number of dairies inspected 1,720 wi>re found to possess one or more objec- tionable features. The nature of these defects is briefly set forth. Studies of market milk, W. A. Stocking, Jr. (Coiniccticut Storr.s Hta. Itpt. tUO.5. pp. lti.'i-2JJi). — The author has been studying for 2 years the sanitary con- dition of milk as produced and delivered by individual dairymen. In this paper are given the detaiU'd results of numerous examinations of milk as delivered liy 80 producers from Septend)er to INIarch to a shipping station to be sent to rrovidence, Rhode Island. The composition of the milk was found to be satisfactory. In other respects, the milk was considered very poor. "In fact it was found to be impossible to keep most of this milk sweet long enough to get it to the city even when placed in cars and iced as soon as received." In general the dirt content increased with the number of bacteria present. The milk examined was considered by the author as i-epresenting about the poorest quality produced in Connecticut. Milk hygiene investigations, W. Rullm.4.nn and R. Trommsdorff {Arch, llllfj.. 59 {1906). Xv. 3, pp. 2.i-'i-2()5). — This is a detailed account of investiga- tions on the presence and significance of leucocytes and streptococci In milk. Brief reference has already been made to other articles by these authors in which the substance of the work was reported (E. S. R., 17, pp. 1007. 1008). Milk contamination in collection and transit, .7. S. Lloyd ( Vet. Rec, 19 (1906), Xo. 9'il, PI), 'il-'i'i). — This is an abstract of an address in which were discussed methods of examining milk for impurities and the sources, effects, and means of prevention of its contamination. Fecal material and bacteria in milk, J. Weber {Chew. Ztg., 30 {1906), No. 8.'i. pp. 1033, 1036). — In an address the author stated that only 10 per cent of cow manure added to milk can be recovered as dry insoluble matter. Means of securing milk with a niininium amount of bacterial and other contamina- tions M-ere discussed. Destruction of tubercle bacilli in the manufacture of milk powder by the Just-Hatmaker method, W. IIoik.ma.\n (.l/(7(. 11 mi.. ■'>'.> {19(i6), Xn. 3. pp. 216- 223, fig. 1). — The results of inoculatidn experiments with guinea pigs showed that bovine tubercle bacilli are destroyed in the manufacture t.f milk powder by the Just-llatmaker process. A contribution to the question of feeding young animals raw v. boiled milk, R. Eiciir-OFF {Milch tc. Zeiithl.. 2 {1906), Xo. 10, pp. Jt.')$-J,62).—A com- parative study was made t>\' the bimes ;nid blood of S pupi)i('s. 4 of which were fed raw milk niid 4 milk wliirii had been boiled for 15 niiutitcs. AVhile the i-esults of the exi)eriments were not considered very conclusivi' they seemed to indicate certain abnormal changes in the tissues of the i)uppies fed boiled milk. An effort was made to determine if injufious substances are developed in tlif process of heating. Milk heated for 150 minutes over a naked flame showed the presence of (t.tn2t; ]ht crut of anmiouia. The same process resulted 17.5:;:; — Xo. r> — (t7 m 01 per cent. The ncmproteid phosphoric acid averaged 0.01G9 per cent and the proteid phosphoric acid 0.0124 per cent. The ratio of the proteid phosphoric acid to the total phosphoric acid averaged 42..'>. Assuming that the proteid in human milk averages 2 per cent, the phosphoric acid in this would be 0.(!2 per cent. The calcium combined with the proteid bore a ratio to the total calcium of S4 :100. Calcium averaged 1.0(j per cent of the total proteid. Infantile mortality and goats' milk, W. Wright (Lancet [London], 1906, II, Xo. 18, pp. 1212, 1213). — Among the reasons offered in this effort to show- that goats' milk is superior to cows' milk for infant feeding are the greater ease with which goats' milk is digested, the natural cleanliness of the animals, and their practical immuuit.v toward tuberculosis. Feeding experiments with pei'hydrase milk, A. Bohme (Dent. Med. Wchn.schr., 32 [19U6). Xo. ^J. pp. 112'.)-1133). — The results of a number of tests indicated that milk treated with hydrogen peroxid according to the method of Much and Romer is suitable for feeding infants over 3 months of age. The superiority of the perhydrase milk over boiled milk was indicated by a greater increase in W(Mght and the rapid disappearance of rachitic symptoms. Some bacteriological dairy investigations, II. Weigmann, T. Gruber, and H. Huss (ililrhif. Zcntm., 2 (1906), Ao. 10, pp. -'t41-Ji51, pis. 2).— Bacterio- logical investigations were made of several faulty cheeses, a sample of abnor- mal cream, and bitter milk. The organisms considered responsible for the troubles were isolated from the different samples. A brown coloration in the interior of 2 types of cheese was attributed to the effect of Bacterium casci fiisci. the growth of which is illustrated iu plates. The application of mechanical refrigeration to ice cream manufacture, J. H. Hart (Jour. Franklin Inst., 162 (1906), No. 5, pp. 397-Jf03).—A descrip- tion of the methods employed iu the manufacture of ice cream. Report of the jury on the examination of pasteurizing apparatus at the third international dairy exposition at Brussels, 1904 ( Rapport du jury charge d'examincr Ics appareils dc pasteurisation ayant partieip^ an concours organise a Voecasion de la 3me Exposition Internationale de Laiterie (I Brti- xelles, Avril 190.'/. Brussels: E. Daeni. 1906. pp. 10. pgs. ^f)).— This gives the results of tests of 11 pasteurizers. Our butter analysis {Country Life [London], 20 {1906), No. 515. pp. 689, (;90). — The editor of Country Life secured 1 sample each of what was believed to be the best Danish, the best Italian, the best Britanny. and the best English butter procurable in London, marked the samples respectively A, B, C, and D, and submitted them to F. J. Lloyd for examination. The analyses are as fol- lows : Analyses of butter. Source. Water. Fat. Casein. Sall.<. Danish Italian Britanny English'. Per cent. 12.55 14.64 13. 64 11. 99 Per cent. 84.91 82. 97 84.88 87.03 Per cent. 0.71 1.39 .86 Per cent. 1.83 1.00 .62 .26 DAIIJV I AH.MIXC- liAimiXd A( i H() TKCM 1 X V. 475 The results of examinations niatlo when the sanajjles \vei'(> tirst: uljtaint'd and after 16 days, includiuf^ the bacteriological data, were considered decidedly in favor of the- English butter. Notwithstanding the low percentage of salt, this showed superior keeping (jualities ;u)d was i)ronounced the cleanest and l)est sample. Annual report of the experiment station for cheese making at Lodi, 1905, C. Besana kt ai.. (.1////. /.'. Stdz. Slier. Cusfif. Ladi. I!l<).',. pp. 121). — This con- tains a review of tlic wnrl; of the station diu-ing the year, n rejiort of exijcri- ments in feeding slcini milk to pigs, investigations on the ripening of cheese, iMialyses of rice products, ;i study of the potable waters of Lodi. and other articles. In the investigations on clieese riiiening l>y (i. Cornaliia. cliemicai jinalyses were made of (ir.-uia and Trovoloni cheese. The results showed that in (Jrana cheese, ripening ])roceeds from the center outwards. In the ripened cheese only a small y F. .1. Lloyd that a test be made for starch, wliicli is .ilisent in mature apples. B. T. P. Barker rci>orts analyses of ciders made from dil'ferent varieties of .ipples ami discusses the characters of tb.e fruit wliicli .n-c most valuable for cider making. The factors considered of la-imary imijortance are the character- istic flavor of the variety .and the rate of fermentation of the juice. Other characters which .are of minor inqiortance only are the chemical composition u| the fruit, the yield of juice, the characters of growth, such as the abundance 47<) EXPKHIMEKT STATION KECOED. ;uid yield of fruit, and the season of flowering and ripening. Extensive tests liave been made of numerous varieties of apples for cider making. The results indicate that a particular variety yields the same type of cider regardless of the fource of the apples. Very few varieties are believed to possess all the charac- teristics necessary for the production of first-class cider. Experiments in blend- ing were also conducted. On the cause of the production of aldehydes in wine and the quantity which is present in certain wines of Tuscany, X. 1'asseri.\i (Sta.z. tSpcr. Af/r. luil., .J9 (lOOd). yo. 3, 1)1). JJI-240). — Aldehydes are considered a normal product of alcoholic fermentation. They are produced by aerobic ferments rather than anaerobic. The amount of aldehydes in wine is increased by the treatment of the must with sulphites. The presence of oxydase derived from Botryiis ciiierca is not believed to be a cause of the formation of aldehydes. In the wines of Tuscany the aldehyde content varied from 1 to CO mg. per liter. Wines with a high alcoholic content contained usually the largest amount of aldehydes and white wines contained more than the red. On the influence of temperature on the odor and taste of wine, J. Wokt- MANX (Latulii:. Jiihrh., 3o {190(5), Xo. J, pp. 7-'il-SS6). — The temperature of wine is considered of consideralde importance in judging, inasmuch as it has an influence upon the odor and taste of the wine. Numerous experiments were ((inducted for the purpose of determining the most favorable temperature for testing ;i considerabU' number of wines. Clarification of sugar with iron compounds, II. C. P. Gekrlios iMcdcd. I'l-ucfstdt. Siiih-errict Wcsf-./unt. 1006, So. 'J.i. pp. S). The inorganic constituents of cane juice in their relation to the sugar content of the juice, II. C P. Geerligs {Meded. Proefstut. Siiikcrriet Wcst- ./(ini. 1906. yo. 03. pp. 33). Modern soaps, candles, and glycerin, L. L. Lamborn (yeiv York: D. Vuii yo.sfraiid Co.: London: Cro.shii. Lockivood i(- Sou. 1906. pp. XX -\- 688. fif/s. ,J2-7). — This is "a practical manual of modern methods (rf utilization of fat and oils in the manufacture of soap and candles, and of the recovery of glycerin." VETERINARY MEDICINE. Annual report on investigations in the field of veterinary medicine, Ellenberger et al. (.Jahrcshcr. Vet. Med., 2o {100.1), pp. IV -\- J,36). — As in ])revious sunnnaries of this series the authors have brought together abstracts of all veterinary literature of the year available to them. The literature is classified as usual according to the nature of the articles and the volume is pro- ^ ided with a complete name and subject index. Annual report of veterinary department of station, J. C. Robert (J//.v.y/.s- ■sippi Sta. h'pt. 1905. pp. 2'). 26). — A brief account is given of the work <(f the station on Texas fever, blackleg, anthrax, glanders, milk fever, and peavine disease. Some complaints had been received that peavines occasionally poison or cause the death of cows. An examin.-ttion of cow i)eas faih^d to show the iires- ence of any poisonous substance. Second report of the Wellcome research laboratories at the Gordon Me- morial College, Khartoum, A. P.aleotu { Kharfoinii : Dcpl. Ed.. ,Siidan (.Sort.. 1906. pp. 2-'i-j, pJs. 21, piiH. 106). — The larger part of this rei>ort is occupied with accounts of recent researches in the Wellcome laboratories on mosipiitoes. tsetse flies, and other biting insects, various insect pests injurious t(i culti- vated crops, and on trypanosomiasis ami other diseases of man and animals in the .Vnglo-Egyptian Sudan. VI'.TKrnNAlJV SCIRXCE. 477 Til view uf tlic in-npusc'il cxlciisidii of irriixalinii work in llic lu'iyihburliuoil uf Khnrtnuiii llir .iiillicir ;iil\ iscs thai a dry 1m-I( I mile in width he preserved around the .ity in uidrr to in-cvrnt tlw infestation of tlic <-it\- witli mosquitoes. Notes ai-c .^ivcii OH uictliods of destroy ins: niosiiuitoes in pools. swaini»s. houses, and ships. Tlie dlH'ereiit species of tsetse tlies arech'scrihed with partieuhir reference to their atreiicy in transniittiuir blood jyarasites. \n account is also jiresented of i»lant lice on soriiluiin and other plants and of locusts. spe<-ies of Siniuliuin. horse tlies. and other injurious ins(>cts. Jill HKinniKiriiiii hiilf'iuri is reported as occnri'iiiLC in the jerboa and other niainnials. .V report is also made on the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cat- tle, imiles. and human hein.LCS and on liiood examination and related subjects. Tile reiioi-t of tlie cheiuii-al i.ilioralory (pp. '2()'>~24^) is noted elsewhere m this issue. Tuberculosis of the food-producing animals, D. E. Sal.mon {('. 8. Dept. At/r.. liiir. Aiiiiii. Indus, liiil. .iS. pjt. '.I'.i. ills. 9). — The author has presented a revalence of tuberculosis in the T'nited States and Europe and the ( xtent of losses from this disease. The cause and patholoj^y of tuberculosis are considered in detail and notes are liiven on the tuberculin test. I'artieular attention is devoted to a consideration of the intertransmission of tubercul(»sis between man and animals and recent exi)eriments in immuniza- tion of cattle to the disease. The author concludes that bovine tuberculosis may be communicated to human beinjis, particularly children, and that man may also liecome infected from tuberculous hogs, sheep, goats, and other ani- mals but u(jt from poultry. It is believed that human tuberculosis is trans- missible to animals only in a relatively small percentage of cases. With reference to the inununizatiou of cattle to tuberculosis, the author calls attention to the fact that great ])rogress has been made along this line, but that the results are not as uniform as could be desired. The methods now in use, however, are cai)able of great improvement. The State may aid materially in the eradication of tuberculosis by requir- ing a tuberculin test, inspection of all slaughtered animals, and the payment of a reasonable compensation. Some, help may also be derived from the estab- lishment of breeding herds known to be free from the disease and maintained in health.v surroundings. The living sources of tuberculosis, Cadkac (Juitr. Med. ^'('^t. ct Zootcch., .M (lUOH). ./Kill. lip. .i'.i'i-.V.)!l ) . — While many means are known by which tuber- culosis may be transmitted from one animal to another, it is impossible under ordinary circumstances to transmit the disease to any serious extent without a close association of affected and healthy animals. Such close contact makes it possible for contagion to be spread through either the respiratory or digestive organs. Notes are given on the usual course of tuberculosis in cattle, goats, dogs, rabbits, sheep, and birds, with special reference to the stage of the disease n hen it is most infectious. The avenues of infection with tuberculosis and the means of defense on the part of the organism, A. Calmktte {Rcr. 8ci. [l'(irix\. ■',. srr.. C ilDud). \(>. !i. jip. .^'n-.i(l'> ) . — The controversy concerning the usual mode of infection with tuberculosis is critically considered. In the author's opinion, the most frequent source of infection is through the alimentary tract, especially the intestines. Tubercle bacilli introduced into the alimentary tract may jienetrate through the walls of the intestines without leaving any lesion, and after they reach the lymphatic vessels they may be sur- 478 EXPETtTMEXT STATION rJECORD. roumU'd by leucocytes and cai-ried by these corpuscles into various i)arts fit the body. The author believes that nearly all internal localizations of tuberculous infection are of intestinal origin. Resorption of dead tubercle bacilli, A. Marmokkk (HcrVni. Klin. Wchnschr., .'i3 {1!J()6), Ao. 36, pp. 1119. ii8f>).— Different samples of cultures were sub- jected to temperatures ranging from 100 to 120° C. for periods of 1 to 60 minutes, and experiments carried out on guinea pigs and rabbits with rela- tively large quantities of dead tubercle bacilli showed conclusively that these bacilli may be absorbed by the experimental animals without the production of an abscess at the point of inoculation. In order to secure a resorption of the dead tubercle bacilli without the for- mation of an abscess it is necessary to carefully pulverize the material before making an injection, as if relatively large masses of dead tubercle cultures are deposited under the skin in experimental animals an abscess is sure to follow. In general it is found that rabbits i)ossess a much more striking power of absorbing the bodies of tubercle bacilli than guinea pigs, and therefore will endure a large quantity of tubercle bacilli without showing the develo])ment of extensive inflannnation or abscesses. The action of bovine and human tubercle bacilli upon anthropoid apes, E. voN DuNGERN and H. Schmidt (Arh. K. Gsndhtmmt.. 23 {1906). A'o. 2. pp. 510-581). — A series of inoculation experiments was carried out upon anthropoid apes, during which tubercle bacilli of human and bovine origin were used. It appeared that the bovine bacilli were fully as virulent for the gibbon as human tubercle bacilli. Since the gibbon is considered as very closely related to man, it is argued that the results obtained may be looked upon as applicable also to man. Further experiments \Aill be made along this line. When human tubercle bacilli were fed to gibbons, tuberculous foci appeared in the lungs, while after feeding bovine bacilli the alimentary tract and mesenteric glands were chiefly affected. Protective vaccination against Texas fever, Graffunder (Bniiii. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 1906, Ao. 36, pp. 656-659). — As a result of the study of this disease in Germany, the author concludes that a comi^lete innnunity can not be produced by 1 or 2 vaccinations. It is recommended that the vaccination l>e done on calves from 0 weeks to 1 year old and preferably during the winter. The si/e of the vaccine dose varies from 5 to 1." cc. Piroplasnia bigeniinuni in Texas fever in Lolland, A. F. Folcer (Mdinicil- skr. Djjrlo'i/cr. IS (1906), No. 5, pp. 230-235, pfi. 1). — Historical references are made to the literature of this subject with particular reference to the biology of the blood i)arasite and the use of hemoglobin in treating the disease. Redwater in cattle, G. H. Wooldridge (Agr. t'^tttdcnts' Gaz., n. ser., 13 {1906), No. 1, pp. 2-12, pis. S). — The author describes in some detail the symp- toms and post-mortem appearances which may be observed in acute and chronic cases of Texas fever. The means of transmission as well as curative and pre- ventive treatments are also discussed. The cattle tick in its relation to southern agriculture, A. Mayer iV. aS'. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Btil. 261, pp. 22). — In the author's opinion the chief diffi- culty in the way of improving the cattle industry of the South is the presence of the cattle tick. It is recognized that the cattle tick on the range country is by no means so serious as on improved pastures in which the infestation has become continually woi^se. Attention is called to the injury to cattle from parasitism with ticks. Aside from the agency of these pests in transmitting Texas fever, beef cattle badly VETERIXARY SCIENCE. 479 iiiffstcd with ticks dn not rcacii tiic size wliidi fhoy otlieru-ise would iittain. Milch cows souictinies ahort as the I'csult of excessive iiifestatioii or occasionally do not breed until .3 or 4 years old. From a practical standpoint, the author finds some objection to the method of feed-lot rotation, but believes that the method of starviiiR out the ticks is practi- cable and promises results. Rinderpest in South Africa, (1. 'Pikmck (.lour. 'I'loii. 1(7. ,s'r/.. / iUXld). Xo. -i. lip. 2(i!)-2r cent. The importance of forage in the distribution of anthrax, 1'. Spissu (Slaz. Spcr. Ai/r. I till.. ,i!l ( I!)ik;), \o. .}, pp. Jl.l->.^(i). — In pre\enting the distribution of anthrax it Itecomes neces.sary to study carefully all possible means for the diffu- sion of this disease. According to the author's experiments, it is impossible for plants which grow in the soil over the buried carcasses of animals dying of anthrax to carry the contagion. Forage, however, which in any way becomes contaminated may serve as a means of transmitting the disease, especially in the presence of a lesion in the digestive tract. Inoculation experiments with Actinomyces asteroides in guinea pigs, II. Nakay.\.ma (.1/t7(. IIij!!., .7.S iJf)()0). Xo. 3, pp. 201-Sl.i, pis. //).— The literature relating to the biology and forms of actinomyces is critically discussed in <-on- nectiou with numerous l)ibliographical references. The author undertook an elaborate series of experiments for the jmrpose of studying the biological forms under which actinomyces occurs, and also the effect of actinomyces on guinea pigs with particular I'eferenceVo the problem of supersensitiveness. In tlie cotu'se of the experiments it was found that guinea pigs will endure a single inoculation with enormous quantities of actinomyces. In fact, the organism appears not to be able to cause death with acute symptoms of infection from the first inoculation. About 1 week after the first inoculation, however, a couditioi. cf excessive suscejjtibility to the disease is noted, and any further inoculation at this time results in the very rapid spread of the infection, and death. This stage of supersensitiveness persists for only F. weeks, after which the animal returns to a normal condition, ])rovided no second inoculation is given during the ])eri<)(l. The author l)elieves that the condition of supersensitiveness observed in his experiments is sometimes i)re.sent in the case of infection with tuberculosis, and may be held to account for fb.e failure of imnuuiization experiments in such cases. Septic pneumonia of calves, Ui iim ( WrJinsrhr. I'lcrlicilk. ii. Mcliziiclif. 50 (inOG), Xo. •>(!. pp. 7)inl(,ii\. Sfi: H. !'■■< (IHOU). \o. B522, ;>/>. / / .'. /*/.s-. /i. — In chronie dourine llie uerve cells of the sijiual cord show decid(>d color cliaiii^es, and th(! blood vessels exhibit e\idence of iullaiiiiuation. with small hemor- rlia,:,'es. The nerve lissut' of the spinal cord becomes infiltrated with lympho- cytes and all blood vessels are surroinided with small round cells. These |iatholo,i;icaI conditions are compared with those which are obser\'ed in sleepinj; sickness. The destruction of Trypanosonia brucei in the spleen, A. Rodet and G. V.vi.i.ET iCojJii)!. RciKl. Acad. Sci. [l'(iris\, lJ,.i (l'.)OC,). \<>. ii. i>i>. 1229-1231).— An experimental study was made of this disease in dojjs and rats. The authors found that the blood i)arasites are rapidly destroyed in the spleen. In fact, the spleen appears to be the most important organ in this work, although it is assisted to some extent by other organs belonging to the lymphatic system. The treatment of trypanosomiases with benzidin colors, ^I. Xicolle and 1'. Mesxil (Aim. /list. Pu.^tciir. 20 (1906). Ao. 6, pp. -'//7-i',S).— Recently much interest has arisen in the stud.v of the effect of various dyes upcm blood para- sites, particularly those of nagana, surra, and mal de cadei'as. The authors have made an elaborate study of the chemical composition and action of thirteen d.ves belonging to the benzidin group. The authors worked with mice which were first inoculated with one or the other of the diseases mentioned above and then given hyperdermic injections of one per cent solution of the dyestuffs in doses of one c. c. It was found that dichlorobenzidin and tolidin after one injection caused the total disappearance of the blood parasites in many cases. The action of the coloring matters was not the same when used in treating the three diseases. Diseases caused by palisade worms in horses, F. Glagk {ZtHchr. Jiifccfhnis- Iraiik. u. III/!/. Ifinisticrc 1 ( I'.iOi;). \o. ,J-.7. iip. .I'/l-Slo). — A careful study was made of the .nnatomical characters and biology of Sclcrdsfoiiniiii cdcutatimi and S. bidciitdtinii. These worms in various stages are frequentl.v fomid together in the same horse i>v colt, and for this reason some difficulty of identification is experienced, par- ticularly in the larval stages. The author believes, however, that the 2 species are distinct, and offers good evidence as a basis for that belief. The parasites in question may appear in various tissues of the host, causing injury by direct removal of the blood, a production of hemorrhages, and mechanical injuries. l)articularly in the peritoneum. Occasionally chronic cases of general cachexia .ire observed as a result of infestation with these parasites. Protective vaccine against rabies, O. Heli.er (Die tSchuizintpfiiiu/ (/ccjen L//.s.vf/. .Jena: (Jii-stac F [.■seller. 1906. pp. I'i2). — The literature relating to rabies is criticall.v dscussed in connection witli an extensive bibliograph.v which occu- pies pages !>2-14L*. The author was chietly concerned during bis investigations in determining the cause of rabies as far as possible, and in obtaining a nonvirulent vaccine. As a result of these studies the conclusion is reached that rabies is not a bac- terial disease. It appears that immunity to rabies may be brought about by the use of the material which constitutes the organism of I'abies, together with the toxic substances which are produced in auimals as a result of infection with rabies. 482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The methods herptofon- used in ()l)taiiiiiiK \;iccim'S for the control of rabies have not made it possible to obtain a vaccine which was not infectious. This has been accomplished, in the author's opinion, by the method and apparatus used by Macfadyen. After the virus has been treated with the fine sand used in this method, it loses its infectiousness, but still remains toxic, and is effective in producing immunity to rabies. Its effectiveness was shown by the author in a number of experiments on rabbits and dogs. EURAL ENGINEERING. Practical information for beginners in irrigation, S. FORTIER (V. 8. Dept. Af/r.. Fdniicrs' Bui. 263. pp. JO, pf/s;. 2o). — The purpose of this bulletin is to give new settlers in the arid region, particularly those coming from the humid sec- tions of the East, such information as will enable them most successfully to adapt themselves to their changed conditions. The writer discusses first the selection and location of an irrigated farm, with particadar reference to the cliaracter and depth of soil and its topographical features, and then takes up the question of water supply, on wliicln helpful sug- gestions are given as to the legal procedui'e necessary in the acquirement of a water right. Farm ditches are considered with respect to their capacity, form, grade, location, and the simple structures necessary. Preparation of laud for irrigation under the various systems and for various crops is described in detail, after which the metliods of irrigation of the several crops receive attention. Following these, hints are given as to the best means of preventing waste of water and as to the riglit quantity to apply. Drainage is advised as a means of combating most of those evils arising from rise of ground water, but economy in use of water and tliorough cultivation are likewise recommended. Reading courses in irrigation, E. Mead {California ,Sta. Circ. 20. pp. 1). — In this circular a course of study in irrigation is outlined for the university extension in agriculture, Berkeley, Cal. A list of questions on irrigation prac- tice and institutions is given, together with an outline of the regular course in irrigation engineering at the University of California. Drainage investigations, C. G. Elliott ( f. aS'. Dept. A(/r.. Office Eipt. ,Stai^. Rpt. 1905, pp. 197-210). — The studies and experiments included in these inves- tigations may be classified as follows : "(1) Work connected with impi'ovjng small natural streams and providing sufficient and adequate artificial outlets for the drainage of large areas of fertile land hitherto deficient in natural drainage which is projected and executed under the provisions of State drainage laws. "(2) The protection of overflowed lands bordering alluvial streams, and their interior drainage after protection works have been constructed. "(8) The solution of problems connected with tlie underdrainage of soils of widely different character and subject to diverse climatic conditions. "(4) The protection and subsequent management of tidal lands, which when thus improved may be valuable for agriculture. "(5) The drainage of lands in the arid region which luider irrigation have become saturated and in consequence unproductive, and the prevention and re- moval of alkali occasioned l\v such saturation." Of these various lines of investigation only those features of the work which are perplexing and difficult for the landowners to carry out for themselves are investigated. In some instances this Office has assisted engineers in perfecting plans and in uniting the people to carry them out. In other cases the Office has gone further and made preliminary drainage surveys and general plans for the RTT^AL EXOTNEERTNG. 4^8 ilraininj; nf hiiid in cooiicrjif ion with tlif owners oi- counllfs wlit-rc tlici'c was not suflicient understanding: of tlio matter to eitber make the surveys or develop a plan of work. Careful investigation has been made of drainage in connection with th(> con- struction of levees and the interior ditching and draining of i)rotected land, an instance being investigations in the valley of Neosho River, Kansas. The erosion of hill lands, which is a constant menace to the stability and continued productiveness of f.-irnis, has received attention, and experiments in tiie drainage of a tract of such lands in (Jeorgia have resulted in the complete restoration of their original value. The increased tendency toward intensive production is directing the atten- tion of owners of land in the Middle West and South to the attainment of this end by the aid of mKl(>rdrainage. Dithculties have been encountered, however, in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and the Dakotas, where it is now conceded that more complete drainage than that offered by surface drainage is desirable, but where the probable efficiency of tile drains in such soils and in a climate where the ground freezes to a depth of 6 ft. is problematic. To secure informa- tion on these questions this Office proposes to establish experimental plats in the localities named, where drain tiles will be laid in various ways to determine the particular method of use giving the best results. The prevention of damage b.y rise of alkali in the irrigated soils of the West is being experimented upon in Utah, Washington, and Nebraska, where such work as has already been done has shown uniformly beneficial results. Preliminar.v investigations have also been made in the Kankakee Yalle,v, Indi- ana, in the examination of the counti'y and collection of information bearing upon the problems encountered in the reclamation of the Kankakee Marsh. Report of progress of stream. m^easurem.eiits for the calendar year 1905 (U. S. Geol. Survey, Watcr-Siipplj/ and Irrkj. Papers Xos. 165-118, pp. 1.55+ 166 +101 +128 +16.) + 153 + 116 +113 +28S + 105+133 + 19 'i + l'i2+2-r3 +2.-,0).— The report consists of 14 j)apers published separately as parts 1 to 14. The parts cover the following subjects: rt. 1, Atlantic Coast of New F]ngland Drainages II. K. Barrows and John C. Iloyt; pt. 2, Iludscm, Passaic. Raritan. ;nid Delawai'c River Drainages, R. H. Ilorton, N. C. Grover and J. C. lloyt; pt. .'5, Sustiuehanna, Cunpowder, Pa- tai)sco. Potomac, James, Roanoke, and Yadkin River Drainages, N. C. Grover and J. C. lloyt; pt. 4, Santee, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha Rivers and Eastei'u (iulf of Mexico I)rainag(>s, M. R. Ilall and J. (". Iloyt; i>t. .1, Ohio and Lower Eastern ^Mississippi River Drainages, M. R. Hall, F. W. Hauua, and J. C. Moyt ; pt. (5, Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Drainages, R. E. Hor- ton, F. W. Hanna, and J. C. Iloyt ; ])t. 7. Hudson Pay and Tapper Eastern and Western Mississippi River Drainages, F. W. Ilanna and J. C. Hoyt ; pt 8, Mis- souri River Drainag(>, C. C. Pabb, M. ('. Ilinderlider. and J. C. Hoyt; pt. 0. Meramec, Arkansas. Red, and Lower Western Mississipj)! River Drainages. M. C. Ilinderlider, J. M. Giles, and J. C. Hoyt; pt. 10, Western Gulf of M(>xico and Rio (irande Drainages, T. V. Taylor and J. C. Hoyt; pt. 11, Colorado River Drainage above Yuma, ^I. C. Ilinderlider and G. L. Swendsen ; i)t. 12, The Great Kasin Drainage, M. C. Hinderlider, G. L. Swendsen, and II. Thur- tell ; pt. l."'., Great Basin and Pacific Ocean Drainages in California, and Colo- rado River Drainage below Gila River, W. B. Clapp and J. C. Hoyt ; pt. 14, Columbia River and Puget Sound Drainage, I). W. Ross, J. T. Whistler, and T. A. Noble. Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California, W. T. Lek (U. i^. Ueol. Surrey, Water-Supply and Irrig. Paper Xo. 181, pp. 28 + VI, pl.>-762). — A paper read liefore the American Society for Testing Materials. The author reviews the earlier attempts to develop a test for the cementing values of the dust of abraded material. These first tests consisted in general of mixing road dust with Avater and molding the dough into small briquettes, which, after being dried, were tested to destruction by repeated impacts of a hammer weighing 1 kg. and falling 1 cm. Certain disci-epancies having been found in the results obtained by this method, more care was taken in the mixing. It was found that the binding power could be increased by prolonged kneading, cor- responding to the characteristics of dolomite in actual use, the binding power of which has been observed to increase after it has been on the road some time. Later still, a method of wet grinding was introduced, the " charge of rock dust being ground with api)roxin]ately 20 per cent by weight of water in a ball mill for ?> hours." By this method the binding power was increased, confirming the idea general among road engineers that the more wet rolling to which tlie rock- road material can be sub,iected, the better the resulting I'oad. The latest developments in grinding are porcelain pebble mills which have been substituted for the heavy and cumbersome ball mills. A recent series of experiments has developed a field of investigation which, according to the author " promises to be of great interest both on the theoretical and practical sides." " It appears that the addition of lime or limestone will greatl.v increase the cementing value of an acidic rock like granite." The results that are shown in the table were obtained by mixing together limestone and granite rock powders of known cementing value and grinding the mixture with water . KURAI> KNlil.XKKKlNG. C'ciiK III idliKs of mi.nd rue/.- ilii-fts. 485 Limestone. Granito. Combina- tion. 20 Ci 82 26 7 53 22 ii fit; 13 10 22 110 'A ~ 38 III tile opinidii of the w ritor, these results iiuliciite that "the road builder should blend his material. .>-o as to briiij; alKuit the u^reatest aiuoiint of decompo- sition possible anions the road jiartioles on which he; depends for the formation of the bonded surface of liis road." The construction of sand-clay and burnt-clay roads, W. I.. Spoon ( I . >S'. .ihpl. I///-.. Office Pill). Roads Bill. 27. pp. J9. p/.v. '/. pi/x. ■'>)■ — 'I'lds bulletin dis- cusses the iiivesti^'ations made by the Oftice of Public Roads on the use of a mixture of sand and clay for the improvement of roads, and upon the utilization of burnt clay for road construction. By the use of a proper mixture of sand and clay it has been found possible lo construct roads throuiih localities where the prevailin,i; soil is either sand or clay or an objectionable mixture of both. These roads are well adapted for light tratlic. are less noisy, less dusty, and more resilient than the average macadam road, '{'he best sand-clay- road is one in which the wearing surface is composed of sand, and in wliich the spaces between the particles are eutii'ely filled with ( lay. Such a mixture is best secured by thoroughly mixing the right proportion of the two ingredients with water. In practice the clay is first spread on the road and the larger lumps broken tip. The surface is spread with a few inches of sand immediately after a hard rain, and the mixture then thorotighly stirred by a turning plow or disk harrow. The cost of sand-clay roads varies with local i-onditions. but may be taken at if300 to $800 per mile, the character of the fnundation, whether sand or clay, making no difference in the cost. In the improvement of roads through "gumbo" soils of the Yazoo district of Mississippi, simple burning of the clay upon the road surface was resorted to. ^Y(lo(l. i>rocured adjacent to the I'oad, is used as fuel, 1 cord being required per s liiii'ai- ft. of a 12-ft. road. After deeply plowiug the road transverse furrows are formed, across which the wood is laid. Lumps of clay and more wood are liiled on this. A third layer of wood parallel to the first is then put on and finally covered with a layer of finer clay to a depth of not less than (i or 8 in. Fifteen to twenty flues are fired at once, and the process of combustion made as uniform as possible. After the burning pi'ocess is complete, the material, which is entirely changed in character, having no tendency to form mud when wet, is rolled down and tniii]p;Htcil. forming a road .surface Ct to S in. in thickness. The total cost jtcr mile of such construction, as based on the experiments ear- ned (III. is .$1,478. It is thought that any soil which bricks or clinkers at com- paratively low temperatur<> is suitable for the work. Koads constructed by this method are said lo ln' successftil so far and to sustain ti-aflic in cvcmi the wettest weather. Waterproof roads as a solution of the dust problem, 1). Mackenzie (Eii(/i- nrcr [Loiuhm]. Jd.! {lilii(i). A o. .t(l',.i. mi. 1S~). l,Si;). — A jtaper read before the British Asociation. York, 1J»0<>, in which the author discusses the question of obviating the dust nuisance. After conmienting upon the failure of tin' oil (ir tar Irc.ilnieiit because of its short jieriod nf usefulness and ol)Jecti(inaiile features fi-oni llie standiiciiil of 486 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. cleanliness, the author concludes that " the great mistake has been in the use of tar as it is usually sold. Much better results have been found where the tar is distilled, but what is required is the addition of some material that will toughen the tar in much the same way that pitch is toughened for insulating purposes." The evolution of farm-implement investigations, C. J. Zintheo ( U. .^'. De2)t. Agr., Office E.rpt. titus. Rpt. niO'>. pp. 211-223). — The economic conditions under which the American farmer is ])laced necessitate the extensive use of labor-saving machinery. Notwithstanding the large investments in such machinery and farm implements, there is little available information on their utility and efficiency. The author describes the implement-testing lal)oratories in the different countries of Europe, giving inform;ition on the methods pursued and results ac- complislied in such tests. Some needed investigations are then considered in the testing of tillage, seeding, and planting implements, of harvesting and thrash- ing machinery, and of the motive powers for farm use. In connection with the last named, the question of using alcohol for fuel is briefly touched upon. In conclusion the author states that the needs of this country in farm- machinery investigations are somewhat peculiar. American inventors have developed and supplied the farmers with a great vaiiety of machines, but little is known as to which of the various types will best meet the requirements of dif- ferent soil and crop conditions. "Such investigations would also form the basis for the development of new types of machines with which to meet the require- ments of modern methods of agriculture, and thus to increase the yield of crops and reduce the cost of production." Instructions to engineers of timber tests, W. K. Hatt ([/. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Cire. 38. pp. 5-T, figs. 17). — A manual for engineers engaged in the testing of timber. The instructions cover tests to determine " the relation be- tween the physical characteristics of wood and the -mechanical properties, and the effect of various technological operations upon them; to establish authori- tative data for design; to collect data for the improvement of specifications for market products ; to study the best methods of testing ; and to determine what species may be used as substitutes for those now becoming scarce." RURAL ECONOMICS. Some present problems in agriculture, L. IT. Bailey {Congress of Arts and Science. Boston and New York: Houghton. Mifflin d- Co.. 1906, vol. 6. pp. 727-738). — This is a paper read before the section of agriculture at the St. Louis Purchase Exposition in 1904. The author discusses the technical problems of agriculture and the problems of adjustment to the affairs of our growing civilization. Chief among technical problems are discussed : Methods of feeding to increase the efficiency of farm animals, the In-eeding of animals and plants for the same purpose, and the business organization of the farm, or development of a farm plan. "The greatest problems of American agriculture [however] are not the nar- rower technical ones, but the relations of the industry to economic and social life in general." Along this line, according to the author, education, coopera- tion, investment of capital, farm labor, making country life attractive, better schools, and the production of a more natural agricultural literature are problems which press fen- solution. Government aid as a means to the solution of these technical and economic problems of agriculture is advocated. Agricultural development and the social welfare of the farmer, P. De VUYST (Rer. Gen. Agron.. ii. ser., 1 {l!>0(i), .Vo. 0'-7. pp. JOo-JlU). — The author uriiAL I'.coxoMics. 48 re\'io\\>i the (-((ursc of ;i^ci'i«'iillur;il cvolul ion llml lias taken iilacc in I>t'lf surroundings, to a better standard of living, to th<> improved relations between i)roprietors, tenants, laborers, and the general public, and to the more numerous opportunities for social intercourse afforded by the various rural organizations. The progress made in these directions is briefly nt)ted not only for Belgium, but for many other European countries and the United States. Besides ccipious notes referring to the literature of the subject an extended bililiogra|)by is appended. The negro farmer, W. E. B. Du Bois (tiHj)i)leme>i1ari/ Analysis and Deriva- lirc 'I'dhlcs. Bur. of the Census [V. *S'.], 1906, pp. 511-5HK maps 3). — The author gives statistics relating to the number of farms operated by colored farmers in the I'nited States in 1!»(»0. total acreage and acreage under crops, value of farm propert.v, and tlu> value of products raised, and discusses many other matters bearing upon the economit* development of the race from 1805 to 1900. Of the 74(),7ir) farms operated by negroes, 21 per cent were owned entirely, -l.l* per cent were owned in part, and 71<>.514 were improved by buildings. They contained ;^8,2o;^),933 acres, of which 23,302,798 acres, or Gl per cent, were improved. The total value of farms and improvements was $499,943,734, and the gross value of products raised in 1899 was .$255,751,145. "The Southern States contain more than 98 per cent of all farms operated by negroes and move than 97 per cent of the total acreage of these farms." Ueast>ning from these facts and figures and ri'viewing a detailed study of ownershi]) county by count.v the author finds two kinds of conditions prevailing in tile bl;iclc farming belt: "In the one case . . . economic conditions are favorable and tlie negroes migrate to or remain in the region and enjo.v there a fair degree of agricultural prosperity : in the otlier case the economic conditions are less favoraI)li', but they render emigration diHicult by providing little educa- tion for the negroes, and by a general resort to the cr<)]i-lieu s.ystem, under \,-hich the acquisition of landed jtroperty by negroes is impeded by the high value (if land." Prussia and its agricultural relations, A. Meitzex i:t al. (Dcr liixUii iukI die hiJiilirirlsclKiftlicltrii Wrlniltnissr dcs I'rcitssiscJioi Sfaatcs. Brrliii: I'aiil I'arcjj, 1[)0(L pts. 1. pp. XIY -\- 901, figs. 16 ; 2, maps 27). — This publication con- sists of a series of i)apers by various authors giving statistical data and dis- cussions which I'elate to the de\'elo|iment of agriculture in Prussia. The following topics are treated in Part 1 : I'rogress in the knowledge of plant and animal nutrition; culture and use of field crops from 1878 to 1900: the development of agriculture since 1866; drainage, irrigation, and high-water protection: moor cultivation: vegetable, fruit, and grape culture: extent and management of forests: cattle breeding, improvement, and statistics: voter- 488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. iuai-y science ; tisbiug and tish culture: and agricultural production, including detailed statistics on the yields of the most important products. Part 2 consists of 27 colored maps illustrating the data contained in vols. 5-S of this publication. The development of agriculture for the five years 1901 to 1905 {Jalircsher. Landic. Kamnier ^\'ie■'. pp. SOS-S-n. pis. o). — A review is given of the educa- tional work of this Department in its relation to both American and foreign educational institutions, including brief accounts of the Second International Congress of Agricultural Education and the First International Congress of Agricultural Mechanics, both held at Liege, Belgium, in 1905. Attention is given to the educational work in 1905 of the Association of American Agri- ( ultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, and the progress along agricultural lines made by the agricultural colleges and by secondary and primary schools. The article also contains a course of study for I'ural schools, prepared by Prof. W. M. Hays for the National Educational Association. This course provides an articulated scheme for the consolidated rural school, the agricultxiral high school, and the agiMcultural college. Statistics of land- grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations, 1905, Marie T. Spethmann (T. .S'. Dept. Affr.. Office Expt. N/f/.s. h'pt. 190.5. pp. lo3-lS6). — These statistics relate to the courses of study at the agricultural colleges, number of students in attendance, value of liernianent funds and equip- A(^KICULTURAL T.VrCAT''C^. 489 iiioiit. iwcMuios for tlio ycnr. etc.: niid tin- liiK^s (.f woiic niul iiulilicatii)iis of tlu! •'xpcriuieiit stations, thoir revenues. .-Klditions to ('(luipnieiit, and dassilication of exiienditnres for the fiscal year. The total number of institutions niaintaininf^ courses in agriculture i.s 6:5, with a totai income in IDil.'t of $1 1.7~'2. and in other dei)artnK'nts LSSii, making a grand total of -l.r)(;i per.sons in the faculties of the land-grant institutions. The enrollment of students in colleges for \vhit<; persons was 0:5. .lis. and in colleges and schools for colored persons, G.21J4. The total number of experiment stations is CO. exclusive of substations, and ct" these o.j receive the beneht of the Hatch Act. The total income of these stations during lOd.-) wa.s $l,5ir),T34.47, of which .i;71.S,l(;3.45 was received from the National (iovernment. In addition to this, the Office of Exi)eriment Stations had an ai)propriation of $177..")ii(), including !);i.l.(i(iO each for the Alaska, Hawaii, and I'orto Rico stations, .$2(),0(l() for imtrition investigations, .^(M.odO for irrigation investigations, and $5.0(10 for fanners' institutes. The stations employed 845 persons in the work of administration and iiKpiiry. of whom 428 did more or less teaching in the colleges with which the stations are connected. During the year the stations published 4(»o annual reports and bulletins, which were supplied to over 7.S1,000 addresses on the regular mailing lists. School agriculture (.Ir/r. Gu.:. X. N. Wales. 17 {l!)()C,). Xd. 0. i^). DOo-'JKi. flux. ')■. il(nu. J). — An account is given of the success attained I)y Mr, John llalsted, while teacher of the public school at Eglinton, in teaching elementary agricul Ture, horticulture, tioricultiu'e, arboriculture, and apiculture. The account in- cludes an outline showing the methods employed, a weekly lesson from the pro- gram illustrating the correlation of practice and theory, and a syllalms of the two-year course. Agriculture, a school subject, ('. W. Burkett (Indit.strialist. 33 (1900), Xo. I). i>i>. N.i-.or/». — Two reasons ai-e given for considering agriculture a good subject to teach in schools, viz, that it affords in a preeminent way (1) a wide field for acciu'ate. interesting, and uplifting knowledge, and (2) a wide field for doing. Agriculture is a cultural subject because it is '■concerned with the highest truths that the mind can consider, namely, the laws of life, of growth, of !]crr(lit>', of adaptation, of seU'ction, of environment." It is also a practical siiliject because of the direct application of its principh^s to life and i)ecause it sliows the relati(Mi between cause and effec-t. Suggestions are given to the teacher for the use of the text-book in teaching agriculture, for written work in connection with the text-book work, and for experiments lioth at school .nnd at the homes of the children. Outline for instruction in elements of agriculture for the use of teachers in common schools, ('. P. ("akv ( | U'/v. ,'>hilr Snpl. Pith. Iiistr.] Bill. J3. i>i>. .1). litis, j). — The Wisconsin l;iw ( f I'.Hj.") re(juiring the teaching of agriculture among the branches of study in jinblic schooLs is interpreted, and an outline for this subject is given. It is recommended that agriculture be taught in the last half e forms, an06), Xo. J. />/>. /-.?} p(/s. J9, dgm. 1). — This bulletin contains an introduction by R. W. Silvester, which is followed by an account of the school garden work at School No. 33, Baltimore, :\Id., by Miss Virginia McGaw. Nature study and high school chemistry, A. Smith (Xature-StiKln Rev., .? (lOOG). Xo. 6, pp. 193-19S).— This is an article dealing with the kind of in- struction in nature study that the author would like students to have before taking up chemistry in the high school. He does not favor attempting to teach many facts concerning the elements of chemistry, but would have exercises in all phases of nature study conducted in such a way as " to keep ' the tentacles of inquiry ' functional, if not to develop them." The farmers' institutes in the United States, 1905, .1. Hamilton (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Office Eapt. Stas. Rpt. 1905, pp. So9-.'fl.J). — An account is given of the work of the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Office, of the meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers in 1905, and of the progress of the farmers" institvites in the different States and Territories, including statistical data regarding the number of institutes, the attendance, the number of lecturers employed, and the financial support of the institutes. The farmer's reading course, S. W. Fletcher (Mich. Bd. Agr., Inst. Bill. 12. pp. 10-1 -'i). — Suggestions for conducting reading courses for farmers and for farmers" wives, based largely on the courses conducted by the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell T'niversity. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1905 ( r. 8. Dept. Agr.. Office E.vpt. Stas. Rpt. 1905, pp. JflS, pis. ii).— This includes the usual report on the work and expenditures of the Office of Experiment Stations and the agricultural experiment stations in the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; statistics of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations for 1905 ; a brief account of the nineteenth annual meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations; and several articles and reviews abstracted elsewhere in this issue. The report is preceded by a general summary. Seventeenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1905 (Con- necticut Storrs Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 22-'f). — This contains the organization list of the station, a list of station publications available for distribution, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905, reports of the director and heads of departments, and several articles which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue or have already l>een noted from other sources (E. S. R.. 17, pp. 79, 388, 1180). Thirteenth Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1905 (Minnesota f>ta. Rpt. 1905, pp. XI1I+28S). — The rei)ort of the director includes the financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905, and summaries of the work of the different divisions and of the northwest and northeast experiment farms. Reprints of Bulletins 87-92 of the station are appended. Eighteenth Annual Report of Mississippi Station (Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. 35). — This contains the organization list, a brief report of the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905, and reports of heads of the departments containing experimental work, abstracted elsewhere. A report of the work at McNeill Substation is also included. MISCELLANEOUS. 493 Twelfth Annual Report of Montana Station {Moiihnni Shi. I'pt. 1!)().',. jtji. 230-206). — This contains the oi-ganizatimi list niid liiiaiicial statciiicnt for tiio fiscal year ended June ;^>0. 1905, a reiH)rt of tlie director on tlic ^'cncral \vorl< of the station during the year, lists of station i>nl)lications, donations, nnd ex- changes, and departmental reports, tlio expcrinicnt.il work of which is noted elsewhere in this issue. Sixteenth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1905 (Xeic Mexico tSta. L'/it. I'Jii.'), [I]). ,1',). — This includi's a ivport of the director on the work and pub- lications of the station, a list of station publications available for distrilnition, departmental reports on the various lines of station work conducted during the .vi'ar, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June .">(), lOOo. Experiment Station Work, XXXVI (/ . ,s'. Dciil. A, proved even more successful than those of previous years. The number of entries was 30 per cent greater than ever before, the increase being especially noticeable in sheep. The quality of the stock exhibited also showed Improve- ment in most classes. In spite of the doubling of the price of admission and of an additional charge for reserved seats, popular interest seemed unabated, and the attendance broke all records, thousands being turned away each day. I'lans to enlarge the amphitheater by one-third are now under contemplation. At a meeting of the directors of the association a new plan of organization was decided upon. A new board was elected, consisting of 24 members, chosen for terms ranging from 1 to .3 years, so that in future only one-third will be elected each year. Prof. C. F. Curtiss, of Iowa, a former director, was among those elected for 2 years. The influence of the agricultural colleges and stations was again strongly in evidence throughout the exposition. A considerable i>ortion of the judges were taken from their ranks, and their exhibits attracted widespread interest. Previous to the exposition a petition had been sent in by exhibitors to debar the colleges and stations from the open competitions, but this was not granted, and in nearly all classes a large proportion of the prizes fell to their share. In the fat-stock division their predominance was especially marked. In the display of fat barrows Ohio State University furnished the champion Berkshire, and Iowa State College the champion pen of 3. In Poland Chinas and Duroc Jerseys all championships went to Iowa. North Dakota took a second on a pen of large Yorkshires, and Wisconsin a first and second and the champion- ship for the Tamworths. The grand championship for a pen of 3 barrows, all breeds, was awarded to Iowa. In dressed hogs \Yisconsin was first for car- casses of 300 lbs. and over. Iowa took second in this class and first for car- casses from 200 to 300 lbs. in weight. For fat wethers Wisconsin took two seconds and a third for Shropshires, second on a pen of o lambs of Southdowns, and third for yearling Hamp- shires, and in Cheviots first for yearlings, second and third for lambs, first for a pen of 5, and the breed championship, besides 11 prizes for grades and crossbreeds. Iowa vi'as awarded first for yearling Oxfords. For dressed sheep Iowa took second and third for wethers, and Wisconsin first for lambs and the champion carcass of the show. In fat cattle, Kansas took a first and 2 fourths for Shorthorns, besides a second on herd. Nebraska received a second, Purdue a second and third, and Ohio a first. Iowa and Minnesota won first in the Hereford class, and Purdue a fifth. For the Aberdeen Angus, :Minnesota carried off first for 2-year-olds and yearlings, and the breed championship for single steers and herds. Kansas took first in Angus calves, and Nebraska a fourth. Ohio won first for 2-year- olds and the breed championship with Galloways, Minnesota receiving a third. In the 2-year-old class for grades and crosses, Kansas won first. North Dakota second, and Iowa fifth. For senior yearlings Ohio was second and Minnesota third, and for junior yearlings Iowa took first and fourth, Purdue and Kansas capturing second and third. Nebraska was first in the class for junior calves, Iowa third, and Pur- due fourth. Iowa won first and fifth for herds, and the champion herd of the NOTES. 4'>7 f-hiiw fur nil breeds \v;is from Minnesota. For the lirst tlmi' in the history of the show, ^q-and clianipionsliiji honors went to a calf. Peerless Wilton SOtb's Defender, a Hereford, sinee sold to the Iowa ("olle,t,a'. The second choice was iin Angus yearling, Andy, owned by the Minnesota Station. In the breeding stock section tlio entries from the colleges were less numerous. I'urdue f^ecured a third on aged Shorthorn hulls, and Wisconsin and North Dakota carried off several special i)rizes for American Kambouillets. In response to a general demand from swine breeders, arrangements were made whereby the classes for breeding swine, which were discontinued 2 years ago because of the danger of transmission of infectious diseases, are to be restored under certain restrictions. The special classes for college and station stoclc were again continued, and resulted in an even larger number of entries and sharper competition than ever. In the class for 2-yejir-old cattle Nebraska was first, Minnesota third, and Kansas second ;uid fourth. For yearlings Minnesota took first, second, and fourth, and Nebraska tiiird. Kansas took first and third for calves, Minnesota second, and Nebraska fourth. For a pen of 5 steers the first place went to INIin- nesota. Nebraska furnished the champion of the college steers, Ruby Zenoleum. Wisconsin was awarded all prizes for sheep. For swine Iowa received first for a barrow imder 12 months. Ohio second, and Wisconsin third. For a pen of 5 Iowa was first, followed by Wisconsin and Ohio, and the champion barrow was from Iowa. As in previous years, the students from the colleges were most liberally repre- sented. Iowa. Illinois, and Minnesota sent over 100 each, and smaller delega- tions came from Virginia. Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Missouri, Texas, Colorado, Nebraska, North Dakota, Kansas, and Ontario. During the exposition the American Federation of Agricultural Students held an enthusiastic meeting. The students' stock-judging contest was participated in by fi institutions. Ontario Agricultural College led in the work with cattle and sheep, and once more scored the highest total of points, followed by Iowa, Ohio. Kansas. Michi- gan, and Texas. Iowa won back from Ohio the horse-judging trophy, and Kansas made the best record with swine. The corn-judging team from Iowa succeeded in maintaining its hold on the Cook bronze trophy. Kansas receiving .second, and Missouri third. -V new form of intercollegiate competition was inaugurated by the Chlccnio Dailii Live Stock World, which offered $300 in 20 cash prizes for reports by students of the various sections of the exposition. The best showing was made by the Iowa men, who won first and second for cattle, first and fourth for swine, first, second, and third for horses, and fourth for sheej). One of the most noteworthy features of the exposition was its international aspect. King Edward and Lord Rothschild were among the competitors in the horse-breeding section. Sheep were entered from England, and Canada sent cattle, horses, sheep, and swine. In the crowd of spectators were visitors from England. Scotland, and the Argentine Republic, and the agricultural depart- ments of Nova Scotia. Quebec. Ontario, and Hawaii were officially represented. The announcement was made by the German consul that after careful investiga- tion he had advised liis goveriunent to enter exhibits in the future. Progress on New Department Building. — The report of the building committee on the new laboratories fur this Department states that the work has pro- gressed, with the exception of the interior finish, to approximately the fourtli- fioor line, and it is exiiected that without unforeseen complications the buildings will be completed within the contract time, November 14, 1007. Within the ?,i .vears that have elapsed since the act authorizing the construction of the new quarters was approved, there has been an increase in the rented space occupied •198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. by the Department of over 99 per cent, ami an inc■rea^^e in the animal rentals of 150 per cent. Measures before Congress. — A bill has been introduced into Congress by Sen- ator Nelson and liepresentative Davis to increase the annual appropriation to agricultural colleges. The bill provides an increase of .$.j,000 to each college for the year ending .June 30, 1908. increasing this amount .'F5.000 each year for 5 years, when a maximum annual appropriation of .$25,000, in addition to the Morrill Fund, will be I'eached. A portion of the appropriation may be used " for providing courses for the special preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts." Other bills recently introduced into Congress include the following: A joint resolution to provide for the printing of 50,000 copies each of the Special Report on the Diseases of the Horse, and of the Special Report on the Diseases of Cattle ; to appropriate $50,000 additional for demonstration farms in the cotton boll-weevil district ; appropriating .$2.30.000 to eradicate the Texas fever tick ; for the establishment of a drainage fund and the construction of works for the reclamation of swaiiip and overflowed lands, and for the maintenance of agri- cultural colleges in Congressional districts. The urgent deficiency bill as passed contains an appropriation of .$250,000 to enable the Secretary of Agri- culture to enforce the provisions of the pure-food law enacted at the last session. Conference on Secondary Education in the South. — At a conference recently held at the University of Virginia, participated in by representatives from Southern State universities and colleges, superintendents of education, and other invited educators, a session of 4 hours was given to the discussion of agriculture in high schools, at which addresses were given by Dr. S. A. Knapp, of Louisiana; D. .T. Crosby, of this Office; Prof. William Lochhead. of Mac- donald College, and others. It seemed to be the consensus of opinion that all over the South there is an increasing demand for instruction in agriculture in schools of different grades, but that it is not now feasible to introduce it into all schools on account of the lack of competent teachers. It was agreed, how- ever, that every effort should be made to take advantage of conditions which seem favorable for its introduction. Virginia Educational Conference. — At a conference of superintendents, school officials, the State Teachers' Association, and the Virginia Library Association, held at Richmond, A. C. True read a paper on Agriculture in the Public Schools ; A. M. Soule, of the Virginia Station, presented a report on The Virginia Farmer and the Schools, and D. J. Crosby gave an illustrated lecture on How Agriculture is Taught in the Public Schools. New Veterinary College and Physiological Laboratory. — The Breeders' Gazette states that sulistantial progress has licen made toward establishing a veterinary college at the Chicago Union Stock Yards as a department of the Univei'sity of Illinois. A proposition to this effect has been submitted to the trustees of the university and has met with favorable consideration. The object of this insti- tution will be, in addition to the training of ordinary veterinary practitioners, the supplying of inspectors for the Government "service. In connection with the veterinary instruction the project contemplates completely equipped labora- tory for physiological research. It is understood that the packing houses pro- pose to contribute liberally toward the erection of buildings and the initial endowment, but that the management will rest entirely with the University of Illinois. Downton College Closed. — The College of Agriculture at Downton, England, a.ccording to a recent note in Mark Lane Express, has been closed. This college was a private institution, opened in 1880 by Professor Wrightson. and was quite XOTKS. 4V)9 .successful until the outbreak ul' llir \U>vv ^^'al■ in IS'.tl), when, uwini,' tu the enlist- ment of many of the students, the enrollment was reduced to about IT. Since the close of the war the numlier of students h;is increased, hut not suifir-iently to warrant keeping ui) the schoul. Domestic Training- College in Scotland. — 'I'lie uiienini; oi what is said to he the first Seottisli domestic trainin.i,' (-(ille^^e at 1 )unferndine is noted in ihv Eiticurr for Xovemher. P.onnyton House. Dunferndine, has been leased for the purpose. The instruction will include both outdoor and indoor work. The outdoor training is to embrace gardening, beekeeping, dairy work, and poultry rearing, while that indoors will include cookery, laundering, house and table work, dressmaking, and lumsehold man;igenient. Agriculture Introduced at the Technical High School at Prague. — A recent number of the Deutsche Laiulicirtscliafflichr Prcssc states that an agricultural department, offering a four-year course, has been established at the Royal Im- perial Bohemian Technical High School at Prague. Prof. Julius Stoklasa has been elected dean of the department of agriculture, as well as of the depart- ment of " culture-technic." The studies to be taken up this ye.-ir are higlier mathematics, physics and mechanics, organic and inorganic chemistry, anatomy and physiology of i)lants. economic botany, general and economic zoolog.v. min- eralogy and geology, agricidtural bacteriology, general biology, and rural eco- nomics, including iiracticums in the chenncal and plant laboratories. Agricultural Work at Birmingham University. — A department of economic zoolog.v has Ix'en oiganized under the direction of W. J-]. Colliuge. Mark Lane Express states that this is to be a " consultative department and bureau of information and experimental work." and that it is the first instance in which a university in Great Britain has offered farmers an opportunity for such free information. Agriculture in Great Britain. — A report of a special agricultural couunittee. appointed by the tariff commission to examine the probable effect of a high- tariff system on agriculture, shows some striking changes in agricultural condi- tions in Great I'>ritain. The wheat production, which in 1841-1845 was reported as sutHcient for !)0 per cent of the population, now supplies only lO.fi per cent. The area cultivated to grain crops has decreased 40 per cent in thirty years. Home-fed meats, representing 85 per cent of the total suppl.v thirt.v years ago, now furnish but 55 per cent. On the other hand, dairy produce shows au in- <-rease of 140 per cent, and now forms the chief branch of agriculture in England. •'Agriculture in almost every branch shows a great decline, despite a very large increase in the population and a consequent increase in the demands for agricultural produce." This condition of affairs is attributed to a greater relative increase in local and imperial taxation on land, transport ccmditions, and the inability of the board of agriculture to aid the British farmer as his foreign competitors arc ;uded. Irrigation in New South Wales. — The ficottish Geograpliical Marfatinc refjorts some particulars of a great irrigation scheme which the New South Wales gov- ernment proposes to carry out in the Murrumbidgee ^'alley and the Lachlan, Xamoi, and Gwydor basins. The first step which it is proposed to undertake is the construction of a dam across the ^Murrumbidgee, thereby forming a reser- voir to contain li times as much water as Sydney Harbor, and but little inferior to the great Nile dam. The full capacity of the reservoir will be 8.*'...'',.S0.8r)4.000 cu. ft., and the cost is estimated at about four millicm dollars. The catchwater area is 5.000 scjuare nnles. The water will be brought to the laud to be irri- gated entirely by gravitation, .so that innnping will be unnecessary. Miscellaneous. — The board of agricultural studies at Cambridge T'niversity has appointed Major P. G. Craigie. whose resignation as secretar.v of the British 500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ISoard of Agriculture and Fisheries was recently announced, to l)e Gilhey lec- turer on the history of economics in agriculture. The Deutsche Laiiclicirtschafiliche Prcsse reports the death of Prof. Albrecht Konrad Thaer, of Giessen, on November 14, 1906. He was bom in 1828 at Liidersdorf, in the province of Brandenburg, and was a nephew of the renowned " father of rational agriculture.'' In 18G0 he was appointed professor of agri- culture at the University of Berlin. From 1871 until his retirement in 1001 he was director of the agricultural institute, laboratory and experiment field at Giessen. W. R. Buttenshaw, a scientific assistant in the imperial department of agri- culture for the British West Indies, has accepted an appointment as botanist in the agricultural department of India. A recent number of the Deutsche Landicirtschaftliche Presse states that von Arnim-Criewen will succeed von Podbielski as State minister and minister of agriculture, domains, and forestry of Prussia. A. C. Seward, well known for his research into the structure and affinities of fossil plants, has been appointed to fill the vacancy in the professorship of botany at Cambridge, occasioned by the death of Marshall Ward. A recent issue of Science states that Dr. M. T. Cook has resigned his position as cliief of the department of plant pathology of the Central Agricultural Experi- ment Station of Cuba, and expects to devote several months to studies at the New York Botanical Garden. The Harvard Gi'aduate School of Applied Science, which was established last spring, announces degree courses in landscape architecture and forestry. A bachelor's degree is required for admission to this school, and provision will be made for original work. Armstrong College is the recipient of a legacy which will eventually amount to $22.'j.000. A portion of this fund must be used for increased compensation of the instructor in agriculture. The agricultural school at Cawnpore is now in process of development into a college, and will henceforth have a three-year course, instead of a two-year course, as formerly. A number of residences for members of the faculty have recently been erected, and plans for the extension of other buildings are under consideration. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: K. \V. AM ION, I'n. D.. Axsislaiil Diicrlor. EniTOKIAl- DKPARTMENT.S. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. II. Beal. Afiricultiiral Botany and Vejjetahle Pathology — W. II. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Stiiii.TE. Ilorticnltnre and Forestry — ('. B. Smith. Zootei'hny and Unman N'ntrition — ('. F. Langworthy, Ph. I>. Agrotechny, Dairy Farniinj;, and Dairying — H. W. Lawson. Agrienltural Chemistry — W. M. Beai,. C. F. Langwoktiiy, and II. AV. Lawson. Economic Zoology. lOntomology, and Veterinary Medic-in(> — E. Y. Wilcox, I'h. D. Rnr.-U Engineering — B. I*. Fleming. Knr.il Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultnral Edncatiou — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII. NO. 6. Ef.'itorial notes : Page. Some problems in agricultnral instruction 501 The training of teachers for agricultural histruction . 503 Department of nutrition in the Carnegie Institution 505 Problems of Animal Nutrition, Henry Prentiss Armsby, Ph. I) 508 Recent work in agricultural science 522 Notes 597 SUB.TEC'r LIST OF ABSTRA("rS. Arang and ]M()orsee basins. Steusloff 540 Composition and utility of fertilizing materials. D.-ividsoii and Ellett 540 Analyses of commercial fertilizers and Taris green. Ilalligeu 540 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The sexuality of cotton. Balls 540 Mechanism of carbon assimilation in green plants. Usher and Priestley__ 540 Variatince of oligodynamic actions on radicicola, Perotti 545 FIELD CROPS. Guide to plant culture, Fischer 545 Report of school of agriculture farm, 1905, Cartwright 540 Alfa';t'a :\s a forage crop for Pennsylvania, Watson 54(i Th^.A B C of corn culture, Ilolden .540 Score card for dent corn 1 540 Cotton, its production, consumption, and economic importance, Pupin 540 The selection of cotton seed, Foaden 540 Experiments with oats, Duggar 547 HORTICULTURE. Relation of winter apples to hai'diness of trees, Macoun 548 Further ex]ieriments in the cool storage of fruit, Quinn 548 Fertilizing forced sti-awlierries. von Bi'cbmer ,549 Date varieties and date culture in Tunis, Kearne.v 549 Resistant vineyards. Grafting, planting, cultivation, Bioletti 549 Manurial experiments with cacao in Dominica 549 Report of inspector of cocoanut plantations for year 190.5, Brown 550 FORESTRY. Indian trees, Brandis 550 Forests as accumulators of nitrogen. Ileury '. 550 Fertiliz(>r cx])erimcnts in forest nurseries, Sclialk 550 Farm wind-breaks and shelter-bells, (ireen ^ 551 Notes on rubber producing plants. Harris 551 DISEASES OK PLANTS. Notes on plant pathology. Delacroix ,551 Fungoid pests of mitivatiMl jilants, Cooke 551 Cereal smuts and their propagation, Johnson 552 IV CONTENTS. Page. Oat smut and its prevention, Appel and Gassner 552 Physiology of the parasite of sore shin of cotton, Balls 552 "Black root" disease of cotton, Smith and Lewis 552 A new alfalfa disease, Paddock 558 Potato leaf curl 553 Soil treatment of tobacco plant beds. Selby ^ 554 Diseased apples and melons frem the Cape of Good Hope, Massee 554 Pear rust, Giissow 554 Development and prevention of gray rot of grapes, Guillon 554 Some diseases of palms. Butler 555 A new disease of cultivated veronicas 555 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale, Howell ,555 Monthly liulletin of the division of zoology. Surface 55G Entomological section, Howard 550 Expedition for study of plant pathology in Kajuerun and Togo, Busse 556 List of publications of the Bureau of Entomology, Mabel Colcord 55(5 The slender seed-cvi'ii ground-beetle, Webster 556 Lita occllatclla on sugar beets, Giard 556 The potato moth. French 557 Thrips or black fly. Froggatt 1 557 The melon aphis. Chittenden 557 Spraying to control the San Jose scale. Smith ^ 557 Soluble oils as destroyers of San Jose scale. Gossard 557 Insect i)ests affecting fruit trees, Lounsbury ; 557 A plague of Slocroddctyliis mexicaniis in the valley of Mexico, Inda 557 Caterpillar plagues, Ilerrex'a 558 Caterpillar i)est of indigo in Behar, Lefroy 558 Red slug caterpillar; a serious pest of the tea plant. Mann 558 Production of golden pui»jp with ^'(lllrs.s(l urfini iind 1". io, Mensik 558 Coloring matter of oak leaves and silk of tiatuniia yaina-ynai, Gautier 558 Eggs of Sdiiiia cccropia, Pulvinaria innumeraMUs, and Culex pipiens, Davis 558 Canniithi prUucida . 558 A scale insect of the cocoanut palm, Fleutiaux 558 The large larch sawfly (Neniatus erich-soni), Macdougall ■ 550 The maple leaf-stem borer or sawfly. Britton . 559 Constriction of twigs by the bag worm, von Schrenk 559 The recently introduced dung fly parasite, Kotinsky 559 The British woodlice. Webb and Sillem 559 Ants. Knauer 559 The ant, Escherich 559 Harvest mites, or " chiggers," Chittenden 559 Destruction of mosquitoes in houses with pyrethrum. Herrera 560 Contributions to the study of silkworms, Toyama 560 The length of the tongue of bees, Kulagin 560 The respiratory organs of bees, Dyachenko 560 The swarming of bees, Diatschenko 560 The number of bees in a colony, Devauchelle 560 Water for bees, Beuhne 561 Evaporation from hives at night, Maujean 561 Artificial comb foundation, Pincot 561 Bacteria of the apiary, with sjiecial reference to bee diseases. White 561 The brood diseases of bees. Phillips 561 The enemies of bees, Caillas 561 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. Food and nutrition, Bevier and Usher 562 Modern diet 562 The diet of the precibiculturists, Campbell 562 The food of well-to-do classes, Biernacki 562 Food and digestion in warm climates, Cantlie 562 A diet with and without meat and a vegetarian diet, Bornstein 563 CONTKNTS. V Page. Tlio h:iy-bnx cook book. Redfleld 563 Flreless cookins, Sharpo ; 563 Good lunchcoiis for rur.il scliools without a kitchen, liieliards 563 Tlio lilcacliiiii; of Hour. Flcuivnf 563 Liel)is's luoat extract. II. Kutscln'r 563 Compositiou of Italian tomato juices, Formenti and Scipiotti 564 Concern in. i; coiiii)osition of tomatoes and tomato juice. Stiiber 564 Concerniuij elderberry juice. Liihrij^ 564 Honey. .Macfarlane 564 Adulterated .glucose used in candy making. Howard 564 Food materials and their adult(>rations. Richards 564 Household tests for detecii(«n of adulterations in foods, Peterson 564 Report of food insitection, Howard 565 Food Inspection in Saxony, Hurst 565 Effect of preservatives. P.ehi'e and Segin 565 Salicylic acid and salicylates. Wiley ; . 565 Injurious effects of suli)burous acid and its compovuids, Walbaum 565 Limits within which suli)hnrous acid is harmful, .Jacobj and Walbaum — 565 The mechanics of stomach diiiestion. Scheunert--' 565 The mechanics of stomach di.iiestion. Ellenberger 565 The energy required for the work of digestion. Cohnheim 566 Digestion of protein and its function in general nutrition. Lambling 566 Peptic digestion. ^ley 566 Effect of different substances upon artificial digestion, von Fujitani 566 Natural and artiticial digestion of protein. Rothe. Wangnick, and Stutzer_ 566 Muscul.nr worlc and protein metabolism. Sawjalow 566 Pliysiology and pathology of mineral metabolism. Albu and Neul)erg 566 Elimination of uric-acid xanthin compounds. Labbe and Furet 566 Excretion of water vapor through the skin. Kahaann 567 Fatigue, Lee 567 Influence of age on calcium content of the blood, Dhere and Grimme 567 The iihysiology of taste. Sternberg 567 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The fCHling of farm stock, Taylor 567 Steer tepding. Vernon and Scott 567 Feed;-."i* prickly pej-.r to stock in Texas, Griffiths 568 Notes on the prickly i)ear. Nobbs 568 Physiological effects of phosphorus compounds. Jordan. Hart, and I*atten_ 568 Fattening jiigs on corn and tankage. P>urnett 570 Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs. Ilalligan 570 Conmiercial feeding stuffs in rennsylvani.-i in 1905, Fuller 572 Poisonous properties of lu'anut oil cake. Kriiger 572 I'urin bodies in urine of pigs, cattle, and horses, Schitteidieim and Bendix- 572 Effect of raw meat on young animals. Richet 572 Report on the poultry industry in America, Brown 573 Poultry in Pennsylvania, Orr 573 Poultry notes: (iuinea fowls: Bananas for chickensl . 573 Poultry notes: Bananas as feed 573 R<'gtilatiug the egg trade, Borchmann 574 DA IKY KARMINO DAIRYING AGROTECMNY. Comparison of .alfalfa meal and wheat bran for dairy cows, Mairs 574 Effect of nutritive and c(nidimental substances on n\ilk secretion. MerkeL 574 Feeding value of sugar and proteids for production of milk, Bogdanov — 574 Seasonal variations in the comi)osition of cows' milk, Sherman 574 Daily variations in milk, Siegfeld 575 Fat content of ass's milk, Wagner 575 Compai-ative study of the more important lactoses, Bonaniartini 575 Leucocyte content of milk, Russell and Hoffman 575 l]l)i(lemic of diphtheria associated with an udder disease of cows, Ashby — 576 Report on an investigation of typhoid fever at Kenton, O., Horton 576 VI CONTENTS. Page. The National Creamery Buttermakers' Association, 1906 570 The preparation of dry cultures, von Adellott' 57() Improving keeping qualities of butter by hydrogen peroxid, Hesse-Giistrow_ 576 Casein and coagulation with rennet, Schmidt-Nielsen 576 liipenihg of Edam cheese, Boekhout and de Yries 577 Contribution to the bacterial flora of Edam cheese, Raamot 577 Fermentation organisms, Kliicker 577 Annual report on fermentative organisms, Koch 577 Technology of fats and oils, Ilefter 577 VKTERINAKY M EDICT XK. Text-book of comparative general pathology, Kitt, trans, by Cadbury 577 Report of Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1906, Ward et al— 578 Division of animal industry, Xorgaard : 578 Repoi't of cattle sanitary board of New Mexico, 1904-5, Barnes 578 Report of veterinary director general, Rutherford 578 Report of veterinary service in the Kingdom of Saxony for 1905 579 Organization and function of police and veterinary service 579 Report of i)roceedings under the diseases of animals acts, 1905 579 Rei)ort of veterinary surgeon to city of Glasgow, 1904—5, Trotter- 579 Veterinary service and meat inspection for 1904 580 The epitome of cattle inspectors' returns 580 Results obtained in the field of cattle diseases, Markiel 580 Prophylaxis of contagious diseases of cattle, Lignieres 580 Notifiable diseases under the milk and dairy supervision act, Cameron 580 Tuberculous infection and resistance to the disease, Calmette 580 Tubercle bacilli of different origin, Rabinowitsch 580 Milk and tuberculosis, Brittlebank 581 Infectious abortion in cattle. Bang 581 Immunization toward anthrax, Murillo 581 Anthrax in frogs, Ditthorn 581 Prevention of blackleg by use of Pasteur blacklegine, Bibbey 581 Rinderpest in Egypt, Arloing 582 Piroplasmoses in Dutch East Indies, Penning - . 582 Piroplasmosis in cattle 582 Scab ordinance, 1903, and the amending scab ordinances, 1905-0 582 Protective vaccination against braxy, Jensen , 582 Swine plague and hog cholera, Joest__ i 582 Hog cholera, Leclainche 583 B. pyocyaneus as a cause of rhinitis and hemorrhagic meningitis. Koske — 583 The horse; its treatment in health and disease. Axe 583 Veterinary and biological studies on horse production, Sohnle 583 Special report on glanders, Rutherford 583 Experimental glanders iu guinea pigs, Nicolle 584 Recurrent mange. Smith 584 Infectious scratches and verminous aneurism, Wucherer 584 Clinical symptoms of malaria in horses, Baruchello 584 Pathology and treatment of pernicious anemia of the hoi'se, Ries 584 A case of spirillosis in the horse, Stordy 584 Surra in Africa, Cazalbou 584 Trypanosomata and trypanosomiasis, Tobey 585 Hemorrhagic septicemia in elephants, Evans 585 Lesions in digestive tract of the horse due to botflies, AVeinberg 585 Geographic distribution of Disfoiiniin hcpaticiu)), Saito 585 Cysticerciis cellulosw and its detection in living hogs, von Kukuljevic 585 Occurrence of trichinte among rats, Bahr 585 Poisoning by artificial fertilizers, Schneider and Stroh 585 Examination of Western Australian poison plants, Mann_ 586 Harmful character of grape foliage sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, Ade_ 5S6 Gastritis in cattle as a result of eating grape leaves, Ohler 586 Poisoning by horse-radish, Fairbank 586 Cirrhosis of the liver iu stock iu Cape Colony, Robertson 586 CONTENTS. Vir HlKAl. KNGINEEKING. Page. Topoirrapliy, Murot oS6 Tlu" jissi'ssuii'iit of ilraiujige districts, Ashbaugh 587 Cement (Iniiii pipe 587 Artesian irrii^ution. Fry 587 Irrigation in tlie Transvaal. Hurley 587 The duty of water. Mel'lierson 588 Memorandum dated August, 1S75, ou irrigation duty of water, Beresford- 588 Note on irrig.ition duty of Han Doah Canal, dated April, 1888, Kennedy 588 (iauging suipjily entering Kajbalias l)y means of head gates 588 Notched falls. Keid ____! 1 588 Triennial report of irrigation branch, Bengal 589 Silting operations 589 How horizontal runs affect the air lift, Abrams 589 Air-lift pumping. Friedrich 589 Tests of a new centrifugjil ]>ump .^^89 On the uses of the centrifugal pump 589 Wind power. Burue 589 The windmill as a farm power . 590 Dynamo run by windmill 590 Test of a small gasoline electric light plant 590 Explosion motors and the injection of volatile liquids, Schreber 590 Etiicieucy tests of a producer gas engine 591 Wood-gas for power purposes 591 Denatured alcohol. Investigations in Europe of its cost and use 591 I'otato evaporating plant and auxiliary operations. Rehfeld 591 Tarrt'd road. Successful results in France — Application methods 592 New road-tarring machine 592 A new fertilizer-spreading machiue * 592 Cements, limes, and plasters, Eckel 592 RURAL ECONOMICS. The new agricultural movement in Cape Colony, Hannon 593 Cooperation in agriculture 593 The /new agriculture, Landreth 593 The organization of agriculture in the Netherlands, Frost r 593 Working of cooperative credit societies act in Bombay Presidency, McNeill. 593 Report on trade in Mgricultural products, Vassilliere 594 The world's grain produf-tion in 19(k; 594 [Agricultural statistics. 1905], Mullens ^ . 594 Third report ou Hawaii 594 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education, Bailey 594 American school system with special reference to institutions for agricul- tural instruction, Matzat i 595 MISCELLANEOUS. Experiment Station Work, XXXVII 596 Farmers' bulletin subject index. Hill 590 The healthful farmhouse, Dodd 596 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. fifatioiix in the [iiitrd States. Alabama College Staticii : Bui. 137. Sept.. 1900 California Station : Bui. ISO. 1900 Louisiana Stations : Bui. S7. Sept., 190(5 Bui. 88. Sept.. 1906 Nebraska Station : Bui. 94, Oct. 0, 1900 New Hampshire Station: Bui. 127, Sept., 1900 New Mexico Stafion : Bui. 57, Jan., 1900 New York State Station : Tech. Bui. 1. Nov., 190(;_ Ohio Station : Circ. 59, Oct. 1, 1900 Circ. 60, Nov. 1, 190(5 Circ. 61, Nov. 1, 1900 Pennsvlvania Station : Bui. 79, Sept., 1900 Bui. 80, Oct., 1900 Virginia Station : Bui. 103, July, 1906 547 549 540 571 570 5(57 567 5(58 554 557 546 546 574 540 r. S. Dcixirtiiieiit of Auriciiltiire. Page. Farmers' Bui. 266 532 Farmers' Bui. 267 596 Bureau of Animal Industry : Bui. 91 (10 cents) 568 Biological Survey : North American Fauna No. 26, Nov. 24. 19(10 (25 cents) 555 Bureau of Chemistrv : Bui. 84, pt. 2 (30 cents) ___ 5(i5 Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 14 (tech. ser.) (10 cents) 561 Circ. 76 1 556 Circ. 77 559 Circ. 78 55(5 Circ. 79 5(51 Circ. 80 557 Bureau of Plant Industry : Bui. 92 (25 cents) 549 Bui. 100, pt. 8 (10 cents) ___ 533 Weather Bureau : Monthly Weather Review, vol. 34. Nos. 6-8, June- Aug., 1006 (20 cents i)er number, $2.50 per year) Division of I'ublications : Circ. 4 525. 20, 529 596 Note. — The pultlications of the United States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may i)e purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. For the itublications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Ive<'ord is .$1 per volume, or 10 cents ]ier number. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. You XVIII. Fehiu Ai;v. l!)()7. No. G. Tho lUH'd of a systematic study of llie science of education was the main subject discussed in the address of Dr. C. M. Woodward as retiring president of the Association for the Advancement of Science, at its New York meeting. Doctor Woodward called attention to the fact that "the history of education is full of the records of whims and fancies, of exjieriments real and imaginary, conducted in order to prove the worthlessness of some theories and the worthi- ness of others. Every parent has a dimly defined theory of how his boy ought to be educated, and every teacher looking back over his own experience as a pupil formulates more or less clearly a ' system ' for the proper education of his pupils. It goes without saying that such theories and so-called systems are generally' shallow and inadequate;'' but they nevertheless have their influence under our present conditions, and contribute to the confusion. The speaker expressed his belief in a science of education, as a safe guide to the proper development and adjustment of our educa- tional systems. " I do not claim to have formulated the science of education," he said, '* and I know of no one living who has ven- tured to make such a claim; and yet I believe that a science of education is possible — and it is high time that we set about a sys- tematic study of its essential features, with a view to a formal statement of its main principles." He called attention to some of the fundamental principles which need to be woi'kcd out on a scientific basis — ■'''' P^ducational values are to be determined, taking into consideration age, sex, environment, taste, brain development, and probable sphere of usefulness." And he proposed the organization of a new section of the American Association, to be devoted to the advancement of the science of educatifm. pointing out a Avide range of questions for consideration by such a scientific body. President Woodward's suggestions are especially timely in view of the changes both in subjects and in methods which are now taking place in school curricula, changes so marked that the term " new edu- cation " is not infrequently applied. The " new " in education has 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. come about largely through the introduction of so-called industrial subjects and the laboratory metliod of teaching. If it be true that there is confusion or lack of knowledge regarding the fundamental principles of education, which have engaged the earnest considera- tion of philosophers and sages for centuries, what of agreement can be exj^ected concerning the essentials of subject-matter or method in teaching these newer subjects which have come into our schools within a few^ decades? Take, for example, one of these industrial subjects, agriculture. It is only within comparatively recent times that the sciences upon which agriculture rests have been taught with any reference to their relation to the production of crops and animals, only within three or four decades that agriculture has been taught as a separate sub- ject, and only within quite recent years that a science of agriculture comparable to the science of medicine has been recognized. Educa- tors are not yet agreed upon the scope of this ancient art and modern science. They have not come to full accord as to the definition of agriculture. There are those who would confine it to plant produc- tion or agronomy, not including horticulture or forestry, while others would have it include in a general w\ay not only all phases of plant production, but animal production, agrotechny, and such phases of economics, mechanics, and engineering as have a bearing upon the planning and management of farms, the construction and care of farm structures and machinery, the keeping of farm acounts and records, and the marketing of produce. The relation of the instruction in the basal natural sciences to that in agriculture has also given rise to many pedagogical questions. Many educators insist' that a thorough grounding in physics, chem- istry, botany, and zoology is a prerequisite to a proper comprehension of the science and practice of agriculture, and should therefore pre- cede any attempt to teach agriculture in schools. Others would so interweave instruction in the primary sciences and agriculture as to do away with separate courses in the former for students of agri- culture. In the very elementary agricultural instruction the children are taught facts concerning plants, animals, chemical elements, the laws of physics, etc., whenever a knowledge of these things seems to be necessary. In other words, the instruction proceeds through the con- crete to the abstract, a plan which is quite generally advocated for elementary instruction, and which seems to meet with good success. Should this plan be carried on up through the high school and the agricultural college, thus doing away with all separate work in physics, chemistry, botany, and zoology? If not, at what point should the order of procedure be modified or reversed? It Avould EDITORIAL. 503 seem that finuliuuciital research in a<:>Ticuhural education would shed li^ht upon such prohlenis as these. There are many others, among which may he uieulioned the rehitive importance of the text-book, the lecture, the seminar, and the i)racticum in teaching agriculture, (he rational basis for the development of the practicum, the educational value of agiiculture and of the agricultural i)racticum, etc. The problem which seems to be of the most vital present concern to the whole movement for promoting better agricultural conditions is that of training teachers for all grades of schools. The efforts which some of the colleges of agriculture are making along this line indicate that they ajapreciate the importance of such training and their duty in the matter, but as yet few of these institutions have undertaken serious work in the preparation of teachers of agriculture. Ele\^n State universities with which colleges of agriculture are connected and one separate college of agriculture have departments of education, but only four of these have anything in their catalogues to indicate that agricultural subjects are in any way considered in the study of education. Six of the agricultural colleges (including two of those referred to above) of!'er regular normal courses, and one (Massachusetts) has a State appropriation to enable it to develop such courses. Two of these normal courses are innocent of agricul- tural subjects and another contains no pedagogy or other professional training in education. There are seven colleges of agriculture offer- ing short normal courses of one to three years, thirteen that maintain sunnner schools for teachers, and five, not included in any of the above lists, that give one or two courses each in pedagogy, psychology, and history of education. There are therefore thirty-two of the land-grant institutions for whites which offer courses intended for teachers ; seven of these con- fine this work to short summer schools or to one or two units of peda- gogy or psychology, leaving twenty-five that are making a serious effort to solve the teacher problem. Fourteen ou.t of these twenty- five colleges mention agriculture in their courses for teachers. This is a modest showing, but it is encouraging in comparison with con- ditions a few years ago when scarcely a land-grant college in the country held out any inducement to teachers. In some of these institutions the normal work is organized on a very broad and substantial basis. The University of Missouri, for ex- ample, has a teachers' college in charge of a i)rofessor of educational psychology. It offers undergraduate work leading to the B. S. degree and a life certificate for teachers, and graduate work leading to the A. M. and Ph. I), degrees. The studies include professional subjects in education such as the philosophy of education, pedagogy, school 504 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. supervision, etc., and also agriculture, horticulture, manual training, and other special or technical subjects taught by the professors and instructors in the college of agriculture. In the University of Illinois there is a department of education with ten courses, and this year there has been added a special instructor to teach agriculture to prospective teachers. The University of Arkansas offers a four-year normal course in which aginculture and horticulture are taught. The Kansas College prepares teachers for three-year certificates, which are renewable for life. The Mississippi College has a department of industrial pedagogy and offers a four-year course in industrial pedagogy, which includes agricultural subjects. The State College of Washington offers fifteen courses in education, includ- ing one course in methods of teaching agriculture. The Massachusetts Agricultural College has a State appropriation of $5,000 for the sup- port of normal instruction and is planning to organize this work largelv along agricultural lines. The training of teachers of agriculture is just now a matter of great importance. Owing to the rapid develojiment of the agricul- tural colleges, the establishment of many new agricultural high schools, and the introduction of agriculture into public secondary and elementary school curricula, the demand for capable teachers of agri- culture is far greater than the supply. The normal schools in the dif- ferent States have shown a commendable desire to meet this emer- gency, and some of them, notably in Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin, have succeeded in developing fairly strong secondary courses. But most of the normal schools have been compelled to con- tent themselves with the more elementary work known as nature study and school gardening, such as Avould give preparation for the kind of work now generally done in city public schools. A careful survey of the whole field reveals the fact that there is as yet no adequate provision for the preparation of teachers to take charge of agricultural courses in schools of agriculture, normal schools, or other secondary schools, nor is there any definite attention or encouragement given to the professional training of instructors for the agricultural work in agricultural colleges. The normal schools as at present, organized can not do this higher work, nor can it be done by the great universities unless they maintain colleges of agriculture. The duty of training teachers of agriculture for both colleges and secondary schools will, therefore, under present conditions, fall upon the agricultural colleges, and the needs of the time are so great as to make this duty almost imperative. Some of the larger agricultural colleges, especially those which are departments of universities, might well provide facilities and encouragement for fundamental research EDITORIAL. 505 in the scicMicc of odiication in its relation to agricultural subjects, and all should make provision for training teachers of agricvdture. By this it is not meant that the agricultural colleges should invade the field of the normal schools. They should merely do the work that the nornuil schools are not yet in position to do, nor can ever be in a position to do fully. The normal courses offered by the agricultural colleges should be no less thorough in their agricultural features than the courses now crowned Avith the bachelor's degree. On the other hand, it should not be thought sufficient for the agricul- tural colleges to offer one or tAvo term electives in psychology or pedagogy or history of education, and say that the students who complete these subjects in connection with the regular four-year course are j)repared to teach agriculture. The course for teachers should include the essential features of both an agricultural and a normal course, and these should be so brought together and combined as to make a well-balanced course, sound pedagogically, and afford- ing training for the mind and training for the pi'ofession of teaching. It may be said that such courses might now be arranged by elec- tion from the subjects offered in departments of ecUication and in the colleges of agriculture of some of our universities. True, but not more than three universities in the country have thought this matter to be of sufficient importance to warrant mention of it in their catalogues. Nearly every young person when planning his college course takes up old, well-established groups of studies or follows outlines sug- gested in the college catalogue. Hence the mere announcement in the catalogue of courses for the training of teachers of agriculture would tend to increase the number of students in these courses, by directing attention to them ; and the colleges of agriculture where the necessary electives for a good normal course are now offered might Avell give some attention to arranging and announcing gioups of studies adapted especially to the training of teachers of agri- culture. The colleges not now in a position to offer normal courses coidd easily jjrepare foi- this work l)y each employing at least one teacher of education and putting him in charge of the planning and arrange- ment of the normal course, lie or his assistants would teach all pro- fessional subjects in education, and the other instructors in the col- lege would attend to the other college subjects as the}^ are now doing. The Carnegie Institution of AVashington has for several years been interested in the study of problems in human nutrition, which it has aided with grants. One of its first undertakings in that line was in connection with the investigation carried on bv Prof. W. O. 506 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Atwater, at Middletown, Conn., in cooijeration with this Department, the work being continued under his successor, Dr. F. G. Benedict. This joint effort has been directed to increasing the efficiency and ])recision of the respiration calorimeter, previously developed with the aid of this Department, and especially to providing the oxygen annex, making it a closed-circuit apparatus. So great has been tlie interest of the Institution in this work and its belief in the possibilities open to it, that it has decided to establish it as one of its permanent lines of research and to provide a special laboratory for it, as has already been done for a few other lines. The nutrition laboratory will probably be located in New York, in connection with one of the large hospitals, and Avill be de- voted particularly to inquiries in relation to medicine, physiology, and hygiene. The fitting up of the apparatus and laboratory w^ill be in charge of Dr. Benedict, who will direct the subsequent investi- gation. There are many problems concerned with nutrition in disease and convalescence, and with the energy output and hence the food require- ments of the body under various pathological conditions, as Avell as many questions of ventilation and other branches of hygiene, to the study of which the respiration calorimeter is especially adapted. Such questions have a Avide interest and are of far-reaching- importance, and as the Department's researches have developed there have been urgent requests that they be taken up. They are, however, distinctly separate from the investigations of the nutritive value of agi-icultural food products, to which the Department's efforts have been directed, and have seemed rather to belong to some other agency than one working primarily iri tlie interests of agriculture and looking to annual appropriations for continuation. It is especially gratifying, therefore, to all interested in the subject of nutrition in its broadest aspects, that the Carnegie Institution should have recognized its importance and decided to provide for it as one of its special departments of research. It is thus given greater ]:)ermanency and greater freedom in scope than could be the case under legislative approjjriation, and the possibilities are opened for extend- ing the investigation into theoretical lines where it is much needed. Especially is this departure gratifying to those Avho have been interested in the nutrition investigations under the Department, for it is a direct outgrowth of the latter's work which has led up to and made it possible. The development of the respiration calorimeter under the Department's cooperation, and the fundamental inquiries Avhich have been conducted with it for scA^eral years past, have stinui- lated research in this field; and as the apparatus has remained the KDITORIAL. 507 only one of its kind in the counlrv it has been looked to as the means of putting to exact test the deductions and conclusions from other investigation. The Avide interest awakened in nutrition studies, and the experi- mental methods which have been elaborated, are substantial products of the Department's work and influence in this line, and the step taken by one of the highest research institutions of the country is an indication of the way in which the Department's work may pre- pare the wa}" for and stinuilatc research in the broader fields of science. While plans for the continuation of these studies are not fully matured, it is exj:)ected that the respiration calorimeter at Middle- town will be nu)ved to AVashington and installed in the new labora- tories now building on the Department grounds. PROBLEMS OF ANIMAL XUTRITION.« Henry Prentiss Armsby, LL. D., Director Pcinisulcaiiia Experiment Station. Farm animals are kejDt substantially for two purposes — for the production of work and for the production of human food. x\s regards work production, while it is true that horses and other work animals are being replaced to a greater or less extent by other prime motors, such as steam, gasoline and alcohol engines, and the electric motor, such replacement has not yet become possible on the small farm or for anj^thing like all the purposes for which work ani- mals are kept. The production of work is still, and is likely to con- tinue to be, an important branch of animal husbandry. The twelfth census gives the number of horses and mules over two years old in the United States as, in round numbers, eighteen and one-fourth million, worth one thousand million dollars. Estimating that these animals w^ork on the average only four hours per day and generate three-fourths of a nominal horsepower each, we have the equivalent of the continuous production, night and day, of over two and one-fourth million horsepower, wdiich is nearly one-third the total estimated horsepower of Niagara Falls and many times what is actually utilized. Notwithstanding the importance of the animal as a prime motor, however, it is as a source of human food that he finds his principal place in American agriculture. It is estimated l)y competent authority that over forty-five per cent of the food consumption of the better classes in the United States consists of animal and dairy products. Taking into account the relatively higher prices of these materials it seems safe to estimate that considerably more than half of the expenditure of the average family for food goes for this class of materials. Moreover, what- ever, in the light of recent discussion, may be our attitude toward vegetarianism, or our judgment as to the necessary proteid supp^v, it is certainly a fact, however we may explain it, that those peoples are, as a wdiole, most efficient which consume a reasonable proportion of animal food. « Read before the section on experiment station worlc at the Baton Rouge convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations. November, 1906. 508 PROBLEMS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. 509 There were killed in the wholesale slaughtering- and packing houses of the United States in 1900 five and one-half million cattle, nine mil- lion sheep, and thirty and one-half million swine, or a total of forty- five million animals, estimated to be worth $(')8;'>,000,000. The value of animals slaughtered on farms was estimated at $100,000,000, mak- ing a total value of $878,000,000. Adding to this the value of our dairy products, about $433,000,000, and that of the poultry and egg production, about $28-2. 000,000, we have a total of about $1,588,000,000 for the yearly value of the ()ut})ut of animal foods. For both of the purposes just named, the animal utilizes the energy originally derived fi'om solar radiation and stored up in vegetable products by the synthetic action of the chlorophyll. The point of economic importance in this connection is that these enor- mous aggregates represent to a considerable extent a utilization of the potential energy of inedible products which would otherwise be a waste so far as food value is concerned and largely so as a source of power. This is true on the one hand of the leaves, stems, husks, pods, etc., of our various farm crops — the so-called coarse fodders — and on the other, of those manufacturing by-products which accunndate in the preparation of grains and other raw ma- terials for human consumption. By feeding these products to our domestic animals, we utilize for feeding man or performing his work a portion of their stored-up energy, which would otherwise be practically an entire waste. Of course surplus edible products are also utilized in stock feeding and in this country very largely so. This, however, can only be regarded as a temporary phase of our agriculture. AVhile, on the fertile soil of the corn belt, it is often found more profitable to convert corn into beef or pork than to market it directly, as the density of population and the demand for l)readstuifs increase, the stock feeder will be more and more con- strained to the use of the cheaper by-product feeds in place of grain. From the economic point of view, then, it is highly important that that portion of our national wealth represented by these inedible j)ro(lucts should l)e utilized to the best advantage, yielding a greater aggregate profit to the producer and a more liberal supply of animal food to the consumer. Time jirevents more than a mere reference to the important rela- tions which subsist betwee-^ aninuil husbandry and the j)reservation of soil fertility. While we no longer regard the farm aninuil as a mere manure machine, still the nuiintenance of the fertility of the farm is an important element in determining the jirofits of stock raising, and from this point of view, as well as from that of the more complete utilization of solar energy, those forms of agricultui'e are to be preferred, other things In-iiig ('([ual, which maintain a due bal- ance between the production of crops and of aninuils. 20915— No. 6—07 m 2 510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. From all points of view, then, animal husbandry is a most im- portant factor in our agriculture. Into the many exceedingly in- teresting and important questions regarding the breeding of farm animals I shall not enter at this time, both from lack of time and lack of qualification. The other half of the subject, that of the economic feeding of these animals, however, is certainly of at least equal importance with that of their breeding. The experiment stations of the United States have not failed to recognize the importance of this branch of agriculture. The sta- tion literature of the last twenty years presents an imposing array of bulletins and articles treating of all phases of stock feeding. From a cursory survey we should be led to suppose that our knowl- edge of the subject was making rapid advances. A closer examina- tion, however, will cause some modification of this first impression. In a paper read before the Graduate Summer School of Agriculture last July, Director Jordan presented a classified list of the subjects of the bulletins upon stock feeding issued by the stations for the years 1903, 1904, and 1905, which shows some rather startling facts. Out of a total of eighty-four bulletins, forty-three were reports upon comparative tests of either single feeds or individual rations. This form of feeding experiment has been almost as great a favorite as its analogue, the variety test, and the results have scarcely been more profitable in the one case than in the other. A reasonably diligent compiler could readily accumulate a great volume of data derived from such comparisons, but I think it very doubtful whether tlic results reached would be worth the labor. I venture to question whether stock feeders in general have derived very much real per- manent profit from this class of experimental work. Next most numerous on Jordan's list are the experiments, seven in number, upon the adaptability of certain feeds to special animals or purposes, a work most useful with new feeds, and yet a work demand- ing scarcely more appliances or attention than could be given it by a good practical feeder. FolloAving these come, in equal numbers, experiments upon the substitution of home-grown for conunercial feeds, and determinations of digestibility — both classes represented by five bulletins. The class first named — substitution experiments — are of undoubted economic value, but are necessarily of more or less local applicability. As regards digestion. experiments, I shall have occasion to speak later. Not to prolong this enumeration, I think it is not doing injustice to the American stations, whether we judge by the record of these three years or by our general knowledge of their woi'k, to say that while their investigations have brought to light or demonstrated to the farmer many useful facts, local or otherwise, they have serv-ed only to a very subordinate degree to reveal principles. The latter PROBLEMS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. 511 we have seemed largely content to borrow from foreign investigators. To say this is not to deny the great value of much of the work done b}' our stations, nor to decry the publication of useful information. Nevertheless, the experiment stations stand before the country as the representatives of agricultural science, manned or presumed to be manned by scientific men. As scientific men Ave should know and should proclaim that permanent progress in agriculture is possible onl}^ through the establishment of principles. One principle well founded is worth a thousand facts, because it includes them all. I can not avoid suspecting that the principles which have been bor- rowed from foreign investigators and popularized by station litera- ture and in other Avays have done quite as much to help the practical feeder as our own experiments. But how do matters stand with our borrowed science of feeding? AVill it stand the strain we are putting on it? The methods of com])aring the values of feeds and rations which still largely prevail date back almost fifty years to the fundamental investigations of Henneberg and Stohmann at the AVeende Experi- ment Station, in Saxony, begun in 1858 and published in 1800 and subsequent 3'ears. Our methods for the analysis of feeding stuffs, the technic of digestion experiments, and the interpretation of their results, are all, in the main, what were formulated by these investi- gators. They grouped the digestible organic matters of feeding stuffs into pi'otein, fat, and carbohydrates, the latter including the digestible portion of the " crude fiber " and of the '"' nitrogen-free extract,"' and the values of feeds were estimated on the basis of the amounts of these nutrients which they could supph\ Henneberg and Stolnnann, howevei-, were fully aware of the fact that such investigation into the content of feeding stuffs constituted but one-half of the problem and tliat it was just as necessary to determine with equal exactness the real nutritive effect produced by their u.se. In 1870, in an introduction to a third report upon their work, Henneberg discussed very fully the methods by which this nutritive effect could be determined, with the aid of the respiration apparatus, on the basis of his familiar conception of the schematic l)ody. Not onl}' this, but he formulated a pi'ogram of systematic investigations and made a beginning in its execution. The determination of the digestibility of the nutrients in feeding stuff's, however, could be much more easily and cheaply accomplished than the actual determination of their nutritive value according to Henneberg's program. The assumption of the ecpial \alue of protein, carbohydrates, and fat from different sources having l)een once mad(\ it Avas jierhaps not surprising that the average experimenter should accept this assumption and follow the easier path. Almost innumer- able digestion experiments haxc been made (hiring the last forty-five 512 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. years, on the basis of which tables have been prepared Avhich give us a very good general idea of the average composition and digestibility of feeding stuffs and of the extent of their variations. Somewhat later, so-called " feeding standards " were propounded in which it was attempted to formulate the amounts of the several nutrients best adapted to the various purj^oses of production. The general accept- ance of this point of view was largely brought about by the writings of Wolff. The whole made a complete and simple system. So much is required for a certain purpose. This feed will furnish so much and the other so much. It is simply a question of arithmetic to work out a suitable combination, and a machine has even been devised for this purpose. This system was introduced to the American public after it had assumed quite a definite form and it may be said in all fairness to still be, to a considerable extent, the basis of our theory. We question some of the standards, some of them we have modified, we hold them more flexibly than Ave once did. but protein, carbohydrates and fat are still the feeding trinity. Our theory of nutrition has become tra- ditional, and has little pedagogic value for the student and little inspiration for the investigator. As a natural result it is more or less out of touch with practice, while our experiments, upon the theoretical side of the subject, have been " marking time.'' With the publication of the results obtained by Zuntz and his asso- ciates upon the work of digestion, and of Kiihn's and Kellner's respiration experiments at Moeckern, a new stage of progress was entered upon, to which I venture to hope that our own station in Pennsylvania has contributed a little. While the results of these investigations are best and most conveniently expressed in terms of energy, that is not the essential point. The vital thing is that in these experiments the amount of production due to each material experi- mented upon has been actually determined, with at least a fair degree of accuracy', by the laborious methods of the respiration apparatus or the respiration calorimeter. Enough results have already accu- mulated to show that many of the old values assigned to feeding stuffs vary widely from the truth. In particular these investigations have demonstrated the inaccuracy of the fundamental assumption upon which we have been liasing our comparisons of feeding stuffs, viz, that digestible matter from different sources is equally valuable. For example, an experiment at the Pennsylvania Station showed the digestible organic matter of corn meal to be twenty-one per cent more efficient for maintaining a steer than the same amount of digest- ible matter from timothy hay, and fifty-six per cent more effi- cient for fattening. Kellner estimates the value of the digestible matter in numerous coarse feeds at only twenty to thirty per cent of PROBLEMS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. 513 that of the dio-ostible matter of grains, while Zuntz actually computes a negative result tor the nutritive value of sti'aw foi- the horse. In the face of such dilferences as these, with what justification can we calmly continue to publish the old figures for digestible nutrients and to teach our students the conventional computation of rations? Nor does it better matters much to add to our tables figures for the so-called '" fuel values "' of feeding stuffs. In the fii'st place, the figures connnonly given are incorrect. They are based in most cases on Hubner's or Atwater's factors for hinuaii dietaries, and while these factors have been shown to be substantially accurate foi- the purpose for which they were intended, they have also been shown to be grossly inaccurate when ai^plied to the digestil)le nutrients of stock feeds, the results being too high, in some cases b}' as much as twenty-five per cent. In the second place, even if these energy values were correct, they do not help us much. We can not rejuvenate the old tables in this way. The writer is fully convinced of the advantages for many purposes of regarding nutrition problems from the standpoint of energetics, but it needs to be emphasized that the advantage of the calorie over the i^ound is simply as a measure. It is a better measur- ing stick than the pound, with a wider range of uses, but it is still a measuring stick — an implement — and the value of the results de- pends on what and how we measure. The prime failure of Plenne- berg's successors was not in the units which they used, but that they failed to measure the real nutritive effect of their feeds and rations, and we but repeat their failure when we seek to make j^rogress by substituting these energy values for the equivalent amounts of mat- ter. It is doubtless very desirable to know the amounts of digestible matter in feeding stuff's and the corresponding quantities of energy more accurately than we do at i3resent, l)ut neither the one nor the other by itself gives us any definite infornuition as to the use made by the organism of tlie matter or energy sujiplied in the feed. It is only as we determine by the use of the resj)irati()n aj)iiaratus or calorimeter (or possibly by the comj)arative slaughter test) the actual changes ])rought about by the feed in the store of matter or of poten- tial energy contained in the body that we can reach a scientifically accurate determination of the nutritive value of that feed. Unless we do this, no matter how accurately we analyze the feeding stuffs sujiplied or determine their energy, the second member of the equa- tion is lacking. We stand in urgent need of actual determinations by modern methods of the nutritive values of feeding stuff's for dif- ferent purposes, the results of which we may substitute for the assumptions on which we are now basing our teachings. I may instance in particular the importance of determinations of 514 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. the maintenance values of feeding stuffs, in which a beginning has been made by the Pennsylvania Station. The residts thus far reached hardly do more than show the need for further investigation. The experiments should be rejoeated witli additional animals and extended to cover at least typical members of the dilferent classes of feeding stuffs. Several years' w^ork might be expended profitably on this single branch of the subject. Were this done we might fairly hope, I think, to secure approximate factors which could be applied to those feeds whose maintenance values had not been directly deter- mined. If successful we should secure an indispensable factor for the discussion of the results of productive feeding, since it is evident that we must know liow much of our ration has served simply for maintenance before we can rationally consider its productive value. As regards the production values of feeding stuft's, we are better off, in that we have the results of Kellner's elaborate and exceedingly valuable determinations. For the feeding of mature fattening cattle it seems probable that the " production values "■ thus worked out may at least be regarded as a very close approximation to the truth. Here again, however, it is to be feared that we are in danger of repeating the mistakes of HennebergV; successors. Kellner has published a very complete table of actual or computed production values. It would not be sufprising if there should develop a tendency to accept these values as measuring the worth of feeding stuffs for all productive purposes. In other words, there is danger that we may rest in an assumption instead of actually determining the facts for ourselves. The results of our Pennsylvania experiments certainly indicate that the values for maintenance are higher than those for production. It would not be at all surprising if the jDroduction values for different purposes or for ut beyond this our knowledge is vague and ([ualitative. The Hues of investigation thus far suggested have to do with the ivlativc values of feeding stuffs. The general applicability of any such results, however, has been questioned because of varying indi- viduality in animals. That such variations, and striking ones, do exist is undeniable. Tt is not difficult, however, to suggest plausible* explanations foi- them other than differences in the physiological util- ization of the nutrients digested. For example, if of two animals one has a maintenance recpiirement five per cent greater than the other, due perhaps to greater I'estlessness of disposition, the quieter animal will do better than the more restless one npon a given ration, not be- caus' it uses its food physiologically to better advantage, but simply because it has more left for ]>roductive purposes after meeting the needs of maintenance. So too. if of two aninuils otherwise identical, one is able to consume continuously ten per cent more food than the other, it is obvious that a correspondingly larger proportion of its food is available for productive purposes, since the same amount must l)(^ subtracted for maintenance in both cases. I instance these simply as ]:)ossible explanations without intending to assert that they or similar ones are sufficient to account for all the observed difference. The point is that the question is one needing investigation. In the first place, the maintenance requirements of different species of animals, and their variation both as to proteids and total food, should be more fully investigated. At the present time, only the data for cattle can be regarded as fairly satisfactory. Such results are indispensable for the rational study of the results of practical feed- ing experiments. The influence of such factors as breed, individuality, age. Aveight, and condition on the maintenance requirement should be examined, as well as such external factors as the influence of the sur- rounding temperature and of the greater or less incidental activity of the animal. By careful methods much valuable information regard- ing the actual maintenance requirement of animals may be gathered l)y a combination of live weight and digestion experiments. AVhen, however, we come to ask whether the maintenance value of a given feeding stuff, or in other words, the net availability of its energy. 516 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. varies with the animal to which it is fed, the aid of the respiration apparatus or calorimeter is indispensable. We need also experiments Upon the food requirements for produc- tion of various sorts. T can jiause only to indicate a few of the pi'oblenis uudci' this head. First, we liave the proteid requirement. The question of the inini- nnuu proteid re(|iiirement has been brought to the fore by the investi- gations of Chittenden and others ujDon human nutrition. Since protein is usually the most expensive ingi'edient of rations, we need determinations of the actual amounts required, for instance, for growth at different ages. It would be interesting to determine whether there are individual differences in the rate of growth of proteid tissue, and whether this rate of growth can l)e stimidated by an excess of jDroteids in the ration. Similarly, for milk production, we attribute a stimulating effect to the proteid supply in excess of that appearing in the milk and excreta, but have we any real demon- stration of such a fact? In the case of our working animals, we know that the work is done largely at the immediate expense of the nonnitrogenous nutrients, but have the proteids no function* in the matter, and is the universal practice of athletes, for example, to con- sume large amounts of proteid food a mere habit or tradition and of no significance to us in the feeding of work animals? Questions such as those last indicated can, of course, be studied purely from the standpoint of the nitrogen balance of the body, but the history of investigations upon work production makes it evident that a com- l^rehensive study of the subject requires also a study of the total metabolism, and this again necessitates the use of the res])iration ajDparatus or calorimeter. Variations in the total food demand due to individuality, age, weight, condition, and the like appeal for solution, and that solution can be reached only by accurate scientific methods. Similarly, in milk production the question of the factors influencing the distribu- tion of the food between milk and tissue production needs thorough investigation. Again, the influence of such factors as temj^erature, water consumi^tion, exposure to storms, humidity of the air, and the like needs be only mentioned to show the need for further systematic investigation. Finally, a mere mention of the influence of feed upon the quality of the product must serve to simply hint at a most fertile field of investigation. But because I have thus far dwelt almost exclusively upon the scientific and almost recondite aspects of the study of feeding, I would not be thought to hold that this is the only kind of work that ought to be undertaken or that no one should venture upon the field with any less formidable equipment than a digestion stall and an PROBT.EMK IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. 517 AtAvator bomb — not to say the heavy artillery of respiration ap- l^aratus and (•ah)rini('ter. The slino- niay still jirove a formidable weapon, if wielded by tlie hand of a David, and the smooth pebbh' from the brook may still do its wonted exeention. It is largely a question of aim. "^riie disc()\-ery and estal)lishment of natural })rinciples and laws recpiire the rigorous methods of physical and chemical research. By this path alone can we hope to attain a clear and definite (juanti- tative conception of the ])rocesses of nutrition. J>ut this alone is no more sufficient than the i)ractical feeding experiment. AVe are deal- ing with an applied science, and our task is only half conii)leted when we luixc established the funthimental principles of nutrition. We are under an e(pial obligation to show how these principles apply to the practical j)i'()blems of feeding, and for this purpose nothing can take the i)lace of actual experiments under the conditions of practice. If our i)ractical experiments in the past have not been fruitful of general results it is not because they have been practical, but rather because they have not l)een so in the best sense. Tn too many cases they have lacked aim. They have not been informed by that comprehensive view of the whole subject which constitutes the essence of science, and so. addressing themselves to petty temporar}' or local questions, have, while admirable in their technical detail, failed to materially advance our knowledge. The more thorough and exhaustive our scientific studies of nutrition become, the greater will lie our need for correlated practical exiieriments, scientifically planned to answer definite questions regarding the aj^plicatioii in practice of the principles worked out in the laboratory or the respira- tion apparatus. While this paper was in course of preparation. I received, from one of the leading investigators in animal husbandry in this country, a letter containing a number of inquiries regarding certain points in animal nutriticm. If designed to reveal my limited knowledge of the subject, the letter was an uncjualified success. To nearh^ all the in- quiries I was compelled to return either conjectures or a simple '' I don't know." I was, however, greatly interested in the letter from two points of view. In the first place, it illustrated the possibility of which I have just been speaking, namely, securing results of gen- eral value from practical experiments. The investigations which this gentleman has been carrying on have related primarih' to questions of practice, yet he has been able to plan his experiments and study his results so as to give tht^m an important bearing upon certain ques- tions regarding the principles of nutrition. In the second place, the letter illustrates the inadequacy of the practical experiment alone and the necessity for scientific investigation along parallel lines. His ex- periments and experience raised questions which could not possibly 518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. be answered by such experiments, and yet they were questions Avhich he, as a practical man, found of importance. His results would be of very great value in confirming- or checking the conclusions from scientific investigations, yet, taken by themselves, they were inde- cisive and capable of more than one interpretation. Systematic studies of the practice of successful feeders should aid largely in this phase of the work. We might, I believe, find an im- portant field for this sort of investigation in the feeding experiments recorded in the bulletins and reports of the stations. These experi- ments have been conducted and reported with far greater care than are or can be the operations of the practical feeder. Doubtless a wdse criticism would liaA'e to be exercised in their selection and discussion, but they constitute an almost unworked mine of valuable material. To cite a single personal illustration, the writer has somewhat recently undertaken a comparison of a few of the more readily available sta- tion experiments upon the fattening of cattle with reference to the proteid requirements of such animals. The results need not be quoted here ; it is sufficient to say that they showed a strikingly good general agreement, and to that extent seem calculated to furnish a good guide for practice. Had it been possible to make a systematic search of station literature, doubtless the available data might have l>een largely increased, but such an undertaking is usually beyond the means of the individual investigator. This last suggestion leads naturally to the consideration of a re- lated line of activity, namely, the compilation and critical discussion of the literature of animal nutrition in general, so far as it is of value to the stock feeder. As a matter of course, such study and com])ila- tion would accompany the scientific investigations already suggested, but in addition there is a vast amount of recorded data, both American and foreign, available, out of which much valuable information might be dug which would serve to check and correct our conclusions from small-scale experiments. The work needs to be done, but its volume almost discourages one from making an individual beginning. In brief, we need, parallel with scientific investigations into principles, a comprehensive sifting, working over, and systematizing of the facts already on record. I have thus endeavored, after pointing out the economic importance of the subject, to indicate the unsatisfactory nature of our present knowledge regarding the principles of stock feeding, and the need of broadly planned investigations in this field, and have ventured the at- tempt to outline in general terms some of the investigations needed. There still remains to be considered the administrative question of how systematic investigations of the sort needed can be most effect- ively promoted, and this again is part of the broader question of how far fundamental investigations into principles can legitimately and reasonabl}^ be expected from our institutions for agricultural research. PROBLEMS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. 519 No simple and catoeorioal answer is possible to this question. Diverse conditions and abilities must always be reckoned with. At the same time, certain thinos may be sufj^ested, with special refer- ence to this pai-licular subject l)nt of more or less (reneral a])plication. It may be remarked, in the first place, that in any such undertaking, whether along the lines suggested by this paper or relating to other subjects, there is need for a degree of coordination of effort. I am well aware that T am here treading on delicate ground, but Avithout stirring u|) smouldering fires, may we not freely and fully recognize the fact that, tyhUe (hiplication of work, of which we have heard so nnu'h, far from being discouraged should be encouraged, a certain conuuon understanding of the broader features of the problem and of the most in-omising means of approach to it — to a degree, even a program — is essential to satisfactory progress? The fact is we have been carrying on a guerrilla warfare around the edges of the subject. Indeed, in pessimistic moments, I have sometimes feared that our stations and colleges have been quite as successful in capturing prizes at fat-stock shows as in developing the science of feeding or imparting pedagogic value to the subject. "VAHiat we need is to plan a campaign against the unknown. Let me hasten to add, however, that this military metaphor, like all others, should not be made to " go on all fours.'' It does not necessarily imply military discipline or a commander-in-chief. What is impor- tant at the present time is that there should be some means of inspiring and jDromoting serious and systematic work in this field, guided by a broad view of the subject. The writer hopes to be able to contribute something to the progress of science along this line, and recognizes gratefully that circum- stances have i)ut greater opportunities at his disposal in some par- ticulars than most of our investigators have hitherto enjoyed, but a few workers in a single institution seem like a forlorn hope when we contemplate the vast territory to be occupied. We need a dozen calorimeters instead of one. Above all, we need some means of guiding and to a degree coordinating the work of the younger men in our stations Avithout depriving them of their initiative or of their individual credit for their investigations. Moreover, we need pro- A'ision in some way for Avhat may be called the drudgery of the work, for the computation of results, for the compilation of literature and other work of the sort. How this shall be accomplished. I am far from undertaking to say. The stations as a rule. I think, appreciate the importance of the matter, but, as I took occasion to say recently in another connection, the pressure upon those in responsible charge of our experiment stations for results of immediate utility is such that it requires exceptional conviction and courage to set aside liberal sums for pure 520 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. scientific research. The U. S. Department of Agricidture has the advantage of a broader constituency, and to a certain degree, of hirger freedom in its choice of subjects for investigation, yet, it too, perhaps even more than the stations, feels the pressure for popuhir approval. The problem is really one of educating our constituency. It seems yet an open question how far it will prove possible for the experiment stations, Avith their pressing practical problems, to enter vigorously and aggressively into pure scientific research in the immediate future, either in this or other fields. The passage of the Adams Act has made this a live question, and it is most earnestly to be hoped that this fund will be used scrupulously in accordance with the spirit as well as the letter of the law, and that the reflex influence of this will extend to expenditures under the Hatch Act as well. State problems should be studied at the expense of the State and the national funds used for those broader investigations which are to benefit the whole country. It is to these funds and to those of the National Dejoartment of Agriculture that we must look for the promotion of comprehensive schemes of fundamental investigation whose results will become the common property of investigators everywhere. I am inclined to see possibilities for larger service in this direction on the part of the U. S. Department of Agriculture than, I think, are some of my colleagues. Suppose, for example, that the Department were able to undertake a comprehensive scheme of investigation upon stock feeding corresponding to that which it is conducting so successfully in human nutrition. '\'\T^iile the Department could hardly hope to find an Atwater to organize and direct the undertak- ing, yet with even a moderate degree of tact it surely ought to be able to attract the interest and confidence of the stations to its work, so that it would be to their manifest advantage to correlate their investi- gations with its own, whether officially or unofficially. For one, I can hardly doubt that such a course, patiently adhered to, without effort for notoriety and depending on moral authority alone, would be a powerful influence in favor of unity of work and of the study of fundamental questions by scientific methods, as well as in training men in the methods of investigation. That the same methods might be applied to quite other lines of investigation is, of course, too obvious to require mention. Indeed, it is a phase of the vexed ques- tion of cooperation which seems to me well worth careful thought — the essence of the method, of course, lying in the personality of its executor. After all is said, however, it may be questioned whether, in the pres- ent temper of the public mind, the more abstract forms of scientific research can be adequately maintained by institutions dependent en- PKOBLEMS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. 521 tirely upon taxation for their support. The average taxpayer has come to have a considerable degree of confidence in scientific investi- gation. l)ut lie does not like long-term investments. He wants to see results, or at least the definite prospect of results, within a compara- tively short time. This doubtless has its wholesome side as a dis- courager of dawtlling and dilettanteism, but on the other hand the public has yet to learn that " the search for knowledge, with exclusive reference to its practical a])[)lication, is generally unrewarded." I believe that the question of the permanent endowment of research in agricultural science, either in special institutions or in our great universities, is a subject well deserving the consideration of all inter- ested in agricultural progress, and that an investment of this sort Avould yield richer returns of honor and satisfaction to the donor than uumy a memorial pile or stately library. Xor are the amounts required large as compared with the magni- tude of the interests involved. Thus, to take the single subject of this paper, a sum sufficient not only to equip, but to permanently en- dow an institution for reseach in animal nutrition far superior to any now in existence anywhere would equal less than one-twentieth of 1 per cent of the value of our live stock and dairy products in a single year. Two cents per $100 upon the average value of the live stock handled yearly at the Union Stock Yards for the last five years would amply equip such an institution, and a liberal revenue for its main- tenance would amount to 1 cent per head upon the cattle alone slaughtered yearly in Chicago. But the endowment of research in agriculture is too large a subject to be entered upon at the close of a paper of this length, and I forbear to tax your patience further. I am conscious of having spoken Avith a certain degree of personal bias in urging as I have done the importance of, and necessity for. fundamental investigations in a branch of science in which I am deeply interested. IA)r this I make no apology. Tf anything which I have said proves of service in promoting scientific investigation in any branch of agriculture, I shall feel amply justified. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Quantitative volatilization of phosphoric acid, I'. Jannasch and E. Hei- MANN (Bcr. Dciit. ('hci)i. G'r.s-r//., 39 {190r>). pp. 2625-2628 ; ahs. in Ghem. Centbl., 1906. II, No. 17, pp. 1357, 1358; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus.. 25 (1906), No. 20, p. 1007). — In the method proposed 0.5 gm. of phosphate is carefully heated in a flask in an open air bath with about 6 to 8 cc. of a mixture of 30 cc. of satu- rated cane sugar sirup and 10 cc. of sulphuric acid (1:1), a stream of air being passed through the flasli; until carbonization is complete and the mass is dry. The flask is then connected with a receiver and heated to the highest temperature it will bear, a stream of chlorin being passed through until no more condensable products come over. Oxygen Is then substituted for chlorin until all carbon is burnt. After cooling, 3 to 4 cc. of the acid sugar solution is added and carefully spread over the inner surface of the flask and the above process repeated. By this method the authors volatilized phosphoric acid completely from am- monium and magnesium phosphates. The extension of the process to other phosphates is lu'iiig investigated. The Woy method for the determination of phosphoric acid, G. B. Van Kampen (Chem. Wcekhl, 3 (1906), pp. 576-579; ahs, in Chem. Centhl., 1906, II, No. 17, p. 1357). — The author maintains that this method is as accurate and satisfactory as the ordinary molybdic method. Like Woy, he finds the Ignited residue to have a composition of 24M0O3P2O5. He considers Hundshagen's method uusuited to volumetric analysis on account of the slowness of filtration of the precipitate. Process for rendering mixed combinations of phosphoric acid and silicic acid easily soluble, P. A. Newton (English Patent No. 91S3. Apr. 18, 1906; ahs. in .Jour. ,S'oc. Chem. Indii.^., 25 (1906), No. 20, p. 997). — In this process the raw phosphates are fused with artificial alkali silicates and lime in a regenera- tive Siemens' furnace and the molten product is run directly into cold water. It is stated that in the product thus obtained nearly all of the phosphoric acid is citrate-soluble. Availability of phosphoric acid of the soil, (i. S. Fraps (Jonr. Amer. Chem. aS'oc, 28 (1906), No. 7, pp. 832-834; «&s- '"" Jour. Chem. 80c. [London], 90 (1906), No. 528, II. p. 702). — A brief statement of the principal contents of this article will be found in E. S. R., 17, p. Oil. The determination of nitric acid in soils, E. Gutzeit (Landic. Vers. Stat.. 65 (1906), No. 3-J,, pp. 217-219).— The inaccuracy of the determination of nitrates in presence of humus, as is done for example in Buhlert and Fieken- dey's method (E. S. It.. IT, p. 832), is pointed out. The determination of humus acids in soils by the Tacke method, C. K. Van Daalen (Chem. Weekhl, 3 (1906). pp. 611-620; ais. in Chem. Centhl., 1906, II, No. 18, p. J.J58).— This method (E. S. R., 9, p. 32) is not considered re- liable on accoimt of the slow and often incomplete evolution of carbon dioxid. 522 AGRICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY. 523 The determination of small quantities of iron, W. McK. Marriott and C. G. L. Wolf (Jour. Biol. Chem., J (1906), yo. 6, pp. 451-^61).— The method proposed is based upon the color reaction which ferric salts show when treated with an alkaline thiocyanate. Acetone is recommended as a solvent and de- tailed directions are given for usins the method in determining the iron in tissues and oriranic fluids, blood, urine, and inorj^auic substances. Determining the crude fiber content of cocoa, W. Ludwig (Zt.sc]ir. liitcr- siich. yahr. ii. Gciiu-ssintl, 12 (IDOd), No. 3, pp. 1.53-15!)). — The crude fiber con- tent of a number of samples of cocoa beans, cocoa shells, cocoa sprouts, and commercial cocoa and chocolate were determined with a view to detectin.i; adul- teration. Cocoa from which the fat was not extracted was found to contain o.Tl to 4.42 per cent crude fiber, fat-free cocoa 4.98 to 5.96 per cent, and cocoa shells 14.47 per cent. The differences between the cocoa and cocoa shells are so great that determining the crude fiber content may serve as a means for the detection of undue amounts of shells in the ground cocoa. The estimation of crude fiber in cocoa goods, H. Mattiiks and F. Mullek (Ztschr. riitersiich. Nalir. u. (IriiK.s.'iintl.. L> ( 1<>06), No. 3. pp. l.jH-Kil). — .V com- parison of methods. Determining the digestible protein in feeding stuffs, A. Stutzer (.four. jAindir.. J} {1006). No. 3. pp. 23.5-.>.'jed in the investigation ^'eported below, the acidity of the solution being increased until it reaches 1 per cent of hydrochloric acid. Such artificial digestion differs from natural digestion and so the author believes that the pepsin pancreatic method of determining digestibility should receive further study. New experiments have shown that the results obtained by the pepsin method are not always the same as those obtained by natural digestion. The need of additional experiments on the nitrogenous metabolic products of the feces is insisted upon. Studies on simplifying the method of estimating pepsin soluble constit- uents of feeding stuffs, A. Stutzkr, II. \VA.N(iNicK, and W. Kothe {.Jour. LdinJir.. :,', (lOOH). No. 3. pp. 265-272).— The conclusion is reached that the pepsin solution used in determining the digestible protein of feeding stuffs should be twice as strong as that conuuonly us(h1. and directions are given for preparing such a reagent from fresh pig stomachs. 524 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Estimating cellulose, lignin, and kutin in crude fiber, J. Konig (Ztschr. TJ titers iich. ^ahr. w. Geiiussmtl, 12 {1906). No. 7. pp. 385-395).— An extension of work previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 436). The optical rotation of gliadin in certain organic solvents, W. E. Mathew- SON (Juiir. Amcr. Vhvm. Hoc. 28 (1906). No. 10, pp. J.'/S„^-.?.'/S5).— The optical rotation of purified gliadin was studied, methyl, etbyl, and propyl alcohols of different strengths, phenol, paracresol, glacial acetic acid, and benzyl alcohol being used as solvents. The attempt was also made to estimate the gliadin present in flour by diges- tion with phenol and polarization of the filtered extract. " The results obtained seem to indicate that a quite complete extraction of the gliadin is effected. It is possible, however, that more or less glutenin also dissolves in the phenol. The chief difticulty encountered is in the filtration of the mixtures." "The fact that gliadin is soluble iu phenol would seem to render possible an approximate determination of its molecular weight by the freezing-point method." The technique of the quantitative estimation of albumen by means of the precipitin reaction, A. Schulz ^Ztschr. riitcrsiich. Xahr. ii. GeinissmtL. 12 (1906), No. 5, pp. 257-266). — The author's investigations led to the conclusion that proteids may be estimated quantitatively in food analysis by biological methods — that is, by means of the precipitin reaction. He describes in some detail his method of procedure and gives a summary of references to other articles on the subject. Fermentation changes occurring in Muscovado sugars, F. Watts and H. A. Tkmpany (Wrst India II BiiL. 7 {1906). No. .?, pp. 226-236, (Igiii. 1).— The inves- tigations showed that Muscovado sugar is liable to fermentative changes whereby the polarization is first increased and then decreased. These changes are con- sidered due to micro-organisms. The rise iu the polarization is due in part to the destruction of levulose and the subsequent fall to the destruction of dextrose and sucrose. The estimation of cocoanut oil in butter fat, F. W. Harris {Analpst. 31 (1906), No. 368, pp. 353-360).— The presence on the market of cocoanut oil devoid of odor and practically neutral makes the determination of this sub- stance of considerable importance. Different methods for this purpose have been tested in the author's laboratory for the past year. According to the results obtained, the Bomer phytosterin acetate test (E. S. R., IG, p. 18) can not be used to distinguish between the adulteration of butter with cocoanut oil and with raargarin. The method is exi)ensive and tedious and is valual)le only as a confirmatory test. The Juckenaek and Pasternack method (E. S. K., 10, p. .3;i2) does not per- mit the detection with any certainty of less than 15 per cent of cocoanut oil. By the Polenske method (E. S. R., 15, p. 850), which was subjected to care- ful and extensive examination, it is quite possible, in the opinion of the author, to detect the admixture of 10 per cent of cocoanut oil with a relative degree of certainty and to estimate fairly accurately an addition of 15 per cent. This method, which is simple and permits the determination of both the Polenske and Reichert-lNIeissl numbers in one operation, is recommended for general adoption. The detection of cocoanut oil in butter, II. LiJHRiG {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. ii. Gcnnssnitl., 12 (1906), No. 10, pp. .588-592).— Studies were made of the method of Wijsmann and Reijst (E. S. R.. 17, p. 8B4). With pure Imtter the second silver index was often lower than the first. The author therefore concludes that the method is of no value. METEOROLOGY WATER. 525 On the extraction of fat from feces and the occurrence of lecithin, J. H. Long (Jour. A)iirr. C'hcin. Soc, 2S (1906), No. 6, pp. 70Ji-706). — Comparative tests sliowod that when fat of feces was extracted hy the paper-coil method hijilier resuhs were oI)tained than l).v tlie shell extraction with sand. "No reason is api)arent why such differences should obtain where suflicient time is given." Tlie coil method " connnends itself on acc(mnt of ease in manipulation and com- plete extraction. A perfectly clear ether extract is obtained, which, after evaporation, again dissolves readily in ether." The phosphoric acid in tlie fat was determined in the samples studied and would indicate an excretion of 3 to 5.5 gm. of lecithin per day. In later tests smaller amounts were found. " With our present Icnowledge of the distribu- tion of lecithin in animal and vegetable foods it is somewhat difficult to account for such values." It is pointed out that further experiments are needed. Graviniertric estimation of saltpeter in meat, C. Paal and G. Meiiktens (ZlscJtr. IJntcrfiHch. NaJir. ii. GciiiissmtL, 12 (1906), No. 7, pp. .',10-.'il6).—A comparison of methods led to the conclusion that the gravimetric (nitron) method of estimating salti)eter in meat and meat products gives sufficiently accurate results, and the data obtained by this method agree well with those obtained by the gas-volumetric method of analysis. Note on the examination of maple products. The lead value, A. I'. Ry (Jour. FrankUn Inst., 162 (1906), No. 1, pp. 71, 72).— A modified method of estimating lead in maple sugars and maple sirups is proposed, lead acetate being precipitated by means of hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids, the lead sulphate, after the addition of alcohol, being removed by filtration and the lead determined as usual. The quantitative estimation of ergot in flour, II. Bernhart (Ztschr. Unter- such. Nalir. ii. (IciinssintL. 12 (1906). No. 6. pp. 321-3'i0). — The method proposed depends upon the determination of the amount of chitin, a characteristic con- stituent of the ergot. Practical guide for food chemists, G. Pellerin (Guide Pratique de VExpert- Vhimiste en Denrvcs AUnicntdires. Paris: Maloine. 1906, vol. 1, pp. 680; rev. in Rev. 06n. Sci., 17 (1906), No. 16, p. 75.5). — This volume is designed as a lab- oratory manual for the guidance of food chemists, and, in addition to full de- scriiitions of analytical processes and methods, contains numerous tables and similar data. Yearbook of chemistry, 11. Meyer et al. (JaJiiIt. Chem., 15 (1905), pp. X/I-\-5!)5). — This is a review of the more important contributions to pure and applied chemisti'y during 1905. Biographical data are also included. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Monthly Weather Review (ilio. Weather Rev., 3.) (1906), Nos. 7. pp. 307- 356, pis. 10. litis. 6, eharts ,S,- S, pp. 357-J,0Ji, figs. 9, charts 6).— In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteor- nlogic:il tables and charts for the months of July and August, 190G, progress of climatology throughout tlie world, recent papers Itearing on meteorology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. 7. — Studies on the Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere — VI, The Water- spout Seen off Cottage City, Mass., in Vineyard Sound, on August 19, 1890 (illus.), by F. II. Bigelow ; Climatology of Porto Rico from 18G7 to 190.^), inclu- sive, by W. II. Alexander (see p. 52G) ; A New Form of Precision Barograj)]! (illus.). by C. Y. Marvin: Snow Rollers (illus.), by W. A. Beutley ; Snow 20915— No. 6—07 .m 3 526 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Rollers at Mount Pleasniit, Mich, (illus.). by R. D. Calkins; Progress of Meteorology in Australia; George J. Fleck; Physical Societies and Journals; and Weather Bureau Men as Educators. No. 8. — The International Synilwls, by H. H. Clayton ; The Meteorological Optics of Prof. J. M. Pernter (illus.), by R. W. Wood; Eiffel's "Etudes Pra- tiques ; ■' Studies on the Therniodynanilcs of the Atmosphere — VII, The Meteorological Conditions Associated with the Cottage City Waterspout (illus.), by F. H. P>igelo\v : Variation in Temperature Over a Limited Area (illus.), by W. I. Milham; The First Daily Weather Maps from China (illus.), by C. F. Talman ; What is Research ; The International Seismological Association ; and Astronomy versus jMeteorology. Climatology of Porto Rico from 1867 to 1905, inclusive, W. II. Alexander (I/O. Wcatlicr Rev., 3.>t (1006), No. 7, pp. 31o-32-'i).— This article supplements a previous report on the same subject, giving additional data regarding toi)ogra- phy, which is based upon a bidletin of the U. S. Geological Survey, previously noted (E. S. R.. 12, p. 795), and tabulated summaries of observations on tem- perature, rainfall, etc.. at a number of places in Porto Rico, observations at San Juan, Canovanas, and Perla being given in some detail. The data show a very uniform temperature, with no excessi^■e extremes, the annual range rarely being 50°. January shows the coldest mean temperature and August the hottest, the difference between the two, however, being only 5.1°. The extreme maxinmm temperature usually occurs in May. The mean temperature of the period from December to April is below the annual mean of the rest of the year above. The average daily range of temperature at San Juan is between 11 and 12°, although at interior stations a much greater range is recorded. The minimum daily temperature occurs about 5 a. m.. the maxinmm from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. The temperature decreases about 4° for each 1,000 ft. of elevation. A well-defined dry season occurs from about November 2U to April 15, Febru- ary being the dries*, month. The average number of rainy days is. 194 at Cano- vanas, 208 at San Juan, and 2t)0 at Perla. The average rainfall for the east coast is 92 in., for the north and west sides 80, for the south side 57. The rain- fall in general decreases westward to the middle of the Island and then rapidly increases. The south side is subject to long droughts, making irrigation necessary. The steady northeast trade winds, light at night and fresh during the day. make the evenings cool and even the hottest days less oppressive. The island is out of the usual path of hurricanes and these are comparatively rare. Thun- derstoruis :ind hailstorms are infreciuent and rarely violent. Climatological atlas of India, J. Eliot {[Calcutta]: Indian Met. Dcpt., 1906. pp. XXXII. pis. 120; rcr. in Nature [London], 75 (1907), No. 1941, pp. 2.'il-2.'iJt). — This atlas consists of 120 colored maps showing in great detail the distribution of the meteorological elements over the Indian Empire, with an introduction giving " a brief history of the progress of the work of meteorological observation in India and hence of the growth of the Meteorological Department, a list of the observatories contributing observations that have been utilized in the preparation of the atlas with their position and elevation, and a brief explanation of the charts." The maps are based upon the results of observations during the first 25 years' operation of the Meteorological Department of India, be.ginning with the year 1875-76 and covering the incumbency of Sir John Eliot, and are classed as gen- eral, pressure and wind charts, temperature maps, humidity chax'ts, cloud plates, rainfall mai)s. and storm track charts. The work is reviewed in Nature by J. METEOROLOGY WATER. 527 Iliiiiii, wild refers to it as tlio most coinprclHMisivc statistical and scientific iiiete (I!)06). Xo. S, m). l.iO, 131). — Examples are Itrleliy cited to show that "the enormous area of the sea has a j,'reat efl'ect upon climate, but not so much in the dired way formerly l)eliev(Ml. ^^■llile a mass of warm or cold water off a coast nuist to some extent modify temperature, a greater direct cause is the winds, which, however, are in many parts the effect of the distribution of warm and cold water in the ocean l)erhaps thousands of miles away." Sunrise, moisture, and growth, II. E. Rawson {Transvaal Agr. Jour.. Jf (inOG). Nos. ]■',, pp. 55S-.')6G, pU. S, fig. 1; 16, pp. 743-754, pl- 1; 5 (1906). No. 17. lip. l.'/O-l'iS. figs. 2). — Obsei'vations and experiments on various plants are rei)orted which lead to the conclusion that in regions of little cloud jind exces- sive sunlight, as is the case at Pretoria, Transvaal, the early sun's rays are especially active in stinuilating the grow^th of plants and indicate the desira- bility of so planting croi)s that they may utilize to the fullest extent such rays .•ind be protected from excessive sunlight. The author states the belief "that, besides rain. heat, soils, and .-ill the well- recognized factors which enter into the question of growth, there are some subtle intluences at work which have hithex'to been little, or not at all. taken into accoimt." In conuuenting upon these conclusions H. Ingle and I. B. Pole Evans discuss the principal factors influencing plant growth in their bearing upon the deduc- tions set forth, concluding that the results upon which the deductions are based " may be explained liy the effects of temperature changes, and without attribut- ing any occult influence to the morning sunshine per se. . . . " One important conclusion may be dediiced from the considerations discussed in this review — that many plants, would be benefited by being shaded from the hot midday sun. thus often preventing them from being heated above their maxinuim temi)erature for growth. . . . " It is probable that sunrise light contains a sufticienc.v of orange and yellow rays to pi'oduce rapid carbon assimilation, while the blue and violet rays, which tend to reduce growth, are relatively deficient. " The unscreened plants, receiving such rays at a period when their tempera- ture is favorable for the performance of their vital functions, thus have an advantage over their screened neighbors, which do not receive such strong light until later in the day. when their temperature is quickl.v raised to a point not so favorable for assimilation, but more favorable to the respiratory processes by which their tissues are oxidized and diminished." Results of meteorological observations, 1905, R. Heinrich. M. IIaberland, ,Mnd H. KoNiG {A7X'h. Ver. Freunde Naturgescli. MccJdenb., .W (1905), 2. Abt., tdiilrs facing p. 252, chart 1). — Summaries are given of observations on tem- perature, pressure, precipitation, humidity of the air, cloudiness, duration of sunshine, etc., at the agricultm-al experiment station at Rostock ; of observa- tions on temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, etc., at the meteorological station at Neustrelitz ; and on duration .and photochemical I>roperties of sunshine at Xeubrandenbiu'g. Swedish raeteorological observations, 1905, II. E. IIamiserg {Met. lakttag. Srcrigr \Ohsrrr. Mrt. Siir>l.\. K. Srrnsl.a Vetcn.'ik. AKad., '/7 {190.5). pp. .V + i.77). — This report is divided into :> parts. (1) daily observations at 18 stations f)f the second order. (2) monthly and annual summaries of all the meteorological elements furnished by .''D stations of the second order, and (3) 5-day means of temperature at the 30 stations included in part 2. 528 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. Meteorology (An. EaUuh Mcricana. 12 (lOO'f). Xo. 12, pp. 27-.',2) .—Thin i-eport gives summaries of meteorological conditions as observed at the City of Mexico during 1004, and at a number of other places in the Republic of Mexico, with a discussion of seasonal variations in weather conditions. Hourly meteorological and magnetic observations, Manila central ob- servatory, 1904 (Ann. Rpt. Philippine Weather Bur., ISOJf, pts. 1 and 2, pp. 20S, eltarts 2). — This report records in part 1 the results during 1904 of hourly observations at the central observatory at Manila on atmospheric pressure, tem- perature, relative humidity, vapor tension, direction and force of the wind, and direction, form, and amount of clouds, and bi-daily observations on ozone ; and in part 2, observations during the same period at the magnetical observatory on declination, horizontal force, inclination, and other disturbances, as measured by Mascart registering instruments. Precipitation in North German river basins, G. Hellmann (Die A"/e- (Ier.schl(i(/e in den Norddeiitschen Strom f/ehieten. Berlin: Dietrich Keimer, 1906, vols. 1. pp. V + 386 -f 139, pis. 3, figs. //S, map. 1; 2, pp. VII + 722; 3, pp. VII + 812). — A review of this work in Briti.s-h Rainfall 1905. refers to it as " the most remarkable compendium of rainfall data which has ever been pub- lished." It is a compilation, under the direction of the chief of the Royal Prus- sian Meteorological Institute of Berlin, of all available rainfall data up to the year 1900, the earliest records included dating back to 1715. Observations at 4,000 stations are included. The data are discussed with reference to amount, frequency, and variation of rainfall. A study of the longest records reduced to their average value for the 50 years 1851-1900 shows that the lowest mean annual rainfall in the region under consideration is about IS in., the greatest about 58 in. The average seasonal changes for the whole region are comparatively regular, February having as a rule the least rainfall and July the greatest, with a regu- lar decrease following that month. Under the maritime conditions of the western part of the area, however, there is a tendency for the maximum to occur later in the year, in the extreme south and southeast to occur earlier. Over southern and central Germany the driest month is January, in the north- east February, and in the extreme north and northwest April. The rainfall of winter is 24 per cent of the annual total in the extreme west, diminishing steadily toward the east and south until it becomes less than If! per cent at the sources of the eastern rivers. In the spring the rainfall increases from about 18 per cent of the total in the northwest and 20 per cent along the Baltic coast to more than 24 per cent in the valley of the Danube. The sununer rainfall is 30 per cent of the total annual rainfall on the North Sea coast and 40 per cent in the heart of the continent. In autumn 30 per ceirt of the total rainfall occurs along the North Sea and Baltic coasts and 22 per cent in the central and soutlk- ern states. Leaving the mountainous regions out of account, the number of rainy days decreases from iibout 175 in the northwest of Germany to 135 or less in the southeast, the variations in different parts of Germany being somewhat irregu- lar. In the north and west the months which have most frequent rains are October, November, or December, and the month having the least frequent rains April. In central Germany most frequent rains occur in July and least fre- quent usually in September. In the south June has most rainy days and No- vember or January least. In a study of variations in rainfall it was found that there was a greater tendency for a run of consecutive dry months than for a run of consecutive wet months. A relation was traced between variations in annual rainfall and suuspot frequency, each sunspot period including 2 rainfall maxima, closely METEOKOLOGY WATER. 529 related to the turninj: points of the suuspot curve, the larger maximum of rain- fall corresponiliiifj; to the suiispot iiiiiiinuun. the smaller to the suiispot maxi- mum. A .'i5 years' cycle con'espoiuliufr to that de(Ui(<'(l In- r.riickiier Un- the whole of Euroii(> se(>me(l to he lioi'ue out hy the data for North (k-rmaiiy. A viiluminous liihlid.^raphy oi' litcralure relating to German rainfall is given. Cirrus clouds and rain { Sciciicc. ii. .scr.. .i) (IDOC). Ao. lil'i, p. IS.',). — .\ brief note is given on studies l)y \;ni(lerlinden at the Koyal Observatory of Belgium at Uocle on the i-elation between the direction of movement of cirrus clouds and the suhseipient occurrence of rain. The observations show in general that cirrus clouds "do not appear always to lie the prognostics of rain whicli they have been said to be." The Mount Rose weather observatory, J. E. Church. Jr., {Mo. Weather Rer., SJf (1D()()), Ao. 6, pp. 2.).3-.i6U //f/.s-. 9). — An account is given in this article of the establishment, with tlie cooperation of the Nevada Academy of Sciences, the United States Weather Bureau, and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, of a small observing station on the sumnnt of this mountain which forms the northern apex of the Carson Range of the Sierra Nevada and is 10.800 ft. high. The peak is near Reno, Nev., and coimnniids the Lake Tahoe and Truckee and Carson valleys. It was selected because it was believed " that an observatory here would be of service in furnishing data as to the constant air movements from the I'ai-ific coast and in reporting approaching weather conditions to the districts farther east." and would furnish a valuable means of comparing the weather conditions of this high elevation with those of Reno in the valley, 0,268 ft. below, and of San Francisco to the southwest. The records thus far made indicate a rather constant correspondence between fall in pressure and fall in temperature, and furthermore, that such fall pre- cedes by several hours (24 to .">(;) the appearance of frost in the Truckee and Carson valleys below, thus furnishing a possible basis for frost prediction for these valleys. In cooperation with the Nevada PLxperiment Station it is proposetl to continue these frost studies and also to make investigations on precipitation and evapo- ration at this high .nltitude as well as of other prol)lems having an agricultural bearing. Water supply and sewerage (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mas.^., 31 (1905). pp. 33-.'t2(), ftfiH. 3, charts 3). — This report contains as usual accounts of advice given to cities, tow'ns, and public institutions regarding water and ice supply, sewerage and sewage disposal, pollution of ponds, sti'eams, and other bodies of water, etc., the results of examinations of public water supplies and rivers, and water supply statistics, as well as articles on materials used for service pipes in Massachusetts, experiments on the removal. of organisms from the waters of ponds and reservoirs by the use of copper sulphate, investigations concerning absorption and sedimentation of copper sulphate used as an algicide and con- ceriung tiie bactericidal itroperties of copper and copper sulphate, experiments on the purification of sewage and water at the Lawrence Ex])eriment Station in 1905, and examination of sewer outlets and of tidal waters and flats from which shellfish are taken. E.rperiments with copper siilpliatc on ponds and reservoirs (pp. 207-287). — Ex- periments on a number of ])onds and reservoirs with varying amounts of copper sulphate are reported, showing that the sulphate completely destroys certain kinds of organisms but has little or no effect on others. " The C.vanophycejp, which are among the most trcmblesome of the organisms wiiich cause disagree- able tastes and odors in the waters of ponds and reservoirs, can be removed by the application of cojjper sul]ihate in a quantity amounting approximately to 1 part of copper sulphate in 4,000,000 to 8,000,000 parts of water." Uroglena 530 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the Infusoria, which are very troiililesome organisms in connection witli water supplies, was remoA'ed by tlie use of copper sulphate at the rate of 1 part to 12.0()(»,000 parts of water. The results, however, were not so satisfactory in case of Diatouiace;e and green algt^. Moreover, it appears that after repeated treatment with copper sulphate such organisms become less sensitive to its action. Tender certain conditions copper sulphate seems to be very injurious to tish. In one case reported 1 part of sulphate in 5,000,000 parts of water destroyed large numbers of fish. There are conditions in both shallow and deep ponds and reservoirs under which the diffusion of the copper is very irregular and may remain for long periods locally concentrated. The use of copper and copper sulphate as a bactericide, etc. (pp. 289-338).- — Tank and reservoir experiments on the use of copper sulphate and metallic copper as a means of destroying bacteria, algjp, etc.. as well as studies of sedimentation of copper sulphate, its combination with mineral and organic matters, etc.. are reported in this article. The results show among other things that while Bacillus coli and B. ti/phosus are occasionally killed by dilute solutions of copper, these organisms may live for many weeks in water contain- ing not more than 1 part of copper sulphate in 100,000 parts of water. It is claimed that to insure the destruction of these germs 1 part of copper sulphate to 1,000 parts of water must be used, and such an amount of copper gives a strongly astringent taste to water. " In some instances, very dilute solutions of copper sulphate, or colloidal copper absorbed from contact with clean metallic copper, appear to have a decidedly stimulating effect on bacterial activity, caus- ing rapid multiplication. . . . The two experiments made with sulphate of alumina and ferrous sulphate seem to indicate that these salts are about as efficient in destroying bacteria as copiter sulphate." In view of the uncertainty of the action of the copper sulphate under many conditions, it is stated " that the use of any method of sterilization which is not absolutely sure and effective is dangerous in ordinary hands, tending to induce a false feeling of security, and leading to the neglect of ordinary precautions which otherwise would be taken." The use of copper in the purification of water, L. F. Rettger and H. B. Endicott (Enyin. ^Scws, 56 {1006), Xo. J7, pp. ',2'>, .'i26). — Experiments are reported from which the conclusion is drawn that " in the absence of appreci- able quantities of organic matter (and an unusual amount of carbonates) and when the temperature is not too low (8-10° C), copper sulphate has a strong germicidal action on Bacillns coli, B. typhi, the organisms of dysentery and Asiatic cholera, and on hog and fowl cholera bacilli. At 20° C. they are de- stroyed in dilutions of 1 to 400,000 and over, within a period of 24 hours. In the natural condition of water in reservoirs, etc., the action is in all probability much greater. When used intelligently, therefore, copper sulphate is a most valuable agent in the purification of drinking water. It has been shown fre- quently that small quantities of copper have no injurious action on man. Cer- tain fish may be injured by it, but only in concentrations much greater than those which are necessary to destroy the typhoid organism, etc." Sulphate of iron and caustic lime as coagulants in water purification, J. W. Ellms (Emjin. Rec, 5'/ (1906), No. 16, pi>. 'i39-Ii'il, fifl- J).— The use of these materials is discussed and their advantages explained. Of the latter the prin- cipal are rapid sedimentation in turbid waters and consequent elimination of plain sedimentation, diminished cost of purification, and a high degree of effi- ciency, especially in the case of the turbid waters of the Middle West. Water softening and treatment, W. H. Booth {London: Archibald Constable d Co., Ltd., 1906, pi). 324; rev. in Chem. Xeics, 94 {1906), Xo. 2.',35, p. 46). SOILS FERTILIZERS. 531 SOILS FERTILIZERS. AgricultuVal charts at the Congress of Applied Chemistry, Rome, 1906 {Rev. Gen. Aiiroii.. n. xcr.. I (1!)06), A o. H-l. p/i. 2o'i-2.')6). — This is ii review of a discussion of tiiis subject by Troosf. Tlie relation of plnnts to the composition of tlie soil .-iiid the nssocintion of certiiiu plnnts with a particular kind of soil under natural conditions are dis- cussed with reference to the utilization of such knowledse in the preparation of agricultural charts. A permanent committee of si)ecialists in various lines was appointed to take this subject under consideration and to comi)ile materials for the preparation of such charts. On the relation between soils and the rocks from which they are derived, L. Milch {Mitt. Landic. Inst. Brcslaii. .i (HlOi;). Xo. 3. pp. 867-897). — The studies here reported of soils produce.l jier cent of jihosidioric acid when treated with a solution of this sul)stance and larger anumnts when treated with a solution of monocalcium phosphate. Ilumus precipitated in ])resence of dipotassium phos- phate by a number of different acids contained about the same amount of phos- phoric acid in each case and the percentage of this substance remained con- stant whatever the excess of ])hosphate added. Studies on the soils of the northern portion of the great jjlains region. The second steppe, V. J. Alway (.\)n aver- age elevation is 1,(500 ft. Analyses of samples of each foot of the soil down to a dei)th of <> ft., taken at the Indian Head experimental farm, are rei)orted. and while these analyses show the soil to be fertile, it is stated that there is nothing in the analytical results to explain the remarkable yields of wheat, oats, barley, peas, and potatoes which have been obtained. 532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The surface soil is ricli in nitrogen (0.23 per cent in first foot) and both surface and subsoil are well supplied with potash ((1.87 to (».(! iter cent) and phosphoric acid (0.14 to 0.18 per cent). The subsoil is also very rich in carbo- nates. A studj' of moisture conditions in the soil leads to the conclusion that it is the moisture stored in the deep and permeable subsoil during the previous summer and not the frost of the preceding winter, as claimed by Sir Wm. Crookes and others, that is the cause of the high yields. The I'elative fertility of different areas of the soil seems to depend more upon the character of the subsoil as related to storage of moisture, etc., than ui)on that of the surface soil. On the agricultural value of the cacao soils of St. Thomas and the Gold Coast, A. Hebert (Bill Hoc. Chun. Paris, 3. sci:, 3o (lOOli). Ao. 20-21, pp. JO39-IO4I; ahs. in Jour. Cliem. Soc. {London'], 90 (1906), No. 530. II, p. 889). — I'hysical and chemical analyses of a number of samples are reported. It is stated that in common with African soils in general the soils examined showed a marked deficiency of lime and potash, although nitrogen and phosphoric acid are usually present in sufficient amounts. On the soils of the middle buntersandstein, E. Blanck ( Landiv. Vers. Stat., 65 {1906), No. 3-'i, pp. 161-216. pJ. 1). — A geological and chemical study of this subject is reported, with a review of literature. The results of examination of a number of soils of this group with ref- erence to physical, chemical, petrographic, and mineralogical properties, and absorptive power for potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen, are reported, and the stages in the formation of such soils and their modification by the use of fertilizers are discussed. Management of soils to conserve moisture, G. 11. Failyer {V. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmer.^' Bui. 266, pp. 30, fins:. 7). — This bulletin is a popular discussion of the subject of conservation of moisture in soils with special reference to semi-arid conditions, its preparation being suggested by the increasing interest taken in the question of dry farming in parts of the semi-arid West. It dis- cusses briefly general principles, and deals more fully with the relation of drainage and tillage to soil moisture, conditions in the semi-arid regions and l»est method of controlling them, crops best suited to such regions, and the relation of organic matter to the conservation of moisture in soils. Soil differences, J. A. Bonsteel (Cornell Countrynntn. J, (1906). No. 3. pp. 68-70). — This article briefly discusses differences in texture, structure, oi'ganic matter, moisture relations, and drainage of soils. On Loew's theory regarding the lime-magnesia ratio in soils, J. C. de UuiJTER DE WiLDT (Cuituru, IS (1906), Nos. 216. pp. 'i63-Ji71; 217, pp. .305-513; 218, pp. 557-570; 219, pp. 650-666). — Investigations on this subject are critically reviewed and the conclusion is reached that these investigations do not demon- strate that a definite relation between lime and magnesia is necessary to normal nutrition of plants, although it is not denied that a relation may exist. Further investigation of the subject is required. The removal of black alkali by leaching, F. K. Cameron and H. E. Patten (Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc, 28 (1906), No. 11, pp. 1639-16'i9, figs. 5; aT).s. in Chem. Ahs., 1 (1907), No. 1, pp. 79, 80). — This article reports analyses and percolation tests with 2 samples of black alkali soils, one from North Yakima, Wash., the other from Fresno, Cal. The analyses showed that these samples of alkali contained besides the soluble carbonates notable quantities of sodium sulphate with nuich smaller amounts of other sulphates and chlorids. One hundred grams of each soil was placed in a paraffined brass tube connected below with a short section of a Pasteur-Chamber- land filter tube, and distilled water was allowed to percolate through the soil SOILS FERTILIZERS. 533 uiidor ;i constnnt prossiiiv of in relation to nitrogen fixation of the soil depends mainly upon the fact that they furnish a valuable and readily available supply of carbon compounds for the assimilation of the nitrogen-fixing organisms, especially Azotobacter. Conditions affecting legume inoculation, K. F. Kellerman and T. R. Robin- son (U. ,S'. Drpt. Apr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 100, pt. 8, pp. 15, pis. 2).— The Iiulletin records the results of greenhouse studies on soils from different 534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. liarts of the United States, of the rehxtion of lime, character of soil solution, heavy inoculation, aeration, and associative action of bacteria on the etliciency of legume inoculation. The results are thus summarized: "(1) Lime is of decided benefit in obtaining successful inoculations of legumes in some soils. These soils often show an acid reaction to litmus. "(2) Soil extracts serving as culture media often indicate the probable suc- cess of inoculating a leguminous crop. This, however, may not always hold true. "(3) At least during the first season's growth no general cross-iuoculation takes place. Bacteria from one host may, however, inoculate a physiologically related species. "(4) Heav.v inoculation by a pure culture increases nodule formation if the soil solution is enriched by the excess of culture medium : however, in a favorable soil a light inoculation well distrilnited is as effective. "(5) Thorough aeration is favorable to nodule formation. "(G) Whether in a synthetic medium or a natural soil solvition, the functions of a bacterium are influenced by the associative or competitive action of the various groups of organisms with which it comes in contact, as well as by the nature of the culture material." Experiments with nitrogen-assimilating bacteria, A. Bruttini (Bol. Quiiid. Soc. Agr. Ital., 11 (1906), No. 18, pp. 658-66',) .—The work of other investiga- tors on this subject is reviewed, and experiments by the author with jNIoore'.^ cultures are reported. These show that while the cultures were effective when the soil was not naturall.v inoculated, so few cultivated Italian soils are in this condition as to render the practical value of artificial inoculation doubtful. On some new nitrogen bacteria with autotrophic habits of life, II. Kaserer (ZtscJir. Aiic/ew. Chciii., If) (1906). No. J,0. p. 16S1).— Thin is a brief note on a paper on this suliject presented at the recent meeting of the German Associa- tion of Naturalists and Thysicians. The author isolated and describes two organisms which oxidize ammonia com- pounds. The first, to which the name Bacillus iiitrator is given, transforms ammonia compounds directly into nitrate without the intermediate formation of nitrite; the other, BaciUiis (izotofiiiorcsccits. oxidizes ammonia, setting free nitrogen without the intermediate formation of either nitrite or nitrate. On the chemical processes involved in the assimilation of elementary nitrogen by Azotobacter and Radiobacter, ,1. Stoklasa (Zfschr. To: Dent. Zuckerindus.,. 1906. No. 608. pp. ' 815-825). — Culture experiments with these organisms, singly and combined in various culture media to determine their capacity for fixing free nitrogen and the conditions which favor this process are reported. In a medium containing 20 gm. of mannite and 0.5 gm. of potassium phosphate per liter Azotobacter assimilated 7.5 mg. of nitrogen per liter in 10 days, 90 mg. in 15 days, and 125 mg. in 20 days. Radiobacter cultures show^ed practically no gain in nitrogen, and mixtures of the two organisms showed less gain than Azotobacter alone. Glucose proved a better source of carbon than mannite, ])rovided a little calcium or sodium carbonate was added to the medium. In a glucose medium Azotobacter fixed ISO mg. of nitrogen per liter in 15 days, in which time the glucose was entirely used up. On the average 165 gm. of glucose was required for 1 gm. of nitrogen assimilated. No soluble nitrogen compounds were formed in the cultures. The bacterial mass contained 10.2 per cent total nitrogen and 8.6 per cent i)ure ash, the latter con- taining 62.35 to 58 per cent of phosphoric acid. The nitrogen and phosphorus in the bacterial mass was mainly in the form of nucleo-proteid and lecithin. Measurements of the carbon dioxid evolved showed a very large evolution of this gas, the highest jiroduction being observed at from the fourth to the sixth . SOILS FERTILIZERS. 535 (1906), \o. 25, pp. 1361-1319; Ann. Chim. et Pliyn., 8. hci:, '.) {1906), Oct., pp. I.'i5-1(!3; uhs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 25 (1906), No. V,, p. 695; CJicni. Ahs., 1 (1901), Xo. 1, p. 22; Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 35 (1906), Xo. 23, pp. 1221, 1222). — The author reports studies of the effect of silent dis- charges of the induction coil on mi.xtures of nitrogen and oxygen in presence of water or alkali hydroxid operating on a stream of gas passing through the appa- ratus and also on a fixed contained voliime of gas. " The primary current was 12 amperes at (> volts, and- the poles of the coil were 20 mm. apart. The coil was used both with and without a condenser. It was found that the high tension of the coil was necessary (no effect was produced by connecting the apparatus directly with the pul)lic alternating supply at 100 volts), but that the condenser was practically without influence. In the circula- tion exi)eriments, 0.0192 gm. of nitric acid per hour was produced from half a liter of air, or about 14 per cent of the total amount possible. No effect was produced by substituting alkali h.vdroxid for water in the apparatus. Neither ammonia nor nitrous acid was produced. In the constant volume experiments, whether the gases were mixed in the proportions No -.O^ or there was excess of nitrogen, reaction occurred to tlie (practically) complete disappearance of oxy- gen; and here, also, no other reaction than the direct formation of nitric acid took place. In these experiments, measilrements of pressure and time showed an acceleration of the reaction after the beginning, followed by a gradual retard- ation as the pressure (and hence the concentrations of the reacting gases) diminished, so that the theoretical coujpletion of the reaction would occur only after infinite time. It is to be romeini^ered that the reactions here concerned — N.+0,-fH„0+Ari=2IIN03 dilute; or, N,+0,+H,0 gas=2HN03 gas ; are exothermic, and differ in this from the formation in the arc of nitric oxid ()r nitrogen peroxid from their elements." The industrial utilization of the nitrogen of the air, C. Fuschini ■(Rivista. .',. scr.. 12 (1906). Xo. 19, pp. ',.?.7-i',/).— This is a review of a reptTrt by O. N. Witt wliich has already lieen noted (E. S. li., 17, p. 74(5). 536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The electrical production of nitric acid from the elements of the air, L. Granueau (Ann. .S'c/. Af/ron., 3. sci:, 1 {1006), xYo. 1, pp. 1-60, fjjjs. 29).— The works, apparatus, and methods employed at Notodden, Norway, are quite fully described. This article is also published as a separate. Oxidation of nitrogen by silent discharges in atmospheric air, E. Warburg and G. Leithauser (Ann. Plujs., J,, ser., 26 {W06), Xo. -'/, pp. I'tS-'tSO; ahs. in Amer. Jour. .S'c/., //. scr., 22 (1906), No. 131, p. 462).— The authors report a series of experiments from which they conclude that" (1) nitrose gases in the presence of ozone are easily absorbed by dilute soda lye; (2) with silent brush dis charges from the positive terminal sphere in atmospheric air, at the room tem- perature, independently of the moisture of the air, 10 liters of NO is oxidized by an ampere hour; (3) the oxidized quantity of nitrogen mixture increases with increasing temperature and then decreases with the formation of the ozone; (4) a quantity of N2O4, indicating 1 cc. NO in 1,500 cc. lessens the forma- tion of ozone when the silent discharge occurs in atmospheric air." Nitric acid and other spark reactions {Jahrh. Elektrochem., 11 (1904), pp. 610-615). — The literature especially of investigations relating to the prepara- tion of nitric acid from the atmosphere is reviewed. A domestic supply of nitrogen, N. Card (Ztschr. Angew. Chein., 19 {1906), No. 37, pp. l.'>69-1581, figs.'o). — Statistics of production and consumption of nitrogen compounds are given, and the apparatus and processes used and the commercial success attained in the manufacture of nitrogen compounds, espe- cially calcium cyanamid, potassium cyanid, and nitrates, are described. It is stated that the cost of production in these methods is still too high to enable the products to couqiete successfully with the natural supplies except possibly in special cases of unusually cheap power, etc. Nitrogen lime, its use and action (Dent. Lnndw. Pres.^e, 33 (1906), No. 48, pp. J,05, J,06; LaiKlw. Wchiihl. Schles.-Holst., 56 (1906), No. J,0, pp. 602, 603).— A brochure on this subject by Miinzinger of the Darmstadt experiment station is briefly reviewed. Apparatus for the preparation of lime nitrogen and ammonium sulphate according to the methods of the Cyanid Company of Berlin (Dciit. Landw. Presse, 33 (1906). No.s. 76, p. 606, figs. 4; ''O, p. 631, fig. i).— The construc- tion and operation of the furnaces and other apparatus used in preparing these compounds by the Frank and Caro and Siemens processes are described and illustrated. The making of sulphate of ammonia (Amer. Pert., 25 (1906), No. 4, pp. 5-tO, figs. 3). — This article discusses briefly the value of ammonia in agricul- ture and describes the methods used in preparing anunonium sulphate by the destructive distillation of coal. Treatment of vinasse and molasses for recovery of nitrogenous matter after removal of potash, Vasseux (BiiI. Assoc. Chiiii. Hiicr. ct Distill. 23 (1906), No. 12, pp. 1381, 1382; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chein. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 16, p. 823). — The author points out that while the nitrogenous matter con- tained in molasses is more valuable than the potassium salts present, the former is generally lost by incineration during the process of working up the saline matter. He proposes the following method for its recovery : The vinasse is concentrated and treated with sulphuric acid, thus converting the potash into sulphate, which crystallizes out. The mother liquors are then evapo- rated to dryness in an apparatus of special construction, yielding a residue containing from .T to 7 per cent of nitrogen and 0 to 7 per cent of potash. On the practical value of lime nitrogen as a fertilizer, W. voN Knierim SOILS FERTILIZERS. 537 iRigaschc Indus. Ztg., 1906, p. 20J,: ahs. in Clirm. Ztf/.. 30 (1006), No. SS, Rcpcrt. A'o. J/l, I). 310). — The iiutlior reviews otlicr investigations on this sul)- jec't and reports experiments during 1905 witli oats to test tlie fertilizing value of lime nitrogen as compared with nitrate of soda. Tlie material was applied 10 days hefore seeding and cultivated in to a dei)th of ?i to 5 in. The lime uitrogen gave somewhat hotter results than nitrate of soda, hoth as regards yield of grain and of straw. Preliminary experiments with a cyanamid compound as a nitrogenous fertilizer, F. T. Shltt and II. W. ("ii.viu/roN (I'roc (ind 7'raiis. Roij. »s'oc. Canudu, >. .ST/-., n (1905-6), Sec. Ill : Clirni. Xnrs. i).', (1906). Xo. .iJ,.',.',. pp. l.W-1.52).— M\l)eriments to determine th<' effect of calcium and potassium cyanamido- carhoxylate on the germination or vitality of seed wheat and peas, and the rate at which these compounds are nitrified when present in the soil in various l)roportions, are reported. The results in the first case led to the conclusion " that the presence of the cyanamid compounds in amounts eciuivalent to 5 mg. or less of nitrogen per 100 gm. of soil would not prove injurious to the germination of seed. Toxic effects were markedly noticeahle, however, with amounts between 10 and 20 mg. i)er 100 gm. soil, while still larger quantities proved fatal. The potas- simn compound appears to he more injurious in its action on the life of the seed and of the young plants than the calcium salt." In the second case the results indicate "that with the increase in the amount of the cyanamid compound there is a concomitant decrease in the rate of nitrification. This is probably due, as already indicated, to a toxic action ui)on the nitrifying organisms by the cyanamid compound, which action would naturally be increased the larger the application. On the other hand, it may in i)art be due to denitrifying changes leading to the loss of nitrogen in the free state. "The conversion of the nitrogen of the cyanamid into available forms is, most probably, under fji.vorable conditions, continuous, though not uniformly so. The first stage may be considered possil>ly as purely chemical, since wafer at ordinary temperatures converts the nitrogen of cyanamid into am- monia. The further changes being brought about through the agency of living organisms are necessarily slower and will be regulated by many factors, prominent among which, as we have observed, is the proportion of the cyanan)id compound present in the soil." Fertilizer exi^eriments in 1905 with calcium cyanamid in comparison w^ith other nitrogenous fertilizers and liquid manure, (J. C.\ruso (.1/// A'. Accad. Ih-on. A(/r. Gcor(;. Fircnzc, 5. ."fcr., 3 (1906), \o. ,i. pp. 228-238). — Comparative tests of calcium cyanamid, ammoiiium sulphate, sodium nitrate, and li(iuid manure on corn and beans grown on coast lands which were well provided with fertilizing constituents are rejjorted. Notwithstanding the fact that the soil was in a good state of fertilit.v, all of the nitrogenous fertilizers produced an increase in crop. The order of efliciency was calcium cyanamid, aunnonium sul- phate, sodium nitrate, and liquid manure. The calcium cyanamid increased not only the yield of grain, but also its weight per bushel. The high efficiency of the calcium c,yanamid is attributed partly to the lime which it contains, supply- ing a deficiency in the soil, and to the more lasting and uniform effect of the nitrogen it contains. The calcium cyanamid used in these experiments fur- nisli(>d nitrogen at one-fifth less cost than sodium nil rate. The decomposition of calcium cyanamid when used as a niedium for bacteria, li. I'erotti (Arch. Furnuicol. ,Sper. e Sci. Aff., 5 (1906), No. 9, pp. 538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 385-394, pl- l).—ln previous experiuients the autlior has shown that in certain concentrations calcium cyananiid has a decided antiseptic action. In lower con- centrations, however, a considerahle growth of bacterial flora takes place. In the experiments here reported, it was shown that by the action of mici'o- organisms ammonia was formed from the calcium cyanamid, thus agreeing in general with the results obtained by Lohnis (E. S. R., 17, p. 345). It is not considered, however, that this action is a result of a specific function possessed by a determinate form, but is a part of the great process of anunonia production which goes on in soils as a result of the action of innumerable forms of micro- organisms. The author's results differ from those of Lohnis in that he was unable to obtain the complete decomposition of the calcium cyanamid reported by Lohnis in some cases. This discrepancy is thought to have been due to the fact that Lohnis used a method of preparing his liquid media (sterilization by heating in a current of steam) which probably resulted in the formation of dicyandiamid, which very likely is more readily converted into ammonia than the calcium cyanamid. This is a point which demands further investigation. Experiments on the fate of the nitrogen of green manures in light sandy soils, VON Seelhorst (Mitt. Dciit. Laiidir. GcselL, 21 {1906), Nos. 28, pp. 289-293; 29, pp. 295-299). — The details of experiments on sand in large tanks to determine the balance of nitrogen with different methods of green manuring for various crops are reported. The results, while not considered conclusive, indicate that the greater part of the rather large amount of the nitrogen of green manures which is not utilized by crops on sandy soils is carried away in the drainage, while a smaller proportion is lost by denitriflcation, especially on soils dried out by growth of a crop of cereals. Field experiments at Jarville with phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers, L. (iRAXDEAU {.Jour. A\' tiie soil, being quite inarlu'd on poor soils and very small on more fertile soils. The loss is generally confined to the first year, except in case of poor, sandy soils. With loam soils treated with nitrate of soda there is a slight increase the second and third years after apjilication of straw. The results of several years' field experiments with fertilizers, Tacke (Jdhrb. DcKl. Luiidir. c/rxr//., .^0 {I'.Ul.j), pp. 36-.'iG, pf/. /). — Various practical conclusions which, however, are applicable mainly to (Jerman conditions, are drawn from tlie results summarized. The use of fertilizers in extensive culture with reference to geological formation and soil analysis, II. P.ock et al. {Jahrh. Deut. Lamlw. Gcsell., .!() (1!)05), pp. .'/6'-.>.> ) . — Various general views on this subject are presented in their application to (Jennan conditions. On the relative value of different phosphates, I). X. Prianisiimkov {Landw. \rrs. Stat.. G.', (I HOG), Ko. 1-2. pp. 2S--'>-'i. pl-^. !). pta. Bui. 163, pp. J,8). — This is a compilaticm of information on the composition, value, and use of farm manures and fertilizers, including also a discussion of home mixing and formulas for fertilizer mixtiu'es for various crops. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, J. E. Halligan {Louisiana titas. Bui. 87, pp. 50). — This bulletin gives the results of analyses of 2,508 samples of fertilizing materials and 73 samples of Paris green inspected during the season of 190G. The results of the inspection of fertilizers show a general tendency toward excess of phosphoric acid and deficiency of nitrogen in mixed goods, as well as in tankage. The samples of cotton-seed meal examined w'ere very variable in composition. The acid phosphates and bone meals as a rule exceeded the guaranties. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The sexuality of cotton, W. L. Balls {Yearbook Khediv. Agr. Sac. Cairo, 1905, pp. 197-222, pl><. 9). — Investigations have been Iteguu by the author on heredity in cotton. The present paper includes the history of the cotton flower and the early stages of the embryo, while changes in the seed and development and maturation of the fiber will be discussed in a subsequent publication. The cytology of the sex cells is described at considerable length, and a brief account is given of the development of the cotton fiber. This begins before fer- tilization is accomplished, but whether it is entirely independent of pollination or not has not been definitely determined. Contrary to previous reports, the development of the fiber is not from subepidermal cells of the outer integument, as is usually stated, but by simple linear extension of the ejiidermal cells, the cotton fiber thus being a sim])le epidermal bair. The mechanism of carbon assimilation in green plants, F. L. Usher and J. II. Priestley (Proc. Roy. ^oc. [London], ,Ser. B, 77 {1906), No. B 518, pp. 369-376; 78 {1906), No. B 526, pp. 318-327).— A series of experiments has been carried on to determine the nature of the first stages in the assimilation of carbon from carbon dioxid by green plants. It hits been shown that carbon AGKICULTUKAL IU)TANY. 541 (Ijoxid iiiMV Ito (lo('()ini)oso(l Iiy nrnniuiii acctjilc tlic docdinpositioii i-cscnildiiif,' tliiit \vliicli l.-ikcs i»liico witliin tlie plant. This is iuroiiipaiiicii i)y the foniiatioii of foniialdcii.vdo. which is rapidly converted into some physiological inert suh- stance, and i)ero.\id. which is decomposed with the evolution of {gaseous oxygen. Experiments on the mechanism of the evolution of oxygen from the green plant suggest the presence of a catalyst, prohahly an enzym. and tliis en/,ym has heen found in the foliage leaves of plants representing 4() natural orders of vascular cryptograms and phanerogams. It also occurs in etiolated leaves and potato tubers, appearing to be associated with amyloplasts, whether possessing chl()roi)hyll or not. Experiments witli Spirogyra have shown that a starchless filament will con- tain starch williin .". miiiulcs after exposure to light. ;ind it is helicved that starch is not elaborated within the cell until the supply of that nutrient is in excess of the cell's re(iuircments. It would therefore seem that there must be some arrangement for the r.-ipid removal of formaldehyde, and for this reason it is useless to attempt to find formaldehyde in healthy assimilating leaves. Snniniariziiig their conclusions, the authors state that ])hotolysis of carbon ilioxid may take iiLic(> outside the plant in the absence of chlorophyll, i)roviding one of the products is removed. The normal i)rodncts of photolysis are hydro- gen jieroxid and formaldehyde, though under certain conditions formic acid may be fnruied. In tlu' plant the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxid is provided for by .a catalytic enzym of general occurrence, and the condensation of the formaldehyde is dependent on the healthy condition of the protoplasm. In continuation of tlieir investigations, reported in the second ])aper. thi' authors conclude that photolytic decomposition of aqueous carbon dioxid can take jilace in the presence of chlorophyll independently of vital or enzym activity, provided the necessary physical and chenucal conditions are strictly adhered to. The products of the decomposition are formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxid, formic acid being an intermediate product. It is possible to reconstruct the process of photosynthesis outside the green plant, so far as the production of formaldehyde and oxygen is concerned, by introducing a suitable catalytic enzyni into the system, and for the production of oxygen and starch by intro- ducing, in addition to the enzym. certain kinds of nonchlorophyll-bearing living l)rotoi)lasm. There is direct experimental proof that formic acid is a product of the photolytic de<'omposition of carbon dioxid in the i)resence of an inorganic uranium salt. Formaldehyde has not been isolated and identified in the case of decom|)osition by the inorganic uranium salt, but a study of the reactions favors th(^ vi(>w that it is formed as a transitory intermediate iiruduct. Variations in chlorophyll assimilation under the influence of light and temperature, W. Lubimenko (Coiiiiif. h'cinl. A((i° and 90° angles of inclination. The temi)eratures were held for different lots at 20°, 25°, 30°, 85°, and .'58° <'. and the caibiin dioxid decomi)osition determined in each case. Among the i)lants studied were lir. sjiruce. yew, and linden as tolerant species, and pine, black locust, and wliit<' birch as intolerant to shade. 20915— No. 6—07 .m i 542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. When the iniiiiimim of illumination, parallel rays, was studied it was found that the carhoii dioxid assimilation increased with the increase in temperature. Where the illumination was at 45°, which corresponds with average illumina- tion, the increase was regular and the temperature rose until an optimum was reached, after which the decomposition fell ofE more rapidly for the tolerant than for the intolerant species. Similar results were ohtained when the leaves were illuminated vertically, the decrease beyond the optimum falling more rapidly than when less illuminated. Sunnuarizing his investigations, the author claims that under the conditions of his experiments heat and light facilitate carbon dioxid decomposition, that there is an optimum for each beyond which the assimilative energy diminishes, and that the diminution in assimilation of carbon dioxid takes place more rapidly with tolerant species than with those intolerant to shade. Temperature and toxic action, C. Brooks {Bat. Gax., 42 (1906), No. 5, pp. 359-375, dgms. 33). — A report is given of experiments with a numl)er of species of fungi to determine the modifying effect of temperature on the toxic proper- ties of certain chemicals as shown by the effect of these substances on germina- tion and growth. The chemicals tested were nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and a solution of copper sulphate, and the fungi employed were Botrytis vulgaris, Monilia fnictUjcna, Stcrigvnitocijstis nigra, Miicor nnicedo, and PenicilUum glaucum. The first two of these fungi are usually considered parasitic and have a relatively low optinunn temperature, while the last three are saprophytes and grow well at temperatures considerably above the optimum for the first two. It was found that in most cases the deleterious action of the toxic agent increased rapidly with the rise in temperature, although there were marked differences in the various fungi noted. There was a decided drop in the germi- nation curves for Botrytis and Monilia between 5° and 10°. With PenicilUum the fall came either between 10° and 15° or between 15° and 20°, while with Mucor and Sterigmatocystis the downward curves began at 15° or 20°. There was also found a remarkable agreement in the minimum temperature for the germination of a particular fungus under certain conditions and the location of the fall in the germination curve. In all cases the injurious effects were least at the optimum temperature for the germination of the fungus, as shown from check cultures to determine the rate of germination and development. Taking the total growth as a standard, the injurious effects of the toxic agents decreased with the rise of temperature. This decrease is considered as the result of approaching the optimum for the fungus rather than a mere temperature effect, and the effects produced by the three chemicals were widely different. The injury resulting from the (•()i>per sulphate solutions was not as great, comparatively, at 15° as at 20°, while this was true of neither of the acids. Sulphuric acid checked growth at the lower temperatures, but in no case served as a strong stimulating agent. Nitric acid gave similar inju- rious effects, but at the higher temperatures served as a remarkalile stimulus. Investigations on the effect of soil sterilization on tlie development of plants, C. ScnuLZE (LaiKlir. Vers. Stut., 65 (1906), No. 1-2, pp. ISl-l'il, pis. .'/). — In connection with previous studies (E. S. R., 18, p. 841) some effects of soil sterilization on the growth of plants vi'ere observed, and the author has since carried on experiments to determine the relation between soil sterilization and development of plants. Pot experiments with field, meadow, and garden soils were made, the plants used being oats, mustard, jieas. I)uckwheat, and grasses. To each pot a nitrogen-free chemical fertilizer was added, which contained phosphoric acid, dil>asic calcium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, and magnesium sul- XJhate. One pot of each series was untreated, one sterilized for an hour at AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 543 12")° ('. Iioforo Cortili/.iiii,'' witli tlic .•iliovo-dcscriltod niixtiiiH', :\ tliinl was steril- ized at 125° i\ iil'tor .•iddiiii,' tiic fertilizer, and a fomih was sterilized at U)0° C. for 18 hovirs. During sterilization there was found to i>e a rorniation of more or less injurious decomposition products and also a release of otherwise nonavailable nitr()j?en. The decomposition products acted upon the different species of plants accordinj; to their sensitiveness, and the addition of lime counteracted their injurious effects. In fjeneral, sterilization seemed to relard iL?rowth for a •time, hut later the jdants became more vij,'orous in the sterilized pots, often exceeding in total jirowth those in the untreated pots. In every case the proportion of nitrogen to total plant production was increased in the sterilized pots. Except in those pots in which mustard and peas were grown in sterilized meadow soil, there was an increase^ in the total plant i>roduct. which was attributed to sterilization. Studies on the lignin and cellulose of wood, P. Spaulding {Mo. Bot. (iard. Ann. h'ljt.. 11 ilHiK)). itp. 'il-58, pis. 2). — A previovis author has shown by microchemical methods that cellulose occurs as a distinct lining layer in the walls of wood fibers of perfectly healthy trees, and he claims that a gelatinous thickening layer which reacts to the various color tests for cellulose occurs very commonly in the fiber walls of the xyleni as a normal condition in a great number of healthy trees, in all localities and situations. The presence of this uidignified layer in the wood fibers he thinks proI)abl.v re])resents a stage of arrested development and is not to be attributed to the action of fungi. Fur- thermore, he claims that delignification can not be attributed to an enzym se- creted by fungi. These statements the author has investigated to determine the prevalence of cellulose in the trees of America, to test the methods of the previous author's investigations, and to determine to some extent the action of fungi on wood. Two sets of experiments were cai'ried on. The first, which is of a preliminary nature, included but a few species of wood, while in the second about 40 of the more common timber trees were tested. The tests for cellulose showed that it was fairly abundant in a number of species but in others occurred only in very small (luantities or could not be detected at all. In species of Populus and Salix it was found to form a thick distinct iiuier layer of the fiber wall which seemed to. be somewhat loosely attached to the sei-ondary lignified one. Cellulose was never found in the cells of the oldest wood of tlu' annual rings, but was always situated in the more open early wood. In testing the methods of the previous investigator it was found that none of the woods were deli,gnified by boiling in the time stated. Apparently the woods used in these experiments were more tlioroughly lignified or else their lignin was held more firndy in combination. Tlie author thinks there is (>vidence to show the incorrectness of the claim that cellulose is due to arrested development or is present in the form of reserve material. In his studies he finds corroborative evidence of the delignification by means of fungi. In conclusion, the author states that there can be no doubt that enzyms or some substance exhibiting the characteristics of enzyms have been proved to exist in some .of the fungi and indeed in some of the wood-rotting ones. The disappearance of starch in the early stages of attack of some wood-rotting fungi .seems to be generally alti'ibuted to the secretion of diastase by the fungi, and lher(> api)ears to be no reason why the disappearance of lignin from the fiber walls, leaving cellulose in the last stages of decay, shcmld be attributed to any cause other than tiie secretion of a deliguifying enzym. 544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cyanogenesis in plants, J. W. Leather (Af/r. Jour. Uidia, 1 {1906), No. 3, pp. 220-225). ■ — After briefly noting the occurrence and distriI)ution of cyauo- genetic glucosids in a number of species of plants, the author describes his in- vestigations with 3 species of plants of economic importance. Analyses are reported of samples of sorghum that were taken as a part of a lot that had been held responsible for poisoning a number of cattle. The fodder when received was partially air-tlried and found to yield 1.28 grains prussic acid per pound of green fodder. The crop had been grown under irrigation and was in flower when cut. Other investigations showed a wide variation in the amount of prussic acid, depending apparently upon the variety and the stage of maturity, the content decreasing as maturity was approached. In a sample of sorghum that gave 0.17 grain prussic acid per pound in the air-dried ma- terial it was found upon analysis that the leaves contained 2..") grains, the stalks 1.1 grains, and the flowers 0.25 grain. Sun drying seemed to have no effect on the glucosid. Experiments with cassava showed that no variety contained prussic acid as such, but all contained a cyanogenetic glucosid, and associated with it was an enzym capable of splitting up the glucosid with the formation of prussic acid. The common classification of bitter and sweet cassava is based upon the amount of glucosid present. The third plant investigated was flax, the feeding of which was held respon- sible for the death of more than 50 head of cattle. Specimens of the suspected forage upon analysis yielded 1.4 grains prussic acid per pound of the plant. In addition to these plants the author reports having obtained prussic acid from beans (Phascoliis hinatus:) and Dolichos labJah by simply allowing the crushed seeds to remain in cold water for a few hours. In the case of seeds of this kind their poisonous properties may be destroyed by boiling them in water. Cyanogenic glucosids of plants and the utilization of reserve nitrogen, M. SoAVE (8tuz. Sper. A(/r. Ital.. 3'J (1906). No. .5, pp. //;^8-.'/37).— Studies are reported of the germination of the seed of the Japanese medlar (Mcspilus japonica). in which attempts were made to ascertain the amount of free hydro- cyanic acid and the role of glucosids occurring in the seed. It was found that hydrocyanic acid was not present in the seeds of the Japanese medlar, or in such minute quantities as to be shown only by the most delicate tests under favorable conditions. Amygdalin was present, however, often to the extent of 0.80 per cent of the total nitrogen of the seed. With the germination of the seed free hydrocyanic acid appeared, and at some stages of the development was found to amount to as much as 1.98 per cent of the total nitrogen. At the same time the amygdalin and other glucosids increased to 7.22 per cent of the total nitrogen. The nitrogen in the hydrocyanic acid and in the amygdalin was found to amount to as much as 0.15 per cent of the total nitrogen, indicating that the remaining nitrogen in part at least had assumed a gluco- sidal form. This the author has shown takes place in sweet and bitter almonds, and he believes it will be found true also in experiments with seeds containing cyanogenic glucosids other than amygdalin. Hydrocyanic acid, which is a widely distributed principle in plants, appears to be the first nitrogenous compound formed by plants and serves as the begin- ning of the proteid substances elaborated later. The occurrence of prussic acid and its derivatives in plants, T. A. Hekby (»SV/. Prog. Ttrentieth Cent., 1 (1906), No. 1, pp. 39-50). — A summary is given of the i)resent information relative to the occurrence of jtrussic acid in plants, the author stating that it has been found in over 100 species of plants repre- senting 22 different orders. The occurrence of prussic acid in plants is in the form of cyanogenetic glucosids, a number of which are described. Associated FIELD CROPS. 545 with tho fflnrosids aro onzynis which iict upon llic ^'hicosids, lib«>ratinK pnissic acitl. Attoiitidii is c.ilhMl to the iMct th;il iillJc is !ral compoimds were added. Solutions varying from 1 i)art in no.Odd to 1 part in 'J.^ciO of the sul- I)hates of potassimn. cln-omiuni, manganese, ii'on, cobalt, nickel, and cojijier. ;ind of the chlorids of barium and nici- elimination of this sort from the better kinds is one of the itrincii)al problems connected with seed selection. Experiments with oats, .T. F. Duggar (Mnhania Collcyc tSta. liiil. J.il, pp- ■')9-i)-'i. fied meal than of cotton seed. It is advised to apply cotton seed or cotton-seed meal .it the time of sowing and nitrate of soda as a top dressing in March after growth begins. Barnyard manure greatly increased the yield of oats and exerted some effect on the next crop. lu one experiment 4.S.1 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 10.3 lbs. of acid phos- phate were required to produce the same increase as 1 ton of fine, fresh, un- bleached horse manure. In 1.3 experiments with nitrate of soda the yield and total profit increased with the i)earance. The Wickson fruits were practically flavorless and exhibited a brown discoloration around the pits. After a week HORTICULTURE. 549 the fL-ivor \v;is very disnurccililc, tlK.uiili not due to the ordinary i)rocess(>s oT decay. A lar^'e luiiubci- of variclics of apples wore successfully kepi for II) weeks in cold storage in a teniperalnre ranging from IVS to 8<)° F. A iiumher of pears kept for the same length of time gave less satisfactory results. It is believed, however, that with proper care in handling the fruit both apples and pears can be kei)t sudiciently well for shipment to English markets. Fertilizing forced strawberries, von Brehmer ((Jdrtcinrcll, 11 {11)06), No. 7, ;j/>. 7.S, 7.'^). — An account is given of forcing strawberries in pots lilled with the same kind of soil but differently fertilized. Chemical fertilizers were used and applied to the plants once a week in water solutions. There were 2(> plants in 8-in. pots in each series. The first ripe fruit in the control pots was secured May 2S and the total yield up to June 12 was :ur> gm. When the plants were fertilized with a mix- ture of phosphoric acid and nitrate of potash the first ripe fruits were secured May 23 and the total yield was 2,050 gm. When to these fertilizers nitrate of lime was added the first ripe fruit was secured May 10 and the total yield was 3,950 gm. It is thus seen that by the use of a complete fertilizer plus nitrate of lime the yield was more than 10 times greater than where no fertilizer was used and the fruit ripened nearly 2 weeks earlier in the season. Date varieties and date culture in Tunis, T. H. Kearney (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant /*/rf».s'. Bill. i).i, pp. 112, pis. 10, fips. 52). — Descriptions are given of 105 varieties of dates grown in Tunis, with a descriptive key to the char- acters of the fruit and an account of the' characteristics of the principal date regions in Tunis and of the culture of the date palm. The number of varieties described in the bulletin is believed to be only about one-fourth of those in actual cultivation there but includes all of the more important varieties. The author personally visited the different regions described and succeeded in securing about 700 off-shoots representing 56 varieties, which were sent to the TTnited States for trial. The descriptive key which has been worked out the author believes will become useful in identifying the Tunisian varieties. Resistant vineyards. Grafting, planting, cultivation, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Bui. ISO, pp. 87-l'i-'i, figs. 29). — An extensive account is given of the details of grafting, planting, and nursery management for the establish- ment of resistant vineyards in California. Much of the matter contained has been given in earlier publications of the station (E. S. U.. 12. p. 241). Manurial experiments with cacao in Dominica ( ITcs/ Indian Bill.. 7 {IDO(i), A'o. ,i. pp. 201-212). — A sununary is given of the fertilizer experiments carried on at the I)ominic;i Botanic Station since 1900, some of the results of which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 700). In addition the results secured on exp(>rim(>ntal plats in 7 country districts are noted. At the botanic station the use of basic phosphate and i)otnsh without nitro- genous manure has not proved beneficial, but when dried blood has been added there has been a striking increase in the yield per care. A comi)lete fertilizer therefore, is reconnnended. Even the application of dried blood ahme has shown very iieneficial results, there being a gain of .308 lbs. of wet cacao, or 4.4 lbs. per tree over the no-manure plat. The most interesting results have been obtained on tlie plat mulched with grass and leaves, the sweepings of the lawns at the liotanic station. At first the yields on this plat while in excess of those on the no-manure plat were con- sidei'ably less than on the fertilized plats. During the past 3 years, however, the yields from this plat have greatl.v exceeded those of any other plat in the ex- periment. In 1905 the yield w.-is 38.91 lbs. of wet cacao per tree against 22 lbs. from the uo-mauure plat, or a gain of 77 per cent. It is believed the plat has 550 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. bet'ii permanently improved by the applientiou of the mnleh, us the soil is more moist and dark in color and the trees have a better surface root develoi)ment. The experiment is believed to show that a large increase in the yield of cacao can be obtained without the use of artificial manures and as mulching material is abundant it appears wasteful and unnecessary to purchase other manures. These results are believed to ansvper the question as to the best way to improve cacao cultivation in Dominica. The results secured on the various fertilizer plats in the country districts indicate the phosphatic manures are quite generally beneficial. Report of inspector of cocoanut plantations for the year 1905, L. C. Brown {Ayr. Bui. Striiits and Fed. Malai/ t^tatcs, 8 (IDOU), Nu. 8, pp. 265-269).— The area under cocoanuts in the Federated Malay States in the year 1905 was esti- mated at 100,000 acres, on over half of which the trees were in bearing. An account is given of the acreage in each of the different districts and of the prevalent insects and diseases affecting the crop, with notes on cultivation, marketing, copra, oil production, etc. FORESTRY. Indian trees, D. Bbandis (London: Archibald Constable d Co., 1906, pp. XX XIV +761, figs. 201).— Th\s book is a systematic account of the trees, shrubs, woody climbers, bamboos, and palms indigenous or commonly cultivated in the British Indian Empire. It is designed for the use of foresters and others who wish to make themselves acquainted with Indian trees. The arrangement is botanical, and descriptions are given of over 4,400 species, 201 of which are illustrated. The author states that the book is not intended for botanists, but rather for foresters and practical men, and on this account species of doubtful value or which are imperfectly known have, as a rule, been omitted. Forests as accumulators of nitrogen, E. Henry (Bnl. 8oc. Forest. Franche- Comtc et Bel fort, 8 (1906), No. 7, pp. 681-695).— The author discusses the increase in nitrogen content of soils on which forests are grown and cites the recent work of M. Siichting and L. Montemartini, which is confirmatory of the author's experiments in showing that the dead leaves of forests are capable of fixing a considerable amount of free atmospheric nitrogen (E. S. R., 16, p. 444). Fertilizer experiments in forest nurseries, Schalk (Forstic. Centbl., n. ser., 28 (W06), No. 11, pp. 56!)-57!), pis. S, py. 1). — The results are given of a number of experiments in fertilizing forest nursery trees. The experiments were carried out on rather swampy land 1,500 to 2,000 ft. above sea level and very subject to late spring frosts. The soil in the nursery was poor, as shown by the fact that spruce trees after 4 years stood hardly 15 cm. high. When the soil was fertilized with 6 kg. Thomas slag, 3 kg. kainit, 1.5 kg. nitrate of soda per acre, the trees attained a height of 25 to 30 cm. at the end of 2 years. In a number of further experiments it was shown that fertilizing with composted lime, while giving good results, was surpassed in usefulness by com- plete fertilizers. Potash fertilizer was in no wise unnecessary, for it was only when this fertilizer was used that the full effect of phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers were obtained. This was true even on clay soils sui)posed to be well supplied with potash. Kainit appeared to be somewhat more effective early in the season than other forms of potash. The use of lime in addition to Thomas slag increased the effect of the latter in a visible manner, but was not entirely necessary. Uninoculated lupines were of no benefit in preparing the land for nursery stock, but when Inoculated they made a full development and produced practically as good results as other DISEASES OF PLANTS. 551 forms of iiitroson. In all llioso oxporinieiits iiitrato of soda, wlioii tisod in coin biiiatioii Willi 'I'lioiiias sla^' and kaiiiit. was very cfi'octivo. Farm wind-breaks and shelter-belts, S. K. (Jkekn (St. I'diil. Mlini.: \V('t)b Pub. Co., I'.lOH. lip. >'<■>. fii/x. .id). — Tlio uses of wiiul-breaks and shelter-ltelts for the protection of farm buildings and stock, especially in the prairie States. ar(> discussed and directions given for propagating and planting trees suitable for tliese purposes. Chapters are also given on landscape gar(l. II. lip. ,?'//-i.s'i). — A large aiuonnt of iiifornialioM on the various rubber-producing plants has here been brought together in i)amphlet form for tlie use of intending rubber i)lanters in .Taniaica. It is lielieved that the Lagos silk rubber {Fiiiitiiiiiiii cldtificd) will prove to be one of the best, if not the best, for many Jamaica districts. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on plant pathology, G. Delacroix (Bui. Mcius. Off. Roiseig. A(/r. \Parls], 5 {1906), A'o. 11, pp. 13^9-1363).— Notes are given on a bacterial canker of poplar trees, a bacterial disease of potatoes, a disease of Carolina poplar, and ti bacterial disease of onions. The bacterial disease of poplar resembles in many respects the canker produced by ^'cctl•ia (liti.ssinid, Imt a thorough study of the disease and its cause shows that it is due to a micrococcus, for which the author proiioses the name Micrococ- cus popuU n. sp. The organism has been isolated and studied. In the author's experiments he has failed to secure infection except where inoculations were made through punctures or injuries caused by hail or some insect. In this way he has been able to cause the disease in many instances, but only where cultures were used in which the organism had been grown in a medium containing an extract of the poplar bark. Where the disease is prevalent the author recom- mends the burning of infested trees, or, if the attack is a slight one, cutting out and burning the young branches. The bacterial disease of i)otatoes described is that due to liacillus plnjtoph- thoruK, a disease wliich is known by the names black shank, stem rot, etc., in various parts of Europe. The author calls attention to the differences between tlie disease caused by this bacterium and that due to lidcillus KoJdulucoJa. He reports that the bacteria are almost always accompjinied by tlie mycelium of a species of Fusariuni. an observation that seems to have been overlooked by other investigators. Tlie disease of Carolina poplar described is due to the fungus Dolhicliiza jiiipulcd, and a study is given of the parasite, its method of attack, etc. The author recommends for its prevention the destruction of all dead branches, etc., which contain the fruiting bodies of the fungus, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide. The bacterial disease of onions briefly described is said to b(> similar to, if not identical with, that mentioned by a number of authors, among them Stewart (E. S. R., 12, p. 50). For the prevention of this disease the rotation of crops and the addition of sui»eri)hosphate of lime to the soil are recommended. Fungoid pests of cultivated plants, M. C. Cooke (LoiuIoii: Spoftisicoode it- Co., Ltd., 1906, pp. XV + 278, pis. 2J,, figs. 23).— Brief poi.ular and technical descriptions are given of a large number of fungi which are known to attack cultivated plants, together with suggestions for combating them. The matirial is grouped under the following heads : Pests of the flower garden, vegetable 552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. garden, fniit garden and orchard, vinery and conservatory, ornamental shrub- ))ery, forest trees, and field crops. These accounts are reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (E. S. R., 14, p. 1090; 15, pp. 269, (J89 ; IT, I». LIS). Cereal smuts and their propagation, T. Johnson (8cL Prog. Ticentleth Cent.. 1 (1906), No. 1, pp. 137-l.'i9). — A summary of information is given relat- ing to the more important grain smuts and notes are given regarding their prop- agation. The methods of infection by the different smuts are described at some length, and the use of fungicides for preventing smuts is commented upon, the remarks being based upon the methods of infection. For the oat snuit seed treatment is vei-y efficient, as the infection takes place in the seedling stage of the plant, but with the wheat smut (Ustihifjo tritici) and the barley smut {U. honlc'i) the author claims that treatment with fungicides is of little avail, as the infection takes place during the flowering stages of the jilants. For the prevention of smut of maize fungicides are valuable, as the infection is local and the presence of the fungicide on the plant prevents the germination of the adhering si)ores. Oat smut and its prevention, O. Appel and G. Gassneb (Deut. Landw. Presse, 33 (1906), No. 89, pp. 704, 70.5. flssil)le to tell l)y superficial methods whether a tuber is killed or not. Owing to the fact that the conidia of the fungus are only produced on dead or dying plants, the epidemic is not increased by healthy plants having their foliage infested Iiy the conidia, as in the potato blight. Young shoots may be infected late in the season, but the infection remains local and does not extend to the tuV)ers. According to the author, the infection can only tal;e place through the tuber, and this can be brought about either by planting diseased tubers or from conidia present in the soil. A series of experiments has shown that the mininumi temperature for germi- nation of conidia is 47° F.. with a maximum of 78° and an oi)timum of 64°. It is claimed that the resting spores of the fungus have germinated after having been kept in the laboratory for (5 months in a perfectly dry condition, and it is quite j)robable that they remain in the soil fi'om one season to another without losing their power of germination. Comparative studies have been made with the leaf curl of tomato (J/ac;o- sporiuw tomato), and inoculation experiments have proved that the two fungi are identical, the conidia from the tomato infecting potato plants and vice versa. .\s pracliiai means for couibatiiig these diseases, the author recommends planting potatoes from districts free from disease. The potatoes should not 554 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Ofcui)y Ki'ound for ;it least ."> years where a diseased c^rop has heen produced. All diseased stems should be collected and burned or deeply buried, and this should apply also to diseased tomato stems and fruit, otherwise the potato cro]* ma.v be infested. Soil treatment of tobacco plant beds, A. D. Selby (Ohio 8ta. Circ. 59, pp. 3, pli. 1). — In the spring of 100(5 the author carried on some experiments to test the effect of solutions of formalin as a drench on old tobacco beds to destroy the bed rot (Rhizoctonia sp.). The results were doubtful in some cases and favorable in others. In order to overcome some of the disadvantages of spring application fall treatments are reconmiended. The treatn)ent consists of the application of a solution of formalin of the proportion of 2 lbs. formalin to 50 gal. of water, to be applied to the seed bed at the rate of 1 gal. to each square foot of surface. This treatment should be made before freezing weather begins, and the beds left without disturbance until spring, when they may be prepared for seeding. A thorough trial of this method is recommended, which it is believed will not only keep down the Rhizoctonia. but also the daraping-off fungus (Pythimn sp. ) and the black root due to Thielavia. Diseased apijles and melons from the Cape of Good Hope, G. Massee (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1906, No. 6, pit. 193-196, pi. i).— Descrip- tions are given of diseased apples and melons which were forwarded to the Kew laboratory for examination. In the case of the apple the disease is indicated b.v the appearance of minute, scattered, discolored blotches on the skin. After several weeks the blotches increase in size and at the same time become sunken or depressed below the surface. A microscopic examination showed the cells underlying each spot to be dead and collapsed and often crowded with starch grains, whereas the starch had entirely disappeared from healthy cells in the process of ripening. Neither fungi nor insects were found to play any part in the disease, which is considered to be of a purely physiological nature and caused by irregu- larities in the ripening of the fruit. It is probable that the injury to the fruit was due to too high temperature during the early period of ripening. In the case of diseased melons the specimens exhibited small, roundish, pale- brown patches upon the surface of the rind, which on examination were found to be caused by the fungus Macrosporimii sarcinuUt. Inoculation experiments showed that the conidia of the fungus was capable of infecting melons. The removal and destruction of diseased melons and thorough spraying with some fungicide on the first indication of the disease are recommended as preventive measures. Pear rust, H. T. Gtissow (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., .',0 (1906), No. 1025, p. 134, fiy.s. J). — A brief account is given of the pear rust fungus, which is the iecidial stage of Gymnosporanfjium sabinxr, and the author calls attention to a severe outbreak of the disease in England. The life history of the fungus is described at some length, and the fact that the fungus hibernates on the shoots of various species of Juniper is mentioned. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture for the protection of the pear leaves is recommended, but the author thinks that this would be impracticable in large orchards and that a simpler remedy would be the destruction of the Juniper bushes, providing this shoiild prove possible. The development and prevention of the gray rot of grapes, J. M. Guillon Rev. ^^■it., 26 (1906), Nos. 659, pp. 117-12-',, figs, .i ; 66(1, pp. 1J,9-152 ; 661, pp. 181-186. dyiiiK. 2). — After describing the gray rot of grapes due to Botrytis cinercu, the conidial phase of Sclerotinia fuckeliaua, an account is given of ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555 till- (U'volo]iiiiciit 111' tlic coiiidiiil plinsi' of (he l'un.i,'us, tlic iiicIIkkIs of iiifcctiou, and iiivestijiiitioiis for its control. The conidia will not jionninate at a very low tonipcratinv. and they are destroyed at a tcniiierature beyond H5 to 38°. However, tli(> tenijierature and int)istui'<' arc fre(|nently sncli as to produce very rapid jxrowth. The primary infection takes place Ihroni,'!! tlie germination of sjiorcs in contact with the grajies. and the j^iTui tnhcs soon penetrate the cnticlc of the berry, Tisnally thronch insect punctnres or other wounds. From this jiriniary infec- tion the fundus s])reads from luM'ry to berry through contact, and on this account those variclies with very compact clusters suffer the most. The s])read nf the disease is shown to be very closely associated with the rainfall, raiiid di-velopment following i)eriods of abundant precipitation. In experiments for the control of this disease the author made ap])lications at S and l.l day intervals, covering a period of 2 or '.'> months, of P>ordeaux mixture, a mixture composed of nickel sulphate neutralized with lime. Bor- deaux mixture to which sugar is added, verdigris solution, and solution of liermanganate of jiotash. and in addition tested the value of powdered lime and plaster and sulphate of alumina. At the end of the season the gra'pes were gathered and the yields from the rows receiving the different treatments were compared. It was found tliat the fungicides containing cop]ier in solnlilc form, such as those containing sugar, verdigris solution, etc., gave better results than where the ordinary form of Bordeaux mixture was used. The nickel sulphate solu- tion gave results com{)arable with or somewhat better than the others, but the high cost of the nickel sulphate precludes its use. The powders of lime and alumina gave good results, so far as the gray rot is concerned, but their manifest inferiority in combating mildew is against their recommenda- tion for extensive use. Potassium permanganate for combating this disease proved of little value. For general use the author considers the sulphate of copi)er to be the best fungicide. Some diseases of palms, E. .T. Butler (Agr. ./our. India, 1 (lOOd). No. Jf, pp. 299-310, Ills. „M. — Accounts are given of diseases of a number of palms which have been under the author's observation. Among them is a disease of betel palms that is due to Plnitophthora sp.. another is a disease of the same tree caused by one of the higher fungi, probably a species of Fomes, and a third a disease of the palmyra palm caused by I'lifJiiiiiii sj). A new disease of cultivated veronicas (Gard. Chron., 3. .vr;-.. Jfl (1906), \(). 10^6. p. /.TO). — A brief note is given on the occurrence of a fungus on Vcrnnica speciosa and its varieties, which arc in rather extensive cultivation. The fungus, whicli is said to be Septoria erotica, is met with occasionally during the summer, but it develops rapidly in autumn and winter when the plants are grown under glass. It produces small gray spots on tbe leaves, and in the course of 2 or 3 weeks the spots become white. Later the leaves fall, so that the plants assume a naked appearance with but few remaining leaves. The fungus h;is been observed in Argentina. Italy, and (Jcn'many. For the prevention of its attack, si)raying with ammoniacal copper-soda mixture is recommended. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale, A. H. Howell (U. 8. Dept. Af/r.. liin: Biol. SHrrcj/. Xortli Anirricaii Fauna So. 26, pp. 5.), pl'i. 10). — This genus of skunks has in general a southern distribution, reaching, however, into West Virginia, southern Minnesota, and Washington. The genus extends south- 556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ward into Central America and is represented in this territory, according t(j tlie present account, by about 20 species. Notes are given on the habits and specific distribution of these animals. The food consists largely of insects, mice, and other small animals, as well as some vegetable material. A detailed description is given of each species with notes on its distribution. The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, II. A. Surface {Pcnn. Dept. Afjr., Mo. Bill. Div. ZooL. J, {1906), Xo. 6, pp. 200-240. pis. 2).— Copies are given of a considerable number of ofhcial letters in the regular correspondence of the office of the economic zoologist regarding various insect pests and other matters. Entomological section, C. W. Howard {Transvaal Aijr. Jour., 5 {1906), Xo. 17, pp. 168-176, pis. 3, fig. 1). — Bagrada hilar is has been a serious pest on cab- bages and cauliflowers in the Transvaal for several years. It attacks other cultivated and wild members of the mustard family. Since the pest is very fond of wild nmstard, it may be trapped on this crop and sprayed with pure kerosene. Fairly good results have also been obtained from the use of resin wash. Attention is also called to the attack of Caradrina exigua on tobacco, cotton, corn, and other plants. This pest feeds also upon pigweed and many other wild t»li^nts. A number of natural enemies are known, but if these are insuffi- cient excellent results follow the spraying with Paris green. An expedition for the study of plant pathology in Kamerun and Togo, 1904-5, W. BussE {Tropeirpflaiizcr, Beihcftc, 7 (1906), No. ^-5, pp. 163-262, pis. .'i, figs. 8). — During the author's travels in Kamerun and Togo observations were made on the culture, insect pests, and plant diseases of cacao, rubber plant, cotton, cola, and other cultivated plants. In the control of the fungus diseases of cacao, the author recommends the general use of Bordeaux mixture as giving results equally as satisfactory as those obtained with this fungicide in temperate regions. The author describes various special apparatus which may be suitable for spraying cacao trees. A number of insects of minor importance are mentioned as attacking rubber trees in Kamerun. These include Plirystola cocca, Glypliodes ocellata, etc. The varieties and forms of cotton grown in Togo are described, with notes on the cultural methods used in raising this crop. ]Many insect pests attack cotton in Togo and some of them are described, with notes on their life history, particular attention being given to Earias iiisuhinu, a pest which closely resem- bles our boll worm, Di/sdcrciis siiperstitiosiis. etc. List of publications of the Bureau of Entomology, Mabel Colcord {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. IJiit. Circ. 76. pp. 21). — Tliis list of publications of the Bureau of Entomology was compiled for the use of librarians and entomologists. The slender seed-corn ground-beetle, F. M. Webster {T. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 78, pp. 6, figs. 2). — Clivina impressifrons Is described, with notes on its distribution and habits. It attacks seed corn near the germ after the kernels have become softened by the moisture of the soil. In the spring of 1906 an unusual amount of injury was done. Damage is reported from Pennsylvania to Kansas, but in some localities a part of the injury may have been due to Agonoderiis pallipes. No successful curative or preventive remedy has been devised. Lita ocellatella on sugar beets, A. Giard {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l-'/S (1906), No. 18, pp. 627-6.30). — Some difference of oi>inion has existed as to the identity of this insect, which is well known in France as an enemy of sugar beets. The life history of the pest is briefly described and notes are given on, its feeding habits. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTO.MOLOt; V. 55/ The potato moth, (". Fkknch {./our. Dcpt. Af/r. Yictoviit, // iJllO(j). .Vo. 10, pp. .77 7 ■(.'>''. /*/. /I.- A dt'scri])! ion is ^i\('ii of I'hilioriiini n opcrvulcUa in all its stages. In combating; the pest the author su.irwsts the use of lantern trai)s, lime sprinkled on potatoes in storage, a careful examination of seed potatoes liefore ijlantinj;. and the use of gas lime at the rate of .'!0 I)u. per acre on the soil after the potatoes have been dug. Thrips or black fly, W. W. Fkoggatt {Ayr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 17 {IMH), \(i. UK pp. 10(15-11111. pi. 1). — The habits and essential features of the life his- tory of thrips are briefly outlined with special notes on some of the more inter- esting species in New South Wales. These include Thrips tahaehUeliothrips hxrworrhoUUtJis, JdolothripN spectrum, etc. These insects may usually be destroyed by fumigation witii tobacco or hydro- cyanic-acid gas. The melon aphis, F. II. Chittenden (C. ^S. Dcpt. Ayr., Jiur. Ent. Circ. matle in the spring. Soluble oils as destroyers of San Jose scale, II. A. Gossakd (Ohio 8ta. Circ. 60, pp. -'/). — The station has continued its work with proprietary preparations of soluble oils (E. S. U.. 17. p. !)!).'>) with the result that these materials ap[)ear to compare favorably with lime-sulphur wash in effectiveness as remedies for scale insects. In general they may be diluted in water so as to form ft per cent solutions. It is suggested, however, that the variable results obtained with solubI(> oils indicate a variation in composition, and when safety, cost, and etliciency are considered, the author recommends lime sulphur as the best i-emedy. Insect pests affecting fruit trees, C. P. Lounshury (Ayr. Jour. Vupc Good Hope, 2f) (1!)06). No. .'i, pp. 500-511). — The cultivation of crops over large areas offers better o])portnnity for indefinite nuiltiplication of injurious insects than would be found in a state of nature. The author calls attention to the develop- ment of arsenical poisons and to their application in the control of injurious insects. Tarticular mention is made of the codling moth and of the little help which can be exi«'cted from its ])ar;isites. A plague of Macrodactylus niexicanus in the valley of Mexico, .1. K. Inda [Com. I'(ir. A in: \ Mi-.rico]. Circ. .'ili. pp. ,S', fiys. 2). — This iiest is a serious enemy of horticulture and attacks a considerable variety of i)lants. lu combating the 20915— No. 6—07 .m- o 558 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. insi'ct the author ivi-diuiueiKls the use of a uiechaiiical mixture of kerosene and water. Caterpillar plagues, A. L. IIekkeua (Cum. I'ar. Ayr. [Jicj/co], Vlrv. J/.j. jip. I'l, fii/H. 1). — Brief mention is made of outbreaks of leaf-eating caterpillars on cabbage, grapes, sugar cane, cotton, and other fiber plants. Directions are also given for the preparation of arsenical insecticides for controlling these pests. The caterpillar pest of indigo in Behar, II. M. Lefroy {Agv. Juiir. India, J (IDOO). Xo. Jf. pp. .338-350, pi. 1. fi(j. J). — In some seasons the young indigo is badly damaged by the attacks of Caradrina cd-Ujua. This insect is described in its different stages with notes on its life history. The pest prevails in large numbers in April and May. Occasionally the in.sect is found on alfalfa and other crops, l)ut does not do as much damage on them as on indigo. According t<) practical experience with this pest the Java-Natal indigo is almost immune and it is recommended that this variety be planted instead of Sumatrana indigo. In some locations the use of alfalfa as a trap crop may also give favorable results. The red slug caterpillar; a serious pest of the tea plant, II. II. Mann (Indian Tea Assoc, yaiiiphlet] .5, 1006, pp. 1.'/, pis. 2). — This pest was first ob- served on tea in 1895 and has since become very injurious. The' eggs are laid in masses on the under side of leaves or on the main trunk of tea bushes. The egg-laying and hatching occupy about 12 days, while the larval period extends over 5 weeks and the pupal period over 21 days. A number of natural enemies are known, but these do not keep the pest in check. Unfortunately experiments thus far carried on with arsenicals have given rather unsatisfactory results. The pest may best be controlled by hand picking and this has been found to be (luite a simple undertaking. The pest in question is referred to as Heterusia cinf/alii. The production of golden colored pupas with Vanessa urticse and V. io, PI Mensik (Ztschr. Ent.. n. scr., 1906, A'o. 31, pp. 15-lS). — The author acci- dentally discovered a number of bright golden pupiB of Vanessa urtiav and some of a lighter color in T. io. An attempt was made to produce this color by a definite line of feeding the larvje. It was found that when larvpe of T^ itrticw Vv'ere fed on nettle leaves from wet situations, the resulting pup;c showed a rich golden color in from 8 to ?>0 per cent of eases. A supposed difference in the coloring matter of oak leaves and the silk of Saturnia yamarniai, C Gautier (Coinpt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], 61 (1906), No. 33, pp. -'il9, 'i.iO). — It has been maint.-iined that the green coloring matter of the cocoon of the Hatnrnia yaniu-niai may be differentiated from the chlorophyll of oak leaves by its insolubility in cold alcohol. The author shows, however, th.nt both coloring matters are solul)Ie in the same reagents. Number of eggs of Samia cecropia, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, and Culex pipiens, J. J. Davis (Ent. Netrs, 17 (1906), No. 10. pp. 36S, 369).— As a result of repeated observations the author finds that the average number of eggs laid by a female Samia cecropia is 24:>.9. for Piilrinaria inimnicrahilis 3,410.2, and for Cule.r pipiens 178.4. Camnula pellucida (Coin. Par. Af/r. [Mexico], Circ. p'. pp. 7. ficis. (I). — This grassbopi»er causes considerable injury to grasses and cultivated crops in Mexico. In combating the pest the author recommends the cultivation of the breeding grounds, the use of liopperdozers, and spraying with crude petroleum (»r Paris green. A scale insect of the cocoanut palm, E. Fi.eutiatix (Ayr. Prat. Pai/s Chaiid^!. 6 {1906). \o. '//, i)p. 166-I6S). — In western Africa, particularly in Dahonw^y, a scale insect was observed in lai'ge numbers on the cocoanut palm which proved to be Aspidiotiis destruclor. A mixtui'e containing soda and resin is recom- mended as a si)ray for liiis pest. ECONOMIC ZOOT.OGY ENTOM<)T.()(;^■. 559 The large larch sawfly (Nematus erichsoni), 1{. S. MACuoiKiAi.L {Jour. Lid. \). SO. 7. pp. 3S5-39Ji, pi. /).— Awordiii.u to the author's (ihscrvatidiis this insect iiiiikes its most persistent attafliii. I\i)t.. 17 (IDOIJ). pp. 1.33- /.s7, ]>1.^. 9. figs. 'i). — It was noted that bag worms in attaching the band which holds the bag around the small twigs of arbor vita' caused a swelling at the point where the band was applied and the subsequent death of the terminal portion of the twig. An anatomical study was made of the changes set up in the tissue of the twigs as a result of the attachment of the bag worms. A brief hihliography of the suh.ject is api)ended to the article. The recently introduced dung fly parasite, J. Kotinsky (Hdiraii. Forester and Agr.. 3 (IDOd), So. 10, pp. 319-321). — A number of specimens of EiicoUa iiiiptttieiis have been introduced and successfully colonized in Hawaii. This parasite attacks inse<'ts which live in dung. It is hoped that they will be of s(une benefit in controlling the horn tly. The British woodlice, \V. M. Webb and C. SillEiM (London: Duckworth <& Co.. 19/■>>■. 2'). figs. .j9). — A monographic account is given of this group of Crustacea which are commonly known in the United States as sow bugs. The various species are described in detail and a bibliography of the subject is presented. Mention is also made of the economic relations of such species as are known to attack cultivated plauts. Ants, F. Knauer (.Imcm//. Leipsic: B. G. Teuhner, 1906, pp. 156, figs. 61). — This is a general treatise on the biolog.v of ants and contains a discussion of the various forms found in ant colonies, care of the brood, construction of nests, and symbiosis of ants with other species of ants, unrelated insects, .•md plants. The ant, K. Esciiericii (Die Ameise. Brnnsicick: F. Vieiccg d Son, 1906, lip. 232, figs. 68). — In presenting a general account of ant biology the author makes a study of the geographical distribution and classification of ants, follow- ing this with a discussion of their morphology, anatomy, polymorphism, methods of reproduction, construction of nests, feeding habits, symbiotic relations, and intelligence. Harvest mites, or " chiggers," F. H. Chittenden (f/. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. I'ut. ('ire. 77. pp. 6. figs. 3). — The pests commonly known as "chiggers" are the larval forms of harvest mites and are found on bushes, trees, and grass from which they infest man, burrowing in the skin and causing more or less serious inllanmiatiou. The remedies suggested by the author are hot baths with salt 560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and strong soap within a few hours after exposure, or the sprinkling of sulphur in the underclothes before going into localities where chiggers prevail. Various other local treatments may be applied such as soda, iodin, or alcohol, but the effects are usually temporary. The destruction of mosquitoes in houses with pyrethruni, A. L. Herkeba (Com. Pur. A[/r. [Mv.rico], ('in: -J8. pp. 5. fii/s. );?). — According to the author's experience houses may be ridden of mosquitoes by the thorough use of pyre- thrum. The powder is distributed by means of small hand bellows and is not injurious to man even if applied in excess. Contributions to the study of silkworms, K. Toyama (Bui. Col. Ayr., Tokyo Imp. C'liir.. 7 (1906), No. 2, pp. 225-393, pis. 7, chart i).— The author finds that polygamy is a normal habit of the silkworm and that fertilization is much more intiuenced by the condition of the females than by that of the males. A parasitic fly (TachUia no^tira) is reported as causing great losses among silkworms in Siam. The egg of the parasite is laid on the skin of the silkworm and the larva bores into the host. The parasite is described in its various stages. It appears to be distributed throughout the Indo-Chinese peninsula, in some cases from 70 to 80 per cent of the silkworms in a restricted locality being parasitized. The Siamese i)rotect the silkworms by wrapping cotton cloth around each worm basket, while the Chinese use mosquito netting upon windows and doors. A long series of experiments was carried on in crossing silkworms with special reference to determining whether the results conform with Mendel's law. It appears that in general the color of the cocoon and the egg and the various larval markings are inherited in accordance with Mendel's law, while the shape of the cocoon and various other characters follow some other law. The length of the tongue of bees, X. Kulagin (Zool. Anz., 29 (1906), No. 2.'i, pp. 711-716). — A large number of measurements were made of German bees, American red-clover bees, and other varieties for the purpose of determining the relative length of the tongue. The tongue of dark races of bees in America and Russia appears to be distinguished by its length. Careful measurements, how- ever, indicate but little difference in the length of these bees and dark German races. The average length of the tongue of dark bees was 6.21 mm. and of red clover bees 0.22 mm., the greatest observed length Ijeing 6.60, nun. in the dark bee. The average length of the tongue of Italian bees is greater than that of dark bees, while the longest tongues were found in Cyprian bees, the average being 0.5 mm. Since the length of the nectar tube in red clover is 9 to 10 mm., it is evident that the existing races of bees are not capable of extracting honey from this plant. The respiratory organs of bees, S. Dyachenko (Izv. Moscov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscon), 12 (1906), No. 1, pp. 1-lJ,, flrjs. .9).— The ana- tomical features of the respiratory organs of bees are described in considerable detail by way of comparison with the respiratory organs of other insects. The swarming of bees, Sophie Diatschenko (Ztschr. Wlss. luscldcnhiol., 2 (1906), No. 9, pp. 283-2SS) .—The study of the causes and means of regulating the swarming of bees has always proved an interesting one to the entomologist and practical bee raiser. According to the author's observations swarming is more likely to occur in times of heavy or very light honey yield than during the pei'iod of moderate flow of honey. The regulation of swarming may easily be acconqylished by furnishing a moderate amount of room for tlie I-.c(»s of each colony. The number of bees in a colony, .1. Devauchelle (Apicnltiiir, 50 (1906), No. 9, pp. 322-326). — In estimating the weight and number of bees in a colony ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 561 more r:\vv shmild he cxcrcisca tlnm is usunlly .trivcni to this niiittor. 'I'lu- ;nitii(ir iK'licvt's tli.it ;is .1 rule tli.Tc uvv aliout 10,(100 Ikh's ])rv kiloj,'niiii of woifjlit. Water for bees, II. Ukliim: (Joitr. J>(itt. Agr. \'i(toiia. // (JUOO), A'o. 10, pp. 632-63'/, fii)ly conveniently arranged for the use of bees. A practical ai)i)aratus for supplyini; water is described and illufrtrated. Evaporation from hives at night, A. Mau.jean {Apiciilteur, 50 (1906), A'o. i), I'll. .i.ii;-.i3.>). — The loss of weiiiht which takes place as a result of evaporation in hives durinij; the night dei)ends somewhat on the rapidity with which the l»ees cap oven- the cells already filled with honey. This process is delayed some- what and a larger loss takes place than would otherwise l)e the case, but this is a matter which can not be controlled. Artificial comb foundation, K. Pincot ( Apiciilteur, 50 {1906), No. 10, pp. 361-.36S). — Acc-ording to the author's observations, bees, if left to themselves, construct the worker cells according to their own anatomical proportions. The <-eIls are. therefore, larger or smaller, according to the size of the bees which made them. Ry starting the foundation in a matri.x which gives comparatively large bases for the cells, largt'r cells are made and th(^ worker bees which develop in such brood cells are larger than they otherwise would have been, .attention is called to the advantages of large size in bees and a description is given of the methods I)y which bees draw down the foundation to form the cell walls. The bacteria of the apiary, with special reference to bee diseases, G. F. White (f. 8. Dcpt. .l//r., liiir. Kiif. Biil. I'l. U'cli. -svi:, pp. 50). — Reference has been made to previous work of the author along tlie line (jf bee diseases (E. S. R., 1(5, p. 487), and the present bulletin contains a sumrhary of the work thus far drtne. In the first i)art of the Indletin descriptions are given of bacteria commonly found in the combs or jtoUen. and in or upon honey bees and otlier material with which they come in contact. Detailed statements are made regarding the behavior of tliese bacteria upon different nutrient media. As a rule, honey from the healthy hive is sterile. A number of bacteria, however, occur upon the comb and in the intestines of healthy bees. As a result of the author's investigations the name Eurojiean foul brood is given to the disease in which Bacillus alrei was found, wliile .Vmerican foul brood is a term reserved for the brood disease due to />. laira: Both of the.se diseases have a similar distribution. So-called black brood is apparently iden- tical with Euroj)ean foul brood and the term is therefore abandoned. Pickle brood and jLiralysis are not yet understood. The brood diseases of bees, E. F. Phillips (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Cirr. 79, pp. ■'>). — Two forms of brood disease commonly known as European and American foul I)rood are recognized in this country. American foul l)rood is distriliuted tlnoughout nearly all parts of the United States, while European foul brood or black brood is not so widespread, but has caused great losses in many localties and is steadily on the increase. The symptoms of these diseases are described and remedies are outlined. Drugs are of little avail and colonies may be treated by shaking into clean Lives or exchidiiig from old infested hives by means of bee escape. Brief notes .-ire also given on the symptoms of pickle brood and the condi- tions conunonly Jcnown as chilled, overheated, and starved brood. The enemies of bees, A. Caillas (Apicnltcur, 50 (1906), No. 11, pp. J/lO-JiW, figs. .',). — AttcnticMi is called to a number of the natural enemies of bees, includ- ing certain grasses, swallows and other bee-eating birds, spiders, and para- sitic moths. 562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. Food and nutrition, Isauel Beviek ami Susannah Usher {I'rhami, III: Authors, 1906, i>p- '/')- — In this volume, which Is designed primarily for the use of studentj^ in the household science department of the University of Illinois, a considerable number of experiments have been selected from a variety of sources for laboratory instruction on protein, fats, carbohydrates, meat, milk, and other foods, and on the digestion of proteids and starches. The manual is expected to serve two purposes : " First, to aid the student to recall and to arrange in an orderly way the knowledge gained from other sources ; secondly, to apply this knowledge, in so far as possible, to various kinds of food problems and so to serve as an introduction to individual work with foods which follows." A bibliography is appended which contains refer- ences to works in which the student can find fuller information. Modern diet {Brit. Med. Jour., 1906, 2Vo, 238.'j, pp. 581, 582).— A critical discussion of nutritixe requirements and of dietary standards with special reference to recent work on the .subject. It is conceded that no Immediate harm results to healthy individuals from a low proteid diet and that this conclusion is of importance in connection with diseases involving the kidneys and digestive organs. That many persons undoubtedly take excessive amounts of proteids in their diet is also pointed out. " We do not think, however, that it has been proved that a diet containing proteid in a much smaller proportion than that of KiO gm. a day for an adult of 70 kg. is permanently beneficial either to the individual or to the race and especially for those whose occupations i-equire considerable muscular exertion. It appears, on the contrary, from the evidence at present at our disposal, that such a permanent reduction is not witliout jtossilile danger to the virility of the nation." The diet of the precibiculturists, 11. Campbell ( Brit. Med. Join:, 1905, Nos. 2322, pp. .',0, 1,1; 2325, pp. 208, 209; 2328, pp. 350-.3.52 ; 2329, pp. Ji06-Jt09 ; 2333, pp. 665, 666; 2335, pp. 813-815; 2337, pp. 970-981; 23^0, pp. 1217-1219; 23^7, pp. 1658, 1659). — A general discussion of prehistoric, savage, and semisavage tribes and their habits, si>ecial attention being paid to food, methods of prepar?i; tion, and related questions. The food of well-to-do classes, E. Biernacki (Zciithl. Gcsam. Physiol, ii. Path. Stoffirechscl^. n. scr.. 1 {1906), ISo. /.?, pp. J,01-i,03).—T\ie data collected regarding the food of oO well-to-do families in Warsaw and Lemberg showed that the protein supplied per person per day varied from 78 to 195 gra. and the energy from 2.110 to 4.010 calories, being on an average 121 gm. pro- tein and 3,01.'') calories. rood and digestion in warm climates, J. Cantlie {Jour. Trop. Med. [London], 9 {IHIKI), \o. JO, pp. 312-316). — The author calls attention to the fact that rice occupies much the same place in the oriental dietary as bread fills in that the western nations, and that the importance of this foodstuff is very com- monly greatly overestimated in discussions of the diet of oriental races. In his discussion of Chinese dietary habits, which is based on personal expe- rience, the author states that " their early morning meal consists of soft-boiled rice ' conjee,' . . . The foi-enoon meal, or breakfast, consists of fish, or fat pork, vegetables, rice, and tea. The midday meal may be again soft-boiled rice, but the afternoon or evening meal consists also of fish, pork, vegetables, rice, and tea. The rice is in no larger proportion to the meal, perhaps not quite so large, than is bread in the European breakfast." The food materials, particularly of animal ori.gin, which are available in tropical regions are discussed, as well as other .genenil topics. Attention is di- rected to the extended use of hot spices, particularly in the form of curry. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 5()3 " Tlic use of pcppci- is. (if (iiursf. ;iii oricut.il ciistoin, iind the strolled' rnniis nf pepper seem reiiuisite ;is iiii article of diet. The tluM-npeutic use of pepper seems to 1)0 not so imieli a stomaeliie tonic as an intestinal stimulant, and cliiell.v as a stinudant to the lar.ire intestine." A diet with and without meat and a vegetarian diet, K. P.oknstein (Ther. (Jc(/cinr(irt. //7 {l'Ji>c>\. A o. :,. iij). Jli.i-J98). — The author speaks in favor of a mixed diet with a modci'ate anuiunt of meat, thou.gh he recognizes the fact that .1 diet without meat may he entirely sufficient provided care is taken to secure a sufficient amount of di.irestible protein. He states that an excessive amount of meat increases intestinal fermentation and uric acid, while this is not the case with a vegetarian diet. The hay -box cook book, Sakaii T. Kedfikld (Chicofjo: Aiithoi; lf)OG, pp. 56). — As the author points out. the luMnciple underl.ving the so-called ha.v-hox cookery is the retention of heat in materials which have been brought to a boiling point on a range or stove. This is accomplished by surrounding the vessel containing the hot food with nonconducting material. The construction of a homemade hay-box cooker is described, and detailed directions given for the jireparation of a number of foods with such a cooker. Fireless cooking, II. (J. Sharpe (Rpt. Commis. Gen. [U. S. Army], 1906, pp. l.'i-lS). — A brief progress report is made of experiments on cooking by surrounding the hot food with nonconducting material. " lOxhaustive experi- ments have been made, not only in cooking in garrison, but also in the field under varying conditions, and the I'esults in both instances have been grati- fying." Some data are also given regarding army training schools for bakers and cooks, emergency rations, an especially constructed kitchen car and other ques- tions concerning army rations or their preparation. Good luncheons for rural schools without a kitchen, Ellen II. Richards (Bo.stuii: Whitcoiiib tt Burrotr.s, I'.IOG, pp. 12). — As the author points out, satis- factory lunches for school children may be prepared with the simplest apparatus by cooperation on tii(> part of pupils and teachers. Such an enterprise should include instruclioii in home economics, and suggestions are made for carryhig on the work in schools without interfering with the regular curriculum. Data are quoted showing the satisfactory results which have attended such efforts. The bleaching of flour, E. Fleurent (Compt. Roul. Acad. Set. [Paris], l.'i2 (19116). Xo. .?, pj). 1S0-1S2). — According to the author, the only satisfactory conunercial method for the bleaching of flour depends upon the use of nitrogen dioxid produced either by chemical means or Ity the action of an electric arc in the atmospheric aii-. Tlie ([uantily of oxid of nitrogen (calculated as dioxid) required for ])leaching varies from 1.") to 40 cc. per kilogram flour and varies according to the nature of the flour. The action of the nitrogen dioxid is due mainly to the formation of additive products with the flour fat as shown by the fact that the iodin nundiers -Avt- increased. Bleaching with nitrogen dioxid may be detected by methods based on the color tint of the saponified fats. It does not affect the diastase or the v:irious ferments of flour. The resistance of the fats to saponification is directly pro- portional to the amount of the dioxid absorbed. The .action of ozone on flour is markedly different from that of nitrogen pei'oxid and also from the slow action of atmospheric air. Ozone increases the iodin value and favors the production of volatile fatty acids, while nitrogen peroxid does not. On the other hand, 4 months exposure to air nearly doubles the total acid content in normal flour, while ozone has no effect on total acid. Liebig's meat extract, II, F. Kutscher (Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. n. Gcn- iifisintl.. 11 {1906), Xo. 10, pp. 5S,2-o8-i).— Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., IT, 564 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 1». 790) the physiological and ehoiiiieal properties of newly identified constituents of meat extract were studied. Ignotin was found to have no physiological action. Ohlitin and novain, on the other hand, in experiments with animals, caused illness. Ohlitin undergoes cleavage in the body, the principal cleavage product, novain, being found in both urine and feces, and api)arently there is a close relation between these two bases. Composition of Italian tomato juices, C. Formenti and A. Scipiotti (ZtscJir. Untersiich. Nahr. u. Gciiussmtl., 12 (1906), No. 5, pp. 2S3-255).— Detailed anal- yses are reported of a number of samples of tomato juices, concentrated tomato extract, and tomato fruits. As regards the amount of salicylic acid naturally occurring in the tomato, the figures given range from 15 to 25 mg. per kilogram of fresh fruit juice. A study of the tin in canned tomato juices showed that there was a marked increase if the material was allowed to remain in the can after opening. Concerning the composition of tomatoes and tomato juice, W. Stuber (Ztschr. riitcrsiich. y. IIukst (Mo. Consular and Trade Rpts. \r. .v. |. lOOG, So. 313, PI). 121-12.'i). — In Saxony tbe inspection of food is under the direct control of the government and is organized into 2 state institutions, 3 niunicii)al inspection laboratories, and 14 subordinate laboratories. The opera- tion of the law is I)i-i(>fly described. According to the author, marked benefits have resulted from this food insi)ection. The effect of preservatives, A. Behbe and A. Segin (Ztschr. Untersttch. Nahr. II. Gcnii.^xintl., 12 il'.xir,). So. N. pp. .'/(>/-//67). — The preservative powers of for- maldehyde, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, boric acid, sodium benzoate. sodium thio- sulphate, sodium suliihite, and a 'commercial preservative were tested with meat juice. Formaldehyde gave the best results. At the i'wl of 1-". days the meat juice preserved with it was unchanged as regards coloi- and odor. Of the other materials tested the .-icids gave better results than the salts. Influence of food preservatives and artificial colors on digestion and health. II, Salicylic acid and salicylates, II. W. AA'iley iV. S. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Cheni. Jiiil. S'/. pi. 2, pp. VI+.'/TD-lGO, fiys. 3). — The experiments here re- ported in full have been noted from tbe author's summary of results (E. S. 15.. 18, p. 402). The injurious effects of sulphurous acid and its compounds with special reference to free sulphurous acid, II. Walbaum (Arch. Hijg., 51 {1006), A'o. 2, pp. iSl-l'i'i). — An aciueous solution of free sulphurous acid, like the gaseous form, is veiy irritating and often more or less injurious. Very small amounts, 4 or 5 mg. in the form of a 0.02 per cent solution or certainly 10 mg. in a 0.04 per cent sohition. cause subjective symptoms in man. The salts are similar in their effects to the acid, owing to the fact that the free acid Is liberated in the digestive tract. Comptmnds of sulphurous acid with glycose and acetaldehyde are the principal organic forms in which it occurs. In no case should sulphured fruits contain more than an equivalent of 10 mg. of the acid per 100 gm. The (|uestion of snljihurous acid compounds in wine is also considered. Determining the limits within which sulphurous acid in foodstuffs is harmful, Jakobj and II. Walbaum [Arcli. Expt. Path. v. Pharmakol., o-'t (I'.IO.j), Xo. 6, p. -',21 ■ ahs. in Zenlhl. Physiol, 20 {1006), No. 8, p. 2SS).— The investigations reported have been noted above from another publication. The mechanics of stomach digestion, A. Sciieuneut (.lrc7(. Physiol. IPftiigcr], 11.', (lOUd). No. 1-2, pp. 6-'i-92, figs. 30).— From a number of experi- ments the conclusion was reached that foods taken one after the other form layers in the stomach and do not mix. The formation and persistence of the layers is influenced by the anatomical structure of the stomach, its position in the abdominal cavity, and other conditions. The failure of stomach contents to mix explains why with herbivora starch digestion may progress actively at the cardiac end of the stomach where lactic acid is present in abundance and other fermentations are taking jilace, though it ceases in other portions where hydrochloric acid is present. The theory that throughout its progress stomach digestion is of the same character and that the stomach contents are a uniform mixture is, in the author's opinion, erroneous. The mechanics of stomach digestion, Ellenbergeb (Arch. Physiol. [Pflilgcr], ll.'t (1906). No. 1-2, pp. 03-101). —On the basis of the preceding article and earlier work (E. S. R., 17, p. 485) the mechanics of stomach digestion is discussed. 566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The energy required for the work of digestion, (). Cohniieim (ArcJi. Hi/g., .77 (V.KIG). Xi). .',, !>[). J/Ol-'iLS). — Digestion rtniuircs more energy production than hunger, the amount measured in the experiment reported being 3.3 calories equivalent to (l.!)8 gm. carbon dioxid or 0.35 gm. fat, an increase of 9 per cent of the mininmm energy metabolized per day at rest aud in a warm room, and not over 1 per cent of the output of energy per day under normal conditions. This increase is due to the work of the digestive organs. The total nitrogeu ex- cretion was not increased. It appears, therefore, that the work of digestion, like muscular work, is carried on at the expense of nitrogen-free nutrients. The digestion of protein and its function in general nutrition, Lambling {Rev. ,Sci. [Paris], J. .ser., 6 {1006), .To. IS, pi). 5.'/5-551). — A summary and dis- cussion of recent work pertaining to the cleavage and digestion of pi'oteids. Peptic digestion, P. Met {Ztsclir. Phijsloh CJicm., J/8 {1906), No. 1, pp- SIS-'/). — The alliuminoses formed in gastric digestion can be almost completely precipitated by the use of tannin, a peptone remaining in the filtrate. The effect of different substances upon artificial peptic digestion, J. von Fu.TiTANi {Arcli. Jiitcnxit. Phitnnacoil. ct Thcr.. l.) {1905). p. 1; (ihs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 16 {191)6), Xo. 19, pp. 1IIS3, 1084). — Among the nniterials studied were tea, coffee, and sugar products. Tea and coffee in concentrated solution were found to have an unfavorable effect upon peptic digestion directly proportional to the degree of concentration. Apparently the caffein present did not exercise any effect upon digestion. Sugar solutions of over 0..1 ])er cent concentration had a retarding effect upon digestion. New conrparative studies of natural and artificial digestion of protein, W. RoTHE. II. WAN(ii\iCK, and A. Stutzek {-lour. Landir.. .i '/ (1906). pp. 2-')l- 26-'i). — The same results were obtained in artificial digestion experiments as in the natural experiments with rabbits, the feeding stuffs used being wheat, bran, and meadow ha.v. Muscular work and protein metabolism, W. Saw.jalow {Ztsclir. Physiol. Chem., .'i8 {1906)', Xo. 2, pp. .s'.), .S7;). — An examination of liquid which was passed through isolated cat and rabbit hearts kept at work from 1 hour and 30 minutes to 2 hours and 30 minutes showed that it was almost entirely free from ammonia and from urea. This led to the conclusion that muscular work was apparently ]ierformed without the cleavage of protein. The physiology and pathology of mineral metabolism, with tables showing the ash constituents of foods, condiments, and mineral waters, A. Alhu and ('. Neuberg {Physiologie und Pathologic des UineralstoffiDechscls nehst Tahellen iiher die lilineralstoffzusammensetzung der menschlichen Xahrnngs- und Gennss- mittel soicie der Miner alhrumien und- lU'idcr. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1906, pp. 2-'i7 : rev. in Zenthl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path, f^tofficechsels, n. ser.. 1 {1906), No. l.'i, p. 'pl'i). — Among the subjects considered in this handbook are the water and ash content of the human body, the ash content of different organs, blood, and secretions; the dynamics of salt action; the physical-chemical action of salts; metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and other individual ash constituents; iodin, arsenic, and other elements occurring in small (luantities; the therapeu- tics of ash constituents, and a critical discussion of methods of ash analysis. The tables contain a summary of data which the authors consider reliable, sup- ]tlemented by the results of many original analyses. As a whole, this volinne constitutes a useful handbook on a subject on which hitherto infoi'uiation has been inadequate and widely scattered. Infiuence of the quality and quantity of protein consumed upon the elimination of uric acid xanthin compounds in normal man, LI. Labbe and F.. Furet {Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. {I'aris]. 61 {1906), No. 21, pp. 21.'/-216).— Experiments showed that the amount of uric-acid xantho bodies produced fi'om ANTMAT. PRODTTCTTON. 567 [irolciii iif (litTcrcMil soi'ts varied (■oiisidi'rabl.v, (he rnllnwiiiu .miihuiuIs Iiciii^ ol)- l.-iimil per led .u'lii. of the proteids studied: Ilcrriiii; •J.Sl per criit, liccf \.i\~> per ci'iit. iiiacarnni I.TiS p(>r ceul, (\i,'j^ l.riC per cent, and milk d.Tl per <-enl. In a second test, milk, jjfniyere, and white cheese \ver(> compared, llie amount of xantho uric bodies formed being greatest with tlie milk and Ic.ist willi the white cheese. The effect of the quantity of protein eaten upon xantho uric- acid excretion was also considered. The influence of climatic factors, muscular work, and baths upon the excretion of water vapor through the skin, A. .1. Kai.mann {Arch. I'ln/xio]. [Pfliigcr], 112 (IHOd), Ao. 11-12, pp. SGI-.')!)!), pis. 2. fig. 1). — From tests in which muscujar work was a factor the conclusion' was reached that it caused an increase in the amount of water vapor given off through the skin, \Nhich was proportional to the char.-icter and amount of the work and especially to the tem- perature of the surrounding air and the degree of moisture which it contained. Cooling the skin resulted in a marked decrease in the anwiuiit oT water v.npor given off through it. Fatigue, F. S. Li;i'; {./our. Aiiicr. Med. Assoc, //I) {IHOC). \o. 20, pp. I'/Hl- l.'iOO. figs. .')). — A gemn-al discussion of the causes and relief of fatigue in which much of tli(> literature of the subject is summarized. As the author points out fatigue and recovery are phenomena of metabolism and only the assimilation and detoxic.ntion of the fatigue .substances contained in the tissues " that normally come with rest — and, best, rest with sleep — are capable of adequate restoration of working power." Influence of age on the calcium content of the blood, C. DiiERii and G. L. GiUMMi': (Voiiipt. Rcitd. »s'oe. Biol. [Paris], GO {WOG), No. 22, pp. 1022, 1023).— In dogs, the proportion of calcium in the blood decreased regularly as age in- creased. Witli rabbits tiie jiroportion varied gi-eatly with individuals of the same age .-uid did not appear to be directly proportional to the age. Generally speaking, tlie calcium content of rabbit blood was about doul)le that of dog blood. The physiology of taste, W. Sternberg {Gcscliinacl- mid Gcruch-Phi/siolo- gisclic I iil0: rer. in lirit. Med. Jour., I<)0G. No. 2393. p. 1309).— A sunnnary and dis- cussion of avail;il)le stious are discussi>d. tables of composition are given, and the cimqmtation of rati(ms explained by examples. "The economic feeding of stock should he the feeder's primary object. "Economic feeding must go hand in hand with scientific feeding. "The principles of scientific feeding have been carefully worked out by skilled investigators and feeders. "The application of these scientific j)rinciples is .a very sinqile process involv- ing only the rules of common arithmetic. "Every farmer can and should apply these iirincii)Ies in his everyday practice. "A careful study of tlie market prices on feeds .and :in inspection of th(>ir guarantee tags will mciii money in pocket to the farmer." Steer feeding, .7. J. N'ernon and .7. M. Scott {New Me.rieo Nta. Bui. 51, pp. 13, pis. 2). — Ccmtinuing earlier work (E. S. R., 10, p. 189), the comparative 568 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. value of aU'alfa hay with and without grain was studied with 2 h)ts of 5 steers. On alfalfa hay ad libitum with about one-third of a full ration of wheat and bran 3:1 the average daily gain in 118 days was l.SU lbs. per head and each pound of gain recjuired 9.12 lbs. grain and 1.12 lbs. alfalfa hay. Oh alfalfa hay ad libitum without grain the average increase was 1.73 lbs. per head per day, 11 lbs. of hay being required per pound of gain. Reckoning alfalfa at $3.50 per ton a poimd of gain cost 2.7G cts. on a ration containing grain and 1.92 cts. on hay only. The calculated returns per ton of alfalfa hay in the 2 cases were $7.38 and $8.3G, respectively. " If we tiike an average of the 3 years' feeding tests we find that the lots receiving a grain ration made a slightly larger daily gain per 1,000 lbs. live weight than did the lots receiving alfalfa hay only. It required nearly 1 lb. more food for a pound of gain for those receiving alfalfa hay only than for the grain-fed lot. The cost of 1 pound of gain was higher when a grain ration was fed than when alfalfa was fed alone." Feeding prickly pear to stock in Texas, D. Gkiffiths (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aiiiiii. Jiuliis. Bill. 91. pp. .i.i ) . — This bulletin, which supplements Bulletin 74 of the Bureau of I'lant Industry (E. S. R., 17, p. 05), contains notes on the forms of prickly pear and gives the results of feeding tests with cows and steers. The method of feeding this plant was that commonly employed upon ranches in southern Texas wdiere the experiments were conducted. In tests with two cows prickly pear was compared with sorghum hay. The complete data including weather observations are reported. " A full roughage ration of pear with a constant grain ration appears to yield fully as good results as a full roughage rati (wo rations may l)e due (o the larger snp])ly of iihosphorus in one ration without reference to the form of combination. 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "The couipoiiiul known as ])liylin may have specific physiological influences in several directions. "The withdrawal from the ration of the basic compounds witli which phos- phorus is associated in the compound phylin may explain wholly or in part the peculiar physiological influences observed." The laxative effects observed with idiytin suggested that such conditions when noted with whole-wheat i)roducts can be assigned to this constituent rather than to their mechanical condition. With this point in view, the phosphorus content was determined in a number of milling products ground from the same lot of wheat and found to be as follows : Whole wheat 0..37S per cent, bran 1.280 per cent, nuddlings (ships) O.S.IT per cent, germ 0.7(;.5 per cent, straight flour (».089 per cent, first break flour 0.080 per cent, second break flour 0.088 per cent, third I)reak flour 0.088 per cent, first middlings 0.071 ])er cent, second middlings 0.079 per cent, third middlings 0.091 per cent, germ roll flour 0.074 per cent, tailings or last roll 0.13.5 per cent, tailings (reel) 0.i:'.-l per cent, bran duster flour 0.106 per cent, and low-grade fiour O.IOG per cent. The authors note that middlings is the millers' term for fine flours. " It is evident, as is Avell known, that the phosphorus compounds of the wheat kernel are found mainly in the outer coatings and germ from which are derived the bran and middlings. As the bran phosphorus is mostly contained in the com- pound phytin, it is self-evident that this substance exists in much larger propor- tion in the whole wheat bread than iu fine flour. These statements are offered as suggesting a prolilem for further study." Fattening pigs on corn and tankage, E. A. Burnett {Xchrufika Hta. Bui. D.'i, pp. J.?). — The value of animal by-products as feeding stuffs and the effect of different rations on the strength of bones were studied. A lot of G i)igs fed soaked corn for 8 weeks made an average daily gain of 1.16 11 )S. inn- head at a cost of 8.7(5 cts. per pound, and required 5..3 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. A similar lot of 7 pigs fed soaked corn with 5 per cent tankage made a daily gain of 1.44 lbs. per head at a cost of .3.5.5 cts. per pound and re- quired 4.58 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. Similar values for a lot of G pigs fed soaked corn and 10 per cent tankage for (5 weeks were 1.3 lbs., 4..32 cts., and 5.1G lbs. In a second test made with 3 lots of 10 lighter pigs and covering 8 weeks, the average daily gain on soaked corn was 1.26 lbs., on the smaller tankage ration 1.51 lbs., and on the heavier tankage ration 1.53 lbs. per head per day, the cost of a pound of gain in the 3 cases being 3.04, 2.88, and 3.09 cts., and the feed re- quired per pound of gain 4.16, 3.71, and 3.66. lbs. In a third test in which shelled corn was used 8 pigs fed corn and shorts 4: 1 for 8 weeks gained 0.75 lb. per head per day, the feed re(iuired per pound of gain being 4.58 lbs. and the cost of a pound of gain 3.35 cts. The gains were the same on corn with 5 per cent tankage and on corn with 10 per cent tankage, namely, 1.03 lbs. per head per day, the feed required per pound of gain being 3.45 lbs. and 3.49 lbs., respectively, and the cost of a pound of gain 2.67 and 2.93 cts. In the first of the tests some green sorghum was fed and in the other 2 tests the pigs were pastured on alfalfa, but no accovmt was taken of the green feed eaten. " The experiments with relatively mature animals have all shown tliat the addition of 5 per cent tankage to the ration produced cheaper gains than when 10 per cent tankage was used. With young pigs the gains were made on smaller amounts of food when the larger amount of tankage was added to the ration, but ANTMAL PRODT^CTION. 571 (lie liii^li cost nf (lie l,iiik;i.i,'c lias made liH> siiiallcr ainounl of laiika,i,'(' iiioro lirolitalilf. "A notulik' advaiila^ic in the I'oodin.i^ ut taiika^'i' is srcn in tlic ni()i'(> rajjid i^aiiis iiiado by the hogs iuul the consequent shortening of tlie feeding period. •'Another argiunent for tankage is that it is a concentrated protein food. Only t; small anunuit is rciiuircil (o produce the result desired. '■ In all the experiments made at this station, the hogs fed tankage c(msuined niitre feed, made larger gains, and were not easily put off feed, while the hogs fed straight shelled corn were easily thrown off feed after the first G weeks, consumed less feed, and made slower gains. From the limited test made we ad- vise adding tlie tankage to the soaked corn just before feeding, rather than mi.xing with the coi-ii liefore soaking and allowing the tankage time to soak and possilily lic(()iii»' rani-i(i liefore feeding." * In the test in which the effect of feed on the strength of bones in growing pigs was studied the rations fed the 4 lots, each containing 9 pigs, for 12 weeks con- sisted of soaked corn alone and with 10 per cent tankage, 10 per cent ground bone, and 2.5 per cent shorts, respectively. For the succeeding 4 weeks 10 per cent of the corn was re])laced by alfalfa hay in each ration and then, as the alfalfa hay was not eaten readily, the unthrifty pigs (1 from each lot) were dis- carded and the original ration was resumed for 5 weeks. At the beginning of the test the weight of the pigs ranged from .57 to GO lbs. on an average. The smallest gain, 114 lbs., was noted with the lot fed the corn ration and the great- est gain, 1G4 lbs. per pig, with the lot fed ground bone. Three pigs in each lot were slaughtered and the strength of the leg bones determined with a testing machine. Considering the average for 2 bones in each leg, the bones were markedly stronger in the case of the pigs ^ed the animal by-products, 1,081 lbs. (the highest value) being required to cause breaking in the case of the ground- bone fed lot as compared with 714 lbs. (the lowest value) in the case of the corn- fed lot. Similar results were noted with the fore leg radius bone and the lower hind leg til)ia. After continuing the feeding for 4 weeks 4 pigs in each lot were killed and the I)reaking tests repeated. As before, the strongest bones were noted with the lot which had received animal by-i)roducts, the average values (8 bones) ranging from 4;'4 lbs. with the corn-fed lot to 1,0.57 lbs. with tlie lot fed tankage. "It is appiirent frcui these results that th(> feereliniinary and final conclusions are not dr:iwii. Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, .T. F. IIai.i.iua.x {Loidsiaiia Htas. Bui. SS. in). GJ). — In carrying out the ])rovisions of the State feeding-stuff law 1.815 sami)les were analyzed, including cotton-seed meal, rice bran, molasses feeds, corn and oat feeds, wheat bran and mixed feed, brewers' grains, conniier- cial and pro])rietary feeds, and beef scrajts and similar poultry feeds. Special fiber determinations were also made in 12.''> sam])les of feeding stuffs. " (Jood whc-t bran is a scarce article in Louisiana. Some of tiiese brans are adulterated with oat offal, and contain screenings. . . . " Many of the mixed feeds sold in this State are adulterated with ground corncobs. These feeds came up to tlieir guarantee in nuist cases, but the consumer in buying these feeds jiays fully as much as for the geiniine article. .\ true nuxed feed, under this head, is composed of bran and middlings in vary- ing pi-oportions. Tlie consumer should demand a mixed feed carrying at least 111. .5(1 ]ier cent jtroteiu. 572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "There have been very few samples of . . . [oondimentnl] feeds received in this laboratory. These feeds are a mixture of sulphur, salt, saltpeter, epsom salts, Glauber's salts, sodium bicarbonate, fenugreek seeds, fennel seeds, char- coal, red and black peppers, ground bone, Venetian red, and anise. This class of feeds generaly carry attractive names, and the manufacturers make great claims regarding their curative properties. These feeds are too expensive for the economical feeder. " If your animals are in good health they need no condition powders or tonics, and if they are sick it is cheaper to consult a veterinarian." Commercial feeding stuffs in Pennsylvania in 1905, P. D. Fuller {Pom. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. Ifi5, pp. 51). — The 339 samples of feeding stuffs examined under the provisions of the State feeding-stuff law included cotton-seed meal, linseed meals, flaxseed meals, distillery and brewery by-products, gluten meal and other corn by-products, corn meal, corn-meal feed, corn flour, low-grade wheat flour, wheat middlings, wheat bran, bran and middlings, oat by-products, mixed and proprietary feeds, proprietary poultry feeds, barley, barley feeds, and dried sugar-beet pulp. Of the wheat offals examined. 11 were deficient in fat, 13 in protein, and 22 in both protein and fat. Six feeds were found to be adulterated, namely, " wheat bran with rice hulls, wheat bran with corncob, 'chop' (corn and light oats) with coffee hiills, 2 samples of corn and oats chop, and 1 sample of corn, oats, and barley with oat hulls. Wheat offals were inferior in quality, which was due largely to climatic conditions. " The oat feeds on the market contain a large proportion of oat hulls. There are on the market, however, a large variety of feeding stuffs of good quality fi-om which the farmer should have fio difficulty in choosing those best adapted to his need. As long as the farmer can raise plenty of corn, hay, and oats he can not afford to purchase any feeding stuff containing less than 14 per cent of protein." The poisonous properties of peanut-oil cake, E. Kkijger (Chem. Ztg., 30 {1906), No. 81, p. 999). — Brief notes are given regarding a case of poisoning attributed to grovuid peanut-oil cake. In the author's opinion, this was due to the accidental presence of castor bean, to decomposition, or to some similar cause, as investigations failed to reveal toxic properties and other portions of the same consignment of meal were apparently harmless. Purin bodies in the urine of pigs, cattle, and horses, A. Schittenheim and G. Bendix {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm.. .',& (1906), No. 2, pp. i^O-i^^).— The amount of purin bases in pigs' urine is greater than that of uric acid and increases markedly in hunger. In cattle the ratio is about the same as with man, namely, considerable uric acid and little of the basic bodies. With horses, according to the author, the amount of purin bases is 7 or 8 times as great as the amount of uric acid. Apparently the purin metabolism of different kinds of animals varies markedly. The effect of raw meat on young animals, C. Richet {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], lJi2 {1906), No. 9. pp. 522-52 Ji). — The experiments were made with young dogs and covered G months. In 3 of the tests cooked meat alternated in 5-day periods with porridge (made of rice, milk, and sugar), with raw meat, and with cheese. In the 4 remaining tests a diet of cooked meat, raw meat, porridge, and cheest^ alternated in 5-day periods, with fasting periods of like duration. In the feeding ])eriods in which the diet varied the dogs remained in good condition. When fasting during each alternate jieriod the most satis- factory results were obtained on raw meat. The dogs lost 10 per cent of their weight in 3 mouths, then made good the loss and practically maintained a con- ANIMAL PHODUCTTOK. 573 stant Mciirlit. Oii cookcil meal Ihc animals rcinaiiicd in ■^mnl hcaltli. but lost liO \tv\- ccnl in wciu'iit. i'lic dogs fed the porridge of rice, milk, and sugar all died before the conclusion of the experimental period, as did 2 of those fed cheese. In the author's oi)inion. tlie experiments demonstrated the great value of raw meat. esiKvially as an ;iid lo I he recuperative powers, and he believes that this is dejiendenl not :ilonc ni»in the /.s-. 8, fi;;. I). — In this report the author (liscusscs the methods of poultry raising in Canada and the eastern Inited St.ites, systems of feeding, incubation and rearing, egg producticm, table l)oultry. duck f;irniiug. turkey raising, marlceting of eggs and poultry, inspection work at the agricultural colleges and farmers' institutes, experiment station work pertaining to pimltry. government assistance in poultry raising, and re- lated (luestions. The data presented are the result of a special tour of inspec- tion. Some of the conclusions drawn follow : "American experience proves tlie importance of securing innnunity from taint in the soil, either by the adoption of double yards to permanent houses, with use and cultivation of the ground in alternation, or by s.xstematic removal to fresh ground, thus confirming our own practice. "Owing to different climatic conditions, the portable house system so largely used in the United Kingdom is most suited to farm operations in this country [Great Britain], and should be maintained where poultry are a part of the ordinary stock of the farm. . . . "American experience confirms our own as to the protitaI)le nature of duck farming as a special business on a large scale. . . . "The importance of a thorough training, theoretical and pnictical. in poultry keeping is more fully recognized in America than with us. but the instruction is specialized and not so general, and facilities for instruction are eagerly sought for by those intending to take iip this work. "The experiment stations in America are most comi>lete. w«>ll maintained and equipped, and by co-ordination considerable results have been achieved, which example should without delay b(> followed in Britain." Poultry in Pennsylvania, T. E. Oiuj (Pcuii. Dcpl. A;/): lliil. L'/S, pp. 36, pis. 3. //.'/. I). — On the basis of personal experience the author discusses the feeding and care of iii>nltry, artificial incubation, the raising of ducks, turkeys, and gee.se on the f:irm. ])oultry diseases, and related questions. A combination of fruit growing and poultry raising is especially recom- mended. " Locate your poultry houses if possible so that the runs will be in an orch.ii-d. The fowls will destroy thousands of harmful insects, thus greatly beneliting the trees iind increasing the prospects for fruit, and the fowls will gain great comfort and benetit by the protecting shajle of the trees. Plum trees and cherry ti'ees are especially benefited by the presence of the fowls about their roots. Peach trees will grow most rapidly and soonest give an abundant shade." Poultry notes; guinea fowls; bananas for chickens {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Hoc, 10 {HXKl). \(>. S. pp. .308. 309). — Brief notes are given regarding raising guinea f()wls or ".Tam.iica pheasants" and other poultry under local condi- tions. Ripe banan.-is .-ire reconunended as a good morning food for fowls, but boiled green bananas are not regarded as conducive to egg production. Poultry notes. Bananas as feed (Jour. Jainaicd Afji: .Voc, 10 {1906), No. 20915— No. 6—07 Ji 6 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. JO. PI). 'lOl, .'{02). — Brief statements are made regardinc: the use of local feediug stuffs for poultry. Bran with boiled green ])ananas or ripe bauanas and some green corn are among some of the mixtures suggested as suitable for use in morning rations. Regulating- the egg trade, K. Borchmann (Ztschr. Flcisch u. Milclihiiy.. n [1006). \o. 1. PI). 3-11). — The defects iu the present system of marketing eggs in Berlin ari> pointed out and reforms suggested. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING - AGROTECHNY. A comparison of alfalfa meal and wheat bran for dairy cows, T. I. Mairs {Peniisiilnuiia St~l.l'i1). — This gives the results of analyses of the milk of 8 herds during 1 .\('ar. The highest and lowest fat content for each herd during the year was as follows : 1, 3.80 and iMo per cent ; 2, 4.75 and 2.20 per cent ; ;J, 4.30 and 2.75 per cent ; 4, 4.75 and 2.25 per cent ; 5, 4.50 and 2.55 per cent ; 6, 4.00 and 2.70 per cent : 7. 5.05 and 2.50 per cent ; and 8, 4.15 and 2.00 per cent. The causes of variation are discussed. Fat content of ass's milk, Wagner (Ztschr. I'ntersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 12 (inoc). \n. 11. pp. 6.18, 6.7.9).— During the period from 1902 to 1000 analyses were made of .">!)2 samples, the results showing a range in fat content from 0 to (1.7 per cent with an average of 0.125 per cent. Comparative study of the more important lactoses, (}. Bonamartini (Rev. (Jrii. J, (lit. I! (lUtiil). \r). 1, pp. lo-lS). — Preparations of lactose were made from (lie milk of the cow, ass. goat, and sheep, and also from lnim;in nnlk, and com- liared as regards water of crystallization, reducing power, ])()lari/,atioii. and form of crystals. These means failed to show any difference in tlie i)reparations from the different sources. Leucocyte content of milk drawn from apparently healthy animals, H. L. UissKi.i. and ('. IIoieman (./oin: Aiiicr. Med. As'.s'oc. '/? (l!Kt, p. 2110). — Tills is a brief abstract of a paper presented before the thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American rublic Health Association held in Mexico City, Mexico, December 3-7, IKOC. According to tlie authors, suthcient data have not yet been secured on the leucocyte content of milk to warrant the formulation of a scientific standard for Judging milk as to tlie presence of i)ns. They find wide variations in the leu- cocyte content of mill< from cows having no discoverable udder lesion iku- pre- \ ions liistory of garget. The number is often in excess of present standards. I'lie antliors also find (bat ;i leucocytosis in animals subjected to changes in envirounient may manifest itself in the leucocyte content of the milk. 576 KXPRRIMENT STATION RECORD. A milk epidemic of diphtheria associated with an udder disease of cows, A. AsHBY (I'tiT). Health [London], W {1906), No. S, pp. 1J,5-160. fir/.^. 6).— luvestigatious of a severe epidemic of diplitheria iu the villages of Twyford and Ruscomlie in Berl^shire in 1904 indicated that the disease was spread by miilv and that this Itecaiiie infected from ulcers on the teats of cows. Report on an investigation of an outbreak of typhoid fever at Kenton, Ohio, E. G. IIoRTON (Ohio Sanit. Bttl., 10 {WOO), No. 7-12, pp. i.'/2-J.'/S).— The data secured indicated that the outbreak was due mainly to infected milk. The National Creamery Buttermakers' Association, 1906 {Nat. Cream. Buttoinakcrs' As-^oc. lipt., 1906, pp. 227, //.f/.s-. 2). — This contains a number of addresses on subjects such as the preparation and value of starters, pasteuri- zation of cream for butter making, the creamery overrun, churning of fresh cream, etc., with a discussion following each paper. In addition to the proceedings of the National Creamery Buttermakers' Asso- ciation this report includes an account of the national dairy farmers' conven- tion which was held about the same time. Some of the subjects discussed at the latter meeting were science and profit in dairying. 'the breeding and hand- ling of dairy cows, economical feeding for milk production, profitable dairy farming, the hand separator problem, and the milk and cream exhibit at the national dairy show. The preparation of dry cultures, A. von Adelloiu-' {Milchic. ZcnthL, 2 {1906), No. 11, pp. .'iS9--'/92). Tests were made of magne.^ia, gypsum, milk sugar, and potato fiour for absorbing milk cultures of lactic-acid bacteria for use in butter making. A culture was also prepared by liciuefying a gelatin culture of lactic-acid bacteria by heating to 40° C, adding milk sugar, drying the mixture, and pulverizing. The gypsum, magnesia, and potato flour were considered unsuitable for this purpose. The author believes that a dry culture should be prepared from a milk culture, and that the absorbent material should be soluble and indifferent in character. Improving the keeping qualities of hutter by means of hydrogen peroxid, A. Hessegustrow {Milchir. ZcnthL, 2 {1906), No. 11, pp. 4S7-^S9).— Butter was made from cream which had been treated with hydrogen peroxid accord- ing to the method of Budde. The results of the three tests made indicated that this method improved the keeping quality of the butter. The author, how- ever, does not wish to draw positive conclusions from such limited data. Contribution to the knowledge of casein and coagulation with rennet, g. Schmidt-Nielsen {Upmla Liikarcfor. ForhaiuU., ti. scr.. 11 {1906), Sup., pp. 26). — According to the experimental results obtained, pure neutral sodium caseinate and sodium paracaseinate in 2 per cent solutions are not precipi- tated by pure sodium chlorid, but are completely precipitated by common salt which contains 0.4 per cent of calcium. The quantity of calcium required for this precipitation is for the casein 0.5 per cent and for the paracasein 3 per cent. This is, however, in excess of the amounts actually combining with the casein and paracasein. The calcium may be replaced by barium or magnesium in quantities three times as large. It was found that the formation of so-called whey albumin stands in close relation to the formation of paracasein, though it is not yet clear in what way the albumin is formed. In addition to the enzym bringing about the changes resulting in ])aracasein and whey albumin, it is ])ossible that there is also jn-esent in the I'cnnet solution a second proteolytic enzym. Milk or calcimn casein solution decidedly alkiiline to litmus is coagul.-ited witli rennet. During coagulation the reaction tends to become acid. It is DAI RY FAHMING DAIRYING AGROTECTTN Y. 577 considoi-ed clcMf tli;it coniiulMtioii with roiinot ciin tsikc place in lli(> absnicc of free II ions. 'i'ii(> inunhcr of OH ions proscnt, Iiowcvci'. nnisl not I>o so j^roat as to ,i,'iv(> a road ion with i)h(Miolphthalehi. The ripening of Edam cheese, F. W. J. Boekiioitt and J. J. Ott de Vries {h'rr. Gen. Lait, 6 (1!J06). .Yo. 1, pp. i-iO).— According to the results of the present and earlier investif?atious (E. S. It., 17, p. 580) lactic-acid bacteria develop ra])idl.v in fresh Edam cheese and destroy all the lactose. These .ir.i,'anisnis then become latent and other bacteria develoj). The changes thus |)rodnced are not I)elievefl to be the sole cause of the odor and taste of this ehcese. During milking and subsequent handling milk becomes greatly contaminated with bacteria, among which are many liquefying forms. These are unable to subsist in the acid medium resulting from the lactic fermentation in the cheese. l)nt it is argued that the proteolytic enzyms previously produced by the !i(iuefying bacteiia i-cni:iin unchanged and bring aboiit changes in the cheese resulting in the formation of the characteristic odor and taste. Lactic-acid i)acteria and proteolytic (>nzyms are therefore considered the ripening agents. Contribution to the bacterial flora of Edam cheese, J. Raamot (Disser- Itillmi. Koiiinshcni, niOH; tths. in MUi-hir. ZcntbL. .i H!)0(>), No. 11. pp. oOiK 510). — Bacteriological examinations were made of variims grades of Edam cheese. The betteu the cheese the more lactic-acid bacteria were found. The conclusion is therefore drawn that bictic-acid bacteria are the most important agents in the ripening of this cheese. Fermentation organisms, A. Klocker (Die Gdrunr/sorganismen in der 'I'Jteorie uinl Praris der Allcoholfidrungsgewerhc. SItiittffdrt: Max Waag. 190G. 2. rd., pp. XVI+S92, figs. 1.57).— An English translation of the first edition of this treatise was noted in E. S. R., l."). p. 4.W. Annual report on fermentative organisms, A. Kocii {d (thresher. Gdrutigs- Orgamsweu. 1.3 (1902), pp. r///+67,2).— This report for 1902 recently ]inb- lished contains al)stracts and titles of articles relating to the different fermenta- tions classified under (1) text-books and reviews, (2) methods and apparatus, (.''.) morphology, liacteria, and yeasts, (4) general physiology of bacteria, (5) special fermentations, and (6) enzyms. Technology of fats and oils, G. Hefter (Technologie der Fette und (")U: Berlin: ./. Springer. 190G. pp. XVU-[-l-',l, pis. 10, figs. 3//f>).— This is the' fii'st pai't of a handbook on the production and utilization of fats, oils, and waxes of vegetable and animal origin. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Text-book of comparative general pathology, T. Kitt, trans, by W. W. (•.\ni!iKY {I'hicaiK,: W. I'. Keener d- Co., 1901;, pp. XIII +',1/1, pis. //, figs. 131).— The veterinary literatui-e in the English language has been in need of a general text-book of pathology treated from the veterinary standpoint rather than from that of human medicine. The translation makes this work available to veteri- nary students in America and England, and nmst, therefore, be of considerable influence in furthering the present tendency toward the improvement of veteri- nar.v education. The text contains .a discussion of the history of iiathology. i)redisposition toward disease, congenital and hereditary disease, and the causes of disease togcthei- with a thorough account of pathological processes as observed in dis- turbances of the circulation, metabolism, and the progress of infectious diseases. 578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A uumber of new illustrations have been adtlecl to the text to show various fea- tures of microscopical pathology. While the general pathological processes are very similar in man and animals the appearance of the lesions may differ considerably in diffei'ent animals and the discussion of these matters can, therefore, be much moi-e specific in a text- book of this sort than one which attempts to include human as well as animal pathologj'. Report of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1906, S. H, Ward et al. {Ann. Rpt. Minn. Live Stock Hunit. Bd., 3 (llfOG). pp. 108). — During the year under report 1.3.707 cattle were tested and 1.438 were killed as tuber- culous. This is equal to 10 per cent, but it is believed that the percentage would not be so high if all of the animals of the State were tested. Similarly during the year 3.322 horses were tested with mallein and of this number 60B reacted and were killed. An indemnity is paid to the owners for animals killed by the State authorities. It is stated that more stringent milk and meat inspection laws are required for the ])roper regulation of traffic in these food materials in the State. Of the cattle imported into Minnesota from other States nearly 4 per cent were found to be tuberculous and were condemned. It is also noted that tuberculosis is becoming more frequent in hogs. Detailed reports were made on the laboratory work inidertaken by the State board on mange, necrotic stomatitis, rabieS, heniorrliagic septicemia, swamp fever, and dourine. Division of animal industry, V. A. Norgaaed (Rpt. Bd. Gomrs. Agr. and Forcstrif Haicaii, 2 (1905), pp. 167-228). — Glanders prevails to a great extent in Honolulu and. vicinity and the mallein test has been generally applied for controlling it. The spread of the disease is partly due to the use of public watering troughs for glanderous horses. It has been observed in Hawaii that the horn fly attacks scabby sheep, causing serious irritation of the scabby areas and sometimes annoying the sheep by attacking other parts of the body not heavily covered with wool. It is possible that the horn fly may carry sheep scab. Copies are included of the rules promulgated by the governor and board of commissioners regarding animal industry in Hawaii. Considerable attention has been given to the improvement of animal industry in the islands and to a study of the conditions which have led to failure in certain instances. It is suggested that tlie soils and forage plants of Hawaii are somewhat lacking in lime, and lime or bone meal is, thei'efore, recommended as an addition to the rations. Osteomalacia has been observed quite frequently and appears to be due to the absence of lime. Beport of the cattle sanitary board of New Mexico, 1904—5, W. C. Barnes (Ann. Rpts. Cattle iSanit. Bd. JSl. Mex., WltJ^-o, pp. 30). — Considerable work has been done in dipping cattle for the control of mange and the destruction of cattle ticks. The results from this work are promising. Statistical informa- tion is furnished regarding the health of domestic animals and the shipment of cattle, horses, mules, and hides. Report of the veterinary director general, J. G. Rutherford (Rpt. Vet. Dir. Canada, 1905. pp. 232. pis. 12). — This report covers a period from Novenfl)er 1. 1904, to ]\Iarch 31, 1900, and is largely occupied with a discussion of tuberculosis, glanders, dourine. cattle mange, rabies, hepatic cirrhosis, and meat inspection. Hog cholera is practically under control in the regions where it i)revails. According to reports received by various inspectors, glanders exists to a serious extent in most parts of tlie Dominion. The present system of killing all VETERTNAEY MEDICINE. 579 animals arfcvtcd \vi(li the disease wlietlier they sliow clinical syiiiploiiis or iiui will iin)l)aiily re(luc(> tiie e.xteiil of iilaiulei's. An extensive series ef feedinj; exiiei'inients was carried on in Antiironish dnrlnj,' which it was cli^irly shown that Tictou oattle disease ov hei)atic cirrliosis is caused liy <>atin{,' Sr'iiccio jacohtra. Before tliis fact was demonstrated, tlie disease was considered infectious and an indemnity was paid to tlie owners of condemned animals. A nund)er of outl>rea!vs of rabies toolc ])lace and reiinired the attention of tlic veterinary ollicers. .Notes are also jiiven in the reports of the numerous insjM'ctors from dilferent iiarts of tlie Dominion on the health of animals in their localities and the iirevalence of common diseases. Report of the veterinary service, in the Kingdom of Saxony for 1905 (l{(i: Vctcrhiiinr. Koiiifjr. Saclisai. .',<) illid.',). jiit. ',i;i). — As is customary in these reports the organization of the veterinary service is ijiven, followed liy an elahorate account of the jreneral status of the health of animals and s])ecial re- ports on diseases, medicines, dietetics, cases of poisonins, the live-sto<-k industiy. veterinary ]M)lice work, cattle breeding, and goat raising. Statistical data are ))resented on the number and distribution of inspectors and freibanks in th(> Kingdom of Saxouy, the munbcr of animals slaughtered and inspected during the .vear. and the cause of condenmation of inspected animals. The organization and function of the police and veterinary service in the kingdom (Onjanizzaziinic c Finizionninciifo dci Scrrizi
  • .!). — In the present report a general discussion is presented of the ])rinciples which lie at the found- ation of veterinary police and similar control work In the prevention of the spread of animal diseases. Such veterinary work may be organized under government supervision or may l)e of a communal or cooperative natur(>. Ex- tensive tables are given showing the imports and exports in animal products from 1902 to l!)Or>. The larger part of the volume is occupied with a discussion of the present status of the imi)ortant animal diseases in Italy, including foot-and-numth disease, infectious swine diseases, anthrax, blackleg, glanders, contagious aga- lactia, rabies, tuberculosis, etc. Report of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts for the year 1905 ( l)( i,t. A(ir. and Tech. Iii.fir. Ireland, Rpl. Dlacasv-^ Aniiii.. ]!)().',, pp. tl.i. piK. ,?). — A brief sunnnary is presented of the present status of legislation regarding con- tagious diseases in Ireland with especial reference to anthrax, sheep scab, hog cholera, glanders. i)arasitic mange, and epizootic lymphangitis. \ detailed report is given l>y M. lledley on hog cholera and other serious animal diseases in Ireland, and by 1 ). S. I'rentice on the transportation of animals. On the whole, hog cholera has diminished greatly in prevalence during the past few years; rabies was not observed during 190-5 ; glanders presented uo serious i)roblems ; and parasitic mange occurred in 169 outbreaks. Copies are given of all orders and cii-culars which have been issued regarding the control of animal diseases in Ireland. Report of the veterinary surgeon to the corporation of the city of Glasgow for 1904-5, A. .M. Thottku (Rpt. Vet. Surf/. Glas(/oir. J!)0'i-o. pp. )/).— The pi-esent detective system of inspecting meat in (Jlasgow has certain disadvan- tages and is not effective in preventing unsuitable meat from coming into the market. The meat inspector's time is too much occupied in this s.vstem in running al)out from jdace to place inspecting a few carcasses which may be delivered by farmers or dealers to butchers, or even directly to ironsumers. .V 580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cliaiige of plan is rt'comiueiuk'd, since llio antlior l)elioves that a preventive system would be more effective in sccnrin.t; the inspection of all meat at the point of production, and \A-ouId save tlu> time of the meat inspector for more important work. The results of meat inspection in Olasj^ow for the years l'.i()4-.'> are presented in a tabular form. Particular attention is given to tuberculosis, anthrax, and the insiK'ction of milch cows. Veterinary service and meat inspection for 1904 ( \or(/cx Off. iStatis.. 5. scr., 190 Ji, No. 15, pp. VIII+2S7). — As in previous years the present report on veterinary service and meat inspection in Norway contains a general account of the health of animals in various i)arts of Norway with particular reference to the appearance and distribution of anthrax, catarrhal fever, blackleg, swine erysipelas, tuberculosis, abortion, and milk fever. The distribution of these diseases in different parts of the counti-y is shown in a series of tables. Copies are given of the meat inspection regulations which are at present in force in Norway. The epitome of cattle inspectors' returns (Rhodcsiau A{/r. .Jour., 3 {1906), No. 6, pp. G3G-G.'i2, pi. 1). — In these returns particular attention is given to an account of the conditions in various parts of Rhodesia with reference to rabies, contagious abortion, glanders. African coast fever, and horse sickness. Results obtained in the field of cattle diseases, F. Makkiel (Ticriirztl. Zenthl, 29 (1906), No. 28, pi). Jifil~J/5Jf).— This article contains a brief sunnnary of i-ec(Mit veterinary investigation and the results obtained in the control of sterility, metritis, niammitis, and actinomycosis. Prophylaxis of contagious diseases of cattle, .J. Lignh>res (Bol. Miii. A (1906), No. 3, pp. 363-3R3. fign. 12).— A brief statement is made of results obtained by the use of vaccine in controlling anthrax, blackleg, and Texas fever. Directions are also given for the destruction of rats and for the use (if tnlierculin and mallein. Notifiable diseases under the milk and dairy supervision act, 1905, R. S. C.-i^AJERON (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. rictoria, .', (1906), No. 8, pp. Ji81~Ji89, figs. 2). — A discussion is presented of the symptoms and means of preventing accidental and contagious abortion and contagious mammitis in cows. For contagious aboi-tion, the author recommends the use of antiseptic washes containing carbolic acid, creolin, lysol, or corrosive sublimate. The best results in the treatment of con- tagious mammitis were obtained from the injection of a solution of boracic acid ;>t the rate of 1 part to 20 parts of warm Wiitei*. Tuberculous infection and the resistance of the organism to the disease, A. C".\LMETTE {Rcr. Ilj/g. ct Pol. Hfinit., 2-8 (1906), No. 8, pp. G'll-dOO). — The author admits the existence of three specifically different forms of tubercle bacilli in cold-blooded animals, birds, and mannuals, respectively. The morpho- logical differences, however, do not preclude the transference of these bacteria from one group of iinimals to another. The conclusion is reached as a result of the study of this problem that animals and man sire usually infected with tuberculosis through the alimentary tract. The necessity of a sanitary control of the milk supply is strongly urged. Tubercle bacilli of different origin, M. Rabinowitsch (Ztschr. Tnbcrkiilosr, 9 (1906), Nos. .',. pp. J,.:7-50l : 6. pp. :).'i6-.i8Jt). — As a result of numei-ous cultures and inoculiition (^\i)eriments, the author conies to the conclusion that the biolog ical characters of the tubercle bacillus of cold-blooded animals depend entirely u|)on adaptation to specific conditions. The organism may be made to produce the typical growth of the mannnalian tubercle bacillus by passage through the VETERTNAHY MEDICINE. 581 body of tlie luaiiiiiinl or exceptionally this occurs siioutaueously. Similarly I lie iiiaiiimaliaii tubercle bacillus may be made to develop the growtli of tfie bacillus of cold-blooded animals by inoculation of tbe latter. These two foi'ms of the tubercle bacilli are callable of iiroducin.i; typical tuberculous lesions in eitber warm or cold-blooded animals. It is concluded, tberefore, that the tubercle bacilli of men, cattle, birds, and cold-blooded animals are merely vegetative nioditications of one .-md the same species. Milk and tuberculosis, .7. W. Rrittlebank (Vet. Rev., J!) (1906). A'o. D.'f9, pp. lU-'i. J(!5). — In an exannnation of 10.527 cows kept in city stables only one animal was found to be affected with tuberculosis of the udder. During the same investigation of the milk supply of Manchester, lOngland, 70-t samples were taken from milk delivered by 505 different farmers from different counties and in these samples the percentage of tuberculous milk varied from 3 to 12. Infectious abortion in cattle, B. Bang (./oiir. Compar. Path, and Tlier., 19 (1901!). \i>. .i. pp. 191-202). — It is now 10 years since the author elucidated the etiology of this disease. In the meantime much work has been done along the line of prevention. The author believes that where the nature of the dis- ease is understood the farmer may readily i>rotect bis herd against it b.v jiroper sanitary precautions. During the past 3 years the author has carried on experiments in attempting to inmuniize cows, sheep, and goats against the disease. It has been observed that aborting cows acquire a certain degree of immunity. In this work intravenous in.jectlons of sennn bouillon cultures of the micro-organism of abortion were adopted. In some cases this treatment produced abscesses and other symptoms of reaction, but considerable immunity resulted, and the author hopes that this method of vaccination will ultimately give a means of con- trolling tbe disease. Immunization toward anthrax, F. Murillo (Ztschr. Hug. u. Infcctions- Icrunlc, oJ, (1906), Xo. 2, pp. 178-188).— It has often been observed that there may be more or less antagonism between different bacteria or higher plants which are growing in the same medium. The author tested the effect of diph- theria to.xin in the attenuation of anthrax cultures. Cultures thus olitained were tested on experimental animals with results which indicate that this method is quite successful in producing immunity. The author claims certain advantages for this method over the Pasteur sys- tem. .Vccording to the latter method a temperature of 42° C. is reconunended for the attenuation of the anthrax vaccine. By the author's method any tem- peratiu'e irp to 37° is satisfactory. It was also found that it is not necessary to use the cultures on a certain day, but that they remain suitable for a number of days after treatment. By combining cultures and toxins in different pro- porti(ms in ordinary bouillon it is possible to obtain a wide series of gradations in the vaccine. Anthrax in frogs, F. Dittiiorn (.1;c7(. //(///., J7 (1906), Xu. .'/, pp. 313- S22). — In inoculation experiments with frogs, the author shows that anthrax bacilli in. pjissing through the body of these cold-blooded animals are not atten- uated but remain in condition to affect higher animals and produce an acute form of the disease. In making exi)eriments of this sort it is necessary to observe closely the temi)erature condition surrounding experimental frogs since frogs are very suscejitible to sudden t(>miierature cbang(>s. Prevention of blackleg by the use of the Pasteur blacklegine, 11. Bibbky (Vet. Nrc. 19 (1906). \<>. 9.',0, pp. 168. 169).— In tbe use of this vaccine the author makes the inoculation at the root of the tail, which is afterwards washed 582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, with rnrbolie soap. On the fourth day after inofulatiou the animals are \n spected to see if any abscesses are formed at the point of inocuhition. Little or no trouble is ordinarily experienced from the use of this method. Binderpest in Egypt, S. Akloing (Ann. ,Sur. Afp: Sri. rt Indus. Lijon, 1905, pp. 3J}1-36'J). — The conditions observed in outbreaks of I'inderpest in Egypt are outlined in considerable detail with notes on the losses caused by the disease, the symptoms observed, and measures taken for controlling the out- breaks. A number of inoculation methods have been tested, usually in combina- tion with tlie ordinary methods of police sanitation, such as the destruction of infected animals, isolation of exposed animals, and disinfection of premises. While serum inoculation has admittedly given good results in preventing the spread of rinderpest, the author believes that the successful control of the dis- ease in all cases where serum has been used is to be partly ascribed to the simul- taneous application of strict police sanitation. In the future control of rin- dei'pest, the author recommends the destruction of diseased animals and strict quarantine as of prime importance. Piroplasmoses in Dutch East Indies, C. A. Penning {Veeartsenijk. BI. IJedcrhuid. Indie, 18 (1906), lA'o. 1-2, pp. 102-108, pi. i).— Both Texas fever and Rhodesian or coast fever occur among cattle in Java. According to statis- tics collected by the author, cattle become infected with one or both of these dis- eases at a young age, and about 10 to 15 per cent die before they are a year old. Those which recover possess a lasting immunity to Texas fever and coast fever. It has been observed that cattle which are imported to Java from South Austra- lia become affected with one or the»other of these diseases, and the majority of them die within a year after their importation. Notes are given on the symp- toms of Texas fever and African coast fever and on the blood parasites observed in cases of these diseases. Piroplasmosis in cattle (Svenslc Vet. Tidslr., 11 {1906), No. [), pp. J/ll- J/IS, i)ls. 2). — An outbreak of piroplasmosis closely resembling Texas fever in its general symptoms and lesions occurred among cattle in Sweden, and the dis- ease was investigated by the author. The blood corpuscles seemed to be de- stroyed, as in the case of Texas fever, so that one of the symptoms in most cases was bloody urine. The cattle were infested with 2 species of ticks, which were identified as Ixodes riclnus and I. liexagonns. Scab ordinance, 1903, and the amending scab ordinances, 1905—6 {BJocm- fonlcin, Oravge River Colony: Dept. Af/r., 1006, pp. 19). — Copies are given of the ordinances now in force in the Orange River Colony for the eradication of sheep scab within the colony. Protective vaccination against braxy, Jensen {Berlin. Tierurstl. Wehnselir., 1906, Ao. J/l, pp. 7//.3, 7.'///). — Thi'ee methods have been used in producing immu- nity to braxy. In the first, a virulent pure culture is mixed with equal parts of bouillon and horse serum and kept at a body temperature for a week before using. The second method consists in the use of a serum obtained from horses after inoculating them with virulent cultures. The author has most confidence in the success of a third method, whicli consists in placing threads in a culture which is treated with hydrogen until spore formation takes place, after which the threads are introduced into a fold in the skin of the animal to be immunized. Swine plague and hog cholera, E. Joest {Schiveincscuche und Sehireiiiepest. Jena: Gnstav Fischer, 1906, pp. VIII + 280, pis. 6, figs. 22).— The present account is of a monographic nature and attempts to present a thorough dis- cussion of the results thus far arri^'ed at by a study of swine plague and hog cholera, and also a statement of the more important problems still remaining to be solved in connection with these diseases. The literature of the subject VETERINARY MEDICINE. 583 is ci-itir'nlly discussed in cnniiciiion with a Iiildioi^raiiliy iiirludiii^' imlilica- tiiiiis down to I lie end oT I'.Mir.. A special feature of the work is a discussion of the veterinary police nioasures a(l()i)ted in eontrollluf; these diseases in various eounti-ies of Kuropo and in the United States. Mention is also made of the eonteidion of W. (Jrijis that liaciHits Niiisriiticns is not the cause of swine ])la.irue. The discussions of both swine plague and hog cholera are arranged along the same line and include the etiology, pathology, and methods of inf(>ction and conlrf)! of the disease. Furthermore, an account is given of the ])roI)lenis of mixed infection and differtMitial diagnosis between swine piague and hog cholera and methods cd" innnunization to these diseases. Hog cholera, 10. Lkclainciie (Rev. G(hi. M6(l. VH., H (1!)0G), No. 92. pp. Jlll-JiZS). — The author calls attention to tlie fact that in the early history of the study of this disease it was sn])posed to include two forms caused by two specifically distinct bacteria. \t present swine plague and hog cholera are considered distinct by all investigators, and recently the demonstration of another form of hog cholera not due to any known micro-organism has com- jdicated the ]irolilem so that further investigation is necessary. Bacillus pyocyaneus as a cause of rhinitis and hemorrhagic meningitis in hogs, F. KosKE {All). K. Gsndhtsamt., 23 (1906). No. 2, pp. 5-'/2-.553).— Young pigs are frequently affected with a disease resembling snuffles in sheep. According to the author's investigations Bacillus piiocyaneuK nmy be found in such cases, and in inoculation experiments it was determined that this organism is pathogenic for young pigs and may produce the disease. The horse; its treatment in health and disease, J. W. Axe {London: drcslioui J'lih. Co.. IUIh;. vols. 1, pp. XVIII+l-ld'i. pl-s. 211. flf/s. 13, charts 9; 2, pp. X-\- 16.5-3 -'i-'i, /'/••>'. 16, fiO^. 69, charts Jf,- 3, pp. X+34.J-.-,12. pis. 13, figs. (].-,; .'/, pp. XII +1-160, pis. 9, flffs. 6'//).— In preparing this work on the horse the editor has secured the assistance of a number of experts to prepare different technical parts. The work as a whole is intended to contain such information as may be needed by horsemen with regard to the breeding, care, and treatment of the horse. The anatomy of the horse is described with particulai- reference to its bearing on health and disease. The same may be said with i-egard to the physiological discussion. The larger part of the work is occupied with a detailed accoimt of the diseases conunonly .known to affect the horse. The illustrations serve to show the l)est tyi)es of horses, various points in the conformation of the horse. lK)siti()ns assumed in dilTerent diseases, and numerous ])athological details. A dissectible plate accomjianies the work showing the details of the internal and external anatomy. Veterinary and biological studies on horse production in Wiirttemberg, II. SoHNLE (Ilipi)olo(iisch('. rctcriuiirnwdizinischr itnd hiolofjischr licitrage sitr wiirttrinhrrfjischcn I'fcrdeziicht. I'lieninfjcn : F. Find, 1906. pp. 10.')). — The author maintains on the basis of his observations that races of the horse or other animals once established in a given locality can not be reproduced in exactly the same form in other localities. Where a given race of the horse appears to be desir- able for importation into some other locality it is necessary to imi)ort at relatively fre(pient intervals pure-bred sires from the native locality in order to keep up the form of the race. Notes are given on a inunber of connnon diseases among horses, including azoturia. o])htlialmia. arthritis, etc. Special report on glanders, .1. (}. IJtTFiKiti-oun {('auitd. Ihpl. \(ir.. ffcdllh of Animals Jiraiich. lHoii. pp. 2)). — The essential features of this i-e]inrl were 584 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. presented before the New Haven ineetiii.tr of the ^'eterill:lr.v Medical Association ami have been previously noted (E. S. 11.. IS, p. 99). Experimental glanders in guinea pigs, M. Nicolle (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 20 il'.UiG). Xos. S, pp. 62')-66J,: !>. i>i>- (>'>^-l'.^><> ; 10. pp. SO 1-S31 ) .—The symptoms and course of slanders in guinea ])igs are described in detail and are compared with those of pseudo-tuberculosis and also with the symptoms which appear in rabbits and other animals when infected with glanders. The supersensitiveness to the glanders bacillus sometimes observed in guinea pigs appears to depend upon the condition of the animal, the previous treatment which it has received, and the virulence of the glanders bacillus used in the experiments. The author has shown that it is possihle to innnunize guinea pigs to glanders. There are three methods by which this may be accomplished — by re]»eated in- jections of small doses of dead glanders bacilli, of living bacilli in minute quan- tities, or by a single dose of living bacilli in such quantities as barely to produce an infection. Recurrent mange, F. Smith {Vet. Rec, 19 {1906), No. 953, pp. 215, 216).— The .-luthor refers to the difhculties usually experienced in bringing about a complete cure of mange in horses. Most of so-called cases of recurrent mange are due to the fact that the supposed cure in the first instance was only apparent. Infectious scratches and verminous aneurism, II. Wucherkr {WcliiiseJir. TicrheUk. ii. ViPhziicht. 50 {1906). No. .l'>, pp. 6H1-6R5). — In a number of young horses the author observed the prevalence of an infectious form of scratches. At first the appetite failed, the flanks became tucked up. and a slight elevation of temperature was observed. After :> or -i days phlegmonous swellings ap- peared about the crown of the hoof and fetlock, follow'ed by an exudation from these points. As a rule, the animals showed marked improvement after about 1 week, but in some cases the disease was much more refractory eveu after thorough application of disinfectant powders. Notes are also given on cases of verminous aneurism due to emboly and throm- bosis of the anterior mesenteric artery. The clinical symptoms of malaria in horses, L. Baruchello {Clin. Vet. [Mihin]. 29 {1906), No. 31, pp. I.'i5-75.'i). — According to the author's observa- tions the fundamental symptoms of malaria in horses are fever, icterus, petechiiP, and hemoglobinuria. All of these symptoms are described in^ considerable detail and notes are given on means of diagnosing between malaria and other diseases with which it nnght be confused. The pathology and treatment of pernicious anemia of the horse, .1. N. Ries {Rec. J/r(/. ^ rt.. S3 {1906), No. 19, pp. 611-6^3). — The symptoms of this trouble are described in considerable detail. In many cases the author believes that the chief cause of the disease is excessive infestation with botflies and other parasites. A case of spirillosis in the horse, II. J. Stordy {Jour. Com par. Path-, and Titer., 19 {1906). No. 3, pp. 226-22H, figs. 2). — This disease in South Africa may I)e mistaken for dik-kop until after some experience is had. The animal becomes much emaciated and edematous swellings appear on various parts of the body. The most characteristic feature of the disease is the rapid emaciation. Surra in Africa, L. Cazalbou {Rev. Gen. MM. Vet., 8 {1906), No. 92, pp. J/01-.'il7, figs. 5). — The geographical distribution of surra in Africa is discussed with mention of the symptoms of the disease in camels and horses. Experi- mental tests proved the possibility of transmitting the disease l)y contact or by inoculation. A number of insects are commonly believed to be instrumental in transmitting the blood ]»arasite, but it is not definitely known whether they are the only agents of transmission or not. VETEKINAIIY MEDICINE. 585 Trypanosomata and trypanosomiasis, E. X. 'I'ohey (•Jour. Med. Ixcsvuvch, ]■') {I'.iiiii). \ti. I. lip. Ill-l.'i.'j). — The i)i-t',senl ai-ticlc is ii suiiuHai-y of llic results of iiivostii^atiou on trypanosouios and the disi-ascs caused by tlieni. 'I'lie author fiives an account of methods of cnltivatint,' trypanosouies and of the prevalence of various diseases caused by these or.uanisnis, such as surra, doiu-ine, nial do caderas, etc. Hemorrhagic septicemia in elephants, st the serum trivitnient. Tlie oliserv.it ions recorded in the paiier are of importance as indic.itini,^ another source ol' infection fi'om this disease. Lesions in the digestive tract of the horse due to the larvte of botflies, WEINI5ERG (Coiniil- liciid. ,S»c. Biol. [Paris]. 61 {IDO(J), Xo. 27', iij). Jl.i, 113).— Fi-om a study (tf the lesions caused by botflies the author concludes that they cause inflammatory or other injuries to the stomach walls of infested horses without producini; any bacterial infecticm. If, however. patholot,'ic bacteria are present such infection may take jdace. The botflies :ire. therefore, to bo considered in the same class with i)arasitic worms in so f;ir as this matter is concerned. The geographic distribution of Distomum hepaticum, A. S.mto (Vciithl. Bakt. [etc.]. 1. Aht.. OrUj., J,! {I!l(i(>). A o. .S. ji. SJ.>). — Accordin.ijc to various au- thors who have studied the common liver fluke, this parasite ^occurs in Europe, Es.vpt. India, Australia, and America. It has heretofore been doubtful whether the parasite is found in China, Korea, or Japan. The author made an investi- gation of this matter and found fluke worms in KJs jier cent of the livers of cattl-e inspected :it the abattoir in Okayama, Jajian. Cysticercus cellulosfe and its detection in living hogs, J. von Kukul- jEVic {Berlin, 'ricrinzll. Wclnisclir.. lUiiC. Xo. ;!',. pp. 6i6-()30, (ifjx. !> ) .—\ de- tailed description is given of a practical method of throwing hogs and examining the tongue for the presence of measle worms. This method of examination is easily carried out, but it is recommended that the hogs he not fed on the morning of the exandnatioii since they endure the inspection better when the stomach is comparatively cmiity. The literatni'c i-elating to this suli.ject is critically reviewed. The occurrence of trichinae among rats, L. Baiiu {MuaiKuWn: Dijrhrffcr, IS iHlOli). Xo. .'/. pp. l.Ui-l.iit). — Rats have been exanuned in many countries for the purpose of determining the percentage of infestation with trlchin;e The literature on this subject is briefly referred to by the author, who carried on an investigation of this sort, during which .".71 r.its were examined. Of this number 1'.). or 5.12 jier cent, were found to !);■ infestcnl with trichin;e. The question of poisoning by artificial fertilizers, .7. Sciinkidkk and G. Stkoh [DcKt. Ticriirzll. Wchii.^chr., IJ, (lilOG), Xos. 38. pp. ',.')7- ',.->!> ; 39. pp. Ji60-.'i71). — A series of feeding tests was imdertaken chiefly with rabbits, sheep, and cattle, diuMng which the (experimental animals were fed superphosphate, Thomas slag, and kainit. The feeding periods ranged from 10 to 30 days and the amounts of tiie different fertilizers were graduated according to the size of the animal. 'I'he (•oiiclnsioii i-cachcd from tlH'S(> feeding exi)eriments is that, under ordi- nary conditions, neither domestic nor wild aninnils ;ire likely to e:it ;i sullici(>iit cpiantity of the artificial fertilizers in (piestion t() produce iioi.sonous effects. 586 KXPKRTMENT STATION RECORD. Examination of the Western Australian poison plants, E. A. Mann (.four. Dc/it. A(/r. ]Vcsl. Aiist.. l.{ U'JOG). Xo. li. i,i>. 'iSG-'iUiK pJx. -').— A detailed eheiiiical excniihi;ition was made of Oj-ijlohiiini ixirviponiin, for the purpose of determining the presence of any poisonous principles in this plant. The method used in making the analyses of the plant is described. An alkaloid was isolated in a pure state and has been called lobine. It is very unstable as compared with most alkaloids, but in many resi)ects resembles cygnin. In experiments to determine the physiological action of lobine it was found that 0.1 gi-ain dissolved in water was sufficient to cause the death of a guinea pig within 5 minutes after hypodermic inoculation. Further experiments will be made in order to determine more accurately the symptoms and exact fatal dose of the alkaloid. From a few experiments carried out in the laboratory it appears that lobine is readily destroyed by permanganate of potash, and this drug appears therefore to l)e a suitalile antidote. The harmful character of grape foliage sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, Ade {Wchnschr. Ticrheilk. u. Viehsuvht, 60 {UJOG), \o. ,37. pf). 121-726).— On account of the occurrence of cases in which cattle were poisoned or killed by eating grape leaves, an examination was made into the possible causes of such I)oisoning. It may be due to S])ecific substances in grape leaves, to poisonous compounds prodnced by the presence of fungus diseases, to poisonous substances developing in parasitic fnngi killed on the grape leaves as the result of spraying with F>ordeaux nnxture. or to the copper contained in the latter. There appears to be little ground for the supposition that the small amount of copper on grape leaves sprayed with Bordeaux mixture is sufficient to cause cases of poisoning which have been observed. Gastritis in cattle as a result of eating grape leaves, Ohler (Wc1in.'ic]n: Tierheilk. i(. yic]i;:i(clil. r,ii {lUili;). \o. 3.i. pp. d'll-G'j.^ . — In .Inly and August of every year, when grape vines are pruned, it is customary to feed the leaves to cattle, and a considerable number of cases of gastritis have resulted. In some cases, cows with young calves at their side may transmi-t the poisonous prop- erties of infected grape leaves in the milk to such an extent as to kill the calves. In the author's opinion, the trouble is at least partly due to the preva- lence of the parasitic fungus Pcroiiospora viticola on the leaves. Affected leaves decay rapidly and give out a striking and disagreeable odor. Poisoning by horse-radish, D. Fairbank (Vet. Rcc, 19 (1906), No. 946, pp. 117, IIS). — Symptoms of poisoning appeared among Hereford cattle and closely resembled those of colic. Two of the animals died and a post-mortem examina- tion, as well as a study of the condition under which the trouble arose, showed that these were cases of poisoning from eating too much horse-radish root. Cirrhosis of the liver in stock in Cape Colony, produced by two species of Senecio (Sebecio burchelli and S. latifolius), W. Uokkutson (Jouf. Coiiipar. Path, and Thcr., 19 (1906), No. 2, pp. 97-110. fi(/s. .7).— It has been known for some time that Sniccio burchelli causes a cirrhosis of the liver in live stock in South Africa. Dnring an investigation of various cases of this disease the author found that »S'. latifolliis might also cause the same disease with fatal results. Detailed notes are given of the symptoms and the post-mortem findings in these cdses. RUKAL ENGINEERING. Topography, C. Muret {TopofiraphU . I'liris: .J. li. BaiUiere & Sons, 1906, /'/'■ V''. p/v. 9. fi. ///, fiijs. 2). — A discussion of the methods of making assessments of land in drainage districts as governed ii.v the iirinciple that assessments must bi> ])roi)ortionate to benefits received. Arithmetical exam- ])les are given showing how to distribute expenses over the various tracts of a drainage enterprise. Cement drain pipe {Miiseli. Zh/., '/ {UKKj}. Xo. Ul. p. isii. fuj. 1). — Cement drains are said (o have certain advantages over the usual tile in lliat the latter are seldom round and become warped and bent in Imrning, wliile (he former are clean and glaxed on the interior and are of uniform size and shajie. The (U'sired porosity can be given the cement pii)e by using a mixture l)y volume of one to eight. It is claimed tliat cement pipes are cheaper than the earthenware tile and that they sln)w no deterioration in use. A hand-operated machine is described by which cement i)ipe can be very conveniently made in lengths of 13 in., and of diameter from 1 to !) in. Artesian irrigation, W. K. Fry (Agr. (J as. N. 8. Wales. 11 (J'JOG), No-s. 6, 1)1). .'>Sl-.-,ss, fl;/.s. (>; 7, pii. GH.i-GOo, figs. 5; 8, pp. 7S0-7S!:>, fifjs. -).).— The author discusses the jKissibility of irrigating portions of New South Wales by artesian water. While irrigation is not always necessary, the country freciuently suffers from drougiits, ■a\u\ in llie absence of permanent streams, irrigation from artesian wells or by jiuniping from driven wells becomes a necessity. The underground wntei", however, is saline in character, usually containing MA grains nf solid matter per gallon, most of which is sodium carbonate. After 7 years of irrigation w itii this water, an analysis of the soil as compared with virgin soil from the same locality shows no increase in the alkaline content, which i)robably " is due to the method of cultivation adoi)ted." This consists in careful furrow irrigation, the aim being to get the water into the soil rather than on it. The soil in the locality where most experiments have been carried on contains 18 per cent of sand and 71 per cent of fine matter, chiefly clay. The crops successfully grown ar(> the cereals, saltbush, sorghum, cowjieas, and melons. Orchards are also successfully irrigated. Irrigation in the Transvaal, F. A. Hurley (Traiisi-anI ,l//r. Join:, Jf (IDOd). \o. Ji). pp. l.i.i-l'/:!). — The writer discusses some of the practical aspects of the irrigation situation in the Transvaal and indicates some (jf the difliciUties <-itten(lant upon the introduction of irrigation in that region. One of tlie cliief of these is tlie present water law, which is based upon the primi- tive water laws of other countries, and under which it is imi)ossibIe to secure a i)ermanent water right. The water laws are at present under investiga- tion by a conunission. Other difficulties encountered are the physical features of the country, ignorance of hydrographic conditions, popular igno- rance of the manner in which it is desirable to prepare estimates for irriga- tion schemes, labor, and transportation, the state of the markets, and lack of cooperation among farmers. With regard to the government policy to be pursued, the author suggests a cam])aign of education in order to outline the manner in which the different districts are to be finally irrigated; then, if the law penults, the construction or encouragement of small schemes, or the construction of large schemes where future develoi)meut may render them desirable. 588 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD. The duty of water, A. McI'iieuson (ForcKinj and Irrip.. 12 {1906), No. 'J, pp. Jill-.'{21. pi. 1). — This article gives results of experiiuents made on the experimental farm of the Twin Falls (Idaho) Land and Water Company during lOOti. It was found that the total amount applied on the farm was 3G.10 in., whii-li, deducting wastage and an assumed soil evaporation of 28.0(5 in. (based en evaiioration from water surface), leaves 5.7 in. as the amount retained by the soil. The flooding and furrow methods of irrigation are discussed and the con- clusion reached that the furrow method is the more satisfactory. Memorandum dated August, 1875, on the irrigation duty of water and the principles on which its increase depends, J. K. Bkkesforu {Puujuh Irri;/. BraiirJi I'dpcrx. Xo. 10, pp. 1-11). — Notes on the so-called efficiency of canals and a treatment of the nature and theory of absorption and percolation from which it is concluded that the total absorption loss varies as some func- tion of the length of distributary. The theory is advanced, based on observed facts, that more waste of water by absorption occurs in excavated than in embanked channels. The seepage losses from the Ganges canal are said to be "capable of raising the springs over an area of 4.500 square miles to a height of 1.12 ft. in 12 months." Note on irrigation duty of the Ban Doab Canal, dated April, 1883, R. G. Kennedy {Pinijah in'iij. Brunch Papvix. So. 10. pp. 12-2')). — Data are given on the rate of absorpti(m of water as determined b.v experiment on a flooded field of loamy soil, from which it was found that the absorption could be expressed i)y the etiuation y =0.0891 x"""^" where y=depth of water over the surface absorbed and x=the number of days under water. The rate of absorption or loss by seepage in case of a canal w'as found to vary from 0.035 ft. in depth per houi' over a gravelly open bottom to 0.0070 on the lower silted- up reaches of the canal, the surface upon which such measurements were based being tlie total area of water surface between given jxtints. Experiments on gauging the supply entering Rajbahas by means of the headgates (Punjab Irri, pii. .9'/, dgmx. 7). — Statistics relating to the cost, operating expenses, and revenues of the canals of Bengal. Figures are also given of areas irrigated, crops grown, and duty of water on rice and other crops, together with items of interest on administration and control. Silting operations {fun jab IrrUj. Branch I'apcrx, Jo. '>, pp. J/S, pis. Id, fl(j. 1). — A description of methods of strengthening the banks of a canal when the bed is out of the soil or but little within it. chiefly by means of large sub- sidiary basins parallel to the canal through which all or a portion of the water of the canal is caused to flow, resulting in tlie deposition of silt in such basins up to the usual water level of the canal. How horizontal runs affect the air lift, II. T. Arrams {Municipal Ewjin., 31 (1906), yo. .'/. pp. 2!)7, 298). — A discussion of the results of experiments made by the writer upon a well operated by the air lift, where after leaving the well the water bad to I)e conducted some distance by a horizontal pipe and then elevated into a reservoir. It was found that the horizontal run greatly impaired the action of the air lift and that it is much more economical under such con- ditions to raise the water by the air lift to a tank at the surface, after which the water may be forced by an air pressure or disi)lacement pump through the horizontal run to the elevated tank. Air-lift pumping, G. ('. 11. Friedrich (Compressed Air, 11 (1900). yo. 6, pp. .'fVfO, .'fl-'il). — A discussion of this method of pumping and giving tables on submergence and efficiency ; capacity and pipe sizes; and on the relation between lift, .submergence, and air needed for air-lift pumping. Tests of a new centrifugal pump (Engin. Rec, 5'f (1906), Xo. 13, pp. So2, 353, /ii/s. .')). — A report of tests made upon a 2-stage shrouded runner cen- trifugal pump of such design that it may readily be taken apart for inspection of the interior without disconnection of the suction or discharge pipes, or may be made into a simple pump or cn.e of any number of stages by mere removal or addition of i)arts. In the form tested an efficiency of 77.7!) per cent was shown at tUKt revolutions ])ev minute when delivering 3,255 gal. per minute at 100.7-ft. head. On the uses of the centrifugal pump (Masch. Ztf/., Jf (1906), Xo. 16, p. 189). — In an article by Grambei'g in Brcnnkohlc. the author mentions a tech- nical but rather important consideration in the operation of the centrifugal pump when same is run by electric motor. "The pressure head against which the i)un)p works is often less than that for which it is designed, and in this case it is found that the motor overheats on long runs, due to excessive current consumption following from the reduction of head. It is a singular fact that a reduction of ])ressure he.ad should result in an increased jxiwer consumption, but such is the case. This is due to the fact that reduction of pressure head causes increase in discharge, the net result being increase in current required. To obviate this loss pumps which are designed for a higher head can lie in- creased in efficiency. by placing a valve in the discharge pipe near the pump. By this means it is possible to produce a throttling effect, increasing the pressure and thereby reducing the discharge, and in turn cutting down the current consumittion." Wind power, E. L. Rurxe (Gassier' h May.. 30 (1906), .A'o. .'/. pp. 325- 336, fli/s. 10). — The writer discusses the various types of wind wheels and 20915— No. 6—07 m 7 590 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. yives data upuu their perforinaiK-L- imdcr different couditions. Siuee wind pressure increases as the square of the velocity it follows that the product of speed and pressure increases as the cube of the velocity. The power of the windmill should therefore vary in the same proportion, hence in order to use as nnich as possible of the force of the wind the mill should operate machinery in which the load increases somewhat in the same proportion as the wind pressure increases with the velocity. For this reason a centrifugal pump works well in combination with a windmill, likewise a constant potential generator for charging storage batteries. Results of experiments by the Danish govern- ment are quoted, giving rules for dimensioning and weathering the sails. Experin)ents in England conducted by the Royal Agricultural Society are also cited. The dimensions of the mill securing first prize are given in detail. From an analysis of the performance of the various mills it is found that " nothing is gained by providing sail area for more than about 6G per cent of the total surface of the wheel." " The most suitable angle of weather for the tips of the vanes appears to be about 35 degrees when their velocity is the same as that of the wind. The best number of vanes apitears to be a mooted question." The windmill as a farm power (Farm Implements. 20 (1906), Xo. D, pp. •'/---'/'/)■ — A popular article transcribed from the Caimdhui Tlircshertnun ainl Farmer, giving a historical sketch of the development of the windmill and citing some of the experiments which have been conducted from time to time with a view to increasing its efficienc.v and suitabilit.v as a farm and general utility motor. Dynamo run by windmill (Eufjiii. and ]\Iiu. Jour.. S.i (1906). yo. 21, p. 976). — An electric lighting plant operated by wind power is reported to have been installed at Noblesville, Ind., consisting in part of a 1-1-ft. windmill on a 50-ft. tower. The windmill operates a plunger pump delivering water to a reservoir where pressure is maintained constant by automatic devices. The water under pressure is used when necessary to drive a 5-horsepower turbine wheel, direct-connected to a 1-horsepower, 25-volt dynamo which charges a storage battery. The battery is of sufficient capacity to light twenty 8-candle- power lamps for 'i hours. In order to generate sufficient current for winter use the windmill must operate 5 hours ]ier day, and for sunnner use, 2 hours per day. Test of a small gasoline electric light plant ((Jas Engine, S (1906). Nv. 11, pp. .i'lH, 3.'i9). — This is a report upon a test of a plant of a type used for the lighting of farm residences, barns, and other buildings by the electric incandes- cent lamp. The engine is belt-connected to the generator and may be used for other power purposes. The test was conducted at the Kansas Agricultural Col- lege and showed that for a full load of eighteen 16-candlepower, 110-volt incan- descent lamps, the fuel consumption was 1.35 qts. of gasoline per hour. This makes tlie cost per horsepower hour, ^0.0253, with gasoline selling at 15 cts. per gallon. The fluctuation of voltage was found to be less than 1 per cent when operating at a normal pressure of 110 volts, and the variation in light as com- pared with lamps supplied with current from the usual steam plant was found to he hardly appreciable. Explosion motors and the injection of volatile liquids, K. Schreber (Rev. Gen. Sci., 11 (1906), A'o. 16, pp. 7.3'/-? '/J, figs. 5). — A mathematical discussion of the desirabilit.y of injecting cooling water into the working cylinder of the gas engine. It is concluded that the method of injecting water at the moment of explosion is neither effective nor economical. The author advances particularly RURAL KN(JINEKR1N(1. 591 a tlicniiodyn.-iiuic thoor^y of ;i 2-<:ycl(' iilcohol motor with water injection during the compression stroke. This theorx- is liased upon facts (h'awn 1 rom (wpei'i- ments with such a motor of his own invention. Efficiency tests .of a producer gas engine direct-connected to centrifugal pump (KiKjiti. lice, o.'f {WOii). A'o. 20, p. ~)i;fl, fig. I). — The results are given of tests upon a producer gas i(umi)ing plant, which is one of a number of low- lift i)umping stations reiiuired to handle lai-ge (piantities of water under the flood conditions sometimes prevailing in the drainage system of New Orleans. The gas producer has a rated capacity of 100 hj). and supplies gas to a 12.5 by 13 in. :>-cylinder. 2-cycle gas engine connected to a 24-in. centrifugal pump rated at 27 to ."'.O cu. ft. per second against a total measured lift of 14 ft. IMttslmrg nut anthracite coal, of a heating value of 14,500 British, thermal units i)er 1 lb., was employed, this producing a gas of 115 British thermal units per cubic foot .at 00° F. and 700 nmi. pressure. The average of the principal results obtained during the O-day test are as follows: Kevolutions per minute of engine, 29G.G ; brake horsepower, 70.0; engine efRc-ieney, 78 i)er cent; pump eflJiciency, 71 iK>r cent; discharge, 30J cu. ft. per second ; mean velocit.v of water in pipe, (>.21 ft. i)er second ; total head, 13.36 ft. ; coal per hour ])er brake horsepower, 1.093 lbs. ; average duty, 119.G million foot-pounds i)er 100 lbs. of <'oal. Wood-gas for power purposes {MascJi. Zt(;., Jf {J906). Xo. If!, pp. JSfl, 190). — A producer plant using a species of oak as a fuel is in use at Nacozari, Mexico. The operation consists first in getting a thick bed of glowing coals of light wood and c-oke. on which the heavier wood is then thrown to a depth of 2 ft., after which the jiroducer is connected to the engine. The preliminary o])er- ation re(iuires from 4 to 5 hours. When consuming daily about 15 tons of wood, the .generator nmst be cleaned every 5 days. The average heating value of the gas was found to be 1,028 calories, and the consumption of wood and coke 2.57 lbs. and 0.11 lb., respectively, per electrical horsepower hour. It is stated that consideralde advantage is found In this type of plant fi'om the standpoint of economy in fuel consumption, but that in other respects it does not compare favoralily with a steam pl.int. Denatured alcohol. Inv^estigations in Europe of its cost and use. — What may be expected in the United States iDnihi Consular aud Tnulc h'pls. [r. S.], 1906. -Yo. 2606. pp. 1-3). — A denatiuang establishment in lyondon is described, consisting merely of tanks arranged on the second, third, and fourth floors of a building and con'municating by means of a system of pipes with tanks on the first floor. The tanks on the second, third, and fourth floors contain ethyl alcohol, wood alcohol, and methylated materials, respectively, and the mixing is done in the tanks on the first floor. It is stated that the idea that alcohol corrodes the cyUnders and valves of engines is scoffed at in Germany. With referenc-e to the use of alcohol for illu- minating purposes, the following is stated: "Industrial alcohol is now used in Germany in small, portalile lamps, which give it all the effects of a mantel burner heated Iiy gas. The exi)ense for alcohol is only about two-thirds as nuich pel- candlei)ower as is the cost of kerosene. p]ven at 25 or 30 cts. a gallon, dena- tured alcohol can successfully com'peti; with kerosene as a means of lighting." Potato evaporating plant and auxiliary operations on Hammer domain, Kr. Wohlan, Ki;ia-KU) (Mascli. ZU/., J, {V.lOd), Xo. IS, pp. 20.'), 2UG).—A description of a plant devised to use a portable steam engine of 10 to 12 horse- power, with a boiler of l(;-s(iuareineters heiting surface. The exhaust steam of the engine is used for the evaporation of the potatoes, and the power deliv- 592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rred by the engine is used not only for tlie operation of the evaporator, but also for pumps, oat rollers, shredders and choppers, a circular sa\\-, and nnlk separators. The capacity of the plant is 5 tons of raw potatoes of 19 per cent starch con- tent per 24 hours. With less starch content the capacity is correspondingly reduced. The total running expenses per 24 hours are .$G.70. The claim is made that this sort of plant is very profitable, as the dried potatoes can be shipped to distilleries and other potato-using plants at great saving in transpor- tation charges, or in case the market is not favorable, the potatoes can be used as a cattle food, a use for which they are well adapted. Tarred road. Successful results in Prance — Application methods {DitUi/ Consular and Trade Rpts. [C. ,S'.]. 1006, No. 2700, pj). 1-3).— In refutation of a ibtatement to the effect that tarred roads are unsuccessful in France it is affirmed on reliable testimony that tarred roads have been uniformly successful wherever the conditions have been normal and the work properly performed. The method of tar treatment in France is similar to that elsewhere. In the first coating about 1 gal. of liquid tar for 3 sq. yds. is given ; in the second coating, 1 gal. for 4 sq. yds. The tar must be laid on a thoroughly dried and swept surface, otherwise it does not harden readily and is picked up by the wheels of passing vehicles, a circumstance to which is probably due the adverse criticism. Cleaning by machinery does not do the same injury to tar-treated roads as to the ordinary macadam and the protection from wear and tear from this source, as well as the better wearing qualities under the ordinary wear and tear of traffic condi- tions, is said to produce an economy which balances the extra cost. New road-tarring machine {>Si(rrcijor, 30 (1906), A^o. 767, p. 3S0, fig. 1). — A machine is described by \Ahich the operations of cooking, sprinkling, and spread- ing by brooms are effected simultaneously. The tar is applied at a temperature of 200° F., and it is claimed that a surface of 2,000 sq. yds. may be uniformly covered per hour. The cost of the first two coats is put at about l*d. per sciuare yard, with tar at lid. per gallon. A new fertilizer-spreading machine {Mascli. Ztg., Jf (1906). Xo. 17, pp. 200, 201, figs. 3). — In the operation of the usual machine in which the fertilizer is forced by a roller through holes in the bottom of the receptacle a serious diffi- culty is often experienced by clogging, due to excessive moisture in the fertilizer. To obviate such trouble and to properly disintegrate the material an apparatus has been devised in which " the bottom of the receptacle is formed of two pecul- iar spring brushes whose ends press upon a roller rotating between them. The roller is provided with projections arranged in a spiral, and when in operation these projections strike the brushes, thus disintegrating the fertilizer and allow- ing it to escape through the triangle-shaped orifices caused by the opening of the springs forming the brush. The volume of fertilizer to be distributed is varied by changing the number of revolutions of the roller, which "is connected to the wheels of the machine by interchangeable gearing." Cements, limes, and plasters. Their materials, manufacture, and prop- erties, E. C. Eckel (Nciv York: John Wiley d- Sons; London: Chapman d Hall. Ltd., pp. XXXIV+712. pis. 8. figs. J.5?).— In this volume the author has summarized all the existing information on limes, plasters, and allied materials, the work covering the composition and character of the raw materials, methods of manufacture, and i)roperties of the various cements. RURAL ECONOMICS. 593 RURAL ECONOMICS. The new agricultural movement in Cape Colony, I'. .1. HaniNon (I'roc. Koij. Colon. Just., J7 {J!i(i.')-()). PI). :il.'i-.i.i]). — I'his is a paper read at a nieetin.i? of the Royal Colonial Institute of London, in April, VMM). The author discusses the past Jind present (-onditions of agriculture in the colony, and ])oints out the recent progress made in agricultural cooperation in winemaking. creameries, wool industry, animal breeding, growing and marketing fruits, sinking of wells, sheep farming, erection of granaries, construction of irrigation works, introduction of new seeds, and other schemes. The movement is aided by government loans and by registered cooi)erative associations. Expert advice is also given by government Jigents in "providing plans and specifications for buildings and plant, as well as making inspections and advising the com- mittees from time to time." The progress made in agricultural cooperation since 1904 leads the author to lioiie " tliat the ' self-help by nmtual help ' spirit displayed by our farmers, .supported liy the well-conceived financial assistance of the State, will awaken a wide interest in tlie future prosperity of this important subcontinent of the Britisli Emiiire." Cooperation in agriculture {Agr. ,/oiir. Cape Good Hope, 2D (1906), N'os. 3, pp. 33l-3.'i.i: .'/, pp. '>J2-')n). — This consists of extracts from the report of P. J. Haunon, superintendent of agricultural cooperation in the colony. The results are noted from another source (see above). The new agriculture, B. L(ANdreth (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Jf-'j (1906), No. 183, pp. 166-177). — This paper briefly describes the progress made in the appli- cation of steam, electricity, and scientific knowledge to agriculture, along the lines of tlie preparation of the soil, harvesting crops, control of insect pests and fungus diseases, forcing of plants, soil inoculation, and tlie use of electric air currents in plant development. The organization of agriculture in the Netherlands, .1. Frost (Agrarver- fa.ssiiiig I'li'l LdiitlirirthncJidft in de)) \i<(lerlaiulcii. Berlin: Gennnn Agr. Soc, 1906, pp. .'i9'j, niupn 6). — This is a general treatise on the development nnd organ- ization of agriculture and related industries in the Lowlands. Statistical data are reported and discussed in part 1 regarding the climate, classes of land under cultivation, waterways and highways, and transportation facilities. Parts 1 to 3 deal more directly with tlie economic aspects of agriculture, and include information regarding the jiast :ind i)i-(>sent status of farm holdings, labor relations, agricultural organizations and education, systems of culture, crops raised and disposition of crops, animal production, cooperative societies for the purchase and sale of products, the methods of raising capital for invest- ment, and other topics relating to the economics of agriculture. Annual report on the working of the cooperative credit societies act of 1904 in the Bombay Presidency during the year ending 31st March, 1906, J. McXkii.l (liombuy: (Jort.. mini, pp. 23). — Included in the report are tabu- lated statistics giving details of each society as to origin, location, receipts and dislninsements. rates of interest, assets and liabilities, profits and loss of opera- tion, and classification of loans. In sununarizing the year's work, the author says : " Tlie general progi-ess made is, I think, satisfactory. While the number registered at the close of the year was ."51. the total number now registered [.Inly 10, 190(>] is 4.") in 11 districts and the city of Bombay. The only failure is the rural society at Unkal." 594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Report on trade in agricultural ijroducts, L. Vassilliere {Sol tec snr Je Cnmmercc clcs Produits AgricoJex. Paris: (l(jrt., 1906, pj). VII + '(61. maps 3). — This report contains detailed information regarding the extent and disposition of agricultural plant products in France, a forthcoming volume being devoted to similar data rehiting to animal production. The situation, configuration, and climate of eacli department are descrilied, and the adaptability of each province for raising certain crops is indicated. Statistics are then given relating to the production of forestry products, forage crops, cereals, vegetables, fruits, and flowers in the various divisions of each province, the quantities there utilized as food supplies or in manufactures, and the amounts shipped to other departments and foreign countries, the statistics being frecpiently compared with simihir data for preceding years. A detailed list is appended of the principal places in each province devoted to the raising of definite crops, particularly fruits and garden truck. The world's grain production in 1906 (Die Getrekleproduktioii ailey {Ann. Rpt. y. J. Bd. Agr., S3 (1905). pp. 131-15.'/). — In this address is given a brief account of the early dis- cussions and movements for agricultural education in this country, dating from 1794 to about 18(30. Michigan is given credit for the oldest existing agricultural college in North America, which was opened to students in 1857, and F. G. Cary is said to be " practically the first professor of agriculture in this country, since he seems to have been the first to successfully organize a college for this kind of work." This was a literary academy started in 1833 at College Hill, near Cincinnati. " It gradually took hold of the affairs of the community and became ' The Farmer's College,' " but " finally passed into a military institute." AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 595 The gradual evolution is traced of the idea that the State in some way should foster agricultural education. The question of class education is disposal of by the statement that the itrimary object of the agricultural colleges is " not to make farnuMs Iml to make citizens, and the State is always justified in t ducat- ing citizens. These citizens who live on farms should be educated in terms of their own lives if they are to be e'tticient citizens." Other classes of citizens are said to be I)enefited more than farmers by tariffs and other forms of legislation, hence the maintenance of agricultural etUication may be considered in part an offset for the s])ecial jtrivileges the State gives to other cla.sses of citizens. The enactment of the Land-(;rant Act of 1S()2, the second Mori'ill Act, and the Ilatili Act are taken as indications that the policy of extending government aid to agricultural instittilions is now well accipted. It is argued that the States themselves should contrilmtc liberally to the snpi^ort of these institutions. The progress of the agricultural colleges in developing this new education is traced, and attention is called to the work now being done to develop courses in home economics and to the desirability of improving the architecture of farm buildings and developing courses in rural economics and rural sociologj*. " The result of all this work has come to be that the general tone of farm life has been greatly elevated." The need of improved ccmntry schools is pointed out, and the work of the agricultural colleges in bringing about improvement in the.se schools is com- mented on. As a result of this it is said that " about 40 of the States, Terri- tories and provinces have taken some kind of official action looking toward the introduction of agriculture and nature study into the schools." The writer thinks it a mistake to push technical agriculture into these schools very rapidly. "The general pedagogical eihciency of the school must be elevated, the agricul- tural work coming graduall.v and naturally as the school develops." But "some kind of local work is essential for the best efficiency in every school, and in the rural districts this local work is necessarily largely agricultural. If the exiijt- ing schools can not handle these local subjects satisfactoril.v, it is an indictment against their efficiency as educational means." Agriculture as taught in summer schools for teachers, the inovemeut for the consolidation of rural schools, and the organization of special agricultui'al schools ai"e other topics considered in this connection. Attention is also given to changes needed in methods of teaching so as to make reading, number work, geography, and manual training more suitable for rural communities. The winter course of instruction in agricultural colleges is mentioned as one of the temporary but necessary and highly important features of agricultural college instruction. The American school system with special reference to institutions for agricultural instruction, II. M.vtzat (Lnuda-. Jahrh.. ■l'> {IDod). A'o. -(. /*/^. (;f)7-73.'i). — This is a descrijition of the American system of education, based on information gathered by the writer in a visit to the Louisiana I'urchase Exposi- tion and to leading educational institutions in different parts of the T'nited States, as well as on the stud.v of numerous text-books, reports, and imblished articles. As a basis for a better understanding of the system of agricultural education, a description is given of educational institutions in general, including elemtMitary and secondar.v schools and colleges, and the system of managing schools, teachers, coeducation, etc.. is discusseel. Under the topic. Agricultural Education in America, the wi'iter discusses its history and development, the scientific study of agriculture, higher agricultural instruction, and secondar.v and primary agricultural instruction, and endeavors to draw conclusions with reference to the application of American methods to German institutions. He gives at considerable length the courses of study and 596 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. methods followed by a number of the leading American agricultural colleges, and gives figures to show the number of students taking the four-year agricul- tural courses in all of the agricultural institutions in this country. The writer concliides that, judging by the rapid progress America is making in education, it is in a fair way to outstrip Germany not only in agricultural, in- dustrial, and commercial lines, but also intellectually. The principal advantage he finds in the American system of education is free tuition, by means of which talent wherever found is stimulated to free and full development. He quotes figures to show that in xVmerica it is eight times as easy for the children of poor parents to go through the secondary .schools and colleges as it is in I'russia, and concludes that it is not strange therefore that self-made men are so much more numerous in America than they are in Prussia. He favors the extension of the free-school system in Prussia as rapidly as circumstances will permit, and recommends as a first step in this extension tlie development of winter courses in the regular schools by means of which country cliildren fi'om 11 to 13 years of age, who are needed at home during the summer, may be able to attend school during the winter months and continue to do this until they are 16 or 17 years old. He also finds that the greater adaptability of American schools to local con- ditions is worthy of imitation. He favors the extension of the system of elective courses, and also believes that the Prussian schools devote too much time to language study for the purpose of acquiring facility in the use of words rather than the acquirement of facts. And. finally, he says that Prussian schools have no occasion to rest on their laurels, but should rather watch American progress and not delay too long the adoption of such improvements as are practicable. MISCELLANEOUS. Experiment Station Work, XXXVII {U. ,S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui 267, pp. J2. piJ. 1). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Breed- ing corn ; buckwheat ; sugar beets on alkali soils ; alfilaria as a forage plant ; apple bitter rot; grass mulch for orchards; hardiness of young fruit trees; protecting cows from files; effect of silage on milk ; and cold storage of cheese. Farmers' bulletin subject index, G. W. Hill (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Pubs. Circ. 4, pp. IS). — A list of subjects in alphabetical order of the Farmers' Bul- letins now available for distribution. The healthful farmhouse, Helen Dodd {Boston: Whitcomh & ,Barroics, 1906,pp.X-\-H9,pls.5,figs.S,dgms.3). — On the basis of experience the arrange- ment and care of different rooms in the farmhouse are discussed with a view to securing greater comfort and lessening worlv, and suggestions are made re- garding plumbing, furnishing, and related questions. The volume contains an introduction and a supplementary chapter on the opportunity of the consolidated school by Ellen II. Richards, particularly along manual training lines. NOTHS. Colorado College and Station. — The legislature has been asked for considera- Me fuiuls for new buildhigs, additional eciuipment, and extension of investiga- tions. Georgia College. — A dei)artmt'nt of forestry has been inaugurated at tlie T'niversity of Georgia, witli Alfred Alvernian, formerly State Forester of INlas.sa- <-husetts. in cliarge. Iowa College. — Tlie various short courses offered by tlie college tliis year enrolled nearly 1,000 students. The board of trustees donated a free scholar- ship to each farmers' institute in the State, and these scholarships were awarded to about 100 students. Kansas College. — The I iidii stria lint states that the total enrollment is now nearly 2,000. Many parallel classes have been organized and more will be required. The new hortic-ultural hall, though not yet completed, is fully occu- pied. A very successful series of meetings was held at the college from Decem- ber 27 to January 5. These included a State farmers' institute with classes in grain and stock judging, meetings of the Boys' Corn Contest Association, the State Corn Breeders' Association, Good Roads Association, Draft Horse Breeders' Association, Dairy Association, Aberdeen Angus A.ssociation, and swine breeders. Louisiana Stations. — \Y. (i. Taggart and A. I'. Kerr, of the Mississippi College, haA-e been appointed analytical chemists at the Baton Rougs Station. A. B. Joffrion has resigned to accept a position in a large sugar factory in Porto Rico. Massachusetts College and Station. — A bill has been introduced into the leg- islature to change the name of the station from the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachu.setts Agricultural College to the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station. A professorship of ])omology is to be established in the college. H. F. Tompson, a graduate of the college in 1905, has been appointed instructor in market gardening aud supervisor of field work. Prof. G. F. Mills has been made dean of the college and professor of the humanities, a chair newly estab- lished, having for its object the closer correlation of the agricultural, technical, scientific, and cultural studies of the curriculum. Michigan College. — F. H. Sanford, a graduate of the college in 1!)04, has been appointed instructor in forestry to assist I'rofessor Bogue. Nebraska University and Station. — We leai-n from Agriculture that the legis- lature is to be asked for .$220,000. of which .$180,000 is for the completion of a woman's building, horticultural building, judging pavilion, and poultry plant in the college of agriculture; .$25,000 for the maintenance of the substation at North Platte, .and $15,000 for farmers' institutes. Ohio Station. — .J. II. Show has resigned as assistant chemist and has been succeeded by S. S. Fay, of the University of Nebraska. The station has begun the ero'tion of ;i glass house to be used in soil study. Rhode Island Station. — A. W. Richardson, assistant in agronomy, has re- signed and is succeeded I)y S. C. Damon. South Dakota Station. — At a recent meeting of the board of regents a reso- lution was adopted, pointing out the desirability of establishing :it least two 597 598 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD, new substations for dry land farming, one for the northern and one for the central portion of the tract lying west of the Missouri River. It is proposed that these branch stations shall be under the management and control of the station at Brookings, and an initial appropriation of at least $3,500 for each is mentioned, with $3,000 annually thereafter. The resolution is to be presented to the legislature with request for action, including the setting aside of at least two sections of land for the use of the i)roposed substation. Virginia College and Station. — The agricultural club of the college of agri- culture has begun the publication of a bi-monthly periodical, called the T' P. I. Af/rlcultural Journal. Harry H. Hill has been appointed assistant in the chemical dejiartnient of the station. Wyoming University and Station. — G. E. Mortem, of the department of animal husi)andry, has resigned to accept a similar position in the Colorado College. .John A. Hill, a senior student in agriculture in the universit.v, is taking up special work at the Philadelphia Textile School in prepai'ation for researches upon wool at the station. This work will consist chiefly of studies of Wyoming wools and wool scouring, and the effect of different feeds, alkali soils, and cross- breeding on the character and quality of western wools. The station recently obtained 72 breeding ewes from different parts of the West, to be used in breed- ing experiments under range conditions in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, in an attempt to establish a typical western range sheep with improved mutton qualities and which will shear a heavy fleece of fine wool. A new series of dry fainiing investigations have also been undertaken in cooperation with the Irrigation and Drainage Investigations of this Office. In this connection the station will take up the study of soil moisture and its con- servation to determine some of the underlying principles of successful farming without irrigation, where the rainfall is less than 15 in. Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. — It is announced by the executive committee that the next meeting will be held at Lansing, Mich., during the week of May lid. Georgia Agricultural Schools. — Meetings of trustees to decide upon the loca- tion of Congressional district industrial and agricultural schools in Georgia have been held in 10 of the 11 districts. In nearly every instance the compe- tition between different localities in the districts has .been very sharp, and the contributions, consisting of pledges of funds, land, electric lights, water, sewer systems, telephone service, etc., have been liberal. The smallest cash contribution for buildings was $15,000 and the largest $60,000. The location of the schools and the estimated value of the contributions in the different districts are as follows: First district, Statesboro, $100,000; second district, Tifton, $110,000; third district, Americus, $75,000; fourth district. Car- rollton. .fJOO.OOO; fifth district, Monroe, $50,000; sixth district. Barnesville, $8C).OO0; seventh district, Powder Springs, $40,000; eighth district. Madison, $75,500; ninth district, school not yet located; tenth district. Granite Hill, .$58,000; eleventh district, Douglas. .$00,000. Plans for the different buildings, subject to slight modifications by the respec- tive boards of trustees, have been drawn b.y an architect employed by Governor Terrell. These plans contemplate a main building, a girls' dormitory, a boys' dormitory, a domestic science and dining hall, power house and shops, 4 cottages for instructors, and barns and other farm buildings. The main building and at least one dormitory will be erected at once in every district, and in some districts the girls' dormitory, the power house and shops, and the domestic science and dining hall will he erected at the same time. At a recent meeting the board of trustees of the Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts decided that the minimum age for entrance into NOTES. 599 tlie sclidols 1)0 14 yo:irs for l)oys and 1.". years for sirls; that the course of study Ik' limited to 4 years, one of wbieh shall include conuiion school or elementary studies, and lliat the scliolastic year he 40 weeks. A mininuuu of 'A hours of class-room \v(»rl< in aLcri,()(io copies of the special report on the diseases of the horse; to aid in the settlement and irrigation of lands included in National reclamation i)rojects, by setting aside 40 acres of land in each case for experi- ments in irri.gation and drainage; and providing for the control of grazing uiH)n the imblic lands. Rosenbaum Live Stock Prizes. — Special prizes offered at the International Live Stock Exposition by Rosenbaum P.rothers & Co., of Chicago, have been awarded, according to the winnings at the exposition of exhibitors from the 600 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. various States, to their respective stations, as follows: Illiuois first, $500; In- diana second, $300; and Iowa third, $200. These awards are to be used as prizes on live stock or to successful students in judging live stock and grain at the short winter courses. Horse Breeding in Japan. — Farpicrs' Advocate and Farm Journal notes the formation of an organization, with headquarters at Tokyo, for the purpose of promoting improvement in the quality of Japanese horses. Half the shares in the company are in the hands of the government, which makes an appropria- tion for that purpose. Private capital promptly oversubscribed its portion of 150,000 yen (about $150,000). Importations have been begun and competitions and iniblic demonstrations are to be arranged. Agricultural Fraternity. — Farm Students' Revieiv states that the students in the college of agriculture of Ohio State University, with the approval of mem- bers of the agricultural faculty, have established a fraternity. Delta Theta >S if; III a, to stand strictly for advancement in agriculture and extend its^ develop- ment. Necrology. — On October 26, 1906, Johann Dzierzon, one of the oldest and most famous investigators in the line of apiculture, died in Silesia at the age of 9G years. In many respects he was the Nestor of bee raisers and suggested many practical devices which are not always associated with his name, among them a separable hive similar to that invented by Laugstroth about the same time. He is chiefly known throughout the world, however, on account of his announce- ment, in 1853, of parthenogenesis in bees. Much controversy has developed around this point in late years, but Dzierzon's theory has received substantial support from the majority of investigators. William Warfield, a famous American breeder of Shorthorn cattle, and the author of one of the standard treatises on breeding animals, died recently in his eighty-third year. Dr. Walter J. Sykes, for the last 15 years editor of the Analyst, died at West- fields. Grimstead, December 10, 1906, at the age of 04. He was educated in the medical profession but became interested In the chemistry of brewing, to the literature of which he made a number of contributions, notably The Prin- ciples and Practice of Brewing, the second edition of which is now in press. Among his investigations wei'e studies of differentiation of various nitrogen- ous constituents of malt wort, and, together with C. A. Mitchell, of the dias- tatic power of malt. As editor of the Analyst, he was the author of a number of educational papers of value, and took a prominent part in popularizing the work of Hansen on yeasts and Emil Fischer on sugars. Miscellaneous. — The opening of the agricultural exposition in Paraguay has again been postponed, aiid will take place March 31. Pioneer Mail states that a new government farm wholly for tobacco research is to be opened in Rangpur district of Bengal, one of the most important tobacco- raising areas in India. Kcic Builetin announces that Capt. A. T. Gage has been appointed super- intendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens of Calcutta and director of the botan- ical survey of India. Sidney Wells, principal of the Battersea Polytechnic, has been appointed director-general of the department of agriculture and technical education for Egypt. This department has been created to develop, organize, and control technical education in Egypt, and will be concerned with the government educa- ti(mal institutions of every kind, and also with the nongovernment technical institutions. o Property of the United States Governmenf. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editur: K. W. ALLEN. I'n. L)., As.si.sUiiit Director. KDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. ]\r('((>()rol().i,',v. Soils. ;iih1 l'"('rf iliziM-s — W. II. Real. Ajxfi cultural ISotan.v and NCj^etablo I'atliology — W. II. Kvans, I'll. D. Field Crops — .L I. Sciiulte. Horticulture and Foi-(>str,v — C. li. Smith. Zooteclmy and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy. Ph. I). Agrotechny. Dairy Farming, and Dairying — H. W. Lawson. Agricultural CluMuistry — W. H. Real, C. F. Langworthy. and II. W. Lawson. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Pli. D. Rural Engineering — R. P. Fleming. Rural Economics — ,T. R. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII, NO. 7. Editorial notes : Page. The American lireoders" Association 001 Scientific asjiect of plant breeding work a (i02 The retirement of Dean W. A. Henry 005 Recent work in agricultural science _1 007 Notes 092 SURJECT LIST OF ARSTRACTS. agrtciu.tural chemistry. Principles and jiractice of ;igricultu)'al analysis, Wiley GOT P.acteriological method in chemical research, Onielianski 007 The duly of chemistry to agriculture, Hojikins 007 On chemical examinations of arable soils, Eggertz 007 (Jnaiititative determination of iKitassium, Pajetta 008 Solubilit.v of gy])sum in i)hosphoric-acid solutions, Taber 008 The detection of nitric and nitrous acids, Wagner , i 008 Nitron: A new reagiMit for nitric acid 008 Determin.-ition of nitrates, Sinnatt 008 Distillation with and without condensing in Ivjeldahl method. Pescheck_ 008 Determination of ammonia in water b.v Nessler's reagent. Ruisson 009 Volhard method for chlorin in i)otable waters. Shutt and Charlton 009 Table cf tlie principal iihysic:il and chemical constants of fats, Sidersky_ 009 New method for determination of casein in cheese. Trillat and Sauton 009 Ciassihcation of animal and vegetable proteids, Millar 009 Concerning glutamins, Schulze (t09 Liberation of jdiosphorus from nuclein compounds, Scott 010 Effect of volume of lead pi-(>cipitate in cane sugar analysis. Deerr 010 Chemic;il conii)ositi(ai of crude fiiier of sugar cane. (Jeerligs 010 Furfurol constituents of lignocellulose, Frondierz 010 Determination of mineral acids in vinegar. Richardson and Rowen 010 Fuller's earth te«t for caramel in vinegar, Dubois 010 I II CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY WATER. Pag-e. Climatology of the United States, Henry 611 Forty years of .southern New Mexico climate, Tinsley 611 ^yorld weather, Eliot ' 61! Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXIV, Nos. 9, 10 611 Meteorological observations, Ostrander and Barry 612 Meteorological sununary for l'.>()r», I'atton • g12 Peruvian meteorology, 1S92-18'.)5, Bailey 613 Meteorology, von Dadelszen 613 Weather observation, Martin 613 The meteorological service of the Kepublic of Mexico, Pastrana 613 Resume of researches in the higher meteorology, Bigelow G13 Storms and hail. Daguilhon-Pujol 613 Thunderstorms and tlie moon, Hissink 613 The sanitation of air, Meier 613 Surface trajectories of moving air, Shaw and Lempfort 614 Progress in the held of water investigations, Krauss 614 Springs in limestone regions for drinking purposes, Schardt 614 Contribution concerning purification of water by ozone, Rivas 614 Control of water purification i)lants, von Cochenhausen 614 A sand filter for the home, Fletcher 614 SOILS FERTILIZERS. A treatise on rocks, rock-weathering, and soils, Merrill 615 Studies on the soils of the third steppe, Alway and Gortner 615 Maintaining the fertility of rice soils, Fraps 615 Results of analyses of cultivated soils, Villasenor 616 Protective action of colloids on clay soils, Fickendey and Tollens 616 Nitrogen compounds in cultivated soils, Pfeiffer and Ehrenberg 617 Nitrogen comjxiunds in cultivated soils, Pfeiffer 617 Evaporation and dr.-iiuage from soils, von Seelhorst 617 Nitro-culture and inoculation. Ball i 617 Nutrition of cultivated ]ilants. Smets 618 Management of stal)le manure in the heap. Stutzer 618 Storage of liquid manure 618 Value of moss litter 618 Water as a plant food. Backhaus 618 Ai'tiflcial manures in Japan 618 Report on connnercial fertilizers, 1906, Jenkins, Winton. et al 618 Fertilizer inspection, Woods and Bartlett 619 Commercial fertilizers, Wheeler et al 619 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hartwell et al 619 Commercial fertilizers and chemicals, Hudson, McCandless, et al 619 Test of nine phosphates with different plants, Wheeler and Adams 619 Tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, Clausen 620 Tests of Thomas slag and agricultural jdiosphate, Bachmann 621 Tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, Bottcher and Bachmann 621 Phosphate of lime in Algeria 621 Crude ammonia, de Molinari and Ligot 621 Cause of lower efficiency of ammoniacal nitrogen 621 Fertilizing action of sulphate of ammonia, Kretschmer et al ^ 622 Is nitrogen lost in fertilizing with nitrate of soda? Stoklasa 622 Can calcareous fertilizers be held responsible for a deficiency of nitrogen in soils? Clausen 622 Nitrate of soda. Plagemann 623 Lime niter for potatoes. Crandeau 623 Dry fertilizer from by-products or residues from sugar works, Lallemant_ 623 On the use of sulphocyanids as fertilizers, Perottl 623 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Botanical studies applied to agricultural plants, Fron 623 Hybridization of wild ])lants, MacDougal 624 Action of ozone on germination, Micheels and De Heen 624 Stimulating action of manganese on germination, Micheels and De Keen. 624 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Kffoct of solnr radiations on nitrogon contont of wlioat, Dumont (524 Toxic limits of sonu' sjilts and poisons on wheat, Jensen 625 Some investigations on tlie in.jnry to jilants by sewage, Elirenberg ()2r» Concentration of nutrient solutions on developmeut of algjv, Artari 625 Tannin cells of iiersimmons. Howard 626 Study of beans yielding hydrocyanic acid, Guignard 626 A second Ohio weed manual, Selby 627 FIKl.II (HOI'S. A successful hog and seed-corn farm, Spillman 627 Forage-crop i)ractices in western Oregon and western Washington, Hunter 627 Annual report of liurdwan Kxpei'iment Station, 1 !»<).")-< I, Smith 627 Annual report of ("uttack Exiu'riment Station, l!)()r»-6. Snuth 628 Annual report of Dumraon Experiment Station, 1905-6, Smith 62S Tlie stale farms. 1 )csi)i'isses. • 628 Experimental stations |IieiK)rt on field crops), (Mifton 628 IKejiort on jtasture and old land hay platsj, (lilchrist 62!J I'tilization of water by rye. iiarley, wheat, and potatoes, Seelhorst 629 Effect of injury to spike and stem of grains, Eberbart and Metzner 630 Alfalfa seed testing. Ball 630 Fertilizer experiments with brewing barley in 1906, Reitmair et al 630 Corn selection, Cai'd 631 Selection, and i)re])aration of seed corn. Wiancko and Christie 631 Hints on i)reparing for and holding local corn shows. Wiancko and Fisher 631 Breeding an early, rapid-fruiting, and productive cotton, Bennett 631 Improvement of the cottons of the Bombay Presidency, Fletcher 631 Supply and distril)utioii of cotton, Roper 632 Culture and utilization of cyperus, Bui-Quang-Chieu 632 Flax culture, Bolley 632 The extension of .iute cultivation in India, Finlow 633 .Mineral matter in oat stems in relation to lodging, Lienau and Stutzer 633 Potato investigations. Green and Waid , 633 Kice <-ulture in Tonkin, Bui-Quang-Chieu 633 Influence of fertilizer on composition of rye, de Grazia and Caldieri 633 Soldinini roiniiicrnoni. Bussard 634 lireeding seedling varieties of sugar-cane, Kobus 634 Sugar-cane experiment station, Sedgwick 634 Saving the sweet potato croj). Carver 634 Technical bulletin on cultivation of tobacco, Splendore 634 Ty]>ical variety of Xicotidiia tdlxiciini. Anastasia 635 Typical varieties of wheat grown in New South Wales, Guthrie 635 HORTICULTUEE. Laboratory work in ])laiit breeding. Emerson ^ 635 Fertilizing garden crops with lime-nitrogen 635 A new muskmelon '635 Chillies or capsicums, Buttenshaw 635 Study on Rheum rJiiipoiiticiiiit, Cristofoletti - 636 Horticultural section. Palmer 636 Hypodermic injections in i)lants 636 Importance of lime as a plant food for seedlings, von Brehmer 636 riant breeding in relation to American pomology, Munson 636 Results from work in l)reeding hardy fruits. Patten 637 Cro]) imi>rovenient by utilizing wild species. Bessey 637 A curious effect of grafting by approach, Xomblot 637 Fruit varieties most popular on the Pacific Slope, Wickson 637 Peach growing in Texas, Kyle 637 Olive pickling. Bioletti .__ 637 Growing oranges forty years, Stringfellow 638 Date palm. Fletcher 638 Mangoes, Beach 638 California croj) statistics lJX>5-o 638 Cocoanuts, Hubert 638 The cacao plantation in French Congo, Chalot, and Luc 638 IV CONTENTS. Importance of shade trees in cacao cultnre, van Hall G38 Varieties of cultivated pepiier, Barber 639 Every fanner can raise everuireens. Harrison 639 The action of ether in forcing plants 639 FORESTRY. Forest planting in eastern Nebraska, Miller 640 Iloldins force of railroad spikes in wooden ties, Hatt . <>I0 Strength of packing boxes of various woods, Hatt 641 Kiln-drying hard-wood lunilier, Dunlap 641 Timber used in mines of the United States in 1905, Kellogg 642 Wood used for distillation in 100.5. Hale 642 Wood used for veneer in 10<)5. Hale 642 Lumber cut of the United States in 1905, Kellogg 642 Infliience of forests on regulation of water supply, Eardley-Wilmot 643 Forest litter and nitrogen, Hornberger 643 Effect of moon's phases on period of felling bamboos. Ste))lting 643 Note on chilgoza forests of Zhob and the Takht-I-Suliman, Stebbing 643 Caoutchouc in Indo-Chiua. C. and A. Spire 644 Contribution to the chemistry of gutta-percha and caoutchouc, Miiller 644 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases in Bulgaria, Malkoff 644 Report of Ro.val Servian experiment station, 1903-1905, Ranojewic 644 Agricultural botanical report for 19(M>. p]riksson 644 Report of the government botanist. Barber 645 Species of Fusarium and plant diseases they cause', Appel and Schikorra^ 645 Monograph of the genus Ravenelia, Dietel <545 A new fungus of cereals, Jungner 645 Wheat mildew, Musson 6-15 Germinative ability of old ergot sclerotia, Zimmermann 645 Potato diseases, Lange 646 Contribution to knowledge of potato scab, Giissow 646 Bacterial rot of ]»otato caused by Bacillus solanisaprus, Harrison 646 The heart rot of beets. Merle 647 ^clerut'nihi lihcrtidiia as cause of rotting of root crops, Appel and Bruck__ 647 A grass destroying m.vxomycete, Wulff 647 The clover broom rape, Marre 647 Eelworms, Collinge 647 Experiments with tomato blight, Orr 648 Cranberry diseases. Shear 648 The bacterial disease of ginger, Uyeda 648 Further contribution to infectious chlorosis of mallows, Baur 648 Soil treatment for the forcing house. Selb.v 648 Causes contributing to black rot due to XclcrotinUt fntctifjcna. Molz 648 Melanose. Clad.osporium, and Septo'sporium. Marsais 649 Notes on the disease of grapes known as roncet, Ercole 649 Notes on folletage of the grape. Ravaz 649 The American gooseberry mildew, Salmon 649 Means employed to combat gooseberry mildew in Sweden. Eriksson 649 Investigations on the bacteriosis of tigs, Petri 649 A disease of coffee in Peru. Ilecq 6.50 A disease of hazelnuts. Scliellenl)erg ~>- Sume of the Coccinellida\ I)immoc]< , Hessian tly. (iossard and llouser 052 'I'lie iocnst iilaLcne. I'izarro 05:*> The Iocnst invasion, Lonnslmry •'5.". The control of locnsts. Lahille <>5:'. The rice ,!j;i'asshoii]ier. Kni.uht and Dixon 05;'. The San Jose or Chinese scale, INIarlatt in Alabama. Cardoza <;5:', Commercial mis<-il)le oils for Sau Jose scale. Parrott et al (Jo.'! Misciiile oil sjirays. Hall ^ 054 I'atent washes for San .Jose scale, Craig r (mI A new enemy of the raspberry, Marchal and Vercier 0.54 Life histor.v of a cochliilian moth (AdoncUi bicdiiddta ) . Dyar 0.54 The winter spraying of frnit trees, Collinge 054 Tobacco as an ins(>cticide, Inda (5.55 An a|)paratns for testing the value of fumigating agents, Kendall (').55 White ants. Desnenx 0.55 Life history (if .s7oyy/oj-(/.v calcitrcDit^. Newstead 055 Some Scottish IxodidiiB (ticks), Evans 0.55 Imiirovement of hone.vbees. P>enton 0,55 Swarming of bees, von Bnttel-Ueepen ()55 Fonl brood and other disease of bees. France (i55 Laws against injurious insects in the United States, Howard and P>nrgess_ 055 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. Elements of the science of nutrition. Lusk 0.50 llinn:in foods. J. Alquier G.5(> Human food, Alquier 0.50 Food analyses. V. Willard 0.50 Pleaching of flour. Ladd and Stallings (;57 Indi:in corn as food for man. Merrill (m7 Dietary study of liil)orers and clerks in I'aris, Landouzy et al 0.5S New method of testing the functions of the digestive apparatus. Einhorn.. 058 Acceleration of action of ])ancreatic juice by salts of calcium, Delezemie 0.50 Chemical ju-ocesses in th(> animal body, Herzog 0.50 Chemical studies on growth. Mendel (> Nitrogenous metaliolism .ns .-iffected by diet and by diuretics. H.-iskins flC)! Metalxilism of crcatin and cre.-itinin, Folin 0(il C.-irbohy (Irate metabolism. I'avy 0<>1 Some ])ro|)erties of tli(> albumens present in duck egg white, Paiiorinow 0l;ints. Dnnst:in (i03 r'ommei'cial feeding stuffs, Mairs OCi.'i Properties of cell walls, Fiirstenberg. Murdfield, and Konig OCT VI CONTENTS. Page. The use of locusts as food, Ingle 005 Farm animals, Wilcox '- 005 Steer feeding. Skinner and Cochel (t05 The feeding of beef cattle, Butler (iOO Cattle-feeding experiment. Bruce (UiO Sheep-feeding experiment, Bruce 000 Feeding fermented cotton-seed meal to hogs, Marshall (i07 Egg farming — infertile eggs. Fern (i08 Ostrich farming as carried on at the present day, Douglass 0(>S The turtle trade of the West Indies, Fitz Gerahl 008 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. Determination of protein miinmum in rations for dairy cows 008 The fat content of cows' milk, Hogstrom (WiO Cow testing associations, with uotes on testing milk, Ruddick and Whitley_ 070 Milking machines. Erf 071 Formation of lactose, Marshall and Kirkness 071 Homogenized milk, Eury _' 072 Source and distribution of organisms of ropy milk, Schneebeli 072 rathogenicity of Streptococcus lacttciis. Ileinemann 072 UeiKirt of the butter laboratory in Hiingo, Finland, 1004, Bredenberg 072 Butter trade in Denmark, France, and Holland, Ilollmanu et al 073 Intluence of pepsin upon ripening of Limburg cheese, Marcas and Huyge_ 073 Action of rennet on milk, Slowtzoff 073 Fundamental dairying and dairy arithmetic. Erf . 073 First national congress of dairying 073 Pure yeast in wineries. Bioletti 073 Defecation of must for white wine, Bioletti 074 Beet-sugar manufacture, (iaassen, trans, by Hall and Rolfe 074 Distillation of alcohol from farm products and denaturing alcohol, Wright- 074 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Treatise on domestic animals in health and disease, Koch 074 A text-book upon the pathogenic bacteria, McFarland 074 The toxins and venoms and their antibodies, Pozzi-Escot, trans, by Cohn 074 Role of leucocytes in defense of organism against infection, Pettersson 07-1 Causes of diminution of natural resistance to infection, Tromsdorf 075 Relation of autolysis to histological changes in necrotic areas. Wells 075 Proceedings of free society for micro-biology in Berlin, Wassermann 075 Transmission of resistance to diphtheria by female guinea pig, Anderson- 075 I'athogenic action of blastoniycetes injected into the trachea, Sanfelice 075 Locked jaw induced by tetanus toxin, Roaf and Sherrington 070 Treatment of tetanus by the method of Baccelli, Bianchedi (*)7(i Danysz' reaction, Madsen and Arrhenius 070) Infection in tuberculosis, Mettam 07(') Imnumization to tuberculosis, Ilaan 070 Cornstalk disease, Craig (;7(i Treatment of milk fever, Ilabus <)77 Ranula inllammatoria in cows, Wyssmann ()77 Alterations in mucus membrane in strongylosis in cattle, Blunschy 077 P^atal hemorrhage of a tuberculous ulcer of the fourth stomach, Plate t;77 Poisoning from the use of sjjoiled brewers' grains, Schilffarth (577 Nodule disease of the intestines of sheep, Dalrymple 77 A (liseas(> of the pig due to Spirocha^a, Dodd 078 Pseudok'ukemia in pigs, Rottlce 078 Rachitis accomjtanied with spasms in pigs, Fromberg - 078 Susce])til)ility of ruminants and apes to dourine, Mesnil and Rouget 078 The diagnosis of rabies, Forgeot and Nicolas 79 Study of so-called infectious lymphosarcoma of dogs, Beebe and Ewing 079 CONTENTS. VII Page. MomhrMiious nn.cinn of n psoudo-diplUhcritic nature in doiis. T'.all 679 A new trcalincnt of dcniodcct ic iiiaiii^c of dofjs. Dupas 079 'I'lic vims (if fowl pla;;u('. JiandsUMiuT G80 Inmuinization ajjainst fowl cliolera, Ilunteniiiller 680 Cliickcn pox or sore head in ])onltr,y, Vary 080 A remedy for j,'ape.s in fowls 680 ('()nta,i,'ions epithelioma of fowls, Burnet (581 Spirocha'la in chickens, von I'rowazek (ISI Toultry parasites, Johnston , CSl An epizootic outbreak of tapeworms in pheasants. Caparini 681 KUKAI- KNfilNEERING. Contributions to knowled.i,'(> of irri.i,'ation in Ignited States, Krii^er 681 Proceedintis of Fourteenth National Irrigation Congress. lOOt! 682 ClosiuiT break of Colorado Hiver into Salton Sink, Cor.v (182 Raising of water by compressed air at Preesall, Lancashire 682 lirief notes on abs()r])tion losses on canals, etc., [Kennedy] 682 Earthen dams IlliU] ' 683 Land drainage, Whitson and Jones 684 F.est value of Kutter's " N " to adoi)t in (-anal design, [Kennedy] 684 Industrial alcohol: Sources and manufacture. Wiley 684 Industrial alcohol: I'ses and statistics. Wiley (58.5 Modern conveniences for the farm home. Wilson 685 RURAL ECONOMICS. Cost of i)i'oducing farm i)roducts, Hays and Parker 686 Condition of farm labor in California. Stafford and Eshleman 686 The land system of New Zealand, Snuth 687 Advances to settlers. Smith 687 Indebtedness of peasant proprietors in P>avaria. Cohen 687 Manual of world economics, edited l).v von Halle 687 Cro]) Reporter 688 Agriculture in New Zealand. Murphy r»88 Martini(pie and Cuadelupe. Legier 688 Agricultural statistics. 1!t06 688 AGRICULTURAL EnUCATION. Feriment station organization and polic.v (591 Publications of Ottice of Experiment Stations 601 TM'ess bulletins Ct9^ \'isitor's guide to |()hio| station's work in 190(5 (501 Index for Bulletins 48-68 of the North Dakota Station 691 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS RPAHEWED. tStafioiis in tJic Cnilcd Sttifcf;. 1': sta- in. Iltoc. Itpt., llt(U') Alabama College Station : Bill. 130. Auf,'.. l'.)0<5 Alabama Tnske.s;;ee Station : Bui. 0. Nov., 1!»0() Bui. 10., Dec. 10()(; California Station : Cii-e. 21. July. IDOG Circ. 22, Aus.. 190(5 Circ. 28. Auir.. 190(5 Circ. 24 Connecticut State Station : An. Rpt, lOOfi, pt. 1 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' tion : Div. Ent. Bui. 2. Nov 1900 Illinois Station : Circ. 10"). Nov Nineteentli Ai Indiana Station : Bui. llf). Dec. 190(5 Circ 1. Oct., 190(5 Circ 2, Nov.. 190(! Circ 3. Dec, 190(5 Nineteenth An. Kpt., 190(5__ Kansas Station : Bui. 140, Oct.. 190(5 Louisiana Station : Bui. S9. Dec. 190(5 Maine Station : Bui. 131. Oct.. 190(5 or, Bui. 132. Nov., 190(5 Bui. 133, Nov., 190(1 Bui. 134, Dec, 190(5 Massachusetts Station : Met. Buls. 215-210. Nov.- Dec. 1900 Minnesota Station : Bui. 97. Oct.. 1900 New Mexico Station : Bui. no, Ma.v, 1900 Oil New York State Station : Bui. 281, Dec, 1900 C,r,: North Dakota Station : Bui. 71, Oct., 1900 Bui. 72. Nov., 1900 Index Buls. 48-08, Julv 1. 1900 Ohio Station : Bui. 174. Apr.. 1900 Bui. 175, Ma.v, 1900 Bui. 170 (Twent.v-flfth An. Rpt. 1900). June, 1900_ Oil Bui. 177. Aug.. 190(5 Circ 5(5. June 1. 190(5 080 053 034 680 074 073 037 018 052 (507 091 005 (531 031 (57(5 091 (571 077 , 0()2 030 019 052 012 086 . 054 632 657 691 633 627 091 052 091 I'age. 048 Ohio Station — Continued. Circ. 57, Sept. 1, 1900 Penn.sylvania Station : Bui. 81. Nov., 1900___ Ilhode Island Station : Bui. 114, June Bui. 115. Julv Bui. no, Oct. Bui. 117, Nov. Texas Staticni : Bui. 78, Oct., Bui. 79, Oct., Bui. 80, Dec, Bui. 81, Dec, Bui. 82, Jan., Bui. 83. Jan.. 1900 Utah Station : Fifteenth An Sixteenth An Wisconsin Station : Bui. 138. Aug., 190( T'. »S'. DrpnrtDiciit of Afiriciiltiirc. (503 . 1900 019 . 1900 019 190(5 (;:'.! . 1900_ 019 1905_'_ (507 1905 (531 1905 037 1905 (i.30 1900 (515 1900 (517 Rpt.. 1904_^_ (591 Rpt.. 1905^_^ 091 (584 Farmers" Farmers' Farmers' Farmers' Farmers' 2(iS_ 2(59- 70_ 271- P.ul Bui. P.ul. Bui. Bui. 272 P>ureau of Entomology : Bui. 01 (25 cents) __. Bui. 02 (25 cents)—. Forest Service : Circ 45 Circ 46 Circ 47 Circ 48 49 50 51 Circ Circ Circ Circ Bureau of Statistics: Bui. 48 (15 cents) Crup Re])orter, vol. 8. No. 8. Dec. 1906 .--^ Weather Bureau : Bui. Q (ipiO) Monthlv Weather Review, vol. :54. Nos. 9-10. Sept.- Oct.. 190(5 (20 cents per numlter. $2.50 per year)__ Office of Experiment Stations: Circ (58 Circ 69 Circ. 70 Circ 71 (584 (585 (585 627 (527 655 (553 (540 640 (541 (541 642 042 042 042 (580 088 610 (511 (588 689 091 091 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington. D. C. For the ])ub!ications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should be directetl to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents ixn- numl)er. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. VIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. X VIII. . March, 1 DOT. No. 7. Breodino- as an art is perhaps as old as agrienltiiro itself; certainly notable results were secured in the early aijes. liut efforts to put breeding on a scientific basis arc very modern. The recent ivpublica- tion of Mendel's discoveries has giveji a £>reat inii)etus to the sys- tematic and thoroMiih study of heredity and its practical bearings on animal and plant production, and there is now active and widespread interest in the subject of breeding in its scientific aspects. In this country the movement is being fostered by the American Breeders' Association, whose purpose is stated in its constitution to be " to study the laws of breeding and to promote the improvement of plants and animals by the development of expert methods of breed- ing." This association was organized in 1904, and has held four regular meetings which were largely attended by the leading investi- gators and many practical breeders. The proceedings of the first three meetings have been published in two volumes, and comprise over one hundred and forty addresses and scientific papers relating for the most part to the theory of animal and plant breeding. A synopsis of the fourth meeting, recently held at Columbus, Ohio, is given else- where in this issue (p. ()!):)). Taken together, these reports contain the best that is known in breeding, and furnish a basis for the revis- ion of much that is contained in the treatises now used as text-books in the agricultural colleges. The advantages of such an association in promoting and develop- ing investigation in this important subject are very great. The subject is comparatively new as far as systematic investigation is concerned, and we have need of all the light that can come from associated effort and experience. The association has taken up the subject in a system- atic mannei', a large number of committees being authorized at the meeting in 1906 to look after various phases of animal and plant breeding. General problems were assigned to thirteen distinct com- mittees, while fifteen others were to undertake the study of special problems relating directly to animal breeding, and a like number the problems of plant breeding. The membership of these committees includes some of the foremost investigators of the country. 601 G()2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Many of these committees have perfected their organization, accom- plished considerable work of a preliminary nature, and are now actively engaged upon the duties assigned them, as indicated by the reports of progress presented at the recent meeting. The present popularity of plant breeding is clearly evidenced by (he large number of projects presented for investigation under the Adams fund. These probably exceed in number those proposed in any other single subject, but the wide range and grade of these under- takings indicate some misconceptions as to the research character of some of this work. These projects may be classified somewhat roughly as follows: (1) Those which aim at "•improvement" in a vague and indefinite way; (2) those which propose improvement and adaptation along rather more definite lines, through selections made from the crops in tlie field by eliminating the poorer groups rather than by isolating the superior individuals; (3) systematic breeding and selection, starting from the individual; (4) development of resistance to disease, insect attacks, hardiness, etc., by selecting individuals wher- ever found; (5) improvement through crossing and hybridizing, to be followed by systematic and rigorous selection ; and (G) investiga- tions into the laws of inheritance and variability, study of the corre- lations of vegetative parts wdth certain qualities, etc., to secure a basis for generalizations on the principles of breeding. These classes evidently differ quite widely from a scientific stand- point and in the contribution they may be expected to make to our knowledge of breeding. The question is. Where should the line be drawn between the work of the plant breeder as an expert and investi- gator on the one hand and that of the seedsman and nurseryman on the other ? There is a marked tendency among a certain class of men to re- gard the mere production of things, the general improvement of a plant or an animal in some respect, as research, wholly a]Dart from any plan of adding to what we know about breeding and the laws governing it. These efforts consist in the adaptation of a plant to new environment, improving it in resistance to drought, earliness, productiveness, its composition with respect to some valuable constituent, and various (lualities which go to make up excellence. Sometimes the plan does not even go so far as to designate the special line of improvement, and to this extent is aimless; and between this and the more specific and detailed plans of operations there are all gradations. Such work will usually not be along well-defined lines and methods, and unless it is carried out more carefully than the plan is outlined, it can be expected to add nothing of value to our methods. Desirable as such Avork may be from a j^urely practical standpoint, it is difficult to see how it can be regarded as investigation in any true sense, and there is even doubt as to whether it is not more proj^erly EDITORIAL. 603 the work of seedsmen and nurstM'vnien than of an experiment station. Its ical purpose is the attainment of material ends, the findinij of something- which is better, and it is not nndertaken with a vieAv to learnini>. .\7/ + 6".J'<". jils. IS. fKjs. JJ). — It is stated in the prefaco that "so rapid has Ihhmi llic advance of a^criciiltural science tliat in the preparation of the second edition of this volume it has lieeu found necessary to ])ractically rewrite it. A consideral)le part of the contents of tlie first edition of this vohune relating as nuich. if not more, to ferlilizers tlian to soils, has been transferred to the second volume, but new matter more than eciuivalent thereto in bulk has been inserted. The latest improved methods have been described, in so far as they are based on new l)rinciples or have secured better results. An attempt has been made to bring out moi-e fully the i)rinciples of procedure involved in order that the present voliuue might not cmly mirror the latest advances in science, but also, to some extent, reflect the philosophy of method and practice. To this end, many of the older methods, long ont of vogue, are retained, because in them are found the beginnings of fundamental jn-ocedures which serve to uinfy the processes of analysis and render more intelligible the modern methods." The bacteriological niethod in chemical research, W. Omelianski {Arch. Sri. HioL [m. Fetcrslh], 12 (1906). No. S, pp. 22-'/-2//7').— Reviewing the rapid progress which has recently been made in bacteriologi<'al investigation, the author suggests that in view of the intimate relation which exists between bacteriological and chemical reiictions it is time that this alliance was real- ized in the establishment of a science of micro-biological chemistry similar to i)hysiological chemistry, technical chemistry, etc. He points out that here- tofore the bacteriological method has been used to study almost exclusively the natural processes of transformation of matter notwithstanding the fact that it has enriched chennstry by a series of perfectly new reactions and transfor- mations, lie is convinced that the sciences of chemistry and bacteriology should be united and that both will be advanced thereby, chemistry by being rurnished witli a new source of reagents and reactions, and bacteriology by having the aid of chemistry in solving a large number of very complicated chemic:il problems. The duty of chemistry to agriculture, C. G. Hopkins (Illinois »S7f;. C'irc. 103. pii. 21). — Tliis is the address of the president of the Association of Otticial Agricultural Chennsts delivered at the annual convention at Washington. D. C, NovemI)er S, 1 !)()(!. On chemical examinations of arable soils, C. G. Eggertz (Mcddcl. K. Laiidthr. Akad. E.rjttlfiill. \Storkholiii\. 19011. Xo. 91. pp. 1-62; K. Landthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidfikr., Jf.i {1906). No. 3--',, pp. 111-236; ahft. in Ccntbl. Agr. Chnn.. 35 {1906). No. 12, pp. 193-199) .—The author gives a general discussion of methods of soil analysis and considers at some length the appearance and importance to plants of the various mineral constituents of the soils. 607 608 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The method of analysis of solutions obtained by means of strong acids is severely criticised, the following method being used in the author's investiga- tions here reported : At least 1 kg. of the soil in its natural condition, calcu- lated on a water-free basis, is shaken for an hour with 2 liters of a 2 per cent hydrochloric-acid solution in a rotary apparatus of similar construction as, but of larger dimensions than, the Wagner apparatus for determination of citrate- soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas phosphate, and 1 liter Altered off. This amount is then evaporated to dryness to separate out silica and the ordinary course of analysis followed for the determination of the other constituents. Nitric acid is determined in a separate sample which is digested with water and the filtrate examined by the Ulsch method. Ammonia is determined in a sample digested with water acidulated with sulphuric acid. Organic nitrogen is deter- juined according to the Kjeldahl method. It was found that soils treated with a 4 per cent, and even a 2 per cent, hydrochloric-acid solution become sterile for the time being for all crops experimented with except potatoes, which can make a sickly growth therein. The reason why barley, at least, does not find sufficient food in the soil extracted in this manner is that soil so treated contains too little lime. During the second to fourth year after extraction, potatoes, oats, and barley develop nnich 3uore luxuriantly in extracted soil than in a good arable soil, the explanation given being that the available plant food the first year is removed by the acid digestion and subsequent washing with water, whereas new plant food is formed later on from the organic raw material which remained in the soil. The nitric and sulphuric acids in the soil, in the author's opinion, are obtained from organic material, and phosphoric acid from phosphorus in humus substances. — y. w. woLi,. Quantitative determination of potassium, It. 1'ajetta (G«c. Chhii. ItuL. 36 (1006), II, pp. 150-156; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chriii. Indus., 25 {1906), No. 21, p. 1068). — The author finds that Tarugi's persulphate method of determining potash is inaccurate on account of the solubility of the potassium persulphate in solutions of sodium sulphate. The solubility of gypsum in phosphoric acid solutions, W. C. Taber {Jour. Phys. Chem., 10 {1906), p. 593; ahs. in Chcni. Ahs., 1 {1901), No. 1, p. 21). — It was found that at a temperature of 25° the solubility of gypsum increased with the concentration of the phosphoric-acid solution until a maxi- mum was reached at about 230 gm. of phosphorus pentoxid per liter, when the solul)ility was about four times that in pure water. Beyond this point the solubility regularly decreased with the increase of the acid content. The detection of nitric and nitrous acids, II. AY. Wagner {Pliarm. Cciitral- hallc, JfS {1907), No. 1, pp. 5-7). — The thymol, resorcin, and especially the l>henol reactions for these acids are described. Nitron: A new reagent for nitric acid {Merck's Ann. Rpts., 19 {1905), pp. 151, 152; (lbs. in Chem. Neics, 94 {1906), No. 2'i5Jf, p. 271). — A description is given of the composition, properties, and method of use of this reagent. (See also E. S. R., 16, p. 9ir>.) Determination of nitrates, F. S. Sinnatt {I'roc. Chem. Soc. London, 22 {1906). p. 255; ahs. in Analysi, 31 {1906), No. 369, p. US; Jour. Soc. Chenu Indus., 25 {1906), No. 2-',, p. 1227; Chem. Ahs., 1 {1907), No. 2, p. I'i9).— Knecht and Ilibbert's method for picric acid was applied to the determination of potassium nitrate with a fair degree of accuracy. The method depends on the conversion of the nitrates into picric acid by means of phenolsulphonic acid, the picric acid being determined by titanium trichlorid. On the distillation of ammonia with and without condensing in the Kjeldahl method of determining nitrogen, E. Pescheck {Jour, Landw., 54 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 609 iV.xtC,), \S<)-i'.)t; ubx. in Bill. Sor. Cliiiii. /'(iris. .!. .■<(r.. .1.1 ( IDiii;). A o. ,?//. /). 13.i0). — According to the author's iii\'<>sli,:,'atioiis llio prcci|iil,-i1c obtained with Xcsslcr's solution in wcMk solu- tions of .ininioui.i (fi mg. per liter) has the following fornuila : llg„\,I,., a bi-o\vn amorp!ion> iiody insolulde in neutral solvents, but soluble in potassium iodid, which ill excess liberates all the nitrogen in tlie form of ammonia as follows: lIg,X,I.,+ 1-KI + l-II/)-=!> lIgI,+4Xir,+ ll.'K()lI. All of the ammonia is not precipitated, the jiroportiou being determined by varicms conditions of tem- l>erature, dilution, preparation of reagents, etc. In the authoi-'s experiments as much as 21 ]>er cent of the ammonia escaped ]irecipit;itioii. The Volhard method for the determination of chlorin in potable waters, F. T. Shutt and II. W. Charlton {Tran.s. lion. ^'>c. Canada, 2. scr., 11 (1905-6), *s'cc. IJl, PI). 67-71; abs. in Chcni. Acfcs, i)', {11W6), No. 2J,o3, pp. 2-'>S-26()). — Comparisons of the Volhard and chromate methods on a large nuni- b(>r of samples of w;iter are reported, the results showing that the Volhard iiietliod while less rapid than the chromate is more satisfactory for waters containing very small amounts of chlorin. Table of the principal physical and chemical constants of fats, I). SiDKRSKY {1)1(1 11.^. Ijiiit. \l'ii)-ifi], 31 {I'.UH)), No. JfS, pp. 775, 776). — Constants for 2S fats and oils of .iiiiiii.il and vegetable origin calculated from compiled data are reported in tabular ft)rm. A new method for the determination of casein in cheese, A. Trillat and Saito.n (I'.iil. Sue. Cltiiii. I'uiis. 3. .sr;-.. 3.')-36 {l'.H)6), No. 23, pp. 1207-1210).— This is a direi-t method for the determination of casein in cheese, based upon the same principle as the method tor the determination of casein in milk pre- viously noted (E. S. K., IS. p. '.)). 'J'lie method is believed to show accurately the amount of proteids in cheese which have not undergone transformation during the process of ripening. In applying the method to commercial samjiles, the following percentages of casein were obtained: Camembert, 1S.20; Gruyere, 31.34; Gervais, (5.42; Brie. 22.93; Roquefort (half ripened), 11.(;.5: Ptoquefort (well ripened), 7.10; and Holland, :•. !..-.( I. The classification of animal and vegetable proteids in relation to their products of decomposition, J. II. Mill.vr ('J')-(iii.s. G)(i)iii<.s.s Uisain-li Lab.. 1 ( r.XKJ), pt. 2, pp. l.'i!)-166). — A summary and discussion of data with a view to classification of proteids. Concerning glutamins, E. Schulze (fjandir. ^'r^•.'^. Htaf.. 65 {1006), No. 3-.'i. pp. 2.37-2.'i6). — The author notes that there is considerable variation in the reported measurements of the o](tical activity of glutamin. A number of such measurements made with glutamins of known origin are reported and compared with the author's earli(>r work and with that of other investigators. In his opinion, it is not improbable that the variations are due to the existence of glutamins in stereolsometric forms. 23577— No. 7—07 2 610 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. On the liberation of phosphorus from nuclein compounds, F. H. Scott (Brit. Med. Jour., 190G, No. :i3'erature of '.\'2,° or less, mnni»er of days witli tem])erature of (JO" or less, precipi- tation, relative humidity, condition (d" the sky. and wind movement for each month and year from IS'.VI to IDO"), as observed at the New Mexico Experiment Station. .VIso, temperature and I'aiufall records for other stations in the ALesilla \'all(>y for most of the years between 1851 and 1S!)0. "The data have a f!;eneral application to those portions of southern New .Mexico havinj,' an altitude less than 4,0(10 ft. "The annual mean maxiuunu temperature for 14 years is 70.8°. The animal mean nuninnun for 13 years is 41.4° and the annual mean for 40 years is 01.0°. The lowest temperature in 14 years was 1° in December, 189.5, and the highest, 100", which has occurred several times. Temperatures of 10° and less are not unconnnon at night in December, January, and February. "The mean annual range of temperature is 35.4°. The absolute monthly range is from 45° to 75°. The greatest annual range was 101° in 1895. " The mean number of days in a year when the temperature does not rise above 00° is 50 and of the days when the temperature falls below 32° in the •lA hours is TJl. " The mean annual rainfall is 8.8 in. The smallest was 3.5 in. in 1873, and the largest. 17.1 in. in 190.5. The most of the rain falls during July, August, and September. Snow occurs, but the amount is too small to be of economic im- portance. " The records scarcely sustain the idea that there has been a permanent increase in the rainfall. " The relative hunudity is low, the animal mean being probably about 40 per cent. The mean monthly wind movement is about 5,000 miles, 7 miles an hour. The mean number of clear days per year is 225, part cloudy 91, and cloudy 49. The evaporation is 5 to 6 ft. per year." World weather, J. Eliot (8ci. Amcr. Sui)., 62 (1006), A'o. IGl.'f. pp. 2.-,8(J.2, 2J(S6'J). — This is a quotation of a review of a memoir by this author, in which the belief is expressed that the results of investigations reported in the memoir have an important bearing on the practical work of forecasting. The statement is made that the investigations are of special importance because novel methods of studying air movement on a large scale were employed, "leading to residts not merely unexpected, but opposed to the fundamental principles which have formed the chief stock-in-trade of meteorologists during the past fifty yeai's." Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., SJf {1906), Nos. 9, pp. Jf05-J,o.>, fif/s. 9, charts 7; 10, pp. J/SS-oOJf, figs. 7, charts 7).— In addition to the usual reports on fortn-asts. warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteorological tables and rliarts for the i. ninths of September Jind October, 1900, monthly re- \ lew of the progress of climatolog.v throughout the world, recent i)apers bearing i>u meteorolog.v. recent additions to the Weather P.ureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes: No. 9.- — The Relation of the Weather to the Flow of Streams, by F. H. Bran- denburg; Phenomenal Rainfall at Guinea. Va. (illns.). by E. A. Evans; Tlie 612 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Green Sim of the Krakatoa Eruption; International Weather Cablegrams; Tho Zodiacal Light, by A. Searle ; The Direction of Local Winds as Affected by Contiguous Areas of Land and Water, by T. H. Davis ; Height of the Atmoiv phere Determined from the Time of Disappearance of Blue Color of the Sky after Sunset, by T. J. J. See ; Pilot Balloons and the Upper Winds, by F. O. Hills; Professor Adolf Erman, by W. Erman ; The Atmosphere and the Soil; The Classification of Climates; The West Indian Hurricanes of September, 190G (illus. ), by E. B. Garriott ; Weather Bureau Men as Educators; Educa- tional Notes ; and Popular Meteorological Lectures in p]ngland. No. 1(». — Suggestions as to Teaching the Science of tlie Weather, I)y J. W. Smith; Abnormal Weather Over Southern Texas, by J. L. Cliue; A Kave Cumulus Cloud of Lenticular Form (illus.), by II. II. Clayton; Do Climates ChaugeV Climatological Data for Mrgiuia ; Land and Sea Winds; Reprints of Works on Meteorology; I'rematiu'e Publication; Sonora Storms and Sonora Clouds of California (illus.), by A. Campliell; Has the (Julf Stream any In- fluence on the Weather of New York City? On the Formation of Anchor Ice, or Ground Ice, at the Bottom of Kunning Water, by H. T. Barnes; Weather P.ureau Men as Educators ; and Studies on the Tliermodynamics of the Atmos- phere— VIII, The Meteorological Conditions Associated with the Cottage City Waterspout — Continued (illus.). by F. H. Bigelow. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and T. A. Barry (Massachu- setts Sta. Met. Bills. 215, 216, pi). Jf each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during November and December, 190G. The general char- acter of the weather of each month is brietly discussed, and the December bulletin gives a sunmiai\v for the year. The princiiial data in this summary are as follows : Pressure 1 (inches). — Maximum, 30.05, February 11; minimum. 20.25, Jan- uary 4; mean, 30.051. Air temperature^ (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 91, Sep- tember IS; minimum, —7.5, March 24; mean, 47.3. Humidity- — Mean dew- point, 38.6; mean relative humidity, 77.1. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 45.45 in. ; number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 121; total snowfall, 5(4 in. Weather. — Total cloudiness re- corded by sun thermometer, 1,704 hours, or 40 per cent ; number of clear days, 130. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours recorded, 2,(!G0, or 60 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direction, west, northwest; total movement, 53,273 miles; maximum daily movement, 572 miles, February 28; minimum daily move- ment, 1 mile, February 14 and May 6 ; maxinunn pressure per square foot, 12 lbs., December 1, NNW. Dates of frost.— Ijix^t, May 20; first, September 25. Dates of snow. — Last, April 23; first, November 11. Meteorological summary for 1905, C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 176, pp. 385-890). — This summary includes as usual notes on the weather of each month and tabulated daily and monthly x-ecords of observations, at the station at Wooster, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of the wind, etc., and for comparison, similar data for 18 previous years (1S88-1005) at the station and for 23 years (1883-1005) in other parts of the State. The mean temperature for the year at the station was 49° F. ; for the State 50°; the highest temperature at the station 92°, July 17; for the State 100°, July 10; the lowest temperature at the station — 12°, February 14; for tlie State — -20°, February 3. The annual rainfall at the station was 24.93 in., for the State 39.02 in. The number of rainy days was 118 for both the station and a Reduced to freezing and sea level. * In ground shelter. METEOROLOGY^ — WATER. G13 (he State at large. Tlic in-cvailiiiLC direction of Ibe wind was soutli at the sta- tion and southwest for the State. The most marked feature of this meteoroh)g- ical record is the deficiency of rainfall at the station in V.)or>. namely, 21.!t;5 in. as compared with 08.!) as the average for IS years. In contrast with this defi- ciency at the station is an averaj^e rainfall durinj; 1905 of ;;9.02 in. for the State as comjiared with an a\-erai,'(' of 'M.-Ti in. for 23 years. Peruvian meteorology, 1892 1895, S. I. Bailey (Aiiit. Afilroii. Ohscri: Harvard Co/.. .}!) ( IHOH). pi. .^ pp. J.'>.'>-:>S(!. pis. J,, flgs 2; ahs. in Scleticc. n. .s-cr.. 2Jf {1906), So. i).i'i. II. IS.',). — Obsei'vations on temperature, pressure, precipita- tion, wind movement, cloudiness, etc. at 9 stations varying in altitude from 80 10 19.200 ft. are siunmarizi'd. Meteorology, E. .7. \().V D.vdelszkn {Nciv Zeal. Off. Vvdrhook lUlliu pp. 200- 20G). — Monthly sunnnaries are given of observations on temperature, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind, throughout New Zealand at 12 stations during the year 190.". Weather observation, A. Marti.n ( Queen. si and Ayr. Jour., 11 (1906), No. a, pp. 22.i-22'>). — The importance of the farmer being a careful observer of weather conditions is i)ointed out and some simi)le rules for i)redicting weather are gi\cii. The meteorological service of the Republic of Mexico, M. E. Pastrana (linl. See. Fomento | .1/r.//ro |, 6 (19(16). Xo. 2, /!'. pj). l.',-35). — The history of tile development and organization of this service, showing not only its present organization but its ju-oposed extension, is discussed in this article by the di- i-ector of the service. Resume of researches in the higher meteorology, F. II. Bigeeow ( George Wdshiiit/loii JJniv. Bui., 5 (1906), A'o. .), pp. 23-35). — The author briefly sum- marizes the present status of investigations which he has been carrying on for a number of years " to throw light upon the relations between the amount of the variable energy enutted b,v the sun and the corresponding changes in the <-irculation of the earlli's atmosphere," the general features of this research being outlined under three ht>ads, namely. "(1) the solar-terrestrial electric and magnetic fields, (2) the circulations of the atmospheres of the sun and of the earth, respectivel.v. .-ind tlieir mutual n-lations, (3) the reconstruction of the observational data." Storms and hail, E. DAGUiEiiON-ru.ioL (.Jour. Ayr. I'rat. Mt. ct Ecoii. h'unile Midi Fnniee, 102 (1906), No. 6, pp. 227-239).— This is mainly a review of past exiierience in hail protection by means of cannonading, from which the conclusion is drawn th:it. if the organizations for hail protection will continue their trials and science will persist in its researches, ver.v probably a time will come when agriculturists may be protected against hail. Thunderstorms and the moon, ('. W. IIissink (Hemel en Damplrinf/. .) (1906), No. ■'). pp. 7.s\ 19; ah.s. in Science, n. .sc;-., 2// (1906). No. 626, p. 866). — This article reports a study of thund(>rstorm days in Holland for the period 1S83 to 1903, showing so complete an agreement for different ])hases of the moon as to indicate a lunar influence on storms. The sanitation of air, K. Meier (Pop. Sei. Mo., 10 (1901), No. 1, pp. 19-32). — This article discusses tiie bearing of exhausted and contaminated air on health; the causes of imi)ure ;iir. including smoke, street dust, vitiation through heating, cooling, and v(>ntilating .-ijiparatus, and various other causes in l)uil(lings. and vitiation through animal life; and suggestions for relief, including improve- ments in sanitation, ventilation, and constructon of buildings. It is .stated that the subject of the sanitation of air has been much neglected and as a result eoiiditious still exist which might be greatly improved with com- 614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. parative ease. Two of the chief causes of impure air iu cities are smolie and street dust. The former can l)e greatly reduced by the elimination of steam- power transportation iu lU'ban and densly populated districts, which is asserted to be entirely unnecessary and should have long ago been prohibited. It is also asserted that the accunuilation of street dust is inexcusable from the hygienic standjioint. The heating appliances now in general use are in many cases ob- jectionable because they collect dust and disseminate it thi-oughout the air in houses. Conditions in houses can be Improved by seeing that all stoves and grates are connected with flues. The author is of the opinion that in general it is better to secure ventilation by natiiral means rather than by use of forced or mechanical ventilation. The life history of surface air currents: A study of the surface trajec- tories of moving air, W. N. Shaw and R. G. K. Lempfort {Loudon: Wyman d fSoiis, 1D06, pp. 107, pis. 26, flys. 20). — The paths or trajectories of storms are worked out and platted from records of the air movement at a large number of stations in the area passed over by a series of typical storms, and the bearing of the results thus obtained on the movement of air into or out of storm areas and on the associated weather conditions is discussed. Progress in the field of water investigation, L. Krauss {Apoth. Ztg., 21 (1900), p. SJ/G; al)S. in Chcni. Ztfi., SO {1900), \o. 03, Repert. No. -',6. p. JfO.]). Springs in limestone regions and their quality for drinking purj)oses, H. ScHARDT {BuL ^Soc. Neuchittel ,S'ci. Nat., 32 {1903-4), pp. 221-2^2) .—Tlus is one of the reports provided for at the Thirteenth International Congress of Hygiene and Demography at Brussels in 190.''. and discusses somewhat elabo- rately the conditions affecting the drinking quality of waters from limestone areas. The danger of imperfect filtration on account of fissures and under- ground channels is very clearly brought out and a strict examination and con- trol of waters of this kind is shown to be an urgent necessity in order to insure their purity and safety. Contribution concerning the purification of water by ozone, D. Rivas {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.] 2. AM., 11 {1906), Nu. 11,-16, pp. 506-517, figs. 6).— The preparation of ozone by means of electrical discharges is described and experi- ments in Philadelphia in which the process was applied in the purification of water are reported. The results lead to the conclusion that under favorable conditions ozone not only reduces the general bacteria content of water but also eliminates Bacillus coli communis. It also attacks objectionable organic matter in the water and oxidizes ammonia to nitrate. In water rich in organic matter, however, the germicidal and chemical action is only partial. With such water as is ordi- narily obtainable for a city supply it is believed that very satisfactory results would be obtained by ozonization. Control of water purification plants, von Cochenhausen {Ztschr. Angew. Chcm., 19 {1906), Nos. J/S, pp. 19S7-199S ; J,9, j}p. 2023, 2024).— A discussion of processes for removing lime and magnesia from water, and methods of deter- mining combined carbon dioxid. lime, magnesia, and hardness in connection with imrification i)lants. A sand filter for the home, R. Fletcher {N. H. Sanit. BuL. 2 {1906), pp. 190-198; ahs. in Chcm. Ahs., 1 {1907), No. 1, p. 77).— The making and use of such a filter for purification of water for home use are discussed. The capacity of the filter described is about 40 gal. i)er day. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 615 SOILS— FERTILIZERS. A treatise on rocks, rock-weathering, and soils, (}. 1*. Merrill (Neiv Yorlc cud London: The .Uacniillun Co., llXHi, rev. cd., pp. XXl + .'/UO. pis. :il. fujx. J,2).— 'l'lu> author states that in the preparation of this revised edition " many errors have heen corrected, matter that proved nonessential eliminated, and a consid- crahle nnnil)er of n<>\v analyses and illustrations inti'oduced." Studies on the soils of the northern poi'tion of the Great Plains region: The third steppe, V. .1. Alwav and It. A. (Ioktnek (A)ncr. Chcin. Jour., 37 (19117), A o. J. pp. I~7). — This is a continuation of studies ju'eviously noted (E. S. R., IS, i>. .");'.l) and deals with the rej?ion exteudinjj "from the ^Missouri Coteau westward to the lioc] of the steppe and serves as an evaporating basin for the drainage of a region covering about .5,000 square miles. Analysis of the lake water showed the jiresence of -1.3 gm. of solid matter per liter, the principal constituents iieing sodium, sulphuric acid, and chlorin, indicating that the principal salt present is sodium sulphate, with smaller amounts of sodium chlorid. Attention is called to the fact that glass objects which have been exposed for some time to direct sunshine on the soils of this region assume a more or less intense violet coloration. I.t was thought that this might be due to the rather large proportion of manganese occurring in the soil, but further investigation indicated that it resulted from the i)resence of manganese in the glass itself. Maintaining the fertility of rice soils — a chemical study, G. S. Fraps ('rents >S7(/. Bill. S.>. pp. .'i2, /hjs. -'/). — This bulletin reports a study of the chem- ical composition and jiroperties of some rice soils, rice irrigation waters, and of the rice plant itself, with the object of suggesting methods for maintaining the tertility of rice soils. From the analyses reported it is estimated that an average Texas rice cro]) (producing 1,!)00 lbs. of X'ough rice per aci-e) requires IG lbs. of phosphoric acid. 42 lbs. of nitrogen, and r>."» ll)s. of jjotash. Rice straw carries with it when re- moved :'. lbs. of phosphoric acid, 14 lbs. of nitrogen, and 31 lbs. of potash i)cr acre. In iiuniing rice stubble nearly 5 lbs. of nitrogen is lost and in burning rice straw 14 lbs. of nitrogen i)asses off. The ashes of the straw contain ."'> lbs. of I>h(isphoric acid and '.i~ lbs. of potash per acre. "An average crop of rice consumes more nitrogen than an average crop of cotton, oats, or corn. If the rice straw is taken entirely away, the draft on the potash is four times as nmch as by cotton, oats, or corn. If the rice straw ashes are restored, the loss of potash is .5 lbs. per acre, about half as much as is removed by cotton, oats, or corn. " Ou an average, 7.0 lbs. phosphoric acid, 1.4 lbs. nitrogen, and 2.''..4 ll)s. 616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. potash per acre are brought on the field by the irrigation water. This is not as much phosphoric acid, nitrogen, or potash as is consumed I)y a crop of rice. It is estimated that the seepage and off-flow waters carry off approximately 4.5 lbs. phosphoric acid, 3.4 lbs. potash, and probably larger amounts of nitrogen. " The net result of the irrigation waters is thiis an average gain of 3.1 lbs. phosphoric acid and 20 lbs. potash per acre, and a loss of nitrogen. A loss of approximately 20 lbs. nitrogen per acre by percolation during the winter may take place, with small amounts of potash and phosphoric acid. " The soil loses, in the growth of an irrigated rice crop, on an average of 12 lbs. phosphoric acid, GO lbs. of nitrogen, and 22 lbs. potash per acre, if the straw is removed and the stubble burned. If, however, the stubble is plowed under, and the straw ashes returned to the field they come from, there is an average loss of 9 lbs. phosphoric acid, 57 lbs. nitrogen, and apparently a gain of 15 lbs. of potash." Of the soils examined those of Jefferson, Orange, De Witt, and Victoria coun- ties, as well as the black soils of Brazoria, contained small quantities of phos- phoric acid. Those of Harris County, the Rio Grande Valley, and the Brazos bottom soils of Brazoria contained an abundance of phosphoric acid. Orange County soil was low in potash, the others contained a moderate amount, while the Rio Grande Valley soil was rich in this constituent. The only soil low in lime was that of Orange County. Nitrification studies indicate that the soils of Orange and Brazoria counties are too low in phosphoric acid for efficient nitrification. All the soils examined contained very small amounts of chemically available phosphoric acid as meas- ured by fifth-normal nitric acid. The chemically available potash determined in the same way was low in the Brazoria and Orange county soils, but present in moderate amounts in other soils. Regai'ding the treatment of rice soils, the author states that " burning the straw is wasteful, but if burned, the ashes should be scattered on the field from whence they came. The stubble should be plowed under if possible. The nitrogen content of the soil should be maintained by growing leguminous crops (cowpeas, vetch, etc.), which are plowed under witli caution, grazed off. or made into hay." Results of analyses of cultivated soils, F. F. Villasknor (Mr»). y Rev. Soc. C'leiit. ''Antonio Alzate," 23 {190.')), JSiO. 5-0, pp. 1S7-1HH: (WOO), No. 7-12, pp. ,389-39.'/). — Physical and chemical analyses of ;» samples of Mexican soils are talmlated. A note on the protective action of colloids on suspended clay and natural clay soils, 10. Fickkndey and B. Tollens (Jour. Landiv., off (1906), No. .'/, pp. 3'/3-.}')l, pp. JG2-',. 1025; Chem. Zt;/.. SO ( U)(iC,), No. 03, Rrpnt. Xo. Ji6, pp. Ji02). — Parallel determinations of nitrojren Iiy (lie two authors in ." dif- ferent types of soil before and after drying with and without addition of acid are reported and discussed with special reference to Warnibold's conclusions from similar investijiations (E. S. li., 18, p. IG). The conclusion is reached that in soil studies involving the nitrogen balance a large series of determinations is indisi»(>nsal)le and it is preferable to have parallel series of determinatious by two skilled analysts. Soil samples may be dried with- out loss of nitrogen when slightly acidified. The conclusion of AYarmliold that sterilized soil fixes free nitrogen in considerable amounts was not confirmed. In many soils the weighing of samples for air-dried material is not considered accurate. On the nitrogen compounds in cultivated soils, T. Pfeiffer {FUMing's Lainhr. Ztr/.. '>'> (litiKt). Xo. 22. pp. 1 'i'.)~l')2). — This is an author's abstract of the above article. Evaporation and drainage from fallow, loam, and sandy soils, C. von Seeliiokst {./(iiir. Laiidir.. ij) (HKid), Xo. J,, pp. 313-31.')). — Oi)servations on drainage and evaporation from loam and sandy soils in large veget.ition tanks from October. i;»(i4. to March. ItHH), ai'e reported. These show, in general, that the evaporation was largest and the drainage smallest from the loam soil during the fall and winter. With s.-indy soils this was true in summer. The drainage was, as a rule, larger and the evaporation smaller from the sandy soil than from the loam. Tlie greater evaporation from the loam soil is attrilaited to lower i)ercolation and greater capillary capacity in this soil. (Jreater c\a])oration from the -sandy soil was observed only during a i)eriod of high temi)erature and heavy rainfall in summer. Nitro-culture and inoculation, (). M. Ball (Texas Stu. Bui. 83. pp. lo). — Two series of jiot cultures carried out during the winter and spring of 190-1—5 and the fall of litO;") are rei)orted. " In the first series the object was to determine whether nodules will ap|iear on the roots of alfalfa wJien this ])l;uit is grown in soils where none had ever before i)een cidtivated. btit which produced a fine growth of bur clover (Mvdivano den- ticulald). and, furtlier. whether the nodules already ])resent on the roots of bur clover could be carried over to alfalfa when grown in soil that had ])reviously been sterilized; in sJiurt. whether artificial inoculation of alfalfa with the germs from bur clover is feasil)le. In the second series the ([uestion was to determine the value, if any. of the so-called nitro-culture and other like 'cultures." " A variety of soils was used in the first series, and the method of procedure was much the same in the two series of experiments. The first series showed in brief that alfalfa will becon)e infected with the tubercle-forming organism (a) when grown in soil which has produced a crop of bur clover, (h) after being watered with a solution of such soil, and (r) by means of an infusion of the root nodules of bur clover. The results of the second series of experiments indicate that inoculation with nitro-culture is of doubtful value "since only a small proportion of the plants treated developed tubercles, and these were in no observable degree benefited by their presence. In no case of artificial inoculation were the 618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nninlier and vigor of the tuherclos so great as in tliat oconrring Jty natural means." The nutrition of cultivated plants, G. Smets {La NKtrition des Plaiites Ciiltirrcs. MacKCjic],- : \'(ni(l( r(l(jii(h--Ris. 1905, 2. cd., pp. 27,?, fifis. 2). — This book summarizes hrietly but clearly information drawn largely from the author's own work regarding the general laws and principles of plant nutrition and elaboration of plant food, the behavior of fertilizing substances in the soil, various kinds and classes of manures and fertilizers, fertilizer requirements of Belgian soils, and the use of fertilizers on different kinds and classes of crops and soils. Numerous references to accounts of investigations upon which the book is based are given. The management of stable manure in the heap, A. Stutzer {Fiihling's rAiiidir. Ztg., 55 (If)OG). No. 13, pp. ,)J6'--'/.'/2, /7.'/.s'. 'i). — A general discussion of this subject. On storage of liquid manure (Ber. K. Vet, og Laiidhohojskolcs Lai). Land- okonom. Forsug [Copenhagen], 60 {1906), pp. lJiO-lJi2). — Experiments on conservation of liquid manure were conducted in connection with the investiga- tion of the protein minimum for dairy cows, x'eported elsewhere (E. S. R., iS, J). (ICS). Sulphuric acid or peat litter in different quantities was added to definite amounts of urine and the mixture left standing in glazed crocks or in bottles for about six months. The nitrogen content was determined at the be- ginning and the end of the trials. The losses of niti'ogen ol)tained were as fol- lows: 1,000 gm. urine alone, 70.5 per cent; urine and peat litter, 5:1, 02.4 per cent ; 1:1, 17.7 per cent ; 1 :2, no loss ; 1 :3, 1.8 per cent ; urine in a stopi)'ered bot- tle connected with a bent glass tube, the other end of which was placed under sulphuric acid, no loss ; urine left standing under similar conditions as in last experiment, except that the tube was not sealed by sulphuric acid, but was left open, no loss. The practical deduction drawn from the experiments is that a liquid-manure cistern should be made water-tight and closed with a tightly fitting cover which will prevent esca]»e of ammonia in the air above the liquid. — r. w. woll. Value of moss litter {.Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lo7idon], 13 {1906), No. 6, pp. 360, 361). — Tests of the absorbent capacity and value as litter for stables of this material are briefly reported, the high absorbent capacity of the material for both nitrogen and water being clearly shown. Manure with which this litter was used was apparently quicker in action than that with which straw was used. Water as a plant food, A. Backhaus {Verhandl. Gesell. Deut. tiaturf. u. Aerzte, 1905, II, 1. Aht., pp. 123-121 ; abs. hi Chem. Centhl, 1906, II, No. 18, p. lJ,53).—Bee also E. S. R., 17, p. 1055. Artificial manures in Japan {Abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 25 {1906), No. 19, p. 9.'i2). — Data are reported showing that the demand for fertilizers in Japan is very active, prices rising, and production increasing. The imports consist mainly of ammonium sulphate, oil cake, and phosphates. The greater part of the sardines caught in Japanese waters, valued at about .$3,050,000, are ultimately used as manure. (See also E. S. R., 17, p. 1140.) Report on commercial fertilizers, 1906, E. H. Jenkins, A. L. Winton, et al. {C'unneeticut State Sia. Rpt. 1906, pt. 1, pp. 106). — Analyses of 559 samples of commercial fertilizers and manurial waste products examined during the j'ear are reported and. discussed with reference to variation in composition and com- mercial value. The fertilizers examined are classified as follows : Containing nitrogen as the chief valual)le ingredient, 118 samples; containing phosphoric iicid as the chief valuable ingredient, 11 samples; containing potash as the chief valuable ingredient, 39 samples; containing nitrogen and phosphoric acid, SOILS i'^lORTl LTZERS. 619 f)."* siiniplos; iiiixod fcrtili/.crs. L'TS s;iiii|il('S ; ;iii(l niisccll.-incnus I'rrI ili/.ci's .-iiid ninniin's, r>S s.-iiiiiilcs. Fertilizer inspection, ('. I). Woods .niid J. M. P.Aini.KTT {Maine Shi. liiil. 138, Pit. 177-2()S). — " This hull»>tiii contMiiis tlic nn.-ilyscs of s;iinpl<'s collected li\- (ho stiition of the hviiiids of fertilizers liceiis(>d in liMtd." Commercial fertilizers, II. J. Wiikki.kk kt al. {Ithode /.sland tSta. Bui. 115, lip. I')}. — '■ III tills imlleliii will he found analyses of such jiotato and v(>,t.'etahle ti>rtilizers as have heen found on sale in Rhode Island durini:; the sprini,' of HHK!, ;Uso analyses of similar sanijiles of hone and tankaije." Analyses of commercial fertilizers, B. L. Hartwei.l et al. {h'Jtode Island .s7(/. liid. 111. jij). ,il-')2). — This is a seeond re])ort on insiiection of fertilizers in I'.mm;. and includes analyses and valuations of 85 samples of fertilizing materials. Commercial fertilizers and chemicals, T. G. Hudson, J. M. McCandless, ET AL. (liiiJ. (1(1. Dcpt. Af/r., l!)()(l, No. J/.i, pp. l.ili). — This is a report on inspection of fertilizers on sale in Georgia during the season of 1905-C. including the text of the fertilizer and pure food laws of the State, regulations regarding conduct of inspection, notes on valuation, and tabulated analyses and valuations. A test of nine phosijhates with different plants, II. J. Wheeler and G. E. Adams (Rhode L'iland tSia. liul. llJj, pp. 113-131). — The experiments reported in this hnlletin were begun in 1894 and have been pai'tly reported upon in a previous hnlletin (E. S. R., 11, p. 042). Tlie ex]>eriiiients were made on limed and nnlimed series of plats {f^ acre), which from 1804 up to the date of the experiments here reported had at differ- ent times (1804, 18!)r), 189!)) received applications of dissolved boueblack, dis- solved bone, acid phosphate, doultle superphosphate, tloats, fine-ground bone, basic slag, and raw and roasted redondite, aggregating in the majority of cases 98..") lbs. of phosphoric acid per plat, or at the rate of 7.38.0 lbs. per acre. The bulletin reports experiments on these plats with corn in 1900 and with a large variety of other crops, including potatoes, barnyard grass (Panicum crus-galli), oats, millet, soy beans, Adzuki beans, peas, squashes, turnips, cabbage, crimson clover, and beets, in 1901. In every case the phosphates were used in connej- tiou with a liberal basal fertilizer consisting of nitrate of soda and potash salts. In the case of corn ali the phosphates were as a rule more etfective on limed than on nnlimed soil. Raw redondite was mu(4i less effective than roasted on limed soils, while the two were of about equal etHciency on nnlimed soil. Floats gave good results in these experiments, although the material was very ineffi- cient on corn the first year it was applied. The results with double snpei'phos- phate showed very low etticiency on nnlimed soils, and dissolved boneblac(v gave " exceptionally poor residts," which it is suggested were possibly due to the effect of drought, which was especially severe on the plats on which this materi;il was used. '■ With the pea, oat, sununer squash, crimson clover, .Tapanese millet (on the nnlimed land), golden millet, white-podded Adzuki bean, soy bean, and Jiotato (on the nnlimed land) tloats gave very good results; but with the flat turnii), table beet, and cabbage they were relatively very inefficient, notwith- standing that much more pliosphorlc acid had been applied in the tloats than in any other of the phosphates. " In the case of the pea, oat, summer s(piasli, crimson clover, Japanese millet, golden millet, calibage, soy bean, and potato the yields were less on the limed soil with than without the raw redondite. With but one or two exceptions the yields were raised somewhat by its use on the nnlimed land." Liming exerted a marked influence in increasing the efficiency of roasted 620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, retloiulite, especially in case of siuniiu'r Sijiiasli, crimson clover, Japanese millet, Adzuki beans, and several other plants. In case of crimson clover and Adznki beans the raw redondite seemed to be more beneficial than the roasted. The roasted redondite was of little value in case of beets and cabbage on limed land. "Double superphosphate particu- larly, and in some cases dissolved boneblack and acid phosphate, proved rela- tively inefficient upon the unlimcMl land, and a few instances of the same kind were observable even where the land had been limed, particularly in the case of those plants which are liable to injury upon soil which strongly and intensely reddens blue litmus paper and which is at the same time practically devoid of carbonate of lime. " Liming, instead of proving injurious in connection with the soluble phos- phates, as is so often alleged, proved decidedly helpful in the majority of cas(>s, and even in many instances with plants which are not particularly in need (if liming. The results seem to indicate that in a soil deficient in or devoid of cai-- bonate of lime and well supplied with the oxids of iron and aluminum, limhig may extend the period of efficiency of the soluble phosphates possibly by com- bining with much of the phosphoric acid at once, and thus holding it in more assimilable combinations than if it were possilde for it all to unite immediately with the iron and aluminum oxids. . . . " Double superphosphate seemed to be the least adapted to acid soil of anv of the soluble phosphates, namely, the dissolvc^d bone, dissolved boneblack. and acid phosphate. " Finel.v ground unacidulated steamed bone failed to fully meet the needs of some of the crops in the earlier years, but this c*onditi(m soon ceased and it has given excellent results for several years, and has shown a much greater effi- ciency than the floats, even though a much larger quantity of ])liosplioric acid had already ])een applied in the latter than in the bone. "Basic slag meal has iiroved throughout to be a highly eflicient phosphatM- manure. Its relative (Efficiency has Ik'cu particularly high where those plants have been grown which are lu'liied liy liming. This is doubtless due in part to the fact that it contains far mor(> lime than bone meal or floats. The use of fine-ground bone, basic slag meal, and floats has tended continually to make the unlinuHl land more favorable to clover." In general there was little or no evidence that the nitrogen of the bone and dissolved bone was of particular advantage in incn-asing the yields obtained with these materials. It is pointed out that the n^sults in general show that care should be taken to distinguish between jivailable and soluble i)hosph exjilanation of the high availahility of agricultural phosphate reported Liy certain investigators, especially liachniaiui (E. S. K., 17. p. 17). He also emphasizes his i)revious conclusion that in certain cases Thomas slag exerts a decided iiitluence in riMidering nitrogen of the soil less availahle. Coniijarative tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate as fer- tilizers, Baciimann (liciit. Landtv. I'rcHSC, 33 (I'JOd), No. 89, p. 707). — The author criticises some of the conclusions of Clausen in the article above refei'ri'd to. Comparative fertilizer tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, r.oTTCiiER and Bachmann (I)ctit. Landic. Prcusc. 33 (lUln;), yo. 98. iip- 7(!8, 7(!9). — This is a further discussion of this sulu'ect Itased u|)on the exjieriments referred to in the articles noted above. Phosphate of lime in Algeria (Ahs. in Jour. Nor. Cheni. Indus.. 25 (1906), A'o. /.''. /*. 9'i.^). — The large and easily accessible deposits in the Province of Con- stantine, namely, those of Tebessa, Setif. Guelma. and Ain-BeTd;i. .are discussed. Two classes of i)hosphate are now handled. ( 1 ) that containing i;:; to 70 per cent of calcium jihosphafe. and (2) that containing 58 to (!3 per cent. The cost at the (lu.iy at Bona is at present from $2.64 to $2.SS, the price being higher than it should be on account of unsatisfactory transportation facilities. Crude ammonia, M. de Molinari and O. Lirot (/?»/. Afir. \Iinisscls], 22 {WoCy). Ao. .7. />/). 571-577, fifjs. 2).— Pot tests with oats (.f tliis material (con- centrated gas house liipior) in comparison with nitrate of soda are reported. The growth was normal with both materials, but the nitrate was the more effective fertilizer. The crude ammonia used in these experiments contained 2.2S i)er cent of anunoniacal nitrogen, l.iKi per cent of organi(; nitrogen soluble in water, and 1.78 per cent of organic nitrogen insoluble in water. Comparative tests of the complete material with that containing only the organic nitrogen soluble in water or tli;it insoluble in water showed that the organic nitrogen soluble In water w;is less effective than the comi)lcte material and tliat the organic nitrogen insoluble in water had no effect whatever. The cause of the lower efficiency of ammoniacal nitrogen in comparison with nitric nitrogen (fhiil. Laiidir. I'ressc, 33 (1906), No. 78. p. 62.'/). — A brief review is here given of a report by Wagner on this sub.iect in another iournal, sunnnarizing the results of 4 years' field and pot experiments. The average of a large number of such experiments shows that if the efti- ciency of nitrogen in nitrate of soda on grains, beets, and potatoes, be taken as 100, the comparative efficiency of ammoniacal nitrogen is for barley 72, for oats 91, for winter wheat 98. for winter rye 7(i. for potatoes 88. for fodder beets 5.3, and for sugar beets 73. Against the more histing effect of the ammoni- 622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. acal nitrogen must be set the loss of nitrogen by volatilization of ammonia or ammonium compounds. Laboratory and pot experiments show that when ammonium salts are applied to soils containing considerable amounts of calcium carbonate there is a con- siderable loss of nitrogen in the form of annnonium carbonate, especially if the ammonium salts are applied on the surface of a moist soil and allowed to lie some time before being cultivated in. These facts explain why ammonium salts give better results as a rule upon soils poor in lime than on those contain- ing an abundance of this material, and why they are more efficient when thoroughly mixed with the soil than when applied as a top-dressing. It is not believed that the conversion of a part of the nitrogen of annnonium salts into less readily availal»le forms l)y the action of soil bacteria plays any appreciable part in reducing the efficiency of this material as a fertilizer. Field experiments on the fertilizing action of sulphate of ammonia as compared with nitrate of soda, Kretschmer et al. (Afh. iJciit. Landw. Gescll., 1006, No. 121, pp. XXUI-\-23h map 1; abs. in Mitt. Dent. Landw. Gesell., 21 (1906), A'o. '/2, pp. 103-105). — Cooperative experiments by the Wagner method at the experiment stations of Bonn, Bernberg. Ilalle, and Kiislin in contituiation of those by Wagner already noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 234) are reported. The results, as in other experiments, vary with the character of the soil, weather, and crop, although in general nitrate of soda gave better results than ammonium sulphate, thus confirming Wagner's conclusions. In many cases, however, the ammonium sulphate was more effective than nitrate of soda. The nitrate is apparently better suited to acid soils than the sulphate. On the other hand, ammonium sulphate is more efficient than the nitrate on leachy soils in wet seasons. The results show quite 'clearly that ammonium sulphate should not be used as a top-dressing on soils rich in lime. A map is given which shows the loca- tions of sources of supply of fertilizing materials of various kinds. Is nitrogen lost from the soil in fertilizing with nitrate of soda? J. Stoklasa (Gcntbl. Bait, [etc.], 2. Abt., 11 {1906), No. 1-2, pp. 21-33; abs. in Chcm. Ztg., 30 {1906), No. 90, Repert. No. 1,3, p. 386; Chcm. CentbL, 1906, II, No. 25, p. 1718). — Recent investigations regarding deuitriflcation are briefly reviewed and culture experiments in which 50 gm. samples of unmanured soil, of soil fertilized with barnyard manure, and of soil fertilized with nitrate of soda, were mixed with 500 cc. of Giltay solution, and the changes which the nitrogen underwent were observed, are I'eported. The results confirm iu general those of previous investigations by the author and lead to the conclusion that in the reduction of nitric acid to elementary nitrogen, nitrous acid is always an intermediary product. The reduction of the nitric acid to nitrous acid is brought about by the action of nascent hydrogen, which is set free ahmg with carbon dioxid by the cleavage action of enzyms on carbohydrates or organic acids. The Bavarian beet soils used in these investigations were so deficient in a I'eadily assimilable carbon supply for the respiration processes of the denitrifica- tion organisms that nitric acid was not reduced to elementary nitrogen in these soils to a sufficient extent to be detected by ordinary analytical processes. With free access of air such as accompanies ordinary thorough cultivation of soils or in soils of high air capacity loss of elementary nitrogen through denitrificatiou does not occur, although nitrites are always formed from nitrates. Can calcareous fertilizers be held responsible for a deficiency of nitrogen in soils? Clausen {IIIks. Laiidir. Zfi/.. 26 {1906). No. IS. pi). 61'i< 675. figs. 3). — Pot experiments with clover and oats on sandy soil are reported, which AGKICULTUKAL BOTANY. 028 iiidicatt' that applii'iitions of lime resulted iu case of siieli soils in a marked " nitrn.ueii liuii^'er." esiteeialiy during,' dry liot weather and with nonleguminous (•roi)s. I'uder such conditions calcareous manures sliould always be accom- panied by liberal applications of nitrogenous manures. Nitrate of soda, A. 1'i.agemann (Die Diingstoff-lnduslrii oi ihr WcJt: lUr Cliilcsalpctcr. licrliii: Dcr Saatcn-, Diingcr- nud Futhinxiikt, \ I!I(k;\. pp. SO, l)ls. ,i, fifjN. 20). — This is one volume of a 'large treatise on the fertilizer industry of the wt)rld and is a very full account of the character and exploitation of the Chilean nitrate deposits. Lime niter for potatoes, L. (iuANDicAU (Jovr. Agi: I'nit.. ii. so:, 12 (JDOi!). Xu. .'i2, pp. //.S'.j. J/Sd). — Comparisons of nitrate and nitrite of lime (the Notodden product) and nitrate of soda in field experiments at Pare des I'rinc-es in l'.)0(j are reported, which show that for this crop there was practically no difference in the elliciency of the different fertilizers. Dry fertilizer from by-products or residues from sugar works, E. Lali.e- MANT {French I'atait Xo. .U!.'>.','iS, Apr. 20, lOOi; : ahs. in ./our. Sor. Clrciii. Indus., 25 (1!)0(J), Xo. 20, p. 'J'.)!). — In the method proposed the damp materials are made Into briquettes, which are air-dried, or dried at a moderate tempera- ture in a kiln, or the material is mixed with quicklime or. roasted gypsum in hnnps. On the use of sulphocyanids as fertilizers, II. Perotti (Staz. Spcr. Agr. Jtal., ,39 (1006). \o. J, pp. l!i,3-212, fig. 1; abs. in Chcm. CcnthJ., 1906, II, Xo. 16, p. 12S2). — The material used in the pot experiments here reported is manu- factured in Belgium fn^m gas liquor. The sample examined by the author con- tained 5.0(; per cent of total nitrogen, 1.66 per cent of ammoniacal nitrogen, 0.8 per cent of phosphoric acid, 2.28 per cent of potash, 1.78 per cent of lime, 23.88 per cent of sulphur, and 4.5 per cent of ammonium sulphocyanid. The results obtained with a number of crops, including wheat, oats, corn, llax, etc., show that unless the sulphocyanid is pi'esent in the soil in highly con- centrated solution there is little danger of injury to vegetation. The material undergoes a rapid and complete transformation in the soil without loss of nitro- gen. Considered as a source of nitrogen it was in these experiments somewhat more economical than annuonium sulphate. It is proposed to test the results of the pot experiments liy experiments in the field. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Botanical studies applied to agricultural plants, G. Fron {TraHe Ele- incntairr p. ]'lI+228, figs. 137). — This work treats mainly of the gross and minute anatomy of agricultural plants. It is not intended as a substitute for some of the more comprehensive botanical treatises, but is offered as a guide to the study of a number of types illustrative of the large number of agricultur;dly important plants. After a rapid review on the uses of the microscope, its tec!mi(iue, methods of ]irei>.'ii'ation. etc.. studies are given of a number of plant products. The author then takes up the following plants which are representative of types: Onion, asparagus, wheat, grape. l)ean, pea, sugar beet, hemp, fiax, mustard, cabl)age. potato, tobacco, gourd, dodder, broom rape, Melanipyrum, Jerusalem artichoke, carrot, parsnip, etc. Following these, studi(»s ar(> given on the structure of various timbei's used in <-onstruction. im-liiding oak. walnut, beech, alder, pine, spruce, etc. A brief bibliography of some of tlic more important literature is given at the end of each chapter. 624 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Hybridization of wild plants, D. T. MacDougal (Bot. Gas., JfS (1907), No. 1, PI). .'fJ-58, flfjfi. 4). — The author discusses the hybrid origiu of a number of so-called natural hybrids that exist wild, and In some instances he thinks the evidence favors such hybridity. The various conditions under which hybrids can be formed are deseril)od, and a list Is given of natural hybrids that have boiMi reported as occurring in the indigenous flora of North America. The action of ozone on germination, 11. Micheels and P. De Meen (Acad. Roll. BcJf)., Bui CI. Hci., 1!H)6, No. 6, pp. S6',-SG1, pU. 2).— The general interest in the physiological action of ozone, due not only to the radio-activity and other properties of the gas, but also on account of its frecpient production in the air. led the authors to study its effect on the germination of wheat. A specially devised apparatus was constructed to cut off the effects of static electricity, and after a preliminary soaking for 24 hours in tap water the seeds were placed to germinate, checks being maintained without ozone. In every instance the ozone had an injurious effect as shown not only in a decreased nuujber of germinations, but also in a marked diminution in the weight and size of the seedlings. The stimulating action of manganese on germination, II. Micheels and P. I)E riEEN (Acad. Roy. Bchj., Bill. CI. HcL, 1906, No. .5, pp. 2SS, 2cS\9).— Various investigators having shown the stimulating effect of manganese sulphate on rice (E. S. R., 16, pp. 42, 43) and on oats (E. S. R.. 17, p. 954), the authors carried on experiments to d'^termine the effect of a colloidal solution of manganese on the germination of wheat, comparisons being made with a colloidal solution of tin. In other experiments of the authors « a colloidal solution of tin was found to stinuilate the gcrminaticjn of peas and wheat. Not only was a gi'eater percent- age of germination oljtained, Imt there was a decided increase in the weiglit of the seedlings and tlie length of the root development. In tlie experiments with the colloidal solution of manganese even more marked stimulating effects were observed. These colloidal solutions are believed to act ui)on the reserve mate- rial of the seed, having a sort of diastatic role. Tlie effect of different solar radiations on the nitrogen content of wheat, J. DUMONT (Coiiipt. Rend. Acad. Hci. [Parish, l.'i3 {1901)). No. 2(!. pp. 1179- 1181) — In continuation of previous experiments (E. S. R., 17. p. 1141")), the author has studied the effect of different colored screens on the nitrogenous ma- terial in wheat. In the experiments reported equal areas of wheat in full flower were covered with frames containing different colored glass, and the effect of the different radiations on the total yield of straw, chaff", and grain, as well as the difference in tlie nitrogen content, was noted. Comparisons were made with equal areas of wheat grown in the open air and under frames containing clear glass. The total yields per square meter of straw, chaff, and grain for the different lots were as follows : Open air 666 gm., under clear glass 670 gm., black, or where all the visible spectra were cut off, 846 gin., green 856 gm., red 912 gm.„ and blue 952 gm. The nitrogen, albuminoids, and gluten were determined. There was found to be a progressive increase in the amount of nitrogen tlirough the clear, red, and green glass to the blue, after which there was a falling off" toward the other end of the spectrum. An examination of the figures i)resented shows that there is a decided influence on the nitrogen content of the plant on the part of the more refrangible rays of the spectrum. By reducing the amount of nitrogenous mate- ^ Acad, Roy. Belg., Bub CI, gcb, 1905, No. 7, pp. 310-318. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 625 rial 1() pcM'ciMitagos tliorc is shown to be at least ."><) per cent increase in the total nitrof^en in the i)lants jxrown under the blue glass. The author elainis that these experiments, as well as those previously reported, sliow that the radiations at the right of the siieetruni assist very materially in the translocation of nitrogenous materials, particularly the gluten in the wheat grain during the time of its ripening. They also favor the formation of albumi- noids, and it is claimed that their physiological action is no less imi»ortant tliau that of those at the other extremity. Toxic limits and stimulation effects of some salts and poisons on wheat, U. H. Jk.n.skn (Mot. (laz., .'/.? (l!)(n),\o. 1. t>i>. 1t-'i'h Pu^-S'i). — The present work was undertaken for the jmrpose of ascertaining the toxic limit for wheat plants in both solutions and soil cultures. The wheat seeds were germinated in sphag- num and in cpiartz and transplanted to water cultures or to parafllned wire l)askets containing ground quartz, after which they were supplied with culture solutions containing different strengths of copper sulphate, lead nitrate, silver nitrate, zinc sulphate, iron nitrate, iron chlorid, nickel nitrate, phenol, and alcohol. The responses to the toxic salts are said to be of two kinds, acceleration and a retardation of growth which progresses as the concentration increases until the death point is reached. The author compared the effect of the different substances tested on the total transpiration from each pot or culture, the average length of the sprout, the green weight and the dry weight of the plants. The different series of investigations are reported at length, and in conclusion the author points out that while considerable work has been done on toxicity, none has shown the definite effects of a poison in pure soil. Such experiments as have been made with garden loam are unreliable because of the multiplicity of inorganic and organic substances with wiiich the introduced poison may react. The author's investigations have shown that the introduction of pure quartz Hour into a toxic solution, in such proportion as to form an ordinary moist soil, reduces the toxicity of the solution in a marked degree. Whether this is due to absorption, to a reduced freedom of movement of the soil particles, or to some chemical changes is yet to be determined. Of the poisons tested all gave stimulating results in quartz, and all !)ut zinc and copper sulphates in the solution cultures. It is thought probable that in proper concentration these 2 might also be found stimulating. The more dilute Ihc fatal dose in solution, the more the toxic effect is reduced l)y the introduction of (piartz. Hence the range of concentrations, iioth fatal and accelerating, is much greater in solution than in soil cultures. The report concludes with a bibliography of literature i-elating to the sub.ject. Some investigations on the injury to plants by sewage, 1*. Ehrenrerg iZtschr. I'lUnizriih-niuk.. 10 H'.xk;), \o. J,, pp. ]!)3~20.>).—\ study was made to determine the effect on i)lant life of sewage from a sewage-disjiosal farm. It was found that the paper pulp, fat, and various salts carried by the sew- age had an injurious effect on all crops experimented with, the i)ai)er pulp and fat being mechaniciilly injurious, while th" salts were chemically noxious. In the case of icrcals the i)lats receiving the sewage W(>re later in ripening and yielded less grain in jtroitortion to straw than wher(> no sewage was ai)plied. In a nnnilier of iiist:iiH-es there seemed to be a greater tendency In jilant dis- e.-ises (in (he treated plats. The influence of concentration of nutrient solutions on the development of 2.'i577— No. 7— 07 3 626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. some algee, \. Aktari {-lahrb. ITm-. Bot. [Priiig.sheint], .'/.J (190G). Xo. 2, pp. ni-2V,: ahs. in Bot. Cctithl., 102 (1906), No. 23, p. 5.95).— Experiments were carried ou witli u nmulier of species of green algje in whicli the influence of different concentrations of nutrients was studied. It was found tliat ammonium nitrate, which serA-ed as a source of nitrogen for the algse, was witliout appreciable effect in solutions of 0.0.5 to 0.5 per cent. Higher concentrations retarded growth, until at 5 per cent all growth ceased. From the action of various salt solutions they were believed to have other effects than those due to their osmotic activity. The nutritive value of the different solutions of nitrogen varied somewhat, depending upon whether or not glucose was present in the solution. The stimulating effect of the glucose was apparent in strengths as low as 0.00.5 per cent, and it increased to an optimum for the different species of alga* between 0.5 and 2 per cent. The limit of concentration of the disaccharids was found to be almost double that of the monosaccharids. The retarding effect of sodium chlorid was very evident even in the weakest solution, and with an increase in strength of the solution the injurious effect was quickly shown. Magnesium sulphate had only a slight retarding influence. Tannin cells of persimmons, B. J. Howard (Bui. Torreij Bot. Clvb. 33 (1906), No. 11, pp 567-576, figs. 8). — In a pi'evious publication an account is given of the changes which take place in the tannin cells of persinnnons during ripening (E. S. R.. 17. p. G13), and in the present paper the subject is discussed at considerid)le length. The author has found that the tannin cells in the different species of per- simmon examined differ materially in appearance and that the changes taking place during the ripening process may be divided into three stages. In the green stage the tannin does not appear to be strongly localized, for though it appears most abundantly in the loose parenchyma tissue where the tannin cells are located, yet it is not limited to these cells nor even to the region where the cells are most abundant. In the second stage of ripening radical changes occur in the physical and possibly in the chemical constitution of the tannin. The tannin at this stage is being or has l)een collected into the tannin cells, and the contents of these cells become highly refractive. In the last stage the tannin masses have become highly refractive and the addition of water causes little, if any. swelling. The contents of the cells are friable, and pressure upon the cover slip results in the fracturing of the tannin masses into irregular fragments. While the disappearance of the astringency and the development of mushi- ness of the fruit are commonly associated, the author found that these fea- tures do not run parallel, as it frequently occurs that mushiness develops before the astringency is gone, while in other cases just the reverse is true. This is the case particularly in specimens of Japanese persimmons cured by the saki process. A study of beans yielding hydrocyanic acid, L. Guignard (Rev. Tit., 26 {1906), AO.S-. 655, pp. 5-9, pi. 1; 658, pp. 33-37; 658, pp. 89-95; 667, pp. 341-350, figs. 9; 67. 'f, pp. 5J,3-5J,7 ; 675, pp. 573-576; 677, pp. 626-631: 678, pp. 663-667; 679, pp. 689-69-'i; 680, pp. 715-721).— \u historical, botanical, and chemical study is given of Phaseolus lunatus, a number of the varieties of which have poisonous properties due to hydrocyanic acid. A number of forms that have been described as distinct species are by the author believed to lie varieties or cultural forms of /'. lunutus. Those ])rinci])ally studied were the white and colored .lava beans, Burma or white Indijin beans, Sieva beans. Cape beans, which are extensively cultivated in Madagascar, and Lima beaus. These dif- FIELD CROPS. 627 fereiit variotios are widely cnltivatod and oxtonsivoly used as #ood, altli()Uj;li a number of fatalities have heen attributed to their use. Descriptions of the different varieties and detailed reports of the cheniical studies are given. Praotically all varieties of I^. ]iin(ttits, whether wild or cultivated, were found to contain the principle which when acted upon by an enzyni yields hydrocyanic acid. The proportion of hydrocyanic acid varied from almost iiiapitrcciablc amounts in some of the more improved forms, like the Lima bean, to as mucli as 60 to 320 mg. per Kio gm. dry weight in certain varieties of Java beans. It was found impossible by cDoking to I'emove all the cyanogenetic compound in .Java beans. I'rokmged boiling e.xtracts the greater part, but it is merely withdrawn and not destroyed, and if the water is absorl)ed it presents the same danger as the beans themselves, since either in the alimentary tract or in the blood there ai-e sutticient ferments to act upon the dissolved glucosid, resulting in the liberation of hydrocyanic acid. Incidental to the investigation the author discovered a new method for detecting the i)resence of hydrocyanic acid in plants. It is based upon the action of hydrocyanic acid in changing to a red color a mixture of picric acid and an alkali through the formation of isopurpuric acid. Strips of blotting paper are soaked in an aqueous solution of picric acid, dried, imju'egnated with a solution of carbonate of soda, and again dried. A strii) of this paper sus- pended in a test tube containing 1 or 2 cc. of liquid containing hydrocyanic acid will after a time take on an orange red color, afterwards changing to red, the rapidity of coloration 'depending upon the temperature and amount of acid in the solution. A solution containing 0.005 mg. of hydrocyanic acid will change the paper to orange red in 12 hours, and 0.002 mg. will be indicated within 24 hours. A second Ohio weed manual, A. I>. Selry (OTiio Sfa. liuL 175. [jp. 21)l-.iS.'i. fiffs. 73). — This is a revi.sed and enhirged edition of Bulletin S:? of the station (E. S. R., 9, p. 10.54). After an introductory statement regarding the nature of weeds, methods of introduction and spread, vitality of weed seeds, etc., the author gives an illus- trated descriptive list of 385 species of weeds that have been observed to occur in Ohio. The more obvious characters of each weed are described and illus- trations presented of those which are most injurious or which have been but recently introduced. Wherever possible the seed characters of the plants are presented. The descrii)tive list is arranged at-cording to the plant families, the connnon and scientific names being given. The author calls attention to the occurrence of f^jreign seeds found in various samples of commercial seed, listing the species of weed seeds that have been observed in red clover, alfalfa, alsike clover, timothy, and oats. FIELD CROPS. A successful hog and seed-corn farm, W. .1. Spit.t.man (U. 8. Dcpt. Arjr.. Faniirrs' Bid. 272, pp. 16. ^f/.s'. 5). — This bulletin contains a description of the system of management on a successful hog and seed-corn farm in Illinois. The main points discussed are the general management of the farm, the construction of shelters for hogs, the culture of soy beans and corn, the feeding value of corn, clover, and soy ixvins. th(> rotations followed on the farm, and the financial results seciu'ed. Forage crop practices in western Oregon and western Washington, P.. IIi-XTKi; il . s. II, pi. Afir.. I'lininr.K Hiil. 211. pp. :i9, fKju. //).— This bulletin is identical with I'.ur. I'lant Indus. I'.ul. '.II ( K. S. It.. IS. \). 220). Annual report of the Burdwan Agricultural Experiment Station for 628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 1905-6, F. Smith (Ann. Rpt. Biirdiran Ea-pt. Sta. [hidia]. l<)li.-,-i;, pp. .i!) + XV}. — A brief description of the station and its work for the year is given. The results with rice indicate that the use of cow manure and nitrate ,i). — Brief reitorts are given on work conducted at the Waereng.-i, Unakur.i. Bickcrstatfe. Selwyn, Mofuihi, Weraroa, and Momoiiaki stations. Kx])eriments in to] (-dressing grass land at Waerenga showed that a single application of 10 cwt. per acre i)roduced the heaviest crop of grass, with the PTET.D (^ROPS. 629 largest proportion of loi^nniinous jMants. In iirowinc: potntoos n fertilizer ai)i)licntii)n consisting,' i>\' <', cwi. of boiic dnst. '2 cw I. <>f id with liordeaux mixture were satisfactory. At the Kuaknra station A ton of basic slag per acre was not as effective on grass as 2 cwt. of dissolved bone. Fertilizer and culture tests with various Held croiis are reported without comment. Algerian oats was in general the most rust-resistant variety of oats grow^n at Momohaki, and Abundance produced good crops. Marshall White Chaff wheat yielded 5:^, bu. i)er acre anil Cape Barley 78.S bu. Root crops responded quicker to superphosphate than to other forms of phosphoric acid. The use of 4 cwt. of superphosphate i)er acre produced a ton of increase in yield at a lower cost than any other application. Sutton Yellow Globe Mangold ranked first in production, with a yield of over 4G tons of roots per acre. At th(> Weraroa station 4 imported varieties of oats, Abundance, Storm King. Scotch Potato, and Goldfinder. yielded 31.2, 3G.2. 42.5. and 47..") bu. per acre, respectively. [Report on pasture and old land hay plats], D. A. Gilchrist iCoiiufi/ ]\"ort}iin)ih.. Ed. Com., Bill. S, iJii. J,.j-81. ihj)iis. 4). — This bulletin contains a report on .3 different series of experiments in progress for a number of years. The general results of all the trials show that for improving extensive areas of poor boulder clay pasture in Northumberland a dressing of 10 cwt. of basic slag per acre may be used with profit. Superphosphate and lime and phos- phatlc manures other than slag are useful for this imrpose, but not so profitable. It is believed that the initial treatment may be advantageously followed by dressings of 5 cwt. of slag per acre about eveiy 3 years, and the judicious feeding of cake to the grazing stock. For poor, old pasture on sandy soils slag, together with a potash manure, is recommended. The feeding of cake and the use of slag on poor pasture is considered as greatly aiding in the development of sweet herbage on the lowlands. Liming was found expensive and in'otitable only under special circumstances. At Cockle Park applications of slag and barnyard manure were very effec- tive in developing fine grass and clover on thin hay and pasture land. Where barnyard manure wa.s applied ])otash and nitrogenous fertilizers were not profitable. In one instance in these tests the use of a complete commercial fertilizer in combination with barnyard manure g;ive very poor results. The utilization of water by rye, barley, wheat, and potatoes, C. Seelhoust (Jour. Ijiinlir.. .',.', (19(i()) , \o. .',. mi. .31i!-.l',2). — The results reported show that on clay soil wheat required 333 gm. of water for the production of 1 gm. of dry matter, rye 375 gm., and potatoes ()().3 gm. The amount of water used by rye during .\pril and May was larger than the amount used by wheat, but after this period \intil harvest wheat used nmch more water than rye. From June 1 to .Tune 21 the (luantity of water used by I'ye increased slightly, while that used by wheat increased considerably. Roth crops reached their maximum on .June 21. The water utilization of the ])otato increased quite rajiidly from the end of May to .July lo. and from this date until August 1 it remained about the same. Re- ginning .Vugnst 1. the (luantity of water used decreased quite rapidly at first .-ind then gradually until harvest. 630 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. On sandy soil the quantity of water used to produce 1 gm. of dry substance in the grains ranged from 440.5 gni. to 501.2 gui., while for potatoes the range was from 58.4 to 61.4 gni. It is pointed out that the quantity of water transpired by these i)lants stood in direct relation to the yield, and as the production of a crop is largely dependent u])on the supply of available nitrogen in the soil, it is con- cluded that the requirements for nitrogenous fertilizers and water Itear a rela- tion to one another. The effect of injury to the spike and the stem of grains, C. Euerhart and ri. iNlETZNEK {Fiililiinf'.s Laiidir. Zt/;. 109-~i25). — A previous paper on this subject is reviewed and the results of later work are reported. It was found in worlc with barley that injury to the spike caused a decrease of 14 per cent in the yield of grain, the breaking of the stem in the first or upper internode a reduction of 28 per cent, and a combination of the two injuries a loss in yield of 38.5 per kernels 92 times in 100 drops. Where shallow kernels were used, 3 kernels were dropped 95 times in 100 drops, as compared with OG times where the whole ear was used and 75 times where deej) and shallow kernels were mixed. Hints on preparing for and holding local corn shows, A. T. Wiancko and M. L. Fisher (Indiana »S'/f/. Virc. 1, pp. 13, figs. 2). — Directions are given for the selection and preparation of exhibits of corn for show purposes. Notes are presented on the time and place of holding corn shows, the arrangement and disiiosition of the exhibits, the judging of the corn, and the premiums ofit'ei'ed. Breeding an early, rapid fruiting, and productive cotton, R. L. Bennett (Tcras- Kta. Bill. 7.9, />/>. !i. fi(/s. .'> ) . — This work has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 10, p. 807). This bulletin contains a brief account of the breeding work during the 2 years these observations have been in progress. The investigations have shown that early cottons have short joints, with the first fruit limbs near the ground, and that late cottons have long joints, with the first fruit limbs a considerable distance above the ground. For early fruit- ing in the plants selected the first fruit limbs should not be higher than the fifth joint above the seed leaf joint and the first primary or wood limbs not above the fifth joint and not exceeding four in number. For rapid fruiting the joints on the main stem, fruit limbs, and primary limbs must be short, preferably not over 2 or 3 in. The fruit limbs should grow in succession at each joint of the main stem and primary limbs and be continuous in growth lor continuous fruiting, and for productiveness the bolls should be at least U in. in diameter, the percentage of lint to seed cotton not less than 33A, and the growth rapid and vigorous. The rate of growth is considered very iinpor- tant, and it is pointed out that the larger the plant of the type the greater its inherent rate of growth, its earliness, rapidity of fruiting, and yield. The improvement of the cottons of the Bombay Presidency, F. Fletcher (At/r. .lour. India. I {lUflli). Xo. J, />/*. .i.')l-3S!l. inapx 2\. — Cotton culture in the Bombay Presidency is described and a review of some of the experimental 632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. work with the crop, tO]S:ether with an outline of the improvement work is given. The ") different cotton growing tracts of tlie Presidency are noted in detail. Varieties of Egyptian cotton have l)een introduced and in the case of indige- nous varieties at least one extremely promising hybrid has been secured, although sufficient seed has not yet been grown for distribution. In the variety tests the Broach variety did not give a larger yield of seed cotton per acre than Kunipta, but owing to lietter ginning results its value was at least 20 per cent greater. The iiercentage of fiber of both varieties was lower in years of small rainfall. In a comparison with the Egyptian Abassi, Sea Island gave a higher yield and the crop is estimated at about 30 per cent greater in value. Tree cottons gave promising, but as yet, indefinite results. The application of heavy and medium di'essings of barnyard manure largely reduced both the quality and the quantity of the crop. The fertilizer experi- ments and irrigation tests indicated that the quantity of manure applied must be regulated by the quantity of water the crop receives, and that in most parts of India water is by far the more important of the two. Commercial fertilizers have not shown themselves effective, but this is considered due to a shortage of rain. Kumpta and American cotton planted in June and July gave much better yields than when planted in August and September. Supply and distribution of cotton, D. C. Roper {liKr. of the Census [U. .S'.] Bill. ()3. pji. 2-')). — This bulletin constitntes a report on the supply and distribu- tion of cotton for the year ending August 31, 1900. In addition to these statistics, the latest available data relative to the consumption of cotton and to the imports and expoi'ts of this staple and its manufactures in other impor- tant manufacturing countries are given. The total supply was 13.055,200 running bales. Stocks held September 1, 1005, amounted to 1.934,548 bales. Cotton grown in 1905 returned as ginned after August 31, 1905, amounted to 10,248,947 bales and that grown in 1900 returned as ginned before September 1, 1900, to 407.551 bales. The shortage in ginners' returns of production for growth of 1905 as shown by distribution statistics was 336,739 bales, and the net imports for the year ending August 31, 1906, reached 127,475 bales. The distribution is summarized as follows: Exported, 6,673,041 bales; consumed, 4,909,479 bales; destroyed by fire. 25.760 bales ; stocks held August 31, 1906, 1,356,980 bales. Culture and utilization of cyperus, Bui-Quang-Chieu (Bill. Eeon. Indo- Chine, ri. set:, 9 {1906), No. 57, pp. 974-998, figs, i.5).— The culture, preparation for market, commerce, and use of this plant are discussed, and a botanical account of different species is given. Flax culture, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota 8ta. Bui. 11, pp. 139-216. />/.s\ 22). — This bulletin is a treatise on methods of flax culture, soil characteristics, and methods of handling the crop in the United States, Holland, Belgium. Germany, Russia. Austria, and Hungary. The conditions and prospects of flax culture in the United States are discussed and methods for the improvement of the flax industry in America reconnnended. The European explorations and investigations by the author were made for the purpose of obtaining new varieties and strains of flax adaptable to differences in soil and climate and possessing greater resisting capabilities to flax wilt and other diseases affecting flax culture. Each step in the culture of the crop, as well as in its preparation for spinning and weaving purposes in the different countries visited, is described in detail. For the improvement of flax growing in this country the author reconunends the use of home-grown seed graded to a bright, i)lump type and treated with a solution of 1 lb. standard 40 per cent formaldehyde in 40 gal. of water. He fur- FTKLD CROPS. 633 tlicr ndvisos tho prnrtir-o of r-rnp rotntinn. inr-lndinir nt loast two rnltivntod crops :iik1 two or more years in jirass and i)asture. avoidinj; the use of jioorly foni- |)oste(l barnyard niamire contaiiiiiif: tlax straw and never to employ plows, harrows, and other tools used on wilt-infected land in working healthy soil. The extension of jute cultivation in India, K. S. Finlow (Agr. I'r.scitrch lust. I'usa [India] Bill. ,3, J!K)6. pp. 'iC maps ,1). — This hulletin is a report on a lour made for the purpose of investifiatiuf? the possibility of extending the cultivation of jute to areas outside of Bengal. The conditions favorable for Jute cultivation are summarized as a high temperature, a deep soil of fairly tine texture, a rainfall of over 4(i in. so distributed that the young plants have plenty of moisture to grow vigorously, but the hulk of the fall taking place when the crii]i is moi'e mature, and a sullicicnt supply of <'lear, water for retting. (Jeiieral directions for cultivating jute are given and the condition of the indus- try in diffei'ent sections of India is described. Mineral matter in the lower parts of oat stems in its relation to lodging. D. LiK.N.vr and A. Stitzku {Laiidir. Vris. ,Stat.. Ii'> (lUdl!), .Vo. 3-'/. ii/i. 2.7.9- 263). — A review of work previously noted (E. S. R., 15. p. Tti!)). with the I'esults given in a <-oncise form and systematically arranged. Potato investigations, W. J. Green and C. W. Waid (Ohio Htu. Bid. 11 Ji, l>l). .i'il-.is<). figs. IS). — The work here reported consisted of spraying and seed selecti<»n experiments and variety tests. Among the l.")0 varieties grown in 1905. Thorburn White Peachblow. Improved Early Kose. Lily White. Uncle Sam. Lee Favorite, Sensation, Miller-Brook, Rovee. ('racker Jack, and Irish Cobbler produced the heaviest yields. Of the varieties tested the past 3 years Thorburn White Peachblow. Uncle Sam, Improved Early Kose. Sunnners, Early Kose, Whiton White Mannuoth. Spring Valley No. 2(Xl(>. Seedling No. 110. Sensation, and Sweet Home were the highest producers. Admiral Dewey. Bovee, Early Harvest. Early Ohio. Early Trumbull, .•Hid Irish Cobbler are recommended for early market varieties, and Carman No. 3. Ionia Seedling. President Koosevelt, Thorburn White Peachblow. Vt. Gold Coin, and W. W. Mammoth for late market sorts. Bovee, Early Ohio, Early Manistee, and Maxima are recommended as early varieties for home use, and President Roosevelt, Thorburn White Peachblow, Vt. Gold Coin, Vornehm, and W: W. Mammoth as late varieties for home use. A number of other varie- ties also gave good yields, hut have not as yet been fully tested. Of the varieties grown the past two seasons 33 per cent showed susceptibility to and 30 per cent resistance to early blight. It is stated that by selecting seed fi'om hills showing a tendency to resist the early blight a strain may be secured which would be resistant but not immune. Late blight at the station was controlled to a considerable extent by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, the gain from spraying amounting to 3(! per cent. Rice culture in Tonkin, Bui-QuANG-CHifiu (Bui. Eeon. Indo-Chhir. n. aer., !) { t'.xiit). \(i. ■')■'). PI). lSl-H3i). fif/s. 7). — A monograph on rice cultiu-e in Tonkin describing the different methods practiced in growing, px-eparing, and marketing the crop, noting the different varieties cultivated and giving statistics with reference to jn'odnction and consmniition of rice in that country. The influence of fertilizer applications on the composition of the grain of rye, S. de Grazia and S. Caldieki (.S7«r. Hper. Afjr. lUil., 39 {liWG). A'o. 6-7, l))). '>lJi-')2H) . — Exjieriments were made with nitrate of soda, sulithate of am- monia, chlorid of jiotash. and sulphate of potash. The results indicate th.at ai)parently the content of ash and fat is not inliu- enced by the use of nitrogenous or potassic fertilizers. Applications of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia increased the percentage of albuminoids, the nitrate of soda being the more effective in this regard. Chlorid and sulphate of 634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. potash exerted n smaller influence on the albuminoid content. Sn.s:ar and starch showed but little v.iriation. The auiids increased with the use of each of the four substances. Chlcirid of ])otash was most effective in this respect, while the sulphate stood next in influence to nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. Through the action of each of these substances the cellulose content was de- creased, chlorid of potash causing the greatest and sulphate of potash the small- est decrease. Solanum commersoni, L. Bussard {.Jour. Agr. Prat., n. Her., 12 {1906), No. J/9, i)[). 711-713). — A violet strain of Holanum commersoni was compared with Giant Blue potato and the results showed that the »S'. commersoni variety gave a yield (U per cent greater than the Giant Blue. In other tests here discussed the yielding capac-ity was also in favor of »Sf. commersoni. In one experiment a i)lant of this strain. i)lanted, August 15, had produced 000 gm. of tubers I)y October l.'). Breeding seedling varieties of sugar cane by means of crossing and chemical selection, J. D. Kop.us {Meclcd. Proefstat. Oost-Java, Jf. ser., 1907, No. 29, pp. 13l-l.'t3). — Experiments were made with the varieties Cheribon and Chun- nee, canes of high and of low sugar content of both varieties being crossed in different combinations. The results indicated that in the heavy plants secured from the high sugar content parents, as well as those secured from the low sugar content parents, the dilTerence in sugar content was about equal to the average difference of all plants in both groups. The seedlings highest in sugar and descending from parents with a high sugar content were heavier than those coming from the low sugar content group. It was further observed that the seedlings of a high sugar content coming from selected plants high in sugar were much more numerous than the seedlings from selected low sugar content parents. This showed that the chances of obtaining seedlings high in sugar content are three times as great in using high sugar content parents as in using low sugar content parents. The sugar-cane experiment station, T. F. Sedgwick {Estac. Expt. Cana Azuciir [Pcni^ lioU. 1. 2. 3, '/. pp. Ji2, pis. J,). — The first bulletin in this collec- tion describes the general working plan of the station, the second points out the technical management of sugar-cane plantations in Peru, the third presents a detailed plan of the lines of work undertaken, and the fourth rei)orts the results of observations on the seed production of sugar cane. The results secured show that seedless canes stand higher in sugar content and purity than seed-producing canes. Saving the sweet potato crop, G. W. Carver {Alabama Tuskegee Sta. Bid. 10, pp. Ill, pgs. ()). — Observations made on the methods of storing sweet pota- toes indicate that potatoes dug and banked after a long dry period generally kept well, while those dug and banked after and during a rainy season almost without exception kept poorly. It was also observed that if potatoes were cut or broken and the milky juice turned to a dark gi'eenish color when dried in the air they kept poorly, but if the juice dried white and the injury showed a tendency to heal over they kept well. Directions for harvesting and storing a crop are given. To store sweet pota- toes successfully it is recommended that the plants be set out as early in th? spring as late frosts permit, to house or bank the crop only when thoroughly ripe, and to avoid all injury in harvesting. Technical bulletin on the cultivation of tobacco, A. Splendore {Bol. Tec. Coltir. Tahavchi \Scafati], .5 {190U). No. J,-5, pp. 172, pis. .59).— Several types of tobacco and a long list of varieties are described. Abstracts of experiments with tobacco by a nmnber of investigators are given, and the results of inves- tigations at the Royal Experiment Station at Scafati are reported. TfrmTTCT^LTUPIE. ()35 A cross between the varieties Sa lento and Italia ranked lower in bnrnin;? quality than Kentucky. A reduced dcvt'lopnient of the leaf was associated with a diminished burnius capacity. The huiiiiii;: quality also diminished from the top toward the base of the leaf, and I lie use of potash as a fertilizer seemed to iucrfasc the combust 11 >ilit.\ of the middle iM)rtion of tlu' leaf. The weight per thousand plants and per hcctai-c was greater when Ki leaves were allowed to develop per plant than when from 11 to l."> were left to irrow. It is advised to allow !> or 10 leaves to develoj) on plants of the cross between the Salento and Italia varieties. The wei^dit of the crop increased with the increase of potash given in the fertilizer, but this increase was not sutticient to cover the e.xiK'use of the application. The i)roducti(m of a second crop did not cover expenses and indicated the dilliculty of maturinic plants in the fall. The typical variety of Nicotiana tabacum, (J. E. An astasia {BoI. Tec. Col tic. Tahacclii [.Scofati], o il!)06), Xo. 1-2-3, pp. 2J,0, pis. 25, figs. 45, dgms. 3). — Descriptions of different tyiK's and numerous varieties of tobacco are given and the leaf characters of many of them are noted. In addition the bul- letin presents abstracts on experimental work with tobacco carried on in differ- ent countries and discussions of the cultural work with tobacco in different tobacco-growing sections of Ital.v. Descriptive notes on typical varieties of wheat grown in New South Wales, F. B. Guthrik (Agr. Gaz. \. S. Wales, 11 (1906), Ao. 12, pp. 1173-1205, lUjK. 21). — A list of 28 varieties are described with reference to their character- istics of growth and their milling qualities. The types represented Include the Farrer cross-bred wheats, comprising improved soft, weak-flour wheats and strong-flour wheats. A number of durum wheats are also included in the list. HORTICULTURE. Laboratory work in plant breeding, R. A. Emerson {Ann. Rpt. Xehr. Hort. Soc, 31 (1906). pp. 211-282). — The importance of laboratory work in teaching the sub.iect of plant breeding is pointed out and suggestions given on the value of practical work along this line to the student and on the use of material for hybridization such as peas, beans, squash, pumpkins, etc. Fertilizing garden crops with lime-nitrogen (Dent. Landic. Presse, 3Jf (19(11). \o. 5. p. 30. fif/s. 1). — Some data are given showing the results secured in fertilizing onions and cucumbers with lime-nitrogen, either alone or com- liined with other fertilizers, and on various soils. With onions it proved more efhcient in increasing the yields than either nitrate of soda or suli)liate of anunonia. With cucumbers any omission of lime-nitrogen in the formula used resulted in decreased yields. It is claimed that lime-nitrogen is as suitable tor fertilizing garden crops on all soils except sour moor and sterile sand as any of the usual forms of commercial nitrogen. A new muskmelon (Cal. Cult., 28 (1901), Ao. 2, p. 25. figs. 3). — An account is given of a new variety of muskmelon, having a hard shell not unlike that of the IIubl)ard sipiash, but less than i in. in thickness, of good ([uality, and es- l)ecial'.y i)romising as a winter melon. The melon contains practically no seed cavity, the .seeds l)eing embedded in the pulp. The flesh is light yellowish green in color, without fiber, and of an unusually good flavor. It is thought it will be of especial value is a bite fall incluii long .ifter the casabas are gone, coming into the market altout ("hristm.is time, and it is believed that its firm shell will permit of its being shipped all over the United States. The melon has not yet been named. Chillies or capsicums, W. R. P.uttenshaw (Wcit Imllan linl. 1 (1906), Ko. S, pp. 213-221). — Quite an extensive account is given of the culture of chil- 636 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lies in different countries of the ^Yorkl, with a review of the more recent litera- ture on the suliject and .-;i)eciHr dirottions for cultivation. Study on Rheum rhaponticum, U. Cristofoletti (Inauy. /J/.s.s., Univ. Bern, I'JO.i. pp. 6.i. pis. .', ) . — A bricl' historical account is ^iven of rhubarb from the standiMjint of its use in medicine, with the results of a chemical study of the plant from the standpoint of the druggist. Horticultural section, W. J. Palmer (Nem Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt.. llf {1906), pp. 2Jf7~25,j, pis. 16). — An outline of the horticultural work carried on durijig the year at the Momohaki experiment station with different fruits and vegetables. The Northern Spy apple has been found especially desirable as an apple stock because of its fibrous-rooted nature and its total resistance to aphis. Trees which have borne practically no fruit on Paradise stocks when grafted on Northern Spy stocks have borne well every season, and the union has been more jterfect than on the Paradise stocks. Hypodermic injections in plants (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., J/l (1907), No. 1045, p. 8). — An account taken from the Journal de la 8ociete Nationale d' Horti- culture de France is given of the work of J. M. Simon in injecting nutritive fluids into the stems of trees and other plants as a means of rejuvenation. For trees a receptacle containing the fluid to be injected is placed at a height of about G ft. above the ground level. From this a pipe is carried down nearly to the level of the soil, to which a funnel-shaped curved tube is attached at the base and made to penetrate the young wood at the roots of the tree. By this means a certain amount of pressure is secured. The work has been carried on with apples, peaches, vines, and potatoes. In the case of the peach purin was injected mixed with water, as a result of which a decrepit tree was made to grow vigorously. Other materials used were nitrate of potash and certain chemical solutions closely resembling sap in composition. By this method of treatment peach trees that had previously been attacked with blister dropped their leaves and produced new ones which were unaffected by the fungus. A» solution of copper sulphate injected into vines resulted injuriously in part, but with the aid of copious waterings the leaves partially recovered, and at the end of the experiment neither Oidium nor mildew was to be seen either on the foliage or berries. A like arrangement was used in injecting fluid into cabbage, cauliflowers, and potatoes, the receptacle containing the licpiid being at a height of from .3 to 4 ft. above the collar of the plant, at which place the funnel-shaped cannula was inserted. The importance of lime as a plant food for seedlings, von Brehmer (Oartenwelt, 11 (1907), No. 1.',. pp. 163, 16',. ftii. J).— The author points out the greater use that seeds in germination and first growth make of lime over potash or phosphoric acid and gives the results of a germination test with seeds of a number of varieties of flowers with and without lime. In every instance a much larger germination percentage was secured where an abundance of lime was present. Relative to the use of lime it is stated that if quicklime is used it should be applied to the soil at least 8 weeks before the seed is planted. The carbonate, on the other hand, can be applied within a day of planting without injurious results. In any case the lime should be thoroughly well mixed with the soil before the seeds are planted. Plant breeding in relation to American pomology, W. M. Munson (Maine Hta. Bui. 132, pp. lJi9-176). — A brief account is given of the methods of work heretofore employed in plant breeding as related to the development of American fruits. The results accomplished up to the present time in breeding straw- HORTICULTURE. 637 horrios. ffr:ii)ps, i)0;irs. npplos. plums, Itlnokhorrips, etc.. aro noted nnd n nnmher (if the unsolved iii'ohlcnis now < onrronlinsj AnitMMcan ponioloj^ists niontioiied. Tlie author holds that the pi'acticc of pnipajjatinj; our conunon fruits as followed by most nurserymen is radically wronj;'. tending to deterioration of varieties rather than to imi)rovement, since buds are often selected promiscuously from either bearing or barren trees and from luirsery stock of unknown character. Results from work in breeding hardy fruits, ('. (J. 1'attkx (.1h». Rpt. Xrhr. Ilort. tcond crop is i)ut on. P.y this method the soil is Iccpt stirred throughout the suiiiiuer and the trees are kt'pt going until Se]j- teniiier." Olive pickling, V. T. P.ioi.etti { Cdlifoiiiid Sin. Circ. 2'/. pp. /'/, fifjs. 12). — .V discussion is here given of the value of olives as food, with details of the best methods of gathering, sorting, grading, pickling both ripe and green olives, 638 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, and preservinj;; by heatinjc;, with an account of varieties best suited for the different pui'poses. The bulletin is based on earlier publications of the station (E. S. R., 14, p. 441). Growing oranges forty years, PI. M. Stringfellow {Texas Farm and Ranch. 25 (1906). No. 51. p. 11). — The author has grown oranges in southern Texas since 186.5, and in this article gives the results of his experience during the time. Generally speaking, the results have been unfavorable, as about the time the trees were coming into bearing they were killed by exceptionally cold winters. The dates of these various killing winters are recorded in some detail. Date palm, F. Fletcher (Dcpt. Land Rec. and Af/r. lionihai/. Bui. 28. pp. 11). — The object of this publication is to encourage the culture of the date palm In India. Detailed discussion is given of the conditions necessary for the culture of the date palm, with an account of the attempts that have been made in India to improve and extend its culture, including the present aspect of the situation. Besides a discussion of all the usual cultural details, tabular data are given for a large number of well-known varieties as regards production, name of variety, time of ripening, soil required, principal markets, etc. Mangoes, .1. B. Beach {Fhi. Ac/r.. 33 (1906). Xo. J,l. p. 7.03).— The author gives his experience extending over a number of years in grafting and budding mangoes. Contrary to the results secured by Oliver, who prefers budding (E. S. R., 16, p. 3(")5), he has found inarching with pot-grown trees the only practical method of propagating nursery stock. California crop statistics 1905-6 (Cal. Fruit Grotvcr. 3.', (1906). No. 963. p. 5). — The almond yield for the year 1905-6 is placed at 2,100 tons, beet-sugar output (;4,21<) tons, brandy production 4,070.902 gal., canned fruit and vegetable pack 4,475,751 cases, citrus fruit shipments 27,610 cars, cui'ed fruit and raisin output 120,700 tons, honey yield 10,000,000 lbs., hop crop 78.000 bales, prune output 62..500,000 lbs., raisin yield 90,000.000 lbs., vegetable shipments 67.900 tons, walnut yield 6,400 tons, and wine production 26,502,.S10 gal. The entire issue of the Fruit Groircr is devoted to a review of the production of different crops in California and. in some cases, elsewhere during the year 1905-6. Cocoanuts, P. Hubert (Le Cocotier. Pari./. Ai/r. Mitdni^ Bill. .16'. PI). 123-133, pis. 3). — V l)otanical account is ^iven of the principal species and varieties of cultivitted black i)ei)per vines. The ."'> main types of good vines iire the Halaincotta, K.allivalli, and ('beriakodi. These classes with the several varieties cominj; under each are described. I'lates are also f?iven sbowinj; liepper flowers and fruits of the different classes. Every farmer can raise evergreens, C. S. Harrison (Ticciiiictli Cent. Far- mer. 1907. No. 317, p. 9, figs. 3). — As a I'esult of 35 years' experience in the semi- arid regions of tlu> West the author states that in growing seedlings of the pon- derosa or bull iiiiie. the best results are secured if they are grown in the open sunlight. If grown under screens they are likely to damp off and it is difficult to get a good stand. (Jenerally speaking, the seed should be sown in the fall, but spring sowing can be made if the seed is first soaked in warm water, the water being changed every 12 hours and the seed kept in a warm place. Thus treated, the seed will sprout within '^ or 4 days, when it should be planted in a well-prepared bed and covered with an inch of sand or fine earth. The soil must be kept moist until the plants come up. Seed two or three years old has been found as satisfactory as new seed. About a pint is used to each 8 feet square of bed surface. In digging np the trees he advises that the roots be obtained full length. Fair success has been obtained by digging the trees from the seed beds when 4 years old, but prefer- ence is given to plants 1 to 2 years old. The action of ether in forcing plants (Amer. Florisit. 27 (1906). No. 968. PIK lo.'il. 1(1.12). — This is a translation of an article taken from Revue Horticole giving an account of ■") different experiments in the use of ether for forcing l)lants. In i)reparing lilacs for forcing it is stated that they are dug up about Octo- ber 1.5, when the buds are well formed, with a ball of earth attached and left in the open if the weather be dry, or put under sheds if it rains. In either case, the leaves are left upon the branches. After 2 to 4 days, when the plants wilt and the bark begins to wrinkle, ;ill the leaves are cut off, leaving the stems, whii-h are not easily removed. The plants are stored 7 or 8 days in a dry l)lace and then taken into the greenhouse for forcing. Gener.'illy speaking, the action of the ether was found to vary greatly, depending upon whether the plants wi're rested or not. With rested plants (>therization hastened the blooming jieriod but a few days, while with non- rested plants it reduced the forcing period by half and gave far better blooms. At a temperature of (i(i° and a dry atmosphere .'! to 4 oz. of ether per cubic yard was found sufficient, wiiilc in .n moist atmos])here np to 8 oz. was used with impunity. The duration of the etherization process should correspond with the time necessary for a com])lete evaporation of the ether used. In a di'y atmosphere the temperature should not be over (iO to ('>~>°. but if the air is moist, 70 to 77° is not too warm. Etherization appears to be most effective with lil.-ics. Much less f.avorable results were secured with snowballs. Azaha iiioDi-s. iind Dciitzkt (irucilix. In .". tests with lily of the valley, the first gi-nwth :ii)i)ear(>d (piite rapid, but the l)looming period was in no case hastened niore than is Ikhu's. 640 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. FORESTRY. Forest planting in eastern Nebraska, F. G. Miller ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Forest /S'prr. Virc. 'i-l, pp. .32). — A study was made of the forest plantations in eastern Nebraslia to ascertain the species of trees best suited for planting throughout the region. The plantations already in existence were studied with reference to their silvicultui'al requirements, the amount and value of wood products grown, and the effect of different methods of planting. The planting of forests has decreased in eastern Nebraska in recent years, and some of the earlier planted forests are being cut off. Tables are given showing the height and diameter growth of the principal species of trees planted in eastern Nebraska over a period of .50 years, the amount of heart wood in trees of various diameters, and the yield of cottonwood on bottom land and on upland, as well as the yield of catalpa. green ash, black walnut, honey locust, osage orange, white willow, silver maple, box elder, Russian mulberry, white elm, Lombardy poplar, black locust, and various other species of broad- leaf trees and of pines. The data obtained show that hardy catalpa, osage orange, black walnut, cottonwood, white willow, green ash, and honey locust can be grown with profit in eastern Nebraska. " Hardy catalpa, osage orange, and green ash should be planted chiefly for fence posts, white willow for fuel, black walnut for lumlter, and cottonwood for fuel and lumber. All attain their best develop- ment in rich, well-drained valleys. Cottonwood, white willow, and black walnut are essentially bottom-land trees. Osage orange should be planted on upland only in fertile soils in southeastern counties. The range of hardy catalpa in upland planting is considerably wider, but it must have good soil. Green ash and honey locust are especially adapted for dry upland planting in the more western and southwestern counties. ... In the sand hills some of the coni- fers, such as western yellow pine and jack pine, undoubtedly may be planted with profit, since land values are certain to remain low." Holding force of railroad spikes in wooden ties, W. K. Hatt (U. 8. Dept. Afjr., Forest Sen: Circ. -'i6. pp. 7, iigs. Ji). — Tests were made to compare the relative holding force of common, channeled, and common screw spikes, and Illinois Central screw spikes, when driven into railroad ties of both hai'd and soft woods in different states of seasoning and when treated with preservatives. The common spikes weighed 16.5 to the 100 lbs., common screw spikes 85 to the 100 lbs., channeled spikes 200 to the 100 lbs., and Illinois Central screw spikes 85 to the 100 lbs. The results of the tests are given in tabular form. As regards the common screw spikes the tests show that they resisted withdrawing with from 2 to .3 times the force of the common spikes, the resist- ance being most marked in the softer woods. In soaked loblolly pine the channeled spikes had about 60 per cent of the hohling power of screw spikes and about 12 per cent more holding power than connnon spikes. The common screw and Illinois Central screw spikes had practically the same holding power in loblolly pine. The holding power of seasoned ties was found to be greater than that of steamed ties. With connnon spikes knotty ties had about 25 per cent less holding i»ower than clear ties. With the screw sjiikes. on the other hand, a knotty tie had .".5 jicr cent greater holding power than a clear one. The holding iM)wer of a natural tie and of one steamed for 4 hours at 30 lbs. pressure was found to be about the same. " Steaming for 4 hours at less than 30 lbs. appeal's to increase tlie holding power, while steaming for more than 4 hours at 20 ll)s. decreases it. Ties steamed and crcosoted or steamed and treated with zinc chlorid appear to have less holding i)ower than those simply steamed." FOKESTRY. 641 Strength of packing boxes of various woods, W. K. IIatt ( r. S. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Scrr. Cirr. .'/7, /)/>. N. /ieing taken not to lower the temperature." The subjects of moist-air drying, preliminary seasoning, preliminary use of steam in the kiln, prolonged submersion of the wood in water, etc., are also discussed. Timber used in the mines of the United States in 1905, R. S. Kellogg (U. 8. Dcpt. Ayr., Forest Scrv. Circ. 1,9, pp. 8). — Of 14,000 mines to which inquiries were sent regarding the use of timber, 5,000 reported that timber was used and nearly 0,000 reported no use of timber. From the data obtained, which it is calculated covered fully 90 per cent of the total amount of timber used during the year, a total of 165,535,900 cu. ft. of round timber and 435,944.000 board feet of sawed timber is shown. Or if the round timber be reported in board feet the total for use in mines would be 2,422.374.800 board feet. The quantity of timber used in the different kinds of mines, such as bituminous and anthracite coal, iron mines, and mines for precious metals, is shown for each of the different woods in tabular form. The principal mine timbers, both round and sawed, are pine and oak. The total cost of the timber used during the year was $1(),5(K),000. The States in which the cost of mining timber exceeded $500,000 are Penn- sylvania, Montana, Arizona, Illinois, Michigan, West Virginia, Colorado, and California. "Wood used for distillation in 1905, H. M. Hale (V. S. Dept. Ayr., Forest *scrr. Circ. .')(), pp. 3). — Statistics secured from 82 distillation plants in the United States are given, showing the amount of wood used and the products produced. The total amount of wood used was G7G.739 cords, resulting in 26,070.130 bu. of charcoal, 5.062,076 gal. of alcohol, 86,685,129 lbs. of acetate of lime, 238.180 gal. of turpentine, and 1,039.980 gal. of tar and oil, besides 434,780 gal. of oil from pine distillation. The chief States in which woods are used for distillation purposes are Pennsylvania, Michigan, and New York. The quantity of pine distilled and its products were insignificant when compared with those of hard-wood, there being but 16,969 cords of pine distilled. Wood used for veneer in 1905, H. M. Hale (T. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Sere. Circ. 51, pp. .'/). — Data received from 128 manufacturers of veneer in the United States were compiled for the year 1005. More than 189,000.000 ft. log measure is used for veneering purposes. Of the veneer stock produced in 1905 21.8 per cent was made from red gum, 14.5 from maple, 14.4 from yellow i)oplar, 0 from cottonwood, and 8.0 from white oak. About one-third of the establishments used no artificial process in drying. Thirty-nine establishments used the cores from the rotary process in veneer mak- ing for fuel," and 33 converted them into excelsior. In one instance they were used for pulp, in another for porch posts, and in others for crates, boxes, and baskets. The lumber cut of the United States in 1905, S. R. Kellogg {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest 8erv. Circ. 5^, pp. 23, figs. 3). — Statistics for the lumber cut in the United States in 1005 were secured through cooi»eration with the National Lum- ber Manufacturers" Association and other lumber associations by correspondence. The data secured show that 11,666 establishments cut 30,502,061,000 ft. of FORESTRY. 643 luiiilKM- ill T.M):". Ill refoiit years there iii)i)ears to be ii decrease in llie nninber of hiiiilicr estaltlislnueiits. with a gain in the individual output. The largest amount (if luiiihcr was fui-uished by yellow pine, followed by white pine. Doug- las lir, heudoek. wliilf oak. sjiruce. etc. The amount of luiiibcr jiroduccd by all llie differcid sitecies of trees in the various States is given in dct.-iil in tabular form, from which it appears that Arkansas leads in the production of red gum and cottonwood. ("aliforida in western yellow pine and redwood. Idaho in western while pine. Indiana in hickory and walnut. Kentucky in yellow poplar. Louisiana in yellow pine and cypress, Maine in spruce and balsam. Michigan in maple, beech, and ash. :Min- nesota in white pine, Montami in larch, reinisylvania in hendock and chestnut, Tennessee in red oak. West \'irginia in white oak. and Wisconsin in basswood, birch, elm. and tamarack. The shingle cut in l!)or> by 2.r.47 ndlls was ir),;!4(l.;Hllt.i>(HI, and the total lath cut in I'.Hir. by l.SOl nulls was :!.111,ir,T,()U0. Notes on the influence of forests on the storage and regulation of the ■water supply, S. Eauuley-Wilmot ([Imliaii] Forest Bui. 'J, in>- oS, pU. 3). — A summary is given of European research into the interrelation between forests and rivers, with a discussion of the application of results of European research (o Indian conditions. Heretofore the forests of India have been niauiiged with- out s])ecial reference to water supply and stream flow. The great desirability of consiclering this phase of the subject is pointed out at length. In the appendix the priucip.d rivers of India are noted and extracts given from the proceedings of the American Forest Congress in VM)~i. Forest litter and nitrogen, IIoknkerger {Ztschr. Forst u. Juijdic, 3H (IDO(j), A^t». l,i, pp. 77-5-78/). — I''urther experiments are reported by the author (E. S. R., IT, p. r)()4) to determine whether decaying leaves in forests are able to increase their total nitrogen content by fixation of a certain amount of the free nitrogen of the air. The materials used were oak and hornbeam leaves. Data obtained in 8 different experiments are tabulated and the conclusion is drawn from the work that it is now certain that forest litter under favorable ccmditions can actually increase its nitrogen content by fixation from the free nitrogen of the air. The effect of the moon's phases on the period of felling bamboos, E. P. STEi!Hi.\(i tliidittii Forcxtcr. .ii (lilOd). \o. 11. pp. .j.i'/ -.j'/O). — It is commoul.y held by the natives of India that the felling of export bamboos or of poles should not be done when the moon is full, as otherwise, unless well soaked in a tank and subse(iuently well preserved by smoke they will be i'ai*'dl.\' destroyed b.\' i>oring insects, the most serious of which ai'e Dhiofleriis pilifroiis and /). iiiiniitiis. Four ex])eriments are r(>coril('r before, during, or after full moon, had no effect on the susceptibility of the bamboos to the attacks of beetles. Other results were secured which indicate that the cold weather months are the best Ones in which to fell, the attacks of the borers being much less at this season, and further that bamboos stacked in the shade and covered up in such manner as still to allow the beetles getting at them were more severely attacked than those stacked in the ojien. The author believes that if bamboos are felled during Novembei' and the tirsf half of Decendier and inunediately piled or stacked in the sun they will not be attacked by the boi'ers. Note on the chilgoza forests of Zhob and the Takht-I-Suliman, E. I*. Steiuu.nc (\Iiiili(ni\ Forest Hul. T. /;/*. .(.7. plx. c, mtip I), 'fhe author, while investigating the attacks uf bark-boring beetles which were devastating the 644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. chilgoza forests in Bnliu-liist;in, made extensive notes on the general t-baracter of the chilKoza forests t)f Zliob and of the Takht-I-Sullnian. and advocates that these forests be protected by the government. The forests are descril)ed and a map given of them, with an account of the forest growth, and suggestions for their l>etter management. Caoutchouc in Indo-China, C. and A. Spire (Lv Caoutchouc cu ludo-Vhiiic, Paris: A. ChaUanel, 1905. p/). VIII+262, pis. 35, map i).— Part 1 of this work is devoted to the botany of the caoutchouc-producing phmts of Indo-China ; part 2 to a study of the chemistry and industrial uses of the caoutchouc from different sjiecies, and an account of methods of harvesting and of the conmiercial impor- tance of the industry. The a|)pendix contains various tables showing the value of different moneys, weights and measures, etc., with a bibliography of over a hundred papers on the subject. Contribution to the chemistry of gutta-percha and caoutchouc, O. Mullek {luauij. Diss., iiiir. Hern. 1!)()5, pp. 87. piis. 6). — This paper presents the results of extensive investigations into the chemical nature of gutta-percha and caout- chouc. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases in Bulgaria, K. Malkoff (Ztschr. J'f1au.:e)ikraulc., 16 (1906), ^o. Ji, pp. 212, 213). — An abstract of a report of the royal agricultural experi- ment station at Sadovo, Bulgaria, the second part of which is taken up with studies of the various plant diseases. Results are given, of experiments for the prevention of grain snmts, in which the grain was treated with hot water, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulphate solution, fornnildehyde, and dry air. The most efficient treatments were those in which formaldehyde was used. In examining the susceptibility of the native varieties of wheat to smut the author reports that the hard wheats {Triticum (luriini) were most attacked, as much as S.*> per cent being smutted, while the soft wheats ranged from 20 to 44 per cent. It was also found that neither late nor early seeding had any effect on the amount of smut present. In continuation of his investigations on the bacterial disease of sesame (E. S. R., 17, p. 11(36), the author reports that 2 species of bacteria are present. Soaking the seed in a 0.1 per cent solution of formaldehyde for 4 hours was found to have an excellent effect in preventing this disease. Notes are given on the attack of chick-peas by Ascochijta pisi. which may be controlled by spraying with a 1 per cent solution of Bordeaux mixture, and on the leaf curl due to Exoascns ileforiiiaus, which may be prevented by spray- ing witli a 3 per cent solution of Bordeaux mixture. A bacterial disease of nuilberries and a new disease of plums, which is causing considerable injury, are subjects for further investigation. Report of the section of plant protection of the Royal Servian agricul- tural cheniical exiaeriment station at Belgrade, 1903 1905, X. Rano.ikwic (Zt.^clir. Pflaiizenkraiik., 16 (1906), A'o. J,, pp. 207-212).— In 1002 there was established in connection with the agricultural chemical experiment station of the ministry of agriculture a section for plant protection, and the present is the first report of the investigations carried on by this section. One of the principal subjects investigated has been the downy mildew of grapes (Plasmopara viticola), for combating which experiments have shown that spraying with Bordeaux mixture has jiroved efficient. Notes are given on a nuuilicr of olber fungus diseases and insect enemies of economic plants. Agricultural botanical report for 1906, .1. Eriksson (K. Laudthr. Alcad. Huiidl. och Tidskr.. >,5 (1906), Xo. 3-.'i, pp. 3.^7-^.98).— Descriptions of the fol- DISEASES OF PLANTS. CA5 lowiiij; ]il.iiit diseases wliicli have rccoiitly aiipcarcd in Sweden are given, with direefions for eradical iii^r nr ((iniitatin;.' tlieiii : American gooseberry mildew (Sitlifrrothccd iiiors-iiru). Amei-ican gi-ape mildew {O'idiiiiii tu<-l,('ri) . cabbau;!' club root ( J'ldsiiiotliophord hnissicti ) . eelwornis on oats ('ri/lcncliiis combating of plant diseases. A sunnnary of e.xperiments completed during the year, or in progress, at the Koyal Agricultural Academy of Sweden, and a list of imblications for the ye.-ir comiilete the report. — v. w. woi.i.. Report of the government botanist, C. A. Barber (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Madras, 1005-G, />/>. .)J-.'/.S).— In addition to the routine report relating to collections, e'-onomic plants, etc.. the autlior iiriefly describes some fungus diseases of sugar cane. i)e]ipers. ]ieannts. and Palmyra p.alnis. A study of some species of Fusarium and tlie plant diseases they cause, O. Appel and G. Schikorra {Arh. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. For-stir., 5 (1906), Xn. .'/, pp. J.').',-l.'^S, pi. 1, fi(/s. S). — The results of a study of Fusarium diseases <)f a number of leguminous plants are given. The St. .Tobn disease of i)eas, which lias previously been noted (E. S. K., 15, \)'. .■'.7.")). is described at some length, particul.ar attention being given to the mori)hology, physiology, and chemical relati"ons of the organism, which is recog- nizi'd as Fitmr'nim va-sin feet urn /j/.s/. Other wilt diseases of leguminous i)lants are more briefly described, among them a wilt of lupines and a P'usarium disease of vetch. The lupine disease is said to be caused by a form of /•'. roscion, and a technical description of the organism is given. A sunnnary of preventive treatments is given which includes care in selecting seed, avoiding the use of poorly germinating seed, the complete destruction of infected plants when observed, cultivation of resistant v.-irieties. and the rotation of crops. Monograph of the genus Ravenelia, P. Dietei. [Bot. CenthL, Bcihcftc, 20 {I'JiiU). .i. Abt., .\». 3. pp. S.'i.]-',!.]. pis. 2). — This is a mcmograph of the genus liavenelia. a group of fungi i)arasitic on various species of euphorbiaceous and leguminous plants. The author notes the morphology of the fungi, their life history, geographic distribution, etc., after which he describes the 81 recognized species. A list is given of a number of isolated uredo forms which the author thinks probably w ill be ultimately found as.-. .i. pp. l.il-Ui'>. pi. 1). — The author reports observing luunerouK sclerotia of a fungus on the leaves of winter rye and wheat. Subsecpient studies revealed the fruiting bodies of the fungus, which jiroved to be hitherto undescribed. The fungus seems to be iissociated with attacks of Hi/lciin/id codrcdtdid, one of the wheat tlies. A technical descri])tion of the fungus (Psiloci/he hrtminfisil n. sji.) is },'iven. Wheat mildew, C. T. Musson {Agr. Gaz:. X. S. Wales, 11 {1906). Xo. 12, pp. 1222-122Jf, fig. 1). — The author reports having observed considerable injury to wheat in Australia, which is due to the mildew Eryslplic gramiiiis. This fungus is well known on a number of species of grass, but this seems to be the first reiK)rt of its occurrence on wheat in Australia. The variety Federation seems to have been badly attacked, as upon the diseased plants no grain was formed and the straw was rendered .-ilmost useless. Some experiments on the germinative ability of old ergot sclerotia. Zi.m- mermann (Zt.schr. rflaiizciikrdiik., 16 {1906), Xo. .i. pp. /..^'*-/.,U()(i. Investigations show that undoubtedly the principal means of infection comes from the diseased condition of the seed ])otato when jilanted. If the organism is in the soil, infection apparently may be jiroduced through the seed tuber, and infection may also be produced through wounds, as has lieen repeatedly demonstrated. The moisture of the atmosphere and soil .-ire shown to be conditions which influence the spread of the disease. It has been found that certain varieties of potatoes under field conditions are more immune than others, and as methods of prevention the author suggests tile planting of rot-resistant varieties, the use of seed potatoes that ai"e free from disease, planting in well-drained land, reducing insect injury by the use of Paris green or other insecticides, preventing the growth of fungi by the use of I'.ordeaux mixture, and, finally, the rotation of crops. The heart rot of beets, Merle (La Maladie du Coeur de la Betterave. .JoUj)i}i: Hawelin, 190(!; rer. in Prog. Agr. ct Vit. {Ed. VEst). 2K (1907), No. 1, pp. 20, 27). — An account is given of a disease of sugar beets which is attributed to I'honia tahifica or P. beta-. This disease it is said usually makes its appearance in the field between the middle of July and the end of August when here and there may be seen leaves which present a wilted appearance, as is frequently observed on a very hot day. The next morning the leaves instead of having a refreshed appearance are still wilted, and if examined the petioles will be found to be brown spotted, and the leaves finally die. Later the disease becomes (juite evident on the root, ultimately causing its destruction. The disease seems most frequent on sandy day soils, and for combating it deep culture, particularly during the fall and winter, the apjilication of wood ashes, long i)eriods of rotation, and the i)laiiting of i-esist;iiit varieties are recommended. Sclerotinia libertiana as the cause of the rotting of root crops, O. Appei. and W. F. Bruck (Arb. K. Biol. An.st. Lmid ii. Forstir.. .', {I'iOG), No. J,, pp. 189- 203, figs. 7). — An account of the rotting of various root crops in cellars and storage jiits, the injury being attributed to the presence of the fungus Sclerotinia libcriiaiia. Descriptive notes are given on the fungus and :i report made on the investigations regarding its host plants and methods for preventing its occur- rence ;ind spread in stor.-ige. A grass-destroying myxomycete, T. Wulkf (Zt.'^lir. I'/ltnizciihnnil.-.. I(> {190(1), A'o. .'/, pp. 202-200, pi. 1). — An account is given of severe injury to various species of grasses by Physarnm cincrcimi. The clover broom rape, E. Makke (Prog. Agr. ct Mt. {Ed. rE>. — P.rief accounts of the root knot eelworm { Hcierodera radirirola ) . wliich is exceedingly common and injurious to tomatoes, cucumbers, and other garden 648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. crops, and the stem eelworm (Tylnichit.s devostairix), whicli is reported as hiiviiifT beeu observed on nunierons field crops and nursery stocli. Notes on the life history of the different nematodes are given and preventive and remedial measures suggested for their control. Experiments with tomato blight, H. B. Orr (Northwest Hort.. 20 (1907), Xo. 1, pp. 3, .)). — An account is given of experiments carried on by the author which seem to indicate that the severity of attacks of tomato blight is increased in proportion to the potash content of the fertilizers applied to the crops. Cranberry diseases, C. L. Shear (Oeorge Washington Univ. Bui., 5 (190H), No. 4, pp. 75-78). — An abstract of a thesis presented to the faculty of graduate studies of the university by the author, in which an account is given of cran- berry diseases and experiments for their control. The diseases described are the blast and scald caused l)y (liiinnardia sp., an anthracnose due to a species of Gla^osporium, and a rot which is attributed to an undescribed genus of fungus, to whicli the name Acanthorhynchus is given. For the control of these diseases the author states that experiments have shown that Bordeaux mixture is the most effective fungicide. Experiments carried on in 1904 showed that the percentage of disease could be very mate- rially reduced by spraying, and in 1905, under more favorable conditions, plats which received ") api)licatious of the fungicide yielded only 6 per cent of rotten fruit, as compared with more than 91 per cent on unsprayed plats. A popular bulletin on these diseases has been noted previously (E. S. K., 17. p. 51). The bacterial disease of ginger, Y. Uyeda (Ccnthl. Bdlt. \ctc.'^, 2. Aht.. 17 (1906), No. 11-13, pp. 383, 38Ji, pjs. 2).—X brief note is given on a bacterial disease of Zingiber officinale, v/hich has beeu under observation for about l^ years in Japan. The organism has been isolated, and inoculation experiments show that it is capable of causing the disease. A study of the organism has shown that it is probably a new species closely resembling Bacillus omnirorus. A further contribution to the infectious chlorosis of mallows, E. Baur (Ber. Dent. Bot. Gesell, 24 (1906), No. 8, pp. Jfl6-Ji28).— In continuation of a previous paper (E. S. R.,' 18, p. 453) the author gives additional accounts of infectious chlorosis of a number of species of malvaceous plants. An immune strain of Ahutilou striatuni is described, and an account is given of the immu- nity of Lavatera arhorea. The effect of light on the formation of virus of chlorosis in the leaves is discussed, after which the author describes experi- ments on the transnnssion of chlorosis by seed and also reports the occurrence of chlorosis on p.lants of other genera, particularly Cornus. Ligustrum, and Laburnum. Soil treatment for the forcing house, A. D. Seley (Ohio Sf'i. Vlrc. 57, pp. 7, figs. 2). — An account of investigations for the control of rosette (Rhizoctonia sp.) in lettuce and tomatoes and of nematodes in crops grown under glass. Experiments have been carried on for .3 years in testing soil sterilization with steam and formalin, and the author has found that for the destruction of fungi in the soil the formalin treatment and the steam treatment appear to be of about equal efticiency. In the case of nematodes, steaming appears to be the only effective treatment, particularly for the destruction of the encysted ferms of nematodes. Directions are given for the treatment of soil with formalin and steam, and the comparative advantages and disadvantages of each are pointed out. Some causes contributing to the black rot of apples due to Sclerotinia fructigena, K. Moj.z (Venthl. Bukt. [ete.\. 2. Mil.. 11 U9()6), A o. .7-7, pp. 175- DTSEAi^ES OF PLANTS. 649 188, pis. 2, figs. 5). — A study is rcpoiicd of the disease of ni)ples called bla-k i-ot that is due to tlie fuufius Srlfmtiiiid fnictniciKi. Apitics affeeted by this form of the disease are Itlack and siiiiiy and ai-c ortcii reduced to muuuny fruits of unusual a])i)earaiice. The shiiiiiii,' black color of the ai)i)le is confined to the skin, .the llcsh Itclow licin^' llie usual brown coloi- characteristic of Monilia diseases. The author cultivated the funj^Mis on apides. jiears. aiijile pomace. j;elatin, etc., and desci'ibes the growth ol)tained. It was found that lifilit and temperature were important factors in detei-mining the development of the funjjus. The character of the substratum on which the fundus ^I'ew was also an intluencins; factor, the skin of the ap])le appearing to retard the fructification to a consid- erable degree. In all the ai)ples inoculated with cultures of the fungus the black rot developed after a time, although the fungus remained sterile. Low temjteratures and deficiency of light were also found to induce sterility. Melanose, Cladosporium, and Septosporium, P. Marsais (Rev. Vlt., 26 (11)06), \o. 677. /tp- 621-623. pi. 1). — Brief notes are given on diseases of grapes caused by Hcptorui aiiiprliiiu, Cladosporium vltlcolum, and Scptosporlniii fiicJcelll. These diseases ordinarily make their api)earance so late in the growth of the vine that they occasion but little injury, but when these fungi attack the youug leaves the use of fungicides. i)articularly those <*ontaining copper, is recoin- niended. Notes on the disease of grapes known as roncet, S. Ercoi.e ( liol. Jffic. Miii. Agr., Indus, c Com. [Rome], 6 (1906), \o. J. pp. .373-381, figs. 3).— The author reviews the various hypotheses regarding the cause of this disease, not arriving at an.v definite conclusion concerning them. Certain stocks seem quite resistant to roncet, and the author recommends their use in the vineyard. The most resi.stant stocks are American varieties or some of their hybrids, and b.v plant- ing these and following more careful cultural methods, it is claimed that losses due to the disease may be greatly lessened. Notes on folletage of the grape, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vlt,. (Ed. rEst), 27 (l!)0()). Xo. .'lU. pp. (I'.l0-i;'.)2) . — In a note upon the occurrence of this disease in Asiatic Turkey the author calls attention to t-he in'obabillty that it is due to a species of Polyporus. which seems to l>e /'. hiiilarlus. While the evidence seems clear that the dise.-ise is due to this fungus, it has not yet been demonstratiHl experimentally. The American gooseberry mildew, E. S. Salmon {Jour. Roy. Tlort. 8oc. \ Loudon]. 31 {ni06). pp. 128-l.n. map /(.—The author traces the spread of the .Vnierican gooseberry mildew {>. scr., l.j (1906). II. No. 10. pp. C, ',.',-().'> I . figs. .?). — An account is given of a bacterial disease of fig trees wliich was formerly reported by F. Cavara as due to Bacterium ficl. The author in the study reported isolated the organism, cultivated it in various media, and successfully produced the disease through inociilation experiments. The cultural characteristics of the organism are described at 650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. some Iciiirtli. and following; a system of classitication it is referred to Ascf>h(ir- tcriit))! liifciiiii. Vvom the descriptions of several bacterial diseases of olives, oleanders, etc., and parallel cultures of the organisms causing them, the author is led to believe that they are all due to the species of bacterium mentioned above. A disease of coffee in Peru, L. Hecq (Bol. Min. Fomeiito IPcrii], J, (1906), Ao. !), PI). ,i()-.V.i. /lis. J. ////. /). — An account is given of a disease of coffee due to StUhrlla puriiUi. This fungus is said to be causing considerable injury in the coffee plantations of Peru, and suggestions are given for its prevention. These include the destruction of infected plants, spraying with Bordeaux mix- ture, clean cultivation, etc. A disease of hazelnuts, H. C. Schellenberg {Bcr. Deiif. Bot. Gcsell. 24 (lyOd), \n. D. pp- ')II5-511. pi. 1). — A description is given of a disease of the hazelnut in which the male catkins are attacked by a species of Sclerotinia. The effect produced upon the host plant is described and comparisons made with the disease caused by Ciboria boJaris. The author claims that the fungi are quite distinct, and as the one causing the disease in question has not been technically characterized, he proi)Oses the name Sclrrotinia conjli n. sp. for it. A fungus disease of the cherry laurel, E. S. Salaion (Join: Roii. Ilort. S!oc. [LoihUjii], 31 (inOG). pp. l-'i.i-l.',6. fig. 1). — An account of the attack of the rose mildew (SpharotJicca paiiiiosu) on the cherry laurel. This fungus, which is common on species of the genus Rosa, is said to occur only sparingly on other plants, but has been reported as attacking the peach, apricot, almond, and cherry laurel. Spraying with potassium sulphid or the application of flowers of sulphur is recommended for combating the disease. A disease of fir, L. Mangin and P. Hariot {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]^ l-'/S (l!)(i()), No. 22, pp. 840-842). — The attention of the authors was called during the summer of 1906 to a pronounced reddening of the leaves on a num- ber of fir trees in the Jura region. The leaves had assumed a bright orange red color, which was in marked contrast with the dark green of the other foliage. The diseased leaves seemed to be more or less altered and in some cases the trees were badly affected. An examination of the leaves showed the presence of a number of fungi, among them Rhisosphara ahictis n. g., Maciophonia abietis n. sp., Cijtospora pinastri, and Mcnoidea ahlctis n. g. These different fungi which seem to be more or less associated with the disease are technically described and their probable relationships pointed out. It is hoped by experimental studies to demonstrate the true cause of the dis- ease, and inoculation experiments have already been begun with that end in view. On the parasitism of Merulius lacrymans, O. Appel (Arb. K. Biol. An.it. Land ii. Foist ir.. ■'> (IDod), A o. .'/. pp. 2i)4-20t;. fi< lacrynian.^. The young trees were placed in pots, severe wounds made in the stems, and the mycelium of the fungus introduced, after which the i)lants were kept for several weeks in the moist atmosphere of the greenhouse. While the fungus gi'ew abundantly, there does not appear to be any evidence that the dry rot fungus is able to live parasitically on young living coniferous trees. A strangling disease of young birches, R. Laubert (Arb. K. Biol. Anst. Land ii. Forstir.. .> (IDOH). No. '/. pp. 206-212. fififi. 5). — In the summer of 1905 attention was called to a great number of dead and dying birch seedlings. This led to an investigation of the cause of the trouble, and the authoi' sep- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 651 arated the following fun.^i ri'oni tlio diseased material: ('(miothjiriiiin hrfiiJir ii. «!)., Fiislcoccinii hctiiliiniin n. sp., Sixtrodcsniiidii citrcniitnun ii. sji.. and I'rsln- lozzi haitif/ii Ix tuUi n. var. 'l\'rbiiicai descriptions are .uiveii of tJie ditl'ereiit fungi. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. General biology, O. llKHTWiii ( MJaonehic liiolou'iv. ./iiia: (liifttdv FifscJicr, ]!)()(;. i)]i. W I -'^i))!!. I'nix. .ill). — Tills volume is a second and revised edition, with a cliaiiKe of title of tlie anthor's work on the cell and the tissues. The first edition, under the latter title, was publislied in two parts, wliil(> all the ma- terial is liroufiht tofjcether in one volume in the new edition. The subject- matter has been extensively revised and brought U]) to date. Rabbit destruction (.lour. Dcpt. Af/r. Wefit. Aiist., I'f {IMG), No. J,, pp. 281- 2K'i). — The value of rabbits for food is briefl.v discussed and notes are given on the great destruction caused by rabbits where the.v multi])ly too rapidly. It is proposed to introduce a carnivorous red ant from South Africa which is said to attack rabbits, particularly the young, and kill them within I'-t hours after birth. .\n examination of the feeding habits of these ants is being made to determine whether it would be safe to introduce tjiem. The serpents of Pennsylvania, II. A. Puuface (Pcini. Dcpt. Af/r. Jio. Bid. Div. Zoo}.. -'/ (1906). No. ',-■',. pp. n.')-.i. Xaf. Hist.. 7 (V.iUl). Art. 7. pt. 3, pp. 19.5-212. pis. .7). — In the investigations u])on which this article is based. particular attention was given to the geographical distribution of important ppecies of insects in the sand-hill regions of the Illinois and Mississippi IJiver valleys. Observations were made on Orthoptera', Ilemiptera. ('oleoi)tera, Xeu- roiitera. Lepidoptera, and other orders of insects as well .-is upon batrachians and reptiles. A brief bibliography of the subject is given. Report of the economic zoologist, II. A. Surface (A)I)i. Rpt. Pom. Dcpt. Af/r.. 11 ( liu).', I. pp. 129-1 'I'l ). — The woi-k of the year has consisted in the examination of specimens sent in for determination, the investigation of various out!)reaks of injurious insects, giving lectur<>s in various parts of the State, the inspection of nurseries and orchards, and making collections of insects. Lists ui-e given of the licensed nurserymen and tree dealers in l*ennsylv;inia. 652 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Insect notes for 1906, Edith M. Patch (Maine Sta. Bill. 13.',, pp. 209-228, />/.s. -'/). — The author jirest'iits nott's on the present status of l)rown-tail motb. gypsy moth, potato insects, alder blight, larch case-bearer, apple maggot, codling moth, diamond-back moth. etc. The diamond-back moth is reported as having l)een unusually injurious in greenhouses. Notes on some Fijian insects, F. Mum {Hawaiian .S'Hf/«r Planters' Sta., Div. Ent. Bui. 2, pp. 11, ph 1). — It was found that in Fiji the common species of sugar cane leaf hopper is held in check by various parasites. About 85 per cent of the eggs are parasitized and the young and adult leaf hoppers are attacked by Elenchus teniiiconiis. This species was introduced in Hawaii but did not attack the leaf hoppers there. The insect is described and notes are given on its liabits. PipiniciiliiK ritieiisi)'! is also described as a new species. Some injurious insects, Emma M. Sock and F. A. Bartlett {Hampton Leaf- lets, n. ser., 2 {HJ06), ^'o. 12, pp. 31. ft obtained from burning the stubble. This should be done before the flies have emerged from the stubble or before the first of September. In the southern parts of the State the stubble should be burned by the middle of August. Where burning is not practicable good results will fallow fall plowing in which the stubble is turned under to a depth of several inches. KCONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOI AUiV. 653 Tlio authors riH-oiiiiiii'iul as a j^oiicral ])r()Kraiiiino for controUiii.i,' the llossiaii fly that s<>(mI shouhl lu' selected from a crop showinji Iai"s;e or medium straw witli exceUeut stooluij; (|ualities. The jrrouud shouhl he thorou.iihly cultivated and the seed sown not too late, since tlw damaj^ie can sometimes he overcome more sufccssfidly hy early sowin;,' llian it can he avoich'd hy late sowin.i;. The locust plague, M. '!'. I'i/.akho (Com. I'nr. .\ in controlling locusts Ity living as a parasite upon them. Tliis mite is described in all its stages. i The rice grasshopper, J. B. Knight and R. M. Dixon (Dept. Aijr. Boiiihai/ Bill. ..^7. /ip. 'i. fiffx. 3). — HierodJyphux fiircifer attacks rice, sugar cane, sorghum, corn, and vaiMcms cultivated as well as wild grasses. The pest is described in its various stages and notes are given on its natural enemies which assist some- what in its control. In combating the insect, infested fields slHmld be thor- oughly ])l()wed in January and February. Good results are also reported from the use of sweejiing nets in catching the young insects. The San Jose or Chinese scale, C. L. Marlatt (U. S. Drpt. A. The San Jose scale in Alabama, F. H. Carik)ZA (Alabaina Tiiskrf/ce >S7ff. Bui. 9, pp. 10. pi. 1). — This bulletin c(mtains practical information for the use of colored farmers in Alabama. It is reconnnended that badly infested trees be sprayed soon after the wood has matured in the fall and again in the spring before the buds open. The best results were obtained from tlie use of a lime- sidjihur-salt solution made in the i)roportion 2r> : IG: 10: Ho. Commercial miscible oils for treatment of the San Jose scale, I'. .1. I'akkott. II. K. IIouoKiss, and F. A. Sikrink (Sew York State Stu. Bui. 2SI. pp. 261- 270). — Proprietar.v miscible oils were tested in spraying 1,368 trees in solu- tions containing 1 jiart oil to from 10 to 25 parts of water. The weaker solutions failed to trivc uuiloiin results, altlnmgh the fruit was somewhat spotted by the treatment. When used at the rate of 1 part of oil to 10 or 15 parts of water the scale insects were more completely destroyed, but the mixtures were not 654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. quite as effeftive as liuie-sulpliur wash. The authors recommend that miseihle oils should not he used in weaker solutions than 1 : 10 or lo parts of water. Miseihle oils have the advantage of heinj; convenient to prepare and apply i'.nd are suitahle for use in small orchards and individual trees in gardens. They are, however, altogether too expensive for use on a conunercial scale. In some instances, the miseihle oils give such unsatisfactory results that the fruit grower must make additional summer and fall applications in order to eradicate the scale. Miscible oil sprays, F. II. Hall (Nciv York State Sfa. Bid. 2S1. ixtp. cd., pp. 7, pg. 1). — A hrief sunnnary of Bulletin 281 of this station noted ahove. Patent washes for San Jose scale, C. E. Craig (T'«. Crop Pent Com. Circ. 2, n. ser., pp. 11). — A number of proprietary lime-sulphur nuxtures and miseihle oils were tested in comparison with lime-sulphur wash. The last-named insecti- cide proved to. be the cheapest and most effective for orchard work. Some of the washes are convenient for use in a small home garden, but are too expensive as com])ared witli lime-suliilnir wash for general orchard work. Lime-sulphur wash studies, 1904-1906, J. L. Phillips (Va. Crop t'cst Com. Circ. 1. II. sc/-.. pp. 23). — A chemical study was made of various lime-sulphur mixtures prepared in different ways or from different' formulas. The author concludes as a. result of this study that practically all of the sul- phur is dissolved by vigorous cooking for 40 minutes and that the yellow color of the wash is due to the mechanical mixture of the liquid and sediment. If cooking be prolonged a somewhat larger per cent of lime combines with tlie sulphur, hut this is of little practical importance. If the wash is cooked in concentrated form some sulphur is lost by volatilization. The presence of mag- nesia or other impurities in the lime may also eause a considerable loss of sulphur. The codling moth, C. Burner (Dciit. Landic. Fressc, 34 {1901), No. 3, pp. 17, 18. fijis. 6). — In Germany the codling moth goes through only one generation per year. A number of natural enemies of the pest are known, but spraying and handing of trees are considered necessary. A new cabbage-eating larva, G. H. Carpenter {Jour. Econ. Biol., 1 {1906), Xo. '/. pp. l')2-l')i). pi. 1. flu. 1). — The common beetle J'sj/lliodcs chrj/soccphala was observed boring in .voung cabbage plants in the larval condition. The infested plants were destro.ved, and in this way much injiu'y was done, since a considerable percentage of the plants was attacked. The habit of feeding ui)on cabbage plants appears to be newly acquired. A new enemy of the raspberry, P. Marchal and J. Vercier {Bui. Mens. Off. Rcii.sci!/. Agr. [I'ari.^]. 5 (l!)0(i). Xo. 12. pp. lI,9J,-lJf99, flgs. 4)-— The authors report serious injury to raspberries from the attacks of Agrilus clirysoderes r(f'?)/co/«. Infested canes show fusiform swellings resembling galls at various points. The larvae of the beetles live in these swellings. In combating this pest it is recommended that all infested canes should be cut and destroyed in winter and that the raspberry patch should again be examined for the presence of the pest in May. The life history of a cochlidian moth (Adoneta bicaudata), II. G. Dyar (Biological Studies hy the Pupils of William Thompson Sedgicick. Boston: June. 190(!. III). 11-19, pi. 1). — The author has given ccmsiderable attention to the life history of species of this group and describes Adoneta hieoiidata h\ its various stages, together with notes on its i)eculiar life history. A winter spraying of fruit trees, W. E. Collinge {Univ. Birmingham. Dept. lU-on. Zool. Circ. 2, pp. 2). — In experiments in controlling the plant lice on apple ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 655 trees nnd iilso n luinibcr of other rcL-ilcd insect pests jiood resiilts wei'e h.Mcl from the use of a iiiixlure coiitMiiiiiii^ U Ilis. of caustic soda, o..") lbs. soft soai). and ."> I)ts. (jf l\. ('in: '/J. /*/). -), fi(/. 1). — The f^eneral insectici(h> value of tobacco is discussed, with nientio,i of specific instances in wliicli it is i)articularl.v a(hipted for use. An apparatus for testing the value of fumigating agents, \. \. Kkxd.m.i. ( I{iitlo(/ic(tl Slitilics 1)1/ the I'liiiil.s of Willidjii Tlioiii psoii Scdi/irich: liostoii: ■J line I'.Kiii. pp. .!l.i-.!.!i). fi(/s. .7). — A detailed description is i^iven of an api)aratus fur testing' the elliciency of various fumii^atinj; substances in the destruction of mosquitoes and other household Insects. The author reaches the conclusion that the results obtained from a j;iven amount of fumi^atinj; sul)stances ])er unit of space in a small box may l)e safely applied to larj^e rooms, since in his ex])cri- ence the effect of fumiiiatin.i; substances is more i)ronounced in larirc spaces than in small laboratory apparatus. It also became apparent durinji: the au- thor's investi.uation that the more rapidly the fumii^atin;,' sultstances were vola- tilised or set free the more etlicient their action. White ants, J. Desneux (Iiifornic .\ii. Estuc. Cent. Agroii. Viiha, 1 {lD()'i-.'>), pp. 3!l.l~'i(n. pi. /„ //(/.S-. !)). — The difterent forms of individuals observed in col- onies of wliile ants are described and notes are j^iven on the nest buildini; of tliese inst'cts. On the life history of Stomoxys calcitrans, K. Newsteau (Join: lUoii. liioL, 1 (flKii;), \o. 'i. pp. JM-lii'i. pi. /).-^While the favorite habitat of lliis liy is found in Itarnyards and stables, the author failed to find a larval condition in the manure in such locations as was naturally to be expected. After consider- able search, however, the larvse were found in decaying grass cuttings which had been i)iled up around cucumber beds. The inspect is described in its various stages and brief notes are given on its habits. The author estimates the time reipiired for a complete cycle from one generation to another at from 42 to 78 days. Some Scottish Ixodidae (ticks), W. Evans (Ann. aScoI. XiiI. Ilixl.. I'.xn. Xo. 01, pp. J'i--i1). — r.rief mention is made of the appearance and habits of Lroilcs riclnufi, 1. Iir.iin/oniis: I. putiix. etc. Improvement of honeybees, F. Benton (Ann. Rpt. Peiin. Dept. Af/i:. 11 (lHOo). pp. 10-5-112). — The author describes brietly the chief characteristics of the connuon races of bees with particular refereni-e to their relative merits and demerits. Advice is also given regarding the selection of queens for breeding Itui-]ioses. Swarming of bees, II. von lirTTEL-HEEPEN (Zlsdn: W'iss. I nscktciihiol.. .i (l!>()tl), .\rood. The laws are arranged alphabetically according to .States and contain refcifnccs in relation to plant 656 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. diseases as well as injurious insects. A brief summary was also given of the work accomplished by the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors at its various meetings. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The elements of the science of nutrition, s, while (lic.v ni.iy not l>c injurious, nrc simply (liicktMiinj; lUMlcrial, ;m(l serve to cheapen the piiiducl." The substance sold \>> tlii(kcn ice ci'eani was a wiiilr powder willi a slijihtly sweet taste and used in the propc'rdon of mi oinn-e to to gallons of ice cream. It consisted essentially of iiutw ti-a.uacanlli. whirh h:is the property of swelling to u hir.i,'e hulk when niixcd with water. The powder contained 1.77 per cent ash, hirsjely in the forin of linic Bleaching of flour, E. F. Ladd and K. E. Stai.lincs {Norlli JXtkota *S'/«. Bid. 7.'. pp. .tl'J-.i.i.'j. fi(/. 1). — Saniiiies of tlour bleached under known conditions were examined and compared with unbleached flours, the bleaching being ac- complished by the ordinary connnercial process employing oxids of nitrogen. In testing for the presence of oxids of nitrogen a weigluMl amount of flour or bread was placed in a flask of distilled water and shaken at intervals for ;^0 minutes. After filtering, a di-op of concentrated liy(lroleacbed flour. The quality of the wheat gluten was injured by bleaching. In general, the authors' results were regarded as unfavorable to bleachin.g. The princii)al conclusions were in effect as follows : Bleaching is not an improved milling process but is the introduction of chemical agents for the purpose of treating the flour which is analogous to the bleaching of fruit and other food products. There is employed in the process of bleaching a chemical agent which is physiologically quite active, namely, nitrous oxid. Bleaching i>ermits of using low-grade flours in place of patents. Low-grade flours produced from well-cleaned wheat can be successfully bleached to resem- ble high grades or patents. "The processes for bleaching have been devised for bleaching and 'improv- ing ■ the color of inferior flours. The manufacturers of these processes openly claim that they (the millers) can increase the percentage amount of patent pro- duced. From our tests it would seem that this could be done without the pur- chaser becoming any the wiser because the clear grade of flour was susceptible of being ' improved ' as well as the patents. . . . " The claim is made that nitrous acid will form in flour from the air. Our experiments do not indicate this to be the case." Indian corn as food for man, L. M. Merrill {Maine Hta. Bid. 131, pp. 1-13- I'l-'j). — The digestibility of corn meal prepared in different ways and of hominy was studied. In some cases the corn products were eaten with sugar, milk, and sometimes butter, and in otliers the diet was more varied, though the corn product was its princi|i.il constituent. Wheat bread was also studied for pur- l-v^.ies of comparison. In every case the digestion ex]ieriments were made with healthy sub,iects. The following table sununarizes the results obtained for the total diet and calculated for the corn products alone: 2o577 — No. 7 — U7 5 658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Coc/ficiciils of (liticstihililj/ (if u ration roiil(iiiiiii food niatorial attached were hiclosed ill fjauze so that the food sui)staiiccs could not come in direct contact with the walls of the dijjestive tract. In tests designed to study the «>ffects of gastric digestion heads were attached to a silk thread and were withdrawn from the stomach after a suitahle interval. Experiments with healthy iiersons showed, acconling to the author, that hoth catgut and fish hones were digested in the stomach, whereas boiled or raw meat (heef), r.iw chicUen skin, and both raw and boiled ])Otatoes do not dissolve altogether in (his organ. Fish hone was selected for these experi- ments as its solution in the digestive tract is positive indication of the pres- ence of gastric juice. Catgut was used for the same purpose hut is not as satisfactory. In the case of meat a swelling ;uid lessening of tlie fibers was noted in the stomach. Raw muscle fiber and chicken skin disa])])eared in the intestines. Tendons, however, remained undigested. Raw potatoes varied, sometimes digesting entirely and sometimes ji.-issing through the body unchanged. Boiled potato, generally si)caking. was ajjparently digested in the liowel, while the skin of potato, either raw or boiled, was always excreted unchanged. Wax, parafiin, and fats with a high melting point, such as stearic ncid, etc., were not absorbed in the intestine, bat suet and mutton fat, which melt at 50° C, were digested in the bowel. Other experiments made with mutton fat showed that it remained unchanged in the stomach. To determine whether the disappearance of mutton fat in the intestines was a chenii<-al or mechanical jirocess produced by the epithelium of the intes- tine, beads containing mutton fat and surrounded by gauze were swallowed. All the mutton fat in the beads disappeared which, according to the author, shows that ch(4nical processes play the principal part in the absorption of mutton fat. Thymus gland and potato were taken in a similar w'ay and it appeared that the gauze envelope did not hinder digestion. The results obtained with normal subjects, in the author's opinion, show that the method can be employed for testing digestion in disease and a number of experiments made under pathological conditions are rejiorted. The acceleration of the action of the pancreatic juice by the salts of cal- cium, E. Delezexne (lirit. Med. Jour., WDG, Ao. 2S99, pp. 1185, i7S6).— As pointed out by the author in a paper presented at the Toronto meeting of the r.ritish Medical Association, the iiancreatic juice obtained in its inactive form from the pancreatic duct either by means of a permanent fistula or by the aid of intravenous injections of secretin ac(iuires a very jiowerful proteolytic ac- tivity when mixed with a suitable ([uantity of a solulile calcium salt and incu- bated for several hours. "The action of the salts of lime must be considered a specific one. The salts of other metals of the same series (barium, strontium, magnesium) have little or no effect. Any slow action they may appear to possess may be explained by the i)resence in them, or in the pancreatic juice itself, of traces of soluble cal- cium salts." Chemical processes in the animal body, li. O. Herzog ( Chemisches Geschehen ini Onjuniniintn. Hcidclhcru: Curl Riissler, lHO.j, pp. (52). — The possibilities are discussed of applying to the inijiortant ferment reactions of the living body the theories of chemical eciuilibrium and velocity of i-eaction. Although the results as yet obtained are not altogether satisfactory, the author believes that a mathematical treatment of the problem is possible. In a sjiecial case, dog jjcpsin, a formula is i)roiK)seJcct no account was kei»t of the fu(>l value of this ration, but the author con- siders that his diets were deficient in energy. With the other 2 subjects the fuel value of the diet was calculated to be about 8,000 calories. Neither sodium citrate nor sodium bicarbonate, when added to the ration, intluenced the total nitrogen excretion. They also failed to cause diuresis. " The sudden change to a low diet caused in each experiment an initial fall in body weight, but this was quickly recovered from in both cases where the fuel value was sulficient. The weight of these 2 men increased slightly on the heavier diet." The subject whose diet was deficient in energy lost steadily throughout the exjjeriment until the meat diet was begun. The recorded data "show that nitrogenous equilibrium is quickly secured if the nitrogen intake does not drop below 5 gm., as others have also observed. The nitrogen excretion remains fairly constant at 5 to 6 gm. even when the food nitrogen drops below that amount. ... On the standard and ou the meat diet an approximate nitrogenous equilibrium was readily obtained ; on the heavy diet, however, equilibrium was not secured, Ki gm. being the maximum nitrogen excretion." In these experiments tlu> alkalies studied decreased the ammonia excretions very markedly under all conditions of diet, the ammonia being usually reduced to one-third of the amount normally excreted. At the same time the urea excretion was increased, the amount corresi)ouding roughly to the decrease in tlie anunonia excretion. The metabolism of creatin and creatinin, O. Folin {Brit. Med. Jour., 1906, \(i. 2.i'.)'.). IK ns7 ). — The (-(inclusions drawn from the data presented at the meet- ing of the British Medical Association at Toi'onto, 190(i, follow : " There is no experimental evidence showing that creatin is the inunediat*! jirecursor of the creatinin appearing in tbe urine. " P.iologic.-illy tbere seems to be a fundamental difference between creatinin and creatin. " In the author's opinion it is not yet clear whether creatin is a waste i)roduct or a food." Carbohydrate metabolism, F. W. Pavy (London: J. cG A. Churchill; Phihi- ddpliiii: /'. Jlhihisf, til's S(jn tl- Co., 1906, pp. XfI+13S pis. S). — This volume contains a course of lectures given at the Tniversity of London in 100." and is largely made uji of the author's exp(>riments and his deductions and conclusions from tbeiu. The subject is discussed from a physiological and a pathological staudjioint. Some properties of the albumens present in duck egg white, A. Panokmow {Zhiir. A'^.s.v. /■'/,:. Khiiii. OJishch.. .il il'.ita. Bill. 131, pp. IJ/G-UiS). — Two experiments are reported in which the digestibility of chest- nut flour cooked as mush w^as studied with healthy men. Some bread, potatoes, and milk w^ere eaten with the chestnut tiour. The calculated digestibility of chestnut flour alone with one sul)ject was, protein 41.G per cent, fat 53.5 per cent. ANTMAL PRODUCTION. 60)3 (•aii»()li.v(li';itcs !)T.l prr cciil, and \\\v availaljlc energy S^^A per cent. With the secoiul subject, llic coellicieiils of digestibility were, iiroteiii i!!)..! per eeiit. fat 71.9 per cent, and carbohydrates 98.G per cent, while the available energy was ;)2.2 per cent. Marula nuts (Tnii/sratil Af/r. .Jour.. .7 {UiiiC), No. 11, pp. ISd, 131). — An analysis of the kernel of the fruit of the ni.-irula tree (Sclcrocari/a ruffra) is i-ejiorted. The marula nut contains about HO ])er cent of oil which it is believed uMglit be used as ;i substitute for olive oil in cloth manufacture. 'IMie iodiii value of the oil was found to be 74. Other constants were also determined. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Foods and fodder plants, \V. K. Dunstan (h'pt. Imp. Iii-'tt. »S'o. Kcnsinptnn, I'Jii'). ])]). ls-2()). — r.rief statements are made regarding the extent and character of the analytical and other work pertaining to foods and plants. Studies of Cape Colony oats were undertaken as it has been alleged that they are unsuit- able as forage and produce a peculiar bone disease in animals fed with them. From a study of 4 ty])ical samples the conclusion was readied lliat the oats were deficient in mineral constituents, which are import;nit bone-forming mate- rials. " and it is probably to this deficiency that the ill effects observed in horses fed with these oats are due." In a study of the occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in feeding stuffs, large quan- tities were found in beans {Phaseolus lunaiuft) ground up and moistened with water. A number of cases of cattle poisoning have been reported which were due to feeding such .Java beans. Commercial feeding stuffs, T. I. Mairs (Pennsylvaiiiu Siu. Bui. SI, pp. 15). — 'i'hc characteristics of different commercial feeding stuffs are discussed and the methods of manufacture and preparation of a number of commercial by-products are briefly siwken of. As reg.ards alfalfa me;il. a feeding stuff which has been recently placed on the market, the author states : " It is merely ground alfalfa hay. It is recommended ]>y the makers as a substitute for bran. There seems to be no reason why it should be any more digestible than the hay from which it is made. It may possibly be less digestible than average hay on account of there being so great a temptation to grind the poorer grades of hay. It forms ii ])art of many of the so-called dairy and stock feeds." Some of these commercial feeding stutfs con- tain molasses in addition to alfalfa meal. As regards grinding in general, the author notes that it " adds comparatively little to the digestibility of the feed for healthy animals. It m.-iy even tend to detract from it, as the ground feed is more apt to be swallowed witliont chewing and mixing with the saliva. It is an expensive process, particularly where it is r.ecessary to h;iul the grain some distance to the mill and i)ay from one-eighth to one-sixth toll. With corn at fifty cents per bushel one-eighth toll amounts to twelve and three-ciuarter cents i)er lumdredweight, or .$"J..">."> per ton. . . . Some millers charge ;i fiat rate of about $2 per t(m. varying with the kind of gi-ain to be ground. This is usually more eipiitable and more economical. To this cost must be added ihe expense of hauling the grain to the mill and returning the feed. Where much grinding is to be done, it i)ays the farmer to own his mill." A summary of data on the amount of total digestible nutrients furnished by the different feeding stuffs shows that under local conditions " corn-and-cob meal, buckwhe:it middlings, wheat middlings, .and hominy chop are the cheajiest feeds, followed closely by malt si»routs, dried distillers" grains, corn meal, and 664 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, }j;luten feed. The relative prices may vary soinewliat in ilitTereut localities, but lu general it is probably safe to say that these will be the cheapest feeds this season. The most expensive feed . . . [included in the comparison] is alfalfa meal, the next most expensive linseed meal." The chemical and physiolog'ical properties of cell walls, A. Fukstenberg. R. MuRDFiELD, and J. Koxio (Laiidir. ] cr.s. Htat.. (!■') {lHOiJ), Xo. 1-2, pp. 55- 110). — The chemical and physiological experiments reported led to a number of conclusions, among which are the following : The glycerin-sulphuric acid method was found to be satisfactory even for cellular tissue rich in pentosans. When the crude fiber of feces was treated with glycerin-sulphuric acid, the hemicelluloses and the pentosans were very thoroughly dissolved, so that this method seems the preferable one even for materials rich in lignin. The difficultly soluble portion of cell membrane desig- nated crude fiber in food and feeding stuff analyses consists of 3 groups of dif- ferent properties and with different carbon content, namely, (1) a cellulose group with 44.44 to 40 per cent carbon, which is soluble in copper oxid and ammonia ; (2) the portion of the lignin group which can be oxidized with hydrogen per- oxid and ammonia and has a carbon content of 55 to 60 per cent; and (3) " kutin," which has even a higher carbon content and is not oxidized by either of the reagents mentioned. The cellulose group is quantitatively soluble in copper oxid and ammonia only after the removal of the portion which can be oxidized. The crude fiber which remains after the i-emoval of lignin and kutin and which is soluble in copper-oxid ammonia and gives a violet color with chlorid of zinc and iodin and a blue color with suli)huric acid and iodin, does not always possess the composition of true cellulose, but sometimes shows a higher carbon content owing to the addition of methyl or methoxyl groups. Such cellulose has been identified in rye and wheat bran and in very small quantity in barley bran. Methoxyl, ethoxyl, or acetyl groups are present in larger proportion in lignin, but are entirely absent in kutin. Lignin is evidently not a simple body, but con- sists of a number of carbon radicals united to cellulose. The proportion of kutin in crude fiber is by no means small. According to the analyses which have been made it ranges from 0.64 per cent in pea bran to 13.67 per cent in wheat bran, and from 0.70 per cent in pea bran feces to 19.05 per cent in wheat bran feces. As is well known, the percentage content of crude fiber in plants increases with age. On the other hand, the lignin content increases more rapidly than the cellulose. No fixed relation is ai)parent between kutin content and jilant growth. The digestibility of the cell membrane of coarse fodders by sheep is inversely proportional to the lignin and kutin content. Cellulose is the most thoroughly digested of the crude fiber constituents. Lignin is very resistant to the diges- tive juices of herbivora and is only utilized to a very small extent. If kutin is utilized at all it is only in very small quantity and when it occurs in very young plants. With pigs the digestibility of the crude fiber of bran, with the exception of pea bran, is very slight, as is also the case with rabbits. That portion of the crude fiber which contains the lower percentage of carbon has a higher digestibility than the portion with the high car.(on content. These animals also digest kutin very little if at all. Since the digestibility of crude fiber in general is inversely proportional to the lignin and kutin content, it seems probable that the lignin and kutin, or the latter alone, surrounds the cellulose or is deposited in it in such a way that the action of the digestive juices is hindered. These things being so, it is ANTMAL PRODUCTION. (l(>5 very (IcsirMtilo to (lotoniiiiic llic |ii-iiim>i-I ioii of li,i,'nin .-iinl kuliii in fccdiiii,' stuffs ill order tiiiit .-in cslini.-itc of llicir triio \-.-iliio iiiny he iii:i(lr. The use of locusts as food, II. I.\(,ii: {'I'nnisrdnl Ai/r. Jour., .> {Ilioi'i). \<>. 17. iti>- ///-//')■ ).—Aniilys('s of sun ilricd iocusis wliicii have boon i^illcd by lialf liour iniiiu'i-sion in l)()iliii.i: wati-r showi'd tliat they contaiiu'd on an avcr- aut' l(i.:!4 ju'i- cent water, ~u.UC> per cent protein, 11. do per cent fat, 11. 2C. per cent crude fiiier, and r).:U iter cent ash. Tlie anthor states that there was also a small quantit.v of some suf.'ar-like comiionnd, the natnre and amonnt of which was not determhied and which was iiossil)ly dcrixcd Iroin llie food ]ii-cscnl in the insects' stomachs. 'I'lie silica, lime. ])otash, and phos|)horic acid content of the locusts were also determined, the averajje ])hospli<»ric acid content being 1.48 per cent. As pointed out. the dried locusts i-esemble some of Ibc commercial feeding stuffs of animal origin and their use is recommended for farm animals. As shown liy the results of practical (>xp(>rience, the.v have lieen particnlarly useful as a poultry feed and a pig feed. Many farmers believe that locust meal jiro- duces large yolks of a richer color than usual and that they do not aff(>ct the tlavor of eggs. Furthermore, locusts are "well worth collecting and killing for manurial purposes. Their value* as a fertilizer is very great, because of their richness in nitrogen and phosphoric acid."' Farm animals, K. V. Wilcox {Xcw York: Doiihlcdaij, I'tujc d- Vo.. IHOG. pp. 17 4- .;.77. jilx. a.i). — The characteristics of different breeds, the ])rincipal Iirohlems which must be met in the feeding and care of farm animals, the im- portance of different feeding stuffs, animal diseases and their treatment, and other (juestions regarding tlie production, feeding, care, and management of farm animals are considered in this volume, which constitutes an inii)ortant summary of available data. Notable features of the volume are the extensive use which has been made of the results obtained by experiment station in- vestigators, and the scope and accuracy of the data presented. Special chapters are devoted to the horse, nuile. beef cattle, dair.v cows. i)igs. sheep, goats, and jioultry. Steer feeding, J. II. Skinner and W. A. Cochel (Indiana Sta. Bui. 11'), pp. 311-337, figs. 6). — Using 3 lots of 11 steers each the efficiency of various combi- nations of corn and other feeds, such as corn stover, oat straw, and clover bay, commonly available mi Indiana farms, was stndied. On ear corn and clover hay. the average daily gain per steer in the 180 days of the test was 2.08 lbs. On ear corn, shredded corn stover, oat straw, and a little linseed meal, the gain was 1.78 lbs. per head ])er day, and on a similar ration without linseed meal the gain was l..'iO lbs., the cost of :\ i)ound of gain in the ."> cases being (!..")!). 7.70. and 8.46 cts. The smallest grain ration. 17.r.0 lbs. was fed to the lot receivin.g ear corn, shredded stover, and oat straw, and the largest grain ration. 20.45 lbs., to the lot given the linseed meal. The last mentioned lot received the smallest amount of coarse fodder. 7.02 lbs., and tlie lot fed clover hay the largest amount, 8..",2 lbs. I'igs sutlicient in munber to gather the undigested feed followed the steers and produced 2.10 lbs. of pork per bushel of corn on the clover-hay ration, 1.80 lbs. on the ration containing linseed meal, and 1.7S II>s. on th(> ear corn, shredded stover, and oat straw ration. Some of the conclusions drawn were in effect as follows: The ear corn, shredded stover, and oat straw ration was neither etticient. economical, nor profitable. The addition of a nitrogenous feeding stuff, either in the form of a concentr.-ited feed or coarse fodder, added to the efficiency of the ration and the [irotit of the feeder. The concentrated feeds tested, namely, clover ha.v and lin- 666 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. seed meal, both proved satisfactory. Tlie steers fed the ration containing linseed meal were as well finished as those receiveiug the clover-hay ration, although they made smaller gains. The feeding of beef cattle, T. Butler (Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 21 (1906), No. .5, pj). 27, fiffs. 6). — In the author's opinion the feeding of beef cattle in North Carolina should be increased and may be profitably practiced to insure the utilization of local-grown feeding stuffs and conse(iuent improvement of soils. The available concentrated feeds, he points out. are cotton seed and cotton- seed meal and the coarse foddei's shredded corn stover and silage and under certain conditions cotton-seed hulls, pea vine, sorghum, and other home-grown hays. "To the concentrates named it may be profitable in certain cases to add a small quantity of corn, or corn and cob meal, but this is extremely doubtful. " This does not afford us a very large variety of feeding stuffs, and yet it is quite practicable to feed cattle for from 4 to n months on corn stover, silage, cotton seed and cotton-seed meal with quite satisfactory results both as regards the daily gains made by the cattle and the financial returns from the operation. . . . The usual high price of corn precludes its extensive use in this State. . . . " The same facts and reasoning as above applied to the feeding of corn probably also apply to all other high-priced grains or concentrates, such as wheat bran, rice products, gluten feeds, etc. In long feeding periods, small quantities of these feeds may possibly be used advantageously, but even this is doubtful, and it is quite certain that as a general rule the average feeder will not find their use profitable in any quantity." Sample rations are suggested suitable for different breeds of fattening steers. In a discussion of feed lots and shelters, the feeding barn and lots in use at a test farm of the State department of agriculture are described. Cattle-feeding' experiment, W. Bruce (Edinh. and East of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 10, pp. 25 36). — A liberal v. a limited ration of turnips and moderate v. heavy feeding was studied in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 17, p. 1003) with 3 lots of 8 steers each, the feeding period covering 138 to 150 days. On a ration of 90 lbs. turnips with oat straw ad libitum and a daily allowance of G lbs. of Bombay cotton-seed or other cake the average daily gain per head was 1.78 lbs. With both turnips and straw ad libitum and the sauie amount of cake as before the average daily gain was 1.75 lbs. per head. When the cake was increased 50 per cent and the turnips and straw were the same as with the first-mentioned lot the average daily gain was 2.02 lbs. per head. The cost of a pound of gain in the 3 cases was 12 cts., 13 cts., and 11.9 cts., respectively. A similar lot of 8 cattle was fed, at the time of the above test, for 120 days turnips and straw with a variety of concentrated feeds and made an average daily gain of 2.05 lbs. per head, the cost of a pound of gain being 12.5 cts. Sheep-feeding experiment, W. Bruce (Edinh. and EaM of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 10. pp. i-,'/2).— Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 17, p. 890) different con- centrated feeds were tested, turnips and hay constituting the coarse fodder of the rations. The sjiecial feeds were Bombay cotton-seed cake alone and mixed with linseed cake and crushed oats, linseed cake, dried distillers' grains, and decorticated cotton-seed cake with crushed maize. Each lot contained 30 sheep and the test covered 85 days. The greatest gain, 2.54 lbs. per head per week, was made on the linseed cake ration and the smallest gain. 2 lbs. i)er head per week, on the Bombay cotton- seed cake and oats 1 : 1. With the latter ration tlie gain was most expensive, ANTMAL PRODUCTION. 667 costiiij: !>.2S els. per ]»(Hiii(l. The .i;:iiii \v;is most clicniily ni.-ulc^ on tli(> dried (listilI(M-s' urnins, losliiii; S.i\ cts. ])vv ])ouiid. One of llic poinls discussed in the report is (in- relnriis obtained jier acre from tlie turnips used in tlie various rations. Feeding fermented cotton-seed meal to hogs, F. K. Maksiialt, (Texan 8ta. Bill. 7N. 1)1). 21). fi(ix. N). — Since it has lieen claimed tliat feeding fermented cotton-seed meal to jii.ijs by the so-called Allison method gives satisfactory results iii(|uiries were sent to a number of feeders in Texas requ(>stin.ir data based on their experience. ;nid a feedinji test was uuderlaken in which rci'meiited cotton seed meal and corn chops 1 : '2 and 1 : 1 were compared with corn chops fed in the usual way and fermented. 'I'here were 10 ])i.i;s in each lot aud the test covered S.*! days. The lot fed iniferniented corn choiis made an avera^'e daily .i;ain of (i.P.) lb. per head at a cost of S.-t cts. Similiar values for the lot fed fermented corn chops were 0.80 lb. and 0.57 cts. The feed eaten per pound of gain in the '2 cases was 7.G2 and 8.(>8 lbs. The lot fed fermented ootton-seed meal and corn chops 1 : 2 made an average daily gain of 0.4(! lb. per head at a cost of 8.0G cts., 7.27 lbs. of feed being required per pound of gain. One of the pigs in this lot died very near the end of the exiierimental period and another ceased to make gains, and so was not marlffect when fed to hogs. " The results of this experiment show that for the first 4.> days of the feeding the mixtm'o containing cotton-seed meal and corn gave larger and cheaper gains than tlie straight corn ration, while during the second period of 40 days the results were reversed. This leads to the suggestion that, to inq)rove a (• d.ays unless tlie proportion of cotton-seed ine.il be 668 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. reduced. The iii(\m1 should lie mixed with the other feed and all soured top>the!V As iinich j^reen feed as possible should also he fed and a close watch kept and the cotton-seed meal taken away from any animals not eating or not gaining well. If cotton-seed meal and corn chops are mixed before the water is added the tendency for the meal to form into balls is obviated. In sunnner the mixture will sour readily in 24 hours. In cold weather 48 hours or longer will be required to produce the characteristic sharp odor. Souring will lie hastened by adding to each lot of feed a quart of the sour material. "Feeders who have had experience with the meal will probably lie able to exceed these recommendations, which, however, allow the use of enough meal to greatly improve a corn diet. One lb. of cotton-seed meal to 5 of corn furnishes the nutrients in the most desirable proportions for fattening, while 1 to 2 of corn are more nearly correct for young growing stock. Of course other feeds are desirable for their influences not attributalde to their con)position, hut it is not often that the ado])ted standards can be ignored in feeding any animals for profit." Egg fanning — infertile eggs, M. Fern (Queensland Ayr. Jour., 17 {1006), \(>. J, /*/'. .229, 230). — The superiority of infertile eggs is insisted upon, and a test is briefly reported in which a large proportion of such eggs, stored at ordinary temperatures, kept fresh for more than 2 months. " Ostrich farming as carried on at the present day, A. W. Douglass (Tran.'^- raal A (jr. Jour., 5 (IHOU). X(j. 17, pii. !i2-'.l.j). — The present systems of ostrich farming in the Transvaal are pasturing on alfalfa or feeding alfalfa hay and ranching the ostrich or running the birds in camps on the natural veld. Some advantages of each of the two systems are briefl.v described and data given regarding ostrich enemies and parasites. " The two great scoui'ges to the ostrifh farmer are that the birds in their younger stages are invariably infested with tapeworm, and still worse with Douglassi or wireworm. These are overcome to a great extent by dosing the young birds with turpentine and other mixtures, and the older the bird becomes, the freer it becomes of these parasites ; the reason why is as yet luflvnown." The turtle trade of the West Indies, W. G. Fitz Gerald (S!ei. Anirr.. .0.) (1906), A'o. 20, pp. 365, 366, fi(/s. 4)- — Turtle Ashing, feeding, marketing, the manufacture of canned and bottled tui'tle products, and other features of the West Indian turtle trade, which centers at Kingston. Jamaica, are discussed. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING^AGROTECHNY. Experiments for the determination of the protein minimum in rations for dairy cows (Ber. K. Vet. oy Luudbohojskoles Lab. L(indoLo)tuni. Forsijij [Copenhagen] . 60 (1906), pp. 1-147+1-1.58).— The investigation reported in this publication was conducted for the purpose of determining the quantities of nitrogenous substances required by milch cows, especiall.v minimum protein requirements. Nine fresh cows were placed on the experiments planned for the stnd.v of this question, and were fed rations containing varying [)roportions of ha.v, straw, mangels, and cotton-seed meal. The nitrogen balance was determined through- out the experiments by collecting the solid and li(iuid excreta, which were weighed and analyzed as in the case of the feeding stuffs used on the experi- ments. The following table gives a sunnnary of the average results obtained. These .'ire iiublished, however, as only approximate figures, since the minimum nuist D.Vl K V K.V 1 1 M I NO DAIRYING AGROTECllN Y. 669 necessarily vary coiisidci-.-ihly willi (lirt'crcnt ."> to 22 lbs. of milk containini; :i to 4 per cent of fat. In the rations as fed, these amounts corresponded to about 2.0() to 1,70 lbs, of digestible protein per head daily. The conditions under which changes occur in the protein requirements of dairy cows and the physiological ett'ects of variations in the suppl.v of protein in the rations are discussed at considerable length in the I'eport, as well as the bearing of the results of the investigation on mooted questions of methods of study of feeding problems with dairy cows. — f. w. woli,. The fat content of cows' milk, its normal variations and transmission, K. A. IirxisTKciM (A'. LiiiKlthi: Akad. llaiidl. och TUJslr.. J,.5 {1906), No. .]-',. PI). 137-176). — This in\estigation was conducted with a large herd of pure-bred or high-grade Ayrshire cows during a period of eight years, the object in view being to study the causes of normal variati9'? cows. These calved throughout the year, although more freshened during tU(» fall months than in the spring. The author discusses variations in the fat content of milk under three head- ings— accidental variations, depending on exterior influences affecting the nerv- ous systeui of the cows; normal variations, based u[)on the nature of the cows; and individual variaticms, depending on hereditary influences. Only inllueuces coming under the last two lieadings are discussed in this paper. Und(M- norniMl variations are considered the following: (1 ) Tlic ptrjodjcal variation for the lactation of the cow: The fat content of the milk, which at the lieginning of the period is above average, falls rapidly and reaches its minimum during the third month from calving, after whicii there, is a gradual increase until a ma.ximum is reached at the close of the lacta- tion. The average data for all cows obtaiued by the author for the first to th(! thirteenth months froui calving were as lojlows: ;i.75, ;>.57, ',',.50, 3.54, 3.01, 3,07, 3,78, 3.80, .3.00, 4.00, 4.11. 4.13. .■ind l.l.". per cent. (2) The periodical variation for the life of the cow : The fat content is higliest at three years of age. is high ;it foui' years, .nnd remains close to tlie average for the family during the full activity of the cow. .after which it again rises slightly. The average of all data was as follows: Third year, 3.83 per cent; fourth, 3.74 per cent ; fifth, 3.05 per cent ; sixth, 3.05 per cent ; seventh, 3.00 per 670 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cent ; eighth, 3.G9 per cent ; ninth. S-GO per cent ; tenth, .?.07 per cent ; and over 10 years, 3.75 per cent ; general average of 799 lactations, 3.69 per cent. (3) Variations according to the month Of the year : Normal fat content in April, strong depression in May, June (minimum, 3.45 per cent), and July; again average in August and rapid increase in September, with maximum (3.9G per cent) in October; and slightly varying fat contents dliring the winter months. (4) Variations according to the place of the month of calving in the calendar year : Increased average fat contents in periods beginning in JMarch, August, and September, and decrease in periods beginning in May and October. This varia- tion is a direct residt of the preceding one. (5) The different power of cows for larger oF smaller production : Cows yield- ing abnormally little milk have higher fat contents, and an abnormally high niilk yield is accompanied by a lower fat content, while a« milk yield falling within the natural variations of a family shows a normal fat content. (G) Changes in the normal milk production depending upon clianges in the system of feeding : The milk yield stands in an inverse ratio to the fat content. The variation refers to an entire year and months, as well as to short periods. The variations in the fat content are, however, much smaller than that of milk production. The curve for the average monthly fat content of the milk for the calendar months April to October was found to correspond in a striking manner to the corresponding part of the curve for cows calving in March to April, and the author traces the cause on the hypothesis that March and April is the natural calving time for cows, and that they, therefore, continue to change the fat con- tent of the milk throughout the summer months in such a way as is best for the calf when dropped at normal calving time. It is also shown that the difference in the production of milk and fat during an entire lactation period caused by the time of calving are very marked, amounting in the case of cows calving in March and in August to about 18 per cent. In general, the milking periods com- mencing during the winter months give larger yields than those that commence during the summer. The influence of the individual variations was studied by the statistical method, as was that of the normal variations. In this case, however, no such large material was available. The largest series that was obtained consisted of 7G daughters, but most of these, as well as their dams, were tested for more than a year. In all, 584 determinations of the yearly fat production were made in the case of the progeny of, or dams mated to, the four bulls included in the investigation. Briefly stated, the conclusions drawn from this study are as follows : The lower the fat content of the dam's milk, the more that of the daughters is increased by the sire. If the fat contents of both parents appre- ciably exceeds that of the average for the family, their united influence is not able to increase the fat content of the daughters to the average of that of the parents, against the influence of the family, but it will remain below that of the parents. The fat content of the daughters is never the average of that of the parents, but comes near to the average of the family. While the variations studied in these investigations can not be taken to apply in all details to other hei'ds and breeds of cattle, they may safely, in the author's opinion, be con- sidered of general value, with the distinct limitation that their extent and their development in certain directions may vary in different families and breeds. — F. w. WOI.L. Cow testing associations, with some notes on the sampling and testing of milk, J. A. RuDDicK and C. F. V.'hitley (Canada Dept. Agr., Dairy Codii: DAIKV FARMING DAIKYING AGliOTEClIN Y. 671 liniuili Hill. /.'. jiji. /J, fills. ,'}). — Mon* tliiiii L*() cow-tcstini,' Mssoci.-itioiis have Ix'cii oru'aiii/.cd in llic pi'oviiices of Ontario and (juchcc and tlic inovcniciit is said to 1)0 oxtondiuK rapidly. Tliis bullotin sci-vos as a sort of poijular manual for this puri)ose, as it contains rulos and ro^ulations for sucli organizations and directions for carrying on the work. Milking machines, O. Erf (Kansas Hta. Bui. l'i<), pp. In, figs. .50). — This bulletin contains a statement of tlie i)rinciples upon which nii]l. 1007) the author reported the constant oc- cm-renceof StreptococcU'S lacticus in milk and considered this organism identical with Bacillus lactis acidi and also identical in morphological and cultural char- acters on ordinary media with S. pi/of/eiic^. In the present investigations the aim was to determine if the virulence of /b*. lacticus might be increased by successive passages through animals. Five strains of >S. lacticus from different sources and three of *S'. pyogenes were used. The conclusion drawn from the investigations is that these two organisms are closely related not only in morphological and cultural characters but in patho- genic properties. The virulence of ^. lacticus was gradually increased I)y re- peated passages through rabbits so that after five or more passages, 2 cc. of a 24-hour-old broth culture Avas fatal in subcutaneous injections. The same amount injected intravenously was fatal to the first animal. The lesions of 8. lacticus in rabbits were the same as those produced by S. pyogenes in man. Report of the butter laboratory in Hango, Finland, 1904, G. A. Breden- BERG (Landtbr. 8tyr. McddcL. 52 (1906), pp. 30). — The report gives an account of the first year's work of the laboratoi\v established in connection with the Fin- nish export butter exhibits. The output of 221 creameries was examined during the year. The results of the deterunnatious on 1,051 samjiles of the refractive index and contents of volatile fatty acids, respectively, by months are as fol- lows : January, 50.5, 30.4 ; February, 50.4, 30.8 ; March, 50.9, 31.1 ; April, 50.4, 31.8; May, 51.8, 31.9; Jiuie, 51.4, 30.4; July, 52.1, 29.3; August, 52.8, 28.2; Sep- tember, 53.0, 27.8; October, 51.9, 28.4; November, 50.5, 29.7; December, 50.0, 31.7 ; maximum, 54.0, 33.7 ; mluimum, 49.0, 25.9 ; and average, 52.5, 28.0. DAIIIN' I AI.'.MI.NC DAimiXd— \( iltt )li:( ' 1 1 N V. ()78 Xi) i-cl.itinii <-niil(l !)(> traced lictwccii llir volatilc-ai-id (•(Hitciil of llic liiiltcr I'al and llic i|ualit\ ol' llic Imttrr. 'I'lic avci-a.m' water content of all samples examined was l.j.,")!) ]ier cent, the extremes hcnnj; 10.24 and 1S.72 ]>er cent. (Jf llie samples examined 71).l per cent contained between 12 and 1.") per cent of water, and only 3.!) per cent contained more tlian KI jier cent. Tlie water con- leid of llu> l)utt(>r w;is. as a v\\\(\ somewhat hijihei' during,' the pastnrinj? season than on stable feedint;. the avera.iies beinj; respectively i;;.(i;!and 1.'144 per cent. — !•. w. WOI.I.. The butter trade in Denmark, Fi-auce, and Holland, IIollmann, IIailer, .-iiid I. Fkos'1' (Her. Ldiiil ii. I'orstir. AiisUtiitJc, l!KI(!. \(>. hi. pp. 3S). — This con- tains statistical and other information concerniiii^ the sale of bntter in these conntries. Influence of pepsin upon the ripening of Limburg cheese, L. .M. arc as and C. IIi'YGE (Rcr. Clf'ii. Ldil. 6 ilDOG), \o. 2, pp. 2')-33). — A h'eries of exi)eriments were nndertaken to d(terminG the influence of i)epsin on the ripening of this c!iees(>. AccordinLC to the results obtained, the addition of rennet increased the amount of soluble nitrogenous pi'oducts. The increase. liow(. r.Mif,. Papers were presented niton tli(> cooling of milk, the ph.vsical condition of cream, pas- leurizalion in butter making, the food value of casein, and the selection of cows. Ue|iorts on 1.") d.airy subjects were also made and discussed. Pure yeast in wineries, F. T. Rioletti {(UtUfornia Hta. Circ. 23. pp. .'/). — The author does not advocate the general use of i)ure yeasts in wine making at the jiresent time. Under favorable conditions, however, the method is believed to. have decided advantages, such as a thorough fermentation, a rajtid clearing, and an atisence of the disagreeable flavors . Wkight (Xnr York: Spou d Chaiiihci-- laiii; London: ]■:. d F. lY. 8pon, Ltd., li)0(i. pp. VIII+ID^. flgn. 33). — This treats of the various sources of alcoh.il and the methods by which it is obtained, methods of determining the quantity of alcohol in spirituous liiiuors, and the preparation and use of denatured alcohol. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Treatise on domestic animals in health and disease, A. Koch (Lehre von den Gcsiindvn iind Krankcn JIaii.stkrcn. Mcnna: M. rcrlvn, 1007, pt. 1, pp. F/+3i^, figs. 291). — The present volume is intended to show in its treatment of the subject the relationship between veterinary science and modern agriculture. In the care of domestic animals considerable knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and common diseases is necessary in order to make a success of the business. The author has presented the material contained in the volume especially for the use (jf students and stock raisers. Part 1 relates to the conditions of health in domestic animals and includes a discussion of the cellular structures and organs of locomotion, digestion, circu- lation, and other parts of the body. A text-book upon the pathogenic bacteria, J. McFarland {PliUadcJphin and London: 11 . li. ,'^ai(nd(r>< Co., I'JUG. J. cd., pp. G'/S. figx. ISO). — In preparing the pi'esent edition of this text-b.)ok, the chai)ters on infection and imnumity have been entin>ly rewritten in order to bring them abreast of modern research. The volume contains a general account of the gi'owth and distribution of pathogenic bacteria on various substances. Specific descriptions are given of the common infectious diseases of man and animals. The toxins and venoms and their antibodies, E. Pozzi-Escot, trans, by A. I. CoHN (Xeu: York: John Wllcg d >S'o«.s; London: ClHipman d Hall. Ltd.. Hind, 1. cd., pp. VI I -\- 101). — Kesearch in the .field of toxins has been so active in the past 20 years that convenient handbooks di-aling with the essential points have become a practical necessity. The present treatise contains an account of alkaloid toxins, bacterial toxins, vegetable toxins, and venoms as obtained from various species of animals. The role of leucocytes in the defense of the organism against infection, M. Pettersson (Ccnthl. liakt. Irtc], 1. Aht.. Orig., ',2 (lHOi;). Xo. 1. pp. ,')(>- 63). — The author's experiments were carried out on guinea pigs and rabbits with cultures of vibrio. In order to note the action of leucocytes upon the VETKHIN.'VEY MEDICINE. 675 • patbosonic orjjanism these corpuscles were transferred troiii one animal to anotluH- \vhi<-li had recently been inoculated. The author concludes from his experiments that the serum and leucocytes cooperate in protecting the animal orfranisni a.irainst infection. In this work the serum attacks tlu- l)acteria directly, while the leucocytes assist in counteract int; and destroying: bacterial toxins. Causes of the diminution of natural resistance to infection, li. Tromsdouf (.•l/-f7(. //////.. •).'' ( l!)(>i!). A o. /. 1)1). I-IIO). — The present article is a contribution to the study of inmnuiity. The author carried on an extensive series of experi- ments, the results of which iuteri)reted partly in the lifjjht of other experiments alonj? the same line may be briefly sunnnarized in the statement that while there may be other factors in determining the dejji'ee of inununity, the motile power of the leucocytes, the ability of certain cells to form alexins, and the power of the ori;anism to jirodnce s])ecific protective bodies are the chief factors concerned. The relation of autolysis to the histological changes occurring iu necrotic areas, H. G. \Yells (Jour. Med. Research, J.J (1906), No. 1, pp.. I.'i9-165). — A chemical and histological study was made of the changes which take place during the necrosis of the tissue. There is first a decomposition of the nueleo- proteids hi ordinary infarcts. The proteid structure of the cell is attacked by proteolytic enzyms and such infarcts are absorbed through a digestive action of the leucocytes. Report on the proceedings of the free society for micro-biology in the institute for infectious diseases in Berlin, A. Wassekmann {CnithL Bakf. [etc.], 1. AM., Ref., 38 {1906), Beiheft, pp. 120, pi. J).— The free society for niicrobiolog.y met in Berlin, June 7-9, 190G, and at these meetings a large number of papers dealing with bacteriological problems was read. The author has pi-e- pared a summary of the most important points contained in these papers. I'ar- ticular attention was given to a discussion of the problems of inununity, the general one being stated by R. Kraus ; immunity toward anthrax, by Gruber ; toward vibrio in i)igeons, by R. I'fciffer and K. Scheller ; and toward plague. by Lohlein. Among the other matters of interest from the veterinary stand- point were a discussion of the (luantitative relation of tubercle ])acilll to infec- tion, by Fliigge: the proiterties of serum in cases of tuI)erculosis, by Sobern- heim ; and the etiology of roup, by R. Midler. Transmission of resistance to diphtheria toxin by the female guinea pig to her young, .1. F. A.ndkijson {.Ioki: Med. Rcscaich. J.') (19(16), Xo. .>, pp. 2Jil-260). — The iKJSsibility of tlie transmission of inunimity to (lis(>ase is being studied fronj (>very standi)oint, and the present article is a distinc-t contribution to the subject in that the author's experiments showed that ordinarily all of the young of different litters from a female guinea pig previously immunized to diphtheria were in turn iuiinuMe to the disease. Such imnumity. however, was not transmitted to the second generation. A distinct cumulative effect was observed from the repeated use of diphtheria toxin. In further experiments it was found that the female guinea pig may transmit siundtaneously to her young an imnumity to dii)htheria toxin and a greatly increased susceptibility to horsi' serum. The pathogenic action of blastomycetes injected into the trachea, F. San- FELKE (Centbl. Bakt. {etc.], 1. Abt., Oiifj., .',1 (1906), Nox. I. pp. 61-11 : .>. pp. 195-200 : 3, pp. 332-33S. pi. f). — The author's experiments were made on guinea pigs and rabbits, and a considerable variety of blastomycetes were used, including SacclKtroDii/cis ruiii.s and N. iici>formans. The effect upon the tissue 676 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. • of the trachea varied in different eases. Giant eells were sometimes formed )).v the fusion of epithelial eells. It appeared duriuf; these experiments that the differences between malij^nant growths and benii^'n forms of irritation set up by oriL^anisms such as those used by the author are not always sutliciently striking to enable one to make the diagnosis. Experiments in examination of the locked jaw induced by tetanus toxin, H. E. RoAF and C. S. Sherrington (Jutir. I'hijaiol., J'/ {1906), Xo. Jf-o. pi). 315-- 331, charts -)). — The experiments, the results of which are here reported, were carried out on monkeys. It appeared that after the division of the lower jaw at its symphysis the stimulation of the corresponding area of the brain cortex caused an opening of the jaw. After inoculation of the facial nerve with tetanus toxin the stimulation of the same area of the brain caused a closing of the jaw. This change was more pronounced during the early stages of intoxication. The authors are of the opini(jn. however, that the cerebral cortex was not affected by the tetanus toxin, but the changes in the reactions obtained took place in some of the lower brain centers. The treatment of tetanus by the method of Baccelli, G. Bianchedi (C//h. Vet. \Miliiii]. .>'.! (]!Ki(i). So. 39, 1)1). 937-9.51). — The results obtained l)y the author in experiments with this method agree largely with his own observations in indicating for it great practical utility, but not an absolute infallibility. Danysz' reaction, T. Madsen and S. Arrhenius (Meddcl. K. VctcHHl;. Akad. yohclinst.. 1 {1906). No. 3, pp. 1-20. figs. 3).— In a study of the reactions between the toxin of tetanus and its antitoxin, it has been demonstrated that after the tetanus toxin has been neutralized by the antitoxin a new reaction takes place if the antitoxin is in excess. This second reaction consists in a fixation of a relatively large amount of antitoxin and is known as Danysz' reaction. The reaction depends upon the excess of antitoxin over the toxin. Infection in tuberculosis, A. E. Mettam {Vet. Rcc, 19 (1906), No. 951, pp. 182-1S6). — Brief notes are given on tuberculosis in birds, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, and cattle. As a result of the investigations already made on methods of controlling the disease the author believes that healthy animals may be protected by the Bang method or by the vaccination method recently perfected by Calmette, Guerin, and Vallee. Immunization to tuberculosis, P. Haan (Rev. Grii. Mrd. Vet.. 8 (1906), No. 91, pp. 3Ji9-356). — The author reviews in a critical manner the various schemes which have been proposed for the immunization of cattle and other animals toward tuberculosis. It is admitted that much promise is given by the results thus far obtained but that at present we are still in need of a method which will give certain results in combating the disease. Cornstalk disease, R. A. Craig (Indiana ^ta. Circ. 3. pp. 10). — A disease which was referred to by this name appeared quite extensively in Indiana during 1902 and lt)0(;. Reports were obtained from a number of observers, some of them veterinarians, concerning the symptoms of the disease and cii'- cumstances siu-rounding outbreaks. Moldy corn was obtained from a field where cattle had developed the disease and was fed to a heifer at the rate of 4 to 5 lbs. twice per day. At the end of 6 days the heifer showed considerable weakness and other pathological symptoms but the weakness disappeared the following day and the appetite remained good during a period of IG days. The theories held by different observers regarding the cause • of cornstalk disease are briefly sunnnarized. The conclusion is reached that there are probably several diseases referred to under the same name. While the symptoms resemble those of toxic poisoning it is by no means certain that VETERINARY MEDICINE, 077 potassium nitrate in tho corn is the cause of the tr()ul)l('. It is suiit^cstcd that jtrussic acid may at times be developed in corn. Treatment of milk fever, Uaius {WcJuischr. Ticrhi ill:, it. \ iiliziirlil. .',fi (IHOII), \<). .S'.l. ii/i. 7(I(J-1'I!S. fill. /). — A description is uix'eu of a snitahle a|i|ia- ratus for use in intlatin'4 tlic uddci" witli lillei'cd air in cases of mill< fever. The a|iparatus is claimed to possess the advauta.i^es of sim|)licit.v and ease of cleaninj;. Ranula inflammatoria in cows, E. Wyssmann (Ffclnrci:. \rilt. Thrhcill-.. .JN ilUDii]. \(i. ■'). lip. 3.i3-.],].i) . — This disease is known under a nunihei- of other names, suih as inliauunatory edema, fro;; tumor, etc. and attacks tlu^ ton.LMie at liic iiase of this orirau and also the sul)niaxiiiary and suhlin.i^ual jllands and connected sti'uctures. The usual form of lesion is a tumor or a Muiltilocular cyst. The author had occasion to study a number of cases of this sort and jrives a times daily with a tiiK-ture of iodin and chiuroform. and pntassiuni ioijid was administered iiiternall.\' in an atiU(!ous solution. A septi<-emic infertion spread from the tumor. causinLT symptoms which resembled those of maliu:nant I'.itarrlial fevn-. but recovery ultimately took place. The alterations in the mucous membrane in cases of strongylosis in cattle, J. liLrNSCHv (Sclnreiz. Arch. Ticrhcilh:. .'/S (lUdi;). \o. ■'>. itji. .>'.)l-3.l.], iilx. .1. fi(j. J). — A careful microscojjic study was made of the lesions caused by stroiiirylus in the walls of the fourth stomach and duodenum. Although strnn- Sylus is a connnou parasite of cattle it becomes definitely locat(>d only in the stomach and small intestines. The parasites i)enetrate into the folds of the stomach walls and the tultes of the shiiids. After reaching the nuiscular coat they cause an enlargement of the gland tubes and coil up spirally. In this i)osition they may cause nodules in which a ]ir(inounced neci'osis of tissue takes place. The healing process is accomplished by the substitution of connective tissue. In the small intestine strongylus attacks mostly the lymph follicles, but in the iiosterior part of the small intestin(> a considerable degeneration of the epithelium is observed. Fatal hemorrhage as a result of a tuberculous ulcer of the fourth stomach, E. Pr.ATF. (nrrliii. Ticn'irztl Wchti.'^chi:. 1906, A'o. 39, pp. 113. 77'/).— A careful post-mortem examination of a case of this sort showed that the lymphatic glands were enlarged and infected with tubercle Ii.icilli and that an ulcer of tuberculous nature had develoi)ed so extensively in the wall of the fourth stomach as to cause fatal hemorrhage. Poisoning from the use of spoiled brewers' grains, Sciiilffahtit (Wrlniscln: TicrhriUc. ii. VirliZHcht. .',0 (V.KiCt), .Yo. 2.J. pp. .'/N//. //.SV)). — Three cattle died as the result of eating spoiled brewers' grains. The liver showed fatty degenera- tion and a grayish yellow color. The nnicous membrane of the fourth stomach and intestines was also loosened and somewhat infiltrated. At the same time 4 cows showed mild symptoms of poisoning, but ultimately recovered. Nodule disease of the intestines of sheep. '* Bare-lot " method of rais- ing lambs, W. II. 1 )Ai.KV.\ii'i.i': t l.miisiinni Shis, liiil. HI), pp. It. fuj.^. ■'>) . — A further test was made of the im-thod already proposed by llic Lnuisinn.i Sta- tion for the control of nodular disease in lambs (E. S. It.. IT. p. 4(i.")). The results obtained in the second test indicate that lambs may lie successfully raised on bare lots from ewes badly infested with the nodule worm. The bare lot method se(>nis not to prevent entirely the infestation with stomach woiins. Epizootic gangrenous mammitis in ewes, Dktkovk {liiil. Sor. Ccnl. Mrd. Vrf.. .S3 (IIIOC). .Vo. IS. pp. '/.7..'- ',.77 ) . — An outbreak of this disease of great virulence occ\n'rcd ami sjiread with uniisual rapidity. .Vn experiment was made 678 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. in injecting a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid into the affected parts of the udder. The immediate result of repeated injections of this sort was to check the progress of the disease and apparently to destroy the micro-organism, but The tissue of the udder sloughed off as a result of the previous infection and treatment. This method may be of value in preventing the spread of the infec- tion, but in curing the disease the author recommends the surgical method of the removal of all affected tissue. A disease of the pig due to Spirocheeta, S. Dodd (Join: Compar. Path, and Ther., 19 (1!)0G), No. 3, -pp- 216-222. ])L 1, pf/. 1). — Several species of this genus are known to be pathogenic for animals, but the one observed by the author was not found in the blood circulation but in skin lesions over the surface of the body. A post-mortem examination of affected pigs showed almost no char- acteristic pathological conditions outside of the skin lesions except anemia. Inoculation experiments with the blood of affected hogs showed that the para- site was not present in the blood. It was found that the disease was readily transmitted by contact. Pseudoleukemia in pigs, Rottke {Berlin. Tierdrztt. Wchnschr., 1906, No. ,W, pp. 712, 713). — In cases of this disease the bronchial and mediastinal glands ai-e greatly swollen and all of the lymphatic glands show a yellowish-white color. The nuisculatnre appears jiale and the liver and spleen are somewhat enlarged. The author believes that some cases of pseudoleukemia will prove to be of a tuberculous nature. Rachitis accompanied with spasms in pigs, Fromberg ( Moaned skr. Dyr- Utffcr, IS (1906), .\o. 6, p. 255). — In treating cases of rachitis in pigs complicated with symptoms of cramps, the author obtained satisfactory results from pump- ing air directly into the abdominal cavity by means of the ordinary apparatus to be used in the treatment of milk fever. The abdominal cavity was distended by pumping in air for a period of 7 to 20 minutes. Susceptibility of ruminants and apes to the trypanosome of dourine, F. Mesnil and J. Rouget (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 20 (1906), No. 9, pp. 689-697).— It has generally been considered that ruminants and apes are not susceptible to dourine. In order to test this matter the authors undertook a number of inoc- ulation experiments in which it appeared that cattle, goats, and apes may be infected with the trypanosome of dourine in the same manner as with other trypanosomes which are pathogenic for mammals. The diagnosis of rabies, Forgeot and Nicolas (Ann. Soc. Agr. ScL et Indus. Lyon, 1905, pp. 390-J,0Jt, pjs. S). — The anatomical changes in the nervous system in cases of rabies are described with particular reference to Negri's corpuscles, which bodies were carefully studied by the authors. The conclusion is reached that when Negri's corpuscles are found in Amnion's horn a positive diagnosis of rabies can be safely announced. The authors were unable to find Negri's corpuscles except in actual cases of rabies. This method of diagnosis suffers from certain disadvantages since the detection of Negri's corpuscles is a rather difficult one, and the process occupies considerable time and necessitates many complicated histological manipulations and the use of a high magnification. The results obtained in most instances, however, are suffi- cient recompense for the time employed. The elevation of the body temperature through the treatment of rabies and infectious diseases, P. Remlinger (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol [Paris], 60 (1906), No. 22, pp. 1030, 1031). — Rabies virus is well knovs^n as being very sus- ceptible to the action of heat. The author suggests that this fact may be nat- urally connected with the rarity of rabies in birds on account of their high normal temperature and the infretpiency of disease in the Tropics. An attem])t was niiidc to determine the effect of Iicat in the treatment of Veterinary medicine. 079 laliics. Anhuals woiv suli.jcctcd tn ,i hii,'li tcniiH'i'iiturc and Ihc internal teni- licraturc was raisod by trcatnicnl with piloca'i'iiin and otlici- druj;s. bnt no offect was observed on the ja-oj^ross of the disoaso. Treatment of rabies 'by means of radium rays and the mechanism of their action, III, G. Tizzoni and A. Ronoiovanni {Cciithl. lUtkt. \itc.\. 1. Ahf., (>/•///., -'/J (Uioti), No. ..', /)/*. KU-tlO). — Among the :'. ditToront kinds of radimn rays with which tlic antbnrs oxixn'inientfd in tli«' tr.'.itnu-nt of rabies it was fonnd tliat tho Idnd wliidi most closely resembles katlioile rays is nmst effective, the other 2 b^'in.i,' (>ntirely withont effect or merely assisting,' the action of the kind first named. In the case of coiniunn Inburalory animals it appears tliat by means of these rays a cnre may be bronj^ht about provi(U>d the treatment is iipplied within 2 to H days after inocnlatiiin. The treatment must be <-ontin\ied IS hours if postponed for :;J days atter innculation. while less than one-half as much time is reciuired if .given iuunediately afti'r inoculation. The action of radium on rabies virus, G. Tizzoni and A. P.ongiovanni {Ann. Iii.^t. riislriir. 20 (t!iO(>). \<> N. /'/'. 6".S .^-fJ.s'N ) . — This is a controversial article in which the autliors reply to criticisms raised against their previous announcement regarding the effect of radium on rabies virus. A repetition of experiments planned in a manner similar to those carried out gave results which indicate that rabies in rabiiits may be cured by the ai»plieation of radium rays. The authors suggest the possibility of using radium in the same way in treating ral)ies in man. The transference of rabies virus to frogs, J. von Lute (Ceiithl. Bald. \ct(:\, 1. Abt., Orig., .'I'i {190(>), No. 1, pp. 25-29). — The literature of rabies con- tains few references to the possible transference of rabies virus to frogs. The author, therefore, undertook a number of experiments in which Rana esculenta and 7'. tcniporaria were inoculated with the virus of rabies. It was found pos- sil)le to transfer the virus to frogs and after one or more transfei-s from frog to frog to inoculate warm-blooded animals with material thus obtained. The course of the disease produced by such material was. however, somewhat checked and it appeanul that the virus was slightly attenuated as the result of inoculation in frogs. A study of the so-called infectious lymphosarcoma of dogs, 8. P. Beebe and .1. KwiXG (./o>ir. Med. h'csciinli, 1.', {1906). No. 2. pp. 209-227. pis. 3).— This venereal disease of dogs is known in various countries in I^urope and many cases have appeared in New York. The character of the tumors was carefully studied by the authors and it apiiears that the disease may be trans- mitted by the tumor cells. The active agent in the transnnssion of tlie disease or in tlie production of infection is not known. Membranous angina of a pseudo-diphtheritic nature in dogs, V. P>aix {./our. ]f('(l. \ rl. (I /ootcrh.. .77 {190(1). Aiiij.. jiii. ',j9-',.',i;. fif/. 1). — The bacillus of human diphtheria may be transmitted by inoculation to a number of animals and birds, but the disease studiiMl by the author and reported in the present article was of a pseudo-diiilitberitic character. The symptoms were general debility, lack of appetite, and thirst. A persistent cough was present and the animal ultimately l)ecame unable to swallow. The disease may be complicat(Hl with hemorrhages and albunnnuria, itarticularly if a general infection follows. The treatment recommended consists in the application of local antiseiitics such as salicylic acid, methylene blue, and carbolic acid, and the administration of tonics. A new treatment of demodectic mange of dogs, I,. Dd'as iliiil. .s'oc. (Uut. Med. Vi't.. cSV? {190t;). No. IS, pp. .'i-'n-'iC,.')). — A great vai-iety of rt'medies have 680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. been i-econiinemled in the treatment of mange in dogs. In the authors experi- ments alcohol was tested for this purpose. The treatment consisted in thorough cleansing of the skin, after which alcohol was rubbed on the affected parts. The solution used in these experiments was obtained by adding 2 parts of 95 per cent alcohol to 100 parts of water. This treatment is not successful in all cases. but gives very satisfactoi-y and certain results in cases of mange which have not been neglected too long. The virus of fowl plague, K. Landsteiner (('ciit1>l. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Rcf., 38 (1906), No. 17-18. pp. 5-'/0-5.'i2) . — The author was unable to determine whether the virus of fowl plague is found inside the blood corpuscles or merely upon the outside surface. The virus may be sei)arated by the use of the cen- trifuge with the aid of a 1 per cent salt solution. In order to obtain evidence which will help in determining whether the organism is protozoan or bacterial, the author subjected the virus to a 0.5 per cent solution of saponin in a 1 per cent salt solution. This solution quickly destroyed the trypanosomes, but did not affect ordinary bacteria or yeasts. Birds inoculated with virus treated with the solution remaiued alive, while control fowls inociilated with untreated virus died within (U to 78 hours. Inimunization against fowl cholera with aggressins and bacterial sus- pensions, <). IIiNTEMi i.i.ER (Cciithl. Bait, [etc.], 1. AM.. Orif/.. ',2 (1906). No. 2, pp. 170-17 Jf). — Previous investigations have shown that in the bodies of animals dying of certain infectious diseases an aggressin was found which had the effect of increasing the virulence of small doses of the pathogenic organism and of producing an immunity when animals were treated with it for a consider- able length of time. An exudate obtained in this way from guinea pigs inocu- lated with fowl cholera did not cause an increase in the virulence of the orgaii- ism. An immunity was brought about, however, by treating the animal with the pathogenic organisms after they had been killed by subjection to a tempera- ture of 44° C. The active principle in suspensions thus obtained was found to be connected with the bacterial bodies since, when these susi)ensions were filtered, the material free from bacteria had no effect. Chicken pox or sore head in poultry, C. A. Cary (Alabama College Sta. Bill. 136, pp. 17-56, pis. 3). — t'hicken pox is said to cause more mortality among chickens in Alabama than any other disease. There appears to be no Well- marked distinction between chicken pox, avian diphtheria, and roup, as these terms are ordinarily used. The literature relating to the subject is carefully reviewed. A number of inoculation tests were made with organisms obtained from cases of chicken pox. The author concludes that the cause of the disease is not definitely known. Some evidence is usually presented to show that Bacillus cacosmus or some species of Bacterium or I»seudomonas may be factors in causing the disease, but careful experiments failed to connect either one of them with the disease as the primary cause. Chicken pox may be carried by various insects. The period of incubation varies from 2 to 20 days. Chicks from 7 to 8 months of age are most susceptible, and affected birds may recover in from 2 to 8 weeks. ^Mortality varies from 50 to 70 per cent. The author reports satisfactory results from the ai)plication of iodoform' and tannic or boric acid upon affected parts of the throat and eyes. A large number of other antiseptics have been used with fair success. A bibliography of the subject is given and mention is made of the chief points to lie oliserved in the sanitary management of fowls. A remedy for gapes in fowls (Join: Bit. Af/r. [ London], 13 (1906), No. 6, p. 36\S').— Success is reported in treating gapes by the fumes of carbolic acid. In RURAL ENGTNEERTNG. 681 usiiifi tliis rouKHly tlic diicks to he trcitcd iiiny lie plarod in :i l);iskot over ;i pail coiitaiiiintr carlKtlic acid in w liiiji a ii«>l brick is placed for the pnrpose of volatil- izini; tlk' acid. Contagious epithelioma of fowls, K. r.ri;\i;r (.1////. Iiisl. I'lislciir. .iO (l!)(l(i). .Ao. .''. /(/'. l'i.i-7 (!■')). — Aeeordini,' to the anthor's ohservations tlierc is no lU'cessity of sni)posing an intermediate host, such as Hies, lleas. and otlier pai-a- sites for the nuero-organism of eontugious epithelioma in birds. The cellular inclusions ol)served in eases of this disease and frequently described as parasites do not pass through filters and therefore can not be considered as the true cans(> of the disease, since filtered virus is infectious. By tlie use of an attenuated virus a slight inununity to the disease may be ]>rodue<'d. Spirochaeta in chickens,' S. von Trowazek (Arb. K. (J.siKUitmiht., 23 {tDOG), .A"o. i. iij). .').') 'i-.')(j!). Ills. 2). — The spirocha'ta which most commonly affects fowls, causing spirillosis. ajipears in the blood w itliin 2 days after inoculation and is most nuiuerons on the fourth or fifth day. Tiie spleen becomes enlarged and violet-red in color ;ind the liver shows necrotic areas. An organism of this group is described as new nndi'r the name tiiilroclKita anodnnUr. Poultry parasites, ('. M. G. Johnston {Orange River Colony Dcpt. A (jr. liiil. 12, i>ii. !■'). //(/.v. ')). — Brief accounts are given of fowl tick, fowl mite, scaly legs, ^ajie worm, and roup. These api)ear to be the most serious fowl disea.ses in Orange Itiver Colony, and l)rief directions are given for their effective treat- ment. An epizootic outbreak of tapeworms in pheasants, U. Caparini {Clin, ^'rt. [Mihiii], 2!) (JHOd), Ao. ,36. pp. H12-H11). — In a serious infestation of pheasants with tapcnvorms the author found that the trouble was due to one species of tapeworm which assumes a number of forms quite different in apjiearance. The biology and morphology of this tapeworm was studied, but no practical sug- gestions were made regarding the control of the disease. RURAL ENGINEERING. Contributions to the knowledge of irrigation in the United States of America, Khi'ger {Arh. Dent. Lundic. Cc.sell., 1!)06. No. 11!), pp. 6 by material not likely to slij) when wet, like the soft mooi'um of (h'composed lock of the Deccan, and the slojie on the water face may l)e '21 to 1 or 3 to 1. "The water-tight core slicmld be covered on the rear slojie by a mass of mate- i-jal not affected by water, and, to keep the <>arth from being forced into the drainage material, it should be arranged like a filter, with soft moorum on the inside against the earth core and large coarse material (tn the outer side, broken metal or screened gravel being very suitable for (lie outside. "At the rear toe provision must be made for the water to escape, and the toe nuist be a mass of dry stone when tlu> foundations Jir<' good. "The best foundation for the rear toe of a bank is iiorous rock like moorum. 684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. or rock, and the whole of the rear mass of (lraina.ue should he carried down to such rock wheu It is within reasouahle depth. "When no such niooruni or rock is availiible then the site is not desirable, but if a bank has to be built a large trench should be excavated beneath the rear toe and filled with good drainage material and a berm formed ov(>r it. "If a masonry core wall be used in an earthen dam it must be sujiported by earth backing to enable it to resist the thrust of the saturated material on the ui)stream side of the wall. " If the cross sections of all sorts of embankments be studied, from that of a small watercourse up to a small tank embankment with 40 ft. depth of water, it will be found that in all cases where the bank is thoroughly satisfactory the hydraulic gradient through the bank is not less than 4 to 1 ; the hydraulic gradient is the slope from the point where the water touches the bank to the rear toe, and is the maxinmm gradient available fur driving (he water through the bank." Laud drainage, A. R. Whitson and E. R. Jones {Wiscoiisiti Sla. Bui. 138, pp. .'/O. fit/s. !.')). — The authors include a compilation of data sufficient to enable the design of an open ditch or tile drainage system, and describe in detail several examples of the successful application of drainage in Wisconsin, citing the bene- fits which have accrued in. each case. The practical operations necessary in the construction of tile drains are discussed, and various details of construction are described and illustrated. A brief synopsis of the Wisconsin drainage laws is followed by a discussion of the distrilmtion of benefits, and the luilletin is con- cluded by an appendix on the description and use of instruments used in making drainage surveys. The best value of Kutter's " N" to adopt in canal design, [W. G. Ken- nedy] {[Pr(x:~\ Irriy. Coiif., Simla, 190J{, I, p. 175). — In discussing the question the author admits that the values of N worked out from time to time from observed canal discharges vary greatly for the same channel and even for the same site. Sufficient observations have, however, been made to fix N for Indian canals within fairly narrow limits. " On a quite new and well-dressed channel N goes down to 0.020, but with the bed silted and the banks fairly well kept, N is fairly steady at 0.0225 and ought to be adopted as an all-round figure in canal design." In the discussions on this subject at the same conference the consensus of opinion seemed to be " that for distributaries or not very large canals, 0.0225 is the right value to assume, and for very large canals, 0.020 may safely be taken." One instance was cited where with a discharge of 1.200 to 1,500 cu. ft. per second the coefficient was found to be 0.01(5 to 0.017 ; in another case \yhere the bed width was 250 ft, the depth 9.5 ft., and the discharge S..^,20 cu. ft. per second the coefficient was found to be 0.018. Industrial alcohol: Sources and manufacture, II. W. Wiley {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bill. 268, pp. 45. p(js. 10). — This bulletin is prepared in response to the general demand for information on the manufacture and use of indus- trial alcohol. The law inider whch this product may be manufactured occupies the first few pages of the bulletin, after which some extracts are given from the rulings of the Conmussioner of Internal Revenue relative to the restric- tions surrounding the production of denatured alcohol. The substances used in its manufacture and denaturation are named and discussed. In this connection the suitability of several plants, such as arti- chokes, bananas, barley, cassava, potatoes, rice, speltz, and sweet potatoes for us(> in alcohol production are considered in -some detail, tables being given of the usual starch or fermentable content of (>ach. The comparative value of p(»t;itoes and other root crops for making alcohol is shown by the following KuijAi. KNcil^'K^:l{IN(;. <)lc, in wliicli is irivcii tlic pcrcciita^'c iiy weight of funiiL'Utiiblc iiiatLiT cou- taiiicd ill c.-kIi plant : I'or cent. Whito turnips <>to 8 Uutal)ajras 8 to 13 Man.ucl-wurzels 8 to 15 Carrots S to 1(5 Parsnips — 8 to 17 Sugar beets : 10 to 22 Potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yauis 14 to 2(> Tiic subject of tbe use of waste material or by-products receives attention, in wliicli connection the possible value of cornstalks, molasses, wood pulp, saw- dust, cannery wastes, ete., is considered. The manufacture of alcohol from such materials is not in general considered profitable, due to the fact that with some materials the season of supi)ly would be too short, while in other cases the amount of alcohol obtainable is so small as to make production unj)rofitable unless the waste material could be utilized in distilleries already established. The itrocesses involved in the manufacture of alcohol are described and the ai)I)aratus illustrated, the bulletin being closed by conclusions in which the author draws .ntteidion to the fact that under the revenue regulations "the farmer nuist be content with producing raw materials and that he can not look forward to hecondng a practical distiller." It is further stated that " of the raw materials which can be utilized for the manufacture of alcohol, Indian corn is by far the most abundant and most pronnsing source at the present time. The average price of potatoes must be very much decreased before raw material of this kind cau come into competi- tion with Indian corn as a source of alcohol." The benefits of the new law are stated to have probably been overestimated by the people at large, and it is suggested that it may be some time before the use of industrial alcohol in tliis country reaches the figure already attained l)y IOuro])ean countries. Industrial alcohol: Uses and statistics, II. W. Wii.kv H . N'. Dcpt. Af/r., runiicr.s' Jiid. 2U!>, itp. 2!), fifis. JO). — This bulletin supplements Farmers' Bul- letin 208, and takes up largely the (piestion of the utilization of denatured .•ilcohol. .Mcohol stoves and lamiis ai-e briefly descriiied, with illustrations, and sonic infomiation is given on the use of the alcohol motor. Tlu> uses of denatured alcohol not directly entering into farm operations are enumerated and I)rierty discussed. Among these uses are includetl the manu- f;u-ture of coal-tar dyes, smokeless i)ow(ler. varnishes, ether, pharmaceutical l)reparations. imitation silk, artificial vinegar, and flavoring extracts. The bulletin is concluded by tables giving statistics which show the magni- tude of the distillery industry in each of the several States of the Fnited States, together with some information on the consumi>tion of alcohol and on the denaturing ingredients used in Kuro|ican countries. Modern conveniences for the farm home, Elmina T. \\'iiso\ ( /. .s'. D'lil. Af/r.. I'nniicrs' Bui. 270. iip- 'z*^'. /'.'/■''• -''»■ — The objcvt of tliis Imllelin is to sug- gest nic.ins ,111(1 methods by wliich tlic household labor, now a lianlsliip on many farms, may be lightened and the comforts, <-onveniences, .-ind sanitary cleanli- ness of city life may he introduced into rural connnunities. The question (if water supply is first taken up and some suggestions are given for the proper location of wells, togetlier with the methods of storing wat(>r by cisterns, elevated :uid imeumatic tanks, and the use of hydraulic rams, windmills, and gas or hot-air engines for the development of the water supply. Tlic lion-c itself is next considered, liints lieing given on its proiier location and ou the building of the foundation and cellar. The arrangiMuent of the 686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. plumbing and the various kitchen and batbroom fixtures is explained in detail. Sewage disposal receives attention, various nietbods of collecting' and disposing of liquid and solid wastes being described and illustrated. The heating system of the house is described with special reference to the use of the hot-air furnace and the size and location of air-distributing pipes. Fol- lowing this are cited several examples of homes where modern conveniences have been installed, the character and cost of the improvements being noted and plans given of typical houses and grounds and of the water and sewerage systems. RURAL ECONOMICS. The cost of producing farm products, ^^^ M. Hays and E. C. Parker ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Htatis. Bui. 4S. pp. ixi. pis. '/. flsj.s. 11; Minnesota 8ta. Bui. 91, pp. 90, pis. .'i, figs. 11). — These bulletins report the results of investigations by the Bureau of Statistics, in cooperation with the division of agriculture of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, relating to the cost of producing farm products and giving methods devised in successfully inaugurating these studies. Several farms in .*) counties uf the State, wliere diversified and grain farm- ing is conducted, were selected for the purpose of this inquiry, and detailed statistical data bearing upon every phase of the cost of producing cro])s are reported for the years 1902, 19C)3, and 1004. The objects sought relate in gen- ei'al not only to the economic side of the agricultural industry, such as secur- ing profitable returns for labor, invested capital, managing ability, etc.. but to the broader problems of farm management and organization, of providing practical data for use in agricultural schools and colleges, and of " developing a literature on farm management and a class of effective teachers, editors, and general writers." In connnenting on the value of the data secured in this investigation to the future welfare of agriculture, the authors conclude as follows : " Statistics on the cost of production and concerning the general business of the farm, gathered under the methods here employed, together with data from plat experiments with crop rotations, from plat and laboratory experi- ments with fertilizers, from physical studies of the soil, and from the general practical experiences of proficient farm managers must be secured and made the common knowledge of our farmers if the fai-ms of the United States are to l)e so planned and reorganized as to yield profits commensurate with the rapid appreciation of land values that is bound to follow the increase of population and wealth in the United States." Condition of farm labor in California, W. V. Stafford and J. M. Eshle- MAN [Bicn. h'pt. Bin: Labor Statis. (Jul., 12 {1905-6), pp. 72-Sl). — Data secured by direct intiuiry and by correspondence regarding the conditions of farm life and the wages of farm labor in California are reported. Attention is caUed to the scarcity of reliable farm help, and the investigations center around the question as to whether or not the home life of farm laborers and the wages paid have any bearing on the problem of the scarcity of labor. The statistics presented relate to the classes of farms, number of white and oriental laborers, the conditions surrounding their home life, and the wages paid both with and without board, house rent, etc. Regarding the question under investigation the following conclusion is drawn : " It is believed that this investigation shows conclusively the actual conditions prevailing in ranch work. The constant complaint, heard from every section of the State, of the scarcity of farm laborers, jjlainly indicates the' necessity of some radical change in our i)resent system. The encouragement of jjermauent EUHAL ECONOMICS. f)87 oiiii)loyoos witli I'aiiiilics. Iu wliinii lionsc^ iirc funiislu'd tree, .iiid llic i)r()\ idiiiji of batlis. wcll-carcd-fdr hiiiik Ikhiscs. and iiniirnxcd i.dilc I'arc will ccrlainly do imicli toward sohjii;;; this |inililciii. csiiccially wlicn' the t('iid('iic\- is to liiildiiius." The land system of New Zealand, S. I*. Smith {Xcir ZatJ. Off. YcinlKxilc IHIK). PI). .')')l—',i!'i). — The distin,i,'uisliiii.i,' I'l^atiircs of the present land system in New Zealand are diseussed in this article, which inchides notes on the acquisi- tion of native lands hy the jiovernment, the conditions under which the land is allotted to settlers, and the systems of land tenure. The land system of New Zealand rests on " the ]:)rinci]'le of State ownershii» of the soil, witli a periirtual tcuaiuy in the occupier. A very lari^e proportion of the crown lands are now disjiosed of for !•!>!) years. T1h> rentals are based on the assessed value of the land at the lime of disjiosal. without increase or recur- ring valuations. I'lider tins system there is a fixity of tenure practically equal to freehold, and which, like fivehold, necessarily carries witli it the power of sale, suh-lease, ni()rt,i,'a.i,'e, or disposition hy will. At the same time tlie improve- ments made in the soil hy cidtivation, etc., are secured to the tenant should he from any cause he ohlisjed to forfeit (u* surrender his lease." Three modes of land tenure are recognized: (1) By purchas(>, in which one- lifth of the price is paid down at once and the remainder within 30 days, the final title not heinj; .ijiven until specified imi)rovements are made; (2) le.-ise with .•I purchasing clause, at a .l-per-cent rental on the v.nlne of the land, the le:ise being for 2r» yeiirs .-nid carrying the i-ight to purchase' or to convert into a le.nse in perpetuity : and (.".) " lease in perpetuity at a rent.-il of 4 per cent on the cap- ital value." A digest of the land laws of New Ze;iland embracing the admiiustration, clas- sification, mode of acquisition and selection, improvement, and settlement of crown lands is included in the article. Advances to settlers, S. P. Smith (Ncio Zeal. Off. Yearbook WOO. />/>. 5*;'/-J7.f). — This article treats of the plan adoi)ted in 1S;>4 hy the New Zealand government " to afford relief to a numerous class of colonists who were strug- gling under the burden of high rates of interest and heavy le.gal expenses of mortgaging, etc." 'I"he plan consists in advancing sums of money ranging from £25 to £.{.(KX», with interest "at the rate of ."i jier cent, reducible to 4* per cent I)rovided payment is made not later tliau 1 I days after due date and no arrears remaining outstanding." The successful working of the i)lan from its inception to the present time is shown by means of statistical data which are imported and discussed. The indebtedness of peasant proprietors in Bavaria, A. Cohen (Die \'er- ■sehiililiiiin lies hiiiieilieheii Oriiiidbe.sitzex in Baijeni. ].(ij)sic: Dinicker ct- llinnhlot. IDOd. pp. A'/X+.)70). — This volume is a contribution to the history of the develo])ment of agricultural credit in I'avaria, and tre.-its particularly of the period between l.'DS and 174r>. The develoi)ment of land ownership by the different classes of i»roprietors is described, tlie methods of transferring jiroperty are outlined, and the different forms of agricu!tur;il indebtedness are discussed in detail from th(> legai. social, .-ind economic points of view. Manual of world economics, edited by K. vo,\ Halle {Die Weltiiirtscluifi, ciii Jain- inid Lcsehiteh. Leipsie and Berlin: li. (I. Teiibncr, 1!J06, pts. /, /;/*. VIII+S()t!: .?, pi>. VI+25S: S. pp. yi+2f^l).—V:\vt 1 of this imblicution con- tains an article on Agricultural Production Ity Wygodzinski, which gives statistics on the world's j)i'oduction of cereals and other staple crops, live stock, and sugar for 1!)0." and lOOC, in comparisc.n with i)receding y(>ars. Statistics are also presentee] on the exports and imports of cereals for tlu' years 1!H.)4 and IDUu, 688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'iirt 2 contains an article on The Condition of Am'icniture in Germany by C. Ballocl, which gives statistics on cereal and crop ])roduction for the years lS9(j to 190G, and discusses other economic topics of an agricultural nature as the indebtedness of farmers, hnid transfers, agricultural organizations, etc., in Germany. Part 3 gives general economic and agricultural statistics for 1904 and 1905 of the other countries of P^urope, of Japan and China, the United States, and several countries in South America. Crop Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stat is. Crop Reporter, 8 (1006), Xo. 8, pp. ')7-6.'i : Sup., pp. 65-72). — The December number contains in addition to the usual statistics on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries the following s])ecial articles : Ocean and inland rates on grain, De- cember, 1900 ; agricultural products of ^Mexico ; general hop situation ; world's international trade in coffee ; the grain shortage in Russia ; the beet-sugar pro- duction of Europe ; and other matters relating to agriculture. The supplement contains, in addition to the annual report of the Bureau of Statistics for the fiscal year 1905-0, special articles on stocks of American cheese, October 31, 1906 ; cotton growing in the German colonies ; acreage, production, and value of the principal farm crops of the United States in 1900 ; cotton growing in British Central Africa, etc. Agriculture in New Zealand, M. Murphy (Xeiv Zeal. Off. Yearbook 1D06, pp. 37.'f-386, .7.9^^-()ii).— Statistifal data on the acreage and yields of the princi- pal cereal crops, root crops, grasses, etc., for the years 1905 and 1900, in com- liarison with preceding years, are I'eported and discussed. In a special article the author describes the climate and agricultural advan- tages of New Zealand, shows the extent of land occupancy and the amount of public land still available for settlement, and reviews the outlook for farming in the cultivation of staple crops and the live-stock industry under New Zealand conditions. The prospects for the small farmer are said to be exceptional, owing to the humid climate and fertile soil of the country. Martinique and Guadalupe, E. Legier {La Mart'nilqne et La Giiatlaloiipe. Paris: A. Chalhuiiel. 190'), pp. 1-190, map 1). — Chapters are devoted to the geog- raphy, geology, climatology, and tlora of ^lartinique and Guadalupe, the prevail- ing economic conditions, together with legislation relating to the sugar industry, the culture, transportation, and sale of sugar cane and its profits, the production of sugar and its returns, the sugar factories, the production of rum and its costs and profits, the various crops of secondary importance grown in the islands, the future of the sugar industry, and to agricultural statistics. Agricultural statistics, 1906 (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Loiiilrm]. Agr. Statis., 190(i, pp. 89). — This publicatitm contains the returns of acreage under crops, grass, and fallow, and the number of live stock in each county of Great Britain for the year ended Jinie 4. 1900. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Federal legislation, regulations, and rulings affecting agricultural col- leges and experiment stations (['. S. Dept. Agr.. Offiee E-rpf. Sta.'i. Virc. (18, pp. 21). — This circular includes the land-grant act of 1862, the act of 1866 ex- tending the time within which agricultural colleges may be established, the Hatch Act of 1887, the Morrill Act of 1890. the Adams Act of 1906. excerpts from the act making ai)])ropiMations for the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1907. and regulations and rulings of the Post-Oflice Department, Treasury De- pardiK'ut, and this Department concerning these various acts. AcJUicn/rrHAL editation. 089 A four-year college course in agriculture i /. N. I>ci>l. A(/r.. ()/Ji(( llrpt. Stas. Virc. G'J, pp. -id). — 'ri)is is m suiniiiiu-y of thuse reports of the couiiiiittee on methods of teachin;^ afiriculture of tin- Association of American Auriculturat Colleges and Experiment Stations which relate to college courses in agriculture. The circular includes syllnlii of courses in agronomy, zootechny. agrotechny, rural engineering, and iinnl economics, and a discussion of the relation of n:itural sciences to agriculture in a four-ye:ir college course. The advancement of agricultural education, E. J. Wickson (California sta. ('in: 21. pp. cS ). Benefits of agricultural education, K. A. Burnett {Ann. Rpt. Nehr. Bd. Affi:. J9(i5, pp. 3(i.>,-.iOS) .—This is an estimate of the henefits to be derived from agricultural education based on jiresent as compared with past conditions of the farmer. Among the factors considered are world-wide competition in agricultural products resulting from better transportation facilities, a wider knowledge of the relation of science to agriculture, changed methods of pro- duction, the demand for fancy products, knowledge of diseases and insect pests, instruction in schools of agriculture, and the social status of the rural class. Developing the American farm boy, F. H. Rankin (Urbana: Univ. Illinois, J906. pp. IS). — This is an address given December 7, 1905, before the Northern Illinois Horticultural Society, and is concerned mainly with a discussion of the importance of education for country boys and the kind of education they should have. The function of the country school and of the college of agri- culture in relation to the boys on the farm is pointed out, and an outline of the work of the Illinois College of Agriculture is given. Rural education (Seventh Conference of the Agricultural Societies of Neta Zealand. Wellington, 1905, pp. 3.'t-39). — This is a report of the special con- ference on rural education held July 19, 190.5. in connection with the Seventh Conference of the Agricultural Societies of New Zealand. The Aukland Agri- cultural Society presented the following resolutions embodying the recom- mendations of a special committee of that society appointed to consider the organization of rural education in primary schools : "That to be effective, the training for agricultural pursuits should commence in the primary schools, as it is there that the majority of the future farmers receive their education. " That one of the first olijects to be aimed at should be to provide for the special training of a certain number of teachers for the special work of rural education, by short courses of instruction, and by the appointment of travelings instructors for groups of schools to give object lessons explaining the value of school gardens and nature study, and to help and advise the teachers gen- erally in carrying on instruction on these lines. "That more should be attempted to bring the tuition in c(mntry schools into close relation with the practical work of the farm, so that the subjects taught should be directly connected with the woi'k, surroundings, and after life . int. 1.1). — This contains a list of station publications, a brief statement concerning the principal lines of station work, and a detailed financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June :^(t. 1900. Nineteenth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1906 {Indlauu Hta. Rpt. 1006, pp. 62). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work of the different departments of the station during the year, a list of station publications, notes on changes in the station staff, the text of the Adams' Act, with a brief discussion of it, an enumeration of some of the needs of the station, more or less detailed reports of the heads of departments, and a finan- cial statement for the fiscal year ended June SO, 190(J. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1906 {Ohio Sta. Bui. 116, pp. XIX). — This contains nn announcement concerning tlie work of the station, the orgauizati(m list and report of the board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, l!X)(i, and a report of the director summarizing the work of the station during the year. Fifteenth Annual Report of Utah Station, 1904 ( Utah fita. Rpt. 190 't, pp. 26). — This includes the organization list of the station, a report of the director and departmental rejwrts reviewing the different lines of station work during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904. Sixteenth Annual Report of Utah Station, 1905 (Utah Sta. Rpt. 1905, pp. XXIV). — This is similar in scope to the above report. Report of committee on experiment station organization and policy (f. .S'. Drpt. Af/r., Office E.rf>t. St(t.^. Circ. 71, pp. 7t. — Iteference has already been made in this rei>ort (E. S. K., IS. p. 411). Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations from its organization to June 30, 1906 (f. »S'. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Hta.s. Circ. TO, pp. 12). Press bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bui. 116, pp. .'/00-.'/07').— Reprints of press bulletins on the following subjects: Wheat midge or "red weevil; " late blight or rot of potatoes ; how to fight grasshoppers ; fertilizing the wheat crop ; profitable farm forestry; beware of impurities in clover and alfalfa seeds; misrepresentations of tree agents ; injuries to trees by mice and rabbits ; old tobacco plant beds v. new ones, and wliat is the condition of your seed corn. A visitors' guide to the more important features of the station's work in 1906 {Ohio Std. Circ. .',6. pp. / '/. fif/s. 10. map 1). Index for Bulletins 48-68 of the North Dakota Station {\orth Halcota Sta. Index Biil.'i. .'18-68. pp. IS). N 0 T 1: S . Florida Station. — F. M. Stearns, for two years past gardener, died February 0. Georgia College and Station. — A series of farmers' institute lectures was given jointly by tbe college and station along tbe line of tbe Georgia Coast and Pied- mont Railroad, from February 6 to 10, tbe railroad providing a special car and bearing all expenses of tbe trip. Meetings were beld at tbe court-bouses and scboolbouses of a number of towns iu tbe southeastern part of tbe State. Tbe audiences ranged from 60 to 200 at eacb session. Tbe lecturers were Ilarvie Jordan, director of farmers' institutes ; J. S. Stewart and J. M. Jobnson, of tbe university ; R. I. Smitb, State entomologist, and C. L. Willoughby, of tbe station. Tbis is tbe first movement of tbe sort in Georgia, but its success is sucb as to make probable tbe continuation of tbe movement. Cornell University. — Tbe dairy building, wbicb will eventually form one wing of tbe large agricultural luiilding iu course of erection for tbe college of agri- culture, is tbe first of tbe group to be completed and is now in use. It consist.^ of a 2-story and basement brick structure, 101 by 51 ft., to be used solely for classroom, office, and laboratory work, and a 1-story and basement wing, 1G3 by GO ft, in wbicb are located all tbe macbinery and apparatus for tbe manu- facture of dairy products. In tbis way tbe noise, vibration, and dampness incident to butter and cbeese making do not interfere witb otber work. In tbe manufacturing rooms mucb attention has been given to sanitary lequirements. Wberever possible brick, cement, iron, and tile have been used Instead of wood. To prevent tbe lodging of dust, door and window frames and baseboards have been set flush witb tbe side walls, and doors have been made smooth and without panels. All shelving is detachable, resting on iron brackets secured by bolts. Side walls are of cement or hard finish, and floors of cement or tile. Tbe latter is used in the butter and cbeese making rooms, where special precautions have been taken to secure thorough cleansing and drainage. All rooms are profusely lighted, and the manufacturing rooms are equipped witb shades wbicb can be as easily laundered as towels. Steam for beating and cleansing is obtained from the main agricultural Imild- Ing, and power from a boiler and engine at the extreme end of the wing, to permit of Instruction in tbe management and care of this macbinery. Modern appliances have been provided throughout, including a complete outfit for tbe study of problems in hand'.ng market milk, manufacture of Roquefort, Camem- bert, and other fancy cheeses, dairy mechanics, etc. The main portion of tbe building contains a museum, reading room, Itacteriological and milk-testing labo- ratories, and all necessary facilities for instruction and research work. Pennsylvania College and Station. — A four-year undergraduate course in forestry has been established, and Dr. B. E. Fernow has been placed in charge of tbis work. An assistant professor of forestry is to be appointed, and a new building for the department is projected. Otber appointments have been made as follows: Alva Agee, professor of agricultural extension; Charles F. Shaw, instructor in agronomy ; Joseph E. Dunipace. assistant in agricultural chem- istry, and Ralph Martin, assistant iu dairy husbandry. 692 NOTES. 698 In tile statitui W. II. Mdntiic li.is hwii ai)i)()int('(l assistant in animal nutri- tion, to suet-eed N. ('. Ilaiimcr. who lias accepted tlie position of assistant chem- ist at the Texas Statitui. I '.alley i;. lirown, of the Bureau of Soils, has been appointed assistant prol'e.ssoi" of experimental agronomy ; C. L. Cook and F. R. Keid, of the same bureau, soil exiierts; J. F. Barron, assistant in experimental agronomy: Arthur W. liroomell an(l-(;. C. Given, assistant chemists, and E. F. Fortin, traveling dairy expert. A soil survey of Center County, in which the station is located, is to I)e made by the Bureau of Soils. Rhode Island Station. — W. V. I'urrington has resigned as assistant chemist to accept a position in a food laboratory in New Hampshire. Land-grant Colleges to be made Depositories of Public Documents. — In a sup- plemental report of the .loint I'rinting Investigation Connnission of the two Houses of Congress it was recoiuiiieiidcd that the land-grant colleges be desig- nated depositories for all jtublic documents. A bill providing for such distribu- tion was passed by the Congress just closed. This is one of the ends which has been sought l)y these institutions. Under this measure all Government publica- tions will l)e sent regularly as issued, instead of requiring special application to Members of -<"< ingress, as in most cases at present. Eulogies on Hon. H. C. Adams. — At a memorial session of the House of Representatives on Februarys 24, tributes to the life and services of Hon. II. C. Adams, of Wisconsin, were paid b.y his late colleagues. Many appreciative addresses were delivered, which brought out the high regard and the affection in which Mr. Adams was held, his strength in the halls of Congress, and his serv- ices in behalf of American agriculture especially. Referring to the act which bears his name. Representative Esch, of Wisconsin, said: "Realizing the valuable work of the various agricultural experiment stations of the United States, and that with an increase of funds at their n ideal conditions have been reached, his name will be revered along with that of Morrill and Hatch. Can any higher tribute be paid to any man than to give him ecpial rank with those men in our history who have wrought most effectively and wisely for the greatest industry of the iiationV" American Breeders' Association. — 'I'lic third .iiiiiual incctiiig of this .issocia- tion was hejil at < 'oiiiiiilius. ( iliio. .l.-iiiuary l.l-ls. I'.KtT. in conjunction with 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. meetings of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture aud twelve other agricultural organizations of that State. One of the principal features of this meeting was the reports of committees appointed to consider different lines of breeding and to devise ways and means of promoting them. These and the more important addresses and papers presented are noted below. The association passed resolutions (1) urging upon Congress and the legis- latures of the various States a continuation of their liberal policy in the build- ing up of education and I'esearch in agriculture, including that relating to the production and improvement of plants and animals; (2) requesting Congress to devote the money now appropriated for the free distribution of seeds to the importation and improvement of plants; (3) requesting such modifications of the game laws of the different States as will permit the capture and shipment of game birds for purposes of propagation ; (4) authorizing the committee on eugenics to organize as a committee of the association or as an independent society, and (5) directing the secretai-y of the association to ascertain the desirability of increasing the annual dues from $1 to .$2, and the feasibility of publishing a monthly journal devoted to the interests and objects of the association. Francis Galton, of England, was elected an honorary member of the associa- tion. The retiring officers were reelected with the exception of the secretary of the animal section, which office will be filled during the coming year by C. B. Davenport, of Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Preference was expressed for Washington, D. C, as the next meeting place. Papers and addresses. — In an evening address before the general assembly. W. M. Hays discussed the subject of Education in Breeding. He urged the establishment of agricultural high schools in farming districts, and schools for mechanic arts and home economics in cities, which could be effectively accomplished by appropriations amounting to 20 cents per capita. In this connection I'eference was made to the recent progress along this line in Georgia. The consolidation of rural schools and the establishment of agricul- tural high schools were considered necessary steps in making available to the people the results of agricultural research, for which liberal appropriations are now being made. With a system of agricultural instruction extending from the university to the consolidated rural school, it was considered possible to have centers for animal and plant breeding at the State station and branch stations. The work of a plant-breeding station which has been in existence in Minnesota for 15 years was illustrated by means of moving pictures. One of the most interesting features of the meeting was an address on Breeding Cattelo, by C. J. Jones. The catteio is a cross between the buffalo and domesticated cattle. Much progress has been made in breeding the cattelo, as also in crossing mountain . and domesticated sheep. This work, originating with the speaker, will henceforth be carried on in cooperation with this Department. Much information was also given concerning the buffalo in its wild state and of the efforts being made to preserve the species. Breeding Beef Cattle in Ohio was discussed by J. P. Hine. The speaker objected to the great difference in market prices between heifers and steers, stating that this difference, amounting in some instances to $2 per hundred- weight, is the greatest imposition the beef producer has to contend with. It was noted that this discrimination between sexes is no longer made in Great Britain. A paper on Breeding Dairy Cattle, by M. A. Scovell, dealt mainly with the history of the .Jersey breed. It was suggested that efforts for the further im- provement (if this breed should be along the lines of constitutional vigor aud yield of milk. NOTES. 695 C. W. Gay discussed Tho Breeding of the American Harness Horse. There is^ according to the speaker, a growing demand for this type of horse, which is now produced by. chance. Utilizing the American breeds for the production of this type of horse, the speaker suggested keeping en the top cross a standard-bred sire of the heavy harness type and using for dams mares of the American saddle or preferably of the .Morgan breeds. (Joing outside of native breeds, the speaker would suggest the use of an English hackney dam. The Teaching of Animal Selection or Animal .Judging wm>< discussed liy C. S. Plumb. Methods of teaching animal judging t<> stud<'nts in agricultural col- leges were briefly presented. II. II. Johnson, in discussing the sul>.ject What tli<' I'oultry I*.r(>eder Can Learii from the Cattle Breeder, compared the two lines of animal breeding as regards (1) quality of stock, (2) selection, (3) competitive shows. (4) performance records, (5) centgener power, and (G) performance tests. In many respects the poultry breeders were shown to be behind the cattle breeders. Special emphasis was laid upon performance contests. The speaker Was in favor of securing: individual records, of making the competition one between individuals and strains rather than breeds, and of instituting contests in which not only egg: records but gain in weight in proportion to food <-(msuni('d should be taken into account. C. B. Davenport addressed the association on The Inheritance of Pedigree I'.reediug in Poultry. The different forms of inheritance recognizable in hy- bridization were stated as follows: (1) Inheritance is alternative, i. e., one of the two contrasted conditions of a given organ is dominant over the other and alone appears in the progeny; (2) inheritance is particulate, i. e.. both of the contrasted characters appear in the offspring side by side in a patchwork; (3) inheritance is blending, i. e.. the opposed characters being (luantitatively un- like, the offspring are approximately intermediate between the two parents; and (4) inheritance is neomorphic. i. e.. a characteristic appears in the hybrids that can not be seen in the parents. In illustrating these laws the speaker '•ousidered various characters, such as color of plumage, form of comb, etc., in hybrids. The processes necessary for the creation of a new race which shall combine various desirable characters found in two or more races were sununarized by the speaker as follows: (1) Hybridization by which the desired combination may be obtained at least in the second hybrid generation; (2) purification of the race by the elimination of germ cells carrying the characteristics that are opposed to those sought; and (3) selection of the best breeding individuals as parents, by which there will be obtained a larger percentage of offspring of the best (juality. This work of obtaining and fixing a desiral)le characteristic will, of course, be hastened if there can be found some indivi the fact that Kentucky produces more than one-third of the outiHit of tobacco of the Iniled States, and fertilizer and variety tests were reported. White Burley tobacco has given better results than crosses of this variety with Connecticut, Havana, and Sumatra varieties. The protectitm of the seed heads from cross fertilization by bagging and the use of the seed sepa- rator liave resulted in the production of better and more uniform crops. C W. Waid re])nrted the Results of Ilill Selecticni of Seed I'otatoes. Seed was selected from high and low yielding hills and from hills resistant to disease, the work being carried on at the Ohio Station for three years. In general the I'esults showed an increase* in the yield of potatoes when the seed had been selected from high-yielding hills, and a decrease when the seed had been selected from low-yielding hills. The selection of seed from high-yielding hills is there- fore reconnnended. Selection from hills showing resistance to early blight has given very encouraging results. The Improvement of Sugar ("ane by Selection and Breeding was discussed by C. O. Townsend. Several ditticulties encountered in the improvement of sugar eanc l>y vegetative selection or !>reeding were mentioned, such as confusion of names, nonstability of characters, and size and position of flowers. The prin- eipal points aimed at by cane breeders were enumerated and sunnned up in the statement that the cane most desired is the one that will yield the largest quan- tity of sugar per acre with the greatest certainty and the least expense. In the work already done much progress has been made in increasing the yield of cane and also the sugar content, in securing varieties more or less resistant to disease, and In developing varieties suited to different soil and climtitlc conditions. ImpTMvement by seminal variation has so far given the most satisfactory results. .7. E. W. Tracy discussed Breeding of Sugar Beets to Increase the Sugar Con- tent and Yield Per Acre and the Encouragement of the Sugar-beet-seed Industry in America. It was considered possible to increase the available sugar in sugar beets grown in the United States at least 2 per cent by the use of better seed, and also in the same manner to increase the yield of sugar beets per acre to a marked extent. Mention was made of the efforts being put forth in this country to establish pedigree strains of seed. Sugar-beet growers were virged to jiroduce their own seed, in which work the Department of Agriculture is willing to cooperate. lu discussing the Breeding of Clover. S. M. Bain reported finding individual clover plants very resistant to disease. A paper by F. Dorner, sr., on Carnation Breeding contained a brief history of the carnation, a description of methods employed in breeding, and an enumera- tion of the requirements of a good carnation. Breeding experiments have 1)een carried on by the author since lS8f». J. B. Norton described some experiments in l)reeding carnations carriinl on in the Department of Agriculture, illustrating bis remarks with lantern slides showing the results of hybridization. The Imi)ortance of the Mutation Theory in Practical P.reeding was discussed by (J. II. Siinll. The speaker called attention to the large number of imex- liccled variations which have formed the starting point for the production of new strains, and mentioned the need of care in order to avoid confusion in dis- tinguishing mutations from forms produced by hybridization. Mutations were considered the l)asis of every ])ermanent seed stniin. According to the speaker, the method of breeding in order to harmonize with the nuitation theory should consist in the production of as large number as possible of seedlings among which to seek valuable mutations: as complete isolation of selected individuals as their breeding habits will permit :ind comi)lete control of fertilization, and the rearing of tlu- offspring under conditions that will .lilow all ilistinguisliing 698 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. characteristics to reach a normal development. It was stated that these require- ments are more or less closely approximated by the various isolation methods now in use. S. M. Tracy showed by numerous illustrations I'he Importance of Securing Full and Accurate Descriptions of Varieties. The Press and Breeding was dis- cussed by W. I. Chamberlain, mainly as regards the use of illustrations in advertising. Papers read hy title. — C. E. Woodruff submitted a paper entitled : The Pre- vention of Degeneration is the Only Practical Eugenics. The author maintained thata study of heredity will prove that defects are olten due to remedial causes, and suggested that sanitation in its broadest sense is the only practical means lor preventing degeneration. The Evolution of the Bacon Hog in Ontario was set forth in a paper by J. Dryden. This was considered the highest achievement of the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture while under the guidance of the author. It was stated that the present high and uniform quality of bacon has been attained entirely by selection based on the killing tests. The animals reserved for breeding were selected to supply the same type which won first place in such tests. Close in- breeding was not resorted to. A Plea for a More Extended Use of the System of Live Stock Registration was made in a paper by M. M. Boyd. A paper by J. B. Norton discussed the methods of oat breeding, and mentioned results which have already been secured. The principal aim in the breeding of oats in the United States is that of resistance. Plants have already been obtained which ai'e nearly free from smut and rust. A paper on The Selection of Seed Corn, by C. I>. Smith, contained the results of experimental work and suggestions concerning the best methods to be employed in the selection of seed corn. Statistics of Cotton Variation were reported in a paper by N. D. Shoemaker. The study was inidertaken to determine the gain in a desirable character which might be expected from the progeny of a single plant, and how this gain might be affected by cultivation and seasons. The results are interi)reted as favoring the check-row system, making a large number of selections, and the keeping of fairly complete progeny records. H. H. Groff called attention to certain results which have been secured by him in growing gladioli ; and The Ease and Importance of Inii)roving the Varie- ties of Cultivated Nuts was discussed in a paper by J. R. Smith. A paper by N. E. Hansen entitled, A Plant Breeder's Trip to Eurasia gave notes on a journey around the world, made primarily for the purpose of tracing the northern limits of alfalfa in Asia. L. .1. Briggs submitted a paper entitled Grading in Agricultural .Judging Contests, in which a system of preparing grading tables was presented. Disseminating New Varieties of Plants, by C. W. Ward, was also read by title. Reports of committees. — A verbal report on cooperation in animal breed- ing was submitted by W. M. Hays. Special mention was made of the project for the determination of the value of the dual purpose cow, as represented by the milking Shorthorns, now being carried out by the Minnesota Station in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture. A verbal report on animal hybridization was submitted by W. J. Spillman. The committee has devised a system of keeping records for cross-bred animals intended for farmers and breeders generally. It has also inidertaken to collect the literature relating to animal hybrids. Some results obtained by the applica- tion of scientific knowledge to animal bi'eeding were noted, and the Mendelian law was discussed. NOTES. 699 A report on brcodinp: dairy cattle was submitted by A. J. Glovor. This was in the nature of disconnected notes rather tlian a committee rejxjrt. Among the subjects discussed were the importance of production as compared with confor- mation in judging dairy cattle, the value of short tests, the determination of I»repotency. the relative weight of heart and lungs in dairy and beef cattle, and the effect of food ou the health of cows and the quality of the milk. A verbal I'eport on breeding wild birds was submitted by T. L. Palmer. This sul).iect was discussed as regards the importation of wild birds, raising wild i)inls in a state of nature, the breeding of wild birds in quantity under domes- tical ion, and the breeding of birds for a specific purpose, such as the crossing of wild and domestic turkeys in order to secure a race resistant to blackhead. Many inst.-mces of the imi)ortation of wild birds were mentioned, and tlie efforts being m;ide to restore to some extent some of the birds now disai)pearing, such .•IS the eid«'r duck, were described. The speaker called attention to 8t;ite legis- lation restricting the capture and shipment of wild birds as a serious ditficiilty in the way of breeding experiments. A report on theoretical research in heredity was submitted by C. W. Ward. This consisted essentially of a review of recent advances in the theory of breed- ing, by C. B. Davenport, and an outline of some of the more important problems in theoretical research relating to heredity, by W. J. Spillman, both members of the connnittee. According to Doctor Daven])ort. the newer investigations are levealing certain laws accessory to or modifying Mendel's law. In the first I)lace, ^lenders law of dominance is not universal as characters occasionally blend. Reversion, moreover, constitutes a special case of inheritance in hybrid- ization and does not stand in opposition to the ordinary laws of inheritance. I'npublished data of the author indicate that account should be taken of the immediate characters of the parents as well as of their ancestry. Pure domi- nants, in the author's experience, can usually be distinguished from heterozygous dominants without resort to breeding tests. Subjects mentioned especially by Professor Spillman as deserving investigation are the relation of the extra chromosome to sex, the relation of chromosome to hereditary characters, and the correlation of characters. A report on breeding cereals, by L. S. Kliuck, dealt with the following sub- jects: (1) Search for foundation stocks, (2) method of starting foundation stocks, (3) selection. (4) distribution, (.'5) problems for the different cereals, and (0) crossing and hybri of iM)Ultry manure, Larue 725 Wastes at salmon canneries 725 Fertilizers 726 Analysis of commercial fertilizers, Hardin 726 Analyses of eonnnercial fertilizers, IIardin__ 726 Commercial fertilizers in TJOo-d, Fraps 726 Commercial fertilizers. Stewart and llite 726 Approximate cost of constituents of fertilizers and feeding stuffs 726 The mineral industry during 1;R)5, Ingalls 726 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Report of the department of botanical research. MacDougal 726 Report of department of experimental evolution, Davenport 727 Elementary species in a.ixi'icultnre. de Vries 727 Semipermeable membrane inclosing seeds of some Graminea?, Brown 727 Culture of embryos of barley on nutrient solutions containing nitrogen__ 727 Migration of nitrogen from endosperm to embryo during malting 728 Investigations concerning root hairs and their secretions, Schleichert 728 Stimulus to production of cellulose and starch, Dandeno 728 Botanical and chemical study of tannins, Dekker 728 Formation of hydrocyanic acid in plants, Dunstan and Henry 728 Distribution of hydrocyanic acid in plant kingdom, Greshoff 729 Experiments with bacterial enzyms, Jordan 729 FIELD CROPS. Practical farnnng, Shepherd 729 David Dickson's system of farming 729 Dry farming. Baker 729 Report of the associate agriculturist, Newman 729 Increase in vield from commercial fertilizers on marsh land, Becker 730 The book of alfalfa, Coburn 730 Agaves, their culture and use, Braun 730 By what methods may lirewing barley be improved? Bethge 730 l"se of potash in relation to (piaiily of barley. Wein 730 Fertilizer experiments with fodder beets, Dusserre and Chuard 731 The Williamson plan of corn culture, Newman 7.31 Tillering of the corn plant, Montgomery 732 Production of a new variety of maize by traumatism, Blaringhem 732 The Red Texas oats question: A statistical study, Roberts 7.32 Effect of correct use of nitrate of soda in growing sugar beets, Briem 733 Effect of a too heavy apiilicatioii of nitrate of soda, Briem 734 Occurrence of dodder on sugar beets. Stiff 734 Lectures to sugar planters 734 Report of the division of agriculture and chemistry, Eckart 734 Tobacco culture on soils reforested with Albiszia molvccana 734 The selection of seed wheat, Shaw 734 HORTICULTURE. Japanese horticulture. Hayashi 7.35 Vegetables and fruits at the North Louisiana Experiment Station, Watson. 7.35 Tomato fertilizers at Troupe, Ilotchkiss and Green 736 Money in cucumbers, Dunn 736 Th(> artichoke. Le Feuvre 736 Cultivation of fruit trees. Bussard and Duval 73(5 Peculiar seedless apple, Herse 737 IV CONTENTS. Page. The olligator pear at Pomona, Los Angeles County, Cal 737 Standai-d sizes of fruit boxes 737 Tlie uses of the salcoa, Tralboux 737 Pineapple culture, Hume 737 i^econd note on the wild coffees of Mount Amber, Madagascar, Dubard— 738 The cocoanut, Hubert 738 The practical culture of cacao trees, Fauchere 738 The yucca, Fosalba 738 Influence of cold in horticulture, Perret 738 Progress of hybridization and plant culture, Wittmack 739 Seven gardens costing $1,000 each, Bryant 739 The garden beautiful, Robinson 739 Practical suggestions for beautifying rural school grounds, Scheffer 739 History of chrysanthemum cultivation in Japan, Hayashi 739 Horticulture in relation to medicine, Holmes 739 FORESTRY. Management of the farmer's woodlot, Hutt 740 Plan for forest tract of Insular Lumber Co., Everett and Whitford 740 Plan for forest tract of Mindoro Lumber and Logging Co., Merritt and Whitford 740 I'inancial i-esults of forest management, Fernow 741 Annual report of the director of forestry, fiscal year 190(i, Ahern 741 The Michigan forestry convention, Ihlder 741 How to cultivate forest plantations on the semiarid plains 741 Pictorial practical tree and shrub culture, Wright and Dallimore 742 Importance of selecting seed in practical forestry, Scott-Elliot 742 How to transplant forest trees 742 HoAV to ])ack and ship young forest trees 742 Forest planting leaflets 742 Eucalypts 742 The Franquette walnut, McDonald 743 The chilte tree, Costantin and Gallaud 743 The culture of Ficns clastica 743 The manurial requirements of rubber trees 743 What I saw in the Tropics, Pearson 743 Resinous secretions and resin ducts, Tschirch 743 Effect of moisture upon strength and stiffness of wood, Tieniann 743 Philippine woods, sawmills, lumber market, and prices, Gardner 744 Wood production in Europe, Africa, and North America, Marchet 744 Rules and specifications for grading of lumber. Hodson 745 Fence-post trees 745 Prolonging the life of mine props 745 Wood used for tight cooperage stock in 1905, Hale 745 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Some bacterial diseases of plants. Delacroix 745 The principal fungus diseases of the year. Kirk 745 Report of assistant in botany and horticulture. Fawcett 74G Annual report of investigations on plant diseases, Hollrung et al 74(3 Root diseases of sugar beets. Peters 746 Occurrence of alumina and iron oxid in diseased beets. Pellet 746 A fungus disease of greenhouse lettuce. Dandeno 740 Some notes on the destruction of plum trees. Rabate 746 An outbreak of the European currant I'ust, Stewart 747 The appressoria of anthracnoses, Hasselbring 748 A disease of the Carolina poplar, Delacroix 748 "Cluster-cup" disease of conifers, Massee 748 A sclerotium disease of China asters, Gueguen 749 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. Wolves in relation to stock, and the national forest reserves, Bailey 749 Eleventh report of State entomologist of Minnesota, 1906, Washburn 749 CONTENTS. V Page. Some insects of orchard and other fruits, Adams 750 Report of the division of entomology, Perkins 750 Problems in economic cMitomology in the Philippines, Banks 750 Entomological notes. Ilaymau 750 Biological division. Johnston 750 The pests of sugar beets in Bohemia in 1905, Uzel 750 The boll weevii, Flynu. jr 750 Hibernation and development of the cotton-boll weevil, Sanderson 750 Notes on biology of weevils related to cotton-boll weevil, Pierce 751 An ant enemy of the cotton-boll weevil. Hinds 751 A predatory i)ug reported as enemy of cotton-boll weevil, Morgan 751 Brown-tall and gypsy moth in New Hampshire, Sanderson and Howard 751 The oyster-shell scale, Symons 751 Combating the oyster-shell Itark-louse, Duke of Bedford and Pickering 752 Treating San Jose scale, Symons and Gahan 752 Tlie black currant gall mite, t'ollinge 753 The grai)e berry worm. Gossai'd and Houser 753 Combating insects and other enemies of agriculture, Lafont 753 Method for destroying larva^ in tree plantations, Eberhardt 753 Third report on dust and liquid spraying. Close 754 Preliminary account of life history of common house fly, Hewitt 754 Apiculture, Kirk 754 Bees, Ludwlg 754 Breeding bees by selection, Sladen 754 Sericulture in Indo-China, Viell 755 Silkworms of Madagascai". Grangeon 755 On the polygamous habit of the silkworm, Toyama 755 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. Trade labels under the meat-inspection law, Melvin 755 Food inspection. Woods and Bartlett 755 Food inspection. Woods and Bartlett 75(1 Food analyses: Report of chemist, Willard 7~>v, Investigations on the properties of wheat proteids. Chamberlain 1 75(i The constitution of Java cane-sugar molasses, Geerllgs 75(5 Cocoa as food and condiment. Exi)eriinents with man. Neumann 757 Chemical composition of chestnut flour, Paladino 757 The presence of formalin iiir foods, Perrier 757 Volume and specific weight of the human body, Wengler 758 Influence of neutral salts on salivary digestion. Patten and Stiles 758 Physical cliemistry, digestion, and resorption, Reiss 758 Chemistry and biochemistry of creatin and creatinin, Folin 758 Experiments on origin of creatin in the animal body, Jaffe 7.59 Excretion of creatin and creatinin by man, Klercker 759 The elimination of creatiniii, Closson 759 The excretion of x.'intho-uric bodies. Fauvel 7.59 Physiological action of pliytin acid, ;Mendel and Underbill 7~^'.^ The digestion of protein, Salecker and Stutzer 7."i<.) The cleavage of protein in the intestine, Cohnheim KM) Concerning proteid synthesis in the animal bod.v. Liithje 700 Importance of amino acids in metabolism, Willcock and Hopkins 700 Can nitrogen equilibrium be produced in animal body by hetero-albu- mosesV IIenri(|ues and Hansen 7(i() Expii'ation of free nitrogen from the body. Krogh 7 Occurrence of carnosin. carnitin, and methylguanidin in meat. Krimberg_ 7(!1 The constitution of carnitin, Krimberg 701 Intestinal gases of man, Fries 7(il ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Feeding stuffs, Dechambre 701 Role of as]i;iragin in nitrogen metabolism, Lehmann 7arent recovery from exi)eriniental tuberculosis, Martin and Vaudremer. 77 Cost notes on a reeuforced concrete silo 78.") RtTKAI. ECONOMICS. Rents, wages, and profits in agriculture. Nicholson 78(5 The return to the land. Mcline 780 Rei)(irt of the Agricultural Organization Society, Yerburgh and Harris 780 Agricultural cooperative societies fin Brazill. Borges. jr 780 Fse :nid ()bj(>cts of agricultural societies. Denh;un__ 787 The " Doiig-Loi" " native cooperative societies in Tonkin. Pretre 787 Crop Rejiorler 787 Com]>:iris(in of English and foreign agriculture • 788 Agricultural statistics and chattel mortgages, Monteith 788 Agriculliu-al statistics of Ireland for 1005 788 Agricultural statistics. Ireland. 1000 788 Agricultur.nl statistics of India for l!)00-10(t1 to 1904-5 788 The biisis of rural industry and bookkee])ing. Lambl. trans. Iiy Edange 788 Bookkeeping for farmers, Atkeson, edited by MyricU 789 VTII CONTENTS. AGEICULTUKAI. EDUCATION. Page. The education of the farmer, Kinley 789 The educatiou of the farm boy. Bishop 789 Agriculture in public schools, Soule 789 Agricultural education, Scott 789 Agriculture in the public schools of Oklahoma, Balcomb 790 How agriculture may be introduced into the schools of Texas, Ellis 790 Why agriculture should be taught in the high school, Hatch 791 Report of committee on extension work 791 History of farmers' institutes in the United States, Hamilton 791 Farmers' institutes 791 MISCELLANEOUS. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 190G, Wilson 791 Annual Report of Florida Station, 1906 791 Report of Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1906 791 Eighteenth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1905 792 Nineteenth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1906 792 Interim report of the Canada Experimental Farms ^_ 792 Experiment Station Work. XXXVIII _' 792 The experiment station building, Goss 792 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Slatiuii.s ill the I'uitv.d States. Arkansas Station : Bui. 92, 1007 Bui. 9:?, 1907 (California Station : Bui. ISl, Oct.. 190() Delaware Station : Bnl. 7 Circ 57 742 Circ. .58 74" Circ 59 74'? Circ. 60 742 Circ 61 742 Circ 62 742 Circ. 63 742 Circ 64 742 Circ 65 742 Circ 66 742 Circ 67 742 Circ 68 742 Circ 69 745 Circ. 70 742 Circ 71 742 Circ. 72 742 Circ 73 742 Circ 74 _ 742 Circ. 75 742 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 9. Nos. 1-2. .Tan.-Fe!).. 1907 787 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 173 (10 cents) 785 Bui. 174 (15 cents) 791 Circ 72 7!tl Office of Public Roads: Bnl. 28 (10 cents) 717 Note. — The publications of the I'nited States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Jjureau. may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents. Washington. I). (". For the publications of the We:itlier Bureau recpiests and ri'mittances should be directed to the Chief of the I'.ureau. Tlie price of the Record is .$1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The i)ublications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX ILLUSTRATION. Page. Fig. 1. Apparatus foi* moisture determination 710 X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVJII. Apku., 1!)07. No. 8. The act making appropriation for the National Department of Agriculture is each year becoming a more important factor in the working out of ])ublic policy. The development of the Department has gradually led up to a variety of large national questions, and the consideration of the agricultural appropriation bill in Congress is made the occasion of extended discussion of these broad questions out of which a public policy relating to them is being developed. The bill frequently receives more attention than that for any other execu- tive department, this attention being far out of proportion to the amount of money involved, although not to the importance of the subject matter itself. The greatly increased interest in agriculture in a national sense and in the Department's work has grown out of an increased realization of the importance of agriculture as a great basic industry, largely contributory to wealth, production, commerce, and other industries, and touching the interests and prosperity of the country and the people as a whole. Last year the Federal meat inspection law was enlarged and greatly developed so as to place the Department in control of all meat prod- ucts for interstate commerce and for export, and of the sanitary conditions of the establishments where they are prepared. The act also established the policy relating to the management of the forest reserves, and interpreted the Adams Act doubling the appropriation for agricultural experiment stations. This year the appropriation act also conti\ined important legisla- tion relating to the management of funds arising from the forest reserves, carried a permanent increase for agricultural education whicli will double the present appropriation in five years, extended the Federal inspection to include human foods, and increased the aid to be given in the eradication of the Texas fever cattle tick in the South, and the gypsy and brown-tail moths in the New Enghind States. A proposition looking to the protection of the grazing lands of the public domain, by placing them under the control of the Sec- retary of Agriculture, with authority to organize grazing districts, to regulate their use, issue permits or leases, etc., was consider(Ml at length but failed of passage. 701 702 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The inspection duties of the Department are steadily increasing. In addition to the meat and food inspection, the amount for grain mspection is increased from $15,000 to $40,000, and the inspection of seeds of grasses, clover, and alfalfa is continued. This police work is quite a new feature and is one of the noteworthy tendencies in the development of the Department. Without necessarily centralizing this service, there are manifest advantages to the country at large from a uniform control of certain products intended for interstate shipment, and a much broader and more effective influence is exerted than could be the case by the States working alone and independ- ently. The act marks a more liberal tendency in the matter of salaries. There were material increases in the salaries of the Secretar}^, Assist- ant Secretar}^, and the chiefs of three bureaus, the latter being brought up to $5,000. A provision was also inserted raising the maximum salar}^ Avhich the Secretary is authorized to pay to investi- gators or others engaged in scientific work from $3,000 to $3,500. This is gratifying recognition of the merits of such service as com- pared with that in other branches of Government and scientific work, and of the position which agricultural investigation is attaining. The total amount carried by the agricultural appropriation act for 1907-8 is larger than in any previous year by nearly $3,000,000. The appropriation for '• routine and ordinary work '' is $8,692,290. The emergency apjDroijriations and the increase for the agricultural colleges for the coming year bring the total up to $9,447,290, to which should be added a j)ermanent appropriation of $3,000,000 for meat inspection. If to this is added the Adams fund for next yenr, amounting to $432,000, which is administered by the Department and hence is quite as properW included here as the Hatch fund, the grand total is $12,879,292. The amount exceeds the appropriation of two years ago (1905-G) by over $0,000,000, and represents an increase of nearly 100 per cent. This increase is in large measure covered by the extension of the inspection work of the Department upon meat and other articles of food. The Bureau of Animal Industry now greatly exceeds all other Bureaus in the amount of its fund. Its regular appropriation is $1,032,480, a net increase of $85,500 over last year. To this is to be added the funds for the eradication of the cattle tick in the South, which is increased from $82,500 to $150,000. with $25,000 made imme- diately available, and the permanent appropriation of $3,000,000 for executing the meat inspection law. The latter was made permanent legislation. The appropriation for animal-breeding experiments was increased from $25,000 to $50,000, and an attempt to restrict one- EDITORIAL. 703 half to horse breeding failed. The fund for developing the dairy industry in the South, which was included last year, was not renewed. The provision for experiments in cooperation with the Minnesota Station with a view to developing antitoxins or preventive vaccines was continued. The Weathci- bureau was given a slightly smaller appr()])riation than the previous year, the amount being $1,413,540. The usual ap- propriation for the erection of buildings was stricken out on a point of order, and the cost of niaintenaiice of the printing office was limited to $1ulU>tins, and $25,000 for the publications of the Weather Bureau. The ()ffi(;e of Public Ivoads received the same appropriation as last year, $70,050, and the Library $28,380, an increase of $2,500. Other items of the act are Office of the Secretary $119,200, Division of Ac- counts and Disbursements $41,790, and contingent expenses $47,000. The increase in the appropriation for the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts is a matter of much gratification to all interested in the progress of these institutions and familiar with their need of additional funds. It reaffirms the policy of the General Government to favor and develop these land-grant institutions, legislation for which has now extended over a period of 45 years. The act of 1862 donated to the States and Territories lands from which over $12,000,000 has been realized as a permanent endowment, with over $4,000,000 worth still unsold. The supplementary act of 1890 has given them $1,200,000 annually for more than a decade past; and the present act, known as the Nelson Act, increases the amount to each State $5,000 a year for five years, when the appropriation will be double that at present and will be continued permanently at that rate. Although the new measure is carried by the agricultural appropriation act, it will be administered like the Morrill fund by the I5ureau of Education, and not by the Department of Agriculture. The appropriation was carried through on the merits of agriculture. The law itself mentions the agricultural work prominently, and the discussion in Congress hinged almost exclusively on the value and growing importance of agricultural education, and the needs of de- veloping that phase of our educational system. These needs in connec- tion with our colleges are very acute, as every one will admit Avho is familiar with the relatively meager equipment in men and materials for instruction in that branch. Now that the methods of instruction have been Avorked out on a broader and more efficient basis, and the desire for instruction in agriculture has become more widespread, it is fair to expect that the land-grant colleges the country over will recognize the opportunity presented by this ncAV appropriation to develop and strengthen agricultural education. Press dispatches report the death at Paris, France, March 18, of Pierre Eugene IMarcellin Berthelot, the distinguished French states- man and scientist, whose work contains much of interest and value to agriculture. 706 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Berthelot was born in Paris October 25, 1827. Early in life he aowed marked taste for philosophical studies and chemical research, and during the more than fifty years of his unusually active and prb- ductive scientific career, beginning practically with the enunciation of his theory of polyatomic alcohols in 1854, his work has covered nearly every branch of chemistry and included besides many impor- tant contributions to physics, botan3% and agriculture. Indeed his scientific work is preeminently distinguished by its breadth of con- ception and the boldness and success with which he made all depart- ments of science concerned contribute to the investigations he under- took, thus attesting an extraordinary breadth of knowledge and sure- ness of grasp of science in many fields. To an unusual degree he made science in its various departments subservient to his purpose in Avorking out the particular j^roblem which he had under investigation. Berthelot's philosophy and science was of that constructive kind so well exemplified by those researches in synthesis of organic compounds beginning in 1854 and continuing to the end of his career, which give him his strongest title to fame. When he began his work in this line Wohler had already j^repared urea synthetically from its inorganic constituents, and a few other syntheses of similar character had been made, but, as a recent writer states, " they were so isolated, so insignificant, and so barren of fruit that all attempts to constitute organic bodies by bringing together the elements of which they are composed were as a rule regarded as chimerical." Yet Berthelot attacked this problem with such energy that in a compara- tively short time he greatly increased the number of synthetically })repared organic compounds entering into the composition of living organisms, and elucidated the laws and devised a system of processes by which organic compounds may be formed from inorganic elements. In fact it may be said that he introduced the synthetic method into organic chemistry. Among the important compounds thus prepared by him were oxalic and formic acids, method alcohol, glycerine, camphor, oils, and acetylene. The ultimate aim of his eii'orts in this direction was the production of albuminous and carbohydrate bodies, of which he said: "The reconstitution of the saccharine and albuminoid prin- cii)les is the final object of organic chemistry, the most remote one indeed, but also one of the most important, on account of the essential part which these principles play in our economy. When science attains it, it will be able to realize the synthetic problem in its whole extent — that is, to produce, with the elements and by the play of molecular forces alone, all the definite natural compounds and all the changes which matter undergoes in the bodies of living beings." Berthelot expressed the belief that the synthesis of the food nutri- ents, fats, and sugars will probably be followed by the artificial prep- EDITORIAL. 707 aratioii of others until ultimately all food materials, beverages, condi- ments, narcotics, etc., will be made by artificial processes instead of derived from natural products. In connection with his studies of the thermal relations of respira- tion and tissue building in plants and animals, Berthelot made important contributions to thermo-chemistry. The bomb calorimeter, which is now extensively used in the study of the fuel value or heats of combustion of foods and feeding stuffs, is a product of his labors in this direction. He also successfully applied the bomb calorimeter in the development of a new method of elementary organic analysis. Berthelot's more strictly agricultural contributions were very large and of the highest order of importance. He was among the first to demonstrate the fixation of free nitrogen in the soil by microscopic organisms, independent of or in symbiosis with higher plants. He has probably done more than any other modern scientist to explain the true nature of the humus compounds of the soil. His Plant and Agricultural Chemistry (Chhnie Vegetale et Agricole), the pub- lication of which Avas begun in 1899, .and which consists of four volumes containing about 2,000 pages, is a collection of the reports of the work of the author, especially at the station for plant chem- istry at Meudon, which appeared from time to time in the Annates de Physique et Ghimie. The first volume deals with the fixation of free nitrogen by soils and by plants, the second is devoted to general studies on plant growth and the chemical action of light, the third includes special studies on plant growth, and the fourth is devoted to studies of cultivated soils and of wine. In recent years he had made important and interesting contributions to the history of chemistry. The varied and valuable character of Berthelot's contributions to agricultural science will be evident to any one who will take the trouble to consult the files of Annates de Physique et Chimie, Comptes Pctidihs IlehdoiiKidaires des Seances de VAcademie des Sciences^ or this journal. The latter will show references to some forty important c(mtributions on agricultural subjects within the last fifteen years. Berthelot's eminence in science v/as recognized throughout the world and he received many honors, political as well as scientific. He was a life member of the French Senate, and had been successively Inspector-General of Higher Education, Minister of Public Instruc- tion, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was a grand officer of the Legion of Honor, and succeeded Pasteiir as permanent secretary of the French Academy of Sciences. He was a member pf the Institute of France, as well as of the most distinguished scientific societies of other countries. 27046— No. 8—07 m 2 RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. The determination of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, U. Van Dam (Rec. Trav. Chim. Paijs-Bas et Belg., 25 (1906), pi). 291-296; abs. in Chem. Abs., 1 (1907), No. 2, p. 152; Jour. Chcm. Sac. [London], 90 (1906), No. 530, II, p. 898). ~ A method based upon the oxidation of oxalic acid by the nitrate in presence of niansanese sulphate AA'ith subsequent determination of the excess of oxalic by titration Avith potassium permanganate, is described, and comparisons of it with the Schloesing method are reported. The oxidation is effected by heating the mixture at 100° C. for 3^ hours in a flask provided with a reflux condenser and charged with carbon dioxid. Detection of nitric acid, P. Soltsein (Pliann. Zfg., 51 (1906), No. 69, pp. 765, 766; abs. in Cliem. Centbl., 1906, II, No. 12, pp. 1020, 1021; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 90 (1906), No. 530, II, p. 898).— The interference of nitrous acid with the diphenylamin and brucin reactions is noted and attention is called to the fact that in testing for nitric acid by reduction to nitrous acid with zinc the reduction may be carried so far that the formation of starch iodid will be prevented. It is recommended that in presence of such substances as ferric or manganic oxids metadiamido benzol be used. Attention is called to the occurrence of traces of nitrate in filter paper. Phosphomolybdic acid as a reagent for potassium, A. Schlicht (Chem. Ztg., 30 (1906), No. 104, PP- 1299, 1300; abs. in Analyst, 32 (1907), No. 371, p. 64)-— Attention is called to the fact- that phosphomolybdic acid forms with potash insoluble compounds of constant composition, and studies by the author of the reaction uuder various conditions indicate that it may be employed with advantage as a moans of quantitative determination of potash. The reagent used consists of a nitric-acid solution of phosphomolybdic acid prepared by fusing ammonium phosphomolybdate with sodium carbonate and nitrate and dissolving the fusion in water acidified with nitric acid. The reagent is added to the nitric-acid solution of the potash salt and the yellow potassium phos- phomolybdate is precipitated by heating the soluti)n. Calcium, magnesium, and sodium compounds do not interfere, but ammonium salt, of course, gives the same reaction. Causticizing of alkali carbonates by lime, M. Le Blanc and K. Novotny (Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 51 (1906). pp. 181-201; abs. in Jour. Soe. Chem. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 23, p. 1145; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 92 (1907), No. 531. II, p. 22). — The authors report determinations by direct and by conductivity methods of the solubility of calcium carbonate in water at 18 and 100° C. The amounts dissolved at these temperatures were 13 and 21 rag. per liter respectively, of which 65 and 72 per cent, respectively, were hydro- lized, leaving the amounts actually in solution as carbonate 4 mg. per liter at 18° and nearly G mg. per liter at 100° C. From these data and from others for the solubility of calcium hydroxid the authors calculated the equilibrium constants for the I'eaction of calcium hy- droxid on potassium or sodium carbonate and also carried out experiments, starting both with alkali carbonate and lime and with alkali hydroxid and calcium carbonate. The results showed in general that the temperature and also the pressure were practically without iuHuence on the final result. The 708 AGRTfTTLTLTKAL CHEMISTRY. 709 speed of reaction was perhaps ^I'eater at hi,t?her temperatures, but equilibrium was iu all cases repidly readied. The most complete conversion of allcali to hydroxid (98.1 to 0!).l per cent) was obtained in case of normal solutions of alkali carbonates at 100° C, the low- est (abeut 92 per cent) with thrice-normal alkali carbonate, which was th(; strongest sokition used, the results with twice-normal carbonates being inter- mediate. Determination of formaldehyde in milk, F. W. Rich.\rdson {Jour. Soc. ('Item. Indus., 26 (1907), No. 1, pp. J. ',).— This is a ])reliininar.v note on efforts being made by the author to devise a method for the «iuautitative determination of formaldehyde in milk and other materials. Sulphuric acid containing 0.05 per cent of ferric sulphate is added drop by drop to 5 cc. of milk in a porcelain dish with vigorous stirring after eat^h addition. The liquid so obtained may be diluted with a mixture of sulphuric acid and water in equal parts in order to make color comparisons in glass cells by Lovibond's system. F>y this means the author estimates colorimetrically 0.002 mg. of formaldehyde. In determining foriiuildehyde in aqueous solutions by this method it is neces- sary to add some albuminoid substance, and tests are being made to determine which will give the deepest color. Other nitrogenous bodies than albumoses liav(> been found to give this reaction. The estimation of preservatives in milk, H. S. Siikewsbury {Analyst, 32 (1007), Xo. 370, pp. 5-l.'i). — Tests of methods for the determination of formal- dehyde and boric acid in milk are reported. A new apparatus for the rapid and accurate determination of the fat con- tent of milk, J. Adorjan {ZtscJir. Landir. Vcrsiiclisiv. Oslcrr., 9 {19(16), \<>. 12. pp. 1063-1066, fiff. 1). — A moditication of the Gottlieb apparatus is described. A simple fat extraction apparatus, G. S. Fraps {Amer. Chein. Jour., 37 {1907), No. 1, pp. 85-87, fiff. 1). — The author describes this mercury sealed ap- paratus as having some points of resemblance to Knorr's, but being much simpler in construction and less exi)ensive. Detection of the adulteration of butter with cocoanut oil and oleomargarin, L. Koiux {Ann. Chiiii. .\iniJiit., 12 {1907). No. 1. pp. 1 ), l'>). — Applying methods to which reference has already been made (E. S. R., 18, p. -119), the author finds that dividing the index of saponification of pure butter by the percentage of fatty acids soluble in water gives a quotient in no case exceeding 39. The same procedure applied to margarin gave 1,791, to cocoanut oil figures varying from 129 to 142, and to mixtures of butter and 10 per cent of margarin or cocoanut oil figures above 39 in 48 out of 50 cases. On the detection of cotton-seed oil, N. Petkow {Ztsclir. Offeiitl. Chem., 13 {1907), No. 2, pp. 21-25). — Studies were made of the Ilalphen and Becchi re- actions. The two reactions are not believed to be dependent upon the same substance. The sensitiveness of the Becchi reaction depends upon the relative ;imount of the silver nitrate solution used. The two tests are considered necessary in determining the presence of cotton-seed oil, inasmuch as certain samples do not respond equally well to both tests. The colorimetric determination of the per- centage of cotton-seed oil in mixtures with other oils is considered uncertain as the color of the Halphen test with different cotton-seed oils is not uniform. Determination of sucrose and of reducing sugars in fluid saccharin prod- ucts, F. G. WiECiiMANN {Jntermf. Suv-\ .,=:z^ >**i^^,^.„iX is shown in the accompanying figure. (Fig. 1.) A is a flask of a little over 70 cc. capacity. C is a graduated tube which is connected with flask A by means of a rubber stopper, B. The tube C is graduated after the glass stopper F has been ground into it, the zero mark being the end of the stopper. Each mark of the gradua- tion represents 0.2 cc. E is a glass condensing jacket connected to the graduated tube C by means of a rubber stopper D. The reagent used is a mixture of ."> ■ parts amyl acetate and 1 part amyl valerianate. In malving a determination a 10- gram sample of butter wrapped in the parchment paper upon which it is weighed is transferred to the flask and 6 cc. of the amyl reagent is added. The apparatus is con- nected as shown in tlie figure, the condensing jacket is filled with cool water to within 1 in. of the top, and the stojjper F is removed. The water is then distilled off by Iieating for .") to 8 minutes and collected in the tube C. The flask is then discon- nected and the stopper F inserted into tlie tube C. The tube is then inverted, the water in the condens- ing tube being poured out. Tlie con- densing jacket may then be removed. A little swinging and agitation will secure a separation of the water and reagent. The reading made when the tube and contents are cool shows the percentage of water in the butter. Comparative determinations by this method and the official method of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists agree closely. Analysis of wine (FeiiiUe Vin. Gironde, 32 {1907), ^^o. J,, pp. IS. i J).— This gives the methods for the analysis of wine established by the minister of agri- culture for use in the government laboratories of France. -Apparatus for nK.istiiri lion. (Iclcrmina- METEOROLOGY WATER. 711 Becent work on protein hydrolysis, J. R. Green (8ci. Prog. Ticenlieth Vent. 1 (1907), No. 3, pp. JiZl-Jf.'il). — A concise summary of investigations which liave been reported in recent years regarding the cleavage and structure of animal and vegetable proteids. A text-book of sanitary and applied chemistry or the chemistry of water, air, and food, 10. IT. S. I'.ailev {Sew York and Loiidoii : The .\hiciiiilhni Co., IDOIJ, pp. XXU-\-3Ji5). — The first part of this volume, which is designed as a tcxt-boolc for class-room use, is devoted to water, air, heating, lighting, and ventilation, and the second part to a discussion of food and beverages, including food adulteration. Throughout the book experiments are outlined, and the worlc as a whole constitutes a concise summary of data on the subjects treated. Practical guide for the detection of adulteration and sophistication of food materials, I'. Breteau (Paris: -J. B. LiaUUere & Sons, 1907, pp. VIII +386, pis. S, fujs. 1J,3; rev. in Jour. Pharm. et Cliim.. 6. ser., 25 (1907). No. 2, pp. 89, 90). — This volume is designed as a handbook for students, and contains descriptions of apparatus, chemical methods, and directions for the detection of tlie usual adulterants. The preface is by P. Cazeneuve. Agricultural chemistry in the first half of the year 1906, W. Zielstorff (Cliein. Zisclir., 0 (J907), No. 1, pp. 1-6). — A summary account is given of prog- ress in cheniical investigations relating to plants and animal nutrition during the period. Report of progress in inorganic chemical industry during the second and third quarters of 1906, G. IIauter (Cheni. Ztschr., 6 (1907), No. 2, pp. 17-25). — The literature of investigation and invention in this field is briefly reviewed. The investigations of special interest to agriculture noted in this review are those relating to the preparation of ammonia and other nitrogen compounds from waste in'oducts and from the nitrogen of the air. Extracts from the proceedings of the association of official agricultural chemists, 1906 (U. 8. Ik^pt. Agr., Bur. Chem. C'irc. 32, pp. l.'t). — This contains the reports of the committees on recommendations of referees, with the action taken by the association, the report of the committee on the revision of methods, the resolution adopted concerning the next place of meeting, and a list of the oflicers, referees, and committees for the year 1907. (See also E. S. R., 18, p. 390. ) International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry (Inter nut. Cut. Sci. Lit., J, (1906) pts. 1, pp. XI + J,31; 2, pp. Ji3 2-2 183) .—Thin is the fourth annual issue of this catalogue, previous issues of which have already been noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 74.5). Part 1 is arranged by authors and part 2 by subjects. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Some world's weather problems, W. J. S. Lockyer (8ci. Prog. Tu'entieth Cent., 1 (1906), No. 2, pp. 206-221, figs. 2).— The great advances in meteorology made possible by improved means of exploring the upper air are referred to and the fundamental relations between barometric pressure and weather changes are discussed with esi)ecial reference to the barometric see-saw between nearly antipodal i)arts of the earth, which has been worked out by the author and Sir Norman Lockyer. A map illustrating this phenomenon is given, and the general inverse relation between rainfall and pressure in India, Australia, and England duriqg the period from 1870 to 1900 is also charted. The general conclusions from these investigations on pressure observations are (1) that all over the world changes of long duration are in operation, and 712 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. (2) that these changes are not all alike either in intensity or time of duration. " In spite of these marked differences, there seems nevertheless to be an under- lying connection between them all. It is not therefore without, but rather within, the bounds of possibility that the time will come when such apparent divergences will all be found to be very closely allied to each other, and be the natural resultants of one or more primary world atmospheric fluctuations." On certain problems of the hydrosphere and atmosphere, T. C. Chamber- LiN {Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 5 (1906), p. 171). — "This paper proceeds on the assumption that the climatic problems of the earth center about the discovery and elucidation of a system of automatic control of such efficiency as to have kept the temperature of a large portion of the surface of the earth throughout its organic history within the narrow range of 100° C, and at the same time to have kept the constitution of the atmosphere within the like nari-ow range consistent with plant and animal life. " The paper recurs to the fourfold organization of a typical atmosphere set forth in [a previous paper], and endeavors to a?)ply the states of equilibrium deduced therefrom to the feeding and depletion of the atmosphere. It is recog- nized that the hydrosphere is a derivative from the atmosphere, and that its rela- tions of equilibrium with the atmosphere are important factors. The relations of elquilibrium between the free atmospheric gases and those absorbed or held in feeble combination in the ocean are considered, together with the conditiims and rate of exchange. The discussion of changes in the basis of equilibrium forms a vital factor. " The function of the ocean as a source of atmospheric storage and supply is discussed and a possible reversal of the deep-sea circulation, alternating with circulation of the present order, is considered as a possible explanation of the alternation of warm polar temperatures with jieriods of marked glaciation and aridity. The sources of internal supply of atmospheric and hydrospherie material are reviewed and correlated with sources of depletion, so far as practicable. The function of deformation and base leveling in changing the available amounts of the critical atmospheric constituents is set forth. The relationship of the atmosphere's constituents to thermal absorption, i-etention, and radiation, and the bearing of these upon the climate, are also treated." On the relations of equilibrium between the carbon dioxid of the atmos- phere and calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate and bicarbonate in solutions in water in contact with it, J. Stieglitz {Carnegie Itist. Washington Year Book, 5 (1906), pp. Ill, 112). — "This paper embraces the results of a com- putation of the varying equilibria subsisting between different degrees of concentration of carbon dioxid in the atmosphere and varying degrees of concentration of calcium carbonate and bicarbonate, and calcium sulphate in solutions in free contact with the atmosphere. It also considers the relative points of saturation of the calcium salts under varying conditions and the consequent order of their precipitation. "The computations have been developed with reference to their application to certain of the problems of equilibria set forth in a preceding paper, and also incidentally to the order of deposition of evaporation deposits under conditions of aridity and other atmospheric states. They have been limited for the present to two cases, the first when the three calcium salts are present alone, and the second when they are present with other sulphates, of the nature and quantity found in the ocean at the present time." Weather and crop yield, J. W. Smith {Ohio Nat., 1 {1907), No. 3, pp. J,8-51, fg. 1). — From a comparison of rainfall data and crop yields the author concludes that there is a short period in the growth of crops in which the yield METEOROLOGY WATER. 7 1 8 is srontly fiffected by favorable and unfavorable weatber conditions, and "th.it tbe yield can be very closely approximated at tbe close of tliis critical period by an exhaustive study of the weather conditions and crop yields of previous years." Thus, charts showing the relation between the yield of corn in the 8 great corn-producing States in this country and the rainfall during June, July, and August during 1888 and 1902 indicated " that the rainfall in July controls the corn yield to a marked extent," and that by this means a very close esti- mate of the yield of corn jtcr acre in the United States can be made by the latter part of July. Charts which the author has prepared showing the departure of the average lemi)erature, total rainfall, and crop yields from the normals by months, from 1870 to 1904, indicate a marked relation between the weather and the yield of various crops. The charts indicate that for the best yield of oats June and Jnly should be moderately cool and dry : for l)ark'y tbe summer should be warm and dry; for potatoes a cool summer, with a fair amount of rain in .Tune and July and a dry September; for hay abundant rainfall in April, May, and Juno. Wheat, rye. and clover are affected l)y winter conditions such as alternate freezing and thawing, sliort periods of severe cold, snow covering, etc., more than by monthly temperature or precipitation. " The dates of blossoming of fruits depend to a marked degree upon the temperature of March and April. In general iioor fruit yields have been pre- cedetl l)y cold winters and good yields l)y comparatively mild winters." The law of sequence in the yield of wheat for eastern England, 1885-1905, W. N. Shaw {Jour. A(/r. .S'c/., 2 {1!)07), Xo. i. j}p. 17-28, fi(/s. 2). — A shorter article on this subject has already been noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 31.S). This article discusses in some detail the question of the relation between yield of wheat ^and autumn rainfall, but more especially an apparent 11-year I)eriodicity in yield as disclosed by a study of the yield of wheat for a selected part of England during the last 21 years. While the relation between yield of wheat and autumn rainfall has in recent studies not been found to be as close as was at first indicated, it still appears that the autumn rainfall is in a way the key to the subsequent seasons, and thus has an important bearing upon the wheat yield. An examination of the meteorological and wheat yield data shows that a wet autumn usually means a relatively dry spring and a deficient crop and vice versa. Weather charts and reports, and their utility to the Indian agriculturist, W. L. Dallas {Af/r. Jour. India, 1 (1906), No. J,, pp. J29-3S7, chart i).— This article describes briefly the character of observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, rain, wind, weather, and sea disturbance made at the government observatories in India and attempts to show how w^eather charts and reports may be utilized by tbe individual observer " in forming a conjecture as to approachirig weather." It is pointed out that the charts " will be found most useful to those who study them continuously and carefully and combine with them careful and systematic observations of tiieir own n.ieteorological instruments and their local weather. . . . AVhen considering what is the practical use to an agriculturist of weather charts, giving as they do a representation of conditions of weather already I)assed, it is necessary to acknowledge at once that the utmost they will permit a careful observer to do is to make an intelligent anticipation of coming events, an anticipation which may and indeed nmst frequently be incorrect, but which on many occasions will not be without value." To-morrow's weather: How it is foretold, D. A. Willey (Sci. Amer., 96 (1907), Xo. '), pp. 108, 109, figa. 7). — The preparation of the daily weather map 714 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, is explained and the more important pieces of apparatus used in weather obser- vation are described. The weather (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Indus. Ontario, 1905, pp. 7-9, 19-23). — Monthly summaries of observations at the principal meteorological stations in Ontario on temperature, precipitation (i-ain and snow), and sunshine for each year from 1896 to 1905 and for the period 1882 to 1905 are given. The climate of extreme southern Texas, J. L. Cline {Gulf Coast Line Mag., 2 (1901), 'No. 3, pp. 30--'t.1).—T)ixta from the records of the United States Weather Bureau with reference to the temperature and moisture conditions in the Texas coast country are summarized and discussed. General resume of climatological conditions and their effect on agricul- ture in Cuba during 1906, L. G. Y Carbonneli. (Bol. Ofic. Sec. Agr. Cuba, 2 (1907), No. 1, pp. 30-Ji2, pis. 2). — Observations on temperature, rainfall, pres sure, and sunshine at different meteorological stations in the island are sum- marized and briefly discussed with reference *to general climatological and sea- sonal conditions by the chief of the meteorological service. Climatological data for the year 1903 (Com. Geogr. e Geol. Sao Paulo Bol. 17, pp. 149, map 1, (Igms. 8). — This is a detailed report of operations and obser- vations by the meteorological service of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Report on the meteorological observations made at the [Horticultural] Society's garden at Wisley in 1905, R. H. Curtis (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London^, 31 (1906), pp. 169-182, figs. 3). — Observations on temperature of the air in shade and on grass and of the soil at depths of 1, 2, and 4 ft, rainfall, sunshine, and wind movement, are summarized and the general characteristics of the weather are discussed for each month of the year. Meteorological division, J. Lyle (Orange River Colony Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt., 2 (1905-6), pp. 337-351).- — The results of observations on pressure and temperature at 8 stations in Orange River Colony and on rainfall as recorded by 160 rain gages during the year ended .June 30, 1906, are summarized. Meteoi-ology of the year 1906, .J. Derome (Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 7 (1907), No. 2, pp. 55, 56). — Observations on pressure, temperature, and precipi- tation at Pare Saint-Maur during 1903 to 1906 are summarized, with similar data for other places in France and other parts of Europe and Algeria. Besults of meteorological observations at Wiesbaden in 1905, E. Lampe (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., 59 (1906), pp. 5-'/K — Tables give details of obser- vations on pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, and wind movement. On the climate of Rostock with reference to harmonic analysis, J. Loe- WENTHAL (Beitr. Statis. Mccllenh., I4 (1906), No. J,, pp. 48, figs. 3, charts 3). — Observations on temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, electrical phenomena, etc., during periods dating back to 18.53 are summarized and analyzed. The meteorological elements of the Island of Poel, based upon 25 years' observations, B. Brendel (Beitr. Statis. Mecklenh., 15 (1906), No. 1, pp. 56, charts 4). — The island aqd the instrumental equipment employed are described and observations on pressure, temperature, precii)itation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc., are sunnnarized in tables and charts. On the amount and origin of the ammonia in the products of the erup- tion of Vesuvius in April, 1906, J. Stoklasa (Ber. Deut. Cheni. GeselL, 39 (1906), No. 13, pp. 3530-3537 ; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 1 (1907), No. 2, p. 160).— The author reports the finding of ammonia and ammonium compounds in the gases and in the ashes iwO lava ejected from the crater, ammonium chlorid in some cases constituting 75 per cent of the water-soluble portion of the lavas and 33 METEOROLOGY WATER. 7 1 5 per cent of the water-soluble portion of the lapilli. The ashes, however, yielded very small amounts of this compound. It is believed that the nitrogen is derived from nitrids. Hail, E. ScHARF (Der Hagel. Halle: Author, 1D06, pp. ¥1 + 105, pis. 21, flg.9. 13; rev. in Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsio. Osterr., !) {1!)06), A'o. i/, p. 1017).— This lK)ok discusses in a simple way the character of hail, but especially the injury wliicli it does to difterent kinds of crops at various stages of growth. Notes on water softening', W. D. Collins (PJuf/in. Rec, 55 (1907), Ao. 7, pp. 17.^-175). — The author describes simple methods which can be used "by an engi- neer or other i)erson without chemical training" for determining the treatment necessary to soften a hard water. These methods are practically the same as those reconnnended by the connnittee on standard methods of the American Public Health Association (E. S. R., 17, p. 334). The purification of muddy waters, A. Gauducheau {Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, ti. .STj-.. 9 (1906), A'o. 59, pp. 117.'i-ll87, figs. 2).— A method of treatment with potassium i)ermanganate, precipitation with iron salts, and filti'ation, which is claimed In be ("Hiciciit. is descrilted. Purification of municipal water supplies, G. S. Williams {Rpt. Mich.. Acnd. »S'c/., 8 (1906), pp. 122-127). — This article briefly describes and discusses the efficiency of the slow sand and the mechanical or chemical method of filtration for the purification of water. The former is considered the safer method. The latter, however, gives good results in comi)etent hands. Ideals concerning municipal water supplies, I. C. Russell (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 8 (1906), pp. 128-136). — Waters from deep sources are considered the safest, but these may become contaminated with disease-producing germs by exposure to the air. Surface waters and shallow wells are generally to be viewed with suspicion even when all practicable means have been employed to prevent contamination. " In order to reduce the danger of surface water becoming unwholesome, every household, every community, every city, every factory, every slaughterhouse, etc., should be recpiired to destroy or render harmless and unobjectionable its own refuse, before it is permitted to enter streams or other surface water bodies, and also before it is distributed in such a manner as to be dangerous or annoying through the action of the wind or in other ways." The copper sulphate treatment of water supplies, K. F. Kellerman (Sur- veyor, 31 (1907), No. 786, pp. 22Ji, 236). — This is an abstract of a paper on this subject read before the Biological Society of Washington, pointing out the effi- ciency of this method of treatment, but insisting that it should be considered at pi-esent as an emergency treatment and applied only under exi)ert sui>ervision. The futility of a sanitary water analysis as a test of potability, ;\I. O. Leigiiton (liiological Studies by the Pupils of WiUiani Thompson Scdgicick. Boston, 1906. pp. 36-53). — In this article it is contended that the ordinary sani- tary analysis is not a reliable means of distinguishing between a dangerous and a wholesome water, and that "the conventional method of seeking for evidences of pollution by sanitary analyses, or of accepting or rejecting a water upon such evidence, is in its broad and essential features quite misleading, too frequently dishonest, and in some cases absurd. . . . The term ' sanitary analysis ' as used in this discussion does not include tests for specific organisms." On the hygiene of drinking water, Smalakies (Illus. Landir. Ztg.. 27 (1907), Xo. 3, pp. 13-16). — The judging of the hygienic quality of the drinking water on the basis of physical and chemical analysis is discussed and the results of examinations of 525 samples of drinking water from 201 farms are sum- marized. 716 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bacteria of the dairy wells in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, and their possible relation to typhoid fever at Washington, K. F. Kellerman and T. D. Beckwith (Eiiffin. Neics, 57 {1901), No. 6, p. 152, fig. 1). — This is a paper read at the New York meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists December 29, 190G. The authors conclude as a result of their examination of a few dairies (especially the water supply) in the neighborhood of Washington, that " it would seem highly probable that, under the conditions portrayed, much of the typhoid of the city of Washington may be ascribed either directly or indi- rectly to the unsanitary dairy farms." Shall pollution of Michigan streams be permitted? M. O. Leighton {Rpt. Mich. Arad. .^'c/., 8 (1906). pp. 119-121). — Assuming that the streams of Mich- igan must inevitably be polluted, the author attempts to draw a definite line between permissible and unavoidable pollution and unreasonable or gross pollution. Prevention of the bacterial contamination of streams and oyster beds, W. r. DiGBY and II. C. H. Shenton (Surveyor, 30 (1906), Nos. 777, P2). 653-655; 77S, pp. 6S5-690). — This article deals with progress which has been made in. methods of sewage treatment since the exhaustive report of the Royal Commis- sion on this subject (E. S. R., 16, p. 1032). It is asserted that methods of sewage treatment have now been devised by which " within reasonable limits of cost the dangerous qualities of the sewage may be wholly eliminated." The hypochlorite method is considered especially efficient for this purpose and it§~ application and cost are discust-ed in. some detail. Public water supplies, sewage disposal, and stream pollution (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Ohio, 20 (1905), pp. 61-220, 223-291 ) .—T\\& systems followed in a large number of Ohio towns are briefly described and discussed, with results of examinations of a large number of samples of water proposed as public water supplies. Farming for sewage purification, J. D. Brown (Siirreyor, 31 (1901), Mo. 185, p. 196). — The method followed at Consett, England, is briefly described. The sewage is applied mainly to fallow land, but also to soil on which hay and vegetables are grown. The purest effluents are obtained from cropped soil and from soil which has received sewage for some time. SOILS— FERTILIZEES. Soils; how to handle and improve them, S. W. Fletcher (Neiv York: Douhleday, Page d Co., 1901, pp. XXVIII + 438, pi. 1, figs. lU).— This is the third volume of the Farm Library series and attempts " to set forth the im- portant facts about the soil in a plain and untechnical manner." Different chap- ters treat of soil buildei's; the nature of soils; the kinds of soils and how to manage them; soil water, the benefits of tillage; the objects and methods of plowing; harrowing and cultivating; rolling, planking, and hoeing; the drain- age of farm soils; farm irrigation; maintaining the fertility of the soil; green- manuring and worn-out soils; farm manures; and commercial fertilizers. The soils of Iowa, W. II. Stevenson (Farming, 3 (1901), No. 1, pp. 16, 11. figs. 1). — The typical soil areas of the State are briefly described. On moor culture, H. von Feilitzen (Pyra Vppsatser i VaxtkuUur. Gotheti- hurg, 1906, pp. l--'fl). — Practical advice is given in regard to the culture of moor soils, with a resume of the results of recent e.xperiments conducted at Jonkoping Moor Culture Station. The sand dunes of the desert of Islay (Ann. Astron. Observ. Harvard Col.. 39 (1906), pf. 2. pp. 281-292. figs. 2). — Observations on the formation aud move- ment of these dunes are briefl.v discussed. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 7l7 The decomposition of the feldspars, A. S: Cushman and P. Hubbard (U. S. Dciit. A;/!-., Office Pub. Roads Bui. 28, pi). 29, ftij.^. 6). — This bulletiu deals with studies of uuH'hanical, physical, and chemical lactors which modify the decom- position of feldspars, the results of which are thus summarized: "(1) Water acts immediately upon finely powdered feldspars, as can be shown by an indicator, such as phenol phthalein. The reaction does not proceed far, owin^ to the clogging of the unremoved decomposition products. "(2) The soluble alkaline^ bases set free by the decomposition are prevented from passing into solution by absorption. "(3) The decomposition reactions can be made to go further by mechanical abrasion in the presence of water, by treatment with dilute solutiims of certain electrolytes and by electrolysis. "(4) The decomposition of ground feldspar can be hiade practically complete in the laboratory by properly combining these modifjnng factors." The views regarding the mechanism of the decomposition reactitms presented in previous publications (E. S. K., 17, pp. 301, 598) were confirmed in these later investigations. It is stated that " the fundamental principles of the extraction of potash from finely gromid feldspathic rocks by process of electrolysis, either with or without the addition of an acid to the anode chamber, have been made the basis for an application for a United States patent, so that the method may be used by the Government of the United States or any of its officers or employees in the prose- cution of work for the United States, or by any person in the United States without the payment of royalty." Experira^ents to determine the available phosphoric acid in soils, O. Hofma:^-Bang {K. Laitdtbr. Alad. llaiidl. och Tidskr., J/S (1006), No. S-J/, pp. 316-333). — Fertilizer trials with wheat, barley, beans, and mustard were made by the author during 1902-1905, and the amounts of phosphoric acid contained in the harvested crops compared with those extracted by different solvents recommended in soil analysis, as follows : Hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.12, digestion for 3 hours on a water bath ; hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.019, digestion for 48 hours at room temperature ; 2 per cent acetic acid, 48 hours' digestion ; 2 per cent citric acid, digestion at room temperature for either 48 hours or 7 days. The soil experimented with was a calcareous soil, containing 0.2G9 per cent total nitrogen. The following mineral components were extracted therefrom by the first solvent given: KnO 0.33 per cent, P.Os 0.8 per cent, CaO 0.75 per cent, MgO 0.54 per cent, F.Oa 3.22 per cent, ALO3 3.88 per cent, and SiO, 0.23 per cent. The results given go to show that for the soil experimented with, and very likely for soils of similar compositicm, digestion with 2 per cent acetic acid gives the most satisfactory indication of the content of phosphoric acid in the soil that is immediately available for plant growth. — f. w. woll. Acid soils, A. L. Knisely {Orcnt saturation. Eight months after the various nitrogenous fertilizers were applii'd the drainage waters contained varying amounts of nitric nitrogen and this was as true of the nitrate of soda lysimeter as of the others. Observations on the effect of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood on the removal of lime from the soil showed that while soil to which none of these materials were applied lost 10.02 gm. of lime, that to which nitrate of soda was added lost 29.44 gm., 1.'>.42 gm. of which was thei'efore due to the effect of the nitrate, and in the same way sulphate of ammonia was responsible for the loss of 19.58 gm. and dried blood 2.25 gm. These results witli fresh water are quite contradictory to those obtained with saline water as previously reported (E. S. R., 14, p. 554). Seeoiid seiics (pp. 20-31). — In the e.xperinumts with different lime compounds the materials used were applied at I'ates furnishing 100 gm. of lime per 100 lbs. of water-free soil ; that is. at the rate of 3.92 tons per acre in case of burnt lime, 8.87 tons ground coral, and 11.08 tons of gypsum. Examinations of the drainage water show that thei'e was an approximate decrease of nitric nitrogen per acre of 1.69 lbs. in case of burnt lime, a gain of 3.1 lbs. in case of ground coi'al, and a decrease of 7.54 lbs. in case of gypsum as compared with the amount found in drainage of untreated soil. Calculated on the basis of gain or loss per ton of material, the figures are a decrease of 1.66 lbs. in case of burnt lime, a gain of 1.35 lbs. in case of ground coral, and a de- crease of 2.61 lbs. in case of gypsum. The prejudicial effect on nitrification of the quicklime is attributed to excessive alkalinity produced by the use of this material. " The deleterious action of gypsum in this particular is, in the opinion of the writer, an indirect one, and was caused by the large amounts of 720 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. potash rendered soluble through displacement of that element by the lime of the gypsum." The results reported show that an application of 472 gm. of gypsum resulted in an increase of potash in the drainage water amounting to 3.75 gm. equivalent to 198 lbs. per acre. With burnt lime only 9 lbs. per acre was i-emoved in the drainage and there was a like loss in case of ground coral. The solubility of the phosphoric acid of the soil varied somewhat with the different forms of lime added, but the amounts were in every case very small, the largest amount being found in the drainage water of the check lysimeter, the smallest in the lysimeter to which gypsum was applied. Note on an apparent secular change in the Rothamsted drain gages, E. J. Russell (Jour. Agr. ScL, 2 {1901), 'No. 1, pp. 29-3Jf, f}i-16, pp. 518-.528, fig. 1).— Experiments to test the putrefactive capacity of soils as described by Remy, Wohltmann, Fischer, and Schneider under different conditions of season, tem- perature, moisture, and food supply are reported, the general conclusion being reached that there is no such thing as a general putrefactive capacity of soils, but that this differs from time to time under the varying influence of season, temperature, and moisture content. Other investigations which bear out this conclusion are briefly reviewed. On the occurrence and distribution of Azotobacter chroococcum in dif- erent soils, II. It. Christeiwsen {Centhl. Bakt. [rf<:\. 2. Aht.. 11 {1906), Xos. 3-4, pp. 109-119, iigs. 2; 5-1, pp. 161-165, figs. 2: 11-13, pp. 318-383).— As a result of a series of studies the author conchides that the occurrence and dis- tribution of Azotohacter chroococcum in different soils is determined largely by the basicity of the soil, namely, its calcium carbonate content. The growth of Azotobacter in a mannite and potassium phosphate solution inoculated with a definite amount of soil furnishes an index of the calcium carbonate (also magnesium carbonate) content of the soil. The test can be made more con- clusive by adding to the cultui-e solution a small amount of Azotobacter culture in addition to the inoculating soil. In like manner an indication of the content of phosphoric acid easily assimi- lable by Azotobacter can be obtained by using a culture solution which con- tains only potassium chlorid and calcium carbonate in addition to mannite. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721 Azotobaeter can utilize in its frrowtli sccdiulary calciuni phosphate as well as calcium salts of the organic acids, such as lactic acid and citric acid, in addition to calciuni carbonate, but it can not utilize in this way tribasic calcium phos- phate, calciuni chlorid, and calcium sulphate. Thomas slag as well as second- ary calcium plios])liates are easily assimilated by Azotobaeter, while iron and aluminum phosphates, bone ash and raw phosphates, and bone meal are almost unassimilable. The author believes that these facts encourage the hope that it may be possible to work out a biological method, for determining in a general way the available plant food of soils. The author's experiments show very positively that a certain amount of phos- phoric acid and also of lime in the soil is an essential condition to the decom- position of mannite. He reports experiments with a soil wiiich had been con- tinuously fertilized for 12 years with nitrate of soda without liming and in this way exhausted of phosphoric acid, which when used to inoculate a culture solution of maiuiitc. calcium carbonate, and jjotassium chlorid gave no reduc- tion of mannite. The author urges great care in the taking of samples for the determination of the occurrence and distribution of Azotobaeter to prevent foreign infection, and points out that it is necessary to inoculate the solutions as quickly after the taking of the sample as possible. However, for biological reactions relat- ing to the lime and phosphoric acid content such precautions are not of so much importance. Some observations on the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by a free living soil organism — Azotobaeter chroococcum of Beijerinck, S. F. Ashby (./niir. Agr. .S'cl, 2 (1!)07), Xo. 1, pii. 33-.JI). — This article reviews briefly the history of investigations on nitrogen fixation, describes the preparation of cul- tures of Azotobaeter ehrooeoecnm and the appearance of this oi'ganism, and re- ports tests of the rate of fixation of nitrogen by pure and impure cultures of this organism obtained from soil from Mombasa, East Africa; Cairo, Egypt, and Kothamsted, as well as in culture solutions Inoculated with soil from different sources, some of which contained Azotobaeter, and others were free from the organism. The rate of fixation in pure cultures varied from less than 5 to more than 7 mg. of nitrogen for each milligram of cai'bohydrnte used, the rate of fixation be- ing apparently somewhat greater in the case of mannite than of glucose. In the experinuMits in which the culture solutions were inoculated with soils from different sources the rate of fixation was ().95 mg. of nitrogen for each gram of mannite in case of the soils containing Azotobaeter and 3.22 mg. in case of soils which did not contain the organism. The author states as conditions fa voidable for fixation of nitrogen (1) an abundant supply of air, (2) the presence of a base — calcium carbonate or, pref- erably, according to the author's investigations, magnesium carbonate, which !K)t only more effectually neutralizes acidity due to foreign organisms in the early stages of culture, but also prevents butyric fermentation. The magne- sium carbonate delays the development of the nitrogen-fixing organisni some- what, but the final yield of nitrogen is larger than with calcium carbonate. Th(( organism obt.-iined from East African soils was in every way similar to that olitained from Kothamsted soil, oxceiit that fixation with it was more rapid and greater. It also possesse this plant. This is thought to have been due to the fact that leguminous plants of all kinds grow freely throughout the region without artificial inoculation. Soil inoculation (Queensland Af/r. Jour.. 11 (1906). Xo. 6, pp. 2'ri-27S). — This is a brief discussion of the utilization of uiti'ogeu of the air by means of soil inoculation as described in publications of this Department and by electrical fixation as i)racticed in Norwa.v by the Birkeland and Eyde process. Soil inoculation for leguminosae (Country Life [London], 21 (1907), Xo. 526, p. H-'i). — Directions for use of pure cultures in inoculating seed, soil, and growing ci'ops, and statements regarding the success of such inoculation in practical tests in England, Scotland, and Ireland are quoted from a circular jirepared by Professor Bottomley. of Kings College. The industrial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, (i. L. Ragondet (Ann. Gcmhloux, 16 (1906), Xo. 12, pp. 659-690, figs. 2). — A rather complete summary of present knowledge relating to the fixation of atmosj)heric nitrogen in the foi'm of calcium cyanamid and nitrates and nitrites, and the agricultural uses of these materials, is given. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by electro-chemical means, H. Ingle and I. P.. roLE p:vans (Transvaal Ayr. Jour., 5 (1906) Xo. 11. pp. 131-139).— This is a review of an address before the Society of Chemical Industry by P. A. (iuye. already noted ( E. S. R.. 18. p. 218). An arrangement of electrodes for electric ovens for treating gases, K. HiRKEi.AM) and S. Evde (Xoriceoian Patent Xo. 15,106. Oct. 23, 1905: abs. in i'licm. 7A(j.. 30 (1906), Xo. 10.), Kcpcrt, Xo. 51. p. 'il5. fift. 1). — A water-cooled clcctrcMJc is (lescriiied. Utilization of atmospheric nitrogen for agricultural purposes ( West Indian Biih. 1 (1906). Xn. .i. pp. 231-250). — This is a review of recent litera- ture OH this subject taken largely from Experiment Station Record and annnaj rejtorfs of the Chemical Society of I-ondon. What is the practical value of the new nitrogen fertilizers as shown by the experiments already made? T, -Vlexander (Separate from Wiener Landw. 2TU4G— No. 8—07 M 3 724 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ztg., 1906, No. 9Jf, pp. 10). — Various experiments with lime niter, lime nitrogen, etc., in comparison with ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda are reviewed, showing that while these newer products are not equal to nitrate of soda in fertilizing effect they show a high degree of efficiency as fertilizers and can now be made at prices which will make them a factor in regulating the price of nitrate of soda, this being especially true in case of the. lime niter. On the future supply of combined nitrogen, S. Zeisel {Wiener Lanclxv. Ztg., 1906, Apr.: (ih.^. in >^taz. >Spcr. A{/r. Hal., 39 {1906), No. 6-1, pp. 623-629).— This article disc-usses the possibilities of the natural deposits and of the various methods of artificial preparation of nitrogen compounds. Pot experiments on the action of lime nitrogen, A. Stutzeb {Landiv. Vers. Stat., 65 {1906), No. 3-Ji, pp. 275-2S2: abs. in Jour. Chein. Soc. [London], 92 {1907), No. 531, II, p. 4S).— The literature of fertilizer experiments with lime nitrogen is reviewed and pot experiments carried out by the author are briefly reported. In pot experiments with rye followed by three crops of mustard in succession without further manuring the lime nitrogen gave nearly as good results as nitrogen in aumionium sulphate and better than that of sodium nitrate, the low results with the latter being attributed to leaching. The technical problem of nitrates, G. Hostelet {Rev. Econ. Internat., .} {1906), No. 3, pp. 620-630). — The world's supply of nitrates and the possibility of increasing this supply by artificial means are discussed. The artificial production of nitrate of lime, J. B. C. Kershaw {Sci. Prog. Tiventieth Cent., 1 {1906), No. 2, pp. 361-36-'t). — A brief account is given of the progress which has been made in electrical fixation of the nitrogen of the air. Fall application of nitrate of soda, P. Pipers {Rci\ Gen. Agrou.. n. ser., 1 {1906), No. 8, pp. 325-339). — Cooperative plat experiments with rye, wheat, oats, potatoes, beets, and clover, to test the advisability of applying nitrate of soda in the fall are briefly reported. The general conclusions reached were that a small application of nitrate of soda is indispensable for cereals on soils poor in nitrogen, such application insuring_a profitable return. Small applications of nitrate- in the fall are also recommended on good soils when the seeding is late. In this case, even though th?re may not be a direct benefit, the necessary expenditure is advisable as an insurance against winter injury. The production of ammonium sulphate in Italy, C. Montanari {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 39 {1906), No. 6-1, pp. 6'iO-W 7). —Statistics on this subject are briefly summarized. The manufacture of superphosphate, C. Elschner {Amer. Fert., 25 {1906), No. 5, pp. 5, 6, fig. 1). — This article discusses especially European methods of recovering and utilizing the fluorin gases driven off in the preparation of superphosphates. A process for preparing easily soluble compounds of phosphoric acid and silicic acid, W. Wolters {German Patent No. 110,353; abs. in Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 20 {1901), .No. 1, p. 32). — The process consists of fusing raw phosphates with lime and artificial silicates and rapidly cooling the fused mass with cold water or by throwing it upon cooled metal plates. It is claimed that by this means the phosphoric acid is rendered almost completely citrate soluble. It is also claimed that the artificial silicates are better adapted to the process and yield a product of higher citrate solubility than the natural silicates. Investigations on the action of Wolters phosphate, A. Stutzer {Dent. Landir. Presse, 33 {1906). No. 93. p. 137; Landir. Vers. Stat., 65 {1906). No. 3--',, pp. 283,284)- — This article briefly refers to experiments by various investigators SOILS FERTILIZERS. 725 with this iii:itorial. prepared Ity fusing raw i)hospli:ite with sulphate, lime. saud. and a little charcoal. Pot experiments by the author on hemp and mustard are reported, in which Wolters phosphate gave results in every case somewhat superior in case of hemj) and inferior in case of nuistard to those yielded by superphosphate. Comparative fertilizer tests with Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, Brandt {Hannover. Land u. Forstic. ZAg., 58 {1905), p. 1226: abs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem.. 35 (1!)0(!). \n. 11, p. 784). — Field experiments with oats. rye. and clover are reported wliicb indicated that the Thomas slag was more effective than the agricultural i)Iios|)bate (fine-ground raw phosphate). Experiments with Thonias-aninionium phosphate, Raciimann (Fiihling\'< Landir. Ztg., 55 (HXXl), \o. 23, pp. 808-81.'f). — Experiments on rye, oats, and moor meadow gi'asses are reported which show that the separate application of anuiioniuni sulphate and Thomas slag gave much better results than the Thomas-amm()nium-i)hosphate. The stimulating effect of phosphatic fertilizers, Clausen ilUiis. Landtv. Ztg., 25 (1905), \o. 35. pp. 327, 328; abs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 35 (1906), No. 11, pp. 783, 784). — The author concludes from the results of a number of years experiments with various fertilizing materials that both Thomas slag and sui)er- phosphate exert a stimulating effect on plants, the effect of the phosphate on the young plants being more marked than that of nitrogenous fertilizers, but being observed especially in case of sandy and moor soils which are poor in j)hosph()ric acid. On the natural changes which manure undergoes, Van der Zande (Dent. Landw. Tiersucht, 1906, No. 2',, p. U; abs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 35 (1906), No. 11, pp. 721-725). — Experiments with two well compacted heaps of strawy cow manure, each containing about 7,000 kg. of material, which lasted from June 4 to April 9 of the following year are reported. The heaps rapidly lost in volume during the first months of the period, but the temperature was never very high, in no case exceeding 28° C. as compared with the 40 to 50° commonly observed in a fermenting heap of mixed manure. An analysis of gas? from the interior of the heap showed 22 per cent carbon dioxid and 15 per cent of marsh gas, apparently resulting from the decomposi- tion of carbohydrates, particularly pentosans and cellulose. The principal product of the decomposition of the nitrogenous matter was ammonia, which was transformed into nitrates only on the surface of the heaps and never ex- ceeded one-fiftieth of the total nitrogen. Analyses of the material at the beginning and at the end of the experiment showed that there had been a loss of 20 per cent of dry matter, 7.4 per cent of nitrogen, 39 per cent of pentosans, 28 per cent of crude fiber, and 13.5 per cent of crude fat. The unusually small loss of nitrogen as compared with the 20 to 40 per cent losses reported in other experiments is attriijuted to the fact that unmixed manure w;is used and the heaps were well compacted. The fertilizing value of poultry manure, P. L.\rue (.lour. Agr. Prat. Vit. et Econ. Rurale Midi France, 102 (1906), No. 5, pp. 203-217). — This article con- tains a rather complete sunmiary of information regarding the history of the use of such manures, factors which affect their composition, chemical com- position of various kinds of manures, commercial value, preparation and application, legislation relating to their use, and a table of analyses reported by different investigators. Wastes at salmon canneries (Anier. Pert., 25 (1906), No. 5, p. 7). — ^This is a cpiotation from an argument in favor of the enactment of laws to prevent the taking of food fishes for fertilizer purposes in Alaskan waters. 726 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fertilizers (Bur. of the Census {IJ. /S'.] Bui. 57, pp. 41, 42; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 23. pp. 1162, 1163).— The statistics reported show that during 1905 the fertilizer industry followed the general tendency toward con- solidation, the number of establishments reported being 400 as compared with 422 in 1900. The capital employed rose from $60,685,753 in 1900 to $69,023,264 in 1905, the value of the product increasing from $44,657,385 to $56,632,853. The amount and value of various materials used in the manufacture of fertilizers during 1905 are stated as follows : Phosphate rock, 888,571 tons valued at $4,244,554: potash salts, 312,600 tons valued at $5,497,774; nitrate of potash, 1,160 tons valued at $39,039 ; nitrate of soda, 42,213 tons valued at $1,760,432 ; wood ashes, 17,083 bu. valued at $2,050 ; acid phosphate, 320,559 tons valued at $2,912.010 ; ammonium sulphate. 10,540 tons valued at $600,856 ; cotton-seed meal valued at $2,376,448 ; and bones, tankage, and offal valued at $5,094,149. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1905. pp. 22-28). — The results of inspection of fertilizers (including cotton seed meal) during 1905 are summarized and compared with results obtained in previous years. Of the 522 samples of fertilizers examined, 13 were of a lower grade than was claimed for them. Analyses of comm.ercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 9-lJf). — The results of inspection of fertilizers (including cotton-seed meal) during 1906 are summarized and compared with results; obtained in pre- vious years. Ot the 506 samples of commercial fertilizers examined, 412 were of the grade claimed for them, 81 were of a higher grade, and 13 of a lower grade. Commercial fertilizers in 1905-6, G. S. Fraps (Texas Sta. Bui. 85, pp. 20). — This bulletin gives the text of the State fertilizer law, together with in- formation regarding taking of samples, form of tag, terms used in reporting analyses, valuation of fertilizers, fertilizers for cotton, corn, rice, and potatoes, home mixtures, fertilizer recipes, and bat guano ; and i-eports analyses and val- uations of 238 samples of fertilizers examined during the season. It is reported that the amount of commercial fertilizers used in Texas is comparatively small, amounting to only 13,.500 tons in 1905-6. Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. II. Hite (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 108, pp. Soo-^-fS). — This is a complete report of fertilizer inspection in West Virginia during the year 1906, and gives guaranteed and actual analyses of 336 siimples of fertilizers offered for sale in the State during that year. Approximate unit cost of constituents of fertilizers and feeding stuffs (Mark Lane Express, 96 (1901). No. 3928, p. i6>).— Schedules of trade values of the principal constituents of fertilizers and feeding stuffs in Great Britain are given and their use in calculating the value of these materials is explained. The mineral industry during 1905: Its statistics, technology, and trade, edited by W. R. Ingalls (New York and London: Engin. and Min. Jour., 1906, vol. I't, pp. 128; rev. in Jour. Soe. Chem. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 22, p. 1123).— Among the materials of special agricultural importance for which statistics are given are phosphate rock, potassium salts, gypsum, and limestone. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Report of the department of botanical research, D. T. MacDougal (Car- negie Inst. Washington Year Book, 5 (1906), pp. 119-139, pis. 5, fig. 1). — An account is given of the investigations being carried on at the botanical research laboratory, Tucson, Ariz., under a grant from the Carnegie Institution. The AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 727 facilities of tbis laboratory. Uiiown as tbe Desert Botanical Laboratory, are described, togetlier witli sonic of tiie investigations in progress. These inclnde studies on tbe influence of altitude and climatic factors upon vegetation — acclimatization, movements, and distribution of desert vegetation, studies on trans]iiration, root habits of jilants. soil and air temperatures, etc. Report of the department of experimental evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, ('. P.. 1 >avi:.ni'()kt {<'ani<(iic lust. \\'(isJiiiii/l(Jii )'(ar lioolc. .7 {UIIKI}, pp. 9.i-J0.'). pl.^. S. fi(j. 1). — An account of tbe investigations in jirogress under the Carnegie Foundation at the laboratory of experimental evolution. Cold Sjiring Harbor, Xew York. Among the principal subjects are tbe inheritance of charac- teristics, unit characteristics, role of selection, origin of new characteristics, and identity of evolutionary processes in plants and animals. The author states that the policy of the laboratory is not to seek after prac- tical results, but to confine the investigations to a study of the laws of evolution and the various princii)les underlying them. After describing the equipment of the laboratory, brief in-eliminary reports are given on a number of tbe investigations. Elementary species in agriculture, IL de Vries (Separate from Proc. A^ner. Phil. ,S'oc.. //J (1906), pp. l.'i9-lo6). — In a paper presented before tbe Philosoph- ical Society the author discusses the relative merits of plant breeding by the selection of unit characters and by the method pursued by some breeders wherein the resultant crop is secured by a prolonged system of elimination. He claims that selection by individual seed is much more successful than where the selection is made of a number of individuals, which must necessarily include some that are not pure races. Incidentally tbe author calls attention to the fact that the breeding experiments carried on by N. H. Nilsson and W. M. Hays corroborate bis theory of evolution by mutation. The existence of a semipermeable membrane inclosing the seeds of some Gramineae, A. ,T. Prown (Aim. Hot. \Loii(toii\. 21 (1907). No. 81. pp. 79-87). — While investigating tbe conditions governing the absorption of water by tbe ripe grains of certain cereals, the author made some experiments with tbe grain of a variety of barley, which indicated that the embryo and endosperm of this grain are contained within a semipermeable covering. A number of experiments were carried on to test the permeability of this membrane to water, iodin solution, and various salt solutions, and it was found that tbe embryo and endosperm are inclosed within an envelope through which water and iodin readily pass to the interior of tbe grain, but acids and salt solu- tions are retarded. To test whether tbis envelope of tbe barley grain was due to living protoplasm or not. seeds were treated with boiling water." after which they were placed in a normal sulphuric-acid solution for 48 hours. vSubsequent investigation showed that there was no penetration by the acid, indicating that the semipermeable pi'operty of the covering of tbe grain is not due to the action of living protoplasm. It seems probable that this property centers in the testa, but whether the property is confined to onl.v one of the la.vers has not been defi- nitely determined. Experiments with oats, wheat, and rye showed that they all possess a similar semipermeable covering. The culture of the excised embryos of barley on nutrient solutions con- taining nitrogen in different forms (Trans. Guinness Research La1>.. 1 (1906), pt. 2, pp. 288-299). — Embryos of barley excised after germination were grown on different nutrient solutions containing a number of forms of nitrogen to determine the value of nitrogen as a nutrient for these plants. In the experiments the actual increase in dry weight during growth, as well 728 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. as the increase in the amount of nitrogen, was determined, and in addition measurements were made of the plunuiles and rootlets. The forms of nitrogen emplo.ved were asparagin, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucin, phenylalanin, eholin, betain, allantoin, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, tyrosin, and the unclassified nitrogenous .substances occurring in malt, which are mainly malt peptones and malt albumoses. The solutions containing ammonium sulphate, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, potassium nitrate, and asparagin showed jn-ogressive increases in their power to contribute nitrogen to the plant, culminating in asparagin. Asparagin ap- pears to be the most profital)le nutrient among the sources of nitrogen, just as cane sugar is among the carbohydrates. The root development of the plantlets in water cultures was much shorter than where the plants were grown under more normal conditions, while the average length of the iilumule was not affected to so great an extent. The migration of nitrogen from the endosperm to the embryo during the limited germination occurring during the malting process {Trans. Ouinness Research Lah., 1 (1906), pt. 2, pp. 2SJf-287). — Studies were made to determine the transfer of nitrogen from the endosperm to the embryo during the germina- tion occurring in malting barley. Several varieties of barley were studied, and it was found that about 35 per cent of the endosperm nitrogen passed into the growing embryos during the 9 or 10 days' germination on the malting floors. It appears from the investigations that the iiermanently soluble nitrogen of malt is about double that of the corresponding amount of barley and that the insoluble i>roteids of the endosperm are metabolized during the malting process and brought into a condition in which they can be transferred to the embi-yo. Becent investigations concerning root hairs and their secretions, F. ScHLEiCHERT (X at 11 r IV. Wchiischr., 22 {1901), No. 6, pp. 91-94). — A summai-y is given of recent publications i-elating to the morphology and biology of root hairs, the influence of the medium on their development, the chemical nature of the root-hair secretions, and the acid secretions of root hairs, fungi, etc. A stimulus to the production of cellulose and starch, J. B. Dandeno {Rpt. Mich. Acad. ScL, 8 (1906), pp. J/O-Ji-'t). — A study is reported on the effect of black rot of apples (Spha^ropsis malorum) on the production of cellulose in the cell walls of the apple in the course of the decomposition of the fruit. It appears that cellulose and starch are developed by the fungus S. malorum directly in the cells of the ripe apple long after its detachment from the tree. The development of the cellulose seems to be an adaptation of advantage to the fungus in enabling it to tide itself over unfavorable conditions. The apple is in a state of preservation after the fungus has acted upon it for some time, the ebony-like mummies being less subject to attacks of other fungi. The pro- duction of cellulose is the result of a stimulus upon the cell content induced by the fungus. A botanical and a chemical study of tannins, .1. Dekker (BiiI. KoIoii. Mks. Haarlem, 1906, No. S5, pp. 221). — This publication, which is part 1 of a proposed botanical and chemical monograph of the tannins, contains an extensive bibli- ography of the subject, ari-anged in chronological order, and treats of the botany and physiology of tannins. The distribution of tannins throughout the plant kingdom is traced, the different species known to yield tannins being mentioned and notes given on their geographical distribution. Under the physiological studies the author treats of the occurrence of tannins in the plant and gives an account of tlieir physiological significance. The formation of hydrocyanic acid in plants, W. I{. Dunstan and T. A. FIELD CROPS. 729 IlENRY (Anil, riiiiii. rf /'7///.N-.. N. scr.. 10 ( IH07). Jdii.. iip. 118-12'}). — Tlie authors summarize investigations relating to the oecurrenee of cyanogenetic glueosids in varieties of Pliascohis IkikiIux. Tlie claim made by some investigators that in the Java beans and some other varieties of /'. Iiiiiatiis several distinct glu- eosids are to be foimd is in the opinion of the authors not well taken, as they I»elieve that they are merely forms of phascolnnaliii. Concerning' the distribution of hydrocyanic acid in the plant kingdom, M. Greshokf (ArrJi. Pliariii., 2.',li (1906), No. 9, pp. 6'6".)-672 ) .— The author jire- sented before the British Association for tlie Advancement of Science at the meeting in 1!X)(> an account of the (listriliutinu of hydrocyanic acid in the i)lant kingdom, and the i)resent iJapei' gives an historical statement relating t> the discovery of the varicms glueosids and their occurn'nce in various plants. Eleven different glueosids are mentioned as having been isolated, occurring in 34 families of jilants re])resented by S(i genera and about 200 si)ecies. Exi^erinients with bacterial enzyms, E. O. Jordan ( liiolof/ical Studies Ini the Pupilx of Will id III 'ihoiiipso)! sciJiiirick. Boston, J!i(l6. pp. J2'i-J.'f')). — The author reports studies to determine the power of certain bacterial filtrates to li(iuify gelatin. A number of organisms were used in this investigation, and the results of the studies are given at length. There was found to be no evidence that the presence of gelatin in a culture medium leads to any particularly rapid or alnindant production of the specific ferment acting upon the gelatin. In simiile nonjjroteid solutions of asparagin, lactose, and min.eral salts, such as sodium phos]iliate and magnesium suljihate. gelatinase is produced by some bacteriological species quite as abundantly, although not generally so rapidly, as in nutrient broth or gelatin. The reaction of the culture medium is apparently without effect upon the enzym production except as it affects the conditions of bacterial growth. The gelatin-liquifying enzyms in a number of instances were found to endure heat much better in iin acid than in an alkaline or a neutral medium. The enzyms were also found to withstand heat better than the bacteria producing them, and in some instances manifested their activity at temperatures consideralily above the thei'mal death point of these bacteria. The action of formalin in hardening gelatin cultures was fVmnd to be without diagnostic value for the separation of species, the hardening being dependent upon the stage of digestion. FIELD CROPS. Practical farming, E. T. Shepherd {London: Crosby Lockirood d- Son, 190G, pp. VIII-^l.'>'i, d(nns. l-'i). — This lx)()k discusses the principles of agriculture, the improvement of soils ; manures and their uses in relation to crops ; root, fallow. corn, legununous. and forage crops: permanent and temporary i)astures ; and farm buildings. David Dickson's system of farming (Athniln. On.: CiiUirdtor Pub. Co.. pp. 80, figs. 1.5). — A popular treatise on farm man.-igemeut as practiced by a successful Georgia farmer. Among the more important points discu.ssed are the general treatment of land, the fertilization of soils and crops, and the growing of corn, cotton, wheat, potatoes, turnips, and vegetables. A chapter is also devoted to fruit culture and the care of stock. Dry farming, G. C. Baker (Jour. Dcpt. Ayr. West. Aust.. l.'f (1906), \o. 0, pp. 361-363). — The methods of cultui'e to be followed in order to conserve and utilize to the best advantage the soil moisture are briefly described. Report of the associate agriculturist, C. L. Xewman (South Carolimi stu. I'pt. Hinij. pp. 23-2.5). — A bi-i( f i(']i(ii't on the woi-k of the agriculturist of this 730 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. station is given with notes on experiments with cotton, corn, \A'heat, oats, cow- peas, and sorghums. A marked increase in yield from the use of commercial fertilizers on marsh land, J. Becker {Dent. Landiv. Presse, 34 {1901), 'So. 7, p. J/G, figs. Jf). — The soil in question was a medium heavy reclaimed marsh soil which had re- ceived a dressing of barnyard manure in 19C)2 and had been used since then for pasturing young stocli. In 1905 a crop of oats was grown with different combinations of the follow- ing quantities of fertilizers per hectare : 900 lig. of Thomas slag. 600 kg. of Ivaiuit. 200 kg. of nitrate of soda, and 2,000 kg. of lime. With the use of all these substances together there was a net profit of 97.30 marks per hectare. When the lime was omitted the net profit was only 2.92 marks, and when any one of the other substances was omitted there was a loss in each case. In 1906, when a crop of beans was grown, this same soil was given an appli- cation of 900 kg. of Thomas slag, 200 kg. of 40 per cent potash salt, and 70 kg. of nitrate of soda per hectare. The increase in the yield over the check test was 1,643 kg. of beans and 1,-529 kg. of straw per hectare. The profit appar- ently due to the use of the fertilizers amounted to 240.55 marks per hectare. The book of alfalfa, F. D. Coburn {Kew York: Orange Judd Co., 1906, pp. 336. p(j!<. 60). — This book is a treatise on alfalfa, discussing the history, culti- vation, and merits of the crop, and pointing out its uses as forage and fei'tilizer. Several chapters are devoted to the history, description, varieties, distribution, and productiveness of alfalfa, following which the subjects of seed and seed selection, cultivation, harvesting, and storing, and the uses of the crop for pasture, soiling, and feeding in other ways, together with its value in beef making, dairying, and other lines of animal husbandry are discussed. A feature of the book is a chapter presenting the practical experience of alfalfa growers in 41 different States. Agaves, their culture and use, with special consideration of Agave rigida var. sisalana, K. Braun {Pflanzer, 2 {1906), Nos. Uf, pp. 209-223; 15, pp. 225-240: 16-17, pp. 2-^1-257; 18, pp. 273-288; 19, pp. 289-304; 20, pp. 307-310). — A general discussion on the history and distribution of agaves is given and a list of specimens is described. The greater part of the article is devoted to Agave rigida var. sisalana and its climatic, soil, and cultural re- quirements. The commercial importance of the fiber and the methods employed in obtaining it are noted, and a bibliography of 2.34 references to articles and works treating of this subject is appended. By what methods may brewing barley be improved? R. Bethge {Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen, 9 {1907) Nos. 1, pp. 3, 4; 2, pp. 11, 12; 3, pp. 20, 21; 4, pp. 31, 32, dgtn. 1). — This article discusses the improvement of barley for brewing purposes in a certain section of Saxony, which now produces brewing barley of good quality and high in yield, while from 25 to 30 years ago only small yields and a poor quality of grain were secured. The method of carrying on the improvement woi'k is described, the principal points sought after being given as color, form, and uniformity of kernel, yield oT grain per head, fineness of glumes, high percentage of grain, small number of nodes with long upper internodes, uniform strength in germination, low pi'otein content of grain, accurate and systematic pedigree breeding, and improved cultural methods. The work in the laboratory and the use of the plant nursery in connection with breeding barley are also discussed. The use of potash in its relation to the quality of barley, E. Wein (Ztschr. Gesaiu. Braitw., 29 {1906), No. 3, pp. 26; abs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 35 {1906), No. 12, pp. 811-815). — Experiments were conducted to determine whether FIELD CROPS. 731 it is advantageous on the luoro fertile soils to use kainit or 40 i)er cent potash salt in growing barley and to ascertain in what (inantities and at what time the application should he ni.uli' to he prolitahlc. In T) tests with barley and wheat on fertile clay soils a general ai)plieation of super])hospliate and nitrat<' of soda. f>u-nishing 75 or 100 kg. of phosphoric acid and '2:', kg. of nitrogen iier hectare, r(>spectively. was uiade, and in addition 00 kg. of i)otash was ajijilied in the form of 40 per cent ])otash salt or of kainit. 'riiese soils ranged in calcium carbonate from 0.10 to 1.0(j per cent and in potash li-om 0.21 to (».4S per cent. With every test the potash apparently increased the total yield, the Increase amounting to 552 kg. of grain and r)22 kg. of straw per hectare. When potash was omitted the protein content of the gi'ain increased and the starch content decreased. A gravelly soil containing 12.40 per cent of calciinn carbonate and O.IH per cent of potash, producing iKstatoes and fertilized with I)arnyard manure the year before, received an application i)er hectare of 00 kg. of i)hosphoric acid, 1.5 kg. of nitrogen, and SO kg. of potash in the forms of superphos])hate, nitrate of soda, and 40 per cent potash salt or kainit, respectively. Applying the po- tassic fertilizer some time before sowing the barle.v proved beneficial, iind under these conditions kainit was the more effective. Tlie increase in the yield of grain apparently due to the potash varied from 2.7 to 4.8 per cent-and that of the straw from 3.4 to 9.3 per cent. The third test was made on a clay soil with 0.32 per cent of calcium carbonate and 0.29 per cent of potash. A general application of 90 kg. of phosphoric acid as superphosi)hate and 24 kg. of nitrogen as nitrate of soda was given per hectare. In addition, 40 per cent potash salt was applied in quantities furnish- ing 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg. of potash. The season was the third after the soil had been fertilized with barnyard manure. Only the two smaller applications of potash in this experiment were profitable. It is ijointed out that barley requires phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash in a readily availal)le form and in proper proportions, and that the quantities of potash given may be relatively small if the preceding crop was fertilized with barnyard manure but that they should be correspondingly increased when 2 or 3 years have elapsed since the manure was applied. It is stated that barley responds best to the use of kainit, but that on heavy soils 40 per cent potash salt is preferred to avoid ci'usting of the surface. The author refutes statements of O. Reitmair with reference to his work and points to residts secured by other investigators to prove his point. Fertilizer experiments with fodder beets, C. Dusserre and E. Chuard (Bill. Hoc. Vaud. Ayr. et Til., 1!)07, No. 201, pp. .?.:>8-36",2) .—Fodder beets were ferti- lized at the rate of 400 kg. of 17 per cent superphosphate, 200 kg. of 48 per cent of potash, and 300 kg. of nitrate of soda per hectare, this application costing 170 francs. The average results obtained by 17 farmers showed an increase of 16,000 kg. of beets per hectare as apparently due to the fertilizers used. The profit per hectare is given as 224 francs. The season was dry, and not all of the plant food contained in the fertilizer application was used by the crop, so that in addition to the profit secured there remained in the soil a certain quantity of the plant food supplied for the succeeding crop. The beets from the fertilized I>lats contained 7.40 per cent of sugar and those from the check plats 7.52 per cent. The Williamson plan of corn culture, t'. L. Newman {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 124, PI>- '•'>)■ — This bulletin contains a detailed description of the William- son method of corn culture and reports observations made on a number of 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. farms on which the plan Avas followed. " Where the plan was strictly adhered to the yield was double or more than double that secured from nearby fields of equal soil characters and where the usual methods of corn culture were practiced." Three different varieties of corn were found to have been used on these fields. One variety, called Williamson corn, was gi'own on all fields except two, one of which was planted to Marlboro Prolific and the other to a variety similar to the Williamson corn. It was noticed that with the Marlboro Prolific the size of ears and their number per stalk were apparently uninfluenced by the method of culture. The peculiar or essential features of the Williamson plan are summarized as follows : Deep and thorough preparsTtion of seed bed, deep planting, infre- quent and partial cultivation in early stages of growth, an increase of 200 per cent or more in the number of stalks per acre, postponing application of ferti- lizers until coi'n is given its second cultivation, intentional retardation of early growth of the stalk until its size is reduced i or i its normal development, and following this augmented development of the ear by cultivation and heavy application of fertilizers made at appropriate intervals. The corn is planted 4 to 0 in. below the soil surface and laid by 4 to G in. above the leA'el, leaving the lower 8 to 12 in. of the stalk l)elow ground. It is suggested that the brace roots iinder these conditions are probably better able to perform their nutritive functions than when partly exposed. Tillering of the corn plant, E. G. Montgomery {Lincoln: Nebr. Acad. Sri.. pp. 35-.'i2, pis. .'/). — The tillering of corn from a botanical viewpoint is dis- cussed and the results of experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 17. p. 657) are reported. This article includes the report of a study on the tillering capacity of six different types of kernels. From 1,600 to 2,000 kernels of each type were planted and it was found that of the kernels having large germs from 85 to 90 per cent produced tillers, while of the kernels with small germs only from 55 to 70 per cent tillered. The production of a new variety of maize, Zea mays var. pseudo- androgyna, by traumatism and fixation, L. Blaringhem {Compt. Rend. Acad. »S'ci. [Paris], l.'i3 (1906). Xo. 27, pp. 1252-125^). — In a teratological study on maize the author found female flowers with the gyneceum surrounded Avith abortive stamens, and he reports having isolated a stable variety with this abnormal characteristic, which he named psevido-androgyna. The hermaph- roditic character is considered purely morphological. The new variety was derived from a plant of which the stem was cut at the base in July, 1902. The new sprout, which subsequently developed, produced a tassel with the branches covered with fertile grains. Of the 28 plants grown from this seed in 190.3, 20 showed the transmission of the abnormal character of the tassel. These plants grown by themselves and protected from foreign pollen gave rise to numerous forms, among them Zea mays pnrcox. Zea maifs 'psevdo-androgyna did not appear until 1904, when the hermaphrodism was dis- covered. In 1905, 113 individuals from seed of this form transmitted this character to 97 plants, and in 1906 the results led to the conclusion that this variation was completely fixed. The author believes that the plant mutilated in 1902 is the origin of a family marking a period in the progress of mutation and he concludes that violent mutilations at the proper time are a very effective means of causing abrupt, hereditary, and progressive variation. The Red Texas oats question: A statistical study, PI. F. Roberts (Indus- trialist, 33 (1907), No. 16, pp. 2^3-253, figs. 5). — After Red Texas oats has been FIELD CROPS. 733 jrntwn in Kaiisas Cor L> or :'. .v»>iirs they apiiareutly turn to a sort having black chaff, said tn lie interior in yichl and quality. A sample of tliis kind consisting of 'M) per cent of red and CI per cent of hlack hulled kernels was separated into 1' lots of 2.;-5()!t lilack kernels and 1,480 red kernels. These 2 lots were compared with the original mixed lot. The result showed that 138 plants of the i)lack variety bore 906 culms and 140 plants of the red variety 1,209 culms, showing that the red variety had a greater stooling capacity in this instance than the Idack variety. In another similar experiment conducted at the same time hut with the i)lants standing one in a hill 4 by 0 in. apart. T<'> per cent of a total stand was secured, the .''.,090 l)lants of the black strain jiroducing :i stand of 78 per cent and the 2.880 seeds of the red variety a stand of 74 i»er cent. The habit of growth of the 2 varieties showed a marked difference, the red sort spreading the leaves and young stems flat upon the ground while the black .strain sent up erect stalks. The black oats came into full head .lune 22 and was ripe .July la, while the red oats was fully headed on .Tune 2(5 and was ripe July 21, making a growing period of 9.") and 101 days for the black and the red oats, i-espectively. A difference in habit in the heads of the 2 sorts was also observed, the panicles of the black oats being loose and spreading while those of the red variety were much more compact. The spikelets were as a rule more firndy attached in the red than in the black oats and the chaff' of the red oats wrapped the grains more closely. The individual grains with their ghnnes were generally shorter and plumper in the red than in the black oats, but all possible variation and intergradation in form between the 2 tyi)es occurred. In the plaht nursery a statistical study showed that 143 plants of the red oats produced r)72 heads and 8,980 spikelets weighing 309.80 gm., while the same number of black oat plants produced 374 heads and 10,7G7 spikelets weigh- ing 445. 7G6 gm." This result seems to indicate that the black variety is superior to the red in every essential point except stooling capacity. The problem as to what the appearance of the black variety is due still remains to be solved. The effect of the correct use of nitrate of soda in growing sugar beets, II. Kkiem (Cciithl. ZiickcruKliis.. ].', (JUin), Xo. 15, p. ,?.a',).— The results of dif- ferent experiments are reported and discussed with a view to showing that imder proper conditions the use of nitrate of soda is not detrimental to the quality of sugar beets. In an experiment conducted at Bonn on a sandy clay soil with a general application of 4.50 kg. of IG per cent superphosphate and 200 kg. of 40 per cent potash salt per hectare, and special applications of 320 kg. and 480 kg. of nitrate of soda i)er hectare, there was an Increase in the sugar content of the beet and in the total yield of sugar where the nitrate of soda was applied, but the heavier aitplication did not give a profitable increase over the smaller quantity used. The results of experiments carried on at Bernburg with the use of .300 kg. of nitrate of soda per hectare show a marked increase in the total yield of sugar as compared with the check plat, although the sugar content in the beet was reduced from 17.84 to 17.64 per cent. The use of 400, 500, and 600 kg. of nitrate of soda also showed slight rediictions in the sugar content of the beet as com- pared with the check plat, and slight increases in the total yield of sugar as compared with the use of .300 kg. per hectare. At Halle sugar beets were grown on sandy clay soil which had received a green manuring witli peas and 40.000 kg. of barnyard manure per hectare, to- 734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. gether with either a light or a heavy application of nitrate of socla. In both cases the use of nitrate of soda gave a profitable increase in the yield of sugar and the sugar content in the beet was also increased as compared with the check tests. In another experiment in which potash and phosphoric acid were applied instead of barnyard manure the use of the nitrate of soda also proved beneficial. It is stated that the proper use of nitrate of soda is not injurious to the interests of the sugar manufacturer and that it often is a l)enelit to the farmer when the price of beets is low. The effect of a too heavy application of nitrate of soda, II. Briem (Coitbl. Zuclcriitdus., J.'j (IDOU), Jo. 8, p. 202). — Analyses are reported of beets grown on a sandy, humus soil and very heavily fertilized with nitrate of soda in com- parison with analyses of beets grown with a normal application of fertilizers. The relation of sodium to potasli in the heavily fertilized beets was as 1 : 0.73, while in the normally fertilized beets it was as 1 : 3.88. The normally grown beets contained 0.04G per cent of sodium, while in the heavily fertilized beets this element reached 0.133 per cent. The total nitrogen content was 0.195 per cent and 0.284 per cent for the properly and improperly fertilized beets, re- spectively. It is pointed out that in experiments by Ilellriegel it was shown that a high sugar content is associated with a definite relation between the potash and nitrogen content of 1 : 1, while in these experiments the relation was as 1 : 3. The occurrence of dodder on sugar beets, A. Stift {Bl. Zuckerruhenbau, 14 {1901), No. 1, pp. 2-4). — The author reports the occurrence of the common dodder (Cuscuta europwa) on sugar beets in western Hungary. Lectures to sugar planters (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies. 190G, pp. VII + 176. figs. 05). — This publication contains lectures on the following subjects: The natural history of the sugar-cane, by D. Morris; soils and manures in rela- tion to the cultivation of the sugar-cane, by J. P. D'Albuquerque ; hints on the planting and cultivation of the sugar-cane and intermediate crops, by J. R. Bovell ; the insect pests of sugar-cane and associated crops, by H. Maxwell- Lefroy ; and the fungoid diseases of the sugar-cane, by A. Howard. Report of the division of agriculture and chemistry, C. F. Eckart (Ha- waiian Sugar Planters' Sta. RjJt. 1906, pp. 21-42, figs. 6). — A general report is here given on the work of this division for the year ending September 30, 1906. The different lines of work in progress are briefly outlined and experiments soon to be inaugurated are described. Observations on seed-bearing sugar canes and the production of seedlings are discussed and the number of seeds of different varieties germinating and the number of plants successfully raised are given in a table. During the season 5,232 seedling canes were grown. Of 279 plants raised from West Indian seed imported in 1904, 37 have been sufficiently promising to merit special test- ing on the station grounds. Tobacco culture on soils which had been reforested with Albizzia moluccana (Meded. DeU-Proefstat. Medan, 1 (1901), No. 2-3, pp. 61-114).— The results of different cooperative tests indicate that reforesting with Albizzia moluccana on the various kinds of soils under observation is not injurious to tobacco land as is commonly supposed. The method has the advantage of reducing hard soils. The selection of seed wheat, G. W. Shaw (California Sta. Bui. 181, pp. 149-172, figs. 12). — This bulletin treats of the importance of seed wheat selec- tion and describes the methods employed. A large number of samples of seed wheat were obtained over a wide area in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of California for the purpose of determining the general character of HORTICULTURE, 735 the seed used by the farmers of the State. The results secured are given in detail iu tabular form. The work done at various experiment stations in select- ing seed wheat is summarized. The samples graded by the station consisted mainly of ^Yhite Australian, Salt Lake Club, Bluestem, and Sonora Wheat. Comparative results of the standard, average, and poorest samples graded are given in the following table: Comparative nradiiui of titandard, average, and poorest samples of xoheat used for seed, 190Jf-1906. Sample, Salt Lake Club: Standard Average (2 years) Poorest White Australian: Standard Average (2 years) Poorest Bluestem: Standard Average (2 years) Poorest Grades according to size of mesh. 3.25 mm. 3.00 mm. 2.75 mm. 2.50 mm. 2.25 mm. 2.00 mm. Trash Per cent. 3.90 1.66 .00 28.61 6.56 .00 43.66 9.45 .CO Per cent. 13.00 3.92 .00 18.49 8.23 .00 22.29 10.19 .00 Per cent. 24. 20 12.09 .85 28.74 22.16 .90 20.95 21.82 .00 Per cent. 50.80 51.17 11.34 19.62 47.20 49.12 10.71 38.71 7.15 Per cent. 4.10 17.14 33.50 1.83 9.74 40.22 .91 7.93 59.21 Per rent. 1.00 6.13 32.13 1.93 2.19 6.02 .62 2.01 22.98 Per cent. 2.60 6.26 22.16 .75 3.84 3.79 .83 1.99 10.70 Weight per bushel. Pounds. GO.O 57.0 44.5 60.5 bl.l 53.0 61.0 58.5 46.2 In general the samples showed that the quality of seed used by most farmers is lacking in purity, perfection of development, weight per bushel, freedom from weeds, and freedom from bunt. Attention is called to the fact that practically all investigators have found the use of large, plump seed of high weight per bushel the most profitable. No permanent benefit is believed to be secured from the frequent exchange of seed unle.ss a better type of wheat or a more vigorous grain of the same type is obtained by the exchange. The most important points to be considered in seed selection are the use of seed from heavy yielding plants, a plump and heavy grain, a clean wheat, and a pure variety. HORTICULTURE. Japanese horticulture, N. Hayashi {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 31 (1906), pp. 18-28). — The author outlines the history of the development of horticulture in Japan, and briefly discusses the facilities for obtaining horti- cultural knowledge in that country. A summary is given of over 100 kinds of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, both of native and foreign origin, now grown in .Japan, witli an account of the origin and economic import;ince of each. Summary of results with vegetables and fruits at the North Louisiana Experiment Station from 1892 to 1907, E. J. Wat.son (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 9(1. pp. .}7 ). — Tlie author summarizes the results of his horticultural work at the North Louisiana Station from 1802 to 1!)07. The subject-matter is presented under the following headings : Results with vegetables, results with fruits, and condensed information on canning fruits and vegetables. The work for the last 3 seasons has been devoted chiefly to experiments in commercial truck growing and canning of the surplus vegetables and fruits. Tests have been made with all of the well-known vegetables, the most promising of which are discussed in detail with regard to best varieties, time of seed sow- ing, the average period from seed planting to marketable maturity, the yields, and prices obtained for those crops that were marketed. For several years experiments were conducted on the relative value of home-grown commercial seed (E, S. R., 14, p. 249). 736 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Under results with fruits the datu on variety and fertilizer tests are given, together with the period of blooming and ripening of the fruit. The author states that the data secured on fruits during the past 14 years are not very favorable since the climate is not adapted to the successful culture of many of the fruits reported upon, except to a limited extent. Condensed notes are given on the canning of fruits and vegetables, including a discussion of the advantages of home-canning, and brief remarks on the most profitable sorts for canning, including tomatoes, string beans, sweet corn, sweet potatoes, peaches, berries, and cane syrup. A homemade canning outfit is described, which can be built at a cost not exceeding $40. A preliminary report on the experiments in truck growing and canning has been noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 364). Tomato fertilizers at Troupe, W. S. Hotchkiss and E. C. -Green (Texas Sta. Bui. 8Jf, pp. 15, figs. 6). — An account of fertilizer experiments and variety tests with tomatoes at the Troupe Station during the seasons of 1904 and 1905. The fertilizer ingredients used included cottonseed meal, muriate of potash, acid phosphate, wood ashes, cow manure, nitrate of soda, lime, and tankage, either alone or in combinations. Beauty, Acme, and Earliana were the varieties tested. Tables are given showing the yield of marketable and unmarketable fruit gathered at each picking from the different fertilizers and varieties used. The experiments were conducted on soil composed of a very fine gray sand, running from 8 to 18 in. in depth and underlaid with a red clay soil. The use of potash, either in the form of muriate of potash or wood ashes, alone or in combination, was found to be unsatisfactory. The use of large quantities of lime alone appeared to be injurious. Nitrate of soda, which was also tried in 190.3, was abandoned after the 1904 experiment, as this form of nitrogen gave no better result than in the form of cotton-seed meal. Cow manure gave fairly good results, but the largest and earliest yields were obtained from the use of acid phosphate alone on new lands comparatively rich in humus, and acid phosphate in combination with cotton-seed meal on old lands deficient in humus and fertility. For soils similar to that at the station the authors suggest the following formula : Acid phosphate 1.200 lbs. and cotton-seed meal 800 lbs., using from 400 to 600 lbs. per acre of the mixture. Earliana produced the largest quantities of early tomatoes, aiyj is recom- mended as a variety for early shipments. The authors, however, do not recom- mend it as compared with Acme or Beauty for a general purpose variety. Money in cucumbers, W. Dunn (Amer. Agr., 1901, Feb. 9, p. 166). — The author, who is a truck gi'ower in Craven county. North Carolina, states that he recently realized $4,000 from 7 .acres of cucumbers, which after deducting a total expense of less than $100 an acre, left him over $3,000 net profit. The artichoke, R. F. Le Feuvre (La Alcachofa. Santiago de Chile: Inst. Agr. Chile, 1906. pp. 120, figs. 26). — A monograph on the artichoke Cynara scolymus, known in this country as the Globe artichoke and valued for its edible flower heads and petals. The cardoon (C. cardunculus) an allied form, is classed with the artichoke in this publication. The w^ork includes a discussion of the origin, general importance, climatic adaptation, and cultivated varieties of the artichoke in various countries, and gives specific directions for its propagation, cultivation, and harvesting in Chile, together with the products, their uses and methods of preservation. An ex- tensive bibliography of the artichoke is also given. Cultivation of fruit trees, L. Buss.\rd and G. Duval (Arboriculture Fruiti- ere. Paris: J. B. BaiUiere d- Sons, 1907, pp. 562, figs. i88).— This volume is one of the series which constitute the agricultural encyclopedia published under the direction of G. Wery. HORTICULTURE. 737 The book is intended as a treatise on the cultivation of tree fruits for botli amateur and i)rt)fessional .s;ro\vers in France. Part 1 is introduced by chapters discussing the iniijortance and distril)uti(in of fruit orchards in France, and a study of the niorpiiology, anatomy, and physiology of fruit trees and their fruits. Succeeding chapters deal with all the important plia.ses of fruit cul- ture, including methods of propagation, the laying out. and management of different forms of fruit gardens and orchards, the preparation and fertilizing of the soil, planting, and subsequent care. This part is concluded I)y an ex- tensive chapter on pruning. Part 2 deals with each of the important si>ecies of fruit, treating of their characteristics, processes of multiplication, pi'uning, special reciuirements, har- vesting, anos Angeles market for $10. The avocado is not generally considered hardy in that region. Standard sizes of fruit boxes {Pacific Rural Press. 73 (1907), Xo. '/. />. .iO).— A list is given of the standard sizes of California fruit packages for shipping purposes, including the dimensions and the amount of fruit contained in each for cherries, peaches, pears, pears for export to Europe, plums, prunes, apricots, nectarines, grajies in single crate, and grapes in double crate. The uses of the sakoa, Tkai.boux (Af/r. Prat. Pans Cliands, 7 {1907), No. -'i6. PI). 7!>, 80). — This is a note on the sakoa, a native fruit of Madagascar, the tree of which is said to have the appearance of an api)le tree and to be very prolitic. The fruit is about the size of a plum, yellowish in color, and very acid. The natives gather it from the trees in .January, February, and March. The pulp is chewed by the natives to quench thirst, and is an important source of food in dry seasons when crops fail. The fruit is also utilized in making fer- mented beverages and in dyeing. The bark of the sakoa tree is said to be rich in tannic acid. Pineapple culture V. History and bibliography, II. II. Hu.me (Florida Sta. Ri)t. 191)6, pp. XXXIV-LX1\ , fi;/s. 3). — This is the fifth of a series of bul- letins on this subject. In the 4 preceding bulletins (E. S. R., 17, p. ll.")5) soils, varieties, results of fertilizer exiHriments. and the methods of harvesting, grad- ing, packing, and shipping were discussed. In this bulletin an account is given of the history and origin of the pineapple, together with its introduction into Europe and its early Florida history. It is said to be a native American fruit. The author mentions numerous early writers on the subject, and gives an extensive bibliography of the books, maga- zine articles, reports, and bulletins dealing with the pineapple. 738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Second note on the wild coffees of Mount Amber, Madagascar, M. Dtjbard (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds. 6 {1906), .¥o. //5, pp. 518-521. figs. 2).— In the first notes on this subject (E. S. R., 16, p. 976) the author descril)es 3 wild varieties of coffee found on Mount Amber, Madagascar, viz, Coffea gallienii, C. bonnieri, and C. mogeneti. In the present note he adds further remarlcs on these 3 varieties and describes a new variety which he has received from Madagascar called C. augagncuri. This variety is said to be well characterized in the form of its leaf and the peculiarity of its fruit. The cocoanut, P. Hubert (Le Cocotier. Paris: H. Dunod and E. Piuat, 1906, pp. XIV +135, figs. 39). — Cocoanut cultivation, insect enemies, and related questions are discussed, as well as the manufacture and use of copra, des- iccated cocoanut. cocoanut oil. and other cocoanut products. The practical culture of cacao trees, A. Fauchere {Paris: A. Challamel, 1906, pp. 115, figs. 40). — This is a treatise on the culture and preparation of cacao for the market, with special reference to the development of the indus- try in Madagascar. The work is based on methods in vogue in Central Amer- ica, the Antilles, Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, Brazil, and Mexico, and deals with the natural distribution, history, species and varieties in use, climatic and soil adaptabilities, animal and insect enemies, and the im- portant phases of culture and management. Estimates are given of the cost of planting, cultivating, and maintaining cacao plantations both under personal supervision and by contract for a period of 10 years. The processes of fermentation, drying, and preparing the cacao fruit for the market, together with the apparatus pertaining to these processes, are discussed in full. Two appendixes are included in the work, which deal with the importance of cacao culture and special suggestions for the man- agement of the plantation with reference to Madagascar. The work is illus- trated by numerous figures. The yucca, R. J. Fosalba {Bol. Agr. [8an ^Salvador], 6 {1906); A'o, 12, pp. 579-596). — This is a reproduction of the author's report to the minister of for- eign relations of Uruguay on the relative importance and uses of the yucca in the West Indies, Mexico, South America, Florida, and Java. It consists of a collection of notes on the uses and present status of the yucca industry in the different countries mentioned, together with a description of the cultivation of this plant in Cuba. Some of the important products of the yucca are starch, alcohol, tapioca, and yucca fiour. The starch is considered in Cuba to be of superior quality to all imported starches. As a flour, yucca is inferior to wheat, but is of great importance to natives of the poorer classes in the West Indies when they are unable to purchase other foods. A bibliography is given, including the various sources from which the author derived infoi-mation. The influence of cold in horticulture, A. II. Ferret {Rev. Sci. [Paris], S. ser.. 7 {1907), Xo. 6, pp. 170-17 Jf). — The author discusses the utilization of cold storage in retarding the blooming period and the preservation of blooms of com- mercial flowering plants, bulbs, and shrubs. A brief account of the harvesting, grading, storing, and forcing of lilies of the valley and flowering bulbs near Hamburg. Germany, is given, together with recent experiments of M. J. ;Mer- cier, of Dijon, on the influence of cold storage in the preservation of cut flowers. In these experiments two cold-storage mediums were used, an ice house and an artificial cold-storage room. The ice house had a temperature of about 2° C. with a relative atmospheric humidity of 90 parts per 100, while the temperature of the cold-storage room was about 5° C. with a relative humidity of 60 parts IIOHTICULTURE. 739 per 1(K). A great variety of cut lluweis were tested by being stored in vases half filled with water, and notes are given on the i)ehavior and length of preser- vation of each variety. Storing in the ice house witli a lower temperature and a relatively great amount of humidity gave liy far the l>etter results. The conclusion is reached that the most suitable temperature for the storing of cut flowers is just above 0° ('. (.'52° F. ), where the active growth is checl^ed without destroying cell life, and that the flowers should be stored in a relatively humid atmosphere in order to check the evaporation of the blooms. Careful attention, however, nuist he paid to ventilation, since a close, humid atmosphere is favorable to the production of molds and fungus diseases. The storage room should be dark and the leaves should be removed to reduce danger from putre- faction. Progress in hybridization and plant culture, L. Wittmack {Gai'tenfloru. 56 (1907), iYo-y. 1, pp. 2-lJi; 2, pp. 31-37, fiys. //). — This is a paper delivered by the author before the Prussian Society for the Advancement of Horticulture, and consists essentially of a historical review of the various steps in the devel- opment of plant breeding. Concrete examples of crosses and their effects as made between different varieties of Urtica, four o'clocks (MirahUis jalapa), Indian corn, gilly-flowers, and sweet peas are introduced in order to emphasize different phases of the discourse. Seven gardens costing ^1,000 each, Harriet C. Bryant (Country Life Amer., 11 (1907), Xo. 5, pp. ,')2S--')32, dgms. 7). — The author presents planting plans and specifications of 7 gardens designed for country and suburban places and intended to provide an ample supply of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as attractive landscape pictures. The details and cost of each phase of construction and planting are given, together with the common and stand- ard names, ultimate height, and the number of plants used of each variety recommended. The ])]ans are illustrated. The garden beautiful, W. Rohinson (London: John Murray, 1906, pp. 3i)Jf). — In this popular work the author emphasizes the testhetic and artistic pha.ses of woodland, garden, and orchard culture in the British Isles. Its aim. given in substance, is to create a greater love for the natural woodland and the more e.xtensive use of native trees and flowers. Numerous suggestions are made as to the planning and making of various forms of flower gardens, including Alpine, rock, wall, marsh, bog, and water gardens, the care and arrangement of house flowers, and the artistic develop- ment of fruit orchards, home woodlands, and forest plantings. Throughout the woric many varieties are enumerated and discussed as to their value for these various forms of ])lanting. Practical suggestions for improving and beautifying rural school grounds, T. li. ScHEFFER (Industrialist, 33 (1907), No. 15, pp. 227-2J,0, flff. i).— Popular suggestions are made on this subject dealing with the selection of site, loca- tion of school grounds and buildings, walks, driveways, fencing, grading, and development of playgrounds, lawns, and planting of shrubs, trees, aud flowers. A .sami)le planting plan for the rural schoolhouse is also given. The history of chrysanthemum cultivation in Japan, N. Hayashi (Jour., Ifni. Hort. 8oc. [London], 31 (1906), pp. 29-39, figs. 7).— Several forms of chrys- antlienuuns are discussed, and descriptions are given of the successful methods of cultivating chrysanthenumis as used l)y amateurs in .Japan. The autlior states that the usual methods employed by nursery gardeners in Japan arc very similar to those pursued in this country. Horticulture in relation to medicine, E. M. Holmes [Jour. Roy. Hort. Hoc. [London]. Al {V.xni), pp. 'i2-61, /iys. S), — This is a popular lecture on th^ use 27(H(>— No. S- 07 M 1 740 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. and culture of plants for medicine, both in ancient and modern times, in wliich all of tlie important herbs employed foi- medicinal plants are considered. The author refers to the publications of numerous members of the medical profession who have been active in encouraging the production and cultivation of medicinal plants. A list is given of the herbs most commonly used in England for medici- nal purposes. FORESTRY. Management of the farmer's -woodlot, W. N. Hutt (Cornell Countryman, -'i {1001), Ao. o, pp. J2S-lS-'f. fl[/s- 3). — The author outlines the practical manage- ment of the ordinary farm woodlot for the purpose of making it a useful and per- manent asset of the farm. Several varieties of trees suitable for this form of planting are given. A preliminary -working plan for the public forest tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental, Philippine Islands, II. D. Everett and H. N. Whitfokd {[PhiJippine] Bur. Foreairy Bid. 6, pp. oJf, figs. 12, map 1). — This work has been prepared to furnish a prescribed plan for the regulation and management of the large tract of public forest granted to the Insular Lumber Company for a jieriod of 20 years, as well as to secure accurate information con- cerning the timber of this important forest region of the Philippine Islands and to give the native rangers of the bureau training in forest field work. The field work consisted of mapping, botanical surveys, and collection of data for forest management. Part 1 is a statement of the facts upon which the working plan is based and deals with the general description of the tract, composition and condition of the forest, a description of the principal species of trees, and the utilization of the forest. Historical remarks are given on the development of lumber in this prov- ince, together with an account of the present lumbering operations, including remarks on markets, transi)ortation, prices and government charges, prospects, and agricultural possibilities of the land. Part 2 deals with the future management of the tract, treating of the basis of proposals, method of working the forest, and supplementary recommendations. In an appendix a list is given of the species of trees mentioned in the text, including the scientific, family, common, and commercial names. A map of the working ijlan under discussion accompanies the bulletin. A preliminary working plan for the public forest tract of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company, Bongabon River, Mindoro, Philippine Islands, M. L. Merritt and II. N. WhiTforu ([Philippinr] Bur. Forestry Bui. 6, pp. 55, pis. l-'i, map 1). — The work upon which this report is based was under- taken for the purpose of forming a preliminary plan of management to be put into operation pending more complete investigation. The tract was inspected, surveyed, and mapped and notes taken on the distribution of the different types of vegetation. Part 1 is a statement of the facts upon which the working plan is based. A general description of the tract is given, together with the composition and con- dition of the forest, the characteristics of various types of timber and descrip- tions of species, injuries to which the forest is liable, the development of the lumbering industry on this tract, and the present hunbering operations, mar- kets, transportation, financial results, and in-ospects. Part 2 deals with the future management of the tract. In an appendix is given a list of the few species found on the tract that reach the size of oO cm. in diameter, together with a list of all the other species mentioned in the text, including the scientific, family, local, and commercial names of each. A map of the working plan. accompanies the text. FORESTRY. 741 Financial results of forest management, P>. E. Feknow (ForcKtry and Irriff., 13 (11)01). So. 2. />/>. 81-86, JUj. 1). — The author traces the progress and presents data as to financial results of Saxon and Prussian forestry adminis- trations. The Saxon forestry area is said to l)e comparable to Now Enghiud conditions and the Prussian areas to the conditions existing in our southern pineries and the forests of the IMiddle Atlantic and Central States. The fol- lowing are the net returns realized per dollar of expenditure at W different periods in Saxony and I'russia, respectively: In 1S5(), $1.51 and .$1.25; 1880, !K2.00 and $1.05; 1004, $1.77 and $l./>. 27. pli<. 16). — An account of the or- ganization of the bureau and forest districts, field work in the different dis- tricts, and laboratory tests. In an appendix a summary is given of the list of licenses issued, amount of timber cut under licenses granted during 1905 and 1906, the utilization of forest products from public lands on which government charges have been collected, the api)lications for permits to make forest clear- ings, applications for homestead, purchase, and lease of public lands, imports and exports of timber and other forest products into the Philippine Islands, and of appropriations, expenditures, and revenues for the Bureau of Forestry since its organization. Tests were made w'ith a large number of Pacific-coast timbers to determine their resistance against attacks of anay (white ant) and of decay. The timber was divided into three series. Series A was untreated and served as a check, .series B was treated with mercuric chlorid, and C with creosote. As a result of this experiment it was determined that only imtreated woods suffered from the attack of the ant. Fungus diseases had not thus far developed in any case. In a test of ropes made l)y home and foreign manufactures, it was shown that rope manufactured in Hongkong and the United States was superior to that manufactured in the islands. This superiority is believed to be due to modern methods of manufacture and the use of high-grade hemp- The Michigan forestry convention, J. Ihlder {World To-Day, 12 (1907 ), .\o. 2. pp. 209-211, fitjK. 3). — The chief pur])Ose of the Michigan Forestry Associa- tion is said to be to secure the reforestation of cut-over timber lands of no value for general agricultiu'al purposes. It is hoped that this can be secured by the enactment of laws i>roviding for ad- equate protection from the fires which yearly sweep over the cut-over lands, for a rational system of taxation under which the trees will be considered as a crop to be taxed when harvested instead of yearly with the land, for the aboli- tion of the homestead law, and the exacting of a mininunn price of $5 an acre for all State lands in order to prevent real estate speculation with these lands. If these laws can be obtained, it is believed that owners will be encouraged to allow the trees to grow until maturity instead of cutting them down when they are large enough to make fence ]Hjsts. How to cultivate and care for forest jalantations on the semiarid plains {U. -b'. Dcpt. A(/r.. Forest Scrr. Circ. oJ/, pp. -'/). — This Jeafiet gives concise in- struction for the preservation and maintenance of soil moisture in forest planta- tions in semiarid regions. The jiroper distance to space trees for continued cultivation, nuilching, tools, and methods of cultivation are dealt with. The planting of crops between trees is said to be unwise, since the trees are de- I)rived of available moisture. The planter is cautioned to afford proper protec- tion against grazing and fire- 742 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, Pictorial practical tree and shrub culture, W. P. Wright and W. Dalli- MORE (Xeic York and London: Cassell d- Co., Ltd., 1905, pp. 152, fifjs. 28). — This book is an illustrated practical manual giving concise directions for the propa- gation, planting, pruning, and general management of trees and shrubs. The subject-matter is chiefly the work of William Dallimore and is edited by W. P. Wright. Several chapters are devoted to the use of trees and shrubs for forcing, for the colored foliage, ornamental green leaves, autumn tints, ornamental fruits, ornamental stems, climbing and trailing plants, evergreens, for undergrowth and shade, hedges, and as pendulous plants. Short descriptions are given under each chapter of many of the best trees and sbrubs for each of these purposes. There are also lists of the best trees, conifers, and shrubs in alphabetical order. The importance of selecting seed in practical forestry, G. F. Scott-Elliot (Jour. Roy. Hort. Sot: [London], 31 (1906), pp. 1)1-150). — A discussion of the experiments carried out by Prof. Adolf Engler in Zurich, in which seeds of picea, pinus, sycamore, and larch wei'e obtained from trees growing at different altitudes and then sowed in experimental gardens at altitudes ranging from 500 or (300 meters to 2,000 meters. It was demonstrated from these experiments that trees of very high altitudes have developed the habit of forming their annual growth in a nuich shorter time than trees in lower altitudes and that their seed is not suitable for culture in low altitudes, but is probably the best to plant in the altitudes where the parents were produced. Large seeds, whatever their origin, produce on the whole larger and heavier plants than smaller ones. How to transplant forest trees (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 61, pp. If. ftg. 1). — This leaflet gives concise instructions for the cai-eful transplant- ing of forest trees, both in nursery rows and in the field, together with the proper season for transplanting. How to pack and ship young forest trees (V. *S'. Dept. Agr., Foreftt Serv. Circ. 55, pp. 2, fig. 1). — Detailed directions are given for the careful handling and packing of young forest trees, with the view of affording proper ventila- tion and at the same time preventing the roots from drying out. Porest planting leaflets (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Forest Serv. Circs. 56, pp. 3: 57, PI). 2; 5S, pp. 3; 60, pp. 3; 62, pp. 3; 63, pp. 3; 6.',, pp. 4; 65, pp. 4; 66, pp. 3; 67, pp. 6; 68, pp. 4l 70, W- S; 71, pp. 4; 72, pp. 2; 73, pp. 4; 7^/, pp. 3; 75, pp. 3). — These are a series of leaflets which treat of the form and size, range, habits, growth, economic uses, methods of propagation, planting, and subse- (luent care of the following s])ecies of forest trees, given in order corresponding to circular numbers above: Bin* oak (Qiierriis niarrocarpa) ; Jack pine (Pinus :livaric(ita) ; red oak (Quercus rubra) ; red pine (Pinus resinosa) ; sbaghark hickory (Hicoria orata) ; basswood (Titia aniericana) ; black locust {RoJjinia pseudacacia) ; Norway spruce (Picea excelsa) ; white elm (dm us aniericana) ; white pine (Pinus strobus) ; Scotch pine (Piinis si/Jrestris) ; European larch (Larix curopaa) ', chestnut (Castanea dcnfata) : western yellow pine (Piiin^ ponderosa) ; red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) : honey locust (Gleditsia triacan- thos) ; and hackberry (CeUis occidental is). Eucalypts (/'. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serr. Circ. 5!l. pp. 6). — This leaflet treats of the blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), red gum (Eucalyptus i-ostrata). and sugar gum (Eucalyptus corynocalg.r). with respect to their form and size, range, silvical qualities, economic uses, methods of propagation, planting, sub- sequent care, and their use as wind-breaks. The estimated total cost of a eucalyptus plantation, excluding land rent, at the end of 12 years is $36.86 per acre, with a probable gross income of $180. FORESTRY. 743 The Franquette walnut, M. McDonald {Pacific Rural Pvcks, 13 {1901), No. 7. pp. 100). — The author discusses the value of the Franquette walnut as com- pared with other French varieties for planting in Oregon. Figures are given showing the increase in yield of a Franquette grove at Santa Rosa. California, from the time the trees were 3 years old in 1001 until they wore S years old in V.)0(\. DiUMng this period the total yield increased frou) S2 ll)s. to 24..'>14 Ihs., and tlie output i)racticnlly doubled for each year after The chilte tree, Costantin and (Jai.lauu {liei\ 0('n. Bot., 18 {1906), No. 21.'i, pp. 38.j-.}91, fiijs. 2). — An account, including the method of exploitation and an illustrated botanical description, is given of the chilte tree of Mexico, for which the authors propose the name of Jatropha trpi(]iien.'^is. The seeds are used as food in Mexico and the gum is said to have taken the place of chicle (R. S. I!.. 17. ]). 257) in the manufacture of American chewing gum. The culture of Ficus elastica {Bui. Off. Gouvt. G6n. Algcrie, 1901, Sup. 1. pp. IS). — This work treats more particularly of the species of Ficus adapted for the iirodnction i elastica from /•'. inafmolioidcs are pointed out. The manurial requirements of rubber trees {Trap. Life, 3 {1901), No. 1, pp. 3-'), fif/f>. -'/). — I'oiiular directions are given for the use of commercial fertilizei's in the culture of rubber trees. Wliat I saw in the Tropics, II. C. Pearson {New York: India RiiJiher Pah. Co., 190(). pp. 296, fifffi. 289). — The author relates his personal experiences and adventures during visits to Ceylon, the Federated Malay States, Mexico. Nica- ragua, Costa Rica, Republic of Panama, Colombia, Jamaica, and Hawaii. Con- siderable information concerning the present status of the rubber industry and the various species and varieties under cultivation in these countries is given. Besinous secretions and resin ducts, A. Tschirch {Die Harze and die Harzhrhdltcr. Lrip.^ir: Bonitragcr Bros., 1906, vols. 1, pp. XXII + 1902; 2. pp. 1093-1268. fi(/s. lO.'i). — Volume 1 is a chemical study of resinous secretions and their products. Volume 2 consists of a botanical study of the ducts which contain these resinous secretions. Under resinous secretions the author includes the saps of coniferous, euphorbias, and all rubber-producing trees. The treatise is based on extensive researches of the author and several collabo- rators, together with information secured from many scientific works. Effect of moisture upon the strength and stiffness of wood, H. D. Tiemann (f. aS'. Dept. Affr., Forest Serv. Bui. 70, pp. l',',, pis. //. figs. 25). — This bulletin is a report of a series of tests conducted by the Forest Service in conjunction with the Yale Forest School under the direct supervision of the author. All of the important features of the work are discussed in detail and the results are set forth in numerous tables, figures, jilotted curves, and plates. Besides the main tests, which include the important phases of compression parallel to grain, bending, shearing, and compression at right angles to grain, special tests were made to determine other closely related problems such as the fiber-saturation i)oint, the effect of temperature upon this point, the effect of steaming and boiling, of time of soaking, and of casehardening, and the determi- nation of volatile oils. In all, the report includes over 1,600 mechanical tests and nearly three times as many moisture determinations were made. Three species of wood were studied and compared. Ijongleaf pine {Pi mis palustris) and red spnice {Picea ruhens) were used as repi-esentative conifer- ous woods, and the chestnut {Castaiiea deufata) as representative of the ring- porous woods. The test specimens were made of the size considered the most satisfactory for experimental purposes, viz, of 2 by 2 in. stuff of different lengths. The results apply especially to the smaller forms of hard and soft 744 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. wood material which cau lie thoroughly and uniforinly dried, such as carriage stock, cross-arms for telegraph poles, etc. The author states that the- designs of structures should be based on the unit strengths which have been derived from actual tests of large sticks in the condition in which they are to be used. Drying was found to produce a remarkable increase in the strength, stiffness, and elastic limit of the wood. The effect of dryness upon the shearing strength parallel to the grain is a variable quantity which can not be relied on. .Soaking in cold water does not diminish the strength of the wood beyond the point at which the wood fiber becomes saturated. This point the author calls the fiber- satui-ation point, which is described in substance as follows : Upon immersing a piece of dry wood in water the water is gradually drawn into the pores and also absorbed by the walls of -the wood substance. As the latter absorbs more and more water the strength continues to decrease luitil the point is reached where the walls are saturated and will hold no more. This is the fiber-satura- tion point and although more water may be taken iip by the pores the strength of the wood does not diminish beyond this point, which may also be termed the point at which swelling ceases. Heating the water, however, gradually reduces the strength, since the wood fibers become more fully saturated. Wood that has been dried and remoistened is weaker than wood of an equal degree of moisture which has not been dried. This weakened effect is most marked in the case of steaming at high pressure and is less obvious where the wood is dried slowly at a low heat. In the introduction to the bulletin W. K. Hatt states, in su.bstance, that as a re.^ult of these investigations there have been fully determined the factors by the use of which the results of tests at different degrees of moisture may be reduced to an equal basis in the case of certain species and certain kinds of tests, thereby establishing a percentage of moisture at which the cell walls ai-e saturated in the case of these species, and determining the true nature of the law represent- ing the etTect of any further reduction of moisture on the strength of timber. The subsidiary studies in connection with the work, such as casehardening, pro- longed soaking, and soaking followed by drying, are believed to have direct application to the technology of various products and to be of great value to students and engineers. Two appendixes follow the main subject-matter. Appendix A treats of the formulas used in the calculations and describes special studies and subordinate investigations in connection with the work. Appendix B is a discussion of the microscopic study of the fractures produced in the woods by the various tests. Mechanical tests, properties, and uses of thirty Philippine woods; Philip- pine sawmills, lumber market, and prices, R. Gardner {[Pfiilippine] Bur. Forrisiry Bui. -'/, pp. 69). — This bulletin was prepared to meet inquiries concern- ing the Philippine woods and milling operations in the Philippines. Tabulated data are given showing the results of tests in cross bending, compression, shear tests, and moisture determinations. These results are also illustrated by several linear curves. The different species tested are discussed as to their structural qualities, appearance, uses, in-ovinces leading in production, sizes, and common and botanical names. Part 2 gives an account of the present condition of the sawmill industry in the Philippines, together with a discussion of the lumber market and prices. Wood production and commerce in Europe, Africa, and North America, .7. Makchet (HolzproduktUni uiid HolzhandvJ von Europa, Afrika, uiid Nord- Amcrika. rienna: W. Frick, 1905, pp. J, 59). — Statistical data are given show- ing the timber production of different important timber-producing countries of the world for a number of years up to 1904. and in many instances of the timber imports and exports of the different countries. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 745 Rules and specifications for the grading cf lumber, E. R. IIodson (['. S. Dcpt. Ar/r., Forest »SVr/-. Bill. 77, ii/). 1.27). — This hnllothi contains an enumera- tion of the rules and specifications for the grading of lumber as adopted by th3 various lumber manufacturing associations of tlic T'nitcd States. A historical accnunt is given of the develoi)ment of grading in tliis cnnnlry, inclndiiv.: (h^scriptions of the 4 grades of lumber into whicli wliite i^inc was originalv classified. 'Plic States having insi)ection laws are also noted. Fence-post trees (T'. -S. Depf. Ac/r.. Forcft ^Serv. Circ. GD, pp. J/). — This is a forest ]>lanting leallet giving brief instructions for the planting, cultivation, and care of fence-post plantations, with a list of the best species for this wor':, as follows: Chestnut. Euroiu-an larch, catiil));!, lilack locust, Osage orange, and Russian nmlherry. The economic jilanting range and snitalile soils for (VT-h of these siK'cies are given. pjxaminations of larch ])lan1ations in Illinois, Iowa, and eastern Dakota, and hard.v catali)a plantations in Illinois, indicate that the returns from fence-po.?t pinnlations are api)roximately as great as from field crops. In order to em- phasize the importance of selecting well-prepared, fertile soil, the financial returns from 2 hardy catalpa plantations are given. Plantation No. 1 was on a well-prepared, virgin prairie soil ; No. 2, on adjacent worn-out farm land. At the end of 14 years No. 1 yielded a net profit of $170.50 per acre in the value of fence posts cut. whereas plantation No. 2 at the end of 1~) years yielded a net profit of only $8.54 per acre. Both of these plantations received cultivation and pruning at the proper time. Prolonging the life of mine props (Forestry and Irrkj., 13 (1907), No. 1. pp. }.?, } }. figs. 2). — In experiments which have been recently conducted by the rhiladeljihia and Reading Coal and Iron Company at its collieries near Pottr- ville. Pa., under direction of the Forest Service, it has been demonstrated that the preservation of mine props can be put tipon a firm commercial basis. Tho principal preservatives used are creosote and carbolinium, which have been found to be successful both when applied with a brush and in the open-tank treatment. It is believed that the cost may be reduced still further when more is known as to the length of time necessary for immersion. The experiments have been mainly on loblolly pine, the wood most used for nune props. Wood used for tight cooperage stock in 1905, II. M. Hale (V. *S'. Depf. Agr.. Forest Serv. Girt. 53, pp. S). — This circular is a compilation qf statistics on the animal i)roduetion of tight cooperage stock in the United States and is based on statements of 220 manufacturers. The statistics are compiled in '.) tables, with the important features explained. The,v show the quantity and value in 1005 of tight cooperage stock, sawed staves, bucked and split staves, hewed staves, sawed heading, etc, used in the manufacture of barrels for oil. distilled sijirits. wiiie, ale. beer, pork, etc. In some instances the production of the different kinds of stock is given by States. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Some bacterial diseases of plants, . pp. 118-120). — In his investigations regai'ding the bacteriosis of sugar beets (E. S. R.. 12. p. 4.")8) Stiff has shown that as a result of disease the ash content as well as the proportion of iron oxid and ahnnina are increased The author has reviewed the experiments of Stiff and carried on investiga- tions with beets attacked by the heart rot {PJiouia hctw). He has confirmed the previous investigations in that his analyses of the asli of the diseased por- tions of the roots showed a decided increase in the percentage of ash and a higher amount of iron oxid and alumina. These amounts were found to fluc- tuate widely in different specimens, and the author believes that the increase is not directly due to the disease, but that the roots are rendered much more spongy by reason of the fungus attack. Consequently the fine particles of the soil adhere to them and are not removed in tlie ordin.-iry jirocess and scrul>bing preliminary to analysis. A fungus disease of greenhouse lettuce, J. B. Dandeno (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 8 (1900), PI). J.7-J7. fiijN. 2). — A brief account is given of a disease of green- house lettuce, which is reported as being caused by Marsonia perforans. This fungus causes characteristic perforations in the leaves and is frequently very troublesome in lettuce houses. A study by the author has led him to the con- clusion that the fungus has been wrongly referred, and he proposes for it the name Didymaria perforans, a technical description of which is given. Some notes on the destruction of plum trees, E. Rabat^ (Semaine Agr. [Paris], 26 (1907). No. 1339. pp. J,29. //50).— According to the author, there has been known in France for many years a peculiar disease of plum trees which is app.'irently becoming more frequent. Tlie affected trees are covered with ginn, the flowers are aborted, and the tips of the young branches are dead. Later the withered appearance of the branches descends to the trunk. DISEASES OF PT.ANTS. 747 Tho disease iiiny oceiir in isnlatt'd Iri'os. Irinii w liidi it spreads eitlirr alou;; file rows or radially from the center ol' int'ectinn. An examination of the dead trees siiows lliat Hhm-o are two parasites, which are usnally associated, althoufih SDiiictiuies nccni-rinK separately. The first is a niushrooni. prolmhlx A nnilhnin inclltti. wiiicii (levelo|(s on fli(> mots and forms a white felt between the hark and the wood of the tree. It also pro- duces rhizomorphs, hy whicii new phnn trees, irrajtevines. .ind otiicr I'liiit or forest trees are attacked. The insect associated with this disease is one of tlic fiiiit tree Itark horers ( .s'co/,(//».\- nifniloKiix)- It is most fretinently fcmnd on trees where there is a diN-ided dinnmition in tlH> How of sajt. such as follows an attack of tlie funjrns on the roots. In oriler to comhat this dist'a.se the author ivconnnends the hnrninj; of all infested trees, the difr^ins of trenches about .30 in. deej) around the trees, and disinfect iuf,' the soil with carbon bisulphid. Care should be exercised not to replant plum or other susceptible trees in the infected areas. In it)mb;itinj; the bark borer, in addition to the su.wi'stions j^iven. the author reconnnends vif,'orons pruniufj, buriuuir the infested branches and bark, and sprayini; with various insecticides. It will be found that anythinjr that increases the vifior of the trees, such ;is the removal of mosses, lichens, and funjii. thinidiif; the fruit, etc.. will aid in combatiiii; this di.scase. An outbreak of the European currant rust, F. V. Stkwaut {\cii- )'(/rh- ,slat<' &7fl. Tech. Hid. J. ///(. (!l-l'i. Ills. .i). — During: Septr. liHiC. the author observed an unusual appearance of the foli.-isie of currant bushes at the station. and an examination showed that they were infested by the Kuroiie.iii eurrant rust (Cron art i 11)11 rihicolu). In the plantation there were about 1T."> jilants. includini,' ."4 v:irietii>s of ditfer- ent species of Ribes. 4S of which were more or less infested with the rust. In si)ite of a very .severe attack on the black currants, the jilants were in full foliajie. and the red and white varieties seemed only sli;j:htly affected. In another portion of the station firoinuls ;i number of currants of different species were .crowinj;, but only two plants were found to be attacked. CronurtiiiDi ribicohi appears during the sunnner and autumn as a conspicuous orange-colored powder on the under surface of the leaves of various species of currants and gooseberries. The jecidial form occurs on the trunks and branches of species of pine, particularly the white i)ine il'iiniK si roll hk). where it pro- duces a disease known as blister rust. The fungus occurs throughout a number of Enro|)ean countries, but has never been rejiorted from Australia or South America, and only once previous to this lime from North America. From the information at hand it appears that as a currant disease. Croiiartitnii rihicola is regarded as of little importance in those regions where it is abundant, but as a disease of white pine it causes much damage. The author has undertaken to trace the origin of the outbreak at Geneva, but with little success. It appears that some of the varieties of currants were imported from Europe a few years ago, and that some pini^s which are near by are also of European origin, so that the fungus possibly was introduT-ed with either the currants or the pines. In order to stamp out the rust, if possible, every i)lant of the different species of Ribes on the station grounds has been destroyed. The white pines standing near the currant |)lantation will be kept under observation to see if the disease appears upon them, in which case they too will be destroyed. It is lujssible that the rust might be controlled on currants and gooseberries by spraying with 748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bordeaux mixture, but. one application of that fungicide made as soon as the fruit baH set apparently bad no effect. A bibliograpliy of the fungus is given. The appressoria of anthracnoses, H. Hasseldring {Bot. Gas., -'i2 {1906), 'No. 2, pp. 13.j-l'ii. fi!/s. 7). — A number of observers have reported the preseuce of peculiar sporelike organs which are produced by the germ tubes of spores of various anthracnoses. By some these are regarded as secondary spores, but it ;;ppears that Frank was the first to recognize their true nature, and he gave to the organs of this class the name appressoria, or adhesion organs. In order to clear up some of the uncertainty regarding these organs the author carried on experiments and observations on the appressoria of the apple bitter rot (Glarosporimn fructigenum). His experiments show that the formation of appressoria is induced by a contact stimulus, and in the presence of abundant nutrient material the germ tubes lose their power to react to con- tact stimuli, and the formation of appressoria is inhibited. The appressoria were found to germinate readily on a slide when covered with nutrient solution, and the process of penetration was studied by sowing spores on berries of Berber is thniibergii. From the poi'e on the lower flattened side of the adhesion disc a slender tube was observed to protrude, which dis- solved a narx'ow channel in the wax covering of the cuticle. Although at first very slender, the hypha soon became larger and dissolved large cavities in the wax. Finally the cell wall was perforated and the mycelium branched freely within the cells. The penetration of the germ tube through the cuticle of the apple has been frequently observed, but contrary to former supposition no i)re- vious injury or puncture of the fruit is necessary. The behavior of the appressoria of the bitter rot fungus under natural con- ditions is biologically interesting. The spores of this fungus are embedded in a gelatinous substance, which causes them to stick together in waxy masses when dry. By reason of this condition the spores can not be distributed by the wind, but are almost entirely dependent on rain for dissemination. This has been shown in the conelike distribution areas observed on apple trees due to the washing of the spores from the limb cankers to the apples below. Since rain is the chief factor in distributing the bitter rot spores, the effect of wetting and drying on the vitality of the spores and the appressoria was studied. It was found that the appressoria are much more resistant to the injurious effect of drying than the spores. In conclusion the author states that the sporelike organs formed by germ tubes ol the anthracnoses are adhesion organs, by means of which the fungus is at- tached to the surface of its host during the early stages of infection. They are not suited for dissemination and are therefore not to be regarded as spores. The adhesion discs ai'e formed as a result of stimuli from mechanical contact acting on the germ tubes, and under natural conditions the appressoria are formed as soon as the germ tube emerges from the spore. A disease of the Carolina poplar, G. Delacroix (BuI. Trimest. 8oc. Mycol. France, 22 {1906), No. 4, PP- 239-252, pi. 1). — A description is given of a disease of poplars due to Dothichiza populea, a previous account of which has been noted (E. S. R., 18, p. .551). " Cluster-cup " disease of conifers, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Garil. Keir. Bui. Misc. Inform.. 1907. No. 1. pp. 1-3. pi. 1). — A description is given of the cluster- cup on certain species of conifers, the fungus being Cali/ptospora (jorppcrtiana. In the alternation of generations, the fungus occurs also on Vaccinium, but it has been found that where conifers are not present the fungus can reproduce itself entirely on its Vaccinium host. The cluster-cup stage is reported as occurring on various species of fir, in all 10 species having been observed as host plants, while the resting spore condition ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 749 offurs rhlefly on Varciniiiiii ritis-idua. h\it it has been roportod upon other spet-icH. The fungus seems to be rather destructive to young conifers, both in the seed bed and in plantations, and the author recommends care in .selecting sites for the seed bed or nursery and the destruction of diseased plants as far as possible. A sclerotiuni disease of China asters, F. Gu^guen (Bid. Trimeftt. ,Sfor. Mycol. France, 22 (JHOd). \o. .',. pp. 2-')'i-..'l!r), pL 1, figs. 5). — ^A description of a sclero- tlum disease of China asters in wliicli the fungus attadcs the plant at the collar, causing it to be easily decorticated and sooner or later resulting in its destruc- tion. The fungus, which was studied in various media, is designated as .icrosialaffmiis rilmorinii n. .sp., a technical description of which is given. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Wolves in relation to stock, game, and the national forest reserves, V. P.AiLEY (r. .V. Ihjtt. Afir., Forest Herr. Bid. 7.2. pp. -il. /(/•^■. •?. //.'/•'*. -T). — The l)nrpose of this bulletin is to furnish information to the hunter, trapper, forest ranger, and ranchman regarding trapping, poisoning, and hunting wolve;^. The wolves of the United States are commonly divided into 2 groups, includ- ing coyotes and gray, or timber, wolves. The gray wolf of the plains is the more destructive to stock. This animal breeds and builds its dens below the edge of forest reserves or in the open foothill country. Statements are given regarding the present abundance of wolves in the vari- ous States where they occur. Wolves cause the greatest destruction to calve.; and yearlings, but also attack and kill horses, sheep, goats, hogs, and various game animals. The losses due to the attack of wolves upon calves sometimes amomit to 10 i)er cent. The protective measures which have been adopted include the use Of wolf- Iiroof fences, granting bounties, direct destruction by hunting, poisoning, trap- ping, and killing of the young in dens. The bounty system has not proved very satisfactory and hunting is too expensive of time and labor. Locating the dens and destroying the young is a very effective way of destroying wolves. The size of the litter ranges from 5 to 13. The breeding season appears to be in January and February. In poisoning wolves the best results are obtained from the use of strycl^iin. of which from 2 to 4 grains are required to kill a 100- pound wolf. The strychnin sh(nild be inclosed in a gelatin capsule and inserted in a piece of beef suet. Directions are also given for the use of traps and the I)reservation of wolf skins, which are worth from ,$4 to $(5 for rugs. Eleventh annual report of the State entomologist of Minnesota, 1906, V. L. Washdukn (Ann. Rpt. State Ent. Minn.. 11 (IfloS). pp. VIII + SS. pl.^. 7 ft (;.*<. 59). — During the year under report especial attention was given to a study of the cabbage maggot, which caused great injur.v to cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, and radish plants. The life history of the insect was studied and experiments were carried out to develop sOccessful methods in controlling it. It seems somewhat imprac- ticable to api)l.v remedies after a field becomes infested. Better results are ob- tained by preventive methods, particularly cultural ones. Some benefit was obtained from innnersing the roots of the plants at the time of setting in helle- Itore and water, and also from the use of glue and sawdust or bran. The natural enemies of this pest furnish some assistance. Further experiments will be made in ping remedies. A list is given of insects reported as injurious during the year and also a brief statement of the laws prevailing in different States concerning nursei'y 750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. inspection. The author also discusses orchard spraying and presents a short entomological calendar. Notes are given on the life history and means of com- bating a number of injurious insects, including cottony maple scale, soft plum scale, army woi-ui. cutwoi-ms, stalk lK)rer, household insects, and white grubs. Some insects of orchard and other fruits, (". F. Adams {Arkansd.s Htn. Bill. iKi, PI)- it. /il/x- .-'/). ^Bricf biological and economic notes are given on codling moth, San JosC' scale, apple-twig borer, flat-headed apple borer, buffalo tree hopper, twig girdler, woolly aphis, pear-tree slug, plum gouger, plum curculio. peach borer, peach twig borer, blackberry crown borer, strawberry weevil, etc. Report -of the division of entomology, R. C. L. Perkins {Hun-aikin ^ngar Phniters' Hta. Jipt. J90G. pp. J/S-oO). — A brief statement is made regarding the work of the traveling entomologists, the distribution of beneficial insects in Hawaii, the insjjection of plantations, and miscellaneous entomological work. Problems in economic entomology in the Philippines, C. H. K.vnks {Philip- pine .lour. ,s'c/.. / (inoi;). Yo. 10. pp. /06'7-/^y7'/).— Attenti/. Cinnipore [Itidia} Agr. />. A9-',',. pi. J).— It is assumed that parasites useful in controlling the cotton-boll weevil may be found by studying its nearest relatives. On this account biologic^il and economic notes ai'e gixn-n on Aiitlioiioiiiu.s disjiaictici. A. fiilviis. A. s(iiiu)ii()fiiis, Li.run inunculus, OrtJiorls rrotcliii, etc. An ant enemy of the cotton-boll weevil, W. E. Hinds (f/. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. BvL 63, pt. 3, pp. '/J-^S, flg. 1). — Among the native species of ants which prey upon the cotton-boll weevil, Solenopsis geniinata xyloni is consideretl to be the most important. This ant is described and notes are given upon its Iiredaceous habits. It eats holes into infested squares and destroys the cotton- boll weevil in such siiuares in whatever stage they may be found. Among 137 siiuares entered by ants not a single weevil escaped destruction. The ants nest in the cotton held and appear to be widely distributed through the cotton belt including Texas and western Louisiana. A predatory bug reported as an enemy of the cotton-boll weevil, A. ('. Morgan {l\ S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 63. pt. ',. pp. .',0-0.',. figs. 2).— A report was received that Apioiiierus spissipes was attacking the cotton-boll weevil. .V study was made of this bug, giving attention to its life history, food hal)its, distribution, and natural enemies. The results were unfavorable to the supposition that Ihc bug is of value in controlling the cotton-boll weevil. It is conu)aratively rare in cotton fields es])ecially during the time when the weevils are most numerous and the young bugs show a high rate of mortality. The brown-tail moth and the gypsy moth in New Hampshire in 1906, 10. I). S.WDKKSo.N ••iiid L. (). IIowAiiii { Xrir II (UiipKliirc Slit, liiil. /,?N, />//. lit- !3 about $(5,CX)0 was si)ent by th(> towns in New llanipsliire in this work. The best results are obtained from the de- struction of winter webs, lint s|n-aying is effective if done in early May. The State has not taken up the control of the gyi)sy moth and work thus far done against this insect has been undcM' I lie sni)ervision of this Department. The present status of the gypsy moth in .\ew Hampshire is outlined. It is estimated that the preliminary work of ins])ection will cost about .$!.")() per town : laitting on burlaps and attending them I'or li months, ,$1,(MM) per town; and tlii; total cost of thorough work of control about .^2,000 jier town. The oyster-shell scale, T. B. Symons (Maryland Sta. Bui. 111. pp. ol-KJ. figs. 8). — During the past 2 years the oyster-shell scale has attacked and de- stroyed a large number of nuiture maple trees. The insect is found chiefly 752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. on the young branches and does not cause the death of the trees except after an infestation of considerable duration. Brief notes are given on the life history and food plants of this pest. The author tried, apparently for the first time, lime-sulphur-salt as a remedy for oyster-shell scale on maples. The trees were sprayed in November and April, and it was found that the insect could be controlled with satisfactory results and without injury to the trees. If only one application is possible the fall appears to be the better time. A thorough application in the spring, however, may sometimes be even more effective. Lime-sulphur-salt should be used only during the dormant season.^ Kerosene emulsion gives excellent results If applied in May when the young scales are just beginning to crawl about. Combating the oyster-shell bark-louse and other entomological problems, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering (Woburu Expt. Fruit Farm Npt., 6 (1906), PI). V + 235). — On account of the extensive injury caused to fruit grow- ers by the oyster-shell bark-louse, the authors organized an elaborate and thorough campaign for determining the most effective and practical remedies against this pest. Winter applications of insecticides were made for tlie purpose of destroying eggs and removing moss and lichens from the bark. The alkali wash generally recommended for winter use is a 2 per cent solution of caustic soda and car- bonate of potash. The experiments carried on by the authors, however, indi- cate that carbonate of potash has very little effect and that the value of the mixture is lessened by substituting any of it for a 2 per cent solution of caustic soda. The best results were obtained by a mixture containing 2 per cent caus- tic soda and 2 or 3 per cent of soap. The soda-soap wash destroys from 70 to 90 per cent of the eggs. Less satisfactory results followed the use of kerosene emulsions, since when enough kerosene was added to be effective the trees were injured, and a suf- ficient quantity of soap appeared to be too expensive. Further experiments along this line, however, showed that a weak kerosene emulsion containing 2 per cent of caustic soda would destroy all of the eggs. This mixture con- tains G per cent of kerosene and 0.5 per cent of soap, the preparation being made of li lbs. of soft soap, 2 gal. of kerosene, and G lbs. of caustic soda per 30 gal. of v,-ater. The authors do not recommend the use of undiluted kerosene for spraying purposes. Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas in ordinary proportions also had no effect on the eggs of the scale. For suimner treatment the use of a weak kerosene emulsion containing 1.25 per cent of kerosene and 2.5 per cent of soap is recommended. A summary is presented of the work which has thus far been done in this country and elsewhere on the San Jose scale. In destrojing moss good results followed the use of a 2 per cent solution of caustic soda. The authors also obtained satisfactory I'esults from the use of lead arsenate as an insecticide for leaf-eating caterpillars. Treating San Jose scale, T. B. Symons and A. B. Gaiian {MaryJand ata. Bill. 11:2, pp. 1'1-HS, fly.<\ 7). — The aggressive orchardists of Maryland are able to control the San Jose scale, but in a number of localities this pest affords serious difficulties. Wherever osage orange hedges become infested the difli-' culty of eradicating the San Jose scale is increased. A number of experiments wore tried with different insecticides in combating the pest. IJme and suljihur mixtures were used containing from 20 to 30 lbs. of lime and from 15 to 25 lbs. of suli>hur per 50 gal. of water. The lime-sulphur-salt mixture, tested by the authors, \^'as made accoi'ding to the formula 20-15-10-50. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOOt. 753 Liine-suli)liur-c"iustic soda preparations were also employed, as well as a mix- ture containing 15 lbs. sulphur and ]0 lbs. of caustic soda per 50 gal. of water. In most cases the weaker lime-sulphur preparations were about as effective as the stronger, but in a few instances an increased effectiveness was noticed where 35 lbs. of lime and 30 lbs. of sulphur were used per 50 gal. of water. Per- fectly satisfactory results were obtained from the use of linie-sulphur-salt, and lime-sulpluir-caustic soda also proved fairly effective. The sulphur-caustic soda mixture was not so satisfactory. Kerosene limoid did not prove to be a good substitute for lime-sulphur. Certain proprietary remedies were tested and notes were given i)n the preparation of the various insecticides which were used. The black currant gall mite, W. E. Collinge {Jour. Btl. .\egin during the fall, consisting of clean cultivation, the destruction of all trash about the vineyard, and thorough plowing. The authors are somewhat in doubt whether fall or spring plowing is best, but it is found that as good results can be obtained by plowing as by burning. The most important measure of all is believed to be spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green. The arsenate of lead should be used at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gal. of Bordeaux mixture. It is recommended that the first application be made in early June, the second as soon as the grapes are thi'ough blooming, and the third early in July. The cost of spraying an acre of grapes ranges from $3.75 to .$5. Combating insects and other enemies of agriculture, E. Lafont [La Luttc contrc Ic.s /n.sccfc.s cf Aiitrcs IJiuicini.s ilc V AtiriciiUiirc Purifi: Masson tC- Co. [1906], pp. n.'i). — The usual remedies a(l()i)te(l in controlling insects are out- lined with formulas for a large numlicr of insecticides and metliods of applying them. The sul).ject-matter concerning specific injurious insects is .arranged according to the plants upon which the insects depredate and includes insects wliich have a wide range of food plants, iind cnciuies of cereals, forage plants, garden vegetables, small fruits, and orchards. The method for destroying larvae in tree plantations, Euerhardt (Compt. Rend. Acud. Sd. \l'(iri.s]. ].',', i IH07). \o. 2. pp. 95-98). — Difficulties are every- where experienced in coml^ating tlic larva- of l»eetles and other insects whicii bore in the twigs and trunks of trees. Such larva* cause enormous losses in Indo-China. especially in plantations of tea, nuilberries, and oranges. In fighting these pests the author reconnnends that the larva- be removed by iiieans of a knife and that the wounds be subsciiuently treated with an anti- 754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. septic wash. For wounds in growing twigs the author recommends a solution containing 4 parts glycerin and 11 parts formalin in 85 parts of water. For wounds in trunks of trees a formula is suggested calling for 6 parts of glycerin and 18 parts of formalin in 76 parts of water. Third report on dust and liquid spraying, C. P. Close (Delaware Bta. Bui. 16, pp. 19). — The work reported in this bulletin largely confirms previous re- sults obtained by the station (E. S. R.. 17, p. 904). A comparison was made between dusting with Paris green and full strength or half strength Bordeaux with Paris green and also between Paris green and arsenate of lead with Bordeaux mixture. The kerosene-lime-Bordeaux poison mixture was also tested. Applications of these insecticides were made on apple orchards, including several varieties. It was found that the total cost of spraying with dust was 2 cts. per tree, as compared with 4.75 cts. with the liquid application. Details of results are presented in a tabular form. The comparison of full strength and half strength Bordeaux mixture showed that the half strength kept the fruit and foliage apparently as healthy as was the case when full strength Boi'deaux mixture was used. The apples showed no russeting, but the amount of dropped fruit was somewhat less when the full strength mixture was applied. The liquid spray controlled bitter rot better than dust spray, but apple scab was entirely controlled by either method. A preliminary account of the life history of the common house fly, C. G. Hewitt {Hem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. 8oc., 51 (1906-7), pt. 1, Ao. 1, pp. 1-Jf). — According to the author's observations each female house fly deposits about 120 eggs in fresh horse manure. In hot weather it was found that the whole life cycle might be passed through in 15 days. Apiculture, T. W. Kirk (Neiv Zeal. Dcpt. Ayr. Ann. Rpt.. I'f (1906), pp. .'i27-Jf.3-'i. pis. 6, pys. S). — The subject of poisonous honey was investigated. In samples of honey said to have been poisonous to native Maoris, pollen grains were found apparently belonging to NanHnciilii.'< rinilaris or some related species and other honey-producing plants, particularly Knightia excclsa. The evidence obtained in this study was not conclusive, but indicates that the pollen grains of some of the plants may exercise a poisonous effect. Xotes are also given on the inspection of apiaries, the organization of a state .•il)iary, foul brood, and the introduction of bees into New Zealand. Bees, A. Luuwiu (Lhiserc Bienoi. Berlin: F. Pfeiiningstorff [1907], pp. VIII + 831, pis. 5), fi]/s. 369). — The present volume constitutes an elaborate hand- book covering all the points on which the bee raiser desires information. Special chapters are devoted to the biology and life history of bees, economic importance of ai)iculture, various methods of managing bees, bee apparatus and appliances, the utilization of honey, the history and present status of the varieties of lices. the diseases of bees, and other related matters. Breeding bees by selection, F. W. L. Slauen (Brit. Bee .loin:. J.7 (1907), \o. l.iS',i, pp. 21-23).- — In the author's first efforts to improve the honey-produc- ing character of bees, little ditticulty was experienced in making selection of the best honey-producing colonies on the queen side, but on the drone side the selection was nmch more ditticult. At first it was almost impossiltle to identify the offspring of particular (pieens and drones. Finally differences in color were hit upon as furnishing a means for such selection. It was soon found that there was little or no correlation between the color character and the honey-producing character. These two characters appeared to be inherited independently. There were dark and light colored bees of high and low honey-producing power. All the light-colored bees except the best honey producers were eliminated from the breeding experiments, and light- colored drones of good parentage were crossed on (pieens obtained in this way. FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION, 755 Tlio color effects lluis iirodiiccd in hrccdiu.i; could be distinj;nished ns soon as the tirst few liundred workers were hatched or within a month after the (lueen was fertilized. A hrij^lit-colored race of bees has been prcxluced by this system of selection from crossins; the black native bees and the American Golden Italian bee. 'J'he name IJritish (Jolden bee has been given to the new race' and a con- siderable improvement in honey production has been noted. After the characters have been fixed in some of the offsprini,' obtained from ci-ossbreeding. it has been found that " the workers of the colony that produced the drones' mother show fairly accurately the characters that the drones are likely to transmit." Sericulture in Indo-China, P. Vieii, (Bill. Econ. Indo-Vh'nic, ii. .sr/-.. D (IDOi;)., Aoi. ,77, pp. i>.i!)-!>7.}. //f/.s'. 15). — A general account is given of the culture of mulberries in Indo-(Miina for feeding to silkworms and of the varieties of the mulberries planted for this purpose. The commonest race of silkworms in Indo-China is one with several generations a year and with golden cocoons. A description is also given of the diseases of silkworms and of various tech- nit-al operations in connection with this industrj'. Silkworms of Madagascar, Gkangeon (Agr. Prut. J'aij.s ('liaiiil.s, I! {V.HIG), Is! OS. lih pp. S62-36U ; .'{5, pp. J/95-502, figs. l.'i). — Notes are given on the races of silkworms observed in IMadagascar and on the insect, fungus, and bacterial diseases which attack them. On the polygamous habit of the silkworm, K. Toyama {Bui. Assoc, tieri. Jiipiiii. I'JOl. \o. IIG. pp. 1-15). — The belief prevails among many silk raisers in Japan that silkworms shoidd !)e kept in monogamous condition in order to secure the greatest health of offspring. An experimental study of this, however, showed that there is no appreciable difference in the vigor of off"spring whether the male moths are mated with one or six or more females. Further studies along this line are contemi)lated. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Instructions concerning trade labels under the meat-inspection law and regulations, A. D. Melvin (C. »S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aiiini. Indus., pp. 6). — In this ciicular, issued Dec. 10, 1906, the instructions given are intended, so far as i»ossible. to coA'er the interpretation of the meat-inspection law regarding trade labels and to give the tentative rulings made by the I'ure Food C'ommis- sion imder the national pure-food law. "The essential features of a label must be placed togetlu>r in any desired order without interspersing any descriptive, qualifying, or advertising matter. The essential features are as follows : " The true name of the product. " The true name of the manufacturer, if given. "The true name of the place of manufacture, if given. *' The name of the manufacturer is not required under the meat-inspection or pure-food laws, but if given it must be the true name. " Persons, firms, or corporations owning subsidiary companies having legal entity may use the names of such companies, provided application has been made for insiiection. and it has been granted; the inspection legend in such <-ase to bear'the establishment number of the parent firm or corjioration." Examples are given showing the application, of the feature outlined, to labels for ham. sausage, lard, lard compounds, substitutes, etc. Food inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett (Maiiic .S7(/. liiil. t.l'>. pji. 229-250). — This bulletin contains the text of the State pure-food law enacted iii 27046— No. 8—07 M 5 756 EXPERIMENT STATION KEC'OKD. 1".)05 aud the revised standards ot ])urit>- of food products whieli have V)eeu adopted for IMaine. Pood inspection, ('. 1>. Woods and J. M. Barti.ett {Blaine ^ta. Hid. J.JG, pp. 2.51-282). — Under the State pure-food hvw a number of samples of baking pow- ders, spices, and vinegars were examined. With the exception of 2 samples of old goods, the halving powders were cor- rectly labeled. x\ll the samples of allspice, cassia and cinnamon, ginger, cloves, and Cayenne or red pepper were genuine, though some samples of ginger were weak and may have contained exiiausted ginger and some of the samples of cloves carried inidue amounts of cloves' stems, and others may have contained exhausted material. Several samples of mustard and I)lack pepper were adul- terated. The vinegars on sale were in general more satisfactory than a year ago, " still the analyses show that vinegars were on sale in the State that were not col-rectly branded." Food analyses: Report of chemist, .J. T. Willard {BiiI. Kaii.'i. Bil. IleaJth. 2 (1906), Xo. a. lip. I'lii-liU). — A large number of samples of canned goods, pickles, flavoring extracts, condiments, dairy products, flour, and meat wer(> examined and a method described for the detection of bleaching in Hour. Small quantities of flour fl^e shaken with a few cubic centimeters of water and the mixture tested for nitrites. '" One-half grnm of sulfanilie acid is dis- solved by heat in 150 cc. of dilute acetic acid. One-tenth gram of a-napthy- lamin in heated with 20 cc. of strong acetic acid and the colorless solution ])()ured oft' from the residue and mixed with 1?>0 cc. of dilute acetic acid. For use. the 2 solutions are mixed in equal (luantities and 2 cc. of the mixed solution added to the li(iuid to b;' tested." Investigations on the properties of wheat proteids, J. S. Chamberlain (■fo'ir. Aii'cr. Chciii. .S'or.. 2H (1906). \<>. 11. itl>. UuTi-Uidl ) . — The author's con- clusions were in eft'ect as follows: Dry gluten contains about 1~> per cent pro- teids and 25 ])er cent non])roteid bodies. Of the total jiroteids i)resent in wheat (iO to 05 p(M- cent are jiresent in the gluten and :>5 to 4(i per cent are lost in the washings. The balance between the nonprotein ])resent in the gluten and the loss of pro- tein in washing makes gluten determinations agree roughly with total protein calculatetl from total nitrogen, but they will usu;tlly nui l>elow w itli wlioJe wheat and above with flours. The amount of total protein present in gluten is alnnit 15 iier cent less than the Slim of the gliadin and glutenin determiiied l)y ervtraction of th(> wheat, and the loss of ])rot( in in washing out gluten is more than e(inal to the salt solution soluble protein. Therefore the loss of protein in the determination of gluten is at the expense of gliadin or glutenin, the true gluten protein of wheat. On account of these losses and errors the author believes that the determiua- tion of ghiten yields no information which can not be gained either fnnn the determination of total jirotein (U- the determination of the alcohol soluble and insolnl)]e ])rotelds. The constitution of Java cane-sugar molasses, H. C. P. Geekligs {luternat. SH!/-/6V/). — Some of :lie conclusions follow wiiich were drawn from an extended study of Java sugar cane and molasses: "The constitution of tlie molasses is chiefly govcM-ned by the constitution of the sirup, and this again is dejiendenf on tlu' constitntion of the raw cane .iui<-e .•mil on the method of clarification. " The ])ercentage of inorg.-inic elements in the raw Juice, together with its glucose cojitent, is one of the chief factors for the limit below which the molas- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 757 scs c.-ui iKit he lurtlier (l(»s;H'cliaritio(i : in so fni' tlinj ;i lii,i;li (iiioticnt l)et\vt'eii L'lucoso iiiul nsli foincides witli ;i low quotient of piu-ity, and vice versa. "The amount of inor.irMiik' eoustituentis. i)rinoi] tally potash salts, in the juice is a «'Oiise(|Uonce of the conditions of the soil, the clrniate, and tlic lal)or, and is to a certain extent constant for the cane from any .tciven area. •• (Jcnerally, a low (luotient of ])urily of tlie juice of rii)e cane accords wKli a iii.i:h content of inort;anic hodies. chiefly potash salts. . . . " Carbonatation rcmoxcs uums. ]iliospiiafcs. and silica nincli more llioroniildy than defeciition." The value of cocoa as a food, and condiment. Experiments with man, It. O. Xkuma.xn (.1/(7(. //(/.'/.. ■'x'^ (100(1). A'o. /, pi). I-I.l',. pis. ,?, /h/.s. S : Miinclicn. ]l(fl. W(hii.nt digestible, as conipan-d with 94.9 per cent in the case of the fat of a normal diet. When fat is taken as a part of the cocoa its coefficient of digestibility is somewhat lower. Cocoas rich in fat improve the digestibility of the fat of the entire diet. When large quantities of cocoa are taken the theobromiu present produces transitor.v disturbances, but the amount present in small quantities of cocoa, such as the 20 or 30 gm. ordinarily taken per day, i>roduces a pleasantly stimulating effect. No diuretic effect was noted. In general, the experiments showed that cocoa was a satisfactory food mate- rial and, in the author's opinion, cocoa with a high fat content is to be pre- ferred to one from ^^•hich the fat has been very largely removed. He therefore suggests a fat content of ."'O per cent as the niiniuuun requirement. Chemical composition of chestnut flour, and study of two sugars con- tained therein, K. Paladino (Rend. Acciul. Sri. Fis. Mut. yapoli, 3. ser., 12 (IDOG), PI). in-12S; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Loinlon\. !)0 {I'JOG), No. 527, pp. 024, 625). — One of the sugars identified gave crystals resembling those of sucrose and gave an osazone melting at 204° C. It had a specific rotation cor- resi)onding to that of sucrose. The a-SS). — According to the authors, .n solntion of .inhydro-oxymethylene-diphosphoric acid, the acid radii-al of phytin. preiiared from wheat bran, appears to be quite stable. When l>rcscnt ill sutlicient concentration it hinders growth of bacteria, but the salts of tlie a<'id ai-e not noticeably bactericidal. As shown l)y the experiments rejiorted, " comparatively large doses of the ])hosi)h()-orgauic acid, used as the sodium salt, can be introduced into animals either jier os, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously, without unfavorable effects. The free acid is more toxic. " No marked or immediate characteristic effects of the sodium salt upon gen- eral health or nitrogenous metabolism have been observed. The compound is readily absorbed and speedily transformed within the organism. Its phos- jihorus reappears in the excreta as inorganic phosphates. No constant relation iietween the metabolism of nitrogen and of phosphorus was observed. In these details our exjierience with the dog corresponds with the observations of .lordan. Hart, and Patten after feeding phytin to cattle. [E. S. K.. 18, p. .")()S.:i Our results differ in showing that in both the dog and rabbit the exce.ss of phos- phorus was almost entirely eliminated through the kidneys rather than in the feces. This may have an imiiortant be.-iring on the jiossibility of i»ro(lucing laxative effects with i)hytin. " In oni- experimental animals purgative action could not be constantly pro- voked. Very large doses were frequently effective. No permanent geiu'raliza- tions can be drawn from the observations made on this poiut." The effect of different factors upon the digestion of protein, P. Salecker and A. Stutzer (Jour. Lmidir.. .'>'/ ( llilHh. Xo. .J. pp. 273-282). — A lowering of the digestibility of iirotein is noticed in many cases when nitrogenous materials heated for a considerable' time at a temperature imder that of boiling water are treated with pepsin hydrochloric acid. Apparently the lower digestibility is not due to the action of atmosi)heric oxygen, but to some molecular chang<' in the jiroteid molecule. Peat lowers the digestibility of protein, so this material 760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. is not a desirable one to use witli molasses in the uianvifaetnre of feeding stuffs. When fonnaldehyde is used as a preservative for sulistances containing nitrogen the jirotein is rendered insoluble but. according to the authors, is not indigestible. The cleavage of pi'otein in the intestine, O. Cohnheim {Ztsclir. Physiol. Chem., JfO {1906), No. 1, pi>. (I'l-ll). — Through the combined action of pepsin and erepsin very thorough and probably complete cleavage of protein is induced, according to the author's experiments. The reaction is comparatively rapid, being a question of minutes or hours and not of dnys. Concerning proteid synthesis in the animal body, II. Luth.te (Arch. Physiol. [Ppilytr], 11.3 (1!)0U). No. 11-12. pp. .l.'/l-lHI'i). — Sim-e rabbits often live on roots and potatoes, which contain at least ."0 per cent of their nitrogen in nonproteid forms, feeding experiments were made to iearn the value of the dif- ferent nitrogenous constituents. When the nonproteid nitrogenous material of potatoes was fed the rabbits died. In other words, this material did not prevent proteid starvation. The importance of individual amino acids in metabolism, Edith G. Will- cock :ind F. (i. Hopkins {■/(hii: I'lu/siol.. .].'> (1<)0C>). No. 1-2. pp. S8-102, dgm. 1). — Zein, obtained by extracting corn meal with 75 per cent alcohol, the authors conclude from their experiments with mice '" has no po\A'er whatever of main- t:iining growth in the young animal ; loss of weight begins the moment it forms the sole nitrogenous supply. The addition of the missing tiyptophan group to the zeln has, it is also clear, no power to convert such loss into equilibrium or gain ; a fact possibly due to other deficiencies in the zein molecule, such as the absence of lysin, or the lack of some other amino acid not yet observed. There was no close relationshii) in our experiments between the loss of weight and the length of survival period." Can nitrogen equilibrium be produced in the animal body by hetero- albumoses? V. IIenriques and C. IIaasen {Ztsclir. Physiol. Chciii.. J/S {1006), No. 5, pp. 383-3S6). — The experimental data led to the conclusion that hetero- albumoses and also disalbumose serve as protectors of protein. Experimental researches on the expiration of free nitrogen from the body, A. Krogh {Hkuiid. Arch. Physiol, IS {1906), No. 5-6, pp. 36.'i-J,20, pi. 1, figs. 8).- — Using a Regnault closed-circuit respiration apparatus of special construc- tion, which is described, experiments were made with chrysalides, eggs, and mice with a view to deterndning the possibilities of the excretion of free nitrogen. The experiments ranged in length from a few hours to nearly 3 days. Experiments similar to the early series reported by Regnault and Reiseto were also made with small .nnimals confined under bell jars. According to the author, his investigations as a whole show only "an extremely slight production of gaseous nitrogen, .-imounting in the case of eggs to 1.5 cc. during the whole period of incubation and in that of mice to 0.01 per cent of the absorbed volume of ox.^gen. The prcMluctions found may be accounted for, as being due to excretion of ammonia or. in the case of eggs, as the setting free of physically dissolved nitrogen. The albumin metabolism does not give rise to any excretion of free gaseous nitrogen from the body." The sources of error in the work of earlier investigiitors, who reported a considerable excretion of free nitrogen are pointed out. The physiological effect of organic bases derived from beef, F. Kutscher and A. Lohmann {Arch. Physol. [Pftiiycr]. IIJ, {1906), No. 11-12, pp. 553-568, pis. 'i, (Jf/iiis. 7). — Using small animals the physiological effects of oblitin, novain, ignotin, and neosin were studied. So far as the experiments showed, ignotin had no physiological effect. oAnn. Chini. et Phys.. .",. ser., 2(; (1S5G), p. .'HO. ANIMAI; PRODUCTION. 7(>1 M:irkO(l (>ffocts wero iinlcil. huwc.cr. with olilitin •■ind iiovaiii .uid i hose bodies were ;ii)i)Mreiitly siiiiil.-ir in llicir pi-itpcrl ics. Xcosin also in-ochucd i)liysioloi;ieMl effects. Imt. owiii;;; to a lack of material, it was not jiossihle to dc'teniiiiic wlietlier or not rliis hody was related to oltlitin and iiovain. The extractives of muscles. IV, The occui'rence of carnosin, carnitin, and luethylguanidin in meat, It. Ivrimi!i:i{(I (Ztsclu. I'hiisio]. Vhcin., J/S (HlOd). A o. .7, pp. 'fl.'-'ilS). — From the experimental data tlic author eoneludes that the carnosin. carnitin. and methyl.^uanidiu found in meat extrai-t exist in tlic lixin.i; muscular tissue. Muscle extractives. V, The constitution of carnitin, R. KiuiiBEm; {Ztuchr. I'hi/siol. Cliciii.. .'iD UnnC).- \ii. I. pp. S!)-!).',). — A ])roj,'ress rejjort of the study of the cliemical constitution of carnitin. l''rom data at present availalde it aji- pears that carnitin is a derivative <>f trinR-thylaniin or contains a trimethylaniin .i,'rou|>. Intestinal gases of man, .T. A. Frii:s (Aiiicr. .four. I'll i/siol.. li; (t!)()6). .\'o. ■'i. i>p. '/6'.s-.}7.J I. — On an average the samples of intestinal gas .analyzed con- tained l>y voliune 10.3 per cent carbon dio.xid, 0.7 ]»er cent oxygen. 2!).(; i)er cent methan, and .")'.>.-i per cent free nitrogen. The author believes that the large amount of free nitrogen is not a decomposition ])roduct. hut ratlier atinos])heric nitrogen swallowed as air with the li(iuid .and solid foods and with the saliva, the oxygen of tlie air having been absoi'lted into tlie blood or having Itecai util- ized in some way l>y tlie living body. .Vs to the value of tliese indifferent gases, carbon dioxid, marsli gas. and oxygen, in man and .animals little is definitely known. " We can Init conjecture and ascrilte to . . . | such a mixture | a role of usefulness in the scheme of digestion and assimilation of the food, in that this gas mixture may serve as a regulating agency to regulate the growth of micro-organisms in the digestive tract, checking the growth of some, preventing the growth of others which may lind their way into the intestines." ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Feeding stuffs, P. Dechambke (Lc.s Ailmentu dii Betail. Paris: Asselui & Houzcau, 1906, pp. XV +518). — A liandlwok of information regarding materials of importance in feeding farm animals. Composition, digestibility, nutritive ratio, intensive feeding, and related (piestions are discussed, and the cereal gi-ains and different feeding stuffs, ini'lnding connuercial l)y-products. are con- sidered in dc^tail. Concerning the role of asparagin in nitrogen metabolism in the animal body, (". Lkiima.nn {Arch. J'ln/siol. [I'fliiiicr], JJ.^ (VJDIl). Xo. 7-8, pp. .?•?.';- ■I'll. III. I). — Powdered asparagin and asparagin pressed into small tablets which were coated witli celhiloidin were compared .as a part of the ration iu exjieri- ments with a dog, the celluloidin being used to i-etard the action of the digestive juices. Tlie conclusion was reached th.at when such action was hindered amids exercised a decided and favorable effect on nitrogen metabolism. 'IMie author ])oints out that in earlier experinients in which asparagin has iieeu mixed directly with the feed and so taken in a form in which it was im- medi.ately soluble unfavorable results have been obtained and that, when aspara- gin occurs normally in feeding stuffs, it is inclosed in cells or is distributed in a large bulk of feeding stuff so that it is very slowly availalile to the bacteria which convert it into comiilicated nitrogenous compounds. The utilization of beet tops and leaves in the feeding of farm animals, P. Dii'ELOTii (/b'oc. Aliiiiciit. h'dlioini. lictail, Cuniptc licmlH 111. Voiuj., 1906, 762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pp. Jt5-56). — A suiumary of data in wbicli the feeding value of beet tops and beet leaves is pointed out. Ensiling beets and beet pulp, L. Malpeaux (>S'oe. Aliment. Ratioim. Betail, Coviptc Rendu 10. Cong., 1906, pp. 9--'f3). — The experiments reported and dis- cussed bave to do with the ensiling of I)eets and l)eet products, tbe extent and character of tbe losses sustained, and related topics. According to tbe author, v^'bole beets wben ensiled may be kept in good con- dition, but, if kept for a long time, sustain a considerable loss, partly owing to the fermentation of carbohydrates and partly to tbe oxidation of organic material, which is transformed into carbon dioxid and volatilized. Cellulose is not the seat of such changes. Nitrogenous material is not lost, but becomes differently distributed, tbe albumins diminishing and tbe nonalbuminoid coni- ])ounds increasing. Sliced beets, chopped beets, and beet pulp sustain large losses wben ensiled and mixing some absorptive material, like chopped bay, with the beet products does not remedy tbe matter. Drying is regarded as preferable for the cboi)i)ed beets. In tbe case of tbe beet pulp, in the author's opinion, as much as possil)le should be fed while it is fresh. Our lupines as a feeding stufE for farnx animals (BoJ- Soe. Af/r. Me.i'ietnui. SI (1907), Nej. .j, pp. 83-86). — Analyses of lui>ines are given and the feeding value of these legumes discussed. Gram as a stock feed (Rhodesian A(;r. Jeuir.. '/ {]9()6). No. 1. pp. 56, .>?"). — Gram (Ciccr arietininn) is regarded in India as next to oats as a feed for horses, mules, sheep, and donkeys. It should not be fed until it is at least a month old and as it is very bard it should not be given whole to animals unless soaked. "The morning and midday rations should soak all night, and the evening feed from early morning until required." The soaked material should be allowed to drain for half an hour before feeding, otherwise horses will sweat badly. Gram may also be ground, and in this case should be soaked for an hour and a half before feeding. " This softens the grain without causing it to ferment. Ground gram should never be soaked like the whole grain, as it ferments in the stomach when this is done, which means death to the horse or any other animal." Ten lbs. of gram per day is regarded as an ample ration for the small Rhodesian horses and is the amount fed to cavalry horses in India. Salt should always be fed with gram. Grape marc as a feeding stuff, H. Astruc and E. Boucoiran {Rev. Vit., 26 {1906), ,Vo. 613, pp. .>/.)-.T,2.,^). — On the basis of e.xperieuce and a summary of data recorded l>y otlier investigators, tbe feeding value of grape mare is pointed out. Congress for the rational feeding of farm animals, jjroceedings (»s'oc. Aliment. Ration n. Betail, CoiniJte Rendu 10. Cong., 1906, pp. 57-86). — Routine business was transacted and papers were presented and discussed, among which were the following : The Use of Forage Crops which Generate Hydrocyanic Acid and tbe Seeds of Indian Yetch for Feeding Stuffs, by Mallevre, and The Employ- ment of Denatured Sugar as a Feeding StufE for Farm Animals, by Vivien. The author designated a mixture of sugar with a concentrated feed like corn meal and salt as " denatured sugar." Types and breeds of farm animals, C. S. Plumb {Ncir York and Lojidrjii: Ginn d Co., 1906, pp. X-{-563, pi. 1, figs. 256). — This important volume, which is designed for the needs of live stock students, discusses breeds of horses, asses, mules, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The better luiown breeds are discussed in moi'e detail than those which are less well known, and a number of the breeds in- eluded, for instance, tbe ass, nude, and tbe Angora and milch goats, have not ANTMAT. PltODlK'TTON. 7(i3 genorally rocolved attention in toxt-boolvs in Enslisli. A \\U\e ranj!;e of litera- tnro lias been consnltod in tlic j)i-o[)arati()n of tlie volume, and the discussion of each l)reed is followed ]>\ a list of reference works. " During tlu; past L'o yeai-s a great aniomit of evidence hearing on breed merit has been seeuretl at the agricultural experiment stations, at expositions, on race courses, and at fair gi'ounds. In the breed reviews in this work much of this receid evidence is given a place. Brief consideration is also given to some of liie more important foiuid ition families or tribes, and to individual animals that have made a deep imiiression ui>on the breed. The author has taken the Iil)erty of conmienting on the weak as well as on the strong points of the breeds, hut this h;is been done in a nonpartisan si)irit. in harmony with the views of capaltle critics. "These Itrief studies of the tyi)es and breeds of farm animals are naturally far from complete. They are intended for the stud(>nt or the stockman who sees the long road of education i)efore him. The subject-matter is ai-ranged with some regard to systematic gi'ouping. with the hope that it may in a measure meet the requirements of th(> cl.-iss room, the teacher, and the i>r;ictical stockman on the f.'irm." The volume as a whole constitutes an important sunnnary of available data legarding types and breeds of farm animals, and will prove generally useful to readers interested in the subject as well as to students of agriculture. Farm animals in Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Dahnatia, A. I'iKoccHi {Aim. Ai/r. [Italy], li)06. No. 2.'i6, pp. J.')5, fign. 34). — A summary of statistical aaid other data regarding the iiroduction juid management of farm animals in the Ualkan .states. Balanced rations and the influence of nitrogen equilibrium on gains made by sheep, J. Fabre {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. MontpelUer, ii. scr., G (1906), Nos. 1. pp. 6G-S0, dynis. 2; 2. pp. S1-S9). — The digestible nitrogen supplied in the differ- ent experiments ranged from about G to 37.1 gm. per head per day. Tlu; balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was determined in the experiments and variations in weight were recorded. It was found that the rations fur- nishing the larger amounts of protein induced greater gains of nitrogen and larger gains in body weight. Crossbreeding for mutton in the north of England, W. T. Lawrence (J'no: lid. Ayr. [London], IS (1006), No. 9, pp. :,r.^-',20. fiys. 3).— The general subject of crossbreeding mountain sheep for the i)roduction of mutton is dis- cussed and some recent tests carried on by the author are briefly referred to. In one test the Oxford-cross lambs matured more (piickly and were less expensive than the other crosses. In the second test the Border-Leicester cross was regarded as preferable for fat lambs, though the Wensleydale cross v.-as more satisfactory for the production of rajtidly growing sheep for subse- (luent fattening. As the author points out, " the wether land)s of the pure mountain breeds are allow^ed to take their time to grow and fatten on their native fells and do not come into the nnitton market except as shearlings or two-shear sheep. A Herd- wick two-shear fat aether is the acme of mutton production for quality and flavor." The digestibility of barley grits by-products, F. Barnstein and .J. Voi. HARD (fjindn-. Vers. ^tat.. 65 (1906). No. .>,-',. pp. 221-236). — Using 2 sheep the digestil)ility of so-called barley feed meal, barley bran, and a by-product con- taining a very large proportion of the hull was studied. The basal ration was made up of meadow hay and cotton-seed meal ;ind the digestibility of the feed- 764 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. iug stuits under considerutiou was calculated in the usual way. The average coefficients of digestibility follow: l>i(/c.sl ihi/il 1/ (if hiirUil hii-products — l',.riiciiiiioul)Hng the si»eed cuts down the racing time 512 times. " The distance covered increases approximately as the eighth jiowcr of the ninth root of the time. Doubling the time of the race allows of increasing the course length by 85 per cent. "The distance covered increases aiiproximately as the inverse eighth power of the speed over the course. l>nnl>ling the speed cuts down the distance that (an lie covered 25(» times. "The speed over the course varies ai)pr()xiniately as the inverse (>ighth root of the distance. Doubling the distance brings down the s])eed alxmt !».."*. per cent. "The speed over the course varies aiiiiroximately ;is the inverse ninth root of the racing time." The mule and its uses, J. I.. .Tonks (Breeder's Go:.. ■',<) {Hkh;). \o. ,s'. ///<. .i.>.')-327, fi[/s. 2; D, p. Ml; 10, ijp. 'jl'i. 'ilo; 1.',, pp. 650, 651, fitix. .i ; .iC, pp. I'i1>^. I'll-K fiffs. 3). — The history of mule raising, methods of breedin.g, feeding, care and management of nniles, and related questions are discussed on the basis of exiiericiice. According to the ;iuthor. unshelled corn, ground barley, shelled oats, bran, corn, and similar materials are satisfactory feeds for mules and should be used in conjunction with hay and corn forage. Salt siiould be given regularly. Hulled oats and bran are regarded as essentials for fattening mules and for pi'oducing a fine c9). — Various feeding stuffs were conii)ared in tests with 10 cows covering a period of 140 days. The work is a continuation of experiments previously noted (E. S. K.. 17, p. 001). Among the conchisions readied are tlie following: Feeding stuffs exert a 766 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. specific influeuce on milk prodnction independent of the amount of nutrients they contain. This is manifested to some extent in the yield of milk, but more particularly in the fat content of the milk. The yield of milk is less favorably iutluenced by sesame cake, poppy-seed cake, and cotton-seed meal than by peanut cake, and more favorably by rape-seed cake than by peanut cake. Cocoanut cake, palm-nut cake, linseed cake, and peanut cake have about the same influence. None of the differences, however, are considered of importance. The percentage of fat in the milk is increased by palm-nut cake, cocoanut cake, and cotton-seed meal, and decreased by poppy-seed cake as compared v^'ith peanut cakfe. Linseed cake, sesame cake, and rape-seed cake have the same influence as peanut cake. Rice meal exerts an unfavorable influence on the fat content of the milk. As compared with peanut cake the daily yield of fat was, therefore, increased by cocoanut cake, palm-uut cake, linseed cake, cotton-seed meal, and rape-seed cake, anf nmnerous feeding experiments carried out in the different provinces of Belgium in the same manner as in ]ircvious years (E. S. H., 17, p. 693). Feeding experiments with dried beet leaves, W. Wrede {Deaf. Laiidir. l-iTs.se. 8.'/ (I'.lin), y<). 5, p. 3.1). — This material was (ompared with brewery residue in a test with 51 cows lasting 21 days, the results indicating that 1 kg. of the residue may be replaced by 1.5 kg. of the dried beet leaves. The dried leaves were also compared with beet-leaf silage in a test with 49 cows lasting 32 days, the results indicating that 1 kg. of the former is equivalent to 5 kg. of the latter. The influence of the condimental feed Enzymol upon the milk production of cows, M. Dure {Ztsclir. Landtv. Versitchsw. Osfcn:, !) {1906), Xo. 11. pp. lOOS-lOlJf). — In tests with G cows this material apparently prepared from yeast tended in nearly every instance to decrease the yield of milk. It was without influence upon the fat content of the milk, the amount of other feed consumed, or the live weight of the animals. Tests of Swiss, Simmental, and East Friesian cows, J. Hansen {Landir. JYihrh., 35 (WdO), ,Si(p. .'/, pp. l.p-326. pJs. 6). — This is a detailed report of tests of 13 Swiss, 12 Simmental, and 14 East Friesian cows. The Swiss cows weighed on an average 5G7 kg. and produced during 1 year 5,150.01 kg. of milk and 185.33 kg. of fat ; the Simmental cows weighed 059 kg. and produced 5,565.22 kg. of milk and 225.42 kg. of fat ; and the East Friesian cows weighed 559 kg. and produced 6,451.75 kg. of milk and 199.31 kg. of fat. The data obtained are discussed from various standpoints and compared with similar data for other breeds. Milk production and breast girth, E. Schnaeel {(jsterr. Molk. Ziri.. l) (1907), Xo. J. pp. 2, 3).- — Comparing cows of the same age and stage of lactation a higher yield of milk w^as associated with a greater breast measure in 23 out of 34 comparisons and with a smaller girth in 7 comparisons. In 4 comparisons the girth was the same, but the yield different. The development of the testing of cows by control associations, Petersen (Illits. Landir. Ztf/., 27 {1907), Nos. 5. pp. 29-32; 6, pp. 37, .38).— This is a dis- cussion of the ]irogress made in Germany along this line. The milking machine as a factor in dairying f ['. .S'. Dcpt. Ar/r.. Biir. A)ii)ii. Indus. Bui. 92. pp. 55, pis. .'/, fif/s. 6). — This is a preliminary report on investi- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTKCHNY. 7B7 nations of the inilkinu iiiacliiiie from the standpoints of actual practice and of bacteriolofiy. Practical Khidicx of a ittUkiiKj iiKichiiir. hij C B. Lane (pp. 9-32). — The author descrilies several niilldni; nia<'hines, gives estimates of the cost of ecpiip- uient for machir.e milk in;;, reports in detail two experiments in which hand luilUinj? and machine milkinjr were compared, discusses the effects of milkins,' machines upon the cows and other problems, and in conclusion sunnnarizes the results of e.\]ierience with milkinu macliines as reported l)y dairymen. Tiie first test reported was mad(> with 8 cows and lasted 30 days. The herd of 13 cows from which the 8 were selected had been milked with machines for over 3 years. 'Phe second test. l;isting '10 days, was made with 20 cows selected fi-oni a Iicrd of minutes and by machine 2(J.r)!) mimites. The difference in yield of milk, not including strippings. was 3.9 i)er cent in favor of machine milking. Hand milking was less thorough than machine milking as an average of 4..V) oz. of stripi)ings i)er cow for each milking was obtained in the former case, and 4.12 oz. in the latter. In the second test the time required for milking 10 cows twice daily by hand averaged 1.54.9 minutes and by machine 37.07 minutes. The difference in yield of milk, not including strippings, was 7.59 per cent in favor of hand milking. The strippings per cow at each milking avei'aged 2.7 oz. lu case of hand milking and 3.4 oz. in case of machine milking. The average fat content of hand-drawn milk was 3.77 per cent and of machine-drawn milk 3.49 per cent. The author offers a number of suggestions for the improvemout of milking machines and poiuts out the objecticms and difiiculties to their use as well as their advantages. The need of fnrther investigation is emphasized. The experience of 11 dairymen who made reports was favorable to nia<-liine milking as compared with hand milking. Bactcrioloi/kal studies of a milking machine. Iiii W. A. StorJxini/. jr. ( ])p. 3.3-55). — The results are summarized by the author as follows: " (1) Unless sufficient care is used in cleaning the machines, decaying milk and bacteria accumulate in the rub])er tubes and contaminate the milk as it passes through them. " (2) The few dairymen now using these machines are not exercising suffi- cient care in washing and sterilizing the machines to keep them in sanitary con- dition; their milk is therefore of poorer quality from the sanitary standpiont than that drawn by hand under the same stable conditions. ■■ (3) Good sanitary conditions in a stable may be completely counteracted l>y the insanitary condition of the milking machine. '■ (4) When kept in fairly clean condition the machine-dr.-iwn milk c(mtains decidedly smaller numbers of bacteria than the correspt>nding hand-drawn milk. " (5) ^Vhen the machines are not well cleaned both th(> number and percent- age of acid-pi-oducing bacteria are higher than in the liand-drawn milk, but when they are fairly well cleaned both the total numl)er ;uid the percentage of these l)acteria are decidedly lower than in the corresponding hand-drawn milk. " 0">) I'.otli tlic total number and the i)ercentage of liciuefying bacteria found in the milk were in most cases greatly reduced by the use of the machines. This fact is of special significance in milk designed for direct consumptiim. " (7) When properly cared for, drawing the milk by means of the machine increases its keeping (juality. 7r)8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " (8) Washing the machiues with cold water aud then with hot water con- taining sal soda is not sufficient to keep the rubber tubes clean. Under this treatment the inside of the tubes becomes coated with decaying milk, thus form- ing ideal conditions for the multiplication of various species of bacteria. " (9) Scalding the machines by pumping boiling water through them just before use had little or no effect in reducing germ content of the milk. " (10) Boiling in clear water for three-quarters of an hour was mjt sufficient to keep the rubber tubes in a sterile condition. " (11) Subjection to steam without pressure for ;i() minutes was not suffi- cient to sterilize the I'ubber tubes. " (12) Placing the rubber parts in brine for several hours after being washed reduced the germ content of the machine-drawn milk to about one-half that of the milk drawn by hand. "(13) Boiling in water containing a. small amount of powdered borax had about the same effect in reducing the bacterial content of the milk as did the brine treatment, but the use of borax is dangerous unless extreme care is exercised. "(14) The machines may l)e very effective in the production of sanitary milk if they are properly cleaned and sterilized. "(15) The results of these experiments indicate that the machines may be kept in such an insanitary condition that the keeping quality will not be im- proved, but may be seriously impaired. They also indicate that with properly cleaned and sterilized machines the keeping quality of the milk may be very materially improved." The variation in the composition of milk, A. Lauder (Ediiib. aiifl East of Scot. Col. Af/r. Bill. 11, pp. 52). — Causes of variation in the composition of milk are briefly discussed, and the results of a systematic examination of the milk of two well-kept private dairy herds in the East of Scotland are reported. The investigation with one herd of 22 cows begiin in May, 1905, and is being con- tinued. Another herd of oO cows was tested from June to October. 1905. Both herds were of the dairy Shorthorn type. The average composition of the mixed milk of the smaller herd for 1 year was 12..34 per cent of total solids and 3.15 per cent of fat for the morning's milk, and 12.96 per cent of total solids and 3.91 per cent of fat for the evening's milk. The cows were milked at 6.30 a. m. and 4 p. m. During the months of February, March, and April, the milk of individual cows fell below the legal standard of 3 per cent of fat 99 times in the morning and 45 in the evening. When the cows were milked at equal intervals for a short period the dift'erences in percentages of fat and total solids between the morning's and evening's milk were nuich reduced. Increasing the amount of feed had iiractically no eft'ect on the fat content of the milk. The average composition of the mixed milk of the other herd was 12.83 per cent of total solids and 3.95 per cent of fat for the morning's milk and 12.77 per cent of total solids and 3.88 per cent of fat for the evening's milk, but here the intervals between milkings were equal. Opsonins in milk, G. S. Woodhead and W. A. Mitchell {.four. Path, aitd Bad., 11 (i,907), Xo. J/, pp. .'/OS-J/l'i) ■ — Using human leucocytes the opsonic index of the blood of a nontuberculous cow was found to be O.S and that of the milk 0.6. The figures in another case were, respectively, 0.96 and 0.57. The milk of an apparently healthy cow showed an opsonic index of 2.2, while the indices of the milk of 3 cows in a comjiaratively low state of health were, respectively. 0.51, 0.44, and 0.48. The oi)sonin content of whey ])rei)ared by either rennet or hydrochloric acid was found to be greater than that of an equal volume of DATRY KAKMINC;— DAIKYTNG AGROTECHNY. 769 milk. iiHlicatin^'. in tiic u|iiiii(ii, of tlic nul!i(H-s, tli;;l tlic ^'astric secretions are not nicely to lower the activity ot tlie opsonins. The ()|)S()nir indices of milk, icnnct whey, and whey i)rei)ared l)y adding hydrochloric acid in several ('xperi- nieuts were, respectively. O.TL', 1. (•.".. and 1.2. It is considered possihle that (he hi,i,di opsonic index of milk may play an im|M)rtant i)art in iirolectin.s,' yoniii,' childrc-n at^ainst tnlK>rculosis. The heat value of milk as a test of its quality, J. Mai.c'olm and A. A. Mall (.lour. Aijr. Sci.. 2 (l!)(n\. \o. I. pii. S.9-.9.7).^— Experiments were conducted to deternune the value of the dii'cct estimation of tlie caloric value of milk liy comliustion in a homh calorimeter as a pi-actical means of .indi^ini; the (pialily of milk. The process is said to rei|nire little chemical knowled.t;e, to he easily learned, very accni-ate, .-ukI to occupy a relatively short time. The results show a .m>neral relationshi]) hetween the i)ercentaj^es of fat or total solids and the caloric value. The method is, therefore, considered an imiiortant means of detectinsj; the removal of fat and estiniatinj; total solids. It is sujigested that the legal definition of milk might he improved hy the adoption of a minimum caloric value. \Vhile the determinations so far made are too few for estahlishing a standard, it is estimated that in order to corre- si)ond with tlie present legal standard in Grejit Britain it should not he helow (;.")() c.-ilories per cuhic c(>ntimeter, or 5,(550 calories per gram of solids. Fermentation of milk, F. Blumenthal and Wolff (Abs. in Jour. Chcm. ,s'oe. {London^, DO (IDUG), A'o. 530, p. 87.9). — It is stated that milk kept for years may contain 50 per cent of the lactose originally present. Proteids are not lu'ptonized in spontaneous acid fermentation, but large amounts of amino acids ;ire formed. Tryptophan is also present. Prolonged putrefaction increases the lactic acid more than the succinic acid. Comparative investigations on the lactic-acid bacteria of the Bacterium giintheri type from different sources, L. Muller {Coitbl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Aht.. 11 [V.HUi). yos. l/i-m, PI). 'ii;s-',7tococcus isolated from mastitis assumed in cultures forms resembling in different degrees? lactic-acid liacteria. Some investigations and observations on lactic-acid bacteria, T. (iKUBER (Cenfhl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Abt., 17 (1907), Ao. 22-2^, pp. 7.5.5-7«0).— Studies of a number of cultures of hictic-acid bacteria isolated from dairy i)roducts are briefl.v I'eported. The morphological and cultural characteristics heretofore used in distinguishing forms of lactic-acid bacteria are considered of little vahie. It is considered important to determine the behavior of the different races of lactic-acid bacteria toward milk sugar, dextrose, mannite, maltose, etc. Aroma-producing bacteria in milk, .7. Van der Leck (Centhl. Bald. [etc.]. 2. Aht.. 17 (190G). Yos. 11-13, pp. 3(;G-.173: l',-l(i. pp. .',S0-.',90 ; 19-21, pp. G.'i7~660). — The author reports an extended study of Bacillus aroniaticus in comparison with other organisms, from which he concludes that tliis bacillus plays an important role in the ripening of soft cheese. The work is being con- 770 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. tiuued. Methods of studying this subject and results obtained by other investi- gators are disQussed. A note on the coagulation of milk by Bacillus coli communis, C. J. 0"Hehir {Jour. Path, aiid Bact, 11 {1901), Xo. .'i. piJ. 'f0.')-',07). — Experiments by the author confirm the view previously expressed that the (-oagulation of milk by Bacillus coli communis is due to the production of an acid, presumably lactic, by the bacteria. While the subsequent formation of an eiizym rendering the coagulum insolulile may be common it is not considered uuiversaL Development of factory dairying in Wisconsin with map showing loca- tion of cheese factories and creameries, H. L. Russell and U. S. Baer (Wis- consin «S7o. Bill. I'lO. lip. IS. pl.^1. map 1). — The station has issued at intervals of 5 years a map of AVisconsin upon which is marl^ed the location of each fac- tory in the State. The series, therefore, furnishes valuable data concerning the growth of the industry. The bulletin which the present wall map accompanies discusses the relation of factory development to dairy development, the causes of the reduction in the number of creameries, the growth and output of cheese factories, and the regions of marked dairy factory activity which are designated the Swiss-cheese region, Richland County Cheddar region, Cheddar region of lake-shore and adja- cent counties, brick cheese region of Dodge County, butter center of south- eastern Wisconsin, and the new dairy region of central Wisconsin. " While a study of this sort can not be taken as final evidence of the state of dairy development, a comparative study of the growth of creameries and cheese factories during the last five years shows a progressive development that bespeaks a healthy condition for the dairy industry. During the last 5 years the number of cheese factories has increased about 7 ])er cent, aggregating now 1,649 with 40 factories in addition that make lioth cheese and butter. The creameries have diminished some in number, because of the extension of the operating radius of the creamery through the conversion of many creameries into skimming stations. The introduction of the farm separator, and the natural centralization or syndicating of factories have been the main causes for the reduction of creameries. There are now 1.017 creameries and 260 skimming stations. . . . " On the whole, factory growth is going on rapidly throughout most regions of the State. Not only is the number actually increasing, but the aA^erage out- put is much larger than formerly, while the aggregate amount of dairy products manufactured has increased in the last 5 years over one-half in the case of butter, and has nearly doubled in the case of cheese." EflBciency of cream separators under farm conditions, I. P. Whitney '{Oregon Sta. Bill. 8.9, />/*. 3-10). — Notes are given on the history of the cream separator and its efliciency with special reference to farm conditions is dis- cussed. Comparative tests of ditferent separators conducted in the fall and again in the spring are reported. The author concludes that the farm cream separator Is a thoroughly prac- tical machine and much more effective than any of the gravity methods, The separation of the cream was more thorough in the spring when the cows were pastured, than in the fall when fed dry feed. The average fat content of skim milk under the two conditions was respectively 0.02 and 0.045 per cent. The different sizes of separators were about equally efiicient. No information of particular value regarding the (hirability of the different separators was secured. Dairy school cream separator tests, F. L. Kent {Oregon Sta. Bui. 89, pp. 10-17, figs. 7). — Tests of 7 makes of cream separators by studeuts during 4 I ).\ 1 1{ V l-A H M 1 N(i DAIRYING AGR()TK( ' 1 1 N Y. 771 years are reijoiicd. :is are also similar tests by the author, assisted by \V. W. Grant, special dairy instructor, made with a view to securint,' data resiardins the accuracy of the students' tests. The results showed tiiat it would be necessary to separate about H.OOO 1I)S. of milk in order to make a difference rf 1 lb. of fat, lost in the skim milk between the most efficient and the least efficient machine tested. Notes are also given on the advantages and disad- vantages of the machines. The hand separator and the gravity systems of creaming, O. F. Hunziker [iHdiuiiu Stii. liiil. HI), pp. .l'il-36'i. flgs. 10). — The jmrpose of the work reported in this bulletin, as stated in the Introduction, was to determine the skiunning elHciency of the various systems of creaming; to study the effect of these systems on the quality of the cream and skim milk ; to determine the inlluence of such factors as the steadiness of running and the care of the machine, the speed of the howl. Ilu; temperature and physical condition of the milk, the rate of inflow and tlic richness of the cream, on the skimming effi- ciency of the hand separator ; and to point out to Indiana dairymen those methods and conditions that will reduce the loss of butter fat in skim milk to the minimum and impro^e the quality of the cream. The author sununarizes the results obtained as follows : " The use of the hand separator in the place of the gravity systems of creaming will effect a saving of $.'i.r)0 to $7 worth of butter fat from one cow in one year. " With the hand separator a richer cream and a l)etter (luality of cream and Skim milk can be produced than with the gravity systems. " Of the gravity methods the deep setting system is the least objectionable. It produces a more complete separation and a better quality of cream than either the shallow pan or the water dilution systems. "Any neglect to thoroughly clean the separator after each separation reduces the skimming efficiency of the machine and lowers the quality of the cream and butter produced. Wash the separator after each separation. "A trembling machine, insufficient speed, sour, curdled, slimy, or cold milk, and overfeeding the separator caused a loss of butter fat in the skim milk amounting to from 8 to 12 lbs. of butter per cow in one year. "Other things being e. 400). The book deals with the preparation and i)roperties of casein and its use as a painting material, as a mucilage or cement, as a substitute for horn, ivory, celluloid, etc., as a dress- ing for textiles, as a foodstuff, and for other inu'poses. A sununary is also given of the known compounds of casein. Annual report on the investigations and progress in sugar making, .7. Bock {Jahrcsher. Zurkerfahrik. [Staimner'], /,.') {HlO.')). pp. A'-f.:?;^i).— This report for 1905 is similar in character to the preceding one (E. S. R.. 17, j). 907). Cane juice defecation, 1905, W. L. Bass, trans, by S. F. de Velasco {Ncir York: Polt/dorc Barnes Co. Press, 1905, pp. 20.5, pis. 2, figs. 39). — This subject is ti'eated in simple language for the use of managers and others engaged in prac- tical sugar making. The text is in "ooth English and Spanish. The influence of sulphurous acid, free and in combination with acetalde- hyde, on the different organisms in wine, W. Seifekt {ZtsvJir. Landw. Yersuchsiv. O.stcrr.. 9 {1906). No. 12. pp. 1019-10.59).— This gives the results of an extended investigation on the amount of sulphurous acid free and in combination with acetaldehyde in wine resulting from fumigation with sulphur fumes, and the influence of each form on yeast, fungi, and acetic-acid bacteria. The methods of examination and the organisms of vinegar and the materials from which made, F. Rothenbach {Die Cntersuchungsmetlioden ■iind Organisnien des Gariingscssigs iind ■'r-/f//r J'(itli(>l(>(/ic uikI Tli(i(ii>ic dcr Haustiere. ■Jena: Giistav J'iscfifi; WO.'), vol. 1, PI). Xl+Hl,i. ph. .i. /i!/f<. l.i^; 1906. vol. 2. pp. X+971, flf/s. l.hS). — The I)asis of this work was first pul)lished hi Iluusarian by the senior .-lutliur. In its ])r('S('nt form it covers in j;reat detail the essential points in eonni^e- tion with all of the common diseases affecting farm animals. The subject matter is arranged according to the usual systematic plan, viz, infectious diseases of general, exanthenialic, or local character, and of an acute or chronic natnre. whether caused i>.v bacteria or i)rotozoa, and organic diseases classified according to the part or structnres affected. The etiology, pathology, and treatment of thes(> dis(>ases ar(> thoronghly discussed and well illusti'ated. Notes on blood-serum therapy, preventive inoculation, and toxin and serum diagnosis for veterinary practitioners and students, W. Jowett {Chiviifio: ir. T. Keener d- Co.. 1007. pp. VII-\-20.'i, figs. 7/7).— The subjects discussed in this volume have, within recent years, assumed such importance and made such great advancement in practical ajiplication in the diseases of animals that a handbook covering the technical details of this work was needed for laboratory investigators and veterinary practitioners. The present volume contains an account of the three prominent theories of innmmity. methods of conferring immunity, diseases due to ultravisible virus, diseases cansed by the protozoa, and diagnosing by means of toxins and serums. The essential points are presented in a remarkably clear and concise manner and convey effectively the information which the laboratory worker or i)ractitioner needs along this line. Killing and attenuating micro-organisms by chemically indifferent bodies, E. Levy et al. (Cenibl. Bald, \ctv.^. 1. Ahf.. Ori(/., ',2 (1006). No. 3, pp. 265- 270). — In most schemes of attenuation materials or methods are used which may change the chemical comixisition of ih<' bacteria and may, therefore, render them less capable of exercising a vaccinating elfect. The authors therefore decided to test the effect of indifferent bodies in attenuating bacteria without changing their chemical composition or interfering with their vaccinating powers. For this purpose sugar and glycerin were selected, preference being given to sugar on acccmnt of the fact that the bacteria in a sugar solution could be readily dried at any desirable time. It was found in the experiments carried out by the authors that the attenu- ating effect of either sugar or glycerin was considerably increased by maintain- ing the cultiu-es in an apparatus in which they could be continually shaken. In working with tubercle bacilli it was found that a temperature of 37° C. in an 80 per cent solution of glycerin was sufficient to produce a pronounced atteim- ation within 5 days, (xuinea pigs were inoculated with tubercle bacilli which bad been treated in this way and subsecpiently received cultures treated for shorter periods ranging from 4 days down to 1 day. Animals treated in this way were fonnd to be immune to fatal doses of virulent tubercle bacilli. The same method was tried with gland(M's bacilli, the organisms being shaken for from l.S to 72 hours in an SO per cent glycerin solution at a temperature of :'.7' ('. Large doses of glanders bacilli treated in this way produced a complete immunity against 4 to 5 times the fatal dose of virulent glanders bacilli. The first experiments were carried out on guinea pigs, but later 5 horses were treated in the same way and jiroxed to be immune to glanders. The method will be tested on a number of other pathogenic organisms. 774 KXPI'MIIMENT STATION KE(;OKD. Annual report on the distribution of animal plagues in the German Empire (Jahresbci: Yerhr. Tierseuch. Dent. Reiche, 20 {190.'>). piJ. Till + 210, pis. Jf, figs. 19). — A discussion is pi-esented of the extent and distribution of all the important animal diseases in the German Empire, including particularly anthrax, blaclileg, rabies, glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, pleuro-pneumonia. mange, tuberculosis, and infectious diseases of hogs and poultry. Details concerning the distribution of these diseases in different parts of the German Empire are presented in tabular form. The recent meat inspection regulations of Germany are given and a brief outline is presented of laws relating to animal diseases in various countries. Notes from the Berlin medical clinic, E. Frohner (Monatsh. Prald. Tlcr- heilk., IS (1906). No. 3-'i, pp. 134-137). — A number of cases which came under the observation of the author are rejtorted. In one instance a case of tetanus which had developed in a horse as a result of docking was not checked by the amputation of the tail. The only result of this operation was to delay the death of the animal for a few days. Notes are also given on intermittent lameness in horses as a result of sarcoma in the mediastinal space, on chronic nephritis following hemoglobinuria, mercu- ric poisoning in horses, abscesses of the spleen, and tuberculosis in the horse complicated with pneumonia. This combination of tuberculosis and pneumonia is of very rare occurrence. Veterinary hygienic principles applicable to stock in South Africa, A. Theiler and C. E. Gray {Transvaal Ayr. .Jour.. 5 {1906), No. 17, pp. 96-110, pi. 1). — Attention is called to the highly contagious nature of sheep scab and the ravages which it has caused. An improved sheep-dipping vat is illustrated and described by T. H. Dale. Brief accounts are also presented of epizootic lym- phangitis, hog clinlera. and mange in horses. New treatment of serious wounds and injuries, particularly synovial lesions by crystallized boric acid, Busy {Rec. M(kl. Vet., S3 {1906), No. 17, pp. 623-627). — In the author's experience the best results have been obtained from the use of pure boric acid by means of which a complete acidification and saturation of wounds and surrounding tissue are accomplished in such a way as to relieve the inflammation of the affected part. This treatment not only allays inflammation but acts as a local anesthetic and is particularl.v well adapted for use in cases of injury to the joints or tendons. An apparatus for the intravenous injection of large quantities of fluids, W. Flatten (lUrliii. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr.. 1906, No. 38. pp. 697. 69S, fig. 1). — The chief features of the apiiaratus described by the author are a graduated glass cylinder, rubber tube, clamp for holding the apparatus firndy attached to the animal's neck, and the needle which penetrates into the blood vessel. The advantages claimed for the apparatus are that it is easily cleansed and that the openition is simple. Tuberculosis: Its origin and extinction, W. 1'. Turner (London: Adam d Charles Black, 1906, pp. XII + 06, pis. J,, figs. /,s').— A general plan, believed by the author to be novel and original, is suggested for the eradication of tuberculosis in man and animals. The author holds, in the first place, that tuberculosis in man is acquired always by ingestion or inoculation and never by inhalation, and that the disease is derived primarily from cattle. Cattle in turn are believed to be infected from eating forage contaminated with the tubercle bacillus. It is also maintained that the tubercle bacillus is naturally a saprophyte, and that it only becomes pathogenic when protected from the actinic rays of the sun. The author's scheme, therefore, for the total eradication of tuberculosis con- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 775 sists siiiiply in providiuj^ all catth' l):iriis with glass roofs in order to expose lliein to the action ot the sun. The relation of tuberculous lesions to the mode of infection, K. C. ScHROEDKK aiid W. E. Cotton {U. »S'. Dept. Affr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. 93, pp. 1!)). — The experiments reported in this bulletin were carried out chiefly to ol)tain evidence as to the susceptibility of the lungs to infection with tubercle liacilli without regard to the point of inoculation. The work was in continua- tion of similar investigations already reported (E. S. U., 18, pp. 82, 378). In these exi)ei'iments '■'> hogs and 2 calves were given sul)cutaneous injec- tions of virulent tubercle bacilli in the tip of the tail. This point was selected as being farthest I'cmoved from the lungs. A study of these cases showed that- the tubercle bacilli were taken up either by the capillary blood vessels or by the ]\niii]ialic system and were carried to the lungs, which became excessively diseased in all cases, while the inguinal glands, liver, and spleen were affec-ted to a less extent. It appears, therefore, that the inhalation theory, to explain the frequent infection of the lungs in tuberculosis, is becoming more and more unsatisfac- lory, and more evidence is being accumulated for the belief that tuberculous infection reaches the lung as well as other organs through tubercle bacilli taken with the food. These conclusions are believed to apply both to animals and man. Tubercular infection, W. T. I). Broad {Vet. Rec, 19 (1906), No. 9')5, p. 252).— The author raises an objection to the frequent statement that direct experi- ments in the transmission of tuberculosis from animals to man are impossible. He argues that many instances are known where such transmission has taken place through the agency of milk and considers the evidence in some of these cases as very conclusive. One instance is cited. The investigations of Dammann and Miissemeier on the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis, H. Kossel {Ccnthl. Bakt. [e^c.J, 1. AM., Oriy.. 1,2 (1906), Xo.s. 5, pp. JiOl-.'iOr,: 6, pp. .^S.9-49.5).— The author reviews in a critical manner the experimental data and the conclusions drawn from them in the investigations of Dannuann and Miissemeier. It is believed that the conclusicms as to the unity of tubercl(> bacilli rest upon the assumed impossibility of determining constant morphological differences between tubercle bacilli obtained from different sources and also upon the apparent similarity of different races of bacilli in so far as pathogenic action is concerned. The author argues that these facts are not demonstrated and that, therefore, the conclusions as to unity of the different races of bacilli should not be drawn. Tubercle bacilli in the apparently unaltered lymph glands of tuberculous animals, .1. Swlirstka (Ziachr. I'lcisclt u. Milchhijfj.. 17 (1906), Xo. 2. pp. 27--'i2). — In the investigations reported by the author guinea pigs, rabbits, goats, pigs, and calves were used as experimental animals. A careful exami- nation was made of apparently normal lymph glands in these animals after they had been infected with tuberculosis, the animals being inoculated with material from the glands of hogs to determine the presence or absence of tubercle bacilli. Positive results were obtained for tubercle bacilli in 7 cattle and 2 hogs, while negative results were obtained in the case of 11 cattle and •; hogs. As a result of this study, the author recommends the sterilization of the meat in all cases of tuberculosis in which great emaciation is seen, in all cases with extensive softened foci, in cases showing a recent blood infection, and in tuberculosis of the bones. 776 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Primary tuberculosis of the larynx, H. Holterbach {Deut. Tierdrzil. Wchnschr., i-J {1906), No. J,Ji, pp. 541, 5Ji2). — Tuberculosis of the larynx in the primary form is not of common occurrence. On this account the author de- scribes in detail an undoubted case in a cow resulting in death after 1 year and causing a complete loss of voice, which persisted for 10 months before death. The tuberculous infection in the region of the larynx was of an' acute and rapidly extending nature, but there were no lesions in the lungs or even in the lymph glands in the region of the larynx. Immobility in cattle as a result of tuberculosis, E. Bisnoit (Rec. Yet. [Toiiloii.sc]. 31 [li)O(l). A'o. 11. pii. 101-710). — Considerable attention has been given by the author to cases of tuberculosis affecting the brain and causing some form of meningitis which results in a loss of the power of motion on the part of the affected animal. In the cases which have come under his obser- vation there were tuberculous lesions in the lungs and other organs and the cerebral symptoms were so pronounced as to indicate serious lesions in the l)rain. Cases of apparent recovery from experimental tuberculosis, L. Martin and A. Vaudre.mer (Vompt. Rend. tSoc. Biol. [Paris], 61 {1906), No. 28, pp. 260-262). — As a result of treatment with tubercle bacilli from which the fatty substances had been removed, apparent recoveries took place in rabbits, but in some cases the tubercles wliich apparently had healed subsequently showed virulence. The authors, therefore, recommend caution in experiments of this sort to avoid mistakes of judgment after the use of tubercle bacilli of low virulence. The actual status of vaccination and serotherapy for tuberculosis, G. Moussu {Rec. Med. Fdt, 83 {1906), No. 21, pp. 741-758).— In this article the position is taken that the views commonly expressed regarding the present methods of serotherapy for tuberculosis are nmch too optimistic. The author expresses the o])inion that a relinl)le method of treatment is still to be found. Quantitative relations of agglutination of tubercle bacilli, L. Karwacki and W. Benni {Ceutbl. Bald, [etc.], l.AU., Orig., 42 {1906), Nos. 3, pp. 252-254; 4, pp. 345-348). — The agglutinating power of tuberculous sera for tubercle bacilli is much less than in the case of such diseases as typhoid and cholera. In general the absorption coefficient diminishes as the concentration of the serum increases. The agglutinins were apparently destroyed by heating the serum to a temperature of 100° C. diluted in 3 parts of water to which 3 per cent of glycerin had been added. Abdominal zoogleic tuberculosis of birds, J. Roger {Rev. Vet. [Toulovse], 31 {1906). No. 12, pp. 761.762). — Quite frequently, supposed cases of tuberculosis of tlie internal organs of fowls prove to be due to mites or some other organ- ism than the tubercle bacillus. In most cases of true tuberculosis of fowls, the spleen is affected and the liver is almost invariably attacked. Experinaents with fish tubercle bacilli cultivated at a temperature of 37° C, A. AuJESZKY {Ceiithl. Bakt. [vtc]. 1. AM.. Orhj., i^ {1906), No. 5, pp. 397-401). — Considerable difficulty has been experienced in getting tubercle bacilli from fish to live at a blood temperature. The author began with a medium containing potatoes and glycerin water at a temperature of 28 to 30° C. and after 6 weeks, or at the end of the fifth generation, the temperature was increased to 37° C. In the meantime the cultures had ceased to be white and glistening, as is the case with ordinary tubercle bacilli from fish, and had assumed a yellowish-gray color resembling that of the ordinary maunnalian tubercle bacilli. These bacilli after cultivaticm on the media maintained at a temperature of VETKKINARV MEDICINE. 777 .".T" < '. were iialliofit'iiic Tor ;;iiiiK'a piKS- pnidiieiny dcatli within .'IS to i\'.', days. 'riiivc calves were inocidated with the same material and 2 rcniaincd Iiealthy while the third develoiied a local tuluM'cnlous infection. Chronic pseudotuberculous enteritis in cattle, 1>. Bang (Berlin. Tlcrilrztl. Wchnxihr., 1!)06, So. .'i.i. i)i>. loil-ldS). — Considerable controversy has prevailed ivKurdins the exact nature of tuberculous enteritis in cattle. It appears that the author has demonstrated its infectious natui'e and that it is often asso- ciated with cases of true tnberculosis affecting other organs of the body. Posi- tive resnlts were obtained in a number of cases by feeding portions of the nuicous membrane of the intestines from animals affected with the disease. The symptoms produced in this way were identical with those which apitear in spontaneous cases. Anthrax, PROFfi {FortHchr. Yet. Hijg.. h (1906). No. 7, pp. l.',.',-tJ,9).—Tho author presents a report of a conference of otHcial veterinarians regarding the effectiveness of the laws of Prussia relating to th(> control of anthrax. It is recommended that the compulsory notification provision be extended to all cases in which the symptoms resemble those of anthrax. This notification should be made innnediately to the police authorities and the local ofticial vet- erinarian should have authority to determine the method of procedure in the case. The spread of anthrax in animals and man, .1. Dunstan {Vet. Rec, 19 ( 1906), No. 954, PP- 236-238). — Attention is called to the statement that anthrax appears to be on the increase during recent years. The reliability of statistics on the spi'ead of anthrax is questioned on account of the fact that local author- ities are often unwilling to report cases and incur the expense of disposing of carcasses. The symptoms of the disease are described and facts are presented relative to the intertransmission of the disease between man and animals. The inoculability of anthrax, E. Leclainche (Rev. G^n. MM. V^t., 8 (1906), \i). 1113-1120). — An enormous variation in the agglutinating power of different sera for anthrax bacilli has been noted by different investigators. In some cases it is claimed that agglutination took place in dilutions at the rate of 1 : r)00.000. The author, however, was imable to get any positive results or to demonstrate any difference in the action of normal and immime serum upon anthrax bacilli. East coast fever, S. B. Wooi.latt (Natal Dcpf. Af/r. Bill. II. pp. l.'i). — The author i)res«'nts in a condensed form the most important points which have been demonstrated regarding the nature, occin-rence, and treatment of this 0(i, a iireliminary survey of northwest .\rkausas was made by the officials of the experinnMit station and the Bureau of .Vnimal Industry for the piu'pose of determining the extent of infestation with cattle ticks. In Benton County 7.474 cattle were inspected, of which 4S1 were found to be infested, while in Washington County !>0.'! cattle were infested out of 2.00;j inspected. The slight infestation of cattle as observcnl in the Te.vas-fever regions of Arkansas indicate that the eradication of the ticks and the control of Texas 778 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fever would be a comparatively easy problem in that State. Infestation of cattle with ticks persists by reason of driving herds in from Indian Territory and from the lack of control of cattle on the public range. Progress made in exterminating the cattle fever tick in North Carolina, T. BuTLKR {Ralei(/h: N. V. Dcpt. A(jr. [1907], pp. 5, figs. 3). — The author calls attention to the progress which has been made since 1902 in exterminating cat- tle ticks in North Carolina. During the past 5 years 20 counties of the State have been freed from ticks and this is held as indicating what can be accomplished in all sections where stock laws prevail. The price paid for cattle below the quarantine line is from J to i ct. per pound less than for cattle of the same quality above the line and this alone would mean a loss of $50,000 annually in the area which has been freed from ticks. This amount is about three times the total cost of the work of eradicating ticks in these counties during the entire 5 years. For the most part the ticks have been eradicated by the use of the starvation method. Malignant catarrhal fever of cattle, E. Diem (Wchnschr. Ticrheilk. ii. Viehsucht, 50 (1906), No. J,2, pp. 826, S27). — This disease has been almost un- known in the region of Burghausen for the past nine years, but occurred to a limited extent during the present season. The author treated 3 animals by injecting 1.5 liters of physiological salt solution subcutaneously for 3 days in succession. The treatment was without result. In this case it was believed that infection came through the ground w^ater, and a suitable system of drain- age was, therefore, recommended. An unusual case of chronic tympanites in cattle, IT. Holterbach {Berlin. Tienirztl. WdiHschr., 1906. No. 37, pp. 679-6S1). — The usual symptoms of tympanites are described with particular reference to a chronic case which came under the author's observation. In this case the abdomen of the cow became considerably distended with gas after each feed. Remedial treatment was of no avail and the animal was slaughtered.' An examination of the intes- tines showed that the duodenum was firmly attached to the liver, at which point the lumen was very small. The intestine also made a sharp turn almost at right angles at about the same level. Pathogenesis and treatment of railroad disease of cattle, J. Schmidt {Ber- lin. Tierilrstl. Wchiisehr.. 1906, No. Ji3. pp. 77 5-779 ). — According to the obser- vations reported in this article, railroad disease attacks chiefly pregnant cows which have been maintained on pastures until the time of shipment. The symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and cerebral anemia. The author concludes that railroad disease of cattle should be described as an anemia of the cerebral nervous system and disturbances of the vasomotor nerves as a result of transportation in cars. No suitable preventive treatment has been devised, but cases which have developed may be treated with much success by inimping air into the udder in the same manner as recommended for ti'eatment of milk fever. An investigation in the County of Wexford of a disease in young cattle, J. H. NoKRis {Dept. Ayr. and Tech. In.str. Ireland Jour., 7 {1906), No. 1, pp. 17- 25, pis. 8). — Earlier investigations along this same line have already been noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 1027). The author has contirmed his previous view that the presence of Strongylus gracilis in the stomach of young cattle may cause a serious wasting disease and death if no attention is given to the animals. Medical treatment of the disease appears to be of little value, but the trouble may best be prevented by providing small clean pastures, in which the calves may be maintained for the first year. Diseases of the stomach in cattle, A. Eber {Ztschr. Tiermed., 10 {1906), 2fos. 5, pp. 321-355; 6, pp. Jf01-Ji27). — The author presents in a succinct form a VETKHTNARY MKDTCINK. 779 in(iii<>,irr;iplii<- acfoiiiil: of tlic xiiriuus (liscnscs wiiicli iiiiiy .'ifrcct tlu- stomachs of rattle. Gid of cattle, E. DiiiM {Wvltiisclir. 'I'lvihcilh-. ii. Virh-iiclil . ■',» (IDOd), A'o.s. .'/.5, pp. 8S1-887; 46, pp. 903-906).— The syniptnius of jiid in cattle are described with particular roferoiico to its early diagnosis and «)])eration. The author main- tains tliat in nearly all cases where the value of the animal is considerable it is well worth while to remove the bladder worm from the surface of the brain, especially since the operation is comparatively simpk; and the animal recovers within a few days. Milk fever and treatment with air infiltration, Alhrecht ( \Vch)is<-Jir. Tier- hcilk. t(. VichzuchU 30 {1906), No. ,iS, pp. I'll-l'il). — The literature relating' to this disease was briefly reviewed with particular reference to the condition of the udder observed in cases of milk fever. In a c.ise reported at some length by the author the udder remained unusually flabby during the last 3 weeks be- fore parturition and was not greatly distended after parturition. The symp- toms of milk fever which developcnl were relieved by the infiltration of air and a prompt recovery took place. Cystitis and its treatment, Gmeiner (Monatsh. Prald. TierhcUlc, 18 {1906), So. 1-2. I))). 61-19). — The usual forms of cystitis in domestic animals are described and clinical notes are given on a number of cases. During the author's experiments with remedies it was found that mercuric oxycyanid in the proportion of 1 :5.000 to 10.000 in water, with the addition of salt, constitutes the most satisfactory antiseptic for relieving the inflammatory conditions and bringing about a cure of all ordinary cases of cystitis. Among the medicines suitable for internal use the best results were obtained from urotropin in doses of i to 1 gm. three times daily for small animals and 5 to 10 gm. for larger animals. Both of these lines of treatment may be combined with excellent results. Septicemia of swine, J. Pekar {Tleriirztl. Zenthl., 29 {1906), No. 31, pp. JiS9-.'i91). — The controversy regarding the development of septicemia or swine erysipelas as a result of vaccination for the latter disease makes it necessary to examine carefully into the cause of death in cases where claims for indenuiity are made. In most cases claimed to be swine erysii)elas as a result of vaccina- tion, the disease was believed by the author to be sei)ticemia and disinfection measures ar(> reconnnended for pn^venting this trouble. Lesions of chronic swine erysipelas, S. Eisenmann {Jour. Med. Vet. et Zooferh., rn {1906), pp. 530-538, 577-588, figs. .5).— Brief descriptions are fur- nished of the lesions which arise in chronic cases of swine erysipelas in the joints, liver, stomach, intestines, and skin. The great differences observed in the effectiveness of vaccination in different hogs are ascribed to variations in the strength of the vaccine used, the extreme susceptibility of some hogs to the disease, and variations in the length of lime during which the vaccinated hogs are kept under fibservation. Pathological changes in the crystallin lens in various forms of cataract in horses, 1". Mette [Moinitxli. I'niLt. 'licrhcUlc. IS {1906), \o. 3-',. pp. 97-J.i3. phi. .'i). — ^The literature relating to cataracts in liorses is carefully reviewed in connection with a short bibliography. The histological pathologj' of different forms of cataracts is described in detail. It appears that in general the anatomical changes cause a cloudiness of the capsule of the lens, the substance of the lens, or both. The pathological changes may consist in a deposition of coloring matter in the interior part of the capsule, in the formation of fibrous tissue on the inner surface of the cap- sule, or in the proliferation of the epithelium of the inner surface of the k-ns. 780 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Recurrent mange in horses, T. B. Goouall {Vet. Rec, in (1906), l^o. !)'>.'. III). 251. 252). — The author has noted a number of oases of this disease in which tlie symptoms were quiescent during the cold months but reappeared in the spring and summer for ti years in successi(m. It has been observed that chiclien mites will live for a year or more in close conflnement without any food being given them. In such cases the mites found alive at the end of the period nuist have maintained themselves by cannibalism. The same may be true for the mites of horse mange. Horse sickness, L. E. W. Bevan (Rhoflesian Affi: Jour., -'/ (1906), No. 1, pp. 'i6-51. pi. 1). — The symptoms of this disease are described in detail. A system of vaccination has been devised which protects horses quite successfully. On an average somewhat less than 4 per cent of vaccinated animals die. There is little hope of good results from the use of any medicinal treatment of horse sickness. The distribution of equine piroplasmosis in Italy, L. Baruchello and A. Pricolo iVIln. Vvt. [Uihin]. 20 (1906). No. J,2, pp. 1009-1015).— This disease, which also passes under the name of typhoid fever or typhoid influenza, occurs quite generally throughout Italy. Notes are given on the symptoms and patho- logical processes which accompany the disease. The use of mercury in the treatment of equine piroplasmosis, G. Baroni (Clin. Vet. [Milan'], 29 (1906), Nos. J^S, pp. 1033-10J/16 ; U, pp. 1057-1066) .—Re- peated experiments were made in testing bichlorid and biniodid of mercury in intravenous inoculation for the treatment of equine piroplasmosis. The results obtained were quite promising, but the author does not feel justified in recom- mending this treatment as certain to give desirable results. Piroplasmosis in dogs, .J. Wetzl (Ztschr. Tiermed., 10 (1906), No. 5, pp. 369-319, fii/s. 3). — PirupUisnta caiti.s, which has frequently been demonstrated in dogs, closely resembles the blood parasite of Texas fever in cattle. The morphol- ogy and biology of this parasite is described and notes are given on synqitoms in cases of piroplasmosis in dogs. Inoculation of healthy dogs with the blood of affected animals readily produces infection. Babies and the capture of stray dogs, H. Martel (Rev. Vet. [Toulotise], 31 (1906), No. 11, pp. 110-120). — Statistical data are presented regarding the extent of rabies in parts of France as related to the number of stray dogs. The results of an organized crusade against stray dogs are very striking. Since 1885 the total number of dogs in Paris has greatly increased, while the percentage of rabies among dogs has fallen rapidly. The author argues, therefore, for the great advantage of the destruction of all stray dugs. Rabies in rats and field mice, B. Galli-Valerio (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., <)ri[/., .',2 (1906). A'o.s. 3, pp. 2(l.i-20H ; .',, pp. 291-303, fill. 1). — In a study of rabies in rats and field mice it appears that Negri's bodies are exceedingly rare and small as compared with the same structures in dogs and most other animals susceptible to rabies. The attenuated virus obtained from the medulla oblongata of infected rats and mice did not ah\ays have the power of protecting other rats and mice against the dist^-ise. Nagana in poultry, O. Goebel (Coiiipt. Rend. »S'oc. Biol. [Paris], 61 (1906), No. 30, pp. 321-323). — Poultry are considered by most investigators to be im- mune to nagana. Tht> author fotnid, however, that fowls inoculated with nagana virus obtained from guinea pigs retained the virulent blood in the body for a period of nearly 2 months. When removed the virus was found to have re- tained its virulence and to be fatal for guinea pigs. Filaria clava in the domestic pigeon, L. G. Neumann (Rev. V6t. [Toulouse]. 31 (1906), No. 10, pp. 66l-66.'i. fi(/s. 2). — This parasitic worm was first described RURAL ENOTNEERTNG. 781 as ofcurrhif,' in i)i.i;c'ons in isnc. 'I'lic nntlior lias niado a study of tho anatomy and biology of the pest, which are described in the present article. The parasite is found most commonly in the connective or subcutaneous tissue about the trachea and el.sewhere in the retiion of the nci-k. RURAL ENGINEERING. Can the yield of crops be increased by irrigation under the climatic con- ditions of Germany? Gkklach (Mitt. J)ti(t. LaiKlir. (Icscll.. ,il {li)()6), A o. JjO, l>l). SSJ1-SH6). — The writer takes up this question ai a general way, giving some results already found and suggesting lines along which research should con- tinue to determine if irrigation is practicable and profitable in (Jerniany. Ger- man experiments are quoted which give the absolute water re(iuirements of different crops per pound of dry substance, as follows: Wheat. 838 lbs. of water; rye. 'A~j.\ lbs.; oats, :j7»! lbs.; barley, 310 lbs.; peas, 273 lbs.; I'ed clover, 310 lbs. From exi)erinients with and without fertilizers, it is concluded that irrigation is of little value in increasing the yield when there is a deficiency in plant-food material. Thus, without fertilizers, 1,665 lbs. and 3,330 lbs. of water resulted in an increase in yield of 1.48 lbs. and ^.7,^ lbs. of dry substance, respectively; :iM(l with fertilizers, 2.89 lbs. and 7.!> lbs., resjiectively. The rainfall necessary to produce a nox'mal development of field cTops in Germany is given as follows : Winter gi'ain, 23.() in. per year ; barley, 20.8 in. per year ; oats, 2ij.2 in. per year ; potatoes and beets, 23.6 in. per year. A table is also given showing the ideal distribution of rainfall through the year by months. The results are not applicable for all parts of Germany, since for I'entkowo in l!»0.>-4 the following crops were grown with only 15.(i.") in. of rainfall: Rye, 3,740 lbs. per acre; wheat, 4,460 lbs. per acre; oats, 3,740 lbs. per acre. With regard to the most successful wa.v of retaining soil moisture, the author states that it is doubtful if much can be added to the present knowledge of the effects of cultivation and tillage. He thinks, however, that in case of drained lands the common German practice is to drain too thoroughly, particularly in spring and summer, in localities having but little precipitation during these seasons. On automatic puddling of channels, [II. Maksii] {[Froc] Irrir/. Coiif.. i^inila, 190.), /, pp. liiO-lSS, figs. 4). — The necessity is stated of providing some means of lessening the 50 to 60 per cent loss in water between the canal head and the fields. Lining the channels by manual labor is not considered prac- ticable, since it is estimated that the lining of a 3-ft. lateral would cost about $2,.500 per mile and woukl lead to a return of only .$75 per mile. In tin- writer's opinion the only practicable method is the puddling of the perimeter of the channel by the running water. This he effects by giving tlie main canals a slope of about 0.5 or 0.6 ft. per mile. Deposition of silt in distribu- taries is said to be due more to excessive erosion in the main canals than lack of velocity in the distributaries. Instances of the success attendant upon reduction of canal slojie are given. In one case on the Ganges canal the breaking up of a rapid slope probably is responsible for a saving of 19 cu. ft. per second out of a total of 42 cu. ft., the net outcome being that an expen.se of about $10,500 produced a capitalized economy of water amounting to $190,000. In another instance a channel with a gravelly betl experiencetl a loss of 27 per cent in the discharge when water was first turned in. The percolation thereafter diminished to l.S per cent, due to gradual silting up. 782 EXPEETMENT STATION EECOED. The artesian -wells of Australia, P. Peivat-Deschanel {G^nle Civil, 4^ {1906). No. 20. pp. 309-311, figs. J). — A study of the peculiar conditions which in Australia have favored the extensive iise of artesian wells. Sections are trlven showing the geological formation, which is a typical half basin, with the infiltration zone on the west slope of the dividing range on the east coast, and with a continuous flow toward the Gulf of Carpentaria. At the present time Queensland possesses 9G0 wells, public and private, of which 628 are flowing. Their total depth is 357 km., and total daily flow is 1,750,192 cubic meters. In New South Wales the total daily discharge is 631,744 cubic meters. With those of Queensland, they furnish the enormous total of 2,831,933 cubic meters per day. The legislation on the subject is unique. The government upon petition and after investigation of the practicability of the scheme VA^ill drill wells in any locality, the expenses being met by special tax upon the proprietors benefited. The tools, superintendence, and transportation of supplies are fur- nished by the government. Although the latter exercises no supervision over private wells, a special system has been devised whereby the State leases very large tracts at a modest rental, .$4 to $10 per hectare, for a period of 24 years, with privilege of indefinite renewal, upon condition that the lessee bore arte- sian wells, from which he is to profit during the term of lease but which become the property of the State after abandonment. Artesian water is applied in Australia to three purposes, briefly: (1) The establishment of public watering places on the long overland trails; (2) cul- tivation by irrigation, patterned after California methods, fruit being exten- sively grown on blocks of 15 to 20 acres surrounding artesian wells and to which the government rents a certain quantity of water at a profitable price ; and (3) stock raising. In spite of the number of wells the level is not appreciably lowei'ed, even in periods of exceptional drouth, and the prospects of this water supply when so developed as to make possible the settlement of central Australia are con- sidered very good. The wind engine for pumping, G. Phelps {Surveyor. 30 {1906), No. 779, pp. 702, 703). — In a pap(i;r read before the Association of Water Engineers in London the writer discusses the n\odern windmill in connection with its use in the pumping of water for the supply of small rural comnmnities. The cost of oil and attendance for such mills is fi'gured at from $25 to $30 per year, but it is considered necessary, in order to secure a constant supply, that reservoir capacity be provided, as well as auxiliary machinery, which in some cases may be a horse gear arranged to be coupled to the pump during long- continued periods of calm. A table is given showing an approximate average duty of wind-pumping engines, with an assumed lift of 100 ft, including friction, from which the following figures are taken : Ai^cra(/r (li(tii of iri)i(1-i)itiiipiiif) rnaiiirs. Diameter of wheel in feet. Revolutions of wheel per min- ute in a 15-mile wind. Water raised pei day in gallons. 100-foot lift. 10 VI 14 16 20 40 4S 40 34 30 24 12 1,200 2,000 3, 500 6,500 1«, 000 80. 000 These figures ai'e given as the result of actual experience and in the opinion of the v/riter may be relied upon, assuming the site to be reasonably good and HUKAi. l■;^'(;IN^:ERlN(;r 7S3 (he piiiu|) ])roi)(»rtioiit'il to the work. Tlic ciilfuliitioiis for total (luantities raised are based on an assmiied average of at least S hours ])er day, with a wind sntliciently strong to work (lie mill at avera.^re sjjeed. which in |)i-;i.-(ife is found to he a safe assumption. With regard to wind velocity it is stated that intcrniittent working only can be expected willi velocities of ."> to 10 miles per hour. With velocities of 10 to 15 nules ])er hour stcidy working at .ihout average S])eed should he obtained. A typical e.\'anii)le oi' a village sui)ply pumped by wind power is given, from which the following ])articulars are absti'acted : Wind wheel IS ft. diameter, with hinged canvas sails, working a single-acting, deep-well pump 4^ in. diameter and S-in. stroke, well .">.") ft. deep: total lift from water level to reservoir VAO ft, e.\clnsi\-e of friction. Reservoir cai)acity .'!0.(I00 g;iL. ciinixiilenl 1o (i days" supply for a jioimlation of 400 p(>oi)le. Auxilinry iiincliinery consisls of a triplex pumji, worked l)y horsepowei'. 'Plie cdst df pumping was foinid to be less than .$iri ])er annum. Cost ty conducted a number of tests of suction gas plants in June, lOOd, at th«! annual slio\\- at Derby, England. The declared object of these tests was to dett'rnnne as well as possible in the short time allowed whether suction gas plants would work as reliabl.v under agricultural conditions as the steam engine and with as small an amount of attendance as the oil engine. A satisfactory answer to these questions would jirovi' the suitability of such plants for agri- cultural purposes, since their advantages from the standpoint of economy are accepted without question. The deciding factor in judging the merits of the different plants tested was their simplicity, since it was expected that the plants in many cases would be placed in charge of farm hands who would be vmahle to make adjustments which lead to small economies in working. The regulatiims surrounding the tests were fairly stringent, it being intended to duplicate, as nearly as possible, the running conditions of actual practice. The i)lants tested were limiti'd to sizes ranging at and below 20 horseiiower, and a variation of not more than 5 per cent from the declared horsepower was allowed. The engines wei'e run for 0 consecutive hours imder constant load, when tliey were shut down for the night, to resume rmniing next day. Special attention was paid to the following points : (1) Attendance necessary ; (2) gen- eral design, including facility of cleaning and si)ace occupied; (3) regularity of work; (4) fuel consumption and water consumi»tion ; (5) price; (U) rela- tive proportions of gas producer and engine; (7) volume swept by piston relative to brake horsei)o\ver. The results of observaticnis uikju several of these points are iu-ietly given, as follows : 1. It was found that, without considering the additional hel]) in tiu'ning over the engine at starting, one attendant only was reipiired. .uid his time could largely l)e spent in other duties. Although less manual labor is i-e(|uired than in the case of the steam engint' very intelligent care is necessary, however, to I)roduce gas of good (piaiity. 3. Although regidarily of working, so far as the engine was concerned, was found to i)e dependent uiton the amount of tar ])resent in the gas. the gas prod- ucer itself is evidently the portion of the i)lant re(|uiring most attention, since the gas is made as reipiired and conse(pientiy ditiicnlty is experienced in responding quickly to changes tvoiu light to full load. 784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 4. In testing the fuel consumption the fact was kept in mind that it is important to Icnow not only the amount consumed during the run, but also the amount consumed during the night when the fire was banked. It was concluded that where coke could be obtained it would be a more desirable fuel than anthra- cite coal, even when not considering the greater tendency of the latter to produce tar. In the 11 plants tested the consumption per brake horsepower at full load varied between 1.04 and 1.48 lbs. ; at half load between 1.38 and 1.98 lbs. ; and at i'ull load with coke between 1.21 and 1.G5 lbs., while the difference between the best and the worst plants at full load was less than i 11). of coal. The differ- ence among the better plants was almost insignificant, amounting to no more- than 0.04 lb. Questions of economy can, therefore, be left out of account in deciding upon the make of plant to use, the decisive factor being cost per brake horsepower. This varied in the tests given between .$44 and .^8.5, the winners of the awards both pricing their plants at about .$50 per brake horsepower. An interesting fact developed at the trials was that as much water was required for the operation of these plants as would be necessary for a steam engine plant. Various tables are presented, giving details of the test, such as compression, explosion, and suction pressures, and other data, making the report one of unusual interest and value. Additional information on the durability of wooden stave pipe, A. I^. Adams (Eiujin. News. 56 {1906), No. l'>. p. J7.S, fu/. 1). — A wooden stave pipe at Astoria, which is buried in the earth and is under constant water pressure, has proven deficient in durability, contrary to preconceived ideas as to the behavior of wood under such conditions. The pii)e in question deteriorated so much in ten years that extensive renewals and repairs became necessary during 1905. The facts made prominent from the experience with this pipe are as follows : " <1) Staves, which are constantly subject to water pressure from within and are buried in the ground, may be very short-lived. " (2) The magnitude of the w^ater pressure, beyond a moderate head, has had little or no influence in preserving the timber. " (.3) The pipe laid above ground has not deteriorated to any considerable extent, nor has the pipe laid in the tunnels leading from the distributing reservoir. " (5) \Yhen the depth of backfill has exceeded 2 ft. above the pipe, and the material has been free from vegetable matter, and has been of a fine and imper- vious character, nmch less deterioration has taken place. " (T) Decayed staves have been found all around the pipe. " (8) Sound staves have been frequently found contiguous to badly decayed staves. " (10) The bruising of the staves during the process of erection seems to have been one of the chief agencies in hastening decay. " (11) Decay has been confined to the outside of the pipe. " (13) The malleable cast band fastenings have been found to be in good con- dition." Economics of road construction, II. P. Gillette (New York: The Engineer- ing News Fuh. Co.. 1906, 2. ed.. pp. Ji9, figs. 9). — In this work the author under- takes to point out certain defects in current road engineering practice and to correct certain common erroi-s in estimates and specifications. He advises designing the cross section of the road in such a way that modern excavating and grading tools can be used in construction. It is claimed that deep side ditches are unnecessary, since the heaving action of frost is said not to affect materially a macadam road with a foot of dry soil beneath it. In view of the KUIIAL KN(iI.\i:Ki;iNG. 785 f.K t tliMt till' tractive jiowiT (if a team may he as .m'rat as l,(Mi(i His. I"(n- a short tiun', urados as heavy as 7 ikt cent are said to Ix' allowalilc. thus l're((iu;ntly avoiding the necessity of constructing deep cuts. .V new tlieory is advanced as to t^lic cause of tlie hinding wliicii takes itlaco wiieii a brolcen stoui' mad is roUed and spriuliled. it being claimed fliat tiie surface tension of water in tlie capiUaiy voids of the screenings is tiie true iiinding agent, from wliich it is argued that there should ite c()nsiderai)h' tine (lust in the liinder. Certain econnmics in tlie construction of macadam roads are i>ointed out. and the laws under wliicii roads are imilt ai-e briefly discussed. Corn-harvesting machinery, ('. .1. Zimiieo ( T. /. Stdx. Bill. IIA. pp. '/N. pis. '/. f'l/s. .!'i). — In this bulletin the author reviews the liistorv (if corn-liarvesting maciiinery. tracing the development of tlie jiri'sent types of machinery from the earliest inventicms and appliiinces and di.seussing the various methods of harvesting corn in use at present. The several machines for cutting and shocking corn are described and data are given as to their draft, cost, and oi)erating expenses. Some of the objec- tions and advantages of the corn jiickers which have been invented from tim-' to time are briefly touched upon. Cutting and shredding machines and buskers and shredders are described and their operation from the standpoint of safety of the operator is gone into with some detail. Following this tlie author takes up the economics of corn-harvesting problem, and gives data (jn the cost of harvesting by hand and machines, the cost of filling silos, and of shredding and jirejiaring fodder. lu conclusion, the author states that " the best way to preserve the greatest quantitj" of food materials of the original corn fodder for feeding of farm animals is by means of the corn harvester, ensilage cutter, and the silo. The cost of placing 1 acre of corn in the silo is about the same as that of an acre of cured fodder. . . . "By the use of the proper m;ichiiier.\' for harvesting the corn crop, the farmer ma.v increase the net income from liis crop $8.72 per acre over hand nu^thods of harvesting the ears and wasting the stalks and still allow full jirice for the use of the different machines." Cost notes on a reinforced-concrete silo {Eiigiii. Rec. .'I'l (t'JOG). .Yo. .i2. I>. (Hn. p;/s. .i ) . — A cylindrical-shaped silo recently built at ^McLean. 111., has the following dimensions: Height, including footing. 2S ft.: inside diameter. 22 ft. :-> in. : thickness of wall, 0 in. ; footings extend 2 ft. below ground level and are U in. thick : total quantity of concrete 38.2 cu. yds. The silo was built up by the aid of forms consisting of 2 concentric rows of T-shaiied jiosts held erect by gu.vs, each row supporting two thicknesses of weatherboarding. which in turn formed the backing of the curbing. The latter consisted of 2 in. by 8 in. sticks 4 ft. long, supported vertically and which were removed after tlie com[>letion of each successive section of the work b.v loosening the rings from the posts, the rings then lieing moved up to the next section, the curbing replaced, and more concrete tilled in. The work jirogressed at the rate of 4 ft. verticall.v per day. the forms being filled in the afternoon and moved up the following forenoon. The work was done by farm laborers hired by the month and required 100 man-days of sucU. labor. A mason spent 7 days at $8.i50 per day brushing and troweling the surface. The concrete used was in the proportion of one of cement to six of sandy gravel, the former costing ."^KiO. the latter .$35. The reinforcing consisted of ten iron hoops (2J by fc, in.) equally spaced in the lower half of the strticture. In the upper half 1 ring of 4 ft. woven wire fencing was jilaced in each section. The total cost of reinforcing was $5.20, which does not include the hoops, or the new lumber 786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. necessary ( weatherboards ). wliich cost $1S. With farm hil)or at $1.75 per clay, the total cost of the silo, not including old material made use of, was $360 or $9.42 per cu. yd.. RTJEAL ECONOMICS. The relations of rents, wages, and profits in agriculture, and their bear- ing on rural depopulation, .J. S. Nicholson (London: Siraii, Soniienscheiii d Co.. 1906. lip. lid: rcr. in .lour. Roy. Statis. >Soc.. 60 {1906), \o. ',, pp. 16,3-765). — This is a series o{ lectures delivered at Cambridge University on the history and economics of agriculture. The history of agriculture is traced from the mediieval period to the present time, and the economics of agricultin-al rent, wages, and profits are compared. As a result of these studies the author maintains that modern rents in money terms are not as onerous as when tenant-farmers paid rent in labor and in prod- uce; that a steady augmentation lins occurred in the [)rice of farm labor, while otherwise the agricultural industry is depressed; and that there has been no wholesale depopulation of the rural districts of England. "The relative increase of the urban population is shown to be world-wide and due to far- reaching economic causes, and not to any peculiarities of land tenure or systems of cultivation or proiu'rty." The return to the land, .J. Meline (London: Chapnian d- Hall. 1906; rev. in Jour. Roy. Stalls. Soc. 69 (1906), No. //, /. 765-168). — This is a description of the relations of industry and agriculture in France, with a plea for the promotion and imijrovement of agriculture as a relief from the overcrowding of French cities and the internecine struggle of nations for industrial supremacy. To encourage the repopulation of rural districts, the .-lutlior suggests among other means greater facilities in securing agricultural credit, a larger extension of cooperative methods, governmental relief from oppressive taxation on agri- cultural lands, better rural education, the enactment of a homestead law, and other measures. Report of the Agricultural Organization Society for the 18 months ended June 30, 1906, li. A. Yerbukgii and J. X. IIarkts ( /»'p/. A(/r. Organ. Hoc. \ London], 1906, pp. 127, figs. 12, map 1). — This report reviews the progress of the agricultural cooperative movement in England and Wales from its origin in April. 1901, to June, 1906, and gives a review of the work of the Agricultural Organization Society for the 18 months ended June 30, 1906. The organization had at the latter date 184 affiliated societies in 41 counties, and at the close of the year 1905 reported 7,439 members and a business of £221,524 for that year. The work of the societies embraces the purchase of agricultural supplies, cooperative ownership of machinery, cooperative sale of produce, experiment plats, improvement of live stock, agricultural credit, motor service, and the regulation of the tenure of allotments and small holdings. Every branch of the work was prosperous and of great advantage to farmers, but the committee believes that " if the A. O. S. had larger funds the development of agricultural cooperation in England and Wales would proceed with far greater rapidity than at present." To overcome this difficulty a central cooperative agricultural bank- has recently been organized and registered, the sole purpose of which is to advance money to local credit societies which " will be able to play to the full their function of collecting the savings of country districts and returning them in the form of the nnicb-needed capital for the exploitation of the land." Agricultural cooperative societies [in Brazill, C. Boroes, Jr. (Bol. Dir. A(/r. Buhiu, S (1906), No. 5, pp. J,60--'i67). — The author points out in this article the RURAL ECONOMICS. 787 :ulvantages Ihat liavr rcsulttHl to farmers in European countries tlirou^'li cooperative and credit societies, shows the difliculties in the way of agricultural (a-ganization in Brazil, and urges upon the government the advisability of improving rural educational conditions. The establishment of research stations and cooperative societies he maintains would be of great advantage- to the agricultural class and to the economic welfare of the countiy at large. The use and objects of agricultural societies, E. B. Denham (Troi). Ayr. iiiid Mug. Ceylon Ai/r. 8oc., 27 (1906), A"o. 6, pp. 500-503).— The author dis- cuss(>s the origin, development, and aims of the Ceylon Agricultural Society. This society was founded in November, 190-1, and at the close of 1906 had 1,120 members and 4.") branches with a membership of about 3,500. Besides publishing leaflets from time to time on agricultural topics in the Singhalese, Tamil, and English languages, the society has selected the Tropical Af/rkitlturist as its official organ. This publication is issued in English and Singhalese, and is sent free to members of the society. Among the aims of the society are the introduction of new varieties of paddy from India and Japan, the introduction of new products, the encouragement of cotton cultivati(m. and the distribution of vegetable seeds. " The use of the branch societies as cooperative centers for experiments and for the adoption of the cooperative credit system is another side of the society's work." In gen- eral, the main purpose of the society and its branches is to accumulate and disseminate among Singhalese farmers the most advanced and practical infor- mation on all phases of agriculture. The " Dong-Loi " native cooperative societies in Tonkin, C. PRiiTRE {Bui. I'jcon. Indo-Chiiic, u. xcr., 9 (1906), No. 58, pp. 1025-1051). — This is a report by the civil-service administrator to the governor-general of French Indo-China regarding the progress of the cooperative agricultural societies of Assam during the 4 years of their existence, with suggestions iis to the best means of promoting the welfare of the native farmers through cooperative societies. It is shown that the native farmers have been for years at the mercy of un.scrupulous money lenders, who charge high rates of interest, and the soci- eties were organized for the purpose of enabling the niemlxn's to buy seed rice and other agricultural necessities at reasonable rates and to sell their prod- ucts at better advantage. For the future development of these societies it is recommended that the government encourage the establishment of district cooperative banks, as has been done in France, for the purpose of accumulating the savings of the peasants and of purchasing and supplying seed rice to the members at an amount equal to the value of their deposits, and also for the establishment of a rice granary under government control to provide seed and food to the natives at reasonable prices in times of scarcity or famine. A series of appendixes give the by-laws of representative societies, a state- ment of accounts showing their financial condition on December '?>\. 190.5, and a table showing the (piantity and value of paddy sold to the society by pro- ducers in the province of Kien-an in 1905 and 1906. Crop Reporter (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stat is. Crop Reporter, 9 (IfTOy). Nos. 1, pp. 1-8; 2, pp. 9-16). — These numbers for January and February, 1907. contain, in addition to the usual statistics on the yields and condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, special articles on : Tobacco crop h.v types — average price: exports of wheat. July to November. 1906; stocks of -Vmerican cheese, Dec(>mber 81 ; high price of India jute ; numl)er and value of farm animals, January 1, 1907; colonial cotton production; the 1906-7 wheat and flaxseed crops of .\rgen(iTia; foreign trade in farri. and forest products, 1905 and 190(i ; and other agricultural topics. 27046— No. 8—07 m 7 788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Comparison of English and foreign agriculture {Jour. Roy. Statis. Soc. 69 {1906). No. J/. PI). 7'i. J/O). — In this volume a comprehensive system of keeping accounts by Professor Atkeson is supplemented by a practical »putline of the Stockbridge system. The two methods are believed to offer to the farmer a system of bookkeeping that will enable him to know at any time "bow the business of the whole farm, or any part of it, stands." AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The education of the farmer, D. Kinley (111. Agr., 11 {1906), No. 3, pp. (,/_f,7y)._in this paper thi' dean of the graduate school of the University of Illinois discusses the education of the farmer from the three considerations of success, happiness, and highest social service. In order to be successful it is important that he shall l)e trained along the technical lines now receiving atten- tion in the agricultural colleges and also in the commercial side of farming — the education which treats of farming as a business and is concerned with the j)riuciples of prices, market organizations, transportation routes and rates, com- lietitive sources of supply, farm organization, and similar subjects. To this end he should study among other things economics and industrial history. The farmer should also be taught the cultural studies — history, literature, lan- guage, mathematics, and the like " for the training and the pleasure and the recreation that they bring," and he should be educated for citizenship in order to have an intelligent comprehension of matters of public policy, such as the tariff, the trusts, railroad rates, and the banking problem. KnowR^dge and right Ihinking along these lines come largely with the study of history, home eco- iionncs, and political economy. The w^riter recognizes the possibility of educating away from the farm, but thinks that this will be only a temporary effect, that gradually, as more educated men take up farming and social life in the country becomes more agreeable to educated men, there will be less tendency to leave the country on account of the intellectual and social attractions- of the city. The education of the farm boy, G. L. Bishop (Bieu. Ifpt. Okla. Bd. Agr., 2 (l!)05-(>), pp. 2H.'>-2!)0, fig. 1) . — An argument for an agricultural education for all farm boys, in which the ways of getting such an education an* pointed out and attention is called to its advantages. Agriculture in public schools, A. M. Soule (U. P. I. Agr. .Jour.. 1 il!)06). .No. 7, pp. n-19). — A plea for nature study in the smaller public schools, agricultural subjects in consolidated rural schools, and regular courses in elementary agriculture and the sciences pertaining thereto in all high schools, 'inie writer considers that the main difficulty in carrying out such a program is not inability on the part of teachers to teach agriculture, but, indifference toward the subject. He favors the development of suitable courses in agri- cidture in the secondary schools of the State rather than the establishment of se]>arate agricultural school.s. Agricultural education, A. C. Scott (Bleu. Rpt. Okla. Bd. Agr., 2 (190-5-6), l>p. 261-211).— .\\\ address before the Oklahoma Board of Agriculture com- IM-ising a discussion of (1i the education of the man who stays on the farm — elementary agriculture in all public schools, college short courses, the agri- cultural papers. e.Kiierimenl station bulU-tins and other literature, and (2) "the 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. education lie could aspire to as a man and a citizen " — the full college course with not only the technical training it implies, but also the culture and refine- ment that comes from higher training in history, literature, and other subjects of study. Agriculture in the public schools of Oklahoma, E. E. Balcomb (Bien. Rpt. Olcla. Bd. A(jr., 2 (IDOo-G), pij. 270-27.0). — An address before the Oklahoma Board of Agriculture in which the speaker argued for agriculture in all public schools, not to teach the science or the art of agriculture, but the underlying principles of plant and animal breeding, cultivation of crops, selection of seed, etc.. by means of the text-book and ])ractical exi)eriments. How agriculture is taught in the schools of other lands, and how it may- best be introduced into the schools of Texas, A. C. Ellis (Texas School Jour., 2Jf {1906), No. 3. pp. 2'/-.iJ). — This is an address delivered October 20, lOO'l. before the Texas Industrial Educational Convention by the Associate Pro- fessor of Education in the University of Texas. Agricultural education is defined and a course based on the syllabus given in Circular 60 of this Office is outlined and amplified. It is shown that there is ci very definite and useful body of knowledge concerning some of the important phases of agriculture, that this can be taught in public schools, and that it ought to be taught not only because of the information given, but also on account of the training given to the mind and body of the pupils. As regards the programme with reference to this work in Texas schools, it is argued that it would be inadvisable to I'equire the teaching of agriculture in all the one-teacher rural schools. Instead of this it is recommended that (1) all teachers be required to learn something about scientific agriculture and how it is taught, and that the capable and fortunately located teachers be definitely encouraged to introduce agriculture into their schools ; ( 2 ) the teaching of agri- culture be required in rural schools possessing more than one teacher, of which there are about 2,000 in the State, and (3) the 1,000 independent districts in the State be encouraged to introduce agriculture. For the 8,000 one-teacher rural schools in Texas consolidation and more efficient superintendence are recommended. In order to procure teachers for the work suggested, it is recommended (1) that for the teachers of agriculture in high schools and for the directors and general leaders of this work, the agricultural and mechanical college employ a professor of pedagogy, introduce training -courses, and be allowed to grant State life certificates. It is stated that the State university has not the equipment for training these leaders and the normal schools are not doing work of high enough grade. Furthermore, the university and the three normal schools are unable with their present facilities to train all of the teachers needed for the public schools. (2) "For the training of teachers in elementary agriculture there should be established at once short winter and short summer courses especially arranged for teachers." It is thought that in one short session of two months a teacher can get a fair knowledge of what is taught in elementary agriculture, and in two such sessions, with a year of reading and of practice in the school intervening, he may become a really good teacher of the elements of agriculture, such work as is possible in the elementary rural schools having more than one teacher. Such short courses could be given not only at the agri- cultural and mechanical college, but also at the college of industrial arts, the three normal schools, and, if necessary, at the State university summer school. Professor Ellis does not believe in the establishment of special high schools to provide secondary instruction in agriculture. He believes such schools have a tendency to create class distinctions, and cites in evidence of this the schools of MISCELLANEOUS. . 791 <;»'nii:in.v and Jap.ni. A lar>;c part ol' a child's cdiu-atioii fonies from his asso- ciation witli liis school companions and witli his teachors ont of chiss, and the cloction of siicci.ii coiuM's in ;iL,Micn]tnn' is snfficiently narrowinj; withont pnt- tinj^.tlie hoy '•off in a school iu which all the pnpils and all the teachers are studyinfj exactly the same subject." Iu his opinion it would he wiser and more economical to develoi) ;'. system of agri<'ultural education within the pi'esent connnon school syslcin in linrmony with the social organization and social ideals of these schools. He would therefore introduce elective coiu-ses in agri- culture in the existing high schools of Texas, and provide extra teachers and extra laboratory facilities for this work. Why agriculture should be taught in the high school, K. L. Hatch {Wis. ,l()ur. Ed., 39 (1907), A'o. 2, pp. 73, 77,). — The reasons given by the author are 1o prepare students to teach the svibjects in the common schools, to prepare stu- dents for the work of the agricultural college, and to direct attention to life on liie farm and its ever increasing possibilities. Report of committee on extension work ( ('. .S'. Dept. Ayr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 7i?, pp. S). — This is the first report of the committee on e.xtension work of the Associati(m of .Vmcricau .Vgricultvn-al Colleges and Experiment Station.s. It includes a definition of extension teaching in agriculture as interpreted by the conunittee. and a grouping of the divisions of this work as follows: (A) Fai-mers' institutes, (B) itinerant lectures other than farmers' institutes, (C) literature. (D) object lessons or outdoor practicums, (E) rural societies, and (F) other associations. The report also outlines 42 lines of extension work, and makes a number of I'econnnendations with reference to the future work of the <'onnnittee. History of farmers' institutes in the United States, .J. Hamilton (L^ S'. Iirpt. Agr., Office E.ipt. stas. Bui. 17Jf, pp. 96). — This bulletin brings together (lata respecting the origin and progress of the farmers' institute movement in th(» several States and Territories up to the year 1904, since which time the progress of the institutes has been recorded in the annual reports of the Farm- ers' Institute Specialist of this Department. It contains historical data con- (crning Government aid to institutes, the American Association of Fai'mers' Institute Workers, and institutes in the several States and Territories, the lattei" preiiarcd largely by the ditferent State directors of farmers' institutes. Fanners' institutes (Ohio Sta. Circ. 62, pp. .j). — A list of odicers of the station and the subjects they are ])repared to discuss at farmers' institutes. MISCELLANEOUS. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1906, James Wilson (U. 8. Dept. .\(>r.. apt. S3, PI). !).'i). — A general review of the work of the Department of .Vgriculture during the fiscal year ended .June 30, 190G. Annual Report of Florida Station, 1906 (Florida ,Sta. Rpt. 1006, p}t. LXIV). — This includes the oigani/.ation list of the station, a financial statement for the liscal year eniled .Tune .'{(), 11)06, a general review of the work of the st.ition during the year, statements concerning cooperative work undertaken, reports of different members of the station staff including in some instances the results of observations and experiments, a list of periodicals received by the station, a stibject list of station publications, and an article on pineapple culture abstracted elsewhere. Report of the Experiment Station Committee of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1906 (Hairaiiaii Siif/ar Flanfcrx' Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. ■'>■')). — The general work of the station during the year ended September :J0, 792 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 190G, is reviewed by the conniiittee in charge and more detailed reports of the officers iu charge of the divisions of agriculture and chemistry, entomology, and pathology and physiology are appended. Some of these reports are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Eighteenth Annual Beport of South Carolina Station, 1905 {South Caro- lina Sfa. Ritt. I'.Kl.'), pp. .IS). — This cont.ains the organization list, a flnancial statement for the fiscal year ended June :'.(». V.)i^7u and reports of the director jind heads of departments. Nineteenth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1906 {South Caro- lina Sta. Rpt. J:)06. pp. JS). — This includes the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190G, and reports of the director juid heads of the departmeiits reviewing the work of the station during tlie year. Interim report of the Canada Experimental Farms, December 1, 1905, to March 31, 1906 {Canada Expt. Farms Interim Rpt., 1905-6, pp. .9S).— This report, issued i)rimarily on account of a change in the date of closing the fiscal year, sunnnarizes. in a general way, the more important results secured by the experimental farms since their establishment in 1S87. Reviews of this liature are subnutted liy the directoi', W. Saunders, the agriculturist. J. H. Grisdale, the horticulturist, W. T. Macoun, the chemist, F. T. Shutt. the ento- mologist and botanist. J. Fletcher, the cerealist, C. E. Saunders, and the imultry manager. A. G. Gilbert. Although the report contains no new worlc, it is nevertheless of considerable interest, inasnuich as it outlines the ^irogress that Las been made in experimental agriculture in Canada during a jteriod of alunit 19 years. Experiment Station Work, XXXVIII {V. S. Dept. Agr.. Farmers' Bill. 273. pp. 32, figs. ,'/). — This number contains .irticles on the following subjects: Loss of nitrogen from soils, manure as affected by food, continuous corn culture, pasturing wheat, storage of sweet potatoes, rotting of potatoes in storage, hog cots, the disinfection of stables, the effect of horst>tail weeds on horses, treatment of calf scours, preserving eggs, wheat bran, testing individual cows, clean milk, cleanliness in the dairy, grading cream, and paraffin in d.iirying. The experiment station building, A. Goss {Indiana Sta. Circ. .'/, pp. HI, figs. .',). — Tlie condition of the experiment station Iniilding is described and illus- trated. An appropriation for a new building is being asked for. NOTES. Alabama College and Station. — In order to roliove the crowded condition at tiic college, ilu' total (Mirollnicnt of which lias now reached 000 students, the Icflislature has niad(> an approijriation of .fJ.-iO.HOO per year for the next four years to he used cxchisively for ))nildin.sj:s and e(|uii)nient. Of this amount .ST~>.0d in I lie erection and e(|ui|)nient of an aj^ricultural huihlinj; for llic joint use of 11h> collejie and station. In li(Hi of fees heretofore derived from tlie analysis of fertilizers, a fixed annual appropriation for main- tenance has hecn made a])proximatin.u in amount that previously ohtained. The veterina'inn of the coll(';j;c and stalion lias liccn made ex officio State \eterinarian. A live stofk sanitary board has been created, with an animal ai»pro])riation of $.5,000. The si'eater part of this sum will he used in ei'adi- catinic the <:ittle tick, the work bein^ conducted in cooiieration with tlu> TSureau of Animal Industry of this Department. California University and Station. — An approjiriation of $132,000 has been made by the State Icjiislature for the e(iuipment of the new farm at Davisville, iind the establishment of an asjricultural high school on its grounds. Colorado College. — At the recent session of Congress a quarter section of land was ceded to the college for use in experiments in forestry. Connecticut College and Stations. — In a special message to the legislature the governor advocated moving the agricultural college at Storrs to a more central and accessible site, and the State expei'iment station " to the same place, from its present too valuable site in an aristocratic residential section of New Haven, where land values are increasingly high." lie asks that the legislature author- ize the appointment of a special connnittee " to consider the problem of unifying, coordinating, and coUccling the various agricultural forces of the State's related agrarian establishments and conunissions." and reccmimends that only such appropriations be made for the agricultural college as are necessary to meet fixed charges due to the operation of the college during the next two years, all i)roposed improvements to await the i-eport of the suggested connnittee. A. L. Winton, chief chemist of the State .station, has b(>en appointed chief of the Chicago laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Dc^partmeut, in con- nection with the administration of the national food law, and has entered upon his duties. J. P. Street, chief chemist of the New .Terse.v staticms, has been appointed to succeed him. Delaware College and Station. — The State legislature has authorized the issuing of .$2f!,(i(i0 worth of State bonds, the proceeds of which are to be used for purchasing and eiiuipping a farm for the use of the college and station. A legislative c()nunission was appointed to purchase the farm and turn it over to the agricultural connnittee of the board of trustees. This commission has selected a farm of 220 acres, situated alumt a mile from the college. At a recent meeting of the board of trustees it was decided to abolish the governing l)oard of the station as at i)resent constituted, and the agricultural connnittee was given control of all matters jjertaining to the station and to the agricultural department of the college. Dr, C, F. Dawson, formerly of the 793 794 EXPERIMENT STATION ^RECORD. Bureau of Animal Industry, and more recently of rlie Florida T'niversity and Station, has been elected professor of veterinary science in the college and veterinarian to the station, and C. A. JNIcCue. of the Michigan College, professor of horticulture and horticulturist. Dr. M. T. Cook, recently connected with the station in Cuba, has been appointed botanist of the college and plant pathologist to the station, succeeding F. D. Chester, resigned. Illinois TJniversity and Station. — A laboratory of physiological chemistry has been estal)lisliod in the animal husbandry department of the college of agri- culture. Dr. II. S. Grindley is to I)e in charge of this department, with the title of chief in animal chemistry, and assistants are to be provided for physio- logical, bacteriological, and analytical work. It is intended to confine the laboratory investigations entirely to studies in animal nutrition. Indiana Station. — The legislature has appropriated $100,000 for the erection and equipment of a station building. A feeding stuffs control law has also been enacted, to be in charge of the station, with a tax of 20 cents per ton to meet the expense. Any surplus revenue from this inspection is made avail- able for general purposes. Kansas College and Station. — Ajijiropriations aggregating $.")44,000 for the college and .'j;.")7.0()0 for the Fort Hays substation have been granted by the legislature for the next biennium. The appropriations include $70,000 for the erection and equipment of a building for domestic science and art. a like sum for a veterinary building. $80,000 for an engineering building, and $11,500 for farmers' institutes. The aggregate is one-half as large as the entire amount given by the State during the previous forty-four years' history of the college. Kills were also passed providing for the inspection of feeding stuffs and fer- tilizers. The administration of these acts is to be in the hands of the station, which is authorized to collect a tonnage tax and apply the surplus for general jiurposes. Louisiana University and Stations. — A small addition has recently been made to the pathological lalioratory at the Baton Rouge Station for the purpose of giving additional room and better control of incubators and sterilizers. A hospital 20 by 20 feet, and a breeding room of the same size, are being erected for work in animal pathology. An Angus bull and heifer have recently been purchased for breeding purposes. II. P. Agee, assistant chemist and sugar maker at Audubon Park, is spending the grinding season with one of the largest mills in Cuba. A new chemical laboratory to cost $40,000 is to be erected for the use of the universit.v. Maine University. — An appropriation of $130,000 has been made by the legislature for maintenance during the next bienuium, besides $00,000 for new l)uildings, including an agricultural building and a central heating plant. A protracted contest to compel the abolition of the B. A. degree was unsuccessful. Maryland Station. — Raymond Outwater, assistant chemist, died February 9. The vacancy has been filled by the appointment of Lewis W. Fetzer, Ph. D. (Munich), of New York. M. X. Straughn resigned March 1 to accept a position with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, in connection with the sweet corn investigations. He will be succeeded as assistant chemist by J. J. T. (Jraham, at present assistant in the State work of the college. Massachusetts College and Station. — James Draper, trustee of the college and for many years chairman of the connnittee on the experiment station, died March 14. C. S. Pomeroy has been appointed assistant horticulturist in the station, and E. C. Proulx, assistant chemist, has i-esigned to accept a position at the Indiana Station. The governor has approved the bill changing the name of the station to Massachusetts Agricultural Experimental Station. NOTES. 795 A chair of floricnitnro lias boon ostablished, and is to bo in cliarRe of E. A. White, now bottmist at the Connecticut College and Storrs Station, who will enter on his duties at the close of the college year. Francis ('aiming, instructor in floriculture, has accepted a comniorcial i)osition in Pennsylvania. A summer school of a^ricultftre for teachers is to 1)0 hold, connnonciug July S and continuing four weeks. This is in line with the recommendation.s of the State Industrial Commission and recent acts of the legislature. Special atten- (iou will be given to the methods of teaching school and homo gardening and general nature study. Montana College and Station. — Increased appropriations for maintenance (hn-ing the next hionninm and for new buildings were made by the legislature at its recent session. The college received for maintenance .$50,000, an increase of .$14,000. besides an appropriation of .$80,000 for an agricultural building. For farmer.s' institutes .$1."),000 was api)ropriated. an increase of $7,000. and for the purchase of pure-bred stock, .$.").000. The station was given .$1.^,000 for maintenance and $G,000 for experiments in dry farming, an increase in each case of 50 per cent. A permanent substation for di-y farming was established in Fergus County, with .$1,000 per year for maintenance. The county is to contribute 160 acres of land and at least .$8,000 for buildings. Cooperative work has been arranged for with the Biuvau of Plant Industry of this Department and the cooperative work with the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways will be con- linned, these corporations having offered to contribute from .$4,500 to .$.5,.500 for this purpose. In response to a demand for fruit investigations .$500 was appropriated for the establishment of a horticultural substation. A perpetual water right and 15 acres of land must be given by the community in which it is located. New Hampshire College and Station. — E. L. Shaw, associate agriculturist, has been appointed to a ])osition in the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Depart- ment, and will take up the work .July 1. New York State Station. — M. P. Sweeney, of Colgate University, and P. W. Flint, of the Pennsylvania Station, have been api)ointed assistant chemists. A. W. Clark has resigned to take up commercial work. Cornell University. — .Tames G. Needham, Ph. D., professor of biology in Lake Forest I'ni versify, and also connected with the New York State Ento- mological Field Station, has been appointed assistant professor of linmology in the department of entomology of the college of agriculture, nis duties will Include largely research work on the study of life in marsh and inland waters. It is said that the course has heretofore never been offered in any university. North Dakota Station. — An annual appropriation of .$7,500 has been made by the legislature for additional bulletins, the establishment of 12 demonstration farms, experiments in the manufacture of denatured alcohol, and other purposes. Ohio Station. — D. L. Sampsd additional ofliee facilities. Oklahoma College. — The short course held this winter was an unprecedented success, there l)eing alxnit .500 farmers in attendance. The keynote of the meeting was agricultural educati sections of the State for experiment stations. A bill was also passed granting 2.5.000 acres of land to these stations for their suitport. Tennessee University and Station. — A State appropriation of $100,000 has been made for the next bicnnium. Of this amount. ."f25,000 is to be used for salaries. .$40,000 for an agricultural building, .$22,000 for repairs and equip- ment. $3,000 for the transportation of the holders of scholarships, of which three have been established for each member of the legislatui'e, and $10,001) for cooperative experiments in agriculture and agricultural extension work in middle Tennessee. A separate bill also appropriates .$40,000 for the estab- lishment of a permanent substation in West Tennessee. Virginia College and Station. — A. M. Soule. dean of the college and director of the station, has tendered his resignation, to take effect September 1, at which time he will go to Georgia to take charge of the agricultural work at the university. Utah College and Station. — J. A. Widtsoe has been elected to succeed W. J. Kerr as president of the college, and E. D. Ball director of the station in succes- sion to P. A. Yoder. Washington College and Station. — An appropriation aggregating $.575,7.54 has been made by the State legislature for the ensuing biennium. Of this $130,000 is for a library and auditorium, $125,000 for a general recitation building, .$25,000 for a domestic economy building, $12,000 for an engineering laboratory for hydraulics and irrigation, $11,000 for a wing to the veterinary hospital, .*);i2,000 for additional farm lands, $7,000 for barns, $10,000 for farmers' insti- tutes, $4,000 for investigations with cereals and in dry-land farming. $2,500 for irrigation investigations, $20,000 for the Puyalhip Substation, and the balance for maintenance. A two-year forestry course has just been arranged, and a chair of farm management is to be established. West Virginia Station. — K. B. Copeland, who, as previously announced, was elected horticulturist, has decided not to accept the position, but will continue in his present position with the Philippine department of agriculture. Wyoming University and Station. — The property formerly belonging to the State penitentiary, which has been occupied by the university and station for some time, has been formally granted by the legislature to the university, to- gether with an appropriation of $5,000 for its equiiimcnt for experimental work. An appropriation of $2,500 for farmers' institutes was also made. Office of Experiment Stations. — C. B. Smith, for several years in chai'ge of the departments of horticulture and forestry of Ea-periiiiciit tStatioii Record, has KOTES. 797 Ik'cu translcrivd to the Farm Manafienieiit luvostisatioiis of tho lUiroau of I'lant Iiidiistiy, and lias heon sncceoded by E. J. Glasson of that Bureau. B. P. I'leiniiis has b(M>ii apiioiiitcd irri;,'atioii cusiineer in the New Mexic-o Station. New Experiment Station at Grignon. — An exporinient station of vogetai)Io physiolo.iry and patholojjy is to he established at Grignon, France, under the directorship of Doctor Griffon. It will be quite distinct from the agronomical station founded by Dehcn-ain. and will bi' devoted entirely to work with plants. Commission on Organization and Policy in Agricultural Research. — I'resident L. H. Bailey, of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Staticms, has api)oiut('d the <-(>nimissinn provided for at the last conven- tiou to iniiuire into the orgaiii/.at ion and iiollcy whicli sliould prevail in the expenditure of pul)lic funds in agricultural research, as follows: As representa- tives of scientific men not connected with official agricultural research. President David Starr .Jordan, of Leland Stanford University, and I'resident Carroll D. Wright, of Clark College : from the research workers of the as.sociation, Dr. H. P. Arnisby, of the Pennsylvania Station, and Dr. W. IT. .Jordan, of the New York State Station ; and from this Department. Giftord IMnchot, of the Forest Service. I'resident .Jordan is to lie chairman of the commission. Agricultural Measures Passed by Congress. — In addition to the agricultural appropriation act, which contained considerable legislation and is summarized elsewhere in this issue, provision was made for the establishment of an agri- cultliral bank for the I'hilippines, the removal of certain restrictions on the manufacture of denatured alcohol, and for the printing of 250,000 copies of the report of this Department on the diseases of the horse. Agricultural colleges were also made depositories for all public documents. Among the measures which failed of iiassage were the various bills for the suiiport of l)rancli experiment stations, agricultural high schools, agricultural instruction in noi'nial schools, and additional agricultural colleges in Congressional districts. Agricultural School at St. Lawrence University. — Additional plans have been announced concerning this institution. According to American AgricuUarist a school of secondary grade is contemplated, which will cooperate, rather than compete, with the college of agriculture of Cornell University. The leading objects will be the training of practical farmers and farmers" wives. A connnon school education will l)e requir(Ml for admission, but there will be no entrance examinations. Particular attention will be given to the needs of northern New York. Special farmers' courses are contemplated, and various forms of exten- sion work are to be carried on so far as practicable. A tract of land adjoining the university has been secured for the school and negotiations are proceeding for a farm of 70 acres for exi)erimental purposes. A main building is to be erected at once. This will be a substantial three-story stone structure, and will contain recitation and lecture rooms, laboratories, libraries, an assembly hall, and rooms for domestic science, manual training, and blacksmithing. It is hoped to undertake some instruction of a preliminary nature next fall and to have a formal opening in the spring of 1008. K. C. Davis has accepted the position of dean which. ;is i)rcviousIy announced. was tendered him some time ago. Graduate School of Agriculture in 1908. — The conunittee on graduate study of the Association of American .Vgricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations lias decided to hold the next session of the graduate school at Ithaca in the summer of lOOS. Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, has again consented to serve as dean. Agriculture at Cambridge University. — The professorshiii in agriculture at Cambridge was established in 1809, in consequence of an offer by the Worshipful Comjiany of Drapers to contribute .$4,000 a year for ten years for its sujiport. 798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. This offer has just been renewed for :i second i)eriod of ten years, and the chair is henceforth to be designated the " Drapers' Professorship of Agriculture." As previously noted, the Drapers' Company has also offered $25,000 toward buildings and equipment, for which i^lOO.OOO is desired. From other sources !«,S5,()00 has already been pledged. It is also hoped to increase the annual income by $3,000, as the number of students in agriculture is rapidly increasing and additional aid is required. Efforts to establish a department of forestry are under way and a beginning has been made towai'd a forestry museum. Rural Education in England. — At a special meeting of the Lincolnshire Chani- Iter of Agriculture resolutions were passed urging that a more decided agricul- tural tone should be given to the teaching in the rural elementary schools, and that a complete and consecutive system of secondary education should be estab- lished in the rural districts. The Lincolnshire Farmers" Union recently submitted to all candidates for the county councils in Lincolnshire a series of questions as to their attitude on the introduction of nature study into the rural schools, the keeping of school gar- dens, and the providing of more definite instruction in rural economy. A New Experiment Station in the French Kongo. — An order has been issued for the establishment of the Trial Garden of Como at Agonenzork to investigate the culture of cacao and rubber trees. The garden is to be in charge of a sub- inspector of colonial agriculture. :m. Buchet has been designated for this posi- tion and also as director of the Trial Garden at Libreville. New England Conference on Rural Progress. — The first conference on rural progress in New England was held at Boston March 8. Its purpose was outlined by President Butterfield, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, with whom the idea originated, as a demonstration of the unity of New England in its interests which make for progress. He urged especially closer cooperation of existing agencies, such as the State boards of agriculture, the agricultural col- leges and experiment stations, the State federations of churches. State depart- ments of education, and the grange. All of these interests were represented at the conference, the speakers, including E. D. Howe, of Massachusetts, and H. O. Iladley and N. J. Bachelder, of New Hampshire, for the grange ; H. J. Wheeler, of the Rhode Island Station ; G. H. Martin, secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education ; L. R. Jones, of the Vermont University and Station ; W. D. Hnrd. of the University of Maine; E. T. Hartman, secretary of the Massachu- setts Civic League ; Rev. E. T. Root, field secretary of the Massachusetts Federa- tion of Churches : G. M. Twitchell, of the Maine Farmer, and A. E. Stene, of the Rhode Island College. It was decided not to attempt a permanent organization at that time, but to hold another meeting in the spring of 1008. at which time a committee is to report a detailed plan of organization. New Forestry Journal. — We note the establishment of the Quarterly Jourua] of Forestry, under the auspices of the Royal English Arboricultural Society in conjunction with the Irish Forestry Society, and edited by A. C. Forbes. The publication is said to be the result of the rapid growth of the first-named society, together with the increasing interest taken in all matters relating to forestry. The initial number includes the transactions of the Royal English Arboricultural Society, an explanation of the purpose of the Irish Foi-estry Society, current topics and articles, notes on practical forestry, and reviews and abstracts of forestry literature. Second International Congress of Agricultural Mechanics. — Official announce- ment is made that this congress will meet as a section of the Eighth Interna- tional Congress of Agriculture, to be held in Vienna May 21-25, 1907. Special attention is to be given to the establishment of uniform international rules for the examination of agricultural machinery, and a report on this subject is to be NOTES. 799 submitted l)y n foiiniiitlcc .-ipiKiinltMl ai the Inst con.icross :it T.icuic. Other proli- leins to roccivc (•oiisi(l(>i-.i1inn will he tlic oi-g:iiiiziition of exlilijits iiiid comijeti- tions of farm niacliiiicry and the promotion of conditions tendinjj toward its more extensive use. and tlie development of instruotion in a.ijricultural meclian- ics. The secretary of the congress is Prof. Josef Ilausler, Schlauflerfiasse li<-a1i()ns fe addressed. Argentine Republic to Test von Behring Treatment for Tuberculosis. — Accord- ing; to Breeders' (Uizette the Argentine Republic is to make an (>xtensive trial of the von HehrinR treatment for tuberculosis. I*. II. Kilmer, an assistant of Doctor von Behring, has been secured for one year to eciui]) a hospital in Buenos Ayres for the treatment of cattle in quarantine which hav(» reacted to the tuberculin test on importation. Animals failiui;- t(» i-esi)ond to the treatment after six months will be destroyed. "Cures" will be kei)t under sui)ervision for three years -and then killed and given a thorough i)ost-mortem examination. It is hopeti in this way to decrease materially the ))resent heavy losses from tuberculosis. Boys' and Girls' Contests in Kansas. — An attempt is to be made to extend the boys' corn contest held last year in 47 of the lOf) counties of Kansas to the entire Fitate, and to arrange for additional boys' and girls' coiitests in growing dwarf nillo maize, durum wheat, sugar beets, garden crops, potatoes, and flowers, and in baking. s(>wiug, mending, and canning. This movement is under the sui)ervision of the State superintendent of farmers' institutes, but the details of the contest will be left largely with the county organizations. It is recom- mended that the prizes consist in part of trips to the agricultural college at the time of the winter institutes and State contests. Department of Nutrition of the Carnegie Institution. — The Carnegie In- stitution has decid<'d t(» locate its laboratory for the study of problems in human nutrition in Boston, where a site has been obtained in close [)roximit.v to the new buildings of the Harvard Medical School and near several hospitals. The laboratory will contain a res[)iration calorimeter and is to be equipped with complete accessory apparatus. Necrology. — Sir Michael Foster, the distinguished physiologist, author of the well-known Textbook of Physiology, and the successor of Huxley as Fuller pi'ofessor of physiology in the Royal Institution, died January 29 in his seventy- first year. For twenty-two years he was secretary of the Royal Society of Great Britain, professor of physiology in the University of London since 1869, professor of physiology at Cambridge from 1883 to IDO:?, and since 1901 jiresident of the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis. He was well known and held in high esteem in the United States, wliere ho delivered a series of lectures on the history of i)hysiology before the ITniversity of California. J. Vilbouchevitch, founder and editor of the Journal d'Agricultitrc Tropicale, died January 27. He was born at Bielostok. Russia, June 24, 18(>8, and edu- cated at the Agricultural Academy of Moscow. In 1889 he made a study in France of alkali soils, their flora and culture, publishing a work entitled Les Plantes Utiles des Terrains 8al(^s in 1892. On his return to Russia he assisted in the organization of the horticultural exposition in St. Petersburg, and was for several years attached to the Russian ministry of agriculture, studying refor- estation and related prol)lems. In 1901 he founded in Paris the Journal d'Afjri- eulture Tropicale. which soon became an important factor in the development of tropical agriculture, jnirticularly in the French colonies. Tlie death is announced of Prof. William von Bezold, director of the Prussian Meteorological Institute. In 1878 he was made director of the Central Moteoro- logic:i! station in P.avaria and organized the meterological service in that country, remaining in that position until 1885, when he accepted the director- 800 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ship of the Prussian Institute. Among his contril)Utions to meteorology were papers on the thermo-dynamics of the atmosphere, which are the classical memoirs on that subject. He was also greatly interested in the theory of terrestrial magnetism. Dr. Allen MacFayden. a distinguished English bacteriologist, died March 1, as the result of accidental infection in the laboratory. Among his investiga- tions were studies of the bacteria in the digestive tract, bacteria thriving in high temperatures, aud'tlie effect of low temperatures on micro-organisms. He devised a method of grinding bacteria with liquid air and showed that the " endotoxins " thus obtained could be used for immunizing. The api)lication of his results to the treatment of human diseases had occupied his attention in recent years. He was prominently connected with the establishment and man- agement of the Lister Institute of Preventive :Medicine. and from 1901-190-i was Fuller professor of physiology at the Royal Institution. Dr. Guido Krafft. professor of agriculture in the technical high school at Vienna and a well-known agricultural writer and editor, died February 22, at the age of <;2 years. Miscellaneous.— We note from i^cieiice that a gift of $400,000 has been received by Teachers College of Columbia University for ;i building for its school of domestic economy. The Society for Horticultural Science and the American Pomological Society will hold their next meetings on the grounds of the Jamestlation in fodder beets, Maas 831 Native forage i)lants and their chemical composition, Wilson et al 831 Farm practice with forage crops in Oregon and Washington, Hunter 831 Loss in weight of stored potatoes, Denaiffe ' 832 Culture experiments in 1900 at Gei'uian potato experiment station 832 Results of F. Heine's potato culture experiments in 1900 832 Rice culture. Nelson 832 Sugar beet growing experiments in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1906 832 Injurious effect of nitrogiMi in the sugar beet, Andrllk 832 Experimental work in production of table sirup, 190."). Wiley 832 Report of bureau of sugar experiment stations, 190r>-(), Maxwell 833 [Cultivation of plant crop and rattoon stubble], Cobb 834 (Jrowing Cuban seed tobacco in Alabama, McNess and Ayer 834 Milling characteristics of Australian wheats, Guthrie and Norris 835 The improvement of English wheat. Humphries and Biffen 835 Twenty-ninth reitort of seed control and experiment station at Zurich 836 I >istributioii of seeds and ))lants. Wickson and Mansell 836 Hints to homesteaders. Waldron 836 HORTICULTURE. Market gardening. Watts 836 Station novelties in truck crops and distribution of seeds, Halsted 836 Manuring fruit trees 837 Grapevine <'ulture, Harris : 837 The Cinsaut grape. ^Mills 837 The bagging of table grapes, Opoix 837 Fruit preserving, Mendoza 838 Fruit i)reserving for domestic supplies, Quinn 838 Opportunities in the South for preserving fruit and vegetables 839 [Statistics of imports and acreages affecting British horticulture! 839 FORESTRY. First annual report of the State forester of Wisconsin, Griffith 839 Report on state forest administration in South Australia. 190."(-6. Gill 839 Review of forest administr.-ition in P.ritish India, 1904-5. Eardley-Wilmot- 840 Sand-binding and afforestation in southwestern France. Jentsch 840 The w:ilnut in Oregon, Lewis 840 Florida soap trees, Moulie 840 Rubber in the Fast, AVillis, Bamber. and Denham 841 I'ara rubber: Distance and interplanting, Wright , 841 Cultivation of Manizoba rubber {Miniihot i/hifisiarii), Urib? 841 The bamboo and its uses. Ergates 841 DISEASES OF PLANTS. " Ue]iort of phytopathological section of agricultural institute. Marclial 842 I'liblications in liKJO on heteroecism of Uredinea>. Fischer 842 \'olunteer wheat and rust, Butler 842 Snuit diseases of cereals. Apjiel and (Jassner 842 A grass-killing slime mold, llarshberger 842 Concerning a fungus-free darnel, Ilannig 842 IV CONTENTS. Paea Selection for disease-resistuut clover, Bain and Essary 843 Spraying potatoes, Bntler 843 Some elements of plant pathologj% Cobb 843 Fungus maladies of the sugar cane, Cobb , 843 The heart rot of beets. Merle — 844 Cabbage leaf spot 844 Stem canker and drop of cabbage plants, JJos 844 A spot disease of stone fruits. Voglino 845 I'ear canker and means for its control. Paparozzl 845 Experience in combating grape downy mildew in 1906, Hensler 845 Localized stem blight in Ohio vineyards, Selby and Van Hook 845 A mulberry disease in Kashmir, Butler 846 The coffee nematode. Gandara 846 A good method for combating Pestalossia palmaruvi. Bernard 846 The tulip disease and its prevention or cure 847 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. The fox: A dangerous pest, and a plea for its extermination. McIntosh__ 847 Insects as the food of siiuirrels. Davis 847 Study of stomach contents of native carnivoi'ous birds. Rorig 847 Digestion of various foodstuffs in the stomar-h of crows, Rorig 847 Bone content of the pellets of Asia otiif;, Schwartz 847 International catalogue of scientific literature. X — Zoology 848 Report of commissioner of horticulture of California, 1905-6 848 Sixth report of State entomologist. Britton — 848 Biennial report of Wyoming State board of horticulture. 1905-6. Nelson__ 848 Insects new or unusual in IMichigan. Pettit 849 Report on work of section for plant protection, Brick 849 Entomology, Lawrence 849 Some injurious orchard insects. Carpenter 849 Catalogue of the Ephydridiip. with bibliography. Jones 849 Investigation of evolution of chrysomelid beetles. Tower 849 The cabbage and onion maggots. Smith and Dickerson — 849 Two new pests of caiTots. Bomier 850 An insect pest of water cress, Cateur 850 The spring caukerworm. Gossard and Houser 850 Whitefly conditions in 1906. The use of the fungi. Berger 850 The gipsy moth and how to control it, Howard 850 The California tussock moth. Volck 851 The San Jose scale problem in Ohio, 190<>. Burgess 851 Remedies to control San Jf)se scale and codling moth, Burgess 851 The value of ladybird larvje. Boeker . 851 A fungus parasite of orange scale, Trabut 85:2 The occurrence of To;;//r».v dispar on apple trees. Ihssen 852 Acariosis of grapes. Scalia 852 Insects attacking the wood of grapevines, Mayet 852 Bark beetles. Niisslin 852 The generations of bark beetles, Knoche 852 Additional data on the locust borer. Hopkins ^* 852 Life history of Tenncs f/cstroi. Stel)bing 852 The utilization of cockchafers. Eckstein 852 Insecticides and fungicides, Hareourt and Fulmer 853 The lime-sulphur-salt wash and its substitutes. Haywood 853 The use of arsenic in destroying injuricms insects. Hit-he 853 Analyses of Paris green and lead arsenate, Colby I 853 Proposed insecticide law, Woodworth 853 Animal pests and legislation, Theobald 854 Report of State beekeepers' association of Pennsylvania, Surface 854 Honey comb, Pincot 854 Disinfecting nnilberry leaves before feeding to silkworms, Zanoni 854 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. Food products. Winton 854 Food legislation during the year ended June 30, 1906, Bigelow 856 Foreign trade practices in alcoholic lieverages and canned goods, "Wiley — 856 The new meat inspection law, McCabe 856 CONTENTS. V Page. ConconiinK meat pxtract, Baur and Barscball 850 The hydrolysis of moat extract, II, Mioko 856 ("oiieeruing crali extract, I, Ackermaun and Kutscher 857 Crab extract, RJilirijif 857 Sardine paste, Bnttenher.i? and Stiiber 857 Concernin.!; the composition of ijoose eggs, Segin 857 Studies of gelatin and glue, Buttenberg and Stiiber 857 The food value of vegetable gelatins 857 Manufacture :ind composition of Chinese bean cheese, Bloch 857 Banana tiour, Krdirig ._, 858 'Ihe fat of soi-ghnni seed, Andrejew 858 Chinese bean oil, Korentschewski and Zimmeruiann 858 Cocoa and chocolate. Beckurts 858 The ])entose content of cocoa beans, Liihrig and Segin 858 The ])roporti0 Diet in boarding schools, Symes 860 Studies of children on a vegetarian diet, Eckhardt 800 A dietary study of students in Edinburgh, Cameron 861 Metabolism on insullicient diet, I-IV. Schulz et al 861 Problems in anini.-il metabolism, Leathes 8(n Effect of consuming different amounts of calcium and magnesium. Goitein_ 8(!1 Value of resistant or negative work in animal dynamics. Lefevre 862 Elementary hygiene and sanitation with reference to the Trojiics. Prout 862 The hygiene of the intestines, Metchnikoff 862 Putrefactive fermentation in the intestine, Baumstark and Mohr 862 Estimating the specific gravity of feces, Strauss 862 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Commercial feeding stuffs 862 Connnercial feeding stuffs. .Jenkins and Winton 862 The substituting value of different feeding stuffs, Duclert 863 Feeding cellulose and coarse fodders to herbivorous animals, TTstyantzev. 863 Investigations on the protein sp.nring action of asparagin, .Miiller 863 New experiments on source of hippuric acid in animal body. Vasiliu 863 Stidile ventilation. Reynolds and Lijtp ^ 864 The rational feeding of farm animals. Carre 865 Feeding whole grain, Shaw and Norton, jr 865 Cattle feeding experiments. Craig and Marshall ; 865 Fattening steers on barley and rejected wheat. Shepi)erd and Richards — 867 A plan for the improvement of Michigan cattle. Shaw 867 Cull beans as a food for swine. Shaw and Anderson 868 Fat pigs, Rascpiin 869 The normal tem])erature of the goat, Damant 869 First lessons in ixinltry keei)ing. Robinson 869. Reimrt of poultry division, Hyde 869. Which weighs the most, the egg or the chicken? Whiting 869 Frog farming. Meehan 869 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING — .MiROTIXII N V. Further experiments on feeding of dairy cows at Offerton Ilall. .Tones 870 Grape ponuice in the feeding of dairy cows. Marescalchi 870 Remarkable difference in dairy cows. Eraser 870 The three-year-old milk and butter record, Ilaecker 871 The anatomy iiiid i)hysiology of the mammary gland. Bertkau-^ 871 Results of examination of samples of London nulks. Hewlett and P.arton_ 871 The ferments of milk. P.rahm 871. Influence of the P.ulgarian ferment on milk. Bertrand and Weisweiller — 871 Origin of oxydases and reductases in cow's milk, .Jensen 872 VI CONTENTS. The oxidation index of niilli, Comanducci 872 Investigations on Storcli's reaction, Siegfeld and Samson 872 Sterilization of milli witli hydrogen peroxid, Rousseau ■- 872 Note on occurrence of diphtheria bacilli in milk. Marshall 872 Water content and keeping quality of butter. Michels and Shiver 872 Water in butter, Wauters 873 Presence of an abnormal amount of water in butter, Trillat 873 Origin of aldehydes in cheese, Trillat and Sauton 873 Influence of temi)erature on soft cheese, Maze 873 The salting of soft cheese, Mesnil 873 The literature of milk and dairying, 1906, Raudnitz 873 Some chemical properties of casein, Robertson 873 The industrial utilization of casein, Sidersky 874 Wine and its chemistry. Arauner 874 Sulphuring and refrigeration in wine making. Couston and Delorme 874 The new methods of making dry wines, Ma.ver 874 Austrian wines, Haas 874 Progress in the manufacture of lieet sugar in IDOC von Lippmann 874 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Diseases common to man and animals, Mosny et al 874 Album guide to sanitary inspection of meats, Aureggio 874 Progress in study of micro-organisms, von Baumgarten and Tangl 874 The process of suppuration in domestic animals, Kreutzer 875 Report of the State veterinarian, Pearson 875 Report of the chief inspector of stock. Weir 875 Relationship between bovine and human tuberculosis, Zwick 875 Demonstration of tubercle bacilli in market milk. Kuhn 875 AVork of commission on tuberculosis in animals. Mitchell 875: Infectiousness of cultures of tubercle bacilli. Vagades and Fraenkel 876. Virulence of cultures of tubercle bacilli. Fraenkel and Baumann 876: Immunization with anthrax and tubercle bacilli, Di Donna 87& Cause of trembles and of milk sickness, Moseley 876; African coast fever, Creutz 876 Piroplasma observed in cattle in .Japan, Miyajima and Shibayama 87T Suggestions with regard to law on foot-and-mouth diseases, Krueger 877: Foot-and-mouth disease, Stabilini 877' Form of gangrene among cattle in Paraguay, Elmassian and Urizar 877j Further notes on treatment of milk fever by air infusions, Rabus 877: Treatment of tympanites in cattle, Vennerholm 877: Salt sick (Bovine uncinariasis), Dawson 877. Treatment of stomach worms and diarrhea of calves and lambs, Lignieres_ 878. Some problems in sheep diseases, Baldrey 878 Sheep pox in the district of Kulm, Haake 878; Infectious cerebro-spinal meningitis. Van der Schroeff 878; Tetanus following enteritis, Holterbach 878; Pernicious anremia in horses, Beghin 878; A disease simulating dourine caused by filaria. Pease 879; Interaction of Trypanosoma equiperihim and T. evauni, Lingard 879; Vaccination against swine plague an(| hog cholera, Profe 879; The pectoral form of swine plague, Enders 879; The transmission of swine erysipelas, Schmuck 879; The fluid of echinococci and cysticerci, Joest 879; The occurrence of trichina> in rats, Bahr 879; A study of rabies, Stiirtzbecher 880: Vaccination against rabies by the Pasteur method, Nitsch 880 Dog distemper and the filterable organism of Carre, Lignieres 880 Development of Piroplasma catiis in the tick, Christophers 880 Further studies on fowl plague, Ostertag and Bugge 880 Use of the pigeon for testing immune fowl cholera serum, Rraun 880 RURAL ENGINEERING. Studies on the irrigation of Jauja, Baldizan 8S1 Distribution of water by measurement, [Kennedy] 881. CONTENTS. VII Page. Contributions from tlie experiment station of Gottingen, vou Seellioi-st 881^ Rnral and urban liydraulics, Bechmann 882 (Jood roads hullctin. RIalveslee 882. Tse uf alcohol and i^asoiine in farm engines, Lucke and Woodward 882! Windmill I'lccti-jc jilant nMinirements 883' I'roduc-tion and utilization of low temperatures, Marchis 88.3 RIKAI. ECONOMICS. 1 Airricnltnre. innnisration. and colonization in South Carolina], Watson__ 884! Agriculture in Italy, Butnian 884 ALrricnItural Altreria in UMif.. Trabut and Mares 884' Ai,M'icultural incomes in Switzerland. Van Biervliet 884. .\.i,'ricultural statistics of the Canton of Born for 1!K)4 and 100.") 884' Kconomic development and distribution of wealth in Bern, Miihlemann 885 The farm help problem. Sanders 885' Farmins? on shares. Zolla 885: Report of the small holdings committee 885^ The law authorizing loans to agricultural cooperative societies 885 An agricultural cooperative society, de Castro 886' r)(>velopnient of agricultural cooi)erative societies in Germany, Neumann 886 Costs of hauling crops from farms to shipping points, Andrews 886. Tho grain trade, Deutschlander and Kunis 886 Crop Ueporter 887 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report of tlie extension worlv of the [Rhode Island] College, Stene 887. Report of the president, Snyder 887 Report of the principal, inoc. Frissell 887. .\gricultural education, Sampson 888 I'roceedings of the course for agricultural teachers 888. The Macdonald movement, Robertson 888^ Outline of course of study and reading on soil and its management. Price. 888 Sanitation. Lee 888 Qualitications for teaching agriculture in common schools, McNabb 888 Agriculture in the common schools, Gri-ssom 889 Country life education. Hays - 889 Annual report Winnebago County scliools, 1906. Kern 889 Home science and the school curriculum, Macpherson 889 Form of industrial training best suited to the country child, Kern 889. Improvement of our rural schools and their surroundings, Balcomb 889 School grounds and school gardens, Emerson 889 Gardening for schools, McCready 890 Gardening, Green 890 A course of study in farm crops, McCall 890 Improvement of the corn crop, Foord 890 Studies of corn and its uses. Rankin ^ 890 Report of the corn contest. Bishop 890 Tillage and cultivation, McCall 890 Practical experiments with milk and butter. Decker 890 Outline of course in nature study. Miller and Babcock 890 Practical nature study. P.rooks 891 Direct methods of studying nature, Clarke 891 Hints on making nature collections in high schools, Muldrew 891 Xaturc-study work with insects. Hodge 891 Nature studies with birds for the elementary school, Hegner 891 A day's work in bird-land, Thayer 891 MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1906 892 Nineteenth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1906 892 Twenty-fourth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1905 892 E.xperiment Station Work. XXXIX 892 Yearl)ook of the (ierman Agricultural Association. 1906 892 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations in the United States. Alabama College Station : Bui. 1.38, Dec, 1906 Nineteenth An. Rpt., 190tj__ Arkansas Station : Bui. 94. 1907 California Station : Bui. 182. Dec. 1906 Bui. 18.3. Dec. 1906 Seed Bui., 1906-7 Connecticut State Station : An. Rpt. 3906, pt. 2 An. Rpt., 1906. pt. 3 An. Rpt., 1906. pt. 4 Florida Station : Bui. 86. Sept., 1906 Bui. 87, Dec, 1906 Bui. 88, .Jan., 1907 (ieorsia Station : Bui. 74, Nov., 1906 Bui. 75, Dec, 1906 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta- tion : Div. Path, and Physiol. Bui. 4, 1906 Div. Path, and Phvsiol. Bui. 5, 1906 8 Illinois Station : Circ 106, Feb., 1907 Massachusetts Station : Met. Buls. 217-218, Jan.- Feb.. 1907 ^lichigan Station : Page. ;28, 829 892 853 851 836 854 862 848 877 818 850 828 829 843 34, 843 870 814 P.ul. 241. Sept., 1906___ 867 Bui. 242, Oct., 1906 865 Bui. 243, Nov.. 1906 ._-_ 868 v. S. Depnrtme Farmers' Bui. 274 830 Farmers' Bui. 275 850 Farmers' Bui. 276 --_- 892 Farmers' Bui. 277 882 Bureau of Animal Industry : Circ 101 .__- 856 Bureau of Chemistry : Bui. 101 (5 cents) .__, 853 Bui. 102 (10 cents) 856 Bui. 103 (10 cents) 832 Bui. 104 (10 cents) 856 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. .58, pt. 3 (5 cents )_ .-_- 8.52 Bureau of Soils : Bui. 37 (10 cents) 834 Page. Michigan Station — Continued. Bui. 244, Dec, 1906 849 Nineteenth An. Rpt., 1906_ 814, 892 Minnesota Station : Bui. 98, Nov., 1906 864 Nevada Station : Bui. 62, June, 1906 831 New Jersev Stations : Bui. 198, Dec 31, 1906 821 Bui. 199. Jan. 11. 1907 836 Bui. 200, Feb. 12, 1907 849 New York Cornell Station : Bui. 240. June. 1906 827 New York State Station : Bui. 282, Dec, 1906 820, 821 Twenty - fourth An. Rpt.. 1905 814,892 North Dakota Station : Bui. 73, Dec, 1906 867 Bui. 74. Jan., 1907 836 Ohio Station: Circ 64, Feb. 15, 1907 845 Circ 65. Mar. 1. 1907 850 Oregon Station : Bui. 91, Nov., 1906 831 Bui. 92, Dec, 1906 840 South Carolina Station : Bui. 12.5, Jan.. 1907 872 Tennessee Station : Bui., vol. 19. No. 1. Dec, 1906 843 Texas Station : Bui. 86. Sept., 1906 865 Wisconsin Station : Bui. 1.39, Sept., 1906 821 Bureau of Soils — Continued. Bui. 38(10 cents) 820 Bui. 39 (10 cents) 819 Bureau of Statistics : Bui. 49 (10 cents) 886 Crop Reporter, vol. 9, No. 3, Mar.. 1907 887 Weather Bureau : Monthlv Weather Review, vol. 34, Nos. 11-12, Nov.- Dec, 1906 (20 cents per number,$2.50peryear) . 813, 815 Office of Experiment Stations : Cir. 73 889 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is $1 per volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVIII. Mav, li)07. No. 9. The completed plans of the experhiient stations for investigations under the Adams Act contain much of interest and encouragement to all who have a high ideal for experiment station work. Tliese plans have been worked out with unusual care and deliberation, and, taken as a whole, they embody a large amount of investigation in the true sense, which will place agricultural science and research upon a higher plane. Considering the conditions under which the first year's work had to be planned, the difficulties of securing men, the lack of uni- form standards, and the like, the programme nuist be regarded as very satisfactor}^ "While it is not planned to publish the projects presented by the different stations, a review of the list as a whole, with some of its salient features, will indicate the character and high grade of the work proposed, and the broad field which these investigations cover. When it is considered that most of the subjects are to be studied through a period of several years and that the plans for many of (heni will be further developed as the investigation progresses, it will be evident that a ucav regime has been entered upon in the conduct of our stations, which will make them contribute in a large way to the unfolding of the principles upon which agricultural development and practice rest. Not onh^ is the amount of investigation vastly in- ci'eased, but the outlining of the various undertakings in advance has had the effect of systematizing our work more thoroughl}^ than ever l)efore, and ultimately this should reflect favoral)ly upon the activi- ties of the station as a whole. As was natural to expe(;t from the present interest in the subject, a hu'ge number of projects were proposed in plant breeding. Investi- gations in this line nmst, of course, discriminate clearly between random efforts at improvement in a broad way and the more sys- tematic effort to attain a definite end. Breeding for improvement should have an ideal in view and be conducted in the endeavor to attain that object in a scientific way, taking advantage of all that is known, and keeping such records that the manner in wdiich the ulti- mate result is attained can be definitely described. The element of 801 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. chance is prominent enough in plant breeding at best. The breeding work projected under this new fund has been given a definiteness of i:)urpose. has been restricted to limits within which it could be care- full}^ followed, and in a considerable number of instances has been so planned as to contribute to a better understanding of the principles of breeding. It is proposed, for example, to make thorough studies upon hered- ity in plants, the variability in morphological characters in cultivated wheat, the extent of hybridizing in nature and the environmental conditions associated therewith, effects of external environmental fac- tors upon hereditable morphological characters, and the correlation of visible morphological characters with the presence and distribution of such constituents as gliadin, glutenin, and starch in the grain. Corn breeding for the semiarid region is being taken up from the standpoint of the factors which constitute drought resistance as a basis for such l,>reeding, and the development of immune or disease-resistant strains of crops on the basis of studies upon what constitutes immunity in different cases, and the principles underlying development of disease resistance. These physiological studies will take up anatomical and chemical phases of the subject, such questions as the functions of tannin in the economy of the plant, its presence in pathological tissues, effect on parasites, etc. In general, the pathology and physiology of disease is to be studied in a more comprehensive way than heretofore, taking up such matters as the relation between the character of the soil and certain diseases, notably the rektion of marly soils and of lime to chlorosis of citrus fruits, the specific influence of the different factors which go to make up climate upon health and susceptibility to disease, and the relation of nutrition to the latter. Naturally a quite large number of plant diseases are to be made the subject of systematic study. In some cases these are new or little understood diseases, and in others the object is to clear up doubtful points as to the organisms inducing them, their life cycle, relationships, susceptibility to various in- fluences, means of dissemination, etc., as a more intelligent basis for combating them. There is opportunity for much profitable work of this kind, for in the pressure for results which should indicate reme- dies to be applied it has often been impossible to go as deeply into the nature and cause of the disease and the influences affecting it as is clearly desirable. The same is true to a considerable extent in the case of economic insects, and the use of sprays and other treatment. Now that the opportunity is offered, it is found desirable to go back to some of our most common insect pests and study more thoroughly certain points in their habits and life histories, environmental conditions which affect them, and similar matters, as bearing ultimately on EDITORIAL. 803 luetliods of control. The entomological work proposed is, as a whole, of high order, indicating for the most part a clear conception of the features of research and an appreciation of its importance as applied to that branch of science. The list of projects is also relatively large and varied. Several investigations have to do with the toxicity of various insecticides, the manner in which they act, and similar points, :is well as their physiological ett'ects on the trees and plants receiving the treatment. The number of investigations proposed in hoiiiciilture, aside from (hose in breeding, is not large, a fact which is somewliat disappoint- ing in view of the opi^ort unities which this division of agriculture presents for thorough investigation and the undeveloped state of horticultural science. There are several physiological studies, how- ever, which are of special interest and importance, such as the causes and means of control of fruit-bud formation on the apple, the physi- ology and philosophy of pruning and of grafting, both of which as planned involve extensive systematic studies, the elimination of the color of peach tAvigs by breeding to make them less susceptible to early frost, the factors affecting the setting of fruit on the tomato, to determine the cause of failure to set in dry localities where the ])lants bloom freely, and other studies of the effect of environmental conditions. The subject of dry farming, in which there is such active interest of late, naturally suggested a considerable number of projects, and here the necessity for the differentiation for scientific study is well illustrated. Dry farming, like farm management, is evidently not a division of agricultural science, but rather a branch of agricultural Ijractice conducted under certain climatic conditions. The furnish- ing of a more scientific basis for it in place of the results of simple tests and demonstrations must depend upon investigations in chemis- try, ph3'sics, agronomy, physiological botan}^, plant breeding, and var- ious other lines, as related to definite phases of the general subject. Hence a number of special investigations have been undertaken, such as the absolute water requirements of plants, the periodicity of this requirement, the Avater-holding capacity of the soil and factors which affect it, the conservation of the soil moisture, the breeding of drought-resistant croj^s, and the like. ]Many of the problems in dry farming are mechanical and purely local, and the more general trials and demonstrations have been left to other funds. Soil fertility is another to])ic which has attracted much investiga- t ion on account of the renewed interest in the subject ; but here, as in dry farming, the necessity for differentiation of the broad subject has been apparent. The large number of soil investigations is a noteworthj' feature of the list of projects. Aside from studies of the fertilizer requirements of soils by field and laboratory methods, and 804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the composition of certain crops as indicative of these requirements, the work includes the nature and extent of the influence exerted upon crops by the previous growth of other liinds of plants, the rela- tion between soil conditions and the quality of crops, such as the stajDle of cotton, the effect of sodium salts applied to the soil upon the organic and inorganic constituents of plants, the role of phosphorus and of potassium in plant nutrition, and the role of lime in the soil. There are also several projects dealing wnth humus, its nature and determination, relations to soil fertility, rate of formation under dif- ferent conditions, behavior and conservation in the soil, and effect of various factors on the humus content. To these are added studies in soil bacteriology as related to humus formation and change, relation of microscopic life of the soil to fertility in general, nitrifying and other biological properties of the soi*l, determination of the number, character, and biochemic functions of bacteria within the zone of tillage, to ascei"tain the part these organisms play singly and col- lectively in the setting free of plant food, and the bacteriological conditions in irrigated and unirrigated soil in the arid region, with special reference to the formation of nitrates and to the decomposi- tion of barnyard manure. The number and character of these inves- tigations give much encouragement for a better understanding of the complex factors which go to make up soil fertility and adaptation. Closely related to these studies are various chemical investigations on plants and their products, such as the nonsugars in sugar cane, their nature and amount, and the conditions Avhich affect their forma- tion, with special reference to sugar manufacture; the gluten content of wheat, cause of its deterioration and methods of correcting, the milling qualities of wheat as related to this and other factors, and the factors affecting the lupulin, volatile oils, and other active prin- ciples of hops. An investigation of the various sugars and coloring matters in cacti is also in progress, and the rationale of the ripening of the date is to be taken up. Animal nutrition does not claim a large number of investigations, but these are of quite a different type frorn the ordinary feeding and digestion experiments to which the work has in the past been quite largely confined. Digestion experiments have been undertaken with reference to some particular point, rather than the determination of digestion coefficients for themselves. Among these are the behavior of the constituents of the nitrogen-free extract in digestion and their relation to nutrition, the influence of certain feeding stuffs in depress- ing the digestibility of rations, and the nature and cause of this effect, the process of digestion as influenced by certain factors, and the effect of treatment or preparation of the feed on the digestibility of its con- stituents. Among the fundamental studies in animal nutrition are the influence of age and individuality on metabolism in cattle, an EDITOEIAL. 805 extensive investi^j^ation upon the use which iUHinals ac. iially make of (heir food at dill'ereiit periods of growth, considered from a physio- U)gical standpoint, the role of phosjihates in animal nutrition, the eflfects and importance of various other mineral constituents, and (he specific effect of certain foods on the product, such as the hardness or solidity of pork and the character of the fat in butter. In dairying there are also comparatively fcAv projects, which may l)e taken as an indication that attention is being turned in that direction far less than a few years ago, or that men are lacking to take up the more fundamental problems in this field. There are seA'eral quite elaborate projects dealing with the less understood, properties of milk and their i-elation to differences in its nutritive value and the niannei- in which it agrees with people, but aside from these the dairy work is quite largely on the bacteriological side. Investigations are proposed npon bacteria other than disease germs in milk which are detrimental to digestion, the leucocytes in milk under normal and abnormal conditions and their sanitary signifi- cance, the constituents of cheese and their changes under the influ- ence of certain classes of bacteria, and bacteriological and chemical investigations upon the disposal of creamery sewage, which is found much more resistant than municipal sewage, necessitating modifi- cation of the septic tank method. In animal lireeding investigations are to be made in heredity and upon the ef!*ects of inbreeding, the latter being planned to be the most systematic attempt ever made to study the efi'ects of inbreeding ujion domestic animals. In other investigations the breeding of animals inuler normal and abnormal cccnditions is to be studied, the effect of certain feeds like cotton-seed meal upon prepotency, and the whole problem of artificial impregnation. It is encouraging (o sci> the breeding of animals taken up in a way to contribute more exact and reliable knowledge. SeA'eral other investigations in tluit field are being j)lanned. Veterinary science presents quite a list of undertakings of a thor- ough character relating to specific diseases, the imnnniizing of ani- mals, with a study of the causes of natural immunity, stable ventila- tion in relation to the requirements of health, the active principles of plants poisonous to .stock, and several quite elaborate studies upon the life history of the cattle tick as related to Texas fever eradication. Several less usual topics are a study of the conditions in the incu- bation of eggs under the hen as regards gases and physical factors, and their reproduction in artificial incubation; the optimum condi- tions for artificial incu])ation in dry climates: conditions determining the egg-laying cai)acity of fowls, and the fertility of eggs; the cause of decay in eggs; and an investigation into the factors influencing wool ])roduction, the scouring of wool, and related topics. 806 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. This list is in no sense a comi^lete one in scope or extent, and only hints at some of the salient features of the programme for inA^estigation. It serves to show something of the variety of topics undertaken, and indicates in a general way the character of the work. It will be evi- dent that the subjects have been selected in a discriminating manner, and are being attacked in a way to give a scientific answer which wall disclose the various factors which are operative and something of their relative importance. In this respect a large proportion of the Avork is undertaken from a someAvhat different point of view from that which has more commonly prevailed, and there is evident inten- tion to systematize the inquiry and make it thorough as far as it goes. There is an absence of experiments or trials Avhich aim solely at an immediately practical ansAver, Avithout regard to the scientific aspects of the case. Throughout the list of projects there is an attitude of inquiry, an attempt to get at the reason for results and phenomena, in order that deductions and generalizations may be made on a sound basis of science. The working out of these projects in considerable detail has in itself been a someAvhat new experience for a considerable proportion of station men, Avhose Avork has not ahvays been characterized by a systematic and Avell-digested plan. The plan has frequently grown up Avith the experiment itself, and this has affected the conduct of the Avork at different stages and necessarily the final result. If the system inaugurated for the Adams fund projects shall become more generally applied to the station Avork as a Avhole it Avill be an im- j)ortant result of the first year's operations under the new act. Its advantage to the station worker and in the administration of the station must l)e evident. Only by some such means can the director keep informed upon the Avork of various departments, arrange for necessary cooperation to strengthen the iuA^estigations, and foUoAv up the investigations from year to year. One of the great needs of our stations has been a more thorough systematizing of their Avork — not that the individual initiative of the workers is to be restricted or the position of the Avorkers subordi- nated in any Ava}^; but vicAving the Avork of the past it must be evident that quite a proportion of the station Avork has lacked in efficiency from not having a sufficiently definite aim and thoroughly considered plan, and not having the necessary continuity. Fre- quently much well-planned work has been interrupted or dropped before results of any value could he secured; and on the other hand the value of many experiments has been largely nullified by lack of support from some other department of the station. The control of these matters, so vital to the efficiency of station AVork, is an admin- istrative function, and more than any other single thing calls for the guidance and inspiration of a competent administrative officer. The EDITORIAL. 807 interruption of exiaeriments and investigations is by no means always attributable to the station worker, or to the director himself, but with a more systematic arrangement of the station work, and a closer and more sympathetic contact with it, many of the present dis- turbing factors might be avoided. Now that every station has given serious attention to the planning of research and has made that an important phase of its activity, at- tention may well be turned to the strengthening of the station organization for such work and the bringing of the station Avork as a whole into harmony with it. In a recent article. Doctor Pritchett, speaking of another subject, says: " Perhaps at our present stage of development in such matters no other preliminary work needs more to be done than some work of popular education relative to Avhat research is." This applies \vith peculiar force to the subject of agriculture. "Our ideas are not yet entirely clear as to what research in agriculture really is, and the general public has only the faintest glimmer of its importance in comparison with other grades of work. Systematic effort will there- fore be needed to develop an intelligent appreciation of research in agriculture and of its ultimate importance in making real progress possible. The death of Prof. Kobert Warington. at Harpenden, England, on March 20, will call to mind the excellent course of lectures given before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Ex- ])eriment Stations in 1891. by the first rej)resentative sent to this country under the provisions of the Lawes Agricultural Trust. Pro- fessor Warington made many friends on that occasion, who gained from him inspiration for exact and painstaking investigation, as well as a clearer insight into the plan and method of the systematic work at Kothamsted. The news of his death will be received with much regret. From an article in Nati/rc, by the present director of the Kotham- sted station, it is learned that Warrington was born in 1888. being the son of a chemist of prominence, from wdiom he learned his first chemistry. In 1S5J) he worked for some time as a voluntary assist- ant in the Rothamsted laboratorv, and in 1862 went to the Eoyal Agricultural College at Cirencester as assistant to the late Dr. Augustus Voelcker. In 1807 he became chemist at Sir John Lawes's tartaric acid works, and in 1870 returned to Rothamsted, where he renuiined until 1890. " On his return to the Rothamsted laboratory in 1870, Warington introduced several improved methods of analysis to save time or insure greater accuracy in the routine determinations; there also he carried out the investigations on nitrification by which he made his name. In 1877 appeared the paper of Schloesing and Muntz, 808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which shoAved that the production of nitrates in the soil must be due to living- organisms. This work was repeated by Warington, Avho continued to investigate the conditions favorable to the ^^I'ocess. He showed that light would inhibit the change and that the drying of the soil was sufficient to destroy the organism ; he also investigated the distribution of the organism, and showed that it was confined to the surface layers of ordinary soil, being only present in any (juantity in the portion usually stirred by the plow. " Observing that the oxidation of the annnonia or urea employed sometimes stopped at the stage of nitrite, he succeeded in demon- strating that the process in ordinary soils takes place in two stages due to different organisms — one oxidizing ammonia to nitrous acid, the other completing the oxidation to nitric acid. Warington had actually accomplished the final step in the isolation of the two organ- isms, though he had not brought his work to the stage which satisfied himself, when his researches were unfortunately interrupted, and before he could resume Winogradsky published his elegant method of isolating the nitrous and nitric organisms by the use of a nutrient silica jelly. The circumstances Avhich led to Warington thus missing the credit of the crowning point of his long researches on nitrifica- tion undoubtedly caused him bitter disappointment. He continued to live in Harpenden, but took no further part in research. " In the course of his investigations on nitrification, Warington also observed and studied that other process of denitrification, by which previously formed nitrates are reduced again, often with loss of the nitrogen as gas. In later years this subject became very promi- nent for a time, but the essential conditions of the action had been laid down before in Warington's papers. He also investigated the method of estimating small quantities of nitrates by means of indigo, and devised a standard process which, in a simplified form, is now used l)v most water analysts. . . . •■' AVarington's scientific work is distinguished b}^ clearness and precision. The range is not Avide, but everyAvhere it shows the minute care and the regard for accuracy with Avhich he Avorked. In these respects his Avork only reflected his personal character." He was Sibthorpian professor of rural economy at Oxford from 1894 to 1897, a chair held for several years by Sir Henry Gilbert. His little book on the Chemistry of the Farm, first published in 1881, has gone through fifteen editions. He was a felloAV of the Royal Society and the Chemical Society, being Adce-president of the latter from 1889 to 1893. Since 1894 he had been examiner in agri- cultural science to the board of education. Professor Warington's health began to fail about a year ago, Avhen he underAvent an operation, which greatly benefited him for a time, but eventually a recurrence of the maladA^ led to his death. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. A single standardizing material for acidimetry and alkalimitry, E. Rupp (Chem. Ztff., SI {1901), No. !), p. .07).— The author tested with success and recommends for this purpose wealv solutions (preferably tenth-normal) of care- fully purified borax to which glycerin or mannite is added. On the rapid determination of carbon dioxid in confined and free atmos- pheres, A. MiJNTz, E. Laine, and R. Gallois (Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., ■) {11)1)6), No. 1, pp. 1.3-30, fiffs. .'/). — A titrimetric method is described in which the carbon dioxid evolved is absorbed in dilute alkali, the excess of alkali be- iiiLC titrated with a solution of sodium l)icarbouate. using I'oirrier's blue as an Indicator. By means of a si)ecial apparatus, which is fully desci'ibed, the carbon dioxid as it is evolved is made to pass through the alkali solution very slowly and in a very flue state of division, thus insuring perfect absorption, 'rhe fine division of the gas bubbles is secured by means of a si)ecial device \\hicli forces the gas to pass through a soap solution. The method was successfully applied to confined air and to the free atmos- phere in the garden of the National Agronomic Institute at Paris. In a series (if observations in the latter case the amount of carbon dioxid in the atmos- phere varied from L'.S" to r5.L'4 parts i)er 1.000. On a new method for the determination of ammonia in waters, A. Buissox ( Vonipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], lU (1907), No. 9. pp. J,93-.'i9.j ; uhs. in Rev. Hri. \Pari.'<], 5. ser., 7 (1907), No. 11, p. 33.S).— The method is based upon the fact that if mercuric chlorid is added to a solution of an ammonium salt containing sodium carbonate in the proportion of .^ molecules of mercuric chlorid to 2 mole- cules of the ammoniacal salts anunonia is completely precipitated in the form of a white amorphous compound having the formula C03(Hg5NoCl,),0+3H20. The method is carried out as follows : Add 5 cc. of a 1:4 soda solution to 1 liter of water and distill about 100 cc. into 10 cc. of 1 per cent hydrochloric ;icid, make the volume to 1 liter, add 10 cc. of a ."> per cent solution of mercuric chlorid and 10 cc. of a 15 per cent solution of sodium cai-bonate. let stand for 24 liours, collect on a tared filter, wash with r> cc. of water, dry at 100° C, and weigh. The weight thus obtained nniltiplied by 0.03 gives the ammonia in 1 liter of water. With water containing less than 1 mg. of ammonia per liter, precipitate in the 100 cc. distillate without dilution. The results by this method are claimed to be as good as those by ordinary methods. The determination of manganese in drinking water, II. Lliirig and W. Becker (Pharm. CentralhaUe, .'i8 (1907). No. 8, pp. 137-11,2).— The Knorre method, based upon the precipitation of the manganese by ammonium persul- phate in boiling solution, dissolving the precipitate, and titrating the solution thus obt.-iincd. is roconimended. A delicate reaction for carbohydrates, II. .J. II. Fkntox (Proc. Cambridge Phil. Hoc., IJ, (1907)', No. 1, pp. 2//-26).— It has been observed that when bromo 30755— No. 9—07 M 2 809 810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ov ebloro compounds of typical carbon radicals are acted upon l).v sodiomalonic ester in alcoholic solution consideraI)le heat is evolved and the mixture turns bright retl. When poured into water it gives a solution which exhibits an intense blue fluorescence. " Bj' taking advantage of the highly sensitive reaction with malonic ester, one may detect the merest trace of bromo-methyl-furfural and this test may consequently serve for the identification of all hexoses, whether aldose or ketose. "The mode of operating is as follows: A nunute quantity of the solid sub- stance to be examined is slightly moistened with water, mixed with a drop or two of phosi)horus tribroniid gradually heated on a water bath to 90 to 100°, and kept at this temperature until the mixture has turned dark colored. It is then cooled, stirred with a little alcohol and a few drops of malonic ester: alco- holic potash is then added until the solution is alkaline. On now diluting the resulting mixture with a large volume of water, or alcohol, the fluorescence is at once apparent. " The reaction is strongly marked even with the aldoses, but is, as might be expected, more intense with ketose sugars and with cellulose. In comparison with the other pure hexoses examined, galactose appears to give the weakest indications. . . . "A saturated aqueous solution of hydrogen bromid may be employed in this test instead of phosphorus triltromid ; the latter is, however, preferable in the case of substances which are less I'eadily attacked, such as cellulose. The chlorids of phosphorus may also be used, but their action is perhaps less certain. " Positive results were obtained with dextrose, levulose, galactose, sorbose, cane sugar, maltose, lactose, rafflnose, starches, dextrins, cellulose in different forms, salicin, amygdalin, and the mixture of sugars resulting from the con- densation of glycollic aldehyde. " No indication was given by arabinose, xylose, glycollic aldehyde, mannitol, erythritol, glycerol, gluconic acid, mucic acid or inosite. " It appears, therefore, that this test may be used for the identification of all hexoses or of other carbohydrates, glucosides, etc., whicli yield hexoses on hydrolysis." In the author's opinion, this reaction ])ossesses some advantages over the usual color reaction for carbohydrates in that the effect is restricted to the hexose or polyhexose nucleus. On a characteristic reaction of milk with sodium or potassium hydroxid, F. Kruger (Ztxclir. Physiol. Chem., 50 {1901), No. Jf-5, pji. 293-302).— The addi- tion to cow's milk of one-fifth its volume of a 40 per cent solution of sodium or potassium hydroxid was found by Gautier and Morel to produce a cherry-red color in 24 hours. The same reaction was obtained with heated as with raw milk. It was not obtained by the use of ammonia. The author concludes from the results of his studies of this reaction that the color does not depend entirely upon the presence of i>roteids and lactose, but also upon one or more other constituents of the milk. Contribution to the analysis of milk, E. Carlinfanti and G. Pierandrei \Arch. Fariiiacol. l^pcr. r Sci. Aff.. 6 (1907). No. 1. pp. 26-3.'f). — Determinations of the specific gravity and the nitrogen content of milk serum obtained by means of rennet are considered valuable in detecting the adulteration of milk. The article has special reference to detecting the adulteration of cow's milk with the whey from goat's milk. The determination of lactose in milk, C. Porcher {Rev. Gen. Lait, 6 {1906), Nos. 3, pp. .'i!)-5(i : '/, pp. 73-S5). — The author describes various methods em- ployed for this purpose, coucludiug that the most generally acceptable method AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, 811 consists ill trciitinfr tho niiliv with inci-ciii-ic iiilrato iiiul titratin;^ against B^h- liiig's solution. The application of cryoscopy to the analysis of milk, 10. Grunku (Ann. 1st. Ai/r. [Milan], (> (1901-t!>05), pp. 21-50). — The freezing point of fresh cow's milk varies, according to the author, between — O.o^^r) and — 0.580° C. The variations for mixed milk are usually within —0.5.5 and — 0.57. The freezing point was not influenced hy the age of the animals, the stage of lactation, or the feeding stuffs used. A slight iiiMuence, however, was attributed to tlic breed. The freezing point was not materially affected by the composition of the milk. Taken in connection with chemical analysis the determination of the freezing point is believed to afford valuable data in detecting the adulteration of milk with water. The detection of added water in milk, ('. Kevis (Jour. Roi/. Inst. Pub. llrulth. J.') (1907). No. 1. pp. J.9-//.3).— The author calls attention to the fact that when genuine milk is deficient in solids-not-fat the deficiency is due to an abnormally low i)ercentage of milk sugar. In endeavoring to ascertain the cause of deficiency in the jierceiitage of solids-not-fat in milk, it is. therefore, considered desirable to determine the amount of sugar. The difficulty lies in making the analysis before much of the milk sugar is decomposed. Adultera- tion with water is indicated when the amount of sugar is approximately \\ of the solids-not-fat, the total amount being less than 8.5 per cent. When the amount of sugar is considerablj^ less than if of the solids-not-fat. the reduc- tion in solids-not-fat is apparently due to natural causes. Contribution to the refractometric detection of added water in milk, E. AcKtJii.M.v.XxN (Ztschr. liitcrsncli. \(ihr. ii. (Jcniisisuitl.. 1.3 (1907), Wo. J/, pp. 18G-1S8, fifi. 1). — The value of determining the refractometer number of milk as a means of detecting adulteration with water is pointed out. In the author's method the serum is prepared by adding 0.25 cc. of a calcium chlorid solution (si)ecific gravity, l.i;^75) to ;J0 ce. of milk. This is thoroughly mixed and heated in a water bath for 15 minutes. The loss of water in the sample is j)revented by means of a return-flow condenser. AVith normal milk the author obtains constant numbers with the Zeiss immer- sion refractometer varying between 38.5 and 40.5. The addition of 5 to 50 per cent of water caused, according to the results reported, a reduction in this number of from 1.3 to 8.1. The temperature correction of the Zeiss butyro-refractometer, II. D. RicH.Mo.M) (An(ili/.'s and all temperatures. A means of distinguishing cocoanut oil from butter and other fats and oils, J. llANUs (Ztsrhr. L'ntcrsiirh. Xahr. u. G("»».s'swf/., 13 (1907), .Vo. 1, pp. 812 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 18-2Jt). — The method suggested tentatively in this preliminary communication depends upon the formation, separation, and saponification of the esters. To 5 gm. of the melted fat is added 30 cc. of a tenth-normal alcoholic solu- tion of sodium hydroxid. The mixture is thoroughly shaken, allowed to stand for 8 minutes, and neutralized with dilute sulphuric acid. It is then made up to 145 ce. with water and distilled, the alcoholic distillate of 30 cc. being kept separate from the aqueous distillate of 100 cc. The two fractions are washed into Erlenmeyer flasks, alcohol is added to the aqueous fraction, the free acids in both are neutralized, and saponification is effected by the addition of 40 cc. of tenth-normal sodium hydroxid and heating with a return-flow condenser for 45 minutes. The mixture is then titrated against tenth-normal hydrochloric acid, the difl'erence between the number of cubic centimeters required for neu- tralization and 40 showing the number of cubic centimeters of the tenth-normal sodium hydroxid required for saponifying the esters in 5 gm. of fat. The highest number of cubic centimeters required for saponifying the esters in the aqueous fraction was 10 in the case of pure butter, while it was very much in excess of that for cocoanut oil. Detection of cocoanut oil in butter, F. von Morganstern and W. Wol- r.RiNG (Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.. IS (1901), A^o. 7/, pp. 18J,, 185). — The method of Wijsman and Reijst (E. S. R., 17, p. 834) was applied by the authors to 20 samples of pure butter, the results showing no constant relation between the first and second silver numbers. In the majority of cases, how- ever, the second silver number was higher than the first. This, according to the conclusions of Wijsman and Reijst, would indicate adulteration with cocoanut oil, which was not the case. The silver index method of Wijsman and Reijst, II. Svobooa (Ztschr. Vnter- such. Nahr. n. GciiiinsintL, l.i [1907). .Vo. 1. pp. 1.5-18). — This method proposed for the detection of cocoanut oil in butter (E. S. R., 17, p. 834) was applied by the author to 80 samples of pure butter. The Reichert-Meissl number with a dis- tillate of 110 cc. averaged 27.29 and with a distillate of 300 cc, 31.03. The first silver index averaged 3.64 and the second 3.91. In 57 of the 80 determinations the second silver index was higher than the first, which was contrary to the results obtained by Wijsman and Reijst. This method is, therefore, considered of no value as a means of detecting the adulteration of butter with cocoanut oil. On the determination of fat in cheese by the Gerber method, A. Scala {8tdz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 39 (1906), No. 8, pp. 73Jf-737). — Comparative determina- tions were made with the gravimetric method, the Gerber method, and the Sieg- feld modification of the Gerber method. The results by the Gerber and Siegfeld methods were above those by the gravimetric method in 1(3.6 and 45.21 per cent, respectively, of the 42 determinations made and below in 83.33 and 54.76 per cent. The chemistry of flesli. V, Methods for the determination of creatinin and creatin in meats and their products, II. S. Grindley and II. S. Woods ■(.four, liiol. Chc)ii.,2 (1907). No. .'/, pp. 309-315). — Using the colorimetric method described by Folln (E. S. R., 17, p. 165), -determinations of the creatin and creatinin in a number of samples of meat and commercial meat extracts are reported. According to the authors, the colorimetric method employed has been successfully used with uncooked and cooked meats, meat products, and drip- pings. Recorded data show marked differences in the total amount of creatin and creatinin contained in different commercial extracts now on the market. " Experiments upon meat extracts prepared upon a small scale in the labora- tory, from fresh meat, are now under way to find out, if possible, the conditions METKOROT.OCY WATER. 813 which produce tlic .•iI)()vo (lirfcrcncc in tlic rolalivc i)rop()rtion of oivatinin mikI crcatin." Agricultural chemistry during the second half year of 1906, \V. Ziel- STOKFi'' {('licin. Ztuchr., (I {l!>()7), Xo. '/, /;/>. (;.7-7Y>). — Uecciit iiivostiuatioiis relat- ing to the nutrition of plants and animals are brietly reviewed. Abstracts from current literature upon industrial chemistry, F. 11. Tiiuiu' (Jour. Anicr. Cliem. Soc, 29 {1907), No. 3, pp. 3 'i9-382) .—The part of this review of special interest to agriculture is that relating to the literature of electro-chemical fixation of nitrogen, fats and oils, fermentation, foods, sugar, and f(>rtilizers (silica as a plant food). Pi'ogress in cellulose chemistry, W. Vieweg {Cheni. Ztf/., 31 {1901), No. 8, pp. 8.1-87). — A suuunar.v of recent literature on the cheinistr.v of cellulose. The present development of the analysis of tanning materials, II. R. ruocTER and 11. G. Bennett {Jour. Soc. Chciii. Incliis., 2(i {1907), No. 3, pp. 79, SO). — This discusses the prei)aration of hide powders and gives the details of a method for the determination of tannins which, it is urged, should be adopted by the associations interested in this work. Annual report of the government analyst for 1905-6, P. Carmody {Ann. Jipt. Govt. Analijxt [I'riiiiddd], 190.J-6. pp. 16). — The report includes analyses of milk, a grass {Rottboellia exaltatu) considered of some agricultural impor- tance, banana stalks, a weed known as cane killer {Alectra hraziUeiiisl>i), water, rum, and other materials. Van Nostrand's chemical annual, 1907, edited by J. C. Olsen {New York: 1). ]'(iii Nostnitid Co.. 1907. pp. X-'r'ifX!). — This is the first issue of a I'eference book consisting for the most part of numerical data. There are in all 93 tables which give the atomic weights, physical constants of the elements, calculation of volumetric and gas analyses, specific-gravity tables, equivalents of weights and measurers, etc. In addition there are classified lists of the more important articles and books which have been published since January 1, 1905. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The meteorological elements and their observations in their relation to weather and climate, (). ^Ieissner {Die nivtcorologischen Elemente und Hire licolKicIitiiiHieii, iiiit Aui'ihlk-ken uuf Witterungskunde und Klimalehre. Leipsic and Berlin: B. G. Teuhner, 1906, pp. VI-\-9Ji. figx. 33; rev. in Nature \ London'], 7.> {1907), No. 19.'i6. p. 366). — This is a text-book intended for higher schools and for self-instruction. The question of the reorganization of the public weather service, Groh- MANN {Mitt. Dent. Landir. GeseU.. 22 {1907). No. 6. pp. -'/.3-i)). — The weather predictions of the German weather service of particular agricultural interest are explained and their utilization briefly discussed. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 34 {1906), Nos. 11, pp. 505- 555, fifis, 15, ell mix 1 ) : 12, pp. 5-')7-607. ficjK. 16, chartfi 8). — In addition to the usual rei)orts on forecasts, warnings, weather and croj) conditions, meteorolog- ical tables and charts for the months of November and December, 1906, progress of climatology throughout the world, recent papers bearing on meteorology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau librai'.v, etc., these numbei's contain the following articles and notes : Xo. 11. — Records of the Difference of Temi)erature Between Moiint Royal and .Mc(;ill College Observatory, and a Method of Local Temperature Forecasting (illus. I, l)y C. II. ;McLeod ; Studies on the Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere — IX, The Meteorological Conditions Associateil with the Cottage City Water- 814 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. spout — Continued (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow ; Climatological Reports from the Philippines ; Lunar Rainbow at Tampa. Fla., by J. S. Hazen ; The Origin of Our Cold Waves ; Meteorology in Austria ; Mountain Stations for Forecast Work ; Weather Bureau Men as Educators ; The Study of Practice Forecasting, by J. L. Bartlett ; The Evaporation of Ice, by F. C. Mitchell ; and Harmonic Analysis of the Diurnal Barometric Curve at Washington, D. C. (illus.), by W. J. Bennett. No. 12. — Salton Sea and the Rainfall of the Southwest, by A. J. Henry (see p. 815 ; Changes of Latitude and Climate ; Tornadoes of June G, I'.tOG, in Miune- s'ota and Wisconsin ; Studies on the Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere — V, The Horizontal Convection in Cyclones and Anticyclones (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; Villard's Theory of the Aurora (illus.), by W. R. Blair; Observations of Halos in England, by M. E. T. Gheury ; Problems in Meteorology (illus.), by C. F. von Herrmann ; Notes on the Climate of Kansas, by T. B. .Jennings ; Clay- den's Cloud Studies ; Weather Bureau Men as Educators ; and T. S. Outram, deceased. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and T. A. Barry {Massa- rliuscttn /S'^M. Met. Buls. 211, 218, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sun- shine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during January and February, 1907. The data are briefly discussed in a general note on the weather of each month. Meteorological observations at the Michigan Agricultural College for the year 1905 ( Micliii/an »S7(/. Rpt. I'JOii. pi). 111-l.iO). — Tabulated daily and monthly summaries are given of observations during 1905 on temperature, pres- sure, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc. Meteorological records for 1905 {'New York Btate Sta. Rpt. 1905. pp. 385-391). ■ — Tables are given which show the average monthly precipitation since 1882 ; average monthly temperature since 1882 ; tridaily readings of the standard air thermometer during each month of 1905 ; a monthly summary of iiKixinunn, minimum, and standard thermometer readings; and daily readings of maxinuun and minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. for each month of the year. Meteorological summary for Bern, Switzerland, for the period 1894 to 1905 {Mitt. Bern. Htatis. Bur., 1906, No. 1, pp. 77-84). — A summary is given of observations on temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity at Zurich and Bern for the period 1894 to 1905, and summaries of observations on pressure, temijerature. precii)itation, and cloudiness during 190-4 and 1905 at Reatenberg. Observations at the meteorological observatory of tjie University of Innsbruck, 1903—4, W. Trabert {BeohacJitungeii des meteorologischen Ob- ftervatoriums der Vniversitut Innshruek in den Jahreii 1903 nnd 190-i. Inns- l)7'uck: University, 1906, pp. 133). — Detailed data for monthly, daily, and hourly observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, etc., are reported in tabular form. Meteorological observations at Verona in 1905, G. Fracastoro {Atti e Mem. Accad. Afir. [etc.] Verona, 5. ser., 5 {1906), Hup., pp. 51). — Observations on temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, direction of wind, etc., at the meteorological observatory of the Technical Institute of Verona are summarized in detail. Influence of the ocean on climate {Amer. Mo. Rev. of Reviews, 35 (1907), No. 3, pp. 376, 377). — The cause and the influence on climate of the Gulf Stream and associated currents are discussed mainly on the basis of a contribution to the subject by W. Meinardus.a it being asserted that the Gulf Stream, which to such a large extent controls the climate of Europe, is set in motion chiefly "Met. Ztschr., 22 (1905), p. 398. METEOROLO(3Y WATER. 815 liy tlio winds that rosulnrly 'nlow from tlic west, niid that theso winds are them- selves tlie result of regularly recurring low i)ressures in the region of Iceland. It is also explained that the more rapid this movement the stronger is the current of the cold stream which comes down along the n(»rtheast coast of North America. The general conditions and their resultant effects are thus suunuarized : "A. (1) Feel)l(> Atlantic circulation, from August to Fehruary, corresponds with {2) a low water temperature along the west coast of Europe from Xovenilier to April, and with (.3) a low atmosplieric temi)erature in central Europe from February to Ai)ril. (4) One result of this is had hai'vests of grain in north- western Euroiic. At the same time tlier(> is (.">) a great diminution of ice alxmt Xewfoiuidiand during the spring and (C ) an increased amount of ice in the region of Iceland. V>. (1) Strong Atlantic circulation from August to Fei)ruary iii-oduccs cJ » a high water temperature- along the coast of Europ(» from November to April and (.'{) high atmospheric tem])erature in central Europe from February to April. One result of this again is that (4) the weather is favorable for the raising of grain and that good harvests may con- sequently be exi)ected. At the same time with this condition (5) there is much drift ice during the spring in the neighborhood of Newfoundland and (6) much less ice during the same season in the region of Iceland." Salton Sea and the rainfall of the Southwest, A. J. Henry {Mo. Weather Rev., SJf {1906), No. 12. pp. .5.)7-J J.9 ) . — An attempt is made in this article to show that there is no relation between the heavy rainfall of the last two years in Arizona and the Kocky Mountain States and the formation of the Salton Sea. "The amount of vapor taken into the air over Salton Sea must be consider- able in the coiu'se of a year, but to adduce definite and satisfactory proof that it has increased the rainfall is a very difficult problem. That it hiis increased the relative humidity in a slight measure, is undoubtedly true. Aqueous vapor in the absence of a strong wind circulati(jn is diffused very slowly throughout the atmosphere. It is, therefore, improbable that any considerable portion of the local supply of vapor ever passes beyond the immediate confines of the desert." Rainfall fin Bombay 1, V. J. Mead {Season and Crop Rpt. BoiiiJjaii, lf)05-H. I>p. l-'h /-.VA//).— Detailed data of rainfall during 1905 in the different dis- tricts of Bomba.y are reported and the general character of the season is discussed. Composition of Barbados rainfall {Rpt. Af/r. Work, I tup. Dcpf. A (jr. West Indies, l'.)0.i-l!>0.'), i)ts. 1-2, p. 3). — The amount and composition of the monthly rainfall from December, 1908, to May, 1905. are tabulated. The total amount of rain falling in that period was 82.57 in., sui)plying approximately 2.".9 lbs. of clilorin and (i.T lbs. of nitrogen per acre. Amount of chlorin in rain water, W. P. Jorissen {Uliem. Weelibl.. .? (IDOG), pp. (!-'i7-(J'i!): abs. in Chem. ('entJ>l., 1!)06, II, Xo. 20, p. 1579; Jour. Clieiii. ). — Data are given for the amount and composition of water from rain and drain gages similar to those at Roth- amsted. as well as for dew collected on a surface of y^Vcr '><^^'6 and of irriga- tion water used at the station during 18 months. The rainfall during the year ended May .81, 1905, was 49.2 in., containing 0.5 part per million or 2.44 lbs. per a< re of nitrogen as ammonia and 0.8 part or 816 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 0.76 lb. per acre of nitrogen as nitrates. Tlic drainaso during the same tiiiu from bare drain gages was as follows: Tliv quaittity and coutiJOiiitioJi of diuiiiiii/c trutcr. Percola- tion. Nitrogen as ammonia. Nitrogen as nitrates. Total nitrogen. Parts per million. Pounds per acre. Parts per million. Pounds per acre. Pounds per acre. June 1, 1904, to May 31, 1905: Six-foot gage Three-fool gage Inches. 21.78 22.57 8.34 3.14 2.93 3.57 0.38 .19 .30 0.31 .31 .35 7.80 6.20 1.70 9.40 21. 73 22. 56 106.47 56.71 10.87 7.40 17.85 23.66 106. 78 .57. 01 Do . 11.22 June 1 to October 15, 1905: Six-foot giige ... 7.40 17.85 Do 23. 66 During the period September 16, 190-1, to March 15, 1905. the total dewfall on a surface of yJ^^ acre was 0.17 in., containing 1.85 parts per million or 0.08 lb. per acre of nitrogen as ammonia and 1.72 parts per million or 0.06 lb. per acre of nitrogen as nitrates. The irrigation watei" used contained on the average 0.21 part per million of nitrogen as ammoni;i and 0.13 part per million of nitrogen as nitrates. Nitrogenous compounds and silica in sea water, W. E. Ringer (Clieiii. WeehhL, 3 {IHIIH). i)i). 5S5-60S ; ahs. in Chem. Ceiithl, 1906, II, Xo. 18, p. lJ,.yj : Jour. Chem. -S'oc. [London], 92 (1901), A'o. 5S1, II, p. 55). — It is recommended that samples of sea water be examined without delay by Rabeu's process, as follows : Distil 100 ce. of water with a few drops of acetic acid and examine the distillate colorinietrically for nitrous acid by the pheuylenediamin test. Add 1 gm. of magnesium oxid* distil oft" free ammonia, and determine by the Nessler test. Reduce nitrates in the residue with aluminum foil and sodium amalgam and Nesslerize the ammonia formed. Determine silica by evaporating 3 liters of the water with hydrochloric ;icid in a platinum dish and taking ui) the residue with dilute acid. Samples of water ni.iy be preserved by adding 1 per cent of mercuric chlorid. The drinking waters of Vermont, G. H. Perkins (Rpt. State Geol. M., 1905-6. pp. 25-'i-3.'i2). — Analyses of a number of samples of water, including some from Lake Champlain, are reported. The results show that Vermont is well supplied with good waters largely derived from sprin|fs. Flowing wells and raunicipal water supplies of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, F. Lkverett et al. (U. »S'. GcoI. Hiirrei/. \Vatci--Siii)iiIi/ and Irrig. Papers Xos. 182, pp. XI +292, pis. 5, figs. U: H^-l pp. XIV +393. pis. 5. figs. 69). — These bulletins record data obtained in examinations of several hundred flowing well districts and municipal and institutional water supplies in the State, and discuss the quality of the water supply of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan and the means of improving it. The geology of Connecticut in relation to its water supply, H. E. Gregory (.1///*. Rjit. Coitii. lid. Agr., 39 (1905), pp. 283-297). — The sources, amount, and distribution of the river, lake, and ground waters of Connecticut are briefly discussed. It is shown that while the State is in general well watered there are few farms* in it which would not give greater yields of hay and grain crops if the amount of available water were increased. It is predicted that in time irrigation will be generally'practiced In Connecticut. "There is abundant water in rivers and lakes for the purpose ; it needs only to be differently distributed." MRTKOROhOCY WATER. 817 Geology and underground water i-esources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas, A. C. Viv^tcii H . S. (!<<>l. survcii. I'rof. I'lifxr \o. 'i<>. I'll- '/--. /''■•<. •'>/, fw^- -i'^)- — "The presoiit report is liascd on tlic ticid work of llic I'all and winter of 1!)0l2 and I'.H)."'.. snppleniented by sevei-al years' lield woric Willi llie coastal plain was formed and of the broader geologic facts on which the conclusions end)odied in the succeeding chapters are based. (12) (Jeneral underground water cojiditions, containing a discussion of the fundamental princii)les governing underground waters and of their aiijilication to this region. (3) Methods and cost of well making. (4) I'nderground water prosjjccts. by counties, giving well jiredictions and a shoi't discussion of the underground conditions in (>ach county. (5) Detailed well and spring records, containing data in regard to wells, arranged in tables, I)y counties, with notes giving sections, etc., being, in fact, an alphabetical arrangement of all tlie well data collected. (0) Dictionai-y of altitudes, containing a comprehensive dictionary, arranged by counties, and liased on the precise levels of the United States Engineers, United States ("oast and (Jeodetic Surve.v. and United States Geological Survey. To this net of precise levels the railroad levels have been connected and the corrections determined. Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Col- orado, X. II. DartoiN ( r. N. (!ci)l. Siirveij, I'rof. I'apcr No. 52, pp. i>0, plx. 2S, filjK. 2). — This report deals briefly with the general geology of eastern Colorado and in d«'tail with the geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valle.v region. The principal water-bearing formation of this region is the "Dakota" sand- stone, iiut wattM's also occur extensively in the alluvial deposits along the valleys, in the sands and gravels mantling parts of the u|»land east of the moxni- tains. and in the sandstones c.t the Fox Hills, Laramie, and overlying forma- tions. Smaller amounts, mostly of bad (luality. occur in the " Red Beds." The tpiantity of water available from the "Dakota" sandstone in eastern Colorado is vai'iablc. and in jioi'tions of the region has been found inadequate. As a rule the pressure is too low to sustain a vigorous flow. The largest volume of water has l)een obtained from wells at Uockyford. In some districts the qualit.v of the water is satisfactory, in others the waters are highly charged with nnnerals. The bacterial examination of water supplies, W. G. Savage {London: H. K. Lcirlx. llKin. pp. X\ f + 2fn. fif/x. 7.n.— The author of this treatise states his ]inriiiise to be to pi-escnt "a book dealing, not merel.v with the details of practical procedure, but also with the data upon which these methods are based, and with the deductions held t > be justifiable from them. . . . Dogmatic oi»inion has been avoided, the subject being considered from a critical standpoint, and practical conclusions drawn only when they seem justified by the available evidence." With the advantage of a ralhei' wide exi)erience in the practical work of examining water supiilies. he ha.s sucx-eeded in bringing into ordered relationshij) within the limits of one compact volume the more important of the large amount 818 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of data on the subject of water examination wliich liave accumulatefl dnring comparatively recent years. Different chapters treat of the influences affecting bacteria in water ; the (inantitative bacterial content of natural waters ; bacteriology of excreta, sewage, and soil in relation to bacteriological examination of water ; Bacillus coli, B. cnteritklis sporoyeiics. Streptococci, and allied organisms of water; bacterial indicators of pollution ; interpretation of results of bacteriological examination of water ; classification of water bacteria ; collection and transmission of sam- ples ; methods for the enumeration and identification of B. coli and allied organisms ; and examination of water for the typhoid l)acillus and other intesti- nal organisms. An appendix gives a summary of procedure for routine examination and de- scribes and explains the use of a number of indicators. A bibliography of 239 references to the recent literature of the subject is also given. SOILS— FERTILIZEES. Soil studies, I, A. W. Blair (Florida Sta. Bui. 87, pp. 15-J,6. fifjs. 2).— In- formation regarding the soils of Florida is summarized mainly from publica- tions of the Bureau of Soils of this Department and of the Florida Experiment Station. The principal facts brought out are briefly stated as follows: "(1) Most Florida soils are very deficient in plant food, and also in those materials which, in clay soils, absorb or hold for the future use of the plant the food that is applied in the form of fertilizers. " (2) On account of the almost entire absence of these binding materials, the loss of soluble fertilizers, by leaching, is very great ; the loss from this cause on the pineapple fields of the east coast being apparently over 60 per cent of the amount applied. "(3) These same Florida soils, however, under careful cultivation and liberal fertilizing produce abundant crops of the fruits, vegetal)les, and grains that are adapted to this climate. "(4) In order, therefore, that his operations may be profitable, it is incum- bent upon the Florida farmer and fruit grower to pursue such methods of cultivation and 'fertilizer application as will, so far as possible, prevent this loss." The rotation of crops sui)plemented by .npplication of fertilizers in order to maintain the balance of fertility is explained, as well as the use of lime, windbreaks, shading, barnyard manure and green manures, etc., to improve the chemical and physical properties of the soils. Soils, B. C. Aston (A'eu- Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpf.. 1.', (1906), pp. 10.5- 108). — Analyses with reference to volatile matter, total nitrogen, and available (by Dyer's method) potash and phosphoric acid of 2.5 samples of soils from different parts of New Zealand are reported with notes on acidity and other characteristics of the soils. A plea is also made for the organization of a soil survey similar to that conducted by this Department. The soils of the Muganj steppe and their transformation into alkali lands by irrigation, N. Tulaykov and P. KossoviCH (Izv. Moscov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. {Ann. Inst. Ayron. Moscou), 12 (1906), No. 2, pp. 27-255, pis. 7, figs. 6, map 1). — This is the detailed report of work of which a review by S. Sacharov was noted in E. S. R., 18, p. 426. The investigations reported were made in 1905 uuder the auspices of the Russian government, with a view to finding means of preventing further formation of alkali soils in the region named. The investigations show that the soils of the region are generally poor in humus (1 to 2 per cent) and nitrogen, but rich in soluble and zeolitic substances, SOILS FERTILIZERS, 819 calcium and niagiicsiuni caiiioiiatcs, pliosphoric acid (0.1 to 0.25 per cent), and |totash(0.4 to O.G per cent). The soils vary mainly in texture and structure, tliese variations causing tbem to differ widely in their behavior toward alkali under irrigation. Flooding is the connnon method of irrigation ('mph)yed. A study of the effect of rtoodiug upon the movement of alkali in soils of different physical properties led to the following conclusions: (1) Flooding of the heavy, fine- grained soils may be practiced for a long time without danger of rise of alkali, l)Ut the amount of water used should be sufficient to thoroughly saturate the whole area, and the soil should be cultivated and planted as soon as the condi- tion of the surface soil permits. (2) To avoid rise of alkali in flooding light sandy soils the water must be supplied in abundance and rapidly and irrigation must be confined to small areas at a time. Measures must also be taken to de- crease the loss of water through evaporation. (3) Thorough drainage is nec- essary to prevent rise of alkali in the soils of this region under irrigation. What processes go on in fallow soils? Ulrich (B^uliUiig'fi Laiidir. Zty., 55 {liWd), Ao. G, pp. 200-215: ahs. in ('< iilbl Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 11 (1<)0(!). No. i7-/,s', p. 572). — The active physical, chemical, and bacteriologicaU-proc- esses which go on in fallow soils are discussed. Effects of shading on soil conditions, J. B. Stewart ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bill. .W. jiji. I!i. jiis. ). fins. 7). — This bulletin reports the I'esults of observations on temperature, soil moisture, humidity of the air, and wind movement inside and outside of a shelter tent for tobacco during the period froni .Tune 13 to August 1, 1905, and the results are discussed with reference to the influence of the conditions inside the tent on the growth of tobacco. The studi(>s are of the same general nature as those recently reported by the Pennsylvania Station (E. S. R., 18, p. 211). The main results are summarized in the following table: Temperature, .soil moisture, and relative huniiditi/, inside and outside of tent. Ob.servatJons. Average soil mois- ture for season. Average tempera- ture for season. Average relative humidity for season. Per cent. 14.7 11.6 Degrees F. 72.8 71.4 Per cent. 79.0 Outside ol tent 71.7 3.1 1 1.4 7.3 The following conclusions are drawn : "(1) The soil retains more moisture, which is of es])ecial imiiortance during the dry periods. The inside soil is then always closer to the optimum water content. Because the soil is not subject to the packing due to alternate wetting and drying, it remains in better physical condition. "(2) The temperature of the atmosphere is made slightly warmer, which brings the temperature closer to the optimum growing temperature. An even greater effect is, however, perhaps due to the fact that there is less variation in the temperature, which is generally recognized to be of much importance. "(3) The relative humidity of the atmosphere is greatly increased. In addition to its effect on soil and atniosi)beric conditions it has an influence on jilant growth. ... "(4) The velocity of the wind is much reduced, which decreases evaporation, and is of importance in the i)reservation of tlie plants, for they are not whi|)ped. bruised, or blown down. 820 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "(5) The plants make a larger, more rapid, and earlier growth. These are the results that induce and make it profitable for the tiller of the soil to go to the expense of erecting the tent." Studies on tlie movement of soil moisture, E. Buckinoham and F. K. Cameron (U. *S'. Dci)t. Agr.. Bur. *S'o//.s' Bill. 38, pp. 61, fifjs. 23). — The studies reported in this bulletin dealt \Aith the loss of soil moisture by direct evapora- tion from points below the surface, especially as i*elated to the drying of soils under arid and humid conditions, and with a general examination of the theory of capillary action in soils. The measurements of evaporation were made with soils in tumblers or small cylinders under varying conditions of moisture con- tent, compactness, or surface tilth. The examination of the theory of capillary action in the soil was based upon curves representing the distribution by capil- larity of moisture in soil in tubes under different conditions of tilth, etc. The results in general show that, contrary to the general belief, " the loss of water by evaporation from points below the surface, while it does take place in measurable (juantities, is nevertheless quite small, and is negligible in com- parison with the losses taking place at or very near the surface. The movement of w?*4:er vapor through the soil is shown to follow the law governing the dif- fusion of other gases through porous media, and is quite slow. Mulching de- creases or inhibits the capillary flow, and diffusion througli the mulch is practically negligil>le. This practice is very effective in conserving soil mois- ture, and is founded on sound scientific principles. An especially interesting illustration is brought out in the comparison of the loss of water from a soil under arid and humid conditions, respectively. As might be expected, the loss at first is much more rapid under the arid conditions, so rai)!d in fact as to overtax the soil's ability to move water from within to the surface by capil- larity, and in consequence a dry layer or mulch is formed which keeps the sub- frequent losses far below those which take place from the soil under humid conditions, where the capillary flow to the surface persists until the moisture content of the whole soil is very low indeed. These laboratory experiments, therefore, clear up in a very satisfactory manner the well-known and apparently contradictory facts observed in the field that the soils o.' arid regions, at depths a little below the surface, are generally wetter and hold their moisture for much longer periods than do the soils of humid areas in dry seasons. "An exauainatioii of the curves representing the distribution of moisture in the soil has suggested that, if the subject be regarded from the standpoint of dynamical equilibria phenomena, there appear certain analogies to the theory of electrical and thermal potential. This is a fact of great importance in the theoretical study of the subject, since we are in possession of a well-developed theory of electrical and thermal potential which can be applied to a considerable extent to the phenomena of soil moisture ; it is of probable practical value, because it suggests and gives direction to further experiments and serves as a basis for the correlation of a large number of observations already made, but having hitherto a local rather than a general value. " It is clearly recognized that the analogy is imperfect in that the capillary potential and I'esistance to flow are dependent upon the moisture content of the soil, whereas electrical and thermal resistance are practically independent of the amount of current and heat ])assing." Quality of commercial cultures for legumes in 1906, M. J. Pruciia and H. A. Harding (New York mate Uta. Bui. 282, pp. 26D-279). — This bulletin i-eviews the results of experiments by 16 experiment stations in the United States during l!)04-5 and reports a continuation of tests of commercial cultures during 190(3 at the New York iState Station. It is stated that the tests made by SOILS- — FKirnr.TZKRs. 821 the 1») stations have shown tli(> coiiniiorcial culture of legume bacteria dried on c-otton to be of little or no practical valu(\ The tests made by the New York State Station indicate that the metal containers which have recently been used for protectinjr the commercial cultures from deterioration are not effective for that purpose. "The results from the examinations of 20 commercial cultures indicate that the fjoods uixm the market for 1!>U<> were little if any better than tho;'.e off(>red in VM)7t. In neither year was there any evidence that the jmrchaser had had more tlian the remotest chance of receiving the worth of his money from the use of such cultures." Dried cultures for legumes unsatisfactory, F. H. Hall et al. (Netc York State Sta. Bill. 282, popnUir cd.. pp. .'/). — A popular edition of the above. Principles and maintenance of soil fertility, A. R. Wiiitson and C W. Stoddart {Wisconsin stu. Bui. T.i'-K PP- 28. th/x. !i). — "This bulletin is written for the purpose of putting before the farmer a statement of our present knowl- edge of the factors which influence the fertility of the soil and of the relation of these factors to each other." The following topics are discussed mainly on the basis of experimental re- sults obtained at the Wisconsin Station: Chemical composition of soils; con- ditions which influence fertility, such as amount and condition of organic and inorganic matter, nitrification, nitrogen fixation, and acidity : and the nature and use of fertilizers of various kinds. Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and ground bone, J. P. Strkkt. V. J. Carberry, and P. E. Brown (New Jcvuvij tStas. Bill. 11)8, pp. ,il)). — This is the final report on fertilizer inspection for the year 190(5 (for previous report see E. S. R., 18. p. 433), and discusses the results of inspection for the year as a whole. Of the 635 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials examined during the year. 430 were complete fertilizers. The average composi- tion of the complete fertilizers was about the same as during the previous year except in the case of potash, which showed a considerable decrease^. A compari- son of average prices shows that the manufacturers furnished on the average during 1906 a little less plant food than in 1905 at a con-espondingly reduced price per ton. " The same apparently wide difference of opinion among manufacturers as to •the requirements of special crops is quite as noticeable as in previous years. This year there are 123 different brands designated for i)otatoes with 55 different guarantees. 77 for vegetables and truck with 48 different guarantees, 32 for corn with 23 different guarantees, and 23 for sweet potatoes with 13 different guar- antees. The guarantees in brands designated for these different crops differ quite as widely as noted in previous years ; with the possible exceptions of the formula 2:8:10 for white potatoes and the same formula for sweet potatoes, there is little agreement among the manufacturers as to the crops' requirements. These wide variations in guarantee emphasize very strongly how^ little useful information is supplied by the name of a brand as regards its use for any special crop." Commercial fertilizers, T. L. Calvert and N. W, Lord {Ofjir. Rpt. Sec. Ohio Bd. Agr. on Coin. Frrts.. 1906, pp. 9Jf). — ^This is a report of inspection of fertili- zers licensed for sale in Ohio during 19(Mj, giving guarantees and actual analyses of 615 samples. Some facts concerning fertilizers and their use, R. IIarcourt (Ontario Dept. Ai/r. Bill. /.'».). jiik Hi). — This is a compilation of information on the nature and use of fertilizers, including simple directions for making fertilizer experi- ments. 822 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Powdered granite as fertilizer (Amer. Pert., 2(1 (1907), No. 1. p. 9). — Recent work ou this subject by tbis Department and earlier experiments by Maerl^er are briefly discussed. Value of ant hills as a fertilizer, T. Church (Jour. Dept. Agr: West. A list., Ui (1906), No. 5, pp. 392, 39.1). — Analyses are reported which show this material to be of very fine texture, all passing a sieve with meshes 2 mm. in diameter and of acid reaction. The phosphoric acid in the two samples exam- ined was 0.02 and 0.0.3 per cent, respectively, potash 0.00 per cent in each case, lime 0.1 and 0.07 per cent, respectively, and nitrogen 0.15 and 0.18 per cent, respectively. Very small proportions of the phosphoric acid (0.008 and 0.005 per cent) and potash (0.02 and 0.01 per cent) were available. Experiments with the soil with different crops indicated that it was somewhat more fertile than soil surrounding the ant hills. Origin, occurrence, and chemical composition of peat, W. E. McCourt {8ci. Amer. Sup., 63 (1907), No. 1622, pp. 25991,, 25995).— In this article, abstracted from the annual report of the State geologist of New Jersey, analyses of peat of various kinds are compiled from different sources and the character- istics of the different kinds of peat are described. The technology and uses of peat, C. W. Paemelee (Ann. Rpt. State Geol. N. J., 1905, pp. 232-256; Scl. Amer. Sup., 63 (1907), Nos. 1626, pp. 2601,6, 2601,7; 1627, pp. 26062, 26063; 1628, pp. 26086, 26087 ) .—This is one of a series of articles on this subject and deals especially with the uses of peat as fuel, in agricultiire as a filler for fertilizers and as litter and in composts, for manufacture of textiles as absorbent, non-conductor of heat and sound, as a preservative, etc. On the fertilizing value of the residue obtained from the retting of hemp, G. A. Calabresi (Staz. Sper. Agr. Itah, 39 (1906), No. 6-7, pp. 618-622).— Analyses with reference to fertilizing constituents are reported of 3 samples of this material in the wet, air-dry. and dry (at 100° C. ) condition. In these analyses the percentage of moisture varies from 49.3 to 54, of nitrogen from 0.23 to 0.55, of phosphoric acid from 0.17 to 0.24, and of potash from 0.26 to 0.35. In the air-dried material the moisture varies from 10.2 to 14.1 per cent and the percentages of the other constituents increase in proportion. Hoof meal (Amer. Pert., 26 (1907), No. 1, pp. 10, ii).— The methods em- ployed by packers in preparing this material for use as a fertilizer are briefly descril)ed. On manures and fertilizer trials, M. Weibull (Fyra Uppsatser i Vdxtkultvr. Gothciihiirg, 1906, pp. 45-69). — This is one of four articles pulilished in the pamphlet quoted on the occasion of the twentieth general Swedish agricultural convention at Norrkoping in lOdO. The story of soils and plants in their relation to liming, H. J. Wheeler (Ann. Rpt. Conn. Bd. Agr., 39 (1905), pp. 71,-103, figs. 15).— A rather complete review of the more practical results of investigations relating to the use of lime in agriculture. The need of liming for heavy marsh soils, Clausen (111 us. Landw. Ztg.. 27 (1907), No. 9, pp. 63, 6',). — This article briefly reports experiments which show the beneficial effects on such soils of liming and marling. The comparative economy of the two materials is discussed, but no definite conclusion is reached on this ])oint. Use of different forms of lime (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Loitdoii], 13 (1907), No. 10, pp. 621-623). — Comparative tests by the agricultural department of the Lancashire County Coimcil of coarse quicklime (cob lime), ground lime, and ground limestone on meadow land are reported. The results in general indicate that the more finely divided forms of lime are more immediately effective than SOILS- — FERTILIZERS, 823 coarser Quirklinio and also that ground liiuestoiic is a iiioro i)ro(ital)Ie dressing than either sroniid lime or coai'se ([iiieklinie. Investigations on the action of lime nitrogen on various kinds of soil, T. Kemy (Landw. Juhrh., 35 (1906), Sui). 4, jrp. 114-133, pis. 2; abs. in Deut. I. a 11(1 w. I'rcssc, 3-'/ {1907), .\o. 0, />. .'/O). — A series of pot experiments on the utilization of the nitrogen of this material, its injurious action on the growth of plants, and its effect on the hacterial life of the soil is reported, from which llu' following conclusions are draw ii : The e'thciency of this sourci^ of nili'ogen depends largely niton the character (if the soil upon which il is used. It is most ellicieul on clayey soils,- being in this case but little inlVrior to niti-ate of soda. On such soils injurious effects are not observed even when the mateiial is ajtplied in comparatively large amounts. Much less favoraltle i-esulls, however, w«'re obtained on sandy soils. In this c;ise the ulili/',;it ion of the nitrogen was nuich less complete and rapid than on heavy soils, comparing in these respects more nearly with blood meal. Kven in amounts not exceeding the usual api)lications of such materials the lime nitrogen showed an injurious effect on germination and growth of plants on such soils. The injurious effect was especially marked in the case of the nitrogen-collecting bacteria ( Azotobacter) of the soil. The length of time through which the injurious effect will continue was not definitely deternnned. In the experiments reported by the- author the effect on germination had entirely disappeared at the end of 3 months. The results indicate in general that lime nitrogen should be used with caution on light soils. Some experiments on the action of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime on cultivated plants, l\ Mach {Filhling's Landiv. Ztg., 55 { 19011), No. 2'i, pp. f<30-i'<-'j7). — Pot experiments extending over -i years to test the relative fertil- izing value of these materials are reported with barley, nuistard, carrots, and buckwheat. The "nitrogen lime" used was that prepared by the I'olzenins jtrocess of fixing free nitrogen by passing it over a heated nnxture of calcium carbid and calcium chlorid. It contained about 22 per cent of nitrogen, while the lime nitrogen with which it was compared contained about 18 per cent of nitrogen. The results showed in general that the two fertilizers were about equally effective and that the nitrogen was equally well utilized by the crop in each case. As a rule no appreciable injurious effect was observed from either source. Experiments with nitrogen lime, B. Hardt (Deut. Landw. Prcsse, 34 (1907), A'o. 5, pp. 29, 30). — Cooperative tests by farmers under different condi- tions of soil, cropping, etc., are briefly reported. The results were in general favorable to the use of the material as a fertilizer, especially when applied some time before planting of the crop and thoroughly incorjiorated with the soil. It gave good results on sandy soils wlien these were not acid. On old cultivated lands it gave best results when the soil had pre- viously been well fertilized with barnyard manure. JNIoor soils should he well limed before the application of this material. Nitrate of soda statistics (Saateti, Diingcr v. Fiittermarkt, 1907. .Yo. 3, p. 77). — Statistics of production and consumption of this material from 1897 to 100(5 are sumnnirized. The world's Consumiition during inO(! is given as 1.639,o00 tons, of wliich 1.241.400 tons was used in Europe and .".(".1,000 tons in the T'nited States. Wholesale nianufacture of nitrate fertilizer, t'. M. I'icppeu (Da Hi/ Con- siihir (111(1 'I'rfKic h'jitx. [ r. S.]. 1907, Xo. 27(ir in Kashmir, India, in the maniffiicture of lime niter for fertilizing purposes by the Norwegian 824 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. process. The conditions are said to be unusually favorable to such a project, namely, abundant water power and unlimited limestone near at hand. It is also close to the Punjab, the great grain-growing region of India, which is in great need of a cheap nitrogenous fertilizer. Comparative fertilizer tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, L. Pechmann and Clausen (Filhliiiy's Landic. Ztg., oo {1906), No. 24, pp. 855- S57 : Deut. Laufhr. Pressc, 3'i {1901), JVo. 3, p. 17). — The results of experiments liy different investigators are briefly sunmiarized. On the stability of Thomas-amm.onium-phosphate lime, M. Schmoeger and L. von Wissell {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 56 {1907), No. 1, pp. 1-6). — The authors found that this material as prepared by the usual process of mixing Thomas slag, ammonium sulphate, and lime waste from beet-sugar factories loses a considerable amount of its nitrogen in a comparatively short time. By adding about 5 per cent of calcium chlorid or 3 per cent of dried carnallite, this loss was entirely jirevented. Comparative fertilizer tests with Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, Bachmann {Mitt. Deut. Landic. GeselL, 21 {1906), No. 51, pp. .',83-485 ).— Re- plying to a previous article by Clausen (E. S. R., 18, p. 620). the author presents further data to show that under, proper conditions agricultural phosphate is a very effective fertilizer. The principal of these conditions are good mechanical condition of the soil, a sufhcient supply of humus, and thorough distribution of the phosphate in the soil. The use of barnyard manure with the phosphate also increases its effectiveness, and conditions which promote the growth of bacterial flora in the soil favor assimilation of the ])li()sphnte. Comparative fertilizer tests of agricultural phosphate and Thomas slag, Clausen {Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeselL, 22 {1907), No. 4, pp. 26-28). — A reply to an article by Bachmann already noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 621), in which the author maintains that the use of aunnonium sulphate in connecti(m with Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate results in an over valuation of the i)hosphoric acid in the agricultural iihosphate and under valuation of that in Thomas slag. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Distribution and adaptation of the vegetation of Texas, W. L. Bray (Bui. Vniv. Texas, Sei. iSer. No. 10, pp. 112, pis. l), figs. ,'/). — This bulletin was pre- pared by the author with the desire of presenting to teachers a point of view from which to study the vegetation of the State, which is not supplied by present publications. In the bulletin the vegetation of Texas is considered as a whole from the standpoint of its relation to environment. The various factors of plant environment and how they affect plants are described, consideration being given to water, temperature, light, atmosphere, and edaphic and biological factors. After discussing the environmental factors, the author describes the various plant societies which he recognizes as occurring in the Texas region. The relation between the osmotic strength, of cell sap in plants and their physical environment, E. and Hilda Drabble {Bio-Chem. Jour., 2 {1907), No. 3, pp. 117-132). — In a previous publication the authors gave a pre- liminary statement regarding the osmotic strength of sap in plants growing imder different conditions (E. S. R., 18, p. 127). Their investigations have been continued, so that 48 plants have been studied from quite a range of environ- ment, including bogs, gardens, woods, moorland and mountains, sand dunes, brackish water, and salt marshes, and the relation between environment and strength of the cell sap in the different plants has been clearly established. The authors in summarizing their investigations show that the osmotic strength of cell sap is least in submerged fresU-water plants and greatest in AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 825 paltniarsh plants. The greater the physiological drought under which the plants are accustomed to grow the greater will be the osmotic strength of the sap in the turgid cell. For any locality the osmotic strength will vary with the physiological scarcity of water. In all plants growing under the same conditions ihe osmotic strength of the cell sap is practically the same. Where marked differences in structural arrangements for checking loss of water ])y transpira- tion are present the plants with the less adequate anatomical provision for trans- jiiration will have the greater strength of cell sap. The effect of increasing the osmotic strength of sap on absori)tion is very marked, the rate of absori)tion of water being proportional to the osmotic strength of the .sap. The effect of increased temiierature is also quite appreciable and tends to enhance the power of absorption of water by plants. On the transpiration current in plants, II. 11. Dixox (Proc. Roy. 8oc. \Loti(lon'\, So: B, 79 (1907), No. B 528, pp. -',1-57, fif/s. .5).— The author criticises a paper by Ewart (E. S. R., 17, p. 958), pointing out objections to the methods of investigation presented, and in addition he gives further arguments athrming the cohesion theory of Dixon and Joly regarding the trans])irntion current in plants (E. S. R., 7, p. 560). The effects of mag-nesium sulphate upon seedlings, Gertrude Burlixg- HAM (Ah-s. in ^Science, ii. nrr.. .11 (V.JOl), No. 6.3S, p. .'i52). — A report is given of extended experiments to test the ett'ect of dilute solutions of magnosium sulpluite on seedlings. It was found that while magnesium sulphate is usually toxic in strengths greater than 0.00.3 per cent, in weaker solutions it pi-oduces a decided - stimulating effect, reaching a maximum in dilutions of 0.00075 to 0.00018 per cent. Beyond this point the action gradually diminishes. Seedlings allowed to grow for several weeks in a dilute solution of magnesium sulphate which was at first slightly toxic, finally developed strong lateral roots and attained a root growth far beyond the controls. This seems to show that magnesium sulphate in proper dilution is beneficial to the growth of seedlings, and that any inhibitory effects are due to the presence of excessive amounts, thus controverting Loew's theory that magnesium salts when alone in solution are alw.ays injurious to plant growth. The effects of salts of some rare elements on seedlings, Alice A. Knox and W. II. Welker {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 25 {1907), No. 63H, p. .}6/).— Salts of a numlKU- of rare elements were tested on seedlings. The greatest molecular concentration points at which growth occurred during the first 24 hours were noted, as well as the least growth. It was found that the increase in toxicity followed Mendeleefs table almost mathematically, the toxicity increasing from group to group with the increase in molecular weight. The physiological resistance of saline plants to the action of sea salt, A. Casu (Ann. But. [Home], 5 (1907), No. 2, pp. 273-35',, fujs. 2).—X study was made of the flora of Cagliari to ascertain some of the fac-tors which determine the distriiiution of plants in soils that are more or less impregnated with salt. After an extended review of literature, the author gives in detail the results of his investigation on the physical, chemical, and physiological effect of various salts on the germination and growth of the strand flora, comparing the results obtained in his experiments with the spontaneous occurrence of plants in the regions studied. Observations on the effects of the rays of radium on plants, C. S. Gageb (-U>,s-. in Science, n. ser., 25 (1907), No. ()3S, p. J,()2). — It has been shown that the rays of radium and other radioactive substances act as a stimulus to germi- nation and growth, and further experiments by the author warrant a similar conclusion with respect to other plant activities, such as resjnration, starch 30755— No. 0—07 m 3 826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. making, geotroplc response, etc. The growth of plants watered with radio- active water may be accelerated or retarded, the results varying not only with the degree of radioactivity but also with the species of plant employed. When pollen or ovules were exposed before pollination, or when exposure was made after fertilization of the egg, plants growing from the resulting seeds were found to vary profoundly from the parent plants. Whether these variations are capable of transmission is yet to be determined. Composition of cocoanut water and presence of diastases in cocoanuts, E. DE Kruijff {Bill. Dept. Agr. Iiidcs NcerUiiid., 1906, No. //, ;)/*. IS). — I-n the course of a study to determine the industrial value of the so-called milk or water of the cocoanut, the author Investigated its composition and also the occurrence of diastases. It was found that the cocoanuts contained saccharose, which is inverted during the maturity of the nut by a diastase secreted by the cells of the endosperm. In addition to sucrose the author reports the presence of oxydase and catalase, the two latter not being present in the immature fruit. The haustorium was found to contain in addition to these diastases lipase, auiylase, catalase, and peroxydase. The role of phenols, tannic acids, and oxybenzoic acids in cork formation, E. Drabble and M. Xierf.nstein (Bio-Chem. Jour., 2 {1901), No. 3, pp. 96-102, pi. 1). — According to the authors, it is generally believed that tannins and other aromatic compounds play an important part in the lignification of wood elements, and that when tannins, phenols, and oxybenzoic acids are treated with formaldehyde and a little hydrochloric acid, condensation products are precipitated. This suggests that in the formation of cork similar condensation products probably play an important part. The authors made an examination of a number of living plants to trace the clis,tribution of tannic acid, phenols, etc., in the stems, and in every case where cork was found a coloration of the cells in the immediate vicinity was shown, indicating the presence of gallic or tannic acid. In the plants which gave no reaction no cork was present. The authors are led to attribute to tannic acids, phenols, gallic acid, and other oxybenzoic acids an important role in the formation of cork. The pres- ence of substances of this class was clearly shown wherever cork tissue was found. The substances giving cork reactions are precipitated from tannic acids, phenols, and oxybenzoic acids by means of formaldehyde in the presence of various acids, and products having the same mother substance as these con- densation products have been obtained from the cork itself. The authors be- lieve that tannic and gallic acids and substances of this nature are acted upon in the plant by formaldehyde and various acids and are precipitated on the walls of the cork cells. Hydrocyanic acid glucosids and hydrocyanic acid in plants, A. Eich- INGEB {PJianii. Ziy., 52 {1907), No. 15, pp. 1^6, l-T'). — A resume is given of considerable of the literature relating to the occurrence in plants of glucosids that under the influence of enzyms split up into hydrocyanic acid. The occur- rence of these glucosids in a number of species of plants is mentioned, and the localization, source, and function of hydrocyanic acid are discussed. On the poisons of Amanita phalloides, J. J. Abel and W. W. Ford {Jour. Biol. Cliem., 2 {1901), No. h, pp. 273-2.SS).— It has been shown by one of the authors that the poisons of the fungus Amaniia phaUoidr.s belong to the group of bacterial toxins, and further that the principle described by Koliert under the name of phallin as the only poison present is accompanied by a highly toxic substance devoid of hfemolytic properties. The presence of this substance can be demonstrated by biological experiments. The authors state that immunity can be established toward the two poisonous AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 827 |i|-inci|(l('S mo- lysin. Its i)roi)erties are said to be such as to preclude it from playing any role as a blood poison in the case of poisoning by these mushrooms. The influence of mushrooms on the growth of some plants, G. F. Atkin- s().\ {\<'ir York ConicJl ,s7a. liiil. .ViS'r(1///r.s- itsadcsf*'!'- '/'/r/.s7,r., 16 H'JOG), Xo. //, pp. 171-1S7). — The results of proteiu determinations in Swedish malting barley secured from .1899 to 1904 showed variations ranging generally from 2 to 4 per cent in all the varieties analyzed. Some samples of each variety tested were found to contain over 11 per cent of protein. The maximum content, 15.14 per cent, was obtained in a sample of Svanehals, and the minimum, 7.23 per cent, in a sample of Princess. On an average Princess contained about 1 per cent less protein than Chevalier. The author concludes that the variety is of minor importance in determining the protein content of barley, and that this factor depends mainly upon condi- tious of culture and growth. — v. w. woll. Corn culture, R. J. Redding and J. M. Kimbrough (Georgia ^ta. Bill. 74, pp. W5-20S). — The 10 varieties compared during the season of 1906 gave an average yield of 2.J.13 bu., Marlboro Prolific and Cocke Prolific leading with 28.60 and 28..50 bu. per acre, respectively. Marlboro stood second in 1905. Hastings' Prolific, which made the smallest ears, ranked sixth this year, while Marlboro, which gave the third smallest ears, stood first. Henry Grady, mak- ing the largest ears, ranked fifth in the total yield of shelled corn per acre. From these results it appears " that there seems to be no very significant rela- tion between the total yield and the size of the ears." A comparison of cotton-seed meal and crushed cotton seed as a fertilizer for corn resulted in a yield of 24.56 bu. per acre on the cotton-seed meal plats and of 22.05 bu. on the crushed cotton-seed plats. Cotton-seed hulls were found not only ineffective as a means of increasing the yield of corn in the current year, but even actually reduced it. This material is considered too valuable as cattle feed to be used as a fertilizer. As in former years dividing the applica- tions either of cotton-seed meal or nitrate of soda, applying one-half before planting and the rest as late as either May 1 or May 20 was found inexpedient. Brief notes on corn culture based on the results seciu'ed in 17 years of experi- ments conclude the bulletin. Williamson method of corn culture, ,T. F. Duggar and 1.. N. Duncan (Ala- " hania Col. Sta. Bill. i.J.S', pp. 102-106, fl tiX'.-itiiuMit was identical cxi-cpl in llio ])()iiits wliidi disliiiiniish tilt' Williaiusdii method. Tile yield of shelled corn was .".O.n Im. iu>r acre on tlie Williamson plat and 20.rj hn. on the check i)lat. On the Williamson i)lat each plant averaged 0.r54('. lb. of shelled corn and on the other O.cr.T lb. The average weijiht of ear on the check plat was 0..")4 Ih. as compared with 0.4;") lb. on the Williamson plat. One hundred plants jxrown by the Williamson method ])rodnced 00 ears and nubbins as compared with lilt*, ears and nubbins in tiie dieck test. The average height from the ground at which the ears grew on tlie check plat was 444 in. . and on the Williamson plat 3(!.| in. The Williamson plat showed 2'.) per cent of broken stalks while the check plat showed only 14 i)er cent. Applications of 200 lbs. ootton-seed meal, 200 lbs. acid iihosphate, 400 lbs. kainit, and 200 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre were used, but the yield was not sufficient to make the use of such large quantities of fertilizers profitable. It is believed that the proportion of kainit in the Williamson fertilizer is too high. It is also suggested that the uimsually large yields obtained by this method on upland in South Carolina may be due more to the freipient plowing under of a croi) of cowpea vines, to the liberal use of nitrogenous fertilizers, and to close planting than to the dwarfing of the plants through omission of cultivation and withholding until late the application of fertilizers. Variety tests with cotton and corn, J. F. Duggar and L. N. Duncan (Ala- haiiiu Cdl. Shi. Jiiil. 1SS, jij). 2 varieties of cotton under test Toole, Cook Improved, Cleveland, Bancroft. Herlong, and Christopher ranked fii'st in 1905, and of 20 varieties compared Cook Improved, Cleveland, Layton, Toole, and Pullnot were the leaders in 1900. Sunflower and Floradora, w'bich were grown in this experiment, are long staple varieties and conmianded in the home market a premium of about 4 cts. per pound. In 190.^>, estimating the lint at 114 cts. per pound and the seed at 7 cts. per 100 lbs., the total value per acre ranged from ,$20.04 to .$07.04. and in 1900, the lint being regarded as worth only 10 cts. per pound, the total acre value varied from .$4.">.0l to $09.30. The leading varieties of corn in a list of 18 and tly'ir yields were as follows : Sanders 28.9 bu. per acre, Marlboro 28.3 bu., Mosby 2f'>.0 bu., and Henry Grady 2.5.7 bu. Sanders, Marlboro, and ]Mosby are several-eared sorts. Early northern varieties were again shown to be worthless for Alabama. Cotton culture, R. J. Redding and J. M. Kimbrough ((Georgia Sfa. Bid. 7.7, pp. 211-240). — Twenty-six varieties of cotton wvvr imder test. In value of total products per acre the leading varieties, given in decreasing order, were as follows : Layton Improved, Cleveland Big Boll, Broadwell Double- Jointed. Cook Improved. These varieties all produced values of over .$0.") per acre. The average total value of lint and seed ])roduced by the 20 varieties was $00.01 per acre, the range being from .$47.1. "► to $7.').i')0 per acre. The average yield of seed cotton per acre was 1,517 lbs., and the range 1,315 to 1.7.54 lbs. The average results of this work for 13. years show that the best half of the number of varieties grown each year produced 34.9 per cent of lint and the others 32.5 per cent. In 190(5 the best half of the varieties grown produced 30.8 per cent of lint as compared with 37.8 for 1905. The best yielding varieties also showed the larger size of IioUs, although in some years there were exceptions to this rule. Earliness was in favor of the lietter yielding sorts during 4 seasons and in favor of the i)oorer yielders the remaining 9 years. A high jiercentage yield of lint apiiears very closely related to a high value of total products. The size of the iioUs is to be considertnl in relation to the cost of liicking. It was found that a fertilizer aiiplication, of which the nitrogenous ingredient 830 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, consists of fotton-seed meal, is most effective wiieii liedded on from 7 to K! days in advance of planting. Cross planting cotton with corn was not fonnd protitalile. It was aiso shown that the use of sound cotton seed directly as a fertilizer or a fertilizer ingredient is a very unwise practice. Applications of 4(M>. ,S(M), and 1.200 lbs. of a fertilizer consisting of 1,000 lbs. of 17 per cent acid phosphate, 498 lbs. cotton-seed meal, and 74 lbs. muriate of potash v.-ere compared. The plats receiving 400 lbs. at a cost of $4 produced 281 lbs. of seed cotton more per acre than the unfertilized plats. The use of 800 lbs. increased the yield over the check' plats by 430 lbs., and the use of 1,200 lbs. showed an increase of 588 lbs. of seed cotton. Cotton hulls as a fertilizer did not prove profitable. In a condensed review of the results of 17 years of cotton culture it is pointed out that plowing from 6 to 8 in. deep and thoroughly harrowing the land is more effective than deeper but less careful breaking and fining of the soil. Subsoiling has not been fouiad advisable on the upland soils of middle Georgia. The results of the variety tests seem to favor a variety with large bolls, large seed, high percentage of lint, medium earliuess, and persistent fruiting ca])acity. On land capable of yielding | to li bales per acre the rows are recommended to be oj to 4 ft. wide, with the plants 12 to 18 in. apart in the frills. With regard to commercial fertilizers it is stated that these should l)e ajiplied and bedded on not less than a week before planting, and that it does not pay to divide the amount into 2 or more applications, although nitrate of soda may sometimes l)e ai^plied with profit a month or more after planting. As a general rule shallow cultivation once a week and once in a row is advised. The rotation of crops laid down consists of small grain followed by cowpeas the first year, cotton followed by rye or vetch the second year, and corn and peas the third year. An interesting cross between a variety of eninier and spelt, P. H. Stoll (Dent. Landw. Presuc. S.'i (1907), No. 13, p. 100. fif/s. 2). — Reciprocal crosses were made between a hairy, bearded winter emmer and Stoll brown winter spelt, itself a cross betwgen Main standup wheat and red winter spelt. The use of emmer as the male parent resulted in 5 poorly developed kernels which failed to germinate, while the use of spelt as the male parent gave a single grain which germinated vigorously and survived the winter in the open. The plant from this seed showed the beardless character of the spelt and the hairiness of the emmer. In form of spike and strength of stem it resembled spelt. The author considers beardless heads and hairy glumes as dominant and bearded heads and smooth glumes as recessive characters. The second generation was characterized by uniltiplicity of forms. Flax culture, W. L. Marcy (U. H. Dept. Ai/r.. Fanners' Bill. 21 'i, pp. 36. figs. 11). — This bulletin is an extract from a rei)ort on this subject published by the North Dakota Station as Bulletin 71, which has already been noted (E. S. R., IS. p. o:!2). Flax experiments, 1905 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Iiisti: Ireland Jour., 7 (1907), No. 2, pp. 250-2()8). — The results of • this year's fertilizer experiments confirm the conclusion of previous years that a potassic manure either in the form of kainit, muriate of potash, or sulphate of potash is generally profitable when applied to the flax crop, and that such treatment effectually prevents yel- lowing. A comparison of seed from different sources showed the net returns per acre from home-saved seed to be inferior to Dutch seed and Kostroma s?ed imported from Russia, but better than those yielded by the Belfast brand of Riga seed. As in previous years scutching tests were made to determine the comparative FIELD CROPS. 831 effectiveness of Irish find Bels^ian mills and Irish ami Belgian workers. A heavier yield of sculclied flax was prothiced in the Irish mill, but the jirodnet was of iinicli jiDorer (|iialily than liie llax woi'l^cd on a modified lielj^ian niill. The test further indicated that better results could be produced hy Irish worlcers in mills of a somewhat lighter type than those generally used in Ireland. It is believed that for well retted straw a mill with a large number of light blades, even as many as 12 on the round, is tlic most satisfactory. liilil>led straw gave u slightly better yield of scutched flax than unrippl(>d straw. l{i|)pling gave a financial lialance of (is. !)d. i)(>r ton of green straw in its favor. The practice is recommended iiarticnlai-ly for crops which have i)roduced a large (luantity of seed. Half a ton tlio f(>rtiliz(M- oxiiorinicnfs wcm'c conduclod ;il Cairo, Ga., on 2 fields, A and B. Field A, a K'huI Ki'mle ol" ijinc land, had liccn in cnltivation for at least UO years, and Held B, of the same ^rade of land, only abdut (! years. The jilats receiving no fertilizers prodneed an average of ll.oT and 14.r)2 tons of eane per acre on lields A and B, respectively. The highest average yields, 2.3.44 tons on field A and 2r).S4 tons on field P., were secured on the plats receiving eith(>r 1,200 or 2,000 Ihs. of the normal formula in two applications. Canes grown helow the frost line in Florida were analyzed and found to he very rich. Samples received IMarcli 111 contained 20.00 per cent of sucros(\ and samples received from (he same locality Novemhei- 11. l.">..">0 ]ier cent, the imrity for the 2 lots heing 01.. "Id ])er c(Mit iind 70 per cent, respectively. (Grinding cane was hegun at tlie experimental sirup factory at Waycross, Ga., Xovomher 3 and completed Deccmher 7. In 25 days of grinding 12,240 gal. of sirup was produced from 500 tons of cane. The average quantity of sirup per ton of cane was 21.87 gal. The average percentage of total solids i:\ the juice was 15.07 per cent; of sucrose, 11.10 per cent; of reducing sugar, 2.15* per ceut, and the average purity coefficient 73.G3 per cent. Analyses of the finished sirups showed an aver-ag(> of 75.7."! per cent of total solids, 46.05 per cent of sucrose, 24.40 per cent of reducing sugar, 21.00 per cent of inversion, and 03.11 per cent of total sugar in total solids. The results secured in the 4 years' experiment in the fertilization of sugar cane, 1002-1005, are summarized at length in tabular form and discussed. Dividing the fertilizer and making 2 or 3 applications as compared, with apply- ing it all at one time did not show a sufficient advantage to .iustify the practice. The results obtained by applying half of an application of 2,000 lbs. of the normal formula at planting and the other half at a subse(iuent period of growth gave a very large increase in yield as compared with making the application all at one time. In some cases the data apparently indicated a loss in the efficiency of the fertilizer when applied at three successive intervals instead of at two. In experimenting with the revised formula it was found inadvisable to use in connection with it an application of 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre, eitiier in one application with 1*200 lbs. of the revised formula or at intervals. The comi)inations of plant food represented by either the normal forujula or the revised formula gave good results and no great advantage was shown in depart- ing widely from these formulas. The quantities of plant food contained in the normal fornnila are considered necessary for the production of profitable crops of sugar cane on this type of soil, and the average results of the experiment are regarded as indicating that the crop of sugar cane may be about doubled by the application of these amounts of plant food per acre. Annual report of the bureau of sugar experiment stations for the year 1905—6, W. ;Maxweix (Ann. Npt. QucciiKlaiid liin: Siij/ar E.rpt. Stas.. (1 (1!)()5-G), in). .56'). — Analyses of sugar canes grown by farmers and of water for irrigation purposes, together with results of variety tests of cane from different countries, and of culture, irrigation, and fertilizer experiments, are tabulated. The following varieties ranking in the first class for commercial sugar production are retained in the experiment and carried to the third rattoon crop : .Vew Guinea, 4, 8A, 15, 22, 24, 24A, 24B, 2G, 38, 40, <34, and G6 ; Mave, Trinidad 00, Yuban, N. G. 37, 47, 48, 54, and 55. Mauritius Settlers and Bois Rouge were also continued either for distribution or for other purposes. Irrig:ition supplying a maxinnnn or some excess of moisture tendcnl to lower the purity of the juice, and manures cm irrigated and nonirrigated plats, while increasing the production of the cane, produced a similar result. It is stated 834 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. that these results are uot without exceptions, and that upon thoroughly ex- hausted land the application of mixed manures very frequently results in au improvement of quality and yield. On irrigated plats the use of manures resulted in an additional yield of 4i tons of cane and of i ton of sugar per acre, while without irrigation the manures gave an additional yield of 3J tons of cane, the increase in the sugar per acre being very small. Cane from rows planted 4 ft. apart weighed 20 tons per acre more than cane from I'ows 7 ft. apart, and it was noted that the gradation was regular and progressive along the line of different widths. The cane from rows 4 ft. apai't yielded 11 J tons of sugar per acre, while that from rows 7 ft. apart yielded 2^ tons per acre less. Notes are also given on cane diseases, distribution of cane varieties, intro- duction of new varieties, subsidiary crops, substation work, and experiments in raising seedlings. L Cultivation of plant crop and rattoon stubble], N. A. Cobb (Haicaiian Sugar J'hiiifcrs' ,St(i., Dir. Path, and I'lnjsloJ. Bui. 5, 2. ed., pp, 85-90, flgs. .))• — Methods of opening up stools of plant cane and rattoon crops are described and illustrated, and the advantages from the treatment accruing to fields infested with root disease are pointed out. Hoeing the eartb away from the base of the stubble of a poor plant crop, and thus letting the air and light into the old stool, resulted in a fair rattoon crop. The fact that the stool of rattoon stubble under certain soil conditions is very firmly embedded in the ground brought about the construction of implement.; embodying the principles of the disk plow and the subsoiler, for the purpose of breaking open the stool in order to expose it to the air and the sun and to induce i^etter growth through root pruning. A descrip- tion, with illustrations, of these imi)lements is given. Experiments in growing Cuban seed tobacco in Alabama, G. T. McNess and L. W. Ayek (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 31\ pp. 3.^. pis. J).— Culture experiments with Cuban seed tobacco were conducted in 1903, 1904, and 1905. The soils taken for the experiments are described as Orangeburg clay and Orangeburg fine sandy loam, and their mechanical analysis is shown in tables. The clim;ite of the region is also discussed, and the methods of soil preparation and cultivation are described in detail. The object of the work was to demonstrate that a high (|u;ility of Cuban seed filler leaf can be produced on a certain soil and to secure information as to the value placed on the product by dealers and manufacturers. In 1903 1 acre of tobacco was grown on Orangeburg fine sandy loam and 2 on Orangeburg clay. The yield amounted to 435 lbs. of merchantable tobacco to the acre. In 1904 li acres of each kind of soil were secured in a different locality for this work. The 3 acres yielded 1,380 lbs. of air-cured tobacco, but unfavorable conditions reduced the yield of commercial leaf to 1,001 lbs. This crop was produced at a cost of 23.7 cts. a pound. In 1905 9 parties entered into a cooperative agreement and raised 12i acres of tobacco under the direction of the Bureau of Soils. The yield of merchant- able tobacco from this acreage amounted to 4,457 lbs., or 35()i lbs. per acre. The weight of the crop as harvested ranged from 2G0 lbs. to 848 lbs., and aver- aged 380 lbs. per acre. The largest yield was produced at a cost of G cts. per pound and the smallest at a cost of 12 cts. per pound. The reduction in cost of growing the heavier crop is regarded as due to better soil preparation. The profits from the largest yield amounted to $114.05 on 1* acres, and from the smallest yield to .$10.02 on 1 acre. The crop of 1903 sold for 30 to 40 cts. a pound, and the total amount realized was sufficient to cover the original cost of growing the tobacco, the expense of fermenting, sorting, and packing, the shrinkage in weight, and other losses. FIELD CROPS. 835 In in04 a fx'ee distributiim of I lie < r qnality nught be obtaineil. "From tiie leltei-s received \>y llie I )e|i;irtment tlie tobacco seems to bavi' given s;i(isl. net ion." Milling characteristics of Australian wheats, F. B. (Jutiikik and (}. W. XoHKis (Jour. I)(i)t. Aijr. ^o.Aust.,10 (JDOl), So. 7, pp. 392-/i0o). — In tliis ])ai»er it is pointed ont that Sonth Anstralian wheats are cliaracterized by strengtli of llonr, winch is always of high color and good glnten content. The Victorian wheats, wbili' prodncing flonr of e(|nally good color and glnten content, are iowcr in strengtli. 'I'lie tlonr jirodnced in .\ew Sontii Wales closely resi-nddes that prodnccd in \'ictoria and Sonth Anstralia, but stands midway between these two varieties in respect to strength. The Queensland wheats show^ high bushel weights and a high percentage of tlonr, but in strength tlie.v are dis- tinctly below (lie wlieats of the ?> States .just mentioned. AVestern Australian wheats give a tlonr of high color and fair strength, but deficient in gluten. The good points of New Zealand wbeats are given as good yielding power, liigh bushel weight, and fair Hour strength, and the weak points as lack of brightness in the grain, tliick bran, chalky color of flour, and deficient gluten. The improvement of English wheat, A. E. Humphries and K. II. Biffen (Jour. A(/r. Hci., 2 (IDOl), \u. 1. pp. /-/6'). — This article is a resume of the work of improving English wheat in various jiarts of England and is based on a jiaper iiresented on this subject to the international convention of millers at Paris in I'.Mr,. The (luality of wheats from different parts of the world is dis- cussed, and the results of various exi)eriments conducted to deternnne the factors influencing the strength of wheat as shown by baking tests are noted. It is pointed out that soil conditions have a considerable influence on the strength of wheat, though the experiments presented give no information as to the precise factor or groups of factors which determine this influence. In testing the influence of fertilizer applications on the strength of wheat wide differcTices in the results were observed, but the results show satisfactorily that long-continued manuring does not increase the strength of wheat and that it may even seriously depreciate it. In connection with one of these experiments it was found that the strength of the grain from highly manured plats in- creased abnormally with its age and that this marked improvement in (jualit.v on ageing coincided with a deficiency of pliosphat(>s in the ash of the grain. Sl)ring sowing of wheat did not give results showing an increase of strength in the grain. Results also show that the time of harvesting may influence the strength, but not sufficiently to bring the best English varieties to rank with such wheats as those from Manitoba. In addition to ,•< review of these lests the work of comi)aring mnnerous for- eign varieties is described. In tliis work it was found tliat the qualit.v of some wheats changes consideraldy with climatic and soil conditions, while others retain their sti'cngtb nndiM- all conditions. The Fife wheats were especially prominent in retaining their strength. In order to obtain suitable varieties of wh(\-it ;ula|)ted both to th(> farmers' and mill(>rs' jmriioses the inheritance of strength was studied in great detail, and many hybrid varieties were originated and rigidly selected. It is stated that whil(> stnMigth and the lack of strength in wheat may not form a pair of Mendelian characteristics, the assumption that they do has proved very valu- able in ])uilding up desirable varieties. So far about -10 types, mostly of Fife parentage, have been retained as i)roving satisfactory in all featui'es, ami fhese are now cultivated to determine tiieir .vielding power. These fy]ies are diverse in habit, some being loose, others scjuare in the head, while some have 836 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. white and others red grain ; Imt so far as may be determined the strength of the iiarent Fife has l)een maintained. Twenty-ninth annual report of the Swiss seed control and experiment station at Zurich (Lundiv. Jalirh. ^chirciz, 20 (1906), No. 2, pp. 553-576) .■ — At the seed-control station 9,4S0 samples of 171 A'arieties, including clovers, grasses, cereals, root crops, various other forage plants, and tree and flower seeds were tested, and results with reference to purity and germination are tabulated and briefly noted. In one experiment red clover obtained from Upper Baden gave a much smaller yield than a variety secui'ed from Winkel, near Zurich. Vicia pan- iioiiica proved to be the hardiest and the most productive of 3 varieties of vetch, including ^ iciu riUosa. A comparison of flax from different sources showed that Riga flax grew taller and coarser than either Axam, Bohemian, or Oetzthal flax. Earlier re- sults secured with Sicilian flax indicate that this variety is nuich coarser tlian any of these 4 varieties. Distribution of seeds and plants, E. J. Wickson and R. E. Mansell (Cal- ifoniid Hta. tul]> liy simply boiling any kind of fruit which can be used for jam making or in similar ways with just suflieieut water to cause the juice to run, so as to stew the fruit in its own moisture. When boiled sufiiciently to sterilize it the pulp may be placed in bottles in a manner similar to that in ordinary methods of canning fruits. Nothing in the way of sugar or other matter is added to it. Fruit preserving for domestic supplies, G.~ Qutnn (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. A list., in (J-D06), \o. .'), pp. 266-277, figs. 6). — I»opular directions are given for the preparation and preserving of stone and pip fruits, berries, and vegetables. FORESTRY. 839 :iii(l tlio makiiifr of proservins sirups, tosjothor with a disenssion of the pvuici- plo uiidcrlyiii^j; fruit i)ros(n-v;itiou iuul tlic ai)i)li;incos roquircd for the worlv. Opportunities in the South for preserving fruit and vegetables (Tradcs- nidii. ')() (V.xn). So. l.l, pp. .'/7, J/S). — A popular doscriptiou is given of the vari- ous i)rocesses in the canning of tomatoes in the connnercial canning houses of Maryland, and data are presented in connection with the canning industry, hotli (if I his State and California. A discussion of the possible development of the canning industry in those sections of the South whore large quantities of truck crops and orchard fruits are grown is included. I Statistics with reference to the imports and acreages affecting British horticulture! (Jour. Uoij. Ihirt. le soils and varieties. The introductory remarks give the present status of nut culture in Oregon, together with the principal nut-growing sections. The Oregon nut growers are of the opinion that the late-blooming French varieties are best adapted to that region, and of these Mayette and Fran(]uette are the general favorites. Florida soap trees, '' Saponidas manatensis utilis " and " S. saponaria," E. MouLiE (Amer. Soap Jour, and Manfr. Cliem., 17 (1907). JS'o. 6, pp. 12.'i, 125). — The berries of the soap bush (Hapindns utilis) in Algeria are said to be rich in an alkaline principle known as saponin, useful in the manufacture of soap. Two or more species of Sapindus grow in Florida, and the author states that he has been successful in prodU( ing sajwuin from 2 species of Florida soap trees, which he designates as Saponidas nianatcusis utilis nml »S'. saponaria. The characteristics and possible uses of this oil are discussed. The author is FORESTRY. 841 of the opinion, that a hirge number of seeds from both the Florida and Algerian I'onns will Ix' ])lanted in Florida with the view of developing the industry. Rubber in the East, J. C. Willis, ]M. K. Bambee, and E. B. Denham [ I'lruilvitiija Mainnil.s, JDOtj, \(>. I. pj). \'J 1 1 -{-,i yield of the different plats is shown, from wlii.-h it a])j)ears that the spraying resulted in a substantial profit. The largest returns were obtained from the plats spra.ved with Bordeaux mixture to which resin and soda were added, followed by P>ordpaux mixture containing sugar, and plain Bordeaux. Some elements of plant pathology, N. A. Cobb (Havalian tiugttr I'Janters' ^ta., Div. Path, and Physiol. Bill. //, pp. 50, figs. 32). — This is an address on the (■.iseases of plants especially related to sugar cane delivered by the author before the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Fungus maladies of the sugar cane, N. A. Cokr ( nawaiian Sugar I'laiitrrs' Sta., Div. Path, and Phij!l. liiih .',, pp. 2r,i,. pis. N, figs. 102).— \ report is given on investigations of a number of diseases of sugar cane, together with notes on associated insects and nematodes. Among the diseases described are root diseases, leaf-splitting blight, rind disease, pineaiijde disease, ;in(l a disease to which the name "eleau " is given. The iirincipal root disease described is that due to the basidicmiycetous fungus Itligphiilliis coralloidcs n. sp. This disease is estimated to cause in some districts losses amounting \n Ui per cent of the I'attoun crop, with somewhat less on fields of plant cane. Tlie lungus, which is almost entirely a subter- raueau one, ouly coming to the smMace of the ground when the fructifications are formed, attacks the cane through woiuids and tli(> cut ends of the plant c:uie, from which it sjireads along the fibrovascniar bundles into the interior of the iilant. It was found that flies jilay an imi)ortant part in spreading the spores of the fungus, and extended studi(>s were made on the role of flies and other insects in the dissemination of this disease. In addition to the 844 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Itliypliallns consitlerable injury is caused by Marasmius sacclmri hatcaiiensis 11. var., which also attacks cane, causing a root disease. The best means for combating the root diseases are cultural methods, the use of resistant varieties, the destruction of the fructifications, and the eradication of flies. The leaf-splitting blight, caused by Mijcosphcrrella stridtiformaiis n. sp.. is especially destructive to young cane, particularly during the cool season. The leaves show alternate colorations, and the tissues dry up, after which the leaves split badly. No remedies are known for holding this disease in check. The rind disease described is due to TricJiosphwria sacchari, and it is said to be a well-known disease that follows wounds on cane. It is very prevalent on some plantations, and is to be combated by the use of resistant varieties and the complete destruction of the spore-bearing dead stalks. The pineM])ple disease {Thielaciopsis cthaceticus) attacks plant cane through the cuttings. It is characterized by a peculiar discoloration running through the cane, accompanied by a more or less pronounced pineapple odor. The soft varieties of cane seem very susceptible to this disease, and the use of tops for planting is advised. In making cuttings for planting care should be taken not to shatter the ends of the cane, and it has been found desirable to treat the cuttings before planting with some fungicide such as Bordeaux mixture. This fungus also attacks pineapples, sometimes causing severe losses. The disease called eleau is widespread, but does not seem to be of very great economic importance. Young stalks are attacked here and there in the field and appear discolored and shrunken, with dry leaves and leaf sheaths bound together. Insects appear quite commonly within the leaf sheath and they are possibly concerned with the disease. Technical descriptions are given of the different fungi concerned in these diseases and about a score of new species of nematodes are descril)ed. These are included, as the wounds formed by nematodes on the roots aid fungi in gaining entrance to the cane plant. The heart rot of beets, C. Merle (Skci: Indig. et Colon., 69 (1907), Nos. 5, pp. 125-129; 6. pp. l.'iS-152). — A description is given of beet root rot. due to Phoma deta', or P. tahiflca of some authors, the ascigerous form of which is now recognized to be Spha'reUa tahifiea. The disease usually makes its appearance late in summer, and seems most destructive on certain types of soil during prolonged drought and on certain varieties. Sandy soils containing an abundance of silica with rather imper- vious subsoil appear to favor its spread. Associated with the fungus causing the root rot are a number of other species, but the.v are shown to be completely saproiihytic. For the prevention of loss by this disease the author recommends deep plowing before the beginning of winter, the application of large quantities of wood ashes to the soil, long, rotation, and the planting of some of those varieties that have been shown to be I'esistant to the fungus attacks. Cabbage leaf spot {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 1,1 {1901), No. lOo'j, p. 16.',).— In response to an inquiry the editor states that the conidial stage of SpluvreUa hrassicacola has become unusually common and destructive in parts of Eng- land. For its prevention it is recommended that diseased plants be pulled up and burned, the soil disinfected, and no cruciferous plants allowed to occupy the soil for at least 2 years. Any unaffected plants should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture so as to prevent infection. The fungus seems to be becoming increasingly destructive, and it is urged that means be taken to prevent its spread by burning the dead leaves and other refuse. Stem canker and drop of cabbage plants, .1. Rttzema Bos (Ztselir. rflniizcnkranlc, 16 {1906), No. 5, pp. 257-276, figs. 13).— As a result of studies DTSEASES OF PLANTS. 845 C'iUTiod on for a consiclerable ])erio(l. tlio autlior has determined that the stem canla>r and the drop of cahhajres are manifestations of tlie same disease, hotli bein,u caused liy the funfxus I'Iioiiki (ilcidccd. A techincal description is given of file l'nn.!,'ns, and the effect wliicli it prochices upon tlie host plant is descrilied. Tlie practice of leaving cabbage stallcs standing in the field is conden)ned, as the fungus is carried over the winter in them. Investigations seem to indicate that the fungus can not attack sound roots, lait nuist find entrance through wounds and insect injuries. In the latter class especial attention is called to the ca])bage maggot { Aiiflioiiinin hrax.sica'), which should be rigonmsly attacked in order to ])revent injuries which may he followed by the fungus. , A spot disease of stone fruits, 1'. Vocjlino {Italia Af/r., 1!)07, pi). iJ, 13, jil. 1; abs. ill li'ir. I'atnl. ]'('). — A disease of cherries, peaches, and almonds, in which the leaves, twigs, ;md maturing fruits are attacked by the fmigus Vla.stcrospuiiuiii cariiopliilum, is described. The fungus produces discolored s])ots on the foliage and soon the tissues in these areas dry and fall out, the leaves presenting a ragged api)earance. Sometimes a copicms exudation of gum accompanies the disease, but the author was unable to (>stab- lish any I'elation iietween the fungus and the formation of gum. It is believed that the gum is due to the arrested development of the cambium. S] (raying trees at frequent intervals with a 5 per cent solution of eoijper and iron sulphate and lime has given good results. The application of a solution of 10 per cent iron sulphate and 5 pel' cent lime to the trees during winter is reconmiended as an additional precaution. Pear canker and means for its control, G. Paparozzi (Roihc: Offlc. PoU- (jrafica Ital., 1006, pp. 29, figs. 7; ahs. in, Riv. Patol. Vey., 2 (1907), No. 7, pp. 103, lO.'i). — An experimental study was carried on to determine the etiology of pear canker, the relative resistance or predisposition of different varieties to the disease, and the efticiency of various methods of control. The cause of the canker was found to be the fungus Nectria dltissima follow- ing frost injuries. If protected from the action of cold no canker was found en pear trees. Wide variations were found in predisposition to the disease, and in making plantings in exposed regions susceptible varieties should be omitted. When cankered areas are observed on trees they should be cut out, and the wound treated with carbolic acid or corrosive sublimate, after which it may be covered with a mixture of resin, alcohol, and coal dust. Experience in combating grape downy mildew in 1906, IIensleb {Pral;t. lil. r/loiizrnbaii u. Hchutz, ii. ser., .'> {1907), \o. 2, pp. 18-23). — An account of a series of experiments with P.ordeaux mixture for the prevention of downy mil- dew of grapes due to Peronospora viticola. Various strengths of the fungicide were used, and although the season was a very rainy one, the results obtained were so encouraging that the author feels warranted in recommending the treatments for 1907. He suggests that the vines be thoroughly sprayed with not less than a 2 per cent solution of Bor- deaux nuxture. The first api)lication should be given in ;\Iay when the young shoots have attained a length of "20 to 25 cm. The second spraying should be made just before the opening of the flowers, followed by a third inmi^diately iTfter the flowering period is over. Two or more additional applications should be given at intervals during the season, depending on the state of the weather and the development of the fruit. There is said to be no economy in the use of v<>ry dilute solutions, and thoroughness of application to all parts of the vine is a jirime requisite for the success of the treatment. Localized stem blight in Ohio vineyards, A. D. Sklby and J. M. Van Hook (Ohio Sta. Ciir: (].',. pp. 6, figs. 2).— In .Vugust. 1906, the authors' attention was called to an extensive dying of grapevines in Ashtabula County, Ohio. The 846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. trouble had become serious in lOon, and at the time of the authors' visit in 1906 it was found that many of the vines had died. In some cases the old roots had put out sprouts, some of which were wiltini;. and in some instances new vines had been planted in place of the old ones. The wilting of the vines is a conspicuous character of the disease, the leaves and tender shoots first showing by their wilting that the disease is present, after which they droop and finally dry up, while the berries are shriveled. In studying the winter condition of the disease the authors found that if the old Itark is stripped off the diseased stems, on the inner bark will be found rows of lilack dots arranged more or less in longitudinal elevations. A study of specimens showed that they were identical with the parasite reported by Atkinson in New York in lOO-l and referred by him to a form of the grape anthracnose. While investigating this disease the authors found that it was also present in a 13-year-old vineyard at the station. This vineyard had been regularly and thoroughly sjtrayed with Bordeaux mixture, followed by animoniacal cop- per carbonate, but the presence of the disease seems to reflect against the efficacy of Bordeaux mixture alone as a remedy against this disease. Based upon investigations carried on in Europe and elsewhere, the authors reconunend the spring treatment of all vines with a solution of iron sulphate, fulphuric acid, and water. As a precautionary measure it is recommended that diseased portions of vines be cut out and burned. In order to study more thoroughly the distribution of the fungus, the authors request correspondence relating to it and ask that siispected specimens be sent them. A mulberry disease in Kashmir, E. J. Butler (Agr. Jonr. India. 2 (1907), No. 1, pp. 97, 9S). — An account is given of a serious disease of mulberries which has not previously been recorded in India. The disease is found in old trees without causing appreciable damage, but great harm is done to young plants in nurseries, a fungus attacking the seedlings in their second or subse- quent years. It is said not to kill the seedlings outright, but as the affected plants have to be cut back below the diseased parts, several years' growth is lost. The disease is said to be caused by the fungiis Corijiieum mori. which invades the wood and young branches and results in the withering of the branches, which drop their leaves. This disease is already known in Japan, and it is possible that it was intro- duced into India from that country. How serious it is likely to prove it is as yet impossible to predict, as methods for its control are not known. The coffee nematode, G. Gandara (Com. Par. Agr. [Mexico] Circ. 51, pp. 7, figs. 6). — A desc-ription is given of attacks of Heterodcra radiclcolu on coffee, and attention is called to the loss which this nematode has caused to coffee plantations in Brazil and elsewhere. The eff'ect on the host plant is noted, after which various cultural remedies are described. In addition to methods of cultivation that are based upon stimulating the growth of the trees, it is suggested that various substances be injected about the trees for the destruction of the nematodes. Among those mentioned are gasoline, benzine, iron sulphate, carbon bisulphid, sulphocarbonate of potassium, etc. A good method for combating Pestalozzia palmarum on cocoanut palms, C. Bernard (TcgKiiiaiuiia, 17 {I'.XJIj), Xu. 10. pp. ().J.'i-657) . — For pnnenting the spread of P. palmar u in on cocoanut trees the author recommends a treatment which has been found eflicient on an estate in Java. This consists in cutting out the diseased portions of the tree as soon as the fungus spots appear and burning or deeply burying the material. The author adds the precaution of ECONOMTC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 847 Imniiiis all fnllon rubbish about the troos .-ind trcafiiiLr llic jtruniuss with a solution of corrosive subliuiate before buryiiii; tiiciii. The tulip disease and its prevention or cure {(Jard. Vliroii., 3. set:, J/l (1007), Xo. lo'i.'i. p. lliS). — The writer st;ites that many (•()uii)laints I'roni Hol- land, Germany, and elsewhere have been received relating to the failure of tulips to bloom, and a report is given on exiteriments for the control of this disease. These experiments ari' based upon llie (il)servatious of Klebahu that the di.sease is due to 2 fungi, liotri/tis iiiudsil icit nnd Sclcrotlum tuJiixinim. The liotrylis form usually shows itself in the early spring by the baelcw.-ird, sickly apiiearanee of the lirst tulip .'-iirouts or by their failure to appear alto- geth(>r. Upon lifting the diseased bulbs small l)laik fungus spots will be ob- served upon them, or if affected by the Sclerotium the si)ots will l»e larger and dark brown in color. As these fungi remain in the soil for a numl>er of years, the treatment under- taken is based upon the removal of the fimg\is, and the only practical plan thus far advised is to lift out the bull is that show, signs of disease, together with the surrounding soil, as early in the spring as ])ossibl(> and to destroy the bulbs and completely sterilize the soil by burning it. This ti'eatmeiit, persisted in for a number of years, it is claimed has resulted in the eradication of the disease from a large tulip nursery in Holland. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The fox: A dangerous pest, and a plea for its extermination, S. McTntosh (Jour. Dcpt. Atir. So. Aust., 10 (1907), No. G, pp. 373, 3?..^).— Attention is called to the rapid nuiltiplication of the fox in South Australia. This animal is an introduced species and luay be considered of some benefit" in destroying rabbits. The author fears, however, that it will ultimately multii)ly to such an extent as seriously to threaten the poultry and sheep business. Insects as the food of squirrels, W. T. Davis (Canad. Ent., 39 (1907), No. 1, p. 16). — Squirrels were observed opening hickdi'y nuts for the purpose of ob- taining the larvrt> of snout beetles in them. Notes are also given on other insects occasionally eaten by squirrels. A study of the stomach contents of native carnivorous birds, G. Rorig (Arb. K. liiol. Anst. Land ii. Fomtir., .'> (1901!), No. o, pp. J37-265). — The author made an exannnation of the stomach contents of 1,154 carnivorous birds, includ- ing eagles, fishhawks, and various other hawks and owls. The results of these investigations are presented in a tabular form showing the percentages of bene- ficial and injin'ious animals which constitute the food of the birds. The digestion of various food stuffs in the stomach of crows, G. Rorig {Arh. K. Biol. Anst. Lund u. Forstio., 5 (190G), No. 5, pp. 266-278).— In study- ing the stomach contents of birds for the purpose of determining their food habits, it is desirable to know the rapidity of digestion of the various elements of food in the species which is I)eing studied. The author found that when the stomach is filled with a considerable variety of food th(> softer parts of animal origin raiiidly disapjiear, while hard elements remain in a recognizable form not nuich longer than the hulls of grain. All of these hard elements seem to retain their original foi-m longer when the quantity in the stomach is smaller and the variety of food elements less. The bone content of the pellets of Asio otus, M. Schwartz (Arh. K. Biol. Anst. Land it. Fnrstir., .', (1!W6), No. 5, pp. 279-281, pL 1, fig. i).— In studying the pellets cast up by this .si)ecies of owl, the author finds that in most instances the bones are left in their original relation to one another, the softer parts hav- ing disappeared under the influence of the digestive juices. 848 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. International catalogue of scientific literature. N — Zoology {Internat. Cat. Sci. Lit.. '/ (1!)06), pts. J, pp. yill + V>^; -i, 1>1>. A7/ + 38.'/).— The zoological literature indexed in these two parts of the international catalogue is mainly that of 1904, but also includes a number of entries of literature pub- lished from 1901 to 1903. As in previous parts of this catalogue, the material is indexed under the author's name and also by subjects. Second biennial report of the commissioner of horticulture of the State of California, 1905-6 (Bicn. Rpt. Comr. Uort. Cal, 2 {l'JOJ-6), pp. 557, i)Js. -i, fif/s: 169). — The reports of the commissioner of horticulture for the two years under consideration are given by E. Cooper (pp. 7-19), and a report of the deputy commissioner is presented by E. M. Ehrhorn (pp. 20-27). A large part of the report is occupied with entomological matter, including an outline of entomology by J. Isaac (pp. 35-1.54) ; The Coccidre of California, by E. K. Carnes (pp. 1.55-222) ; Insects of the Year, by E. M. Ehrhorn (pp. 223- 230) ; The Codling Moth Parasite (pp. 231-235) ; The Gipsy and Brown-Tail Moths (pp. 236-238) ; and An Experiment in Silk Raising, by K. Kurosawa (pp. 261-270). After 2 years' experience with Caliephialtes messer as a parasite of the codling moth, a numlier of fruit growers speak of the work of this para- site in favorable terms, biit its practical value is not yet established beyond ques- tion. Brief reports are made by the various county boards of horticultural commissioners regarding insect pests, fungus diseases, and the status of fruit growing (pp. 273-314). The proceedings of the thirty-second State fruit growers' convention, held at Ilanford, Decenjber 4-7, 1906, are included in the report (pp. 315-549). At these meetings popular addresses were given and articles read on various matters connected with the growing of fruit. Sixth report of the State entomologist, W. E. Britton (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1906, pt. J,, pp. XII+219-306, pis. 15, figs. 13, map i).— The chief lines of work undertaken by the entomologist during the year are briefly discussed. Considerable attention was given to nursery inspection, and a statement is made regarding the condition 'of nurseries, together with an account of the treatment of nursery stock by fumigation and other methods. A determined effort is being put forth to gain control of the gipsy moth in Connecticut, which has slowly spread from Stonington, where it was first dis- covered. The methods adopted in the control of the gipsy moth are similar to those applied in Massachusetts. The Bureau of Entomology of this Department is cooperating with the State authorities in this work. The entomologist has also made a study of the spiny-elm caterpillar and the insects which have been found injurious to the tobacco crop in the State. These include cutworms, wireworms, hornworms, flea beetles, grasshoppers, plant lice, cigarette Ijeetles, etc. Notes are presented on fumigation houses and on the use of hydrocyanic-acid gas and carbon bisulphid for the destruction of insects. In spraying for the San Jose scale no injury was observed to buds or twigs from the use of lime-sulphur mixtures. Fairly good results were also obtained from the application of proprietary miscible oils, but the lime-siilphnr mixture is reconnuended as being the cheapest and most effective. First biennial report of the "Wyoming State board of horticulture, 1905-6, A. Nelson {Bien. Rpt. Wyo. Bd. Hart., 1 (1905-6), pp. 56, figs. 31).— A state- ment is given of the organization of the horticultural board of Wyoming, w'ith copies of the State horticultural law and the regulations of the board. Par- ticular attention is devoted in this report to the requirements of the nursery law, its enforcement, and benefits. Considerable time has been spent by the secre- tary of the board in field work, exi)laining the purpose of the law, and awaken- ing interest in the control of insect and fungous diseases. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 849 Suggestions arc givon regarding tlie location of orchards and varieties to obtain the best results and on insects and fungus diseases which are recog- nized by the law. Formulas are also included for the prejiaration and apjilica- tion of insecticides and fungicides. Insects new or unusual in Michigan, R. II. I'ettit (MichUjan Sta. Bill, .i'l-'i, pp. S7-1JJ. I'liis. .i.i). — During llu> past few years a number of new insect pests have appeared in Michigan and well-known insects i)reviously unimportant in the State have caused considerable damage. Biological and economic notes are given on tlieso pests, including strawberry louse, cutworms, Mediterranean flour moth, greenhouse leaf tyer, wheat midge. strawberi\v-root worm. ))owder- post beetles, strawberi-y weevil, wheat joiutworm, etc. Report on the work of the section for plant protection, C. Bbick {Ilainhunj. Hot. Stautsiiist. Jahrcsber., 1005, pp. 2J{-39). — During the year under report nearly 24(i,(X)0 packages of fruit were imported through Hamburg, and of this number 2:!rt.()nO came from America. Among apples, the Baldwin constituted 4'.i per cent of the total import. An examination for San Jose scale showed that 10 per cent of the fruit was infested. Notes are given on a number of other scale insects found on fruit and plants and on the injury caused by woolly aphis, cutworms, bark lu'ctles, and other pests in the vicinity of Hamburg. Entomology, IT. S. Lawrence (Ann. Rpl. Dept. Agr. Bomhuii, 1905-6. pp. 6-8). — The locust plague has abated to a great extent, and it is not i)elieved that serious depredations will be committed by these insects for some ycai-s to come. Particular attention is given to Acriclium succinctmn as well as to white ants, Earius insiilana, etc. Mention is also made of the possibility of th(> accidental importation of cotton boll weevil. Some injurious orchard insects, G. II. Carpenter (Dcpt. Af/r. and Tech. I list i: Jrchiiid ./our., 7 {1901), Xo. 2, pp. 2J,3-2-'i9, figs. 5). — Brief notes are given regarding the preparation and application of suitable insecticides for the control of codling moth, currant sawfly, plant lice, red spiders, scale insects, etc. Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species, B. .J. Jones (I'liiv. Vol. Pubs., Hut., 1 {1906), l^'O. 2, pp. 15S-19S, pi. 1, figs. If). — A list is given of the Ephydrid;e collected in California, together with a bibliography of the subject, a description of a number of new species, and a catalogue of all known species, with a key for identification. An investigation of evolution in chrysomelid. beetles of the genus Lep- tinotarsa, W. L. Tower {Washington: Carnegie Inst.' Washington, 1906, pp. X-\-321, pis. 30, tigs. 31). — For a period of about 11 years the author has studied the methods of evolutionary transformation in animals as illustrated by the members of the genus Loptinotarsa. A large part of the investigations were made on the Colorado potato I)eetle with particular reference to its geographical races. A number of experiments were tried, during which it was found that devia- tions in temi)erature under which specimens of the Colorado potato beetle were kept acted simply in accelerating or retarding the pigmentation, and that the variations thus produced had no significance in subsequent generations. Data collected on the gradual distribution of the Colorado potato beetle in this country are of much value to students of this insect. With regard to the bearing of his studies on evolution, the author concludes that the meml»ers of the genus Leptinotarsa. including the Colorado iwtato beetle, have undergone direct rapid transformations in response to environmental stinuili as a result of geographical dis])ersion. The cabbage and onion maggots, J. B. Smith and E. L. Dickekson {Neio Jersey Slus. But. 200, pp. 27, pis. 9, figs. -})• — A series of experiments was car- 850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ried out with various cultural and remedial measures for the control of these two root maggots. Cultural methods include the destruction of rubbish about fields where the crops are grown and the disinfection of sheds or crates in which the crops are stored. It has been found better to plant the onion sets in late September or October rather than in August or early September. A good fertilizer should also be applied, and the ground should be kept thoroughly stirred about the gi-owing plants, whether cabbage or onions. Among the specific treatments applied to the control of these pests a mixtin-e of carbolic acid and lime containing 1 tablespoonful of carbolic acid and enough lime to make a paste in a gallon of water gave the best results. Considerable benefit was also noted from the use of tarred paper cards alxnit the plants and kerosene, powdered tobacco, white hellebore, and dry lime. Where an infestation has ah*eady taken place, direct destructive measures may be used, such as carbon bisulphid, carbolic-acid emulsion, and a decoction of hellel)ore. Two new pests of carrots, C. Borner (Arh. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstiv., 5 {1906), 'No. 5, pp. 2S2-292, pgs. 11). — In some localities considerable injuries are reported from the attacks of Cevtorh inn-hUlhis fcrmiiiatus and Phytomiiza (icniciilata, both of which are described in detail, with notes on their life history. An insect pest of water cress, C. Cateub (Rev. Hort. Beige, 33 (1907), No. 1, pp. IJf, 15). — The larvffi of a tiy (Hi/drcllia ranunculi) are reported as mining in the substance of the leaves of water cress, thus ruining their appearance and suitability for table use. No satisfactory remedy has been devised for the pest. The spring canker worm, H. A. Gossard and J. S. Houser {Ohio Sta. Circ. 6.5, pp. 7, ^'f/s'. 8). — The life history of spring canker worm is briefly outlined. In controlling this insect in orchards the fruit grower should depend chiefly on the proper application of bands and spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green in I'.ordeaux mixture or in water. Whitefly conditions in 1906. The use of the fungi, E. W. Berger {Florida >S7rt. Bui. SS, pp. 49-85, pis. 3). — Parasitic fungi have been widely used in Florida in combating the whitefly. Success was had in 98 per cent of cases from spraying the spores of the fungi on trees or by attaching leaves carrying the fungus to trees. In this work the author used Ascliersonia aleyrodes, A. flavo-citrina, the brown fungus, and Spha'rostible coccophila. The spores of the brown fungus have not yet been discovered, hence they can not be used in spraying on the trees. It has been found that in the other species the spores retain their vitality for a month, or perhaps longer. All of the three first-named species of fungi thrive throughout Florida, but a humid atmosiihere is essential for their growth. Apparently the best time for starting the fungi in trees infested with the whitefly is from Maj^ to August. Repeated plantings of the fungus should be made to insure success. In badly infested localities it is recommended that trees along roadways should be trimmed high to avoid the distribution of the whitefly by carriages brushing against the branches. The whitefly feeds on a number of trees, includ- ing Cape Jessamin, chinabeny, umbrella tree, prickly ash, trifoliate orange, and others. Where these trees are of no value and infested they should be cut down and burned. If it is desirable to use insecticides against the wliitefly, spraying or fumigation should preferably be done from December to February. The gipsy moth and how to control it, L. O. Howard {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 215, pp. 22, figs. 7). — Historical notes are given (m the distribu- tion of the gipsy moth in Europe, its introduction into this country, and its ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 851 prosont (listribiitioii. Tho moth is now known to occur in .MMssacIuisotts, New Iliunpshiiv, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The insect is described in its different stages and notes are jiivcn on its inju- rious attacks, natural enemies, and artificial remedies. Sonu; of the main features of llic present Massachusetts law for the control of the gipsy moth ar(> reproduced and a brief ontline is given of the work of the Federal (Jov- ernment iu this direction. The California tussock moth, W. H. Volck {California ^ta. Bnh 183, pp. ix'.f-.il'i, fii/x. 77). — llniicrDcnnipa vetusta has been unusually injurious to apple trees in the I'ajaro Valley and elsewhere in California' during the past few- years, especially in ]!)()"). The damage was most severe where the egg masses had not been picked off and destroyed during the previous year. In orchards where this precaution was takeu the loss was 2:5.5 per cent, as compared with Oo.G per cent in untreated orchards. The pest in question lives on live oak, lupin, ai)i)le, and cherry trees as well as other plants. There is one generation annually. The egg masses are laid near buds and the larvfe burrow into the fleshy tisa|e or the fruit. The only parasites obtained by the author were tachina flies,'^DUt the eggs are attacked by a minute parasite. rreliminary experinifuts showed that this insect is very resistant to arsenical jioisons. The larvie live for several weeks after feeding on foliage sprayed with arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 to G lbs. per 50 gal. of water. On account of the heavy coating of hair the caterpillars are difhcnlt to kill by contact insecti- cides. Whale-oil soap killed some of them, but kerosene was apparently harm- less. The best methods of control seem to be picking off the egg masses as soon as the leaves fall in the autumn and the use of sticky bands about the trunks of infested trees. The San Jose scale problem in Ohio, 1906, A. F. Burgess (Ohio Dept. Agr., Div. Xiirscri/ and Orchard Insp. Bui. 8, pp. 30, pis. 7, figs. 3). — As a result of his experience with San Jose scale in Ohio, the author i-ecommends that all infested orchards should be carefully pruned and sprayed before the leaves appear in the si)ring. For large orchards lime-sulphur wash is considered best and cheaix'st, while in small city lots or on individual trees proprietary miscible oils give good ivsults. Report of remedies tested to control the San Jose scale and the codling moth, 1902 to 1906, A. F. Burgess (Ohio Dept. Agr., Div. Nursery and Orchard In.'^p. Bid. 9, pp. 36). — Formulas are given for the preparation of the various insecticides which were used in combating San Jose scale and codling moth and the results obtained in the casd of both insects are presented in a tabular form. The author concludes that lime-sulphur wash made according to the fornuila 1-1-3 is the most satisfactory and cheapest insecticide which can be used against the San Jose scale. Thoroughness should be observed, however, in its applica- tion in order to protect fruit from becoming sjjotted with excessive infestation. The longer this treatment is continued the better the results which are obtained. In spraying for codling moth it was found that the cost per tree averaged about 5 cts. when Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead were used in a mix- ture costing li cts. per gallon. The author believes that the first spraying is the most important and the late July spraying next in importance. Little dif- ference was observed in the effectiveness of the arsenical poison whether Bor- deaux mixture was added or not. Arsenate of lead is considered more satis- factory than Paris green. The value of ladybird larvae, I'. Boekeu (Arh. K. liiol. Anxt. Land u. Forstic, J (li)0(j), A'o. 5, p. 2S2). — Coccinella scptcnipunctata was fed on plant 852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lice. It was fontid that during a period of 10 days each larva ate on an average 2GT plant lice daily. A fungus parasite of orange scale, L. Trabitt (Bill. .\p- •>■')■ — 'i'he purjioses and necessity of spraying are hriefly out- lined and detailed formulas and explanations are given for the iireparation and api)licatiou of the standard inseetieides and fungicides. The lime-sulphur-salt wash and its substitutes, J. K. Haywood ( C7. S. I)ci>t. A(/r.. Bur. Clicin. Bill. lot. itj). 29). — From experiments c.ni-ried out with chemically pure lime and sulphui'. it a|)pi'ars that solid sulphur is not dissolved hy boiling 15 minutes, hut that the best results are obtained by boiling from 4.J to GO minutes. A boiling i»eriod of 1 hour is sufficient to dissolve nearly ;;11 of the suli)hur, Iiul Ilie tiiiosulphates are somewhat increased by a longer jjeriod. Salt apparently has no inlluence upon the composition of the wash iu so far as the sulphur compounds are concerned. The slight differences in the com- position of the wash, as used by different investigators, have little or no in- lluence upon the time required for boiling. When lime and sulphur are used in equal quantities there is more than enough lime to dissolve the sulphur. These substances may be used in the proportion of 1 lb. of lime to 1\ lbs. of sulphur. About 2T) lbs. of sulphur to 50 gal. is a maximum quantity. It appears that the use of air-slalied lime has no influence on the composi- tion of the wash, and that there is likewise practically no difference iu composi- tion whether flowers of sulplmr or flour sulphur is used. Detailed notes are also given on the composition of lime-sulphur wash withparticular rAerence to the different kinds of sulphur compounds. It is found that not all of the sulphur is dissolved by the heat generated by caustic soda, but the suggestion is made that a wash containing 10 lbs. of caustic soda and 19 lbs. of sulphur per .50 gal. of water without lime may give satisfactory results. The use of arsenic in destroying injurious insects, A. Riche (Bid. Agr. Ah/iric et Tuin.' were thus marked. In the case of olive oil, 14 of the 110 samples examined were adulterated and - were compounds. Eleven samples consisting of cottou-seed oil " were labeled salad oil, and are therefore technically compounds." Tests for i)reservatives in 88 samples of pork sausage showed that 40 contained boric at'id or borax and 3(> sulphurous acid. Borax was not found in any of i1h> L'l samples of Hamburg steak examined, but 12 samples contained sul- lihurous acid. Only one of the 10 samples of oysters examined contained boric acid, but this preservative was found in 14 of the K! samples of codfish sub- mitted to the station. A special study was made of diabetic foods, including ficmrs and meals, bread, biscuits, rusks, etc.; nut butter and similar goods; diabetic cocoa and baking powder; macaroni; homemade gluten meal biscuit; and soy-beau biscuit. All of the commert-ial wheat preparations contained a certain amount of starch, although iu most of them the normal percentage was considerably reduced. " The beneficial results from their use is not due solely to the reduced percent- age of starch, but also to the increased percentage of protein." The percentage of proteiu in nearly every case was found to fulfill the claims made by the manufacturers. "A safe fl(mr for those suffering with the disease is casein flour entirely free from carbohydrates or else a vegetable flour containing the smallest possible amomit of these substances, such as may be prepared from soja beans by simply grinding with removal of the hulls, from almonds and other starch-free nuts after expressing a portion of the fat, or from wheat after washing sufficiently to remove nearly all the starch. A guaranty as to protein and starch content should 1)e furnished with each product, so that physicians can calculate dietaries for their patients." A number of the special diabetic foods did not show any very decided ad- vantage over ordinary wheat flour for diabetic patients when judged by analysis, and microscopical examination "proved that all of them contained large amounts of wheat starch with no marked ditference from that of wheat Hour." " In making out dietaries for diabetic patients it should be borne in mind that starch, sugar, and dextrin are all about equally injurious, since starch and dextrin are ciraverted by the saliva and pancreatic jxiice into sugar (chiefly maltose), and it is the sugai", not the starch itself, which is dii'ectly injurious. For exam[)le, changing a portion of the starch into dextrin, as is done to some extent by toasting bread, does not render it less injurious, in fact it actually hastens the formation of sugar through the action of the digestiv(> juices, since (lextrlns are intermediate products in the clian<:e. For this reason the sum of the peiventages of starch, sugar, and dextrin, and not the starch altme, should be considered in valuing diabetic preparations." "The jieanut, another legimiinous seed, although very rich in oil. contains about 11 per cent of starch, sugar, and dextrin, of which about half is starch. "Most of the nuts, including walnuts. Brazil nuts, almonds, and filberts, since they contain no stanh and only small amounts of sugar and dextrin, 856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. but are rich in protein and oil, are valuable additions to the diet of diabeti;-s. Almond meal is used in the preparation of various biscuits and bread substitutes. The chestnut is a notable exception among nuts, in that it is rich in starch and poor in fat, the composition of the shelled nut being much the same as .that of wheat flour ; it is therefore entirely unsuited for the use of diabetics."' Food legislation during the year ended June 30, 1906, W. D. Bigelow {['. .S'. Dci)t. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Bill. lO-'i, pp. 53). — This summary of legislation on food in the different States and Territories supplements the compilation of such data previously referred to (E. S. R.. 17, p. 891). Foreign trade practices in the manufacture and exportation of alcoholic beverages and canned goods, H. W. Wiley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Vhcm. Bui. 102, pp. .'i-j. pU. 2. fliis. 5). — The author visited some of the principal regions in Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, and France where whisky, wine, and brandy are produced, and some of the French vegetable and sardine canneries, with the special object of securing data on the preparation, preservation, and character of the products mentioned, as offered for importation into the United States, in order that -just and effective standards might be adopted for their inspection on arrival at American ports. As regards the preparation of canned sardines, it was found that it is cus- tomary in French canneries to heat the fish in peanut oil previous to packing in olive oil. This is regarded as one of the reasons why peanut oil has been dis- covered in so many packages of sardines which were labeled " Packed in pure olive oil." "There is no objection to the use of peanut oil for the purpose mentioned, but where the packages are labeled ' Packed iu pure olive oil,' it is held that peanut oil should not occur, or at least only in mere traces." The new meat inspection law and its bearing upon the production and handling of meats, G. P. McCabe ( IJ. 9, 560). — An analysis of commercial crab extract is reported. Sardine paste, 1*. Buttenberg and W. Stuber {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 12 (I'JUO), No. 6. pp. S'/O-S'i'i). — Analyses were made of sardine paste, anchovy, and similar ,L,'()ods with a view to securinj; data for judging the jiurity of such products. Concerning the composition of goose eggs, A. Segin (Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. II. Gciiiissmtl., 12 (1906), No. 3, pp. 165-161). — Data are given regard- ing the weight of tlie entire egg — yolk, white, and shell — as well as the propor- tion of ether extract, protein, and phosphorus constituents in goose eggs. Ac- cording to the author, the data show that the total phos[)horic acid aud lecithin phosphoric acid in goose-egg yolk is somewhat smaller than in the case of hen and duck eggs. The j)roportion of free lei-ithin is about midway between that in the hen's and the duck's egg. The proportion of lecithin in combination is somewhat higher than in the duck's egg and lower than in the hen's egg. Studies of gelatin and glue, P. Buttenberg and W. Sttjbeb (.Ztschr. Unter- such. Nahr. ii. Genussmtl.. 12 (1906), No. 7, pp. JfOS, 409). — Determinations of the sulphurous and sulphuric acid in a number of samples of gelatin and glue are re[iorted. Ajiiiarently all the samples of powdered and sheet gelatin had been treated with sul])hurous acid in the process of manufacture, as they con- tained sulphurous and sulphuric acid. Carpenters' glue, on the other hand, was free from sulphurous acid and contained only a little sulphuric acid. The investigations were undertaken with a view to securing data regarding the estimation of added gelatin in canned goods. The food value of vegetable gelatins (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., J^8 (1907), No. 2, pp. I'i2, I'/J). — A sununary of data on the use as food of Iceland moss, Irish moss, agar-agar, and Japanese algte. It is pointed out that jellies aud other dishes made from these materials are often used in invalid dietetics and in other ways, and are connuonly assiuned to have a high food value. According to the data summarized, the carbohydrates, the chief food constituents which they coutaiu, are not digested by man, and so the.v have little or no nutritive value. "On account of their marked i)ropert.v of holding large quantities of water, relatively small quantities of vegetable jellies cause the elimination of copious watery feces. As they form iigreeable articles of diet when used like gelatin as a vehicle for fruit juices and other flavors, it is suggested that agar-agar or The moss jellies may be of value in certain cases of constipation." Concerning the manufacture and composition of Chinese bean cheese (Teou-Fou) from Soja hispida, P.i.ocn iliul. i^cL Pharmacol., l.i (1906), pp. I.is-l.',.i: (ills, ill Ztsclir. I iitcrsiiili. Xahr. ii. Genussmtl., 12 [Hitiii), No. 9, pp. 56 'i, 565). — The method of manufacturing soy-bean cheese iia China is described. After soaking for S or 10 hours the b(>ans are ground, rubbed up with water, and pressed. The resulting li(|uid is strained through cloth and slowly heated to the boiling point. The bean cheese is then precii)itated. i)ressed, and cut iuto 30755— No. !)— 07 M 5 858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. small cakes. It is stated that G kg. of soy beans will yield 80 liters of liquid, from which 20 to 25 kg. of bean cheese may be precipitated. The pressed cake from this quantity of beans would weigh 13 kg., and is generally used as cattle fodder, though it is not infrequently eaten by poor people. According to analyses the bean cheese contained 83.85 per cent water. 1.2!m; per cent nitrogen. 4..33 per cent fat. and 0.57 per cent ash, and the pressed cake 88.75 per cent water. 0.248 per cent nitrogen, 0.04 per cent fat. and 0.36 per cent ash. Banana flour, A. Rohrig (Ber. Chem. Vntersncli. A)ist. Leipsic, 1905, p. 31; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnvssmtl., 12 (1906), No. 'J, p. ')6.'f). — An analysis is reported of banana flour from Central or South America. The fat of sorghum seed, N. Andrejew (Vyestnik Shirov. Veshch., 4 {1903), pp. 1S6-1SS; uhs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u Genussmtl., 10 (1906). No. 12, p. 611). — A study of the fat of Sorghum cernuum was made, this seed, in the author's opinion, being a satisfactory food for both man and animals. Sorghum-seed fat is yellowish in color and not unlilve yellow vaseline in appearance, but of somewhat harder consistency. Oleic, I'eisinoleic, linoleic, and erucic acid wei'e'the principal acids present. It resembles oat fat in its combination of erucic acid with oleic acid, and maize fat in that linoleic acid is present. The latter acid accounts for the slow drying properties observed iu sorghum-seed fat and the proneness of the meal to fermentation. Valeric, formic, and other volatile fatty acids were identified. The melting point of sorghum fat is 39 to 40 degrees; the iodin number and other constants are reported. Chinese bean oil, W. Korentschewski and A. Zimmermann {Vyestnik Obshch. Uig., .5 {100,'}), pp. 690-693; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. n. Ge- nussmtl., 10 {1906), No. 12, p, 616). — As shown by studies of 4 samples of Chinese soy-bean oil, which is much used in the Orient as a food material, the melting point is 20 to 21 degrees and the saponification number 207.9 to 212.(). Other constants are I'eported. The samples examined were all liquid, dark brown in color, and resembled plant oils in flavor. The digestibility was studied with 3 soldiers, 100 gm. being taken per man per day in addition to the regular ration with about 46 gm. of other fat. The coefficient of digestibility was 95 per cent in round numbers. The conclusion was I'eached that fresh Chinese bean oil is very thoroughly assimilated. Cocoa and chocolate, H. Beckurts {Arch. Pharm., 244 {1906), No. 7. /*;'. 486-516). — With a view to the establishment of standards for cocoa and chocolate available data are summarized and discussed. Among the recom- mendations which were made are the following: Cocoa mass, cocoa powder, cocoa with the fat removed, soluble cocoa, and similar products, according to the author, should contain no foreign plant sub- stances, as starch of flour, and no foreign mineral matter or fat, and cocoa shells should be removed as far as possible. The cocoa mass should contain on an average 52 to 56 per cent fat and 3 to 5 per cent ash. Chocolate should not contain added materials with the exception of flavor- ing matter. If the sugar content is over 66.5 per cent, chocolate should be declared " very sweet." The recommendations also take into account the use of chocolate in confectionery and in the preparation of dietetic articles and medicines. The pentose content of cocoa beans and its relation to the detection of shell in ground cocoa, H. Luhrig and A. Segin {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.. 12 {1906), No. 3, pp. 161-164).— The experimental data led the authors to conclude that more information is needed before variations in the FOODS II UMAX NUTRITTOlSr. 859 IK'iitose content can bo relied uixm lin- llic deteetioii of ndulleratioii of powdered cocoa with cocoa shells. The proportion of caffein in coffee arid its estimation, I'. Wantig (Arh.- K. (i.siKlhtsaiiit.. 23 {190(i), tip. 315-332; (ib.s. in Ztsdir. Viitcrsuch. A'a7«r. u. (leuiisNiiiil.. J> {1906), ^'o. 7, p. .'/30). — Accordin.ix to the data reported, a cup of coffee nieasuriiiK !")() c<'. made with :J00 gni. of water and 15 gui. very finely ground coffee contains, on an average, from OAM> to 0.1 gm. caffein. Concerning the sugars in spices. I, White cinnamon, .T. IIanus and F. Hkin (Z/.sc//r. I iitcrsiicli. .\itln: ii. (U'lnissiiill.. I.i {W(Hl). Xo. 7, pp. H95- J/Ol ). — The conclusions which were drawn follow : The pentosan content of spices is fairly ccmstant and depends niton tlie portion of the plant from which the spice is obtained. White cinnamon con- tains a larger amount of pentosans than spices obtained from the whole plant or from leaves. In accordan<-e with the results of early investigators, mannite was identified in the spice studied. Arabin and galactan. as well as small quan- lities of xylan. were dissolved by water under pressure. The insoluble portion of the spice contained xylan and ])robably glycosan. Concerning spices. II, AllsiDice, cloves, and cardamom, It. Tiiamm (Z/.st///-. rntcrfiuch. Xahr. ii. (tenussnitl., Li ( 10116). So. 3. pp. /f/.S-H'^).— Special studies of the ash constituent of spices are reported, particularly the degree of alkalinity of the ash. Notes on pepper, (.'. IIaktwicii {Zt.sclir. L'iit< r.siicli. Sdlii: ii. GcinissiiilL. 12 ( 19(16). \c called lacto-vc.ucl.-U'iaii. as milk. 1 nit Icr. cheese, p.iCSS, and liDiiex' were ealcii as well as veuetaljk; foods. Ill addition lo dietary studies with '.i ehildfcii from .". to 7 years old. the balance of Income and ontuo of nitro.iien was detenniiied. in the first two tests there were piins of '2.'2:', and 1..") and Kio calories resiiectively. In later tests there were j;ains of 0.47 and ().(>.") j;ni. nitroi,'en per day resjiect ively on an income of 4.70 and r^'M) j-Mii. The enertry sujiiilied per kiloi^'iani jier day was 70.8 and 89.2 calories. As jiointed out by the authnr, the diet sui)i)lied at the institution did not differ materially from the so-called mixed diet of the rei,'ioii. and was. indeed, doubt- less nioi'e generous, as most of the workiiii; ]ieople live on vej^etable foods, with some milk, and very seldom haxc meat. The results are discussed in (•(Unparison with those obtained by other inves- ti.!,'ators. A dietary study of five halls of residence for students in Edinburgh, 1. I). C.wiKKox (I'ror. Roy. Soc. Ediiih.. ,iii { l!)(i.')-i;) . \ii. .',, pp. .in-.l'il). — The dietary studies were made in 4 meifs clubs and 1 woman's club and were each of 1 week's dui'ation, a total of 110 men and 00 women bein.i; included. Tht> diet on an average snp|ilied 14."> sni. i»rotein. l."?8 f^m. fat. and .">11 sm. carbohydrates. tli(> fu(>l value beint,' .■!.!)7'.» calories. The average cost of the food |ier man per day was :',() cts. Animal protein constituted 03 per cent of the total and animal food made up 00 per cent of the entire cost. The waste varied considerably, its aiijiroximate cost beiuff from 2.4 per cent to 7 per cent of the total sum expended for food. Metabolism on insuflacient diet, I-IV, V. N. Schulz, E. Mangold, II. Sturel, :md E. IlEMPEL {Anil. I'hijsioL \l'pU(ivr\, IIJ, (HXIH). Xo. !)-10. pp. .',19-.'iH6, till. 1). — Investigations carried on by Schulz's students are rejtorted and sum- marized. The principal conclusions follow: The experimental data furnish additional demonstration of the fact that the or.s;anism of a fasting dog can lose so inuch fat that the nietabolism of ])rotein is increased. On insuftici(>nt di(>t the total metabolism may be reduced to half tb(> normal. Fasting induces disturbances which can not be attributed to a lack of energ.v-.vielding food or to the fact that no more body jirotein can be sjiared, but which are ai)])arentl.v caused by a kind of auto-infection. These disturb- ances disappeared when a small amount of food was su])])lie(I. .Additional exi)erinients are needed to stnd.v the nian.v conditions which affect nitrogen metabolism in fasting. Problems in animal metabolism, .1. P.. Le.\tiies (London: .John Miirrai/, nidi;, pp. >.():,: nr. in I'lil). Ilrdllh \l,n\. I'.i {lUnl). \o. .',. />. .!.!'7). — This course of lectures, delivered at London University, summarizes r<'cent investiga- tions and older work in metabolism and discusses available data with reference to various iirobleins concerned with he.-iltb and disease. The effect of consuming different amounts of calcium and magnesium upon the metabolism of these constituents and the quantities present in the animal body, S. Coitie.n (Anh. I'fii/siol. \ I'fliii/cr]. 11:' (IHOC). \o. 1-2. pp. ]}S-1.',1). — According to the investigations (which were made with rabbits) an al>uiidance of calcium and magnesium in the diet induces a storage of these constituents in the body while a deficiency of calcium and magnesium lowers the body store. The changes are especially noticeable in bones and the mus- cular system. The variations in magnesium content of the other organs is particularly small. 862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The value of resistant or negative work in animal dynamics, J. Lef^vrk iCuinpt. Roid. Acad. Hci. [Paris], I'l-l (W(iii). So. 20, pp- I0I-I6O). — The author discusses resistant or negative work — that is. tlie work expended — for instance, in walking downstairs as compared with positive work or that expended in walking upstairs. According to his calcuhitions. this negative work is equal to one-half of the corresponding positive work. Lessons on elementary hygiene and sanitation with special reference to the Tropics, AV. J. Prout {London: Watcrlow tt Sons, IDOo, pp. 15!), Ulus.; rer. in Brit. Med. Jour.. IflOG. No. 2.'i06. p. 322). — In this volume, which was printed for the colony of Sierra Leone, water, fond, dwellings, and iiersonal sani- tation are among the topics considered. The hygiene of the intestines, E. Metchnikoff ( /'cr. (Ii'n. Sci.. 11 (UXX;), No. 20. pp. S9D-906). — The dangers which may result from the passage of bac- teria through the intestinal Avails and from the presence of bacteria and para- sites in the intestines are pointed out and the importance of sterile and clean food insisted upon. Special reference is made to the dangers which may attend the use of uncooked vegetables, fruit, oysters, and other food materials. Putrefactive fermentation in the intestine, R. Baum stark and L. Mohr {Zt.. Kellner and an index compiled l)y M. P. Neumann. Commercial feeding stuffs, E. II. Jenkins and A. L. Winton {Connecticut State Sta. lipt. 1906, pt. 3. pp. 169-218). — The feeding stuffs examined under the State law included cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, linseed meal, rape- seed meal, entire wheat meal, wheat bran, wheat middling.s, mixed wheat feed, maize meal, gluten feed, hominy feed, rye feed, ground oats, buckwheat middlings, malt sprouts, gluten feed, dried distillers' grains, dried brewers' grains, miscellaneous mixed and proprietary feeds, special poultry feeds, meat scrap and ground bone, condimental cattle feed, corn silage, and corn for ensiling. As a whole, the results show fewer discrepancies between guarantec^d and actual composition than formerly, and the authors state there seems little evi- dence of any desire on the part of the manufacturers to deceive the ])ublic regarding the quality of feed. " There are, however, a good many feeds offered for sale . . . which could ANTMAI. PRODUCTION. 863 not be sold to feeders who ;i|i|il.\ .-i iMir knowledt^e i»r the ;irt of feodius stock and business methods to the hu\ iir^ cial reference to the feeding of horses and ruminants. Feeding cellulose and coarse fodders to herbivorous animals, V. P. I'sTiANTZKv (O I'Udnil Tniroi/adiniikJi Zhlrotnuikh Kh/etvliatko'i I Gliru- hiiiiitl Konnami. Kiev: li)0(i. pp. 17/ + i7.'/). — Experiments with sheep and rabbits were undertaken to determine the feeding value of wheat straw bi'foi'c and after a treatment which would remove a greater or less amount of the iiicrnsting material present. In some of the experiments with rabbits the respiratory products were taken into account, a Pashutin respiration cal- orimeter being used. According to the author's snnunary, winter wheat straw when fed to sheep has a low nutritive value, and when fed to rabbits its value is negative. On the other hand, cellulose from the same straw freed from incrusting substances has a decided food value and is equal to isodynamic quantities of starch and sugar as protectors of protein and fat. When fed to either rabbits or sheep, it is almost completely digested. Even if the incrusting substances are only partially removed the value of the coarse fodder is decidedly increased, but the maximum effect is not obtained unless the fodder is entirely freed from sue); constituents. — r. mkima.n. Investigations on the protein sparing action of asparagin, M. Muller (Arcli. I'liysiol. \l'tlii;i {IHdil). \<>. .',-(j, pp. .>',:,^2U1, pis. ,}). — Experi- ments with bacteria from the paunch of ruminants showed th.-it they select jisparagin in preference to protein as nutritive material. The author concludes, therefore, that asparagin serves as :\ ])rotector to protein and that these bac- teria have the power to synthesize nitrogenous bodies of higher molecular struc- ture from asparagin and from ammonium tartrate. The bodies formed give the same reactions .as pei)tone and pure albumen. The author believes that the results noted in vitro are applicable to the animal body. New experiments on the source of hippuric acid in the animal body, II. \'a.siliu (Mitt. Laiidir. Jii.'it. JSrc.staii. J {lUdti), Xo. .',, pp. S.iU-SlJU). — According to the author's hivestigations. benzoic .-uid derived from plant pro- teids by oxidation is to be regarded as the source of hii)puric acid in the animal body. The leaves and fruits contain a larger proportion of the mother sub- stance than stems and roots, and the older the plant the smaller the amount in leaves, stems, and roots. The mother substance is inversely proportional to the crude fiber and pentosan content and directly proportional to the protein content. Incrusting substance.s, such as lignin, can not be regarded as the principal 864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. depositories of the hippurie- acid yielding material. When a feeding stuff is oxidized benzoic acid is derived chiefly from phenyl alanin. Only a small part of the unhydroxylized benzin of phenyl alanin undergoes cleavage and oxidation in the lK)dy in the case of herbivora, and the greater part reappears In the virine as hippuric acid and as phenyl alanin. In the case of man and Aery probably of carnivorous animals also the reverse is the case, and only a very small anidunt is excreted in the urine as phenyl alanin. In this case phenyl alanin plays very little part in the formation of hippuric acid. The greater part of the unhydroxylized benzin ring of pfoteids undergoes cleavage and combustion in the human body and probably in the case of carnivora also, only a small portion being excreted as hippuric acid in the urine or undigested in the f('c(^s. Stable ventilation, purpose, scope, and need for such, work, M. H. Reynolds and C. C. Lipp {Minnesota Sta. Bid. 08, pp. 81-120, pjs. S). — The authors pref- ace the account of their own investigations with a summary of the available data on the subject of stable ventilation and a discussion of the need for work along this line. The investigations reported were undertaken to determine how little air is compatible with normal health and comfort of live stock and with economical feeding in northern climates during midwinter, as obviously the question of stable ventilation during the sununer is a matter which requires little consideration. The experiments reported varied in length from 0 hours to 37 days, and a tightly closed stable of special construction provided with openings through which food and water could be supplied without admitting any ai>preciable quantity of outside air was used. For purposes of comparison, steers were also kept in an open stall. The amount of carbon dioxid in the air reached as high as 2.(>7 per cent. Ordinarily when the closed-stall conditions were very bad it would range from 0.52 to 1.09 per cent. Frequently the proportion of carbon dioxid would increase during varying periods to a maximum, and then either remain constant or decrease without added ventilation. The relative humidity of the air varied up to 09 or practical saturation. Moisture would gather freely on the ceiling and walls of the stable and would sometimes run down in small streams. " It is scarcely possible to imagine a stable where more unsanitary conditions according to accepted standards are maintained than in this stall." Sanqiles of blood and urine were taken for analysis at regular intervals. In the case of the blood the red and white corpuscles were counted and the hemoglobin content, the period of coagulation, and the specific gravity were estimated. Analyses and other studies were made with the urine, but all these analytical data are reserved for further publication. The results obtained, according to the authors, show the great adaptability of the animal organism, a fact which has been pointed out by earlier investi- gators. " The only records materially varying in a long series of averages as between open and closed stall conditions, as stated for the closed stall, were: Pulse slightly increased, i-espiration slightly increased, average period for blood clot- ting materially increased. Changes in the red and white blood cell counts were not uniform and the results are given no special significance. . . . "When animals were confined in a slowly contaminated atmosphere there was no api)reciable effect, even though the atmosphere varied very widely from a normal air and contained large proportions of sulistances which have been sup- posed to be actively injurious. " One steer was confined in the closed stall for 37 consecutive days and seemed to be in perfect comft)rt, showing every symi)tom of being at ease, and there ANIMAL PRODFCTTON. 865 wero no v.-iri.-iticuis I'niiii tlit- iinnii.il tli.il cnuld lie (Icfccfod by l;il»ira(iiry mid clinic-al luetLoils ust'd." The moisture content of tlic slalilc air was dfteii excessive. Tentative eonclnsions wcic ). — Various ([uestions connected with feeding farm animals are discussed, methods of calculating rations are explained, and otlier data of a similar natuie are summarized. Feeding whole grain, R. S. Shaw and II. W. Norton. .Ir. (.]! icli if/an ,S7a. Bui. ?.Ji2, pp. .',0-67). — The purpose of the experiments reported was to determine the percentage of wliole grain passing through the digestive tract and to ascertain if any changes take place in the composition of the grain. No effort was made to compare the feeding value of whole grain and ground grain. Tlie tests were made with (! cows, (i yearling lieifers. and i; (l-montlis-old calves, and lasted ."> weeks. Corn. oats, and a mixture of corn and oats were fed to each animal at different times. The results are smnmarized as follows: I'rdporlioii of irniiiis iutcii rccorcrctJ irholr in tlie feces — E-rperimeiUs \rith cattle. Whole com Whole oats recovered, recovered. Whole com and oats recovered. Cows Per cent. 22. 75 10.77 6.28 Per cent. 12.06 5.48 2.98 Per cent. 26 46 Heifers 17.50 5 78 Calves "Chemical analyses showed jiractically the same compositioii of grain as before feeding, therefore it is safe to conclude that the animal derives no benefit from grain which passes through the digestive tract unmasticated. "The germinating jiower of tiie grain i)assing through the system was affected very markedly, but not entirely destroyed, as 4.:^ per cent of the corn and lO.ti per cent of the oats germinated al'tci- this ti-eatnient." Cattle feeding experiments, .J. .V. Craig and F. R. Marshall {Texas Sta. lUtl. S(i. lip. 2.1 fi!/x. }(i). — In the first of the experiments reported on the value of mohisses for fattening cattle a lot of «; steers fed on an average a daily ration of 14 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and corn chop 1 : 2 and 12.5 lbs. of cotton-seed hulls 866 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with a full feed of molasses (3.1 qt. per head) made an average daily gain in a 70-day period of 1.71 lbs. at a cost of 10.05 cts. per pound. Similar animiils fed the same grain ration but no molasses made iin average daily gain of 1.27 His. per head at a cost of 11.3 cts. per pound. In the second test cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed meal, and corn chop, supple- mented by large and small amounts of molasses, were compared with cotton- seed hulls, cotton-seed meal, and corn chop alone, corn chop being added to the rations in the second and third periods. In the last 44 days of the test, which as a whole covered 100 days, alfalfa hay was fed to all the lots in addition to the other feeds and a little molasses was given to the lot which had pre\ionsly received none. The gains ranged from 1.92 lbs. per head per day in the case of the lot which had received no molasses throughout the greater part of the test to 2.71 lbs. with the lot receiving the full molasses ration. The gain was most cheaply made with the latter lot, costing 4.95 cts. per pound, and was most expensive with the former lot, costing 5.55 cts. per pound. In a third test feeding molasses from a trough to cattle on grass was studied with 2 lots of 10 steers each. They were given similar rations of cotton- seed hulls, cotton-seed meal, and alfalfa hay. The lot fed molasses ad libitum from a trough was given less corn chop than the other lot. When fully accustomed to the molasses 12 lbs. per head per day were eaten on an average. " Some steers seemed especially fond of the molasses and ate it in such large quantities as to cause them to scour." On the molasses ration the average daily gain in the CO days of the test was 1.14 lbs. and the cost of a pound of gain 13 cts., as compared with 0.97 lb. at a cost of 12.7 cts. with the lot fed practically no molasses for comparison. " This is the only experience we have had with the system of feeding clear molasses separatel.v." A test with 3 lots of 10 pigs each is briefly reported in which corn chops alone and with cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed meal and molasses were com- pared. On the corn chops alone the average daily gain was 0.51 lb. per pig and the cost of a pound of gain 8.14 cts. On corn chops and cotton-seed meal 2:1 the average daily gain during the same period was O.OO lb. and the cost of a pound of gain 7 cts. On a similar grain raticm with molasses added the average daily gain in 43 days was 0.82 lb. per head and the cost of a pound of gain G.32 cts. Data on the use of molasses as a horse feed are also sunnuarized. The ct)nclusions which were drawn regarding the feeding of molasses were in effect as follows: In the tests reported the addition of molasses to a fat- tening ration for cattle always produced an increased gain and adding molasses to a ration of cotton-seed meal and hulls diminished the cost of gain. AVhen molasses was added to a balanced ration, though the cost was not decreased, larger gains were noted and the appearance of the cattle was improved. No im- desirable results were noted when yearling steers were fed a gallon of molasses per head per day, and there is good reason to believe that larger amounts might be used. Molasses returned from 3 to 30 cts. per gallon, the lower value being obtained when it was added to a well-balanced ration and the higher value when it was added to a ration which in the early part of the feeding period was not well balanced. Rough rice for steer feeding was also studied with 3 lots of 5 animals each, the basal ration consisting of cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed meal, and alfalfa hay. On the basal ration alone the average daily gain per head, in the 70 days covered by the test, was 1.36 lbs. and the cost of a pound of gain 5.9 cts. When the larger quantities of whole and ground rice were fed the average daily gain was 1.4 lbs. per head and the cost 9.01 cts., and with the smaller ration of whole and ground rice the values were 1.52 lbs. and 7.15 cts. ANTMAI. PRODrCTION. 8fi7 "With coltnii-sccd liulls i(,r roujibaf;!" it n-cjuirtMl 12.:! Ihs. of rough rice to (.(lu.il I 111. dl' <-(ittnii-s(>tHl inoiil ill tills tost. If tlic rice were charged at $10 per ton. the uaiiis would cost tlie same as in the lot eatiug cotton-seed meal and hulls. '• Tiiis is hy no means conclusive evi(l<'U<-e as to the feediuL; value of rough rice. Fed with alfalfa, cowpea. or peanut hay, it should he worth more than when fed with cotton-seed hulls. Compared to cottou-seed meal when feeding with hulls it lacl^s hoth in composition and the iihysical (pialitics wliich cause meal t;> be so heartily relished." Fattening' steers on barley and rejected wheat, J. II. Siiepperd and W. B. KiciiAKDs ( Xorlli Dtihditt SUt. linL 7.i, pi). .'A^-.loH, fajx. 2). — In continuation of earlier work ( K. S. It.. Id. ]). t;"!), 7 steers were fed ground barley and hi-aii L' : 1 with corn fodder and hay (nullet, slender wheat grass, and oat hay). In i;'>2 days, the jncnige daily gain was 2.14 lbs., ()..'>7 lbs. of grain being required per pound of gain. The maxinnun amount of grain eaten per steer was 20.8 Ii)s. The avera.ge dressed weight was (!2.4 i)er cent of the live weight and the calculated profit was $7.57 per head. In the second test, made with 2 lots of 11 steers e.-ich a ration of rejected wheat and bran .3:1 was compared with corn meal and bran 3:1, the grain ration being supplemented by hay of inferior grade similar to that mentioned ,aho\'e. On the wheat i-,ition the avera.ge daily gain in the 112 days of the test was (».7 111. |ier head. 17 Ihs. of grain being required per pound of gain. On the corn- meal r.ition similai' values were 1.47 lbs. and 8.5 lbs. The cost of a pound of gain in the 2 cases was 12.9 and 8.5 cts., respectively. " It re(iuire(l 52 jier cent more wheat than corn to jiroduce a pound of gain. The difference in the cost per pound of gain was very different because of the difference in the price of the corn and the rejected wheat." At the close of the test all the steers were fed corn and bran until they were ready for market (7 weeks), the average daily gain of the animals previously fed wheat being 8.08 lbs. per head and of those fed corn 1.5 lbs. Considering the whole experimental period, the average gains of the 2 lots were 1.42 and 1.47 lbs., respectively, and the cost of a ptmnd of gain 7.5 and 0.8 cts. Accoi'ding to the authors, " rejected whe.nt and l>ran will prove unsatis- facttiry as a ration to finish steers upon." "The results derived from the 2 feeding i>eriods seem to indicate that rejected wheat ;ind hrau would iirove as good .n grain ration to feed during the first part of the feeding pei'iod as corn ;ind bran, and that i,'ood gains can be made by feeding corn toward the end of the fe(>ding iH'riod. It is difficult to assign a cause for this change of feeds producing such large .gains. The extra growth made by the steers in . . . [the lot fed the wlieat] may account for the gains made later on. The condition of their systems must have been better for assimi- lating the new ration." Roth lots were fed at a loss, the aniouid iieing $1.52 jier head with the wheat- fed steers and $5.81 with the c inferiority of the connnon stock and rel.ated (luestions are discussed .and general directions given f. 11-81). — The use of cooked cull beans as a feed for young and growing pigs and for fattening purposes was studied. When 4 lots of 4 or 5 pigs each, weighing on an average not far from 5(t lbs., were fed beans with corn meal 3 : 4 for 10 weeks the average gain ranged from 0.797 lb. to 1.04 lbs. per head per day, and the cost of a pound of gain from 2.G3 cts. to 2.05 cts. In this and subsequent tests the beans were cooked either in a cauldron by boiling or in a barrel into which live steam was passed. The beans were fed warm, other feed when used being mixed with them after cooking. Sufficient salt was added to make the ration palatable. As the above-mentioned ration was, in the author's opinion, not well suited to the pigs some middlings were substituted for part of the beans in a test made with 2 lots of 5 pigs, each weighing on an average 73 lbs., the mixtiu'e selected being beans, corn meal, and middlings 2:3: 2. The average daily gain in the 10 weeks of the trial was 1.34 lbs. per head, and the cost of a pound of gain 3.1 cts. The average daily gain on sour skim milk and cdru meal 5:1, in a control test made with 2 similar lots, was 1.34 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain 3.7 cts. Five lots of 4 and 1 lot of 6 animals, weighing about 150 lbs. each at the beginning of the trial were used to test the value of cull beans for fattening pigs, and the results reported are for a period of 8 weeks. Three of the lots were given cooked beans only, and the average gain was 1.1 lbs. per head per day, 4.21 lbs. of beans being consumed per pound of gain, of which the cost was 2.53 cts. In the case of the 3 similar lots on beans and corn meal 1 : 1 the average daily gain was 1.52 lbs., the cost of feed per pound of gain being 3.25 cts., 2.03 lbs. of beans and an equal quantity of corn meal being required per iiound of gain. " It would appear that hogs of the weights and ages of those fed in this experi- ment could reasonably be expected to make a gain of about a pound per day on a ration consisting of beans only, and that the same sort of hog could reasonably be expected to make a gain of about 1.5 lbs. per day if an equal amount of corn were supplied with the bean ration. Further, it would appear that the gains made by the bean-fed hogs would cost about .$2.50 per 100 lbs. and those made by the beans and corn fed hogs would cost about .$3.50 pi'r hundredweight," rating corn meal and beans at what were considered fair prices. When judged by experts as to quality, the pigs fed a ration containing corn meal were rated at a higher value per pound than those fed the beans only. According to the authors, " beans can be fed to swine only in the cooked form. The pig seems to be unable to utilize beans which are at all hard or firm, even though they have been boiled for some time, hence it is vei'y essential that they should be thoroughly cooked. To supi)ly a single feed of half-cooked beans to a pen of hogs robs them of their appetites and relish for their food, if indeed it does not put them off feed." Sufficient water should be used in cooking to supply the amounts needed by the pigs, but the feed should not be excessively sloppy. "All refuse grains contain more or less foreign material. Cull beans are no exception to the general rule, perhaps the most ob.iectionable ingredient being the gravel stones. ... By the use of a hand fanning mill adapted for bean cleaning, a considerable portion of the stones may be eliminated." " In winter feeding it will be advisable to supply the feed while warm," but ANIMAL PRODUCTION. . 869 not hot. " Pails should ho riiisod aftor each fet'ding, and especial care should he taken to clean tiie kettle or harrel after each c(H»kin.i; and not allow sour or moldy material to collect ahout the food recei)tacle."' " Mixed with other j,'rains. cnll heans may he fe melting point or character of the fat stored up. In the case of mutton finished niion lieans no sucli criticism has iieen made, probably because there is relatively less fat in tlie circass of the sheep, and its character is not so essential to the dressed carcass constitutes, on an average, 80 per cent of the live weight and th(> internal organs IT) jter cent. The normal temperature of the goat, . 36). — This is a continuation of experiments previously noted (E. S. K., 17, p. 001) . Thr frediiif/ of coiicoitrutcd food on pasture (pp. .")-23). — Ten cows were divided into 2 equal lots, one of which was pastured for 12 weeks without con- centrated feed, while the other lot also pastured was fed 4 lbs. of concentrated' feed daily during the first half of the experiment and S lbs. during the second half. The experiment was repeated 1 year later. The results obtained dur- ing the 2 years indicate, according to the author, that with average pasture the advantage of feeding a supplementary grain ration of 4 to 8 lbs. as regards the yield of milk is exceedingly small. The cost of the concentrated feed was out of all proportion to the value of the increase in the yield of milk. The quality of the milk was not appi'eciably affected. It is. therefore, con- sidered uni)rofitable to feed cows more than enough food to keep them in a thriving condition. The effect of breivers' {/rains on milk (pp. 23-30). — Two experiments are reported, in each of which 2 lots of 5 cows were fed in turn for 8 weeks a daily ration containing 20 lbs. of brewers' grains. The yield of milk was materially increased by the brewers' grains, but the percentage of fat was thought to be slightly reduced during the early part of the lactation period. There was no appreciable effect on the solids-not-fat. in the milk nor on the live weight of the cows. Grape pomace in the feeding of dairy cows, A. Marescalchi (Coltivatore, 53 (1907). \o. 11. pp. 33.'i-331). — The author discusses the composition and feed- ing value of grape pomace, concluding that this material may be fed to the extent of 10 kg. per head daily without injury to the health of the animals or unfavorable effects on the milk iiroduetion. Remarkable difference in dairy cows, W. J. Fraser (Illinois *'/(/. ('irr. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 871 JOG, PI). 1(). //(/*•. to). — The records of 2 cows at the station are used as the hasis for a popular discussion of the imi)ortaiice of testiiii: dairy cows. The three-year-old milk and butter record, A. I>. IIaeckeb {Breeder's Gaz., .7/ ( I'.UH). \o. a. II. :^S1. fj(j. J). — Tliis j;lves 1 year's record of a Ilolstein cow, lie^'iiiiiin^' when slie was P, years and 1 iiKinlh old. The yield of milk was l.S,r>7:!.4 lbs. and of liutter fat (■.l*(i.-J4. TIk' net prolit wa^ estimated at .$ir)().'20. A contribution to the anatomy and physiology of the mammary gland, V. r.KHTKAi- (Atuit. Aiiz.. .iO Uixn). So. 1-8, PI). 161-lSO. fif/.<(. 7). — The autlior concludes, as a result of his investigations, that with suitable histological meth- ods the ei)itlieliuin of the empty or jiartly filled alveoli appears as simple columnar eiiithelinni. as in other glands. The many variations which have been described are l)elieved to i)e due to post-mortem changes or to unsuitai>le fixing and embedding methods. The formation of milk is. therefore, considered a true secretory process and in no manner associated with a total or even partial necrosis of the secreting epithelium. The tall cylindrical epithelial cells of the empty alveoli gradually become cuboidal and finally squamous as the alveoli become filled. A I>ibliography is appended. The results of a chemical, microscopical, and bacteriological examination of samples of London milks, R. T. Hewlett and (J. S. P.arton (Jour. Iliig. \(' of the samples (01.r» per cent). B. coli was found in 46 per cent of the samplos, in a quantity of milk not exceeding 1 cc. B. enteritidis f. pp. S'l-'/O: 3. pp. 5G-()2; -'/. pp. 8.5-D0).—The conclusions ilrawn by the autbor from bis studies are as follows: Tbe peroxydase in cow's milk is derived solely from tbe animal and i)r()i)al)ly in great part from tbe food. Tbe catalase is derived to a small extent from tbe leucocytes (tbe catalase of fresh milk) and to a large extent from bacteria. The hydrogenase and tbe reductase are wholly of i)acterial origin. The aldehyde catalase (the reductase of fresh milk) is derived entirely from the milk globules. The oxidation index of milk, E. Comanducci (Gaz. Chun. ItuL. 36 (1906), II, No. ')-(J, pp. 813-Sl.')}. — Tbe number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal potassium permanganate required in tbe presence of sulphuric acid to oxidize 1 cc. of milk was found to vary with the different kinds of milk. Cow's milk gave figures varying from .50 to 52, goat's milk from 44 to 4(5. and sheep's milk from 4."> to 4.S. Investigations on Storch's reaction, M. Siegfeld and (4. Samson (Molk. Ztg., 21 (lOin). y<>. .'). pp. 103. 10.',. (Ujiii. l). — Mllk which had been heated at 80 to 100° C. showed no coloration upon tbe addition of 2 drops of hydrogen per- oxid and 2 drops of a 2 per cent solution of paraphenylendiamin. When, how- ever. 2 drops of formalin (1:1) had been added to 100 cc. of the milk before heating, the reaction was similar to that for raw milk. This difference was marked for K) days. Olijections which have recently been raised to the value of Storch's reaction are consequently considered groundless. Tbe reaction was less marked when larger quantities of formalin had been added to the milk, and tbe strongest reaction was obtained when 5 drops of a 1 : 10 per cent solu- tion had been used. It was inunaterial whether this addition was made before or after heating. Other experiments with different amounts of formalin and varying quantities of tbe reagents are also reported. Sterilization of milk with hydrogen peroxid, E. Rousseau (Indus, halt. \Paris], 32 (1901). A'o.v. 3. pp. 41-43; 6. pp. S9-91).—A review of the literature leads the author to conclude that Budde's method of sterilizing milk with hydrogen peroxid does not in general give the positive and certain results se- cured by ])asteurization. Note on the occurrence of diphtheria bacilli in milk, \V. E. Marshall (Jour. Hyg. [C(unhri(h/r^. 7 (1907). Xo. 1. pp. 32-34). — Tbe author notes the isola- tion from milk of the diphtheria bacillus in a virulent form. Preliminary report on the water content, melting point, and keeping quality of butter, J. Michels and F. S. Siiivee (tSouth Corolina Sta. Bui. 125, pp, Ij^y — The authors undertook to investigate the influence of the water con- tent of butter upon its keeping quality, but were unable to secure samples with markedly different amounts of moisture by the method given in Bulletin 76 of the Iowa Station (E. S. It., 15. p. 1114). The work as carried out was there- fore restricted to a study of some of the factors which have been considered as affecting the water content of butter, some attention, however, being given to the melting point and keeping quality. The results obtained are summarized as follows : "Butter churned moderately soft and then ovcrcburncd in the wash water to particles the size of hens' eggs averaged only a trifle higher in water content than normally churned butter. "The melting point of butter fat aiipe.-irs to have no influence on tbe water content of butter. " The water content of butter made from very rich cream and medium rich cream is the same. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING A(iH()'l'K('HN Y. S73 "Brine salting iiU'ivascs tlic water (■(•ntoiit of l)Utt('i' about 1 jter cent ovci- dry saltiiitr. "The average of fifteen trials sliows tliat butter worl^ed two minutes con- tains 0.(14 per cent more water tlian I)utter worlvi'd four minutes. •'Normal cream overchurned in bait cliunilul of wasii water to particles tbe size of liens' ejijjs increased the water content of tiie butter only slif,'htly. "The melting point of butter fat from tiiree diffei-ent feeds varied as follows: t1) When 10 lbs. of wheat bran were fed with 47> lbs. of corn silai^e, the melting; point was '.r2.'J' V. (!') When (! lbs. of cotton-seed meal were fed with -1.") lbs. of corn sila.i^e, the meltinj; point was 08.0° F. C*. ) When »*» lbs. of linseed meal were fed with 4.") lbs. of corn silage, the melting i)oint was 01.r»° F. "Butter worked two minutes possesses poorer keeping (piality than similar butter worked four minutes. " Butter worked only two minutes jiresents a leaky appearance. " Butter churned soft and tluMi overchurned in wash water to i^articles the size of h(>ns" eggs possesses a comparatively weak l)ody. "Churning butter soft is conducive to a heavy loss of fat in the buttermilk. "Butter from 5 lbs. of cottou-seed meal fed in conjunction with corn silage possesses an excellent grain and body." Water in butter, J. Wauters (Bill. .S'oe. Chiiii. JicU/.. 20 {1906). No. 11-12, lip. 365-373). — The author considers an excess of water an adulteration, the same as the addition of foreign fats, and points out that the regulations in force in Belgium are insufficient to prevent this fraud. In determining the water content of butter kept for some time, the sample, according to the author, should be obtained from the central portion, as the exterior has lost much by evaporation. The presence of an abnormal amount of water in butter, A. Trillat {IiuIhs. Lait. [I'(irix\. 32 (1907), No. 10, pp. 205. 200). —The author comments ui)on the frequent occurrence of an abnormal amount of water in butter and dis- cus.ses briefly methods of determination and prevention. On the origin of aldehydes in cheese, Trillat and Sauton (Voiiipi. Uaid. Acad. Sci. \f'(iris], IJ/Jf (1907), No. 9. pp. ji95-ji9.H).—The presence of acetic aldehyde in cluvse is attributed to the fermentation of lactose by yeasts. The amount of aldehyde produced is considered dependent upon a number of con- ditions, including the kind of yeast, exposure to light, alkalinity of the medium, the amount of lactose present, and the aeration of the cheese. Conditions favoring the formation of aldehydes and hence a bitter taste in the cheese are considereorts, hut particular attention has heen uiven to iinthoj^enic protozoa. A general authoi" and suhject index is appeudcil to tlie volume in addition to departmental indexes throughout the text. The process of suppuration in domestic animals, M. Kreutzek ( Wchiisrhr. Tkiheilk. u. Vie]i::ii(]if. .',() ( lHOi;). .\o. JT. /)/>. iiuration is due 10 Staph i/l»(U(ciis iijiiKjt IKS iiiircKs d (///y//x. while in (attle and sheep S. iiiiuf/cnrs is most active, and in heg and dog. ,v. pj/dj/cnc.s inin iix. Report of the State veterinarian, L. Peakkon (.!»//. /.'/*/. I'ciin. Dcjil. \s and glanders and to I lie repression of anthrax and tuiierculosis. The campaign of the State veterinarian against tuherculosis has jjeen w(>ll organized upon a satisfactory hasis and is yielding visihie results. The author is contident that with the continuation of his jilan upon a con- servative hasis tuherculosis will become so reduced in extent as to he of little economic importance in public health. Copies are given of various State laws relating to animal diseases, and hrief notes are presented on the prevalence of actinomycosis, contagious abortion, and other diseases. Report of the chief inspector of stock, R. E. Weir (Jour. Uept. Ayr. Went A list., t.'i (IDiiii). Ao. .'). jiji. ./Ji-.i '/()') . — I'leuro-pneumonia occurred in only one outbreak during the year and that was promptly eradicated. Tuberculosis is reported as luuisually common among pigs. Brief notes are also given on ticks and the general state of health of cattle in the colony. Relationship between bovine and human tuberculosis, Zwu k (Ztsclu: I'IcisrIi II. Milclilij/fi.. 17 (1906), Ao. .)'. pii. G9-Sj).^\n this article the author rejiorts the results of his investigation of certain cases of artitici.-il transnus- sion of pure cultures of human and bovine tuberi-le bacilli upon cattl(\ the dis- tinction lietween bovine and human types of tubercle l)acilli, ;ind of a supjiosed case of I lie transmission of tuberculosis to two children in one family through the agency of milk. The author found that the bovine tuitercle bacilli were far more virulent for cattle than human bacilli, and that injection into the udder through the ndlk ducts is a very satisfactory method of testing the virulence of tubercle bacilli. The oi»iiiion is given that the establishment of two distinct tyi)es of tubercle bacilli is fully .iustified. The (nidence for the transmission of tuberculosis to children tlirongh milk was not conclusive in the particular cases examined, but the author l)elieves that such tr.-insmission may occur, and recommends that the authorities concerned should in all cases require a strict sanitary control, particularly of nulk supi)osed to be of high (juality and used in feeding children. The demonstration of tubercle bacilli in market milk, G. Kuhn (Ztschr. hifrktiotislrniik. ii. If ij(/. Hfiiistirrc. 2 iHXiG), \o. J, pp. ')8-61). — According to the experiments of the author the addition to milk of ().~t i)er cent boric acid titlier as a i)owder or in solution is sufficient to i)revent the coagulation of the milk for a period of 15 days. This .-iddition of boric acid does not exercise any ;'I)pai-ent effect upon tubercle bacilli which may be i)resent in nulk. Work of the commission on tuberculosis in animals, II. .Mitchell (Ann. li'pt. X. ./. lilt. At/r.. .« (ino.j). pp. 200-216).— THn-\n<^ the inspection of cattle 487 were found to l)e tuberculous and were slaughtered, the owners being paid an aver.age indenniity of $21.59 per he.id. The more progressive dairymen are iill desirous <.f having herds tested in ordei- to get rid of tuberculosis. 87n EXPERIMP^NT STATION F.KCOKl). The infectiousness of different cultures of tubercle bacilli, K. Vagedes and C. Fraenkel (Ztschr. Hiju. it. InfektloiisJcrank., 55 {1906), No. 2, pp. 321-330).— The authors present opposing sides of the controversy regarding certain methods of determining tlie viruleme of tuljercle bacilli of different origin. One of the chief points of controversy invol^'es tlie question whether rabbits or guinea pigs are tlie more suitable experimental animals for determining the degree of virulence of tnbercle bacilli. The virulence of different cultures of tubercle bacillus, (". Fkaenkel and E. Baumann {Ztfichr. II mi. n. I iifrktioiiskrinik.. 5'i (1906), Ao. 2. pp. 2'i7-261). — During the investigations reported in this paper, '.il cultures of tubercle bacilli were tested from different cases of human tuberculosis. The experimental animals included rabbits, rats, mice, and guinea pigs, but the authors state that the guinea pig is the only one of these animals which is well adapted for demonstrating slight differences in the virulence of different cultures of tubercle bacilli. As a matter of fact, little difference was observed in the virulence of the various cultures which were used. In some cases cultures which had been maintained for a long time on artificial nutrient media showed no diminution of their virulence. Immunization with anthrax and tubercle bacilli attenuated by sunlight, A. 1)1 Donna (Ccvthl. Ilakt. \ctc.\. 1. Abt., Orip., i? {1906), ^<)S. 7, pp. 6^2- 6^6: 8, pp. 771-77')). — In the investigations reported in this article it was found that sunlight has a pronounced effect in reducing the toxic effect of the tubercle .bacillus. Naturally the effect of sunlight becomes nioi'e pronounced as the ex- posure of the tubercle bacilli to it is lengthened. Attention is called to the fact that abscesses, general intoxication, and death may follow upon inoculation with tubercle bacilli killed by heat or by any other means except sunlight. It appears from the author's experiments, however, that sunlight has the effect of attenuating or entirely destroying the most active toxic bodies contained in the tubercle bacillus. The cause of trembles in cattle, sheep, and horses- and of milk sickness in people, E. L. Moseley (Ohio \at.. 6 (1906). Ao.s-. 7/. pp. >i63-.'i70; 5, pp. .'i77--'f83). — A historical statement is given of the prevalence of trembles and milk sickness, particularly in the Central States. Since 1840 suspicion has been fixed on white snake root (lUipatorium ayeratoUletf) as the cause of the trouble, and certain experiments carried out previously to those of the author seemed to give color to this belief. Portions of the plant and extracts from the same were fed to cats, dogs, rabbits, sheep, and other animals and |)roduced poisonous eff'ects. The symp- toms produced in the experimental animals included general nervousness, weak- ness, and trembling, and the results were often fatal when large (piantities were fed. During the experiments a boy accidentally received some of the plant and was affected with similar symptoms. The meat of a sheei) poisoned with the plant produced toxic effects in the cats which ate it. Post-mortem examinations failed to disclose many characteristic lesions or pathological conditions. The kidneys were somewhat enlarged, but other organs appeared to be in a normal state. The plant seems to produce its toxic effects rapidly, but is not irritant. African coast fever, H. Creutz (Berlin. Ticnirzil. Wvliiisclii:, 1906. A'o. .'/?', pp. 843, 84J1). — It has been established by experiment that African coast fever may be transmitted by means of RJiipicephaliis appoidiciilatus, R. simuN, R. niteus, R. cvertsi, and R. capeni^is. Partly on this account G. Neumann has proposed that the five named sjiecies should be grouped together in a subgenus as distinct from other species counnonly referred to this genus. The symp- VETEHTNARY MEDTf'TNE. 877 toms of African coast fcvor are descrilicd. The anMior roco in mends as .-i i)re- vtMitivc for the disease that cattle iu' diiiped in an arsenical solution. The piroplasma observed in cattle in Japan, M. Miyajima and G. Siiiba- VAMA (Ztsclir. Jli/!/. II. liifchtiDii^knnil:.. .>.'/ (1!)0H), No. 2, pp. 180-200, pi. I). — The authors studied the ni()r|)holo{^y and biology of the pirophisnia which occurs in the blood of cattle in .Japan willi iiarticnlar reference to other ])atho- jrenic organisms of this class. It ai)pears that inoculation willi tlie pirojilasnia will pi-(»(lnce a mild disease resembling in .some respects cases of Texas fevei-, but the f(irin of the blood parasite usually observed in Texas fever is not present in the blood. The parasite in (piestion is believed to be of a hunnless nature under ordinary conditions. Suggestions of the federal council with regard to an imperial law on foot-and-mouth diseases, Kiuk(;i;k (Dcut. I'icn'irztl. Wcliii.'<(}ir., I'l { 190(1), No. J/O, pp. GJ7- days after the cerebral symptoms have di sap] tea red. The treatment of tympanites in cattle, J. Vennerholm (Svensk Vet. Tid.^kr., 11 (1906), .\o. 11. pp. .'il6-'ilH). — The treatment of tympanites should vary according to the symi)toms presented in each individual case and according to the severity of the trouble and its cause. Salt sick (Bovine uncinariasis), ('. F. Dawson (Florida S^la. Bill. 86, pp. I'l). — P.ovine uncinariasis is a chronic dis(>ase characterized by low fever, loss of ai)petite. a jirogressive emaciation. ,iiid anemia. It occurs throughout Florida and is also reported from Texas and ('ai»<' ("<><1- Thei-e are a number of species c)f I'ncinaria which attack various domestic animals and man. In cattle the disease is most prevalent in range animals, the embryo worms being swallowed in contaminated food or water. The disea.se may be diagnosed by the existence of pronounced anemia and by tlic detection of parasitic worms in the feces. The lesions are chiefly anemia and dropsy. liovine uncinariasis may be best controlh'd by attention to the hygiene of the 878 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. food and water. Rotation of pasture is therefore advocated, together with the administration of tonics and verinifuKes, sucli as sulphate of iron, calomel, creolin, lysol, gasoline, and thymol. Treatment and prevention of stomach worms and diarrhea of calves and lambs, J. LiGNiERES {BoL Min. Agi: [Buenos Ayres], 6 (1906), No. 1-2-3, pp. 110-120, figs. Jf). — In many instances it is difficult to determine without some study whether a particular outbreak of vliarrhea in calves and lambs is due to bacterial infection or to the presence of stomach worms. In order that stock growers may save time in applying an efhcient remedy, the author recommends the use of a mixture containing 1 to 2 parts of creosote, 4 parts of carbolic acid, 8 parts of naphthalene, 4 parts of kamila, and IG parts of male fern. This mixture is effective against either stomach worms or intestinal bacteria And has given good results when administered in water as a drench. For young calves and sheep the usual dose is .5 cc. in a small quantit.v of water. Some problems in sheep diseases, F. S. H. Baldrey (Jour. Trop. Vet. ScL, 1 (1906), No. .'/, />/). 387-.'i09). — As a rule little attention is given to sheep and goat diseases in India, but serious diseases are nevertheless present to consid- erable extent. A disease commonly known as gillar was studied by the author, with the result that a parasite belonging apparently to the genus Bilharzia was found and is considered the chief cause of the disease. The symptoms resemble those of liver rot, and include progressive anemia and great debility. A tick disease which causes considerable mortality in sheep is apparently transmitted by a tick belonging to the genus Ornithoderos. The disease is of a chronic nature, and the symptoms include loss of wool, a cough, discharge at the nose, and general debility. The actual cause of the disease is at present uncertain. Another disease of sheep and goats in India is known as juvee, and is characterized by diarrhea and excessive anemia. It is apparently a coccidiosis. The best method of prevention consists in the isolation of diseased animals and the avoidance where possible of wet pastures. The author has also made observations on a disease locally known as " wah," which somewhat resembles rinderpest. Sheep pox in the district of Kulm, Haake (Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 1906, No. JfS, pp. 855-857). — The author describes the circumstances surround- ing outbreaks of sheep pox, and comes to the conclusion that the spread of this and other highly infectious diseases is not sutficiently well controlled by mere announcement of the existence of the case in the usual columns of legal matter. It is suggested that the existence of such diseases should be at once announced in two or three newspapers of the widest circulation, in order that the matter might be promptly broiight to the attention of all concerned. Infectious cerebro-spinal meningitis, H. J. Van der ^chroe?!' [Tijdschr. Veea risen ijl:. S'l (1907), No. //, /)/>. 2'i2-2-'i4). — The symptoms of this disease are briefly descril)ed, with particular attention to the differences in symptoms depending on whether the nervous form of the disease is developed or not. Tetanus following enteritis, II. IIolterbach (Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 1906, No. .'{7, pp. 8Ji'i~8.'i6) . — The conditions under which the tetanus bacillus gains entrance to warm-blooded animals are briefly discussed. A detailed statement is presented of the symptoms observed in a case of tetanus, in which infection apparently took place through the wall of the small intestines ren- dered particularly susceptible by a case of enteritis. Pernicious anemia in horses, J. Beghin (Ann. Med. VH., 55 (1906), No. 12, pp. 692-69.'f). — A brief description is given of an enzootic outbreak of this dis- ease with notes on the symptoms and the appearance of the blood. It was impossible to demonstrate either bacteria or other parasites in any of the cases VETERINARY MEDICINE. 879 cxiuiiined. Tlio treatment consisted in isolation of t\w sick animals and a tiioronsli disinfection of the premises. A disease simulating dourine caused by filaria, H. T. Pease (Jour. Trap. Vet. ScL. 1 (190(>). .Af>. '/. ini. 'i l'i-'il(i) . — Notes are given on a few eases which have been observed among horses in which irregular i)la. 76-78. flffs. 26). — Much difficulty has been experienced in following the life history of blood parasites in ticks. The author had opportunity to study this matter by reason of the unusual prevalence of canine piroplasmosis in India. The tick chiefly concerned in transmitting the disease was Rhipicephaliis sanguineus. The various developmental stages are described and illustrated by the author, and it is suggested that the life liistory, as observed in PiropJa.snia cani.s, may be very similar to that of other I'elated parasites. Further studies on fowl plague, R. Ostertag and R. Bugge (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. llyti. Huustiere, 2 (1906), No. 1, pp. 1-9, fig. J).— It was determined by inoculation experiments that fowl plague may be transmitted to geese, and that in these birds the disease assumes a peculiar form showing pronounced cerebral symptoms, while the blood is not always infectious. It was found that the virus of fowl plague could be kept in the laboratory for at least ICK) days without losing its virulence even when the material was sub- jected to light. The resistance of the virus to ordinary disinfectants is of average degree. No success was had in cultivating the virus in collodion sacs inside the body cavity of fowls. It appears that fowls which have once recovered from the disease possess in their blood protective substances which, however, are of little strength. The use of the pigeon for testing immune fowl cholera serum, A. Braun (Fortschr. Vet. Hijg., h (1906), Nos. 8. pp. 17^-183; 9, pp. 198-211).— The pigeon has been extensively iised as an experimental animal in the laboratoi'y for testing the virulence of fowl cholera virus and the effectiveness of sera developed in studying this disease. The author made a careful study of the problem with the special object in view of determining the suitability of the pigeon in this work. The conclusion is reached that the pigeon is not suitable for testing fowl cholera serum chiefly for the reason that this bird appears to have a pi-onounced specific reaction to fowl cholera. The mouse, on the other hand, is well adapted for the purpose. RTTRAT. ENGTNRKRTNO. 881 RURAL ENGINEERING. Studies on the irrigation of Jauja, D. Baluizan (liol. Miii. Fomento [Pent], Dir. OhruK Pub., .i (J!l(l(i}, Xo. L pp. 61, figs. 11. df/in. /).— These studies have been carried on in the valley of Jauja. which is traversed by the Mantaro River, but laclcs the necessary precii)itati()n to render tli(> soil productive. To snpitly ."t.Ndd hectares of lliese l.inds witli wiiler niid lo provide water for (lie nunucii)al and household purposes of the city of .I.nn.ja. with a probahl(> popu- lation of 1().0()(» people, a canal is proposed which will divei't 4,(KI() liters per second from the Mantaro Kiver and carry it to the vicinity of .Tauja. The lenj,'th of the canil will be 21.9 kilometers, and it will have a {jjrade varyinj; from 1 meter in l.OOO in tnniiels and rock cuts to 2 per l.OOO in the agueducts and from 0.8 to O..". ])er l.ood in the earth sections. Cross sections of the canal in various kinds ul' ninterial ;ire shown, Bazin's fornuila havini; been used in (he deternunation of the area of cross section. The distribution of water by measurement | R. G. Kennedy], {[Proc. Iiri(/. Vonfcrciicc. tSiiiiJa. liioli. I. pp. I.l'i-13i)). — The disadvantages of the usual distribution of water accordinj; to area are cited and the proposed distribution iiy measure with its advantaj^es and difficulties is discussed. The system of dis- tribution and assessment by volume where the user is charged according to the lunnber of acre-feet actnally used is considei«ed inapplical)le in India, except in tliose cases where the water is distribtited over a comparatively small and com- I)act area situated in close proximity to the source of supi>Iy. The " module system " is described as a system in which the cultivator pays ii fixed rate for the volume of water allowed to pass through a sluice at pre- scribed intervals of time in sufticient quantity to mature the crop, the discharge of the sluice bearing a certain proportion to the area to be irrigated. By this system the charges during rainy seasons would be the same as during dry •seasons. The module system is undeveloped, owing to the difficulties in devising modules, arranging a scale of charges, and overcoming the in-ejudices of ir- rigators. Contributions from the agricultural experiment station of the University of Gottingen, von Seei.hokst {Jinir. Ldiulir., o.'i iUKKI). So. .'/, pp. ■iLi-J'/J, /lis. 2). — From the experiments conducted on the relation between water evapo- ration and drainage in fallow soils, a table has been constructed from which tile following conclusions are derived : " In general, sandy soils give a greater (luantity of drainage water for the same precii)itatiou that do loam soils. Only in .Tune and .Tuly of 190.5 and in February of 190(5 was the reverse true. "Evaporation is always greater from a lo.im than from a sandy soil, which is due usually to the greater impermeability of the former to rain and its greater capillarity, which brings the water to the surface more readily in dry weather." Further experiments li.ive l>een carried on in the use of water tipon rye, barley, wheat, and potatoes, the crops being grown in tanks and the amount of water actually u-ed by the plant being computed from the amount of water received Iiy rainfall after deductions are made for evaporation and drainage. I'our tanks were employed with the loam soils, in three of which wheat, rye, and potatoes were grown with the remaining tank left fallow. The weights of the tanks were taken at freqnent intervals. In computing the amount used by the plants it was fi.nnd necessai'y to cstimnte the amount evaporated by the soil, since it was assumed that the evaporation from the fallow soil surface would not be the same as from the soil siu'face shaded by plants. The results of the experiments indicate that on a loam soil wheat re(iuires 882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 333 gm. and rye 375 gm. of water per gm. of dry substance of grain, and that potatoes require 277.7 gm. of water per gm. of dry substance of the tubers, or 66.3 gm. of water per gm. of fresh tubers. On loam soil the water re(iuire- ment of rye is greater in April and May than that of wheat, but from the end of May to the time of harvesting of wheat its water requirement is greater than that of rye. From the end of May to the 21st of June the water require- ment of rye increases very rapidly ; that of wheat less so. Both crops reach a maximum requirement on the 21st of June. The use of water by potatoes increases from the end of May to the 10th of July very rapidly and from this date to the first of August remains always uniform. It then decreases, first rapidly and then more slowly, until the time of harvesting. For sandy soils experiments were conducted in the same manner as for loam soils. The results show that rye requires 482.2 gm. and barley 454 gm. of water per gm. of dry substance of grain, and that potatoes require 60 gm. of water per gm. of fresh tubers. Plates are included giving a graphical representation of the daily use of water by the plants in each exi)eriment. Rural and urban hydraulics, GT. Bechmann (Hydraulique Agricole et Ur- baine. Paris: Librarie roUjtcclinique. 1905, mi. dS-'f. pgs. 373). — The author has comi)iled a general text on the subject. The first part of the book is devoted to a treatment of the means of secur- ing, storing, conveying, and lifting water, while the second part takes up the relation of water to agriculture. In the latter connection the physiological role played by water in the gi-owth of plants is considered in some detail, following which is the chapter devoted to the use of water in irrigation with particular reference to the methods of applying water and the conditions gov- erning its distribution, division, and sale. The various units of measurement used in France are explained and their equivalents given. The fertilization and improvement of land by the deposition of silt is con- sidered, and pai'ticular attention is given to the reclamation of marshes in relation to the natui'al conditions and special legislation governing the con- struction of such works. Some examples of marsh reclamation in Belgium and elsewhere are described. The subject of drainage occupies a long chap- ter, the theory and methods of construction of drains being given, together with an abstract of the special legislation on the subject. In part 3, city water supplies and sewage are considered, the various struc- tures necessary being illustrated and described. Good roads bulletin, II. E. Blakeslee {.Jnclcson, Miss.: Dept. Agr. and Com., 1906, pp. 23). — A bulletin published with the "objects of furnishing ac- curate information as to what each county of Mississippi is doing to improve the public roads, and to create a sentiment of rivalry that will assist in a betterment of I'oad conditions in general." The number of miles of public roads in each county, the extent, methods, and cost of improvements, and local opinions of the value of different methods are given in tabular form, the bulletin being concluded by some information on the use of road drags, methods of road construction, and cost data. The use of alcohol and gasoline in farm engines, C. E. Lucre and S. M. Woodward ( T. i)crate witli alcoiiol fuel without any structural change whatever with projjor manipulation. "Alcohol contains approximately ().(j of the heating value of gasoline, by weight, and in the Department's experiments a small engine required 1.8 times as nuich alcohol as gasoline i)er horsepow(M' hour. This corresponds very closely with the relative heating value of the fuels, indicating principally the same tlicrmal efficiency with the two when vaporization is complete. . . . " The thermal efhciency of these engines can be improved when tliey are to he operated by alcohol, first, by altering the construction of the carbureter to accomplish complete vaporization and, second, by increasing the compression very materially. . . . "The exhaust from the alcohol engine is less likely to be offensive than the exhaust froni a gasoline or kerosene engine, although there will be some odor, due to lubricating oil and imperfect combustion, if the engine is not skillfull.v operated. " It requires no more skill to ojierate an alcohol engine than one intended for gasoline or kerosene. " There seems to be no tendency for the interior of an alcohol engine to become sooty, as is the case with gasoline and kerosene. . . . " In most localities it is unlikely that alcohol power will be cheaper or as cheap as gasoline power for some time to come." Windmill electric plant requirements (Etigin. Rec, 55 {1901), Mo. 2, p. Jf7). — The essentials in installing a windmill electric plant have been stated by W. O. Horsuaill, of England, as follows: First, to ascertain the average daily load in ampere-hours during periods of maxinuun ciu'rent consumption ; second, to provide a storage battery of a capacity at least double this output; third, to install a dynamo of sufticient capacity to charge this. battery in 12 hours; fourth, to design a dynamo to delivei- an ai»i)roximately constant voltage throughout a wide range of variation of .speed; fifth, to erect a windmill of ample size to run the dynamo at full load with u 10-mile-an-hour wind; and sixth, to fit the windmill dynamo and all gearing connections with roller-bearings or other friction-reducing means. A large number of plants built to these .specifications are said to be in successfxil operation in Kngl.md. The production and utilization of low temperatures, L. Marciiis {Produc- tion ct I tilisaiioii (111 Froid. I'uiis: H. Dunod and E. Puiat, 190(i, pp. IV-\- 5HG. fli/s. .'i().i). — This work is intended to supply a want long felt in France for a general text on the subject of refrigeration. The introduction takes up the subject of the development of the refrigerating industry showing the manifold uses to which ii «> is at present put and giving statistics on the extent to which refrigeration is carried on not only in the pjicking and allicnl industries but also in transportation by laud and water in the various countries. Following this several chapters are devoted to the thermo-dynaniic theory of refrigeration and to descriptions of the principles underlying the action of different machines and their design, pai'ticular atten- tion being given to the machines of the compression type. Different forms of condensers and evaporators are described and illustrated and the circulating medium discussed. Some special applications of the use of refrigeration in dairies and i)reweries 884 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. are considei-ed. followinj? which are given some theoretical and practical in- structions on the consTrnction of cold storage warehouses, etc., and the schemes of piping and ventilation employed. Refrigerating cars as used in various countries are described and the equipment necessary on shipboard is discussed in considerable detail. Factories for the commercial manufacture of ice are fully described, and the special equipment necessary in the refrigeration and conservation of meats, vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, etc., is dealt with in a comprehensive way. An extended chapter on the utilization of low temi)era- tures in the manufacture and transportation of dairy products completes the book. RURAL ECONOMICS. [Agriculture, immigration, and colonization in South. Carolina], E. J. Watson {Ann. Rpt. Comr. Ag?:, Com. and Immig. S. C, 3 {1906), pp. 7'>, figs. 12, chart 1). — This is the third report by the State commissioner of agriculture, commerce, and immigration. The commissioner jwints out the increased value of agricultural lands and discusses the agriculture of the State, the advantages of South Carolina to . prospective agricultural settlers, the work of the department in the selection, importation, and care of immigrants from European countries, and the present status of the agricultural colonies now in oiieration in different sections of the State. Agriculture in Italy, A. B. Butman {Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1907, No. 2S12, pp. 1-3). — In addition to notes on fruit and rice culture, poultry raising, and the production of other crops in Italy, this article discusses present labor conditions and presents statistics on the results of cooperation among farmers. At the close of 1905 the number of cooperative leagues was 982, with a membersliip of 221,9i;>. Agricultural Algeria in 1906, L. Trabut and R. I\lAUi:s {L'Algerie Agricole en 1906. Algeria: (loot., 1906, pp. 531, pis. 5, figs. 77). — This treatise describes quite full.y the natural regions of Algeria, the soil, the water supply, cereal and forage crops and their methods of culture, viticulture, arboriculture, culture of tobacco, textiles and other industrial plants, ornamentals, vegetable culture, forests, animal production, agricultural education, agricultural credit and insurance, the steppes and Sahara. Detailed statistical matter is given in an appendix. The agricultural credit banks w'ere established in Algiei's in 1901, and there were in March, 1905, 25 district mutual banks with 95 affiliated local banks for cooperative credit. The business transacted in 1904 was estimated at 2,89.'?.171 francs. Agricultural incomes in Switzerland, P. Van Hiervliet {Rev. Oen. Agron., n. ser., 1 {1906), Ao. 12. pp. 5Ji2-5-'i-'i). — This article reviews the results of a recent inquiry by the department of agriculture as to the incomes from small, moderate, and extensive farming in Switzerland. For 1904 the average comparative net incomes were estimated as follows : Small farming, 2.55 per cent ; moderate farming, operations of small, ordinary, and great importance, 2.63, 3.02, and 3.77 per cent, respectively; extensive farming, 3.52 per cent. The total income of farmers, including value of labor and interest on invested capital, averaged in 1904 3.49 francs per day. "These figures show that Swiss agriculture is not very remunerative," and it is at- tributed to the increased cost of labor and other elements entering into the cost of production. Agricultural statistics of the Canton of Bern for 1904 and 1905 {Mitt. Berii. Stat is. Bur., 1906, No. 1, pp. 177). — Statistics of acreage under cultiva- RUKAT. ECONOMICS. 885 tidii iind the yields iuul iifict's of cci-eals, veKctabU's, and fruits are reported. Xotes are also ;iiven on the weather conditions in the different distyets durin.ijj the jirowinir season and their Ix'arinj; on crop production. Investigations on the economic development and distribution of wealth in the Canton of Bern, (". Muiilp:mann (Mitt. Bern. Stat is. liiir.. IHO.',, \i,. 2, tip. \'lll-\-2Sl). — This is a general review of the history of the Canton of r.ei-n. with more ])articular reference to its economic development. Chapter S is devoted to a survey of a.i.'ricultural dev(>lopment during the l!)th centiM-y. The subjects treated include the ])roduction and sale of live stocli ; changes in systems of farm manafjement and cultivation of land with especial reference to crop ])roduction ; real estate and mortfia.ires. a.s,'ricultural credit and liens with a discussion of the causes and the conse(iuences of indebtedness, and the advancement of ai^riculture by means of private, cooperative, and State aid. Statistics are presiMitcd In show the ])rojj;ress made durinj? this period. The farm help problem, A. II. San»eks {Brccdcr'x (laz.. 51 {1901), No. 15, I). 5,il). — The writer discusses the lack of competent farm help in the United States and other countries, points out some of the causes of (his deficiency, and calls attention to the advantages offered to farm hands in this country. The greater dissemination of information on the latter point among agricultural hiborers in foreign lands is regarded as likely to induce the emigration of com])etent help to the T'nitinl States. Farming on shares, U. Zoli.a (Ann. Hoc. Si/ikI. Libre A(ir. Prriyord, D (1907), Xo. 2. PI). 20-28). — The author defends the system of farming on shares as compared with payment in wages to agricultural laborers in France. The author takes two typical illustrations of metayers with families in dif- ferent provinces renting farms of whicli 2(j and 33 hectares only were eulti- \ated. The actual net returns from both farms and the shares to metayers and proprietors are given, and the financial results to the metayers compared with what could have been received in wages during 300 working days. The ad- vantage of share farming over the wage system was estimated at SfJ per cent. In addition to this financial gain the author enumerates other Economic and social benefits arising only as a result of the metayer system which are enjoyed by the 344.000 niet;iyers in France. At the same time the character of the i)ro- prietor and the efficiency of the farmer are regarded as important factors in securing the best returns under this system. Report of the small holdings committee (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Loiidou], 13 (1907), X(i. 111. PI). 5!n-G0.'i). — This is an abstract of the report of the depart- mental connnittee appointed by the itresident of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, in April, 1905, to inquire into the administration and working of the Small Holdings Act of 1892. After examining .''>8 witnesses and visiting a number ctures, special lei-turcs. corrcspdiHlciice courses, popular liulletins. tr.MVciiiii; libraries, llie assist;iiir(> of the uranj^e, nature stud.v, school j;ardens. and other miscella- neous \vorl<. In a " carpet-baj; campaign," a representative of the college went from hous(> to house .nnd held neighborhood meetings (1) to give instruction in .igricnltural principles and suggestions of better methods, and (2) to ascertain Just wliat are the princiiial ditiiculties, as well as the attitude of the farmer toward his vocation. There is also a report on the hydrocyanic-acid gas as a In'atiuent for injurious insects, followed by suggestions for users of this remedy. Report of the president, J. L. Snyuer {{Micli.^ Ayr. Cot. Bui. 1 {1906), Ao. .7, pp. :>.]). — This report, in addition to the usual data concerning the work of the college during the fiscal year ended .Tune 30, 190G, contains historical matter relating to the establishment of the college, the attendance during the ]iast ten years, the preparation of students fur admission, their sources of sup- poi't nnd proposed occuiiation after leaving college, the development of experi- mental investigations, history of the experiment station, the history of farmers' institutes in the State, and an announcement of the semicentennial celebration to occur May 2.S-;n. lOOT. It is shown that 7S per cent of tliosc eiitcriiig college (hiring tlie year had attended high scliools. that 27 jier cent depend upon themselves for support while ill college, and tliat 12 iiei' cent intend to follow farming, forestry, or lioiticulture, while ."12 per cent are luicertain as to their future occupation. Report of the principal, 1906, II. P.. Fuisskll (Haiiiptoii liiiL. 2 (1906). .Vo. .>. pp. .10. fii/.s. (!). — TIu' i)riiicipal of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in his reiiort for l!JO.j-U calls attention to the fact that of the 1,310 graduates of the school 85 per cent have taught at some time since leaving school. 'I'lie three-year ac;idemic .-ind industrial courses have been changed to four year courses, and the courses in normal 1 raining, agriculture, trade, busi- ness methods, domestic science, and domestic art are continued. Of the students enrolled in 190.^)-(i, .''!) per cent were from country schools, .">() ]ier cent came from the country or small villages, and 34 per cent were from farms. Tlie average acreage of the.se farms was 09 acres as against .57 acres in the jireceding year. Sixty-eight per cent of the i)arents of these jiupils owned their homes and an additional 10 per cent were buying homes, while 32 per cent of all tlic pupils ( amc from houses of 7 rooms or more. These figures show an increase in the number of students from the cpuntry and an improve- ment in homes, as well as a larger owiiershi]i of land on the part of parents. The report includes reports from the academic, agricultural, and home train- ing departments, the trade school, iiijlit.n-y instruction and discijiline, religious work, the library, museum, and other features of school work. The professor of agriculture reports that two new instructors have beeu added iu the agricul- EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tural departuient, and that a bani costing $30,000 has been erected. He out- lines the revised course in agriculture, and recommends the purchase of improved live stock for instructional purposes. Agricultural education, H. O. Sampson (Ann. Rpt. Penn. Dept. Agr., 11 {190o). pp. (J21-()23). — An address in which the college courses in agriculture are outlined briefly, and some data concerning the progress in the development of sccnndary courses in agriculture are given. Proceedings of the course for agricultural teachers {Stockholm: Dept. Agr., 1906, pp. 366). — This volume contains lectures and discussions given at tlu- course for teachers of agriculture in Stockholm, Sweden, September 18-23, 190.J. The topics of the lectures are The Importance of Green Manuring and How I'racticed, by N. L. Forsberg ; The Arrangement of Demonstration Plats and Their Application as Instructional Material, by N. H. Nilsson; Inocula- tion and Serum Therapy in Combating Diseases of Farm Animals, by J. Svenssou ; The Teachings of Recent Experiments and Experiences as to the Application of xVrtificial Fertilizers, by M. Weibull ; The Arrangement of Prac- tical Fertilizer Field Trials, by P. Bolin ; The Importance of Keeping Accurate Accounts in the Dairy Industry, by G. Liljhagen ; Recent Agricultural Machin- ery and Its Use on the Farm, by G. Timberg et al. ; Some I'roblems in Animal Nutrition, by H. Wiuberg; Changes in Systems of Crop Rotation Made During Recent Years, by J. A. Sjostrom ; Crop Rotations, by N. L. Forsberg ; Cooperative Purchasing and Sales Associations, by G. Leufven ; Recent Progress in Butter IMaking, by N. Engstrom ; Successful Butter Exports, by Fr. Bagge; Recent Investigations in Dairy Bacteriology, by Chr. Barthel ; The Care and Application of Barnyard Manure, by H. G. Soderbauni ; Recent Progress iu the Manufacture of Cheese, by L. F. Rosengren ; Proposed Changes in the Book- keeping of Control Test Associations, by Nils IIanss(jn and H. Fuukquist ; Courses for Practical Farmers, by H. Juhlin-Dannefelt et al. : Award of Prizes for Small Farms, by Nils Hansson ; and Traveling Stipends fur Small Farm- ers.— F. w. woi.i,. The Macdonald movement, J. W. Robertson (Rpt. Women's Insts. Ontario, 11)06. pp. .j'i--yj). — An address given at the annual convention of the Women's Institutes held at Macdonald College. December 13 and 14. I'JOo, in which the general features of the Macdonald movement are outlined, and a description is given of Macdonald College with its departments of farms, research, and in- struction. Outline of a course of study and reading on soil and its management, H. C. Price {Ohio State Grange Ed. But. [1], pp. 7-12). — This is a course of study prepared for members of the Ohio State Grange, and consists of 18 lessons based on Vol. I of Brooks's Agriculture. Sanitation, Mary E. Lee (Ohio State Grange Ed. Bui. [1], pp. 13-16). — A course of 14 lessons based on Mrs. E. H. Richards Home Sanitation, and in- tended foi- members of the Ohio State Grange. Qualifications necessary for teaching agriculture in common schools, C. A. McNaub (Bicn. Rpt. Olda. Bd. Agr., 2 (l'JO.J-6). pp. 279-2S5). — An address before the Teachers' County Institute at Oklahoma City, in which the position is taken that while the teachers will not be expected to teach the practice of agriculture, they should be familiar with this side of the question and should also inform themselves on the work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the experiment stations, and the agricultural colleges. They should be up to date in their ideas of farm methods, improved implements, etc. To secure this training he recommends that they read farm journals and the publicati(ms of this Department and the experiment stations. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 889 Agriculture in the common schools, W. M. GiussoM (J^chool Netvs and Pract. lUI.. .iU {11)01). \<>. 7. iip. .il2, 313). — An argument for changes in the school curriculum which will relate the instructitm to life problems either liir, 11)07, in which he discusses the new school movement springing out of the land-grant act of 18G2 and subsequent acts of Congress for the aid of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, and the proposition to extend Government aid to agricultural high schools, mechanic arts instruction in city high schools, and liome economics instruction in botli coimtry and city. Annual repoit Winnebago County Schools, 1906, O. J. Kern (Rockford, III.: Aiilhor. I'.ioii. pp. !)ii. fifis. lO'j. iixip 1. ilinns. 7). — This report includes the following chapters: (1) The improvement of school grounds and buildings — a series of reports of things done and not done In the country-school districts of Winnebago County in tiie way of tree planting and otherwise improving the school grounds; (2) school gardens and elementary agriculture — sixty dis- tricts did school garden work in 1906 for the purpose of beautifying school grounds, making children acquainted with plant life, soils, conservation of moisture, protection from injurious insects, etc., and making the child a more efficient factor in the home garden work; (8) Winnebago County Farmer Boys' Experiment Club and Girls' Home Culture Club, including reports on various contests; (4) manual training ui the country school; (5) books and pictures, with special reference to the 81 traveling libraries which circulate in rural districts of the county; (6) some statistics of the rural schools, and (7) tiie i)roblem of consolidation of country schools. Home science and the school curriculum, Mary C. Macpherson (Rpt. Wumen'.^ lusts. Ontario. 1906, pp. 102-100). — An address before the annual convention of the Women's Institutes of Ontario, held at Macdonald College De- cember V^ and 14, 100.1, showing how home science may be taught in relation to otiier subjects in tlie school curriculum. What form of industrial training is most practical and best suited to the country child? (). .7. Kek.n (El. Hchool Tvachcr, 7 (UI07). .Yo. 6\ pp. 32.i- 32H). — The writer considers the educational value and practicability of teaching elementary agriculture, manual training, and home economics in the country schools. The improvement of our rural schools and their surroundings, E. E. I'.ALCOMB {Birn. Rpt. Olda. Bd. Af/i:, 2 (190.5-6), pp. 317-3.!,7, figs. 58).— -This paper Is devoted to suggestions for the improvement of school buildings inside and out and the Improvement of school grounds by means of planting trees, shrubbery, vines, and flowers. Many specific suggestions of means for bringing about these improvements are given, and the numerous illustrations aid in making tlicsc suggestions cl(^ar and forceful. School grounds and school gardens, K. A. Emerson (Bui. yehr. State Hart. Soc. Xos. .'/. pp. 11, fins. 2; J. pp. 11, fir/s. ,?).— Part 1 of this :irticle is devoted to the planning of school grounds with reference to playgrounds, trees, shrubs, flowers. lawns, school gardens, and nurseries, and to suggestions and directions for i)lanting and caring for trees and shrul)bery. Part 2 contains a discussion of school gardens wliicli may or may not be located on the school gromids. Mow to pr(>pare the ground, what, when, and 30755— No. 9—07 m 7 890 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. how to plant, and how to care for the school gardens are the principal topics discussed. Gardening for schools, S. B. McCready {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Bui. 152, pp. 32, figs. 4, maps 2). — This is one of the series of provincial teach- ers' bulletins, and treats of the place of gardening in education, cooperative experiments in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture, and children's home gar- dening organizations. Gardening, W. J. Green (Oltio State Grange Ed. Bui. 2, pp. 12-16). — A course proijared for members of the Ohio State Grange, consisting of 18 lessons based on (ireen's Vegetable Gardening. A course of study in farm crops, C. A. McCall (Ohio State Orange Ed. Bui. 2, pp. 6-11). — A course of study prepared for the members of the Ohio State Grange, consisting of 17 lessons based on Vol. II of Brooks's Agriculture. Improvement of the corn crop, J. A. Foord (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.'], 2 (1907), No. 7, pp. 16, figs. 1'/, dgm. 1). — Directions are given for select- ing and making germination tests of seed corn. Studies of corn and its uses, F. H. Rankin (Agr. Col. Ext. Univ. III. [Circ.'i, 1906. Oct., 2. cd.. pp. -'/O, figs. o). — These include suggestions for studies by young people of the corn plant, studies of an ear of corn, preparing exhibits and using the score card for corn and for oats, studies of the different parts of a kernel of corn, commercial products of corn, and suggestions for 0 experiments with corn. Keport of the corn contest, E. C. Bishop (Ann. Rpt. Nebr. Bd. Agr., 1905, pp. 1S4-197).- — This article gives particulars regarding the origin, progress, and final exhibition program and banquet of the Nebraska corn growing contest. Tillage and cultivation, A. G. McCall (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 1 (1906), A'o. 9, pp. 12, figs. 11). — A lesson in elementafy agriculture, with suggestions for a number of experiments with soils. Practical experiments with milk and butter, J. W. Decker (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 2 (1906), No. Jf. pp. 9-13, figs. S).— Ten experiments suitable for use in elementally schools are given. These illustrate the presence of water, organic matter, and mineral matter in milk, the separation of curd and whey, the presence of albumen and milk sugar in whey, the separation of butter fat from cream, the presence of casein in butter, tests to distinguish be- tween butter and oleomargarine, and the effect of heat and cold on the keeping quality of milk. Outline of course in nature study, L. PI. Miller and E. B. Babcock (Train- ing Dcpt., Los Angeles Normal School, 1906, pp. 16). — The general purpose of the nature-study work in this school is " to bring the child and nature into the most vital contact possible." The course includes work with plants, animals, and nature-study literature. Both wild and cultivated plants are studied — to be able to recognize them, to know what they do, to become familiar with the life history of certain ones, to acquire knowledge of the cultivation of common vegetables and flowers, and to take up eventually some of the more special phases of plant production. The means employed in acquiring this information are the school garden, home gar- dens, and field trips and observations. A like comprehensive study of the more common animals — birds, mammals, toads, insects, etc. — and the proper care and treatment of them, is taken up in the schoolroom, at home, and on trips afield. The outline of nature-study work in detail was prepared by B. M. Davis, and includes work for each term and grade through the eight years of common school work. The work of the seventh grade consists largely of experiments in AGKICULTURAL EDUCATION. 891 elementary a.u'riculture on such topics as soils, soils and water, soil and the plant root, and fundamentals of plant physioloj^y. This work is supplemented by excursions in the field and the study of the great agricultural Industries correlated with United States history. In the eighth grade laboratory and text-book work in human physiology takes the place of similar work in agri- culture, but the garden work, with varieties of plants for the purpose of showing I)lant improvement, seed selection, crop rotation, green manui'es, and soil inocu- lation, is continued. The outline includes numerous references to text-books and other literature germane to the topic under consideration. Practical nature study, F. M P.rooks (W. Va. School Jour., 35 (1!)07), iSlo. II). jip. !>. 111). — A (lescrii)tion of tlie shrew, its liabits, and economic importance. Direct methods of studying nature, Lilian ,1. Clakke (Nature-Study Rev., 2 {1906), Ao. .';, ui). SO. i-.ni)).— 'i:\nii article, reprinted from The Windsor Maga- zine, is a description of the nature-study work at the James Allen's Girls' School, Dulwich, England. This is an endowed secondary school, and the girls in it are not being trained for an.y particular profession. School garden work has been carried on for man.v years and has developed to an area containing plats owned by more tlian 140 girls. Some of these are plats ctmtaining families of plants, otliers are flower gardens, vegetable gardens, gardens showing plant associations, etc. There is also a plant laboratory with glass roof. The students do the practical work in the gardens, and study the relation of insects to pollination and fruiting, the classification of plants, which is greatl.\- facilitated by the plats containing orders or families of plants, cookery in connection with the growing of kitchen vegetables, soils and the use of legumes and fertilizers, fruits, methods of seed dispersal, ecology, and other things relating to the physiology and patholog.v of plants Hints on making nature collections in high schools, W. H. Muldrew {On- tario Affr. Col. and Expt. Farm Btd. IS.'i, pp. 32, figs. 20). — This bulletin is in its second edition, having been I'evised by S. B. McCready, of the Macdonald In- stitute. It contains an oiitline for nature-study work in public schools, sug- gestions for phenological observations, for making live collections, collections of pressed ])lants, setMls, fruits, wood, insects, historical specimens, etc. Nature-study work with insects, C. F. Hodge {Nature-Study Rev., 2 {1906), No. 8, pp. 265-270, figs. 2). — Suggestions for nature-study life history work with insects and a descrii)tion of suitable cases for preserving life histor.y sets. Nature studies with birds for the elementary school, R. W. Hegneb {El. School Teacher, 7 ( 1907), No. 6, pp. 3.'i8-354). — The sub.iect of bird protection is cotisidered, together with reasons for the absence of birds and how to attract birds. A bibliogr;ii)hy is ai)])ended. A day's work in bird-land, KdxNA K. Thayer (Nature-Study Rev., 2 (1906), No. 9, pp. 289-295). — This is a record of observations on the feeding habits of birds conducted under the direction of C. F. Hodge, of Clark University, by students at the biological station at the University of Indiana at Winona Lake, in July, 190G. Relays of students placed them.selves in position to observe con- stantly from daylight to dark of one day the nests of an orchard oriole, a pewee, a phoebe, and a w-ren. In the nest of the orchard oriole were two ,voung birds which during the 15 hours and 17 minutes of observation were fed (>!) times, r> times only by the male bird. The food consisted principj*lly of locusts and green caterpillars. The pewee's nest contained 2 eggs, so the food collected by the female was for herself. During the day she caught 208 insects, and spent a total of 5 hours and 35 minutes in incubation, the average length of resting on the nest 892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. being 10 minutes. The male visited the nest frequently and devoted himself to keeping away sparrows and other intruders. The nest of the phcebe contamed 2 young birds 4 days old. The female left the nest at 4.20 a. m., and between that time and 7 p. m., when it began to rain, the birds fed their young 260 times. Observations on the wren's nest were not begun until 9.20 a. m., and ended at 6.40 p. m., when it began to rain. There were 5 young birds about 3 days old in the nest, and in the 9 hours and 2(> minutes under observation they were fed 113 times, 91 times by the male and 22 times by the female. In most cases the male gave the food to the female who then distributed it among the young. The food consisted of cutworms, grasshoppers, cabbage worms, and black In- sects which were not identified. This nest was observed again 4 days later from 4.24 a. m. to 7.38 p. m. On this day the female did not brood her young so much, but fed them 130 times out of the 2.30 times that they received food. MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1906 (Alabama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1906, pi). S6). — This includes the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190G, and reports of the director and heads of departments covering the work of the station during the year. Nineteenth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1906 (Micliigan Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 93-337). — This contains a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, reports of the director and heads of departments on the work of the station during the year, meteorological observations noted elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletins 232-238 and Special Bulletins 34 and 3.5. Twenty-fourth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1905 (New York St(i. h'pt. 1903. pp. -'j05). — The report comprises a financial statement for the year ended September 30, 1905, a list of periodicals received by the sta- tion, meteorological observations noted elsewhere, and reprints of most of the bulletins of the station issued during the year. Experiment Station Work, XXXIX (V. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 276, pp. 32, figs. 2). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Im- provements in peach growing ; mulberries ; alfalfa in the eastern States ; oat culture in the South ; improvement of grass land ; succotash as a soiling crop ; tankage and bone meal for hogs ; grinding corn for hogs ; dips as lice killers ; digestibility of fish and poultry ; honey vinegar ; and the farm woodlot. Yearbook of the German Agricultural Association, 1906 (JaJirl). Dent. Laudir. GcscU.. 21 (1906), pp. XIX+Ji36+Ji22).—\ report of the proceedings of the three meetings of this association held during the year. There is also au account of the twentieth movable agricultural exhibit of the association. N 0 T I^. S Colorado College and Station. — F. 10. livooks, n meinbor of the last Con^ross, and J. L. I'.rusli, I'oriiicrly licuti'uant-j^'ovenior of the State, have been appointed on the State board of agricnltnre, in succession to 1*. F. Sharp and Harlan Thomas. B. F. Rockafellow has been elected president of the board. The courses iu veterinary science and electrical engineering whidi were discontinued on account of lack of funds ai'c to bo reinstated. An appropriation was made by the legislature for the purchase of land for the college and station, and the use of 10 per cent of the funds arising from the sale of lands under the original Morrill Act was authorized for tlie same purpose. The station will receive .$27,500 for the ensuing bienniuni. provision being made for work in animal, plant, and fruit industry, horse breeding, and diseases of live stock. The fruit studies on the Western Slope are to be continued, and additional work is planned with potatoes at Gi'eeley. Successful short courses were held during the winter in forestry, horticulture, and domestic science. H. M. Cottrell has been placed in charge of the exten- sion work and farmers' institutes, being succeeded as animal husbandman by G. E. Morton, of tlie Wyoming University and Station, as previously announced. Florida Station. — Everest J. Macy. a graduate of Earlham College, has been elected assistant chemist, .-ind I)egan his duties ]\lay 1. AVilliam Hess has been appointed gardener. Illinois University and Station. — L. H. Kerrick, for four years a trustee and on the day before his r, master of tlie .\;itional (Jrange, and Dean Baile.y. North Carolina College and Station. — At the recent session of the legislature the ni.inagemeiit of the college and station, previously assigned to the State lioard of agricultnn>, was vested in a new board of control of 16 members. This board is entirely distinct from the State board of agriculture, which will continue to direct the experimental work of the State department of agriculture. Pennsylvania College and Station. — 1'.. K. Fernow, who had temporarily ac- cepted the professorship of forestr.v, has been appointed dean of the faculty of forestry at the University of Toronto, where, according to a note in Science, it is proposed to organize the most complete system of forestry education on this continent. It is expected that a large forest reservation will be set aside for I lie use of tlic Toronto school, and iniiversit.v extension work of the broadest kind is conti-mplated. M. H. Piugree and P. W. Flint have resigned from the station staff, and G. C. Watson, agriculturist, has been given leaye of absence until August 1, 1908. F. S. I'utney, assistant iu agronomy and animal industry, has been transferred to the division of animal nutrition. Recent appointments include, in the station, Albert R. Merz as assistant chemist and Robert A. Lichtenthaler as assistant in animal nutrition ; and in the college, John P. Stewart as assistant professor of expi>rimental horticulture, who is making a special study of tlie apple in I'rvisi()n. Wisconsin University and Station. — II. L. Russell, professor of bacteriology in the university and bacteriologist to the station, has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station, to succeed W. A. Henry at the beginning of the college year. Among other appointments and promotions announced are, as associate professor, D. H. Otis, in animal nutrition ; as assistant professors, R. H. Denniston in botany, J. G. Moore in horticulture, and C. A. Ocock in agricultural engineering ; as instructors, G. M. Reed in botany, James Milward in horticulture, and Conrad Hoffman in agricultural bacteri- ology ; and as assistants. II. D. M. Jollivette in botany and Matthew Michels in butter and cheese scoring. In the announcement for the university summer school it is stated that Dean Henry will conduct a class in agriculture for teachers in the public schools. The station is conducting a vigorous campaign against tuberculosis in the 300,000 dairy herds in the State. Existing laws provide for the inspection of cattle before entering the State, and a bill has been introduced into the legis- lature providing for the testing of all cattle before sale. Instruction in the use of the tuberculin test has been given to about 1,200 former agricultural students who compose the membership of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experi- ment Association. While under the laws regulating veterinary practice these students are not permitted to collect fees, they are nevertheless rendering much assistance. Plan for County Experiment Stations. — A bill has been introduced into the Missouri legislature which autht)rizes any county court, on the petition of 50 freeholders or the resolution of any agricultural or horticultural society in the county, to establish and maintain an experiment station. This may be located at the county farm, or other land may be leased. Supervision is to be vested jointly in the county court and the State experiment station, and the work proposed is mainly that of demonstration. A Mexican Botanical Station.— In a recent issue of Plant World an account is given of the botanical station and rubber laboratory recently established on La Zacualpa plantation. Chiapas, Mexico, under the direction of Dr. P. Olsson- Seffer. The larger part of the land is to be devoted to rubber, including experi- mental plats of Castilloa and a collection of all known rubber-producing plants, and the I'emainder will be used for the more unusual representatives NOTES. 897 of Moxicaii tloni niid iiiniiy lorciu'ii tropical plants. In conjunction with the station woiic c.\|)eriniciils in liyhridizin.i; the coll't>c tree will Ix' conducted on a ncighhorini; plantation. Agricultural College for Hawaii. — An act providinj^ tor the cstahlislniicnt of a collcfic of au'ricnltnrc and mechanic arts has been passed by the Territorial k>jlislaturc of Hawaii and aijjii'oved Iiy tlie .i^overnor. Credits in Agriculture at Columbia University. — Dean James E. Ilussell. of ■j'cachers' Collef^e, announces that arranp'nients have been made to a<-cept .'it lull \;ilue for degrees in Cohuubia I'niversity work done in .-i^^riculturo at any of tlie leading agricultural colleges. This is done witli ;i view of fitting students foi" the iiosition of director, ])riuci])al. etc.. in training schools for agricultur;il teachers. Board of Food and Drug Inspection. — Dr. Frederick L. Duulap, an instructor in tile Iniversity of Micliigan. has been appointed associate chemist in the r.nrean of ("hemistry. and will be a member of the board of food and drug inspection, which will consider all questions arising in the enforcement of the pure food law. Tlu' other niemlxM-s of this board are Dr. II. W. Wiley, chair- man. ;nid George P. McCabe. solicitor of the Department. Plans for Irrigation Congress. — The Fifteenth National Irrigation Congress is to lie Iield in S.icramento September 2-7. Its purpose is announced as being "to pi'omote the (levelo])ment of wise and beneficial national irrigation and forestry jiolicies. as well as to provide for discussions of practical details of ii-rigaticn and forestry." The plans include an interstate exposition of irrigated land products and forestry and a 1.000-mile excursion through the Sacramento Valley to enable delegates to study ("alifornia fanning and irrig.ntion. International Dairy Federation. — A detailed i)r()granHne has been received for the third International congress of dairying, to be held, as previously an- nounced, at The Hague September IG to 20, 1907. The congress will be divided into sections of dairy legislation, hygiene, and industry. Its meetings will coincide with the national agricultural exhibition, which will include a sub- division devoted to the dairy industry, open to exhiltits from all countries. Kxcursions have been arranged to the butter-control staticm and state dairy station at Leyden, the serotherapeutic institute at Rotterdam, the laboratory of bacteriology at Delft, and other points of interest. Additional information can be obtained from the secretary. Dr. A. J. Swaving, 88 Lange Voorhout, The Hague. Institute of Agriculture at Rome. — According to a note in Mark Lane Express, the preliminary work for the organization of the National Institute of Agri- . iioniology. viticulture, liop ciil1nr<'. alpine farm- ing, and apiculture. 2 brewing and 2 distillery schools. The attendance at the royal agricultural high school at X'ienna for 1905-6 was COS for the first semester and (111 for the second semester. In the first semester 590 of the students were regular ;iiid IS s])eci;il. In the second semester 554 were regular and 57 special. About 4.S per cent of all the students were enrolled in forestry courses. A chair of agricultural-technological chemistr.v has been established at the jiolytechnic high school, Copenhagen, and Dr. Orla Jensen has been appointed to the position. The studies will be devoted principally to the utilization of milk and meat, and will include ( 1 ) llie production and chemistry of milk, the bacteriology of milk, its uses for food, milk powder, casein, cream, butter, and to combine lectures and laboratory wmk on soils, [ilants. an.. .I.s-.s/.s/a/// Director. EDITOKIAI, DKPAKTMENTS. Meteorolojry. Soils, and Fertilizers — \V. H. Ueal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetabk' I'atliology — W. II. Evans, Ph. I). Field Crops — J. 1. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechny and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Agroteclniy. Dairy Farniing, and Dairying — II. W. Lawson. Agricultural ("heniistry — W. II. Peal, C. F. Langworthy, and II. W. Lawson. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — P. P. Fleming. Rural Economics — J. B. MoRiMan. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII, NO. lo. Editorial notes : Page. Semicentenidal of the Michigan Agricultural College 1)01 Significance of the agricultural college in the development of Ameri- can education tX)2 A broad conception of agricultural education DOG Recent work in agricultural science 000 Notes 097 SUBJECi' LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICl'LTURAL CHEMISTRY. Nitrogen availahilities by modifications of permanganate method, Herrick_ 000 Determination of phos])lioric acid. Pellet 000 IMiosphotungstic acid as a reagent for ]K)tassium, Meyer 009 Determination of the calcium carbonate content of marls, ^'.•^n't Kruijs 009 Recommendations as to the nomenclature of the proteins 000 Pi'ei)ar.ition of the iirott'ins in iiuantity, Osborne and Harris 010 Hydrolysis of the wheat proteins, Osborne and Cla])p 010 Studies on nature of gluco-proteins and leucins, Ilugounenq and Morel 010 Increase in weight in the hydrolysis of casein. Long 010 Hydrolytic cleavage products of caseoplasteins, Rosenfeld Oil Disadvantages of i»otassium bichromate for milk sami)les, Grelot Oil C'.emistry of Ilehner's test for fttrniiildehyde in milk. Rosenheim Oil Clierry-red coloration of milk in concentrated alkalis. (Jautier et al Oil Comp.-irison of methods foi- detection of cocoanut oil in butter, IIodgson__ Oil T)etermination of molecular weight of oils and fats, Xormann 012 Detection of cane sugar in milk and creanu Anderson 012 Conc(>rning starch, P.loemendal 012 Polarimetric determination of sugar in honey, Lehmann and Stadlinger 012 Intluence of basic lead .acetate on rotation of sucrose. Bates and Blake 012 Use of polarized light in detection of rice and cornstarch, Gastine 012 I II COKTENTS. The detection of rice busks in bran. Kinkels |*|-* New nietbod of determining byposulpLiites in food, Gutmaun Jl- Report on nietbods nf lieer analysis, Barnard Jl^ Use of carbon bisulpbid in estimation of salicylic acid, Dubois _ Jj- Mineral acids in vinegar, Itatcliff l^*};,' Progress during 1000 in examination of foods and condiments, Utz .n6 Miscellaneous ebemical analyses made in 1003, 1004, and 1005, Peter etal. 013 Examination of papers, Veitcb ^-^l'^ M ETEOROLOG Y W ATER. Climate of Virginia, Surface 91-^ [Meteorological observations, 1006], Price 914 Meteorological summaries for the years 1003, 1004, and 1005 914 Meteorological observations 914 Meteorological observations at Montpellier 914 Distribution of rainfall during tbe year 1906, Hunt 914 Experiments on hail shooting at Castelfranco, 1902 to 1906 914 After the freeze. Wester 914 The Miiller self-registering anemometer 91o Occurrence of nitro-bacteria in the sea, Thomsen 915 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the Bay of Naples, Benecke 91o Underground water supplies from a sanitary point of view, Latham 915 [Municipal engineering in 1906] 915 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Report on statements relative to Bureau of Soils, Hays and Whitney 915 Transformation of volcanic rocks into aluminium phosphate, Lacroix 015 Contribution to study of alkaline -rocks of East Africa, Arsandaux 915 On the formation of hardpan. Marr 915 Is there any considerable evaporation of ammonia from soilsV Lilienthal — 916 Classiflcation of forms of humus in forest soils, Albert 916 Industrial treatment of peat to increase its content of nitrogen, Bazln 916 Soil inoculation 916 German Nitragin and American nitro-cultures, Remy 916 Atmospheric nitrogen 916 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, Erlwein 916 Future supplies of nitrogen for agriculture 916 The plants' supply c>f nitrogen, Guthrie 916 Use of artificial nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture 917 The Birkeland-Eyde calcium nitrate as a fertilizer, Bjerknes 917 Experiments with three new fertilizers. Courriere 917 Influence of carbohydrates on denitrification, Stoklasa and Vitek 917 Fresh green manuring plants and nitrate of soda, Schneidewind et al 918 Fish fertilizers, (iigny 918 Can lactic-acid bacteria exert a preservative influence on manure? BartheL 918 A manure platform, liingelmann 918 Report of Brunswick sewage farm, 1895 to 1900, Beckurts and Blasius — 918 Land treatment of sewage, Scoble 919 Phosphoric acid experiments on different soils, Schneidewind et al 919 Fertilizer experiments with phosphoric acid, Patterson 919 Decomposition of dicalcium phosi)hate by water. Buch 920 Micro-organisms in utilization of phosphates, de Grazia and Cerza 920 Phosphoric acid of high and low Thomas slag, Schneidewind et al 920 Treatment of double ])hosphates of iron and aluminium, Pilon et al 921 Artificial fertilizers: Their nature and function. Hall 921 The home mixing of fertilizers, Bonsteel 921 Protecting the farmer against fraud, Street 921 To manure at a profit ■ 921 Analyses of fertilizers, Goessmann 921 Analyses of fertilizers collected by commissioner of agriculture, 1006 921 Fertilizers, Aston 922 [Fertilizer market. New York, Chicago. Philadeli)hia. and Charleston] 922 Circulars relating to fertilizers and feeding-stuffs act, Elliott 922 CONTENTS. Ill AGRICULTURAL liOTANY. Page. Aiiiiiial review of Ixil.-iiiy. l'eeliiiulre_.. 922 Kotniiical and a;,'i'icultiir:il studies in Java. Detmor 922 lufliUMiee of cliiiiato on plant structures. Ilolteriuaini 922 Variation in the sexuality of ])lants. Bois , 923 Growth of i)lants and absorption of mineral substances, ("iiodat et al _ 923 Api)Iication of tiieory of liniitin.t,' factors to f,'rii\vth in ("eylon, Smith 923 Inclosin.^ sinsle jilants and its etfect, Fruwirth 924 ("oi-relation (if characters in plant breedin.u, Webber 92-t Formation of essential oils in a pert-nnial plant, Charabot and Laloue 924 Vicianin. a new cyanoj^enetic .i^Incosid, Hertrand 925 The detection of formaldehyde in plants. I'ollacci , 92.1 lielation of extractive to pi'otein phosphorus, Koch and Ueed 92.'t Investigations on the resi)iration of flowers, .Maif,'e 92") FIELD CKOl'S. Cooperative tests of corn, wheat, oats, soy beans, and cowpeas. Wiancko__ 925 I)ei)artnieiit of field experiments, Vanatter 927 Field exiieriments in Staff ordshiiv ano Shroi)shire, Balfour and Kushton_„ 928 Re[)ort on culture tests for 19(tr)-19()(). DauLseaux 929 Field tests with fertilizers. Wagner 929 Br:M'ding a strain of alfalfa from a single individual, Westgate 929 Judging the (luality of barley. Bleisch and Regensburger 929 Test of the jiroducing jjower of some Texas seed corn. Bennett 930 I'ractical corn breeding on a large scale. Funk , 930 Value of corn pollen from suckers -v. from main stalks, Hartley 930 Cotton culture. Boname • 930 Cotton in Algeria. Godard 930 Leguminous crops for green manuring. Piper 931 The Colorado i)otato industry. Bennett 931 Report on tiMals of varieties of potatoes. 1900. Gilchrist 931 Potatoes for seed ])urposes 931 Experiments with varieties of sugar cane, d'Albucpierciue and Bovell 931 Improvement of sugar cane by selection and hyl)ridization. Stockdale 932 Influence of sunlight and diffused daylight on the sugar l)eet. Strakosch__ 932 (Consumption of plant food by beets, Andrlik et al 932 Analysis of sugar-beet seed, Schribaux and Bussard 932 Variation in wheat hybrids. Keyser 933 ^Methods in wheat lireeding. Keyser 933 r.reeding drought-resisting crops. (Jauss 933 Influence of fertilizers on yield of timothy hay. Gilmore and Clark 933 Descriptions and illusti-ations of the seed of Xicotiana, Si)le)idore 934 Ins])ection of see. King 937 Cabbages fo stock feeding, Fraser 937 The book of vegetab'es. French 937 Tomato investigatio' White and Ballard 937 Experiences witl thr onion crop. Price 9,37 Horticultural noveltiej- Uzal 937 Biennial Report of ^Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station 938 Etherizing white Roman hyacinths, J. Tauhenhaus 938 Renewal of old orchards. Ballon 938 Prime causes of failure in orcharding,. Bailey 939 Finit and orchard investigations, Blair 939 The banana, Hubert 939 IV CONTENTS. Page. Fruit list 040 Methods and results of hybridizing fruits, AVilliams 941 Breeding hardy raspberries for the Northwest, Hansen 1_ 941 The strawberry test plot, Ballou 941 Grape breeding, Beach 941 Length of life of various grapes; profitableness and diseases, Munson 942 Reestablishment of vineyards in Charente, France, Guillon 942 The economics of viticulture, Marescalchi 942 Male or seedless cocoanuts, Bartlett and Belling 942 Vanilla, Tuero 942 rORESTFY. Farm forestry, Zavitz 942 The level of subsoil waters with regard to forest, Pearson 942 Report of forest administration in the Andanians for 1905-6, Traflford 942 The reforestation in the department of Aube, France, Parde 943 Native trees of the Transvaal, Burtt-Davy 943 Soap trees. Guenther : 943 Caoutchouc, Levasseur 943 Occurrence of calcium oxalate in the barks of the eucalypts, Smith 943 Progress of wood preservation in 1900, Crawford 944 Forest products of the United States, 1905, Kellogg and Hale 944 The timber supply of the United States, Kellogg 944 DISEASES OF PLANTS. A text-book of fungi, Massee 944 Report of the plant pathologist. Smith 945 Report of the government mycologist. Fetch 945 Indiana plant diseases in 1900, Kern 945 Poideniiium acicolum the ;x>cidial stage of C. i^olidagiiiisi. Clinton 946 Ascigerous forms of Gloeosporium and Colletotrichum, Shear and Wood 946 Use of seed plat in prevention of diseases in wheat. Freeman 940 Influence of environment upon resistance to brunissure, Farneti 946 Bacterial disease of cherry trees, Aderhold and Ruhland 947 Takeall in wheat 947 A potato leaf blotch fungus new to America, Jones 948 Some potato diseases, their cause and control, Nelson 948 The deep scab of beets, von Faber 948 A study of disease resistance in watermelons, Orton 948 Use of common salt for prevention of gummosis. Van Hecke 948 Pear leaf blight 949 A new native host for pear bliglit, Waite 949 Experiments on the control of black rot in Loire, Rougier 949 Some fungi of cacao trees, Spegazzini 949 Lecture on rubber diseases. Green and Fetch 949 A root disease of Hevca hrusilioisis. Fetch 949 A plant tumor of bacterial origin. Smith and Townsend 950 Ray blight, a new chrysanthemum disease, Stevens 950 Copper fungicides, Rabate 950 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. Experimental zoology, Morgan 950 Birds and fruit growers, Bear 951 Insects, Berlese 951. Insects of the garden, Conradi 951 IIow insects are distributed, Caesar _ 951 Fifth annual report of the, chief inspector, Burgess 951 Western slope fruit investigation, r.KiC. Report of entomologist, Taylor__ 951 Insects of German East Africa. Bercnsberg 952 Report on the orchards and fruit plantations of Worcestershire, Theobald- 952 The Mexican conchuela in western Texas in 1905, Morrill 952 Notes on the economic importance of sowbugs, Pierce 952 Notes on " punkies," Pratt 952 CONTENTS. V Page. Tlio 'I'liysaiioptoi'M of Calit'ornia, Moultim 952 The cottou stalk-borer, xMorpiu 953 Notes on the pepper weevil, Pratt 953 Eueiiii<>s of rice 953 Experlnients with Calandra oryzw, Wahl 953 Insect pests and diseases of sn^ar beets in lOOG, Fallada 953 J.ilii ocelli IcIId and its injury io su.t^ar beets in llMir.. Marchal 953 Cabba.ue maggot and other injurious insects of lilUO, Washburn 954 The oriental moth, a recent ini])ortation, Feruifld 954 rreliminary report on cranberry insects, FrankFin 954 I'oisoned bait for the fruit tly, Dreyer 954 Treatment for the olive tly, P.attanchon 954 A vivii)arons fly with i>arasitic and vegetarian larvje, d'llerculais 954 The aiiple and i)ear mites, I'arrott, Ilodgkiss, and Schoene 955 The lilister-niite and its allies. Hall et al 955 The aphides affecting the apple, Quaiutance 955 The San Jose scale, ("onradi 955 The San Jose scale and exi)erinients for its control, Fernald 955 IIow to control the San Jose st-ale and other pests. Troop and Woodbury_ 956 How nurserymen may guard against San Jose scale, Sherman, jr 956 The cottony maple scale in Illinois, Forlx'S 956 The strawiun-ry w(M>vil in the South Central States in 1905, Morrill 956 The poi)l:ir iuid willow borer {('ri/ptorlii/nchus lapathi), Schoene 957 An eneiuy of jioplars and willows. Hall 957 Insect injur.v to cacao beans, Reh 957 The spotted locust {Aidarclics miUaris), Gi'een 957 Notes on spraying and suggestions for combating crop pests. Walker 957 The breeding of bees, Phillips 957 Sericnltural experiments at Shillong, Basu 957 The coloring matter of the silk of Saturnia yaina-nml, Gautier 958 FOODS HITMAN NUTRITION. The dynamics of living matter, Loeb 958 Personal hygiene, Le Bosquet 958 Food and hygiene, Tibbies 958 The home economics movement, Bevier and Usher 958 Rational feeding of infants from birth to 2 years, Michel and Perret 959 Fruit recipes. Berry 959 Concerning the vegetarian diet. Stiihelin 9.~)9 Studies of the composition of flesh upon different diets, Miiller 959 Extractives of muscle. VII. Concerning carnitin compounds, Krimberg 960 One hundred and one Mexican dishes, Southworth 960 German cookery for the American home, Oswald 960 The h;iy-box cooker 960 The tireless cooker 960 Food adulteration in Texas, Fraps 960 Ba.-teria of blown tins of i>reserved food 960 Tomato catsup, Macfarlane 960 Analyses of American malt vinegar. Woodman and Shingler, jr 960 Common s.alt, ]\Iacfarlane 961 Concerning sour milk, Tarchanow 961 Condensed vegetable milk, K.itayama 961 Vegetalile cheese from the jiroteid of the soy bean, Katayama 961 Cocoauut fat from a culinar\- stand])iiint 961 Results obtained in the scientitic study of human nutrition, Konig 961 Progress in nutrition, Langworthy 961 Nutritive requirements of the body, Benedict 962 Dietetic exiieriments at Yale I'niversity, Fisher 962 Physiological economy in mitrition. Fisher 962 A respiration caloriuieter. Letnlle and Ponqtilian 962 The respiration apjiaratus at I Iclsingfoi-s, Tigerstedt 062 Concerning gastric Juice secretion. L(>nnqvist 962 Effect of common salt on clilorin content of gastric juice. Wohlgemuth___ 963 Effect of bile upon the hydrolysis of esters, Loeveuhart and Sender 963 VI CONTENTS, Page. Synthesis of food protein in tlie liver, Freund and Toepfer 963 Relation of the kidneys to uietabolisni, Bainbridge and Beddard 964 Concerning endogenous purin metabolism in man, Siven 964 Concerning phosphorns metabolism, Kocli 964 E(jnilibrinni in metabolism, E'brstrom 9(54 Excretion of nitrogen and amino acids in fasting, Brugscb and Ilirscb 964 Acid formation in fasting, Bonniger and Molir 964 Effects of borax and boric acid on the human system, Liebreich 965 Identification of soluble proteid in the feces of adults, Schlossmann 965 The phosphorus content of feces fat, Long and Johnson 965 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Investigation of concentrated feed stuffs sold in Iowa. Michael 965 Condimental stock foods and tonics, Michael and Buckman 966 Examination of cattle and poultry foods, Lindsey 967 The feed control in ]9(i5-s. Porcher 987 Neutralization of rabies virus with the bile of biliary salts. Lesieur 988 Blood and cephalic liuid in dog distemper, Sabrazes and Muratet 988 Surgical diseases and surgery of the dog, French 988 Fowl cholera. Franco 988 RURAL ENGINEERING. Disposal of dairy and farm sewage, and water supply. Erf 988 Eighth biennial ri'i)urt of State engineer of Wyoming, l'.)()5-1906 988 Farm iri-igation in the Transvaal. Braine 989 Hydra ulic-ram Itoring apjiaratus 989 Storage and regulation of water for irrigation jjurjioses, Seaver 989 Thirteenth annual report of connnissioner of pultlic roads [N. J.], 1906__ 990 The value of oil in road improvement. Dickens 990 Alcohol motors in agricultural operations 990 Industrial alcohol : Its manufacture and uses, Braehvogel and Thatcber__ 991 Three mouths of denatured alcohol 991 The engineering index. Supl(>e. Cuntz, and Going 992 VIII CONTENTS. RURAL ECONOMICS. Page. Farm management. Card 992 The scarcity of farm help and the remedy, Oldenberg 992 Foreign agricnltural lai)orers in France. Lair 992 The present imi)ortance of share farming in Tuscany, Gori 993 Agriculture in Lombardy, Roux 993 Conditions of farm life in Lombardy 993 Agricultural cooperation in Ireland, Lavollee 993 Agriculture in New Zealand. McNab 993 Agricnltural returns for 190.") 994 Mutual agricultural fire insurance [in France] 994 Crop Reporter 994 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Distribution of grants for agricultural education and research 994 Development of agricultur.-il education in Scandinavia, Ystgard 995 An experiment in school consolidation in Canada, Phenix 995 Statistics of educational institutions, 1903-4 995 MISCELLANEOUS. Eighteenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1906 995 Sixteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1903 996 Seventeenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1004 996 Eighteenth Ainiual Report of Kentucky St.ntion. lUiC, 996 Nineteenth Annual Re])ort of Louisiana Stations, 1006 996 Director's report for 100(!, .Jordan 996 List of cooperative exjieriments for 1907 996 Report on the Southern Utah Experiment Station, 1906 996 Report on the Central Utah Experiment Station 996 Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1906 996 Literature, November, 1904, to January 1, 1907 996 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations ill the United Stulca. Arkansas Station : r.ul. •»."> California Station : lUil. ^S4. Jan.. 1007 Colorado Station : Page. 957 944 Stdfi'ins in the liiitrd Statcfi — Cont'd. r.ni 117, IIS. 119, .Tan. .Tan. Fell. 19()7 - 9:?1 r.ul 19(>7 9:',(; r.ul. 19{i7___ 951 Connect cut Storrs Station r.ni 4:^ Oct., 19()(i_ . 972 linl 44. Nov.. 190(; 975 Eii,' lt(>(M th Ai . Kpt., 190(;- 979 995 Illinois station : F.ul 111'. .Ian. 19(»7^__ 956 Cin . 1(17 . Fel). , 1907__. . 939 Indiana Stat on : Hul 117 Feb. 1907__. 925 Bnl 118. Mar. 1907__- _ 956 r.ul 119, ition Mar. 1907 - 945 Iowa St I'.nl S71 954 9.38 933 , 996 -Cont'd. Page. 996) 921 1906 940 974 938 955 941 951 968 960 9.30 New York State Station Bui. 284, Dec. 1906 Bnl. 285. .Tan.. 1907 P.nl. 286, Feb.. 1907 Ohio Station : P.nl. 178. Sei)t., 1906 Bui, 179, Dec, 1906 Bnl. 180. Feb., 1907 Te.\as Station : Bnl. 87 Bui. 88, June. 1906 liul. 89 P.ul. 90. Sept.. 1906 Bui. 91. Oct.. 1906 Bnl. 92. Dec Utah Station : Bui. 97, Dec, Bui. 98, Dec, Vermont Station : Bui. 124, Sept Bnl. 125. Dec Virginia Station : An. Rpt. 190(; 909. 914, 927, 977, 978, 985, 996 Wisconsin Station : Bui. 142. Dec. 1906 Wyoming Station : Bui. 71, Jan., 1907 U. S. Department of Afiricidtini 1906 936, 996 1906 936, 996 , 1906 1906 1_ 968 968 969 948 Circ 22 915 Farmers' Bui. 278 931 Farmers' Bui. 279 936 Farmers' Bui. 280 977 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 94 (10 cents) 972 985 912 913 953 956 953 952 952 Bui. 95 (10 cents) Circ 102 Bureau of Chemistry : Circ 33 Circ 34 Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 63, pt 5 (5 cents) Bui. 63. pt 6 (5 cents.) Bnl. 63, pt 7 (5 cents) Bui. 64. pt. 1 (5 cents) Bui. (U, pt 2 (5 cents) liul. 64. pt 3 (5 cents) 952 Bui. 12, pt 3 (tech. ser.) (—cents) 9.52 Circ 81 9.55 Forest Service : P.ul. 74 (15 cents) 944 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Rejiorter. vol. 9, No. 4, Apr., 1907 994 the Fnited States Department of Agriculture, Bureau, may be inirchased from the Superin- tendent of Documents. Washington. D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau reipiests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the P.ureau. The price of the Kecoi-d is .SI i)er volume, or ]o cents per luimber. The jtrices of other technical publications are given in the li.st aliove. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX EXPERIMr:NT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVITI. Junk, 1J)0T. No. 10. The celebration of the semicentennial of the Michio;an Airricnltiiral College the week of May 2(5 was an occasion of national importance. rt marked the anniversary of a significant and far-reaching departure in American education. While primarily the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of the ]Michigan College, in a larger and more important sense it was the anniversary of a new type of education which has ripened into a great national system, fostered alike by the Federal and State governments, and already become one of the most ])otent influences in tlie educational world. It was the birthday of agricultural education — of an attempt to relate education more closely lo the practical needs of life. Tt was fitting that such an anniversary should be commemorated l)y the bringing togethei" of men prominent in agricultural and indus- trial education and research from all over the Union, as well as the army of graduates and fi-iends of the college. It was more than local, and such a representative gathering betokened the l)roa(l significance of the event celebrated. Its national character was further evidenced by the attendance of the President of the United States, the Secre- tary of Agriculture, and the Connnissioner of Education, with in- spiring addresses upon the influence and the mission of the land-grant colleges in the system of American education. It was a great day for the ^Michigan Agi-icultural College, but no less a day of triumph tor agricultural education as a whole. The widespread public atten- tion which it attracted placed the agricultural colleges in a new and more favorable light and assigned to them a more conspicuous place in the field of technical education. Such an occasion, Avith its review of the history of this great move- ment, its lessons from the past, its survey of what has been accom- ])lished in a material way and in the shaping of public sentiment, its forecast of the future with higher ideals and broader and more liberal plans for development, is stimulating and helpful to the land- grant colleges as a whole. It can no! fail to give a larger c()nce])tion of the mission and infhicncc of these institutions and a clearer view of what education should be. 901 902 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. And for the pioneer institution it was an occasion for rejoicing and congratulation and for tribute to the success of its honorable career. Aside from delegates from colleges all over the Union, some twenty-five hundred of its sons and daughters gathered to do it honor, and the large meetings held in the tent provided for the occasion were live with enthusiasm and reminiscence and ardent in appeal for the l^reservation of old landmarks. It is a notable achievement to have taken a leading part in "• build- ing new avenues along which knowledge is approaching more closely to human needs; " and to do this in the face of unbelief and dogmatic opposition has required a tenacious faith and an abiding courage. In planning and conducting this celebration of its anniversary, the Michigan Agricultural College has added to the debt of gratitiule which all the colleges of the system owe to it, for it has shared with them the appreciation, the benefits, and the inspiration which arise from such a great national demonstration. There was perhaps no more striking feature of the celebration than the recognition of the real significance attaching to the founding of this first agricultiiral college. In the light of fifty years of experi- ence, the influences which have sprung from this initial step upon the educational conceptions of the whole country were weighed and meted out. It was naturally a day of reckoning, and while the various speakers did not withliold criticism of methods and standards and conceptions prevailing at various stages of development, they were generous in their praise of the final outcome. They paid high tribute to the educational significance of the movement. President Wheeler, of the University of California, characterized the inauguration of the agricultural college as " a weird undertaking and audacious, unapproved of the elders," but he credited these col- leges with having " embodied a fresh and vitally new idea of educa- tion and what it is all about." The mechanism of education had be- come largely a formal instrument of discipline. " The significance of the agricultural college," he said, " for the whole trend of American education was its naive effrontery in frankly seeking for life train- ing a new connection with real life use: and this significance exceeds in service to the naticm even the weight of the benefits wrought for the tilling and the tiller of the soil " — a statement so broad in its charac- ter that from a less reliable or a partisan source it might be regarded as a possible exaggeration. Secretary Wilson described the establishment of the agricultural college as one of the significant and far-reaching events of the nine- teenth century. In these institutions the foundatiou of agricultural education and research have been laid " to prepare the farmer for his life work, provide agricultural literature, and lift the tiller of EDTTORTAL. 903 the soil to :i liiiiln'i- level of ellicieiicv as a i)roducer and a citizen." lie declared thai these colleocs have broadened the minds and stren<2:thened the anus of the farniei's, lieli)ed thoni into a class by themselves amon<^ tillers of the soil, and di<2:nified tiieir calling. Commissioner Brown, of the Bureau of Education, expressed his hiirh appreciation of the land-fjrant colleges and emphasized their importance in the general educational system of the country. Similar utterances by other speakers assigned to the agricultural college a high place among the influences which have been active in developing technical education ; and Doctor Jordan said : " It is gen- erally conceded that no instance is on record where technical knowl- edge has been brought into such close and practical touch with the people as has been done for our agriculture during the past tw^enty- five years." The boldness and novelty of the undertaking become more apparent when the conditions of the times are remembered. In 1850 Michigan was in things cultural still the frontier — a pioneer country. Its population had not yet readied 800,000, less than the present popula- tion of a single city within its borders; and its farms numbered 34.000. embracing only about 4.000,000 of its 37,000,000 acres. At that time tlie public school system of the country was but feebly develoi)od. and the resi)oiisibilitv of the States for education was only recognized to a quite limited extent. The teaching of natural science in the higher institutions Avas quite restricted, and opposition to its introduction had hardly begun to be overcome. Technical schools for other brandies were almost unheard of, and manual training as a branch of the educational system had not begun to receive considera- tion. "Without the example of a successful agricultural college in America, and without the prestige of precedent as an argument for such action, the constitution adopted in 1850 committed the State to the policy of establishing and nuiintaining an agricultural college where the natural sciences in relation to agriculture should be taught. And five years later the State appropriated $5(5,000, a large sum for that time, to carry this provision into etfect. The question naturally arises as to the source from which the in- spiration came for this action, the influences which had been working, and what supplied the courage and conviction essential to such an un- precedented step. There seems to have been a prevalent idea even at an early day that science was to be of great aid and value to the fundamental industry of agriculture. There had been considerable agitation of agricultural instruction and agricultural schools in the East, and the experience of (iermany had been given considerable publicity in this country. There were many who believed in agri- cultui-al instruction, and it appealed to the ]:»ublic generally as being a practical form of education whose benefits could be readily appre- 904 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. c'iated. But even so, the taking of so important and novel a step by this frontier State was a bold and radical departure from the tra- ditions of education. The State Agricultural Society was organized in 1849, and, as agriculture was the great industry of the State, the society had the support and cooperation of the leading men, as well as of the farmers themselves. Secretary Butterfield. in describing the influences that have made the college what it is, credited the Agricultural Society with having been a very potent influence in this direction, and with having secured funds for the establishment of the college in 1855, after repeated appeals to the legislature. Two years later, in May, 1857, the college opened its doors to students. The anniversary exercises brought out much of interest regarding the early history of the college, which showed how humble and crude were its beginnings and how great the obstacles against which it had to contend. One session was given up to the '' builders of the college," with addresses upon the men and the conditions of the earlj^ days. The conditions surrounding the new institution are well illustrated by a statement from the address of President Monroe, of the State board of agriculture, who spoke for the college and the students of '57 to 'GO. " The college was a typical Michigan pioneer," he said, " in starting in the woods, in opening up roads, in logging and burn- ing green timber — much of it in the wet season of the year — the pulling of green stumps and digging where an ax was as imj^ortant as the spade or the shovel." The transformation in the college and its sur- roundings which fifty years have wrought is typical of the progress and upbuilding of agricultural education which have taken place in that period. From the nature of the occasion, interest centered largely around matters historical, both at the anniversarj' celebration and the conven- tion of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Ex- periment Stations, which was held in connection with it. The exer- cises took on a historical cast and there Avas much discussion along the lines of the unwritten history of agricultural education and research in this country, the agencies and influences that have been operative at dilferent stages of development, and the sources from which the leaders drew their inspiration. These discussions served to show how little systematic study has been given to the movement for these land-grant institutions in con- nection with the condition of the times, the influences and tendencies then in evidence, and the individual efforts of prominent exponents working in different parts of the country. The question was even raised as to the causes which first led Mr. Morrill to i^ropose national legislation, for the opinion seemed prevalent that the ideas embodied in the measure wdiich he so persistently and untiringly pressed EDI'IOHIAL. 905 throiiali s(>V('i'al ^-osioii^ tn liii;il i)a>s;iii(' were not ciitircly ()ri<2,iiial with him. It dcxclopcd that >c\cral iiicii in (liUcrciit parts of the roiuitry wci-c aricnltiiral subjects. In comparison with the ohl-time professor of aoricultiire who covered the whole range of agriculture and frequently had other duties as well, the present dif- ferentiation stands out in strong contrast, making for increased specialization and efficiency. In many cases much of the field now occupied by agricultural instructors w^as formerly covered by the teachers of the primary sciences, often resulting in a divorce of science and practice. The natural consequence was that tlie instruc- tion in agriculture Avas often given over to practical men without much scientific training. There was comparatively little attention given to the building up of agricultural courses on a sound peda- gogic basis; and agriculture as a subject of college instruction fell into more or less contempt among educators and students. In most of the colleges the agricultural faculty is increasing rapidly, and the old-time professor of agriculture has become as much of an anomaly at the present day as a professor of natural science would be in a college of science. As showing the change in material equipment and facilities for instruction, an appeal was read from Prof. Levi Stockbridge's report for 1873 for " a lecture room, suitably furnished with appropriate emblems and diagrams, and adjoining cabinet and museum rooms supplied with everything needed to make the instruction of the pro- fessor of agriculture as interesting and useful as possible.'' Such an ajDpeal seems to-day almost pathetic. The sj^ecial building for agri- culture has become almost a connnonplace and an accepted necessity at the agricultural college, with laboratories of various kinds and rooms for" every description of indoor work. Incidentally it was mentioned that the new agricultural building at Cornell contains 47 rooms for dairying alone. Along with these changes in methods of teaching, development of the teaching force, and the like, has come as a lesson of the past a higher and broader conception of the mission of these colleges and the functions of education. This has been an important develop- ment, and one to which attention was naturally called on such an occasion. President Koosevelt in his address, in speaking of the mission and the limitations of these institutions, laid down the broad principle that '' no industrial school can turn out a finished journeyman, but it can furnish the material out of which a finished journeyman can be made." This is an important and pertinent statement, which applies with special force to the agricultural college. Their attempt to turn out finished farmers has led them into error in planning their courses, affected their educational ideals, and brought upon them criticism as severe as did their early failure to accomplish that end. EDITORIAL. 907 It has l)een an imrcasoiiahlc and uiiwiso expoctation that the a<^"iM- fuhural colleges would turn out finished farmers, equipped at the y~iune time with an cnhication such as the world ex))ects of a college man. The attempt to meet this j)0j)ular expectation has imj^over ished their courses in elements whicli develop the many-sided man, and tended to make them simply training schools for technicians. This does not meet th(> ])i"(>sent idea of education, technical or other- wise. As one speaker ])ut it, "intensive knowledge of one subject does not compensate for extensive ignorance of everything else. A man's intellectual and social well-being must not be wholly subordi- nated to his vocational skill.'' This broader conception of agricultural education was voiced by the President in the statement that these colleges "seek to provide for the ])eople on the farms an equipment so broad and thorough as to fit them for the highest requirements of our citizenship, so that they can establish and maintain country homes of the best type and create and sustain a country civilization more than equal to that of the city. . . . The education to be obtained in these colleges should create as intimate relationship as possible between the theory of learn- ing and the facts of actual life. . . . The ordinary graduate of our colleges should be and must be primarily a man and not a scholar." And again he said : " We shall never get the right idea of educa- tion until we definitely understand that a man may be well trained in book learning and yet, in the proper sense of the word and in all practical purposes, be utterly uneducated; while a man of compar- atively little book learning may nevertheless in essentials have a good education." President Wheeler voiced this sentiment forcefully in his state- ment tliat "education inheres not in what you put into a man or what you hang onto a man, nor yet in sterilizing him or shaving liiiu down to a standard shape; l)ut in giving him, such as he is and such as his life activities may l)e, the opportunity in and thi'oiigh those activities of living his life fully and effectively and abundantly. Such education will thei-efore address itself perforce to the real doings and exercises of real life, and its definition will be: The guided practice of life, to the end that men may live." ()pi)osition to the college graduate in agriculture has very largely disappeared. lie finds a ready market for the special qualificaticms which his education has given him. It is now recognized that if the college is not turning out finished farmers in the strictly prac- tical sense, its courses are furnishing the material out of which fin- ished farmers of superior type are made; that agricultni-al education must be intellectual and must deal with facts and [)rinciples rather 34021—07 2 908 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. than with things alone. Such education not only rescties men from the rule of thumb, but equips them to use knowledge in a more dis- criminating way, trains them as men, and prepares them for leader- ship in the connnunity. The latter is a most important qualification, for, as the President said, " No farmer's life should lie mereh^ within the boundary of his farm." Under j^resent conditions the problem of the farm is much more than the growing of wheat and corn and cattle. To quote again from the President : " The problem of production has not ceased to be fundamental, but it is no longer final; just as learning to read and Avrite and cipher are fundamental, but are no longer the final ends of education. We hope ultimately to double the average jdeld of wheat and corn per acre ; it will be a great achievement ; but it is even more important to double the desirability, comfort, and stand- ing of the farmer's life. . . . We must tr}^ to raise the average of farm life, and we must also try to develoj) it so that it shall offer exceptional chances for exceptional men." The agricultural college, with its exj)eriment station and other agencies, is looked to as the leader in the movement for the improve- ment not only of agriculture as an industry, but the farmer as Avell and the social conditions of his environment. From it must come the men and the imjiulse and the plans for the " redirection of rural institutions," a subject ably discussed in Dean Bailey's presidential address upon The State and the Farmer. Such broad conceptions of the field and mission of the land-grant colleges make them seem more truly educational and l:)ring them closer yet to the problems of real life. They give us something toward which to work and a field which is most inspiring. They stand in strong contrast to the tendency to eliminate all lines of study which do not bear a direct and intimate relation to the pro- duction of wealth from the soil. They point to the fact that " the only way to uplift any industry is to develop among those who are engaged in it not only technical knowledge and skill, but intellectual and moral force." RHCHXT WORK IX A(;R1CULTURAI. SCIIiXCli AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Nitrogen availabilities by modifications of the alkaline permanganate method, S. M. Ili;i;ui( k ( \ irfihiiti Shi. h'pt. li)0(j, pp. 27-30). — Tests of the ollicial alkaline peniian^'anateiuctliod and various niodificatious of it on sodium nitrate, dried blood, horn meal, hoof meal, bone meal, tankage, cotton-seed nie.-ii. raw leather, and jx-at are reported, from which it is concluded that the followinL: modification of the method gives most satisfactory results: "Weigh out an amount of the s:inii)le containing 0.045 gm. of nitrosen and transfer to a l..")00 cc. tlii< k-\vall(>d distilling flask. After connecting with a condenser to which a receiver containing a standard acid has been attached, digest with a mixture of 400 cc. of ammonia-free water and 100 cc. of alkaline permanganate soluti()n ( IC) gm. of potassium permauRanate and 1.50 gni. of sodium hydrate dissolved in water and made to the bulk of one liter) till lIjO cc. is distilled." The determination of phosphoric acid in form of ammonium phosphomo- lybdate, H. Pellet (Bui. Aftsoc. Vhim. aS'hc/-. cf Di.still.. 24 (1906), pp. 525-528; ahs. in Chem. ZcntbL, WOl. I, No. 7. p. 505). — The author refers to the investii^ations of Craftiau on this subject as confirming the results of pre- vious woi'k by himself, and exi)lains the details of his method. Phosphotungstic acid as a reagent for potassium, G. C. Meyer (Chem. Zt;/.. ol (t'Jiil). No. 13. pp. 158, 159). — Experiments are reported to show that l)hosi(hotunjistic acid jjossesses much the same i)roperties as a reagent for potas- sium as ])hosi)homolybdic acid. Using a 20 per cent solution of sodium phos- photunt^state about as accurate results were ()l)tained, esitecially with high per- centajre solutions of i)otash salts, as with the platinum chlorid. The method is asserted to be cheai) and convenient and especially adapted to industrial work. On the determination of the calcium carbonate content of marls, ^[. J. Van't Kkui.js {Chem. Wcckhl.. >, (IDdl). pp. 29-32: 10 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. serum albumin; glolmlins, such as serum globulin and fibrinogen; sclero- proteins, such as gelatin, keratin, etc. ; phosplio-proteins, such as vitellin, easein- ogen, and casein ; conjugated proteins, and derivatives of proteins. Conjugated proteins are substances in which the protein molecule is united to a prosthetic group, the principal subdivisions being uucleo-proteins, glueo- proteiiis (mucin), and chromo-proteins (hemoglobin). The derivatives of protein include meta-proteins (acid-albumin, alkali-albumin), proteoses (albu- mose, globulose, gelatose, etc.), peptones, and polypeptids. As regards peptones, " this term should be restricted to the further products of hydrolysis which differ from the proteoses inasmuch as "they can not be salted out from solution and usually resemble them in giving the biuret test. It has been pointed out that certain vegetable products hitherto regarded as peptones do not give the biuret test. It does not appear possible to bring such exceptional substances into any general classification at present. The same difliculty in classifying arises in connection with certain other vegetable pro- teins— for instance, those which, like gliadin, are soluble in alcohol." "The term caseinogen should be used for the principal protein in milk and casein for its derivative, which is the result of the action of rennet. "The two principal proteins of the muscle plasma should be termed para- myosinogen and myosinogen ; the term soluble myosin should take the place of von Furth's soluble myogen-flbrin ; the term myosin should be restricted to the final product formed during rlfior mortis." The chemistry of the protein bodies of the wheat kernel. II, Preparation of the proteins in quantity for hydrolysis, T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris {Amer. Jour. PlnisioL. 11 U'.)06). Xo. 3. pp. 2.23-230). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., l(j, p. 84G), the authors prepared in quantity specific proteids of wheat which they had isolated, namel.v, globulin, gliadin, and glutenin. The amounts of globulin obtained were not sufficient for extended study, and no attempt was made to prepare the proteoses for further investigation, " as we have no means of determining the origin of these proteoses or of separating the mixture into products of probable chemical individuality." As shovA'u by an average of 25 aual.yses wheat gliadin contained 52.72 per cent carbon, 6.8G per cent hydrogen, 17.66 per cent nitrogen, 1.14 per cent sul- ])Iiur. and 21.62 per cent oxygen. Leucosiu and glutenin had practically the same elementary composition as wheat gliadin, as did also the gliadin of rye. The authors believe, however, that glutenin and gliadin are distinct bodies. The chemistry of the protein bodies of the wheat kernel. Ill, Hydro- lysis of the wheat proteins, T. B. Osijokne and S. H. Clapp (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 11 (lyoG), No. 3, pp. 2^i-26".5).— Studies of the cleavage products of the specific proteids of wheat are reported from which the authors conclude that gliadin, glutenin, and leucosiu are separate and distinct bodies. Gliadin is free from glycocoll, the 0.(72 per cent found in one case being regarded as due to the presence of a trace of glutenin. Leucosiu is similar in its composition to animal proteids, which perhaps has a bearing ui)on its occurrence in the wheat embryo in distinction to gliadin and glutenin, which are typical reserve pro- teids. Reference to earlier work is given al)ove. Studies on the ti-ue nature of gluco-proteins and leucins, L. Hugounenq and A. Mokel {Bui. 8oc. Cliim. France, 4. ser., 1 (1901), No. 4, pp. 154-165).— Studies of the cleavage products showed that so-called leucins and gluco- proteins ai'e mixtures of amido acids. On the increase in weight in the hydrolysis of casein, J. II. Lomg {Jour. Amer. Chem. t^oc, 20 (I'JOl), No. 3. pp. 2 ;ini(iunr of wator and hydrooliloric acid absorbed by casein during artificial pcptit- dijiestiiin. 'i'lic increase in wcit^lit was divided irre^'niarly between the water and bydroililnijc acid. On the hydrolytic cleavage products of caseoplasteins, L. Rosenfeld {BcHr. Vhciii. I'hi/siul. II. I'olli., !) {11107), \o. '>-7. />/>. 215-231).— So-caUed plasteins were prepared from casein by digesting; the casein with pepsin and iiydrochloric acid, neutral izinji with sodium hydro.xid, evaporating until the content of solids was about :iO per cent, acidifying with hydrochloric acid, and adding rennet, the resulting precipitate being designated plastein. The ])roperties of ."> preparations of this kind were studied in comparison with casein. The plasteins showed a higher percentage of carbon and a lower percentage of nitrogen. The idiiowing cleavage products were obtained fi-om the plasteins: Arginin, hislidin. lysin, tyrosin, leucin, a-i»yrrolidin carbonic acid, pheuylalanin, and glutaniinic acid. As compared with casein the i>Iastein sliowed a much lower pi'rcentage of amids. Disadvantages of potassium bichromate for the lareservation of milk samples for analytical purposes, 1'. (^kelot {Join: J'hanii. ct Vhim., 6. ser., 2.j {IDOl). Xo. 8. lip. .'jiiH-.n.i). — Various objecticms to the use of potassium l)ichromate are discussed. The most serious of these, according to the author, is the fact that potassium bichromate even in the proportion of 2:1,000 and without the addition of sulphuric ;icid produces in uiili< a substance giving the general reactions of aldehydes. whi<-h may easily lead to an error as regards the use of formaldehyde as a preservative. The chemistry of Hehner's test for formaldehyde in milk, O. Rosenheim (Aiiiilyst, 32 {1901). A o. .>'7,;, //p. U)G-108). — Pure sulphuric acid and pure formaldehyde give no color reaction with proteins. A color is, however, ob- tained after the addition of small amounts of oxidizing substances. The author does not believe that this color is due to the interaction of the oxidation products of protein with formaldehyde. He obtained evidence, however, to show that the formaldehyde may first be oxidized, giving rise +o an intei"- mediate oxidation product which reacts with the protein, and also that the fonnaldehyde may first combine with the ]irotein forming an aldehyde protein compound which subsecpiently becomes oxidized. The formaldehyde reaction, which is a general one for proteins, depends upon the presence of the trypto- phane group in the protein molecule. The cherry-red coloration of milk in the jDresence of concentrated alkalis, C. Gautier, a. Morel, and O. Monou {('ompt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Pnri.'i], 62 {1907), A'o. 11, pp. 5.'i2, 5.'i3). — Tests are reported to show that the red color lu-oduced in milk i)y the addition of one-fifth its volume of 40 per cent potas- sium or sodium hydroxid is due solely to the simultaneous presence of a proteid and a carbohydrate, which is contrary to the view^ recently expressed by Kriiger (E. S. R., 18, p. 810). The reaction of glycocoll with lactose and maltose was so marked that the authors believe that glycocoll may be used for the detection of these two sugars. A comparison and criticism of the methods for the detection and estimation of cocoanut oil in butter, T. R. IIougso.n {Vhcm. Xeirs, 95 {1907), \o. 2'it!s. pp. 121. 122). — The author concludes that "the saponification number is of no practical value, either (iualitativ(>ly or (juantitatively. The Reichert- Wollny number may show some indication of the presence of cocoanut oil if the amount present in the sample is large. Wijsmann and Reijst's method IE. S. R., 17, p. 8.''>41 is by far the best (jualitative experiment, since it shows a difference between the 2 silver numbers in the presence of even as little as 5 91 '2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. per cent of cocoanut oil. but as a quantitative method it is of no value. Thorpe's method is an excellent confirmatory test, as is also the extraction of phytosterol. The only exact (luantitative method is the iddin absorption." Experiments on the determination of the molecular weight of oils and fats, W. NoRMANN (Chem. Ztg., 31 {1901), Ko. 17, pp. 211-21'/. dgiiis. 8).— A method and apparatus for determining the molecular weight of oils and fats are described and analytical data reported. The detection of cane sugar in milk and cream, W. 11. Anderson ( Analyst. 32 (1907), Xo. 372, pp. 87, 8S)j — The author finds that the Cayaux resorcin test is rapid and reliable. It consists in adding 0.1 gni. of resorcin and 1 cc. of strong hydrochloric acid to 15 ce. of milk and heating the mixture to the boiling point. In the jiresence of cane sugar a red color is produced. Concerning starch, W. H. Bloemendal (Phariii. Wcckhl., 43 {1906), pp. 1249-1 26-', : (lbs. ill Chem. Zcnthh. 1907, I, No. 3. pp. 176. 777).— The chemical composition and heat of combustion of potato starch, rice starch, wheat starch, and maranta starch are reported. According to the author, starches consist principally of )3-amylose, the proportion of a-amylose varying from 8.3 to 17 per cent. Amylodextrin. as well as other hydrolysis products, is also present. Polarimetric determination of sugar in honey, P. Lehmann and H. Stad- LiNGER {Zfschr. TidcrsKcJi.Xahr. 11. GenHHsiiitL. 13 {1D07), No. 7. pp. 379-419). — A critical study of analytical methods. The influence of basic lead acetate on the rotation of sucrose in water solution, F. Bates and J. C. Blake {Jour. Amcr. Chem. /S'oc, 29 {1907), No. 3, pp. 2S6-293, chart 1) . — The investigations reported show that the amount of basic lead acetate solution used in clarifying sugar solution for polarization aflfects the reading. This is attributed to the formation of soluble lead sac- charates having specific rotations different from that of sugar. The reading was lowered by quantities of the lead solution less than (i cc. and increased by larger amounts. The use of polarized light in the detection, by means of a microscope, of rice and cornstarch in wheat flour, G. Gastine {Ann. Chun. Anali/f.. 12 {1907), No. 3, pp. S5-S7). — According to the author, the microscopical methods outlined, which included the use of polarized light, gave very satisfactory results. The detection of rice husks in bran, H Kinkels {Ann. Cliim. Anahjt., 12 {1907), No. 3, pp. 92, 93). — A note on the colorimetric identification of rice bran by means of diniethyl-paraphenylene-diamin. A new method of determining hyposulphites in food in the presence of sulphites, A. Gutmann {Ztm-hr. I'ntersiteh. Nahi: ti. Genussintl., 13 {1907), No. 5. pp. 261-26.')). — The method described depends upon the fact that potas- sium cyanid acted upon by thiosulpiiate forms potassium sulphocyanite. which gives a blood-red coloration of iron sulphocyanite on the addition of acidulated iron-chlorid solution. Report on methods of beer analysis, H. E. Barnard {V. *S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 33, pp. 16). — This is a full report of the associate referee on beer presented at the last convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (E. S. R., 18, p. 397). The methods which are given in this report and which are now before the association for adoption as official were based upon considerable cooperative work by 10 chemists. The use of carbon bisulphid in the estimation of salicylic acid in wine, W. L. Dubois {Jour. Anier. Chem. t^oc, 29 (1907). No. 3. pp. 293, 294).— The dried ether extract from 100 cc. of wine is treated with ten 5 cc. portions of carbon bisulphid and the salicylic acid determined colorimetrically in this METEOROLOGY WATER. 918 solution. This iiietliod eliiuiii.itcs I he tiiiinin and coloring matters which hiter- fere with the color reaction wlicu ctiicr alone is used as a solvent. Mineral acids in vinegar, F. D. Ratcliff (Aiiiili/tit, 32 {1901), .A'o. .?7 ?, [ip. 82-8Jf). — The author reports a comparison of methods for detecting mineral acids in vinegar and jioints out that results may he too high or too low, according to the method followed. In his judgment, commercial vinegar is no longer adulterated with mineral acids, so that the elaboration of methods for their detection is not necessary. Progress made during 1906 in the examination of foods and condiments, Utz (Osierr. Choii. Ztg., JO {1901), No. 6, pp. 12-19). — ^The data summarized have to do with the examination of water, milk, wine, fats and oils, flour, meat and meat goods. i)reservatives, condiments, etc Miscellaneous chemical analyses made in 1903, 1904, and 1905, A. M. Peter et al. {Kentucki/ Hta. Rpts. 1903, l)p. 265-311; 1904, pp. 113-194; 190.5. pp. 225-236). — These threc^ r(>])orts contain analyses of B5 samples of sorghum, 48 of sugar beets, 15 of soil. 1 of marl. '> of oats, 2' of horse weed {Ambrosia triflda), 1 of alfalfa, 1 of red clover, o of corn stover, 11 of commercial feed- ing stuffs, 1!) of tobacco. 1 of distillery slop, 1 of corn, 8 of butter. 1 of wood ashes, 1 of sal Bordeaux, 3 of petroleum, 3 of forage plants, and 109 of mineral waters. Examination of papers, F. P. Veitch {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 3-'/, pp. 10). — This circular gives the "methods and tests by which the composi- tion and value of paper are judged, examples illustrative of the nature and inter- I)retation of results, and brief outlines of the characteristics which the more important classes of i>a]ier should i)Ossess." METEOROLOGY— WATER. Climate of Virginia, (J. T. Surface {BuL Anier. Gcof/r. Hoc. 39 (1901). No. 2, pp. 92-98). — Data for mean annual temperature, rainfall and snowfall, and length of growing season at 10 representative stations in Virginia from 1900 to 1905 are tabulated, and the climatic conditions of the different physical divisions of the State are discussed. It is shown that the climatic belts are in general coincident with the physical divisions of the State, namely, Tidewater, Middle Virginia, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley, and Appalachia. The mean annual temjjerature of Tidewater is 58 to ()1° F.. the rainfall 35 to 45 in., and the average growing season 7 to TJ months. The mean annual temperature of the extreme southern Tidewater i*egion is about 00°, and in this belt cotton is grown to a limited extent. The soil of the region is universally sandy or a sandy loam, which with adequate rainfall and a warm temperature is well adapted to truck farming. The average mean annual tcmi)erature of the Middle and I'iedmont regions is 56 to 58°. The growing season is 2 to 3 weeks shorter than in Tidewater. This region is especially adapted to tobacco culture. The Blue Ridge, Valley, and Appalachia regions constitute the mountain district of the State. The mean annual temperature of Blue Ridge and the Valley is 51' to 56°, and of Appalachia 48 to 54°. The area covered by these regions is especially suited to grasses, grains, and apples. The length of the growing season is 5A to 6 months in lilue Ridge and the Valley, and about 2 weeks less in Appalachia. This region, together with a part of Piedmont adjacent to Blue Ridge, is peculiarly adapted to apple culture. The rainfall throughout the State is, as a rule, abundant and well distributed. "There Is a wide variation in the snowfall of the State, both regionally and 914 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, seasonally. It is usually light and of short duration in Tidewater and Middle Virginia. From the Blue Kidge westward, however, it is not uncommon for the ground to be blanketed for a period of 6 weeks or 2 months. This is of great economic value to the grain and grass crops of the region, protecting them not only against the intense cold of January and February, but ameliorating the effect of the thaws of occasional warm days. . . . " The climate of Virginia is ideally adapted to successful agriculture, since the prevailing conditions in the different geographic divisions are such as are best suited to the soils of those regions. . . . "The rainfall has the most advantageous monthly distrilmtion with reference to farming operations and the growth of crops, being somewhat heavier from April to July, which makes disastrous droughts unknown. The growing season of each section is always long enough to mature the standard crops of that section." [Meteorological observations, 1906], H. L. Price (Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 30-38). — A monthly summary of observations on temperature, precipitation, wind movement, and cloudiness is given with a comparison of monthly tempera- tures and ])re( ipitation for 14 years. Meteorological summaries for the years 1903, 1904, and 1905 (Koitin-hil f^ta. Rpts. 1003, pp. 312-311; 190 J,, pp. 19r,-19S; 190-5, pp. 2 J7-„^-J„^).— Tabular summaries are given of observations "at the station on pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, wind movement, and casual phenomena. Meteorological observations (Nature [London], 75 (1907), No. 19.>t9, pp. JiJiS-Ji-jO, fig. 1). — This is a review of a number of articles which have recently appeared in meteorological journals on the following subjects : Sunshine and snowfall in 1906 in the British Isles, rainfall of Scotland in May, 190(j, the at- mosphere in the Tropics, meteorological observations on the suumiit of the Tsuku- basan, Japan, meteorology of India, meteorological observations in Cape Colony, forty years of southern New Mexico climate (E. S. R., 18, p. Gil), and meteoro- logical observations in Germany by the Deutzche Seewarte, Hamburg, 1905. Meteorological observations at Montpellier (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Mont- peJlier. n. scr., 6 (1907), No. -'/, a pp.). — A diagrammatic record is given of obser- vations at the observatory of the National School of Agriculture on tempera- ture of the air and of the soil, pressure, humidity, rainfall, cloudiness, evapora- tion, and direction and force of the wind during June to November, 190(5. Distribution of rainfall during the year 1906, H. A. Hunt (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales. IS {1907), No. 2. pp. 17'i-177). — The rainfall conditions of New South Wales during each month of the year are briefly described. The year as a whole was characterized by deficient rainfalls, 20 to 30 per cent below normal, for the coastal and mountain districts, and excessive rainfalls, 50 to nearly 100 per cent above normal, for other districts. Experiments on hail shooting at Castelfranco, Venice, during the years 1902 to 1906 (Attl R. Aecad. Linrei, Rend. CI. Sei. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 15 (1906), II, No. 2, pp. 680-682; aM. in del et Tcrre. 27 (1907), No. 22, pp. 591, 592; Science, n. ser., 25 (1907), No. 637, p. 7/3//).— This is the report of a commission appointed by the Italian minister of agriculture to make experi- ments to determine the efficiency of the method of using explosives to dissipate hailstorms. Absolutely negative results were obtained during the five-year period of experiment, and the commission concludes that there is no hope of preventing damage by hail by means of so-called hail shooting, and that protection must be sought abtng wholly different lines. After the freeze, P. J. Wester (Fla. Agr., 3Jf (1907), No. 4, p. i).— The character and results of the Florida freeze of December 20, 1900, are briefly described and meaus of protection against such freezes are suggested. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 9 1 5 The Miiller self-registering anemometer {Ann. Dir. Tlydraul. ct Amelior. Aiir., Mill. A(ir. \Fr{ni<<\. I'.ifXi. So. .it. iip. .iO.'>. .W6). — Tho construction of this iustruiiuMit is brioHy described. On the occurrence of niti'o-bacteria in the sea, P. Tiiomsen (licr. Dent. Hot. (IcscIL. .>.-) {1901), So. t. pp. 16-22). — Such organisms were found in tiie ooze from tlio TJay of Naples, (lie harbor of Kiel, and the roadstead of Ilelj^o- land, as well as in the surface waters. On nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the Bay of Naples, W. Benkcke {Brr. Dent. Hot. (IcfirU.. .11 (Hxn). A'o. /. pp. 1-7). — The occurrences of Azotobacter veKctatioii was established cnnlrary to the contention of Xathansohn. Underground water supplies from a sanitary point of view. P.. Latham {Hiirrcj/or. ,11 {1901). So. 192, pp. 3S2-384). — This paper discusses the origin and quantity of undersround waters, the sources of iniimrity, the effects of punipinj;. and the I'clation between lyjihoid fever and Ihe water line, especially as affectinj; the water supjil.v of London and other Knj,dish cities. [Municipal engineering in 1906 in relation to water supply and sewer- age and sewage disposal] {Si(rrci/or. 31 (1901). \o. 7',s/,, pp. 80-88, 85-91). — These subjects are discussed in a general review of progress in municipal eufjineeriu}^ during the year, p.irlicnl.irly in (Jrcat P.ritain, but also in other countries. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Report on statements of Dr. Cyril G. Hopkins relative to Bureau of Soils, W. M. Hays and M. Whitney {( . S. Dcpt. Afjr., Office Hec. Circ. 22, pp. 12). — This circular contains replies by the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture and the Chief <)f the Bureau of Soils of this Department to statements made by Prof. C. (i. Hopkins, of the University of Illinois, in an open letter of March 20, 190G, and in an address as president of the Association of Official Agricul- tural Chemists, published as Circular 105 of the Illinois Experiment Station (E. S. P., 18, p. GOT). Transformation of volcanic rocks into aluminium phosphate under the influence of substances of physiological origin, A. Lackoix {Vompt. Rend. Acad. Sri. [I'ari.s], 1J,3 {1906), pp. 661-66J/; ahfi. in Jour. Hoc. Clieni. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 23, p. llJi5). — This article describes the large deposits of aluminium j)hos])hale found on the Island of St. Thomas and on other islands in the Gulf of (iuinea, which, it is asserted, are the result of the reaction of the excrement of sea fowl on the trachytes and other volcanic rocks of the island. Apparently such decomposition of siliceous rocks has not been before observed. The alkalis of the rocks have not been i-etained as phosphate, probably having been washed out by the copious rains to which the islands are subject. A contribution to the study of the alkaline rocks of East Africa, H. Aksandaux {Compt. Rend. Sci. Mission Duchesne-Fournet [Paris], 1906, pp. 96, pis. 9: ahs. in Anier. Jour. .S'/.. .'/. ser.. 23 {1907), So. 135, pp. 230, 231). — The author reports petrographical and chemical examinations of extrtisive igneous rocks which cover large areas in French Somaliland in the southern part of the Afar region of East Africa. It is shown that " these rocks are of acid alkalic character and of three prominent types, rhyolites with ;egirite and riebeckite or coniendites, ])antellarites with a»girite-augite and cossyrite and trachytes." The i-esults are of interest as indicating the wide distribution in volcanic regions of highly alkalic rocks in which soda predominates. On the formation of hardpan, T. Marr {Meded. Proefstat. Oost-Jara, .'/. ser., 1907, So. 30, pp. 14-5-167). — The formation and character of a peculiar hard layer known as " padas,"' which widely occurs in Java soils, are discussed. 916 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Is there any considerable evaporation of ammonia from soils? Lilien- THAL mius. Landiv. Zt(/.. .n; {l'.)li6). So. 01), pp. 851, S52 ; ubn. hi. Chem. Ztg., 31 (1907), No. 9, Repert. .Vo. 7, /i. //2).— Summarizing tlie results of 6 years' experiments ou soils rich iu lime, the author finds that on such soils ammoniacal nitrogen not only gives as good results as nitrate nitrogen, but in some cases better results. In recent experiments with barley on light sandy soils the ethciency of the ammoniacal nitrogen was from !)7.G to 98.5 per cent of that of the nitrate nitrogen. These results were obtained on soil which had been heavily limed. There was no evidence of any great loss of ammonia, certainly not greater than is due to drainage in case of nitrate of soda. It is important, however, to apply the ammonium sulphate some time (about 14 days) before r)lanting and to thor- oughly incorporate it with the soil. Classification of forms of humus in forest soils according to the con- clusions of the International Association of Forestry Experiment Stations, Albeet (Ztschr. Forst a. Jagdiv., 39 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 3-8). — ^The principal forms of nitrogen occurring in forest soils are classified and defined. Industrial treatment of jjeat to increase its content of nitrogen in view of its application as a manure, E. V. H. Bazin (First Addition, July 3, 1906, to French Patent 3(!0,JiSJ,. Dee. l',. 1905: ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 25 (1906), No. 24, P- 1221). — A method of making and operating a niter bed made of blocks of peat and supplied with effluent from sewage septic tanks is described. Soil inoculation (Vountnj Life ^London], 21 [1901), No. 521, pp. 182, 208, 209). — A brief account is given of experiments by A. W. Sutton with American and German cultures which gave unfavorable results, this being ascribed to the use of old or inferior cultures. German nitragin and American nitro-cultures as inoculating material for leguminous plants, T. Rkmy {Ceiitbl. Bakt. [c/c], 2. Alt., 11 (1906), No. 19-21, pp. 660-613, flgn. 9; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 31 (1901). No. It. Repert. No. 9, p. 53). — The author reports bacteriological tests of American nitro-cultures which as in i)revious years gave negative results as regards the characteristic tubercle bacteri:!. In comparative inoculation tests of this material with nitragin in water cultures, pot tests, and field experiments on various legu- minous plants the nitragin gave good results while the nitro-culture produced no effect. Atmospheric nitrogen (Amer. Fert., 26 (1901), No. 1, pp. 5-1). — This article briefly discusses the relation of the world's supply of fixed nitrogen to the food supply, as well as the possibilities of adding to this supply l>y artificial methods of fixing the nitrogen of tlie air. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, G. Erlwein (Elektroteeh. Ztschr., 28 (1901). .Yo.s. 2, pp. 'il-'i5. fig.s. S; J, /ip. 62-66, figs. 13; abs. in Electrochcm. and Metallurg. Indus., 5 (1901), No. 3, pp. 11-19, figs. 4)- — This paper describes in detail the theory and practical operation of the process of manufacturing cal- cium cyanamid, and discusses its uses and importance in the industries and in agriculture, summarizing the results of numerous comparative fertilizer tests of this material and of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate. Future supplies of nitrogen for agriculture (Cultura, 19 (1901), No. 222, pp. 11-98. figs. 8). — ^lethods of preparing lime nitrogen and lime niter are described, and the agricultural value of these products is discussed. The im- portance of the ac(iuisition of free nitrogen by leguminous plants is also considered. The plants' supply of nitrogen, F. B. Guthrie (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, IS (1901), No. 1, pp. .^0-55, figs. 11). — This article briefly discusses the formation SOILS FERTTLTZERS. 917 of nitratos in the soil, tlic assimilalioii of iiitroi,'cn by roof-fulKTcIe or;;aiiisiiis, and tilt" prci'Jii'ation and nso as fertilizer of calciinn cyanainid and linic nilcr. The use of artificial nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture {Snrr. Iiitlit/. et Colon., 69 il!)()7), A'o. 6, pp. 15Jf-158). — The results of various experiments in l''raiK'e witli calcium cyanamid as compared with nitrate of soda are sum- marized, its behavior in the soil is described^ and pro^cautions to be observi-d in its use are explained. A caustic or toxic effect on .t^ermination and plant growth was observed wben llie cyanainid was aiiiilied af or near tbe time of planting. Serious losses occurred when tbe material came in contact witli moist substances. The Birkeland-Eyde calciuna nitrate (lime niter) as a fertilizer, J. Bjer- KNES {Chrixfiairut : Norsk Uydro-Klectrisk Kvaelxtofdhficsclshdh, 1906; ahs. in. ZcHthl. .\(/r. CIkiii.. ,m (1907), No. 1, pp. 3-11). — The metiiod of preparing this jiroduct is described, and pot and field tests of the fertilizing value of the material by various investigators are reviewed, the author's general conclusion drawn from the results being that lime niter is as effective as a source of nitrogen for jjhuits as nitrate of soda and gives somewhat better general results on soils pool' in lime. Experiments with three new fertilizers. Experiments with cereals, E. CouRRiERE (-lour. \(ir. \l'(iris\. 'i I {J906), II, No. 2087, pp. 769-172: I'cr. Grii. Affvoii., n. xir.. / (1906), No. 12, pp. '>l.i-516). — This is a brief sunnnaiy of the results of various experiments with nitrate of lime, nitrite (if lime, and calcium cyanamid. The influence of different carbohydrates and organic acids on the denitri- fication process, J. Stoki.as.v and E. Vitek {Zt.sclir. ZuckcrUulus. Bohrnen, 31 (19116). No. 2. pp. 67-119; aha. in Vhem. Ztg., 30 (1906), No. 98, Repert. No. 51, p. .'i3.1; Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indii.'i.. 23 (1906), No. 23, p. 1162).— Thin is a report of an exhaustive investigation in which the influence of a large number of sugars and neutral salts of organic acids on (1) ammonization bacteria which reduce nitrates to nitrites and Anally to ammonia, and on (2) denitrificatlon bacteria whicli rc^duce nitrates to free nitrogen, was studied. Of the first class, including amoung others Clostridiuiii (jelatinosiim, Protcua vulgaris and /'. zcnkcri. Bacillus rumosiis n. Ii(ii(cfaciens, B. mi/coicles, B. incgu- therimn, B. subtil is, B. prodigiosus, etc.. B. nn/coides reduced 20.69 per cent of tlie nitrate nitrogen px'esent to ammonia in the ])resence of glucose, 1.9 per cent in presence of fructose. 1.72 per cent in presence of galactose, and 1.91 per cent in ])resence of arabinose ; B. subtilis, 2.41 per cent in presence of glucose, G.55 per cent in presence of fructose, and (i.22 per cent in presence of galactose; C. gclatinosuni, 45.55 per cent in presence of arabinose and 9.()8 per cent In presence of xylose; and B. prodigiosus, 2.58 per cent in presence of xylose. The reaction was in all cases relatively slow and was not alike with all the sugars. For instance, P. zcnkcri reduced lo.l per cent of nitrogen in ])resence of glucose, but none in presence of fructose. Of the second class, including Bacterium hartlehi, B. fluorescens Uqucfacicns, B. piiocuancuni. B. stutzeri, B. fllefaciens, B. nitrovorum-, B. centropunctatum. Bacillus denitriflcan^, B. eoli communis, B. typhi abdominalis, etc. Bacterium hartlebi set free 98.97 per cent of the nitrate nitrogen in presence of glucose, 87.59 per cent in presence of fructose, 74.(50 per cent in presence of galactose, Gr).;',8 per cent in presence of arabinose, 8.").:'.8 per cent in presence of xylose, 84.48 per cent in jn-esence of cane sugar, and 77.15 per cent in the case of milk sugar; B. centropunctatum, 5.17 per cent in presence of gluco.se; B. nitroraruni. 5.17 per cent in presence of fructose; Bacillus coli conininni^, 5.43 per cent in presence of galactose ; and Bactcriitm Huorescens liquefaciens, 7.08 per cent in presence of arabinose. The reaction was as a rule very intense both with the sugars and with the salts of organic acids, especially of lactic acid, and was 918 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. accompanied by a gradual breaking ui) into carbon dioxid and hydrogen or into carbon dioxid and water, the liydrogen produced exerting a very important reducing action. Chlorates are reduced to chlorids, arsenates to arsenites, :;nd lerricyanids to ferrocyanids in the same manner as nitrates are reduced to nitrites, the reduc- tion being a result of the oxygen re(iuirement of the denitrifying organisms. Xylan and araban, the most abundant and widely distributed carbohydrate materials in soils and manures, yield on hydrolysis xylose and arabinose, which are very poor sources of carbon and energy for denitrifying organisms. It was found, however, that the typical denitrifying < rganism, B. harth'hi, assimilated 33.G per cent of the total nitrate nitrogen in a nutrient solution containing arabinose and converted it into albuminoid compounds. Since obviously soils do not contain the easily assimilable carbohydrates in any such proportions as they are found in nutrient solutions, the denitrilication process will not be so intense in soils as is indicated by laboratory experiments. In fact, in the author's opinion, denitrification plays an entirely secondary role in the soil to nitrification and ammonization. The action of fresh, green manuring plants (mixture of peas, beans, and vetches) and beet tops in comparison with nitrate of soda, W. Schneide- wiND, D. Meyer, and H. Frese {Laiidir. .Jnhrh.. 35 (1906), No. 6, pp. 923-926).— The fertilizing value of nitrogen in a green manure mixture (peas, beans, and vetches), in beet leaves, and in nitrate of soda was compared on oats followed by nuistard in pot exijeriments with two different soils. Taking the effect of the nitrate of soda in increasing the yield as 100. the effect of the other forms of nitrogen were green manure 39.3 and beet leaves 36.5. The relative utilization of the nitrogen by the oat crop and the following mustard crop was as follows : Nitrate of soda 100, green manure 52.5, and beet leaves 43. Fish fertilizers, A. Cligny {Aim. »SV-/. Agroii.. 3. .sc/'., 1 (1906). I, A'o. 2, pp. 166-187). — This article summarizes information on this subject from a variety of sources, giving statistics of the industry in France and other countries, and discussing the fish fertilizers under two heads, fertilizers poor in phosphates, especially those made in America from the menhaden, and fertilizers rich in phosphates, especially those made in Norway. Can the lactic-acid bacteria exert a preservative influence on barnyard manure? C. Barthel (Dnit. Laiidir. /'/r.s-.sc, .i3 (19ii6), Ao.s'. 2.7, pp. 212. 213; 3J,, p. 292; al)H. in Ceiitbl. Balct. [c19 avor;iK<'. '"'t "i'''t "• li'.uMiiuiiious crops, masses, iiml liord ci-ojis in .^cnoral was above the avera.ij:e. The total cost of tlie purification of the se\va;;e of F.runs- wick by this nietliod was about 23 cents per year and per capita of population. Land treatment of sewage, II. T. Scoble (tSitrfcijur, 30 {UJ06), .Vo.s-. 770, l>l>. .'/iS'-/,.T2 ; 777, pp. .',1C>-',S(i ; 11 >, pp. .IOO-.jOS ; 713, pp. r>28-r,Sl ; 11.',, pp. 556- 559; 115, pp. 580-58 Ji; lid. pp. 608-611; 111, pp. 632-635; 118, pp. 66',-66'J; 119, pp. 696-101 ; 180, pp. H 6-1 19). — A review of reports to the Itoyal Conuuis- sion of England on this sul).ject (E. S. It., Hi, p. 10.">2). Phosphoric acid experiments on different kinds of soils, ^V. Sciineide- wiNi), D. Meyer, and II. Frese (Landu-. Jahrh., 35 {1906). Ao. 6, pp. 921-936, pi. 1). — The experiments liere rejiorted were made with 10' snils Ironi different soiu'ces. The phosphoric acid content of llu>se soils and thcii' behavior in pot experiments with oats wlicn fertilized witli piinspiiatic manures (super- phosphate. Thomas slag, and hone meal) are shown in liie following table: Rchitioii (if phoKjilidric-itiiil cidiIciiI of snils In pliospliittc iiidiiiniin/. Kind of soil. Heavy loess loam soil Sandy soil Do Clay soil Sandy loam soil Sandy moor soil Loamy sandy soil Loess lonm soil Heavy louss loam soil Do Total phos- plioric acid (diss(jlvt.'d by 10 per cent hy- drochloric acid). Per cent. 0.81 .16 .05 .16 .09 .07 A)r> .08 .15 Phosphoric acid solu- ble in 2 per cent citric acid. Per cent. 0.45 .05 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 Phosphoric-acid content of the crop. Per cent. 0.86 .92 .57 .57 .49 .63 .63 .45 .47 .63 Per cent. 0.16 .•36 .06 .07 .06 .06 .09 .05 .06 .11 Response to phospliatic fer- tilizing. No increase of yield. Do. Do. Small increase of yield. Do. Decided increase of yield. 1)0. Do. Do. Do. The results obtained indicate a certain relation in some cases ]>etween the phosphoric-acid content of llie soil and the need of phosi)hatic fertilizers. In general, sandy soils jiooi- in lime, magnesia, iron, alununa. and total phos- phoric acid, but containing aiii)reciable amounts of citric-acid-soluide jihos- phoric acid, s even w lien containing much larger amounts of eitric-aeid-soluble i»h()si)horic acid than the sand.v soils. In other words, heav.v soils rich in the const it ueuls named must contain nnich more citric- acid-soluble phosphoric ;icid t'.ian sandy soils hosi)hatic fertilizers cease to be etfe<-live in increasing the yield. Thomas slag gave as good i-esnlts as snp:'rpliosphate on light sandy soils, and bone meal was also V(>ry effective on such soils. In the hea\y soils the Thomas slag was only 47 per cent as effective as superphosphate and l)one meal was practicall,v witbotu effect. The efticieiicy of the latter ai>|)arentl,v depends upon the reaction of the soil. A rather definite relation between (be ])hosplioric-a<-id content of the crop and the soil re(piirements was shown in these exiu'riments. the soils producing plants low in ]»hosiihoric acid, as a I'lile. responding to applications of i)lios- phatic fertiliz(>rs and vice versa. Fertilizer experiments with different sources of phosphoric acid, M. J. Pattekso.n {.]1 (Ill/Id ikI Stn. liiil. U'l. pp. Il3-1'i'i). — The experiments here recorded are a continuation of those rei)orted in Bulletin U8 of the station 920 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (E. S. II.. V2. 1). DoO). They cousisted of ii coinparisoii, on moderately stiff clay soil uaturally quite well drained, of double superphosphates (both soluble and reverted), dissolved boneblack. dissolved South Carolina rock, iron and aluminum phosphate, boneblack, raw bone meal, phosphatie slag, ground South Carolina rock, and groimd Florida soft phosphate, these materials furnishing all forms of phosphoric acid found in fertilizers and including all of the phosphates genei-ally found in the market at the time the experiment was begun. The average result^■. on ('> crops of corn, 2 of wheat, and ."> of hay show that "(1) the highest total average yield was obtained with reverted phosphates; (2) reverted phosphate or iron and alumina [phosphate] produced a higher yield than reverted phosphate of lime; (3) insoluble phosphates produced a slightly higher total ilverage yield than soluble phosphates and at about one- half the cost; (4) slag phosphate produced better results than bone meal and at less cost; (5) soluble phosphates produced the best yields of wheat; (6) Florida soft phosphate produced the best yield of corn; (7) reverted phos- phates produced the best yield of hay; (8) insoluble South Carolina phosphate rock produced a higher total average yield than dissolved South Carolina rock ; (9) insoluble South Carolina phosphate rock produced a little higher yield than boneblack; (10) bone meal produced a better yield of wheat than any other source of insoluble phosphate, but all other sources produced better grass." General information on phosphates is given in an appendix to the bulletin. The decomposition of dicalcium phosphate by water, K. Buch (Zt-schr. Anorrjan. Clicin., 52 (1907), No. 3, pp. o2o-3'il. fig. 1). — This is substantially a continuation of Rindell's work on the same subject first published in 1899. A series of experiments is reported which show that under the action of water dicalcium phosphate is transformed iijto tricalcium phosphate. Whether this is the limit of the transformation or the latter continues until a basic compound is formed, the tricalcium phosphate being merely a comparatively stable intermediate product, was not determined, although there is evidence to indicate that this is the case. On the intervention of micro-organisms in the utilization of insoluble phosphates of the soil by plants, S. de (^kazia and U. Ckrza (Arch. Funnacol. 8pei\ e Hci. Aff., 6 (1907), Ao. 1, pp. 6-17; abs. in Chent. Ccntbl., 1907, I, No. 16, p. 1214). — Culture experiments with Aspergillus niger, Penicillium glaucum, and P. hrevicaule in media to which insoluble tricalcium phosphate was added are reported, showing that these organisms were quite active in rendering the phosphate soluble. Tlie general conclusion drawn is that under ordinary field conditions a certain amount of insoluble phosphate is dissolved by the water which circulates in the soil and another consideral)le portion is dissolved by the action of micro-organisms, a part of the latter being used by the organisms in their growth and the remainder being immediately available for the use of the higher plants. The action of the phosphoric acid of high and low percentage Thomas slag, W. ScHNEiDEWiND, D. Meyer, aiid H. Frese (Latulw. Jahrh., S-i (1906), No. 6, pp. 937-9^0, pi. 1). — The results here reported of pot experiments with oats and rye on artificial soil (75 per cent sand and 25 per cent of humus loam) indicate that the phosphoric acid of high percentage and low percentage Thomas slag are about equally effective pound for pound. The experiments further show that the phosphoric acid of slags insoluble in citric acid is practically without effect in increasing the yield of crops. With oats superphosphate, precipitated phosphate, and Welter's phosphate (prejiared by fusing raw phosphate with lime and silicates) were about equally effective and much more effective than SOILS — i'M;iri'ii;izERS. 921 'I'hoinas slnt,'. Stc-init'd 'I'linmas sl:ii,' w.-is less cITci-i i \(' lli;iu ordinarN'. and Iri- calciuiii and I'lorida plidspliatcs were aliiKist willmul clTccl. 'I'lu; larj^est aiiKUiut of phosphoi'ic acid was assimilated by the plant in (lie c-ase of the suiii'rpli()S])hnto. followed in ordei' l'>\- the pi-eeijiitated ]di(ispliale and Wolter's pli()si)liato. Treatment of double phosphates of iron and aluminium in order to render the combined phosi^horic acid soluble in ammonium citrate, I'li.ox kt al. {French Patent 36S,')21, Jiili/ 30, J!K)(J; ahs. in Jour. Koc. VJicnt. I)iili(.s., 2o ( 1906), .A'o. 2'i. p. 1227). — A method of roasting such phosphates to increase their sohiliility in ainnionimn citrate is described. Artificial fertilizers: Their nature and function, A. D. Halt, (Jour. Hoc. Arts, 55 {1906), Nos. 2828, pp. ISS-l.'iO; 282 J,, pp. lJ,8-15Jr, 2825, pp. 178-186; 2826, pp. 205-21^; 2827, pp. 232-239, fu;. l).—'rhe)ie articles constitute the Cantor lectures delivered before the Society of Arts in November, 190G, and discuss the ;reneral theory of th(> nutrition of i)]ants, the sources and functions of nitrogen, pliosphoric acid, and jMitasli in fei'tili/.ei-s. and the importance of further investi- gation relating to the use of fertilizers. It is maintained that, while ordinary soils contain comparatively enormous (juantities of nitrogen, pliosphoric acid, and potash, they freiiuently do not contain these constituents in suthcieut amount or available form for i)rofital)le crop production. "A complete theory of. manuring will always have two points of view, one special to the crop, the other to the soil ; on good all-around soils, fertile loams and tlie like, the composition of the fertilizer employed will be dictated by the nature of the crop ; on the more specialized soils, as on the pure sands, heavy clays or peats, it will depend primarily upon the soil." In the discussion of the supply of nitrogen particular attention is given to recent progress in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by micro-organisms in the soil and by electrical processes. It is pointed out that Great Britain is the most intensively farmed country in the world. It produces the largest crops per acre, but is obliged to spend the most to obtain them. This fact is made the basis of a plea for greater su])iK)rt for such investigations as are being carried on at liothanisted relative to the increase of agricultural production. The home mixing of fertilizers, F. Bonstekl (Fannint/, 3 (1907), No. 1, l>p. 22, 23', figs. 2). — The advantages and disadvantages of this practice are liriefly set forth. The e(|uipment required and the methods of selecting and combining the fertilizer ingi'edients are described, and. the special fertilizer i'e(|uireinents of a few crojis are explained. Protecting the farmer against fraud, J. V. Street {Amer, Mo. Rev. of Rerieirs, 3') (1907), Ao. 205, pp. 213-216). — The extent, methods, and advantages (;/• Kiufluss des Klinia-^ aiif den Ban drr Pfianzeiujvicebc Berlin: IF. Einjclniann, 1907. pp. VIII + 2-'i9, plx. 16, fii.ix. 7). — The results are given of extensive anatomical and physiological studies made in the Tropics to determine the effect of tr()i)ical climatic conditions on the structure of plant tissues. Most of the investigations were made in Ceylon and confirmed in Jn\a and elsewhere. Considerable atten- tion is given to the transpiration of tropical plants, especially as influenced by the temperature and moisture relations. The different types of plant associa- tions are described in considerable detail, after which chapters are devoted to the subjects of leaf fall and zonal, or the so-called year-ring, growth in the Tropics. .V number of other interesting i)henomena of plant growth in the Tropics are described, and the work concludes with a cousiderable list of publications relating to the investigations. AGRICULTURAL ROTANV. 923 "Variation in the sexuality of plants, 1 >. I'.ois ( A'f r. llorl. \l'iuix\. 7.V [I'.iii^i). \ flowers woro nioiv or less i'(':_'iilarly iici'iiKiphroiiil ir willi a \ar.\inLC pr('|)oii(l('r;inc(' of male or female ilowers, depending upt)n the water supply of the ])laiits. Suhnierj^enee of wil- lows hy the overtlowiiij; of rivers was found to markedly affect the character of the flowers. When suhmerf^ed deeply and for a long time, most of the Ilowers noticed were male, while on plants of the some species that were only temporarily inundated female flowers predominated. The observations on Pistacia were made of cuttings from the same plant, one ^rowin^^ in a dry situation, while the other was irrigated. The irrigated plant bore male, female, and hermaphroditic flowers in the same clustei's, while the one in dry soil bore only unisexual flowers. The following year the water in the irrigation canal failed and the inflorescences of the plant growing on its banks contained only unisexual flowers. The g^'owth of plants and the absoi-ption of mineral substances, R. Chodat, A. MoNiViER, and Dki.kaxo (Bill, llvrh. Bols.sicr, 2. .scr., 7 {1901), Ao. Ji, pp. S'>()-3').l). — The authors state that the growth of jdauts and each of the [irincipal mineral substances taken up by them may be represented by a cnrve ui) to the maximum, after which there is not only less assimilation hut a return to the soil of mineral substances actually takes place. A series of experiments was carried on not only to demonstrate the law of absorption of mineral substances, but also to test the value of different nitrog- enous materials for the growth of oats. The oats were seeded in plats on April 12 and received identical treatment, except as to the form of nitrogen. Tlie forms of nitrogen given were nitrate of soda, nitrite of soda, sulphate of annnonia, and calcium cyananud. One hundred plants were taken from each plat and analyzed at intervals of about a week from the beginning to the end of growth, a period of 74 days elapsing between the first and last analyses. There was a constant acceleration in growth and absorption of mineral sub- stances mt to the forty-third day, when the plants were in full flower. From that date until the fiftieth day the increase took place more slowly, and after 50 days, when the grain was fully formed, there was a diminution not only in assimilation but also in the total dry weight, the ash, and all the mineral sub- stances contained in the ash. In the second part of the experiment it was found that intrate of soda gave the highest yields not only of grain but also of straw, followed by sulphate of annnonia. calcium cyanannd, and nitrite of soda. On the application of the theory of limiting factors to measurements and observations of growth in Ceylon, A. M. Smith {Ann. Roy. Hot. Gard. I'cntihiiiint. .] {l!K)(i), Xo. 2, pp. 303-375, plti. .'/). — Investigations were con- (luiled with a lunnber of tropical species of plants to test the theory of Black- man, which is essentially as follows: As a rule, a single one of the physical factors limiting the physiological processes of' plants determines the rapidity of the process, and when the rapidity of the physiological process is determined l)y a number of factors the slowest acting will limit the rate of growth. The author has studied temperature, water supply, light, atmospheric pres- sure, wind velocity, etc.. as factors limiting growth, and he divides his results according to whether or not the plants experiniente(l ujKm possessed a reserve sujiply of food material. It was found that for plants having an abundant reserve food su])ply the three factors that limit the physiological processes are 34021—07 3 924 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. light, temperature, and water supply. Of these light is often the least im- portant and in many eases is wholly negligible. The other two factors may limit growth ecjually throughout the growing period, or they may in turn be- come the limiting factor according as their intensities vary. In these investigations the temperature considered was that of the growing organ itself and not that of the surrounding air. The water-supply factor was found to be very complex and to depend upon absorption and transpiration, which in turn depend updu soil temperature, the water content of the soil, humidity of the atmosphere, and intensity of light. In cases of growth without reserve food supply the previous conditions per- tain, but in addition there must be favorable conditions for assimilation and transportation. It is believed that the irregular conditions of growth in the laboratory can be accounted for by the supposition that several different factors upon which growth depends became limiting in turn for shorter or longer periods. In the case of plants under open-air conditions, when all the external factors are liable to variation, it is even more probable that the irregularities of growth curves can be explained in this way. Inclosing single plants and its effect on a large number of important agricultural species, C Fruwirth (Aiiicr. Brecdcifi' Asfiov. I'luc, 2 (I'.i06), pp. 197, IDS).- — The object of the experiments which are briefly outlined was to ascertain the effect on seed production of inclosing the entire plant so as to prevent pollen from any other plant reaching it either by means of the wind or insects. The inclosing was done in a number of ways — oiled paper, linen bags, gauze, etc., being used for this purpose. It was found that the following plants inclosed in this manner produced ample crops of seeds : Wheat, barley, oats, peas, several species of beans, vetches, camelina, opium poppies, beets, and tobacco. The following gave a greatly reduced quantity of seed: Rye, maize, Vkia faba, hairy vetch, a num- ber of species of Brassica, crimson clover, carrots, timothy, meadow fescue, and meadow foxtail. No fruit or seed was produced from chicory, alfalfa, red clover, white clover, ;ilsike clover, sulla, etc. In the case of sunflowers abun- dant fruits were produced, but the seed was sterile. Correlation of characters in plant breeding, II. J. Webher {Amer. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 2 {1906), pp. 73-S3, pi. 1). — After defining correlations, the author groups them into environmental, morphological, physiological, and coherital correlations. This latter group, which is the most interesting from a scientiflc standpoint as well as from that of practical value, is defined to include those characters which while not related to each other in any direct or casual sense are inherited as a single unit character. A number of correlations of this kind are pointed out in corn, peas, sugar beets, cotton, and other plants. A knowledge of these correlations is very valuable to the breeder, as it will enable judgment to be passed on the probable character of the product while the plants are still young or in their flowering stage. The formation and distribution of essential oils in a perennial ]3lant, E. Chararot and G. Laloue {Bid. Soc. Chim. France. .'/. ser., 1-2 (1907), No. 6, pp. 280-290). — The authors report a study made upon the absinthe {Artemisia absinthium) to determine the formation and distribution of the essential oil of that plant. Studies were made of plants in all stages of growth, from seedlings to mature individuals, and it was found that the formation of essential oil took place most abundantly just previous to the period of flowering. Following this period there was a diminution in the essential oil. that material ap])arently being used in completing the ripening of the seed. In the roots of the young plants FIELD CKOPS. 925 nit cssi'iitial oil \v:is iircscnt. mul (lie stoiiis contained relatively little, while it was ubiiiidaiit in the leav(>s. Later, after the jteriod of flowerins;, it appeared in the roots, where its relative pro])()rtl()n was considerably inereased with the af;e of the itlaiit. Vicianin, a new cyanogenetic glucosid occurring in the seed of vetches, (!. Bektranu (Bid. ,S(i<: Cliiin. France, .'/. scr., l-.i (1907), A o. J. jip. I'lt-l.'j'i). — An account is given of the isolation of a new glucosid, vicianin, which yields hydrocyanic acid under the action of a ferment. The glucosid occurs in the seed of ]'icia aiKjiislifofid. The s:iin])le analyzed contained 0.75 gni. of hydro- cyanic acid ])er kilogram of seed. The detection of formaldehyde in plants, G. Pollacci (Atti li. Accad. Liiicri. h'linl. CI. .sri. I'is.. Mill, c XiiL. ,',. .srr., JG (1907), A'o. 3, pp. 199-205).— 'I'he author describes various methods for the determination of the occurrence of formaldehyde in plants and discusses its formation and function. The relation of extractive to protein phosphorus in Aspergillus niger, W. Ko(H and II. S. Ki:i:n {.four, lilol. (liciii.. 3 {1907). Ao. /, pji. 'i9-'>')- — ''"li*' authors report a series of experiments with 1. iiiijcr to demonstrate a cliange in the relative proportion of protein phosphorus to extractive phosphorus. This mold was selected as it is known to grow relatively well with small amounts of phosphates, while higher plants would be stunted in their development. The growth w;is made on the usual culture media to wliich various percentages of l)hosphorus in different tonus were added. It was found that nucleiu phosphorus is the most important form of phos- l>horus at the (lispos:i! of the cell. It is produced at the expense of other forms, except lecithin, and is not decreased even in extreme starvation. Lecithin phosphoi'us is next in order of iniitortance. but it is thought that it probably talci's no ](art in the building up of the nucleins. The extractive or water- .soluble forms of phosphorus are believed to be the ones from w-hich the others are built u]). and they represent the intermediary steps between the phosphates and the more complex combinations of phosphoric acid. Investigations on the respiration of flowers, A. AIaige (Rev. Gen. Bot., 19 (19(17). .\ir respiration in relation to the stage of their development. In the experiments individual flowers were tested in some cases, while in others clusters of tiowers wi're taken. It was found that for most plants the intensity of resi)irati(m of the Howers decreased regularly fi-oni the youngest stages of the bud to the full opening of file Mower. The rapidity of this decrease varied with the different species, and all sorts of intermediate forms were observed between maximum respiration in the small (lowering buds and the maximum in the cas(> of the oi>en flowers. In a small number of species the intensity of respiration was found to increase with the stage of development of the flower, attaining a maximum upon the expansiim of the flower. The respiration of individual tiowers nearly always showed an increase from tho yoiuiger stages to the opening of the flower. For most of the species investigated the dry weight was found to decrease in a similar manner with the develoi)meut of the flowers, and the ra.nidit.v of this decrease varied with the different species tmder observation. FIELD CROPS. Results of cooperative tests of varieties of corn, wheat, oats, soy beans, and cowpeas, A. T. Wiaxcko (Indiaiin Hta. Bill. 117. pp. 367-39.'i, map 1). — This bulletin contains a sumniiirv of the results of tests with leading varieties 926 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of corn, oats, winter wheat, soy beans, and cowpeas comlncted by farmers in I'.KHi, when sets of seed of varieties of these crops were sent to nearly 600 applicants, representing 88 of the 92 counties in the State. The number of tests of varieties of corn was 453, of which 409 consisted of 5 varieties each, selected by the station according to the adaptability to the sections where they were to be tested. For this purpose the State was divided into 12 sections, 1 and 2 constituting the extreme northern portion of the State and 11 and 12 the extreme southern portion. The object was simply to compare the 5 varieties under the same condition without any special effort to secure large yields. The average yields and the order of ripening in sections 1 and 2 were as follows: Early Yellow Dent 00.8, Cook Yellow Dent 59.9, Dumi Yellow Dent 60.3, Cook White Dent 60.1, and Funk 90 Day 64.9 bu. per acre. Early Yellow Dent ripened about 10 days earlier than Funk 90 Day. In section 3 the order of ripening and average yields were Early Yellow Dent 44.5, Funk 90 Day 47.5, Leaming 53.5, Reid Yellow Dent 55.5, and Silver Mine 50.4 bu. per acre. The difference in ripening between Early Yellow Dent and Silver Mine was about 2 weeks. In section 4 all the varieties ripened at about the saiue time, with the exception of Early Yellow Dent, which was a few days earlier than the rest. The average yields secured were as follows : Reid Yellow Dent 62.4, Leaming 60.8, Silver Mine 58.5, Golden Eagle 55.7, and Early Yellow Dent 54.7 bu. per acre. In section 5 Reid Yellow Dent matured first, being followed in the order mentioned by Riley Favorite, Pride of the Prairie, Leaming, and Boone County White, the difference between the first and the last named variety being about 2 weeks. Boone County White gave an average yield of 56.3, Reid Yellow Dent 55.8, Leaming 53.2, Riley Favorite 52.3, and Pride of the Prairie 50.4 bu. per acre. In section 6 Boone County White ripened on the average about 8 days later than the other varieties. The average yields were as follows : Boone County White 75.5, Leaming 70.4, Reid Yellow Dent 70, Golden Dent 68.6, and Riley Favorite 67.3 bu. per acre. In section 7 the order of ripening, beginning with the earliest variety, was Reid Yellow Dent, Golden Dent, Leaming, Pride of Indiana, and Boone Comity White, with the average yields 01,1, 57.2, 61.6, 66.6, and 65.6 Im. per acre, respectively. Reid Yellow Dent ripened about 2 weeks earlier than Boone County White. The order of maturity in section 8. with the average yields of the varieties, was as follows : Reid Yellow Dent 50.8, Golden Dent 47,3, Johnson County Yellow 48.9, Pride of Indiana 58, and Johnson County White 62.3 bu. per acre. Reid Yellow Dent and Golden Dent ripened practically at the same time. In section 9 Johnson County Yellow ripened first, followed in the order given by Gold Standard, Pride of Indiana, A'ogler White Dent, and Johnson County White, the difference between the first and the last being about 10 days. The average yields of these varieties ranged from 62.1 bu. per acre for Pride of Indiana to (!5.1 bu. for Johnson County White. In sec- tion 10 Reid Yellow Dent was nI)out 12 days earlier than .lohnson County White. In this section the range of average yields was from 57.4 bu. for Reid Yellow Dent to <)7.2 bu. per acre for Johnson County White. Yogler White and Pride of Indiana both yielded 00.1 bu. per acre, while Gold Standard gave 63.4 bu. In section 11 the yellow varieties ripened about a week earlier than the white varieties, while in section 12 little difference was observed. In sec- tion 11 the average yields iier acre ranged from 48.8 bu. for Gold Standard to 55.9 bu. for .Johnson County White, and in section 12 from .53,2 bu. for Pride of Indiana to .56.2 bu. per acre for .Tohnson County White. For the purpose of making variety tests with winter wheat the State was divided approximately into the northern, middle, and southern sections. In the northern section the average yield ranged per acre from 26.3 bu. for Mealy FIELD TROPS. 927 to nn.4 hn. for Kuily. 'I^vo lots of varieties tested in the southern section varied in yield per aere from '27.'^ to :^.2.1 Imi. for tlie one and from 20.S to 20.4 lill. for liie other. Tlu! Ti varieties of oats tested in the iiorllieni section f;avu averaj^e yields ran{,'iug from 31.1 to 47.8 bu. per acre, and in tiie southern section from 28.8 to 41. t; bn. per acre. Silver :\Iine, Great Dakota, and Czar of Russia were very similar in appearance and i^ave (inile similar results. Swedish Select matured about the same time as Silver Mine, Imt had a much larger and plinniter grain. Sixty Day and Karly Champion matured about 10 days earlier than the other varieties, but ^iwe considerably smaller yiehls. Kesults with soy beans indicated that OjLrenia requires al)()ut '.».') days to mature seed. Ito San and Early Brown about 115 days, No. 1239U about l.'JO days, and .Medium Early Yellow ai>i)roximately 150 days. In yield of seed i)er acre Early lirown i-anked first, with 2;>.I liu., and Oucnia last, with 14.."> lai. foi- northern Indiana. Early Brown tirst. with I'.l.S Int. and o.u'enia last, wiiii 12.7 bu. for central Indiana, and Early Medium Yellow tirst, witli 2(i.7 bu.. and Early Brown last, with lo.4 bn. in southern Indiana. The 8 satisfactory reports on tests with cowpeas showed that the varieties in order of maturity ranked as follows : Early Blackeye, Michigan Favorite, Whip- poorwill. Iron, and Clay. The range in yield of seed per acre was in northern Indiana from' 17.1 bu. for Early Blackeye to 19.3 bu. for :Mi<'higan Favorite, and in southern Indiana from 5.3 bu. for Clay to 11.3 bu. for Early Blackeye. Department of field experiments, P. O. Vanatter {Mri/iiiid St(t. Rpt. 1906, pp. oU-UO, fjijs. .?). — The results of experiments carried on in lUOG are briefly reviewed. Of th(> varieties of winter wheat tested Blue Ridge and Mediterranean stood at the head, witli a yield of 28.52 and 2G.44 bu. per acre, respectively. Iron Clad, Blue Straw Fultz, Fulcaster, and Mediterranean had the highest protein content, analyzing 17.20, 10.80, 16.73, and 1G.72 per cent, i-espectively. Blue Kitlge ranked thirty-second in protein content, with 14.00 per cent. Turkey Red has not given good results at the station. Two years' experience seems to indicate that the best time to sow winter wheat is from about Octobtn- 1 to October 7, but it is stated that in certain sections east of the Blue Ridge sowing may be done from 2 to 4 weeks later. The work in seed selection with winter wheat shows that there is not so much to be gained by growing the seed from select choice heads as has been claimed. In experiments here reported the general average of the results shows an increase of only 3.90 bu. per acre in favor of large grains. It is believed that the safest and surest way of increasing the yield of wheat is to select individual ])lants of unusual promise, and work along this line has been inaugurated. T'nion winter barley proved to be the best stooler and to make the quickest growth early in the fall. The best time to sow this crop seems to be about Se])tember 15, if the land is in good condition. This season Virginia Grey winter oats gave a better yield than Cidberson, which made 38 bu. per acre on a ^-acre plat after cowpeas plowed luider. Varieties of winter rye have not varied ntnch in yield, although Excelsior is considered the leading sort. Learning. Boone County White, and Cocke Prolific corn have given good results on rich land. Better yields were secured from improved strains obtained by crossing juire-bred western corn with tlie best native varieties than from strains obtained by crossing the nativi" sorts with the western varieties without using |)ure4)red strains. Of different fertilizer applications made after cowpeas were plowed under .">(M» lbs. of Thomas slag ])er acre ajiiiai-ently inci'eased the yield of corn i>er acre by S.:;".> l,u.. 5() lbs. of jiotasli per acre by ."..i:: bu., .".(H* lbs. of tloats jier acre liy 928 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 2.(58 bu., and .*>(»() llts. of cottuii-seed meal per acre by 1.79 bu. The largest increase, 31.98 bu. per acre, from different fertilizer applications for corn after winter wheat was secured from 300 lbs. per acre of cotton-seed meal. The Japanese, Extra Early Black, Medium Green, and Ito San Yellow soy beans ripened September 1, 1, 15, and 3(), and yielded 14.1G bu., 10.00 bu., 20.83 bu., and 22..50 bu. per acre, respectively. The Wbii)poorwill cowpea has given the best general results at the station. Five varieties of Canada field peas were all failures. Of 20 varieties of potatoes the 5 leading in yield were as follows : Burbank 230, Early Rose 227, Beauty of Hebron 224, (ireen ^lountain 201, and (iold Coin 197 bu. per acre. Field experiments in Staffordshire and Shropshire and at the Harper Adams Agricultural College, (i. Balfour and .1. C. Rushton (Harper-Adams A(ir. Col. Joint Jipt., 1006, pp. .'/J, /)/.s-. 2. ih/in. 1). — At the college the experiments in manuring meadow land, in progress since 1903, have shown that the use per acre of 10 tons of barnyard manure, together with an application of 1* cwt. of nitrate of soda, 2* cwt. of superphosphate, and i cwt. of sulphate of potash, gave the heaviest crop of all combinations tested, but that the use per acre of 2J cwt. of superiihosphate and i cwt. of sulphate of potash was the most profitable practice. The barnyard manure remained perceptibly effective for aliout 4 years. Super] ihosphate gave the most marked results, either alone or in coml»inati()n. Of 8 varieties of English and American wheats. Borwick (irey Chaff, Square Head Master, and Manitoba No. 1 led in productiveness, with yields of 50, 49, and 48 bu. per acre, respectively. Clnb wheat stood first in value for milling purposes, but gave the lowest yield, only 22 bu. per acre. Borwick Grey Chaff was poorest in milling quality. Of 5 varieties of barley, Carter Prolific ranked first in yield, with 40 bu. per acre, and also stood first in malting quality. Waverly, the best yielding of 9 varieties of oats, produced 71 bu. per acre, being followed by Garton Abundance, Thousand Dollar, and Highlander, producing 69, 60, and 03 bu. per acre, respectively. Thousand Dollar, Highlander, and Garton Abundance produced good, short, plump grains. The grain of Waverly, Wide Awake, Mounted I'olice, and Beslar Giant is considered too long and thin. Commercial fertilizers applied with barnyard manure largely increased the average yield of mangels for 3 years. The use of 4 cwt. per acre of salt and of 4 cwt. of kainit, or J cwt. of sulphate of potash, had a very marked beneficial effect on the crop in 190(). Dickson and Robinson Perfection, Sutton Prizewinner Yellow Globe, and Leightou Intermediate led in yield with 48 tons 15 cwt, 41 tons 7 cwt., and 39 tons 8 cwt. per acre, respectively. The largest yields of 30 varieties of swedes were obtained from Drummond Imperial and Carter In- victa. Ground lime at the rate of 10 cwt. per acre was more effective in rednc- i-^g finger-and-toe disease than basic slag at the rate of 5 cwt. The results of experiments in Shropshire were in favor of planting potatoes in rows 27 in. apart, of the use of immature Scotch and Irish seed potatoes, and of the boxing or sprouting of seed potatoes in boxes before planting. The largest total yields for the last 3 years were ]irodnced by Conquering Hero, Snowdrop, and Leda. Ccaitinued propagation from cuttings indicated a loss of vigor. The most expensive fertilization was the use of 20 tons of barnyard manure, and the most economical the use of If cwt. of sulphate of annnonia, 4J cwt. of superpbosi»hate, and li cwt. of sulphate of ijotash per acre. A complete application of commercial fertilizers with 15 tons of barnyard manure per acre gave this season a better yield of mangels than 7 cwt. of a special mixture applied under the same conditions. The Staffordshii-e exjierlments showed that for fertilizing grass lands super- l)hosphate is nmch more effective than I>one meal or pure dissolved bone, and that FIELD CROPS. 929 coinplote coiiiniei-fijil fertilizers ;is ,i rule pnxluct'd tlio best rosults. A ton of compressed yeast per ;i< re in ctare of 400 kg. of su])erphosphat(> of lime, KiO kg. of sulphate of potash, and loO kg. of nitrate of soda. Ligowo oats, which is highly esteemed for the quality of its grain, has a tendency to shatter and to ripen togetlier with wheat, interfering with the harvest. In comi)aring 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg. of superphosphate of lime i)(>r hectare as a fertilizer for oats, the best results were secured with the api)licatious of 300 and 400 kg. Hanna barley yielded 2,400 kg. of grain and 4,200 kg. of straw, Chevalier 2.450 kg. of grain and 4,200 kg. of straw, and I'olders 3,400 kg. of grain and 5,150 kg. of straw per hectare. The results of fertilizer experiments with sugar beets show that on soils containing residual (luantities of plant food, especially potash, the use of salt is not injurious to the beets, the production of sugar, or the purity. Connnercial fertilizers harrowed in or covered by hand gave practically the same results in fodder b(H>t culture. Kirsche Ideal fodder l)e(»t j)roved nmch superior to the Eckendorf variety. Notes are also ;iven on the culture of potatoes, ruta-bagas, and colza. Field tests with fertilizers, P. Wagner {Dent. Laiidir. ]'rcKS(\ S.'i (1907), Xos. 2-'i, pp. 195, 196; 2J, pp. 208, 209; 27, p. 221). — The results of experiments conducted for 5 years on a sandy soil, poor in lime as well as in the three essen- tial elements of plant food, show that the average annual profit where complete connnercial fertilizer applications were made amounted to 123 marks per liectare. ^yhen phosphoric acid was omitted the profits were reduced by 84 marks, when potash was omitted by 1)(5 marks, and when nitrogen was not applied by 63 marks. It is estimated that for every 100 marks expended for fertilizers an increase in yield valued at 223 marks was obtained. It was further found that in order to produce a maximum yield of 30,000 kg. of iiotatoes, or 3.ti(iO kg. of rye or oats per hectare, 45 kg. of idiosphorie acid and 100 kg. of potash per hectare would have to be applied annually in a rota- tion of potatoes and two cereal crops, but if fodder beets were grown instead of [lotatoes 50 kg. of phosphoric acid and 125 kg. of potash per hectare would be I e(iuired. With reference to nitrogen the experiments showed that the use of 200 kg. of nitrate of soda iier hectare gave the best general results. A method of breeding a strain of alfalfa from a single individual, J. M. Westgate (Aiiirr. Hn-cilcrx' Assoc. Prof., 2 (1906), pp. 6.')-67). — The method is descrilted and n^snlts of certain experiments are briefly noted. From these experiments the author assumes as a working hypothesis that self-fertilization is not impossible but that the meager data on hand indicate cross-i)ollination to be the rule where different strains are allowed to grow side by side without preventing the visits of insects. Judging the quality of barley, C. Bleiscii and P. KEGENsnuRGER (Zciithl. Af/r. Chcm.. .i6 (1907), Vo. /, pp. 33-35). — In a study of this subject it was found that in eomiection with an increase in protein the nitrogen-free extract of barley in tlie sani]iles examined (lei-rease^iip- 7. pp. 63-85). — Cultural experiments carried on in the region of Philipi)eville in 190G have shown that cotton can be profitably produced on nonirrigated lands in certain parts of Algeria. The 2 Egyptian varieties. Mit-Afifi and Yano- vitch, particularly the first, appear well adapted to the coastal plains of the country and also to certain soils in the region of Pliilipi>eville. Georgia long staple iiroved the least resistant to drought, and its culture is therefore recom- mended oidy on the rich plains near the sea. Mississippi proved to be early and liardy and is believed to be better adapted to the higher altitudes than the other varieties mentioned. F1KLI> CROPS. 981 The autlior rci-nniniciKls plantiiii; llic Kf^yptian varieties and (ioori^ia long staple so (in. Iiy r.o cin.. and the Mississippi at soniewiiat smaller distances. These directions aic appliralile only t<> nonirrigatod lands. It is pointed out tliat where irrigation is practicable the yields are largely increased. Leguminous crops for green manuring, ('. V. ririoK {( . S. Dcjil. Ad reachblow, also known as the Red or White McC'lure. Other varie- ties largely grown there are the I'earl, White Beauty, Carman No. 1, and Chal- lenge. Monroe County Prize, Rural New Yorker No. 2, Pearl, and Champion ai-e commonly grown in the San Luis Valley district. The Divide district is the oidy place in the State of any extent where potatoes are grown without irrigation. A specialty is made here of seed potato growing, and as much of this seed is used in the Greeley district the same varieties are planted. The methods of potato culture are described for each district and notes are given on diseases, insect pests, harvesting, marketing, seed selection, and the cost of growing. Observations made on the amount of water used by the crop when grown on jilfalfa land and old potato land are reported. On the old alfalfa land 13.76 in. of water was supplied by irrigation and 8.75 in. by rainfall, giving a total of 22..")! in. as the total water used on the crop. On the old potato land 4.41 in. less water was supplied by irrigation, which is attributed to the difference in the physical condition of the soil in the 2 fields. The crop on the potato land rii)ened earlier and gave a smaller yield than that grown on the alfalfa ground. Report on trials of varieties of potatoes, 1906, D. A. Gilchrist {County yorthiiiuJ).. lUJ. Com.. Bui. (K pp. 88-90). — At Cockle Park, Satisfaction ranked first in avt'rag(> yield among varieties grown for .S years, and Dalhousie Seed- ling gave the best'results in a list of varieties tested for only 2 years. Among the varieties tested at Dunbar, Factor, Dalmeny Acme, and Dalmeny Argon gave the best yields. In an experiment with tubers from different districts and countries the seed from Ireland and from Scotland produced the best crops. With regard to winter and spring planting, it is shown that the heaviest crops were secured by planting early in March at Newcastle and early in April at Cockle Park. When the potatoes were not planted until May the results were much l(>ss satisfactory than from winter planting. Potatoes for seed purposes {Dcpt. Afjr. (Did Trch. Iiistr. Ireland Jour.. 7 (1907), No. 2, pp. 2'il, 2Ji2). — Notes are given on the size of seed potatoes and the cutting and sprouting of the same, together with a summary of results of exiteriments on the sprouting of late potatoes from 1008 to lOOd, inclusive. These experiments were cooperative and the yearly average gain in yield, due to s]irouting before i)lanting, ranged from 1 ton 13 cwt. to 2 tons 1.3 cwt. per acre. Experiments with varieties of sugar cane, ,L P. n'ALBUQUERQiiE and .T. R. P.ovKM. Ufpt. Afir. Worl: Htirhiido.^. Imp. Dcpt. Af/r. Wc.s-f Indies, 1903-1905, pt. S, pp. 67). — The results of work with seedling and other varieties of canes, car- ried on at 2 central stations and 13 other estates situated in typical localities, are rejiorted for the season 1003-lOOr). On the 1.^) estates. 12 in the black soil and 3 in the red soil regions. R 1.''>20 r.-niked lii-st with 7. lnj llis. of sucrose per acre, with B 208 coming next with 932 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. G,744 lbs. White Transparent, the cane at present usually planted in the island, under the same conditions gave 5,799 lbs. per acre. In the rattoon crops (jf (t bl^ck soil and 2 red soil estates, 1> 208 gave $2.58 worth of sugar more than White Transparent and B 1529 $14.08 less. B 376 has proved a promising cane, averaging as plant cane in tbe black soil districts $.3.93 per acre more than tlie White Transparent. As plant canes on 3 red soil estates, B 208 produced sugar valued at $32.32, B 1529, $23.71, and B 370, $10.31 more tban the White Trans- parent. As rattoons on 2 red soil estates White Transparent gave $10.27 per acre more than B 208, $2.85 more than B 370, and $80.85 more than B 1529. The data given also show that the average results with B 147 are better than those with White Transparent. An outline of future work is given. Improvement of sugar cane by selection and hybridization, F. A. Stock- dale {A liter. Breeders' Assoc. Proe., 2 (1906), ji/i. I'/S-lo')). — A description is given of this work as carried on under the direction of the Imiterial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies. The influence of direct sunlight and diffused daylight on the development of the sugar beet, S. Strakosch {Seijanitc from Osferr. Viu/ur. Ztsclir. Zuck- criiKliis. u. IjuhIw., 1906. Xo. i, pp. 11. fif/s. 2). — It was found that the sugar beet will reach its normal develoiiment when grown in diffused light, provided this is sufticiently strong. Direct sunlight, however, increased the sul)stance in the plant, the increase being greater in the root than in the leaves. Growth in diffused light increased the nonsugars and decreased the percentage of sugar. The decrease in sugar content was not so marked as the decrease in the sub- stance in the plant. Intercellular transpiration proved to be stronger in the normal leaves than in those grown exclusively in diffused light, which, however, seemed to have a stronger epidermal transpiration. As compared with the plants grown in th(? shade, the leaves produced in direct sunlight contained larger-size stomata, and a larger number on the upper than on the lower side of the leaf. The translocation of the assimilation products in the shade-grown leaves was not so rapid as in the other plants. An increase in light intensity diminished the monosaecharids in comparison with the disaccharids of the leaves. Dextrose was found to be the predominating monosaccharid in the beet leaf. The author concludes that the experiments suggest that the sugar in the beet leaf is not to be regarded as an intermediate product, but as a completely elaborated reserve material, which moves as such into the body of the beet. The consumption of plant food by seed beets and transplanted beets, K. Andrlik, J. Urban, and V. Stanek {Zitschr. Zuckerindus. Bohrnen, 31 {1907), No. 6, pp. 339-350). — This second report on the subject deals with the use of plant food by the seed beet, and the data presented show that for the production of 3,50(5 kg. of seed per hectare 102.4 kg. of potash, 140.5 kg. of nitrogen, and 49.4 kg. of phosphoric acid are required. The relation of the quantities of plant- food elements in the beet at the end of the growing period of the second year was as follows: Phosphoric acid 1, nitrogen 2.84, and potash 3.29. Analysis of sugar beet seed, E. Sciiribaux and L. Bussard {Semaliie Af/r. [Paris], 21! (1907), No. 13 ',S. pp. 8',. 85: Proii. Aijr. et Tit. (Ed FEst), 28 (1907). No. I'h pp. Ifl3-Jfl7). — Based on the results of their investigations, the authors recommend that in the commerce of sugar-beet seed the following requirements be regarded as standard : That after 14 days of testing, the number of bolls germinating must be at least 70 per cent for the seed weighing less than 18 gm. per 1,000 bolls, 75 per cent for those weighing 18 to 22 gm.. and 80 per cent for those weighing more than 22 gm. ; that after 5 days of testing at least 80 per cent of the bolls capable of germinating must have produced a germ, or, in FIELD CEOPS. 933 otlicr words, lliiit the sccil wci.^liiiiir less lli.iii IS mu. prr l.dod Ik. lis imisl have ])ro(liK'('(l :it Icist T>*\ iicr cciil of sproiilcd hnlis. tlmsc w ci^liiii;,' Iroiii IX Id '22 j;iu. bolls ami per kilo.m'niii of seed be diseontiiuied. Variation in wheat hybrids, A. Kevseu (.inter. Breeders' Assoc. I'roc., 2 ( IDOU). 1)1). H.'i-SH). — The ohservatioiis made during two years of work with over 200 distinct crosses ohlaincd Iroiii 11 dilTereiit varieties and incliidin-^ K! typo ci'osses, ;ir(^ discussed. A brief description of Hie varieties and their chief characteristics is pciven. With reference to the transmission of the bearded chai-acter it was found that the first generation was intermediate — that the proj^eiiy of this intermediate form broke up into i^ forms, awnless, intermediate, and lieard(Ml, and tliat the intermediate forms so obtained aj^ain broke up into :'> forms and more or less closely in conformity to the following ratio: Awnless, 25 per cent; beai'ded, 25 per cent ; intermediate. 50 ])er cent. The atithor states that according to Mendelian nomenclature tli(> intermediate form may be considei'ed as a true hybrid. Methods in wheat breeding, A. Kkvskk (Amer. Breeders'' Assoc. Proc., 2 (IHIIC], pp. ISi:-/'.tl). — In a discussion of the stibject tb(> author states that in a study of ail llie progeny of ;i few mother plants to '.\ generations it w;is found that the original mother plants showed wide variation in .vield and composition, some producing a progeny varying widely, but averaging low in excellence ; that some excellent mother plants produced tiuit'onnly veiy ]>oor i)rogeny, while others gave rise to uniformly good progeny; and that special (pialities will i)e accvu-ately represented in a composite from the best heads of the 5 or 10 best plants strong in the desired (lualities: A method of wheat breeding taking cognizance of these facts has been evolved and is here described. The plan of the method is based upon straight selection without intervening hybridizations or crosses. Breeding drought-resisting crojps, K. Gauss (Aiiier. lirceders' Assoc. Proc, 2 ( l'.>(i(i\. pp. JOS-112). — The desirability of securing drought-resisting crops for regions of low rainfall and the possibilitj^ of obtaining them by breeding is noted, and the results of experiments begun in ISfx; with wheat are reported. Improved Fife W'heat was tised in this work. Sowing seed broadcast did not give satisfactory results, so the method of planting single grains at inter- vals of 12 in. each way was adopted. Although the results secured from wheat planted at the rate of one i)lant per sipiare foot is not cimsidered a measure of what miglit be obt.iined by thicker planting, the author believes that the best results with a wheat of a small grain are obtained when sown not thick(>r tlian a half bushel to the acre. The yield secunnl from different v.-irieties of wheat, barley, and rye in l'.)05 is given and it is shown that tlie wheat from gr;iins selected fi'om jilants showing drought-resist .-nice was much greater than from the otliei' wlieat varieties. With only one jilant to tlie square foot the yield was at tlie rate of .-iboiit i:; bu. per acre. The author's tlieory of selection is Iiased upon the presumption that jilants which in growth and maturity show the greatest drought-resistance will traus- nnt that constitutional difference to their offsjjring. The results of this work indicate that a variety of wheat acclimatized to arid conditions will l)e rel.i- tively light in weight and hav(> small grains. Second report on the influence of fertilizers on the yield of timothy hay, J. W. GiLMOKK and C. F. Clark (.\(ir York Conicll Sta. Bui. 2.'il, pp. W, fiys. 934 EXPEETMENT STATION RECOED. 7). — The first rejMirt on this work, in which the experiments were described, has been previonsly noted (E. S. K., 17, p. 4(>1). In 1900 the fertilizer treatment was tlie sluue as in 1904 and 1905, with the exception that on one plat the quantity of nitrate of soda given was doubled and on another 640 lbs. oi nitrate of soda was applied per acre instead of 100 lbs. of " niterlime." Eight plats without fertilizer in 1900 gave an average yield of timothy hay of 3,365 lbs. per acre, 3 plats receiving only mineral fertilizers, 5,133 lbs., 7 plats receiving nitrate of soda with or without mineral fertilizers, 6,451 lbs., and 2 plats receiving nitrogen in stable manure, 5,885 lbs. The plat which X'eceived 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre in the fall of 1903, without a later applica- tion of any kind, yielded in 1906 7,420 lbs. per acre, as compared with 2,410 lbs. on the check plats. Six plats receiving a complete commercial fertilizer in varying amounts and proportions yielded at the rate of 7,057 lbs. per acre, while 4 unfertilized plats yielded at the rate of 3,192 lbs. The relative influence of the different fertilizers is shown in the following table : Results secured iritli. different nietliods of fertilizer treatment. Num- ber of plats. Fertilizer treatment. Apparent increase In yield of hay per acre. 1905. Average of 2 years. Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Nitrogen and phosphorus Nitrogen and potiissium Phosphorus and imtassium Nitrogen, jihusphoriis, and potassium Manure, lU and 211 tuns Lbs. 1,216 607 954 1,573 1,900 510 2,613 3,310 Lbs. 1,723 417 1,224 2, 126 2, 470 1,780 3,543 3,475 Lbs. 1,470 512 1,089 1,850 2,185 1,145 3,078 3,393 Some of the plats receiving a complete fertilizer received, however, larger amounts of the single elements than where only 1 or 2 elements were ajiplied. If the plats on which the quantities of the elements remained the same are con- sidered, the apparent increased yield with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was 2,432 lbs. The i*elation of nitrogen to phosphorus on the Dunkirk clay loam in the pro- duction of timothy hay seems to be important, for where in these experiments too lai'ge a proportion of acid phosphate to nitrogen was used there was an apparent depression in yield. An application of 640 lbs. of "iiitrate of soda per acre was too large for the soil and the climate. Aside from the use of stable manure the most satisfactory yield was obtained l>y api dying jier acre 320 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 320 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 80 lbs. of muriate of i)otash. The largest average yield was obtained by the use of stable manure. A single a])pli- c.ition at the rate of 20 tons per acre produced an apparent increase of 11.2 bu. of oats in 1904, 4,025 lbs. of hay in 1905, and 5,010 lbs. of hay per acre in 1906. When the application was at the rate of 10 tons, the apparent increase per acre was 5.3 bu. in the .yield of oats in 1904, 2,595 lbs. of hay in 1905, and 1,937 lbs. of hay in 1906. Descriptions and illustrations of the seed of the genus Nicotiana (Sinossi descrittiva ed iconografia dei semi del genere Nicotiana), A. Splendoke (Portlcl: R. Istltuto Hper. Tahaeclil Seafati. J {I!)ii6). itp- ll>-^)- — TIip first volume of this work contains the descriptions of the seeds of the different types FIELD CliOPS. 935 ;iih1 \;ii'icl ics of tDharco, with rcrcrciicc to llicir fnnii, cdlor, siriicturt', (linien- siuiis, aiitl wcijilit. The inspection of seeds under the Kentucky pure-seed law, II. Garman and M. L. DiDi.AKK { Kciitiickn Sta. liiil. I.n\ pp. 12'J-1()!)). — The working of the Kentucky puro-sci'd law is (lismsscil and ainondments to the same are sug- gested. A rej)ort on tlie samples examined is given and the details concerning adulterated sam])Ies are enumerated. The weed seeds most conunon in the samples are listed. Of tlie samples e.xaniined :'.•! were found adulterated as fol- lows: Red clover 2. or 0.!)l per cent; blue grass 12, or 8 per cent; orchard grass 21, or 19.4 per cent, and tiniothy 1, or 0.45 i)er cent. The text of the law is also given. Commercial seeds of bronie grass and of English and Kentucky blue grasses: Adulterants and substitutes and their detection, II. F. Roukkts iind G. F. Freeman (Kaiifias /S7(/. Bui. I'/I, pp. (HJ-112, pys. 38). — The seed and the plants . .1. pp. .?.J-.>.)). — The different experiments show that this treatment lias tlir same elfect on germination as soaking in pure water, provided the solution is not injurious to the gernnnative ability of the seed. The increase in the yield of grain was in most cases no greater than that resulting from the treatment with pure water. Seed soaked in a weak jilant-food solution gave better yields than seed not treated, with the exception that seed treated with a one per cent solution of nitrate of soda was in most cases injuriously affected. Soaking beet seed in liquid manure reduced the develoi)meni of the root, but jiroduced ;i mai'lvcd in- crease in the development of the leaf. Coating the seed with a dense soluti. Whipple {Colorado Sta. Bui. 118, pp. 16). — A report of the field work for 19UG. Special attention has been paid to the treatment of fruit and oi'chard dis- eases and a study of orchard conditions in Mesa County, Colorado. The bulletin contains notes on the various diseases under observation and their treatment, as well as on copper-sulphate injury to fruit trees, the thinning of apples, grape groAving, setting out young trees, and general orchard conditions. Horticultural report, R. S. Northrop and J. T. Atkin (Utah Sta. Bui. 97, pp. 9-ciJi, pgs. 8). — The southern Utah experiment farm, which was established in 1899, was organized as the Southern Utah p]xperiment Station early in 1905, and variety tests of grapes, orchard fruits, and nuts under way at that time have been continued. Experiments are also being conducted in grape pruning, training, and resistance of vines to phylloxera. The soil at the station varies, the eastern half consisting of sandy loam, which grades to a heavy clay loam in the extreme western portion. This latter type of soil is said to contain more or less alkali, and some attention has been given to the selection of varieties of grapes for this kind of land. It has been found that while all of the grapes svicceed better on the higher and lighter soils, the Cornichon, Purple Damascus, Golden Champion, and Thompson Seedless are the best yet tried on the heavy land. These varieties, together with Rlack Fer- rara and Muscat of Alexandria, are also considered the most promising on the lighter laud. A list is given of the varieties planted in the spring of 1902 on the lower soil, with notes on those which have fruited, together with the names of the varie- .ties which have been recently planted at the station, and illustrations of several varieties resistant to phylloxera. While the study of the various phases of grape culture forms the chief sub- ject of the station work, tests are being made of a large number of orchard fruits and nuts, of which a complete list is given, with notes on varieties which have fruited. Vegetable testing, the use of cover crops, and the evaporation of fruits are some of the jtroblcnis to be taken up. Beport of the horticulturist, R. S. Northrop (Utah ^Sta. Bui. 98, pp. 32-Jfl). — Thus far the horticultural work at the station appears to be of a pre- paratory nature. Some of the problems to be taken up include an experiment to be conducted for a number of years with reference to the duty of water as applied to orchard and small fruits, and the study of commercial varieties of apples. HORTICULTURE, •> 937 'I'lic sl.-itidu imrscrics (■(Hil.iiu a unreal niiiiilx'r nl' \aric1 ics of oi-chard aiul small I'ruils. and a list is irivcn of those to be planted in the spring ol' I'JUT. A study will also be made of root diseases, with partieular reference to the lia- bility of inoculation at the tinic" of buddiii.u. .u'raftin.i,'. etc, the ixissibility of dis- intVctinir. and the liju-iihood of transmission to clean stock after jilanfinu; by means of irri.Lcation. eultivaliou, etc. Phenology notes, 1906, Cii.mu.ottk ;\I. KiNt; ('J'fdii-s. loira If oil. Soc, J/l (lUOli), pp. .103-21S). — Popular data are yiven showing the bloomiut; period of a f^reat number of plant species, includiui; tlowers and fruit, as observed at 9 different localities in Iowa durini; I'.KXi. 'i'h(> d.-ites as f^iven for different sec- tions are fovnul to bear a relation betwe(»n the blooming time and the nortli- wai'd advancement of the season, as well as to different altitudes and latitudes. Similar data for 11)04 has been previously noted (E. S. U., 17, ]i. II ). Cabbages for stock feeding, S. Fraser {'New York- Conicll !ding, storing of seed cabbage, and seed production. Tabulated data are also included, showing the results of variet.v tests of cab- bage for the past .'? seasons. The book of vegetables, A. French (New York and London: The MavinilUin Co.. I'.XIT. pp. A.Vl / -|- 312, phs. 7, pffs. l.'i.'i). — This book consists of a planting table for the vegetable gardener, including all the wi'll-known vegetables and garden herbs, together with many recent introductions from other countries. The vegetables are arranged in alphabetical order, and a summary is given of the uses and culture of each, together with the merits of newer varieties and brief directions as to suitable soils, planting distances and depths, thinning, the use of special fertilizers, etc. This work is intended as a supplement to the more complete treatises on vegetable gardening. Tomato investigations, T. II. White and W. W. r>ALi>AUi) ( MtiriiJund stii. Bill, ll.i, pp. SO-112). — This bulletin contains a detailed rejiort of tomato experi- ments conducted since 18!)7, together with notes for general information on the selection of soil, location, fertilizers, and ciiltui'al methods. The results of spraying and training experiments and variety tests are pre- sented in tabular form. As with previous work the present results iudiciit(^ that spraying can be conducted pi'ofitably. Increased yields obtained from iilants grown on jioles are attributed chietiy to the greater number of ])lants which can be grown jier acre in comparison with the usual field cultiu'e. Results from variety tests indicate that promising varieties of tomatoes (luickly deteriorate when "roguing" and selection is not continued. Brief descrijitions are given of varieties grown in 1906. Experiences with the onion crop, 11. Price {.Ainvr. A jier cent ammonia, 12.") i)er cent available jihosphoric acid, and 1 to 2 per cent potash. White Southi)ort and Red and Yellow Globe are considered as the best varieties for commercial imrposes in that section. Horticultural novelties, ( '. M. I'/ai, (h'er. Fdcull. Ai/roii. >/ Vet. La Plata. 2. -sir.. ..' ( lUiir,). \(). 'I't;. pp. .l.U)-,]'i2. fif/s. I/). — Descriptions with cultural notes and illustrations of the bardana or gobo {Txippa mayor, rar. Ediilis L.) of Japan and the catawisa onion (MHitiii /istulosiiiu). The gobo is an edible 938 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. variety of the comiuon burdock of this country, the root, which is the part eaten, being prepared similarly to salsify. The catawisa onion, also known as the AVelsh onion, is grown for its leaves and small aerial bulbels, which are said to be of value for pickling. Biennial Report of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station (Missouri Fruit Stu. Kpt. 1905-6, pp. i.s, /W.s-. '/). — The work of the station during the past 2 years has consisted primarily in the development of the variety orchard, together with some work in plant breeding, spraying demonstrations, and cooi)erative work in relation to pruning, cultivating, and the general care of orchards. The station now has the following ci'oss-bred and pure-l)red seedlings : 10,000 strawberries. 1,070 apples, and 200 peaches, together with seed resulting from the crosses of 1906, numbering about 2,-500 apples and 1,500 peaches. Of the 1,000 strawberry crosses which fruited during the past season, 50 varieties have been selected for further trial. Tables are given of the cross-bred and pure- bred peach seedlings, showing the parentage, description of the fruit, date of fruiting, resistance to disease, etc. As the result of spraying for codling moth as high as 92.3 per cent of sound fruit has been obtained from sprayed trees, as against 19.1 per cent of wormy apples on unsprayed trees. A list is given of the varieties of grapes grown at the station, showing their relative profitableness, susceptibility to disease, and value for table use or wine, together with notes on their growth. In connection with the cooperative orchard work 4 plates accompany the text, illustrating pruning and clearing work. Etherizing white Roman hyacinths, J. Taubenhaus {Cornell Couniryman, '/ {1901), ISlo. 8, pp. 25.'i-257, figs. 3). — The studies were made in order to deter- mine the influence of temperature upon the growth of etherized bulbs, and to determine whether bulbs after being etherized need a rest. The method of pro- cedure, in substance, was as follows : The bulbs were etherized with sulphuric ether in a tight tin box, where they remained for 24 hours and were then jilanted in pots. The etherized bulbs were then divided into 4 groups, the bulbs of the first group being forced immediately, and the remaining bulbs being forced 2, 4, and G weeks, respectively, after etherization. Each of these groups was again subdivided, portions being forced in a hot house, a medium liouse, and a cold house. The first bulbs to bloom were the etherized bulbs which were forced 2 weeks after etherization in the medium house. In each group the etherized bulbs bloomed earlier than the check. The length of stem and quality of flowers differed between the etherized bulbs and the checks, the flowers being somewhat larger and the stems co'nsiderably taller and stronger in the case of the etherized bulbs. As a result of these experiments the author comes to the following conclusions as far as the white Roman hyacinths are concerned : The etherizing of the bulbs appears to hasten the blooming period, to improve the (luality of flowers and size of stems, and to increase the amount of flowers. The best method of procedure is to etherize the bulbs, then plant in pots and allow them to rest for 2 weeks, thus encouraging the formation of the roots. A medium temperature is con- sidered best, as too much heat appears to hold the bulbs back for 3 or 4 days. Where earliness of bloom is not particularly desired, the bulbs may be etherized and rested for 2, 4, 6. or even 8 weeks at any tem])erature between 50 and S0° F., with good results. Renewal of old orchards, P. IT. Rali.ou {0]iio >Si(i. Bui. ISO, pp. 89-110, flr/s. l-'i).- — This bulletin contains practical lessons hi orchard renewal as conducted HOETICULTURE. 989 ;it tlic nliid Kxiu>riment Station, where a bloek of niii-dowii apijle onlianl planted some 4<> years ajio was brou.i;liL into profitable t'ruil production, in order to cover the intei-\nl from the time of planting young trees until they should come into fnll bearing'. 'Che various phases of the treatment are discussed and illustrated by several liixures. Based upon the treatment of this orchard, the author is of the opinion that old orchards can be renewed in such a way as to produce fine fruit for home and market while the young trees are growing and that the plan of renewal, which is a process of pruning down the trees, brings about conditicms under which insects and fungi can be so easily and effectually combated and controlled as to reduce to a miniminn the danger of their spread to younger ])lantations. During the first season of renewal the topmost branches should be cut out. leaving all healthy side branches. The next season the horizontal brunches nia.\- be pruned so as to promote a iniiform. well-rounded, symmetrical head and toil. Suggestions are given as to the metliod of pruning and dressing large wounds caused by severe pruning. Heading back should be followed up by discriminate thinning of the new shoots and by cutting back those selected for future fruit bearing. llenewal of orchards may be profitably accompanied by the addition of stable manure, either worked in the soil or allowed to remain upon the surface mixed with straw as a mulch. Suggestions are also given for the renewal of orchards other than aiijile. Prime causes of failure in orcharding, L. II. Bailey {West. N. Y. Horl. Six'. I'rvc, 1907, in). JJ-.?.S'). — The author groiips the causes of failure in orcharding into 2 classes: Crop-practice failures, and administrative failures, which are discussed in detail. Fruit and orchard investigations, J. C. Blair {Illinois Sta. ('ire. KiJ. pp. oS). — A list of some 24 problems, which at present seem to demand careful study, is placed before those interested in the development of Illinois h rli- culture, together with a brief statement regarding reasons why increast-d apij;- • Itriations are being asked for experimental work in horticulture. The circular also includes a discussion of investigations accomplished .is a result of State appropriations, consisting of fruit-storage experiments (E. S. li., 14, i)p. .">.")(; and 1(172) . bitter-rot investigations, botanical investigations of ]i;irti- eultnral interest, investigations on injury to apples by curculio (E. S. 11.. K'.. ji. l(t!»S), comparison of the relative merits of liquid and dust sprays for ajiples ( E. S. K., 17, p. 1(»0:',), spraying for second brood of codling moth, fertilizer and drainage experiments, a study of the yellow le.if and brown spotting of foliage of fruit trees, and demonstration work. Bulletins are to be iirepared during the coming year giving the details of the several lines of investigation not already i'e])orte(l. The banana, I'. Hubert {Le Bvotod to estimates ( f cost and returns in the development of a banan.i iiiantatiou. I'ai-t 2 treats <.f the selection of ii.uianas for exportation and home c()nsum])tion, and the manufacture of stai-ch, sugai-. alcolidl. wine, bi-.indy, vinegar, and fiber, together with the use of l)ananas for animal feeding. Part '.', is devoted to a discussion of the economic and commercial importance of the banana in various countries. 34021—07 4 1)40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Truit list (Tniiis. loirit Hurl. ,Soc., J,l (I'JOG), pp. 220-225, charts J,).— A list is givou (;f r.pples, crabapples, pliuiis, clierries, grapes, and small fruits sug- gested as standard varieties for Iowa, together with a list of supplementary varieties. Varieties are indicated which appear to be specially adapted to th? northern drift soil and to the southern loess soil. Charts are included showin.: the nature of the soil, elevation, rainfall, and temperature throughout the Stat;\ for the purpose of assisting those interested in the study of varieties. Methods and results of hybridizing fruits, T. Williams {American Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 2 (190G), pp. lS-'i-186). — The autlior enumerates some of his results in hybridizing various stone fruits, apples, and a few pears. The origin of the Victor Sand Cherry, Red Glass, and Red Glass Junior plums is given, together with the crosses which were used to jiroduce fruit of desired characteristics. He has been successful in reproducing the Talman and th(> Sickle pear and hardy types of peaches, as well as a hardy apricot, in eastern Nebraska. A new method of grafting was used, which is not clearly described, lint which appears to be a modified adaptation to scion-grafting of the method' employed in budding trees. Breeding hardy raspberries for the Northwest, N. E. Hansen {American Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 2 {1906). pp. 128, 129). — The author points out the great need of hardy raspberries for the Northwest prairie region and reports the results secured from his efforts of the past 10 years at the South Dakota experiment station in securing hardy varieties. A large number of native raspberries were gathered from the Dakotas. INIinnesota, Manitoba, and .\ssini- boia. together with varieties from three different continents. Out of many thousands of seedlings which have been raised under high cultivation, several of those which have fruited have been selected as worthy of propagation. One variety, named the Sunbeam, has proven especially promising. It is a hybrid of Shaffer Colossal with a wild red raspberry from North Dakota and is said to be vigorous, productive, and capable of enduring severe winter conditions. The author states that the work is to be continued until varieties are secured wliidi arr not only hardy but adapted to a large area. The strawberry test plot, F. II. Ballou {Ohio 8ta. Bui. 178, pp. Jtl-68, flf/s. 22). — Notes on 1<)'.) varieties of strawberries tested at the station during the season of 1900. The numerous varieties are described in detail and in a majority of cases illustrated. The results for each variety are tabulated, show- ing the sex of the flower, the dates of first blooming and rii)ening, periods of heaviest fruiting, largest single picking, date of last picking, and total yield in (juarts for th(> season. Grape breeding, S. A. Beach {Ainerieaii Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 2 {1906), pp. 191-191). — The liistorical development of commercial varieties of grapes and tile grape industry in tlie eastern portion of the United States is outlined. Tlie author states tliat in 1S4.S only two native grapes, viz, Isabella and Catawba, were placed on a selected list of fruits for general cultivation as adopted by the Congress of Fruit Growers assend)led in New York. Since that time a large number of varieties have been developed in the eastern portion of the United States, but their parentage is, for the most part, either vague or (iitirely unknown. Reference is made to the work of several prominent grap;' hyliridizers, and the origin of many \yen-known varieties is given. For a better system of grape breeding more attention should be paid to the varieties which are now available for breeding, in order that the characteristics of the resulting crosses may be foretold with some degree of certainty. In his own work at the New York State experiment station, which has been carried on for over 14 years, the author has succeeded in making certain combinations HORTICULTURE. 941 of pMrcuts which will nlwiiNS iinxhicc wliitc-rniitcd seedling's aiul others in which red is 1 he hxed color. In nil. nhont '-2~> ^'I'onps of i:v:\])o seedling's liave heell liT-ed ill this W ;i\ . Length of life of vines of various species and varieties of grapes; profit- ableness; and by what diseases seriously affected, T. V. Minson (Texas 8ta. Bill N.S. i>p. IS. fills. !l). — The autlior presents data coverhifj; a ])eriod of 10 year.s, secured tor the most i»art from Ills I'ccords of an S-aere scrape vine- yard planted in issc, 7 near Deiiisoii. Texas. The soil in Ibis vineyard is a li^'lit sandy soil from r, in. lo .'! It. dee|i. with a red and yelltiw clay subsoil. 'I'lie land lias had Iml one ajiplication of fertiiiz-er. consist ini,' of a lieavy coat of colton-seed meal some TJ Ncars apt. Data Iiave also been collected from vine- yards jirown on dilTereiit soils, inclndin.'^ •'black waxy" and lime soils. In table 1 the I'elative lonu'evity. health, and vi.uor of I'C species of grapes urown in the vineyard at I>enison are noted. The si)ecies nsually found native to lim»! soils are distinj^uished from those native to sandy soils. Table 2 gives the names of each variety cnltivated, the speciiic blood, the number of vines of each planted in 1SS7, and the nund)er and p«Teeatage alive in IDOf), together with notes on the color, economic value and use of the fruits, and condition of the vines in lUO't. The vai'ieties ;ire noted which have beeu found suitable for "black waxy" soils with clay subsoils, and for " black waxy" and "adobe" soils underlaid with white rock as near as 2 ft. from the surface. The author i)resents data on extensive personal observations and I'eports secured from different experimeuters in Texas on the adaptability of different varieties of grapes for the limy soils in Texas. It is stated that all species and varieties grow^ well In sandy soils where carbonate of lime does not exceed 25 per cent of the soil. Some si)ecies will flourish in soils which contain as high as 40 to GO per cent of lime. Varieties much snbject to rot and mildew are not I'ecommended for planting in tlie humid forest region of east Texas unless spra.ving with sulphate or car- bonate of copper solution is thoroughly attended to. (irapes are not considered to succeed well in boggy or seepy soils on account of late frosts and fungus diseases. The text is accompanied with plates Illustrating seA'eral species of grapes. Reestablishment of vineyards in Charente, France, .1. M. Guiixon {Jour. Ai/r. I'rat., n. so:, l,i {1!)07), Xo. JO, p. 301). — Many of the vineyards of Charente, France, containing poorly adapted graft stocks are being reestablished. For the purpose of aiding this work the author here presents brief notes on the value of the princii)al stocks for grafting, resistance to ])liylloxera and to drought, adaptability to different ])erceutages of lime in the soil, fniitful- ness, etc. The economics of viticulture, A. Marescalciti {CoUivatorr. ')3 (1901), Xos. S, pp. 220-231; 0, pp. 203-267; 10, pp. 29-')-298; 11, pp. 321-330; 12, pp. 361-370; 13, pp. 393-396; 1',. pp. Jt26-J,28, figs. 10).— In a series of short articles the author considers the economic side of the various phases of grape culture, including the e(iuipnient, prepar.-itioii of the soil, various planting systems, cultural and spray- ing methods, systems of training, subseipient care, and cost of labor. Male or seedless cocoanuts, A. W. Barti.ett and .7. P.ei.i.ino {Ai/r. yeics I Burhiidos], 6 (1901), Xo. 12S. p. SI, fif;s. .',). — Notes are here given, together with illustrations, of seedless cocoanuts found in British Guiana. It is stated that these cocoanuts are sometimes found growing on trees with perfect fruit and at other times on trees which i»roduce only seedless fruit. They m;iy be dis- tinguished from |ieit'ect fruit by their shajie, the seedless fruit being much narrower. 942 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vanilla, F. L. Tuero ih'cr. A(/r. [Saiifo Doiiiiiit/o], S (1907), \o. ;?//, pp. 30.3-.397). — An account of the sorting, grading, and packing of vanilla, together with its chemical composition, uses, and advdteration, and estimates of the profits of a vanilla plantation. The total cost iter hectare of vanilla is estimated as .$4( ;9.;:>5, and the gross returns in products as .$1, <;;!(», leaving a net return of .fl,l(J0.G5. FORESTRY. Farm forestry, E. .J. Zavitz {Ontario Dcpt. A-i;. pp. 3.1). — This is a report of the prog- ress of the year lOOH-fi in the State forests of the Andaman Islands, and includes a discussion of the constitution and management of State foi'ests, the prepara- tion of working plans, forest jtrotection, sylviculture, exploitation, etc.. together with a financial statement of the year's work. The important features of the work are presented in talmlar form. During the year n06,19S ii<' of iln' priinip.-il nMlurcs of llw work w.-is iho oxi)loration of tlio forest of the Soiitli Aiidaumiis. aiid the coiniiletioii of a workiiij; i)lan for these areas by F. H. Todd. The reforestation in the department of Aube, France, L. Pardk {Rev. Eaax ct Forcis, .'id (J!)07). .\ o. 7. ii/i. Uhi-.nn ) . — TLe author here presents notes sub- mitted by yi. Mena, t-ouservator of forests and streams at Troyes, on private reforestations which liave Iteen carried out in the department of Aube during the hist half century. The de])artiiK'iit is dlNldcd iiild ("• rcLcioiis accordin.LT to llic nature of tlu> soil. and (l(>scripti()iis are f^ivcn of tlu> work of reforestation in each of these resions. Native trees of the Transvaal, J. P.uktt-Davy {Truuf ilixn). \ Transvaal ai-e said to occur in w(^ll-marked phyto- geographie zones of vegetation. These zones are iiulicated and alphal)etical lists are given of the species occurring in each, together with a list of families arranged alphabetically under their main divisions and classes. The total numi)er of trees classified consists of T)? families, which are subdivided into 132 genera and 2ar Algiers, from which several thousand tons of berries are said to be gathered annually. The tree is described as resembling an apple tree of medium growth. The fresh fruit is green and its pulp surrounds a kernel containing a yellowisli, gelatinous, sticky substance which is said to con- tain three times as nuich soaii ;is tlie "i)anama" wood. This soap is expected to be of great service to the cloth and linen manufacturers, as well as for domestic jiurposes, since it can be used to clean linen and silken fabrics and colored embroideries without causing the colors to run together. Caoutchouc, E. Levasseur {Rev. Eeoii. I)iteniat., 1 (1907), No. 3, pp. 601- (hiJf). — 'Phis is a discussion of the development of the rubber industry in various tropical countries of America, Asia, and Africa, including a description of the methods of exploitation, species grown, statistics for a ])eriod of several years as to the exportation of I'ubber from the principal rubber-producing countries, the importations to tlie ])rin('ipal rubber-consuming countries, and the value of different grades of rui)lier. On the occurrence of calcium oxalate in the barks of the eucalypts, II. G. Smith (./oh/-, (tiid Pioc. Roy. Hoe. N. .S'. Wales, 39 {1905), pp. 23-32).— The barks of the Mallees, or dwarf species of eucalyptus of New South Wales, were examined to derive information with regard to their tanning value, as well as to make clear some of the problems connected, with these dwarf species, which occur in large quautities in many parts of Australia. From all the different species examined, calcium oxalate crystals were sepa- rated in varying quantities, ranging from IG.GO per cent in Eucalyptus gracilis to 0.08 per cent in E. inorrisi. The general appearance and thickuess of sev- eral barks tested are described. The species which contain crystals in the great- est abundance seem to be those which have a very thin, smooth bark, or at most a but slightly persistent bark at tlie Iiase. It has already been determined that in those barks which contain inuih calcinni oxalate the tannin is decidedly superior to that found in siu-cii's in which the crystals are present only in small amounts. 944 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Progress of wood preservation in 1906, ('. G. Crawford {Forestry and Irriii.. 1-i { l'.i(i7). \(). 3, iip. l.i.>-l.is. jifis. .1). — In this paper, whicb was originally presented at the annual meeting of the Wood Preservers' Association, ]\Iemi)his, Tenn., January, l!t(>7, the author discusses the advancement made in the preser- vation of wood during the past few years. Prior to 1901 there were about 15 timber-treating plants in the United States. At present, they number about 50, 5 having been erected in 1900 alone. The author states that consumers now realize that artificial preservation nmst be employed, not only because the renewal i)f certain species of wood is luiusually expensive, but because such jireservation greatly reduces the amount of struc- tural timber required. The investment of large sums in extensive engineering enterprises is also creating a prudent regard to the future supply of timber. The activity in wood preservation is said to have manifested itself along the following lines : An increase in the number and capacity of treating plants, improvement in the existing methods, the introduction of new methods from abroad, together with the development of methods peculiarly American and designed to meet American requirements, and a promoting of a more careful and detailed study of the technology of American woods, with an investigation of the constituents and properties of the preservatives in general use. The author discusses these various phases somewhat in detail. Forest products of the United States, 1905, R. S. Kellogg and H. JNI. Hale (V. »S'. Dcpt. A(/r., Forest >Scrr. Bui. 7'/, pp. 69). — This bulletin contains detailed statements upon the lumber cut, cross-ties, tight cooperage stock, tan l)ark, and the wood used for nune timbers, pulp, veneer, and distillation in 1905. The subject-matter has been previously published in a series of Forest Service circulars (E. S. R., 18, pp. 447, 448, 642, and 745). The timber supply of the United States, II. S. Kellogg (Forestry and Irrig., 13 (1907), A'o. .'/, pp. 1S7-193). — A large number of statistics upon the timber supply of the United States are brought together in convenient form for comparison and reference. These statifitics are derived for the most part from census reports, bulletins of the Forest Service, and lumbermen's estimates. Tables are given and discussed showing the lumber cut by States of the TTnited States fnmi 1880 to 1900, inclusive, the estimated stumpage of the TTnited States from 1880 to 1905, and the estimated stunqiage and cut of yellow ]iine in 7 southern States. DISEASES OF PLANTS. A text-book of fungi, G. Massee (Loiiiloii: DiirJnrnrth d- Co.. 1900. pp. XI-\-Ji27, figs. I'll). — The author's object in this book is to call attention to some of the more i-ecent contributions on the mori)hology, biology, and physi- ology of fungi, and to indicate where further information on these lines of research may be obtained. After a discussion of the anatomy of fungi, accounts are given of the formation of spores, methods of reproduction, effects of various physical and chemical agents on growth of fungi, parasitism, symbiosis, biological forms, geographical distribution, ecology, etc. A special chapter is given to the author's views on the phylogeny of fungi, and, after a description of the diseases due to fungi, their propagation, and legislation regarding plant diseases, a general scheme of elassifieation is presented, which is a modified form of that of Brefeld. Report of the plant pathologist, R. E. Smith (California Sta. Bill. IS.'/, pp. 219-2^8. figs. 12). — A review is given of the work carried on by the plant path- ologist during 190G, the principal investigations having been made on jiear blight, walnut blight, browu rot of lemons, beet blight, peach blight or shot-hole DISEASES OF PLANTS. 945 fiinitns. Imiinlo diseases, mikI as|i;ir;imis I'ust. In .-Hldil inn. iii\rsli,L,';iti(iiis 1i:i\p Ikhmi iK'f^uii on rose diseases and cilnis fruil diseases. Tbe pear blight work is iarp'ly in ciKiiieratieii wiiji the I'.ureau nf I'iaiit Industry of tliis Deparlnieut. and censists in (lie aiiplicalion ef llie nielliods reeoiunionded l)y that I'.ureaii. A detailed aeeunni nl' Die in\csli;^ations in the ilitferent counties is udvcn. It lias lieeu found that tlioreu^li winter iiruniug pre- \-ents blossom infection in the sprin^^, and Dial the larger tlie district covered in the winter the less will be the infection the following season. Freiiuent and prompt summer cutting is to be itracticed, and if not exposed to extrcMuely abundant iid"e<-tion, a jieai- di'diard can be jirolitably maintained in good condition. 'the walnut bliglit iuNcst igati(]n lias been a continual inn i>\' studies cm tbe bacterial ilisease of walnuts due to I'sriidoinoiius ju size of the trees made spraying almost proliibiti\-e. on account of tlie dillicul1.\' and e\|ieiise. The investigations on lemon rot, due to the fungus Pi/lliliiri/slis liho/ili lliDia. have been i)reviously described ( E. S. K., bS. p. :!44). The beet bli.ght described api)ears to be due to a derangement in the normal fiuictions of the plant, and investigations seem to show that by attention to lilantiug and cultivation in connection with weather conditions the disease may lie largely coidivdled. The iieacli blight or shot-hole fungus reported upon is due to a species of Coryneum. and sprayin.g with Bordeaux mixture proved quite efficient in con- trolling it. In addition to the peach, the almond is subject to this disease, and probably the fungus will be found to attack other stone fruits. '{"be tniiiato disease investigations are bi'ietly summarized from a previtms publication (10. S. U.. 17, p. 1082). The other investigations are brlefl.v described, and the bulletin concludes with a list of the more conunon plant diseases' that have been observed throughout the State, with notes as to their relative imiwrtance. Report of the government mycologist, T. Petch {('ire. diid Af/r. Jour. Roy. Hot. (Idiil. Cviilon, .? (I!l0(>), yo. 21, pp. 277-280'). — Among the fungi observed during the year the author reports jiarticularly upon leaf and root diseases of lea, I'ara rublter. cacao, Castilloa, and cotton. The tea diseases attacking the leaves were .gray blight { I'cshilozzia nnciiiiii). brovvu blight (f'ollrtofriihiii)t cavieUke), and dcrco.sponi llicir. The root dis- ease was princiiially due to the fungus Rosellinia. Stem diseases ie in most instances to a species of Phytopbthor.-i, simil;ir to that found on cacao pods in other countries. In addition, the rotting fruits showed the presence of Sphrrromema album, Nectria diver sinpora, and Diplodia zehrina. The species of Hymenochjete which occurs on Ilevea was found attacking cacao as a root parasite in several instances and also destroying the roots of cotton. The iiriiiri]i.il jiarasite observed on Castilloa was liotri/oiliplodid ehistica', which attacked trees the bai'k of which had suffered injury. Indiana plant diseases in 1906, F. D. Kern {ludiaiia Sta. Bill. 119, pp. Ji27-.'i3G). — Lists are given showing the distribution of various plant diseases 946 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. llirouKliont the State in liKlC, iind report;^ o'otaincl I'/oiii oooperative oorre- spoudeuts form the basis for calculating the losses due to these causes. The diseases are listed under the headings of orchard fruits, small fruits, field, garden, and hothouse crops, and cereal and forage (■roi)s. Suggestions are given for their control, based upon cultural methods and the application of fungicides. Peridermium acicolum the secidial stage of Coleosporium solidaginis, G. P. Clinton (Ahs. in >^ci(ncc. n. so:. ^.5 {I'-HH). No. 63',, pp. 289, 2.90).— An abstract is given of a paper by the author in which it is stated that Pcrulcniiiuin acicolum was found to be abundant on Piinix ri//i<}(t in Connecticut during the spring of 100(i. From observations and infection experiments the author has determined that this fungus is the fecidial stage of Coleosporium solidapinis. which is common througliout the T'nited States on golden rod and asters. Ascigerous forms of Glceosporium and Colletotrichum, C. L. She.\r and Anna K. Wood (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 23 il'.xn). No. GSJ,, p. 291).— The authors report having studied forms of these fungi from the grape, apple, cranberry, rubber plant, honey locust, gingko, cotton, and l)eans. The asciger- ous form on the apple had been grown before, bvit, so far as known, on none of the other species had these forms been produced. So far as could be deter- mined there were no morphological characters which separated the different forms, and for the present they are to be regarded as varieties of a single species. The ascigerous form has been found under natural conditions in only two cases, on the ai)i)le and on the rubber ])lant. The use of the seed plat in the prevention of diseases in wheat, E. ]\I. Freeman (Amcr. Brcctlcrs' Assoc. Proc. 2 {IDOf!). pp. .',9--.',3). — The author discusses smut and rusts as the most important of the diseases of wheat and calls attention to the fact that seed treatment is more or less efficient for the prevention of smut, but that for the prevention of rust the selection of resistant varieties must be relied upon. In order to combat these diseases it is suggested that :^ plats of wheat be maintained, (1) the seed plat, (2) the increase plat, and (8) the general farm crop. In seeding the first plat the seed should be thoroughly treated for the prevention of smut, and before the time for harvesting all smutted plants should be destroyed. If persisted in for a time this will result in a crop wholly free from smut. To secure freedom from rust it will be necessary to conduct a systematic and rigid selection of disease resistant individuals. By following out the author's suggestions it is claimed that it will l)e possiltlc to secure an improvement in yield, earliness, etc., the prevention of the spread of weed seeds, the prevention of loose smut and bunt, and improvement in rust resistance. Anatomical physiological study on the influence of environment and excessive fertilization upon the diminished or lost resistance to brusone of bertone rice, II. Farneti {Rir. PutoJ. Yen., 2 (1906), Nos. 1. pp. 1-11: 2-3, pp. n-'i2). — It is claimed that in 1828 when bertone rice was introduced into Italy it was of lower growth than at present, with a slender more rigid stem, with smaller heads, and with more abundant root hairs. At first it was con- sidered as being almost if not absolutely immune to brusone. During the past 70 years it has gradually lost its resisting power to this disease, the mechanical tissues have become reduced in relative proportion, and all the other tissues have become softer. A study of the effect of environment and the exces- sive use of fertilizers indicates that these agents have not greatly influenced the epidermis but have increased the cavity in the stems and therefore weak- ened the plant to a greater or less extent. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 947 A (l('t;iil('(| .-Kcuuiil is uivi 11 (iT llic (lilTci-ciiccs in iinnloiiiical features of this \-;iricly of rice in so t;ir ;is coiiiiinrisdns rail !»' iiiadc lictwccu foi'iiKn' conrlitions and those lliat prevail at tlic iircscnl linic It is liclicvcd that tlic loss of rcsistaiiic to lirnsonc is a plii'iiDUUMioii which accoinpaiiied the exai^Kcratcd variation in llie plant in recent yejirs and is due to the action of fertiiizei-s rather than to climate and other features of environment. A nnnil)er of infection experiments were carried on witli a commonly recog- nized s]ieci(>s of Piricularia and Ilehninthosporiiuii. 'I'he brown spots char- acteristic of infection from tliese fun.iii are descrilx'd. 'i"he author concludes as a result of his study that l'iri of copper may be used at the rate of one- half jiart to Kill of water. Some browning of the leaves and jrlumes is produced, but where this ti'catment is adopt^d or P.ordeaux mixture is used at the same rate as cojiper sulphate, the total weight of the crop is not appreciably diminished. A bacterial disease of cherry trees, R. AnERiioLo and W. Ruhland {Arh. K. I'.iol. Aiixt. 1.(111(1 II. Forfitw., ') {mm). .\o. i;. pp. 2i)3-3J,(K />/. J, fifis. 12).— \n continuation of previous studies (E. S. R., 17. p. 11()5), the authors give further accounts of their investigations on a bacterial disease of cherry trees that has becoiiH' ((iiite destructive in jiarts of Germany. HiiciUKs .spdiH/idsiix. the organism suspected as being the cause of this disease, has been i'e]ieatedly isolated, and inoculation exi)eriments sliow that there c.-iii be no doubt that it is actively parasitic. Other organisms, jiarticu- Inrly various s])ecies of fungi, appear associated with this disease, but they are considered as of secondary importance. .Vfter giving a technical description of B. spoiii/ioxKs, the authors describe their inoculation experiments in considerable detail. In their experiments they freijuently found other species of bacteria, one of which seems quite con- stant, but is believed to be saiirophytic. This species seems to be undescribed, and the name 11. iiritans is given it. In the ])re\ ions account of this disease attention was called to a somewhat similar disease on apples and plums. Subsequent investigations of bacterial dise.ases of jplnm, prune, and npple trees showed that, while the organisms resemble those causing the cheri-y tree disease, the bacteria are not Identical. i;xiierimeiits comparing B. s/ionf/iosiis with B. (uiniloroiKs. the cause of the pear blight, showed tlieir nonidentity. The authors state that the bacteria causing the cherry tree di.sease are undoubtedly conveyed from tree to tree by insects and possibly to some extent by winds and I'aiii. In attempting to combat the disease all means possible should be ado]ited to iirevent insect visits. All infected parts of the trees should be cut otf and burned and the wounds disinfected. The pajier concludes with a description of the associated species, B. irri- liiiis. which is called a common saprophytic accompaniment of B. spo??.cr/o.s-)/.s. .\ brief list of the literature relnting to bacterial diseases of fruit trees is given. Takeall in wheat (Jour. Dept. A<.jr. Ho. Axst.. Ill (IDOd). No. 5, pp. 280- 283).— X description is given of a disease of wheat, due to Ophiobolus (jramini.t. reported as being present in practically every wheat district of South Aus- tralia, and in some instances diminishing the yield fully .30 per cent. There seems to be a difference in susceptibility of different varieties of wheat to this fungus. There is very little knowledge regarding preventive measures 948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to be taken, but the application of iron sulphate at the rate of 70 lbs. i)er acre, burning over infested areas, rotation with oats or other plants which do not seem to be subject to the disease, and allowing the land to lie fallow for a season or longer have been recommended. In view of the differences in su-s- ceptibility, the author thinks that there is more prospect of combating the trouble by the selection of resistant varieties. In addition to wheat, the fungus is known to attack barley grass, vi'heat grasses, and other sjiecies of grass. A potato leaf blotch fungus new to America, L. R. Jones (Alts, in Science. n. ser., 25 {1901), No. 63.'i, pp. 291, 292). — In this abstract, Vercospora concors is reported as occurring in 3 well separated stations in Vermont during .} diffei'ent seasons, the first being in 1902. In every case the fungus has been found in old gardens, and indications are that it is a well-established parasite on the cultivated potato and is probably widely distributed in the longer settled regions of the northeastern parts of the United States and Canada. The fungus attacks are confined to the leaves, where it develops concurrently with the early and late blight fvuigi, to which it bears so close a resemblance in appearance that it has probably been overlooked heretofore. It is believed that spraying will hold it in cheek. A detailed account of this new disease is ]>roniised in the report of the Vermont Station for liiOd. Some potato diseases, their cause and control, A. Nelson (Wi/oniiii!/ »S7(/. Bui. 11, pp. 39, figs. 11). — Descriptions are given of early and late blight or rot of potatoes, Rhizoctonia disease, which is widely distributed, and potato scab. For the prevention of these diseases, spraying with Bordeaux mixture is rec- ommended for early and late blight, while soil and seed treatment and rotation of crops are suggested as remedies for the Rhizoctonia and seal). The deep scab of beets, F. C. von Faber (Arh. K. Biol. Anst. Land n. Forstw., 5 {1901), So. (>. pp. 3.',2-350, pi. 1). — The author briefly reviews some of the literature relating to the deep scab of beets, paying particular attention to the publications of Bolley (E. S. R., 3, p. 619), Frank (E. S. R., 10, p. 170), and others, after which he describes the anatomical structure of deep scab and considers the cause of the disease. Attention is called to the statement of Bolley that the deep scab is due to a bacteroid fungus. By the usual means the author has separated the organism, cultivated it in various media, and car- ried out successful inoculation experiments with pure cultures. He was unable to identify the organism with any known species and has named it Bacterium scabieffenitin, a technical description of which is given. A study of disease resistance in watermelons, W. A. Orton {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 25 {1901), Xo. (hi'/, p. 2S8). — A brief accoimt is given of results of work on the watermelon wilt {NeocosinoKpora rasinfecta nivea). In studying this fungus the resistance of more than 100 varieties of American and Russian melons was tested and none of them proved to be immune. A hybrid between the watermelon and the citron or stock melon has been obtained, which in the third generation is said to have good edible qualities and at the same time is quite resistant to the fungus. The use of common salt for the prevention of g-ummosis of fruit trees, E. VAN Hecke {Jour. 8oc. Agr. Brabant et Hainaut, 52 {1901), No. IS, pp. 3G6, 361). — ^The author cites the observations of H. De Greeff in Zealand and C. Heime in China, both of whom claim that peaches, apricots, and similar fruit trees do not suffer from gunuuosis when grown near the sea or in soils contain- ing appreciable quantities of salt. Following this suggestion, experiments were conducted in which trees receiv- ing 1, 2, and 3 lbs. of salt each were compared with others receiving none. At DISEASES OF PLANTS. 949 the end nf tlir st-.-isoii it \v;is ruuiid lli.il llir tree rccciviiii: .". lbs. of sail did not suffer al all Iroiii ,L,'imiiiK)sis and I lie oiirs rcrciviiiii 1 and 1' lbs. but slljilitly, while the I'onrlh Ircc was severely injured, lost most ot its branches, and bore little fruit as the result of the disease. It is idanued to continue these experi- ments on ii large scale to determine the actual value of the treatment. Pear leaf blight (Natal A parts, one of which received f) applications of acid copper acetate solution, another the same number of applications of Bordeaux mixture, while the third was held as a check. -The acid solution of copper acetate was formed by adding ^ liter of acetic acid to 1 kg. of neutral copper acetate, and diluted with 1(J0 liters of water. The Bordeaux mixture was composed of 2 kg. of copper sulphate and 1 of lime to 100 liters of water. The first application of the fungicide was made May 23 and the last July 24. A careful examination was made of the foliage and grapes, and it was esti- mated that there was a loss of 1 per cent where the vines were treated with the copper acetate solution, 5 per cent where treated with Bordeaux mixtmv. and 40 jier cent wlu-re no treatment was given. Some fungi of cacao trees, C. Spegazzini (Rev. Facult. Auroit. ij Vvt. La I'lata, 2. Her., 2 (V.)or>), No. .'i-U. pp. 303-311, fi(/.s. .7). —Technical descriptions are given of a number of ftmgi reported on cacao trees the presence of which is considered detrimental to the growth of the trees. The species described are Aiitliostdtiiclla IxUiiciisis. ('hipeoHpluvria ? theohromwola n. sp., Calospora f iKihiriiKi.^ n. s]!., Luteinlrca baltieii.sln n. sp.. and UjiHteriopHii^ hra.'iilieiisis u. g. and n. sp. Lecture on rubber diseases, E. E. (Jkkkn and T. Fetch (I'cnKleiiiiia Maii- vahs, mod. No. 1, pp. 32-.'i.j). — Descriptions are given of a number of the more conspicuous insect and fungus pests of rubber. Among the fungi reported are Botryodiploilia cla-slinr. which occurs on the roots of Ilevea rubber, and I'oiiics scniito.'^liis. which is iiuite destructive on the same species of rubber. This fungus o(<\n's on the stiunps of (piite a nundxT of trees, from which it spreads U) the llevea. and it is advised that all such stumps should be removed, as far as possible, prior to planting. A discussion on this subject follows the presen- tation of this iiai>er. A root disease of Hevea brasiliensis, T. Petch (Circs, and Afjr. Jour. Roy. Hot. Gard. Ccj/loii, 3 (lUOG), No. 17, pp. 237-2i,2, pis. 2). — The author reports the occurrence in one district of Ceylon of the root disease of Hevea brasilieii.'iis, which Is caused by the fungus Fomcs semitosttis. This fungus attacks the roots, and frequently associated' with it are white ants, but these are believed to be secondary to the presence of the fungus. There appears to be no prelim- 95U EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iuary indication of the (lisea^se, its presence being noticed only when the trees are nearly dead, when they frequently bi'eak off at or just below the surface of the ground. When the trees are examined the mycelium of the fungus will be found present, and often the sporophores may be observed either on the recently destroyed trees or on stumps that have persisted in the soil. As there does not seem to be any means for detecting the presence of the fungus on young trees before they are dead, all remedial measures must be directed to preventing further losses. It is suggested that the diseased roots and lower portions of the trunks should be dug out and burned and trenches dug aroinid the infected areas to prevent the fmigus spreading laterally. A plant tumor of bacterial origin, E. F. Smith and C. O. Townsend (Science, n. ser., 25 {1901). yo. GJ/S, pp. 611-613). — For about 2 years the authors have been carrying on studies of a tumor or gall which occurs on the cultivated marguerite, or Paris daisy. From diseased material the authors have succeeded in isolating bacteria, carried them through cultures, and by means of inoculation experiments have produced galls on other plants. In some of their experiments 100 per cent of the inoculations gave positive results, while check plants, punctured but not inoculated, healed normally and remained free from galls. In addition to the marguerite the bacteria were found to develop small tumors in a few weeks on the stems of tobacco, tomato, and potato plants and on the roots of the sugar beet. It was also found that galls closely resembling the young stages of crown gall were produced on the roots of peach trees by needle pricks introducing this organism. The prelimi- nary experiments have not been carried sufficiently far to enable the authors to say positively that their organism is the cause of the destructive crown gall of the peach, but the indications seem to point that way. The organism causing these tumors has been designated as Bacterium tinitf^- facicnti n. sp., and a technical characterization of it is given. Ray blight, a new chrysanthemum disease, F. L. Stevens {Ahs. in ,^cie)wc. II. ser., 25 {1901), No. 63'/, p. 291). — In a brief abstract the author reports hav- ing received specimens of chrysanthemums affected by a blight in which the ray flowers of the head were conspicuously attacked. The fungus, whi'^'h belongs to the genus AKCochyta, is api)arently undescribed. It also occurs on the stems. It was rei)eatedly isolated by plate cultures, and inoculation experi nients conducted showed no difficulty in prodwcing typical cases of disease. Copper fungicides, E. Rabate {Jour. Affr. Prat., iu ser., 13 {1901), No. 11. pp. 331-33 'i). — The author discusses the I'elative efficiency of various fungi- cides, the comparative value of liquid and dry forms, and gives formulas for the preparation of many of the fungicides in common use, together with direi'- tions for testing their acidity, after which he discusses the proper quantities to be used, as shown by observations regarding efficiency, cost of material, diffi- culty of application, etc. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Experimental zoology, T. II. Morgan {New York and London: The Mac- viillan Co., 1901, pp. XII+.'i5Jf, pis. 2, figs. 26).— Attention is called to the fact that the vast majority of zoologists have been and still are doing observational and descriptive work. The author believes that in point of development zoology is far behind chemistry and physics. This is believed to be largely due to the small amount of experimental work which has been carried on by zoologists. The advantages of the experimental method as ajiplied to zoology ECONOMIC /OOI.OCY P^NTOMOLOOY. 951 n re set forth with iiiiuhm-oiis ilhisti-.-itioiis of tli(> results olitaiiied, .lud the exi)eri- nieiilal work thus t'.ir (■.ii-ricd on in v.irious lields of /.ooIol'.v is sunuuiirized in such ;i way as to sliow the jiresent staudiu.L,' of this jihnse of zoology and the necessity of further w character. Birds and fruit growers, W. K. P.i:ak (./o»r. JUL Afir. ILoixJoii]. l.i {1901), Ao. i/, />/>. G6')-6in. — The value of leRislatiou in i)rotectiut; heueficial birds is set forth. It is believed that reliable iuforiuatiou should be obtained fi'oni fruit growers regarding those speeies of birds which are beneficial and those which cause most damage to fruit. Mention is made of certain sjieeles which are the chief offenders along this line. Insects; their organization, development, habits, and economic relations, A. Berl^se (GU Im^ctli loro Ornnnizzazlonc, Si-iluppo, Ahitudini e Bapporti CoU'uomo. Milan: S(/(: lUI. Lihraria, 1906, vol. 1, pp. 58.), ph. 6, fii/s. 697). — In this first volume^ of the author's comprehensive work on insects attention is given to a brief history of entomology, the variation in the size of insects, the general plan of their anatomical organizaticm, embryology, general mor- jihology, and a detailed discussion of the various anatomical features of the different s.vstems of tissues. Insects of the garden, A. F. Conradi (Texas Sta. Bui. S9, pp. 52, pfjx. Jf4). — ■ .Numerous reiiuests are received by tlae station for information on garden insects, and the present bulletin is prepared to answer these inquiries. The more imi)ortant garden insects are described, with notes on their life history and i-ecoinniendations regarding methods of treatment. C. E. Sanborn discusses the melon aphis and other related insects, with notes on remedies. For coml)atiug the melon aphis considerable I'eliance may be placed in the use of rape as a trap crop. Other methods are suggested, particularl.v fumigation and the encouragement of the insect enemies of this pest. How insects are distributed, L. Caesar (Catiad. E)it., 39 {1901), No. 3, pp. 85-90). — Attention is called to the unusual opportunities which insects have in modern times for becoming distributed as a result of extensive commercial operations. Fifth annual report of the chief inspector, A. F. Burgess (Ohio Dept. Agr., Div. Xur-scrif and Orchard lusp. Rpt. 1906, pp. 51). — A brief historical state- ment is given of the conception and operation of the present nursery laws of Ohio, wltli mention of the defects and strong points. Statistics are also pre- sented showing the extent of fumigation and other ti'eatmeut applied by the iusiHH-tor during the .vear, together with a list of the more important fruit pests and of the nurserymen of the State. Western slope fruit investigation, 1906. Report of the field entomologist, K. V. Taylor {Colorado Sta. liiil. 119. pp. Id). — During the season of I'.XXi attention was directed chiefly to methods of controlling the codling moth. Little variation was observed in the habit of the moth In the different orchards. It appears that about (50 per cent of the first brood enter the apples at the calyx. 'I'he second application of the insecticide must be niad<> early enough to coat the surface of the small apple before the larva^ attem])t to enter through the side of the fruit. There are but 2 generatiims of the insect, and it is believed that li sin-ayings should be effective against the first brood, rendm-ing the second brood of little importance. The first api»lication of arsenicals was made about the middle of .May. the second about the first of .Tune. If desirai>le, other applications may be given at the first of July, the middle of .Tuly. and the first of .\ugust. Notes are also given on tiie i)each-twig borer, apple aphis, woolly aphis, and 952 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. other insect pests. The buds of apple and pear trees were injured to some extent by Mi/ochroxs .s(jiiaiiiosus. Insects of German East Africa, H. P. Berensberg (Natal Ac/r. Jour, and Miu. Rcc. JO (1907), No. J, pp. 50-55). — A brief account of locusts, cotton insects, and tlie pests of castor-oil beans. Report on the orchards and fruit plantations of Worcestershire, F. V. Theobald (Worcester: Worcestershire Ed. Com., 1906. pp. 30). — Notes are presented on the chief insect and fungus diseases observed in various orchards in different districts of Worcestershire. A list of 43 insects and 10 fungus diseases is given as found in the trips of inspection. Particular attention is devoted to the woolly aphis, green aphis, apple psylla, shot-hole fungus, etc. Insecticide treatment is recommended for apple psylla, woolly aphis, oyster- shell bark-louse, Hiialoptcrus priini. Aphis priiiii, etc. Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Bureau of Entomology, IX. The Mexican conchuela in western Texas in 1905, A. W. Mokriij, (U. aS'. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Ent. Bui. G'l, pt. 1, pp. l~lJf. pi. 1, figs. 2). — Pentatoma liguta was reported as causing much damage to alfalfa, milo maize, cotton, and a number of other crops Some injury was also observed on peaches and grapes. The life history and habits of this insect are discussed, with notes on its natural enemies, both parasitic and predaceous. Where this l)ug occurs in large numbers it is inadvisable to attempt to ripen a crop of alfalfa seed during July and August. The only satisfactory method for combating this pest is by means of hand nets and various forms of jarring apparatus according to the crop attacked. Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Bureau of Entomology, IX. Notes on the economic importance of sowbugs, W. I>. Pierce ( U. »S'. Dept. Afir., Bur. Ent. Bid. (j'l, i)t. 2, pp. 15-22, pi. 1). — Particular attention is given to a discussion of the life history and habits of ArmadilUdimn vulgarc, which, for several years, has been reported as causing injury to various crops in Texas. This species of sowbug attacks cotton, palmetto, cucumbers, hot- house vegetation, and other plants, but will also eat decayed vegetation and the eggs of cattle ticks. It may most conveniently be combated by the use of poisonous baits, especially potato or bread poisoned with arseuicals and placed in locations where the sow- bugs commonly congregate. Buildings may be freed of the pest by the use of carbon bisulphid. An account is also given of the life history and habits of Porccllio lai'vis and Metopoii orthus pruinosus. Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Bureau of Entomology, IX. Notes on " punkies," F. C. Pratt (Ih H. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. But. 64, pt. 3, pp. 23-28, figs. .'/). — Observations were made on Ceratopogon giittipeunis in Virginia. This gnat causes great annoyance to man and animals in localities where it occurs in large numbers. A detailed description is given of the insect in its various stages. The author also discusses other related species of this same genus. A contribution to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera of California, D. MouLTON (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 12, pt. 3, tech. ser., pp. VI+39-68, pis. 6). — In presenting an account of the Thysanoptera of California the author has found it necessary to erect a new genus Orothrips, and the genus Megalo- thrips is first recognized as having representatives in this country. Thrips :ilt;ick a large variety of plants sometimes causing considerable injury. The r.ttack of the pear thrips was the immediate occasion of the investigation reported in this paper. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. . 95H A key is presented for tlie icpt. Aiu:. Bur. Eiit. Jiiil. li.j. pi. ,'). pp. .'i'i~'iS. pi. I, /i gal. of sirup in 25 gal. of water. Treatment for the olive fly, G. Battanchon {Prog. Agr. ct ]'it. {Ed. I'Est), 28 {1907), JSio. 9, pp. 264-266). — Arsenical treatments are admitted to have given good X'esults in the treatment of the olive fly, but the author seems to recognize the prejudice against the use of arsenic on olives, and suggests that the innnediate collection of all infested olives which fall from trees and the disinfection of storehouses where olives are kept might yield satisfactory results. A viviparous fly with larvae sometimes parasitic and sometimes vege- tarian, J. K. d'Herculais {Vompt. Rend. Acad. IScL [Paris], 144 (1907), No. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 955 7, />/>. 3!>()--i!)-i ) .■ — In Alixcri.-i I lie hirvM" of a lly liad alroady liooii <)1)S(m-vi'(1 as a imrasilc on f^rasslioppors and rofcrrod to the siiecics Aiithoiimia catia. The aiitlinr observed another s])eeies of tliis fienus, which is heIiev(Ml to ho A. cili- cnini. as a jiarasito on l^cliistocrrcd (inicricdiid in the Aruenline Kepnhlic. It is believed tliat tiiis species has a wide distrilmtion. The apple and pear mites, I'. J. rAKKorr. II. K, IIodokiss. and W. J. Schoene (\cir Ynrlc Stale Sta. Hii}. ..As'.f, pp. .^Sl~.iis. /*/.v. 10). — In a study of the mites on apple and jiear leaves. ."> s|iecies have been reco.i^nized : Eriophycti niallfolur, /•-'. /'//'•/. /.'. intri niri'ihihi. I'll !/lluci>plcs sell lech tcudulK and Epitrimerux pjirl. r:ri<>plii/rosene emulsicm in the fall or spring. The blister-mite and its allies, F. H. Hai.l et al. (Xcir York Htafc Staratinii and application of lime-sulphur wash, whale-oil soap, kerosene, crude oil. and other insecticides. The lime-sulphur-salt wash, pre- jiared according to the formula IH-la-Ll-oO and boiled for 45 minutes, gave excellent results. A lime-sulphur wash with the same proportion of lime and sulphur also proved very .satisfactory. The San Jose scale and experiments for its control, II. T. Febnalo (Massa- (hiixctt.s Sill, liiil. IK), pp. .Li. ////. I). — ^Brief historical and biological notes are given on this jtest. The author summarizes the results of spraying experiments to coiitrnl the S:in Jose scale frniii 1It02 to date. Sonu> of this material is repro- duced from Bulletin SG of the station ( F. S. I'., 14. p. I0!t5). 34021—07 5 956 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. The San Jose scale is at present found nearly everywhere in Massachusetts and feeds on 125 or more different kinds of plants. Its natural enemies do not keep it in check, and it is. therefore, necessary to cut down worthless, badly infested trees and burn them and to fumigate or spray other infested trees. In spraying the best results are obtained with lime-sulphur wash boiled from 40 minutes to 1 hour. Self-boiling lime-sulphiu' mixtures are less satisfactory. Likewise the K-L mixture has not given success. Proprietary insecticides for the San Jose scale either give poor results or are so expensive as to be out of the question. How to control the San Jose scale and other orchard pests, J. Troop and C. G. Woodbury {liidhtint Kfa. Bill. IIH. pp. .iHo-.'i.iJ. pijx. I'l). — Formulas are presented for the preparation of standard insecticides and fungicides, and a list is given of the more important of the insect diseases affecting the apple, cherry, gooseberry, grape, peach, pear, plum, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry. The present status of the San Jose scale in Indiana is outlined and the insect is described. Lime-sulphur wash is recommended as the best treatment for this pest. How nurserymen may guard against San Jose scale, F. Sherman, Jr. (A'. C. Crop Pent Vow. Circ. 11. pp. 11). — Brief directions are given for the care of buds and cuttings, the spraying of nursery stock, and other lines of work to be taken up by nurserymen who wish to maintain i)remises free from San Jose scale. The cottony maple scale in Illinois, S. A. Forbes {Illinois Sta. Bill. 112. pp. 343-360. pis. 3, figs. 8). — The cottony maple scale is seldom injurious to maple trees in natural forests, but causes great damage to trees planted along streets and roadsides for shade purposes. In Chicago it has been injurious continu- ously since 1886. It is particularly harmful to soft maple, but attacks also linden, box elder, elm, and a considerable variety of other trees. The life his- tory and habits of this pest are discussed in some detail. A brief summary is given of insecticide work thus far carried (in by the author and others in its control. Kerosene emulsion was applied at a strength of 10 per cent in 1 experiment, and whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to (5 gal. of water was applied on a single tree. The insecticides were applied in July, and a comparison of the results showed that 33 i)er cent of the scales were killed by an application of kerosene emulsion at the beginning of the hatching period and 82 per cent by 2 applications at the middle and end of that period. Whale-oil soap was somewhat less effective. The author concludes that for summer spraying a 10 jx-r cent kerosene emul- sion applied at the middle and end of the hatching period will give satisfactory results. The cost of this treatment for average trees is about 32 cts. each. In experiments carried on in Chicago the average cost for both materials and labor was 43 cts. per tree. An application of a 19 or 20 per cent kerosene emulsion during the dormant season caused considerable injury to trees, some of which looked sickly in the spring and others died. The percentage of scales killed I)y the winter treatment ranged from 80 to 01. The strawberry weevil in the South-Central States in 1905, A. W. ^lou- RiLL (f. S. Dcpt. \(ir.. liiir. Knt. liiil. 113. pf. I!, pp. .T7-6',M. — Since tlie straw- berry weevil belongs to the same geinis with the cotton-holl weevil it was thought desirable to ascertain whether there were any native parasi^:es of the strawberry weevil in the cotton belt which might attack also the cotton-boll weevil. The study of the subjet-t. as thus far conducted, has been confined largely to a determination of the prevalence and distribution of the strawberry ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 957 weevil in the Sdiiliiern SIntcs, |i,irt iculai'l\- in Texiis, Liiuisi;iii;i. niid Arkiiiisjis. ill iiiiiiiy Idealities llie si raw iierry weevils were fdUiid tn lie coiiiiiaratively rare, which is taken as indii-at in.u' jia rasit ism. The poplar and willow borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi), ^V. J. Si iioenk iXcir York State Sta. Jiiil. .iS6. mi. S.i-lli'/ pis. ll). — The iiiipdrted piijjlar ami willow boror lias I)een known in the I iiitt'd States since 1.SS2 and recently has been rejioftod ffom Massachnsetts to North Dakota. It attacks nearly all species of poplar, willows, ;ind alders, and is a serious pest not oidy to shade trees hut to the w illow basket business. The ins(>ct is on(>-brooded and the adult beetles begin to a|ppear aimut tlie middle of July. In controlliui,' this jiesl it is advisable to a\did making new iilantations of piipl.ir and w illow ne;ir old ones. I'.adly infested trees or |)arts of trees should lie cut and burned in .Inne before the adult beetles appear. The same treat- ment should be iii\-en to all infested branches and trees broken by the wind. In nurst'fies it is belie\'ed that considerabU' benefit will follow the aiii)licatioii of liordeaux ini.xture containins; an arsenical ])oison durini; the month of July, rreliiniiijiry exiu'rimeiits indicate that tlH> beetles which feed upon ](l.ints treated in this way are killed within .'} or 4 days. An enemy of ijoplars and willows, F. II. IIam, iXcir York State Sta. Bui. .^xa. iKipiihir e.'>. pj). 'i!)-89). — This bulletin contains jn-acticil dinM-tions for farmers, gardeners, and fruit growers for the preparation and aiiplic-ition of the standard fungicides and inseeticide.s. Notes are also given on si)ray pumps and their use. and a list is presented of the common field, garden, and fruit crops with the disc^ases and insect pests to which they are most subject and the remedies to be aitplied. The breeding of bees, E. F. Phillips (Amer. lirreder.^' l.s-.s'oc. I'roe.. 2 (I!i'i6). jip. i;ii-i;.',). — In recent years a considerable variety of bees have been introduced into this cmintry. so that at ]iresenf we have (ierni.in, Italian, Cy|ii-ian. Carniolinn. Holy L.-ind. Tuiiisi.in. Il.inat. Caucasian, and Dalmatian races of bees. This gives opiiortunity to test the value of a munber of hybrids. and some work along this line has already been done, .\tteiition h.as been given in bee breeding to increasing the length of the tongue, to the ca]):icity for honey collection, and to other iioints. including efforts to i)roduce non-swarming bees, and to obtain more gentle races. The indiscriminat(> mixture of races does not give satisfactory results, but occasionally the tirst cross is betti-r than either parent. It is reconunended that bee raisers should |iroduce their own • lUeens. Sericultural experiments at Shillong, ]',. C. F.ASf i.\i/r. .lour. India. 2 (HXil). \ii. I. pp. >2~.32). — European one-brooded silkworms were introduced into India to test their adaptability to the climate. At Shillong the winter tern- 958 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOED, perature ranged froui 'AS to (i()° F., but fell below 50° at some time during each day. If the teniperatnre remains above 50° F. for 2 weeks or more during win- ter, the European silkworm is likely to begin development. This can not be checked, and the moths may. therefore, appear too early in the spring. Nothing of this sort happened at Shillong. and the race appears to be well adapted to that climate. In a test of large and small leaf mulberries the size and weight of the cocoons were less when the large leaf variety was used for food. The coloring matter of the silk of Saturnia yama-mai, C. (Jautier {C(»iiitt.. Kciul. ,Sue. Biol, ll'aris], 62 {1907), No. 6', ijp. 23.'f-236).—A study of the silk of this species shows that it is green and that under the nucroscope, after samples have been mounted in glycerin jelly, amorphous bodies .are found which are not comparable to the crystals sometimes observed in large numbers in the normal cocoon. FOODS— HUMAN. NUTRITION. The dynamics of living matter, ,1. Loeb (\nr Yorl,-: The Miiriiiilhni Co., I'JIK). 1)1). XII -\- 2-i.i. pijs. ti'i). — This work constitutes volume ^TII of the Colum- bia University Biological Series and sinnmarizes and treats of the author's extensive investigations in experimental biology. The lectures include discus- sions of the general chemistry of life phenomena, the general physical constitu- tion of living matter, some physical manifestations of life, the role of electrolytes in the formation and preservation of living matter, the effects of heat and radiant energy ui)nn living matter, heliotropism, facts concerning tropisms and related phenomena, fertilization, heredity, and the dynamics of regenerative l>rocesses. Personal hygiene, AI. Le Bosquet (Cliiau/o: Aiiici'icdii ScJiool of Home Ecoito))iic><, I'.xn. j)i>. \'I fl -\- 2S2, /ff/.s. 3'i). — The structure of the body, bones, muscles, nervous system, etc., the running of the body machine, the digestion of food, respiration, luitrition, tempei'ature reguration, the care of the body machine, the hygiene of the nervoiis system, and of feeding, the care of the teeth, and related (luestions are taken up in this handbook of hygiene, which is designed ])riniarily as a text-book for instruction by correspondence. The volume as a whole constitutes a useful summary of data on this vei"y important subject. Food and hygiene, W. Tibbles (Loii. i;. lip. 'ill -mil. pis. .;. (Ifis. 7).— 'I'lic .lullinrs li.ivc ill Iciiiiilcd Id establish a scicnl ili<- i-alioii Tor tlic aiiilicial t'cfdiii^ of iiifaiifs iK'twccii liirtli and '1 years of af;e. Tliey have taken as a basis for their calculation a laru'e amount of exi)efimontal and empirical data, which tlicy suniniarize re^iardiTi.:,' liie avera.^e wei.i^ht (if new-horn infants, tlie ,i,'ain in weiillit ihu'ing different periods, the nature of tlie Kiii" iu terms of the comi)osi- tion of the body, tlie amount ;ind cii;iraeter of material ingested iind egested by infants breast fed and nourislied on cow's udlJc diluted with water .and sweetened witli niill< su^.-ir. tlie amount of enei'.^y eliminated liy infants jier ]il7 : uh.'<. hi Zeiithl. I'fiy.sio].. 20 {190t!). Xo. 11. p. .')lJi). — A comparison of vegetarian and meat diets from the standpoint of energy value and also with respect to their influence upon the nervous system, circulation of the blood, muscular work, renal activity, etc. Studies of the composition of flesh upon different diets, M. Mi'iller {Arch. I'lnisii,]. \l'tli'i!i(r\. in; {liiiil). \o. .?-'/. pp. .>01-.^2S).—Thv experiments which were made witli dogs, in the author's opinion, showed that there is a specific nitrogenous sul)stance characteristic of fattened animals which differs from muscle protein in that it shows a uarrowcn- r.-itio of nitrogen to carbon. Fresh flesh of animals in good condition for slaughter when freed from visible f.at is rel;iti\ely rich in carbohxdr.ites and shows a low water content, while its nitrogen content is little incnased. The abund.-ince of carbon is due to ,1 deposit of fat in the cells, since the flesh freed from fat shows a carbon content less than normal. Well fattened flesh owes its (piality very largely to the i)res. .i-'i, pp. 36^-373).— The experimental data led the author to conclude that jierhaps carnitin is a homo- logue of beta in, and a graphic formula is suggci^t'd. One hundred and one Mexican dishes, May E. Houth worth {Isew York and Sail Franaisro: J'aiil Elder d- Co.. JDOC. pp. I]'-\-S(;). — Kecii)es are given for the ]trepar:ition of a number of ^Mexican foods, inc'luding soups, fish, meat, vege- tables, desserts, and a mnnber of special dishes. German cookery for the American home, I{)i.la Oswald (Neiv York: Baker d- Tuiilor Co.. 1ii ;iii iiverajjc, r>AS iK>r cent total acetic acid, 2.-i(> per cent total solids. 0.24 per (ciit total ash, 0.14 i»er cent ash solnlde in water, ().()!) per cent insoluble ash. 1..'!'.) jier cent reducint; suj;ars ( maltose i before inversion, 1.02 per cent reducini; siii,';ns after invei'sion, and o.;'.7 iier cent protein. The polarization iimiibcr is "J.-ls, the percent a. ire of l'..<)„ in tot.-il solids, 2.29, and the ratio of soUiltic to insoluble l',().-. l:. iJ). — The exaniinnlidu of ;i large number of samples of salt collected in tlie Canadian provinces sho\\-ed that 11ie.\' contained from *.)■', to !».S per cent sodium ciiliirid. Six of the samples (examined contained foreign substances sohii)le in water, ajiparentl.v added to pi'eveiit llie salt from caking. Under the ("anadian law this addition, in tlie author's oiiinion, does not constitute adulteration. "Nevertheless it would seem to be necessar.v that these brands should each, on selling, be labelled as a nnxture." Concerning soui' milk, J. Iv. Taiuhanow ( .S7. Petershurg, I'JOH; ahn. in Chciii. Ztfj., 30 (IDOO). \'). HI, h'ciwrt. Xn. :,i). p. J,SO).—X discussion of Aletschnikow's theories regarding tlic tlicrapcutic and hygienic value of sour milk and other foods containing lactic acid. A method of preitaring sour milk in the household b.y the aid of lacto-bacilli is described by the author. In his ojnnion such an article is an important addition to the diet. Condensed vegetable milk, T. Katayama (BuL Vol. Ai/r., 7Vy/,//o Imp. Univ., 7 (1906), PI), ll.i-ll.'); ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londonl. '.)() (1906), No. .')30. II, p. 8H9). — The condensed milk referred to is prei)ared liy c(nicentrating soy- bean nulk in a vacuum after the addition of 150 gui. of sucrose and 1 gm. per liter of dipotassium phosphate. The product, according to the author, has con- siderable food value and can be used in j)reparing varicjs dishes. The presence of vegetable milk in ordinary conde)i.-:ed milk can be detected by the addition of sodium carbonate, which produce-; a yellow coloration, or by- adding 2 volumes of water, a few drops of dilute salphuric acid, and distilling when the characteristic odor of raw soy lieans is noticeable. Vegetable cheese from the proteid of the soy bean, T. Katayama (Bui. Col. Aiir.. 7'o/,//o /////*. I nil-.. 7 {1906). pp. 117-119: o/y-s*. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [Lon- don], 90 (1906). Xo. oSO, II, p. />. (hil-6.i3). — The investigations briefly reported are noted above. A respiration calorimeter, Letulee and Mi.i.e. I'ompilian [Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ei. [Paris], l.',3 {1906). No. 23. pp. 932. 933. dijm. J).— A respiration calorimeter of special construction is briefly described. It consists essentially of a chamber of glass and iron surrounded by 2 outer wooden walls. By means of the air spaces between these walls the temperature of the inside and outside of the respiration chamber is kept the same. The heat produced in the respira- tion chamber is taken up by a current of water passing through the calorimeter. It is stated that the regulation of the temperature of the calorimeter and the surrounding air spaces is automatic and that any tenqierature between 12 and 24° C. may be maintained in the chamV)er. According to results of electrical calibration tests the calorimeter will measure heat with an accuracy of 90.") ]ier cent. As a respiration apparatus, the instrument described is of the closed-circuit type, the ventilating air current being maintained by means of a pump. Devices are provided for absorbing the water and carb(m dioxid of the respired air and for replacing the oxygen withdrawn from the air. The published description does not give details of the method of c(mstructi()U nor of the operation of the respiration calorimeter. The respiration apparatus in the new physiological institute at Helsing- fors, R. TiGERSTEDT {Skaiid. Arrh. Pln/siol. JS {1906). No. 3-',. pp. 298-30.')). — The respiration apparatus which has been recently constructed at Helsingfors is similar to the instrument at the Carolien Medical-Surgical Institute at Stock- holm previously described (E. S. R., 8, p. 242). As shown by control experi- ments in which candles were burned in the respiration chamber, the instru- ment is sufficiently accurate for experimental purposes. The experimenters recognize that the experimental periods should not be of too short duration. Concerning gastric juice secretion, B. L()NNqvist {Skand. Arch. PhysioT., 18 {1906). No. 3->i. pp. 19.'i-262. df/nis. 3). — The numerous experiments reported were made with a dog which had been operated upon by the Pawlow method to produce a so-called small stomach. ■FOODS- — HITMAN NUTRITION. 963 The secrotion of .mistric juii'c. llic author concliKlos. is l)r()nslit jiliuut liy lisycliic stiniulatinii as well as by tlic adioii (Hi tho imicoiis iiicinhraiic of tlic stomach and intcstint" of a miiiihcr of chciuical siihstaiKvs. In j,'cncfal, fat hindered the sccivtion of j^astric Juico. Water, aleuliol, dijj;<'stiou products of protein, and meat extract caused an abundant secretion. Hydrochloric acid, having a strength of 0.1 to O.'i per cent and normal gastric juice l)u1ii affected the secretion very little. On the other lian per cent solu- tions of lactic acid and butyric acid produced an al)uudaut secretion, and couiiuon salt and bicarbonate of soda caused secretions dependent upon the concentration of the solution used. Saliva and gall stimulated secretion in .about the same degree as wiiter. (iall, however, i)recipitated pepsin and so stopped digestion. Xatur.al digestion, it was found, takes place more rapidly and completely than artitici.-il digestion, jiiirtly because the freshly secreted gastric juice comes into more iutimati' contact with the i)r<)teid material owing to stomach movements than is the case in vitro, and partly because the products of digestifm are removed from the stcmiach so(m after they are formed. otiiei- . Path. Inst. Berlin, J9()(l, p. ')l)l : uhti. in Ccntbl. Med. IV'/.s-.s'., 1907, \o. J, p. ■7). — The experiments rejjorted were made with a dog having a so-called I'awlow small stomach. The chlorin content of the food was found to have a marked effect upon the stomach secretion dei)endent in considerable measure upon the character of the material fed. In general, it may be said that the normal stomach nmcous mem- i'rane endeavors to keep the concentration of the gastric juice constrained within narrow limits and to so regulate the hydrochloric-acid content that it shall not become too high nor too low. On the effect of bile upon the hydrolysis of esters by pancreatic jUice, A. S. LoEVENHAKT and ('. (i. SouDER {.lour. Jiidl. Clion., 2 (19li7), Vo. '>. pp. 'il.')- -'i2-')). — Among the conclusions which were drawn from the artificial digestion experiments made with ox gall were the following : "Bile salts, lecithin, and bile greatly accelerate the action of pancreatic juice on all of the esters studied, including olive oil. " The optimum concentration for the bile salts when the lower esters are used is about O.I per cent, while for olive oil the optimum is from 2 to 4 per cent. In the latter concentration tlie bile salts greatly inhibit the action on triacetin, and the acceleration of the hydrolysis of eth.vl butyrate is much less than when they are employed in greater dilution. "Different si)ecimens of juice and ditferent exiieriment.-il conditions altered greatly the degree of acceleration observed and the relative activity of the bile salts and lecithin. "We advance no theory to account for the acceleration noted with these sub- stances. While we lielieve that their action depends to a certain extent on their solvent .action, it seems that in ad {UXll). No. '>.^S. pp. 7.J-.S3). — It was found in experiments witli snmll anini.-ils (cats) that tlie removal of three- fourtlis or more nf the Iddney weiti;ht was followed by a loss of appetite, wastinj;, and deatli within a few days or weeks. An increase output of nitro- gen was not a constant occurrence and took iilace onl.v when the animals had lost 22 per cent or more of their initial hod.v weight. " We conclude, therefore, that the kidneys have no direct iuHuence upon nitrogenous metabolism, and that the increased output of nitrogen is simply the result of inanition, and is of the same nature as that observed in starving animals. "We find that, after removal of a i)ortion of one kidne.v. and also after sub- sequent removal of the opposite kidne.v, . . . [the animals ex]>erimented upon] are still able to pass a concentrated urine, and that the amount of the urine is not necessarily increased be.vond the normal." Concerning endogenous purin metabolisna in man, V. O. Siven (.4 grams on an average in the 10-day test reported, vi'hich was 2n jier cent lower than in the case of a man. The exci'etion of amino acids in urine was not increased nor could free glycocol be identified. Alanin is less thoroughly assimilated in fasting than under normal conditions. On the other hand, glycocol and leucin are well assimilated. A retention of nitrogen may be induced during fasting if amino acids (leucin and alanin) are fed, even without the addition of carbohydrates. On the other hand, glycocol is almost quantitatively converted into urea. Acid formation in fasting, M. Bonniger and L. AIohr {Ztschr. Expt. Path, u. Thcr.. 3 {1906), No. 3, pp. 675-687).— The experimental data which were obtained with a fasting man led the authors to conclude that in all probability ANT MAT, PRODUCTION. 905 oxyliiityric ;ici(l is not formed in tlic body froin Icucin. or tliat at any rate if il be firanted that theoretically leucin may yield isovaleric acid and tlie latter /3-oxyhutyric acid, such a process does not take i)lMce (inantitatively in Hie body. r.y far the larjier part of the acetone liodies excr(>led in the lU'ine are derived from fat or fatty acids. Third treatise on the effects of borax and boric acid on the human system, O. I-iKHRKini ( I.itntJoii: ./. d- A. ChurchUK JDOd. pii. V 1 1 1 + 1(1. (Jfpnx. ,?7). — In this article, which is a translation from the (Jerman. tiie anthor liives a critical review nf the experiments on tlie effects of horax made nnder the ;iusiiices of tills Department < ll. S. It.. H'l. |i. <;nI| and disa.t,'rees willi Hie jjeneral <-oiiclnsions wliich were readied. l-LarTu'r worlv h.is Iteeii pi'e\iously reported ( K. S. K.. 1 1. i>. '.»f.l'). The occurrence and identification of soluble proteid in the feces of adults, II. Scm.(')ssM.\N.\ [Zlxchr. J\liii. MnL. lUI iV.IOI]), />/>. .il.i-iit.'i: (ihs. in Zcnthl. Gesani. Phiisi,,!. n. I'alli. Staff irrcli.scl.s. ii. scr.. 1 (1906), No. 23, p. 723). — Aecordinj; to tlie .autlior. tlie proteids i>recii)itated from feces extract by acetic acid consist veiy lart^ely of a complicated mixture of nucleo-proteids. with nniciu under some circumstances. When large amounts of nucleiu are talcen in the food the feces of healthy adults do not contain an increased amount of nucleo-proteids. lait with children such an increase is noted. The author's investigations also include the pathology of the subject. The phosphorus content of feces fat, J. H. Long and W. A. Johnson (Jour. Ajiicr. CJiciii. Sac. .^S (]!)0()). \(i. 10. pp. 1 'i99-l'}03) . — Continuing earlier work (E. v*^. R.. IS, ]). ry2~)) the i)hosi)horus content of feces fat was studied. The fat content of S samples ranged from ,S.<) per cent to 19.45 per cent on the dry- matter basis, and the I'.Os content of the fat from 0.2 per cent to I^.ftt! per cent. " Extreme variations are shown in the percentage amounts of phosphoric acid recovered from the f;it. As found before, these amounts are not increased by prolonged extraction." As regards the source of the fats containing phosphorus the authors note that they may either represent unchanged substances from animal and vegetable foods or may represent products of metabolism within the body. The possi- bility of intestinal bacteria as a source of feces fat is also spoken of. The authors state that the investigations will be continued. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Investigation of concentrated commercial feed stuffs as sold in Iowa, L. (I. MiciiAKi, (fnird Sill, liitl. si;, pp. :,j).—.\. large number of commercial feeding stuffs collected in Iowa were analyze(!. including blood meal, tankage, and sinnlar products, cotton-seed meal. linseed meal, wheat shorts or standard middlings, ijuiir middlings, mixed wlieat feed, low grade or red dog flour, hominy U"'i\. cern .and oat cliop, rnrn-aiid-<(ili meal, corn meal, mixed alfalfa feeds, oat sliorts. oat l»ran, oat Hour, oat middlings, germ oil meal, pressed cracklings, germ meal, and gluten feed. The samples of blood meal received during the year, the author states, ran below the percentage of protein guaranteed by the manufacturers, and the same was true of tankage. " Meat meal, also guaranteed to contain s. It is yet to i)e i)roved tliut ;iny stock food or tonic will do this. The feedinj; of domestic animals is and always will be a matter of applied connnon sense and iiit(>llifrence. Hut such a stock food would have the merit of bein^ extremely inexi>ensivo, besides having as much merit in other ways as any of its class." From a summary of exju'riments on the effects of cnndiniental stock foods on digestibility and ridated topics, it is (>vident, according to the authors, "that condimental stock foods and tonics, instead of producing the prodigious results claimed for them, have really little or no beneficial effects and may greatly in- crease the cost of beef, pork, and nnik production." The examination of cattle and poultry foods, .1. P>. Lindsey (Mnssachu- setts /S7a. Bill. 112, p/). ')S). — Fnder the provisions of the State feeding-stuff law analyses were made of a large lunnber of samples of cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feed, dried distillers' grains, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, wheat middlings, wheat mixed feed, wheat feeds with adnnxtures, wheat bran, dairy feeds, molasses feeds, rye feeds, calf meal, corn meal, hominy meal, corn and oat feed, fortified starchy feeds, oat feed, miscellaneous starchy feeds, meat scraps, meat and bone meal, bone meal, granulated milk, poultry mash and meal, chick and scratching grains, and alfalfa and clover meals. Some of the author's deductions follow : Most of the high-grade and medium cotton-seed meals were found to meet their protein guarantees and were of good color and taste. The new-process linseed meal contained rather less protein than was found in the two preceding years, though the price per ton was higher. The majority of the old process meals were of first grade. Four of the 19 samples were second (piality. although the price asked for these was 29 cts. a ton in excess of that for first quality goods. The author notes that many mills and large jobbers are placing a guarantee of comijosition upon their mill by-products. The importance of not runinng screenings, ground or unground, into these feeds is insisted upon. "It is believed that the addition of light oats, hulls, weed seeds, and the like will in the end work fully as nnich harm to the manufacturers as to the consumers." The feeds classed as wheat feeds with admixtures were found to consist principally of bi'an and ground corn cobs in the proportion of about .'> :1. " Our observations lead us to infer that these goods are frequently offered untagged, or sold for straight bran, the tags having been removed before delivery. We can not caution buyers too strongly to be on their guard against such decei)tion." As regards mixed dairy feeds, the author believes that while many of the proprietary mixtures found on sale should prove satisfactory as complete grain rations for dairy stock the dairyman can himself i)repare as good or better rations for less money, and fornndas for such mixed rations are given. " The better grades of molasses feeds test rather higher in protein than formerly, are readily eaten, and can be safely fed as the entire grain ration if desired. At prevailing prices they do not furnish digestible matter as cheaply JiS it can be obtained from home-mixed rations, and as sources of digestible protein they are decidedly expensive. The writer can not from a standpoint of economy advocate these mixtinvs in ])lace of those th;\t can be made by the ordinary d.-iiryman from cotton-seed meal, gluten U'{'i\. distillers' and l>rewers' dried grains, malt si)routs, flour middlings, corn and bonnny me.-ils." Concerning the comparative v.-ilue of red and wliitc wheat for poultry feed, 968 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. the author states that one sort is as good as another, providing they are equally well developed. Alfalfa meal, he points out, is much sui)erior to clover meal as a source of protein, and the tops of both plants are the best portion for poultry feeding. " Poultry men should grow their own clover, cutting and cur- ing it when in the bud." To facilitate the mixing of i-ations a table is given which shows the weight of a quart and the measure of a pound of a number of the more common proteid and starchy feeds. The feed control in 1905-6, J. W. Carson and G. S. Fraps (Texas Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 7'/). — The text of the State feeding-stuff law is given and the results of examination of 1,620 samples are reported. These include corn chops, Kafir corn, corn, bran, corn-and-cob meal, wheat bran, wheat shorts, wheat chops, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed cake, cotton-seed scrum, cotton-seed feed (cold processed cotton-seed meal and hulls), mixed feeds, rice bran, rice polish, rice hulls, chicken feed (cracked rice), milo maize, ground oats, alfalfa meal, mixed poultry feed, blood meal, meat meal and similar goods, bone for poultry, and tankage. A number of samples were found lower than guaranteed, but in gen- eral the feeding stuffs on the market were satisfactory. " There have, of course, been cases in which inferior or adulterated feeding stuffs were sold, but for the most part the feeding stuffs have been of excellent (luality." Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills and C. II. Jones {Vermont l^ta. Bui. 12Jf, pp. 8). — The following materials, cotton-seed meal and feed, linseed meal, gluten meal and feed, distillers' dried grains, molasses feed, hominy feed, oat feed, corn and oat feed, mixed feed and ground corn cubs, calf meal, meat and bone meal and poultry feed, were collected during the spring of 1906 and exam- ined under the provisions of the State feeding-stuff law. Most of the materials entirely or very nearly met their guarantees. As regards cotton-seed feeds, the authors call attention to the fact that their guaranteed protein content is practically one-half and their retail price five- sixths that of cotton-seed meal. With the excepti(m of 2 of the lower grade samples, all of the distillers' dried grains offered for sale were below the guarantee, as were also 4 of the 7 samples of molasses feeds. " These goods are relatively new on the Vermont feed markets, and are — speaking broadl.v — admixtures of waste molasses and sugars with sundry grain products and offals, or with beet pulp." With the exception of 1 brand, the 4 alfalfa feeds were equal to their guarantees. " These are also somewhat new in eastern markets. Cut or ground alfalfa hay — the whole plant in some cases, the more tender portions in others — form the basis, to which are sometimes added more or less of the approved forms of concentrates. The straight ground hay needs no guaranty." " It should be clearly understood that guaranty maintenance, though desir- able, is not the sole criterion by which a feed should be gaged. Many brands habitually contain less protein than their manufacturers claim for them, yet, notwithstanding, at ruling prices are far more economical and desirable pur- chases than are some feeds which regularly meet the low standards their mak- ers set for them." Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills and C. H. Jones (Vermont Sta. Bui. 125, pp. 11-16). — In carrying out the State feed-inspection work, examinations were made of a number of samples of cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feeds, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, molasses feeds, alfalfa feeds, hominy feed, oat feeds, corn and oat feeds, wheat offals, and provenders, col- lected in November, 11)06. With the exception of the cotton-seed mc^al and the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 969 distillers' dried ;.'i';iiiis llic iiiMlcrinls cxniniiicd met or vci'v nearly met their guarantees. " It should Mdt. of rourse. i)e inferred, because the present low grade of cotton- seed meal is dei)lored and the continued shortage of distillers' dried grains is lamented, lli.it consumers should turn the cold shoulder on these goods. Not- withstanding their failures to meet guarantees, they are far better purchases than are most if not all of the lower graded goods whose promised protein con- tents are m;iintained." Licensed coniniercial feeding stuffs, 1906, F. W. Woi.l and (i. A. Olson [WiNcoiixiii Stu. Jiiil. J'i.i, PI). ,>.'/). — Under the |)rovisions of the Stale feeding- stuff law analyses were made of 24S samples of licensed and unlicensed feeds, inrluding cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feeds, corn feeds and similar goods, mixed corn and oat feeds, commercial and proprietary dairy and horse feeds, malt sprouts, blood meal, meat meal and similar goods, mixed poultry feeds, molasses feeds, rye sprouts, wheat br.'in. wheat middlings, molasses beet imlp. o.-its, ground oats, clipjied oats, corn meal, damaged wheat, wheat screen- ings, barley screenings, l)arle.v feed, barley hulls, wet brewers' grains, and liuckwheat bran. According to the authors, considerable improvement has taken place in recent years in the character of the concentrated feeds sold in Wisconsin. The number of deficiencies in guaranteed composition of licensed feeds was smaller this year, and fewer mixed feeds of inferior grade were offered for sale than in the past. •* Farmers and dealers can. therefore, feel that the feed market in our State is in a better condition in regard to the quality of the feed offered for sale, and reputable dealers have less to fear from dishonest competition than ever before. " Several unsuccessful attempts were made to sell goods of inferior grade during the .vear. So far as we have been able to ascertain, no serious adultera- tions of feeding stuffs have, however, been practiced during the year in this State. The admixture of undesirable materials, like screenings to fiour-mill feeds, barley hulls to malt sprouts, or manufacture of refuse-feeds from i)oorly- cleaned seed, as in the case of flour or oil mills, have been met with, but no dangerous adulterations have been found as, for instance, with rice hulls, which were found in last year's inspections." Stock food [corn silage for horses! {^atal Afir. .lour, tuid Miii. Rcc. D (lOOli), Xo. 12. pp. 1123-1128). — The valiie of different forage crops for winter feeding is spoken of. The statement is made that corn silage has l)een satisfactorily used at the Mooi River Remount Depijt as feed for horses. The daily rati(m of horses running in paddocks consisted of 4 lbs. of chopped coi'n silage, '1 lbs. of alfalfa or forage, a few jiounds cf crushed corn, and an ounce of salt. " From the first they liked the ensilage and did remarkably well (m it. Many horses not doing well before showed imprsn-ement. The dropi)ings were of a particularly healthy nature. The stabled horses also had a few pounds mixed with other food — even those working — at their midday feed, and did well on it." The calculated and determined nutrients of rations, J. A. Mummel {Mimie- sota St. of dry matter and less than ^ lb. per day of protein. " In the case of the individual steers the digestibility of the protein i-anged from 59.82 to ()(>.()4 per cent and the carbohydrates from 7<;.()8 to 82.08 per cent. It is to be noted that in a mixed ration, such as u.sed in this investigation, only about two-thirds of the dry matter ... a little less than two-thirds of the pro- tein, and about three-(iuarters of the fat and carbohydrates of the food consumed were digested and utilized by the body. These results show that under the con- dition of the- experiment in which a mixed ration was used from one-third to one-fourth of the nutrients were voided as indigestible matter in the feces." In the author's opinion the results of the experiments emphasize the desira- bility of using coarse fodder which supplies a maximum amount of protein. The energy value of the urine was determined to secure data for calculating the available energy of the ration. The nitrogen in the urine and the balance of income and outgo of this constituent were also determined. " In this investigation an avei'age of <>i.92 per cent of the total energy of the ration measured in calories or heat units was available to the l)ody. In the daily ration the food sup])lies 47,87.5 calories and 3O.(!O0 calories were available to the body. While this is apparently a large loss, it is a more economical use of the fuel value than a steam engine where only about 15 per cent of the energy is available." ANIM.VL I'HODUCTION. 971 Composition and digestibility of enanaer, J. A. IIummei, (Minnesota St a. Bill. !>!>, pp. J.l.i-l.iS). — Tlx' digestibility of whole and firoiind eniincr fed with iilfalfa hay and of alfalfa hay alone was determined in experiments with sheep. The average results follow: Average dii/c.stihililij of (inincr (nut alfalfn haij — JJ.rprriincntfi icith tihcvi). Kind of feed. Dry matter. Protein. Fat. Nitrogen- free extract. Crude fiber. Ash. WIidIi' emiiier luut nlfiilfa hav Per cf. 78.97 81.33 ■ 54.83 93. 99 Per el. 80.62 82. 62 68.81 86.73 Per ct. 66.46 77.55 15. 76 92. 38 Per H. 91.41 88.74 Per ct. 60.86 70 4Q Per ct. 37.02 61.36 24 41 Alfiilfii hiiv 69 05 41 31 Emmcr alone (calculated) 96.56 83.60 53.23 As shown by the results, a ration of emmer and alfalfa Iiay when fed to sheep has a high di,irestil)ility, especially as regai'ds protein and nitrogen-free extract. "There was a much more complete digestion (if the ration of hay and grahi thau of the ration of hay alone." The results also show a high digesti- bility for emmer. " In localities where emmer can be grown successfully it will be found a valuable addition to the ration of growing or fattening cattle." lu connection with the digestion experiments the urine was collected and analyzed in order that the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen might be determined. The heat-producing value of the crude fat of fodders and grains, H. Sny- der {Minnesota Sta. Jiiil. !>'.). pp. ISU, I'/O). — In di^'cussions of energy value ether extract is assumed to yield !».."> calories per gram, which is the average value obtained when fat is burned in a bomb calorimeter. To ascertain whether this factor is accurate the heat of combustion of the ether extract of several kinds of coarse fodder was determined, the results being as follows: Corn fodder 8.047, corn silage 7..")4."», clover hay S.Oot!, and timothy hay' 8.220 calories per gram. "When the fats of wheat and barley were extracted and burned in the calo- rimeter they yielded 9.:34 and O.iM calories, respectively, indicating that with these cereals the ether extract has practically the same caloric value as pure fat." It is evident that the figures for coarse fodder are from 11 to 20 per cent lower than the theoretical value and this difference is attributed to the pres- ence of nonfatty material, such as chlorophyll, in the ether extract. To secure additional data regarding the proportion of such nonfatty bodies present deter- minations were made of the nitrogen content of ether extract and the following l)ercentages were obtained: Clover hay 0.174, timothy hay 0.153, corn 0.002, oats 0.068, barley 0.047, and wheat 0.04."> per cent. "The nitrogenous matter in the ether extract from the grains was found to be much less than in that from the coarse fodders, as clover and timothy. In the case of wheat and barley, if all of the nitrogiMi of the ether extract is con- sidered present as lecithin, there would be less than 8 per cent of this material. "The heat of combustion of the ether extract of grains indicates that in the calculation of rations it may be regarded as having the same energy value as fat : in coarse foddei-s. however, the ether extract has an energy value of 11 to 20 |ier cent Ie-r used is briefiy described and the methods of operating it are outlined. Among the factors affecting accuracy of results which were investigated were the quality of the oxygen, the formation of nitric acid in the bomb during combustion, the oxidation of combined nitrogen to nitric acid, and incomplete combustion. The experimental and analytical data reported led to the following con- clusions: "There are many jiossibilities for error in the work with the bomb calorinieter. Undoubtedly many investigators in the past have worked with impure oxygen and never questioned its purity. In the light of our present experience it is questionable whether Stohmanu himself, by the use of a heated copper tube, could have I'emoved the last traces of combustible gases from his oxygen. The disappearance of nitric acid formed and its relation to the ash has not been taken into consideration, and It is only within a couple of ANiMAi, iMionrc rioN. 978 years tlial tlic tlici-inniiictcr la.u' has conic In be applied in tiie calcnial ions of tlie results. '• 'riiese oN'erlooUed or at times unknown dilliculties . . . may he tlu^ cause cf some of the d isaixreements of results as experienced hy dilferent invest iira tors." The aulhoi- helicves that "•much work is yet needed in the (lifl"er(>nt lines indicated helofe the method lor detefminations of heat of coml)Ustion l»y means of the honih caloriniotef can he called iieii'ect." Animal breeding in Europe, W. .(. Ki;.\.M:nv iAiiicr. Uncdirs' Assoc, /'roc. J [I'Jili)). pii. I.i.')-I 'ill ) . — 'Pli(> leadinir featufes which imdeflie tin- successful animal In-eedinir in i;ui-o]ie. according' to the author, are "a u'cnuine likin.i; for irodd animals, a keen Ju(fL:ment of aiumal form, a cle.ar <-ut and well- deliiied aim cr jjurpose, i)erm;inency of work. i,'ood .jud.i;ment and care in the selection of sires, impartiality toward f.ids and fashions, the heiidicial intlu- euces of ;;overument aid, the favorable climatic influences in certain districts, and the iieciuiiary ji I 'lilted States as a whole and the individual States are uM\in^ \-ery lu'oad reeojiuitioii to breediui,' interests. The lines of work followed .ire concerned with the introduction of jilants and animals, breedlnij experiments carried on by jirivate individuals, cooperative work between imblie and private agencies, educational work in breeding, and research work In heredity and breeding. In all these lines exceiit the second the National (government and the States take a [iromineut part. Carcasses of beef and live-weight prices, W. Dinsmore (Breeder's (/«,:.. -'i/ { I!)(i7). \<). s. p. J/OH. p!/s. J I. — The conunercial cuts into which a beef carcass is divided are illustrated and the proportion of high-](rieed and low-priced cuts discussed with reffM'ence to i)ractical feeding. ■• I"or years there has been, and there is now, a keen demand for cattle that will cut out heavy loin :ind rib cuts with a miniiuum per cent of those cuts that are less in demand. The heavy nniscles on the back and loin, which give thick- ness to these parts, can not be develojied by exercise, for they ai'e tised only in bending the back' down or to one side; and if they coidd be so develo]ied it would not lie desirable, as it would but result in coarsening the fiber, thereby m.'ddng them less tender. Feeding within ])ractical reasonable Innlts has but little influence on the per cent of lean meat, and the only way in which we can increase the thickness of tlesli element on these most-desired jiarts is by the selection of lhick-11(>shed sires and dams, by the utilization of evt'ry favorable \ariation in this direction." Skim milk as a feeding stuff for calves, A. I'luocciii (.!/;». Isf. Afir. \Mil(ni\. (1 { I'Jol :, ) . pp. l.iJ-lS!), lips. .>t. — Kxperimental studies are reported and d;ita snnnnari/.ed regarding the feeding \alue for calves of skim milk alone and supplemented liy diff(>rent matei'ials. including among others rice. groiuid ni.ilr. corn meal, linseed oil, jicinut oil, sesame oil, oleomargarine, dried blood, eggs, and commercial calf feeds. (Jain was most cheaitly made with skim milk supplemented b.v oleomargarine, and was most exi)ensive with whole nnlk. .\ liiltliogr;iph\- of sl.14 and .").:!1 cts., respectively. One of the lambs fed the commercial stock feed died during the test. Wiien the lots were .slaughtered and dressed the shrinkage ranged from ."((i.o per cent with the cotton-seed meal lot to n:-!.:") per cent with the corn lot. The manure from the 4 lots was collected and its value estimated, that ob- tained from the lots fed t-otton-seed and linseed meal being the most valuable. " The extra cost of the rations, however, more than equaled the increased value of the manure." As pointed out by the author, the lot fed the connnercial stock feed made slightly greater gains iit a lower cost than the other lots, and also shrank less in shii)ping and yielded a higher percentage of dressed weight than any of the lots except that fed the corn ration without additional concentrated feed. The author notes, however, that the ditferences in gains between the H lots receiving coucentrated feed in addition to corn were so small that it can not be said that any of the rations jiossessed a decided superiority over the others. " It would not be surprising if the same rations shcmld give oiiposite results in future trials, and it is safe for us to consider that the rations tested are of practically ('(jual viilue pound per pound for use in lamb feeding under the conditions of this test." Crossbred lambs, (J. M. McKeowx (Af/r. (Uir.. A'. N. Walcx. IS (IDOl), Ao. .^. pp. 156-li)8, pfix. ■)). — As regards the luimber of land is horn, average weight, etc., the best results were obtained with a Lincoln-Merino cross in lamb-breeding experiments at the Wagga Experimental Farm. Swine, J. J. Morton (Orange Hirer CoJoiui Dcpt. A(/r.. Ann. Hpt., 2 (1005-6), pp. 5'i-62, pis. 2). — Brief statements are made regarding the pigs kept at the Tweespruit Experimental Farm and a feeding test undertaken with reference to the ])roduction of b.-icon hogs is reported. Four lots containing 4 large Yorkshire pigs each were used, and the rations consisted of separator skim milk and maize meal, buttermilk and maize meal, and skim milk and Katir corn meal in each case 3:1, and wheat nnddlings (shari)s) and maize meal 1:2 mixed to a slop with water. In the 40 days of the test the gain ranged from (;<).25 lbs. per bead on the wheat nnddlings and maize meal to OS lbs. on skim nulk and maize meal. The gain was most cheaply m.ade on the l.nst-mentioned ration and was most ex]»ensive on the Kafir corn ration. The shrinkage in dressing averaged 20 \)vr c'ent of the live weight, and when marketed "the meat gave entire satisfaction as to (piality and tiavor " and was regarded as superior to impoi'ted bacon. In the author's opinion so good results would not have been obtained with ordinary Kafir or unimproved pigs, "but even at a nuich lower rate of Increase they afford a profitable means of disposal for a |)ortion of the mealie crop." Fattening pigs, M. Kasqlin (■lour. Soc. A(jr. JiraJtant ct Hirinattt., 52 (1907), A'ci. 7, pp. 178, 17U). — From a summary of data the author concludes that sugar ANIMAL I'HODrc'TION. 975 ill .-ill fdrins is well worlli llic iiftcnlidii nf pii; rccdci's, ns it is nil iiiipoi'tnnt I'lH'diii.t: sliilT. Breeding American carriage horses, (J. .M. Kom .\i i.i, (1 /// cold and there was not the slightest sign of frosted combs among them, nor were there any colds." Data regarding other lots ar(> brieliy i^ejiorted and in gener.il it was noted that " wlien snow was given there was gener.nlly an extra .•unount of feed re(|uired. .-iltliougii the increase in eggs moi-e than jiaid for it." " Th(» time saved by using snow and dry m.ashes amounted to nearly half that re(iuired in tending the fowls." When cold wat(M- was comiiarod with warm water the average egg yield w;is much the s;ime. tliougli slightly in favor of tbe latter. "Snow was given to young cliicks. but the I'esults were disastrous; although chicks that were reared in (Jiitdoor brooders were let run on the snow crust during bright days when .'{ weeks old or o\-er .-ind no serious results followed." Poultry raising, .7. G. IIamux ( \li(lii(/(ni Sla. liiiL i).'). pp. llS-hid. pfix. .'?). — The station has Jiegun exteinU'd studies of various jiroblems connected with poultry feeding and in this bulletin an account is given of the equijiment and jilans. To meet tbe present demands foi- information on various jioints connected with poultry raising, a general summary of d.ata on tbe subject has been pre- pared, including such topics as food and exercise, selection and mating, incu- liatioii, broo(lJng. bandling young stock, feeding, care and niiinagement of pullets during fall and winter, construction of poultry buildings, and some diseases of chicks. V)76 EXPERIMENT STATION REf'ORD. Poultry, II. Raby {Oraiii/c h'ircr Coloinj Itcpt. Ai/r.. Ami. h^pt., 2 { IBOo-G) , PI). 87-97. ////. 1). — Infoniiatioii is suiuinarized resiirding the ixiiiltry kept, the nuinber of eggs pi-odueed. and the nicthods of raising and feeding chickens fol- lowed at the (Jrootvlei Experimental Farm. In the author's opinion the most satisfactory metiiod (if feeding i)oultry for market under local conditions is to confine them in crates in a pai'tially dark- ened fattening shed, which should give j)rotection from wind and be well ven- tilated. During the first ?> days of the continement the fowls should he fed* sparingly, hut afterwai'ds given .all they will e;it :; times daily and be supplied with an :ibundance of grit and water. About U! days are re(iuired to feed the birds for market. In a feeding test in which 1"_*2 birds were fed under these conditions from 7 to 24 days the average weight at the beginning was .'3 lbs. 9 oz. and the average gain 1 lb. The calculated profit per head v.-as 27 cts. " It was found during the course of the feeding period that the rate of gain became less after the second week and ceased to be profitable when Ki or 17 days had passed. Fifteen days on full feed appears to be the most suitable time for fattening." The feed con- sisted of maize n)eal, bran, and ground oats with the coarse husk sifted out 2:2:1 made into a stiff batter with water. "Skim milk should be used in ])reference to water when it is available." Portable houses for poultry are considered desirable and the (■t)nstruction of such a house is briefly descriix'd. Success in egg culture, II. \'. Hawkins (Jaiir. Dipt. Ai/r. \ iiforio. .'> {1!)()7), 7\o. 1, pp. It. 12). — A brief account of a successful attempt to keei) ducks for egg i)roduction. The total number of eggs produced by :'>!>(> ducks and 50 fowls in () months was ;>4, Still. Report on small poultry stations, D. F. Laurie (.four. Dcpt. Af/r. ,So. Aiist.. .10 (191)7), Xo. 7. pp. -'i.il-'i3()). — A brief note on the aims, present condition, and work accomplished at the six small demonstration poultry plants recently established by the South Australia Department of Agriculture. Five of these stations are for the study of egg production and one for the production of table birds. The sale of undrawn and cold storage poultry, E. M. Eckard (Vliicayo <'liii.. 2(1 (1907), \(i. 1, pp. .'>-S). — The author has studied the condition and appearance of chickens when kept for U months in cold storage, and also the l»acteria of the intestines and related questions. " Bacteria normally inhabiting the intestinal tract are not destroyed by cold storage, neither are the eggs of the blowfly. These bacteria and maggots develop during the rise of temperature that takes place after removal from cold storage before they are killed by heat. The bacteria pass through the walls of the Intestines into the i)eritoneal cavity and liver, while the poisons formed by the bacteria are more penetrative and pass deeper into the muscles. That these products of bacteria, c-alled ptomaines, are i)oisonous is shown by their effect upon the guinea pig even in small amounts. These poisons are not destroyed by heat as are the bacteria and i)roduce the looseness of the bowels after eating this class of food. In large amounts this poison results in vomiting, sevei'e intestinal pain, collapse, and even death. This is known as ptomaine poisoning, and for it there is no known antidote." The author's report is preceded by a general discussion of cold-storage products and especially of cold-storage iioultry, in which it is pointed out that when chickens ai"e kei)t undrawn for a long i)eriod the fluid portion of the intestinal contents may pass into the adjacent flesh to the injury of the ciuality DAI UN' KAItAriNd- -DAIHVINC. 977 of lilt' product. Willi t'lTslily killed |)iiult ry IIk- iiintlcr is very liirucly .-i (|ii("s- tioii of the imrrlinsc df smnci liiii:; which is v:iluclcss, .-is llic iiitcsl iiics and Ihcir loiilc'Uts may ordiuai'ily he soon wiliidi-aw n. As re^iii'ds cokl-storago producls in p'iKM-al. "Ilici-c may he som<> <|U('slion as to tlio d('l('t(>iMous effect of proloiit^cd slm-a^'o. II may be rcasoiialdy contended, as it has heeii contended, that tliese pi-odncts are lil lor human consum[ption so loii^ as they are palatahle. However. Die skilllniness of purveyors of foods in jirev (Mitini; apparent decomposition liy the use of antiseptics and deodorants impresses us that we can not i-ely upon the senses in (h'terminin«; the i)oisonous cliaracter of foods." Composition of body fluids in marine animals, S. Hagi.ioni {Beitr. Chcin. I'In/siol. ti. I'iUh.. !> iliXii;). pp. .Ifi-CC: iihs. ill Joiir. Clicm. Soc. \ London]. Hn (HXXi). \o. r,.]i). //. p. ,S'6',9). — Chemical studies of the body thiids of fish and other marine animals are reported. The body lluids of \;irions marine inver- tebrates contain very variable^ amounts of i)r()teiii. In hi,i,'liei- mollnsks and arthi'opods the amount of i)rotein is important and tlie ([uantity of extractive nitrogen is small, bein;^ less than one-teiiili ef I per cent. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. A profitable tenant dairy farm, L. < "akkiku ( /. s. Dcpt. Ai/r.. Farmers' Bui. .^^'0. pp. Id. ti(/.'<. ,J). — This is a description of a daii-y farm of 120 acres, located in southern ;Michi,i;an. from which both owner and tenant received adeipiate compensation for their investment and services. Particular attention was p.aid (o increasinti the fertility of the soil. Comparison of concentrates for dairy cows, J. K. Fain {Mnjiiiki Sfa. Rpt. I'joil. pp. 'il-'i'i). — Cotton-seed meal and corn-and-cob meal were mixed in such liroportioii (IHO.a to ;>G0.5) as to contain the same amount of digestible protein as whe.Mt bran. The mixed feed and the bran were fed to 2 lots of 8 cows each fi>r 117 days. There was very little difference ($1.45) in the cost of feeding the '1 groups of animals for the time mentioned. The 8 cows fed bran lost 224 Mis. in weight, while those fed the mixed feed gained 00 lbs. The difference in the production of the 2 groups, amounting to l,2f)2 lbs. of milk and 81. r in the rcots oi- tubei-s \un- head daily, from 8.8 to i:!.2 kg. of iK)tatoes and 2(> to .".<) kg. of lurniiis IxMUg fed. The cows did not yield (piite so much milk on iiotatoes as on turnips. Tli(> potatoes did not in.jure th(> health cr general condition of the cows, nor was any deleterious intiuence to be noticed as regards the fat content of the milk, tlie time of churning, the water content of the butter, or the chemical propei-ties of the butter fat. as shown by the iodin number. Reichert. and KiUtstorfer numbers. The flavor of the butter pi'oduced on the potato ration was i)()ssibly not quite equal to that of the butter i)roduced on the turnip ration. I'nictical experiences as to the value of potatoes for cows were also ascertained and are summarized in the jiaper.-- i'. w. woll. 978 EXPERIMENT STATION EEPORD. Reindeer moss as a feed for milch cows, H. Isaachsen (Bcr. Xo/v/r.s Landhr. HdiskoJc.s r//7.-.s.. l!)().'>-6. ftp. 202-216). — An experiment conducted hy the author Avith 8 cows for a period of over 4 months showed tliat 1 Iv?. of moss can replace 3 kg. of turnips in rations for cows without producing any deleterious effect on the milk yield, the weight of the cows, or the fat content of the milk. The average of 5 analyses of reindeer moss was as follows : Water, 48.3 per cent ; fat, 0.96 per cent; protein. 1.17 per cent; nitrogen-free extract. 18.1 per cent; fiber, 20.8 per cent; starch value per 100 kg. (Kellner). 18 kg.; digestible protein (artificial digestion), (i5 per cent. — f. w. woll. Department of dairying, W. D. Saunders (Virginia tSta. Rpt. ltHi6, pp. Jil--'{9). — Brief notes are given on the work of this department of the station during the year and ofttcial 7-day tests of 4 Holstein-Friesian cows are reported. Investigations on the influence upon milk production of the nonproteid nitrogenous compounds of feeding stuffs, A. Mokoex, C. Heger, and F. Westhausser (TAUiflir. VerH. mat., 65 (1901). No. :>-6. pp. J, 1 3- W)).— Thin experiment is in continuation of the series of investigations previously noted (E. S. K., 18. p. 171 I. During the first and fourtli ]>eriods of 11 days each a goat and a sheep were fed a normal proteid ration. During the second period the i)roteids were in part replaced by amids prepared by extracting young ])lants with boiling water and evaporating the fluid extract to the consistency of n sirup. During the third period the amids were replaced by carbohydrates. The most favorable influence upon milk production was exerted by the proteid ration. The amids were not eijual in value to the proteids, but were much superior to the carbo- hydrates. Further experiments along this line are i)];inned. On the influence of the feed on the creaming quality of the milk, .7. Salanb (Bcr. Xorf/cx La)i(Un: Huii^ Virks.. niD.l-d. pp. 220-226). ^The experiments conducted by the author indicate that milk produced on rations made up mainly of hay and straw, with only small amounts of concentrated feeds, gives considerable more cream than that produced by cows fed richer rations, con- sisting of roots and only a little bay and straw, with a good deal of concentrated feeds. This appears to be due to other properties in tlie milk than its fat con- tent, such as a change in viscosity, differences in the condition of the casein, etc., which may be traced to the character of the feed eaten by the cows. — F. W. WOLL. An investigation into the quality of milk produced by different breeds of cows at Elsenburg Agricultural College, (i. X. Blackshaw (Af/r. '/our. Cape (Jood Hope. SO (1901). Xo. 3. pp. 3'>'i-3'tS) . — Determinations were made of the fat content of the milk of the Friesland, Jersey, Shorthorn, and Ayrshire breeds, and also of native Cape of Good Hope cows from October, 1 !>()(">. to February, 1907. The milkings were made at 6.30 a. m. and 4.30 p. m. The nulk of the Friesland. Shorthorn, and Ciipe cows averaged less than 3 jier cent of fat in the morning. The milk of individual cows very frequently fell below the stand- ard of 3 per cent of fat. The author, therefore, believes that much evidence should be secured before the British standard of 3 per cent of fat and 8.5 per cent of solids-not-fat sliould be accepted in Caiie Colony. The properties and value of the milk of sheep, A. Burr (Molk. Zf(/.. 21 (1901), A'o. Ui, pp. 359-361). — This discussion of the composition and value of sheep's milk includes a compilation of analytical data. On the milk production of Karakul sheep, L. Adametz ((htcrr. Molk. Ztti.. IJ, (1901), Ao.s'. 6, Pit. 13-15: 1. pp. SIS!), flt/s. 5). — This Asiatic breed of sheep, known also as Persian siu>ei), is descriiied and its importance for middle Europe DATHV FARMIN(!- DAIRYING. 1»79 Is |.(iiiifO(l (Hit. 'I'lic milk of this breed has been used in the iiiaimrncture of lirinsen cheese in the Carpathian Mountains. A classification of dairy bacteria, II. W. ("o.\n, W. M. Kstk.n. and W. A. SrocKiNd [Coiiiicciiciil St(in:s Sta. Hiti. J'.Kili. pi). IH-.IOS). — This Is a revision of a i>roliniinar.v elassification i)ui)lisiie(l in tlie re|)ort of tlie station for 18i)!) (E. S. R.. 12, ]). 10S:i). Tlie revision has been based npoii extended laiioratory in- vestigations in which species collected from various jiarts of tlu; world, includiiij; Canada. (Jerniany, Switzerland, and Italy, have been studied. Several forms previously described are not included, while a lar.uje iuiinl)er of new species are described. The technical descriptions of the different species include nearly all of tli(> characteristics usually adopted for the general descrip- tion of bacteria. The format inn of indol and the reduction of nitrates have, however, been omitted :is not having much significance in relation to dairy problems, with which the authors have been particularly concerned. In all about 1(50 tyiies are described, with few exceptions all actual cultures obtained from dairy materials. In addition to the detailed descriptions of the different bacteria analytical keys and tables covering all types are given. Classification of lactic-acid bacteria,' F. LtinNis {('rufhl. Bakt. \<'tcA, 2. Abt., J8 {1907). \o. Ji-(>, i)i>. in-1'iil). — This is a review of the liter;itui-e of this subject, with an apjiended bibliogra])liy. The kinds of lactic acid produced by lactic-acid bacteria, P. (J. IIeinemann {.lour. Biol. Chon.. 2 (in07). \<>. (■!. pp. 603-612). — The author has determined the kind of lactic acid iirodiiced by various species and strains of lactic-acid bacteria in pure and mixed cultures, and has also studied the influence of the purity of the milk and the temperature and length of time of fermentation upon the production of the different lactic acids. The streptococci {Streptococcus pyogenes, S. lacticiis. and Micrococcus lanceo- hitus) jiroduced d-lactic acid and the bacilli (Bacillus acldi Utctlcl. B. acro- ficncs, and B. coll) 1-acid. This is olTered as an additional proof of the similar- ity or identity of S. lacticus and .s'. pi/ogeiies and also of B. acidi lactk-i and B. (irroffcnes (E. S. R., 18, p. 672). Milk soured naturally at i-ooni temperatures contained chiefly d-acid and at 37° chiefly r-acid, 1-acid becoming in excess after vai'ying lengths of time. The lactic acid produced in spontaneous souring varied, therefore, with the relative numbers of streptococci and bacilli, with the temperature, and with the duration of the fermentation. The purer the milk th(» longer the d-acid remained in excess. The presence of d-acid is, therefore, an indic.-itiou of desirable dairy condition.s. Racemic lactic acid, according to the author, is the result of the formation of pure d-acid and pure 1-acid by at least 2 different species of micro-organisms. Acid and rennet-producing bactei'ia in relation to the hygiene of milking, C. GoRiNi {Rev. (leu. Lull. 6 inxil). .Vo. 8, jip. ]~i)-lR!i). — The author has demonstrated the presence of bacteria capable of producing both acid and ren- net In the galactopborous ducts in b:>tli normal and abnormal conditions. The significance of these organisms is discussed and the importance of rejecting the foremilk and of thorough milking is emphasized. On a new micro-organism of ropy milk (Bacillus surgeri), P. Dornic and V. D.xiRE (Bui. Mcus. Off. Heiiseiij. Agr. \l'aris\. li {1907). \o. 2. pp. 1.1,6-1 Ii9) .— The new bacillus studied ;uid described by the authors was isolated from the serum obtained in the inanufactnr<> of casein. The bacillus is nonmotile. varies in length froiu 2 to I."'..") /x. and retains the stain by (Tfam's method. Spores have not been (it)served, though the organism resists a teini»enitui-e of .S;"° C. for 4."> luiiintes. A marked ch.iriicteristic of the organism is the rajiid produc- 980 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, tiou of acid in cultim'S. Tlie viscid PiiV)stanc(> soluble in water from which it is precipitated hy alcohol reduces Fehling's solution. The relative opsonic power of the mother's blood serum and milk, Iv TuRTON and U. Appi.eton (Brit. Med. Jour.. l'.)01. No. 241^, P- 865). — Cow's blood serum was found to have about one-half the opsonic power of human blood, the average for 3 cows being 0.4!) for the tubercle bacillus and 0.71 for the Staitln/locuccus pyogenes aureus. The inde.x of the milk of the 3 cows aver- aged about 0.25 for the tubercle bacillus and 0.18 for the staphylococcus. Ordi- nary market milk averaged 0.20 and O.O.'), respectively, for the same organisms. Milk and milk adulteration, A. J. J. V.\xueveli)e {(IJicnf: A. ."differ, JflOl. PI), lit)). — This manual is written with the view of defining public responsi- bility in the matter of the production, liaudling, and sale of milk. Chapters are devoted to the composition of milk, caus;>s of changes in the composition and properties of milk, nutritive value cf milk, adulteration of milk, legislation relating to milk control in different countries, methods of analysis, the decom- position of milk, milk preservation, milk prodiicts, and a general discussion of the public duties and responsibilities of the producer, dealer, and consumer of milk, and also of public officials conceimed. Clean milk for New York City {Rpt. N. Y. Milk Conf., 1906, pp. 86'),— In a conference held in New York City in November, 190G, the following subjects i-elating primarily to the milk supply of New York City were discussed by numerous speakers: Skim milk, pasteurization, infants' milk depots, model milk shops, inspection, legislation, and education. The Danish pasteurization law {M.7). — This is a report of the chem- ical department of the Copenhagen F^xperinient Station on the operaticms of the Danish law of February 5, 1904, directing tlr,' pasteurization of skim milk, buttermilk, and cream in creameries for the combating of tuberculosis in cattle and swine. The report shows that 1.328 creameries were inspected during the year 1905-6 in accordance with the provisions of the law. Of the G.SOl samples of skim milk and G,830 of buttermilk and cream taken by the authorities. 225, or 3.3 per cent, of the former, and 1G8. or 2.4 per cent, of the latter were found insufficiently heated. One thousand and seven creameries conformed to the provisions of the law, while 2r(2 violated it through negligence or lack of care in the pasteurization of their products and paid the penalties imposed upon them by the courts. — f. w. worj>. The sterilization of milk; its sanitary necessity and practical realization, A. VoiGT {Tiicsis, Lcipsic. l!Hl(>; abs. in lli/i/. Maude el Lait. 1 (1907), No. 3, p. 122). The sanitary control of the production and sale of milk in the United States, L. I'a.msskt (////(/. Maude ef Lait, 1 {1907), No. 2, pp. Ji9-.')3). — A brief general discussion of this subject. The preservation of milk from a physiological standpoint, G. Wulff (Aljx. //.' ('h( lu. Zeutl)!.. 1 (1907), No. 13, p. 9H1). — The author coiacludes from the results of his investigations that hydrogen peroxid added to milk not only exerts a bactericidal action, but also produces certain changes in the proteids of the milk. The volatile water-soluble fatty acids in East Prussian dairy butter, RuscHE (Molk. Ztij., 21 (1907), Nos. 11. pp. 269, 270: 12, pp. 299-302).— The results of the examinati(m of butter from 7 dairies in East Prussia from August. 1905. to July. 190G. are reported. The cows were fed in the stable dur- VETERTN.VRY MEDlCTNE. 981 iiij; the nioiillis irom \i(\ciii1k'I" to Ajiril .nid piisHircd (luring the rciiiaiiKlrr of the yoar. 'I'lic results arc suniiiiarizi'd in ilic rnllowinLr t.-ildc: I'lir I'lirhcil \l lissl (iiiil siiji'iiii/icill inn iimnhciK iij iUlsl I'ritssidil hllltcr. August, September. October. November, December, .lanuixry. 29. 67 32.56 27. 14 229. 1 235. 5 225. 2 February, March, April. May, .Inno, July. Entire year. K^'ichort-Mcissl luimbfr: 1 25. 59 29. 55 31. 49 27.90 228. 7 234.7 225. 7 28. 18 30.30 25. 51 226.4 - 231.2 222.6 28. 25 1 27. 86 32. .56 23. 43 23. 43 SniKinilicatioti iiuinhcr: 1 223.3 226. 9 Maximum Minimum 1 227. 3 219.8 235. 5 219. 8 Danish butter exports, 1905-6, 1'.. liilnoTLD (TidsftJ:): LaiKh'ihoiioiii., I'JdG, 111). .')9,]-60S ) . — The total exports of butter for the year ended September :U). 1!MMt. were 1S1.,S4(),:>{;:3 Danish pounds (200.024,^!)!) lbs. avoirdupois), of which amount 1(;.S.14().0!)() lbs. went to (Jreat Britain and 12,411,1(55 lbs. to (iermanv. 'I'he net e.xi)orts were 144.8 million i)ounds, against laO.D millions the preceding year. Tlie average (inotation IVtr the year by the Wholesale Dealers' Associa- tion was 1)7.7 tire (1 ()i-e=i cent), against 94.0 ore for 1904-5. No previous year has witnessed a larger income from the Danish butter exports than that of 1905-(i, viz. over KJl.OOO.OOO kroner (.$44,0()().000). — F. w. woli.. Dr. Edward von Freudenreich, O. Jensen (Milchw. Zentbl., 3 (1907), A'o. ,;. PI). 119-t2H; Rer. Gen. Lait. 6 (1901). .To. 7, pi). l')'i-1G0). — This is a review of the Investigations of von Freudenreich. the most important of which related to the ripening of cheese, .\ppended to the article in the Zentrulbhitt is a com- plete list of the works of von Freudenreich. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association (Prnc. Amer. Vrt. Med. .t.v.s'oc.. J.? [ V.>ui'> \ . ii/i. J/Si, pis. 10). — The papers presented at the forty-third annual convention of the association in New Haven, ("onnecticut. August 21-24, r.)0(J, have been previously noted ( K. S. R., 18, pp. 98-100). A number of pajiers were I'ead by title only and brief mention of them is made herewith. The recent Federal meat-inspection legislation was explained by J. 11. Mohler (pp. 142-144) with reference to its effectiveness and enforcement. The iiictliod of controlling rinderpest in the l'hili])i)ines was described by A. S. Shealy ( pp. olo-.HlO). In obtaining serum, Chinese cattle are used chieti.y, and all these animals are rendered immune before their serum is used. It has not been determined how long the serum will retain its vitality, but the results obtained from its use are highly satisfactory. A menace to the goat and sheep industry in New England l)y strongylosis was set forth by J. B. Paige (pp. .■i20-:>44). The methods commonly recommended for ridding pastures of these parasitic worms are not always etfective. Drain- .•ige of the land proved unsuccessful in a number of instances. Burning over the jiastures in spring or fall is etfective, but causes ;\ loss of forage and in m.-my locations is dangeiMiis. It is suggested that biuMiing might be contined to a narrow striii of land surrounding streams or swamps. .V iietter system of feed- 982 EXPERIMENT STATION RErORD. ing is also urged. Pictoii cattle disease was discussed by W. II. Pethick (pp. 345- 340). who bas found that this form of liei)atic cirrhosis is due solely to eating ISowcio jacoba'a. The symptoms of the disease are described from a luunber of cases observed by the author. A paper was presented by D. A. Hughes on the veterinarian as a business man (pp. 350-365). It was urged that while considerable business acumen is nec- essary to the success of the veterinarian the mere accumulation of money should not be his whole purimse in life, since considerable of the energy of the veter- inarian must be expended in developing a knowledge of a rational control of animal diseases by sttjck growers. Annual report of the superintendent, civil veterinary department, W. D. GuNN (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Madras, 1905-6, pp. '/8-63). — The work of the veterinary college of the department of agriculture Is reported to have been very successful during the year. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease was less pronounced than in former years. Rinderpest occurred to a serious extent, but the outbreaks were soon brought under fairly good control. Brief notes are also given on veterinary hospitals, pony breeding, and cattle fairs. Report of the veterinary division, A. Gkist (Orange h'ircr Colony Dept. Agr., Ann. Bpt.,2 (lOO.'j-G) , pp. 107-1 2H). — Quarantine is still maintained in the Orange River Colony against cattle coming from the Transvaal on account of the east coast fever. Tables are given showing the pi'evaleuce of contagious diseases during the years under report and notes are presented on the status of foot-aud-mouth disease, hog cholera, pleuro-pneumonia, blackleg, and various noncontagious diseases. The number of cases of mange has increased con- siderably during the past few years. Numerous cases of plant ])oisoning are reported and an account is given of gcel-dikkoii, the nature of which is not yet understood. Report of the chief stock inspector, ('. II. Morgan (Orange River Vulong Ihpt. Agr.. Ann. Rgt.. 2 (lflO.',-G). pp. 331-33Cy).— An attempt is being made to eradicate sheep scab by a simultaneous dipping of sheep throughout the colony. It IS recommended that the period during which dipping should take place be reduced to 3 weeks. About 30 dips have been recognized in an official list, but lime and sulphur has given the best results and is recommended for general use. The application of carliolic dips or arsenical dips is subject to a number of disadvantages. Reports of inspectors of stock for the year ended March 31, 1906, J. L. Bruce (\en- Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpl.. J'/ (tHoii). jip. Uil-lli)). — During the season under report the general health of animals in New Zealand was quite satisfactory. A number of small outbreaks of anthrax occurred. Dairymen realize the importance of thorough milk inspection, and the regulation of the milk supply has been taken in hand more strictly than ever before. During the past year the rabbit pest has caused considerable agitation among the farmers. In some localities objections Imvc been raised to the iise of poison in destroying rabbits. Imt the adoption of a l)ounty system has still more dis- advantages. Division of veterinary science, J. A. (Jilrt'th CXev Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., I'l iVJini), iiji. .'Ji'i-3n. 111. 1). — A statement is ])resente(l of tlie i)resent organization of the veterinary force and the laboratory and meat inspection work. During the year there was only one outbreak of anthrax reported. A general discussion of tuberculosis is given with jiarticular reference to its trans- missibility from animals to man. A munl)er of ex]iei'iments were carried out in the control of contagious mam- mitis. A highly recommended jiroprietary remedy used as an injection jiroved of no avail. Similarly injections of a 4 jier cent solution of boracic acid failed vp:ti':i{in.\!{v imkdicink. 983 to liriiiK' ;il>()iit ;iiiy rMpid iniiirnvciiicnt in cases ol' llic disease. Sndiiiiii lluiiri(', used at tlie rate ot frcjiii 1 to ."> jiarts pei' l.iido ira\e lietter I'esults wlieii the treatment was eoidinued for sexcral days, .\oiie of tliese solutions, liowever, appeared to exercise any i)ronounced liactericidal eCCect. The method of makhij; injections consists in inti'oducint; the solution into the affected (juarter of the; udder, after wliich the jiart is manipulated with the liands and the solution with- drawn after 10 nnniites. The in.jection should I>e repeated 2 or ;5 times daily. Notes are also given on serum treatment for swine diseases, stomach staggers in horses, tumoi-s in eattle, Sfroiiiii/liis ccrriconiix as a cause of parasitic gas- tritis in goats .-ind other young stock, S. strif/osns in i-ahhits, hlackleg, and a new skin i)arasite of shee]) apparently belonging to the genus Iljematopinus. Combating infectious diseases in the Transvaal, A. Theilkr {Dcut. Tirr- arztl. WcJinsclir.. ] '/ {}!)()(>), ^,'l^. .1(1. pp. i>-li-<)-^7 ) . — Tuberculosis lias not become generally established among domestic aniiunls in the Traiisv.ial, apparently for the reason that most stock is kept for a large portion of tlu; year out of doors. Anthrax is likewise observed only sjioi-adically. I'articular attention has been given to the control of glanders, ei)izootic l.vmi)hangitis. .-iiid sIuh']) scab. Contagious diseases of live stock as affecting their maiket value, .1. .1. Fkroisox (Anicr. lirrr^Jcr.^' .t-S'-voc. I'lai-.. i (JDII6). /tj). /'/J-/'/7). — With the development of an effective system of inspection, the detection of contagious diseases in animals at large market centers has become easy. Statistics ;ire given showing the number of animals of different kinds condemned at the chief inspection centers. It is suggested that plans be adopted by which the financial resi)cinsibilit,v for disease in animals would fall more largely upon the first seller of the diseased animals. Statistics on tuberculosis, .1. Kohm (Zf.s-f7/r. Flrisch ii. MiUhhmi.. 11 {1907). \(>. '/. pp. 12'i-1.Hi). — In the author's opinion more care should b(> exercised in reporting statistics on tuberculosis to differentiate between the different forms of the disease. It is suggested that careful distinction be made between uterine, mammary. i>ulmonary. and intestinal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, S. S. Cameron {.lour. Drpt. Arpl. Afir.. .7 {1906), \o. .'/. pp. 119-1.')S). — The State department of agricutture of Maine has made a study of the prevalence of tuberculosis throughout the State and presents in this bulletin a general summary of the facts relating to the case. A copy is given of the State laws relating to tulierculosis. together with discussions by various authors on the infectiousness of the milk of tuberculous cows, the con- trol of tuberculosis in cattle, the use of tuberculin, and related subjects. The course of penetration of tubercle bacilli, A. Calmette {Rer. (Irii. Med. Vet.. 9 {1907), A"o. 9S, pp. Ji9-.'>7). — In the author's opinion, von Beliring's contention that most cases of infection with tuberculosis occur in early life has not been proved. Animals appear to be almost equally susceptible to the disease at all ages; in fact, it is ludd that adults are even more susceptible than younger animals to infection through the alimentary tract. The author has imdertaken a series of exjieriments in the innnunizntion of cattle to tuberculixis through the alimentary trad. It has been found that young or adult cattle which have been \y'i\ small (inaiitilies of tubercle bacilli attenuated by heat resist fatal dos(>s of virulent bacilli when given with the food. It has not been determined how long this immunity persists. 984 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. Immunization of calves against tuberculosis, F. Onpracek (Wiener Laridic. Ztg.. .57 (l!)07). Xu. 11, p. 93). — Al'ter a lonji cxiHTiciR-e with methods of con- trolling tuberculDsis, the author reeouimends the clinical examination of cattle 3 times annually, diagnostic inoculations with tuberculin annually, and the vacci- nation of calves by the method of von Bchring. Vaccination for tuberculosis in cattle, Hossignol and II. Vallee {Rev. Tuberculose, 2. at/-., 3 (1906), Xo. 6, pp. .',6(}-'i72). — As the result of previous experiments in vaccinating cattle against tuberculosis at Melun, the authors came to the conclusion that vaccinated animals resist natural contagion from cohabitation with infected animals at least for a period of sevei-al months. Further experiments have been carried out and animals previously treated have been kept under continued observation. It appears that bovo-vaccine shows some variation in virulence, as tested on guinea pigs, and it is therefore reasonable to suppose that its effects on cattle are not always identical. Cattle vaccinated by this method may be infected with tuberculosis by intravenous inoculation within 3 months, and immunity disappears entirely in some cases within a year. It was found that the resistance of vaccinated cattle to con- tagion from association with tuberculous cattle was not particularly marked and did not extend over a period of more than a few months. Judgment is there- fore suspended regarding the ultimate value of tills method of vaccination. Tuberculosis of the esophageal musculature in cattle, May (Deut. Tier- (irzil. Wclnisclir.. ].', {19111). So. 3. pp. 31. 32). — The tissues along the trachea and esophagus, particularly the lymphatic glands, are often involved in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in cattle. In one instance the author observed isolated tubercles in the musculature of the esophagus and was led to believe that these tubercles were due to a secondary infection from bronchial slime. Diagnosis of anthrax in practice, L. De Blieck (Tijdsehr. Vecartsenijk., 3'f [190C>). A'o. 3. pp. 109-151. pi. 1). — A detailed account is given of the means which may usually be adopted by the practicing veterinarian in making a bacte- riological diagnosis of anthrax. The general discussion includes methods of identifying the anthrax bacillus, differential diagnosis between anthrax and related diseases, and the approved methods of sending material to laboratories for a bacteriological test. Determining the effectiveness of anthrax serum, A. AscoLi (Zt.sichr. Hi/g. ii. Infcktiini.skninl:. ■'>■'> {19(lii). Xo. 1. pp. 'I'l-Slh. — As a result of a long series of laboratory experiments, the author comes to the conclusion that the intravenous inoculation of anthrax serum gives rabbits a pronounced passive immunity toward virulent anthrax cultures. The results which are obtained within 24 hours after the injection, however, are not sutlicieutly regular to form a basis for determining the value of the serum. Under certain conditions anthrax serum has the power of protecting guinea pigs against cultures of anthrax bacilli. The passive immunity produced by intraperitoneal injection of anthrax serum is manifested within 24 hours, whereas after subcutaneous injection it does not ajipear before 72 hours. A microscopic study of the colostrum and the udder of cows in cases of parturient paresis, N. P. KrKiii.YADEV (Ivlicii. Zap. Kazan. Vet. hint.. 23 (1906), No. 5-6, pp. 351-390, pi. 1). — An elaborate microscopical .study was made on 14 cases of parturient paresis in cows for the purpose of identifying the vari- ous bodies found in the colostrum and udder in such cases. During this investigation the author found in the colostrum casts and other bodies closely resembling them in structure, but b.-wing a different contour, and also fat globules, leucocytes, red blood and colostrum corimscles. epithelial cells, and granular amorphous masses. The colostrum in cases of parturient .paresis VETERINARY MEDICINE. 985 coiitiiineil more casts than arc to he ohscrvod in nonnal cases either before or after iiarturition. The casts are \cr.\' similar Id renal casts, hnt vary in size and ontline. Tlinsc nhserxci! \>y tiie authnr in the colnslrinn, ]il<<' renal casts, nia.v he j^rannlar. honi().t;eni'ons. ef mixed nature, cr of flenieuts (leucocytes and ei)ithelial cells). In addition to tliese casls lamellated hodies are ol)served in some parts of the sediment. A study of sections of tlie mannnai-y L'iand disclosed the presence of similar elenients in this structure, both in the alveoli and in the various milk ducts. The casts observed in the uilder are in j,M'neral very similar to the renal casts, but show some characteristic features in connection with histological elements of the mannnary s^land. These casts ai'e described as exudative casts of the ndder. Tlie author considers that his investigations indirectly substantiate the \ iew that renal casts have their origin in albuminous exudates. Stomatitis or sore mouth, J. Si'kncer {yiru'niUi Kht. I'ltt. UHiO, pp. 3.i-31i). — Stomatitis in domestic animals may arise from a variety of causes, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and bacterial irritants. The symptoms naturally vary according to the cause and stage of the disease, and the treatment must be adjusted to the cause. The usual treatment consists in a change of diet, in which the animal receives largely soft succulent food and the use of a mouth wash, such as chlorate of potash, creolin, or carbolic acid. Foot-and-mouth disease, E. Leclai.nhhe (Rev. Gen. Med. Yet., 9 (1901). No. 97, pp. 1-9). — Statistics are given on the i)revalence of foot-and-mouth disease in (Jermany, Holland. I'.elgium, Switzerland, and Hungary, from 1888 to 1905, together with a brief account of the outbreak in New England. Suggestions are also made regarding suitable precautionary measures to be taken in controlling the disease. Foot-and-mouth disease in the Villette market, Vacher et at.. (BuJ. Hoc. Xat. A(/r. Fniuce, (H! il'.ioii), Xo. 9, pp. 7,'/6'-?.56' ). — This is a symi)osium on the danger of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the cattle markets. The Villette market is considered as offering many ()])portnnities for the rapid spreiid of foot-and-mouth disease, and stricter regulations for the control of this dise.-ise are believed to be necessar.v. The bacteriolytic power of the blood serum of hogs, I'.. M. Rolton ( U. »S'. Ihpt. A'/r.. liin: Aiiiin. IndiiH. Bill. 9'>. jip. li!. p(is. .'/). — The investigations reported in this bulletin concern the reactions which take phu-e between Bacillus cholera .siiis and normal and.innnune serum in hogs. Preliminary experiments were made with other b.icteria. The Eluiich theory of immunity is explained and illustrated for the purpose of indicating the bearing of the author's investigations u|ion the utility of the theory in the study of imnumity. The blood used in the experiments was drawn in a sterile condition from healthy hogs or from hogs in.jected from cultures of B. cholera- siii.'f. Care was taken to ascertain that at the beginning of the experiments all hogs were in a health.v ccmdition. The bactericidal power of the serum was tested at different times by bleeding the same hog at intervals of a few days. The variation in bactericidal potenc.v of the scrum is presented in talmlar form, and a comparison made of the variation between venous and arterial blood in this regard. The author sununarizes the c0 minutes. The inactivity of iiunuiiH* serum oxcei)t after dilution, which is known as tlie Neisser-Wechsberg phenomenon, was sometimes observed and sometimes absent. It is held that the theory of complement diversion by means of amboceptors may not only account for the l)ehavior of inunune serum but also that of normal serum. The treatment of joint-ill, Eckahdt {Wclnisc]!!: Tlcrhvllk. it. Mr]iziiclit. '>i) (190H). yo. .'/.9. pp. 961-96H). — The treatments usually recommended for this disease have almost uniformly proved to be of little or no avail. The author states that for the past 10 years he has used with considerable success an indirect treatment throujih the milk of the mother. It was first determined by preliminary experiments that the direct administi'ation of colloidal silver and iodid of potash had little effect in controlling' the disease. The treatment adopted by the author consists in administering iodid of potash to the mother in large doses. Mares and cows will take 200 gm. in drinking water during a period of 14 days without showing any ill effects. The iodid of potash is rapidly excreted through the milk and appears in large quantities within H days after the treatment has begun. Detailed clinical notes are given on (> cases in which striking success was had from this treatment. Glanders in the bone, W. A'an der Burg (Tijdschr. ^^C(•(u•t■'2 cases of influenza as observed in one institution. During the height of the disease the pulse ranged from .2^ !•'.. wiiilc in 17 cases llic Icniin'ra- tui-i' rearluHl l(ir»" F. In one of these 17 eases the high tenii)oratui'e i)ersisted l(ir 7 days. The aj^e of the horses ranjied from 4 to 10 years, but the larj^er nuiuiiei' of cases occurriMl anions' horses wliich were ,1 or ('. years old. The disinfection of stalls with dilute formalin solutions, J. S( iiniukk [Ztsfhr. I iij'cktionsh-nuih-. u. II mi. Ihnislirrc. .> {lUDC). Xo. I. pp. .',.]-.',l) . — It is often liossihle to ^et a lieiter penetration with Hnid than with j^aseous formalin, especially in stables in wliich there are cracks in the floor and other parts. The author tlierefore tested tiie value of formalin in an aijueous 1 ])er cent - sohitit)!!. Tile disinfeS. Dougherty (Crop I'r.'^t Com. Ln. Circ. III. pp. 32, p!i><. S). — The authors present a general discussion of the imiiortance of tide eradication to the improvement of animal industry in the southern States. The life history of the cattle tick is described with particular reference to its agency in transnutting Texas fever and to the adoption of rational schemes for its eradication. Tables are presented showing the periods during which cattle and other animals must be kept off of pasture lands at different seasons of the year in order to free these lands from ticks and make it safe to readmit tick-free cattle upon them. On the basis of this practical Information it is a relatively simple matter for stock men to free farm lands of ticks. Stomach worms (Haemonchus contortus) in sheep, B. H. Ransom ( f7. 8. I>/>. 69',. OY/J ) .—According to the experiments reported in this paper the bile of either normal or rabid animals has the power of neutralizing rabies virus in vitro within a few minutes. The biliary salts either isolated or in combination have the same power when used in solutions corresponding to those in which they exist in the bile. Injections of rabies virus neutralized by bile or biliary salts have no effect in preventing the development of rabies from subsequent inoculation with virus. A study of the blood and cephalic fluid in dog distemper, J. Sabrazes and L. MuRATET {Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., 8 (1906), No. 96, pp. 663-66S) .—In the nerv- ous form of dog distemper a reaction is observed in the membranes of the brain. This reaction is characterized by a lymphocytosis and appears to be due to the toxic effect of the micro-organism of the disease, although the cephalic liquid is not infectious. Surgical diseases and surgery of the dog, C. French { Washiitfftun. D. C: Author: Loinloii: H. Kintptou. 191)6. pp. XIII + -'i08. pis. 29. figs. 52). — The various pathological conditions which occur in dogs and which may be treated bj' surgical methods are discussed in a comprehensive manner. Some of the more important bibliographical references are given in connection with each chapter. The subject-matter of the volume is classified according to the parts of the body affected by various diseases. Fowl cholera, M. Franco (Laroiira; Bol. Soc. Xac. Agr. Brazil. 10 (1906). A'o. .S, pp. ,365-369). — The symptoms and pathological anatomy oH this disease are described. The author has had some success in preventing it by giving with the feed a mixture containing hypusulijhite of soda, salicylate of soda, gentian, ginger, and sulphate of iron. RURAL ENGINEERING. Disposal of dairy and farm sewage, and water supply, O. Erf ( Kansas 8ta. Bui. 1J,3, pp. 125-139, figs. 8). — In this bulletin are included the results of sewage disposal experiments conducted by the dairy department of the Kansas Station, as a result of which " the station is now ready to advocate n system that is comparatively inexpensive and is practical for every farm. In fact, in some cases it has proven to be a source of great profit when used for irrigating and fertilizing truck patches and farm crops." The method, in brief, is an adaptation of the well-known septic treatment in combination with a system of subirrigation by tiles to dispose of the tank efflu- ent. Plans are shown and described for properly draining the barns :Hid for conducting the sewage of the house, barns, and dairy through the septic tanks. Several alternate plans are presented for septic tanks suitable for farms of ordinary size. The total cost of construction of a circular septic tank 10 ft. in diameter and with concrete walls and floor and wooden partitions is estimated at $42..50, while the cost of a rectangular tank of the same capacity 14 l)y ."> ft. over all, likewise constructed of concrete, is placed at $41.10. Some information is also included on the care to be taken in tlic location and construction of a well for the water supply of the house and dairy. Eighth biennial report of the State engineer of Wyoming, 1905-1906 (Bicii. Rpt. estate Engin. ^ygo.. 8 (1905-6), pp. 162. pis. 10. map 1). — .V report RURAL ENGINEERING. 989 covering' llif .•Hlministralivc anil nllicr work (if llic State eiitiim'or diiriui: llie period l!»(»."i-(;. Great progress is reported in tlie develoimieiit i iiiik's of canal and ditches, at a total estimated cost of construction of .'i;4.427,27r). A j;o(id si.t;n of substantial irrigation development is the lunniter of reseivoirs constructed, there having been '.ii'l ])ermits for such structures issued in the past two years. The report includes detail tables of the various permits and certificates issued, some discussion of the operation of laud laws, a report of the surveys conducted by the State on the Shoshone Reservation, reports of the superin- tendents of the various water divisions, and the report of a committee appointed to revise, codify, and simplify the laws of Wyoming i-elating to water rights. Farm irrigation in the Transvaal, C. D. H. Braine (Transvaal Agr. Jour., o (IDOl), .\u. 18, 1)1). 3.j.'t-361, fif/s. 3). — In discussing suitable methods to be used in the irrigation of orchards the author suggests a new system which it is claimed will supply the water where it is most needed, at the roots of the tree. The method proposed is, in brief, to sink one or more pits the size of a post hole and about 2 ft. deep betweeiLjjach pair of fully grown trees, the depth and dis- tance apart depending, however, upon the root system of the trees, the nature of the ground and subsoil, and the kinds of trees or plants. The holes are filled with grass, leaves, or straw to ])revent the subsoil from dying out. Permanent holes may be lined with old brici. map. J). — A report covering road construction and improvement in the various counties of New Jersey, giving the total mileage and cost. A number of papers, contributed by the county engineers on various subjects connected with road construction, and statistical data on the detail cost of various roads, together with the standard State specifications, form the greater portion of the report. The value of oil in road improvement, A. Dickens (Ka)isa.s .s7«. Bill. I.'f2, pp. 113-12 'f, fig. 1). — This bulletin contains the results of the experiments con- ducted in certain parts of Kansas, as authorized by the legislature, on the use of crude oil for the improvement of public roads. Several short road sections were treated at Manhattan. Hutchinson. Maple Hill, and at Garden City, the experiments consisting in general of first putting the road .in a fair condition, and then plowing it to a uniform depth and thoroughly pulverizing it with har- row and disk. Where the soil was loose sand, the I'oad was merely worked to the proper form. The oil applied was what is known as residuum from the refineries, preliminary laboratory tests having shown that 1 gal. of residuum was equal in road-making qualities to from 2 to 4 gal. of the various oil samples. The oil was applied by a special sprinkling arrangeme^lt attached to a street sprinkler, the amount used varying from 0.5 to G gal. jier square yard according to the conditions of the experiment. Observations were made upon the behavior of the road under traffic, and although the tests are regarded as incomplete the following conclusions were drawn : "The thorough mixing of the earth and soil to a sutHcient deiith to form a waterproof crust is necessary. For heavy traffic, not less than i; in. is desir- able ; for light driving, o or 4 in. should be sufficient. " Oil roads will probably re(]uire repeated applications cf oil. but it now seems that the amount required will decrease annually as the roads liecome smoother. " With residuum at 8(5 cts. to $1 per barrel f. o. b., the total cost of road varied from .$52.5 to ^l.?,()0 per mile for an IS-ft. road." Alcohol motors in agricultural operations {Dciit. Laiuhr. ]'rcs.^i\ 3'/ {1007), No. 26, pp. 211, 2 IS, fig. 1). — The writer takes up some of the advantages of the alcohol motor in agricultural oiierations in Germany. Among these, he refers to the facility with which the motor can be put in operation as couqiai-ed with the steam engine, in case it is desired to complete harvesting and threshing opera- tions in anticipation of approaching bad weather, when the time required to fire a boiler and get up steam might mean the loss or injury of a portion of the crop. The absence of smoke and spai'ks is also tliought to be an advantage over the steam engine in field use, as is also the fact that the use of the alcohol motor does not necessitate the expense of hauling water, the water consumption of the alcohol engine for cooling pxu'poses being only about I gal. per horsei)ower hour, or 24 to 26 gal. water per day for a 12-horsepower engine. To show the relative cost of different fuels, some tests are reported on a special motor in which, by the addition or removal of plates on the iiiston head, the compression c;in be conveniently changed for various fuels, such as alcohol and the other usual hydrocarbons, a compression of 15 atmospheres being used RURAL ENGINEERING. 991 with nlcaliol. 'I'lic fuels testt'd \ven> iioii/.iiio. nlcoliol, and n niixturo of ak-oiiol witli liiMizol and ergin. Tile motor was rated at Ki horsepower, hut in tlie test witli imre motor alcohol 21.!)() horsepower was developed. The investigation proved that a nuxture of ergin or henzol eonsiderahly lowered tlie fuel consump- tion, and at the present price of alcohol, benzol and ergin mixtures therefore considerai)l.v reduce the operating cost. The following table shows the several fuel consumptions in pounds i)er brake horsepower hour : I'ikI i-oiisiniipfi'iii ix'i' lii'S1). — In this arti<-le .-ittentioii is directed to tlie present status of the alcohol industry under the denatured alcohol law. it being pointed out that no sweeping revolution of industrial or agricultur.il c(mditions. sudi ;is w;is predicted prior to the passing of the act, has as yet been brought about. Although certain ethyl alcohol industries have been stimulated, methyl alcohol production has in no way been materially affected. It is stated tliat denatured alcohol is now ()btainai)le at from oo to 40 cts. per gallon, depending upon the locality, and while this price prohibits active competition with gasoline or kerosene at present prices, there is every reason to believe that it will eventually decrease in price when uses are I'onnd Inr tlic by-]iroducts of its manufacture, and when its uses as a fuel and in the arts liecome more widespread. The recent amendment to the law is menti(med in connection with tlie manu- facture of alcohol on a small scale. T'nder this amendment denaturing ware- lioiises may be disjieused with when the capacity of the still is less than ItK) proof gals, per day. the .mIcoIioI beinu conveyed to warehouses for denaturing l»y pipes or cars. It is tlie epininn of the writer, however, that commun:U rather than individual distilleries, or, in other cases, distilleries oi)erated on 992 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ' the principle of the oltl-time .srist mill, are the real hope of the farmer. " Even if small distilleries can be installed at a comparatively low cost alcohol can be distilled economically and profitably only when the production is continuous and on a larger scale than is possible on the average farm." The engineering index, II. II. Suplee, J. H. Guntz, and C. B. Going {^'Mew York and London: Engin. Mar/., 1907, vol. Jf, pp. 123Ji). — A large volume contain- ing an index and brief digest of articles which have ai)peared in foreign and domestic periodicals during the past three years on all phases of engineering information, the book being of value to the rural engineer particularly for its references to irrigation, drainage, farm machinery, and related toincs. RURAL ECONOMICS. Farm management, F. W. Caud (Xcw York: Doiihlcdaij, Page d- Co., 1907. pp. XI 1 1 +270). — This is the fourth A'olume in the Farm Library series. The book is an outgrowth of a course of lectures to students at the Khodo Island College of Agriculture on the problems of the farm, the aim being to awaken interest and suggest methods of studying these problems rather than to present solutions of them. I'ractical suggestions regarding many economic phases of farm management are made with the view of showing that, under capable direction, farming as a business will compare favorably with many pro- fessional and industrial pur.suits. In the author's opinion " farm administra- tion, rather than farm production, is likely to receive special emphasis in the next forward movement for agriculture." The scarcity of farm help and the remedy, K. Oldenberg {Ztschr. Ayrar- politik, 5 {1907), 'No. 2, pp. 7 '/-NO'). — The author calls attention to the lack of trained farm laborers in Germany due to the exodus into cities and to foreign emigration. The shorter hours of service, steady employment, and higher wages of industries, together with the social advantages in towns and cities over country life, are regarded as the chief causes of rural depopulation. Among the remedies suggested are the adoption by landowners of industrial methods as to hours, wages, employment, etc., the establishment of a government bureau to place the unemployed on farm.s, land colonization, and the teaching of agriculture in ])ul)lic schools. The last is regarded as likely to be most effective in ultimately turning the tide of emigration back to farm life. Foreign agricultural laborers in France, M. Lair {Rev. Econ. Internat., 1 (1907), Xo. 3, pp. 527-570). — Statistics are given which show that there has been a gradual reduction in the number of native farm laborers in France and a corresponding immigration of Belgians, Swiss, Germans, Italians, and Span- iards to do farm work. The author describes the method of securing foreign laborers, their mode of living, hours of labor, wages received, and the advantages and disadvantages of this class of labor from the economic and national points of view. The majority of farm laborers work from sjiring to fall in France and then with- draw to their respective countries, taking with them annually in wages about 20,000,000 francs. At the same time statistics secured from magistrates in numerous districts show that crops could not be harvested without foreign help on account of rural depopulation in France. For this reason the difiiculties in the way of legislation regarding foi'eign farm immigration are pointed out. This class of farm helj) is regarded as industrious, as of great importance in increasing the wealth of the coimtry, and as presenting no danger regarding the deterioration of the French race. , RURAL ECONOMICS. 998 The present importance of share farming in Tuscany, A. Gori (.1/// I'. \rcii(L h'roii. Agr. Geonj. Firnizc. ■'>. .vc/-.. 3 {190(>), A'o. '/. pii. .li!)-.l'>Ji). — Tlio .•mtlior (It'scribes various socialistic and coiiiniunistic jdniis that have hccn pvo- poscd and jiracticed from time to time as a solution of the labor pi-ohlom, prcstMits a \ lew of partnership farminj; in Tuscany, and shows how this method has rcsnltcd in iniiiroving the condition of farm laborers. The intellectual, moral, and physical well-beinj; of farmers nndcr this system is said to be ,1,'i-eatly sni»erior to that of industrial workers. Farnnnf,' on shares is believed to offer a solntion of the conflict between capital and labor in the rural districts of Tuscany. Agriculture in Lombardy, 1'. Korx {Jour. A(/r. Prat., ii. ser., 13 {1907), •Yo. 7, pp. 212-21.'i). — The author describes farming under the metayer or share system in northern Lombardy. where intensive culture predominates and the vine and silk raising are the chief industries, and farming under irrigation in the sf cnltivating tlie various crops and the relations of metayer to proprietor are desci'lbed. Conditions of farm life in Lombardy {Af/r. Mod.. 13 {1!)(I7), No. 0. pp. 127-120, fi(/fi. 2). — The author describes a colonial farm and farmhouse as typical of the econon)ic and social conditions of the peasantry of Lombardy. The returns fm- labor are said to be small ; corn, rice, vegetables, and milk, with very little meat and cheese, form the principal j)art of the diet; while the dwelling rooms are small and overcrowded. The conditions surrounding the life of the peasantry are said to be far from enviable throughout the province. Agricultural cooperation in Ireland, I'. Lavollee {Bid. Soc. Agr. France. 1907, Mar. 1.'). pp. 667-673). — This is a resume of a pamphlet by G. de Kozielsk Kossilowski on agricultural cooperation in Ireland. The writer describes the organization and aims of cooperative creameries, agricultural societies, rural banks, poultry and egg societies, and other organi- zations, the data showing that there were in ISO-l a total of ."U societies with l.<>.o() members, while in 1!)(I4 the fignres were 778 and 7<>,9(j8. respectively. The land law of 1903 is said to work favorably for the tenants. By its provisions the tenant mider certain conditions can become the owner of land, advances beiiiLT made liy the government. At the close of 1904, 0,82G had taken advantage of the law and acquired possession. The credit banks and the home industries societies are jiarticularly com- mended. The banks luuuber 200, with 11,257 members, and through them the deiiartmrnt of agriculture advances to members sums ranging from £25 to noo, at :; per cent interest. The home industries societies, the writer thinks, are worthy of introduction into France as a means of preventing foreign emigration and rural depopulation, both of which tendencies have diminished lately in li'eland on this account. Agriculture in New Zealand, Ii. McXab {WcJIiiii/ton : Gori.. 19116. jtp. 2(1. pis. 2//. 7!>-Sti. fi(/s. 5). — This is a description of the Macdonald Consolidated School in New Brunswick, which is located about liO miles north and 12 miles west of St. John in the hamlet of Kingston. It is shown that while before consolidation the enrollment in the 7 districts was 125, after consolidation it rose to IGG in the first term and 175 in the second. The average attendance in the unconsolidated schools was 44 per cent of the enroll- ment and in the consolidated school 84 per cent. Thus the daily attendance has been trebled and the percentage of attendance doubled. The writer .states that " the real secret of the success of this school at Kings- ton is to be found in the intrinsic worth of the course of study and in the strength of the instruction in the school itself. The difference between the course of study here and in the ordinary country school is sufficiently suggested by the difference in equipment. The orchard, the grafting tools, the pruning knives, the spraying apparatus, the kitchen with all its household implements, the sewing tables, the benches and tools, and the laboratory for indoor work in the winter — all utterly foreign to the ordinary school — here have a definite use." Figures are also given to show the influence of agricultural education upon the dairy industry in Canada. Statistics of educational institutions, 1903-4 (dsfrrr. Stat is., 77 (1900). \(>. .?. PI). X.TXT+2N8).— These st.'itistics, imblished by the Koyal Statistical Connnission of Austria, show the classes and location of educational institutions, including agricultural and forestry schools, together with their date of organiza- tion, length of courses of study, number of jier.sons in faculties, number of stu- dents in attendance, etc. Fnder agricultural and forestry institutions there are listed the agricultural division of the Koyal T'niversity at Krakow, the agri- cultural high school at Vienna, 20 secondary and middle schools, and 1(;2 elementary schools. The total attendance at these schools in 100.3-4 was G.G90. MISCELLANEOUS. Eighteenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1906 {Connecti- cut stmrs std. I! 1,1. mix;, pp. A,\7// + ,?or;).— This contains a financial statement for the fiscal year ended .Tune 30. inOC. reports of the director and heads of the departments, reprints of Bulletins .''.S— 12 of the station, issued during the year, and a classification of dairy bacteria noted briefly elsewhere. 996 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Sixteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1903 (Kcntuclnj Sta. Rpt. 190S, PI). XI\-\-.3J2). — This report, recently issued, contains the oi-ganizntion list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June ao, 1903, a report of the director on the work of the station during that year, reprints of Bulletins 105- 112 of the station, miscellaneous chemical analyses made in 1903 and not pre- viously published, and meteorological observations noted elsewhere. Seventeenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1904 (Koituflnj Stn. Rpt. 190-'f, pp. Xiy+202). — This report for 1904 is similar in form to the above. Bulletins 113-117 are reprinted. Eighteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1905 {KriifiicJxi/ .S'ff/. Rpt. 190.'), pp. X]H-}-2'iG). — This covers the work and expenditures of the station for the year ended June 30, 190,5. The report of the director includes a sununary of the work of the station in regard to pure food. Bulletins 118-123 of the station are reprinted. Nineteenth Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1906 {Louisiana .s7«.v. Rpt. 1906, pp. 28). — This contains the organization list; reports on the work at the Sugar Station at Audubon Park, the State Station at Baton Rouge, and the North Louisiana Station at Calhoun ; brief statements concerning the geological and soil surveys in the State ; notes on the Adams Act, the meeting of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges find Experiment Stations at Baton Rouge, and on the experiment station exhibit at the State fair ; and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended Jiuie :>0, 19(ic>. Director's report for 1906, W. H. Jordan (Xrir York ^tatc Sta. Bill. 2SJ,. pp. S29-3')0). — A review of the different lines of station work during the year. List of cooperative experiments for 1907 (Xcw York Cornell tita. Bill. 2-'i2, pp. SG-J/S). — This is a schedule of the experiment demonstrations offered to New York farmers during the season of 1007. The experiments cover a wide range of subjects, which are grouped into 8 divisions, each in charge of a special- ist. The divisions are as follows: Agronomy, plant selection and breeding, horticulture, entomology, animal husbandry, poultry husbandry, dairy industry, and plant diseases. Report on the Southern Utah Experiment Station, 1906 { Ltah »s7f/. Bill. 97. pp. 2-'i). — A lirief statement on the work of this station is made by the director and a more detailed report is made by the horticnltiu-ist. The latter report is abstracted elsewhere. Report on the Central Utah Experiment Station {ltah St a. But. 98, pp. 2')-'i-'i). — This contains the act establishing the Central I'tah Experiment Sta- tion, lirief statements by the director on the organization and work of the station, and reports of the horticulturist, agronomist, and irrigation engineer. The report of the horticulturist is abstracted elsewhere. Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1906 {Virginia St a. Rpt. 1906, pp. 60). — ^This report contains the organization list of the station; a report of the director discussing the personnel, resources, needs, etc., of the station ; a list of available bulletins ; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900; and de])artmental reports containing several original articles which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Literature, November, 1904, to Januai-y 1, 1907 (Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 5 {1901), No. .}. Hcihtiic. pji. s.l). — This is :i classified bibliography of (ierman books and periodical literature for the period specified. It includes i)oliticaI economy, veterinary medicine, animal industry, fertilizers, soils, field and horti- cultural crops, meteorology, forestry, and other topics. XOTHS Arizona University and Station. — Tlie rcsiiriiation is noted of V. A. Clnrk, ;ij,'ricnltiirist niid horticulturist. Connecticut Stations. — I'.y nn act approved May 1 the legishxture has fonnally acceded to the provisions of the Adams Act, and provided that the funds shall he divided Cijually between the State and Storrs stations. Florida TIniversity and Station. — H. P. Stuckey, assistant horticulturist at the Alabama Station, has been appointed assistant in cotton work in the station. The visiting committee from the legislature has recommended an appn)priation nf .$40.(Miu for the erection of a building to be used for station, administrative, and laboratory purposes, and .$5,000 a year for the ensuing biennium for farmers' institute work. Idaho University and Station. — .J. R. Shinn, field assistant in pomology in the Illinois Station, has been aiipointed professor of horticulture in the university .ind horticulturist in the station. A department of dairying has been estab- lished under the direction of J. II. Frandson, a graduate of the Iowa College, as professor of dairying in the university and dairyman in the station. It is I'lanned to develop materially the work in daii'ying. Iowa College. — According to liyccdfrx' Gazette, V. R. Gardner, instructor in horticulture, has been elected assistant horticulturist at the MacDonald Agri- cultural College. Kansas College and Station. — A recent act of the legislature designates the college as the State highway commi.ssion, and among its duties specifies the devising of jilans and systems of highway construction and of regulations for the repair and maintenance of highways, the conducting of demonstrations in road building at the re(juest of the county conuuissloners, the providing of trained demonstrators for this purpose, and the disseminating of information among the county conunissioners, highway officials, and the general public. The depart- ment of domestic science is conducting a month's dietary study among its students. W. E. Mathewson has returned to the college as assistant professor of chemistry and assistant chemist in the station. Kentucky College and Station. — U. W. Taylor, assistant entomologist and botanist in the station, has resigned to accept a i)osition in the Indian Indus- trial School at Carlisle. Pa. The board of control of the station has authorized the construction of a jiiggery and of a propagating house. One wing of the agricultural building for the college is now l)eing erected. Louisiana University and Stations. — The university announces the establish- ment of a school of agriculture nioe made of prob- lems confronting agricultural teaching in colleges and schools of various grades, and of agricultui'al extension with a view to introducing agriculture into the elementary schools, establishing agricultural high schools, and correlating and unifying the agricultural instruction given in the State. The work will be in close cooperation with existing educational agencies, especially the State indus- trial commission. W. R. Hart, of the Nebraska State Normal School, who has had long experience in teaching and is the author of a number of monographs and other articles on educational topics, has been selected as the head of the department and will begin his duties with the next college year. F. C. Kenney, at present assistant secretary of the ^lichigan College, has l»een appointed treasurer and will act as the business agent of the college and station. Missouri University and Station. — Dr. R. M. Bird, assistant professor of agri- cultural chemistry and assistant chemist in the station, has resigned to accept a position as professor of undergraduate chemistry at the University of Virginia. A. E. Grantham, instructor in agronomy and assistant agronomist, has also resigned. 1'. L. (Jile. a graduate of Harvard University, has been appointed assistant in chemistry, and F. G. King, a graduate of this luiiversity. assistant in animal husbandry iu the university and assistant in feeding in the station. Nebraska University and Station. — The legislature has appropriated .$100,000 for new buildings and improvements, including .$20,000 for the completion of the woman's building, $.35,000 for a heating and power plant. $.30,000 for a stock and grain judging pavilion, and $1.5.000 for a steer-feeding plant, tool barn, houses, etc. An appropriation has also been made of $2.5.000 for the sub- station at North Platte, about $10,000 of which will be used for permanent im- provements and the remainder for maintenance during the ensuing biennium. New Hampshire College and Station. — At a I'ecent meeting of the board of trustees the presidency of the college and directorship of the station were NOTES.- 999 separatt'd, K. D. Sanderson, jirofcssor of ontonioIo.Lcy and znolotry in tlie college and entonioloi^ist in the station, lieconiin}; director. New Jersey Stations. — .lames W. Kellojig has been ai)iiointed assistant chemist. North Dakota College and Station, — A new hoard of trnstees has been aj)- pointed, of which ('.. V,. llollister and ('. K. Xn.i,'ent, hotli of Fargo, have been ( hoseu. respectively, president and secretary-treasurer. Additional appropria- tions have been secured from the legislature for the erection of an experimental milling building, the establishment and maintenance of a sulistation at Williston for the study of irrigation and dry-land methods, the construction and equip- ment of a horticultural grceidiouse, and other jjurposes. Oregon College. — W. .1. K(>rr, now president of the rtab ("ollege, has been elected president and w ill .isvumc liis duties Jtil,\' 1. Porto Rico Station. — Oscar Loew, recentl,v of this Deii.nrtnu'nt and at present connected with the College of Agriculture of the Imiu'rial I'nversity of Tokyo, has been appointed chemist to the station, lie will enter upon his new duties about October 1. Rhode Island Station, — A study of the soil and mannrial requirements for certain iil.nnts grown under glass has been l)egun in the new greeidiouse. Utah College and Station. — .\t the recent session of the legislature a depart- ment of horse breeding was established at the college, with the ainmal husl)and- man and veterinarian in charge. Their duties include the licensing of all stal- lions standing for public service, the law l>eing modeled after that in Wisconsin. «;. M. Turpin has resigned as assistant cliemist in the station. Virginia College and Station, — Dr. Paul Barringer, dean of the medical depart- ment of the rniversity of ^■irginia, has been elected president. W. A. P. Mon- cure, instructor in mycology in the college and assistant mycologist to the sta- tion, has resigned. Arrangements have been made to continue for another year I lie experiments in toliacco growing in cooperation with the P>ureau of Soils. Wyoming University. — The protracted litigation between the university and the Lander Agricultural College as to the disposition of the Federal funds has been ternunated by a decision of the U. S. Supreme Court sustaining the contention of the universit.v, which will therefore continue to be the recip- ient. The opinion was by .Tustice .Moody, who held that these Government grants are to the State and not to a particular institution. Agriculture in Summer Schools for Teachers. — Instruction in one or more lines of agriculture, nature study, and domestic science will be offered during the sum- mer liy Cornell, Illinois, Elaine, Ohio State, and Tennessee^ universities, Con- necticut Agricultural College, Washington State College, and th(» Stout Maiuial Training School of Menomonie, Wis. The New Jersey State board of education and State board of agricultinc will unite in conducting a school of agriculture, industrial arts, and sciences at Cape ^lay City, with courses in agriculture, home econonucs, and manual training. Other summer schools of agriculture Isave been noted in iirevions issues. Forestry School in North Dakota. — Under autborit.v of a law jiassed several years ago, a State school of forestr.v was opened .laiuiary 7 at P>ottineau, X. Dak., with an enrollment of 30 pupils. Since that time the State legislature has aiijiropriated .$2.^,000 for the erection of a new building. It. K. Thompson is in. charge of the school, which offers courses in silviculture, soil jibysics, forest ]ihysiograpli.\', entomology, and plant pathology, and Held wor]< in horticultiu'e. nursery, and forest planting. These courses .are suiiiilemcnted liy courses in otiicr sciences, mathematics, l.-uigtiage. history, and civics, as well as by one year's work in the cnnnnon branches in a jireparatory department. A New School of Horticulture and Basketry. — The nnnister of agriculture of France has recentlv issued a decree establishing the National School of Ilorti- 1000 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, culture and Basketry of Fayl-Billot in tbe departmenls-^jf Haute-Marne. The citizens of Fayl-Billot and the syndicate of basket makers in the region have given the necessary land (22 acres) and $15,440 for the erection of buildings. The department of Haute-Marne is to give $200 and the ministry of commerce and labor $1,351 annually toward running expenses. The faculty will consist of a director and about 6 other instructors, and the course of study will extend over 3 years. Eugene Leroux has been appointed director of the school. Schools Gardens in the District of Columbia. — At the last session of Congress an appropriation of $l,00o was made for the pui'pose of continuing and extend- ing the school-garden work v.-hlch has been carried on for a number of years in a cooperative way by the public schools and this Department. Beginning 4 years ago with a few gardens on the Department grounds and a little improve- ment work around a single school, the movement has grown until this year 700 children have gardens on the Department grounds, 124 school buildings in the District have gardens, and 100,000 packets of seeds have been sold for home gardens. Massachusetts Forestry Legislation. — By a series of acts recently passed by the Massachusetts legislature, the salary of the State forester is increased from $2,000 to $3,000 per annum, the appointment by the local authorities, subject to his confirmation, of forest wardens with Increased powers and duties is provided, and more stringent regulations are enacted for the better protection from fire of woodlands adjoining railroads. The limit of annual expenditure for forestry purposes of $5,000 is amended to permit the use of such funds as may be annu- ally appropriated, and $2.,000 may be expended in holding State conventions of the tiro wardens. Miscellaneous. — .James A. Wilson, a graduate of the Minnesota School and Col- lege of Agriculture, now assistant professor of agriculture at the Crookston (Minn.) Agricultural High School, will succeed K. C. Davis as principal of the Dunn County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy, Menomonie. Wis., at the beginning of the next school year. Science notes the resignation of Prof. F. H. Storer, since 1870 professor of agricultural chemistry at Harvard University and dean of Bussey Institution, and his appointment as professor emeritus to date from September 1. A recent number of the lUustrierte LaiidtvirtschaftUclie Zeitioig states that Prof. J. Wortmann, of Geisenheim, has been appointed to succeed Dr. Rudolf Aderhold as director of the Imperial Biological Institute for Agriculture and Forestry, at Dahlem. Maine Farmer for May 9 and 16 contains an interesting symposium by a large number of agricultural college and experiment station workers on the present demand and outlook for men with agricultural training and education. o r "i EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALEEX. Pii. D., AssixUnit Ducctor. KDiroHIAl, UKTAKTMENTS. M('t(>orolos.y, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Ajirit'ultiiral Botany and \'egetable I'atliolosy — W. II. Eyans, I'll. D. Field Crops — J. I. Sciiulte. llortienltnre and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootoclmy and Human Nutrition — C. F. Eangworthy, Pli. D. A.i,'rotecliny. I>airy Fiirniiiiir. and Dairying — 11. W. Eawson. Agricultural Cheniistry — \V. II. Beai,, C. F. Langworthy, and H. W. Lawson. Eeononnc Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E, V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — B. P. Fleming. Rural Econonncs — J. B. ]\Iorman. Agricultural Education — 1>. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII, NO. ii. Editorial notes : Page. The present need of men in agricultural research 1001 Agricultural research as a career 1003 The training of investigators in agriculture 1004 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations. 1!»()T, E. W. Allen . 1007 Recent work in agricultural science 1019 Notes 1096 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Ise of corrosive sublimate for preservation of milk, Grelot__ 1019 Determination of fat in cream, Siegfeld 1019 Determination of fat in condensed milk, Hals and Klykken 1019 Refraction of fats and fatty acids. Dons 1019 Refractometric examiilation of milk and cream. Baler and Neumann 1019 Estimation of lactose and butter f;it in milk chocolate, Dubois 1019 Inversion of sucrose by acid mercuric nitrate, Cochran 1020 Unification of reducing-sugar methods. Walker 1020 Improvements in autoclave method of estimating crude fiber, Bremer 1020 Amount of cellulose, lignin, and cutin in pepper and cocoa, Fincke 1020 [Laboratory apparatus] 1020 >rETEOROI.OGY — WATER. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXIV, No. 13 1020 Report of the meteorologist. Bishop 1022 Meteorological observations, Ostrander and Barry 1022 Summaries of temperature, rainfall, ;ind sunshine, Ladd 1022 Semi-arid America compared with South Australia, Summers 1022 The weather maps of the pul)lic weather service, Grohmanu 1023 Weather predictions, Jochimseu 1023 I II CONTENTS. Page. On purification of sewage waters, Muntz and Laine 1023 Nitrification of sewage, Reid 1023 The bacterial treatment of sewage, Scott-Moncrieff 1023 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Review of thie geograpliical and geological conditions of Alaska. Riihl 1023 Agricultural-bacteriological examination of soils, Perotti 1023 Investigations on capillarity, Ollivier 1024 Carbon dioxid in soils, Stoklasa and Ernest 1024 On lime concretions, Blanck 102-4 ITlie effect of] volcanic asb on crops. Sands 1024 Agricultural value of tbe phosphoric acid of Belgian subsoils, Schreiber__ 1024 Availability of phosphates and soil acidity, Whitson and Stoddart 1024 Nitrogen content of soils as affected by farming, Whitson et al 1025 Denitrification in cultivated soils, Ampola and de CJrazia 1025 Relation of soil bacteria to nitrogenous decomposition, Hoffmann 1026 Observations on organisms related to BacHlKS >n 1044 Vegetable growing in i'orto Rico. Ilenrickseu 1045 Manure as a suuiuier mulch in vegetable forcing houses. Green and Waid_ 1045 Greenhouse experiments for 1900, Moore 1040 Test of tomatoes and experiments with Western blight, Henderson 1040 Celer.v. Beattie 1047 The best wa.v to gi'ow celery, Jenkins 1047 Cranl)erry investigations. Whitson, Malde, and Hardenberg 1047 Fruit growing iu Lake Superior region, Saudsten and Delwiche 1040 Orchard fruits. Sandsten 1040 Ampelogra|ihy. Molon 1049 Report of the coffee expert, Van Leenhoff 1049 FORESTRY. The Forest Service of the United States. Price 1050 Report of forest nurseryman, Haughs 1050 State nursery for forest tree seedlings, Jones 1050 Report of district foresters 1051 Forest management in southern pines. Rothkugel i 1051 RejHirt of the controller, experiment station, Peradeniya, Wright 1051 Treatment of cooperative forestry plats 1051 Importance of climatic varieties for sylviculture, Cieslar 1052 Table for determining financial increment of trees, Eckbo 1052 New method of measuring volumes of conifers, Fernow 1052 Influence of light and of changing temperatures on germination. Atterberg_ 1052 Observations on effects of frosts in 1905-1006, Elwes 1052 India rubber on the island of Cuba. Pearson 1052 I'resent and future i)hases of the India rubber industry, Tobler 1052 The cocoanut palm in Ceylon. Ferguson 1052 The Tavistock woods, Schlich 1053 Evergreens for the Iowa planter. Erwin and Baker 1053 Preservation of wood used for telegraph poles, Nowotny 1053 DISEASES OF I'LA.\TS. Report of the botanist. P.oUey 1053 The wintering of grain rusts. Christman 1054 Treating seed grains for the prevention of smut, Moore and Stone 1055 Contribution to the biology of ergots, Stager 1055 Infection experiments with Enjsiphc f/ramiiiis. Reed 1055 Further researches on brusone of rice in 1905, Brizi 1055 The winter rot of potatoes 1056 Potato spraying experiment. Sandsten and Milward 1056 Pineapple and banana diseases. Tower 1056 A disease of coffee. Van Leenhoff 1056 A bacterial disease of fruit trees. Aderhold 1057 Distribution of gooseberry mildew in Europe 1057 A new disease of cacao 1057 Diseases of cocoanut palm, Stockdale 1057 Effect of alkaline polysulphids on spraying apparatus, Fremont 1058 IV CONTENTS. ECONOMIC ZOOLOG Y K N TO M OLOG Y. Page. Inheritance of acquired characters-;, Weisman and Semon 1058 The zoological record, Sharp 1058 The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, Surface 1058 Report of the entomologist, Houghton _! 1058 Division of entomology, Craw 1058 Report of the government entomologist, (ireen 1059 Iteport of State nursery inspecti(jn, Moore 1050 Injurious insects and their control, Clarke 1059 Report of the entomologist, Gillette 1059 Some insects injurious to wheat during 1905-n. Krasnot^orsky 10G9 IVrccntajro conijiosition and relative value of food, Kfinig 1069 Concerning diirestibility, especially of protein. (Jriniuier 1069 ('oncerninf,' creatin and creatinin in metabolism in man, af Klerckor 1070 Tlie pliysioloirical action of nniscle extract, Slade 1070 Excess of ener.i^y due to elimination of iti'otein. ("banveau 1071 ("oncerniui: jirotein metabolism, Iliimiiliiinen and ITelme 1071 Tbe cbemical medianism of protein assinulati'>n, Imajjaki 1071 Nitrogen balance on a mixed ration low in i)roteiii, Spadaro 1071 Gelatin as a siibstitute for jirotein, Koua and Miiller 1072 Has amount of soluble nitrogenous compounds in wheat flour an effect ui)oii baking value? Bremer 1072 Influence ()f lee! t bin iipon action of digestive ferments, Kiittner 1072 Excretion tlii'ougli tbe skin. Scbwenkenbecber and S]>itta 1072 Transformation of formates and tbeir elimination, Fleig 1072 Cooking ut(MisiIs injurious to health, Schiitte 1072 ANIMAI> PRODUCTION. Practical dc^tails in tbe utilization of corn fodder, Neale 1072 Calculated loss from tbe beating of moistened corn fodder, Penny 1073 P.acteriological studies of ensiled forage, Gorini 1073 Feeding saccbarilied st:ircb, Hansen 1073 Method for ])rei(aration of a preservable dry fodder from yeast 1073 The feeding stuff control law, Goss and Jones, jr 107."> Anini.'il industry in P>elgium iu 1905 1074 Calves for the dairy interests, Neale 1074 The ])i-oducti(m of winter lambs, nunij)hrey and Kleinheinz l(i74 Dried be(>t pulp for lambs. Humphrey ;uid Kleinheinz 1074 Whole corn comjiared with corn meal for fattening pigs, Henry and Otis__ 1074 Soy bean nie.al /•. wlieat middlings. nnmi)hrey and Fuller 1075 Li(iuid food for young pigs and other young animals, Thierry 1076 Work of the department of horse breeding, Alexander 1076 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. The university dairy herd, 190.5-6, Humphrey and Woll 1076 The v:ilue of individual records of dairy cows, Carmichael 107<; Itoots supplementary to silage for dairy cows, Shaw and Norton, jr 1076 A new minting machine 1077 Feeding of sheep for production of Roquefort cheese, Marre 1077 Inspection of milk production, Monvoisin 1077 The inspection of milk, Adam 1077 Annnonia in milk and its development during proteolysis, Sherman et al. 1077 Comi»arison of milk served in bottles and by th(> " di)) " method. Way — 1077 Action of rennet on milk and feeding experiments with calves, Prylewsky^ 1078 I)eveln]iment of fjictory d.nirying in Wisconsin, Russell and Kaer 1078 Ajipai'atns for simultaneous skinnning and churning, Kasdorf 1078 r.ufter classification, O'Callaghan 1078 Tbe water content of margarin, P>uttenberg 1078 I >isti-ibution of lactose-fermenting yeasts in dairy products, Hastings 1079 Milk, cream, butter, cheese, Lindet 1079 Directions for making the Camembert type of cheese, Issajelf 1079 Report of congi'ess of daii-ying and olive-oil industry, 1905 1(179 Tbe microscoiii<-:il examination of wine, P>lavia 1079 Mamif.ictnre of vinegar from pm-e culture of acetic-acid bacteria. Eberlein. 1079 VKIKUINAUY MEDICINE. I{e|«>i't nf tbe veterinarian. (Mover 1079 Regniations rel:iting to animals" (|uarantine, 1907 10S0 Uei»ort of State live stock connnissioners of Ohio, Calvert and Fischer 1080 Incineration of animal bodii's in a portable app.-iratus, Lange 1080 VI CONTENTS. Page. The sporulation of anthrax bacilli. Eberle 1080 Ti-ausmission of pathogenic bacteria by larvjTe of worms, Weinberg 1080 Tumors in animals, Cadiot 1 1080 A laboratory incubator, Hastings 1080 Tuberculosis work for 100.V6. Russell and Hastings 1080 Tuberculosis in the light of recent literature, Heuss 1081 Chemical constitution of tubercle bacillus. Auclair and Paris 1081 Behavior of pus cells toward tubercle bacilli. Lowenstein 1081 Mask for use in clinical diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, Opalka 1081 Nonreaction of tuberculous cattle to tuberculin, Lignieres 1081 Infection with tuberculosis through the urachus, Vamos 1081 Harmlessness of dust from dessicated tuberculous sputum, Cad6ac 1081 Tul)erculosis in hogs without caseation or calcification. Junack 1082 Vaccination against tuberculosis through alimentary tract, Nicolas 1082 Vaccinaticm of cattle against tuberculosis, Lignieres 1082 Combating tuberculosis on sewer farms, Viucey 1082 The etiology of milk fever, de Vries 1082 Combating blackleg in Vogelsberg, Scheibel 1082 Epizootic pneumonia caused by a new pasteurella. Lignieres 1083 Treatment of gid in cattle. Probst 1083 Acute mastitis following foot-and-mouth disease, Moretti 1083 Sheep scab and enzootic ophthalmia, Garnett 1083 Creosote as a remedy for parasitic gastritis in sheep. Taylor 1083 Sacchax'omycosis in the nostrils resembling glanders, Marcoue 1083 A report on pneumonia in army horses, Ludewig 1083 Pernicious anemia of the horse, Carre and Vallee 1081 Equine malaria, Verney 1084 Swamp fever in horses. Van Es 1084 The treatment of dourine, Yakimov 1084 A little recognized cause of colic in the horse, Mollereau 1084 Experiments on filterability of virus of swine plague and hog cholera. Os- tertag and Stadie 1085 The Swedish regulations regarding infectious swine diseases, Peterssen 1085 The etiology of rabies, Remlinger 1085 Diagnosis of rabies in laboratories, Lentz 1085 Negri's corpuscles in fixed virus, Fursenko 1085 Immunization with bacterial extracts. Citron and Piitz 1085 The virus of fowl plague. Russ 1085 Fowl plague, Depperich 108G The use of diphtheria autitosin in the treatment of loup. Battier 108G KUEAL ENGINEEKINO. Small reservoirs in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota, Herrmann 1086 Evaporation losses in irrigation and water requirements of crops, Fortier 1087 Arterial drainage in Ireland 1087 Portable hog houses. Fuller 1088 Farm implement investigation, Ocock 1088 RURAL ECONOMICS. Cyclopedia of American agriculture. Farms. Bailey et al 1088 Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Limited, Everard and Anderson 1088 Agricultural credit, Fasquelle 1080 Agricultural settlements 1080 Agricultural cooperation. Paisant 1080 The intei-national coojierative movement in agricidture, Paisant 1089 Competitive ability of large, medium, and small size farming, Hoch 1089 Agricultural bank act amendments 1089 Report on small holdings in Great Britain, Onslow et al 1090 Agriculture in Japan, Thery 1090 Agricultural production in Japan, Gonnard 1090 Report of the department of agriculture and commerce, Japan. Kure 1090 Crop Reporter 1090 Ninth report of commissioner of agriculture, Florida, McLin 1 1090 CONTENTS. VII Page. Amiuiil statistical and croi) rt'iiort of Louisiana lor lOOC, Schulor 1090 Annual statistical report of New York Produce Exchange for 1906 1090 A^'ricultural statistics [of Ar},'entina 1 for 1!)0G 1091 A;,'ricultural and live stock statistics for 1906, Sholl 1091 Agricultural statistics, Ireland. 1900 1091 Sunnnary of agricultural statistics for the years 1901 to 1905 1091 A(;uici;i/nKAi. kulcatio.n. Ai^ricullural education in P^usland, Medd 1091 Tlie fundanu'utals of farming. Smith 1091 Iniportance of ]ilant i)liysiolojj;y in agricultural education. Bessey 1092 Th(> fai-ni mechanics laboratory in hifiher agricultural schools, Lonay 1092 Forei^Mi schools of home economics and their creaticm in France, Henry — 1092 The established ]ii-inciples of nature study, Bigelow 1093 Snj,'.i,'est ions for conduclini,' comnumity s;>i"dens, Sipe 1093 Course in fruit f;ro\vinj; for movable schools of ajjriculture. Green 1093 Orsanization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations — 1093 University of Tennessee. Relations to the State 1093 The social role of the farmer's wife, de Vu.vst 1094 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture. 1900 1094 Nineteenth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1906 1094 Fifteenth Annual Report of Delaware Station, 1903 1094 Annual Report of Idaho Station. 1906 1094 Twentieth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1906 1094 Seventeenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1906 1094 Annual Reiiort of Porto Rico Station, 1906 1094 Twenty-third Annual Report of Wisconsin Station, 1906 1094 Experiment Station Work. XL 1094 List of publications of agricultural experiment stations in United States — 1095 Accessions to the Department Library, July-December, 1906 1095 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations hi the T'nited States. Alabama Colleiie Station : rase. Bui. 139, Apr., 1907 1059 Alaska Stations : Bui. 3, Apr. 15, 1907 (5 cents) 1039 Colorado Station : Nineteenth An. Rpt.. 190r.__ 1059, 1079. 1094 Connecticut State Station : Bui. 155, May. 1907 10r,2 Connecticut Storrs Station : Bui. 4.5, Dec. 190r. lOC.l Bui. 40, Feb., 1907 1079 Delaware Station : Fifteenth An. Rpt.. 1903—- 1020, 1022, 1027. 1035, 1040. 1043. 1058, 1072, 1073, 1074. 1094 Idaho Station : Bui. 55, Jan., 1907 lOGl Bui. 56, Jan., 1907 1003 Spec. Bui.. 1907 10G3 An. Rpt.. 1906 1046. 1094 Indiana Station : Bui. 120, Mar., 1907 1038 Circ. 5, Dec, 1906 1034 Circ 6, Apr., 1907 1073 Iowa Station : Bui. 88. .Jan., 1907 1038 Bui. 89, Mar., 1907 1063 Bui. 90, Apr., 1907 1053 Massachusetts Station : Met. Buls. 219-220. Mar.- Apr., 1907 1022 Michigan Station : Bui. 2.39, Aug., 1906 10.30 Bui. 240, Sept., 1906 1076 Minnesota Station : Bui. 101, .Tan.. 1907 1037 Nebraska Station : Bui. 95, Mar. 18. 1907 1036 Bui. 96, Mar. 18. 1907 10.59 Bui. 97, Apr. 1.3, 1907 1041 Bui. 98. Apr. 16. 1907 1062 Twentieth An. Ri)t.. 1906 __ 1094 North Dakota Station : Seventeenth An. Rpt.. 1906. pt. 1_ 1022. 10,33. 1053, 1084, 1094 Seventeenth An. Rpt.. 1906, pt. 2 10(i5 Ohio Station : Bui. 181, Apr., 1907 10.39 Circ 60, Mar. 2:i. 1907 1039 Stations in the United States — Contd. Ohio Station— Contd. Circ 67, Mar. 25, 1907 Circ 68, Mar. 26. 1907 Circ 69, Apr. 9, 1907 Porto Rico Station : Bui. 7 (Span, ed.), 1907 (15 cents) An. Rpt.. 1906 1044, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1060, Vermont Station : Bui. 126, Mar., 1907 Bui. 127. Apr.. 1907 Wisconsin Station : Twenty-third An. Rpt., 1906_ 1025, 1026, 1034. 1038. 1042. 1046, 1049. 1055, 1059. 1074, 1076, 1078, 1050, 1088, Wvoming Station : Bui. 72, Feb.. 1907 I'age. 1076 1051 1045 1045 1033. 1094 1030 1050 1024, 1033, 1041, 1047, 1056. 1075. 1079, 1094 1040 V. S. Department of Aurieiiltiirr. An. Rpts., 1906 1094 Farmers' Bui. 281 1094 Farmer.s' Bui. 282 1047 Farmers' Bui. 283 1062 Farmers' Bui. 284 1062 Food Insp. Decisions. 1-68 1064 Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 65 (10 cents) : 1060 Bureau of Plant Industry : Bui. 96 (15 cents) 1042 Bui. 97 (30 cents) 1030 Bureau of Statistics : Bui. 50 (10 cents) 1040 Crop Reporter, vol. 9, No. 5. May, 1907 1090 Weather Bureau : Monthly Weather Review, vol. 34, No. 13 (20 cents) _ 1020 Office of Ex])eriment Stations : Bui. 176 (15 cents) 1093 Bui. 177 (10 cents) 1087 Bui. 178 (15 cents) 1093 Bui. 179 (20 cents) 1086 Bui. ISO (15 cents) 1095 IJbrarv : Bui. 61 (10 cents) 1095 Bui. ()2 (10 cents) 1095 Note. — The publications of the Ignited States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superin- tendent of Documents, Wasliington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau re(|uests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is ."fl per volume, or lo c(>nts i)er numhor. The prices of other technical publications are given in the list above. The imblications of the State expei'iment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XVIII. July, 11)07. No. 11. The most vital question before the experiment stations to-day is that of human equipment. State and Federal appropriations have increased at. a gratifying rate and spacious buildings have taken the place of cramped and inadequate makeshifts, but the men to carry forward this Avork have not been prepared in suitable numbers to meet the growing demand. The pressure is now becoming intense and it is recognized that our work of development must come practi- cally^ to a standstill unless there can be an influx of men specially trained for its service. The man is the starting point in all investi- gation and the all-controlling factor. Without a presiding genius at the liead generous funds and elaborate equipment become ineifectual. In view of the fact that endowments have increased b}' million- dollar stej^s, it is not surprising that there should be much difficulty in securing a corresponding equipment of men with a genius for observation, who have ripened into usefulness. And now that there is a systematic mo\ement in the direction of more thorough investi- gation of agricultural problems, it is evident how little attention our colleges have been giving to the training of agricultural investigators, and how low a standard they have themselves placed upon the require- ments of experiment station work. The chief reason for the present shortage is found in the new standards which are being established foi- this work rather than in the fact that a relatively smaller num- ber of men are presenting themselves for it. These standards impose additional requirements and qualifications, and thus practically elim- inate from consideration many who might formerly have been drafted upon. In the past it has been i:)ossible to carry on certain grades of work with men who had had little bej^ond the agricultural college course, coupled with a few years of experience. Such men have a far smaller place in the futui'e. for their limitations are soon reached and they can not fill satisfactorily the higher positions oi- carry on advanced lines of investigation. The appointment of unqualified men, even to meet existing exigencies, is now acknowledged to be of doubtful expediency. Many have been the disappointments from an untried 1001 1002 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. and undeveloped man placed in the midst of ideal surroundings and oj^portunities to which he failed to rise. Insufficient ^preparation on the part of workers is responsible for many of the defects of station activity. To it is due the low standards of investigation frequently met with, inconclusive and incomplete work, and many immature conclusions and deductions. It is also responsible, in large measure, for the estimation in which the agricultural work is held by scientific men in general. The need is not merely one for men, but for men of special qualifications and preparation ; for men as broadly and thoroughly trained as in any department of research, men who know the methods and the meaning of research. The selection of a station staff " calls for the divining rod rather than the dragnet," but unfortunately the latter has been called into service too freely for the best interests of the work, and the present condition has well-nigh compelled its use. The report of the committee on experiment station organization and i^olicy at the Lansing meeting dealt largely with this subject. It pointed to the fact that the unprecedented demand for men trained in agricultural subjects is resulting in the appointment to important positions of young men practically fresh from graduation, and neces- sarily deficient in their training. The responsibilities of these posi- tions and the salaries attached are out of all proportion to either the experience or the scholarship of the men appointed. This was depre- cated as being seriously detrimental to the kind of Avork now expected of the stations. Such work, it was urged, calls for special prepara- tion following the college course, quite as much as investigation in any field of science. The reason for such appointments of unpre- pared men is usually foiuid in the scarcity of men, but in some cases, unfortunately, is due to a low standard or a policy of false economy. The committee urged upon appointing bodies the importance of securing men with the widest possible education and training, and upon the institutions " that they supply the proper conceptions of scholarshij), which, under present conditions, the young men can hardly be expected to acquire as undergraduates, and that they make it clear to young men that satisfactory permanent service can come only through the best preparation the world offers. . . . The agricultural colleges are jDrimarily fitting their graduates not for investigators and teachers but for practical work in husbandry. Good as the courses are for this purpose they are only i^'eparatory to the more advanced study needed b}^ the investigator and the teacher. They do not, nor can they perhaps be expected to, in their undergraduate Avork, furnish the atmosphere best adapted to the scientific spirit and ideal." When the exigencies of the situation are such that an institution EDITORIAL. 1003 finds itself compelled to advance to responsible position and <^<)od sal- aiy a man of inadequate i)i'eparation, the connnittee specially recom- mended "that the ai'rangement shall include a definite understandin<>; to the effect that he shall at once enter ui)on graduate work in the institution in which he is employed, wherever this is at all practi- cable, and that in any event there shall be definite plans for his temi:)orary relief in the very near future for the purpose of encourag- ing graduate study in the best universities of the world." It argued that every jjossible advantage and encouragement should be held out to men who enter this work to adequately prepare themselves for it. In view of the necessity to which some stations have been driven these suggestions are worthy of consideration. They place upon the stations themselves the responsibility for seeing to it that the men they select for their work shall ultimately receive training which shall suit them to their vocation, give them the proper point of view, and inculcate the true scientific spirit. Without doubt a great deal of good can be accomplished in that way, and it will lielp to deter- mine whether or not a man is Avorthy of encouragement in the work. There were two other 2)apers presented at the Lansing meetings which bore upon this general subject, and which evidence not only the attention which it is attracting among thoughtful men, but indi- cate how live a question the personnel of the stations has become. One of these addresses was by Dr. II. P. Armsby, as president of the Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science, and was devoted to Research as a Career. This dealt more than incidentally with the human element in experiment station activity. Doctor Armsby naturally recognized the man as the central factor in research, and he pointed out that in urging means for the support of investigation " we are inclined to assume not only the present existence of an adequate body of investigators, but that their number, like that of operatives in a factor3^ may be indefinitely increased as occasion arises. . . . The investigator in agriculture, if he be a \va] investigator, is a student of science. He is not a mere observer of nature or of practice." Addressing himself to the subject of pro- viding an adequate supply of workers, he considered what should be the training for research in agriculture and the most eifective means of ac(|uiring it. In the first i)lace. " the investigator should have a broad and severe training in science, including actual work in research under the direc- tion and inspiration of an exj^erienced investigator. He should not merely acquire a knowledge of the facts of science, but should satu- rate himself with the scientific method of thought and woi'k." And in the second place, " the agricultural investigator must have an acquaintance with the jiractical problems and conditions of agricul- 1004 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ture," for his projects " must bear definite relation to the actual prob- lems of agriculture." This is a broad and efficient programme for preparation. Ideally it should come from the agricultural college, but these colleges have as yet given but little attention to that grade of instruction, and it was considered doubtful whether they are at the present time able to provide this training and atmosphere. Under present circumstances it was advised that the prospective investi- gator spend some time at a nonagricultural university, or failing this, seek a position under some competent investigator where he can take part in and imbibe the atmosphere of research. Doctor Armsbj' also considered the question as to whether the con- ditions surrounding agricultural research are such as to attract men and lead them to prepare for it, and he outlined some of the condi- tions which contribute to this. Research positions can be made attractive to men by aii'ording opportunity to do work from which credit and responsibilit}^ may result. While there must inevitably be much routine work, this should not be organized on the factory basis. A large degree of responsibility and freedom should be allowed to each group of workers, for in this way individual initia- tive is preserved and encouraged and more opportunities for advance- ment are open to young men. " In this way the university function of the research institution is most effectively performed and the training of the young worker in the method and spirit of scientific investigation most rapidly advanced." Like all branches of scien- tific activity, the conditions should be characterized by a notable degree of academic freedom, and there must likewise be freedom of discussion. While large pecuniary rewards can not be expected from research in agriculture, there should be a living wage which will enable the worker to have books, travel, maintain scientific affiliations, and live in a way becoming his position. Pressure of pecuniary needs should not force capable and competent men into other lines of work, "a tendency which has not been entirely lacking in recent years." But the pecuniary reward was considered only secondary, while the other reward, the satisfaction of rendering real service in the advancement of mankind, is such that it " should appeal with tremendous force to the generous soul of 3'outh." The other paper was by Dr. W. H. Jordan upon the subject of The Authority of Science, and likewise dealt largely with the condi- tions essential to effective inquiry, and especially the man side. Doc- tor Jordan developed in a very logical way the fact that the authority at present vested in science rests on conscientious scientific inquiry, which in turn rests upon the individual, for " science is an individ- ual product." Since what we accept as science is not infallible, but EDTTORTAL. 1005 is subject to reversals, the reliability of scientific deductions is esti- mated largely on their authorship. " What is presented to us for truth takes form in the human mind, and the quality of what we are asked to believe bears a close relation to the devel()[)nient and ('(juip- ment of the producing intellect. Unripe minds will inevitably pi'o- duce unripe science." This is a very })regnant thought, which lies at the bottom of experi- ment station efficiency. The station can be no stronger than its men. Its strength and efficiency and reliability are measured and I'cstricted by the combined ability of its stall'. Stinndating conditions, helpful supervision, suitable facilities and equipment count for much, but they are all secondary. '' Material equipment is subsidiary to the intellectual," and the development of inquiry must logically begin with the i)rej)artion of men properly fitted to conduct lesearch that is worthy of the name. Regarding the grade of attainments necessary to research in agri- culture. Doctor Jordan made no concessions to other departments 'of pure or applied science, but argued that •' all that is required for |)rogress in any other field of inquir}^ whatever in the way of effi- ciency of organization, scientific acumen, and severity of method is lequired here." His specifications for the agricultural investigator were rigid : " The real investigator must have what w^e speak of as initiative, fundamentally a natural quality that has been trained and developed in an atmosphere of scientific inquiry. . . . The true scientific mind is the truth-loving, truth-seeking mind. . . . In- vestigators in certain fields of agricultural research should be some- thing more than mere technicians in science; they should be ripened men who see relations l)roadly, men who know affairs as well as l)rinciples." And of the men needed to-day he said: ''The present fundamental need is for more young men endowed with a love of learning, of scholarly habit, and with integrity of mind and heart, whose ambition is not for notoriety, but for the conquest of ti'uth. and who, with more thought for service than for salary, are anxious to aid in laying broad and deep the foundations of human thought and activit3\" Doctor Jordan characterized the present condition as " out of l)alance," and he urged that ''we should bring the situation into balance by giving more attention to the development of men." He M-ent further and made this a moral condition of request for increased funds, for he contended that agriculture has no right to ask for larger sums of public money to be used in the study of its problems until there are availalile more men who are adequately equipped for the work of in(|uiry. The responsibility for meeting this condition he laid squarely at the doors of the colleges. ''The further develop- ment of agricultural work in the United States," he said, " lies pri< 1006 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. iiiaril}^ with the colleges and universities in the preparation of men ; " and since the influence of the teaching institutions is the primary factor in the progress of agricultural knowledge, he questioned whether it is not now the privilege and duty of at least some of these institutions to more fully nourish and develop the spirit of inquiry. "■ Should you not deliberately set about recognizing and encouraging scientitic initiative among your students and organizing courses of instruction that will give a substantial preparation for the work of investigation ? " A strong appeal was made to these institutions not to allow themselves to be wholly concerned with the commercial side of agriculture, but while advancing the intelligence and prosperity of the farm and the shop to promote the love of learning and uphold the standards of the scholar. This voices a sentiment Avhich is gaining increased prominence — that the agricultural colleges have a duty to science as well as to the practice of agriculture, and that they should be looked to to furnish the leaders in the various branches of agricultural work as well as in the industry. It should be one of their functions to stimulate young men to prepare adequately for experiment station service, and to inculcate the proper point of view as to the requirements of that service and the kind of preparation necessary. No young man would expect to enter the practice of medicine without special graduate work. Is less required of the man who is to seek out and interpret the laws of nature for his fellow-men? Not all of the colleges are ready to olfer graduate work, but many of them can discover among their students the exceptional man with the latent traits of the investigator, and stimulate and guide him in the direction of his development. CONVHNTIOX OF ASSOCIATION OF AMF:RICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLFCFS AND LXFFRIMFNT STATIONS, 1007. E. W, Allen, IMi. D., OiJice of E.rperiincjit Slatif»ix. This association held its twenty-first aniiiiiil fonv(>n(ion at Lansing, Mich., May 28, 2i), and 80, 1907. The convent ion was the most notable one in the history of the association in that it actively par- ticil)ate— No. 11—07 M 2 1010 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. seven institutions, amounting to $175. Of this amount, $125 was turned over to the University of Illinois toward paying the expenses of the last session of the school. The report of the bibliographer, Dr. A. C. True, took the form of brief historical notes on some early agricultural text-books, the status of instruction in the natural sciences fifty years ago, an account of a convention held in Chicago in 1871, which is said to have been of marked influence in the inauguration of experimental Avork, and a resume of the work of Dr. Albrecht Thaer, of Hanover, Germany (1752-1828), one of the founders of the present system of agricul- tural education in Europe, and indirectly a factor in that of this country. In the discussion that followed, other data of similar nature were brought out, and much interest was shoAvn in the general subject. It was urged that a complete history of the agricultural educational movement in this country should be brought together at an early date, and a committee, consisting of Doctor True, Dean Dav- enport, and Dean Henry, was appointed to take charge of this matter. The rejDort of the committee on instruction in agriculture, pre- sented by Doctor True, as chairman, stated that a series of exercises for elementary instruction in agronomy had been prepared and published as a bulletin of this Office. A more advanced course in agronomy, supplementing this and designed for the use of secondary schools of relatively high grade, had been made ready for publica- tion. The preparation of similar elementary and secondary courses in animal production and related topics is to be undertaken. The subcommittees on college courses in rural engineering and home economices reported progress. The report of the committee on graduate study, submitted by President M. H. Buckham, stated that preliminary arrangements had been made to hold the next session of the summer school at Cornell University, with the cooperation of the New York State Experiment Station, in the summer of 1908, with Doctor True as dean. Special attention is to be centered on the interrelations of the chemical and biological groups of studies. The value of the school to both the educational and investigational work of the association was pointed out, together with the necessity for adequate financial support. It was voted to continue the present system of asking contributions from the several colleges, and the amount was fixed at $25 for each institution, payable on or before July 1, 1907, and annually thereafter. President K. L. Butterfield reported for the committee on extension work that a circular letter had been sent to the heads of the land- grant colleges, calling attention to the recommendations presented at the previous convention relative to the establishment of depart- ments of extension teaching in agriculture. Replies received from CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 1011 42 institutions representing 39 States were briefly summarized to show the status of the work in each case. Such departments are now formally established in G institutions, and in 3 others faculty committees have been appointed to study conditions and methods. Several institutions are hopeful of organizing the work in the near future, while at several extension Avork is proceeding along other lines. A lack of sufficient funds was in nearly every case reported as the cliief obstacle to its development. In connection Avith the extension work the need of a central agency to concentrate and correlate the efforts of the dili'erent institutions was emphasized by a number of speakers. A resolution was adopted favoring the granting of larger appropriations to the Office of Ex- [leriment Stations for the enlargement of its activities along the lines of " investigations and publications in relation to methods of in- tnution in agriculture relating to the farm, to the farm home, and to rural interests generally." The report of the connnittee on station organization and policy was presented by its chairman, Dean Davenport. In view of some dif- ficulty having been experienced by college and station workers in securing the ])ublications of the stations, it was strongly urged that all the stations use the " official " mailing list prepared by this Office, either for mailing their bulletins or keeping their mailing lists revised, and that the institutions notify the Office promptly of all changes in their staffs. Inquiry developed the fact that only about tAvo-thirds of the stations now use this list regularly. A special feature of the report related to the kind of men suited to station Avork and their training. This is noted editorially in this number. I'he committee expressed its appreciation of the Avork of this Office in furthering the interests of agricultural exjoerimentation, and in vieAv of the rapid groAvth of the stations and the increasing impor- tance of these relations it Avas reconniiended that the association request its executive committee to confer Avith the Secretary of Agri- culture Avith reference to its extension and reorganization as a bureau. The report of the committee Avas adopted, together Avith its recom- mendations. The commission on organization and policA' in agricultural re- search, appointed in accordance Avith a resolution adopted at the last convention (E. S. R., 18, p. 797), made a brief preliininaiy report through its secretary. Dr. W. II. Jordan. Tavo subconnnittees haA^e been appointed, one to consider the scientific and technical aspects and the other the sociological and economical relations. The com- mission has held one meeting, and it is expected that another session Avill be held in NoA'^ember and a linal report made to the association in the fall of 1908. 1012 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The interest of the association in the investigations upon human and animal nutrition Avas manifested in resohitions advocating the continuance of the investigations on human nutrition which have been carried on by this Office for several years past, and indorsing the establishment by the Pennsylvania State College of an institute of animal nutrition as an independent department of research. The executive committee was instructed to take such action in each case as would aid in securing jDermanence to these lines of work. Prof. Kobert Wallace, professor of agriculture and rural economy in the University of Edinburgh, at the invitation of the association gave an interesting talk on the live stock of Great Britain, j^refacing this Avith remarks on agricultural education in the United Kingdom. Remarks were made by Prof. S. B. Green and President G. E. FelloAvs in advocacy of securing national aid to the land-grant colleges for the establishment and maintenance of forestr}' courses through the receipts from forest reserves. The importance of more adequate State aid in such matters Avas emphasized by Dean DaA^en- port. Several speakers expressed their appreciation of the usefulness of Experiment Station Record to the station and college Avorkers, and urged that provision be made, b}^ appropriation or otherAAnse, for more detailed abstracts than are practicable under present conditions. The third day's session of the conA^ention Avas held at the Michigan Agricultural College, and Avas devoted to three addresses dealing Avitli separate i)hases of the Avork of the land-grant colleges — agricul- tural education, engineering education, and research. The first of these. The DeA'elopment of Agricultural Education, was presented by Dr. Elmer E. BroAAii, Commissioner of Education. This included a brief summary of the evolution of the agricultural colleges and allied agencies, together Avith an interpretation of the agricultural education moA^ement and its outlook. In his judgment the real and lasting strength of agricultural education is to be found not in isolation, but in close coordination Avith general education, and through this Avitli the real life of the people. It should therefore aim to dcA'elop not only capable leaders — " scientific experts Avho shall be able to teach the j^eople the principles underlying the arts of life," but also an intelligent constituency Avitli " the skill to take the science of the scientist and transform it into the art of their liA'es." "A system of agricultural training is therefore demanded complete in its sequence from the loAvest to the highest. Our elementary schools and high schools in country conmiunities are still to be pri- marily schools of general education, but AA'ith much more training in the arts of the farm and the sciences lying near to those arts; our State colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts are to prepare young jnen and young Avomen to read intelligently the literature of scientific CONVENTION OF COLLKOES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 1013 agriculttii'c. (o form iiKlopciKlcnt jn(l into connection with the real work of the farm. These State coHeges, moreover, are to provide well- i rained teachers of agi-icuhure and rehited subjects for the elementary and secondary schools; the colleges of agriculture, still further, are to be cooperative educational institutions and not merely special and local institutions; they are to cooperate with similar institutions in other States, in order that the work of one may be strengthened liy the work of all, and coojjcrate with the universities of their several States for the innumerable advantages to both which may come from such united etfort. The National Department of Agriculture is undoubtedly to continue its remarkably wide and influential Avork, its expert investigations, the issuance of manifold and vastly useful publications, and its furtherance of all manner of agricultural educa- tion and research in the several States. Finally, the Bureau of Edu- cation is to do as thoroughly as possible the part of this work assigned to it." Especially at the topmost reach, '' there must be that which is not commonly recognized as education at all — the pure research of the pure scientist — for no education can continue to be really alive unless it draws directl}^ from some source of new and abounding knowledge a fresh supply never yet handled and made common among mankind." The Development of Engineering Education in the Land-Grant Colleges was traced by President W. E. Stone. He pointed out that engineering instruction developed in these institutions more rapidly than the agricultural phases, partly because it was more readily reduced to concrete pedagogical form. The extraordinary develop- ment in manufacturing, mining, and transiwrtation, and the great wave of scientific discovery and invention also created an exceptional opportunity. To this the land-grant colleges readily responded, so that they have always been foremost in the essential development of engineering instruction and, in the aggregate, are to-day its prin- cipal exponents. The evolution of engineering courses was stated to have been largely along original lines, its aim being the development of the power to do things effectively in the belief that this is the modern criterion of education. The policy of adapting the methods and scope of instruc- tion to the distinct needs and conditions of our industries has evoked much criticism as to its educational value, but has resulted in the establishment of a new education with a new spirit which has won the confidence of the commercial world and become the chief bulwark against the prejudice toward the college graduate. Thousands of young men have been trained for careers of great responsibility, influence, and remuneration, to the great advantage of the material interests of the country. They have made important contributions. 1014 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to technical and scientific knowledge, have led to a better appreciation of the value of the application of scientific study and methods to busi- ness and industrial operations, and have been productive of citizen- ship of a high quality. At the same time, the work of these institutions thus far has been largely occupied with laying foundations. The}^ have been burdened wdth the demand for practical men. A ditferentiation of the instruc- tional work b}^ which the more elementary phases wall be adminis- tered in industrial, trade, and manual training schools is, however, ' forthcoming, leaving the engineering schools free to devote their resources to instruction and research in the higlier branches of tech- nology, with vastly beneficial results. The general establishment of experimental bureaus or laboratories analogous to the agricultural experiment stations was predicted as a logical step in this direction. Dr. W. H. Jordan's address was upon The Authority of Science. This authority, he explained, is derived not from platform specula- tions, magazine exploitation of theories, nor reports of progress, but from severely tested and verified knowledge; and he proceeded to outline in a logical and forceful way the conditions which determine the reliability of scientific deductions, factors which have been inimi- cal to agricultural research of the true type in this country, and the need of broader conceptions and greater freedom. With a frankness that made his meaning unmistakable, but with a fairness and appreciation that recognized the full value of this great movement, the speaker pointed out that much of the so-called agricultural inquiry in this country has been not so much research as the exploitation of existing knowledge, obtained in many instances from foreign sources without amplification or adaptation. "Although important new truths have been brought to light, our efforts at inquiry have neither produced results nor commanded the respect of the scientific world to an extent commensurate with the generous means applied. During the past twenty-five years we have been busy, instead, with much agricultural speaking and writing." As a result, " we are now seeing with greater distinctness every year that the more complex and more important problems of agriculture are still unsolved, and that because of this our utterances to the practi- cal man are still lame and halting.'' The investigator was ])ointed to as the primary consideration in scientific research, and he was con- sidered from the standpoints of his personal equipment for investiga- tion, his motives or point of view, and his environment. Doctor Jordan made an earnest appeal to the colleges and univer- sities to give more attention to the training and preparation of men for this work, and the inculcation of the propsr spirit and point of view. " It is a serious question," he said, " whether w^e are right in our educational plans when we place almost the entire emphasis upon CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 1015 the commercial or business side of agrieullurc aiul the industries, or whether in doinn- this we are promoting the hi<^hest utility of agri- cultural and industrial education.'" Without an increase in the sup- ply of men he declared that increased funds can not be efficiently employed, and further agricultural develojiment Avill inevitably be checked. Portions of this notable address are referred to quite fully in the editorial pages of this issue. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted in the selec- tion as president of J. L. Snyder, of Michigan, and as vice-presidents of E. A. Burnett, of Nebraska; H. H. Harrington, of Texas; E. A. Bryan, of AYashington; C. D. Woods, of Maine, and H. C. Price, of Ohio. J. L. Hills, of Vermont, was reelected secretary and treas- urer; A. C. True, of this Office, bibliographer; and H. C. White of (xeorgia, J. L. Snyder of Michigan, W. E. Stone of Indiana, W. H. Jordan of New York, and C. F. Curtiss of Iowa, as members of the executive committee. In the section on college work and administration, R. W. Stimson, of Connecticut, Avas chosen chairman, and E. R. Nichols, of Kansas, secretary. C E. Thorne. of Ohio, was chosen chairman, and P. H. Ilolfs, of Florida, secretary of the section on experiment station work. The vacancies in the connnittees occurring through the expiration of terms were filled by the following api)ointments: Committee on instruction in agriculture, H. T. French of Idaho and H. C. White of Georgia ; conmiittee on graduate study, M. H. Buckham of Ver- mont and R. II, Jesse of Missouri; committee on extension work, W. C. Latta of Indiana and C. F. Curtiss of Iowa; committee on station organization and policy, H. J. AYheeler of Rhode Island and E. P>. Yoorhees of New Jersey. SKCrioN ox COLLPXiE WORK AND ADAIIXISTKATION. Tlie programme of this section dealt largely with problems relat- ing to administration and curriculum. The question of securing State support for land-grant colleges was presented by President Fellows and discussed by Dean Henry and President Stimson. A l)etter appreciation by the public of the work and needs of the insti- luiions was considered the chief desideratum. Among the agencies which had been found helpful in securing this by bringing the pul)lic into closer touch were mentioned the better- farming railway specials, the running of excursions to the colleges, summer schools, short win- ter courses, and the enlistment of the farmers' organizations. The Selection and Retention of an Efficient Teaching Force was discussed b}" President W. E. Stone and others. A considerable divergence of opinion developed as to the most satisfactory means 1016 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of securing men, some preference being expressed for their training and advancement at a single institution, while others favored secur- ing the best men wherever found. Transfers of instructors from one institution to another during the college year were deprecated, and the necessity of maintaining among instructors a feeling of perma- nency of tenure during good service was emjahasized. A certain flexibility of salaries and the treating of each case individually was also recommended as beneficial in many instances. It was believed that much can often be accomplished even with low salaries by arranging congenial work and by providing adequate funds for the maintenance of the departments. Special interest in this section centered around the question of the preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts as authorized by the Nelson amen.dment. President White opened the discussion, calling attention to the rapid development of agricultural education in the secondary and primary schools and the great dearth of competent teachers. The feasibility of preparing such instructors in the land-grant colleges w^as con- sidered, and also the relations of these institutions to the normal schools in such Avork. President Bryan, of Washington, described the department of education in the Washington State College. He emphasized the necessity of supplementing instruction in the purely agricultural phases by the study of general pedagogic methods, and regretted that so little interest in agricultural education thus far had been taken by trained educators. President Butterfield outlined the scope and purpose of the department of agricultural education recently established in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and Prof. C. B. Waldron, of North Dakota, described the three years' teachers' course in that State. Doctor True pointed out certain fun- damental distinctions in the attitude of the land-grant colleges and the normal schools toward agricultural education. In his opinion, the fullest development was to come through a serious cooperation of all available agencies, including the colleges, the normal schools, the Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Education. A short history of an attempt to introduce elementar}' agriculture into the rural schools in Scotland and its failure by reason of the with- drawal of the government grants was presented by Professor Wal- lace. A paper on Extension- Work in Agriculture was presented by Prof. F. II. Rankin, of Illinois, who described salient features of that work, its significance, and profitable lines of development. The Short Practical Course, Its Value and Importance, was dis- cussed b}^ Dean Curtiss. A letter of inquiry showed that such courses were conducted last winter in 34 of the 31) colleges reporting, with a total enrollment of 7,776 persons, an average of 228 to each State. COXVENTTON OF (M1LLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 1017 Opinions as to the vnliic of llic work were highly favorable, though its limitations as an ediic-ational a.uvncv are genei'ally recognized. As a means of strengthening- the institutions in clientage and j)ublic con- fidence their existence seems to have been fully justified. The i)resent is apparently a period of transition, with a tendency to reduce the amount of the more extended short-course work and to place greater emphasis on that of college grade — a condition likely to be accentuated by the develoi)ment of agricultural instruction in secondary schools. In the sj)eaker's opinion, still further al)breviati()n of the shoi't courses was to be expected and their eventual classification with extension woi'k. Ill the discUvSsion which followed the consensus of opinion seemed to be that the secondary schools would not supplant the short courses,' but would modify their character to a marked degree and make their chief function that of centers of specialized instruction. SECTIOX ON EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. The general subject of the ])apers presentf^l Ixd'ore this section was Present Day Problems in Plant Pathology. Under this heading Prof. M. V. Slingerland considered The More Ui'gent Problems in Insect Control, the problems being classified as national and local. In the first class were placed such introduced insects as the cotton- boll weevil and the gipsy moth, which menace great induistries or the general agriculture of whole sections, and such questions as a national quarantine against insects and uniform nursery inspection laws, the solution of which must depend largely on national action. Of prob- lems of a more local nature the San Jose scale, codling moth, peach borer, plum curculio. Avoolly aj^his, and apple maggot were reported as especially needing consideration, together with a general study of insects living under ground, forest and greenhouse insects, plant lice, and many others. To gain control of these, exhaustive studies of climatic and other complex factors are necessar3^ Owing to the vast- ness of the field in this country, and the manifold demands made upon the entomologist for various kinds of Avork, it was stated that few, if any, of the insect problems had been worked out to the entire satisfaction of entomologists and agriculturists. In a paper on Progress in the Control of Fungus and Bacterial Plant Diseases, Prof. F. C SteAvart expressed the opinion that more progress in the actual control of fungus diseases had been achieved during the past twentj'-five years than in all previous time. This is due largel}^ to the discovery and application of fungicides. A certain amount of assistance is probable from the selection of disease-resistant varieties, although it was believed that the importance of this factor may have been greatly overestimated. Much has still to be done on 1018 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the causes of the diseases, in the tracing of the life histories of many of the fungi, and especially in devising effective means of control. It was suggested that ignorance of the methods of practical agriculture has been responsible for many impracticable recommendations by plant pathologists, coupled with a disinclination to make field experi- ments. The speaker advocated thorough testing of methods of treat- ment on a commercial scale during a series of years as the safest and most effective method of j^rocedure. Because of the complexity of many problems, cooperative investigations with the economic ento- mologist, the bacteriologist, the agriculturist, the horticulturist, or the chemist were considered as often very essential. In a discussion of this paper the need for cooperation bj^ investi- gators in different States in the study of those diseases which appear only at intervals in a given region, such as potato blight and rot and the downy mildew, was suggested. A similar opportunity was pointed out in connection with the introduction of resistant strains and varieties from other localities. The Relation of Cultural Methods to Plant Diseases was presented in a paper by Dr. G. E. Stone. The topic for general discussion was The Duplication of "Work in Agricultural Investigation, led by papers by Director H. T. French on the duplication among stations, and by Prof. H. Garman on the duplication between the stations and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The special topic decided on for the next meeting was Milk Pro- duction, including Sanitation; and the subject for general discussion. The Relation of the Experiment Station to Instruction Work, with Special Reference to Its Popular Phases. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. The use of corrosive sublimate for the preservation of samples of milk for analysis, P. Gr^lot {Jour. Pharni. et Chim., 6. ser., 25 (1907), No. 9, pp. Ji2S-.'i.iS) . — Of the various antiseptics tested for the preservation of milk sam- ples, mercuric dilorid has given the best results in the author's experience. The bichlorid is rciKlered more soluble by the addition of one-fourth of its weiflht of ammoniuiii clilorid. A tablet suitable for preserving a 2.")0 cc. sami)le of milk would contain 0.0.5 gm. of mercuric chlorid and 0.012.5 of ammonium chlorid. and would lower the freezing point ().00!siittl., 13 {1907), No. .7, pp. 257-261). — The difference between the index of refraction of butter fat and those of the insoluble fatty acids at a tem- Iierature of 40° C. is from 11.2 to 11.5. In the case of cocoanut oil the differ- ence is 1G.9, which is sufRciently great to permit of the detection by this means of the adulteration of butter with cocoanut oil. The refractometric examination of milk and creani and its applicability in food control, E. Baieb and P. Neumann {Ztsclir. VnicrsHch. Nahr. ii. (IciiiimhiII.. 13 {1907), No. 7, pp. 369-38.'i, figs. -)).— The milk is treated with acetic acid and alkaline-copper-carbonate solution and centrifuged. Determina- tion is made of the index of refraction of the ether solution of the fat. A talile is given which shows the percentages of fat corresponding to the different degrees of refraction. Cream is diluted with 9 parts of skim milk of which the fat content has been previously determined. Comparative determinations by this method and the Adams and Gottlieb m(>thods are reported. The variations were not mark(>d. Estimation of lactose and butter fat in milk chocolate, W. L. Dubois {■Join: Anici: Chnn. Sue. 29 {1907), No. J/, pp. 556-561). — The author's results were sunnnarized as follows : " In order to prove a milk chocolate true to name it is necessary to establish the presence of desiccated milk. This may be done by estimation of lactose and butter fat. 1019 1020 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, " Heating a solution of lactose to 80° C. decreases tbe polarimetric reading by an amount which may be corrected by multiiilying by 1.11. " Sucrose and lactose may be determined in the same solution by polarizing the sucrose in the usual way and lactose at 8G°, after the inversion of the sucrose. " These sugars may be rapidly and accurately determined in sweet and milk chocolates by tbe optical method described. " Butter fat in milk chocolate may be approximately estimated from the Reichert-Meissl number of the fat extracted therefrom." The inversion of sucrose by acid mercuric nitrate, C. B. Cochran {Jour. Amcr. Clicm. ^oc, 29 (1901), Xo. -'/. pp. .')')■'>, 5o6). — The author gives the results of numerous experiments with acid mercuric nitrate solution as an inverting agent for sucrose. Tbe method is considered capable of giving reliable results and is commended on tbe grounds of simplicity and ease of execution. As the acid mercuric nitrate does not affect tbe polarization of lactose, it may be employed with safety in the analysis of sweetened condensed milk. The unification of reducing-sugar methods, P. II. Walker {Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc, 29 {1901), No. 4, pp. 5'il-5'>-'i). — This is an extension of tbe table of Munson and Walker, tbe two tables together giving the necessary data for all of the more common reducing sugars. Improvements in the autoclave method of estimating crude fiber, W. Bremer {Ztschr. I ntemuch. ^'alir. ii. Geiiiis.'rt of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906 ; a report of the Fore- cast Division ; and a summary of observations on pressure, temperature, pre- cipitation, humidity, cloudiness, and other meteorological phenomena. " The normal annual distribution of atmospheric pressure shows the exist- ence of two well-defined high areas — one over the Ohio Valley, east Gulf, and South Atlantic States, and extending eastward over the Atlantic, with the crest, 30.10 in. or above, east of the Bermudas; while the second high area covers the Pacific between the Hawaiian Islands and the coast of Oregon and northern California, extending eastward into northern California and central Oregon. METEOROLOGY WATER, 1021 " Duriiiir IDOr, lii<,'h pressure covered the si"Pi>ter part of all districts oast of the Mississip])i Valley, except the Florida reniiisnla and New Knslaiid. and extended in a narrow strip westward over the lower ilissonri Valley into the central Rocky Mountain and plateau districts. " Pressure averaged mnisually high over the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and in the upper lake region and northward over the I'rovince of Ontario, where the normal was exceeded from O.o.j to 0.07 in. •' In a narrow strip along the coast of southern California and over the greater part of northern California and the western i)()rtions of Oregon and Washington, also over the Florida I'eninsula, the pressure averaged slightly below normal; otherwise over all districts of the United States and Canada the average for the year was ahove the normal. "The year was one of unusual warmth over nearly all districts. Along the entire northern border from the lower lakes westward to the Pacific the annual means averaged 2° or more above the normal, and across the border ill .M.uiitdlia and surrounding districts the average for the year exceeded the normal from 3° to more than 5°. " In the southern portions of Georgia and Alabama and over tlie Florida I'eninsula the temiierature averaged slightly below normal, also over western Texas and the greater jiart of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. . . . " Maximum temperatures of 100° or higher were recorded in the upper Mis- souri Valley, at .scattered points in the Gulf States, in central and western Texas, over the southern portions of New ^Mexico and .\rizona, and the central portions of California. Oregon, and Washington. " Minimum temperatures of 30° below zero or lower were confined to por- tions of northern New England, northern Minnesota, North Dakota, and to the elevated stations of the central Rocky Mountain district. . . . " The total precipitation for 190() was below the normal along the Atlantic coast from Virginia to central Florida, and over the Gulf coast from wes(('ru Floiida to Texas. The deficiency on the immediate coast line was very marked, ranging from more than 12 in. at Ilatteras to nearly 20 in. at New Orleans. Precipitation was also deficient over New England, New York, Pennsylvania, the Lake region, central Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys, and over the nortli Pacific coast districts. " In marked contrast with the deficiency along the Atlantic aud Gulf coasts, the amount of fall over the Appalachian Mountain region from Pennsylvania southward to the central parts of the east Gulf States, aud in a narrow strip west wa I'd over Alabama, northern Mississippi, central Arkan.sas, and northern Texas, ranged from 5 to as nmch as 25 in. above the average. " Precipitation was also in excess over practically all the Great Plains dis- trict from central Texas to North Dakota,- over the entire Rocky Mountain and plateau districts, and the Pacific coast from central Oregon to soutlicrn ( "alifornia. "The annual fall was especially heavy over central and nortiiern Texas and tlie central and western portions of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nei)raska. wlicre amounts from 10 to 12 in. anove the normal were recorded. " In the central Rocky Mountain States, northern New Mexico, Arizona, .Nevada, and central and southern California, the excesses were generally large, although at isolated points thi; amounts were less than the average. "The year was one with rainfall in general sufiicient for all ordinai-j- rcvpiire- ments. and generally well distributed tlu'ongh the growing season. An uimsual amoimt of cloudy weather was the rule in nearly all districts, and the relative amount of moisture was generally in excess of the average." 1022 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Report of the meteorologist, W. II. Bishop {Delaivare 8ta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 160-161!). — A siuiininry of the usual ohservations for the year li)02. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostranoer and T. A. Barry (Mussiichu- setts St a. Met. Bids. 210, 220, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Am- herst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual plienomena during March and April, 1907. The data are brietly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Summaries of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, K. F. Ladd {North Dakota tita. Rpt. 1006, pt. 1, pp. 17-27). — The temperature for each month of 1906, the rainfall for each month of that year and for each year since 1892, the monthly sunshine for each month of 1906, the daily wind velocity for each month, and the daily evaporation from the water surface for the months May to September during 1906 and 4 preceding years are given in tables and briefly discussed. The average temperature for 1906 was 47.3° F., being considerably higher than that of the previous year. The total rainfall, 17.7 in., was much lower than that of the preceding year, 30.76 in., and lower than the average for the past 15 years, 21.36 in. The total sunshine i-ecorded for the year was 1,925.4 hours. " The total amount of water evaporated from a water surface for the five months [May to September] was 22.36 in., a monthly average of 4.472 in., and a daily avei'age of 0.145 in. This is considerably less than for the preceding years."' Semi-arid America; its climate compared with that of South Australia, W. L. Summers {.four. Dept. Agr. ,S'o. Aiist., 10 (1007), No. 7. pp. .ill-4U).—Jn view of the great interest which has been manifested in Australia in reports of wheat growing in semi-arid districts of the United States, especially in the Campl)ell system of di'y farming, the author undertakes a comparison of the climatic conditions of South Australia and that part of the United States which is defined as semi-arid. The main differences between the climatic conditions of the semi-arid districts of the United States and the so-called dry districts of South Australia are summarized as follows: " Sovtli Anstralia. — AYhere our average rainfall exceeds 15 in. the district is regarded as a safe one for wheat and sheep, while our ' dry-wheat areas ' would average, say, 10 to 15 in. The elevation above sea level of these dry areas is from a few hundred to nearly 2,000 ft. The winter is somewhat cold, often frosty, with lengthy intervals between appreciable falls of rain. The spring is relatively dry, and hot, drying winds while the wheat is flowering often cause serious loss. The average summer temperature is high, and fre- quently the shade records reach 100° F. for a week at a time. The wheat is sown at the beginning of winter, has to make its growth during relatively cold weather, and matiu'e its grain in the hot, dry months of late spring and early summer. "America. — The rainfall of the so-called semi-arid districts appears to be from IS to 20 in. The altitude is from 1,000 to 8,000 ft. ; winter is cold, but dry. The summer is wet and war' ., and extended periods without rain are rare. The wheat is sown in spring and harvested within about 120 days, and during the whole of the growing period relatively high temperatures rule, though, as previously pointed out. extremely cold weather is frequently expe- rienced. Evaporation is consequently considerably less than in South Australia, and the freiiuency of the summer rains, even when limited, tends to replenish the losses by evaporation. " It will therefore be seen that the contrast between the climatic conditions of the two countries is very marked, and that results in the American States can scarcely be compared with local results. Our experience with the so-called drought-resistant wheats which have been introduced into these regions during SOILS FERTILTZEES. 1023 11k' past eight or ten years has been that they keep on the jiround too long — lliat is, malve but little upward growth until the warmer weather sets in. and tlien too often before they mature their grain they arc caught with hot winds. On the other hand, except in the coldest districts, our ordinai-y wheats make con- siderable growth before the spring sets in, and tiius have more prospect of maturing their grain." The weather maps of the public weather service, (Ikohaiann (Siiclis. LaiKla: Ztschr., o) (1006), .To. 50, pp. ISOo-lSlO, pjs. .?).— The character and use of the weather maps issued by the (ierman weather service are explained. Weather predictions, Jochimskn {lAUidir. Wchiibl. Hclilcs. Hoist.. .57 (1901), iAci.s'. 10. pp. l.il-l-i!>: 11, pp. I.'i9-152). — Brief explanations of weather predic- tions and their utilization in agi'iculture are given. On purification of sewage waters, A. Muntz and K. Laink (Coiiipt. Rend. Acad. .s'c/. [Paris]. l','i ( HuH). \<,. <). pp. 7/60-470) -—Experiments with filters of peat are reported which tend to show tiiat it is possible by jiroper manipulation of this material to increase enoniuiusly the purification capacity of bacterial filter beds. Nitrification of sewage, G, Retd (Proc. Roi/. Hoc. [Litiiddii], 8cr. B. 19 (1901). Xo. B 528, pp. 5S-1J,, fu/.s. 2; Jour. Roy. miu lust., 28 (1901), Xo. 3, pp. 1 'i2-l-'i9). — This iiaper reports the residts of observations on the influence of the deiith of filters and the size of i)articles on the efliciency of the purification. By means of shallow trays with perforated covei's placed at 1 ft. intervals in a lilt(>r bed composed of J-in. particles, studies were made of the progress of nitri- lication in the sewage at different depths. The results show that the nitrifica- tion took i)Iace very largely in the first 12 in. of the filter, and indicate that in general the efficiency of a filter is to be increased by extending its area and by using finer particles rather than by increasing its depth. The bacterial treatment of sewage, W. D. Scott-Moncrteff (Surveyor, 31 (1901). Xo. 190. pp. .«/-.«.?. fii/s. 2; Jour. Roy. San. Inst., 28 (1901), Xo. 3, pp. 111-1 'it, /iys. 5). — Experiments similar to those recorded in the preceding article and with like results are reported. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. A review of the geographical and geological conditions of Alaska, A. lU'iiL (Mitt. Justus Perthes' (leoyr. Aust., 53 (1901). Xo. 1, pj). 1-16, )nap 1). — The general geology, hydrography, and climate are briefly i-eviewed. A colored map based upon that of E. (". Barnard, of the U. S. Geological Survey, illus- ti-ates the main features of the present knowledge of the physical geography of Alaska. The agricultural-bacteriological examination of soils, U. 1'krotti (.1/// R. Aecad. Lincel, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis. Mat. e Nat.. 5. ser.. Ul (1901). J, Xo. 1. pp. (11-15). — The author briefly reviews a number of the more imiiortant reports of investigation on this subject and reports a series of studies of the growth of soil organisms in a medium consisting mainly of an extract of peat in com- I>arison with other standard culture media. The peat extract was prepared by boiling 100 gm. of air-dry peat over a direct flame for 2 hours with 500 cc. of water and digesting another 100 gm. l'(ir 2 hours in an autoclave at 120° with 500 cc. of water, filtering, and com- bining the extracts. For use as a culture medium the e.xtract was diluted until it contained about 1 per cent of mineral matter. This solution h;i (1901), No. 5-6, pp. J,ll-',19; (thx. in Join: Chem. Soc: [London\, 92 (1901), No. ')3.'i, II, p. 295).— Studies of the chemical composition and absorptive properties of concretions found in calcareous soils are reported. The analyses reported show the concretions to consist mainly of calcium carbonate, silica, iron oxid, and alumina, with smaller amounts of various other constituents. Fifty gm. of the fine-ground concretions were shaken up with 200 cc. of tenth-normal potassium nitrate solution containing 0.943 gm. of potash and allowed to stand 48 hours. The absorption of potash was at the rate of 0.1904 gm. per 100 gm. of material and the solution of lime at the rate of 0.109G gm. Treated in the same way with a tenth-normal solution of ammonium chlorid the absorption of niti'ogen was 0.0592 gm. per 100 gm. of material and the solution of lime 0.136 gm. When treated with hundredth- normal monocalciuni phosphate solution 100 gm. of material absorbed 0.52 gm. of phosphoric acid. A comparison of ground and unground concretions showed that the absorp- tive capacity for phosphoric acid was greater in case of the latter than in case of the former. These results show that the concretions may exert a marked influence upon the absorptive properties of soils. [The effect of] volcanic ash on crops, W. N. Sands (Mo. Conf. 1-S). — The results of a series of pot experiments with typical ferruginous, clay, and sandy sub- soils from different parts of Belgium arc siunmarized, the crops used in the experiments being oats followed by clover. The results show that, while the subsoils contained a considerable percentage (0.02) of phosphoric acid, a very small percentage of it was assimilated by plants, it being apparently iu .such form that it was very slowly dissolved in the soil solutions. Availability of phosphates in relation to soil acidity, A. K. Whitson and (_'. W. Stoddart (Wisronsiii tSta. ni)t. 190(1 pp. 111-180. fii/. 1). — Tests of the acidity and fertilizer recpiirements, especially for phosphoric acid, in a large SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1025 number of soils, both in tlic Held and in tlie plant house, are described. The results in general indicate with reasonable certainty "that acid soils need phos- phates, and it will be possible, by a careful test of a soil with litmus paper, to tell if it needs, or will need in the immediate future, a phosphate fertilizer." The nitrogen content of soils as affected by methods of farn^ing, A. R. Whitson, C. W. Stoddart, and A. F. McLeod (Wificoiisin 8ta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 160-110). — Studies of cropped and virgin soils similar to those reported by Snyder of the Minnesota Station and Ladd of the North Dakota Station are reported. Analyses were made of samples of soil from a large number of fields, the liistories of which are fairly well known, and of samples of virgin soil sur- rounding and adjacent to them. Summing up the results it is shown "that, in (I out of 121 cases, the difference in amount of nitrogen in the virgin and cropped soil is not enough to account for the crops which have been -removed." It is suggested that this condition is a result of fixation of nitrogen by soil bacteria. " On the average, the determinations show that the loss by leaching and deni- trification amounts to only 22.3 per cent of the amount of nitrogen removed by crops. The evidence seems to indicate that in clay loam soils of moderate fer- tility more than four-fifths of the nitrogen lost is removed by crops. " It is probably true that in soils of a higher degree of fertility, and especially where large amounts of fertilizers are used on land growing late cultivated crops, there is a larger loss of nitrogen by leaching and denitrification than is noted in the above cases. Nevertheless, the entire loss of nitrogen from these fields is, on the average, 37.1 i)er cent of their original content, as determined by this method. This indicates clearly the limited store of nitrogen in such soils and the importance of maintaining it by the growth of clover, or other legumes, and manure." Denitrification in cultivated soils, G. Ampola and S. de Gkazia (Staz. Sper. Af/r. Itah, 39 {1906), 'So. 6-7, pp. 593-609; Gas. Chim. Hal, 36 (1906), II, No. .J-6. pp. 893-905; ofis. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1907, I, So. 7, pp. 655, 656). — In continua- tion of previous experiments by Ampola (E. S. R., 17, p. 17) the authors here report a series of comparisons on volcanic soils of calcium and sodium nitrates and farm maniu'es as regards the changes which their nitrogen undergoes in the soil and their efficiency when used singly or in combinaticm on different crops. It was found that the nitric nitrogen of calcium nitrate is more readily assimilated by plants than that of sodium nitrate, which is ascribed to the fact that calcium nitrate is the ultimate product of nitrification in the soil, and nitro- gen in this form offers greater resistance to denitrifying organisms than that of sodium nitrate. This fact, first pointed out by Ampola in 1901, has been confirmed by recent experiments by Bellenoux (E. S. R., 17, p. 449). It was also found that denitrification was less rapid in the case of well rotted manure than of fresh nninure. Denitrification was apparently greater and the resultant yield of crops less in case of manure containing litter than in case of manure not containing such material. The application of straw to the soil in all cases caused a decrease in yield, and even when sodium nitrate was used with the straw the yield was but very slightly increased. The inju- rious effect of the straw both alone and in connection with sodium nitrate and manure is attributed in part to the increased aeration of the soil brought about by its use, which is believed to promote denitrification. The decrease in yield is attributed more especially to denitrification becaus(» the soils experi- mented with were such as are ordinarily benefited by aeration and are rendered more productive by the common practice of plowing under stubble or sod. It is 2849— No. 11—07 m 3 1026 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. believed that the straw promotes deiiitrlflcation l).v furnishing food for the denitrifying organisms in the form of pentosans. Calcium nitrate was more effective in combination with straw, manure, and like substances than sodium nitrate, being apparently more resistant to denitrification. The yields were invariably lower when fresh manure was applied just before seeding than when applied some time before this operation. In order to obtain the best results, therefore, the manure should either be w^ell rotted before it is applied or it should be applied some time before the seeding. The objections noted in the case of straw were not found to hold in the case of green manures similarly used, and this is ascribed to the fact that the organic matter of the green manures is moi-e rapidly converted into humus than that of the straw. Comparative tests of different kinds of manure showed that the least denitri- fication and largest yields occurred in the case of sheep manure, the order of efficiency of other manures tested being cow manure, horse manure, cattle manure with litter, and horse manure with litter. In general, denitrification was moi'e active with manure of horses than with that of cattle or sheep, the addition of litter in all cases increasing the rate of denitrification. The low rate of denitrification in case of maniu'e from sheep is ascribed to the fact that with these animals the carbohydrate materials which serve as food for the denitrifying organisms are more thoroughly digested than in case of cattle or horses. The results do not warrant the conclusion that stable manure is of question- able value, provided care is taken to use manure in a proper state of decomposi- tion or to apply it a sufficient length of time before seeding or before application of nitrates. Belation of soil bacteria to nitrogenous decomposition, C. Hoffmann (Wisconsin Sta. lipt. 1906, pi). 120-1.3 ■/, //(/. 1). — The rate of decomposition as measured by the formation of ammonia and nitrates in the nitrogenous matter of blood meal, bone meal, bran, and peat was studied in culture experiments with gelatin extracts, according to Kemy. of 4 distinct types of soils, namely, black marsh soil sandy in character, a heavy sticky clay, a light sandy loam, and a pure sand. The facts apparently established by the investigations are summarized as follows : " The numbers and the character of the bacterial flora in soils are largely influenced, first, by the nature of the fertilizers applied, and second, by the character of the soils themselves. " The number of bacteria in sand is the smallest, amounting to only about one-fifth of that found in the black marsh soil, which contained the greatest number of any of the four soils. " The total number of bacteria which may develop in soils richly fertilized is enormous, aggregating hundreds of millions per gram. " The degree of nitrogenous decomposition is, in a general way, directly dependent upon the total number of bacteria present. " The progress of such decomposition is marked by numerous fluctuations which coincide, in a general way, with an increase or decrease in the number ■ of bacteria. " Extensive ammonification invariably occurs before nitrification becomes active. Large amounts of ammonia may be formed in soil, without interfering with the subsequent developiuent of the nitrate-forming organisms. In soils highly fei'tilized, as in the foregoing experiment, appreciable amounts of am- monia are invariably present. "As regards the degree of deconii)Osition. the soils tested rank in the follow- ing order : black marsh, clay, sandy loam, and sand. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1027 " When based upon their relative susceptibility to decomposition, the ferti- lizers used rank thus: blood meal, bran, bone meal, and pent. In other words. Avlieie immediate effects are required, blood meal and bran are preferable; but where the beneficial action of the fertilizers is to be m.iiiHaincd for several years, bone meal and peat are better. "The use of anaerobic conditions has no advantaj,'{> over the aerobic metlioil. but is, instead, far more difficult to manii)ulate." Observations on an important group of soil bacteria. Organisms related to Bacillus subtilis, F. 1). Cukstkk (Dclinriirc sla. lijit. lHO.i, ihk .'li-UG. /i(/s. I*). — This is a preliminary report on the morphohtiiy. cultural features, chem- ical functions, classification, and description of this group of organisms which is understood to include "those members of the genus Bacillus, as defined by Migula. which produce spores, liquefy gelatin, and grow under aerobic condi- tions." The investigations here reported covered a period of nearly 2 years and involved the comparative study of a large innnber of cultures. On nitrogen assimilation by lower organisms, B. IIkinze (Laiulir. .Jahrb., 35 (I'JOG), A'o. 6', pp. 8S0-910). — Accounts are given of studies and discussions of nitrogen assimilation by nitrogen-collecting bacteria (alinit and root-tubercle bacteria), fungi, algie, and Azotobacter organisms. The importance of the fixation of free nitrogen from the standpoint of practical agriculture is also considered. There was practically no fi.xation of nitrogen by alinit and pure cultures of root-tubercle bacteria in the experiments made by the author in media free from and containing nitrogen. The same was true in culture experiments with I'homa heUr, A.ipcrgiUus uiijcr, rciik-iUium glaucum. and Mucor stolonifcr. In experiments with Dematium-like molds and yeasts obtained from ordinary cul- tivated soil and of Streptothrix-like fungi from fallow soil there was some fixation, but this is ascribed only indirectly to the organisms named in that they are believed to have furnished food for other organisms which brought about the fixation. This indirect action is due to supplying organic food and also to the fact that the fungi dissolve lime phosphate, which favored the growth of the nitrogen-fixing organisms. In culture experiments with Chlorella derived from ordinary cultivated soil, fallow soil, and sandy soils there was no appreciable fixation of nitrogen. With both pure and impure cultures of Nostoc there was decided fixation of nitrogen when proper conditions of food, temperature, etc., were maintained. It was observed in these experiments that both the blue-green and the chlorophyll- green algjB elaborate glycogen, a very available source of energy for nitrogen- fixing organisms. Culture experiments with diff(>ront .Vzotobacter organisms under a variety of <-onditions led to the conclusion, among others, that dibasic and tribasic potassium Iihosphate and dibasic calcium phosphate are especially favorable to the growth of these organisms. The best results as regards temperature were obtained at 20 to .30° C, although the organisms showed more or less activity at tem- Iieratures as low as 8 to 10°. Increases of nitrogen, due to fixation by Azoto- bacter organisms, of as high as 2r)0 to ^no per cent were observed in the experi- ments reported. Pectin and pentosan substances were not as efiicient sources of energy as sugar. It is explained how these organisms gradually build up protein compounds from free nitrogen, and pot experiments are reported which show that the nitrogen of this Azotobacter material is much less readily assimilated than that of nitrate of soda. Field experiments on fallow soil are referred to as indicating that decided fixation may be brought about under such conditions 1028 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. by careful attention to thorough cultivation, aei'ation, addition of hunnis (car- bon supply), and suitable phosphates. On some new nitrogen bacteria with autotrophic habits of life, II. I\.\seker (Ztschr. Landw, Versuchsw. Osterr., 10 {1901), ^o. 1, p/). 37-Jf2). — A prelimi- nary report on studies which have already been briefly noted (E. S. R.. 18, p. 534). The author gives a number of chemical I'eactions which indicate that am- monia may not only be oxidized to nitrite, but also directly to nitrate and to elementary nitrogen. He has isolated and studied an organism to which he gives the name Bacillus nitrator, which o.xidizes ammonia directly to nitrate without the intermediate formation of nitrite. The most efRcient medium for isolating this organism was found to be a solution containing 1/20,000 of for- maldehyde in addition to the usual nutritive substance. He has also isolated and described the action of an organism, for which he proposes the name B. azotofliiorci^cens, which oxidizes ammonia, setting free elementary nitrogen without the intermediate formation of either nitrite or nitrate. This organism was easily isolated from culture solutions containing formaldehyde or sodium formate. The author gives a chemical reaction to show the possibility of the oxidation of elementary nitrogen, and expresses the opinion that very probably there is an organism which can bring about such oxidation. The author's preliminary experiments indicate that the conditions are more favorable for such oxidation in heavy clay and calcareous soils than in light soils. Apparatus for the preparation of lime nitrogen and ammonium sulphate by the processes of the Cyanid Company of Berlin (Osterr. Chcni. Zi (1906), No. 2.1/, pp. 328-330, flgs. 4)- — The descriptions and illustrations given in this article are taken from a report on nitrogen fixation and lime nitrogen by G. Erhveiu. (See also E. S. R., 18, p. 010.) The changes and the decomposition products of lime nitrogen in soils, H. Kappen {FiihUng's Larulic. Ztg., 56 (1907), No. .',, pp. 122-127). — The rate of transformation into annnonia of lime nitrogen (at ordinary temperature, at 40° C, and in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid), pure calcium cyanamid, dicy- anamid, and cyanamido carbonate of lime, in loam and sandy soils and in glass sand was studied with a view especially to its bearing upon the injurious effects of lime nitrogen when applied as a top-dressing. The transformation of lime nitrogen at ordinary temperature and in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid was very rapid and was practically complete at the end of 23 days in loam soil. In no case was more than a very small percentage of the dicyanamid transformed. The transformation of lime nitrogen at 40° C. was 94.28 per cent in loam, 18.75 in sandy soil, and only 2.81 per cent in glass sand. The other products showed lower rates of transformation, but these were highest in the loam soil and lowest in the glass sand. These experiments are a continuation of those liy Immendorff and the author which indicated that the first poisonous effects observed when lime nitrogen was applied as a top-dressing on acid soils are due to cyanamid, the later effects to dicy;ni!>iiii*l- Experiments with lime nitrogen as a fertilizer, B. Schulze (FiiJillnff's Landw. Ztg., 56 (1907). No. 5. pp. lJi5-159). — Series of pot experiments are reported (1) with barley, oats, mustard, spurry, buckwheat, and carrots to determine the relative efficiency of lime nitrogen, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia on these crops under different cultural conditions ; (2) to determine whether the full efficiency of lime nitrogen is obtained by winter applications ; (3) with oats followed by mustai'd to determine the influence of the depth of SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1029 application on the offirienoy of tlic lime iiitroi^'cn : iiiid (4) to doterniino the effect of top-dressing with lime nitroj^en. The relative efliciency of the iiitrofionons materials on the l)asis of the increased y.eld prodnced, takinj? nitrate of soda as KX), was 91 in case of suli)hate of annnonia and SO in case of lime nitrojjen for all of the crops except buckwheat, with which the efficiency of the sulphate of ammonia was KM) and of the lime nitrogen 77. On the basis of the utilization of the nitrogen, the relative efliciency of the ?> materials was nitrate of soda 1~>, sulphate of ammonia r>,S.l, and lime nitrogen 40.(5. The results indicate that there is a considerable loss of nitrogen from lime nitrogen when the material is applied in the winter. Tlie liest results were obtained by incorporating the lime nitrogen with the soil to a (le])th of at least 25 cm. Decidedly injurious effects were observed when the material was used as a top-dressing or mixed with the soil to a shallow depth. Culture experiments with synthetic nitrate of lime, T. Schloesing, .Jr. {Hill. Sac. Xat. Ai/r. France. 6(1 {I'JOd), Xo. 'J, pp. l.il-l-il : ahs. in Rev. Gen. Afjron.. n. set:, 2 (1907), Xf). 1, pp. 9-11). — Experiments in different parts of France with the product manufactured by the electrical process at Notodden. Norway, are reported. The basic nitrate of lime was compared with nitrite and nitrate of lime and nitrate of soda on wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, and grapes on a variety of soils. In general the different fertilizers were about equally effective. Experim.ents with nitrogenous fertilizers at the Halle experiment sta- tion during 1905 and 1906, Schneidewind {Landw. Wchnsehr. tiaelisen, 9 {1901), Xo. 9, pp. S7-S9; Mitt. Dent. Landw. Oesell, 22 (1907), No. 5, pp. 36-39). — A large number of comparative plat tests of nitrate of soda. -sulphate of ammonia, and lime nitrogen on barle.v. rye, wheat, potatoes, and sugar beets on 4 typical soils are reported. The relative efficiency of the nitrogenous fertilizers on 8 of these crops, taking nitrate of soda as 100, was as follows : Barley — suli)hate of ammonia 92, lime nitrogen 77 ; potatoes — sulphate of ammonia 99, lime nitrogen 95; sugar beets — sulphate of ammonia 9.3, lime nitrogen 72; or, averages for all 3 crops of 95 for sulphate of ammonia and 81 for lime nitrogen. The influence of applications of lime and magnesia on phosphate fer- tilizing, F. Westhausser and W. Ziei.storff (Landir. Vers. >S7«f., 6.5 (1907). Xo. 5-6, pp. Jf41-4.'f7; abs. in Jour. Chew. Soc. [London], 92 (1907). Xo. SSJ/.. U. p. 296). — A series of experiments on nuistard grown in zinc iiots containing 0.5 kg. of ordinary field soil poor in jilant food, especially lime and magnesia, to which i)hosphoric acid in water-soluble form was ai)i»lied at rates of 50 and 100 kg. i)er hectare, and Thomas slag at the rate of 100 kg. per hectare, is reported. .\11 of the pots received a basal fertilizer of sodium nitrate and potash salts, and in different cases calcium cnrbdnatc. magnesium carbonate (separately or in mixture), gypsinn. caiistic liiiic. ;ind caustic magnesia were also applied in varying amounts with tlie other fertilizers. ,\11 of the lime and magnesia compounds except g.vi»sum reduced tlic yield wIkmi us(m1 in connection with .solulile phosphate, even when tlic latter was used at the rate of 100 kg. per hectare. The iniurious effect was more marked in the case of magnesia com- jiounds than in case of lime comiwunds. In the case of Thomas slag the addi- tion of moderate amounts of lime or magnesia coini>ounds increased the yield in every case. Large apiilications of lime and especially magnesia reduced the efficiency of the slag. The value of crude ammonia, M. de Molinart and (). LiciOT (Hiil. Ai/r. [Brussels], 23 (1907), Xo. 2, pp. 172-17Jf). — In continuation of previous work (E. S. R.. IS. J). (i21 ) the iiuthors report examinations of 0 samples of crude ammonia from different sources. In these the ammoniacal nitrogen varied from 1030 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 0.4- to 2.28 per cent, the organic nitrogen soluV»le in water from 0.21 to 1.96 per cent, the organic nitrogen insoluble in water from 1.78 to 7.24 per cent, and the total nitrogen from 5.01 to 9.98 per cent. It is pointed out that in view of these wide variations in composition this material should be bought only upon analysis. Fertilization of cane lands, F. B. Carpenter (La. Planter, 38 (1907), A'O. 7, p}}. 109, 110). — This is a paper which was read before the Louisiana Sugar Planters' Association, discussing the soil and fertilizer requirements of sugar cane, the best sources of plant food, and the best methods of mixing and apply- ing fertilizers for this crop. The following general formula is recommended : Available phosphoric acid G to 7 per cent, nitrogen 5 to 6 per cent, potash 3 to 4 per cent. " The materials, especially the nitrogen, should be selected so as to give the growing crop a continuous supply of plant food and also to avoid danger of large losses by heavy rainfalls." Report of the State chemist of Florida, 1905 and 1906, K. E. Rose [Buh Fla. Ayr. Dcpt., 11 {1901), Ko. 1, pp. 12Ji). — This report deals mainly with fertilizer and feeding-stuffs inspection and the fertilizer industry in the State, but also discusses the preparation of insecticides and fungicides, the manu- facture of cane sirup in the South, the production of Sumatra and Havana tobacco, the need of a pure-food law, and the importance of developing farmers' institutes and agricultural and technical education in the State. The analyses made during the year include 239 official samples of fertilizers, 231 samples of special fertilizers, 160 official samples of feeding stuffs, 37 special samples of feeding stuffs, and 135 samples of miscellaneous materials (waters, minerals, soils, etc.). Of the 239 official samples of fei'tilizers the average composition was, ammonia 3.89 per cent, available phosphoric acid 6.47 per cent, and potash 7.85 per cent, these percentages in every case being slightly above the average guaranteed analyses. A number of formulas for fertilizer mixtures for vegetables and for cotton are given. Fertilizer analyses, A. J. Patten and Dorothea Moxness (Michigan Sta. Bid. 239, pp. lo). — Analyses of 134 brands representing the product of 21 firms are reported. Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hiixs and C. H. Jones (Termo))t Sta. Bid. 126, pp. J 7W/'>).— Analyses and valuations of samples representing 57 brands are reported. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Seeds and plants imported during the period from December, 1903, to December, 1905. Inventory No. 11, A. J. Pieters (V. S. Dcpt. Ayr.. Bur. Plaid Indus. Bid. 91, pp. 255). — This inventory of seeds and plants imi)orted by the Bureau of Plant Industry for experimental purposes covers the period from December, 1903, to December, 1905, and embraces nearly 7,000 items. It represents the collections of H. L. Bolley, E. A. Bessey, L. R. Jones, T. H. Kearney, and others, and gives not only the names of the new introductions, but also embodies notes made at the time of the collection by the agricultural explorers. The relation of temperature and humidity to the germination of seed of certain grasses, C. L>eneumostier (Bid. Ayr. [Brussels]. 22 (1006), No. 7, pp. 983-998). — Studies were made to determine the optimum temperatures and moistures for the germination of the seed of Italian and perennial i\ve grass, meadow fescue, tall oat grass, timothy, crested dogtail grass, and velvet grass. For the rye grasses, meadow fescue, and tall oat grass the germination bed AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 1031 sbould Iio kept nt not I»>ss tliaii (Id ikt cent oT saturation, wliilo for timothy, crostod dofjtail, and volvot grass it should in no case exceed »!() i)er cent of saturation. A constant tein])orature of about '2r>° ('. gave the best results for the rye grasses, timothy, and velvet grass, while for the others a variable tem- perature of 18 hours at 25° C. and 0 hours at 30° C. proved best. The influence of sea water on the germination of seed, S. Bircer (liof. Cciithl., Bcihcftc. 21 {Will). 1. AM., No. S. pp. 263-280 ).—'in studying the dis- tribution of jilants by means of ocean currents, the author was led to carry on some experiments to test the effect of sea water on the germination of the seed of 27 species of Scandinavian plants. Equal lots of seed were subjected for 30 days to sea water containing 3.4 per cent of salt, to fresh water, and similar lots were placed to germinate between filter papers moistened with tap water. With many species the sea water destroyed the vitality of the seed, while with others it had little or no effect. In some instances more seed germinated after being in sea water for .30 days than when in fresh water for a like period, and some gave even higher percentages than \A'hen germinated directly between the filter papers. The effect of the salt water depends upon its osmotic action, which in turn is limited by the structure of the seed coats. It appears that sea water may possibly exert some influence on the enzyms in the seeds. A tabular list is given showing the results of several investigators along the line of experiments indicated. The germination of orchids, X. Bernard (Report of the Tliinl hitrnnitiounl Conferenee, 1906, an Genetics. London: Roy. Hart. Soc., 1901, pp. 392-396, fig. /). — The author gives an account of his investigations on the germination of orchid seed, which seem to indicate that there is a close connection between the germination of the seed of orchids and the species of fungi associated with them. The fungi are capable of living apart from the roots of the plants, but the orchids do not seem to develop except in the presence of the fungi. This was shown by experiments in which the seeds of a number of orchids were aseptically treated, placed in sterilized tubes with a nutritive solution, and kept for months in suitable conditions of light and temperature. Under these condi- tions the seeds become swollen and later they assume a green color, but their growth remains insignificant. On the other hand, if the proper fungi are sown with the seeds the germination begins almost immediately and proceeds in the rcgnl.-ir manner. The author believes that orchids are by no means the only plants which are benefited by some such association with fungi. The cross inoculation of Leguniinosae and other root-tubercle bearing plants, W. B. Bottomley (Rjit. Brit. A.^soc. Adv. Sci.. 1906. pp. 7.7.^, 153). — A hi'ief account is given of experiments conducted to test the possibility of cross inoculation between the organisms found in the root tubercles of acacia, alder, ehipagnus, and various lieguminosje. The acacia tul)ercles were obtained direct from wattles from Western Australia, the other material being from the Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. The nodules were sterilized, cut under sterile conditions, and small portions transferred to nitrogen-free cultures. After inculiation for several days, the material was used to inoculate pots of sweet peas and tares whicli were growing in sterilized sand. At the end of 4 weeks' growth the plants were examined and it was found that every plant in the inoculated set bore tubercles, wliile not a single one was found on the uninocu- lated plants. The formation of slime or gum by Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. G. Smtth (I'roc. Linn. tioc. X. ,S'. IFfl/c.s-, 31 (1901). pt. 2, pp. ;267/-,2.9.', ) .— The pro- duction of slime by R. leguminosarum under certain conditions of cultivation 1032 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. bus been noticed by many investigators, and tLe presence of tliis slime is con- sidered a normal function of the organism. The author has studied a number of races of this organism from plants of various kinds. lie has found that slime is formed by a majority of the races upon solid media, and that, as a rule, for its formatio'.i the presence of sugar and a source of nitrogen are required. Some races of organisms were found to produce slime, while others did not. The most suitable sources of nitrogen were asparagin and nitrates, and, as a rule, an optimum temperature or 22"^ C. is to be preferred, although with a race obtained from the black locust the optimum was 26° C. The experiments on the physiological activities of the various races of the micro-organism showed that after their isolation from the root nodules they all differed. With regard to the function of the micro-organism in the nodule thex'e is said to be strong evidence that it is to produce slime which may be closely related to the carbohydrates of the nucleoproteid molecule. The slime in all likelihood is partially utilized in the formation of the nodules. There is in this respect a true symbiosis so far as the nodules are concerned. The slime may also be transported to other parts of the plant where it is utilized, but there is no evidence to show that the albuminoids of the micro-organisms are utilized by the growing plant, as the majority of them still retain their chro- matin. The formation of slime was found proportional to the nitrogen supplied, and there appeared to be no fixation of nitrogen in pure cultures. The inconsistencj' of the results hitherto obtained in the inoculation of legu- minous crops with bacterial cultures is believed by the author to be due partly at least to the fact that the slime-forming function of the micro-organism had not been recognized and races incapable of slime formation had been used. The structure of RMzobiuni leguminosarum, R. G. Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 31 {1901), pt. 2, pp. 295-302, pis. 2). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 12, p. 314) the author concluded fi'om his studies of R. leg an tin os arum that it was a form of yeast, but subsequent studies have led him to the con- clusion that it is a compound micro-organism and consists of cocci, micrococci, or diplococci, the chromatin of which may be swollen or condensed within a tubular, straight, or branching rod or capsule. Since the Rhizobium cell is a tubular capsule containing spherules it is easy to understand that by an increase in the number of these spherules the cell may become misshapen, and irregular forms, such as T, Y, and other shapes, be produced. The distribution of prussic acid in the vegetable kingdom, M. GRESHorr (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. *S'c/.. 1906. pp. iJ8-i-'/.'/). — In a paper presented before this association, an abstract of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 729), a list is given of species of plants in which hydrocyanic acid is known to occur, and the synthesis and function of hydrocyanic acid are discussed. The author recognizes 2 forms under which hydrocyanic acid occurs in plants, one in combination with acetone and the other with benzaldehyde. In the Rosacene and many other plants the hydrocyanic acid is said to occur in the latter form, and by many physiologists it is believed to have nothing to do with the breaking down or biiilding up of proteids, but that this sul)stance is formed by the plant from sugar and nitrates for its defense. On the other hand, those who have studied the occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in Pangium ednle and other tropical plants are inclined to agree with Treub that it is a stage in the normal formation of proteids in jilnnts. The chemical aspects of cyanogenesis in plants, "W. Dunstan and T. A. Henry (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1906, pp. lJf5-157). — It is said that while in all plants in which cyanogenesis has been investigated some free hydro- cyanic acid may exist, there is always present a cyanogenetic glucosid which is FIEIJ) CROPS. 1033 ro.'ulily decomposod by an associated enzyiii yielding acid. A number of tbese yliicosids jire mentioned and tbeir diemical formnlas and reactions are given. Among tbose described .-ire aiiiy,i,'dalin, man(leli<- nitrile glncosid, sambunigrin, prulaurasin, dburrin, lotusin, i»haseolunatin, etc. Among the enzynis asso- ciated with these glucosids the authors briefly characterize emulsin, lotase, gynocardase. and maltase. The i)liysiological significance of cyanogeuesis is discussed at considerable lengtli. The translocation of essential oils, E. Ciiarauot and G. Laloue (Compt. h'rtnl. Acdd. Sri. \J'(iri.^\. t ', ', (IH07), No. 15, pp. H0S-810).—A study was made of \'crh('iia triplnjUa to determine tlie translncalion of tlie essential oils due to differences in the age of the i>lants. Fifty plants at the beginning of flowering were subjected to distillation, the essential oil from the roots, stems, leaves, and intlorescences being collec-ted separately. An average of 337 mg. of essential oil for each plant was obtained, distributed in the different parts as foUovv'S : Roots 10 mg., stems 8 mg., leaves 242 mg.. Inflorescences 77 mg. A few weeks later, after flowering had ceased, a similar lot of plants was examined, and the amount of essential oil found was 280 mg. per plant, of which 10 mg. occurred in the roots, 1(3 mg, in the stems, 192 mg. in the leaves, and 50 mg. in the inflorescences. During the period of about 3 weeks there had been a considerable translocation of essential oil, as shown by the increase in the roots and stems, but a total loss of .il mg., which loss is attributed to the utilization by the plant of the essential oils in ripening its fruit. The weeds of the Province of Prince Edward Island, AY. Lochhead {Prince Edward Isl. Agr. Rpt., 3 {1906), App., pp. I-XXVII, pis. i8).— Illus- trated descriptive notes are given on a number of the more troublesome weeds, with suggestions for their eradication. FIELD CROPS. Annual report of the Porto Rico Experiment Station for 1906 [Field crops], D. W. May {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 5-17). — The progress made in the culture of tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, cotton, rice, forage crops, and fiber plants at the station and in the island are briefly described. The possibilities of a profitable production of these crops in the island, tbeir requirements, and the jiresent state of their culture are discussed. Demonstration farms, E. G. Schollandeb {Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1906, pt. 1, pp. 6'6'-.s'.0 ) . — This report maps out the woi'k for a period of 5 years and gives the results obtained the first season on 0 demonstration farms in the State. The object of the work is to determine in each case what crop rotation is best adapted to that i)articular neighborhood, to build up the fertility of the soil by substituting field corn and clover for summer fallowing, and to preserve the mois- ture and clean the land l)y e.xtra tillage. 'IMie results of soil moisture determinations and (be rainf.-iU and frost records at different points are given in tables. Crop work at the northern substation farms, 11. A. Moori: and E. .T. Del- wiciiE {Wi..<'. Im. where sown with a seeder. Drilling on I'all plowing gave an average yield of 43.3 bu., and on spring plowing 87.3 bu., as compared with 41.2 bu. and 35 bu., respectively, where a seeder was used. In 4 cases where the barley was sown on land not plowed, Init worked up carefully with a disc plow, an average yield of 22.2 bu. was secured. The row test of Wisconsin No. 7 corn, begun in I'.Mi.". sliowed Hint the yields of seed corn and marketal)le corn had been materially increased over those of a year ago. The average yield per row in ^'M~) was, seed corn 22.G lbs., market- able corn 07 lbs., and nubbins 7.2 lbs. : mid in I'.Kh;, seed corn 53.1 llts., market- able corn 132.8 lbs., and iiui)biiis i:', lbs. In l!tO(i the average yield per acre (in 4 10-row plats was 75 bu. While the heavy yield was largely due to a fnvornble season, it was imdccd Hint the increase of seed corn was greater in proportion than that of tli<' nubbins, and this fact is considered due to the selection of seed. For 2 years seed has b(>en selected from stalks liearing a single large ear and compared with seed from stalks bearing 2 good ears. The results at present show a decrease in the weight of single ears in one case niid an increase in the other, with a similar result in the double-ear strain. The total yield of corn was greater where the selection was made to increase the number of single ears tlian where it was made to increase the number of double ears. The total yield from the single-ear strsiin was 1,324 lbs. of corn from 8 rows each 30(5 ft. long, and 1,107 lbs. from the double-ear stalks. Generally the double^ear stalks produced small and poorly formed ears. Of the crosses made in 1005 that of Wisconsin No. 8 on Toole North Star was most promising, and the crop of this cress during 1006 seemed to show that this new variety has a larger ear than the Wisconsin No. 8 and ripens earlier than North Star. The corn was ripe and cut September 20, 120 days after planting, while in 1005 the ripening period of Wisconsin No. 8 was 120 days and of North Star 133 days. An experiment in summer seeding of alfalfa was beguu in 1005. The alfalfa was sown without a nurse crop on July 14 and August 12. The next season, while 1.5 tons of field-cured hay per acre was secured on the July seeding, both plats were too weed.v to be successful and were plowed up and sown to winter grains. The following season alfalfa was sown on April 23 and 24 with barley as a nurse crop, on May 11 without n nurse crop, and on .luiie 1 on ground that had been kept free from weeds by cultivation during the seas(jii. The best stand was secured by seeding in April with a nurse crop. As determined from members of the Wisconsin p]xperinient Associatitm, clover and alfalfa were badly winterkilled in the southern half of Wisconsin during the winter of 1000. In the northern part of the State the <-rops were protected by snow and suft'ered little. Alfalfa proved to be as hardy as medium red clover. P.rief notes are given on different ]ilniit-breeding experiments in progress. Report of the chemist [Field crops], C. L. I'enny (Drlairarc »s7r/. Rpt. If>ii3. PI). 91-112). — Cover crop.s. — A study of various cover crops was made and the yield and composition of the jiortion of the crops above ground and of the roots is tabulated, together with their money valuation as green manures. 1 )ata with reference to the moisture content of the surface soil under the differ- ent ci-ops are also given. The soy bean furnished the greatest weight of air-dry matter in the tops alone, and the cow-horn turnip the greatest air-dry weight of roots. In the yield of tops and roots the soy bean ranked highest with 3J tons per acre, being followed b.v I'ape with a little over 3 tons, crimson clover and cow-horn turnip with a little less than 3 tons, alfalfa, red clover, and cowpeas with about 1036 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 2 tons each, and vetch with about 15 tons per acre. The soy bean produced a total yield of nitrogen of about 140 lbs. per acre, being closely followed by crimson clover, i-ape, and vetch, while the cowpea gave 69 lbs. per acre, or about half as much as the soy bean. By rating the nitrogen at 12 cts., the potash at 5 cts., and the phosphoric acid at 3 cts. per pound, the money value per acre of these constituents for the best 8 cover crops ranged from $17.90 for red clover to $25.84 for rye and vetch, the average being $21.48. Of this average value the nitrogen represented $15.21, the potash $5.13, and the phosphoric acid $1.14, being 71, 24, and 5 per cent of the whole value, respectively. In crimson clover, which has the most phosphoric acid relatively and absolutely, this constituent represented only 8 per cent of the whole value. The highest potash value, $8.07 per acre, was found in the rape, where it constituted 32 per cent of the whole. The cow- horn turnip with $7.14, and rye and vetch with $6.76 for potash, stood next, but in each of these this element constituted 34 per cent of the w^hole. Soil moistui'e determinations were made on plowed and unplowed soil. On an average for the season the unplowed land contained 3.7 per cent less moisture than the plowed soil. During the autumn and winter months the subsoil of the plowed portion contained on an average 3.7 per cent more moisture than the unplowed portion. Selective propagatiou of corn. — Analyses were made of 335 ears of seed corn secured throughout the State, and it was found that the protein content ranged from 8.31 to 11.31 per cent. Directions for the selection of seed corn ai'e given. Crop production in western Nebraska, W. P. Snyder and E. A. Burnett (Nebraska Sia. Bui. 95, pp. SJf, figs. 8). — This bulletin contains a description of the substation at North Platte, together with a report of the results obtained with different kinds of crops. The requirements of dry-land farming are also outlined. Of a number of durum wheats grown. Black Don and Velvet Don have given the highest yields. In variety tests of 3 years the highest yielding durum wheat gave an average yield per acre of 18.5 bu., and the lowest of 13.9 bu.. while the common spring wheat yielded 7.2 bu. The average yield per acre during the 3 years was with durum varieties 2^ times that of the common spring wheat. The results of winter wheat tests showed that Kharkof outranked Turkey Red in yield. It was observed that it is advisable to sow winter wheat before Sep- tember 15. Seeding 2 pk. per acre gave practically the same yield as seeding 4 or 5 pk. In 1906, Sixty Day oats yielded 47.8 bu. and Kherson 47 bu. per acre, but the results of all tests made during 3 yjears placed Kherson first and Sixty Day and Texas Red a close second and third, respectively. The highest yield of oats secui'ed at the substation was 52 bu. per acre on a 5-acre tract, but yields of 75 and 80 bu. are reported by farmers growing Kherson oats from seed secured at the substation. P.eldi and Telli barley, 2 Algerian varieties, did not yield as well as common bearded barley, which on 1 plat produced 44.4 bu. per acre, as compared with 29.4 bu. for hullQss and 17.8 bu. for beardless. Emmer did not appear to yield as heavily as barley. The average yields of different varieties of corn grown for 2 years ranged from .39.8 bu. for Pride of the North to 45.9 bu. for Silver Mine. Calico, yielding 45.6 bu. per acre, is considered the best corn tested. This variety and Pride of the North matured fully. The results with different annual forage crops are also briefly noted. The highest average yields for 2 years from cane, Kafir, and milo were secured when FIELD CROPS. 1087 these crops wore drilled in double rows 7 in. apart, with each pair of rows ;^5 in. from the next pair. Cane and Kalir produced about equal quantities of excellent forage. Dwarf milo also gave good results, but showed no advantage over cane, with the exception that the seed is perhaps better for feed. German and Siberian millet yielded only about one-half as much per acre as cane, wliich. with the exclusion of alfalfa, is considered the main forage crop for western Nebraska. The yield of seed on :\ plats of brome grass ranged from 157 to 700 lbs. per acre. The heaviest yielding plat had been in alfalfa previous to being seeded to brome grass. Directions for sowing brome grass are pre- sented in detail. The experience witli alfalfa at the station and in its vicinity is given, together with notes on its culture esi)ecially for seed. Principles of tillage and rotation, W. II. Day {Ontario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 156. pp. 2 In. apart and cnltivatins the rvo]\. A plat broadcasted at the rate of 14 bu. of seed per acre k-'ivc an averaj^e yield for the H years of only 10.7 Ini. The connnon wheat drill was found the most convenient and most satisfactory machine for plantint; both soy Iteans and cowpeas, and detailed directions for its use in this connection are given. The earliest variety of soy beans, Very Dwarf Brown, ripened about August lO. and the latest. Medium Early Yellow, about October 21. The late varieties gave as a rule heavier yields than the early maturing sorts. Tii(» largest average yield. 22.2 bu. per acre, was secured from Medium (ireen, and the smallest, 9..j bu., from Very Dwarf Brown. Among the varieties of cowpeas grown for forage in 1905, the highest average yield, 7,G00 lbs. of hay per acre, was secured from Clay 1.34.58, followed by Iron with a yield of 7,400 lbs. per acre. In connection with a descrii)tion of a number of miscellaneous forage plants, a succession of crops for soiling purposes is outlined. Haymaking at Kenai Experiment Station, 1'. H. Ross (AJasJca Sta. Bill. S. lip. l-i. III. 1). — Tlie experiments in making hay in 1005 and 1906 are briefly described. All cuttings were either oat hay or native hay {Calatuaijro.siis Uuigsdorfii), with the exception of 1 cutting of barley. The author recommends cutting oats for hay when in the milk stage and the native grass when in full bloom. The hay should be stirred with a fork to leave it in a loosened condition shortly after cutting, so that the air will pass through it freely. Medium size, well-made cocks are advised so that the rains may do no damage and. the curing process may go on. The shortest time in which hay was cured well was 10 days and the longest 25 days. Alfalfa in Ohio, C. G. Williams and C. H. Kyle (Ohio Sta, Bui. 181, pp. 111-13.')). — The results with alfalfa at the experiment station and the experi- ence of alfalfa growers througliout the State are reviewed. It was found that upland clay and sandy tirst and. second bottom lands have jiroduced the heaviest maximum and average yields. All sandy upland and clay first and second bottom lands produced the lowest yields. Good yields and poor yields have been produced on all classes of soils, including muck. It was observed that the presence or absence of drainage, humus, limestone, and inocu- lation, and the degree of perfection of the seed bed, were usually the controlling factors in the growth of the crop. The yields on clay upland with natural sur- face drainage were 12 per cent greater where tiles were also used. Sandy soil or soil with a very poor sul)soil is considered as usually not sufficiently retentive of moisture to insure certain results on upland. The soils which heaved the .ilfalfa were either poor in drainage or in humus, or in both combined. The average yields from soils rich, fairly rich, and poor in humus were respectively 4.25. 3.75. and 3.33 tons per acre. At the station an alfalfa plat receiving 8 tons of manure per acre gave a yield of 10,275 lbs., or 1,.347 lbs. per acre more than unfertilized plats. The use of lime on acid soils is recommended, and it is pointed out that fields on hillsides and upland usually become acid before those on bottoms. Inoculation with soil was found much better than inoculation with liquid cultures. It is stated that alfalfa may be seeded at any time after spring frosts are over until the middle of August, provided the seed bed is in proper condition. Corn breeding and registration, ('. G. Williams {Ohio 8tit. Circ. 66, pp. l). il(jmis. 6). — This circular contains a detailed description of growing seed corn lO-lO EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. by the ear-row test plan, and presents the rules for the registration of seed corn with the Ohio Plant Breeders' Association. The corn crop of Delaware, A. T. Neale (Delaicarc Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 7-3-i). — This article presents some statistical studies based on census reports, discusses the significance of rain in corn culture, describes the beneficial effects which crimson clover may exert upon the corn crop, and gives practical details in the utilization of corn fodder. It is believed that crimson clover on the land each winter, followed by corn each summer, improves the corn-producing qualities of the lighter lands in Kent and Sussex counties of the State, and that this is probably due to an increase in the water-holding power of the humus derived from the clover crop. Hops in pi'incipal countries: Their supply, foreign trade, and consump- tion, with statistics of beer brewing, E. Merritt (V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stat is. Bill. 50, pp. 34, dgm. 1). — This bulletin gives the production of bops in the United States from 1850-1900, and the annual production and commercial movement of this product from 1889-1905, together with the localization of the production in this and the European countries. Figures are also given with reference to the trade and consumption of hops in the United States and abroad. The countries producing a surplus, and those partially or wholly dependent upon foreign hops are enumerated, and the fluctuation in the price of hops is pointed out and discussed. The data show that the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States consume the most hops, and that Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the United States are the principal exporting countries. Germany imports from Austria- Hungary and the United States, while France. Belgium, and the Netherlands import from Germany. The United Kingdom supplies its demands from the United States, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Of the 4 principal hop-producing countries the largest yields per acre are obtained in the United Kingdom and the United States, and the best quality of product is secured in Austria-Hungary and Germany. The United Kingdom and France require a much larger quantity of hops to the barrel of beer than Germany or other continental countries. The average for the United States is below that of the United Kingdom, Australia, and France, and above that of all other countries represented. The hops from coun- tries Avhere special attention is given to quality bring better prices and are held in higher esteem than American hops, even in our own country. The compar- ative trade, production, and consumption of hops in the principal countries for 1900-1904, and the yields, exports, and imports of the different countries for 1901-1905, together with the quantities of beer brewed in the different countries for 1890-1904, are given in tables. Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the 3 principal beer-producing countries of the world. Of the world's total beer production, Germany is represented by 27.8 per cent, the United States by 23 per cent, the United Kingdom by 22.6 per cent, Austria-Hungary by 8.5 per cent, Belgium by (1.1 per cent, and France by 5.7 per cent. Duty of water on field peas, 1906, H. T. Nowell (^]'l/0)lli^lff Sta. Bui. 12, pp. 16, figs. 13, dgm. 1). — Field peas under the flood method of irrigation showed a wide variation in yield of dry forage and threshed peas, according to the quantity of water applied. On G plats the highest yield of dry forage, 4.2 tons per acre, was obtained with nearly 23 in. of water applied in 7 irrigations. The highest yield of peas, 34.75 bu. per acre, Avas secured when about 20 in. of water was applied in 4 irrigations. The yield decreased with either more or less water. The relation of cost of irrigation to the value of increased yield shows that a duty of water a little under 20 in. will probably give the FIELD CROPS. 1041 most profitahlo results. Kacli irrigation delays maturity, and when nuicli over L'O in. of water is used at Laramie peas do not fully mature These results were obtained with a rainfall of 7.05 in. during the growing season. A net i)rofit of ,$50 per acre is possible by raising pea seed valued at 3 cts. per pound, and a net profit of $25 to $30 by raising forage for sale at $10 per ton, wIk'U the iiropcr (|uantitlos of water are applied in several light irrigations. Potato experiments, li. A. Emkrson {Xcbnisha Sta. But. 97, pp. ,i(i). — During the past 2 years the station has carried on tests comparing various methods of potato culture, different sizes of seed pieces and quantities of seed, different kinds of seed, and distance experiments. Seed potatoes produced inuler a straw mulcli the preceding year yielded 47 per cent more in 1!)05 and 41 per cent more in ll»0(j than similar seed grown by cultivation. Seed potatoes stored in an ordinary cellar, where they wilted and sprouted badly before planting, gave poor results. The average yield from sound seed was 5(5 per cent greater than from sprouted seed in 3 separate tests. Of different combinations tried, the best results were obtained from IS bu. of seed per acre cut in quarter tubers and the pieces planted 12 in. apart. Nearly as good results wei'e obtained from 30 bu. per acre of seed tubers cut in halves and planted 12 in. apart. An old alfalfa sod plowed up in the fall of I'JOo and replowed in the spring seemed to have increased the yield of potatoes only 5 per cent. Planting the seed pieces in furrows made with a lister after plowing increased the yield 28 per cent, as compared with dropping the seed pieces in every third furrow as the i)lowing was done. Ridging up the ground over the rows of seed pieces wheji planted, and harrowing the ridges down as the weeds began to grow, increased the yield 53 per cent over leaving the ground level above the rows of planted seed. Potatoes planted 4 in. deep gave better yields in 1905 than those planted 3 and 5 in. deep, but the tubers were about equal in quality. Planting the seed 1 and 2 in. deep decreased both yield and quality as compared with deeper plantings. In 1005 7 cultivations gave 47 per cent greater yield than 5 cultivations, but 10 cultivations reduced the yield slightly below that from 7 cultivations. In 1006, from weedy lands, 3 harrow'ings followed by 4 cultivations produced a yield 132 per cent greater than 2 harrowings and 2 cultivations. The same year, on cleaner ground, 3 harrowings and 4 cultivations increased the yield over 2 harrowings and 3 cultivations by 60 per cent, while with 4 harrowings and 0 cultivations the yield was slightly decreased. Seven years' experience indicates that mulching is a fairly satisfactory way of growing potatoes on a small scale, although the method is practicable only when the mulching material can be obtained very cheaply. Old hay or straw should be sjiread about 4 in. deep just before the plants appear and after the ground has been harrowed once or twice since planting. Rather large seed pieces should be i)lanted 2 or 3 in. deep, and the hills should be placed 18 by 18 or 12 by 24 in. Potato investigations, E. I*. Sandsten and E. J. Delwiche (Wisconsin Sta. Hpf. 11)06, pp. 221, 228). — These investigations were carried on at the substation at Iron Rivc^r, on land which had been in potatoes for several years, with the exception of A jicre which was in clover. The land was divided into 4 plats, the first receiving 10 loads of well-decomposed barnyard manure per acre, and the second a dressing of 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 200 lbs. of potash, and 300 lbs. of desiccated bone, applied July 2 and 19. The third plat received no fertilizer, and on the fourth a heavy crop of green clover was turned under. 2849— No. 11—07 m i 104:2 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. The first plat gave au increase of 13.7 per cent, the second of 10 per cent, and the fourth of 37.2 per cent over the check plat. Tobacco investigations, E. P. Sandsten {Wiscotisiti Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 201- 208, fig. 1). — Wurk has been carried on for 3 years in the lines of improving Wisconsin tobacco by breeding and selection, the use and value of commercial fertilizers and bai'nyard manure in growing the crop, the use of cover crops in this connection, and the proper handling and curing of the leaf. A variet>' of Wisconsin-grown Connecticut Havana was selected as a type suited to Wisconsin conditions in the work of improvement by breeding and selection. The object in view was the production of a broader and larger leaf with a more rounded outline than the Connecticut Havana, but retaining the high quality and compactness of this variety. This work at present indicates excellent results. The fertilizer work has led to the conclusion that the best application con- sists of 10 tons of barnyard manure, 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 150 lbs. of sulphate of potash, and 200 lbs. of desiccated bone per acre. Very satisfactory results have been secured during 2 years with hairy vetch as a cover crop on tobacco fields. The seed was sown immediately after the tobacco was harvested, at the rate of 60 lbs. to the acre and cultivated in. A description is given of the shed constructed at the station for the purpose of studying the conditions of curing. Tobacco breeding, A. D. Shamel and W. W. Cobey ( C. *S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 96, pp. 11, pis. 10, figs. IJf). — This bulletin treats of the vari- ability in tobacco plants and the introduction and acclimatization of varieties, describes the structure and arrangement of the flowers, discusses the necessity for inbreeding, the improvement of the shape of the leaves, their modification in size, and the control of their number on individual plants, considers the production of nonsuckering types of tobacco and of early varieties, and points out the value and desirability of improving the burning quality. Rules are given for the selection of seed plants, and the method of keeping the records of breeding work made in the field, as well as the permanent record, is out- lined. Methods of saving seed and a process of separating the seed with a tobacco seed separator are described. The possibility of selecting disease- resistant tyiies is also discussed. A description is given of a new variety of tobacco produced by seed selection. This new variety is known as Uncle Sam Sumatra and was produced by seed selection begim in a Connecticut shade-grown crop in 1903. The characteristics of the variety are extremely round leaves of fine texture, small fine veins at right angles fi'om the midrib, and a large number of leaves with great uni- formity of size and shape from the base to the top of the plants. The quantity of seed produced by the variety is very small, and very few and small suckers develop at any time during the growing season. The pedigree record of the original plants and their progeny shows the following averages : 21 leaves per plant, leaves 204 in. long and 14* in. wide, 3 small suckers, plants C ft. high, growing period 90 days, length of internode 3i in., and circumference of stem 34 in. Descriptions are also given of the Cooley hybrid and the Brewer hybrid, new varieties produced by hybridization and seed selection, and described in former reports. Eradication of wild mustard, R. A. Moore and A. L. Stone (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1906. pp. 259-269, figs. 6). — Spraying grain fields with a 20 per cent solution of iron sulphate desti'oyed pi'actically all the wild mustard plants. It is recommended that the spraying be done on a calm, bright day after the dew has disappeared and at a time when the mustard plants are in the third HORTICULTURE. 1043 leaf, or before they .-ire in blossoiu. Daisies, coclclelmr, biiidvveecl, raj^weed. cliicory, slieei) sorri'l, yellow dock, wild lettuce, and many other weeds were partially or wholl.v eradicated Irom tb.e lields where these tests were made. Three acres and liberty, !>. ILvu. kt al (New York and London: The Macmillan Co., 1H07. />/>. .'/JJ, />/*•. i.'/). — This book is written with llic pni-jxise " to awaken active and earnest thought upon th(> social betterment of our rapidly increasing population.". Among the different subjects discussed are buying a farm, results to be expected, methods of management, gardening, tools and (Hiuiiinient. beds and greenhouses, various uses of laud, fruit, llowers, drug plants, novel live stock, and buildings. HORTICULTURE. The garden book of California, Belle 8. Angier (San Francisco and New York: Paul Elder d Co., 1906, pp. VII + 1J,1, pis. 20).— This book contains suggestions for beautifying the home grounds by the use of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers, of which a large number of varieties are recommended for different forms of planting. Chapters are devoted to simple gai'den methods, a planting calendar, and a discussion of insect pests and plant diseases and their general remedies. Among the special subjects considered tlre the culture of common plants, bulbs, palms and tropical plants, roses and ferns, ferneries, hedges, tree plant- ing and protection, back-yard problems, the making of pergolas, and the equip- ment of the aviary. In the closing chapter a list is given of some of the most valuable and showy native annuals, together with the varieties of native trees and shrubs recommended. Beport of the horticulturist, C. P. Close (Delaicare Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. 117-1. '/O). — The following lilies of work received especial attention during the season of IIXJ.'J : The use of nitrate of soda on asparagus, root forcing on fruit trees, orchard cover crops, pruning Kieffer pear trees, commercial fertilizers in api)le orchards, fruits in preserving fluids, dipping nursery trees in kerosene and crude petroleum, iiaint on fruit trees, and special pruning of fruit trees. Previ- ous e.xiieriments with the use of nitrate of soda on asparagus have been noted (E. S. K., 1.-.. ]>. 578). The outline of the asparagus test was as follows : 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda was used per acre, applied in 4 equal applications 10 days apart, the first appli- cation being made 10 days before the cutting began. This exi)eriment was con- ducted at the farms of 2 cooperator.s and the results are tabulated. The gain in yield for the fertilized plats over the unfertilized plats is not sufficient to sigiufy any particular benefit from the nitrate of soda. Previous work with root forcing on fruit trees has also lieen noted (E. S. K., in, p. o7H). In order to get more data from trees grown 1 year, 12 i)each trees and 8 apple trees were planted in the spring of 1!)02. Of the 12 peach trees 4 had 2 strii)s of bark about A in. \\ide removed from the roots, 4 had 1 strip i-emoved, and 4 were left as checks. Of the 8 apple trees, ;^ had 2 strips of l)ark taken from the roots, 3 had 1 strip, and 2 were left as checks. The trees were dug the latter part of November and the records of top growth and the grade of the root systems are tabulated. The results obtained in this experiment for the 2 seasons point to the impossibility of forcing a large devoloimient of roots from the callus formed as the result of removing these strips of bark from the roots. Tests were made with a large number of orchard cover crops, both at the experiment station and with cooperators elsewhere, and notes are given as to the behavior of each crop tested. 1044 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In the spring of 19U;> a pruning experiment was started with Kieffer pears in the 2-year old orchai'd of F. M. vSoper, at Magnolia, in which it was desired to compare the results of early severe with early moderate pruning, and these kinds with late moderate pruning after the trees were in full foliage. The trees had never previously been pruned. As to the results, all that could be determined in 1903 was the extent of growth and appearance of the foliage, which was considerably better on the trees pruned early and severely. Those pruned early and moderately were next best, being much better .than the late pruned trees. An outline is given of commercial fertilizer tests planned to be conducted in apple orchards, in which it was decided to use a fertilizer containing 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 85 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 165 lbs. of muriate of potash as the standard formula. Variations of this formula were also to be used in conjunction with cover crops. In the hope of finding a preserving fluid capable of holding the color and shape of various fruits, the writer made several tests with a great variety of preservatives. Notes are given as to the behavior of apples, peaches, and plums in these different mixtures. In general, no satisfactory preservative was obtained. A test was made in order to determine what injury would result by dipping nursery trees in a bath of kerosene or crude petroleum for the prevention of scale. A V-shaped trough 8 ft. long was the dipping receptacle, in which the tree was dipped and thoroughly covered with the insecticide. The trunk just above the roots was treated by pouring the insecticide over it. The trees treated included peach, pear, apple, and cheri-y, and the results are tabulated. The results show more or less severe injury in all cases, whereas in each case the cheek trees passed through the winter in good shape. The treated apples and pears appeared to suffer less from injury than the peaches and cherries. The use of crude petroleum is somewhat less dangerous than kerosene. It is sometimes the practice to paint the trunks of trees to prevent injury by rabbits, mice, borers, etc. In order to determine whether this treatment has any injurious effects on the tree, several young apple, pear, and peach trees were painted in the fall of 1903. The paint used was pure white lead, thinned with raw linseed oil. The soil was removed down to the roots and the paint applied on the trunk from the roots to 18 in. above the ground. No injury whatever followed the use of this paint. The work in regard to the special pruning of fruit trees was carried on as previously outlined (E. S. R., 15, p. .578). Report of the horticulturist, II. C. Henricksen {Porto Rico iSta. Rpf. 1906, pp. lS-2Jt, pis. 2). — The horticultural work conducted at the Porto Rico Station consists mainly of tests as to the adaptability of economic fruits; the intro- 1 ducing and testing of new varieties; the selection of superior native varieties; methods of propagation, planting, and fertilization; experiments in shipping fruits to distant markets ; and the distribution of seeds and plants of varieties which have given promising results. A summary is given of results secured with the following plants under investigation : Pineapples, mangoes, avocados, citrus fruits, cacao, and grapes. Several other fruits and plants are noted as to their general behavior. Of the pineapples, the Ruby, a variety from Jamaica, appears to be the most promising of the less-known kinds tried. The Variegated Lajas, a variety found by the writer near Lajas, produced fruit during the past season. The variega- tion is in tlie fruit, as well as in the plant, making it valuable for decorative purposes, while the quality is said to be equal to that of the ordinary Cabezona. Attempts have been made for several years to ship the Cabezona pineapple HORTICULTURE. 1045 to the Stiitcs. Tlieso ^oncriilly jjroved iiiisuccessriil, nitpiinMitly bcomsc of roii^'li liaiulliiif?, biul packing, and wet seasons. In I'.mh; the season was favorable for shipping, and experiments were continued. Of shipments made to New York, a very small percentage of the fruit was spoiled. Shipments to Boston and Washington were reported as having been received in perfect condition. A special crate lias liccn made for the Cabezona, which measures 16 in. wide, 14 in. deep, and :U) in. long, holding S pines weighing from 0 to 12 lbs. each. In harvesting the Cabezona a i)ortion of the stem nmst be cut off with the pine, since when the pine is removed from the ston, as is done with the Red Spanish, a cavity is left in the end of the fruit in which decay rai)idly starts. Experiments were made in dipping the fruit in solutions like amuKmiacal copper carbonate and a weak formalin solution, as well as dipping the ends of the stems in melted paraffin, which, however, appeared to be of no benefit. Over 100 varieties of citrus fruits are being tested at the station, and some very desirable local varieties have been found. An entirely seedless orange, found near Mayaguez, is said to be very promising, and a perfect navel, also entirely seedless, was found near Penuelas and budded at the station under the name of Penuelas Navel. Extensive fertilizer experiments with citrus fruits are being conducted in cooperation with planters. Several varieties of cacao imported from Trinidad and planted in 1903 are now fruiting, but the fruit is seriously attacked by the pod disease. Investiga- tions are to be made to determine if picking and burning the diseased pods and spraying can be done with profit. Some Early Harvest and Red Astrachan apple trees planted in April, 1905, bore fruit during the past season of fail'' quality and not the least diseased. Peaches of the Peen-To, Jewel, and Waldo varieties, planted at the same time, have also produced fruit of flrst-class quality. About 1,000 packages of seed and plants have been distributed to planters on the island and to various points in the United States and abroad. Vegetable growing in Porto Rico, H. C. Henricksen (Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 7, mi. li.'i, /)/.S'. 10, fif/s. 2). — This is the Spanish edition of this Itulletiu. the English edition having been previously noted (E. S. R.. 18, p. 142). The use of manure as a summer mulch in vegetable forcing houses, W. J. (Jree.n and C. W. Waid (Ohio Stit. ('ire. 09. pp. '/). — In this circular an account is given of an experiment conducted at the Ohio Station during the past 2 seasons on the use of strawy manure on the soil as a mulch during that part of the summer when crops are not growing in the greenhouses. The croi)s tested were tomatoes and lettuce. The soil was mulched to a depth of .") or ("> in. with fresh strawy manure, and water applied in the form of a spray until the manure and soil were thoroughly wet. Watering was repeated often enough to keep the soil moist. At planting time the coarse part of the mamirc was removed and the finer portion was worked into the soil; soil nnilclicd ill this manner was found to be in good mechanical condition and darker in color than unnuilchcd soil. On the lettuce plats ?> successive crops were raised without the ap]ilication of any additional manure or fertilizer. T.i(iuid manure was furnished the tomato plants when the fruit I)egan to rijien. This method of treating the soil gave very favorable results at the station. Similar experiments were also conducted by the Miller P>ros. of Toledo, Ohio, in the past 2 seasons unknown to the station authorities. As a result of the two series of experiments the station recommends this mulching ^'or soils which are to be used for vegetalile forcing. The manure should be sutRcient in quan- tity and richness to furnish enough plant food when leached into the soil to supply P, crops of lettuce, and should be ai)p]ied to a depth of at least 5 or 0 in. A considerable quantity of coarse material iu the manure is said to be an advan- 1046 EXPERIMElsrT STATION" EECOED. tage. Where it is the practice to mulch the cucumber or tomato crop, the manure used for that purpose can be left on and more added in cases where the cucumbers or tomatoes have been free from disease. Otherwise the mulch should be x-emoved and new applied. Frequent sprinkling of the manure on the beds is considered very essential in order to cause the richness to leach into the soil. In a discussion of the bad practice of allowing the soils to dry out during the summer, the authors quote from Stone and Smith (E. S. R.. 14, p. 157), to the effect that in drying out of the soil the activity of the Sclerotinia or Drop fungus is apt to be accelerated, which largely increases the amount of infection in the succeeding crop of lettuce. The other injurious effects in drying out the soil are manifested in a stunted growth, and abnormally colored and worthless crops. In the mulching experiments conducted by the Ohio Station and Miller Bros., although no attempt was made to study the effect of mulching on diseases affecting lettuce, the crops are repoi'ted as having been practically exempt from these diseases. Greenhouse experiments for 1906, .T. G. Moore iWi.<S'f«. Rpf. 190G. pp. 221-226). — A preliminary report of experiments conducted at the green- house in 190(3. In addition to experiments to determine the influence of exces- sive feeding of plants, a variet.v test with radishes and ;'. experiments with toma- toes, lettuce, and cucumbers were conducted in the greenhouses during the past year. The experiment with tomatoes was to determine the relative earliness of fruiting and the amount of fruit produced by plants grown from cuttings and those grown from seed. The results thus far indicate that it is very hard to choose between cuttings and seedlings for use in the forcing- house. Ex]ieriments were conducted with lettuce to determine the advantages of the relative value of subirrigation as compared with surface watering. The experi- ment is discussed at length. Two crops of lettuce were grown. The first crop was harvested from January 15 to 31 and the second crop from April 2 to April 7. In summing up the results from both crops it was found that the surface- watered bench yielded nearly 60 lbs. more lettuce than did the subirrigated bench, or a difference of approximately 600 lbs. for a house 20 by 100 ft. Judg- ing from these results the author is of the opinion that with proper care as large crops can be produced with surface watering as with subirrigation, and that the added precaution necessary in surface watering is more than offset by the difficulties and cost connected with the subirrigation system. The relative effect of these 2 methods of watering on the control of rot has not yet been suffi- ciently studied to warrant a statement. An experiment is being conducted to determine the value of super-heated soil or bottom heat in the forcing of cucumbers. A test of varieties of tomatoes, and further notes and experiments with western blight or yellows, L. F. Henderson {hJaho Hta. Rpt. V.XlG, pp. lJi-28). — A variety test with tomatoes commenced by L. B. Judson was completed by the author. A chart is given showing the varieties used, with notes in each case as to whether the vines were pinched or unpinched, and the fertilizer used, if any. The test included 53 rows with 95 plants to the row. Data are also given showing the number and weight of sound and the number of rotten tomatoes gathered from each row at the time of the first picking, and the aver- age for the 3 pickings.' The results of fertilizer experiments are tabulated, and the following deductions are drawn : Plants treated either with nitrate of soda or in most cases with sulphate of iron gained nothing the first year in earliness over HORTICULTURE. 1047 those unlivatod. whotluT pinched or niipiiiched. nor in total prodnction of fruit for tile :'. ]>iclvinKS. The mimher of rotten tomatoes was si'*^>Tfi'i' where sulphate of iron was used. In every case the unpinched plants jtrained in earli- ness over those pinched. The apparent lack of results from the use of fertilizers is I)elieved to be due to the fact that the f^roiuid was already rich enough in natural food elements. In general, the results of the experiment are summarized as follows: Fer- tilizing good ground in Idaho seems unn(>cessary. I'inched plants grew fewer tomatoes than the unpinched plants. Si)arks Earliana outran all others in earliness and amount of yield for 3 pickings, followed by Nolte Earliest, Maule Earliest, and Mikado. Lists are given of tomatoes desirable as to their solidity, smoothness combined with solidity, and resistance to frost. The experiments for western blight as noted (E. S. R., 17, ji. 107G) were continued, particular attention being paid to water, manures, and shading from sun and wind. The results are given, together with the notes of other tomato growers in regard to blight. On the evidence secured, the author is of the opinion that good plants set in good soil, well watered, and above all protected from the hot sun and heavy winds, will not blight very much. Celery, W. R. Beattie (C. .S'. Dept. Agr., F(ir»icrs' BiiL 2S2, pp. 36, flgs. 16). — This is a revision and extension of Farmers' Bulletin 148 (E. S. R., 13, p. 1045). and is intended to take the place of that bulletin. I'opular directions are given for the culture of celery, in which the various phas(»s of the industry are considered, including a discussion of the climate, soils, fertilizers, sowing, planting, cultural methods, diseases, insect enemies and their control, methods of blanching, storing, marketing, and estimates as to the cost of production and returns. The text is accompanied by many illus- ti'ations, and the bulletin concludes with lists of varieties recommended for planting for home use and for market. The best way to grow celery, W. H. .Jenkins {Farming, 3 {1901), Xo. J/, pp. 136, 137, figs. 6). — Popular directions are given for the intensive cultivation of celery, in which all phases of the subject are considered, including varieties recommended for planting and culture under irrigation methods. A homemade celery planter is described and illustrated, which is said to mark the rows, make holes for the plants, and supply water for 2 rows at a time as fast as a man walks. The cost of growing celery according to the intensive plan is esti- mated as .$460 per acre, and the gross receipts as $1,000 per acre, making a jtrotit of ^~>i() per acre. Cranberry investigations, A. R. Whitson, O. G. Malde, and C. B. Harden- BEKG {Wi.s<-oii-si)i Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 135-159, figs. 3). — The present investigations have corroborated many results obtained from previous work (E. S. R., IS, p. 2.39). Further information is given on the influence of drainage, sanding, and weeding on soil temperatures, on cultural methods and insect enemies, and on methods of preventing injury by worms. A collection of all the small moths found on cranberry marshes has been started in order to enable the grower to distingtiish between the injurious and noninjurious species. A list is given of the moths which have been identified, together with notes on the injury done by various worms. Observations of soil temperatures at 3 and (i in. below the siu'face and of air temperatures at 2 in.. 3 ft., and 40 ft. above the surface were made at 7 o'clock both morning and evening during the months of August and September and are here taiiulated. Attention is called to the great dilTerence in minimum tempera- ture on nights when the temperatinv gets low on account of excessive radi.'ition, between plats which are relatively free from weeds and have a surface sanding 1048 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aiul tbose which are weedy and poorly drained, it l)eing nnieli lower in the latter ease. The importance of keeping cranberry grounds as free as possible from weeds and pruning the vines is again brought to the attention of the growers as one method of lessening the danger from frost. The minimum temperatures taken from May 9 to Sept. 30 in the vines 2 in. above the surface of the ground and in the air 3 ft. above the ground are tabulated. From this data it is shown that the low temperatures and formation of frost locally are largely the results of radiation, and that under conditions favorable for this process the tempera- tures in the vines go much below that of the air a short distance above. A 3 years' summary is given of 3 plats which were drained to a depth of 14 in., of 4 to 8 in., and with water at the surface, respectively. The average yield for the 3 years is slightly in favor of the plat drained to a depth of 14 in., and the results appear to be in favor of thorough drainage, the benefits derived being attributed to the warmer average temperature of the drained soil. The observations of 1905 on the relation of the humidity of the atmosphere at 7 p. m. to the minimum temperature of the night have been repeated during 1906, from May 19 to September 30, and are presented in tabular form, in which it is shown that the temperature of the night frequently went 20° below the dew point of the evening, and in one case 2G.2° below the dew point at 7 p. m. The fall of the temperature below the dew point on clear nights was accompanied by excessive dew. Sanding the plats appeared to increase the yield and also made an increase in uprights by covering a multitude of runners and allowing them to root, thus invigorating the whole plant. In the fertilizer tests the application of nitrate and phosphate gave the best results, as in previous experiments. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the removal of moss and other forms of vegetation from vines before planting lessens the growth, either by injuring the vine or by removing matter which would otherwise act as a mulch. Thus far the results seem to be in favor of cleaning the vine. In an experiment carried on to determine the advantage of covering a portion of the vines with muck as they are planted in comparison with planting in the usual way by tamping, no difference was noted in favor of covering with muck. On the other hand, much additional weed seed was added to the plats by the muck. With reference to the value of planting cut and uncut vines, the growth was found to be practically the same in both cases. Comparisons were made of propagation by cuttings and from seed, the former being the usual method. The results of these comparisons are given in a table and show a great uni- formity of parent and seedling in respect to color, size, and shape. With respect to the effect of flooding on the fruit, the conclusion has been deduced that while cranberries will stand a long flooding where the water is of a low temperature, the use of water above Oo° must be of shorter duration. In a comparison of spraying, flooding, and the use of kerosene for preventing injury by worms, spraying with arsenates has been found an effective means of keeping the insects in check, both as a preventive and as a remedy. Spraying should commence not later than July 1 to obtain the best results and be followed by 1 or 2 further applications at intervals of from 10 to 14 days. Flooding as a remedy for fruit-worm is not to be relied upon under the temperature condi- tions prevailing on the open marshes of Wisconsin during the period when it would be most effective, unless water of a sufficiently low temperature can be obtained, in which case it is stated that there is no remedy that is more effective and more easily api)lied than a submersion of the vines, which should continue at least 2 nights and 1 day. A short flooding, sufficient to bring the worm out HORTICULTURE. 1049 of its retreat, followed by the ;i])i)lication of a contact poison as soon as the water is removed, is said to be a treatment well suited to Wisconsin conditions. Experiments with kerosene for this purpose and the use of torches have not proven satisfactory thus far. The importance of clean culture is stronjily emphasized for the destruction of favorable hibernating: places for insect pests. Both fruit-worms and black- headed vine worms were found to be attacked by a special iiarasite, the species of which has not yet been determined. The percentage of the affected individ- uals is not large and the j)arasite can not be relied upon to keep the worms in check. The possibilities for fruit growing in Lake Superior region, E. P. Sand- STEN and E. J. Delwiche {Wiscaufiin Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. 230). — Investigations have been made to study the possibilities for fruit growing on Bayfield Peninsula and at other points in the Lake Superior region. It is believed that Bayfield Peninsula, through its favorable location, will in the near future produce apples and cherries sufiicient to supi)ly the immediate wants of nearby markets. To encourage fruit growing in this region, and to study the adaptability of the various varieties, trial orchards'have been established at several points. Orchard fruits, K. P. Sanuste.n {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 219, 220). — An outline is given of the fruit investigations at the station. In the work of improving the native plum, started about 12 years ago by the late E. S. Goff, out of a total of 50,000 seedlings grown from standard varieties some 5 or 6 superior varieties have been selected and are now being propagated. The author states that as a result of the work it is shown that the native plum comes true, or nearly true, from seed in spite of the fact that the parent trees, from which seed has been gathered have grown close together and have been freely exposetl to cross-pollination. It is the author's opinion that any difference between the seedlings and the parent trees can be accounted for largely by the difference of soil and cultural methods. The experiments seem to indicate that high culture and persistent selection will accomplish more for the native plum than direct crossing between the existing native varieties. During the past 3 years a number of attempts have been made to cross the native plum and the .Japan and European varieties, the results being unsatisfactory since in every instance where crosses were secured the seed failed to grow. Most of the seedlings in the experimental work in the apple orchard fruited (luring the year and several very promising varieties were grown. In order to give general advice in I'egard to small fruits, most of the leading varieties -of gooseberries, currants, and strawberries have been planted, of which records will be kept and data obtained for future reference. Ampelography, G. Moi.on {Ainpplofiinfia. Milan: Llrico Hocpli, 1906, vols. I. pp. XLir + 6)0, fujs. J,.'); 2. pp. 6Jil-12J,^l, figs. 80).— A compilation of scientific knowledge on the grape, with descriptions of the better varieties of grapes and practical notes with respect to their cultivation for wine and table use. and their value as graft-stocks and direct bearers. The work is divided into 7 parts. In part 1 is assembled the .-ivailable botan- ical knowledge with reference to the Ampelidea? (Vitaceae). Succeeding portions of the book are devoted to the various ampelographic classifications, bibliography, and descriptions, together with a large number of practical notes on varieties of gr.ipes. The work closes with a list of synonyms and tables showing the varieties best .-idapted to dirfcrcnt purposes. Report of the coffee expert, .1. W. Van Leeniioff {Potto Jiiro Sta. Rpt. 191)6, pp. 29-31, pi. 1). — An improved condition in regard to production is i"e- ported among the coffee growers of the island, although little progress has been attained in infiuencing the American taste to a liking for Porto Kican coffee. 1050 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Tbe work on the experimental tracts has been confined chiefly to the care of the plantings made in accordance with experiments ontlined in previous reports (E. S. R., 16, p. 144; 17, p. 351). In addition, grafting has connuenced in the new coffee plantings, together witli fertilizer experiments in both the old and new plantings. A great number of the best varieties of coffee in various countries have been brought together for the purpose of selecting for planting those which bring the highest prices in the markets of the world. Inferior varieties are to be discarded and an attempt will be made to distribute the promising varieties as rapidly as possible among the planters. In the hope of obtaining a better yield, the station is conducting a series of experiments in fertilizing coffee trees. Coffee is said to bloom in Porto Rico at different periods, according to the altitude and locality. The blooming period on the experiment station tract ranges from February to May, consisting of 1 principal blossoming followed by 1 or more smaller blossomings. The berries ripen aliout 7 months after the blooming period. Harvesting begins in Septem- ber and lasts until .January, during which time about 10 pickings are made at intervals. With a view of determining how long wet coffee can be kept without damage to quality and also to determine if the sprouting pi-ocess influences the flavor, the following experiment was made : On December 30, 1905, a quantity of fer- mented and recently washed coffee in tlie parchment skin was put in a heap on a cement floor in a basement resembling a malt cellar. The heap was turned daily. During the sprouting process and before turning, the upper layer, having become dry, was sprayed with water of ordinary temperature. As soon as sprouts of the length of the berry had developed these grains were taken out and dried. By January 23, 190(5. the first grains began to sprout, and a month later all the grains had sprouted. The bulk of the coffee was then dried in the ordinary way and hulled. This coffee was submitted to different consumers, roasters, and dealers in the United States, and was generally pronounced to be of good quality and flavor. By some the flavor was claimed to have been improved by the sprouting process. FORESTRY. The Forest Service of the United States, O. W. Price iCnnad. Forestnj Jour., 3 (1901), A'o. J, pp. lJi-18, pi. 1). — An outline of the essential progress made by the United States Forest Service along the main lines of forest work. Report of forest nurseryman, D. Haughs (Bpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and For- estry Hawaii. ,3 {1906). pp. 1)7-83). — A report of the work at the government nursery, the Nuuanu station, and the Tantalus forest for the year ending Decem- ber 31, 1906. Statements are given of seeds and plants collected, propagated, and distrib- uted, of plantations visited — showing the nature of the advice and assistance given to those outside of the district of Honolulu — the experimental work, and the number of fires during the year. The experimental work at the nursery has been along the lines of seed testing and the propagation of new and rare plants, in which various forms of nil)ber trees have been given considerable attention. State nursery for forest tree seedlings, L. R. .Jones (Vermont Sta. Bui. 1.n. pp. .'/.J-.53). — The Vermont general assembly of 1906 passed an act to aid in the establishment and maintenance of a nursery for forest seedlings at the Vermont Station. The various sections included under this act are given in the bulletin. Under section 3, the law requires that the experiment station shall, as soon FORESTRY. 1051 as possil>lo. furiiisli td all aitplicants who arc ivsidoiits or laiidownors of Ver- iiioiit, inatorial for forest i)lantiiis as near actual cost as ixjssihio. The station lu'rc offers an assortment of 4 different classes of white-pine seedlings for forest and nursery growing, together with a few black locust trees, and gives advice to prospective buyers in regard to which class of trees to buy, together with notes relative to forestry planting, the kind of trees to plant in Vermont, the time and method of planting, transplanting native seedlings, seed collecting and sowing, and making nursery beds. A detailed discussion of forest planting in Vermont has been previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 1074). Keport of district foresters (Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Hawaii, 3 {li)(i(i), pp. SJi-118). — This report consists of brief statements of several of the district foresters of the Territory of Hawaii as to the present extent and condi- tion of the native forests, the extent of private forest reserves, the area of forest land exemjit from taxation, and the forest plantings for the year, together with general notes on forestry. Forest management in southern pines, .M. lioTiiKUGF.i, {Forrstrii (Jitarf.. 5 (1907). yo. 7, pp. 1-10). — The author was emplo.ved for some time as forester for a large lumber company near Charleston, S. C, and gives a description of the system of fire protection adopted by that company, together with notes on the management of loblolly and longleaf pine areas for the purpose of obtaining a constant supply of lumber. Report of the controller, experiment station, Peradeniya, H. Wright (Circx. ami Aur. .lour. Roy. Hot. Gard. Ceylon, 3 {1906). \o. 2.',, pp. 301-339).— This is a tabulated report of experiments commenced or continued at the sta- tion during 1905 with cacao, rubber, tea, citronella grass, lemon grass, and groundnuts. An enumeration is also given of 14G one-acre plats, showing the present plantings of cacao, coffee, ciiuiamon, annatto, croton, areca nut, cocoanut, pomelo, teak, different species of rubber, and several other varieties of important trees. Since the first report of 1903 (E. S. R.. 16, p. 2G5) the plantings of various trees have increased from 38,231 to 83,163 in 190"). The work with cacao consisted in the excision of cankers and experiments in spraying and fertilizing, and the results, together with notes on the progress and composition of the crop, flower periodicity, and returns from plots, are pre- sented in tabular form. Results are given of yields secured from some of the rubljer trees, showing the date of each tapping, the amount of rubber obtained, and the total amount of rubber obtained for the season. Four Peradeniya trees, 29 years old, produced from V-shaped cuts a total of 11 lbs. 55 oz., and 4 similar trees yielded from long spiral cuts a total of 17 lbs. 8f oz. for the season. Treatment of cooperative forestry plats (Ohio >Sta. Circ. 68. pp. //. fif/. 1). — This circular contains advice on the i)runing of forest trees at planting and in the nursery. The locust, catalpa, 'mulberry, and osage orange are discussed somewhat in detail. Experience thus far has shown that if, before planting, the tops are cut off 1 or 2 in. above the point where the top and root join, the result is better than if the cut is made several inches higher, since but one sprout usually starts where the cut is made low down, and a clean, vigorous growth is assured. This treat- ment is advised for all young forest trees except evergreens. The i)ractice of allowing catalpa trees to grow 2 or 3 years before pruning is not to be recom- mended, since although a long stem is usually secured it is apt to become top- heavy and easily damaged by the wind when the foliage is wet. The better plan is to keep the trees growing straight from the start. In cases of crooked trees, or where severe injury has been caused by mice or rabbits, the trees should be cut to the ground regardless of their age. It has been found that trees grow much faster under cultivation than when in 1052 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sod. The cultivation of locust trees for more than one season is of doubtful utility, since if the roots are lacerated sprouts will spring up. Banking the trees with a few shovelfuls of earth each fall lessons the risk of the trees being gnawed by mice. The importance of climatic varieties of species of trees for sylviculture, A. CiESLAR {Centbl. Gesani. Fortsic, 33 (1907), Nos. 1, pp. 1-19; 2, pp. 1,9-62, figs. 8). — An account is given of investigations made by the author and others on the adaptability of species of trees grown in high altitudes for planting in low- land countries, and vice versa. The principal trees discussed are the spruce, larch, white and black pine, and sycamore. As a result of these investigations the author concludes that in the reafforesta- tion of any area trees should be used which are native to that particular climate. Table for determining the financial increment per cent of trees based on their market values, N. B. Eckbo {Forestry Quart., 5 {1901). 'So. 1, pp. 31-39).- — This table, prepared by E. Overland, forest estimator in the Norwegian government service, is explained in detail and is said to be of the same value in uneven-aged stands as in even-aged, since the rate of increase of each diameter class is determined separately. New method of measuring volumes of conifers, B. E. Feenow {Forestry Quart., 5 {1901), No. 1, pp. 29-36). — The author states that the most important development in mensuration in later years is the substitution of the " form quotient" — as elaborated (after Schuberg's proposition) by Schiffel — for the " form factor." As a result of further investigations made at the Austrian experiment station, Schiffel reports that "all conifers (the European fir, spruce, pine, larch) can be approximately but sufficiently accurately cubed upon the basis of one and the same form quotient table." The author gives a brief explanation of Schiffel's method, together with formulas and tables used. The influence of light and of changing temperatures on the germination of seeds of cultivated plants, especially pine, A. Atterberg {K. LaudtJjr. Akail. Haudl. och TiilsJcr.. ',', (19(16). Xo. 3-1,, pp. 299-3to).^A review of the literature on this subject is given, together with a report on experiments along this line. It was noted that variation in temperature does not equal the bene- ficial effect of light in the germination of pine and many other kinds of seed. The best methods of germinating the seeds of different agricultural crops are discussed. — f. w. woll. Observations on the effects of spring and autumn frosts in 1905-1906, H. J. Elwes (Quart. Jour. Forestry. 1 (1901), No. 2, pp. 169-119). — Notes are given as to the effect of frost on a large number of hardwoods, conifers, and shrubs during the spring and autunni periods of 1905 and 190G. India rubber on the island of Cuba, H. C. Pearson (India Rubber World, 36 (1901), No. 2, pp. 231-2 ',2. flys. I'l). — An illustrated account of a large num- ber of species of both exotic and native rubber-producing i)lants found in Cuba, with suggestions as to the value of the different species. Present and future phases of the India rubber industry, Tobler (Sitzber. Naturhist. Ver. Preuss. lihcinlande u. Westfalcns, 1906, I, pt. C, pp. 1-9). — This is a brief report of a lecture delivered by the author on the various phases of the rubber industry, in which mention is made of the synthetic production of caoutchouc by Harries from the residue obtained in the manufacture of sugar. ltef('renc(> is also made to the various families of rubber-producing plants. The cocoanut palm in Ceylon, J. Ferguson (Jour. Ceylon Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., 19 (1906), No. 51, pp. 39-10, map i).— This is a paper on the beginning, rise, and progress of cocoanut cultivation in Ceylon from earliest times to IGGO, the close of the Portuguese occupation of the maritime provinces. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1053 ill wiiicli tli(> Mullmr I'cfci's to ;i {jrcat luiinlxT (iT early writiTs on tlie subject. M the l»f,i,'iiiiiiii^ uf the last (-(Mitury it was ostiniated that tli('n> were lO.OOO.OOO cocoamit palms in Ceylon. TIk- author iutoiids to cover the Dutch and British periods iii a later i)aper. A mail i^ given showini,' the loi-ation of the early cocoamit plantations in ( 'e\lon. The Tavistock woods, \V. Scni.icii (Quart. .loin-.ForcHtrij, 1 (1!)07). No. 2, I)/). l.')(>-16Ji). — This is an account of sylvicultnral work which has been con- ducted in the Tavistock woods, the i>roperty of the Dnke of Bedford, during the last 8 or 9 years. A general description of the forest growth, the plans for the management of the woods as laid down by the author in 1898, and a summary of the work actually carried out are given. The plans include the treatment of oak timber areas, mixed woods, simple coppice woods, and standels. During the past 8 years over G20 acres Lave been stocked with various species of hardwoods and conifers. Evergreens for the Iowa planter, A. T. Erwin and II. P. Baker (loua ,Sta. Hal. 00, pp. .J6', figs. 16). — Early in the seventies the horticultural section of the Iowa experiment station instituted an extensive experiment in the testing of new species of evergreens to determine their hardiness and value for Iowa con- ditions. This work has l)een continued from year to year and this bulletin is the first report of these investigations. A record is given of the behavior of the more important species of evergre(jus tested both at the station and throughout the State generally, together with estimates of their value for the Iowa planter. Part 1 is devoted to a general dis- cussion of tree growing in Iowa, and the transplanting, cultivation, and pruning of evergreens. Part 2 consists of a report on species planted in the State with regard to hardiness, adaptability to various soils, comparative rate of growth, and general value for forestry and ornamental purposes. The groups con- sidered are pines, larches, spruces, hemlocks, firs, cypresses, arbor vitaes, juni- I)ers, and ginkgos. A list is given of evergreens recommended for planting in different jiarts of the State under the conditions discussed, and many of the s])ecies are illustrated. Preservation of wood used for telegraph poles, R. Nowotny {Baumate- rialicnkitudc, 12 (1907), No. 5-6, pp. 65-69). — This is a comparative revievi^ of the various methods and materials either used or under experiment for the preser\*tition of telegraph poles both in Europe and the United States. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanist, II. L. I'.ollk.y (Xorth Dakola Sfd. Rpt. 19ni!. pt. 1, I'P. 28-36). — The principal investigations carried on by the botanist have been in the study of resistance to disease in plants. An attempt was made to determine whether resistance to disease is an individual chauacteristic or whether this i-osistance is gained by gradual accretions from season to season. Especial attention was given to the possibilities of breeding resistant races of potatoes, (lax. and wheat. In the flax selection exiiei'iiiieiits the author lias found that ill! cultivated varieties seem subject to wilt disease, but that they are not ecpially subject to flax rust. In his experiments with the flax rust, and cooi)erative experi- ments contlucted at the Indiana Station he found that the flax rust i)asses all its different s]iore stages upon the cultivated flax. This explains the loss from rust in experimental [ilats which had been devoted to flax growing for a ctm- siderable number of years. The author recommends for farm practice that to 1054 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. prevent excessive rust infection all rusty flax straw be thoroughly composted or burned and that rotation of crops be followed. In his work with wheat, 401 different strains were under investigation, and all the i)lats were given every possible chance to become infested with the common wheat diseases. An experiment was carried on to determine the effect of soil sterilization, in which the soil to a depth of 14 in. w^as sterilized and afterwards returned to the plat and seeded to wheat. The yield of straw and grain on the sterilized plat ^A'as above the normal growth of any near-by field crop, and the yield the second year after sterilization was more than one-third greater than a similar non- sterilized plat. A brief account is given of experiments on the fertilization of clover and alfalfa, in which areas of red and white clover and alfalfa were covered with small meshed wire screen to exclude the larger insects. The results showed that alfalfa could partly fill under such conditions, while white clover produced about one-third as much seed under the screen as in the open, and only 1 head of red clover produced any seed. In continuation of previous experiments, the author reports on tree feeding, stating that his experiments have progressed sufficiently far to permit a state- ment that formaldehyde, copper sulphate, and iron sulphate, when properly applied, tend to hasten the recovery of apple trees from sun-scald and sour heart, to check the development of apple blight, and may hold the plum-pocket disease in check. The method of applying the solution is fully described in a previous report (E. S. K., 16. p. i:>l ). Brief notes are given on a plant survey oi the State, fungus diseases, weed and seed laws, etc. The wintering of grain rusts, A. H. Christman {Trans. ^Vis. Acad. 8ci., Arts, and Letters, 15 (1904). pt. 1. pp. 98-107). — Tlie author gives a review of observations made by different investigators on the wintering of cereal rusts. In order to test the ability of rusts to winter as mycelium and uredospores in a latitude farther north than reported by others, he undertook a series of observa- tions on several of the common rusts through the winter of 1902-.'l Well rusted plants could easily be found late in November, and during the winter and early spring material was gathered from rye, wheat, blue grass, and oats, some of the plats being protected by a covering of snow, while others were exposed during a greater part of the wintei*. Water cultures were made of the uredospores, and the germination of the spores as well as the maximum and minimum temperature of each da.v are shown in tabular form. Spores were germinated on evei'y day noted except in one instance, where they were collectetl on February 18. It appears from the table that in the latitude of Wisconsin, and with a period of 3 months during which the temperature scarcely rises above the freezing point, viable uredospores may be obtained at practically any time during the winter. It was noted early in the winter that in the case of badly rusted grain many of the leaves exhibited pale spotted areas, and sections of these showed the presence of mycelium and luideveloped spores. Continuing his observations, the author found that in the spring of the year there were 2 distinct outbreaks of rust, the first occurring on the old winter leaves within 2 weeks following the first warm weather, while the second crop of uredospores did not appear until after the development of the first spring leaves. He found by experiment that in the cool weather of the spring the incubation period following inoculation is usually lengthened to between 3 and 4 weeks. The winter leaves die early in the spring and with them the winter mycelium, but not until it has produced uredospores which inoculate the new leaves. Between the dying of the old leaves and the appearance of rust on the DISEASES OF PLANTS, 1055 new a period of liicuhntioii takes i)lace. which may be lengthened more or less uirordiiij; to the temperature and other conditions in the spring. In conclusion the author says that as the severity of the winter nuist affect the amount of healthy host tissue that survives the winter, it must also limit the amount of mycelium and the number of uredospores in the spring, and that this ill all probal)ility is one of the chief factors in determining the violence of early iiutlireaks of rust. Treating seed grains for the prevention of smut, K. A. Moore and A. L. Sto.ne i]Vi.sco)t,sbi Sta. Rpt. 1906. pp. 210-21. ), fig. 1, dgm. 1). — Experiments were carried on by the authors to lessen the loss caused b.y smut diseases of barley. The treatments included soaking the seed grain in formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate solutions, and a modified form of the hot-water treatment. The formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate treatments were effective in con- trolling the form of smut known as closed smut, but they were without elTect for the loose snnit of barley. For this the authors recommend soaking the seed grain for 12 hours in cold water, after which it is submerged for from 5 to 20 minutes in water at a temperature of 130° F. As this treatment is etBcient for both forms of smut, it is recommended for combating smut diseases of barley. A contribution to the biology of ergots, R. Stager (Coithl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt.. 11 (IDOl), \o. 22-2'f. pp. 113-lHJf). — Inoculation experiments were car- ried on for 2 years with conidia and sclerotia of Claviceps on ^esleria cccrnlea from diffei'ent localities to determine the possibility of biological races of this sjjecies. A considerable number of species of grasses were inoculated, but on only a few were the inoculations successful. The results obtained show the apparent identity of the ergot from 2 localities, the differences attributed being due to climatic conditions. Based upon his experiments the author giv^s an amended description of the biological race occurring on .S. ccerulea. Infection experiments with Erysiphe graminis, G. M. Reed {Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Artx. and Lrttrrs. lo (1!)0',). pi. I. pp. J3.5-i62).— The author con- ducted a series of inoculation experiments, using the conidia of E. graminis from blue grass and rye, and as host plants rye, wheat, oats, barley, squirrel tail barley, smooth brome grass, various species of Poa, rye grass, tall meadow fescue, orchard grass, timothy, floating manna grass, etc. In the experiments with conidia from blue grass it was found that the mildew on I'lxi pratciisis will not readily infect the other species of Poa experimented with, ruder certain conditions it seems to be able to pass over to some extent to /'. ncmonilix and in a still less degree to P. trivialis and P. compressa. In tlie experiments with conidia from rye no inoculations were successful except on the control rye plants. In all the experiments the seedlings of rye which were inoculated with conidia from rye uniformly became infected, and this was also true when blue grass was inoculated with conidia from blue grass. When inoculations were made on other host plants in nearly every instance there was no infection. The experiments confirm the general conclusion that spores of th(^ mildew from one grass will not infect a grass belonging to a different genus. It seems probalile that for E. graminis at least there is one if not more distinct species for each genus of grasses, and in some instances there may be a number of Iiliysiojogical forms upon tlie various sjiecies of the same genus. Further researches on brusone of rice in 1905, T*. Brizi {Ann. 1st. Agr. \ Milan]. 6 ( Itlol-lflO.')). pp. Gl-103. figs. (i). — The experiments previously carried on by the author had indicated that brusone may be caused by physiological conditiniis. In the experiments upon which the present article is based, this problem was tested on a larger scale with .'{ varieties of rice, which showed considerable differences in their resisting power toward unfavorable conditions 1056 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. about the roots. When the usual supply of oxygen was withheld from the roots, yellowish, reddish, or brownish spots appeared on the leaves and other aerial portions of the stem within a few days. It was also observed that Piricularia oryzce developed and fructified in some of these spots. In control plants, however, kept under proper conditions for growth, it was found impossible to produce an infection with this fungus in a single case. These experiments are held to confirm results previously obtained and indicate that brusone is due to a deficiency or absence of free oxygen \i\ the vicinity of the delicate absorbing rootlets. According to the author, practical rice growers have found that there is more danger of brusone when the rice is dry in the morning than when it is moistened with dew. These facts would be difficult to explain if the disease were due to a fungus. While the author does not claim to have demonstrated beyond question the cause of brusone, he believes that it is pi-obably due to the irregular or incom- plete respiration of the minute absorbing rootlets still without a cork layer. The winter rot of potatoes (Jour. Bd. At. 1906. p. 32). — The author briefly describes a fungus disease which attacks coffee berries, the fungus apparently passing through the parchment and causing warty excres- cences to appear on the grain. The disease was found to occur on trees grown in shade as well as on those without shade, but perfectly healthy trees were not observed to be affected. An examination of fresh berries indicated that the cause was probably Stilhum flavidum. Trees sprayed 3 times with Bordeaux DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1057 iiiixlurr .it iiilrr\;ils of 2 weeks •■liter the t",i lliiij; of (lie lilossoins slioxred no disease (hiriii,:; the siiceeediiit; season. A bacterial disease of fruit trees, U. Adkriiou) ( hciil. ohHilxni Ztn iireviousiy described (K. S. R., 17, |>. lit;."); IS. p. '.M7I. The distribution of the gooseberry mildew in Europe, VV. IIkrtku {('I'lilhl. Hitkl. \rtc.\. 2. Mil.. 11 ililir,). No. 22-2.^, pp. 7tf-'/-77.J. /ffir.s-. 3). — The author traces the distribution of the gooseberry mildew {Xph(rrotheca iiiorn-uv(i') in Euro|((> fnr the year r.lO(;, jiivins the rejiorted stations where it lias been observed in Ireland, lUissia. Sweden. I>enniark, Cermany, Finland, Norway, and Austria-IIung.iry. A new disease of cacao {A(/r. Xctr.s [JUtrliadon], 6 {1901), No. 128, p. 93). — The writer states that diseased roots and stems of cacao were received from the botanic gardens at Trinidad in October, 1900, which upon examination were found to be infested with dark mycelial tlu'eads in the vessels of the roots and with hypha> of otlier funiii in the medullary rays and other cells of the stem. The mycelium in the stem a])iieared to be continuous witli black fruiting bodies, whicli are recognized as species of Lasiodiplodia. Specimens of the stems submitted to this Department were said to bo infested with the same fungus as that previously noted (E. 8. K.. 18, p. 452) as occur- ring on cacao and mangoes. The identity of the fungus in the roots has not yet been determined. Attention is called to the presence of this fungus on cacao and other plants in widely distant regions in the West Indies. When the disease is found, all infested twigs and branches should be cut out and burned and dead trees should be uprooted and destroyed. Diseases of cocoanut palms, F. A. Stockdale (Agr. Neics [Barbadofi]. G (I'JOl), No. 121. p. 7.5). — Descriptions are given of 3 diseases of the cocoanut palms observed I)y the author in Trinidad. The first of these, a root disease, is attrilmted to tlie fungus Botnjodiphxlid sp.. andYliay be recognized by the yellowing and hanging down of the leaves, by the disorganized condition of the cortex of tlie roots and the red discoloration in the sten), and by the pustules bearing fungus spores on the dead leaf stalks. 'J'his disease may l)e spread through the soil or by spores. It appears in all soils, but apparently spreads more rapidly and is more destructive in damp, lowlying, undrained regions. To prevent the spread of the disease the author reconnnends the burning of all diseased trees and rubbish, isolation I)y digging trenches aroinid diseased trees, cultivation of the land, and si)raying witli fungicides for the destruction of the spores, as well as ai)plications to tbe soil for the destruction of the mycelium. Where replanting is necessary it should be done witli riiie nuts from disease-resistant trees. The leaf disease described is caused by a species of Pestalozzia. and may be recognized by yellowish sixits on the leaflets, especially near their tips. Tliese sjKtts increase in si/.e. tbe leaf turns yellow, then brown, and finally dies. When tlie leaflets of the tenuinal 2 or ."> ft. of the leaves have died tliis jiortion breaks olf and hangs vertic-ally downward from the end of the dying leaves. This is said to l)e one of tbe most clianicteristie indications of this di.sease. Associated with this fungus is .iiiotlier. Diphxlia epicoco-H, but experiments seem to indicate that it is sajiropliytic and only completes the destruction begun by tlie Pe.sta- lezzia. The spread of tliis disease is accomplished by wind and rain, and efforts .-liould 1p(> made to keejw the trees in as healthy and vigorous a condition as l'Ossii)le. :i849— No. U— 1058 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The third disease described is termed l)U(l rot disease, aud was noticed in several isolated districts. The cause of the trouble is said to be somewhat obscure. The roots and stem of the palm appear healthy, while the bud is involved in a vile-smelling soft rot. In one instance a fundus was found in the advancing margin of the diseased part, but generally bacteria were the only organisms present. Three different species of bacteria have been observed in connection with this disease, but as yet no definite data have been obtained as to how they gain entrance to the tree or whether they are the primary caiise of the disease. It is thought that careful cultivation and the prompt destruction of diseased material would tend to keep this disease in check. The effect of alkaline polysulphids on spraying apparatus, M. Fremont {Prog. Ai/r. ct Vif. (Ed. VEst), 28 {I'.m), So. 11, pp. 320-.JS1).— Attention is called to the fact that in using alkaline polysulphids as fungicides the solutions attack copiier lined spraying apparatus. On this account such apparatus should be heavily tin lined to prevent the injurious action of the fungicide. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Inheritance of acquired characters, A. Weisman and R. Semon (Arcli. Rasseii ti. Grscll. Biol.. 3 (HHIG). Ao. I. pp. 1-27 ; Jf {1901), No. 1, pp. 1-46).— The controversy set forth in these articles c(nicerns the old problem of whether acquired chai'acters in animals may be inherited, the negative side of the ques- tion being taken up by Weisman and the affirmative by Senion. The latter authority maintains that it is impossible to discuss heredity in an unprejudiced manner so long as it is assumed that acquired characters can not be inherited. The zoological record, D. Sharp {Zool. Rec, J,2 {1905), pp. LXV+1201).-~ As in previous issues of this annual publication elaborate classified biblio- graphies are given of the literature relating to all branches of zoology. The bil>liograi)bies of the various subjects have been worked uji by members of the record conmiittee of the council of the zoological society of London. The volume covers the literature published in 190.5. It is announced that the volume for 11)06 will be a joint production of the international catalogue organization and this committee. The monthly bulletin of the division of zoology, H. A. Surface {Penn. Dcpt. Agi:, Mo. Bui. Div. Zool.. ', (1907). \o. 10. pp. 353-382, i)ls. 2).— Brief recommendations are made I'egarding the use <^)f carbon bisulphid in combating insect pests of beans, peas, and other seeds ; the treatment of San .lose scale with lime-sulphur wash and connnercial insecticides; and the results obtained by connnercial orchardists in combating this pest. Report of the entomologist, C O. Houghton (DcUnrarr ,Sta. h'pt. 1903, pp. I'l 1-159. pi. 1). — In spraying for San Jose scale boiled lime-sulphur wash gave better results than the unboiled wash. Pure kerosene did not injure native plum trees, but caused some injury to apple and pear trees. In commercial orchards little difference was seen in the results from the use of boiled and unboiled lime-sulphvu' washes. Snowy tree-cricket is reported to have caused injury to the trunk of a plum tree. Brief reports are also made on the Indian-meal moth in jelly, fumigation for the white fly, Cliiloconis .^iniilis. the codling moth, the oyster-shell bark- louse, the mnshrooni maggot, and the strawberry weevil. Division of entomology, A. Craw (Rpt. B<1. Coiiirx. Agr. (iiid Forc^trii Hairaii, 2 (1905), pp. 99-166, pis. 2, figs, i/).— This material has already been noted from another source ( E. S. R., 18. p. :'.'>'2). Division of entomology, A. ("raw (Rpt. lid. Cotnrs. Agr. and Forrstrg Haivuii, 3 (1906), pp. 139-16-'i, figs. 6). — A summary is presented of the inspec- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1059 tion work wlii<'h has l»e»'n carried un \>y tlic divisidii in prcveiiliiit; the ravages of insects and fungus diseases in Hawaii. I'.ricf notes are included ou insect I)ests found on slii[inients of plants wliidi were lield in (luarantine. I'articular atto'ition is j;iven to a discussion of the various importations of beneficial insects whidi iiave l)een made into Hawaii. Recently considerable effort has lu'cn devoted to a study of Euvviht linimtiviis and other natural enemies of the liorn (ly. Report of the government entomologist, K. K. (Jkeen (Vires, and Agr. Jour, h'oii. Hot. (Itinl. Cci/loti. .} itnOG). .\o. 22. pp. 287-29.'t). —Muny of the well- iuiown tea pests continued to give trouble during 100(5. The use of sulphur against tea mites has been more* extensive. The remedy is effective, but some complaints have been made of injury to the tea foliage from its u.se. The cultivation of Kickxia rubber has been renderi'd almost impossible by the attacks of Caprinia conchi/lalis. This pest may be controlled by repeated spray- ing with arsenicals. Notes are also given on other pests of rubber and cotton. Attempts are being made to establish apiculture in Ceylon and the govern- ment is encouraging the extension of sericultiu'e. Report of State nursery insijection, J. G. JMooKi; ( WiscuNshi Sht. Rpf. I'.lllC), lip. 231-239). — Thus far considenible success has been had in keeping dangerous insects and fungus diseases in Wisconsin under control. Notes are given on the prevalence and treatment of oyster-shell bark-louse. <'ottony maple scale, woolly aphis, peach aphis. imi)orted willow weevil, crown gall, apple blight, etc. Injurious insects and their control, W. T. Clarkr (Alahamu Col. Sta. Bui. t3!>. pi>. 20). — Brief mention is made of the kinds of damage which may be done to cultivated crops tiy insects. Formulas are given for the preparation of Paris green, arsenate of lead, poisim baits, and lime-sulphur wash. Attenticm is also called to the importance of mechanical methods of destroying insect pests and tile use of trap crops for this purpose. RepoVt of the entomologist, C. P. Gillette {Colorado Sta. h'pt. HXld. pp. I'i2-l.'i!)). — During the year under report att(»ntion was given to the melon louse, grasshoppers, . cottony maple scale, oyster-shell scale, peach-twig borer, peach borer, codling moth, etc. An outline is given of the entomological work proposed for the coming year. The field entomologist, E. P. Taylor, reports ou Iir.ictical work in controlling insect pests, the collection of economic insects, inspection of orchards, and attendance at farmers' institutes. It is stated that despite the excellent s[)raying equipment in Grand Valley, tlie codling moth does a great amomit of harm. This is attributed to a lack in thoroughness of method, deficiency in s[)rayiug material, and incomplete knowledge of the life history of the moth. Some insects injurious to wheat during 1905-6, L. Bruner and M. II. SwENK (Xcbntxhd >st(i. Bui. DU, pp. 36, pi. J, fi(/>cently been observed to hold this insect in check. One of the most serious pests of the orange is the i)urj)l(> scale, which may be best controlled by the use of linuKsulphur wash. This gives better results than kerosene or crude oil emulsions. Brief notes are also 1060 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. given on May beetles, orange leaf-weevil, brown scale, and West Indian peach scale. Attention is being given to the diseases and insect pests of pineapples, bananas, coffee, and sugar cane. Diseases and insect pests of coffee, J. W. Van Leenhoff (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1006, pp. 31, 32). — Leaf weevils which commonly live on lai'ger trees around coffee plantations may fall on the coffee trees and feed upon them, causing considerable damage. The coffee leaf-miner was not as abundant as in previous years. Considerable benefit was noted from the thorough fertilization of infested trees. Bibliography of Canadian entomology, ('. .1. S. Bethune (Separatr from Trans. Roij. ,s'oc. Canudit. .L ser., 12 {1906-7), Hec. IV, pp. 55-65). — A brief bibliography of works relating to Canadian entomology and published in 1905 is presented in an alphabetical order under the authors' names. The genus Leucaspis, L. Lindinger {•Jahrb. Hainbnrg. Wiss. A)ist., 23 {1905), Beiheft 3. pp. 1~60, pis. 1). — The literature relating to this genus of scale insects is reviewed in connection with a bibliography of 154 titles. The author discusses the general anatomical features of the genus, with suggestions regard- ing the relationship of different species, and presents an analytical table for the identiticatiiin of the various si)ecies. The tobacco thrips, a new and destructive enemy of shade- grown tobacco, W. A. Hooker {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr.. Bar. Ent. Bill. 65, pp. 2Ji, pl.s. 2, figs. 2).— In l'J04 attention was called to an attack of thrips upon shade-grown tobacco. Other references to injuries of this sort are also noted by the author. The species under discussion in this bulletin is Euthrips nicotiana:, which is de- scribed as new. The injury caused by this insect is referred to as white vein on account of the color of the veins of infested tobacco leaves. This is quite distinct, how- ever, from white vein of northern grown tobacco, which is due to some physio- logical disorder. The insect appears to be distributed rather widely throughout the Southern States and feeds upon a number of weeds and other plants as well as upon tobacco. Only 12 or 13 days are required for a life cycle during warm weather. The insect hibernates in the adult stage. The tobacco thrips is most successfully controlled by spraying with kerosene emulsion diluted with 10 parts of water and carefully mixed, since free kero- sene will burn the tobacco leaves. The application should be made in the evening. Other insecticides were tried with fairly satisfactory results, but were not as effective as the kerosene emulsion. In addition to the use of this insecticide, it is also suggested that the seed bed should be separate from the field in wlii<'li the tobacco is subse(]uently planted. Surface caterpillars, 11. ^I. Lefroy {Agr. .four. India, 2 {190t), No. 1, pp. Ji2-'i6, pi. 1). — The term surface caterpillars is used as equivalent to cutworms and notes are given on a number of these pests which attack plantings of opium, peas, and other crops. In combating them, the best success was had from the use of a poison bait containing 4 lbs. of white arsenic and 8 lbs. of sugar in 0 gals, of water which was used to moisten 80 lbs. of chopped straw. Locusts {Rlioilesian Agr. ./our.. // (1907). Xo. 3. pp. 236-2Ji7). — Large quan- tities of arsenite of soda have been used in attenqits to destroy locusts. This application of arsenical poisons led to some comitlaints that locust birds were thereby destroyed. An investigation of this question showed that very few if any locust-eating birds are destroyed by feeding upon poisoned locusts. A brief summary is given of the discussion held at a recent intercolonial con- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1061 ference in Pretoria for the purpose of arriviiiL,' at suitable measures for dealin.s^ with the Jocusi pest. The praying mantis, J. 11. Inda (Com. Par. A(jr. [J/cr/eo |, (J ire. :,.',, pp. J). p!/s. l.j). — The author presents notes on the habits and life history of Mantis rvl'Kjlosa and .1/. Carolina, with particular reference to the benefits conferred ui)on agriculture liy these insects. The chief enemies of the apple, E. Makchai, and I'oskin {Bui. Ayr. \ Hi as- sets], 23 (1907), ^o. 1, pp. 5()-90, fl or 4 weeks later, and with arsenate of lead on .Inly 20 and August 10. Spraying for apple diseases and the codling moth in the Ozarks, \Y. M. Scott and A. L. Quaintance (V. .S'. Dept. Affi:, Farmers' Bui. 283, pp. j^2, figs. 7). — The treatments planned by the authors were designed to control apple scab, apple blotch, leaf-spot diseases, bitter rot, and codling moth. Appli- cations were made just before the flowers opened, just after the petals fell, 7 days later, after another .3 weeks, and on June 25, July 17, and August 11. Bordeaux mixture with an arsenical added was found to be the most effective treatment for the principal diseases of the fruit and foliage of the apple and also for the codling moth. A good quality of Paris green is satisfactory, and when applied with Bordeaux mixture adheres well to the foliage. Arsenite of lime is the cheapest of all the arsenicals used in these experiments. With varieties of apples ordinarily immune to scab the first application is not necessary, and in localities where bitter rot does not prevail the last appli- cation may be omitted. Insect and fungus enemies of the grape east of the Rocky Mountains, A. L. Quaintance and C. L. Shear {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmer.^' Bui. 28^. pp. .'i8, figs. 35). — The authors, working in cooperation, have devised a treatment which is effective against the grape root-worm, berry moth, curculio, leaf moth, leaf-hopper, leaf-folder, and flea-beetle, the rose chafer, black rot, downy mil- dew, powdery mildew, autbracnose, ripe rot, bitter rot, white rot, crown gall, and root rot, and against shelling. Brief notes are given on the appearance and life history of these grape pests and on the preparation and application of insecticides and fungicides. In controlling these pests it is recommended that a first application be made about May 1, using Bordeaux mixture of the formula G-o-50 ; a second applica- tion about June 1, using Bordeaux mixture with the formula 5-.5-50 with an arsenical added, the third application as soon as the blossoms fall, the fourth about 10 days later, and the fifth and sixth at intervals of about 2 weeks, using tor the third and fourth applications the Bordeaux mixture and an arsenical, and for the fifth and sixth Burgundy mixture with an arsenical. Remedies for the San Jose scale. San Jose scale act (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 1,57, pp. 12). — For ordinary treatment a lime-sulphur mixture is recom- mended. For this purpose 3 formulas of the insecticide are presented. Direc- tions are also given for the preparation of crude oil and whale-oil soap. In summer kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap will give satisfactory results. A copy is given of an act for the prevention of the spread of San Jose scale. The elm-leaf beetle, W. E. Britton (Councetieiit ,Stafe Sta. Bui. 155, pp. IJf, pi. 1, figs. 6). — The biology and economic relaticms of this insect are briefly summarized. In combating the pest it is reconnnended, that all locations where the beetle might hibernate in an adult stage should be searched in the spring ECONOMTC ZOOT.OGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1063 .(11(1 tho beetles destroyed. The foliajtce of elui trees should be sprayed with an arseiiieal as soon as the work of the beetle in the spring can be detected, and later in the season the pupie may be destroyed by spraying; with kerosene emulsion when they collect on the trunk of the trees or in the soil at the base. The use of sticky bands in combating Lasiocampa pini {Dent. Landw. J'rcssc, 3Jf {1907), A'o. 11, p. 79, fujs. 10). — A brief description is given in con- nection with illustrations showing a method for applying sticky bands about trees in a rai)id and effective manner. Spraying calendar, S. A. Hkacii v.t au (loicd Sid. Bill. S!l, pii. .>'/, /i(/.^. ,'>). — Directions are presented for methods of controlling the common insects and fungus diseases which injure orchard, garden, and field crops. Reconunenda- tions are made regarding tlie time and method of apiilicatioa of the remedies, and I'ornuilas for their i)reparation are given. Insecticides and fungicides, L. F. Henderson {Idaho Sta. Spec. Bui., 1907, pp. ^i).^This is a popular compilation of formuljB and recommendations for the preparation and application of the standard insecticides and fungicides. The danger from the use of arsenic in agricultural practice, II. Bertin- SANS and V. Ros {Rev. Hyy. et Pol. Saiiit.. 29 {1907). Vo. .1. pp. 1U.i-.il7).— There appears to be no means by which the attacks of leaf-eating insects may l)e so successfully controlled as by the use of the well-known arsenical insecti- cides. The necessity of using these insecticides is, therefore, recognized despite the fact that some danger attaches to their use except under proiter pi'ecautions. After a thorough study of the possible dangers connected with the use of arsen- icals the authors propose a set of regulations which they believe will, in large part, obviate these dangers. It is recommended that the use of ar.senate of lead for the destruction of insects be prohibited, and that other arsenical compounds siiould not be sold except after being colored in such a manner that they can not jKJSsibly l)e con- fused with any food, condiment, or substance used in the manufacture of wine. The buyer and seller are both to be held equally responsible for this denatura- tion of the arsenical, and the insecticides are to be sold in packages [>lainly marked "poison." It is also to be required that dealers shall make monthly rei)orts of the amount of ar.senicals sold to their customers together with their names and addresses. Treatments of vineyards with ar.senical compounds are not to be authorized except during the first part of the year, and such applica- tions are to be prohibited after the grapes are in bloom. It is also recommended that the public be warned of the danger of eating snails and slugs found in vineyards sprayed with arsenicals. The Rex spray and other lime and sulphur compounds, I.. F. Henderson [hlnhit Std. Hill. ■')(>. lip. l.i). — A comparative test was made of various forms of lime and suli)hur including a proprietary mixture, one recommended liy (\ V. IMl)er, and the one comnioidy known as the California mixture. .Ml r.\. I. Mit., OrUj., J/S (1907), No. '>. pp. '/f;.S-',77. fi(/. /).— As a result of their study <>{' mosquitoes, the authors believe that a considerable per- centage nf the moS(iuitoes which first ajipear in si)ring come from hiliernating larva- and eggs. Numerous obsei'vations were made on the trans])ortation of mosquitoes by wind and on tlic various jiarasites to which they are subject. 1064 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A test was made of a large number of substances to determine their value as repellants for mosquitoes. It was found that formalin, oil of cloves, bergamot oil, cinnamon oil, oil of peppermint, and various other essential oils had this effect to a considerable degree. In experiments in the destruction of mosquito larvie and pupie ia water, it was found that green schist oil as well as petro- leum and B-ordeaux mixture are of considerable value for practical use. Good results were also obtained from the use of a proprietary antiseptic, depending for its action largely upon the presence of formalin. Glossina palpalis as an agent in transmitting' trypanosomiasis, L. Cazal- Bou (Cuiiipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,S {1906), So. 12, pp. 435-^37).— In experiments with dogs and cats it was found that G. palpalis naturally infected with tryiKinosomes was capable of transmitting the infection to these animals. Some disease-carrying insects, ('. E. Chambers {Clriiisoii Ayr. Col. Ext. Work, 2 (1906) ~So. 5, pp. IS, figs. .5). — A brief account is given of the habits and life history of the common house mosquito, malarial mosquito, yellow fever mosquito, and house fly, with special reference to their agency in carrying dis- eases and to means of combating them. , Ticks in the transmission of diseases, W. DiiMTz {Ber. Henckenb. Naturf. Gcscll.. 1000. pp. 39-52). — In this discussion particular attention is given to Iwodes riclnus, Boophihis aiiinikitiis. RhipiecphuUtx appcndirnJutas, Anjas pcrsi- cus, and Ornithodurus inouhata. A new type of sarcoptic mite parasitic on pupiparous diptera, E. Sergent and E. L. Trouessart (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 62 {1907), So. 10. pp. ■fi3--'i'45, pg. 1). — In Algeria, the domestic pigeon is infested with a parasitic fly known as Lyncliia maiira. This fly is at times apparently parasitized by a mite described as a new genus and species under the name Myialgcs anclwra. Since this family of mites is apparently confined to warm-blooded animals, it is suggested that the mite may spend the greater part of its existence on the pigeon and may merely deposit its eggs upon the parasitic fly. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Poods and their adulteration, II. W. Wiley {Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son d Co., 1907, pp. XII +625, i)ls. 11, figs. 86).— Jn this volume, which is designed for manufactures, consumers, physicians, and sanitarians, as well as for the general reader, the author has summarized a large amount of data regarding the methods of preparation and manufacture of animal and vegetable foods, their nutritive value, standards of purity, regulations for inspection, simple tests for adulterants, effects of storage, and related questions. Among the special subjects are meat and meat products, poultry and eggs and game birds, fish foods, milk and milk products and oleomargarine, cereal foods, vege- tables, condiments and fruits, vegetable oils and fats and nuts, fungi as food, sugar, sirup, confectionery and honey, and invalids' and infants' foods. In the form of appendixes, extracts are given from the national laws relating to ]>ure food, as well as rules and regulations for the enforcement of the laws, amd official standards of purity. The author calls attention to the fact that al! opinions regarding adulterations, misbranding, nutritive value, and wholesome- ness are individual expressions and are not to be considered in any other manner. The volume as a whole constitutes a very interesting and valuable reference handbook and discussion of food and food adulteration. Food inspection decisions (T. *S'. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Deeisions 1-25, pp. 28; 26, pp. 3; 27-30, pp. J,; 31, p. 1; 82, pp. 2; 33-36, pp. J,; 37-38, pp. 2; 39, p. 1; J,0-Ji3, pp. J,; .'iHio, PP. 3; Jf6-J,8, pp. ^; .'i6 amended, pp. 2; 1)9-53, pp. 6; FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 1065 .',.'1-.;!), itj). 7; (iO-H'i. iiji. 1; : c:,. itp. lU; 66-68, pp. 5). — The decisions which have been rendered nndcr tlic provisions of the ))ure food hnv rej^arding the scope and uieanhig of tlic law; lahelinj; of j^oods ; tlie scope and purpose of food inspectiou decisions relative to importation; hibeling of whisl^y, blends, com- l)Ounds, and imitations; the use of sugar in canned foods; and related ques- tions are taken up in these ])Ublications. They are designed to inform importers and exporters of food jiroducts and the public generally of the opinions ren- dered by the Secretary of Agriculture under the existing laws relating to the examination of food products before shipment to foreign countries and to the examination of food products imported into the United States and goods for interstate trade. The last of the publications mentioned contains a detailed list of the subjects taken up to date in the decisions. Report of food commissioner, E. F. Ladd (Nortli Dakotd Sfa. Rpt. JUoG, />l. 2. /III. IH'i. / now of good quality and free from adulteration. "There has not been found on the market in this State a single brand of corn, peas, string beans, or toma- toes during the past year which contained chemical preservatives, saccharin, or coal-tar dyes." Some jams, jellies, and similar goods were found which were not true to name or which were of unsatisfactory character. "There has been a marked improvement in the character of the maple sirups offered for sale in the State during the past year. . . . ■ There has been some improvement in the character of the coffee offered for sale in the State, but there are still abuses which should be corrected. Some of these have sprung up as the result of a popular demand for a particular type of coffee, which as a rule is not to be had in any appreciable (luantity. and other grades have been substituted in the place therefor." While considerable imi)rovement was noticeable, the quality of candies offered for sale in the State was not regarded on the whole as satisfactory, adultera- tion or sophistication being found in a number of cases. Lard sold in i)ails or i)ackages was not infrequently found to be short weight. " Since the enforcement of the food law in this State there has been a marked improvement in the character of the meat products offered for sale in North Dakota. Formerly preservatives, especially sulphites and borates, were largely cm))loyed as preserving agents in meats, but after numerous prosecutions of offenders, not only local butchers but packers as well discontinued the use of preservatives as well as of coloring matter in the meat intended to be sold in this State." Tlie comparative merits of drawn r. undrawn poultry for cold storage are discussed, and, according to the author, the State food department has always intended that ixmltry shoidd never be thus stored initil it has l)een i)roi)erly drawn. Food analyses, U. M. S. Bailey (liiil. Kivis. Bd. Health. 3 {1907). .Yo. 2. /)/). .Ui~.i'.)). — Tlie examination of a nimiber of samples of oysters for copper showed that it was present in amounts ranging from quantities so small that it could not be readily determined to an amount equivalent to 0.0!) per cent of coi)]>er sulphate. " In regard to the occurrence of copper in oysters, this has been ascril)ed to various causes, but there is no evidence that would lead one to believe that it is introduced by the shipper or dealer. . . . "Although a small amount of coj>per in oysters may not be an indication tliat 1066 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, they are injurious, yet the comparatively large quantity mentioned in some of these cases indicates that such oysters should not be used as food. . . . " Finally, it is probable that in most cases only harmless quantities of copi)er are found in oysters, but as far as investigations have gone it would seem that green oysters are to be regarded with suspicion, as their greeu color may be due to an excess of copper." The possible harmfulness of copper salts and related questions are discussed. Brief notes are also given regarding the examination of icing materials for con- fectionery and other products. Practical observations upon the chemistry of food and dietetics, J. B. S. King ([Chicugo]: Blakeli/ Printing Co., 1906, pp. I'lO). — General principles of nutrition, chemistry of milk, eggs, meat, and other special foods, food for infants, food for old age, diet in various diseases, and related questions are considered. The inspection of restaurants {Brii. Fooil .Jour.. 9 {1901), A'o. 99, p. ^2). — In a brief note summarized from a statement in Medical Press, the desirability of inspection to insure cleanliness in restaurant kitchens is pointed out and the regulations adopted by the Westminster Council, England, are summarized. " The rules concern the structure and capacity of the kitchen, the drainage of the scullery, and the ventilation of the premises. No food is to be stored in any place where it may be exposed to infection or contamination ; proper enameled stoneware sinks are to be provided for washing vegetables in ; all tables and benches are to be provided with wheels so that they may be easily moved, and shelves are to be fitted 2 in. from the walls so that dii't shall not collect in corners. The employees are to have separate places for hanging their outdoor clothes, and every part of the premises is to be adequately lighted." Studies of the condition of Lombardy peasants, A. Menozzi and E. GrUner {Ann. 1st. Agr. [Miluit], 6 (1901-1005), pp. 1-25, pis. 2). — The present investi- gation was made on farms in the province of Milan. The data recorded include a discussion of food supply, sanitation, kinds and amounts of food eaten, and related questions. Nutrition on an unrestricted diet, S. Sundstrom (Skand. Arch. Physiol., 19 (1907). yo. 1-3, pp. lS-95). — The dietary studies reported were made with Finnish students and laborers. The diet of the students supplied on an average 157 gm. protein and 3,984 calories per person per day, that of one group of laborers 114 gni. protein and 3,011 calories, and of the other group, 107 gm. protein and 4,378 calories. In the case of the students, animal food furnished about 75 per cent of the total [irotein, and in the case of the laborers, some 00 to 66 per cent. A new chemical test for strength in wheat flour, T. B. Wood (Proc. Cam- bridge Phil. Soc, J.'/ {1901), ISio. 1, pp. 115-1 IS). — In his work on this subject, the author has studied the conditions which influence the volume of the loaf pro- duced from a given weight of flour and especially carbon dioxid production and its I'elation to the sugar originally present in the flour. The carbon dioxid evolved was measured and the amount of sugar necessary to produce it was calculated and compared with the quantity found in the flour. The latter quantity was not nearly sutticient to account for all the carbon dioxid evolved by the yeast, but the author believes that the discrepancy may be accounted for by the action of the diastatic enzyms present in the flour and that the determination of the sugar content of flour and its relation to carbon dioxid production is of value in judging baking quality. Generally speaking, the experiments showed that the amount of carbon dioxid produced had a direct relation to the quality of flour as judged by bakers. " In applying the above ideas to testing flours, there are clearly two ways of FOODS HUMAN NTTTRTTTON. 1067 liroceeding: (1 ) To in.ikc clioinicnl (U'tcM'ininations of llic su^ar rontainod in tho Hour as sucL and of the sn|j;ar lornied by incubatiuij; the mixture of tlie Hour and water at such a temperature and for such time as is commonly used in l)alving (for instance, for 3 hours at 80° C.) ; (2) to mix the flour with yeast and water and measure the carbon dioxid evolved during the fermentation. '• Of these two methods the latter is very much easier to carry out and, it is suggested, gives very valuaiile indications of that particular component of strength which is concerned with the volume of the loaf. If this is so, the addi- tion of stigar to flours which make small loaves should i)n)duce an increase in size, and this has been found to be the case by actual baking experiments. For instance, in one experiment the addition of 1 per cent of sugar to ordinary hoiiscbuld Ihmr as bought in (":nnl)ri(lg<' was found to m.-ikc an increase of 2 per ci-nt in the weight and 1.3 l)er cent in the volume of the loaf." Experiments on the nutritive value of different sorts of bread, P. Fauvel (AVr. hitcriiat. Falsif., 20 {11)01). .\o. 7. pp. li), 20). — ^The author summarizes .•md discusses the results of his investigations, which showed that breads includ- ing the whole of the wheat berry furnished less nutritive material pound for ]M)und than white bread becau.se of their inferior digestibility. The effect of different sorts of bread on the excretion of uric acid, xantho bodies, urea, and piiosphoric acid, and upon the volume and acidity of the urine is spoken of. The microscopic examination of bread, E. Collin {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 12 ( IH07), \o. 2, pii. 'i !-'/!>. figs. .'/). — The results of microscopical examinations of bread of different soi-ts are reported and illustrated by flgures. The author lielieves that such examination is valuable for the detection of adulteration of bread as with other flour than wheat and may also be used for alimentary pastes. A contribution to the bacteriological study of bread and biscuits, C. M. Rklli {(lior. R. Soc. Itdl. I;;.. 2S {1!)0(!), Xo. (i; ahs:. in Him. Zenthl, 2 {1907), \o. 12. pp. 3o9. 360). — According to the investigations reix)rted, both bread and lusciiits or crackers are sterile when taken from the oven. For some time after l)aking, 22 hours in the case of bread and a month in the case of crackers, the micro-organisms jiresent were few in number. This is an indication, in the author's opinion, that such foods, owing to dryness or dry crust and to any acidity, are not very favorable ground for the growth of micro-organisms, as tliere is abundant opportunity to acquii'e them from the air. Enlargements of micro-photographs of barley grains rich in protein and poor in protein, Lauck {WcIniscJu: lirau., 24 {1901), No. IS, pp. 115, 116, fifjs. 7 I.- — The micro-photographs reproduced are of interest as showing the varia- tions in the structure of the grain and the distribution of protein and starch in barley of varying comiiosition. Comparative tests of German and American oats, E. IIaselhoff {Landir. Vcrn. Stat., 6o (1901), No. 5-6, pp. 3,i9-.i'il ). — The analytical data rejiorted showed practically no difference in the composition of American and German oats, and in the author's oi)inion the German oats are as well suited for the manufacture of oat foods as the American. The extractives of muscles. 'VIII, The formation of histidin by the cleavage of carnosin, W. Gulewitscii {ZtscJir. I'lii/siol. Clinii.. 5o (11)01). Xo. 6. pp. 535-531). — According to the author, carnosin is the lirst leukoni.itin which has been recognized as a histidin derivative. Studies of the lecithin content of myocardium and striated muscles, A. Eki.andse.n (Zischr. Phi/Hiol. Chrui.. 51 (1901), Xo. 1-2, pp. 11-155). — The nionoamido-monophosphatids — that is, the lecithins of the kephalin grouji — are l)est known and i)erhai)s most widely distributed in the body. The com]iosition of the lecithins of beef muscle and heart was (\.jIK„Xr<),„ these i)ro])ortions being similar to those for the lecithin of hen's egg yolk. Methods of estimat- 1068 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing lecithin and other questions which have to do witli the different radicals present in this substance are discussed at length. On the changes in certain meat essences kept for several years in tins, G. S. Buchanan and S. B. Schryvee (Loral Govt. Bd. [(It. Brit.], Med. Dcijt.. Rpts. Itisp. Foods, 1906, No. 1, piJ. 11). — Samples of essence of beef in tins, which were several years old and had been returned fi'om South Africa, were not in good condition, as was shown by the appearance of the cans and can contents. Chemical and i)hysiological studies were therefore made of such goods. " The only substantial difference that could be detected in the old samples as contrasted with the new was that the former contained appreciable quantities of metal which has been dissolved out from the tin and reprecipitated in insoluble form, whereas the latter was free from such metals. The metal con- sisted almost entirely of tin with only the smallest traces of lead. . . . " With regard to the organic contents of the several tins, the general conclu- sion may be drawn that these have undergone very little change. If products of the nature of meat extracts and essences be put on the market in glass vessels, there is no reason why they should not remain in good condition for indefinite periods, especially when it is remembered that they can be sterilized in small bulk. These remarks are intended to apply only to such bodies as extracts or essences which contain no coagulable protein. They would hardly apply, for example, to such pi'oducts as meat juices." When samples of the meat essences properly diluted with physiological saline solution were injected into the peritoneal cavities of rabbits no disturbances were noted. " The old samples were perfectly nontoxic under these condi- tions." Oysters, S. J. Ckumbine (Bui. Kans. Bd. Health, 3 {1901), No. 2, pp. 40, J/l). — The author insists that oysters should not be floated or fattened and that sanitary measures should be followed when they are shipped in bulk. " Most people regard the white, plump oyster as preferable to the gray, rather thin oyster. The natural color of the oyster is a dingy g:ray, sometimes slightly tinged with green or red, according to the locality where grown and the time of year they are gathered. The white plump oyster is the one that is water- soaked and bleached and has lost the ' sea flavor.' The size of the oyster depends in the main on age, the very large ones being from four to five years old." Note on the value of cocoa as a food and condiment, R. O. Neumann (Arch. Hyff., 60 (1907), No. 3, pp. 175-190). — The author gives a revision of some of the calculations in his previously published article on this subject (E. S. R., 18, p. 757), but states that the revised figures do not in any way change the con- clusions which were reported. Fresh-water algae as human food, S. Namikawa (Bill. Col. Agr., Tolnjo Imp. Univ., 7 (1906), pp. 123, 12'i; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 90 (1906). No. 530, II, p. 8SJf). — Two edible Japanese marine algiie are described and an analysis of one species is reported. The digestibility and utilization of some polysaccharid carbohydrates derived from lichens and marine algae, T. Saiki (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 2 (1906), No. 3, pp. 251-265). — By means of artificial digestion experiments and experi- ments with small dogs and a man, studies were made of the digestibility of the cai'bohydrates of lichen and algae, including among others Iceland moss (Cetrariu islandica), Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), and agar-agar. The experiments indicated, in the author's opinion, that the polysaccharid carbohydrates " were not readily transformed to sugar by carlxihydrate-digesting enzyms of animal origin and scarcely more readily by vegetable enzyms or bacteria. Correspond- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 1()()9 iiif? with tliis, the (Hj^estibility and availal>ili(y of such products hi the alimen- tary tract were finuid to lie very imperfect in both man and animals. The re- sults of these investigations shoidd lie applied in criticism of the claims made for some of the 'food preparations' rich in indij^estihle carbohydrates, and many food materials more properly rated as •food accessories.'" Th<> effect of the asar-agar on the tuial mass i>\' the fec(N in an experiiucnt with man was very marked, •'riie a.irar easily i-etahis water in the alimentary icsidues and prevents the fonnation of dry, hard, fecal masses which readily induce constipation. This jiroperty of the agar, together with its failure to dissolve readily by digestion or fermeidative change 1ms led . . . to . . . its use in appropriate cases of chronic constipation with very satisfactory results." In one of the experiments with man unboiled Italian chestnuts were added to (ln> regnlnr diet to ascertain the effect of raw starch on the composition of the feces as compared with the alga» carbohydrates. "The results indicate the relative indigestiliility of starch offered in this fonii." Raspberry juice and marmalade, (). Loheck iZlsrln: (")f(riitL Vhriii., IS (I!>ii7). .\». '), pp. SJi-!)0). — Ki-oni an examination of a lumiber of samjiles of raspberry juice and raspberry uiaruialade. the author concluded that the Ger- man goods were superior to the Krench or the English. Some of the samples exannned (•ontain(d excessive amounts of seed. The composition of English fermentation vinegars, F. D. Hatcliff { Analyst, 32 (1907), No. 372, pp. S5-87).— Detailed analyses of 11 samples of vinegar are reported. A discussion follows the pajier. The sensation of hunger; its location and cause, I.. LtuiANi (Arch. I'isiol., 3 (191)6). \<>. .'), pp. .')'it-.')'i(j). — A physiological discussion. Experimental studies on the effect of condiments on the secretion of gastric juice, Rhkinboldt (Ztschr. Diiifct. u. Phys. Thcr., 10 (1906). p. 3') : (I lis. in Ihifi. Rundschau, 17 (1907), ^'o. 3, pp. 190, /.97).— Experiments with hospital patients with fistulie and a dog with so-called Pawlow small stomach led to the conclusion that the soup flavoring studied caused an increased flow of gastric juice with higher acid content. In the case of man this juice had normal digestive powers, but in the case of the dog it was inferior to normal ;:astric juice in this respect. The assimilation of iron by nursing children, Kuasnogorsky (Jahrb. KhnlcrhcUk.. (!'f (19'i6). p. 651; ahs. in ZcntbJ. I'lnjsioJ.. 20 (1906), Xo. 23. p. 7.S.T). — .\s shown l)y a number of experiments, iron of woman's milk was much better absorbed than that of goat's milk and iron in cooked milk better assimi- lated than in raw. Sixty per cent of the iron in spinach and egg yolk was assimilated. A considerable part of the iron of connnercial preparations was also found to be assimilated, though such goods were inferior to the mothers' milk. s]»inach. and egg yolk in this respect. Percentage composition and relative money value, digestibility and use of food, .T. K()M(i { Piozenfualc Zusannncnsctzunii unit Milnfichhrrrt tier nicn- schlichru \ahrungsmittel nebst Ausnut::unysf/rossc dcrselbcn und Kostsatzen. lirrlin: .lulius Xprinf/cr, 1906. 0. ed.. pp. S, charts J, ; rev. in Hyy. ZentbL, 2 W.xn). \'i. >.i. pp. 2')6. 2.77). — A revised edition of this series of food charts with explanatory text. Concerning digestibility and especially the digestibility of protein, W. (Jrim.mkr (Hiothcni. Ztschr.. 2 ( 19(16). \i,. „>. pp. IIS-1J,3). — The author's in- vestigations with horses are reported and discussed in comijarison with similar work of other investigators. The acidity of the nnxed stomach contents he. t'onnd t<> 1k> low at the begin- ning of digestion owing to the large amount of alkaline saliva iiresent. It increases gradually and after about 4.1 nnmites becomes nearly constant, being 1070 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. e(iuivalent to about 0.3 per cent hydrochloric acid. As a matter of fact, how- ever, the hydrochloric acid actually present i.s much le.ss than this quantity, as the acidity is largely due to lactic acid or later to peptones. The material in the small intestine during the entire period of digestion has an alkaline I'eac- tion equivalent on an average to about 0.13 or 0.14 per cent sodium carbonate. The digestion and resor]ition of nutrients in the stomach and intestine in- creased as the digestion progressed. As regards the protein cleavage products in the stomach when oats were fed. syntonin was present in large quantities at the beginning of the digestive period, constituting in amount over one-third of the total soluble nitrogen. The proportion of syntonin later on decreased. The quantity of albunioses of different sorts increased from the beginning of the digestive period until a maximum was reached and then diminished. At the beginning of the period the amount of peptone present was very small and it was not formed in large proportion in the stomach until after 3 hours. It may be said that peptone is practically the only cleavage product which is absorbed in the stomach, and peptones and crystalline cleavage products in the small intestine. Concerning creatin and creatinin in metabolism in man, K. O. af Kjlercker {Biochcni. Zisvhr., 3 (1907), No. 1, pp. J/o-Sl, figs. 6). — From the experimental data reported the author concludes that it is very questionable whether there is any biological relation between creatin and creatinin. When they are taken into the body both may be in part excreted unaltered through the kidneys and no change from one to the other takes place iu the body. Creatinin is the more readily and completely excreted in the urine. t>ince exogenous creatin is not changed to creatinin in the body and since, fur- ther, the ordinary diet supplies only traces of creatinin, the quantity iu the urine must be of endogenous origin, but the way in which it is formed in the body is not known. A relationship between it and the creatin of the muscular system is not proved and does not seem probable. Since creatin can not be regarded as a cleavage product of protein taken iu the diet, there seems hardly any alternative except to regard it as a special metabolic product. The physiological action of muscle extract, .J. G. Slaoe (Jour. Physiol.. 3-j (1007). No. 3, pp. 163-lSl, p'gs. 10). — To determine the effect of such materials as meat extract, a number of experiments are reported, in the majority of which a special extract, prepared in such a way that it contained practically no salts nor proteids, was used. Tests were also made v.-ith some of the known constituents of muscle extract, such as xanthin, creatin. and urates. The con- clusions which were drawn follow : " AIu.scle extract has no stimulant action upon the central nervous system, nor upon the power of doing physical work, in man. If it be taken as a strong solution and in large amounts it is liable to cause purgation. In moderate doses it increases the rate and activity of the heart. This is not due to creatin, xanthin. or urates. The vessels are constricted. After small doses there is initial dilatation. The movements of plain muscle throughout the body are increased. Probably this is due to ornithin and novain. " Muscle extract in 0.5 per cent solution increases the work of voluntai-y muscle ; in 0.1 iier cent solution it has no effect upon the efficiency of the muscle ; in 2 per cent solutions it decreases the work. Xanthin has an action corresponding to the first effect — that is, in saturated solution (1-2.500) it in- creases the work. Creatin has no action on voluntary nuiscle. " The effect of fatiguing a muscle before preparing an extract from it is to increase its extractives and increase the activity of the extract. If injected into animals it causes great languor. i)rostration, and all the symptoms characteristic of fatigue. Muscle extract administered as ' beef-tea ' acts as FOODS HUMAN NFTRTTTON. 1071 11 moderate diuretic to men and other aiiiiu.ils. 'i'lic diuresis is associated witii vaso-dilatatiou of the kidney." The excess of energy due to the elimination of protein and its naeasure- ment, A. ('iiai'VKau {('diiiiit. RcinL Acud. ,Sci. \l'(iris\. I)) {l!)l)7), Xo. ■'>, pi). 237-2 'i-i). — Tlie measurements of enei'f,'.v reported durinj: tlie digestion and utilization of different nutrients showed, according to tlie author, that more energy is given off as heat when protein is assimilated than is tlie case with other nutrients. In general, the energy expenditure of a fasting subject is augmented when the subject is fed, by the energy necessary for the digestion, alisor])tion, and assimilation of nutrients. The difterent nutrients do not retiuire the same ( xpeiiditure. N'ariations of this character are shown and exji'lained very well in tlie case of a.ssimilation, which is accomplished by the incorporation of food iiotential into reserve fat. With carbohydrates and fat tlie incorporation is accom])lislied eccmoniically, the fat having only to be adapted to its new situation, while the carbohydrates liave to be converted into fat by a simple process that is practically neutral from a thermic point of view. With respect to protein the transformation into fat is much more ditticult. The production of the fat reserves at the expense of the food proteid explains, therefore, very well the greater energy expenditure connected with the usage of the meat ration. This production residts in an in- complete oxidation (to urea) of the potential proteid, an oxidation which liberates a notalde quantity of energy without other utilization than that of the chemical metabolism for which the energy is employed. With very large meat rations the actual energy thus employed for the forma- tion of reserves of fat has a considerable value, but the ration need not be excessive for the process of transformation of protein and fat to occur. Even in small quantity the protein of the ration fulfills its double destiny of working for the renovation of the tissues and of concurring in the maintenance of a fat reserve. The result of this is that the greater expenditure of energy connected with a meat diet manifests itself clearly in the case of subjects nourished with rations capable only of maintaining an ecjuilibrium of nutrition. All of these facts are incompatible with the principle of isodynamie substitu- tion. The nutritive value of the nutrients is not to be sought in their heats of combustion. The theory of food and nutrition can no longer be presented in such simple fashion. Concerning protein metabolism, .1. IIamalainen and W. IIelme (Skatid. Arch. l']n/sii,l., 10 (], /i/). .'i.'iD-Ji71). — Experiments made with cells and isolated cell nuclei led to a number of geuex'al conclusions. According to the author, nucleohiston iniites with albuinoses and forms salt-like bodies when it is in a free or dissociated condition, and it follows that albumoses formed in the body or artificially introduced into the circulation can be taken up or fixed by the cell substance. Nitrogen balance on a mixed ration low in iirotein, U. Spadaro (Arch. FisioL. 3 (I!)0<;\. Ao. .T. pp. o3-l-5.1s : ,//;x. //- Zriilhl. I'lnfsiol., 20 (.1906), Ao. 23, p. ls!l). — The author found that in a 4-day expcriniciital jteriod he was prac- tically in nitrogen e(piililiriuni on ;i mixed diet suiiplying l.").:{ gni. nitrogen per 1072 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. day. The nitrogenous constituents of tlio riition were then increased to what he considered the limit of tolerance, 500 gui. meat and 140 gm. cheese, and after a preliminary period of 9 days an experiment covering 4 days was ma?> gm. for 24 hours in the case of a healthy man lying in bed. If excessive secretion is induced by heat, by pilocarpin, or by certain diseases, the excretion of sodium chlorid is dimin- ished to 0.05 per cent. The transformation of formic acid and formates and their elimination, C. Fleig {Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], llJf {1907), No. 7. pp. ^ stock, mastica- lion is insureil. and impaetion of cotton-seed meal prevented. . . . " In Ihis exi»eriment the (inality of the fermented product varied. Where the moisture content was normal the aromatic odor above noted was present. No points of excessive moisture were found. Fodder in the bottom of the silo was not as moist as that nearer the top. In plaees channels had formed through wiiicli the water, ]inin|)c(l upon the surface, had Uowed, leaving masses of only partially moistened fodder in which, to a limited extent, a nmsty smell and visible mold in exti-eme cases were noted. This was also the case in the product stored in inunediate contact with, the cemented lining of the silo, a condition also likely to exist in silage !nade Irc.m green cornstalks. '■ Tiie fact that tire risks were noticeably decreased by moistening the fodder corn was patent to all observers." Calculated loss froni the heating of moistened corn fodder, C. L. Penny {Dcldirarc Std. R]il. 190.3, pp. .'/(K .'/]). — In connection with tlie studies noted above on silage making from dried corn fodder moistened with water, the loss of material from the fermentation of the silage was calculated. According to the author, " l(i(» lbs. of the fodder would lose 2.81 lbs. of starch, or its equivalent, to produce through its complete fermentation the necessary beat to raise the temperature of the mass to 165° F., and this amount. I'.si lbs., is just ("> per cent of the total dry matter of the fodder." Bacteriological studies of ensiled forage, C. Gokim (.!///(. Isl. Ai/r. \Mil(ni\. (<• ilD01-li)05), pp. 10.5-122, pU. 2). — The results are reported of a study of the bacteria present in forage preserved in silos. Feeding saccharified starch, J. Hansen (IUiis. Laiultr. Zlg., 27 {1901), Xo. 1'). p. l.io). — Starch in the form of starch paste, when converted into sugar by tiie action of a diastatic ferment, was found to be a vahxable material for suii- jilementing skim milk in calf feeding. The relative economy of treating starch with the diastase and related questions are spoken of, the article as a whole being a sunnnary of a paper presented before the German Dairy Society. A naethod for the preparation of a preservable dry fodder from yeast {Pure rroducts, S (1907), No. 3, p. 123). — Conqiressed waste yeast from brew- eries, it is stated, may be converted into a feeding stuff of good keeping qualities by heating such material to which common salt has been added, to about 70° fur some 5 minutes. This converts it into a gelatinous mass, which combines re.-ulily with other materials and may be mixed with such feeds as spent ho|)s, malt si)ronts, grain, beet chips, etc. The treated yeast i)()ssesses litth? cn/.ymatic power. If cb.opped straw constitutes a ]part of the mixture \\w mechanical conditi — Conliiiuiiiu' cirlicr work ( K. S. K., IS. p. '2i\C,), 3 tests are rejiorted. In the first, corn (Itotli whole ami l'i-ouikI ) and wheat iiii(l(lliii!.;s I :l with 1' Ihs. of skim milk iK>r head daily were U'il. The total .train in TJ weeks made hy the V2 pigs fed the wliole-eorn ration was ].'2i)'i lbs. and h.v tlie similar lot I'-ij the ^round-forn ration, 1,L'!)S Ihs. The 1' lots reiiuired ."i.tiU .-md :).(>() lbs. of irrain ;ind L(it! and l.~A lbs. of skim milk per pound of gain, respectively. In the second test corn (whole and ground) and wheat nuddlings 2:1 without skim milk were fed for 12 weeks to 2 lots of 5 i)igs each. On the whole-corn ration tlie total gain was 54!) lbs. and the grain eaten per pound of gain 4.71 lbs. Similar values for the lot fed the a)rii-meal ration were 701 lbs. and 4.42 lbs. In the third trial the slielltnl corn and corn m(\-il. supplemented in each ease by wheat middlings, were compared with 2 lots of (5 pigs each, pastured on raiie. < hi the wliole-corn ration the total gain was 741 lbs. and on the eorn-uieal ration '.xi'.t lbs., the grain eatc-n per pound of gain being 4.00 and 3.09 lbs., respectively. t'onsiderhig the in years tests as u whole, the average gain on whole corn has been 7(;.S lbs. per lot of 8 pigs, and on corn meal 883 lbs., the feed eaten lier pound of gain in the 2 cases being 5.01 and 4.71 lbs., or an economy of G per cent in favor of the ground grain. "Where there is plenty of time for maturing the pigs, and it is not necessary to secure the maximum daily gain, it is doubtful if it pays to grind corn for pigs. The test shows that where quick maturity is an important item better results are secured from the corn meal. Pigs fed corn meal eat more grain .-md make somewhat larger daily gains. Corn meal can doubtless be used to good advantage in finishing off a bunch of hogs which were first fed shelled corn. Changing over to corn meal near the close of the feeding period also furnishes a change in the character of the ration which will be satisfactory to the animals. "There are conditions and circumstances where it is not advisable to grind the corn even though the corn be high priced. On the other hand, when fitting hogs for show, sale, or in high-pressure feeding for market, the feeder will consider it advisable to grind the corn, even though it is expensive to do so. The feeder, knowing these results, will use them to suit his own conditions." Soy-bean meal versus wheat middlings as a supplement to corn meal for growing and fattening pigs, G. C. Humphrey and J. G. Fuller ( Wisconsin ^7a. Ri)t. 1U06, pp. 33--'il, fig. 1). — When corn meal and soy-bean meal 2:1 were compared with a like proportion of corn meal and wheat bran with 2 lots of 5 pigs on rape pasture, the average daily gain in 12 weeks on the soy-bean-meal i-ation was 0.7.", ih. ]ier head and on the wheat-middlings ration 0.73 lb. Skim milk was fed with tlie grain and in the last half of the period was mixed with it in equal amounts to form a thick slop. The 2 lots consumed per pound of gain 3.0(! and :i.05 lbs. grain and 3.34 and 3.35 lbs. skim milk, respectively, (|uantities which are practically the same. The pigs were then taken off the pasture and given the same grain and skim-milk rations in i)ens for 12 weeks. The average dail.v gain on the so.v-bean-meal ration was 1..32 lbs., and 3.57 lbs. ciich of grain and skim milk was consumed ]ier pound of gain. With the lot fed wheat middlings the average daily gain was 1.23 lbs. i»er head, 3.S5 lbs. of both skim milk and grain being consumed per pound of gain. As shown by a slaughter test, there was practically no difference in the percentage of dressed weight for the 2 lots. The kidne.v fat in the lot fed the so.v-bean ration con- stituted 3.3 per cent of the total carcass and in the wheat middlings lot 2.'.i jier cent. The feeding stuffs used were analyzed. "Soy-bean m(>al mixed with corn meal in the proportion of 1 : 2 i)roduces greater gains than wheat middlings and corn meal fed in the same proportion. 1076 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. In feeiliiij; ('(lunl ;iiii(miits of the - ratums, soy heaiis and corn uii'al snriply a slijrhtly hi^'lu'i- iier cent of dry ujatter and digestible matter than wheat mid- dlings and corn meal. " For lirnniess. tine grain and texture of flesh, and even distribution of fat and lean, the ration of wheat middlings and corn meal is superior to that of soy beans and corn meal." Earlier work has been reported (E. S. R., IS, p. 2()G). Liquid food for young pigs and other young animals, E. Thierry (Jour. A(jr. I'rat., )i. *t/-., 1,3 (1007). \o. 1.'), p. .'/(k'i). — A discussion of the value of hay tea. porridge from rice or other cereals, and meat broth for feeding young animals. • Work of the department of horse breeding, A. S. Alexander ( Wiscunsiii >St(i. Jipi. I'.xiij, pii. JSS-2'.ll}. — A brief note on the station work on horse breed- ing, most of which is sunnuarized from a previous publication (E. S. R., IS, p. 7(34). DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. The university dairy herd, 1905-6, (J. V. Humphrey and F. W. Woll {Wis- consin 8ta. Rpt. 1906, PI). 60-90, (Ignis. 2). — The records of the station herd during the year are reported and discussed in the same form as in the previous report (E. S. R., 18, p. 273). The herd comprised 32 cows representing Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein, Short- born, Red Polled, and Brown Swiss breeds. Three cows added to the herd during the j-ear are described. The tabulated data show the amounts of the different kinds of feeds consumed and the milk and butter produced by 30 cows for which a full year's record was obtained. The average yield for the herd was 7,32S.(; lbs. of milk and 303.'54 lbs. of butter fat. The largest yield of butter fat, 449.73 lbs., was produced by a grade Red Polled cow. The average net profit per head was $41.20 as compared with $35.20 during the preceding year. The average production of the 30 cows by breeds was as follows: Jersey (7 cows), (!,247.7 lbs. of milk and 318.46 lbs. of butter fat; Guernsey (7 cows), 0,401.1 1I)S. of milk and 300.50 lbs. of butter fat; Holstein (7 cows), 10.170.4 lbs. of milk and 340.34 lbs. of butter fat; Shorthorn (3 cows), 4,007,7 lbs. of milk and 185.30 lbs. of butter fat ; Red Polled (4 cows), 7,712.3 lbs. of milk and 300.(»7 lbs. of butter fat ; and Brown Swiss (2 cows), 0,!)54.3 lbs. of milk and 275.19 lbs. of flutter fat. .The average butter fat production of these breeds for 1898 to 1900 wiis as follows : Jersey, 312.0 lbs. ; Guernsey, 297 lbs. ; Holstein, 337.5 lbs. ; Shorthorn, 204.7 lbs. : Red Polled, 295.5 lbs. ; and Brown Swiss, 278 lbs. As in i)revi(ms reports, a comparison was made of the different cows by types. The data are considered mifavorable to the dual-purpose type. Analyses were given of the feeding stuffs used. In general it was found that a high production was associated with the feeding of a ration containing a largo amount of dry matter or digestible protein and a narrow nutritive ratio. The value of individual records of dairy cows, B. E. Carmichael {Oh in 8tu. Circ. 67, pp. 10. ptix. ■]). — The records of 2 cows for 3 j'ears are presented in this circular for the purpose of illustrating the value of accurate knowledge concerning the production of each cow in the dairy herd. One cow produced on an average for 3 years 5,754.9 lbs. of milk and 330.2 lbs. of fat at a profit of $50.72 over cost of food, and the other cow 7,365.1 lbs. of nulk and 231.4 lbs. of fat at a profit of $24.82. These are not believed to be (>xtrenie differences, but such as might be found in average untested dairy herds. Boots supplementary to silage for dairy cows, R. S. Siiaw and II. W. Norton, Jr. {Mivhiijun Stii. liiil. 2)0, pp. 19-31). — Three feeding exi)eriments DATRV FAHMINC; DATHYINO ACIJO TKc ' 1 1 X V. 1077 \\-('r(> coiKl'K-tcd I'or tlir iiiirposr of (li'lcriniiiiiii:' il' ilic addition ol' roots to a cniiiplcic lation contaiiiiiiK silajjo would iiicroaso profitahly tlic yield of milk, riie lii-st t'xiK'riiiRMit was made in the spring of !!)().") with l! lots of 8 cows each and lasted (5 weeks. The second experiment was made in the spring of T.RHt with '2 lots of 7 cows each and lasted S weeks. The third experi- ment was also made in the spring of I'.Mii; witli - lots of ."> cows each and lasted S weeks. The i-esnils of llic 11n'(M> experiments sliowed tliat the addition of roots to a cnmplcle ratiiin. eonsisiing of silage, clover liay, and grain increased the yield of both milk and hntler la I hut not sniiieienlly to comiiensate for the increased <-<>st of jifoduelion. When roots ai'e fed. the increase in cost of milk was 4.2 cts. per inn Ihs. and the increase in cost of liutler fat was l.K; cts. jier Iionnd. Tile fat content of the nnlk was not affected. The increase in the live weight of I he animals was greater when roots were fed. Imt the difference was not vei-y niari. /.?. /*;*. 233. ,?.!'/, /if/ft. .?). — .\ new liand milking machine is illustrated anii(>~-'>i.>: is. pp. .■;2.s-.'T.f .7 ) . — This discussion is liased n|ion information obtained fi'oni niimerous sheep raisers in the region of IJoiiuefort. The inspection of milk production, A. Monvoisin {licr. Grii. TAiif. (1 (J !)()(!). .\i>. I'), pp. hil-IM). — The autlior discusses the needs and methods of milk inspection. The inspection of milk, I*. Ada.m {licr. Sci. [Paris], .j. ser., 7 {1907). Xo. m. pp. //.''■<-'/.''.''). — 'i'his is a discussion of the judging of the purity of nnlk by means of analytical and other data. Ammonia in milk and its development during proteolysis under the influence of strong antiseptics, II. ('. Sherman et al. [Jour. Biol. Cliciii.. .! (I!ni7\. Xo. ..'. pp. 171-17')). — The results of the investigations are summarized by the authors as follows: '•Analyses of a large mnniier of samples of mixed milk as sold in New York City showed an aNcrage of ().(KJ04 per cent of anunonhi preformed at the time of examination together with an additional (i.()()(i."> i)er cent of what is here called 'cleavage' anmionia. '■ \\'lien ordinary nnlk is allowcnl to become stale the amounts of both ] ire- formed and 'cleavage' ammonia usually increase. "Addition of .". per cent of chloroform or 0.1 per cent of formaldehyde retards but does not stoj) proteolysis which results in the formation of annnonia. The jiroductiou of those proteolytic products to which the 'cleavage' ammonia is due app(>ars to be retarded by these antiseptics to a greater extent than is the production of ammonia itself. "The greater the freedom from contamination the less apparent is the in- fluence of the antiseptic upon the develoiiment of annnonia, and in a sample of exceiitional purity spontanc'ous soTU'ing in the absence of preservative treat- ment appeared to inhibit the production of annn()nia to a greater extent than did the additif)n of ."> jter cent of chloroform or 0.1 per cent of formaldehyde." A bacteriologic comparison of milk served in bottles and by the " dip " method, 11. (>. Way i l,'/). 81-113; (ihs. ill Ifrr. Qvii. Lait. C, (IDOT). No. 7, />/*. 165, 166).— The author dis- cusses the nutritive value of milk and reports experiments in which various salts were added to boiled milk for the purpose of restoring the coagulability of the milk with rennet. Sodium cblorid added in the yiroportion of 1 to 2 gm. jier liter retarded" coagulation but exercised a favorable influence on the curd. Calcium cblorid, 3 to 4 gm. per liter, accelerated coagulation and made a firmer curd than sodium cblorid. Trisodic citrate gave negative results. The tribasic citrates of calcium and magnesium produced the same eft"ects as sodium and calcium chlorids. Sodium and potassium i)hospliates gave bad results. The three calcimn phos- phates gave favorable results but doubled the time required for coagulation. Calcium carbonate, 2 gm. per liter, hastened coagulation. An acid reaction rendered so by the development of lactic acid or the addition of hydrochloric acid was favorable to coagulation. A mixture of sodium cblorid, calcium cblorid, and hydrochloric acid, or of the calcium jihosphates \Aas more efR- cacious than the use of these sub.stances singly. The feeding experiments with calves showed that the addition of sodium cblorid was very advantageous, even when added to raw milk. Calcium cblorid and the monocalcic and tricalcic phosphates were not favorable to an increase in live weight. In an experiment lasting 10 weeks, 3 calves were fed boiled milk to which 0.18 per cent of dicalcic phosphate had been added. Three were fed boiled milk containing 0.15 per cent tricalcic phosphate and 3 were fed raw milk preserved with formalin in the proportion of 1 : 10,000. The increase in live weight was greatest with the lot fed milk containing the tricalcic phosphate and least with the lot fed the milk preserved with formalin. The experiments seem to indicate that boiled milk is not less favorable to the growth of calves than raw milk, and that in the case of boiled milk the addition of certain salts capable of restoring the power of the milk to coagulate with rennet may be made with advantage. Development of factory dairying in Wisconsin, II. L. Russell and U. S. Baer ( W/.s'CO ?;.?/« Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 100-106, map 1). — This is a sunnnary of Bulletin 140 of the station previously noted (E. S. R., IS. p. 770). Apparatus for the simultaneous skimming' of milk and the churning of the cream, O. Kasdorf {Ucr. (Irii. Luii, 6 {1!)07). Nos. 6, pp. 122-130; 7, pp. l-'i5-l.',.'i: ,9, pp. 169-17!). ■ 9. pp. 201-211. fli/s. 13).— The various forms of appa- ratus of this kind are desci'ibed and illustrated. Butter classification, M. A. O'Callacjuan (Atn: Gaz. X. ^. Wales, IS (1907), No. 3, pp. 223-227, pis. .'/, /?.'/. 1).- — The author discusses the examination of butter for export, commenting upon the fishy flavor due to OhUkiii Utciis and giving illustrations of minicrous ]plate cultures of fish butters. The water content of margarin, 1'. Buttenberg {Ztucln: I'litcrsucli. Xalir. ii. (leinisNiiitl., 13 (1907). Xo. 9. pp. 5'i2-r>Ji.'i). — The average water content of 148 VETERTNAKY MEDICINE, ] 079 Riiiupl<'s of in;iri,'arin I'l-oiii IS fiiclorics w.-is 14. '.lO jtci- cciil, tli(> in.ixiiniiin I'J.itri iiiul the uiiiiiimini S.Nt. or this iiuiuber 10.") coiitiiiiicd inoic tliaii 1(; jior cent. Distribution of lactose-fermenting yeasts in dairy products, E. (}. Hast- ings ( Wisconsin »S7«. Rpt. I!}tl6. />/<. 101-115). — Tlie dairy imxlucts examined for the presence of lactose-feruientinj? yeasts included milk, whey, butter, and cheese. The yeasts were found to hi> widely distributed in Swiss, brick, and Cheddar cheese factories. Th(\v wci-e also present in about one-fourth of the samples of butter e.\ainin(>d and in 2!t out of .ll sami)les of milk. The main sources of infection are i)elieved to be the soil proi)cr and acciunula- tions of dirt protected from dryiim. This type of yeast is not considered of economic importance except in cerlain branches of dairying;;. In Swiss and brick cheese factories infection with lactose-fermenting yeasts has, in several instances, caused coiisidei'abl(> trouble. The danger from infection with this (U'ganism is not so apt to occur in Clieddar cheese making. Milk, cream, buttei-, cheese, L. Lindet {Rcr. in h'cr. (irn. Laif, (! {1!)()7). No. !), pp. 211. 212). — A chapter is devoted to each of the subjects in the title. The comiMisitiou of milk, methods of analysis, and the jtrinciiiles and itr.-ictice of butter making and cheese making are discussed. Directions for making the Camembert type of cheese, T. 1ssa.jeff {Con- necticut Storrs tStu. Bui. .'id. pp. .>7-7.>. Jigs. Id). — The author describes the equip- ment necessary and gives detailed directions for making cheese of the Camem- bert type. The directions are based upon the re.search work which has been carried out by this Department in cooperation with the Connecticut Storrs Sta- tion during the last 3 years. Cheese of the Camembert type, considered equal in every way to the imported article, is now being manufactured at the station, the director of which announces in an introduction to the bulletin that the station is now ])repared to assist factories and individuals in making this type of cheese. Report of the congress of dairying, olive culture, and olive-oil industry, 1905 [Conn. Leitariit, Oliricidt. <■ Indus. Azeitc lUO.j. Relat. Gerul, I, pp. 76-'f). — This volume contains a number of reports relating to the dairy industry in Tortugal. These deal with the raising of cows, sheep, and goatst the culture of forage crops; natural pastures; the production and sale of milk; manu- facture and sale of butter, cheese, and condensed milk ; construction of dairy buildings; cooperative dairy associations; agricultural credit in relation to the advancement of dairying and the olive industry ; dair.v schools aud experiment stations; and the adulteration of milk and its products. The microscopical examination of wine, A. P.lavia (Abonos Quiniicos. 7 ( 1901), No. 15, pp. 76-82, figs. 8). — Notes are given on the microscopic examina- tion of wines, the article being illustrated by tigures showing crystals and the .^<'asts and other organisms commonly found. Manufacture of vinegar from pure culture of acetic-acid bacteria, L. Eberlein [Pure Products. .? ( l!n)7). Xu. J. pp. 17.i-177). — The manner in which pure cultures of acetic-acid bacteria are used in vinegar making is descril)ed. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the veterinarian, (i. IT. Glover (Colorado 8ta. Rpt. 1906. pp. 16'i-l(U')). — Particular attention has been given during the .vear to an investi- gation of loco weeds and lioi'se ty])li()id. The results of these investigations will be iiublished later. It appears that horse typhoid in Colorado is not due to pai'asitisni with Slroin/iilus iniiiulus, ])u{ probably to infection with a blood parasite. 1080 EXPEETMENT STATION RECORD. Regulations relating to animals' quarantine, 1907 ((Uuiad. Dept. Anr.. HcaUh of Animals Brunch, I'JOl. pi). 16). — The quarantine regulations of the Dominion of Canada are given in detail with definitions of terms used in the text and special accounts of the rules adopted for horses, mules, cattle, swine, and other animals. Orders Nos. 2G-20 of the Minister of Agriculture relating to ipiarantiue accompany the i»nmphlet. Annual report of the State board of live stock commissioners of Oliio, T. L. Calvert and P. Fischer (Ann. I'pt. Bd. Live fStock Comr.H. Ohio, 5 {1906), PI). Ji3, -fig.'i. 13). — The demand for the application of the tuberculin test has been greater than ever before. Considerable attention on the part of the board of commissioners has been given to sheep scnh nud glanders. Brief statements are given regarding the prevalence of anthrax, actinomycosis, foot rot of sheep. Infectious hog diseases, uodule disease, mange in horses, and other infectious diseases. Copies are also given of laws relating to the insiiection of live stock and the control of animal discjises in the St;ite. The -incineration of animal bodies in a portable apparatus, .7. C. E. Lange {Fort.'ichr. Vet. IIiju.. J, (linn), No. 12, pp. 2U5-260, fitis. 3).—\ comparatively inexpensive appai'atus is described and illustrated consisting of a metallic cyl- inder mounted els with a fire box underneath. The cylinder is of suf- licient size to receive animal carcasses which are incinerated by the xise of wood or other convenient fuel. The apparatus makes it possible to dispose of infecti(ms animal bodies in a simple and convenient manner. The sporulation of anthrax bacilli, R. Eberee (Ztschr. I nfrl-1isence of oxygen and a certain moisture and teniiicraturc. Transmission of pathogenic bacteria by the larvae of worms, Weinberg (Compt. Ifcml. ,sv>c. Biol. {Parish. 02 (1907). \(>. l pp. .>n3-20.j). — From the studies carried out by the author it appears that the larva> of worms in pene- trating the intestinal mucous membrane are largely freed from pathogenic or- ganisms which may have been attached to the surface of these jiarasites. These organisms are surrounded and destroyed by the phagocytes of the intestinal walls. In some cases, however, parasitic worms carry pathogenic biicteria through the intestinal wall, thus introducing the bacteria into the blood system or even into the subperitoneal tissues, where the parasitic worms become encysted. Tumors in animals, Cadiot (Rec. Med. Yet., S.'i {1907). Xo. 3. pp. 87-103).— The author discusses heredity, species, age. rations, tmumatism. chronic in- flammatory conditions, and infection as related to the dcvelopinent of can- cerous tumors in various species of domestic animals. A laboratory incubator, E. G. Hastings ( W'iscon.^in ! i;¥)l. The j)eret>nt;ij;e of reiietiiif,' niiiin.-ils in tliese tests has varied from '2.1 lo 1'.).7 and the uuniber of animals annually tested from 1S2 to 5.7S1. Tuberculosis in the light of recent literature, lli:rss (ZlscJn: \ ficriin'ir/:.. J!) (JUdl). Xo. .1. pp. lil-I'/.i). — Some of the chief in-oi>lems eonnected with the study of tuberculosis -.wv stated and attention called to the wide variatinn of oi)inion which ju'evails on th(>se jioints. It is believed that iiuich study must be devoted to tliis disease before the controverted points will be established. The chemical constitution of the tubercle bacillus, J. Arc i.aik and L. Tauis {('onipf. h'riid. Acad. Sci. \l'. pp. ,i7.s'-..'.s7 ).— The use of petroleum ether in oxtractinjj; tlie fat from tubercle bacilli jj;ave unsatis- factory results and tli(> autlior, therefore, resorted to ether and chloroform. The experiments reiiorted in this ])aiier indicate that the acid resistance of llie lubercle bacillus is not (\uc exclusively to the fat or waxy material contained in the bacillus, but' is a property of the body of the bacillus as a wlioli'. Behavior of pus cells toward tubercle bacilli, K. L()WENSTkin {Ztxchr. ll.Ufi. II. /i/fcktionskravk.. .'>.', UDOi;). .\n. .',. pp. Ji2D-Jf50, pi. 1). — It has lonj; l)een uliserved that the leucocytes of animals alTect(Ml with tuberculosis ai-e cai)able of surroundini; tubercle bacilli to a greater or less extent. At times, however. I lie leucocytes seem to lose this jiower. The .-uithor's observations were made on exp(M'imental animals and on pus cells olitained from the sputum of tuber- culous luunan patients. It ai>iieiii-s from these exjieriments that the tubei-cle bacilli in a j;iven tubercle acipiire lh(> jiower of resistin.i? the leucocytes in that tul)ercle, and in general the same slalemenl seems to be true for the tubercle bacilli present at any given lime in tl:e tuberculous animal. Such leucocytes, however, when rcMUOved from the body and mix(-d with m.nterial containing tubercle bacilli from some other anim.il show an active juiwer in surrounding the bacilli. The author concludes, Ibei-efore. that tubercle bacilli have the power of gradually acquiring a resist- ance to the leucocytes with which they are more or less in constant contact. A leather mask for use in the clinical diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, L. Or.vi.KA (ZtKchr. I)ifcltio)hslni)ik. ii. II mi. Huu-stinc. 2 {I'.iol), Xo. 2-3. pp. 221, 22S, flf/. i).— Considerable stress is laid on the jKissibility of clinical dia.g- nosis of tuberculosis. For this i)urpose the respiratory scmnds must be studied by .luscullation. In older to increase the energy of respiration the nostiMls are closed for a short time, and for this inir])ose a leather mask has been devised. Nonreaction of tuberculous cattle to tuberculin, J. Lkiniekes (/>///. Soc. <'< iif. Mrd. ]rf.. S-'i (nxn), No. .'/. /)/*. 00-112). — Detailed clinical notes and post- mortem tindings are given on a numbei- of cases of tiiberculosis in cattle which did not react to tuberculin. The author believes that this tolerance of tuber- lulin is pei-haps of more freqmMit occurrence than has usually been susi)ected. :ind sometimes occurs in animals which show no clinical symptoms of the disease. Infection with tuberculosis through the urachus, E. VAmos {Dent. Ticr- iirzll. Wclnischr.. LI il'Jiil). So. .'>. pp. 6'.?, 6"'/). — The evidence for transmission of tuberculosis through the essentiiil reproductive cells is very sli.ght. but a number of i-ases are known where the disease lias been transmitted through the fetal UKMubranes. Attention is called to these cases, and a detailed statement is given of a case in which infection took place in a calf through th(> umbilical cord. The harmlessness of dust originating from desiccated tuberculous sputum, TAnKAC {.lour. Mrd. ]'('t. rt Zootvch.. -TN {l;)n7). FrI,.. pp. 6M-7 / K— A f t er a series of experiments, during wbii-b animals were made to inhale or- ingest 1082 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. material containing tuberculous sputum, the author comes to the conclusion that such material is without virulence either for the respiratory or digestive organs. It is believed to be Impossible to produce the disease by inhaling dust containing tuberculous sputum which has become desiccated without the influ- ence of sunlight. It was shown by experiment that guinea pigs were not infected liy (\-iting '2-'> to 2()() mg. of sucii matei'ial. Tuberculosis in hogs without caseation or calcification, M. .Iunack (Ztsvhr. Fleisch u. MUchhyij., 11 (1907), Au. 5, pp. 16 '/-111, pgs. 2). — In a number of instances the author had occasion to observe tuberculosis in hogs in which the disease showed no tendency toward regression or natural limitation. The tuber- cles did not undergo caseation or calcification. On this account the author argues that in such cases of tuberculosis the whole carcass of the affected pig should be Ixiiled or cooked by steam before admission for use as human food. Vaccination against tuberculosis through the alimentary tract, J. Nicolas {Jour. Med. V<^t. ct Zootceh.. .)N {I'Jdl), Jan., pp. ^;^-.i.5).---This is a critical review of the experiments of t'almette, Guerln, Vallee, Roux, Arloing, and Stazzi. It has been found possible to produce an active immunity against tuberculosis by feeding animals tubercle bacilli of human origin, or bovine l)acllli previously killed by heat or greatly attenuated. The immunity thus produced develops within a few months and is apparently of long duration. Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, .J. LiGNif:RES {BuJ. Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., 84 {1901), Xo. .'/, pp. 112-125). — A record is given of 6 animals which were vaccinated against tuberculosis. It appears from these and other experiments that tubercle bacilli which pos- sess their full virulence have the power of producing the highest degree of immunity. The more tubercle bacilli used for vaccination are attenuated the weaker becomes the immunity. This is true without regard to the method adopted for attenuating the bacilli. From a sanitary standpoint it would be better if animals could be vaccinated against tuberculosis by the use of tubercle bacilli which could not multiply in the vaccinated animal. Immunity produced in this manner, however, is of short duration and of little value, and it is therefore necessary to use bacilli which possess some virulence. In no case, however, should vaccine be used fi'om which the bacilli would remain alive for a long time in the tissues of the animal. Combating tuberculosis on sewer farms, P. Vincey {Rev. Hi/g. et Pol. i^aiiit., 29 {19(17), A'o. 2. pp. 109-113). — The question having arisen regarding the possibility of danger to cattle from grazing on sewer farms, this matter was investigated with the result that the author discards the idea that forage grown on land irrigated with sewer water can carry tuberculosis to cattle. In case of an outbreak of the disease on such farms the usual method of procedure under other circumstances is recommended. The etiology of milk fever, J. de Vries {Tijdi^ehr. Veeartsenijk., 34 {1907), No: 5, pp. 310-318). — The literature of this subject is briefly reviewed for the puri)ose of citing cases in which milk fever has occurred without any connection with parturition. The etiology of the disease must still remain somewhat unclear since neither the theory of cerebral anemia nor that of the action of specific toxins thonmghly explains it. Combating blackleg in Vogelsberg, A. Scheibel {Dent. Tienirzll. Wehnsehr.. 15 {1907), A'o.v. 5. pp. G1-03; 6. pp. 77-SO, figs. 3). — The investigations reported in this paper were carried out on cattle and sheep. During a period of 5 years in which 3,200 cattle were vaccinated, only 3 were lost and the cause of death in these cases was not definitely determined. For the benefit of local practi- tioners, the author reconnnends that portions of the muscle tissue be saved from animals which tlic of bl.ickleg in order to prepare vaccine from this VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1088 tii;it('ri;il. In vncciiiMt iii^' sliccp, excellent results wore olit.-iined whether I he v.iccine \v;is inti'oduced in the tail or thi.t;h. An epizootic forni of pneumonia caused by a new pasteurella in sucking calves, .(. I.HiNiERKS {liiil. .S'oc. ('cut. Mrd. \(i.. s'l (inm). \n. .>. pp. J.l-.W). — A iieciilinr form of i)neuuioni;i previiiled anionic a herd of calves in Arjien- tina. 'I'he disease ajipeared suddenly with a hii,di fever and rapid resi)irati<)n. The temperature usually rose ahove 40° ('. and the majority of affected animals (lied. The lesions were lar,i,'ely confined to the thoracic cavity, which was tilled with a reddisii lluid. The ])ericardium and ])leura were somewhat infiltrated and the lungs extensively liepatizi*d. A peculiar form of |iasteur(»lla was isolated from these cases and attemjits were made to treat some of the atlV'cted animals with a i>olyvalent serum. The results were encouraLcin.i^ in mild cases, hut only one serious case was cured hy this method. Treatment of gid in cattle, ruousr {Wclnisclir. Tioiu'ill:. n. ]'i(li:Nclit. -'it { I!»i7), \<). S. itp. Uil-l'iS). — In ordinary cases there is considerahle ditliculty in locating the gid worm on the surface of the hrain hy the clinical symptoms of the infected animal. A description is givcMi of a ci'ude method adopted I)y an empiric, during which the ]iosition of the worm was determined hy the sound obtained hy ta])ping the forehead with a iKunmei'. The sl^uU \\as then tre- panned and the gid worm removed. The animal recovered \\ithin ;i reasonable time. Acute mastitis with, fatal results following foot-and-mouth disease, G. P. MoKETTi (('////. Vet. \MUan'\, 30 (lUiil). Yo. ](), pp. Ufo-l'il). — Notes are given on the clinical symptoms in two cases of acute mastitis winch appeared during the course of foot-and-mouth disease. Injections of a .") per cent solution of creolin were made in the udder and caffein was als(j administered without nmcli beneficial effect. Sheep scab and enzootic ophthalmia, F. W. Gakxett (Vet. Rec, 1!) (1907), .Yo. H7.3. p. o'>Ji). — Carbolic dip had been u.sed in double strength on a herd of sheep infected with scab. When the author examined this herd of sheep a number of cases of ophthalmia were observed, which were at first supposed to be due to the irritating effect of the dip. This was found, however, not to be the case, from which it appears that troubles of this sort may sometimes wrongly he attributed to the action of the dip. Creosote as a remedy for parasitic gastritis in sheep, TI. Taylor (\'ct. Rec, 1!) (1907). .Yo. .970. p. 492).— \ flock of sh(>ep iKvame badly infested with Stro)iff!/lii.^ cotttortun and the author tested the value of creosote in combating these parasitic worms. A 1 per cent solution of coal-tar creosote In water was i)re]iared and each sheep was given 4 oz. of this solution. Previous to the use of the creosote the sliee]) had been dying at freciuent intervals from the effects of the stomach worm, hut after drenching with creosote no deaths occurred during a period of VI months, after which the history of the sheep was not followed. Saccharomycosis in the nostrils resembling glanders, (}. Marcoxe (Rev. ar-n. Mf-'d. VH., 9 (1901), Islo. 101, pp. 2Ji9-2r>3) .—\n opportunity was had to study lesions produced by SacclKirotin/ce.'^ c re.iiul.-itions which have l^een a(lo])te(l fox- controlling the disease, inchuling ijnarantine and compulsory infertion. Pernicious anemia of the horse, PI. Carre and H. Vali-i':e iJ'cr. Grn. Mrd. Vvt., S (19(16), y<>. <>.',, PI). .->93-U()t^, pffs. .',: 9 (1907), \(,. 99. pp. IIS-I^J,, flus. .'/). — According to the authors" experience, acute cases oi this disease are abso- lutely incurable. In some instances improvement is noted as a result of high feeding and the use of tonics, hut such improvement is more ap])arent than real. Inununizatlon has not proved successful by the means thxis far adoi)ted. hut further experiments along this line will be carried out. The disease is trans- mitted through the digestive tract and the excretions of diseased animals are virulent for some time. This suggests a practical means of checking the preva- lence of the disease. Equine malaria, V. A. Verxey (Xatal .\(n: Jom: (nnl Miii. Rre..-l(i (191)1). A'o. 7. jip. I~'i). — The ]iost-moi'tcm changes in'oduceil liy this disease are briet1.\' descril)ed. It may he cured in a large ]iercentage of cases if Ejjsom salts. nit?r. and (|uinin are given in large (luantlties at the outset. Equine malaria is ])rob- alily carried l)y ticlvs. altliongh this has not been definitely established. Swamp fever in horses, L. Van Es (XorfJi DaLota Sta. lipt. HXiii. jit. 1. jip. JjS-d'), plx. ()). — Eor a number of yeai's a form of anemia has been observed in horses in Minnesota, the Dakotas. ;nid Manitolia. and has usixally been referred to as swani]) fe\('r. It has (•.■luscd cdnsider.ible losses in infected localities. Recently a disease ai)pear('d amimg horses in the Red River Valley and appeared to be identical witli swam]) fever. A careful study was made of this disease from thi' clinical syni])toms and autopsies, and the observations made along tliis liiu- ;ii-e comjian d witli those recorded from studies of the dis- ease iiL other localities. The work thus far carried on has not led to a definite conclusion regarding tiie etiology of the disease. The symptoms and i>ath- ological lesions are fairly constant and a variety of parasites and bacterial organisms were found in affected animals. None of these, however, has been shown to be the cause of the disease. The treatment of dourine, \'. L. Yakimov (ArrJi. ^(■t. \.]. Si) (19111!). \n. IJ. pp. ^/r/7//^s■ sniiicstifcr becomes sul)se(iuently established in the lesions. The Swedish regulations regarding infectious swine diseases, A. I'eters- SKN (Vcniffriill. A. a.siKllitxdiiit.. 31 il!)07). \(i. Id. pp. 23^-237).— Copies are jiiven of the most recent proclamations of tlie Swedish government regard- ing measures for the control of hog cholera, swine plague, and swino erysipelas. The etiology of rabies, I'. Kemi.ingku (Voinpt. I'cikI. .s'oc. Biol. [Puri.'i], tii (I'Jiil), \(>. ('). pp. 2'i'.K 2-')(i). — On the basis of his experience the author maintains that in more than .'jO per cent of cases rabies virus introduced into animals or human I»eings will make its wa.y along the nerves or tln-ough tissues and produce the usual symptoms of rabies. Diagnosis of rabies in laboratories, Lentz (Foiisc-ln: \ rl. II in/., J (1007), Xo. !>. pp. 2<>!l-27')). — In the author's experience the identification of Negri's corpuscles furnishes u reliahle and satisfactory means of diagnosing cases of rabies. As a rule, rabbits inoculated witli virulent virus show symptoms of the disease within from 13 to 21 days. This inoculation test may be resorted to in cases where diagnosis by Negri's corpuscles is impossible. Negri's corpuscles in fixed virus, I>. \'. Fitksenko (.1/x'/(. ^'ct. Xaulc [St. I'cti rsl,.\. AG ( I'.Pir,), \o. 10. pp. 7-i'>-7.]!)). — As a result of the microscopic study nf Negri's corimscles, the author comes to the conclusion that comidete evi- dence regarding the etiological significance of these bodies can not be developed until imjiroved methods are devised for the study of their structure. Immunization against fowl cholera, hemorrhagic septicemia, and swine plague with bacterial extracts, J. Citkox and K. I'ltz [Zt.'fchr. Hi/!/, ii. liifclc- tidiisUnnik.. .')(! {1<)07). Ao. i, ii/i. I'l-l-H'/. pi. 1). — The bacterial extracts with which the experiments rei)orted in this pajier were cai'ried on are identical with the artificial aggressins of Wassermann. In the preliminary exiieriments it was found that rabbits could be thoroughly innnunized against fowl cholera by the use of i)acterial extracts ol)tained from seruiu. These results are attributed to artificial rather than to natural aggressins. Imiuuinzation is more easily accomplished in ral)bits than in ])igeons. By means of artificial aggressins similar satisfactory restills were obtained in the case of hemorrhagic seiiticemia and swine iilagnc It is held, howi^ver, that while the organisms of these three" kinds of seiiticemia behave in a very similar manner this fact can not be used as proof of their identity. The virus of fowl plague, X. K. IJiss (Arch. Hi/;/.. ■'>!) (HMX;). ,Yo. }. /)/*. 286-312). — The blood from cases of this disease is exceedingly virulent, jpcing fatal when iised in such extreme dilution as 1 : l,()()(),O()0,000. 'I'he micro- orgaiusm of the disease appears to be in some way attached to the blood cor- puscles or ill some cases to wander into these structures. In a centrifugal machine, the virus of fowl plague may he partly separated from the blood cor- imscles and .«!erum, although no complete sterilization of aiiy part of the material can be accomplished in this way. Notes are given on the effect of various chemicals upon the vii'us of the disease. An attempt was made to iiroduce active immunity by the use of the virus 1086 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. killed by liigli tempeniture. The experiments along this line fail to give satis- factory results and indicate that immunity can not be brought about by the method in question. Fowl plague, ('. Depperich {Fortschr. Ic/. Hj/g., .} (1907), No. 10, pp. 217-226; 11. pp. 2'i'i-2'>0). — A number of experiments were made in artificial inoculation with this disease. The literature of this sub.lect is critically reviewed and notes are given on the commonly observed pathology. It has been impossii)le thus far to demonstrate the micro-organism of the disease, but all experiments indicate that it is ultra-microscopic in size. The use of diphtheria antitoxin in the treatment of roup, P>attier (Conipf. Ucinl. ,sv>c. Biol. [I'arlsl, 61 (1<)06), No. S7, pp. 60.1, 6i>6).— In an outbrealv of rou]) among fowls the author tested diphtheria antitoxin such as is used in human cases of this disease. The results were very satisfactory in all cases. The dose used was 1 cc. The author was able by this means not only to check the spread of the disease, but to bring about a cure in affected birds. These experiments raise again the question regarding the possible relationship between roup and human diphtheria. RURAL ENGINEERING. Small reservoirs in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota, F. C. Herr- mann (C7. ,S'. Dept. Agr., Office K.rpf. *s7f/.s'. Bui. 179, pp. 100, pis. S, figs. 13).— A large area of the arid land in the Western States can only be reclaimed by comparatively small irrigation plants erected by settlers with limited means and making use of the small torrential streams, which are dry a greater part of the year. These small systems must include reservoirs of capacity sufficiently large to accumulate as much as possible of the flood flow of the stream and in many instances their i)roper construction requires greater engineering skill and attention than can be given by the settlers or county siu'veyor. Many small reservoirs are now planned or under construction to fulfill the require- ments of the Desert Land Act and the settlers undertaking these constructions are in need of professional advice which their restricted means and the remote- ness of the work prevent their securing. The author has therefore undertaken to provide a manual for such settlers, and in t'ritically discussing existing res- ervoirs and the problems connected Mith resci-voir construction offers many suggestions which should 1)0 heliiful to tliem. A large number of small reservoirs in northeastern Wyoming, western South Dakota, and southeastern Montana were personally visited by the writer, and each reservoir is discussed from the standpoint of construction and cost, defects where existing being pointed out, and the profits accruing through the use of stored water being given where data could be secured. The most obvious defect in the reservoirs visited was a lack of ample wasteway capacity, and in the light of this fact the author develops a method of computing the size of wasteway based upon the intensities of storms likely to be found on the watersheds of the reservoirs in the section considered. From records of the Weather Bureau diagrams are drawn showing the intensities of storms of different lengths and the run-off for a factor of 2.1 per cent, although it is stated that " with the catchment area well saturated it varies from about 18 per cent for the 2-hour storms to about 80 per cent for 5-minute storms, though this variation is not luiiform." From this data a concrete case is cited and the necessary capacity of the wasteway is determined, the example illustrating the great importance of the effect of short but severe storms wliicli fre(iuently occur in the lociility under discussion. The design and construction of dams and wasteways suitable for small reser- KURAL ENGINEERING. 1087 voirs is t:il<(Mi u|) in sonic detail, the I'linii. iiiatci-iaj, and methods of coiistnu'- lidii iM'iii.uc considci-t'd. From iiis iiivesti>;ations tlic autiior concludes that while ill the district in (luestion cattle and stock ralsiufj nuist remain the ciiief indus- try, yet the system ef ciintinuous ranjjinjr nuist eventually he ahandoned and the raufje sTi])i)lemeiite(l ity 1h(> farm, which will he irrigated hy the flood waters (if small streams cdnsei'N-ed in resei'voirs. The annual outlay in farming; (iO acres, inciudim; liie intei-esl on the resei-voir and irrigation plant and the cost of cultivation of the land, is jilaced ;it .$47(1. while from the products grown upon this area it should he possihle to maintain diiriiii; the winter 1,2(M) iiead of siiee|i. which should hring in an annn.il retui-n of .f;'.»(i(», leaving a net profit of ,'j;4;!(> from winter feeding. Evaporation losses in irrigation and water requirements of crops, S. For- TIKK ( r. .s'. Dcpt. A(/r., Office IJ.rpl. Slas. liiil. 111. /iii. il',. ///v. ,.^ /ii/s. HI). — 'Phis hulletin re])orts the resiUts of investigations wiiicli have heen carried on for a numher of years hy this Ottice in cooperation with the State of California to determine not only the evaporation losses in irrigation, hut also the remedies which will lessen these losses. Experiments were conducted in water-jacketed tanks under field conditions in the following localities: Tulare. I'omona, I'.erkeley. ("liiio. .nnd Riverside. Evaporation losses were determined by weigli- ing the tanks, various methods of a))plication of the water and various systems of cultivation and mulching being studied. From these experiments it was foinid that the conditions having gi'eatest influence on evaporation from soils ;ire the (piantity of water in tlie top soil, the temperature of the soil and w^ater, ;ind the wind movement. Tlie application of water at a depth of ?> in. or more was fouTid to subject it to a much reduced soil temperature and thereby lessened evaporation, while cultivation after irrigation has the same effect, since loose earth is a poor conductor of heat. Reduction of the temperature of the water was found to be equally productive of economy, a reduction of 7° in temperature, decreasing evaporation from a water surface by 0.1 in. per day, which points t(» the ])ossihillties of saving by applying water at night when the surface soil is cool, or by applying it at sufficient depths to keep it from coming in contact with the hot surface la.ver of soil. The experiments which have a direct bearing on pi-esent irrigation practice are those testing the effects of cultivation after irrigation and applying water in furrows of different depths. The saving in a 6-day period liy cultivation in one case was 0.25 per cent of water applied and in another experiment, where less water was aiii)lied. the saving in a 3-day period was 2.38 per cent of the water a])plied. Tlu' maximum saving shown by the furrow experiments was '.».23 per cent of the amount applied, the experiments covering 10 days. Another iKjint forcibly brought out by the experiments is the large loss when water is aiijilied in frequent light irrigations, which keep the water always exposed to the conditions causing the largest evaporation. In the experiments on water requirements of croi)s. it was found that for conditions similar to those ;it Tulare IS to 24 in. is the best amount of water to use in the irrigation of wheat, while liaiiey was found to have about the same water riMinirements. Horse lieans grown at l^>erkeley were found to give crops increasing with the amount ai)i)lied up to the maximum used of 38 in. Arterial drainage in Ireland [ lUuiiHvcr \ London]. IDS (1907), No. 2671', p. S9.'i). — .V commission ajijiointed in I'.MC. to in(|uire into matters bearing on the arterial drainage of Ireland has recently issued its reixirl. which conijirlses various points of general interest. After reviewing the several drainage aen ])assed from time to time and which liave largely hecoine inoperative, due to the unsettled condition of land tenure and iuie(iual or impossible distribution of benefits. 1088 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tilt' coiHiiiissioners are of the opinion tliat it is essential to reiioal all existins,' drainage acts and to pass a new one snited to existing conditions. It is ])ro- posed that this act shall provide " for the initiation, execution, and maintenanc(- of new districts as well as for the maintenance of existing ones." It con- templates bringing into liarmonions worthing a drainage department, the i'onnt.\- councils and the rural councils, as well as the individuals to be directly bene- fited. The organization is so designed, since many small districts could be drained and improved at small cost without much engineering difficulty and the assents of the proprietors could be easily obtained, while the increased value of the land would repay the outlay. On the otlier hand, there are large works presenting serious engineering difficulties and involving heavy expendi- ture. Where such worlvs are to be iuidertal. 285-287). — Gives information in tabular form as to the number of farm machines used by the Wisconsin farmer and an idea cf the care given these machines. RURAL ECONOMICS. Cyclopedia of American agriculture. Farms, L. II. Bailey et al. (No in York: The Maciiiilhui Co.. J'.IOl. rol. 1. pp. A \'l 1 1 +(ilS. j,ls. 2.'>, /if/s. 756). — This volume is the tirst of a contemplated series of four volumes and is a popular survey of agricultural conditions, practices, and ideals in the United States and Canada. It consists of four parts dealing, respectively, with the agricultural regions, the projecting of a farm, the soil environment, and the atmospheric environment. On these topics a great storehouse of available information is presented. Report of the Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Limited, N. T. EvERARD and K. A. Anderson, (h'pt. Irinh Ayr. Orc/aii. .~) was r)7,195,r).")2 francs. The wages of farm help have increased 70 ]ier cent since 189."). Agricultural production in Japan, R. Gonnard (Rcr. Econ. Iiilcrnat., 2 (1901). Xo. 1, pp. 136-162). — An article similar in scope to the above, but with more detailed discussion of the extent of cultivated and uncultivated land, for- ests, food and industrial products, stock raising, fishing and fish culture, and particularly the extent of recent legislation in behalf of agriculture in Japan. Twenty-second statistical report of the department of agriculture and commerce, Japan, ]!. Kure {Statis. Rpt. Dept. A(/i: and Com. Japan. 22 [1906]. pp. XII + 6'/'i. maps 3). — Detailed statistical data on the production, exportation, and inqiortation of agricultural iiroducts for the year 1900, together with other statistics on the connnerce. industries, fisheries, mining, forests, etc., of Jai)an. Crop Reporter (T. S. Dept. Apr.. Bin: ,s7r/^'.s-. Crop Reporter, 9 (1901), \o. 5, pp. 33--'iO). — Statistics and notes on the condition of crops and the supplies, value, and prices of agricultural products in the United States and foreign coun- tries are summarized. The ninth biennial report of the commissioner of agriculture, State of Florida, P.. E. McLin (Blen. Rpt. Comr. Af/r. Ela., 9 (1905-6). pp. YII + 6J,1).— ''I'his report for the years 1905 and 1900 contains detailed agricultural statistics for 1904 and 1905, connnercial statistics for 1905 and 1900, meteorological data for 1905, reports of the fertilizer and stock feed, prison, and land departments, general statistics from the State census of 1905, and a report by the chemist for 1905 and 1900. Annual statistical and crop report of Louisiana for the year 1906, ('. ScHULER (Ann. Statis. and Crop Rpt. La., 1906, pp. 12). — The acreage, yields, and value of the principal farm crops are summarized, with data on the agricultural and other industries of the State. A special article by W. Newell gives the results of nursery inspection in Louisiana since 1905. Annual statistical report of the New York Produce Exchange for the year 1906, with comparisons with preceding years (Ann. Statis. Rpt. .A. 1. Produce E.r.. 1906. pp. l',l). — Talmlated statistical dat.-i ou the production, ship- ments, and prices of stai)le agricultural [troducts in the United States. AGRTCn/rURAL EDUC'ATION. 1091 Agricultural statistics [of Argentina] for 1906 [Estitd. Af/r. [Arf/ciitiiid \, 1U06. lip. .(//. //(/. i). — Tabulated data rolatiui,' to the arreage under crops, the production, exportation, importation, and prices of lai'iii products, including live st(K-i< and meat, for the year 1!)(h; in conipai'lson witli i)receding years are reported. Agricultural and live stock statistics for the year ending March 31, 1906, with i^refatory report, I.. 11. Suoll (.1///'. and Lire »s7oc/,- ,si(ilin. So. Aiist.. HJOli, int. XXIII -f 1)1). — Detailed statistical data of land occupation, acre- age and yields of crops, number of live stoclc, etc. The ])refat(n'y rei)ort dis- cnsses these statistics in comparison with similar data for preceding years to show the progress made in tlie agricultural industry of South Australia during (he past decade. The methods of securing tlie data as strictly confidential gov- ernment property are also explained. Agricultural statistics, Ireland, 1906 (Dr/il. Atailed and in revision of those previously noted (E. S. K., 18, p. 78S). Summary of agricultural statistics for the years 1901 to 1905 {Bui. Agr. [Bni.'<.' (ntoil). \o. 7. pi'- !i!)'J-10.')o). —Tahuhited data for each province of Belgium of the acreage and yields of crops, the utilization of connnercial fertilizers and feeding stuffs, the number of live stock, and the number and size of farm holdings. The farms increased from 277,75-4 in 1901 to 296,314 in 1905, with 1.707,1(90 and 1,701,757 hectares under cultivation, respectively. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education in England, J. C. Medd {Nineteenth Cent, and After, I'Jir,. \(). .i.',!i. pii. lii,S-llS). — This is a critical discussion of the shortcomings of agricultural education in England, the causes of which are attributed mainly to lack of s.vstem and central direction. Agricultural instruction of collegiate grade is said to be fairly well provided for, but the great shortcoming Is the "scanty provision of facilities for inter- mediate agricultural education of a systematic character," such as would " pro- vide for the sons of small farmers from 13 or 14 to 16 or 17 years of age." Schools similar to the higher elementary schools in France and winter schools of agriculture and horticulture similar to those in Holland are recom- inend(>d. The writer believes that the term "agricultural" should not be applied to instruction in the public schools owing to the general misunderstanding which arises and the discre>dit into w^hich the subject consequently falls. He would aiiply the term "rural science" or "nature study" to this class of teaching, lie demands for the country boy as thorough an elementary education as the town boy has, and recommends a differentiation between rural and village schools not by means of any fundamental change in their respective curricula, liut by the different treatment of the subjects and " their orientation toward the innnediate and varying surroundings of each school." The fundamentals of farming, C. D. Smith (Country Gent., 11 (1906), AVw. 2807. p. lOGl ; 2808, pp. 1085. 1086; 2809, p. 1109; 2810, pp. 1133, 113',; 2811. p. Ihu; 2812, p. 1181; 2813, p. 1205; 72 {1907), Nos. 281.',, pp. 5, 6; 2815, p. 29: 2816, pp. 53, 5.)).— The titles of these pai)ers are as follows: (1) The vacant space in soils, (2) the structure of the soils. (3) water as a solvent, (4) the movement of water in soils, (.5) preventing losses of soil water, (6) the forma- tion of Inunus, (7) water and air in soils, (S) soil temperatures — chemistry, (9( getting nitrogen into the soil, and (10) nitrogen and other elements. 1092 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The growing importance of plant physiology in agricultural education, C. E. Bessey (Lijicolii. N'hr.: 1906, pp. 5). — An address before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, in which tlie evolution of botany teach- ing is traced and the importance of a thorough l-:no\vledge of phmt physiology to the plant pathologist, the plant breeder, and the scientific agronomist is emphasized. The farm mechanics laboratory in higher agricultural schools, A. Lonay {Anil. Geiiibloiu; 11 (1907), No. 2, pp. 95-98). — An argument for the establish- ment of farm mechanics laboratories in the higher agricultural institutions of learning. Foreign schools of home economics and their creation in France, L. Henry' (Bui. Mens. Off. Benseig. Agr. [Paris], 6 (1901), Nos. 1, pp. .',2-65; 2, pp. 113-191; 3, pp. 323-345). — This is a report to the Minister of Agriculture by Professor Henry of the National School of Horticulture at Versailles, who in preparation for this work visited many of the schools and colleges for women in Belgium, Switzerland, and other countries. The first part of the report is taken ui» with a discussion of the necessity for special instruction for farmers' daughters, in which it is pointed out that in this respect France compares very unfavorably with Belgium, Germany, Austria, England, and North America. A project for tbe organization of instruction in agriculture and domestic economy for the daughters of farmers is outlined. The establishment of three types of schools is recommended: (1) Complementary and professional agri- cultural schools, (2) schools of agricultural home economics, and (3) temporary and movable schools of agricultural home economics. The first type of school corresponds somewhat nearly to the practical schools of agriculture for boys in France except that the studies are to be of higher grade and less varied. They are to be elementary finishing schools for farmers' daughters, with a regular course of study covering 2 years and a sup- plementary elective course of 1 year. The subjects to be included in the course of study are pedagogy, French, arithmetic, farm accounts, history, geography, the natural and physical sciences, drawing, and hygiene. The natural sciences will include botany, geology, mineralogy, and zoology, but special attention will be given to domestic economy, horticulture, dairying, poultry culture, and animal husbandry. The report outlines in considerable detail the proposed course of study and the organization and equipment of the schools. This type of school is considered the most important and the one to be most generally established. The proposed schools of agricultural home economics correspond to the farm schools for boys in France. There are already 3 such schools, 2 known as dairy schools, and 1 as a school of agricultural home economics and dairying. The third type of school is the temporary or movable school of agricultural home economics, corresponding somewhat closely to the winter schools of agri- culture in Germany. It is suggested that after these 3 types of schools are established it would be well to inaugurate one or two superior schools of agri- cultural home economics corresponding to the national schools of agriculture for young men. After outlining at some length his project for instruction in home economics in France, the writer describes the various schools and other agencies for the education of young women along lines of agriculture and home economics in Belgium, the Grand Duchy 'of Luxembourg, Alsace-Lorraine, and Switzerland. He also gives a list of schools for young women in Germany not mentioned in his description. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 1093 The established principles of nature study, M. A. Bigei.ow {Xaturc-Htiulu Rev., 3 (1907), \o. J, pp. 1-7). — The writer oonteuds that there is now general agreement among authorities and leading teachers concerning (1) the working definition of nature study, (2) its differentiation from science in the strict sense, (3) the aims of nature study for elementary education, (4) the funda- mental nature of the observational method, (5) the principle governing selec- tion of materials for nature study, and (G) the dependence of nature study on child study. Nature study is defined as " the simple observational study of common natural oljjects and processes for the sake of personal acipiaintance witli the things wliicli api>eal to human interest directly," and the author proceeds to harmonize this definition with tlie views of Professors Hodge and Bailey on this sul)ject. Contrasting nature study with elementary science, tlie writer takes the position that tlie former is for the sake of personal acquaintance with the things which appt^al to human interest directly and independently of tlieir relations to organized science, while the latter is the "close analytical and synthetical study of natural objects and processes primarily for the sake of obtaining knowledge of the general principles which constitute the foundations of modern science." Nature study should lead up to and into the study of science. The values of nature study are said to be in discipline and information.. The aims are to give general acquaintance with and interest in common objects and processes in nature, to give first training in accurate observing, and to give pupils useful knowledge concerning natural objects and processes as they directly affect human life and interests. Concerning the "dependence of nature study on child study," the writer contends that we must recognize the fact that there is a difference between nature study for children and nature study for adult minds. Suggestions for conducting community gardens, Susan B. Sipe (Atlantic Ed. Jour., 2 (1907), A'o. 9, pp. 22-2Jt, fig-'i. 5). — These are suggestions based on the experience of the writer in conducting children's gardens in Washington, D. C, and include answers to many troublesome little problems that have hitherto confronted the teacher of school gardening, such, for example, as the size of plats, the nature of the preliminary instruction, the plan of the gardens, and the correlation of gardening with other subjects and its adaptation to country school c-onditions. Course in fruit growing for movable schools of agriculture, S. B. Greex (F. S. Dept. Ai/r.. Office Expt. 8tas. Bui. 178, pp. 100). — This is the second in tlie series of liulletins for movable schools of agriculture. It includes general suggestions to teachers and a syllabus of 15 lectures, each of which is supple- mented by suggestions for experiment and practice work. The lectures cover general discussions on the factors that make up a good fruit-growing section, cultivation and cover crops, the use of fertilizers, varieties, planting, pruning, orchard protection, harvesting, marketing, storing, botany of cultivated fruit r)lants, propagation of fruit plants, and specific cultural directions for the apple, pear, quince, peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, cherry, grape, and several small fruits. Lists df references, apparatus, and material are a]»iiended. Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the United States (C. N. tfept. Afir.. Office E.rpt. Sttis. Bui. 17(1 pp. 100). University of Tennessee. Relations of the University to the State (Univ. Teiin. Rec. 10 (1907). Yo. 2. pp. 6-5). — This is a report by a special committee of the l)<)ard of trustees of the University of Tennessee appointed to inquire into the exact relationship under its charter of the l^niversity of Tennessee to 1094 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the State. The report .yues haek to the origin of Blount College in 1704. This institution was subsequently turned over to East Tennessee College, later known as East Teiniessee Fniversity, and after 1879 as the University of Tennessee. The social I'ole of the farmer's wife, P. de Vuyst {Le Role Social dr la Fenniere. Brussels: Lihrairie Albert Deicit, 1901, pp. JS-'/). — This is a valuable compilation of information concerning the professional training of farmers' wives and some of the agencies concerned in this work, including domestic science associations, reading circles, women's institutes, and definitely organized courses of instruction in schools in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, France, Russia, Scandinavia, Switzerland, the United States, and Canada. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1906 (T'. S. Dept. Agr. Rpts. lOiiii. pp. ii!)S). — Tliis is made up of tlie reports of the Secretary and heads of Bureaus. Tlie various reports are also issued as separates. Nineteenth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1906 (Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 109-170). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director, departmental reports, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June .SO, I'.HXl. Fifteenth Annual Report of Delaware Station, 1903 { Dehnrare Sta. Rpt. 1903, pp. Ili2).- — This contains a finaneial statement for tlie fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, and reports of the heads of departments containing luuuerous articles which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1906 (Idaho Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. ^0).— This contains the financial statement for the fiscal year ended .June 30, 190(). I'.toc. The Office tiles of station publications from which this list has Ikmmi prepared contain over T.IUH) rei)orts and bulletins. Accessions to the Department Library, July-December, 1906 ( /. ,s'. Dipt. Atj).. Lihniri/ Huts. iJl. pp. ijl ; i;.>, pp. .')()). NOTES, Alabama College and Station. — W. T. Clarke, entomologist, has resigned. The college announces the establishment of a 3-year degree course in veterinary medicine and surgery and of a chair of animal industry. D. T. Gray, formerly assistant in animal industry, has been appointed to the latter position and will divide his time between college and station work. A. J. Norman, a graduate of the Iowa College, has been appointed assistant in horticulture in the college and station, vice C. F. Kinman. who has resigned to accept a position with the Cuban Experiment Station. Plans are under way for the erection of a central dining hall and an infirmary. Alabama Tuskegee Institute and Station. — P. C. Parks, farm superintendent, has resigned to assume ch.-irge of tlie agricultural department of Clark Uni- versity at Atlanta, Ga. Arizona Station. — E. E. Free, assistant chemist, has resigned and will be succeeded by W. H. Ross, of the University of Chicago. The vacancy in the horticultural deijartment occasioned by the resignation of V. A. Clark, previ- ously noted, has been filled l)y the appointment of J. E. Coit, of Cornell University. California University and Station. — A dairy building, stock pavilion, and two cottages are being erected on the new farm at Davisville. Short courses will be opened there in the fall. Considerable experimental work is being planned. Florida "University and Station. — E. H. Sellards. professor of zoology and geology in the university and geologist in the station, has resigned to become State geologist. Iowa College. — The cornerstone of the new four-story agricultural building was laid June G by Gov. A. B. Cummins, and the first story is now well under way. As planned, the building will have a frontage of 234 feet and a depth of 78 feet, besides an assembly-room wing with a frontage of 92 feet and a depth of 69 feet. Fireproof construction is to be used throughout, with granite base and Bedford stone walls, and the total cost with equipment will be about .$350,000. Arrangements have been made for the completion of the equip- ment on the poultry and dairy farm. The area of the college farm and grounds has l)een incre.-ised l)y recent imrchases to a total of al)out 1.200 acres. Maine University and Station. — Hon. S. W. Gould, of Skowhegan, has been appointed a memlier of the committee of the trustees on tlie experiment station, in the place of Hon. A. J. Durgin. L. H. Merrill, chemist to the station, has also been appointed professor of biological chemistry in the university. R. C. Gellerson, a recent graduate of the university, has been appointed inspector under the laws regulating the sale of feeding stuffs, seeds, fertilizers, foods, and drugs. W. M. Munson. for more than fifteen years horticulturist of the station, has resigned to accept a similar position at the West Virginia Station, where special enqiliasis will !»e given to i>lant l)reeding in its relation to pomology. Massachusetts College and Station. — The Carnegie Foundation for the Ad- vancement of Teaching has tendered a jiension to Dr. C. A. Goessmann, and his retirement is announced. Doctor Goessmann has been professor of cliem- 1096 NOTES. 1097 istry at the college practically since its establishment and chemist to the State board of agriculture since 1873. In 1882, upon the establishment of the State Experiment Station, he became its director and chemist, remaining in this capacity until its union with the Hatch Experiment Station. Since that time he has been chemist to the station, and a year ago was made honorary director. He will continue to act as. consulting chemist to the station. C. Wel- lington, associate professor of chemistry, has been appointed professor of chemistry in tlie college. The chemical work of the station has been united and amplified into a department of plant and animal chemistry, under the direction of J. B. Llndsey, of the division of foods and feeding, as chemist. K. l'>. Holland, as associate chemist, will have charge of a research division, 11. 1). Haskins of the fer- tilizer control work, and P. H. Suutli of the feed and dairy division. R. D. Mac- Laurin, Ph. D., at present of the Rockefeller Institute, has been engaged as a chemist in the research division. G. II. Chapman, a recent graduate of the college, has been appointed assistant in the department of botany and plant Itathology in the station, vice N. F. Monahan, resigned. P. A. Russell, of Great Harrington, has been appointed to the board of trustees. In the college the department of horticulture has been reorganized as a division of horticulture, to include at present departments of pomolog.v, land- scape gardening, and floriculture. F. A. Waugh is the head of the new division, witli the title of professor of general horticulture and professor of landscape gardening, and E. A. White will continue in charge of the work in floriculture. F. C. Sears, professor of horticulture in Nova Scotia Agricultural College, has been appointed to the professorship of pomology, and F. M. Gracey, a graduate of the Massachusetts Normal Art School, has been made assistant in landscape gardening. S. B. Haskell, instructor in agriculture, has been granted a year's leave of al)sence for graduate work at the University of Leipsic. Minnesota University and Station. — W. M. Liggett has resigned as dean and director on account of failing health, and has been appointed superintendent of the Grand Rapids Substation. He is succeeded by E. W. Randall, of the board of regents. Missouri University. — John M. Evvard, a graduate of the T'niversity of Illinois, has lieen api)ointetI assistant to the dean. New Jersey Stations. — The resignation is noted of Miss J. A. Voorhees, assistant horticulturist. New York State Station. — Appointments have been made as follows : .T. G. Grossenliacher as assistant botanist, M. J. Dorsey as assistant horticulturist, and Otto McCreary and J. T. Cusick as assistant chemists. North Carolina Stations. — The experimental work of the State board of agriculture has been organized as an experiment station, to be known as the Agricultural Experiment Station of the North Carolina State Department of Agriculture, and with the following staff: B. W. Kilgore, director, farm crops; Tait Butler, veterinarian, animal husbandry; W. N. Hutt, horticulturist; Franklin Sherman, jr.. entomologist ; T. B. I'arker, cooperative experiments ; W. M. Allen, chemist, foods ; C. D. Harris, assistant chemist and microscopist, stock feeds ; Miss II. M. Card, assistant chemist, foods ; J. M. Pickel, W. G. Haywood, L. L. Brinkley. and S. O. Perkins, assistant chemists; G. M. Mac- Nider. soils : L. M. Smith, assistant entomologist, and R. W. Scott, F. T. Meacham. J. H. .Tefferies, and R. W. Collett, superintendents of the substa- tions at Edgecombe, Iredell, I'ender, and Transylvania, respectively. Of these, Messrs. Kilgore. Butler, Hutt, and Sherman have resigned corresponding posi- tions in the college station, which, as previously announced, is to be maintained 1098 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD, . under separate management. C. B. Williams, now agrondniist. has been ap- pointed director of the latter. Ohio University and Station. — J. W. Decker, professor of dairying in the university, died June 21 of pleuro-pneumonia at his country home near Colum- bus. Miss Minnie A. Stoner, head of the department of domestic science, has resigned to accept the position of dean of women and professor of domestic science in Wyoming University. A cattle building, a stock judging pavilion, and a horse building are under construction at the university and will be com- pleted this fall at a total cost of $80,000. T. F. Manns has been appointed assistant plant pathologist in the station, vice .J. M. Van Hook, who has resigned to accept a position with the University of Indiana. Virginia College and Station. — M. P. Jarnagin, J. R. Fain, and P. O. Vanatter have resigned to accept the professorships of animal husbandry and experi- mental agronomy and the superintendeiu-y of field demonstrations, respectively.-' in the Georgia College, to take effect September 1. Washington College and Station. — The presidency of the college and director- ship of the station have been separated, and R. W. Thatcher, chemist of the station, has been appointed director, to take effect September l."i. West Virginia University and Station. — .John L. Sheldon has been appointed professor of bacteriology and jilant pathology in the medical department of the university and is no longer connected with the station. Wisconsin University and Station. — Maz.vck P. Ravenell, Ph. D., late assistant medical director of the Henry. Phipps Institute for Tuberculosis, Philadelphia, has been elected head of the department of bacteriology in the university and station. J. L, Sammis, Ph. D., who has been connected with this Department in its cooperative cheese investigations with the station, has been elected assistant professor of dairying. E. Y. McCollum, Ph. D., of Yale University, and Shin- kichi K. Suzuki, a graduate of Sapporo Agricultural College, have l)een elected, respectively, instructor and research assistant in agricultural chemistry, and A. J. Rogers, jr., and Charles Knight, recent graduates of the college of agricul- ture, assistants in horticulture and in fertilizer and feeding-stuffs inspection, respectively. Wyoming University and Station. — I',. C. Buffum. professor of agriculture and horticulture in the university and director of the station, has resigned to engage in commercial work. J. D. Towar, formerly of the Michigan College and Sta- tion, and more recently principal of the Roseworthy Agricultural College in South Australia, has been appointed director and entered upon his duties .July 1. J. A. Hill, a recent graduate in the agricultural course, has been appointed wool expert in the station and placed in charge of its wool investigations under the Adams fund. R. E. Ilyslop. instructor in agronomy in the university and agronomist in the station, has resigned. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — The twenty-fourth annual con- vention will be held October 0-12 at Norfolk. Ya.. under the ausjiices of the Jamestown Exposition. International Congress of Agriculture. — The Kightli International Congress of Agriculture was held at Yienna May 21-20. with over 2.000 delegates and visitors in attendance. Tlie congress was opened by Prince Carl Auersperg. Senator and Ex-Minister of Agriculture Jules Meline, of France, delivered the opening address on The Return to :Mother Earth, in which he made a strong plea for agriculture and rural life, in both its economic and social phases. In his opinion a very marked tendency is now manifested in most countries to give to the tillers of the soil a higher social position. An indication of this was evidenced in the placing of the palatial parliament building at the disposal of NOTES. 1099 the congress for its nu'etinjis. a jirivilese never before aceorded to representa- tives of ajiriculture. For the transaction of business the confjress was orsiinized into eleven sections, anionj: which were tliose on rural economics, asricultnral education, farm macliiiiery. ci'djis and plant industry, brcwinj^. anl(l Crops — J. L Sciiulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechiiy and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy. Ph. D. Agrotechny. Dairy Farming, and Dairying — H. W. Lawson. Agricultural Chemistry — W. II. Beal. C. F. Langworthy, and H. W. Lawson. Economic Zoology. Entonio'.igy, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — B. P. Fleming. Rural Economics — ,7. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII, NO. 12. Editorial notes: Page. Retirement of Dr. C. A. Goessmann 1101 The life of the soil 1104 Recent work in agricultural science 1107 Notes 1175 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Revision of the atomic weight of jwtassium. Richards at al 1107 New method of determining alkalinity of ashes. Farnsteiner 1107 Methods of examining milk and milk products. Barthel 1107 Methods of determining fat in milk. Beau 1107 Tests of the salt method. Jaross 1107 Determination of total solids in ndlk. Gobert and Bouin 1107 Detection of cocoanut oil in butter. Ilinks 1107 Detection of cocoanut oil in Imtter. Ludwig and Ilaupt 1108 Practical importance (»f the reducing jiower of milk. Brand llOS Fractional distillation of coal-tar crtH)so1e. Dean and Bateman 1108 Report of the division of chemistry, llartwell. Steel, and Gray 1108 Annual reports on the progress of chemistry for 190G 1108 METEOHOI.OCiY WATER. Monthly Weather Review. Vol. XXXV. Nos. 1. 2 1109 The climate of Kansas 1109 -Meteorological observations 1110 Repf>i"t of meteorologist. Ilelme 1110 The underflow of the South Platte Valley. Slichter and Wolff 1110 Water resources of Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico. Lee 1110 Stream pollution by acid-iron wastes. Stabler 1110 The purification of Boston sewage, Winslow and Phelps 1111 soils — fertilizers. The value of poultry manure. E. and W. Brown 1111 The fish guano industry of Norway, Maizieres 1112 I II CONTENTS. Page. Cultivation of vo,G:otal>los and utilization of Paris sowa;j;e, Bois 1112 Tlie electro-choniical manufacture of fertilizers, Cute 1112 New method for preparation of lime nitrogen, Carlson lllo Nitrate of soda from the air, Daiuieel ^ 1113 Produetion of nitric acid from ammonia, Ostwald 1113 Nitrate of soda industry of Chile 1113 Nitrate of soda and ammonium sulphate for cereals, Kleberger 1113 Comi)arative study of i)hos]»hatic salts in superphos])hates, Guillin 1113 Citric-acid-soluhle ])liospli()ric acid in Thomas slag, de Molinari and Ligot- 1113 Concerning functions of sodium salts, Wheeler et al 1113 Commercial fertilizers. P>urd 1115 Fertilizer inspection. Woods and Bartlett 1115 Inspection and analyses of fertilizers. Hand et al 1115 FIELD CROPS. Report of work at McNeill Branch Station for 1005 [Field crops], Ferris. 1115 The Essex field experiments, 190G. Bull and Kirkham 1110 Report of progress in cereal investigations, Shaw 1116 Investigations on the winterkilling of cereals, Buhlert 1118 Alfalfa growing in Missoxu'i, Miller 1119 The hybridization of barleys, Biffen ^ 1119 Experiments with sugar and fodder beets, Remy 1119 Field corn in Arizona, Clark 1120 The advantage of planting heavy cotton seed. Webber and Boykin 1120 Comparative value of whole cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, Boykin 1121 Varieties of cotton, 1005 and 1906, Perkins 1121 Cowpeas, Grantham 1121 Observations on millets. Clark 1122 Soy bean varieties. Ball 1122 Effect of nitrite and inoculating soil on soy beans. Stutzer 1122 References to recent work in i)lant breeding. Fruwirth 1122 Quick method for determinatiuu of moisture in grain. Brown and DuA'el 1122 Practical suggestions for seed testing, Thornber 1123 Seed inspection. Woods and Hammond 1123 Pure r. poor seed. Roberts and Freeman 1123 Destruction of wild nuistard by spraying. Henneberg ' 1124 HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticultural division. Card, Blake, and Barnes 1124 Culture of as])aragus in Auxerre, Rousseaux and Brioux 1126 Fruits and vegetables. Ferris 1127 First biennial report of the Wyoming State board of horticulture. Nelson. 1128 Orchard notes, 1906, Munson . 1129 Report of fruit experiment stations of Ontario, 1906. Woolverton et al 1120 The l)est cider apple for export to Germany, Truelle 1130 The washing of fruits in formaldehyde, de Parvillci. 1130 Method of preventing the rapid decay of ripe fruit 1130 Strawberries and their history. Count of Solms-Laubach 1131 Fundamental princijiles of modern viticulture. Ilugues 1131 Reconstitution of the Algerian vineyards. Vivet 1131 The export of table grapes. .Milan 1131 Importance of silica in viti(ailture, Oberlin 11.31 The grape and wine industry in Mendoza and San Juan. Chiaromonte 1132 Extensive and intensive culture of Brazilian coffee trees, Bolle 1132 Poppv culture and the production of opium. Thorns 1132 What to do with old bulbs, Dunbar 11.32 Danger in the repeated repotting of plants. Petit 1133 FORESTRY. Forest planting leaflets 1133 Forest planting in Illinois, Kellogg 1133 Planting on New ;\h^xico forest reserves. Phillips 1 1133 The trees of (4reat Britain and Ireland, Elwes and Henry 11,34 Location and area of the n.ational forest reserves 1134 The timber supply of the United States, Kellogg 1134 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Tlie luinlKT industi'v in tho inouiiliuns of P.ri1isli Colninhin, Jonos 1135 TiiiiluM-s dl' Western Austr.-iliii suitMl)le for coiisti-uelieiial purposes, Moore^ llo5 (Juiiiitil.v and character of creosote in well-iireserved timbers, Allenian — 1135 Woods used for pacUiu;: boxes in Xew Kn,i,'Iaud, Wentling 1K50 Control of forest tires at McCloud, ('oo|ier and Kelletor . 1136 DISKASKS OK PLANTS. Tlie adliosivouess of some (•oi>iier fuiifiieides. Kelliofer 1137 Kei)ort of the botanist for IIXIC, Clinton 1138 Alfalfa root rot, 'Pliornber 1139 Potato scab, Morse 1140 Effects of some fun.Lcicides on Kf^'inination of wheat, Sutton and Pridhani 1140 Ifililut/o niai/ilis on the adventitious roots of corn, (niifllot 1141 Raising of strains of plants resistant to funj^us diseases, Salmon 1141 Ascoj^enous forms of (Jlo>osi)orluni and Colletotrichuni, Shear and Wood 1141 An account of the fienus Pythium and some Chytridiacea', Butler 1142 Diseases of fruit and fruit-beariui,' plants 1142 Tlie scab of ai)ples and pears. \'(>,u(»s 1142 The iH'rennial mycelium of pear rust, von Tubeuf 1142 Oi'dium or powdery nuldew of the vine, Bloletti 1142 Rose canker, Sorauer 1143 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Recent progress in study of variation, heredity, and evolution. Lock 1143 Mammals of Jlexican boundary of United States, Mearns 1143 Useful liirds and their protection, Forbush 1143 An ornilh()loj,'ical cross section of Illinois in autumn, Forbes 1143 History of the counnission of agricultural parasitology, Meraz 1144 Entomological notes. Froggatt 1144 Re)K)rt ui)on the work of the State ci'op pest commission, Newell 1144 Insects and diseases lial)Je to lie introduced into Mississippi, Herrick 1144 A natural history of the British Lepidoptera, Tutt 1144 'Pile principal animal enemies of wheat, Vivarelli 1144 Thrijis, de P.ussy 1144 Economic notes on aphids and coccinellids, Johnson 1144 The api)le woolly aphis, green apple leaf ajihis, and remedies. Smith 1145 Results obtained by Berlese and Silvestri in combating the olive fly. Cuboni 114^ Fruit tly. .Jefferson _" 1145 The fruit-tree leaf-roller. Stedman 1145 The gipsy moth in Maine. IIitchings___ 1145 Sjiiders and the nun moth. Loos 1145 Phylloxera in Vatellina. Molon 1145 Tln-ee enemies of the cacao in Saint Thomas, Montet 1145 Insects in coniferous forests of Vosges in 1006, de Gail 1146 A homemade and effective insect trap, Evans 1146 New method of prejiaring arsenate of lead, Degrully 1146 Animal re])ort of Bee-Keepers' Association of Province of Ontario, ll)0(i-_ 1146 Classification, biology, and distribution of the honeybee, von Buttelreepen_ 1146 Rearing ssary for bees, Gendot 1146 Disinfection of silkworm nurseries by means of a new method, Gasperini_ 1147 EOOUS — HUMAN NUTIUTION. Rejmrt of Ohio dairy and food commissioner. Ankeney 1147 The pure food and drug laws of the State of Indiana 1148 Report on adulterations of foods and other iiroducts, Packard et al 1148 Pmteids in the peanut seed, Soave 1148 Oil-iiearing seeds 1148 Conceniiiig a little-known edible niusbroom. Chiaiiitella 1140 Identification of sclii fruit and illiiie fruit, Scliaffnit 1140 Concerning the ash content of jiaprika, Windisch 1149 Concerning edilile earths. Balland 1149 Lead and arsenic in tartaric acid and cream of tartar, MacFaddeu 1149 IV CONTENTS. Page. Concerning water content of cooked sausage, Liihrig and Sartori 1149 Preservation of eggs by water glass, Hendrieiv 1149 Influence of temperature and moisture on eggs, De Loverdo 1150 Chemical composition of oyster liquor, Baylac 1150 Experiments on metabolism in human body, Benedict and Milner 1151 The functions of food in the body, Rabagliat 1152 A graphic method in practical dietetics, Fisher 1152 Biological energetics, Chaveau 1152 Concerning the rapidity of protein cleavage in the animal body, Falta 1152 Concerning the digestibility of fat in the animal l)ody. Levites 1152 Effect of training .upon muscular power with isometric work, Hellste.n 1153 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Feeding-stuff inspection. Woods and Bartlett 1153 Stall feeding v. grazing, Soule and Fain 1153 Baby beef, Ritzman 11.55 Welsh black cattle. Roberts . 1157 Sheep feeding, Wilson 1157 Sheep breeding, Wilson 1157 Sweet clover in San Luis Valley, Lyman 1157 Government encouragement of imported breeds of horses, Rommel 1157 Poultry management, Bell 11.58 Capons and caponizing, Slocum 11.58 Cold-storage poultry fallacies exploded, Higley 1158 Production of animals for food in United States, Roberts 1158 Market prices of live stock 1158 The movement of I've stock 11.58 Registered live stock in the United States, December 31, 1905 1158 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Influence of proteids upon milk production and relation between starch value and milk yield, Morgen. Beger, ;ind Westhauser 1159 I]ffect of feeding cows rations rich and poor in i)roteids, Schmeck 1159 Influence of beet leaves and tops on butter fat, Siegfeld 11.59 Influence of feeding on composition of butter fat, Amberger 1159 The dairy cow, Moore 1159 Records of dairy cows: Their value and importance. Lane 1159 The composition of milk, Richmond 11(50 Contribution to the knowledge of milk, Fynn 11(>0 Nature and value of goat's milk. Burr 1100 The acid coagulation of milk, Revis and Payne 1100 The presence of a kinase in cow's milk, Ilougardy IIGO Leucocyte standards and leucocyte content of milks from apparently healthy cows, Russell and Hoffmann llGl Relative importance of streptococci and leucocytes in milk. Harris 1161 Comparative value of bacterial and temperature regulations. Slack 1101 Bacteriological characteristics of milk fermentations, Diiggeli 1101 Soft-cheese studies in Europe, Tliom 1101 VETERINARY' MEDICINE. Feeding stuffs and infection. Picollo 1102 A new yeast pathogenic to man and animals. Steinhaus 1102 Metabolic products in rabbits inoculated with fatal doses of Iiog cholera and anthrax bacilli. Levy and Beckmann : 1102 Rabies as related to rats and mice, Fermi 1102 Maximum dilution of rabies virus for ])rodu<'tion of infection. Fermi 1102 Contagious diseases of animals in foreign countries 11(52 Diseases of animals and meat inspection in Western Australia. Cleland — 1102 Division of animal industry, Ncirgaard 11(52 Precipitin reaction as means of distinguishing between tubercle bacilli of human and bovine origin, Bonome 1163 Action of formaldehyde upon tubercle bacillus. Martinotti 1103 Effect of toxins upon tuberculous subjects, Galtier 1103 CONTENTS. V Page .Modos of tiibornilar infection in wild animnls in oaptivily, Rlair 1163 TnlK'i-culosis in ciiiclvcns jtositivi-Iy identified in New York. P.urnett 1163 Intinence of tnlxTcle iiaeilli on reaction of enlture niedinm, Bang 1164 Anthrax and imported animal products. Ilanna 1164 Persistence of Texas fever orsanisni in tlie Itlood, Schroeder and Cotton.. 1164 Notes on tlie cattle tide and Texas f(»ver. Schroeder 1164 An outbrealv of rindei-pest in tlie riiilii)i)iiie Islands, IMcMullon 1165 Intinence of milk of dilferent dcfrrees of acidity on calves, IMrocchi 11(J5 Action of ether extraet of antitetanns serum. Ternovodeann and Henri,.. 1165 Measurement of anaerobiosis of tetanus bacillus, Rosenthal 1165 Thrush in horses. Lahille 11(55 Ilemorrhajjic hei)atitis in antitoxin horses, Lewis 11(55 The Sarcosporidia of sheep, ,7anin •_ il()6 Structure of sjun-e of Sarcoci/stis tenella in sheep and goats, Perrier 11(i6 .\ disease of domestic fowls in tlie Soudan, Balfour 1166 The biology of the organism of fowl plague. Lode 1166 Rt'KAL ENGINEERING. Report on irrigation and drainage investigations, 1005-6, McLaughlin 1166 Making the most of a small water sujiply. Forbes 11(J7 Weirs for irrigating streams. Smith 1167 Determination of stream tiow during frozen season, Barrows and Horton. IKiT Progressivoness in Italy. Weeks 1167 Public roads: Mileage and expenditures in 1904 IKJS RURAL ECONOMICS. Proportion and importance of small farms in Sweden. Sidenbladh 116S Report of the agricultural committee. Chaplin et al ll(j8 Share system in cane cultivation in Fiji. Hawaii, and Mauritius, Jackson. IKJO Report of the commission on contract labor, Favre 1169 Statistics of agricultural associations for 1905 1169 Agricultural iH)i)ulation and farm-help problem in England, Skalweit 1170 Coo])eratit)n in agriculture [in Deinnark] 1170 An agricultural credit system for Cape Colony 1170 The granger movement in Illinois, Paine 1170 Crop Reporter 1170 Returns of produce of CTops in Great Britain, Rew 1170 Illinois Cro|» Report for December 1, 1906, Garrard 1171 Kansas statistics. 1905-6. Coburn 1171 Official re])ort on the condition of crops and wages for farm hands 1171 Prices of agricultural and other jn'oducts in Servia 1171 Danisli agriculture in 1906. Ilertel 1171 Iuii»orts of agricultural produc(> in 190C> 1171 I Agricultural statistics of Uruguay for 1905-6], Arechavaleta 1171 Season and crop report of Bombay Presidency [and Sind], 1905-6. Mead. 1172 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Statistics of agricultural institutions in Prussia for 1903-1905 1172 Agricultural education in England and Wales 1172 Normal training in high schools 1172 Outlines in agriculture for Nebraska State .iunior normal schools 1173 The home economics movement, I. Bevier and Usher 1173 Agriculture in public schools, Latta 1173 Nature studies on the farm. Soils and plants, Keffer 1173 I'ractical suggestions for beautifying rural school grounds, Scheffer 1173 Arbor Day 1174 MISCELLANEOUS. Seventeenth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1906 1174 Nineteenth Amiual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1906 1174 Circulars, finances, meteorology, index 1174 Twent.v-second Annual Rejiort of the Bureau of Anim.al Industry, 1905 1174 Publications of the Bureau of Animal Industry 1174 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations in flic Vnitrd Stdtrf^. V. »Sf. Dcpnrt)iiriif of Ai/ririiltiirr. Arizona Station : Pase. Page. Bui. 54, Nov. 2(!, 190G_- 1120, Farmers' Bui. 285 1120 11-22 1123 , 1107 Farmers' Bui. 28(i 1121 Seven teentli An. Rpt.. lOoiL 1130. Bureau of Animal Industry 11.57 , 1174 Circ. 103 1159 California Station : Circ. 104 1157 Bui. 185, .Jan.. 1907 1110 1142 111.'-) Circ. 105 Circ. 100 Circ. 107 1155 Bul. 180, Fei)., 1007 1174 Bui. 187, Jan.. 1007 1158 Connecticut State Station : Twenty-second An. Rpt.. An. Rpt, 1000. pt. 5 1138 1905 (.50 cents _ 1155. 1157 1158, Kansas Station : 1159,1101,1102 1104 ,1174 Spec. Circ, Jan. 30, 100' ' 1123 Forest Service : Maine Station : Circs. 70, 77, 82-95 11,33 Bui 137, Dec. 1000 1110 ,1174 1123 Circ 78 11.30 Bui. 138, Feb., 1007 Circ. 79 1130 . Bui. 130, ]\Iar., 1007 1129 Circ. 80 1108 Bui. 140, Mar., 1007 1115 1140 Circ. Sl-_ Circ. 90 1133 Bui. 141, Mar., 1007 1174 Bui. 142, Apr., 1007 11.53 Circ. 97 1134 Mississippi Station : Circ. 98 1135 Bui 94, Jan.. 1900 1115 ,1127 [Circ], Feb. 1, 1907 1134 Bui. 95, Apr., 1900 11,50 Bureau of Plant Industry : Bui. 9(s Feb., 19()(L 1144 1115 Bui. 98 (15 cents) 1122 Bui. 97, Oct., 1900 Bui. 99 (5 cents) 1122 Bui. 98, Jan., 1907 1121 Bureau of Statistics : Missouri Station : Crop lieporter, vol. 9, N 1. 0. Bui. 71, Apr., 1900 1145 1119 1121 June, 1907 1170 Bui. 72, Julv. 100(; Weather Bureau : Monthly Weather Rev iew. Bui. 73, Oct., 100(L Rhode Island Station: vol. 35, Nos. 1-2. J an.- Nineteenth An. Rpt., 1000__ 1108. Feb., 1907 (20 cents per 1110,1113, 1124 1174 number. .*p2.50 per yeai )-- 1109 Utah Station: Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 00, Doc. 1000_ HOC) Bui. 175 (50 cents) 11.51 Virginia Station: Office of Public Roads: Bui. 104, Jan., 1007 1153 Circs. 53-87 1108 Note. — The publications of the I'^nited States Department of Agriculture, except those of the Weather Bureau, may be i)urchased from the Suiierin- tendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of the Record is .?1 ])er volume, or 10 cents per number. The prices of other technical imblications are given in the list above. The publications of the State exjieriment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. V()i>. XVIir. AiToiiST, 1907. No. 12. Dr. Charles A. Goessmnmi, of Massaclnisetls, who retired from active service witli the close of the college year, has long l)een one of the niost conspicuous figures in agricultural chemistry in this country. For nearly forty years he has been an active member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, his service covering almost the entire period since the college was established. One of the earliest j)i()neers in agricultural investigation, his work has been not only a contribution to knowledge, but an inspiration to others and a potent influence for the development of agricultural experimentation. It has exhibited unusual versatility and breadth of knowledge, and has been characterized by a thoroughness and conservatism which have given great reliability to his conclusions. The celebration of his eightieth birthday just before commencement and his retirement as emeritus professor and under a jDension from the Carnegie Institu- tion close an active career full of honor to himself and of service to his fellow-men. Doctor Goessmann was educated at the University of Gottingen, Germany, receiving his doctorate in 1853. AVhile there he became the favorite student and later the assistant of the eminent chemist Wcihler, from whom he received his inspiration to follow chemistry rather than pharmacy, which had been his original choice. His investiga- tions in the Gottingen laboratory were of a fundamental character and covered a wide range of organic compounds. The results were embodied in something over twenty papers published in Annalcn der Chcviie und Pharmacie. Many of these related to the constituents of plant and aninud products, such as })eaniit oil, in Avhich he dis- covered two new fatty acids, cocoa oil, strychnin, leucin (a product of pancreatic digestion of proteids), hippuric acid, and others; and as early as 1857 he reported upon ''a new sugar plant, Sorglnnn saccharatuviy In that year he accepted from a former American fellow-student tlie i)ositi()n of scientiiic director of an extensive sugar refinery in Philadelphia. FoHowiug this he studied the sugar industi'v in Cul)a and the West Indies and in Istll Itecame chemist of the Onondaga 1101 11(12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Salt Works, at Syracuse, N. Y, There lie remained until 1869, mak- ing in the meantime important contributions upon the chemistry of brines and reporting upon the salt deposits in Canada and Louisiana. A portion of each year was spent at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as professor of physics and chemistry. He resigned from this posi- tion early in 18G9 to accept the professorship of chemistry in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, at the instance of his old friend and classmate at Gottingen, President W. S. Clark of the college. His familiarity with the methods of agricultural instruction in Germany and his high educational standards made him an influential factor in shaping the courses of the young institution. Industrious and resourceful to a degree, he made the most of inadequate accom- modations and equipment and introduced the laboratory method of instruction in his department. This, together with the attention which he gave to the j^ractical applications of chemistry in agriculture and the industries, served to make his courses both instructive and jn-actical. His students soon came into demand for industrial posi- tions, and his laboratories were for many years a training ground for agricultural and technical chemists, who have been called to important positions in every part of the country. As a teacher, it w^as his advanced students especially who came to know him as a scholar, and who received from him inspiration and encouragement for further study, which has led an unusual number of them to go abroad for that purpose. Almost immediately after going to the college Doctor Goessmann took hold of the agricultural problems of the State, both practical and scientific, and made them the subject of investigation. At that time agricultural investigation had made but little headw\ay in this country. He was a pioneer in every sense of the word, and he brought to his studies a broad training in science, full confidence in its ability to reveal the laws upon which agriculture depends, and the true scientific spirit which seeks only the truth. In 1873 he was appointed chemist to the State board of agriculture, and then began a series of reports and lectures which has continued almost to the present time. He investigated the fertilizer industry of the State, at that time in a most unsatisfactory condition, outlined changes in the existing law", and established an efficient system of official control, the first of its kind in any State. He early introduced the valuation system, which enabled farmers to intelligently interpret the results of analysis, established confi- dence in the value of agricultural analysis, and dispelled the illusions of the day as to special mysterious qualities of fertilizer mixtures not represented by their analysis. His rejDorts were replete with in- formation upon the condition of the fertilizer trade, the sources of fertilizing materials, the manurial requirements of crops, the use of EDITORIAL. 1103 refuse and local supplies, the home mixing of fertilizers, and similar matters, which made them esi)ecially valuable at that stage. His conscientious woi-k in this line gave him a pi-ominejit position among (he fertilizer inspectors of the country, and when the hitter organized the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, in 1880, he was elected its first president. Doctor Goessmann's studies in agricultural chemistry prior to the estal)lishment of the experiment station covered a wide range of subjects and attracted mucii attention the country over. They served to conlirm the popular e\])ectation that the agricultural college would render aid to the farmer and to agriculture in general, as well as fuiiiish an education to his sons. To him more than to any other man was due the reputation of the college as an institution for inves- tigation in agriculture, and such was the high character of his Avork that it received the commendation of men of science and caused many honors to fall upon him. His previous interest in sugar production letl him to make extensive experiments in the manufacture of sugar from sorghmn and later from the sugar beet. His conclusions as to the practical value of sorghum as a source of sugar, although not accepted at the time, have been fully borne out by subsequent experi- ence. His work upon the sugar beet Avas ejioch-making and was a ])ractical demonstration of the feasibility of beet-sugar production in the United States. It Avas the starting point of tlie more recent studies and proi)aganda in that line. Doctor Goessmann early began the acU^ocacy of an experiment sta- tion at the college, illustrating by his studies the practical A^alue of such an institution to' the agriculture of the State. A station was established in 1878 Avith private contributions, and Avhile studies Avere prosecuted with the proceeds of the fertilizer inspection it Avas not until 1883 that the State made definite provision for a station. He was then appointed director and remained at its head until it Avas merged Avith the Hatch Station of the college, in 1895. Since that time he has been chemist and has had charge of the fertilizer inspec- tion. Under his direction the station became an efficient aid to the farmer and to the agriculture of the State, and Avas from the first one of the leading institutions of its kind in the country. The occasion of Doctor Goessmann's retirement Avas made one of honor to the man Avho has serA'ed the college, the State, and the cause of agriculture so long and efl'ectiA-ely, and for expression of the affectionate regard in Avhich he is held by his former students. At special exercises folloAving the alunnii banquet at commencement, addresses of appreciation and of congratulation Avere made, and he was presented Avith a handsome stained-glass tablet, appro])riately inscribed and decorated, as a tribute from the alumni of the college. His lias been a notable career, ajid has Avitnessed vast changes in the 1104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. attitude toward agricultural education and experimentation, and in the condition of agricultural science. To few men has it been given to contribute a greater or more important part in this development, and in the evening of life he may well contemplate these changes with a sense of gratification at the progress made and of satisfaction at the j)art he has played. The distinguished French scientist, Jean Dumas, declared more than half a century ago that one of the most important lessons for the farmer to learn is how to produce good barnyard manure and to use it rationally; that the fundamental agricultural question is and will remain the manure question. Investigations since Dumas's time have but tended to confirm his views, recent investigators on the subject especially serving to bring the matter into prominence and to throw a new light upon the function and efficiency of such manure in the soil. It has long been understood, of course, that the ferti- lizing value of manure was not determined entirely nor possibly maiuly by its content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, but by its jihysical action and other indirect effects not very clearly de- fined or understood. Modern investigation, which has placed constantly increasing em- phasis on biological processes in relation to soil fertility, is making it quite clear that mamu'e is one of the most powerful agents com- monly available on the farm for promoting or controlling these processes. The soil bacteriological studies which have so rapidly multiplied in recent years have shown that manure and similar organic mate- rials, when projDerly j^repared, not only furnish a readily available supply of the carbonaceous food required for the active growth of soil organisms, but may be made to furnish an easy practical means of inoculating the soil with beneficial organisms, thus indirectly in- creasing their productiveness. These bacteriological studies are beginning to show how the injuri- ous effects (denitrification, etc.), which have been ascribed to the use of manure may be obviated by proper preparation and use of this material. For example, Julius Rtoklasa, director of the chemical- jihysiological experiment station of Prague, has recently worked out a very conclusive bacteriological explanation of the advantage of the practice, which is now generally recomuieuded by the best authori- ties on the subject, of applying small quantities of manure at frequent intervals instead of makiug large applications at longer intervals. He shows that the frequent small applications keep the soil supplied with a sufficieut and constant supply of the carbonaceous food re- quired by the beneficial organisms, without bringing about the condi- KDTTORIAL. 1105 tions favoring the predominance of injnrioiis organisms which would i-esult from hirger applications at any one time. It has thus been shown to be possible by the proper handling of manure to promote the activily of the micro-organisms which (1) fix atmospheric nitrogen, (2) transform nitrogenous organic matter into more available compounds, and (3) act directly by the carbon dioxid they ])roduce on the insoluble })hosphates and potash comjiounds of the soil to render them available for the use of the higher plants, without at the same time incurring any serious risk of loss by deni- trificalion or other injurious i)rocesses. When we reflect that the above statements indicate only a few of the many ways revealed by recent investigations in which soil fer- tility is affected by bacteriological processes, we can readily believe that further research in this most promising field will render neces- sary a radical revision of many of the commonly accepted notions of soil fertility and help to put -many features of present methods of fertilizing and soil management on a more rational basis, Kecent discoveries in soil bacteriology give a peculiar significance to Berthelot's dictum that the soil is a living thing {la terre est quelque chose de vivant) and furnish one of the many evidences of the keen insight of that eminent scientist. It was this keen scientific discernment, says Lipman, " that largely contributed to a better appreciation of soil bacteriological activities as a factor in plant production. His experiments dealing in the main with specific bacteriological processes, just as the work of Schloesing and Miintz, AVarington, and Winogradski, of Deherain and Maquenne, of Gayon and Dupetit, or of Hellriegel and Wilfarth dealt with specific processes, furnished none the less a strong argument for a more sys- tematic study of soil bacteria in general, and led gradually to the recognition of bacteriological methods as a valuable aid in the study of soil problems. Henceforth the soil chemist, soil physicist, and soil bacteriologist, Avorking in harmony, must each do his share in the solution of these problems." Development in the field of soil bacteriological investigations has not been as rapid, nor has the subject received as wide attention, in this country as abroad. This is true despite the widespread activity in soil studies and fertilizing problems. This Department and a few of the experiment stations have made important contributions to this subject, particularly in the field of fixation of nitrogen by micro-organisms in symbiosis with leguminous plants. The stud}^ of soil bacteriology in its broader aspects, however, has been limited to the Avork of a comparatively small number of investigators in this country. These phases include the fixation of nitrogen, both sym- biotic and nonsymbiotic, nitrification and other biological processes 1106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of transforming nitrogen compounds in the soil, the role of micro- organisms in rendering available the mineral constituents of plant food in the soil, and a number of other processes having an intimate bearing upon soil fertility and productiveness. " Soil bacteriological research," says Lipman, '' offers splendid opportunities for the collection of facts of utmost moment, not alone to the theory of agricultural science, but also to its practice. It is safe to assert that systenuitic investigation in this field will reward us richly in a broader knowledge of plant-food production and plant- food assimilation. It will enable us to gauge with far greater cer- tainty the various phases of soil fertility and to make better provision for the economic utilization of the plant food derived from soil sources or from the manures and fertilizers applied." Realizing the imj^ortance of this subject and the Avidely scattered condition of the literature relating to it, the Office has in course of preparation for early publication a review of investigations in soil bacteriology, prepared by Doctor Lipman of the New Jersey Station. It is hoped that this summary Avill serve to call attention to the progress already made, to indicate the possibilities of the subject, and to stimulate further and broader inquiry in that field in this country. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. A revision of the atomic weight of potassium, T. W. Richards, A. Staehler, and E. Mueller (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 29 (1901), No. 5, pp. 623-656).— Ueterminations based upon the analysis of potassium clilorid and bromid are reported. These agree in showing that the atomic weight of potassium is :}0.1U. A new method of determining the alkalinity of ashes, K. Farnsteiner {Zisrhr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.. 13 (1907), pp. 305-338; ahs. in Analyst, 32 (1907), No. 37. 'i, p. 181). — In the method proposed the ash is dissolved in a known volume of standard acid, phosphates are precipitated by the addition of calcium chliirid and a kntnvn quantity of ammonia, and the excess of annnonia is then titrated back. The results obtained by this method are usually much lower than those yielded by direct titration. Methods of examining milk and milk products, C. Barthel (Die Mcthodeii :.iir r)itri:suchuiii/ roii Milch mid Molkercipl-oduJden. Leipsic: M. Heinfiius, 1907, PI). ] 11+271. litis. 59: ahs. in Rev. Q6n. Lait, 6 (1907), No. 8, pp. 185-187).— This is a complete treatise on the analysis of milk and its products. The chap- ters deal successively with the examination of milk, butter, cheese, milk products, and tlie decomposition i)roducts of milk, butter, and cheese. On the methods of determining fat in milk, M. Beau (Lait. et Indus. Fcrme [Paris], 17 (1907), No. 8, pp. 57-60).— The relative values of the practical and more technical laboratory methods of determining fat in milk are discussed, rreffrcnco is exitressed for the Rose-Gottlieb method. Tests of the salt method, K. Jaross (Milch tr. Zcntbl., 3 (1907), No. 5, pp. 185-199). — The (Jerber salt or alkali method for determining milk fat was com- I)ared with the Gerber acid method and also with the Gottlieb method and the (lata so obtained are used as a basis for a discussion of the various advantages and disadvantages of the salt method. Notes on the determination of total solids in milk and on formulas used in milk control, I'. Gobert and M. Bouin (Rev. Gen. Lait. 6 (1907), Nos. 9, pp. 193-2011: 10, pp. 22.'i-230). — The various methods of determining or of cal- culating by means of fornuilas the solids in milk are discussed, emphasis being laid upon the importance for purposes of milk inspection of determining the fat rre(» extract or the ratio of fat to total solids. The detection of cocoanut oil in butter, E. Hinks (Analyst, 32 (1907), No. 37.}, pp. 160-162). — The method described depends upon the formation of needle- shaped crystals by cocoanut oil. It is as follows: The melted and filtered fat is dissolved in ether and the solution cooled. The solid glycerids separate out in about one-half hour, leaving a clear ethereal solution which is filtered and 1107 1108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. evaporated. The residual fat is dissolved iii boiling alcohol. After cooling for 15 minutes at 5° C. the alcoholic layer is filtered and cooled to 0° C, when the characteristic crystals are deposited and identified by a magnification of 250 to 300 times. Detection of cocoanut oil in butter, W. Ludwig and H. Haupt (Ztschr. Uiiter- sucli. Xahi: u. (/c»h.s«;»??., 13 (1!)07), ^^o. 10, pp. 605-610).— studies of the re- fraction and color reactions i)f the different fatty acids in butter and cocoanut oil are reported. The addition of cocoanut oil to butter, according to the results obtained, lowers the index of refraction and favors the formation of a red color with anilin and furfurol. On the practical importance of tlie reducing power of milk, E. Brand (Miiiichen. Bled. Wchtischr.. .',', (lOOl), lYo. 17, pp. .S2i-.S':?3).— Schardinger's reaction is considered an important means of judging the quality of milk. The method, as given by the author, is as follows : To 10 cc. of milk at a tempera- ture of 68 to 70° C. is added 0.5 cc. of a I'eagent composed of formalin 5 cc, saturated alcoholic solution of methylene bine 5 cc. and water 190 cc. The methylene blue should be entirely reduced within 0 minutes. A second sample boiled for a short period and then treated with this reagent should not be decolorized. The fractional distillation of coal-tar creosote, A. L. Dean and E. Bateman (V. H. Dcpt. A(»7, monthly review of the jirogress of climatology throughout the world, recent papers bearing on meteorology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. 1. — The Kingston Earthquake, by C. F. Marvin; Tiie Geodetic Institute at I'otsdam ; Permanence of Climatic Conditions; The Adirondack Rainfall Sum- mit (iluus. ), by R. E. Horton ; The Climate of Kansas (see below) ; Waterspouts in INIaryland, by W. L. Mayo ; Weather Bureau Men as Educators ; The Climate of Yukon Territory, by R. F. Stupart ; Problems in ^Meteorology, by C. F. von Herrmann ; Pi-oblems in Mixtures of Air and Vapor ; and The (Jrowth of Fog in Unsaturated Air (illus.), by F. W. Proctor. No. 2. — Notes of a Meteorologist in Europe, jiy II. .1. Cox; A Beneficent Scientific Mission : Interconversion of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Degrees ; .Meteorological Work at Camp Wellman, Danes Island, Spitzbergen ; A Climatic Sketch of Tacoma, Wash., by E. B. Gittings, jr. ; Snow Rollers at Canton, N. Y. (illus.), by M. L. Fuller; E. Scharf on the Effects of Hail on Crops; Long- range Indian Monsoon Forecasts; Long-range Seasonal I"((rec;isls for South Africa; Wilhelm von Bezold ; A Winter Waterspout (illus.), liy D. Cuthljertson ; International Meteorology; Rainfall and Outflow Above Bohio, in the Valley of the Chagres, by H.'L. Abbot; Panama Rainfall, by E. B. Garriott; Observation of Cloud Altitudes at Nighttime ; and Fog on the Newfoundland Banks, by C. T. Brodrick. The climate of Kansas {Mo. Weather Rev.. 35 {1901), \o. 1, pp. 13, IJf).— This article gives a verbatim coi)y of the stenograjibic report of the testimony of the Ctiief of the Weather P.ureau before the Committee on Agriculture of tlie House of Representatives .January S, 1007. bearing on the subject of climate of Kansas, as well as a statement sunnnarizing observations on rainfall at (litf(>rent points in Kansas and contiguous territory during the last 30 years. The data are classified in 10-year i)eriods. The averages show that the first and last 10 years were periods of fairly abundant rainfall and that the middle 1110 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 10 years was a period of deficient rainfall in this region. " There is practically no difference -between the rainfall of the first 10 years and the last 10 j-ears. . . . An examination of the wind i-ecords in Kansas and Nebraska shows that the last 15 years have not been quite so windy as the 15 years previous, and this is esi)ecially true of the years 1904, 1905, and 1906. It is not safe to assume, however, that a permanent decrease in the wind velocity has taken place." Meteorological observations (Maine >^ta. Biih 137. pp. 299-301). — Observa- tions iit Orono on pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement are summarized for each month of the year. The mean yearly pres- sure was 29.88 in., the temperature 43.5° as compared with 42.2.3° for 38 years. The precipitation was 39.11 in. as compared with 43.84 in. for 38 years, and the number of cloudy days was 154. Monthly and annual sunmiaries of precipita- tion at 2."> places are also given. Report of meteorologist, N. Helme (Rhode Ifihiiid Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 317-333). — Observations at Kingston on temperature, precipitation, prevailing winds,, and general character of the weather are given for each month of the .year ended .June 30, 190G. The mean temperature for that period was 48.4°, the precipitation 53.57 in., and the number of clear days 175. The underflow of the South Platte Valley, C. S. Slichter and H. C. Wolff (f. iiipplii mid /iri;/. Paper A'o. iSS, l)p. ')9. pjs. 10, pjs. 2). — Observations during the field seasons of 1904 and 1905 over an area extending along the Rio Grande from the southern boundary of New ^lexico northward to Santa Fe are reported. The data reported deal with geography, geology, water supply, reservoir sites, and utilization of the water supply. The general conclusion is reached that while the flood plain material of the low lands along the river is saturated, it does not in general allow the water to pass through freely enough for the successful use of shallow irrigation wells. Deep wells may, however, be more successfully emplo.ved. The conditions in many places are apparently favorable for the establishment of reservoirs to store the large amount of flood water which passes down the Rio Grande at certain seasons. Stream pollution by acid-iron wastes, II. Stabler ( V. H. Geo!. tSurrei/, Water-Supply and Irrif/. Paper A'o. 186, pp. 36, pi. 1). — The investigations at Slielb.v, Ohio, reported in this bulletin included "(1) the history of the pollution and the attendant litigation, (2) the effect of acid-iron liquors upon sewage purification processes, (3) the conditions along the stream, and (4) the disposal of acid-iron wastes without discharge into water-course or sewerage system." Lost acid used in pickling is the present cause of pollution, and it is suggested that " by designing the plant so that this waste may be recovered as copperas, stream pollution can be practically obviated and the economic value of the plant greatly enhanced." SOILS KKKTILIZKRS, nil Investigations on the purification of Boston sewage, (". E. A. Winslow ami 10. I'.. I'HKLi's (U. aS'. (JcoJ. Stirrcj/, Wdtcr-Siipiil!/ tii\tl /nig. Paper No. 185, pp. J(hi. /irj.s. .LI). — This paper t-oiitaiiis a liisloi'v (jf tlic sowajio disposiil problem and reports the results of exi)eriuients made at the Sanitary Research Lab- oratory and Sewa.tce Exiieriniciit Station of the Massaclnisctts Institute of 'l"cclniolo.i,'\-. It is stated that actual practice in Europe, outside of Enj^dand, is still largely confined to chenncal treatment and irrigation. In England the tendency has been largely toward the use of rapid processes of treatment. In the I'nited States sewaj^e disposal ])ractice differs widely in different localiti(>s. In New Eii;,daiid intermittent filtration Ihrouj^h sand has been lartiely used and found very satisfactory. West of the Appalachian Mountains the ncwrr Inolou'ical processes are being rapidly introduced. In the extreme West the use of sewage for irrigation is often favored. In the exi)erinients in the ti'eatment of Boston sewage very satisfactory results were obtained by the i)rocess of purification by trickling over beds of coarse material. It was found in these experiments that the sewage could be " successfully filtered througli a 2-ft. bed of sand with an effective size of 0.14 mm., at a rate of 0.4 million gallons per acre per day, divided into 4 doses in the 24 hours. Such high rates should not be expected in actual practice, but it is believed that with care in construction and operation the sand filter may lie efficient at higher rates than have been generally advocated. . . . Crude I'.oston sewage may be treated in single-contact beds of fine stone (one-half inch in diameter) at a rate of about 1.2 million gallons per acre per day." A bibliography of 110 references is given. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The value of poultry manure, E. and W. Brown {Jour. Bd. Afjr. [Lo)ifloii], IS (1907). .\o. 1:^. pp. 77.0-7;.^7).— Observations made at the poultry farm of University College. Reading, on the amount of manure produced by different Ivinds of fowls under different systems of feeding, on the composition and lelative value of the manures, and on metliods of caring for and using poultry manure are rei)orted. The results of observations on the jirodnction of niamu'e wer(> as follows : I'nxiKcfioii (if inainirc hij (Hffcroit /r/»r/,v of fowls. Kind iif fowl Weight of fowl. Age of fowl. Feed. Weight per week of manure (collected and weighed daily). Wviuulolti' coclv Lbs. oz. 6 12 5 12 16 months . . Ration of barley, wlieat, and bran, with green food. do Lb. oz. 1 13 1 11' Faverollcs lion Growing chicken 3 12 3 8 do.. 1 2' Fattening bird 15 weeks Crammed with ground oats and skim milk. 1 13i Similar but less comjilete obserxaf ions were made with ducks, geese, and turkeys. A 7-lb. duck ])i-oduced 0 lbs. and lOj oz. of manure per week, a 17-lb. tnrk(>y 4 li)s. and 1 ', oz., ;ind a goose 10 lbs. and 1 oz. 5871— No. 12-07 2 1112 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The followiuj; t;il»lt> gives analyses of the uiaiiure of fowls under the ordinary conditions of a poultry farm : CoiiiiKisiti(ju of poulfiji DKiintrc. Moisture. Nitrogen. Phosphoric acid. Potash. Name of fowl. Fresh sample. Air- dried sample. Fresh sample. Air- dried sample. Fresh sample. Air- dried sample. Fresh sample. Air- dried sample. Birds at liberty Prr ct. 59. 50 6.S. 30 70.30 78.00 82. (10 74.70 72. 80 77.70 Prr of. 9.% 9.50 15. 00 10.00 9.10 8.00 11.00 11.10 Pit ct. 1.75 1.47 2.28 1.20 .53 1.02 1.71 .90 Per ct. 3.99 4.21 6.52 4.90 2.80 3.70 5.56 3.61 Per ct. 1.00 .71 .97 1.09 .19 .66 .48 .35 Per ct. 2.27 2.04 2.77 4.46 .97 2.40 1.56 1.44 Per ct. 0.54 .49 ■ .55 .39 .34 .47 .43 .28 Per ct. 1 2'^ 1 40 1 57 Ducks at litn-rtv 1 60 1 SO Turkeys at liljerty 1.70 1 40 Chickens three months old 1 14 The value and use of poultry manure are discussed as follows : " Fowl excreta form a distinctly nitrogenous manure which stimulates vigorous growth of the leaves, stems, and roots of plants generally as much as a dressing of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. It contains, however, in addition to nitrogen, an appreciable amount of phosphates and potash in a rapidly available form, and on this account is a good complete manure. Its value as an all-round fertilizer for all kinds of crops can be materially enhanced by mixing it with mineral superphosphates at the rate of 1 part of the latter to 5 or G parts of the fresh manure. " Such as have a demand for it in a pure state should spread it thinly ou trays in a shed, so that it will dry and yet retain its elements. These trays can be built in stacks. In tliis form fowl manure is valuable for farmers, fruit growers, and gardeners alike. It is also used f(ir tanning. In the fattening districts of southern England there is a demand for air-dried manure at £2 10s. to £3 [^V2 to .$15] i)er ton, which fairly represents its value, as it has usually a moderate proportion of sand or earth mixed with it. Wherever feasible it should be stored in a covered shed. When dried, the compost named above can be used at the rate of G or 8 cwt. per acre cf cultivated or fruit laud. A useful plan is also to mix 2 parts of moist poultry manure with 1 part of ordinary soil by weight. In this case alternate layers should be made of earth and manure, leaving the whole until both have dried, when it is ready for use." The fish guano industry of Norway, Maizi^res (Engrais, 22 (1907), No. 10, pp. 229, 230). — The present status of this industry is. briefly reviewed and a list of firms engaged in the business is given. The cultivation of vegetables and the utilization of Paris sewage, D. Rois (Ah.s. ill Rrv. Grii. Agraii., ii. sci:. 2 {191)1), Xa. 1. pii. 11-1:i). — The use of sewage in the culture of various vegetables on the sewage farm of Acheres is described. The electro-chemical manufacture of fertilizers, E. F. Cote {Ann. Dir. Hi/draiil. rt Aiiirlioi: Afji:, Min. Agi: IFiaiicr], 1906, No. 31, pp. 181-237, figs. 7). — This is a detailed discussion of the nature of water power and its most efficient utilization in the production of electrical energy to be applied in the manufacture of nitric acid, nitrates, cyanamid, copper salts, and other chemical I)roducts, and in the liquefaction of air and the purification of water. The article especially emphasizes the economic importance and possibilities of utiliz- ing water power in the service of agriculture. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1113 A new method for the preparation of lime nitrogen, F. Cakl«on ((Ihcni. Xlf/., ;W (lUOG). .\(i. 101. It. IJIU : (ihN. in Clicni. Zoiihl., W07, /, No. 6, p. Jf29).— Ill the procx'ss (Icscrihcd cMlciuni lliKirid is substitutod for tlio c'llciuiii clilorid used in tlio I'olzeiiius inctliod of iircpariiif; nitrof^cn liiiio. It is cl.iiiiM'd lli.it liy tliis iiu'iUis a iK)nli.vi,'roscopic jirodiict is oi)t:iiii('d whifli is much oasier to luuidle and which docs not niitlcrj^o decomposition and loss of nitrogen on standing as is till' case witii tiic I'olzenins jiroduct. Nitrate of soda from the air, H. Danneel (riihsclKiii. 11 (niOl), No. 12, l)/). 225-230, A.'/s-. li). 'I'lic r.irkeland and Eyde jn'ocess is descrilied and dis- cussed in its economic aspects. On the production of nitric acid from ammonia, W. Ostwalo (Bcnj-u. Ifiittnuiiiiini. h'tiinlsclidK. .i (IDiKi). p. 71: obs. hi Vlwin. Zt(/.. 31 (l'.)in'). Vo. ](). h'cixrt. .\s if a shortage of potassium occurs. "The results go to show that the beneficial infiuence of sodium salts is largely conditioned upon the variety Of plant, and this is a field of investigation that has as yet remained grossly neglected, not only in this country but also in Euro])e. "It is proposed to further study the influence of sodium salts upon the reaction of the medium and the bearing' of this influence upon the growth of FIELD CROPS. 1115 l)I;ints, also tlio iwssihio infliKMico of the sodimn in chaniiinj; tlio ratio of other iiiiiicral iiij^ri'dii'iits taken fi'oui sohitions hy si'owing plants. In short, it is linped l)y these and other means to throw additional light upon the physiological I unctions of sodium and the practical signiticance of sodiiun salts in agriculture. "A study has hcen liegun of the iuHuence of the api)lieation of varying propor- tions of sodium antl potassium salts upon tiie organic constituents of certain plants." Commercial fertilizei'S, .T. S. Hrim (Califoniia Stction woi'k for the first half of tiie fiscal year l!K)()-7." Analyses of 1,S.'! samples are rei)orted and discussed. The following deticiencies occurring in 24 samples were found: In availahle plios])horic acid (total when availahle is not guaranteed) 7, total nitrogen Ki, potash !), valuation (!. Fertilizer inspection, ('. D. Woods and J. M. Rartlett (Maine Hia. BiU. I'lii. PI). a.i-Sii). — " This hulletin contaiiis the analyses of manufacturers' samjiles of hrands of fertilizers licensed Ix'fore Fehruary 10, T.K)"." Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State, W. V. Hand et al. (Missis.^ippi Sta. liiil. 97, pp. .77). — This hulletin summarizes the results of inspection of fertilizers during the season of 1905-6, reporting analyses and valuations of 4:>T samples, 33 of which were found to be below guarantee in relative value. FIELD CEOPS. Report of work at McNeill Branch Station for 1905 | Field crops], R. B. Ferris {Missii^sippl Sta. Bui. 9.'i, pp. l.'i-20, flys. .1). — The results of a corn fertilizer test seem to indicate that on the unimproved soils of that region the most economical fertilizer for corn is one containing 1 part of cotton-seed meal to 2 parts of acid phosphate, applied at the rate of from 100 to 300 lbs. per acre. During 4 years' work only a slight increase of crop was observed as apparently due to the use of potash salts. Among the different varieties of corn grown Cocke Prolific, for the second time, ranked first in yield with 44.6 bu. per acre. In tillage experiments, deep preparation and deep cultivation gave 3(k7 hu., dec]) preparation and shallow cultivation 37.6 bu., shallow preparation and deep cultivation .35 bu., and shallow preparation and sliallow cultivation 36.4 bu. per acre. The shallow cultivation consisted in stirring the soil about 3 in., and deep cultivation in stirring it about 5 in. deep. The yields of different varieties of cotton ranged from 680 to 970 lbs. per acre. The leading varieties, mentioned in the order of their productiveness, w(>re Cooks. Kussell Big Boll, King No. 2, Lewis I'rize, and King No. 1, all yielding 900 lbs. or more per acre. Drilling cotton in rows 3* ft. apart gave a somewhat better yield than cotton planted in either 3 or 4 ft. rows. The average of ;'. ](lats with the plants 9 in. apart in the drill was 1,026 lbs. of seed cotton jier acre, of .'*> iilats with the cotton 1 ft. ajtart in the drill 914 lbs., of 4 plats with the i)lants 2 ft. aitart in the drill 825 1I)S.. and of 4 ]ilats with the cotton ;'. ft. apart in the drill 718 lbs. Oats sown in the fall of 1904 did not grow very tall, lint were muisually hciivy-headed and yielded .3,7ti0 lbs. of well-cured hay per acre. S|)anish jieanuts planted as late as .Tune 24 produced about as well as those piantinl 2 months earliei'. The following i-csults were sccui'ed in a fertilizer test: No fertilizer, 1.472 lbs. of nuts jier acre; 50 lb.s. of nitrate of soda, 200 Ii)s. of acid phosphate, and 100 lbs. of kainit per acre, 1,760 lbs. of nuts; 200 lbs. of acid phosphate and 100 lbs. of k;iinit. 1.792 lbs. of nuts; 200 lbs. of acid phos- phate. 100 lbs. of kainit. and l.odd ll.s. of air-slaked lime. 2.016 lbs. of nuts; 2(M) lbs. of acid phosphate, 1,760 lbs. of nuts; and 100 lbs. of kainit, 1,680 lbs. of 1116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, nuts. A measured bushel of these nuts weighed 22 lbs. One-fourth acre fertilized at the rate of 200 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre and planted to Virginia peanuts yielded at the rate of 1,792 lbs. of dried nuts and .3.520 lbs. cf well-cured hay per acre, a measured bushel of the nuts weighing 20 lbs. A fertilizer test witli cowpeas was an exact repetition of the test with i>ea- luits, and the yields of hay on the 0 different jilats were l,13(i lbs., 2,872 lbs., 2,040 lbs., 2,816 lbs., 2,410 lbs., and 092 lbs. per acre, respectively. Drilling peas at the rate of SO lbs. per acre yielded 3,520 lbs. of hay per acre, at the rate of 40 lbs. 4,000 lbs. of hay, at the rate of 20 lbs. 3,200 lbs. of hay, and peas 'in hills 18 in. apart, requiring l(i lbs. of seed per acre, at the rate of 4,000 lbs. of hay. T'.ricf notes on several other crops grown at the station are also given. The Essex field exiDeriments, 1906, I'.. W. Bull and V. IT. Kirkham (Essex Ed. Com.. Countij Tech. Lahs.. Chelnisford. 1906. Apr., pp. 2(>. pen. and Yilmorin Improved were the best sugar producers. Yilmorin ranked highest in both tonnage of beets and purity of juice. Fertilizer experiments with maize were conducted and the rt'sults S(H-ured showed that a supplementary dressing of nitrate was beneficial, wliile supei*- phosphate and potash did not materially increase the yield. It is further concluded that leaving out barnyard manure and increasing the nitrate will not give such results in a dry season as a dressing of barnyard manure and a su])i)lementary dressing of connnercial fertilizers. Results of a fertilizer test with peas showed that 10 tcnis of l)arnyard manure gave a return in total crop equal to that of 15 teriments wliicli liave been inan.^urated, and reports the results thus far secured. The field trials are conducted on 2 lio-acre sites, 1 :it Modesto, Stanislaus County, as r(^i)r<>sentative of llie general cereal condilions of the Sau Joaquin Valley, and the otlicr at Vnb;i City. Sutter County, rei'reseuting those of the Sacr.'imento \'alley. In l!»()4-.l there were planted at Yni>a Clt.v station U7."> stand.-ird varieties of winter wheat, (if) standard varieties of durum wheats, (Xi hybrid wheats, (ia stand.-ird varieties of barle.v, 12 standard varieties of oats. 2 varieties of ein- korii, 2 of ennner, ;uid 21 of corn. With the exception of corn th(> plantinj^s at Mod(>st() were almost ;in exact duplication of those at Yuba City. At Yuba City tlie spring; jirains made a more rapid fjrowth than the winter si'siins, and were lor this reason better enabled to keep the weeds somewhat in check. The char- acter of m'owtli of the dnrnm whe.'its enabled them to co])e quite successfull.v with the weeds, \arieties sown in March did quite well, but the heads were not so large nor so well filled as those sown the first week in January. From obser- vations made on harvested wheat at different stages of maturity, it is considered that the grain will be of much better quality if cut as soon after ripening as pos- sil>le. In rust resistance the common wheats showed a range of from 1(^ to 8r> per cent. In all cases the commonly grown California varieties proved nuich more subject to rust than No. 1181. Japanese; Nos. 14.3.3 and 143G, Crimean; No. 1.">S, Turkey; No. 1.504. Pesterboden ; No. KiOS, Allora ; and No. ICDO, Canning Downs. Among the (J-rowed ])arleys under test lU'Idi and Mariout, and of the 2- rowed. Black Smyrna ;ind \Vhite Smyrna were the earliest. Sixty-day oats were the e.-irliest oat variety, while white oats from England gave the best yield. Of the <-orn varieties planted at Yuba City, Early Tuscarora, Gehu, and Ued Dent had neai'ly matured by the latter part of July. The extremely hot winds during the first week of July injured all varieties of corn which were just tasseling at that time, and none of the varieties ])roduced good ears. It is concluded that except under the most favorable climatic conditions success in corn culture on the uplands without irrigation is very doubtful. The operations at the 2 stations in llH)."i-r) are described in detail, and the plan for nurser.v breeding followed is cmtlined. The following plantings were made at tlie Yuba City station: ;>2."') st.nndard varieties of common and durum wheats, 72 r, S, Department of .VgricnUure hybrids. (iC) Kansas hybrids, 60 of barley, 21 of oats. 1 of spelt. ."! of rye, 2 of ennner, 1 of einkorn, and 15 of corn, making a tot.al of .")('.(■) varieties under plat tests. In addition to this work field plantings wei-e made and special experiments relative to cereal culture, such as the use of feitilizers for wheat, rotation experiments, chiinge of seed, aud the composi- tion of wheat as affected by time of cutting and other factors were also inaugurated. The work at the Modesto cereal station for this season was simi- lar to that undertaken at Yuba City. .\1 Yuba City the dnrums in fi(>ld plantings in most cases surpassed the com- mon whe.-its, the average yield being l."!.!!) bu. per acre, as against 9.30 bu. for the niii-ight-growing varieties, and sur|»assing the Salt Lake Club by 4* bu. per acre. It was also observed dnriiig this se.ison's work that the time of cutting afte]- tlie grain has X'eached the hard-dough stage had but little, if any, influence n|i(iii the gluten content, for in oidy 4 out of 8 cases did the earlier cutting show even a slightly higher percentage of albuminoids. A study made at both sta- tions of the change toward a starchy condition seems to indicate that other fae- 1118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. tors tban the time of cutting after the srain reaches the hard-dough stage are hi- volved. Investigations on the winterkilling of cereals, Buhlekt (Laiidic. Jalirb., ■i-j {UIOH). \<>. (>. III). SS7-r .•iirair.-i cnlture in Missouri is doscribed and goiu'ral directions for fjcrowinj; and harvesting' the crop are ftivoii. Tlie stiff sul)soils of tlie State are coiisidereil i-espoiisihh} for most of tlie failiii'es witli tlie jilaiit. It lias lieeii fouiid that on njiland soils that have never tcrown alfalfa or sweet clovei- indculation is a henelit. while on bottom lands or on very fertile soil inocnlalion has little or no effect. Inoculation by means of inoculated soil is considered the surest and the simplest method. The best time ti> sow the seed in the State is between tlie middle of August and the middle of St'ptembei'. The hybridization of barleys, It. II. I'.ifkk.v {.lour. Ats, hermaphrodite and se.xless lateral florets, stamiuate and hermaphrodite lateral florets, hooded or trifurcate and awned palese, bhu-k and white color in the palete, purple and white palea», narrow and broad glumes, lax and dense ears, adherent iuid nonadherent pale;e, brittle and tough rachis, awnless and hooded paleu". and a number of minor charactei's. The correlation of the color of the palea> to the color of the grain was also studied. Experiments with sugar and fodder beets, T. Remy {FiihUnn's Luiidir. Ztg.. ■',(') (1!)07), .Yo.s'. .',. pp. J05-122; 6', pp. 185-202). — These experiments con- sisted of variety tests of sugar and fodder beets, experiments in transplanting small beets in beet-.seed culture, and observations on the food retiuirements and assimilation of seed beets. The result of a variety test are summarized in the following table : Cvmpurative test of varieties of ..() kg. of phosphoric acid, 2.1.5 kg. of lime, and 14.5 kg. of magnesia. It is stated tbat tbe production of 1,000 kg. of beet seed reipiires about the quantity of plant food necessary to produce 10,000 kg. of beets. The rate of consuming plant food was found to be quite uniform during tbe entire vegetative period. The rate of growth of the plants was quite closely correlated with the rate of plant food consumption. Only in tbe early stages of growth tbe quantity of ])lant food consumed was a little out of propor- tion to tbe growth made by the plant. Tbe i)eriod of i)lant food consumption extended over 158 days. It was further observed that the seed beet planted at the projier time ceases to take xip food about 1 month earlier than the beet grown for sugar. Tbe necessity of a good supply of plant food is greatest in tbe later period of growth of tbe seed beet as compared with tbe medium stage of development in tbe sugar beet. The period of i»lant food consimiption in the seed beet is about 20 days shorter than it is in the first year of tbe sugar beet, but the quantity of nitrogen consumed is practically tbe same. The quantities of potash and phos- phoric acid required for the seed beet are much greater than those demanded by tbe sugar beet, l)ut the sugar beet iises tbe greater quantities of lime and magnesia. Field corn in Arizona, V. A. Clark (Arlzojia l^ta. Uid. .j'l, pp. 122-131, fjg.f. 2). — A number of varieties of corn tested are listed with reference to their resistance to a dry and hot climate and their tendency to attacks of smut and tbe corn earworm. The nonfilling of the ears is commonly attributed to tbe drying out of the pollen or silks. The filling of the ear in the varieties tested ranged from perfect filling, as in White Mexican Flint and a few other varieties, to tbe setting of practically no kernels at all, as in tbe King of Illinois. Tbe most productive varieties were Chester Count.v Mammoth, Large Yellow Dent, Queen ef tbe I'rairie, Griswold Bronze, Mexican White Flint, King riiilip, Kellogg, and Blue Squaw. Mexican White Flint is considered tbe best variety for the region, although Kellogg and Blue Scpiaw, both fiint varieties, also succeeded when it was so dry and hot that "dent varieties failed. These 2 varieties are only moderately productive. High-bred strains of corn from tbe east proved to be more susceptible to attacks of worms and smut, and were more liable not to fertilize than less specialized and less highly selected varieties from the same region. Brief notes are given of the varieties gi'own, which include Yellow Dent, White Dent, early Northern flints, and Western flint corns. The advantage of planting heavy cotton seed, II. J. Webber and E. B. BovKiN (T. ,s'. Dcjit. .[(jr.; Fanners' liirl. 2.S.7, pp. 16. flys. 6). — This bulletin presents Ihe results of experiments in the separation of cotton seed, and dis- cusses tbe advantage resulting from this practice, the importance of using heavj^ seed, tbe preparation of tbe seed, and tbe method of separation. I'.otb the Sea Island and Ifpland cotton are described. After separating tbe seed into 4 grades, heavy, medium, light, and very light, ,500 seeds from (>ach grade were found to weigh as follows: Heavy SIJ gm., medium 77^ gm., light 742 J?ui., and the very light 02J gm. A lot of seed was separated into heavy, medium, and light grades, and equal (piantities of tbe three grades weighed 25i lbs., 22f lbs., and 20| lbs., resjiectively. Of seed separated into 4 grades, beavj% medium, light, and very light, 350 seeds from each grade were planted in jiraetically imre sand on March 2, 190G. FIELD CROPS. 1121 On March 10. 228 of the very lifjht, 204 of the light, 273 of the mediuni, and 305 of the heavy seeds had senninated. In a test of heavy and of nnseparated seed at Lamar, S. C, the yield of seed cotton from 20 rows from heavy seed was 103 lbs., or 10.1) per cent, si'eator than the yield from the nnseparated seed. In a test at Ilartsville, S. ('., the heavy seed yielded SS.3 lbs. of seed cotton, or 8.25 |)er cent, more than the nnseparated seed. It is i)ointed ont that if the seed cdtlon is rated at 4 cts. ;i iK)nnd the differences in yields obtained at Lam;ir .nnd Ilartsville are approximately .$4.12 and .$3.55 per acre, respectively. In connection with exiK'riments in 1006 by W. A. Orton of this Department with Sea Isl:iiid cotton st>ed in rows of equal length, the germination was as rdliows : I,iu:lit seed ISS pl.nnts, heavy seed 327 plants, and imseparated seed 237 jiiants. A lot of S5 ll)s. of Sea Island cotton seed, separated cm a machine con- strnct(>d on tlie plan of that devised and described by the authors of tlie bulletin, consisted of 7('> lbs. of cleaned seed, 7* lbs. of imperfect seed, and IJ lbs. of cotton. It is believed that this sei)aration might have been improved by running the cleaned seed through the separator a second time under an increascMl air ])]ast. as the large percentage of cleaned seed indicates insufficient separation. Comparative value of whole cotton seed and cotton-seed meal in fer- tilizing cotton, E. B. lioYKTN {U. /S. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 28(1. pp. Uf, fif/s. 2). — This bulletin discusses the use of cotton seed for a fertilizer, j)oints out the profit to gi-owers by disjiosing of the seed, suggests methods of cotton seed preservation, and reports the results of experiments conducted for 2 years, in which whole cotton seed and cotton-seed meal \vere compared as fertilizers for cotton. .\ dark sand.v loam with a clay subsoil was selected for these tests. Forty bush(4s of seed per acre were compared with (iOO llis. of meal, .30 bu. with 4,50 lbs., iind 20 bu. with .300 lbs. It is believed that the results " amply .justify the assumption that 000 lbs. of meal is at least equivalent to a ton of seed in effect on the crop; that is, on such land as was used for this experiment." Varieties of cotton, 1905 and 1906, W. R. Perkins (Mis.sis.'iippi Hta. liul. !)S. ])]). .',). — This bulletin is a brief report on variety tests with cotton for 1005 :ind T.Mh;. In 1005 the difference in value of crop between the poorest and the best yi(4d was .f;2(;..si jicr acr(>. juul in I'.toc. .$1!).25. In 1005 the leading varieties, based on the value i)roduced i)er acre, were in the'order mentioned: Coolc Im- proved. Toole Early. Layton Inqa'oved, Truitt, and Lewis Prize; and in 1000 the 5 leading varieties on the same b.asis were Cook Imjiroved. Cleveland Rig I'oll, Eureka. Triuni])h, and I'eterkin. Cowpeas, A. I<1 (Jrantiiam (MUsoitri Hta. Bill. 7,?. /*/). 60. finn. i)). — It was ascertained that cowpeas can be grown successfully in all Missouri soils, and that iis much forage can lie jirodnced from tliis ci'op in so da.xs as red cloxcr will .vield in 15 months. In the southern i)art of the State cowi)eas m;iy be i)lanted with corn aiul cut together for silage to good advantage. In this jiai't of the State, also, cowpeas may I'ollnw wheat or oats and i)roduce a crop of liay or jiasture before fall seed- ing. In northern Missouri this latter ]iractice is successful only in favorable seasons or witb an early ni;ituring xariet.v. It is stated that growing cowpeas not onl.v increases the fertilit.v of the soil, but also iHq)i"oves its jjhysical condi- tion, making it more o])en, friable, more easily worked, and increasing its mois- ture-holding capacit.v. The crop is also said to caiise the soil to drv out earlier in the spring. The Whii)poorwill variety is reconnnended for general ])urposes and the New Era for a c:itch crop or for a short season. When the i)eas are not to be cultivated 4 or 5 iil<. of seed jter acrt^ is re(|uired. but if cultivation is to be given 5 to 8 (jt. will be sullicient. 1122 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Experiments made at the station showed that Michigan Favorite. Warren New Hybrid. Warren Extra Early. Groite. Extra Early Blaokeye. and New Era may be classed as early varieties : Early Black, Whippoorwill. Early Boolock, Iron, California Blackeye. and Black as medium early, and Red and Clay as late varie- ties. One bushel of seed per acre drilled seemed to be the most economical quan- tity to use. esi)ecially when seed is high. The difference in yield of cultivated and uncultivated plats seemed to be clearly in favor of those not cultivated. A comparison of the meteorological records for June, July. August, and Septem- ber shows that September is a more favorable month for haymaking than June, there being less rain, more clear days, a higher maximum temperature, and more wind. The value of the cowpea crop is estimated at ij!12.80 per acre when grown for hay, and $13.75 per acre when grown for seed. Observations on millets, V. A. Clark (Arizona Sta. Bui. 5Ji. pp. lH^-121). — • Brief descriptions are given of cultural experiments with German, Hungarian, Hog, Japanese, Texas, and I'earl millets. Pearl, German, and Hungarian millets were most effective in keeping down weeds. In palatability these varieties also seemed to rank first. It is concluded that German millet is the best variety for that climate. Soy bean varieties, C. R. Ball {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 98, pp. 2S, pis. 5, figs. 2). — The history of the soy bean and its variability are dis- cussed, and the varieties classified in accordance with a key worked out for the purpose. Descriptions of 23 varieties are given, and they are classified accord- ing to the color of their seed into black-seeded, brown-seeded, mottled-seeded, green-seeded, greenish-yellow-seeded, and yellow-seeded groups. A list of syno- nyms is also given. Investigations on the effect of nitrite and inoculating soil on soy beans, A. Stutzer (Jour. Landic, 65 {191)1), Xo. 1-2, pp. 78-80). — These observations were made under pot culture and field conditions. The use of nitrite and sodium nitrate caused a luxuriant development of the plants, and no injurious effect from nitrite was observed. AVhen the plants were taken up in the fall no root nodules were found. In earlier experiments it was observed that nitrite [iroduced an injurious effect on the germination of red clover seed, but no injurious results were noticed in connection with the germination of the soy beans. The soil inoculation test was made with soil secured from a soy bean field in Jap;in. The first year only a few nodules were formed on the roots, but the second year when the crop was sown on the same i>lat the roots were provided with numerous nodules, showing that the nodule-producing bacteria had suc- cessfully survived the winter. References to recent work in plant breeding, C. Fruwirth (Jour. Lundir., 55 (1907), No. 1-2, pp. I.'i3-159). — References are given to 3G articles and pub- lications reporting work in i)lant breeding or discussing this subject. A quick method for the determination of moisture in grain, E. Brown and J. W. T. DuvEL (U. /S'. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 99, pp. 2//, pjs. 12).— A method, with the apparatus required, for making complete moisture determina- tions of grain in from 20 to 2.5 minutes is described. The work reported has reference mainly to the determination of moisture in corn, and the method described consists primarily in heating a definite quantity in an oil bath to drive oft' the water, which is condensed and measured in a graduated cylinder. The average moisture content of 28 samples of corn, as determined by this (]uick method, was 17.40'iier cent, as compared with 17.2ti per cent, the average of the determinations made in a water oven. Whole ker- nels were used in order to obviate the loss of water due to grinding. It was FIELD CROPS. 1123 fonnd that a sample from tlu' whole kcriiols j^avc ^2^\.()^ per ccMit of water, wliile tile j,'roiiii(l sample showed only 24.."?() per cent. In another test the whole ker- nels showed '.\~>A>S par cent of moisture and the si'ound kernels 'M.7~t ju'r eent. Sixteen samples S'"ive an average of 20.1.3 per cent for whole kernels and 20.05 per cent for fjjround kernels, the moisture content of the different sanijdes vary- inj; from 12.71 i)er cent to .'{."(.(iS per cent. The ai)paralus consists of an ('vaporatiuf? chamber with 2 or more c<»mpart- ments, a condenser, and a stand. One hundred yrams of corn are used for the test so that each cuhic centimeter of water in the graduated c.ylinder I'epre- sents 1 per cent of moisture. When the thermometer in the distillation flask registers 1!K)° ( '. the gas is turned off, and the reading of the amount of water e.\i»elled is made 8 or 10 minutes later. The oil used is a good grade of ])ure hydrocarbon oil with a Hash i)oint of 200° to 20.5° C. The oil is poured' into the Hask to first lessen the danger of its being broken by the kernels of corn drop- ping on the bottom. Practical suggestions for seed testing, J. J.. Thornber (Arizona Sta. Bui. o'l, i)i>. !)!)-loj, fj(j. /). — An apparatus for testing several kinds of seeds, at the same time is described, and a number of purity and germination tests taken from a series of experiments carried on diiring the last 2 years are given in a table. Attention is called to the fact that in 1 sample of alfalfa seed 90.0 per cent was ])ure seed, of which 95 per cent was viable, or 86 per cent of the total sample, while of another "sample only 59 per cent was capable of growing. These 2 samples sold on the market for 15 and 16 cts. per pound, respectively. Two other samples sold for 16 cts. per pound, although 1 contained 29 per cent of inert matter. The samples of rye and barley tested were practically free from inert matter and weed seed, while the wheat contained about 9,000 weed seeds for evei'y bushel. A 30 gm. sample of oats tested contained 10 varieties of weeds, re|)resented by 298 seeds. Seed inspection, C. D. Woods and R. L. Hammond {Maine kita. Bui. 13S. pp. 50). — The requirements of the Maine seed law are briefly stated, and the results of the examination of samples of seed in 1906 are talmlated in detail.. A list of the weed seeds found in these seeds is also given. Pure versus poor seed, II. F. Roberts and G. F. Freeman (Kansa.s ,Sta. kSpec. Cirr.. ./an. .30. 1H07. pp. 21). — This circular compares the cost of obtaining a full stand of alfalfa when pure and poor seed are used, and also reports observations mad(» with refm-ence to blue grass and brome grass seed. It is pointed out that in 1905, of the 1,018,206 acres devoted to the culture of forage ci-ops, 602,.5r>0 acres was in alfalfa, and that the cost of seeding this acreage at the rate of l.~> lbs. per acre with seed at K! cts. i)er pound, every seed being good, would amount to .$1,446,128, while taking as a basis from among the number of alfalfa seed sam]»les analyzed by tlie station 28 showing an average of total iini)urities of 46.1 per cent and an average number of seeds true to name but incajtable of germination of .■',4.."') jier cent, it would have cost .$1.9:>.5,042 to secure a full stand on the same area. The pi'incipal impurities found are dead and defective alfalfa seed itself, trefoil. English plantain or buckhorn, doddei*, Russian thistle, crab grass, foxtail, and other weed seeds, and the adulterants are tr(>foiI, bur clover, and sweet clover. In ;i certain lot of seed analyzed at the station only 20.2 per cent was jmre and i;tp;ible of germinating. In order to obtain from the use of this pure si-ed as much of a stand as could have been se(;ured from 15 lbs. of standard seed aver- aging 83 per cent of the seed true to name and capable of germinating, 73.9 lbs. would have been necessary, and the cost of seeding an acre would have been brought up to $11.92, as compared with $2.40 for the standard seed. The 28 1124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. samples referred to above ranged in inipnrities from lil.ij to loo per cent, in trash or dirt from 0.8 to 31.9 per cent, and In the numlier of kinds of foreign seed present from 3 to 34 per cent. The anionnt of English blue grass seed tested in the fall of 1!M)."> contained less than 50 per cent of germinable seeds, and the percentage of weed seed was so high that on each acre there was sown with this seed 142,230 seeds of crab grass, 111,000 seeds of dock. 393,070 smartweed seeds, 02,340 cheat seeds, together with 111,000 miscellaneous seeds, making a grand total of 820,240 weed seeds of all kinds. The crop harvested from this seed contained only about 15 per cent of English bluegrass seed, while 79 per cent was cheat and such weeds as bindweed, dock, foxtail, and pigweed. A comparison of the different grades of seed estimated and determined by the station is given in the following table: TJie cost per acre of standard and poor seeds compared. Samples. Alfalfa 201. Alfalfa 20 Alfalfa 215 Alfalfa 227 Alfalfa 267 Alfalfa standard English blue grass 284 English blue grass 375 English hluf grass standard Brome grass 107 Brome grass 229 Brome grass standard Good seeds. Per ct. 52.0 73.6 66.3 42.0 20.3 83.3 49.3 43.4 80.7 49.5 32.4 67.5 Seed re- quired per acre. Lbs. 28.7 20.3 22.5 a5.7 73.9 15.0 105. 4 120.0 50.0 50.0 77.0 2.5.0 Cost of seeding Germina- ble seed, cost per bushel. Weed seeds per acre. ^.63 3.07 3.63 5. 75 i 11. 92 2.42 1.05 12.00 5.00 3.85 8.25 2.68 119. 21 13. 58 15.00 23.80 49.26 12.00 4.05 4.80 2.47 3.00 4.65 2.38 93, 910 238, 750 313, 730 167,470 4,241,950 820,240 36, 000 157,000 207^900 Weeds per .square foot. 2 5 7 3 105 The seed law proposed for the State, requiring a guaranty of 85 per cent of germination and imposing a tax of one-flfth of a cent on all seed packets less than 1 lb. and of one-fifth of a cent per pound for all seed in bulk, is discussed. The destruction of wild mustard by spraying and the influence of the weather jon the effectiveness of this method, II. Henneberg (Jour. Laiidic, 55 (1907), ^'o. 1-2, pp. 93-121). — An historical note on the destruction of wild mustard by spraying is given, and the results of a series of experiments are reported. It is recommended to spray copiously when the wild mustard plants are still quite young and during a period of settled weather. HORTICULTUEE. Report of the horticultural division, F. W. Card, M. A. Blake, and H. L. Barnes (Rhode Island Hta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 159-175, y^/.s-. 7). — This is a report of the various horticultural Investigations conducted at the station, of which the work on market-garden rotation, soil sterilization, and vegetable tent experi- ments have been continued from the previous year (E. S. R., 17, p. 861). An attempt was made to exterminate charlock, or wild radish, from grain fields by spraying with the following solutions : Sixty pounds of copperas in 40 gals, of water, and 12 lbs. of copper sulphate in 40 gals, of water. The copper suljihate was applied .Tune 8 and the copperas or iron sulphate .Tune 14. The charlock was then in bloom and too tall to be effectually reached by the spray with the machine used. .Tudging from this experiment it is concluded that a spray of copper sulphate of the strength as here used, if applied in the earlier stages of the weed growth, would prove decidedly effective in destroying char- lock, with no permanent injury to the grain crop. HORTICULTURE. 1125 A large number of grafting waxes were tested iu the spring of 1005, and the formula of 2 i)arts resin to 1 i)art beeswax seems to be the best proportion to use. The wax can be made harder or softer by the use of more or less tallow or oil. Adding tallow to the wax does not produce lumps if not used to excess. Adding resin to a soft lumpy wax will render it smooth and i)liabK'. An extensive experiment was conducted in the sununer of 100") witii lawn fdats to test the influence of different fertilizers upon the permanence of white clover and certain grasses, and to compare the adaptability of different grasses and mixtures for lawns, golf links, and polo grounds. In all, 33 plats wei'e in- ( hided in the experiment. Fertilizers were used fm'nishing an acid, an alkaline, and a nearly nenti-a! residue. The fertilizer ration used in all eases was as follows: Actual nitrogen per plat, 5.14 oz. ; actual phosi)horic acid, 6.17 oz., and actual potash, 15.42 oz., or at the rate of 50, (iO, and 150 lbs.. resi)ectively, per acre. Notes are given explaining the character of lawn resulting from the different methods of treatment and varieties of grasses used. This experiment is illustrated i).v several plates. The market-garden rotation experiment was designed to compare stable manure with chemicals in the growing of market garden crops, a cover crop being introduced wherever practicable. This experiment was begun in 1904, when the crop consisted of corn followed by beans on one part of the plat and beans followed by c-orn on the other. The plat receiving chemicals was on August 10, 1004. sown to timothy and clover, a fair amount of which lived through the winter and was plowed under in June, 1905. The stable manure I'lat received 1 cord of stable manure and the other plat 200 lbs. of chemical fer- tilizer, or at the rate of 10 cords of manure and 1 ton of chemicals per acre. Dwarf Stone tomatoes were planted u])on both plats June 9, 1905, and the yields harvested from these 2 ])lats at the various pickings are tabulated. The plants ui)on the plat receiving the chemical fertilizer made a better start and remained ahead throughout the season. The total picking from August 29 to October 11 (jn the stable manure plat was 900 lbs. G oz., while the total picking for the same I)eriod on the chemical fertilizer plat was 1,347 lbs. 5 oz. At the end of the season there were 197 lbs. more green tomatoes and 84 lbs. more rotten tomatoes on the stable manure plat than on the chemical fertilizer plat. A larger pro- jiortion of ripe fruit was obtained earlier in the season from the use of chemicals (ban from the use of stable manure, which is believed to be due to the influence of nitrate of soda in hastening the maturity of the tomatoes. A score card similar to the one used for strawberries has been adapted for rasi)berries and is shown here containing the scale of poin"ts and a key for the descri|)tion of the plant. The work with sterilized soil was continued in 1905, in which the methods of treatment were those foi'merly used (E. S. R., 17, p. SG2), and are as follows: (1) Unsterilized. (2) sterilized and handled while hot, (3) sterilized and handled cold, (4) sterilized and sjirinkled lightly with rich unsterilized soil to introduce soil organisms. (5) sterilized and treated with nitrate of soda. The work is discussed in detail. The crops used were radishes and lettuce, and the weights at harvesting obtained from the various soils are presented in tabular form. The radishes obtained fnmi the sterilized soil, handled hot, were not only larger, iait brighter in appearance, and those secured from sterilized soils, sjjrinklcd willi garden soil, were next as to weight. The lettuce in all plats made a very jioor growth, and all the lettuce*was pulled and the i)lats rei)lanted with turnips on August 31. Judging from the weight of the turnips, the leaves of which were badly eaten by worms, the roots secured from soils sterilized and handled hot and from those sterilized and handled cold were practically the same. The radishes were succeeded |»y Marguerite carnations, and the number 1126 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. of l)looiiis whieli were picked at different intervals on the various soils are recorded. In ge: :ral, it is stated that as far as these tests go no particuliu- gain has resulted from the reintroductiou of soil organisms into a sterilized soil by siirinkling with unsterilized soil. Handling the sterilized soil while still hot appears to act beneficially on the cx'op. During 1905, cauliflower was the only vegetable grown under tent covering, this vegetable having shown the greatest gain in the previous experiments. The ground outside the tent was very dry and the plants grown inside made a much better start and continued to make a better leaf growth throughout the summer. The ground inside the tent remained moist much longer after a rain than that outside. The yields of untrimmed and trinmied heads secured inside and outside the tent are tabulated. The proportionate net weight of trimmed to untrinuned cauliflower was 50 per cent in that grown outside and 04 per cent in that grown inside. The total weight of trimmed cauliflower was 60 per cent greater under the tent than outside. From the present experiment it appears that it is possible to grow cauliflower under tent covering in weather when it is almost impossilile to secure it outside. The temperature readings, taken during the course of this experiment from June 10 to August 8, are here tabulated and show the average temperature during the day to have been nearly 4 degrees warmer inside the tent than outside. In one instance the inside temperature was 10 degrees higher than outside. Investigations on the culture of asparagus in the vicinity of Auxerre, E. RoussEAUX and C. Brioux (Recherches siir la Culture de VAspergc. Paris: Sue. Eneouraf/cment Indus. Nat., 1906, pp. 112). — The authors have made exten- sive investigations of the culture of asparagus in the department of Yonne. In the present work consideration is given to cultural practices, the conti'ol of insect pests and fungus diseases, marketing, and the cost of production. The total cost r)er acre of one 15-year-old plantation at Charbiiy is estimated at ai)proximately $738.09 and the gross receipts as $1,293.07, leaving a net income per acre of $554.38, or about $30.95 per year. The authors have conducted an investigation for 3 consecutive seasons at the experiment station for the department of Yonne, and at cooperative experi- mental farms, to determine the best method for fertilizing asparagus. In the determination of a well-balanced fertilizer formula studies were made and are here discussed of the i)hysical and chemical composition of the soils of thiijt region, the chemical composition of the plant as indicative of its need, and the chemical composition of the manures and compost ordinarily used near Auxerre to determine what complementary ingredients should be reconunended. As a result of these investigations the use of barnyard manure is recommended as a basis for all fertilizers, since it not only furnishes humus and improves the physical texture of the soil, but also aids in the retention of chemical fertilizers which may be added. On light sandy soils with a porous subsoil, the use per acre of from about 220 to 266 lbs. of basic slag, 175 lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 88 lbs. of sulphate of potash is recommended. The basic slag should be applied with the barnyard manure during winter. The sulphate of potash and about one-third of the nitrate of soda may be harrowed in lightly along the rows after the usual rainy period of spring. The remainder of the nitrate of soda should be applied in 2 ai)plications, at the begihning of the cutting season and a few weeks later. On somewhat heavier sandy soils, in which the subsoil contains a considerable clay content, the authors recommend the use per acre of from 175 to 220 lbs. of superphosphate, 175 to 266 lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 88 to 134 lbs. of sulphate of potash. The heavier application should be given when the asparagus is iu full bearing, or when it is impossible to obtain a suflicient HORTICnLTURE. 1127 nmmint of slnhlo mnmirc. Altliou:;!! ihc use of stable manure is recommended in all cases, the InllowinK formula has iinuluced good results when used alone: Mineral suinu-phospliate 2()(> lbs., dried blood or steamed horn 220 lbs., nitrate of soda 220 lbs., and sulphate of potash 175 lbs. The effect of iising these manures for several successive years has been to increase not only the qiiantity of aspar- a.uus gathered, but also the average \A-eight and earliness. Fruits and vegetables, E. 1'.. Ferhis i Missifisippi Hta. Bui. .9^, pp. Jf-^h JifiK. 2). — This is an accDunt of variety and fertilizer tests, together with the Mi;irketing of fruits and vegetables, at the McNeill Branch Station for the season I'.tor*. The work is of a similar nature to that of previous years (E. S. R., 17, !>. i(M;r>). .\o (letinite conclusions have been reached as to th(» best varieties of straw- berries, althougli the station uses the Klondyke, Lady Thompson, and Excelsior in its commercial patch. The Excelsior ripens earlier, but is not so good as either of the others when sowed at the same time. Klondyke and Lady Thomp- son are about eijually prolific, although Klondyke is firmer and colors better. Lady Tliouipson is highly reconnnended for nearby markets. In the fertilizer test the mixture used as a unit application per acre consisted of 200 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 200 lbs. acid phosphate, and 100 lbs. kainit, one-half being ap])lied at the first cultivation after the picking season is over and the other half at the last cultivation in the fall. When the H fertilizing materials were used in the proportions given above, 2,(520 qts. were gathered per acre. Tliis yield was inc-reased to 3,100 qts. where 1,000 lbs. of oyster shells was added In tlie above mixture. On the plat where the cotton-seed meal and k.-iinit content remained normal and the acid phosphate was left out entirely, the yield was only 1,840 qts., which seems to show a marked effect of phos- Ithoric acid as a food for the strawberry. For 2 years past the strawberry lias been the most profitable truck crop grown at the station. The quality of th(> fruit during the first part of the season was superior to that of the pre- vious year's crops, and this, together with better shipping facilities, made ship- ments to Birmingham, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, and St. Louis fairly profitable. From a little less than 2 acres 105 24-quart cases were sold, which bi'ought the shipjiers net returns of %'.M\0. The total yields of good fruit, however, were coHslderalily reduced owing to a hard rain in April. Fertilizer tests have been Conducted since 1903 in an orchard containing 98 Elberta peach trees. The trees came into bearing this year. Although the yield was t'aii-ly good, the (luality of fruit is said to have been poor owing to attacks by insects. Data are given showing the amounts of the different kinds of fertili/.ei- used and tlie yield of peaches. The results seem to indicate the prejionderating influence of niti-ogen ratlier than phosphoric acid, together with some benefits from i)otash. which has not been the case with other crops. No difference was noted in the color of the peaches owing to the presence or alisence of potash soils luider the trees. The peaches were not marketed to advantage, since the various varieties ripened at different intervals. From the Greensboro orchard, together with some 20 trees of other varieties, were sold 105 crates, Avhich netted the shippers $110. Sixty crates were sold from the Ellierta orchard, netting .'fr)7..50. From the remainder of tlie crop 35 doz. :; pt. cans of fi'uit were put ni( and disiioseil of at from .f l.S(» to $2 per dozen. The r>-b;iskct ventilated peach crate is considei'ed the most desirable shipping package. I>uring the winter of 190<'). LOOo additional Elberta trees were set out, with the view of producing carload shipments of fruit. None of the plums jjcars, or apples have as yet borne any fruit worth men- tioning. 5871— No. 12-07 3 1128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. From the experiments at the station the author \$ of the opinion that it is almost folly to attempt to grow orchard crops without exercising every care possible to prevent insect pests and fungus diseases. In the fertilizer test with asparagus a mixture of 250 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 500 lbs. of cotton seed, 405 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 170 lbs. of kainit was taken as a unit api)lication per acre, and gave a calculated yield of 1.1G8 lbs. of marketable asparagus during the spring of 1905. This yield was reduced when any of the fertilizer constituents in the above mixture were either altered in amount or left out. The cutting began on March 22 and contiiuied until May 2, during which time 43 cases of 20 bunches each were sold, giving the shippers net returns of $58. The crop was considerably aifected by rust. The fertilizer test with beans was repeated in 1905 and a table is given show- ing the results in detail. The most prolific variety appears to be the Valentine, and the best fertilizer mixture one which contains 224 11)S. of cotton-seed meal, 112 lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 458 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre. Notes are also given on a large number of other vegetables, including potatoes, beets, turnips, ruta-bagas, and kohl-ral>i, which are proving successful market crops. In the fertilizer test with Irish potatoes 10 bu. of Tennessee-grown lied Triiunph seed potatoes were used per acre. They were planted Fel)ruary 1 and dug on May 23. A mixture containing 214 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 45(1 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 224 lbs. of kainit was taken as the unit application for an acre, which produced an average yield of 103 bu. per acre. This fertilizer proved better than any other combination tried. A test was made between home-grown Irish potato seed and Tennessee stock under similar conditions of planting, etc., and the northern-grown seed gave a yield of 101 bu. per acre, while the home-grown seed yielded but 70 bu. per acre. In a variety test with Irish potatoes the percentage of ])erfect stand was determined by actually counting the hills in each jilat. Burbank again headed the list, giving a yield of 99 bu. per acre with only (50 per cent of a stand. The test of different-size seed pieces was continued during 1905, with results similar to that of previous years. One-e.ve pieces yielded 97 bu. and recpiired 350 lbs. of seed per acre. The yield and number of pounds of seed required increased as the size of the pieces increased, until with whole potatoes the size of hen eggs the yield was 140 bu. per acx'e, 1,5G0 lbs. of seed being required per acre. The cut seed sprouted fully 1 week earlier than the whole potatoes. Irish potatoes grown exclusively on the experiniental plats yielded about 75 bu. per acre. A test was made of the " Lookout Mountain " potato, which did not appear to be of any real value. Fall Irish potatoes have been tried each year since 1902, but have never made much more than the seed planted. I'rior to 1905 the tomatoes were not successful, since the highest priced early fruit always rotted. In 1905 the tomatoes were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and a wonderful improvement was noted. It is believetl that with 2 or more applications of Bordeaux mixture during the season the rotting at the blossom end of the tomato may be effectually controlled. First biennial report of the Wyoming State board of horticulture, A. Nel- son {Birii. Ri)t. Wyo. Bd. Hort., 1 {1905-6), pp. 56, 1iy llic board. Tlie nursery law and the work of the inspectors are exphiined in detail, and brief siif^^estions are f,'iven in regard to oivhard culture and the purcliasinj; of nursery stocli, together with a list of varieties of all the important tree and small fruits, orna- mental shrubs and shade trees recommended for planting in Wyoming. Many of the well-known orchard and shade-tree insect pests and diseases are briefly dis- r showed a decided lack of color and weak growth, indicative of neg- lect, while the plats I'eceiving nitrogen, whether alone or in combination, showed a vigorous growth and a rich green foliage. The plat receiving all 8 elements gave the best results. Nitrogen appeared to be the lacking element in this particular orchard. Tai)ulated data are given showing th(> yield per tree in the renovation orchard for each year from 1003 to 1!»0(!. inclusive. The contin- ued exIiiI)ition of individuality of character was noted as in the previous year. The l)ulletin includes notes and snggesticms relative to the jiruning of on-hards. Report of fruit experiment stations of Ontario, 1906, L. Woolverton et al. (Adii. h'pl. Fruit K.rpt. Stds. Ontiirio. 13 (V.XlG). pp. 7/). — This consists of a general report of the secretary as to the present condition of the fruit stations, outlines of the work for the past season and i)ropose6. followed by a report of the 1nsi)ector of fruit experiment stations. IT. L. llutt, and reports from a large number of experimenters as to the behavior of different varieties of oivhard and small fruits as tested at various fruit stations I liroughout the provinces. 1130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A list of varieties of vegetables recomnieiided for general growing iu the Province of Ontario is also given, ineUuling notes on varieties tested at the Essex vegetable station. Rouge de Treves. The best cider apple for export to Germany, M. Truelle {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. Frame, 67 {1907). .Yo. J. i>p. 187-197). — With respect to apple growing in France, the author is of the opinion that in order to be profit- i'.ble the grower must export a portion of the crop, and here recommends the Rouge de Treves as an excellent cider apple, well liked by the (Jerman cider manufacturer. An account is given of the origin and area xuider cultivation of this apple, together with a descriijtion of the tree and fruit and tables of chem- ical analyses made by the author and others in regard to the composition of the fresh fruit, juice, and pulp. This apple is also said to be a good Ivceper and A'alued both for i)reserving and e\aporation purposes. The washing of fruits in formaldehyde, H. de Parville {Am. Soc. Hart. A/?/''/-. 11 {1906). \o. 12, pp. 29S-301). — An extensive review is here given of an article published by the author in the Journal des Debats November 8, 1906, in which the experiments of G. Perrier in the sterilizing of apples by washing in a solution of formaldehyde are described. The object sought was to destroy all germs of fermentation in order that the cider manufacturer might secure absolutely sterile nuist or unfermented juice, which could then be sown with either pure or selected mixed yeasts to corre- spond with the nature of the product desired. With grapes, I'asteur found that the yeast germs accumulated on the surface of the fruit. The present investigator, finding the same to be true with apples, succeeded in sterilizing the fruit by immersing the apples for 1.5 to 24 hours in a solution containing 4 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water. When 8 parts of formalin were used to 1.000 parts of water the sterilization was effected in 5 minutes' time. This method is said to be used by a number of persons in pre- serving their fruit for the winter, but is not generally used in the manufacture of cider, since it is prohibited by the French fo served to corroborate the results of the pi-evious year. Aside from the treatment of fruits for preserving, formalin is recommended for the preservation of the winter supply of apples, which may be treated as follows: To 10 gal. of water in a cask or a zinc bath, add li qts. of formalin, mix thoroughly, and innnerse as many apples, contained in a sack, as the water will cover. Allow the fruit to remain in the solution for 10 minutes, then remove from the sack and place on a layer of straw or hay, or some suitable substance, and drain until dry. It is claimed that where the apples are intended for storage it is not necessary to Immerse them in water after their removal from the formalin mixture. When apples showing the first stage of apple rot were immersed for a (inarter of an honr in a solution of formalin of the strength given above, the spread of th(» diseased si)ots was completely arrested, and the fruit kept in good condition fin* several weeks longer than untreated fruit. HORTICULTURE. 1131 Strawberries and their history, Count ok Solms-Laubach (Bot. Ztj/., 1. Aht.. do [I'.un), \(is. .i-'i, I)/), l-lli). — This is an historical study of the litera- ture of the stniwherry in resi)ect to its botany, classification, and d('V(>l()i)ment of various forms, to>,'etlier with an extensive bihlioj^raphy. As a result of this study tlic .lutlinr concludes that there are 7 real species of strawberries, which may be classed under 'A i)rinci])al jjjroups. The Fraijaria huge iihach hum is l)elieved to be a natural cross of /''. collina and F. vesca. /•'. grand iftDii! (the pine strawl)erry) is believed by the author to have developed in Europe as the result of the cultivation of hybrids of /•'. chilocnsis and /''. vir- (/iiiidint. conti'ai-y to the opinion of I'ailey, who classes /•'. finnaJifloni as the variety Ananassa of /■'. chUoi'iisis. Fundamental principles of modern viticulture, C. IIucaiKS (Rirlslu, .'/. .s( /■.. /./ ( lUOl), .Vo. iK pp. I!).^-.iOI)). — The author is of the opinion that modern Krape jirowin^r depends upon the establishment of plantations with pure Ameri- can graft-stocks or direct-bearers, esi)ecially in the production of table grapes. Consideration is given to the establishment of vineyai'ds and selections of varieties for different soils, the use of chemical fertilizers and cover crops, and pruning as affecting the quantity and quality of the crop. The methods of plant- ing, cultivation, and subseiiuent care are also discussed from an economic standpoint. Reconstitution of the Algerian vineyards with plants resistant to phyl- loxera, K. ^■IVET (BuL Agr. Ah/rric ct Tiniixic. J.i { 1!)U1 ) , \os. 7. pp. /7/-i.S.7.- S, i>i). .20'i-2ll; 9, pp. 229-230, ftg.s. 3). — This article is introduced by an account of tlie destruction of Algerian vineyards by phylloxera and the attempt to rees- tablish them by the use of American vines. It consists priucipally of practical suggestions for the grape growers of the afflicted regions on the various phases of viticulture. Part 1 deals with a discussion of suitable varieties both of graft-stocks and direct bearers with respect to the different kinds of soil, includ- ing a stud.v of the pure American species, American hybrids, and French-Amer- ican hybrids. Part 2 consists of a discussion of nursery and seed-bed practices, including various methods of propagation and grafting, methods of i)lanting, and sui)se(|U(.'nt cai"e. The export of table grapes, C. M. Milan (I'rog. Agr. ct Mt. (Ed. I'Est), 28 {1907), Ao. IS, pp. ,5;J5--5.J.S).— Prior to 1904 it is stated that the bulk of French table grapes was disposed of in Paris, whereas in 190G over 2,000 tons were exported to various Eurojjean countries. The author gives suggestions to grape growers for the increase of this export trade by the selection of varieties of a good quality and recommends a list of desirable varieties for planting in different locations. The importance of silica in viticulture, Oueklin (7?rr. Mt., 27 (1907). Xo. 69(j, pp. Ji25-.'f3()). — In the present article the author discusses the importance of the soil as a factor in the determination of the quality of wines, with special regard to its content of soluble silica, and cites many examples to show that the vineyards producing the mon; noted wines of France and Germany are grown (m soils containing a considerable content of silica. The production of high-grade wines on soils whicli have a low silica content is said to be i-estricted to a few especially adapted varieties of grapes. lu order to confirm his belief that the presence of silica has an important effect on the qualitj' of w^ne, the author has conducted several experiments, the first of which was attempted in 1S8() and 1887, in which powdered sodium silicate was used as a fertilizer. As compared with the check, the must pro- duced from vines grown on the fertilized plat was shown to have its density increased to the extent of 10 degrees. In 1889 the use of potassium silicate 1132 EXPERIMEISTT STATION RECORD. gave similar results. Both of these fertilizers, however, proved to be too expensive for commercial purposes. Further experiments were conducted in 1899 at the Oberlin Viticultural Institute at Colmar, in which the author used powdered phonolite obtained from the debris of a stone crusher used in connection with the macadamizing of roads. The powdered phonolite was applied for a period of 4 years, and the results which were noted in 1905 and 1906 are presented in tabular form. The author concludes that it is practically certain that the density of mu.st is greatly increased by the addition of soluble silicates, and states that it remains to be proved whether the use of silica, especially in the form of phonolite, which was found to contain as high as 50 per cent of silicic acid, is not capable of increas- ing the alcoholic content of the wine, as well as augmenting its other good qualities. The grape and wine industry in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan, Argentina, T. Chiaromonte (BoJ. I flic. Min. Af/r., Iiidits. e Com. [Ro)iic], 6 {1901), I, 'So. 5, pp. ^89-513). — An account is given of grape culture and the manufacture of wine in these provinces, in which considerable data are pre- sented in connection with various phases of the subject, special attention being paid to the effect of these industries on the sale of Italian wines. The total area of irrigated vineyards in these regions is given as about 23,227 hectares (57,370 acres). The value of a 3-year-old vineyard is estimated at 1,829 pesos ($1,765). In IMendoza one-fourth of the grapevines are native and three-fourths of French origin, whereas in San Juan two-thirds of the vines are native and one-third of French origin. The annual production of wine in the Republic of Argentina is said to be about 2,000.000 hectoliters (52,800,000 gals.). The quality of the different grades of wine is discussed, and tabulated data are given showing the production, importation, and consumption of beer for each year from 1902 to 1905 and of wine from 1894 to 1906. Extensive and intensive culture of Brazilian coffee trees, C. Bolle (Tro- peiipflanzer, 11 {1901), No. 2, pp. 69-19). — The author gives an account of the different coffee zones in Brazil, and discusses the relative merits of the cultiva- tion of coffee as the only' crop on large plantations as compared, with its cultivation in connection with other crops. After a comparison of these two methods he is of the opinion that the culture of coffee may be conducted with profit in either way. Poppy culture and the production of opium, H. Thoms {IJher Mohribau iiiid Oplumgcicinnimy. Berlin: Bonitrac[/er, 1901; rev. in Chem. Ztg.. 31 {1901), No. 21/, p. 316). — The author's results in the cultivation of poppies in the experimental fields of the German Institute of Pharmacy at Dahlem during the years 1905 and 1906 are given. These experiments further demonstrate the facts that the climate and soil are suited for the cultivation of the poppy and the productiop of opium rich in morphine in north as well as in south Germany. An account is given of the experiments that have been attempted with Prussian, Turkish, and blue and white German poppies with reference to the production of opium and its content of morphine and other opiates, the relative returns from the different varieties, the cost of production, etc. The author states that the production of opium in north Germany is not profitable, but appeals for experiments in the German colonies, since samples of opium in Kwai and west Africa were found to contain a high content of morphine. What to do with old bulbs, J. Dunbar {Oanl. Mag. [N. Y.]. 5 {1901), No. 5, pp. 29.'i, 295, figs. 10). — Directions are given as to the harvesting, cleaning, and storing of such bulbs as tulips, hyacinths, and daffodils when the flowering season is over. FORESTRY. 1133 Danger in the repeated repotting of plants, A. Petit (Jardin, 21 (1907), \". .'i8-i. p. 118). — Till' author pcrfofincd ("xpcriiiiciits in onlcM- to determine the offect of different size pots and rciiolt iiiu mi tiu- ,i,'i-(p\vlh ol' i)laiils. Several inari.colds were .iri'own in jiols ".i ciii., 14 r\n.. and 1'.» cm. in diameter, res])ectivel.v, and in open irround. In each case the weiiiht of S jtlants was taken. The Ki'owth of the plant was shown to increase with the size of the pot. the growth in open fj;round being far in excess of tliat of the ])ot-grown j)l.ints. An experiment was also conducted with coleus and heliotrope plants, one por- tion of each being planted in pots of 7, i), 12, and 15 cm. in diameter, respectively, while the other portion was repotted successively from the smallest to the larg- est of these pots. In every case, with the exception of the heliotrope growing in the pot "7 cm. in diameter, the average repotted plant weighed less than the plants started in their permanent position. A further experiment api)ears to show that the greater the number of repottings the smaller is the development of the resulting plant. FORESTRY. Forest planting leaflets ( f. .s'. Dcpt. Am'., Forest Serv. Circs. 76, pp. 3; 77. pii. '/.• ,s'i. pp. S; SS. pp. .i; .s'}. •/>/). '/ ; S.l. pp. // ; ,S'C, pp. 3; 87, pp. Jf,- 88, pp. 5; 89, pp. 'i; HO. pp. 3; 91, pp. ', : 9.1, pp. .', : 9,3, pp. J,; 9//, pp. 3; 9,5, pp. //).— These leaflets treat of the form and size, habits and growth, economic uses, methods of propagation, pl.-inting, cultivation, and care of the following species of trees, which are given in order corresponding with the circular numbers above: Silver maple (Acer sdccharlniun), cottonwood {Populus deltoides) . hardy catalpa {Catalpa .spcviosu), Russian mulberry (ilorus alha tatariea), white ash (Fraxi)iiis aincricana), slippery elm {Vhmis piibesccns), bo.xelder {Acer ncfiHudo), white willow {Salix alba), black walnut {Juglans nUjra), tamarack {Larix laricina), osage orange {Toxyhm povtifcnuii ], coffee tree (Gi/i)niucladus dioicus), green ash {Fraxiiius lunccolata), yellow poplar (Liriodcndrun tiili- j>ifcra), black cherry (Pruuus serotina), and sugar maple {Acer saccliarum). Forest planting in Illinois, R. S. Kellogg ( V. »S'. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Virr. 81, pp. 32, flijs. 2). — In this circular ai-e reported the results of an exten- sive study of forest plantati(ms in Illinois to determine the kinds of trees best adapted for planting in prairie sections. About two-thirds of the total area of the State was studied, although the work was confined chiefly to the central and northern portions. The results given are believed to be of general application throughout the State and to similar situations in Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. In all, 117 plantations were visited and 22.500 trees measured. A description is given of the methods of study and species studied. The important features of the studies are presented in tabular form for each species, including location, age, area of plantation, planting distances, number of trees per acre, tree measurements, products, values, and ainiual income per acre. Measiu'ements were taken at the experimental forest plantation of the Uni- versity of Illinois, which was jtlanted in 1871 and covei's an area of 1.3 acres, containing 2(t s])ecies of forest trees. The best developed species in the planta- tion ai'e European larch, white pine, green ash, and black walnut. Suggestions, with accomi)anying diagriims, are given for the planting and thinning of forest jiliintations and the foi-mation of shelter l)elts. Planting on New Mexico forest reserves, F. J. Phillips (Forestry Quart., ,') (1907). \o. 1. pp. 11-19). — Suggestions are given as to suitable species and methods for the reafforestation of these reserves, together with notes on their present condition. The author concludes that the degree of watershed develop- ment and suitable supply of forest products will determine to a great extent the future prosperity of the Territory of New Mexico. 1184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The trees of Great Britain and Ireland, II. J. Elwes and A. Henry {Edin- huryh: Authors. JOOG. pp. Xyi-\-:^00. yy/.v. (il). — This is volume 1 of an extensive treatise, in whicli the authors aim to give a complete account of all the trees either native to or cultivated in Great Britain which have attained or seem lilvcly to attain sufficient size to warrant their consideration as timber trees. About 30() si>ecies are to be considered, the most of which the authors state have lieen the subject of their personal study. The present volume consists of 2 parts. In part 1 the several species of the following genera are identified: Fagus, ailanthus, sophora, araucaria, ginkgo, liriodendron, spruce-firs, taxus, cryptomeria, pyrus, taxodium, and thuya. The history and distribution of each in various countries are considered and an .'iccount is given of the cultivation, soil, and location, together with descriptions of the remarkable trees of those varieties which occur in Great Britain. Atten- tion is also paid to the use of the various trees for timber or other purposes. Part 2 is devoted to illustrations of the species discussed, including specimen trees and interesting woods and i)lnntations. Location, date of latest proclamation, and area of the National forest reserves in the United States, Alaska, and Porto Rico ( U. *S'. Dept. Ayr., Forest Hvrv. [C'/rc], Fch. 1, 1001, pp. //). — The data indicated in the title are l)resented in tabular form. The total number of forest reserves in the United States is 13G, with an area of 128,850,101 acres ; in Alaska 2, with an area of 4,909,880 acres, and in Porto Rico 1, with an area of 05,950 acres, making a grand total of 1.39 forest reserves, including 128,825,991 acres. The timber supply of the United States, R. S. Kellogg ( JJ. 8. Dept. Apr., Forest Scrr. ('ire. 91\ pp. 16. fif/s. 2). — This circular, a brief summary of which has l>een previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 944), contains a discussion of the avail- able timber suj)ply of the United States and the length of time it will last at the present rate of cutting. A large number of statistics are brought together from different sources as to the annual output of forest products, the lumber cut, the geographical distribution of the total lumber product, and estimates of the stumpage of the United States at various periods, together with a recent estimate of the stumpage of the Pacific coast. A map is given indicating the general distribution and character of the original forests of the United States, which shows the natural timber areas of the coinitry to be embraced in 5 groups of States, as follows: Northeastern States, Southern States, the Lake States, the Rocky Mountain States, and the Pacific States. In the 2 latter groups practically all the timber-producing trees are coniferous, while in the first 3 groups both conifers and hard woods are found. Four types of forests are produced in the Southern States. The swamp areas of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts furnish cypress and hard woods, and the plains from Virginia to Texas southern or yellow pine. Pure hard woods are found in the plateau encircling the Appalachian range, while the higher ridges contain spruce, white pine, and hemlock. The Lake States still contain many hard-wood forests in the southern i)ortions, and pine, tamarack, cedar, and hemlock in the northern areas. The chief timber trees of the Rocky Mountain forests ai*e western yellow and lodgepole pine, and those of the Pacific forests are Douglas firs, western hemlock, sugar and western yellow pine, redwood, and cedar. The author asserts that it is unquestionably safe to say that our present annual consinnption of wood in all forms is from 3 to 4 times as great as the annual increment of our forests. A chart is given showing the course of prices of white pine, yellow poplar, and hemlock since 1887 and of yellow pine since 1894. The most liberal estimate as to the wooded area of the United States FORESTRY. 1135 places it at 700,000.000 acres, whereas it is estimated by others as low as r>0U,000,O()() acres. Fr(jni a table showing the extent and ownership of forest areas in tliis conntry it appears that only one-fifth of our forest area is in National or State forests, the remainder being either in private hands or likely to i)ass into i)rivate hands. It is estimated that the present cut of forest products reiiuircs at least 20.000.CMK).(tOO eu. ft. of wood, and that under the pi-esenl <-on(litit>ns of iiiisinana.LCcnicul the average annual increment is less tiiaii 10 (U. ft. per acre for the entire area, whereas an annual increment of 30 ( u. ft. per acre is riMpiired to maintain the sujjply of timber now consumed annually. The bulletin concludes with several quotations from an .irlicle by Fernow on the financial management of forests in Saxony and I'laissia (K. S. K., 18, p. 741 ). with reference to the adoption of a settled jiolicy (»f forest management, based uiion the cutting of the increment oidy, without lessening the wood capital. The lumber industry in the mountains of British Columbia, F. W. Jones {('(luad. Forcstrij Jour., J {I'.ilil), \o. J, pp. .il-'/.i. pi. 1). — In this paper, read before the forestry convention, ^'ancouver, September, lOOG, consideration is given to the needs of the lumbering industry in relation to forest preservation. The tiuthor discusses the existing forest regulations and offers suggestions for the betterment of laws dealing with fires, the securing of more definite regula- tions covering the difference between agricultural and timber lands, the inaugu- ration of a cami)aign of education as to the importance of preserving standing timber, and an amendment of the provincial regulations in order to provide for such teniu'e and terms on timber licenses that the lumbermen will be able to pay some attention to forestry principles in carrying on their operations. Notes re timbers of Western Australia suitable for railways, engineering works, and constructional purposes generally, N. J. Mooue H'crlli: (Jort., J906, pp. 36, flijs. n. tiKip 1). — These notes include a discussion of the timber resources of Western Australia, forest areas and distribution, brief general descriptions of the principal trees and timbers, the available supplies of timber for commercial and other jiurposes, the economic uses of the principal timbers of the State, their physical characteristics, and their resistance to the teredo, white ant, and dry rot. A report is also given by the chief engineer of existing lines, W. W. Dartnall. on the use of Western Australia hard woods for railway ties. The species of timber chiefly used is Jarrah {Eiicalyptiis inarf/iiHita). The total iiumber iised on railwa.\-s, including renewals, has been from 4.()0(),0()0 to .^,000,000. The present size of the sleeper is 7 ft. by 9 in. by 4^ in. The text is accompanied by statistical data in regard to the climate of West- ern Australia, timber exports from 1895 to 1904, the strength of W'estern Aus- tralia timbers, information concerning timber shipping ]>orts, forest working laws, and several illustrations of Western Australia trees and lumbering oper- ations, together with a sketch map of the southwest portion of Western Aus- tralia, showing the aii])roximate position of the i)rincipal timber forests. Quantity and character of creosote in well-preserved timbers, (}. Alleman (U. /S'. IJcpt. Af/r., Forest Scrv. Circ. US, pp. Hi, fi(js. 2). — -Recent reports on the service of creosoted railroad cross-ties and piles placed in salt water are said to show clearly that while proper treatment gives remarkably good results, nuich of this timber was improperly treated and has not lasted as it should. This circular contains an account of the results, together with a description and discussion, of a series of analyses of the oils present in such forms of creosoted timber as- have given long service. The woi'k is introduced by a brief account of the source, composition, and production of coal-tar creosote, Numer- 1136 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ttus statistics are also given as to the production and importation of creosote at different periods since 1898, from which it would appear that al)out 7.700.000 gal. of creosote oil were used in this country in 190:^, for the impregnation of timber. Tliis amount increased to about 8.050,000 gal. in 1904. and to 13.550.000 gal. in 1905. A description is given of the methods of extracting creosote from timber and analyzing the extracted creosote. Analyses were made of 37 samples of w^ood, consisting of railroad ties, piles, itnd paving blocks of English and American origin, and one sample of conduit jiipe. The analytical results are tabulated and discussed. Woods used for packing boxes in New England, J. P. Wextling (U. S. Dejit. Agr.. Forest Sen: Circ. IS. pp. //). — In this circular, statistics compiled from answers to questions sent to box manufacturers thi-oughout New England are given, showing the kinds, quantity, and value of wood used in 344 box factories in the 6 New p]ngland States during 1905. The white pine is the leading Ijox material of New England, furnishing 81.8 •per cent of a total consumption of GOO.493,000 board ft., or more than 4 times as much as all other kinds combined. Spruce, which is used largely in the manufacture of butter boxes, comes next with 9.9 per cent. The other woods used are hemlock, beech, birch, maple, fir. poplar, chestiuat, and basswood. The consumption of 138 factories in Massachusetts was 290.220.000 ft. of lumber, or nearly as much as the 5 other States combined. The total cost reported was $7,871,500, of which white pine comprised .$6,463,500. or 82.1 per cent. The average cost per 1.000 ft. for each species is given. " Wood to be suitable for high-grade box making must be strong and tough, so that it can be utilized without splitting; light, to facilitate handling and lessen freight charges; odorless, so that it will not taint the contents of the box ; and preferably light in color." Since white pine largely meets these condi- tions, is easily worked, and seasons well, it is considered the ideal wood for the box maker. Box manufacturers of New England depend for their supply of lumber mainly upon the farmers' woodlots. and it is believed that if the cut of the available stand continues at the present rate the supply will be exhausted before the present young growth reaches a marketable size. In order to illustrate the possibilities of forest growth in New England a table is given showing the areas of farm, forest, brush, and waste land in the different States. It is believed that the 10.000.000 acres of waste land, which at present is yielding scarcely any return, if forested and properly managed would eventually yield each year more lumber than the entire cut of white pine in New England in 1905. Suggestions for increasing the supply of white pine in New England have been previously noted (E. S. R., 16. p. 57; 17, p. 772). The control of forest fires at McCloud, California, A. W. Cooper and P. D. KellEter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 79. pp. 16, fig. l).—ln 1904 the Forest Service, in cooperation with the State of California, made a thorough study of forest conditions in their relation to fire on the tract of the McCloud River Lumber Company, in Siskiyou County, California, with the primary object of devising a practical scheme of fire protection, particularly for the logged lands on which fires are most prevalent. The results of this study showed that adequate protective measures could be carried out at a cost justi- fied by the benefits obtained, and a plan of protection was prepared and sub- mitted to the company. This circular contains a description of the tract in question, with reference to its area and timber content, notes as to the causes and effect of forest fires, and a description of the plan as submitted and as executed by the Forest Service in cooperation with the lumber company. The plan included the con- struction of fire lines, a telephone and patrol system, and the equipment of a DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1137 tool station, at an cstiiiiatnl cosl I'nr the first year of .$t;4,1 per township, or abont .'5 cts. p(M- acre. In licKii'i'in;,' tlu' work about l."),UO() acres were set apart for protection, bnl (iwinj: to the contour of the country about 70,000 acres were actually iiatrolliMl. The i)atrol of the 70,000 acres cost less than one-half cent per acre. 'I lie Iota! (-(tst for the ir),000 acres, includin.u; construction of fire lines, was 2 cents ]h'v acre. Based on the year's work the estimated total cost of the protection for a period of 40 years is given as .'fl.lvS-l.O'J initial expense and .*.")42.SS animal expense thereafter. The i)r()l):U)Ie net returns from the ex- perimental .iica at the end of 40 years are i)resented in tabular fonn, in which the i)rice per acre is estimated at .f.'5, !$4. $5, and $(5. respectively, and the in- terest on the investment compounded at ."'), 4, and .'> per cent, respectively. At lh(» interest rate of '> per cent and the valuation of only .$.". per acre for stumpage it is figured that the net receipts will be over $45,000. In conclusion the authors state that fire protection as practiced at McCloud has met with success, but that each tract offers local conditions of its own which nuist largely determine the character of the plan. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Results of experiments to test the adhesiveness of some copper fungicides, W. Keliiofkr {Zt.scin: I'fldiizciihniiih:, 11 [ItlOl), Xo. I, i)i). 1-12, i)l. 1). — A series of experiments was carried on to test the adhesiveness of a number of <'opper fungicides. Grape leaves were sprayed with fungicides containing calcu- lated amounts of copper, after which they were allowed to dry for 24 hours. The leaves were then split along the midrib and one-half subjected to artificial rain for an hour or more. Roth halves were analyzed, and the differences in the ;i mount of copper expressed in percentages were taken to represent the amount or proportion of adhesiveness. In the first series, after subjecting the leaves for one hour to a rainfall amotmting to 20.4 mm., the proportions of the fungicides still remaining were as follows : Cojiper sulphate solution 0.7 per cent, azurin 44.7 per cent, 2 per cent Bordeaux mixture 60.7 per cent, Bordeau.x mixture in which 1 part of lime to 2 parts of copper sulphate was used 67.8 per cent, Bordeaux mixture in which 3 parts of lime to 2 of copper sulphate was used 38.1 per cent. Burgundy mixture slightly alkaline 68 per cent and strongly alkaline 40.7 per cent. The addition of sugar at the rate of 100 gm. to each hectoliter of solution was tested with Bordeaux mixture. Burgundy mixture, and neutral and basic verdi- gris solutions. The Bordeaux mixture was less adhesive when sugar was added, but little diftVrence was noted due to its addition to Btirgundy mixture or to neutral verdigris, while its addition to the basic verdigris solution greatly increased the adhesiveness of the fungicide. When subjected to a light rainfall amounting to 16.9 mm. in 24 hours the adhesiveness of the Burgundy mixture seemed greatly reduced, while the pre- cipitate formed by Bordeaux mixture was less affected. This was attributed to changes induced by atmospheric phenomena, especially the presence of ammo- nium nitrate and carbonic acid in the air. A number of glass plates were sprayed with Bordeau.x mixture and Burgundy mixture, and after drying were washed with water containing .'immoniimi nitrate and carbonic acid, with the result that less of the Bordeaux mixture was removed than of the Burgundy mixture. The carbonic acid in this experiment removed more of the fungicide than the ammonium nitrate. lu both cases the adhesiveness was in proportion to the alkalinity of the fungicide. In concluding his investigations the author recoumiends for practical pur- poses spraying with Bordeaux mixture which is made slightly alkaline by an excess of lime. 1138 EXPERIMENT STATTOTST EECOED. Report of the botanist for 1906, O. P. Clinton (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1906, pt. 5, PI). SinSiiS, i)Is. 16). — The author reports on miscellaneous fungus diseases, experiments to prevent onion brittle, the dry rot fungus, and tbe root rot of tobacco. A number of diseases that were more or less injurious are briefly described, and notes given on others which are either but recently recognized as occurring in the State or which have only recently become of economic importance. Among the latter class a description is given of an injury to the apple tree caused by the joint effect of freezing and attacks of canker (Si)luvropsis mal(jrum). A leaf scorch of beans which resembles in some respects a bac- terial blight, but which fiiiled on examination to reveal either bacteria or fungi, is briefly described, as are also a leaf spot of carnations, due to Alternaria sp., the black rot of cauliflower (Pseudomonas cainpe.'^). and the black mold of corn, caused by Chido.^porium zew. Notes are given on the bitter rot of the grape and on the shelling of grapes which is usually attributed to some non- parasitic causes. The author states that in connection with this disease he has found the fruiting stages of a species of Macrophoma, but for the present the fungus is considered to be a saprophyte. A yellowing of the leaves of oats, probably due to unfavorable weather condi- tions, is briefly described, and an account is given of a physiological trouble of peaches which resulted in an early defoliation of the trees. A i-oot injury or rot of peonies, due to an undetermined cause, is said to have been quite serious, and the author records its occurrence and will continue his studies upon it. The leaf blight of pine due to Hijpoderma desnuizierii. pine rust, and winter injury of white pine trees are briefly characterized. An account is given of the wilt of raspberries, due to the fungus Leptosphirria coniotliyriiiin. This wilt developed rather suddenly during wet weather in June, and an examination showed the presence of the fungus at the base or underground portion of the plant. Subsequent investigations showed that it also attacked the berries, spreading from berry to berry in a cluster, and the author is of the opinion that the infection in this case took place in the flowers and very young fruit, the spores being carried by bees or other insects. Spraying experiments were con- ducted for the control of this disease with but little effect. A number of diseases of tobacco are described, among them the bed rot {Corticlurn vaguni solani), a bacterial canker, damping off. root rot caused by Thielavia hasicola, and a stem rot. The bed rot, which was more or less trouble- some, resembles in some respects the disease attributed to Sclerotinia in the previous report (E. S. K., 18, p. 48). While considerable injury is done by the Ithizoctonia stage of Corticium, the more common damping off agent in the seed beds of the State is said to be Sclerotinia. For the control of the. stem rot or damping off, the writer suggests sprinkling or spraying the tobacco beds where the disease is present with a weak solution of formalin. If used at the rate of 1 part to 1,500 of water the disease may be kept in check without serious injury to the seedlings. The sterilization of the soil by soaking with stronger solutions or by heat is also recommended. • A white spot of turnips, due to Cercosporella olho-niaciihuis:, a leaf spot of Russian vetches caused by Ascocliijta vicia', and an anthracnose of violets attrib- uted to Mursunia viola', are described. A series of experiments was carried on to prevent onion brittle, a description of which is given in the previous report of the station (E. S. R., 18, p. 48). The experiments for the control of this disease were carried on in a field where it had first appeared 2 years before, and the treatments consisted of the appli- cation of formalin at the rate of 1 to 240 parts of water, limoid at the rate of 700 lbs. per acre, sulphur and limoid, and a complete fertilizer. In each case DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1189 lifter the seed was sown, the fuii^icklo was sprhikled or scattered over it and the adjacent earth before coveriiifj. The fertilizer was scattered directly over the rows after the seed was covei'ed. At the time of tlie harvest the yield of the different plats was as follows: Check plat 121 Im. jicr acre, formalin treat- ment 207), limoid 202. sulphur and limoid 101. and complete fertilizer 15. Another series of experiments was condiictod in which similar treatments were Kiven plats of onions after the disease had made its ai)i)earance, but in no case was an.v apprecial)le benefit found that could be attrilnited to the use of the remedy. While these yields are not equal to the average during a favorable season, yet for tlie treated plats they were greater than the average yield in the best iintreated. iniinfected areas. A study was made of the dry rot fungus (Mcrulius Uicri/inaiis), tlie author's attention having been called to its rapid spread in the timber of a building. The nature of the injury, character of the growth, and damage cau.sed are (l(>scribed. after which the pi-eventive measures which were suggested are out- lined. These consisted in the removal of the infected woodwork, provision for drainage in order that the walls of the building should not become damp, and sitraying the portions of the building where the wainscoting had l)een removed with formalin and carbolic acid. Particular attention during the past season was given to the root rot of tobacco (Thiclavia basicola). This disease has become a serious pest in certain fields in Connecticut, and while probably not new, has only recently attracted the attention of tobacco growers. The history of the fungus, its nature, distribu- tion, etc., are given at some length, after which an account is presented of the investigations carried on in Connecticut. In some respects the fungus resembles the damping off in the seed bed, but it is (|uite distinct from it in that the root rot develops almost entirely under ground, attacking the roots and underground portions of the stems. The grower first notices the presence of the disease by bis plants failing to make normal growth and their unhealthy, dark-green color. \n examination was made of fields and seed beds in a ninnlier of localities tln-ougliout the State, which resulted in the discover.v that the fungus is widely distributed. Experiments were conducted both in the seed beds and in the fields for the control of this trouble, and following the recommendations of A. D. Shamel of this Department, who is cooperating with the station in tobacco investigations, sprinkling the seed beds with a solution of formaldehyde. 1 to 2.000 of water, was tested without much effect. The sterilization of the soil, either b.v the use of stronger solutions of formaldeh.vde or by steam, it is believed would he an efficient method of combating this disease in the seed bed. In the fields the exi)eriments were carried on to test the effect of transplanting diseased plants, the effect of transplanting healthy plants into infected soil, and the effect of environment on tlie development of the disease. There apjiears from the results of the experiments to be no reason why the best plants from infected Iteds may not be safely transplanted to the fields, but those which have been to an.v extent attacked by the fungus should !iot be transplanted. The setting of healthy plants in infected soil showed that the disease was readil.y transmitted from the soil to them, and it was found that the character of the soil, subsoil, season, drainage, humus, and the kind of fertilizer, all have much to do with determining the amount of injiu'v (auscd by the fiuigus. P>ased upon the investigations of the one season, the author suggests various measures for preventing the spread of the fungus and injur.v due ti) it. The report concludes with a list of references to the literature relating to this root rot. Alfalfa root rot, J. J. Tiiokxhkk (Arizona Sta. Rpl: 1006. pp. lHO-162^. — \\- falfa throughout southern Arizona is said to be subject to a root rot which is 1140 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. due to attacks of an niKlergroiind funsiis cansiiis the plants to die out in well- defined, usually circular areas or spots. Uiwn examination the tap roots are found to be diseased and commonly in a well-advanced stage of decay, so that with a little effort they may be pulled from the ground to a depth of 12 to 20 in. The attack of the fungus upon the roots usually stops a little below the surface of the ground, leaving attached to the crowns one or more uninjured root stubs. During hot, dry periods, such as occur in that region, the plants quickly die from inability to absorb moisture. The first sign of disease on the plants is characterized by the yellowing or wilting, and upon careful examination there will be found distributed over the surface of the roots numerous sterile filaments which freciuently form masses of dark-bi'own mycelium. The fruiting or spore-bearing stage of the fungus is said to develop discontinuously ujion the ground along the outer mar- gin of the zone of dying plants and immediately above the matted mycelium. The spore-bearing portions are described as flattened, cushion-like, filamentous masses, 2 to 10 in. or more in extent and i in. in thickness. During the younger stages this mass is a creamy-white color, but in age becomes yellowish- brown and breaks up into a fine, powdery spore mass. The sterile mycelium is technically described and measurements are given for the spores. It appears that the spores retain their power of germination for at least a year. So far as this publication is concerned, the fungus has not been definitely identified. It is believed that resistant strains of alfalfa may be obtained to use in seeding infected areas. Potato scab, W. J. Morse (Elaine Sta. Bui. l.'fl, pp. 8i-92 ).^Accoi-ding to the author, the amount of potato scab is rapidly increasing in various portions of Maine, and the object of the bulletin is to warn growers of the gravity of the situation, and to suggest methods for control of the disease. After describ- ing the cause of the scab,, the conditions favorable for its development, and the management of infested soils, the author describes the formaldehyde treatment both in the form of gas and as a disinfecting solution for the prevention of the scab. For large (juantities of seed he reconmiends the use of formaldehyde gas generated by the use of potassium permanganate as the most practical disinfecting agent. The effects of some fungicides recommended for the prevention of stink- ing smut on the germination of wheat, G. L. Sutton and J. T. I'ridham (Agr. Gas. N. 8. Males. J8 (1907). Xo. 3. pp. 235-253, fiffs. 10).— The authors carried on a series of experiments in plats, boxes, etc., to determine the effects of fungicides on the germination of wheat under various conditions of experi- mentation. In the first series IS varieties of wheat were treated with hot water, formalin, copper suli)hate, copper sulphate solution and slaked lime, and copper sulphate solution and lime water to determine whether the treatment would h;ive an injurious effect on seed grain. Fi-om the tabular statements i»resented it is seen that the germination was retarded to some extent by the different treat- ments in the following order, beginning with the treatment which retarded the germination least: Formalin, copper sulphate and slaked lime, copper sulphate and lime water, hot water, and copper sulphate. The ameliorating effect of lime used after the copper-sulphate treatment is clearly indicated by this ex- periment, and the authors recommend its use either in the form of slaked lime or lime water whenever seed is treated with copper sulphate. A second series of experiments was conducted to ascertain whether it is advisable to treat the seed just prior to planting or whether it may be done with safety some time before planting. These exjieriments were divided into two parts. In one tlie seed was spread in the sun and dried immediately after DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1141 treatiuf?. while in the other tlie seed wiis not dried l>ut wiis hunj,' in liiigs in iin open shed so that the suporfinous moisture would drain away. The results obtained are not altogether conclusive, as beyond the fact that the seed treated with hot water became moldy and half rotten but little effect was noted which could l)e attributed to the treatment. In testing the relative merits of the different treatments for the prevention of snuit. formalin and cojiper sulphate treatments were used, and the etticiency of the copper sulphate was found to be in proportion to the strength of solution. Where copper sulphate in the proi)()rtion of 1 part to 100 was used its efficiency was about the same as where formalin was employed. A series of experiments to determine whether formalin or co])per sulphate treatment would jirevent reinfection with snuit was carried on with a number of varieties of wheat, in which the seed was treated and afterwards infected by the introduction of a large number of spores of the fungus. This series of experiments indicated that the protective layer or film of copi)er about the seed is quite beneficial, while formalin, as a protection against reinfection, has but slight effect. In experiments to determine the effect of the different fungicides on seed grain when planted in ground too dry for the seed to germinate, the results varied with the different varieties. It appears that for seed lying dormant in dry soil for a jieriod of 4 months there is no need of a protective film such as would be de]H)sited I)y the fungicide. Ustilago maydis on the adventitious roots of corn, .T. Chifflot (Compt. h'end. Acad. Sci. \l'(iris\. I.',', (1901), .\o. l-'i, pp. 16.'t-766). — Tlie author reports having observed on the adventitious roots of maize undoubted evidences of corn smut, and by inoculations he was able to produce the hypertrophied tissues- characteristic of the presence of the fungus. The raising of strains of plants resistant to fungus diseases, E. E. Salmon {Report of the Third Inter nut ionnl Conference, 1906. on Genetics. London: Roy. llort. Soc.. 1901, pp. SIS-SHJ,). — The author calls attention to the desirability of investigators devoting their work more largely to the i-aising of cultivated plants which are resistant to fungus diseases, and points out the varying susceptibility of different individuals to i)arasitism. He also states that different varieties of cultivated plants show very different constitutions with respect to fungus diseases, and tliat where such constitutional characters have been tested they have been found to be fixed for the species, variety, or race, and to transmit their inununity or susceptibility to tlieir progeny, the characters appearing unclianged in the hybrids. Ascogenous forms of Glceosporium and Colletotrichum, C. L. Shear and Anna K. Wood (Bot. (Jaz.. .',3 (1907), \o. }, pp. 2.i9-266).— On account of tlie importance of better information regarding the life histories of fungi, the authors studied a number of forms and have succeeded in growing both the conidial and ascogenous stages from 8 different hosts, as follows: Glocosporiiun, nifoinacnUins from grapes, G. friieti(/enuni from the apple, an api)arently unde- scribed (Jkeosporium from the cranberry, G. ela.'iticw from the leaves of the rubber plant, a form from the honey locust, one from Ginkgo biloba, Colleto- tricJiinn (josxypil from cotton, and C. lindcmuthiannm from cultivated beans. Of these the ascogenous form of only one had been hitherto reported. The authors found that in attemi)ting to make pure cultures they would fre- (jueiitly fail to secure the ascogenous form, but that once obtained it could be successfully grown on various media and under various conditions for several generations. Heretofore forms of these fungi occurring on different host plants have been regarded as distinct species, but the authors' studies have led to the conclusion 1142 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. that they can not be successfully segregated as species, as they were unable to find differences other than the host plant of sufficient constancy or importance to distinguish the species or even varieties. On this account the authors are for the pi'esent disposed to regard the various forms as varieties of one species, and for reasons presented they refer them all to GloinercUa rufomaculans, which was originally described from specimens from the grape. A brief account of these investigations has been given elsewhere (E. S. R.. 18. p 94^). An account of the genus Pythium and some Chytridiaceae, E. .J. Butler {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Sei:. I {1!)07), No. 5, pp. 161, pis. 10). — A mono- graphic study is given of the genus Pythium, in which the biology, phylogeny, and systematic relations are described. Most of the species are said to be saprophytic, although some have become hemisaprophytie, causing destructive plant diseases. In thrs respect they resemble parasites, although their best development occurs when living as saprophytes. Observations are given on some Chytridiaceae which are parasitic on aquatic Saprolegniaceje, etc., and a number of new species of the different genera ai'e described. Diseases of fruit and fruit-bearing plants {London: Bd. Agr. and Fisheries, 191)6, pp. 13, charts 7). — A series of colored charts with explanatory text illus- trating and describing the gross characters of a number of the more prevalent fungus diseases of fruits and fruit-bearing plants, and giving suggestions for their control or eradication. The charts are intended for hanging in school or lecture rooms, and the diseases illustrated are strawberry leaf-spot, straw- berry mildew, apple rot, cherry scab, apple mildew, apple canker, heart-wood rot, tree-root rot, bladder plums, peach leaf-curl, shot-hole fungus, leaf blight, apple scab, pear scab, brown rot, vine leaf-blotch, vine leaf-scorch, black rot of vine, powdery mildew of vine, pear leaf cluster-cups, apricot rust. American gooseberry disease, walnut leaf-blotch, cherry leaf-blotch, hazel mildew, and silver leaf. The scab of apples and pears, E. Voces {Dciif. Laiidir. Pressc, 3-'/ {1907), Nos. 33, pp. 216, 211 ; 3'/, pp. 2S-i, 285; 3:>, pp. 290, 291, figs, i?).— An account is given of the biology of the species of Fusicladium that cause the scab of apples, pears, and cherries. The organisms are described at length and the methods by which they gain entrance to the host plant, the effect produced on the hosts, the methods of propagation of the fungi, and the susceptibility of varieties to infec- tion are all treated at some length. The perennial mycelium of pear rust, K. von Tubeuf {Xaturic. Ztschr. Land u. ForsUv., 5 {1901), No. 4, pp. 211-219, fig. i).— The author figures and describes the appearance of the necidial stage of pear rust on shoots of trees where the mycelium nuist have been perennial, as the time of occurrence and location seem to indicate that it had wintered on the host plant. Oidium or powdery mildew of the vine, F. T. Bioletti {California i^ta. Bid. 1S6, pp. 315-3-')2, fi(fs. 11). — A description is given of the Oidium or powdery mildew of the vine, which is due to the sunmier or conidial phase of Unciniila spiralis. This disease, according to the author, is one of the most serious fungus diseases to which grapes in California are subject. After describing the fungus and its effect upon the host plant, the author gives accounts of the methods of treatment, the application of sulphur, it is claimed, being the most efficient. Methods of training, cultivation, and irri- gation which keep the vine dry minimize the danger of attack. The weather and season when the sulphur is api)lied are of great importance, and the number of treatments will vary with the locality, season, and variety. The cost of the sulphur and its application will vary from 50 cts. to .$2.2.i per acre, depend- ing upon the form of apparatus and the fineness of the sulphur. Thus far ECONOMIC ZOOLOCtY — ENTOMOLOGY. 1143 Aiiioriran niakcs of niacliiiios have been found inferior to some obtained in lOurope, which are especially adapted to the distribution of sulphur. Rose canker, I'. Sokaukk (Ztschr. I'fianzcnkrank.. 11 ( lUdl). So. 1. itp. 22-32, I'lx. 2). — A form of canker observed on Crimson Kamblcr and other roses which :\pi)ears as a result of frost injury near the base of .the stems is described. A similar injury is also reported upon various spir.-eas. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Recent progi-ess in the study of variation, heredity, and evolution, R. H. Lock (Loiidf/ii: ./. Miirnij/. J!)()6, /ip. .\'\'-\-2!>!), jils. .'>, fhjs. .'/?'). — In this volume an attempt is made to sun)marize some of the results of recent investiji;ations bearing upon the subject of heredity for the purpose of Indicating, wherever l)ossible, their value to the breeder of animals and plants. Especial attention is given to natiu'al selection, biometry, nuitation, ^lendelism. and cytology. Ex- amples chosen to illustrate various features of evolution and heredity are drawn both from the plant and animal kingdoms and from the work of recent and also some of the older investigators. Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States, E. A. Mearns (['. S. \G. i)t. 1. pp. XV+.').iO. pis. ?.?. fifjs. 126). ^The biological section attached to the international boundary survey between Mexico and the I'nited States made observations on the mammals and plants of that region. A list is given of the trees observed along the Mexican boundary line together with a general account of the botanical features of this region and the flora. 'J"he greater part of the volume (pp. 149-501) is occupied with a detailed dis- cussion of the mammals of the region belonging to the orders Marsupialia, Edentata. Ungulata, and Glires. Particular attention is devoted to the ground squirrels and mice. Useful birds and their protection, E. H. Forbush (Husfdii: Mass. Bd. Agr., mm', pp. XX+'iS7. pis. 56. figs. J7i).— The Massachusetts State Board of Agri- culture, in recognition of the economic importance of birds in the control of insect pests, provided an appropriation for the preparation of a volume covering the general habits of birds and their protection. The subject matter is largely based on the facts and conditions observed in Massachusetts, but also applies in large part to other sections of the country. The subjects discussed in the volume include the general value of birds to man ; their utility in orchards, woodlands, fields, and gardens, the natural checks which operate to diminish the multiplication of birds, and practical methods for the protection of all useful birds. An ornithological cross-section of Illinois in autumn, S. A. Forbes {BuI. lU. State Lab. Xat. Hist., 7 {1901). Art. 9, pp. 30.')-33o).— The purpose of the observations reported in this article was to determine the relative frequency of different species of birds, the feeding habits of which are fairly well known. For this purjKise two of the assistants of the author were instructed to travel across the State of Illinois from east to west, noting the species and number of individuals of birds which could be observed within a strip of land 150 ft. wide extending across the State. The area covered by these observations was 3.519 acres, and the total number of birds identified was 4,804, of which 1,620 were English sparrows and 3.184 native species. The observations showed the presence of 874 birds per square mile, or 1.3() per acre. A number of tables are presented, showing the relative^ frecjuency of the IS most important native birds of Illinois, the number of birds observed in fields of different crops, and the apparent preference of birds for certain crops. It 5871— No. 12—07 4 1144 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. is believed tliat after more field work of this sort has been done a reliable basis will be formed for generalizations regarding the actual value of birds to the fiirnier. A history of the commission of agricultural parasitology, A. Meraz (Bol. Com. Par. Ar/r., 4 {1901), No. 1, pl). 106, i)Is. 3). — The results obtained by the Mexican commission of agricultural parasitology during the past (! years are sunnnarized in this report with particular reference to the l)earing of this work vipon the advancement of ]iractical agriculture. Particular mention is made of the work of the commission in the study of injurious insects and fungus diseases. Entomological notes, W. \\\ Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales. 18 (1901), No. 2, pp. I.'i9-152). — Brief notes are given on the bot fly, the elephant beetle on apple trees, and wireworms in pastures. Report upon the work of the State crop pest commission, W. Newell (Crop PcfS7«. Bill. 90. pp. 16. figs. 9). — Attention is called to the possi- bility of introducing into Mississippi the San Jose scale, new peach scale, woolly aphis, strawlierry louse, cotton-boll weevil.' black knot, crown gall, and peach rosette. These pests and fungus diseases are briefly described and directions are given for combating them if they should appear. A natural history of the British lepidoptera, J. W. Tutt (LoikIoh: Swan, Houncnsclicin cC Co.; Berlin: Friedliinder tt Son, 1906, vol. 5, pp. XIII +5.58. pis. 6). — In the first part of this volume a general account is given of hybrids and mongrels among lepidoptera with numerous instances of each and with mention of the laws of heredity observed in these phenomena. The greater part of the volume is occupied with a detailed account of the group Alucitides, including descriptions of species, analytical tables for identi- fication of species, and biological notes. The principal animal enemies of wheat, L. Vivauelli (Rivista. 4. ser., IS (1901), Nos. 1, pp. 5-9; 2, pp. 33-31; 3, pp. 56-60; J,, pp. 80-84; 5. pp. 105-108; 6. pp. 129-131; 1, pp. 158-161; 8, pp. 112-11 4, figs. 3).— The author presents a general review of the known facts regarding the appeai-ance, biology, and means of combating the more important insect and other enemies of wheat. In this discussion notes are given on cockchafers, wireworms, mole crickets, cutworms, Hessian fly, wheat midge, Sitophyliis granarivs, grain weevil, nema- tode worms, and certain species of birds. Thrips, L. P. de Bussy (Elcded. Deli-Proefsiat. Medan, 1 (1901), No. 5, pp. 112-11 'i). — A brief report is made of the injury to tobacco as a result of a seri- ous infestation with tobacco thrips. In combating this pest the best results were obtained from the thorough application of kerosene emulsion. Economic notes on aphids and coccinellids, R. 11. .Ioiinson (Ent. News, 18 (1901), No. 5, pp. 11 1-11 'i)- — In studying lady beetles the author has had occa- sion to observe plant lice on various native and introduced sjiecies of plants, some of which are not commonly reported as being infested with plant lice. It appears that the lady birds which feed upon these plant lice are not found in the same abundance on all of the host plants upon which the plant lice feed. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOC V. 1145 The apple woolly aphis and remedial measures. Green apple leaf aphis and remedies, U. I. Smith ((la. Ud. JJiil. Jiiil. .?.;. jip. '/S'. /if/s. ID). — A coiuii.-rr- isou of viirioiis remedies for the woolly uphis showed that kerosene eiiiuision used at a stren.i^th of IT) per cent is most effective. In api)l.vinfi lliis remedy tiie soil should be r«>moved to a de])th of '2i to '.'> in. nninnd llie trunks of trees and the kerosene emulsion api)Iied directly to the snil. For small trees the area thus treated ina\' he .". ft. in (liaineler. and for this from 2i to 3 gal. of kero- .scne (Muulsion would he retiuired. For larj;er ti-ees with roots spreadiiifi :> or 4 ft. in all directions, soil should be removed from a cii-cle of not less than 4 ft. in diameter and from ."i to i\ S cts. per tree. One ajpplication is sutHcienI fur a year, and two aitjilications in successive years will I>ractically destroy the woolly ajihis. Less satisfactory results were obtained from tht> use of tobacco dust, tol)acco stems, carbon bisulphid, and whale-oil soap. The ai)ple leaf aphis may be successfully controlled by sprayinj; with a tobacco decoction pre])ared by boiling ."> lbs. of tobacco stems in .") gal. of water for 2 hours or by spraying with a 20 per cent kerosene enmlsion. Results obtained by Berlese and Silvestri in combating the olive fly, CuBOXi (Bol. Qiiind. Soc. Af/r. Hal.. 12 (1D07). \o. 7. pp. 220-231) .—Tht- injuries cau.sed by the olive fly have been successfully combated by the use of a unxture containing (k) parts molasses, 31 of honey, 2 of glycerin, and 2 of arsenate of soda. Before using, this stock mi.xture is diluted with 10 parts of water. Fruit fly, J. S. Jefferson (Jour. Drpt. Ayr. West. Aust., 15 {1901), 'No. 3, lip. 161-lGG). — In combating this pest it is necessary ])i-omptly to remove and destroy infested fruit in order to prevent the great nndtiplication of the fly. I'.rief notes are given on the distribution of the fly in Western Australia and the probable means by which it is accomplished. The fruit-tree leaf-roller, J. M. Stedman (Missouri Sta. Bui. 71. pp. 21. fh/s. I'l). — Cucacia argyro-'^pUa fortunately does not occur every year in large num- bers. In some cases the damage is excessive to all kinds of orchard trees. In the experiments carried out by the author it was found that the insect has lint one brood annually, that the winter is passed in the egg stage on twigs and small branches, and that the larvjip appear in May and feed upon the young leaves and buds. These larvpe are partly protected by the leaves which they fasten about them, but the thorough application of arsenate of lead just before th(> blossoms open or just after they have fallen and hefoi-e the larvtie have completed their leaf nest gives satisfactory results. The gipsy moth in Maine, E. F. IIitchings (Bui. Maine Dcpt. Af/r., 6 (1D07), Xo. 1, pp. 18. pis. 2, fir/s. 5). — A brief historical account is given of the gipsy moth in the United States, and i)articularly in Maine, together with notes on the habits and life history of the insect. The present status of the moth in Maine is indicated, and a copy is given of the recent State law for the protection of trees and shrubs and of the rules adopted by the commissioner of agriculture in carrying out this law. Spiders and the nun moth, C. Loos (Crnlhl: Gesaiii. For.shr.. .i.l (lUOl"), .\ {I'Jir,), \o. 7, j,/). J!).^-.^!)'i).~-ln outbivalcs of llatridity aiiumg sill^wonns, the author obtained excellent results iu controlling the disease by fumigating with a mixture of nitrati' of jtotash and snli)hur, alldwing tlie fumes to operate for 24 hours. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. Twenty-first annual report of the Ohio dairy and food commissioner, IT. Ankkney (.1//;/. h'pf. Ohio Ditiiii iiihl Food Voiiir., dl {J!)06), pp. 9. I'ackard. II. K. Wkicht. and C. F. CuRTiss (Des Moines: loica Dept. Agr.. 101)6, pp. J/l). — Data regarding the composition of concentrated feeds and condimental feeds have been noted from publications of the Iowa Experiment Station (E. S. R., 18, p. 966). Proteids in the peanut seed, M. Soave (Ann. R. Accad. Af;r. Torino, JfS (mo-)), p. 1: ah.s. ill Zciithl. Physiol., 20 (1906), No. 23, p. 773).— X proteid with diastatic properties was isolated, as well as two proteids soluble respectively in sodium-chlorid solution and a dilute alkaline solution. These soluble pro- teids on hydrolysis yielded different amounts of histidin and arginin. and so may be regjyded as different bodies. No alcohol soluble proteid resembling zein w;is foimd. Oil-bearing seeds i'J'niiisiaal .\(/r. Jour.. .7 (1907). \o. IS. pp. 'ill. 'il2). — A note reporting analyses of " Marula " nuts and " Maraamas " beans. The latter plant is not identified botanically. BOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 1149 Concerning a little-known edible mushroom, A. R. Chiappella (Ztschr. Vnttrmch. Xahi: u. (irniiKsmtl.. J.i UOHl), .Vo. 7, pp. 38/,-389). — Descriptive and analytical data rcf,'ardin}j; an edible nmslirooni (Boletus hellini) are re- ported and discussed. The identification of schi fruit and illipe fruit and their products, E. ScHAi'iNrr {LuiKlir. Vcr.s. Htut., 65 {11)01), No. 5-0, pp. .W)-.'i5G, pi. i).— The niamifacture of culinary fats from the fruits of Butyrofipcnnum parlcii and illij)e species is described. The residue from fat extraction is used to some extent as a feedinj: stuff and as an adulterant for concentrated feeds. The microscopic structure of tbese materials is descril)ed with a view to tbeir identification. Concerning the ash content of paprika, R. Windisch {Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. u. Geiiii.ssintl., IS {1907), No. 7. i)p. .?.S.9-3.97 ) .— The results of studies of the ash content of a mimber of sorts of paprika are discussed with reference to the use of such datii for the detection of adulteration. According to the author, an ash content of 7 to 8 per cent is not proof that ]iai)rilva is adulterated, provided a careful study of other characteristics or constituents indicate that it may be pure. Concerning edible earths, Bah,and {Jour, riiarin. ct Chim., 6. ser., 23 {V.mi), pp. 1SI-1S3; (f/Av. ill Ztschr. Untcr.siich. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 13 {1907), No. 7, p. 'i33). — As analyses show, so-called edible earths contain no nutritive material. Lead and arsenic in tartaric acid, citric acid, and cream of tartar, A. W. J. MacFadden {Local Gort. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], Med. Dept., Rpts. Iiisp. Foodn, 1907, No. 2, pp. 10). — With a view to obtaining data for standards of purity a large mnnber of samples of tartaric acid and cream of tartar were examined. Small ((uantities of lead were found in nearly every sample and very small quanti- ties or traces of arsenic in a number of samples, these metals being accidental impurities. " I>ead and arsenic are two substances in which the deleterious etfect of continued ingestion of small doses has been clearly shown. It should be the aim of the manufacturer to exclude both these substances from articles of food and food ingredients. Looking to all the circumstances, however, and having in view the quantities in which tartaric and citric acids and cream of tartar are consumed in food, drinks, medicines, etc., it is reasonable to conclude that minute amounts of lead or arsenic (arsenious oxid) below ().0()2 per cent and o.(MM)14 per cent, resi)ectively, would not be sufficient to justify their con- demnation." Concerning the water content of cooked sausage, II. Luhrig and A. Sartori (I'tninn. Criifnilhiiilc. ',s W-XH ) . No. I'l. pp. .iti5-iGH) . — The data here given include determinations of the water content of small sausages known as Vienna sausage or Frankfort sausage, before and after smoking, after the short cook- ing in hot water which the .sausage receives at the factory and after the further cooking to which they are usually submitted before they are eaten. The work was undertaken with a view to securing data for use in the prevention of an imdue water content wIkmi sold. The preservation of eggs by water glass and the composition of the pre- served eggs, J. llENDRicK {Jour. Ayr. tici.. 2 {1901). No. 1, pp. 100-105). — The examination of a large number of eggs preserved in trade lots in large tubs showed that a few were bad or unsalable. For instance, out of 384 dozen eggs examined ."i dozen, or 1.8 per cent, were bad, the great majority being broken or cracked eggs. The eggs preserved in water glass were usually of good ((ual- ity and could hardly be distinguished in appearance, flavor, and smell, either raw or cooked, from so-called fresh eggs — that is, eggs a few days old. As the 1150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. period of preservation increases a distinct change is noted both by the eye and palate. Eggs whicli have been 3 or 4 years in water ghiss are easily recog- nized, the white becoming pink in color and very limpid. " The slight alteration in the flavor of the egg and in the liquidness of the white may he due to the increase in soda." Even when 4 years old no unpleasant taste or smell was observed and the white coagulated in the usual manner when cooked. There was a slight characteristic odor which did not suggest sulphureted hydrogen. "The changes in the preserved eggs take place vei\v gradually. At 1 year old they are hardly noticeable; at 2 years they are distinct, but not so distinct as at 3 or 4 years old." To summarize the data gained from general observations a number of experi- ments were made in which fresh eggs and eggs preserved for different lengths of time were compared, the jirincipal results being as follows; Coiiipositioji iif ffcsJi and preserved egffs. Kind of egg. Fresh eggs Eggs preserved 1 year . Eggs preserved 2 years Eggs preserved 2 years Eggs preserved 3 years Water. Nitro- gen. Per cent. Per cent. 73.18 2.11 73.55 2.01 73.73 2.07 72. 12 2.17 74.66 2.10 Per cent. 10.40 10.70 10. 41 11.19 9.42 Ash. Per cent. 1.02 .93 1.02 0.92 1.00 Per cent. 0.120 .101 .073 .075 .069 Soda. Per cent. 0.194 .215 .311 .296 .343 Silica. Per cent. ■ 0.010 .022 .039 .023 .019 In general, " there is practically no change in the composition of eggs even from lengthened immersion in water glass. Practically no silica and very little, if any, soda find their way into the eggs." To determine whether much silica was deposited in the shells of preserved eggs the shell and adhei'ing membrane of a number of samples were analyzed. " If we omit the different quantities of organic matter adhering to the shells, the main difference between the different samples is in the amount of silica which they contain. In the fresh eggs this is about 0.5 per cent, and it in- creases according to the length of time the eggs have been in the solution. In the eggs Ayhich were 3 years in the solution the silica amounts to nearly 2.5 per cent. It appears, then, that a slow^ deposition of silica takes place in the shell of the egg. The percentage of lime in the shells remains practically constant. This deposition of silica in the shells probably blocks up the pores of the shells to some extent and renders them less permeable." Analyses of the sodium silicate used for the preservation of eggs showed that it " does not contain quite sufficient soda to form the acid metasilicate, NaHSiOa. The solution given by the water glass is strongly alkaline in reaction." A sample of sirup-thick water glass contained 37.91 per cent silica, 10.48 per cent soda, and 0.14 per cent potash, and a solution prepared for preserving eggs 2.7G per cent silica, 1.20 per cent soda, and 0.01 per cent potash. Influence of temperature and atmospheric moisture on the preservation of eggs, De Lovr.RDO iCompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. \ Paris], J//// (1907). pp. Jil-'iS). — Fresh eggs, it was found, could be preserved for months in the cold without loss in weight or any apparent change, provided the temperature was kept at — 1° C. and the moisture content of the air at 78°. If the temperature is lower than —1.5° C. the eggs freeze, while if the air is more moist they will mold. Chemical composition of oyster liquor, J. Baylac (Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. |Por/.s-], 672 {1907). No. 6, pp. 250-2.52).— Analyses of the liquor of oysters from tlie Mediterranean and from the ocean, which are re])orted in full, showed that the composition of the liquor of each variety is relatively constant as regards FOODS — HUMAN NTTTRITIOIT. 1151 jilbuniin (about 2 gni. por liter boinjj; present), iir^\-i, animoninm salts, phos- phates, siilpiiates. flilorids, potassium, silica, eto. The Mediterranean oyster liiiuor contained a larjrer ([uantity of orj^anic material than tliat of oysters from I lie (x-i-an. Experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, 1903-1904, F. (i. IJk.nkdk r and U. I). Milnkk ( T. >S. Ihpl. .\St(ts. linl. rio. pp. .i.i'i. pJx. J. fi(/s. //). — Like the experiments reported in earlier bulletins (E. S. 11., 15. p. on such de- mands, and the actual nntrilive \alncs of the different kinds of food materials and tlieir ingredients. These experiments differ materially from those pre- viously i-eported, however, in that the resjiir.-ition calorimeter with which they were made has undergone an important modification which i)ermits the direct nieasurement of the amount of oxygen consumed by the subject, thus affording a more ci>mplete balance of income and outgo of matter and energy than has ever been possible hitherto. The account of the experiments is i)receded by a description of the respira- tion calorimeter in its i)resent form. As modified, the apparatus is of the rotein, iirotein as a source of energy for nuiscular work, the relative efficiency of fats and carbo- liydrates in rations for muscular work, the conservation of energy in the body, and prolilems of ventilation. .Vs regards the theory that protein is the source of muscular work the results (.f the investigations reported indicate that with all due allowance for any delay in the excretion of nitrogen resulting from the katabolism of protein induced by severe muscular work, the total probable disintegration is still far from sullicient to supply all the energy for external muscular work. .\s regards tlie relative efficiency of fats and carbohydrates in rations for nuiscular work the results, in the authors' opinion, "seem to wai'rant the belief that fats are jjossibly slightly inferior to carbohydrates as sources of energy for nuiscular work." The following deductions the authors consider justilied from the data sup- plied regarding ventilation : "An increase in the amount of carbon dioxid present in tlie air is abscdutely without effect on the mental and bodily comfort of the subjects of the exi)eriments. These subjective observations are ]>aralleled by observations on the resjiiratory exchange and heat output, neither of which factors is in ;uiy way affected. The so-called concomitant impurities of the earlier writers were not discovered in this research. The subjects at. no time complained of headache or other discomfort. It is conceivable, to be sure, that the impurities from one individual would have no deleterious effect ui)on the same individual, but might have on another; yet the water condensed from the respired air, which would probably contain large proportions of such impurities if there had been any, when injected into white rats showed no indication what- ever of any \irulent toxic poison; and ... [it seems probable! that the \inusuai control of thermometric and hygrometric conditions of this form of res])iration calorimeter precludes conditions of temperature and Immidity ordinarily present in poorly ventilated rooms." 1152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The functions of food in the body, A. Rabagliat (London: Elliot f^tock, 1907, PI). Vj; rer. in Brit. Med. .Jour.. 1907, Xo. 2-',19, p. 1125).— An this discus- sion of body dynamics tiie autlior advances the theory that the body secures its energy during sleep, though he admits that the ultimate source of vital energj' is not known. In his opinion, energy is not derived from food and he believes that man eats too uuich. A graphic method in practical dietetics, I. Fisher {Jour. Aiiicr. Med. A.s.s'oc, .'fS {1907). Xo. 16. pp. 1316-1325, ficia. 15). — The data rei)orted in this description of a method and apparatus for determining food values have been noted from another publication (E. S. R.. 17, p. 1174). Biological energetics. The greater expenditure of energy pertaining to a meat diet in comparison with the expenditure which occurs when food materials containing all 3 nutrients are consumed, A. Chaveau {Compt. Rend. Aead. Hci. [Paris], lU {1907), Xo. .'/, pp. 173-178, flff. i).— Experiments were made with dogs at rest and performing a known amount of work to determine the relations existing between the nature of the luitrients and the activity of the respiratory exchanges taken as an indication of the expenditure of energy occurring in connection with their assimilation. There were experi- ments with no food as a basis of comparison and others with a uniform basal quantity of meat supplemented by equivalent quantities of sugar, fat, and meat. According to the author, the results of both the rest and the work experiments agree in showing that the utilization of the nutrients by the organism, that is, their digestion, absorption, and assimilation, entails an Increased consumption of oxygen, indicative of an increase in the energy expenditure of the organism, the Increase being slight in the case of the carl)ohydrates, somewhat greater in the case of fat, and very decidedly larger in the case of the protelds. The author states that there is no indication that this extra energy metabolism is due to Increased Internal activity of the organism and he believes that the cause, whatever it may be. is not in accord with the principle of Isodynamism. Concerning the rapidity of protein cleavage in the animal body, W. Falta (Deut. Arch. Klin. Med., 36 {1906), pp. 517-56-'/ ; ahs. in Zentbl. Gesam. Fhyfdol. u. Path. Sto-fttcechsels, n. ser., 2 {1907), Xo. 1, p. 29). — According to the author's observations, the cleavage of large quantities of pure protelds in the body does not progress as rapidly as has been supposed, 3 or 4 days being re- quired for the excretion of all the nitrogen derived from even those which are easily broken down. The rapidity of cleavage differs with various pi'otelds, and the protelds studied may be arranged according to this property in the following groups: (1) Gelatin, casein, serum albumin and tibrin, {'2) blood global, (3) hemoglobin, and (4) ovovitellin and genuine ovalbumin. Nitrogen retention and similar (juestions are discussed. Concerning the digestibility of fat in the animal body, S. Levites {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., J,9 {1906), No. 2-3, pp. 273-285).— Experiments on the digestibility of butter fat, beef suet, and lard led to the following conclusions: The digestibility of fat involves two chemical processes, namely, the cleavage of the fat into fatty acids and glycerin and the formation of salts of the fatty acids. Neither of these processes is carried on to completion since the con- dition of e(iuillbrlum Is always reached between neutral fat and fatty acids or neutral fat and fatty acids and their salts. In the stomach fat undergoes only a little chemical change (saponification) so long as the liquid from the duode- num does not pass into the stonuich. When this takes place the fat cleavage is considerable. Fat is not resorbed in the stomach. Resorption takes place first in the upper part of the small intestine, either in the form of free fat or free fatty acid, but further investigations are needed before the form in which fat is resorbed can be stated. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1153 A parallelism may be noted between fat cleavage (saponification) and fat resorption, and the jjreater the cleavage the greater the resori)tion. Fat withont I lie addition of otlier food stnffs is well assimilated by the body, the proportion ri'sorbed being abont 0(j per cent in the case of butter and beef fat. Lard is somewhat less thoroughly assimilated, probably owing to its laxative properties. 'IMie expeiMments i'ei)orted were made with dogs having operative fistulje. The effect of training upon the muscular power with isometric work, A. F. IlKi.i.sTKN (Sh-aiid. Arch. PhiiHioL, J!) (1907), No. 1-3, pp. 218-230).— Yrom investigations with young men In training for a boat race, the author concludes that in order to obtain the maximmn effort from a muscle or group of nuisdes the power of coordination must be develoju'd. The relation of this power to fatigue and related matters are spoken of. Fatigue manifests itself more slowly with trained than with untrained muscles. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Feeding stuff inspection, ('. 1). Woods and J. ^L Barti.ett (Maine Sta. Bui. 1)2. II p. !)3-ll.'i). — ^The feeding stuffs examined under the pi'ovisions of the State law included cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, linseed meal, gluten feed and meal, distillers' grains, brewers' grains, alfalfa meal, proprietar.v feeds, molasses .•md sugar feeds, corn and oat feeds, oat feeds, homin.y feeds, miscellaneous starchy feeds, wheat offals, and beef scraps. Most of the feeding stuffs met, or very nearly met, their guarantee. " The cotton-seed meal .situation has been a very unfortunate one in Maine the present .vear. In the late fall the cotton crop was very seriously damaged by a storm wliich resulted in a smaller yield of cotton seed than was anticipated, and also made considerable dark-colored meal. This shortage materially ad- \anced the price of choice cotton-seed meal and increased the quantity of meal that was below prime in quality." Many feeding stuff's composed of refuse from milling oats, corn, etc., are on the market. "For the most part these goods are fairly well up to their guar- antee and no fault can be found with the manufacturer for desiring to sell these waste products. Vew or no claims are made for nutrients which the goods do not actually carry." Though many of the corn and oat feeds meet their guarantee this was not the case with some of the corn and oat feeds and mixed feeds. " There is no class of feeding stuffs in which the consumer needs to use greater care at present than in the i)urclinse of mixed feeds. While the regular brands are all right, as they have lieen in the past, there are some spurious articles in the market." Ai)i)arently fraud was intended with only one brand of wheat offals. As regards I)eef scraps it was pointed out that the guarantee placed on the goods is in some instances at least only a very general guide to their actual composition. Stall feeding versus grazing, A. M. Soile and J. It. Fain (Virf/inia f>ta. liiil. II! 'i, pii. -ll-SS, fi(/s. 11). — Tests were made to compare the cost and possible Iirofits of fattening cattle in stalls with feeding a low grain ration through the winter in stalls and finishing on grass. In the test with stall-fed cattle, which covered ISO days. (5 lots of 8 steers each were used. It was also a part of the i)lan to study the comparative value of different corn produ<-ts wlieii U'd witli cotton-seed meal and so the grain ration, which averaged (J.T li>s. per head i)er day at the beginning of the test, was made nil of ear corn, split corn, fine corn-and-cob meal, and coarse corn-and-cob meal each with cotton-seed meal 1 : 1, and shelled corn and corn meal each with cotton-seed me.il about 2:'\. The coarse fodder in every case consisted of corn silage, hay. and corn stover. As the test progressed the amount of grain and 1154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the proportion of corn were increased, but the grain never exceeded 12.5 llis. per head per day. The gains ranged from 1.29 lbs. per head per day on the split corn and cotton-seed meal ration to 1.74 lbs. on corn meal with cotton-seed meal. Con- sidering the average values the gain on the whole corn rations \Vas 1.42 lbs. per head per day and on the corn meal of different sorts 1.52 lbs. As regards the feed eaten per pound of gain the highest values 7.4G lbs. grain and 20.02 lbs. coarse fodder, were noted with the split corn ration and the lowest values, 5.52 lbs. grain and 15.23 lbs. coarse fodder, with the corn meal ration. Pigs followed each lot of cattle fed a ration containing whole corn, the number per lot being 2 at the beginning and 4 at the close of the test. The best gain, 0.78 lb. per head per day, was made on shelled corn and the smallest gain 0.0 11)., by the animals following steers fed split corn. " Though 3.25 lbs. of cotton-seed meal were fed per head per day during the entire feeding period of 180 days, in only one instance did the hogs following show any evidence of ill health. Of the 12 hogs following tlie cattle, 1 died suddenly, but the cause could not be determined. " The hogs following the groups receiving whole corn made 037 lbs. of pork, which, at 5 cts., was worth .$46.85 or .$1.95 per steer. This gave the groups receiving whole corn a material advantage over those fed ground corn. " These results indicate that cattle can not be fed in the stall under a margin of 75 cts. where they are charged the full market price for all the foodstuffs fed. On the basis of the actual cost of the foodstuffs on the farm, they could often l)e fed on a margin of 50 cts. and still give the farmer a fair profit on his operations." The possible profits from feeding cattle in stalls are discussed on the basis of different margins, and in the authors' judgment it would be comparatively easy under good management to feed Iieef cattle on a margin of 1 per cent profit on the basis of the gains and food cost indicated in this report. Where larger gains are obtained and the food is secured at a lower cost the profits would be correspondingly greater. In the second test 4 lots of 9 steers each were fed in stalls for 161 days a low grain ration, 2 lbs. per head per day, made up of corn-and-cob meal and cotton- seed meal 1 : 1, and supplemented respectively by hay, corn stover, corn silage, and a mixture of the silage and stover 1 : 1. and then pastured for 138 days, the range being at the rate of 5 acres per steer. While in stalls the average gain per head per day varied from 0.12 11). with the stover-fed lot to 0.85 lb. on silage. On pasture the smallest gain, l.(!7 ll3s. per head per day, was noted with the lot which had been fed a mixture of silage and stover and the greatest gain, 2.2 lb.s., with the hay-fed lot. Considering the test as a whole, the smallest gain, 1.05 lbs., was noted with the stover lot and the greatest gain, 1.20 lbs., with the silage lot. The gain was least expensive, when the whole test was considered, with the silage-fed lot, costing 4.12 cts., and greatest with the hay-fed lot, being 6.64 cts. per pound, values which are about half of those noted with the stall-fed cattle in the first test. A special object of the investigation was to compare silage and stover, and a slaughter test showed that the average dressed weight of the silage-fed cattle was 57.07 per cent and that of the stover-fed cattle 56.3 per cent of the live weight. Though the i)ercentage difference was small the extra amount of beef produced on the silage ration, according to the authoi's' calculation, was 316 li)s., which, at 8 cts. per pound; would make $25.28, or about 25 cts. per 100 lbs. live weight, in favor of the silage I'ation. " From the results it appears that the cattle receiving silage as their sole roughness during the winter made the largest average gains, did not drift ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1155 materially when tnrnod on grass after the first 10 days, slaughtered out to better advantajic ihnn liie dry-fed cattle, aud were in a thriftier and better condition tlirou,i,'hout the entire feeding i)eriod. This is sutlicient prcjof of the fact that succulent foods can be fed to cattle maintained as stockers aud fin- ished on grass. . . . "Cattle can be handled advantageously as stockers and finished on grass on a margin of 25 cts. where silage or stover or other inexpensive forms of roughness are used during the winter. Mixed hay proved so expensive that there was a loss with it on a margin of 50 cts. "The cost of a i)ound of gain with the stall-fed cattle varied from 7.33 to O.oi cts.; Willi the stocker cattle from 4.12 to 6.G4 cts. It cost . . . nearly twice as much to make a pound of gain in the stall as where the animals were finished on grass. . . . " The beef made per acre by the grazers varied from 4(i to HO lbs., or a return of from .$2.12 to .$2.,S2 per acre. An acre in silage yielding S tons will provide roughness for 4 animals for 180 days, which shows the importance of the silo where intensive farming is practiced, and the fact that larger returns can be secured from the land through the medium of the silo than were obtained through grazing in these experiments. . . . " The deductions to be drawn from the experiments with feeders are as fol- lows: Feed a small grain ration — not over 2 lbs. per head per day to com- mence with, and increase it gradually until the cattle are ultimately con.suming 15 lbs. per head per day. A liberal ration of silage should be fed throughout the test, decreasing the amount consumed toward the close of the feeding period. Only a minimum amount, not over 2 to 4 lbs., of stover or other dry inexpensive forms of roughness need be fed. " It w(mld appear that silage may constitute the chief source of roughness for stockers ; that a grain ration of 2 lbs. per head per day is sufficient to insure their making substantial and profitable gains during the winter; that the best results will be obtained when the ration consists of equal parts of corn-aud-cob meal and cotton-seed meal or some other food rich in protein. " The feeding value of silage is in a large measure due to its comparative richness in nutrients especially suited for the nourishment of cattle, its ease of digestion as compared with dry foods, its palatability due to its aroma and succulence, and the fact that it aids in cooling the system and keeping it free of effete material and kee])ing the circulation active." Baby beef, E. G. Ritzma.nn (U. S. Dept. Af/r., Bur. Anin). Iiidiifi. Rpt. 1005, III). 181-212. pis. 2. flgs. 3: Circ. 10.'), pp. S't. flf/s. 6).— The feeding, care, and management of cattle to produce early maturity — i. e.. baby beef — are discussed as well as the i>resent condition of the industry in the United States and similar topics. " Baby beef is a special article in which the essential characteristics are early maturity, quality, finish, aud thickness of flesh. Nine out of ten yearlings sent to market for slaughter do not class as baby beef, because they lack finish or quality, while some are overfed or 'overdone.' This results from lack of a proper understanding of the (lualities that constitute the condition known as ripeness or ' finish." . . . " Maturity for the block in beef cattle means that condition when they have reached full growtli of iiody and are thoroughly fat or ripe for slaughter. The average age at which (-attle are now fully grown and fattened for the mai'ket is between 2 and 3 years. Early maturity, therefore, means that the animal has been fully grown and fattened in less than the average length of time re/. Af/r., liar. Aiiini. Indus, Rpt. I'M).-), pp. I6l-l.sfi. pis. .',; circ. JO.',, pp. 29, pis. .j).— The Welsh hreed of cattle is cdiisidered to lie very vahiahh' in (Jreat Britain. The cows are sood milkers l.\it the breed is chiefly famous for its feedinj,' (lualities and the admitted excel- lence of the carcass. The author has summarized data regarding the origin and history, characteristics, feeding and manaj;ement of Welsh cattle, prices of I'cdijrreed stock, and similar topics. "Welsh cattle are sometimes criticized on tin' score of lat(> maturity. They jirohably were somewhat slow feeders in the |iast, hut the adherents of the im- ]ii-oved hreed claim it is now in th(^ front rank of i-ajiiil fatteners. . . . •• The Welsh is not one of tlie so-called 'fashionable" breeds: consequently pure-bred animals of ,i;ood (luality can generally be bought for nnich less than ilie prices paid for well-bred sjiecimens of such breeds as liie Shorthorn. Here- ford, or Aberdeen-Angus." ^eep feeding, V. W. Wiisox {Ai-izaiid SUi. h'lil. IHOii. pp. J')2. 153). — Alfalfa and barley hay, alone, mixed, and supiileniented by o.-it hay were com- pared with 4 lots of 10 shee]i each. In the 38 days of the test there was a loss of 2.5 lbs. per lot ou the barley hay ration, and gains of 27.r> lbs. on alfalfa and barley hay. 35 lbs. on alfalfa, barley hay, and oat hay. and \ U) lbs. on alfalfa hay alone. In the case of tlie last mentioned lots, the feed e.iten per ])ound of gain ranged from G.9() lbs. on alfalfa hay alone to 27.0!) lbs. on alfalfa and barley hay. The greatest range in cost of a pound of gain was also noted with these lots, being 3.1 cts. and 12.2 cts., respectively. "Alfalfa hay seems to be mori' ])alatable to sheep than barley hay or oat hay. This was clearly shown in the lots receiving alfalfa as a part of the ration. The sheep picked out a greater jiortion of the alfalfa and ate it before eating the balance of the ration. "Oat hay seems more palatable to them than barley hay. The beards from barley roll up between tlie teeth and the jaw. causing irritation. The lots I'cceiving barley as a part of the ration were troubled a great deal and had to have the beards removed." The results are in accord with those reported with steers in an earlier publi- cation of tlie station (E. S. K.. 17, p. 278). Sheep breeding, V. W. Wii,so>r { Arir.oini Sta. h'pt. I'.UHi. jip. J.lS-l-l-i). — Hrief statements are made regarding the progress of breeding tests using native ewes and a Tunis buck. Sweet clover in San Luis Valley, (". A. Lyman (Breeder's flaz., 51 (1907), \ii. n. p. 961). — Sweet clover, according to the author, when young and ten- der, is an excellent pasture plant for jiigs. It should be cut when l>. 2Si;-.:;90). — Tables are given which show the prices of various classes of live slock at Chicago and Omaha during the year 1905. The movement of live stock (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1905, pp. 291-293).- — iJata regarding the receipts and shipments of live stock and other topics concerning the commercial movement of live stock are sum- marized. Registered live stock in the United States December 31, 1905 (V. 8. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1905, pp. 29^-297).— Statistical data are summarized. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1159 DAIRY FARMING -DAIRYING. Investigations on the influence of proteids upon milk production and on the relation between starch value and milk yield, A. Mougkn, C. Beger, and F. Westhaussek {LuikIic. IC/.s-. ,stiit.. (id {1901), No. 1-2, pp. 63-165). — lu experiments with 10 sheep and 1 goat the authors studied the effects of increas- hiK the daily allowance of digestil)le protein from li kg. to 9 kg. iu rations con- taining different amounts of fat. The results showed that an increase in the amount of protein was followed in most instances by an increase in the yield of milk and milk constituents. The i»ercentages of fat and total solids in the milk, however, were decreased. The increase in the yield of milk due to the feeding of more protein was most marked when the fat content of the ration was 1 kg. per 1,000 kg. live weight. The decrease in the fat content of the milk was more marked when the fat in the ration was low than when it was normal or high. A large amount of fat in the ration increased apparently the yield and fat content of the milk. Rations having the same starch value exerted the same influence upon milk liroduction only when the amounts of protein and fat necessary for a maximum production were present. The effect of feeding cows rations rich and poor in proteids, A. Schmeck (///M.S'. Luiiihr. /J. l.'i 1-1 ',.',). — The average eompositiou of 13.513 samples of milk received from farms and examined during 19()6 was as follows: Specific gravity 1.0322, total solids 12.(;4 per cent, and fat 3.71 per cent. The average fat content of the morning's milk was 3.55 per cent and of the evening's milk 3.88 per cent. Contribution to the knowledge of milk, E. Fynn (Centm. Bait, [etc.], 2. AM., IS il'JOl), .\o. i.J-J.J. pp. Ji2S-Jili9, pis. 2). — Samples of whole milk and milk diluted to different degrees with water were sterilized by heating at 105° C. on 3 consecutive days. The author observed after 1 week certain microscopic changes in the samples which were attributed to peptonization, and which were more marked the greater the dilution. The samples were studied microscopically in hanging-drop preparations made by diluting a drop of the milk with water and staining by the addition of borax-methylene blue. The many changes ob- served in the fat globules are described in detail and fully illustrated. The author also describes the cellular elements observed in both human and cow's milk and the changes taking place in them when mixed with sterile bouillon and kept in the incubator for several days. In sterile bouillon to which a few drops of blood were added similar transformed cellular elements were observed. The observations, however, are insufficient to warrant definite conclusions as to whether or not certain cellular elements in milk are derived from the blood. Sterile milk when added to bouillon seemed to exert a slight ixictericidal action toward the typhoid bacilli. Nature and value of goat's milk, A. Burr {Milch Zt{/., .36 {1907), Xos. 19, pp. 219. 220; 20. pp. 229. 230; 21. pp. 2.'il. 2-'i2). — This is a compilation of infor- mation relating to the comiKisition and utilization of goat's milk. The acid coagulation of milk, C. Revis and A. Payne {Jour. Hipj. [Cam- bridffe], 7 {1907), ^o. 2, pp. 216-231). — Experiments were undertaken to secure information on the increase in acidity of milk in relation to the development of lactic-acid bacteria. The results failed to throw light on the cause of the delay in acid formation in comparison with the increase in bacteria, but are considered by the authors as elucidating some of the chemical changes which take place progressively as milk sours. They suggest, however, as highly probable that the bacteria develop the power of producing acid only after a certain period of growth. The experiments show that the lactic acid first produced is not neutralized by some of the constituents of the milk. The amount of lactic acid combined with the casein as well as the amount of calcium triphosphate combined with the casein were found to be directly jn-oportional to the total lactic acid present. The authors conclude that the compounds of calcium salts and of lactic acid with casein as they are formed in milk do not possess the definite compositions of the covuix)unds formed by calcium and lactic acid with casein after its separa- tion from milk as described by Soldner and by Van Slyke and Hart. The presence of a kinase in cow's milk, A. Hougardy {Acad. Roy. Bch/.. Bui. CI. Sci., 1906, .To. 12. pp. 8SS-900) .—The digestion of milk by the pancre- atic juice is retarded by heating the milk for 20 minutes at 75° C. or above and hastened by the addition of enterokinase. The author found that a cube of coagulated egg albumen was more readily digested by the pancreatic juice when jtreviously macerated in milk. This increased digestibility was, however, mini- fied by heating the sensitized cube for a half hour at 73°. The conclusion is therefore drawn that there is present in milk a substance capable of increasing the activity of the pancreatic juice in the same manner as the enterokinase of Pawlow. The name lactokinase is proposed for this hitherto undescribed substance. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. IKU Leucocyte standards and the leucocyte content of milks from apparently healthy cows, H. L. Russell and C. Hoffmann (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1907, Xo. 3, Sup., pp. 63-75). — The authors have compared the Doane-Ruckley and Stokes-Stowart methods of determining leucocytes in milk and liave studied tlie leucocyte content of the milk of the cows of the University of Wisconsin dairy herd from June to October. Of the two methods compared the l)oaue-P>uckley method is c-oosiilered more accurate, eqiuilly rapid, and less trying on the eyes. The herd was divided into 2 groups. Group 1 contained 18 cows in perfect Iiealtli. and gronp 2 contained 12 cows having udder indurations of varying severity, but with one exception producing apparently normal milk. Of the 537 tests made of the first group. 81.1 per cent fell below 50.000 per cubic centimeter, 19.S per cent were between 50.0rculosis have a precipitating power toward proteids from fn^sh tubercu- lous tissue or toward proteid substances extracted from cultures of tubercle bacilli. Occasionally normal serum has this power to a limited extent. The precipitating power of the blood serum in a case of tuberculosis does not act in the same manner toward material obtained from different animals which are spontaneously affected with tuberculosis. Thus immune serum of tuberculous luunan patients was found to be particularly active toward tubercle bacilli and tuberculous material obtained from human beings. By means of this biological method of precipitation it is possible to distinguish sharply between human and bovine tubercle l)acilli. The action of formaldehyde upon the tubercle bacillus and Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, G. Maktinotti (Cciitbl. Jiakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Oruj., J/.i (IHUI), No. 3, PI). 2.i6-257). — Tubercle bacilli, cultivated in agar and subjected to the action of formaldehyde fumes, show a considerably greater resistance to these fumes than does Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. It was found possible, how- ever, not only to delay the development of tubercle bacilli by means of formalde- hyde, but to destroy them entirely. The effect of toxins iipon tuberculous subjects in tuberculous products sterilized by heat, V. (Jai.tieu (Jour. Mrd. Vft. et Zootccli., ,78 {]!)07), Mar., pp. 1^'J-1S2). — The autlKn- considers it as demonstrated beyond question that sterilized tuberculous products are not pathogenic and that the toxin contained in them is not injurious to healthy animals or human beings. Experiments with tuberculous dogs indicate clearly that the toxin contained in stt>rilized tuberculous meat and other organs exercises no unfavorable effect upon the l)rogress of the tubercular infection. Modes of tubercular infection in wild animals in captivity, W. R. Blaik (Amer. Vet. Rer., SO (1907), No. 11, pp. 1299~130(>, pgs. 2).— The author has had an extensive experience with diseases in captive animals in zoological ])arks and gives special attention in this article to an account of tuberculosis in such animals. It api^ears that in most cases of tuberculosis in monkeys avid other captive animals, the disease was contracted before the animal reached the zoological i)ark, probably while in the unsanitary quarters of dealers or in unclean cars and transport vessels. The general character of tuberculous lesions found in monkeys agrees closely with those in human beings and the infection usually appears first in the cervical and bronchial lymph nodes. Tuberculosis in chickens positively identified in New York, S. II. Bur- nett {Amer. Vet. Rev., 30 {1907), No. 11, pp. 1312-131',. fuis. -'/).— A short accoimt is given of an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of poultry together with notes on the pathological lesions observed. It appears from the study of this outbreak that tuberculosis nnist be quite generally distrilnited in poultry, but it was impossible to trace the source of infection. 1164 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The influence of mammalian and avian tubercle bacilli on the reaction of the culture medium, O. Bang (CcntN. Bait. [etc.]. 1. AM., Orlg., .',3 ( 190(1), Xo. 1, piJ. 3Jf-.'i3, fiffs. 2). — As the result of a long series of cultures with tubercle bacilli of different origin it was found that with regard to its reaction on culture media, the avian tubei'cle bacillus behaves very much lilce tlie bovine form. It appears, however, to render the culture medium somewhat more decidedly alkaline. The reaction produced by the human tubercle bacillus may be somewhat changed by altering the supply of oxygen, but the change thus induced is not great enough to bring about a confusion between the bovine and human tubercle bacillus. Anthrax and imported animal products, W. Hanna (Puh. Health [Lon- don], 19 {1901), No. 7, pp. Ji39-Ji59). — On account of the interest which attaches to the means by which anthrax is spread, particularly through commerce in hair and hides, the author examined into the records of 21 human cases of anthrax in Liverpool. The study of these cases indicates clearly that all workmen should be warned by proper circulars against the possibility of infection with anthrax, and that all foreign hides from suspected countries should be scheduled under special rules and should be imported only in large canvas-covered bales, requiring mechanical handling. It is recommended that the hides be shipped wet rather than dry and that infected material be traced to its source of origin and an attempt made through official channels to secure veterinary . inspection in the locality where the disease originated. The persistence of the Texas fever organism in the blood of southern cattle, E. C. Schboeder and W. E. Cotton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anhn. Iiidtis. Rpt. 1905, pp. 77-78). — Three southern cows were vised to test -the persistence of the blood parasite of Texas fever. The cows were protected from exposure to the disease during the experiments. It was found that the blood parasite persisted for 10 to 12 years. Apparently excessive infestation with cattle ticks may so reduce the resistance of cattle to Texas fever that an acute form of the disease may develop in cattle which were apparently inmmne and sbnwed blood j)arasites in an inactive condition. Notes on the cattle tick and Texas fever, E. C. Schroeder ( ['. »?. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anini. Indus. Rpt. 1905, pp. 49-70). — A resume is given of the life history of the cattle tick. The average time required for a full life cycle is 54 days, and the average length of time for the deposition of the eggs is 7 days. It was determined that adult ticks may be kept without material injury for at least 96 days at temperatures below freezing. The average incubation period for tick eggs is 25 days, the shortest observed period being 12 days, and the longest 209 days. This time depends largely on the temperature. The eggs may be exposed for several weeks to temperatures below the freezing point without destroying their vitality. On an average, cattle ticks mature in 22 days, the shortest period being 15 days, and the longest 40 days. Considerable attention was given to a study of the influence of cattle ticks upon cattle aside from being agents in the transmission of Texas fever. In the growth of the cattle tick its weight increases about 10,000 times during the 3 weeks. This constitutes a serious drain upon the vitality of infested cattle, some of which are killed outright. Calves become badly stunted as a result of infestation. Pathological changes were noted in the skin about the point where the ticks were attached. The actual weight of ticks which mature and fall off may amount to i oz. to several ounces daily. It was shown that cattle on which from 100 to 150 ticks were daily matured showed in some instances a diminution VETERINARY MEDICINE. J 1('>5 in the red blood corpuscles to the extent of 7 or 8 per cent. The exact cause of this destruction of the blood corpu-sdes was not !>-82, fig. /).— Careful feeding experiments were carried out on 8 calves, during which milk of a vary- ing degree of acidity was used. In these ex])eriments it was found that milk with a slight acidity, as it comes from cows on a mixed or succulent ration, exer- cises a more or less laxative effect upon calves. Feeding experiments with milk just on the point of turning sour showed that such milk may be very harmful to calves a week old or less, producing, in some instances, serious gastro-intestinal disturbances. The action of the ether extract of antitetanus serum, 1'. ('ernovodeanu and V. Henri (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Pari.'i]. G2 {1901). No. 9, p. 392). — In experiments in vitro it was found that the ether extract of antitetanus serum possesses striking antihemolytic power in neutralizing the tetanus toxin. Thus, when the ether extract of the serum was diluted a thousand times with a sodium chlorid solution at the rate of 8 parts in 1,(M)(), this solution was capable of com- pletely neutralizing the hemolytic action of 1 cc. of tetanus toxin. Measurement of anaerobiosis of tetanus bacillus, G. Rosenthal (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris]. 62 {1901), Xo. 10, pp. .'/J.s'-/, //(^ ) , — In the author's expe- rience if an aerobic culture of the tetanus bacillus be sown in deep tubes of milk with a pipette, the tubes containing whole milk will show a rapid growth whatever the height of the tubes, while in tubes containing skimmed milk, posi- tive results are obtained after 48 hours to a depth of 9 to 10 cm. In tubes filled with bouillon or peptonized glycerin, an abundant growth of the bacillus was observed after several days to a depth of ATt to is cm. Thrush in horses, F. Lahille (Rol. Miii. A to tlie respective localities than to any others, but the experience so far derived indicates that check gates are necessary at various points in the drains, which may be closed when irrigation water is applied and opened later for drainage. Otherwise soil is washed into (he drains, it being evident from the experiments that more care was necessary in the irrigation of under-drained than ordinary fields. Some suggestions are also made as to needed amendments in tlu' existing drainage law. Making the most of a small water supply, 11. II. Fouijes (Arizona Sta. Bui. 54, pp. lOS-111, fij/s. 2). — The author di'scril)es a system of water distribution esjiecially adapted for orchards and vineyards, in which a pipe leads from the reservoir or innnj) along the lines of trees or shrubs, a small bole being bored in the pipe opposite each plant. Some experiments were made iipon the flow of water from such sii\:ill oi-ilices, from which in connection with practical considerations it was dcM-ided tliat the smallest orifices, or those of 3^2 in. in diameter, gave the l>est results. The i)ipe is laid slightly below the surface and each orifice discharges into a shallow basin surrounding the tree or shrub. This basin is mulched over with manure or <'hip dirt which greatly lessens evaporation. The irrigation ])Iant described by the author consists of a well with water at a depth of !)0 ft., a '.', by 1-i in. pump cylinder operated by a 12-ft. geai'ed windmill, a .^).()(Ki-gal. tank, and dis- tribution lines of f-in. pipe. This irrigates, even in a region of light winds, 87 useful trees and 32 vines and bushes, besides furnishing the domestic supply for a house, thus showing the possible use which can be made of a very small water sui)ply. Weirs for irrigating streams, G. E. P. Smith (Arizona Sta. Bui. 5Jf, pp. 111-111. //.'/. 7). — The author describes the Cipolletti weir, giving the conditions which must be observed in its construction and including a table of discharges for a weir 1 ft. in width. Determination of stream fl.ow during the frozen season, H. K. Barrows and Iv. K. IIorton (IJ. H. Gcol. ,Siirrcii. Water-Hiipi)!]! (Did Irrig. Paper No. 187, pp. .9,3, pi. 1, fif/s. I'l). — In this paper the authors discuss the modifications of, the usual methods of stream measiu'ements which are necessary to secure good results when the streams are ice covered. The conditions affecting the f(n*ma- tion of ice and its effect on stream flow are considered in some detail particularly with reference to the formation of the ice sheet and the variation in slope due to freezing. The methods of obtaining winter records of stream flow are described, these consisting u.sually of readings of gage heights and current-m(>ter discharge measurements. The reading of gage heights is taken to the water surface as shown in a hole choi)ped in the ice. The discharge measureuKMits are secured by the velocity determinations at holes cut in the ice at points in the cross section. Soundings are referred to the surface of the water in the holes. Velocity measurements are made at 0.2 and O.S of the tota.l depth (below the bottom of the ice), tlK^ mean velocities ;it these two points being very nearly in the mean velocity of the vertical. The results of stream measurements during the frozen season are given for a number of streams in the northeastern United States, the period covering several years. The vertical velocity curves from the results of these measure- ments show, as is to be expected, a greater drawing back of the curve in its upper pt)rtion on account of the retarding effect of the ice than do curves in wliicb llie frictioTi effect at the upper surface is merely that of the air. Progressiveness in Italy, II. C. Weeks (.Sfci'. Amcr. Si(p., 63 (1907), No. Ib.n, PI). 26233-26235, fiys. 3). — The article describes in some detail the con- 1168 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. struction of a large draiuage canal in Italy kno\Yn as the Bonifica dell' Agro Mantovano-Reggiano, which drains an area of 80,000 acres south of the Po in the vicinity of Reggie. There are many points of interest in the project, notably in the use of inverted siphons, where the main channel crosses the Secchia River, in the provisions for regulating the drainage in order to retain moisture in the soil when necessary, and in the use of pumps at the outlet for discharging water into the I'o at periods of high water. Public roads: Mileage and expenditures in 1904 (V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office Pub. Roads Circs. 53, pp. -'/ ; .5'/, pp. 2; 55, pp. 2; 56, pp. 2: 51, pp. 3; 58, pp. 4,' 59, pp. 3; 60, pp. 4; 61, pp. J,; 62, pp. 2; 63, pp. h; ^h, PP- 2; 65, pp. 3; 66, pp. .',: 67, pp. 3; 68, pp. 3; 69, pp. 3; 10, pp. h; 11, pp. 3; 12, pp. J,; 13, pp. 3; 14, PP- 4: ~5, pp. 4; 16, pp. 4; 11, pp. 4; 18, pp. 3; 19, pp. 3; 80, pp. 4; 81, pp. 2; 82, pp. 4: S3, pp. 2: 84, pp. 3; 85, pp. 6; 86, pp. 2; 81, pp. 2). — In this sei-ies of circulars information is compiled on the mileage of different classes of roads, the sources of revenue b.v which they are supported, and the road expenditures in cash and labor by counties in each of the following States : Pennsylvania, Montana. Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kentucky, Florida, South Carolina, Nevada, Kansas. Idaho, Colorado, Indiana, Oklahoma, Utah, Cali- fornia, Illinois, New Jerse.v, Missouri, Louisiana, New York. Ohio, Georgia, Mississippi, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Minnesota. Delawai*e, Michigan, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Texas, Connecticut, and Vermont. RURAL ECONOMICS. On the proportion and importance of small farms in Swedeii, E. Siden- BLADii {K. LaiKlthr. AL-ad. Hdiidl. och Tidshr., 45 (1006). Vo. G, pp. 409-438).-— This article treats of the importance of small farms in Swedish agriculture and the various direct and indirect measures adopted I)y the government for the advancement of small farmers, such as the offering of prizes for well- conducted farms, the payment of traveling expenses for studies in foreign coun- tries or in different parts of Sweden, and the securing of improvement through dairy test associations, educational institiitions, etc. It is shown that 4G.9 per cent of all farms in Sweden are of less than 5 hectares (12.3 acres) in extent, 'J2.8 per cent contain from 5 to 10 hectares, and 13 per cent are from 10 to 15 hectares. Only 2.3 per cent of the total number of farms contain more than 50 hectares. About one-fourth (25.9 per cent) of the total arable land is in farms of less than 10 hectares and very nearly one-half in farms of less than 50 hectares. — p. w. woll. Beport of the agricultural committee, H. Chaplin et al. (London: Tariff Commission, 1906, pp. 555, figs. 19). — This is the report of a special agricultural committee appointed by the tariff commission of Great Britain " to examine the proposals submitted by Mr. Chamberlain to the counti'y and their bearing upon the agricultural interest." The committee held 33 meetings, examined 147 witnesses, and received replies to letters of inquiry from 2,103 agriculturists and others concerned in agriculture. The report of the conunittee is presented under the following topics: Agricultural policy before 184G, agriculture in the nineteenth century, international conditions, recent agricultural conditions in the I'Uited Kingdom, imports of agricultural produce and their relation to the home production, experiences of farmers, and conclusions and remedial measures. On the latter point the committee says : " We ai*e of opinion that, for removing the disabilities under which British agriculturists suffer, a change in the fiscal policy of the country is absolutely necessary, but if this change is to be permanently effective it must be combined RURAL ECONOMICS. 1169 with moasnres dealing witli trnnsiiort, the onlariiciucnt of the powers of the Iioard of aKi'k'ulture, and local taxation. We are also of opinion that the position of the industry generally would hi' iinproved if means could be found to create further facilities for land purchase in the United Kingdom." An appendix contains the evidence of witnesses, the replies to letters of in(piii'y. and memoranda on the possibilities of sugar manufacture in the United Kingdom, sugar beet and tobacco cultivation in the T'uited Kingdom, and the purchase of land bill for England and Wales. Share system in cane cultivation in Fiji, Hawaii, and Mauritius, II. M. .Jackson {West Iinliaii Bid.. I! {I!)o.',). \ti. I. pji. /x j/.- 7 {I'.liHS). Ao. ). pp. ,il1-SU>). — The share system consists in the division of the land to be culti- vated into blocks of about (50 acres, the owners doing the preliminar.v work of preparing the land and planting it before handing it over to the cooperative company of laborers who do the balance of the work until the cane is fit for cutting. The owners also advance to the workers one shilling a day each for maintenance with which they are duly debited. The cane is sold to the fac- tories, and the ])roceeds, after deducting the landowner's share and all expenses of cultivating, harvesting, carting, etc., are divided pro rata among the laborers. The advantages of the system are a lessening of the annual heavy expanse of introducing a new supply of laborers, more efiicient service on the part of the field hands, higher wages for service, and the retention of the farm help on the land. This latter effect is regarded as affoi'ding a solution of the farm-help problem, in these countries. Report of the commission on contract labor, I'. P^avre {Bui. tioc. Vaud. A!/i\ rf ^ it., 1901. .A'o. 203, pp. Ji07-.'il'i). — This is a report presented to the assembly of delegates of the agricultural and viticultiiral society of the Canton of Vaud at Lausanne in December, 1905. The questions sought to be answered were : Wb.y contracts between farmers and hired help were not resjiected by the latter, and what remedy could be sug- gested? As answer to the first question the committee names two causes. The great scarcity of farm help is assigned as the chief cause, the laborer knowing that if he leaves one employer he can readily find another place at possibly an increase of wages. The cau.ses assigned for the scarcity of reliable farm laborers are the system of education in Vaud. insufficient remuneration for farm labor, too many houi-s for a day's labor — 14 to IG daily and little loss on Sundays — and the various social industries which offer steady employment and other advantages which draw men from the farm to the towns and the cities. The absence of a law controlling the relations between master and hired man is given as the second cause wh.v contracts are not better resi)ec1ed tiy hired farm laborers. As a remedy the commission recommends the passage of a suitable national law which should aim to safeguard the rights of the master in matters per- taining to the hiring of laborers. Statistics of agricultural associations for 1905 {Bill. Agr. [Bni.^.sels], 23 (}!)07). yo. 3. pp. 215-280). — Detailed statistics of agricultural organizations in Jielgium for 19(3.5 in comparison with preceding years are reported. The statistics relate primarily to the number of societies in each province, the membership, and the business transactetl, and include the following general groups : Federations of professional agriculturists ; cooperative societies for the purchase of seeds, conunercial fei'tilizers and feeding stuffs, and farm machinery ; coojterative societies for the manufacture and sale of dairy products; agricul- tural credit organizations, and agricultural insurance societies, which include the insurance of live stock and crops destroyed by hail. 1170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The agricultural population and the farm-help problem in England, B. Skalweit (Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeseU., 22 {1901), Beilage No. 6, pp. 27-3^).— Statistical data are presented regarding ttie number of the rural population and different groups of farmers and farm laborers in the United Kingdom for the years 1851 to 1901, with a discussion of the effect of recent legislation and the price of wheat on the English agricultura'l labor problem. The statistics show that while the population in the United Kingdom increased about 10 millions from 1870 to 1900 the rural population decreased about 4 millions, and that farmers and farm laborers, including males and females, decreased from 3,454,000 in 1851 to 2,202.000 in 1901. The tendency of recent legislation has been- to increase rural settlement. A number of bibliographical references are included. Cooperation in agriculture [in Denmark] {Diuimarks Statis. Aleddel., ^. .sen, 22 (1907), pt. 5, pp. 69). — Statistical data with a discussion regarding the development of agricultural cooperation in Denmark along the Hues of dairying, registration of most productive cows, slaughterhouses, and exportation of eggs. The data show the number of cooperative dairies in 190G to have been 1,0G8, with a membership of about 157,500. Registry societies, which record food con- sumption as well as milk production as the basis of determining the most pro- ductive cows, numbered 415 in 1905, with a membership in 1903 of 8.504, control- ling 148,000 cows. There were 32 cooperative slaughterhouses in 1905 with 70*000 participants and 790 cooperative egg unions in 190G with 57,000 members. An agricultural credit system for Cape Colony (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 30 (1907), No. 2, pp. 186-192). — This is a review of a pamphlet issued by the Irensury department in regard to ]iro]iosed legislation for improving the credit of agriculturists in the colony. The pamphlet reviews the conditions of agriculture, the lack of capital, the burden of high interest, and the Importance of encouraging the development of ngi'iculture in Cape Colony. The proposal is made to adopt a system of govern- ment credit and superivision largel.y conformable to the Australian and New Zealand system (E. S. R., 18, p. GS7), with slight modifications as to amounts and classes of loans, payment of costs, length of period during which loans may run, and on management and control of the funds. The granger movement in Illinois, A. E. Paine (Univ. III. Bill., 2 (190^), No. 2, pp. 53). — The author briefly reviews the origin, aims, and history of the organization known as the Patrons of Husbandry among farmers in the United States, with a detailed account of its progress in Illinois. The greatest activity was manifested in 1873 and 1874, during which 1.465 granges were organized. This was followed by a decline for a number of years. Since 1880, however, " there has been a revival, and the grange, with a gradually increasing membership, has been able to pursue a well-defined policy, emphasiz- ing the need of education and the necessity for self-improvement. . . . There need be-no hesitation in affirming that no small share of the political, social, and industrial progress of the farmer in Illinois may be traced to the grange." An extensive l)ibliography is included. Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 9 (1907), No. G. pp. 'il-I/S). — Statistics and notes on the condition of crops, and the supplies, value, and prices of agricultural products in the United States and foreign countries are summarized. A special article gives statistics showing the increase in rubber production in recent years and the acreage under cultivation in various countries to meet the increased demand for this product. Returns of produce of crops in Great Britain with summaries for the United Kingdom, R. H. Rew (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London'], Agr. Statis., 1906, pt. 2. pp. 89-168). — The estimated total produce, acreage, aud estimated RURAL ECONOMirs. 1171 yield per acre for 100(5 in ooniparisoii with ])rece(lins years are reported. A sumaiary of weather statistics of (Jreat Britain is included. The gross production of the principal crops in the Ignited Kingdom are ;iiveu as follows: Wheat 7,577,000, barley 8.435,000. and oats 21,850,000 (piarters, respectively ; potatoes (;.080.000, turnips 27,583,000, mangels 0,881,000, and hay of all kinds 13.512.(l(M> tons, resiu'ctively. Illinois Crop Report for December 1, 1906, W. C. Garrard (Statis. Rpt. III. B(l. Agr., 1906, Dec. 1, pp. 9.'i). — A sunnnary of the reports of correspondents as to the yield, value, and price of the principal farm pnxlucts and the number and value of live stock of Illinois for the year 1900, in comparison with similar data for preceding years. Cora was the leading crop, being valued at ,$103,480,520, followed by oats valued at $27,462,112. The total value of the principal crops and live stock in Illinois for lOOG was $253,400,404. Kansas statistics, 1905-6, I'. I). Cohurn {Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Ac/r.. 25 {1!)06), Ko. 100, pp. IS; Bicn. Rpt. Kan-'i. Bd. Agr., 15 (1905-6), pp. 997-1263).— In these reports tables are given showing the State's population by counties and cities, assessed valuation, acres, yields, and value of agricultural products, and numbers and value of live stock for the years 1005 and 100(!. The total acreage of the State is 52.572,l(iO, of which 31,502,208 acres were under culture in 1005 and 30,980,203 in 1000. the values of all farm products, including animals slaughtered, being $238,830,425 and $246,905,051, respectively. The live stock nund)ered 0,086,520 in 1905, having a value of $169,821,157, the corresponding tigures for 1900 being 6,419,742 and $177,429,816. Corn and wheat were the leading products of the State. Official report on the condition of crops and wages of farm hands (Ohio Dcpt. Agr., 1901, pp. 13). — The condition of crops in Ohio on April 1, 1007, compared favorably with that at the same time last year. Live stock wintered well and were in tine condition. The average wages of farm hands were $21 per month with board, $20 without board, $1.10- per day with board, and $1.40 without board. " The labor problem is still a serious one for farmers, and altliough wages have materially advanced over last year, farmers are unable to secure sufficient help to properly carry on farming operations. In those localities situated in close proximity to cities it is almost impossible to secure i-eliable farm help." Prices of agricultural and other products in Servia ( Statist ique des Prix drs l'r<)du)t'< Agricolcs ct Aiitrcsi dans Ja Royaumc de Scrbie. Belgrade: Govt., 19(16, pp. LVlI+Jf29, dgtiis. 4). — Detailed statistics of the prices of agricultural I)roducts for each month of the years 1901 to 1005, inclusive, are reported. Danish agriculture in 1906, II. IIertel (T/V.s'.vAr. Laiidokoiioni.. 1907, No. 1, pp. l-'iO). — A gener.-il review of agricultural conditions during the year. Imports of agricultural produce in 1906 (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lo»(/o»], 13 (1907), Xo. 10, pp. 615-621). — Statistics relating to the source, quantity, and value of agricultural products imported into the United Kingdom in 1905 and 1906 are reported and discussed. The total value of all farm imports in 1906, the bulk of which were food supplies, amounted to £246,940,000. The general tendency of prices for all imported farm products was higher in 1906 than in the preceding year. Argentina again surjiassed the United States in the quan- tity of refrigerated meat supplied to Great Brit.Tin. but the pi'ice of American meat was more than 50 per cent higher than the Argentine product. [Agricultural statistics of Uruguay for 1905-6], A. Areciiavaleta (Monte- video: (lort.. 1906. pp. 32). — This report gives statistics and discusses the num- ber of hectares under cultivation and yields of wheat, corn, flax, oats, barley, and canary seed ; the number of farm laborers ; the number of farms in operation by native and foreign owners or renters, and the number of work animals and 1172 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. implements, -with detailed information regarding the 44!) threshing machines OAA'ned in Uruguay. There were 22,593 farmers in 1906, of which 10,807 owned and 11,786 rented the farms worked; 10.219 were natives and 9.374 foreigner-?. Season and crop report of the Bombay Presidency [and Sind] for the year 1905-6, P. J. Mead {Scasoit, and Crop Rpt. Bombay, 1905-6, pp. YI +68). —In addition to statistics on rainfall this report discusses the agricultural conditions of the presidency and the district of Sind for the year 1905-6. The total area under crops and In fallow was 39,097,000 acres, of which 20,730,000 acres were in food crops and 5,911,000 acres in nonfood crops. The live stock numbered 13,849,000, and the cotton production was 1,232.000 bales. On account of deficiency in rainfall crops were below the normal and prices were generally high. Detailed statistical data are also presented on the number of acres in cereals and pulse, irrigation, sources of water supply, and the number of acres of uncultivated land. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Statistics of agricultural institutions in Prussia for 1903-1905 (Landw. ■lahrh., 3'> (1!)06), t'^iip. .7, pp. XXI I -{-'fS-')}. — This report contains detailed state- ments concerning the organization, faculty, income, courses of study, attendance, etc.. of the agricultural institutions of different grades in Prussia. These include (1) agricultural, forestry, and veterinary schools known as academies, (2) secondary agricultural schools (Mittelschulen), (3) elementary agricultural schools (niedere Scbulen), (4) special schools, such as schools of pomology, horticulture, fruit growing, meadow culture, dairying, etc., (5) special courses for adults, and (6) normal schools for the training of teachers of agriculture. A taltular review is also given of the progress and present status of rural con- tinuation schools. Twenty appendixes contain rules and decrees concerning the qualifications of teachers, examinations, the inspection service, and other matters relating to the institutions listed in the report. Agricultural education in England and Wales (Jour. Bd. Ayr. [Londo7i'\, 13 (1907), No. 11, pp. 6J1I-66O, map 1). — This is a very satisfactory brief sum- mary of the educational institutions of different grades in England and Wales which afford instruction in agriculture. An outline of the different lines of instruction is first given, including courses for degrees in agriculture, diploma courses, short courses, and the special instruction in dairying, horticultiu-e, poultry keeping, and forestry. Then follows a description of the' different institutions engaged in this work, the courses offered by each, the tuition fees and other expenses, their land, buildings, and other' equipment, and in some cases other details. Normal training in high, schools (Adraiicc paycs from tlic Bicn. Rpt. State Supt. [Ptth. Instr.] Nebr. [1907], pp. 99-102). — This embodies an account of the steps taken to inaugurate normal training courses in the high schools of Nebraska after September 1. 1907, in accordance with the law enacted by the State legislature in 1905. A committee of the State Association of Superintendents and Principals of Accredited High Schools, appointed to formulate general requirements for nor- mal training courses in high schools, decided that a high school, in order to be approved for a normal training course, must be accredited by the University of Nebraska, must have at least 3 teachers, normal training credits to be open only to high school graduates, the course to include a review in the common branches for at least 9 weeks not earlier than the eleventh grade, a study of American history for at least 1 semester in the eleventh or twelfth grade, and at least 72 periods of professional training in the twelfth grade. Schools offering this AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 1173 conrso must hnve a reference library on professional sulijeets and must teaoh ele- mentary iiKrienlture. Ontlinos are «iven to show the ])l;in iuul scope of the work in the common branches and the professional traiuinj^, inclndini^ a,t?ricultnre. The work in agricnltnre is intended to cover 2 semesters or 1 year. The work of the first semester includes farm animals, class work ."{2 periods and labora- tory work 8 double periods; milk and its products, 20 periods and 5 periods, respectively ; and soils, 12 periods and 3 periods, respectively. lu the second semester 12 class periods and 8 double laboratory periods are devoted to soils, 18 class periods and 12 double laboratory periods to held crops, and 18 class periods and 12 double laboratory periods to orchard and j;arden crops. The subjiH'ts for the different laboratory exercises are f?iven, and also lists of (Miuipment needed for laborator.y work and of referenct> books for the library. For schools not e(iui]>ped to carry the 2-semester course a briefer 1-semester course is outlined. Outlines in agriculture for Nebraska State junior normal schools (Lijicoln: Dept. Puh. Iii-str., 1906, pp. 55, figs. 5). — These are outlines prepared by the instructors in agriculture in the Nebraska State junior normal schools under the direction of the University of Nebraska. They include detailed suggestions for the study of field crops (cereals and forage crops), soils, and horticulture. Nineteen experiments in soils are described. Under the subject of horticul- ture the following topics are treated : Selection of site for gardens and orchards, propagation, transplanting, pruning and training, treatment of insects and dis- eases, school grounds, tillage of gardens and orchards, and the school garden. There is also a syllabus for the study of farm animals. The home economics movement, I, Isabel Bevier and Susannah Usher {Boston: Whitcoiith d- Barroirs, JDOG, pp. 67). — This is a brief historical account of the development of education for women in the United States, the origin of instruction in home economics in agricultural colleges and State universities, the development of special cooking schools, and the origin and development of home economics in public schools. Agriculture in public schools, W. C. Latta {Nature-Study Rev., 3 (1D07), \(). 2, pp. Jf3-.'i9). — This is a discussion of what should be included in the course in agriculture for public schools, why agriculture should be taught in public schools, and how it should be introduced. Among the things to be included are the phenomena and forces of nature, considering first the most familiar and later those less known, the relations of cause and effect, the effec-t of environ- ment on the life of the child, on all life, and on the practice and products of the farm, and the story of nature as a whole so far as it comes within the scope of the child's mind and affects him. Nature studies on the farm. Soils and plants, C. A. Keffer {New York, Cinciiiiiati, (Did Chicago: American Book Co.. 1901, pp. 15.',. figs. 59). — This is a series of reading lessons for children dealing in a simple and popular way with soils and their relation to plant life, the relation of the forest to the soil, weeds, " the plant's business," buds and seeds, sowing the seed, rotations, cul- tivation, the hoed- crops, cereals and grasses, hotbeds, cuttings, transplanting, the garden, the orchard, and other subjects of the country home. The last few pages of the book are devoted to suggestions to teachers, including some infor- mation concerning each lesson, and suggestions for exercises to be conducted in connection with the readings. Practical suggestions for improving and beautifying rural school grounds, . T. H. Scheffer {Industrialist, 33 {1907), No. 15, pp. 227-235, dgm. i).— This article gives specific suggestions concerning many matters related to the plan- ning, planting, and using of grounds surrounding rural schools. The topics considered are the selection of a site, size of grounds, the plan and location of 1174 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. buildings, the wallis and driveways, fences, grading, playgrounds, and lawn, the location of trees and shrubs, the kinds of trees and shrubs to plant, how to plant them, the care of trees, the use of flowers, and the district policy with reference to the manner of getting the worlv done. Arbor Day {U. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Forest Scrv. Circ. 06, pp. Jf). — This circular comprises brief suggestions concerning the lesson of the day, nature study and forestry, forest topics to group about Arbor Day, and planting. MISCELLANEOUS. Seventeenth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1906 (Arizona 8ta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 127-166). — This consists of an administrative report on the work of the station as a whole and four departmental reports. These I'eports contain, among other things, notes on the culture of date palms, olives, cassava, taniers, taros, avocados, and tol)acco ; the results of feeding experiments with sheep ; notes on alfalfa root rot, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190G. Nineteenth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1906 (Rhoile Island ^'. M. Duggar, of the University of Missouri, has been elected to the professoi'ship of plant physiology in its relations with agriculture. It is expected that he will assume his duties next. February. J. B. Norton, formerly of this Department, has become assistant in the depart- ment of plant biology. The new appropriation for the college of agriculture car- ries .$150,000 for maintenance, .$50,000 for equipment, and $25,000 for building barns, a total of .$225,000 for the year. North Dakota College. — A summer school of traction engineering was held at. the college July 2 to 20 under Prof. P. S. Rose, of the engineering department. The forenoon of each day was devoted to lectures on traction engineering and the economics of thrashing. In the afternoon there were lectures on gas engi- neering and classes in arithmetic. The practical work consisted in I'unning both steam and gasoline traction engines, setting valves, putting in boiler tubes, babbitting boxes, lacing belts, etc., all under the direct supervision of experts in those lines of work. Each student was given time enough at practice work to become thoroughly proficient in handling and adjusting traction engines. Con- siderable attention was also given to the handling of grain separators. Ohio Station. — II. S. Woods has been appointed assistant in animal nutrition. C. II. Kyle, assistant agronomist, has resigned to accept a position in the Bureau of Plant Industry, and F. A. Welton, assistant chemist, has been transferred to bis position. Gail T. Abbott has been appointed second assistant in agronomy. .1. S. Ilouser, assistant entomologist, has resigned to become entomologist of the Cuban Experiment Station. Oregon College and Station. — At the last meeting of the board, professorships were established in agronomy, poultry husbandry, animal husbandry, and vet- erinary science. Dr. James Withycombe will have charge of the work in the last two lines. Pennsylvania College and Station. — Thomas F. Hunt, dean and director, and Alva Agee, profess(U- of agricultural extension, assumed their duties July 1. Dr. H. P. Armsby remains with the college as director of the institute of ani- mal nutrition. The department of agriculture has been divided into depart- ments of agronomy and animal husbandi\y. J. W. Gilmore, assistant professor of agronomy at Cornell University, has been elected professor of agronomy ; and J. H. Barron assistant in experimental agronomy. Bailey E. Brown, of the Bureau of Soils, has, as previously noted, been assigned to the experiment station under the title of assistant professor of agronomy, and with the assist- ance cf J. J. Skinner, also of the Bureau of Soils, is engaged in the study of the fertilizer plats which have been under experiment during the past twenty- five years. Provision has also been made for an instructor in agronomy, with special reference to soils. T. I. Mairs lias been placed in charge of the depart- ment of animal husbandry and provision made for an assistant in animal husbandry and an instructor in poultry husbandry. C. L. Gooodling. a graduate of the college, has been elected assistant in animal lmsl)andry, and an assistant professor of dairy husbandry, with special reference to the manufacture of cheese, will be appointed. J. P. Stewart, as previously noted, has been elected assistant professor of experimental horticulture and has begun investigations in that subject. The position of assistant professor of botany with special refer- ence to plant pathology, including both college and station work, has been estab- lished. The chair cf agricultural chemistry has been divided. Dr. William Frear will continue as vice-director of the station and professor of experimental agricultural chemistry, and M. S. McDowell has been promoted to be assistant professor of experimental chemistry. NOTES. 1177 The losislatiire passed a delicioiicy bill for the collef^e amountiiif; to .$171),- 530.02, whic-li liifluded .1^85,000 for the eoiupletion of the new agricultural build- ing. The contract for finishing the new building has been let. The total ai)proi)rlations for the agricultural and dairy buildings. Including the heating tunnel, have been $284,109.60. The general appropriation bill for the college carried $274,000. A special item of $70,000 was included in the bill for the school of agriculture and $4,000 for experiments on tol)a(co by the station. Rhode Island Station. — E. A. Mallette, who has been in the employ of the liorticultiiura! department for a few months, has been appointed a member of the station staff. South Dakota Station. — A deiiartnient of dairy industry has been added to the station. W. A. Wheeler, for the past two years botanist and entomologist in the station, has resigned, and is succeeded by Edgar W. Olive, I*h. D., of the University of Wisconsin. Doctor Olive will have charge of the botanical work and an assistant will be provided to take charge of the entomological work. West Virginia University. — T. C. Johnson, instructor in horticulture and botany in the college of agriculture, has been made assistant professor of these sub.jec-ts, and D. W. Working, of Denver, Colo., and formerly on the editorial staff of Avicrican Graiific BuUctin, has been appointed superintendent of agri- cultural extension teaching. The establishment of a department of highway construction in the college of agriculture has been authorized. Macdonald Agricultural College. — A provisional announcement of tliis institu- tion, which is to open this fall, has been issued by the principal. Dr. J. W. Robertson. Three departments have been organized — a school for teachers, a school of agriculture, and a school of household science. The requirements for admission to the school for teachers are similar to those which have been in force at the McGill Normal School. Other teachers will be admitted under certain regulations for courses in nature study, school gardening, household science, and manual training. Candidates for admission to the school of agri- c-ultui"e must have worked for a season on a Canadian farm. No entrance examination is retiuired of short-course students, but all candidates for the one and two year courses in agriculture and household science will be required to pass an examination in the elementary branches. Secondary Education in Canada. — The ex])eriment of introducing agriculture into some of the high schools of Canada is about to be tried. It iw proposed to make a grant to each high school that will establish a class in agriculture and agree to appoint a teacher recommended by the department of agriculture. A plat of ground for demonstration or experimental purposes must be provided, the classes specializing according to the agricultural needs and conditions of the districts in which the schools are located. The teachers' time is. to be devoted exclusively to agricultural work, but any time not required by their respective schools is to be available for assisting and encouraging agriculture and nature study in rural schools and in sending the department of agriculture informa- tion regarding pests, new and interesting develoi)ments in connection with farming, (>tc. Agricultural and Industrial School for Korea.— .J. Arthur Thom[)son, a gradu- ate of the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois, is on his way to Korea to assist in the establishment of an agricultural and industrial sciiool. Ill' is Ix'ing sent by the Methodist Conference, and spent a year at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute preparing for the work. The people of Korea have raised $1,000 to establish the school, and the land has been pur- chased. On his arrival at Sougdo, Korea, Mr. Thompson will begin his new 1178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. work at once, assisted by Mr. T. H. Yun, a native Korean educated in the United States. Avondale Forestry Station. — The Journal of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland gives an account of the establishment, object, and work of the Avondale Forestrj' Station and Forestry School. The station grounds comprise about 550 acres, including about 100 forest plats of an acre each for the study of trees grown under sylvicultural methods in distinc- tion from arboricultural conditions, a pinetum containing about 100 species, and au arboretum with about 150 species of 40 geneim. The forestry school asso- ciated with the station was opened in the autumn of 1904 for the purpose of training working foresters and woodmen. A syllabus is given of the lectures for its four-years' course. A New Cereal Culture Station in Italy.— By an act of June 20 there was established at Rieti an experiment station for the culture of cereals, with the object of improving and increasing the production of wheat and other cereals by means of laboratory and field experiments. Investigation of Spike Disease. — According to Indian Forester, the Maharaja of Mysore has announced a reward of 10,000 rupees to anyone who will dis- cover the cause of spike disease among sandal trees and suggest a thorough and effective and, at the same time, a cheap and easily applicable remedy for its eradication. The offer will remain open for three years. Each applicant must forward a report of his investigations, accompanied by microscopic slides, to the secretary of the general and revenue departments, Mysore. The conditions are that the cause of the disease must be definitely and clearly determined, and an effective and cheap remedy prescribed, such as would perceptibly check the spread of the disease within a year. Persons desirous of investigating this subject may obtain from the conservator of forests in Mysore copies of a printed compilation of the more important papers bearing on the subject of the eradication of this disease. Miscellaneous. — The Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race, at Greensboro, N. C, has added a dairy department and a teachers' training department to prepare teachers especially for instruction in agricul- tural and mechanical branches. The college session has been increased by one month and a preparatory course is to be offered. The Horticultural College, Swanley, England, has arranged a one-year course in natural history for students who have passed through the ordinary training in gardening and desire additional training in natural-history subjects in order to qualify as teachei's of gardening and nature study. The work will be prac- tical, the first two terms of the course to be devoted to general work in botany, zoology, and geology, and the third term to special subjects. It is announced that the next meeting of the American Association of Farm- ers' Institute Workers will be held at Washington, October 23 to 25. E. D. Merrill, botanist of the bureau of science in the Philippine Islands and a former employee of this Department, who has been in the islands for the past five years, has returned to this country on leave. INDEX OF NAMES. Abbe, C, Jr., 422. Abbot, H. L., 1109. Abbott, G.T., 11-70. Abderbalden, E., 67, 3.59, 420. Abel, G., 9. Abel, J. J., 826. Abrams, II. T., 589. Ackerman, E. B., 100. Ackormann, D., 857. Ackermann, E., 811. ,\ckermanu. P., 385. .\crot>, S. F., 419. Adam, P., 1077. Adametz, L., 978. Adams, A. L., 784. Adams, C. P., 750. Adams. G. E., 437, 619, 796. Adams, H. C, 408, 693. Adams, H. S., 491. .\dams. J. Q., 896. Adams, Mrs. L. H., 260. Adams, M., 96. Adamson, W; C, 599. Ade, 586. Adelloff, A. von, 576. Aderbold, R., 900, 947, 1000, 1057. Adorjan, .T., 709. Agee, A., 692, 1176. Agee. II. P.. 794. Ahern, G. P., 148, 741. . Akerman, A., 96, 341, 597. Aladjem, R., 215. Albert. 916. .Vlbert, T. .T.. 432. Albrecht, M., 1.59, 779. Albu, A., 566. .\lbiunierque, J. P. d', 734, 931. Aldrich, .1. M., 955. Alexander, A. S., 764, 1076. Alexander, T., 723. Ab^xander, W. H., 525, 526. Allan. C, .35, 374. Allcman. G., 113.5. Allen, E. W., 295, 406, 1007. Allen, W. E., 163. Allen, W. M., 397, 1097. Allen. W. P.. 23, 4.33. Alqiiier, .7., 656. Alvord, C. H., 895. Alvord. II. E., 77. Alway. F. .!., 531,015. Amberger, C, 1159. Ames, C. T., 297. Aramann, L., 79, 173. Ammann, P., 146. Ampola, G., 1025. Anastasia, G. E., 635. Andersen, A. K., 318. Anderson, A. C, 172, 868. Anderson, D. H., 186. Anderson, G., 47. Anderson, .T. F., 675. Anderson, R. A., 1088. Anderson, W. H., 912. Andre, G., 329. Andrejew, N., 858. Andrews, E. B., 411. Andrews, F., 886. Andrlfk, K., 832,932. Angell, C. M.. 209. Angell, .7. B., 1007, 1008. Angler, B. S., 1043. .\nkeney, H., 1147. Anzilotti, J., 84. Appel, O., 450, 552, 645, 647, 650, 842. Appleton, R., 980. Arauner, P., 874. Arechavaleta, A., 1171. Arend, J. P., 419. Arloing, S., 279, 377, 582, 1082. Armour, .7. O., 193, 298. Armsby, H. P., 303, 408, 411, 413, 414, 508, 797, 1003, 1176. Armstrong, 11. E., 200. Arnim-Criewen, von, 500. Arnstadt, A., 21. Arny, II. V., 9. Arredondo, F., 307. Arrhenius, S,, 676. Arsandaiix, H., 915. Artari, A., 626. Arthur, ,7. C, 50, 842. Aschmann, C, 419. Ascoli, A., 984. Ashbaugh, L. E., 587. Asbby, A., 576. Ashby, S. F., 721, 722. Aso, K., 32, 121, 123,434. Aston, B. C, 326, 400, 818, 922. Astruc, H.. 762. Atherton, G. W., 408. Atkeson. K. C, 365. Atkeson, T. C, 789. Atkin, J. T., 936. Atkinson, G. F., 827, 846. Atterberg, A., 1052. At water. W. 0., ,506. Atwood,II.,20, 1.30, 269, 270, 271. Auclair, J., 1081. Auersperg, C, 1098. Anjeszky, A., 776. Auld, S. .7. M., 330. Aureggio, E., 874. Aveline, C, 495. Averitt, S. D., 114. Avery, S., 28'2, 395. Axe, J. W., 583. Ayer, L. W., 834. Babb, C. C, 483. Babcock, E. B., 890. Babeock, S. M., 272. Babes, A., 176. Bach, E. B., 128. Bachelder, N. J., 798, 895. Bachmann, H., 21, 431, 4.32, 621, 725, 824. Backhaus, A., 618. Bacon, M. E., 311. Baer, U. S., 770, 1078. Baessler, D., 20. Bagge, F., 888. Baglioni, S., 977. Bahadur, R., 32, 121. Bahr, L.. .585, 879. Baler, E., 1019. Bailey, E. H. S., 711, 1065. Bailey, L. H., 37, 409, 412, 486, 594, 797, 895, 908, 939, 1008, 1088, 1093. Bailey, S. I., 613. Bailey, V., 749. Bailhache, G., 40. Bain, S. M., 448, 697, 843. Bainbridge, F. A., 964. Baker, B., 1100. Baker, G. C, 729. Baker, II. P., 1053. Baker, .7. S.. 386. Balcomb, E. E., 198, 790, 889. Bald, C, 448. Baidizan, D., 881. Baldrey, F. S. H., 284, 382, 878. Baldwin, W. 17., 97. r.alfour. A., 476, 1166. Balfour, G., 928. 1179 1180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, Ball, C.R., 1122. Ball, E. D., 252, 796. Ball, F. M., 310, 312. Ball, N.. 88. Ball, O. M., 617, 630. Ball, v., 679. Balland, 1140. Ballard, W. R., 937. Bailed, C, G88. Ballon, F. II., 143, 9.38, 940. Balls, W. L., 149, 540, 552. Balz. S., 133, 134. Bambor, M. K.. 841. Bandini, P., 75. Bang, B., 81, 581, 777. Bang, O., 1104. Banks, C. S., GO, 159, 750. Banks, N., 457. Baragiola, W. I., 421. Barber. C. A., 348. 6.39. 645. Bargeron, L., 219, 325. Barker, B. T. P., 475. Barnard, E. C, 1023. Barnard, II. E., 397, 912. Barnes, H. L., 495, 1124. Barnes, H. T., 612. Bai-nes, W. C, 578 Barnstein, F., 763. Baroni, G., 780. Barringer, P., 999. Barron, J. II., 693, 1176. Barron, L.. 444. Barrows, II. K., 483, 1167. Barry, T. A., Ill, 209, 423, 612, 814, 1022. Barsacq, J., 142. Barschall, H., 856. Bartel, J., 83. Barthel, C, 75, 888, 918, 1107. Bartholomew, C. E., 395. Bartlett, A. W., 941. Bartlett, F. A., 652. Bartlett, J. L., 814. Bartlett, J. M., 916, 755, 756, 1115, 1153. Barton, G. S., 87l'. Baruchello, L., 285, 584, 780. Baskerville, C, 191. Bass, W. L., 772. Basu, B. C, 145, 957. Bateman, E., 1108. Bates, F., 912. Bateson, W., 199. Battanchon, G., 954. Battel!, .!., 896. Battier. 1086. Battiscomlw, E., 46. Baumann, E., 876. Baumgarten, P. von, 80, 874. Baumstark, R., 862. Baiir, E., 453, 648, 856. Baur, R., 424. Baylac, J., 1150. Bayliss, J. S., 25. Bazin, E. V. II., 916. Beach, C. L., 396, 472, 972. Beach, J. B., 638. Beach, S. A., 940, 1063. Beal, F. E. L., 350. Beam. W., 421. Bear, W. E., 56, 951. Beattle, W. R., 142, 1047. Beau, M., 1107. Beauverle, .T., 347. Beaver, J. A., 796. Bechmann, G., 882. Beck, P., 418. Becker, II., 986. Becker, J., 730. Becker, W., 809. Beckmann, L., 1162. Beckurts, II.. 421, 858, 918. Beckwith, T. D., 32'4, 425, 716. Becqiierel, P., 330. Beddard, A. P., 964. Bedford (Duke of) , 752, 1053. Bedford, S. A., Ill, 129, 140, 141, 150, 164, 169, 170, 173. Bedson, P. P., 1108. Beebe, C. W., 454. Beebe, S. P., 679. Beger, C, 171, 978, 1159. Beghin, J., 878. Behre, A., 565. Behrens, J., 437, 439, 440. Behring, E. von, 376, 983. Beijerinck, M. W., 429. Bein, F., 859. Bell, G. A., 1158. Bell, J. M.. 117. Bell, N. E., 195. Bellenoux, E. S., 1025. Belli, C. M.. 1067. Belling, J., 941, 1175. Bendix, G., 572. Benecke, W., 915. Benedict, F. G.,464, 506, 962, 1151. Benedict, G. G., 896. Bennett, E. R., 51, 931. Bennett, H. G., 813. Bennett, R. L., 631, 930. Bennett, W. J., 814. Benni, W., 776. Bensemann, R., 208. Bensley, R. R., 610. Benson, A. II., 457. Bentley, G. M., 161. Bentley, W. A., 525. Benton, F., 655. Benton, II., 1178. Berensberg, H. P., 952. Beresford, .T. S., 588. Berger, E. W., 850. Berger, M., 23. Bergmann, A. M., 182. Bergonie, J., 71. Bergstrand, C. E., 10. Berju, G., 207. Berlese, A., 355, 951. Bernard, C, 846. Bernard, N., 1031. Bernard, U., 48. Bernhart, R., 525. Berns, G. II.. 99. Bernardini, D., 80. Beronius, G., 147. Berry, R. M., 959. Bert, P., 671. Berthelot, M., 16, 208, 215, 427, 535, 705, 1105. Bertinsans, H., 1063. Bertkau, F., 871. Bertrand, G., 871, 925. Besana, C, 475. Besnoit, C., 378, 776. Bessey, C. E., 395, 637, 1092. Bessey, E. A., 1030. Bethge, R., 730. Bethune, C. J. S., 1060. Beuhne, R., 561. Bevan, L. E. W., 780. Bevier, I., 562, 958, 1173. Beythien, A., 361, 421.' Bezold. W. von, 799. Bianchedi, G., 676. Bibbey, H., 581. Bichikhin, A. A., 93. Bieler, K., 323. Bieler, T., 12. Biernacki, E., 562. Biervliet, I', van, 884. Biffen, R. H., 199. 835, 1119. Bigelow, A. P.. 396. Bigelow, F. H., 10, 111, 311, 525, 526, 612, 613, 814. Bigelow, M. A., 1093. Bigelow, W. D., 164, 361, 443, 856. Bijlert, A. van, 426. Billings, G. A., 30, 74. Bindley, R. G., 311. Binon, 47. Bioletti, F. T., 549, 637, 673, 674, 1142. Bird. R. M., 156, 998. Birge, W. S., 214. Birger, S., 1031. Birkeland, K., 723. Bishop, E. C, 890. . Bishop. G. L.. 789. Bishop, W. H., 1022. Bitting, A. W., 278. Bjerknes, J., 917. Blackman, F. F., 923. Blackshaw, G. N., 978. Blair, A. W., 818. Blalr, .1. C, 939. Blair, W. R., 814. 116.3. Blalr, W. S.. Ill, 140, 141, 159. Blake, .7. C, 912. Blake. M. A., 297, 1124. Blakeslee, H. E., 882. Blanc, M. le, 535, 708. Blanck. E., 532, 1024. Blankinship, J. W., 24. Blaringhem, L., 732. INDEX OF NAMES. 1181 Blasi, D. de, 382. Blasius, R., 918, Blavia, A., 1079. Bleisch, C, 929. Blk'ck, L. de, 984. Blin, 11., 342. Blinn, V. K., 39, 62. Bliss, r. K., 299, 39.5. Bloch, 857. Blodsett. F. II., 9.5. Bloemendal, W. II., 912. Blumenfeld. S., 168. Blumonthal, F.. 769. Blunu-r, .1. C, 147. Bhmschy. J., 677. Bock. II.. 539. Bock, .1., 772. r>ocker, R.. 123. Bodin, E., 88. Boeker. P.. 851. Boekhout. F. W. .T., 577. Bogdanov, E. A., 574. Boggild, B., 77, 981. Boggs, T. R., 419. Bogue, E. E., 242, 597. Bohm, .1., 983. Bohme, A., 474. Biilimerle, C, 47. B()hmerle. E.. 340. Bois, L)., 923, 1112. Bolduan, C, 80. Bolin, P., 217, 888. Bolle, C, 1132. Bolley, H. L., 24, 632, 948, 1030, 1053. Bolton, B. M., 985. Bonamartini, G., 575. Boname, P., 311, 930. Bongert, J., 179. Bongiovanni, A., 385, 679. Bonnema, A. A., 17. Bi'.nniger, M., 964. Bonoine, A., 1163. Bonomi, Z., 219. Bonoia. D., 179. Bonsteel, F., 921. Bonsteel, .T. A., 532. Booth, W. H.. 530. Borchmann, K., 574. Borden, S., 764. Borges, C, jr., 786. Bfirner, C, 654, 850. Bornstein. K., 563. Biirnstein, R., 211, 311. Borthwick. A. W.. 148. Bos. .7. Ritzema, 844. Bosquet, M. le, 958. Bosworth, A. W., 398. Bottcher, O., 19, 124, 326. 621. Bottomley. W. B., 723, 1031. Bouooiran, E., 762. Bouf. F., 337. Bouin, M., 1107. Boulanger, E., 40. Boiirquplot. E.. 126. Bovell, J. R., 734, 931. Bowen, .T. L., 610. Bowen, U. H., 1146. Bowie, A. .T., jr., 187. Bowie, E. II., 422. Boyd, M. M., 698. Boyd, T. D., 412. Boykin. E. B., 1120. 1121. Brachvogel, .1. K., 991. Bradley, C. E., 298. Bradshaw, G., 366. Bragato, R.. 337. Bralim. C, 871. Brain. L. L., 451. Braine, C. D. H., 989. Brand, C. J., 438. Brand, E., 1108. Brandenburg, F. II., 611. Brandis, D., 550. 1100. Brandt, 725. Braniff, E. A., 446. Brauer, E., 1113. Braun, A., 880. Braun. F., 480. Braun, K., 730. Bray, W. L., 824. Breazeale, .1. F.. 321, 827. Bredemann. G., 429. Bredenberg. G. A., 672. Breen, D. L., 355. Brefeld, O., 449. Brehmer, von, 549, 636. Bremer. W., 1020. 1072. Brendel, B., 714. Breteau, P., 711. Breton. M., 280. Brevans, J. de, 462. Brick, C. 298, 849. Brickman. G. J., 185. Briem, H., 137, 733, 734. Briggs. L. .T., 698. Brigba, W. T., 442. Brinkley, L. L., 1097. Brioux, C, 1126. Brittain, J., 295, 1100. Brittlebank, J. W., 581. Britton, W. E., 56, 5.59, 848. 1062. Brizi, U., 1.50, 450, 1055. Broad, W. T. D., 775. Erode, J., 121, 535. Brodrick, C. T.. 1109. Brooks, C, 542, 894. Brooks, Franklin E.. 893. Brooks, Fred E.. 01. 254, 891. Brooks, W. P., 97, 200, 226. 268, 326, 888, 890. Brooraell, A. W., 693. Brouardel. P., 65. Brfiwu, A. .!., 727. Brown, A. L., 1175. Brown, B. E., 693. 1176. Brown. B. M..491. Brown, Edgar, 438. 1122. Brown. Edward, 573, 1111. Brown, E. E.. 90:j. 1012. Brown, J. D., 716. Brown, .T. P., 340. Brown, L. C, .550. Brown, P. E., 821. Brown, W., 1111. Brown, W. F., 394. ISrowne, C. A., jr., 297, 398. Bruce, .T. L., 982. P>ruce, W., 666. I'.ruck, C, 83, 280. Bruck, W. F., 647. Bruggen, van der, 490. I'.rugi&re, 79. Brugsch, T., 964. Brubns, G., 208. Brunehhorst, 25. Bruner, L., 395, 1059. Briinnich, C. ,1., 400. Brush, .1. L., 893. Bruttini, A., 534. Bryan, E. A., 413, 1008, 1015, 1016. Bryant, F. B., 241. Bryant, II. C, 739. Bryant, R. C, 300. Bryant, W. O., 894. Buch, K., 920. Buchan, A., 1100. Buchanan, G. S., 1068. Buchanan. R. E., 10.38. Buchet, 798. Buchtel. II. A., 700. Buckham, M. II., 406, 1010, 1015. Buckingham, E., 820. Buckman, li. O., 966. Bues, C, 254. Buffum, B. C, 412, 1098. Bugge, R., 880. Buhlert, H., 120. 1118. Bui-Quang-Chieu, 632, 633. Buls, .345. Buisson, A., 609, 809. Bull, B. W., 1116. Buller, A. H. R., .348. Burd, J. S., 1115. Burg, W. van der. 98(>. Burgess, A. F., 161, 250, 351, 655, 800, 851, 951. Burke, E., 423. Burkett. C. W., 95, 194, 489. Burlingham, G., 825. Burno, E. L., 589. Burnet, E.. 681. Burnett, E. A., 395, 570, 689, 1015, 1036. Burnett. L. C, 94. Burnett, S. H., 1163. Burns, F., 149. Burns, G., 318. Burr, A., 978, 1160. Burritt, M. C, 894. Burtis, F. C, 96, 13G. Burton, .T. H., 172. Burtt-Davy, .1., 943. Busch, M., 7. Bussard, L., 634, 736, 932. Busse, \V., 556. 1182 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Bussy, L. P. de, 1144. Busy, 774. Butler, E. J., 154, 449, 450, ■ 555, 842, 84.3, 846, 1142. Butler, T., 100, 666, 778, 1097. Butman, A. B., 884. Buttel-Reepen, H. von, 655, 1146. Buttenberg, P., 857, 1078. Buttenshaw, W. R., 500, 6.35. Butterfleld. I. II., 904. Butterfleld, K. L., 195, 410, 412, 798, 1010, 1016. Butz, G. C, 332. Cadeac, C, 477. 1081. Cadbury, W. W., 577. Cadlot, P. J.. 1080. Caesar, L.. 951. Cagnetto, G.. 384. Caillas, A., 561. Calabresi, G. A., 223, 822. Caldieri, S., 633. Calkins, R. D., 526. Calmette, A.. 280, 376, 377, 477, 580. 983, 1082. Calvert, T. L., 821, 1080. Calvin, H. W., 41. Calvin, J. W., 109. Calvin, M. V., 195, 297. Calwer, R., 193. Cameron, F. K., 117, 532, 820. Cameron, I. D., 861. ' Cameron, S. S., 580, 983. Campbell, A.. 612. Campbell, H., 562. Campbell, P., 297. Campbell, W. G., 1175. Canning, P., 795. Cannon, W. A., 800. Cantacuzene, J., 283. Cantlie, J., 562. Caparini, U., 681. Carberry, V. J., 23, 433, 821. Carbonnell, L. G. y, 714. Card, F. W., 631, 796, 992, 1124. Card, H. M., 1097. Cardoza, F. H., 653. Carini, A., 279. Carles, P., 662. Carlinfanti, E., 810. Carlson, F., 1113. Carmiehael, B. E., 974, 1076. Carmody, P., 813. Carnes, B. K., 848. Caro, N., 536. Carpenter, F. B., 1030. Carpenter, G. H., 352, 654, 849. Carpenter, R. C, 1008. Carpenter, T. M., 210. Carre, A., 865. Carre, H., 1084. Carrier, L., 977. Carruthers, W., 149. Carson, J. W., 968. Cartwright, W., 546. Caruso, G., 537. Carver, G. W., 634. Cary, C. A., 680. Gary, C. P., 489. Cashel, J. L., 286. Castle, R. L., 237. Castle, W. E., 695. Castro, D. L. de, 886. Casu, A., 825. Gates, J. S., 936. Cateur, C., 850. Cathcart, C. S., 894. . Cathcart, E. P., 174. Cavara, F., 649. Cavazza, L. E., 240. Cazalbou, L., 284, 584, 1064. Cazeneuve, P., 711. Cazotte. C. E., 898. Cecconi, G., 356. Celli, A., 382. Ceris, A. de, 386. Cernovodeanu, P., 1165. Cerza, U., 920. Chaee, E. M., 397. Chalmot. G. de, 223. Chalot, C, 638. Chamberlain. .1. S., 756. Chamberlain, W. I., 698. Chamberlin, T. C, 712. Chambers, C. B., 1064. Chandler, E. F., 286. Chandler, W. H., 196. Chaplin, H., 1168. Chapman, A. C, 137, 1108. Chapman, G. II., 1097. Charabot. E., 924, 1033. Charles, V. K., 452. Charlton, H. W., 537, 609. Chauveau, A., 1071. Chauzit, B., 300. Chaveau, A., 1152. Cherry, T., 13. Chester. F. D., 794, 1027. Chevalier, A., 48. Chiappella, A. R., 1149. Chiaromonte, T., 1132. Chick, H., 12. Chifflot, J., 1141. Childers, L. F., 196. Chittenden, F. H., 557, 559. Chittenden, F. J., 155. Chittenden, R. H., 166. Chodat, R., 923. Chouchak, D., 426. Christensen, H. R., 720, 723. Christensen, P., 207, 307. Christie, G. I., 94, 631, 1034. Christman, A. H., 1054. , Christophers, S. R., 880. Chuard, E., 153, 731. Church, F. R., 226, 268. Church, J. B., jr., 311, 529. Church, T., 822. Ciaccio, C, 281. Citron, J., 86, 383, 1085. Cieslar, A., 1052. Claassen, H., 674. Clapp, F. G., 315. Clapp, S. H., 910. Clapp, W. B., 483. Clark, A. W., 795. Clark, C. F., 933. Clark, R. W., 274. Clark, y. A., 997, 1096, 1120, 1122. Clark, W. S., 1102. Clarke, L. J., 891. Clarke, W. T., 457, 1059, 1096. Clausen, H., 292, 620, 621, 622, 725, 822, 824. Clay, A. S., 599. Clayden, A. W., Ill, 814. Clayton, II. II., 526, 612. Cleland. J. B., 1162. Clifton, E., 628. Cligny. A., 918. Cline, J. L., 612, 714. Clinton, G. P., 48, 946. 1138. Close, C. P., 494, 754, 1043. Closson,-0. E., 7.59. Clothier, R. W., 94, 395. Cobb, N. A., 451, 834, 843. Cobey, W. W., 1042. Coburn, F. D., 730. 1171. Cochel, W. A., 665. Cochenhausen, von, 614. Cochran, C. B., 1020. Cockburn., A. M., 65. Coffin, T. H., 255. Coggins, M. O., 39. Cohen, A., 687. Cohen, J. B., 1108. Cohn, A. I., 674. Cohnheim, O.. 566, 760. Coit, J. E., 396, 1096. Colby, G. B.. 398, 853. Colcord. M.. 556. Cole, F. .!., 60. Cole, J. S., 134, 331. Cole, L. .!., 96. Collett, R. W., 1097. Collin, E., 374, 1067. Collinge, W. B., 63, 499, 647, 654, 753. Collingwood, H. W., 1008. Collins, S. II.. 418. Collins, W. D., 715. Colson, .1. M., 293. Comanducci, E., 8, 872. Combault. A., 533. Comes, O., 440. Comstock. G. F., 158. Comte, P., 276. Conger, N. B., 112. Conn, H. W., 75. 979. Connell, .1. H., 165. Conner, C. F., 192. Conner, C. M., 94, 395. Conradi, A. F., 951, 955. Cook, C. L., 693. Cook, F. C, 398, 660. Cook, J. G., 196. IlSrDKX OP NAMES. 1183 Cook, M. T., 500, 794. Cooke, M. C, 551. Cooke, W. W., 340. Cooley, F. S., 173. Cooley, M. E., 1008. Cooley, R. A., 351. Cooper, A. W., 242, 11.36. Cooper, E., 848. Cooper, W. F., 117. Copeland. E. B., 26, 196, 796. Corbett, L. C, 142. Cornalba, G., 79, 475. Cory, II. T., 682. Cosens, A., 457. Costantln, .T., 743. Cote, E. F., 4.30, 1112. Cotton, E. C, 35(5. Cotter, W. E., 82, 775, 1164. Cottr.-U, H. M., 195, 893. Courcy, H. de, 765. Coi'.rri&re. E., 917. V oiirtright, J., 795. Cousins, H. H., 13, 35. Couston, F., 874. Coventry, E. M., 148. Cowles, R. E., 310. :'ox, H. J., 1109. Crafts, H. O., 188. Craig, C. E., 654. Craig, G., 297. Craig, J. A., 865. Craig, R. A., 86, 676. Craigie, P. G., 200, 499. Crampton, C. A., 397. Crane, F. R., 394. Craw, A., 352, 1058. Crawford, C. G., 944. Crawley, .1. T., 400. Creelman, G. C, 170. Creiitz, H., 876. Crider, A. F., 315. Cristofoletti, U., 636. Crocker, W., 433. Crockett, J. A., 274. Cromer, C. O., 94. Crone, C. von der, 21. Crookes, W., 532. Crosby, D. .1., 294, 490, 498. 599. Crumbine. S. J., 1068. Cruz, F. B., 120. Cserhati, A., 440. Cuadrado, G. A., 443. Cuboni, G., 1145. Cumming, .1. G., 186. Cummins, A. B., 1096. Curtis, R. 11., 714. Curtis, R. S., 196. Curtiss, C. F., 299, 413, 496, 1008, 1015, 1016, 1148. Cushman, A. S., 484, 717. Cusick, J. T., 1097. Cuthbertson, D., 1109. Daalen, C. K. van, 522. Dadelszen, E. J. von, 613. Dafert, F. \V., 1099. Daguilhon-Pujol, E., (ii:!. Daire, I'., 979. D'AIbuquerque, J. I'., 734, 931. Dale, T. II., 774. Dallas, W. L.. 713. Dallimore, W., 742. Dalrymple, W. II., 99, .363, 677. Dam, U. van, 708. Damant, G. C. C, 869. Dammann, C, 775. Damon, S. C, 597. Damseaux, A., 31, 929. Dancer, C. U., 286. Dandono, .1. B., 128, 728, 746. Danielson, A. H., 138. Danjou, E., 126. Danneel, II., 1113. Dannfelt, H. J., 333. Darbishire, F. V., 531. Dargitz, .1. I'., 240. Dartnall, W. W., 1135. Darton, N. II., 817. Dassonville, L., 354. Davenport, C. B., 271, 694, 695, 699, 727, 800. Davenport, E., 301, 411, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1012. Davidson, R. J., 373, 399, 540. Davis, B. M., 690, 890. Davis, C. R., 498, 599. Davis, J. J., 1.59, 558. Davis, J. R. A., 128. Davis, K. C, 400, 797, 1000. Davis, T. H., 612. Davis, W. R., 180. Davis, W. T., 847. Davoll, D. L., 308. Dawson, C. F., 793, 877. Day, E. D., 196. Day, G. E., 365. Day, W. H., 1037. Dean, A. L., 1108. Dearborn, J. J., 300. De Blasi, D., 382. De Blieck, L., 984. De Brevans, ,T., 462. De Bussy, L. P., 1144. De Castro, D. L., 886. De Ceris, A., 386. De Chalmot, G., 223. Dechambre, P.. 761. Dechg, C, 164. Decbmann, L., 366. Decker, .1. W., 890. 109S. De Courcy, II., 705. Deerr, N., 610. DeGail, 1146. De Grain, R. F., 111. De Grazia, S., 633, 920, 1025. De Greeft, II., 948. Degrully, L., 153, 443, 1146. De Haan, .7., 986. De Ileen, P.,' 624. t)elierain, P. P., 1105. Do Jaczewski, A., 298. Dekker, J., 728. De Kruijff, E., 361, 820. Delacroix, G., 342, 344, 551, 745, 748. Delaite, .1., 309. Deleano, 923. Delezenne, E., 659. Delorme, E., 874. De Loverdo, J., 80, 1150. Delwiche, E. J., 197, 1033, 1034, 1041, 1049. De Molinari, M.. 621, 1029, 1113. Denaiffo, 832. Deneumostier, C, 1030. Denbam, E. B., 841. Denniston, R. II., 896. Denny, F. E., 495. Denson, L. A., 111. De Parville, II., 1130. Depperich, C, 1-086. De Ribaucourt, E., 533. Derome, .1., 714. De Ruijter de Wildt, .T. C, 325, 532. De Sigmund, A., 397. Desneux, J., 655. Desoubry, 87. Despeisses, A., 628. Detmer, W., 922. Detroye, 677. Deutscbliinder, A., 886. Devarda, A., 40. Devauchelle, J., 560. De Yelasco, S. F., 772. De Vilmorin, M., 199. De Vilmorin, P., 298. De Vries, H., 436, 727. De Vries, J., 1082. De Vries, J. J. O., 577. De Vuyst, P., 486, 1094- Dewar, W. R., 58, 251. De Wildt, J. C. de Ruijter, - 325, 532. D'HercuIais, J. K., 954. Dbere, C, 567. D'lluart, B., 418. Dickons, A., 162, 990. Dickerson, E. L., 849. Dickerson, M. C, 350. Dickinson, M. F., 195. Dickinson, W. E., 894. Dickson. D., 729. Didlakc, M. L., 935. Di Donna, A., 876. Diedericks, H., 190. Diem, E., 778, 779. Dietel, P., 645. Dietrich, T., 421. Dietrich, W., 267. DifHoth, P., 316, 369, 761. Digby, W. P., 716. 1184 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. Dillingham, F. T., 400. Dim mock, G. W.,652. Dines, W. H., 11. Dinsmore, S. C, 96, 831. Dinsmore, W., 973. Ditthorn, F., 581. Dix, W., 36. Dixon, H. H., 825. Dixon, R. M., 653. Doane, C. F., 78. Dodd, H., 596. Dodd, S., 678. Dodson, A. E., 997. Donaghue, R. C, 494. Donahue, J. L.. 389. Donitz, W., 1064. Donna, A. di, 87C. Dons, R. K., 1019. Doolittle, R. E.. :!!)7. Dorner, F., sr., 697. Dornic, P., 979. Dorsey, C. V.'., 118, 317. Dorsey, M. J., 1097. Doten, S. B., 209. Dougherty, M. S., 987. Douglass, A. W., 668. Dove, 312. Dowd, E. A., 87. Dowling, W. G., 455. Drabble, E., 127, 824, 826. Drabble, H., 824. Draper, J., 794. Draws, P., 7. Dreyer, T. F., 954. Dryden, J., 698. Dubard, M., 738. Dubois, W. E. B., 192, 487. Dubois, W. L.. 397, 419. 610. 912. 1019. Duclert, L., 863. Ducomet, V., 44. Dufour, H., 10. Duggar, B. M., 196, 1170. Duggar, .1. F., 547, 82S, S29. Diiggeli, M., 1161. Dujar(f5n-Beaumetz. K.. .'isi. Dumas, J., 1104. Dumont, J., 215, 531, 624. Dunbar, .T., 1132. Duncan. L. N.. 828, 829. Dungern, E. von, 478. Dunipace, J. E., 692. Dunlap, F., 641. Dunlap, F. L., 897. Dunlop, J. C, 66. Dunn, H. H., 430. Dunn, W., 736. Dunstan, J., 777. Dunstan, W. R., 197, 330, 338, 663, 728, 1032. Dupas, L., 679. Dupetit, G., 1105. Dure, M., 766. Durgin, A. J., 1096. Durley, R. .T., 189. Dusserre, C, 56, 122, 731. Duval, G., 736. Duvel, J. W. T., 35, 1122. Dyachenko, S., 560. Dyar, H. G., 654. Dzierzon, J., 600. Eardley-Wilmot, S., 043. 840. Earle, F. S., 100, 400. Eastman, J. F., 1175. Eastman, R. E., 162. Ebbitt, R., 99. Eber, A., 179, 278, 375, 778. Eberhardt, 753. Eberhart, C, 231, 630. Eberle, R., 1080. Eberlein, L., 1079. Eckard, E. M., 976. Eckardt, 986. Eckardt, W. R.. 438. Eckart, C. F., 138, 3:;5, 718, 734. Eckbo, N. B., 1052. Eckel, E. C, 592. Eckhardt, H., 860. Eckhardt, W. G., 195. Eckstein, K., 852. Edange, G., 788. Edward (King). 497. Edwards, H. T., 234. EfEront, J., 126, 827. Eggertz, C. G., 607. Ehrenberg. P., 617. 025. Ehrhorn, E. JM., 848. Ehtlich, P., 80. Ehrstrom, R., 904. Eichinger, A., 826. Elchloff, R., 473. Eiffel, G., 526. Einhorn, M., 68, 658. Eisenmann, S., 779. Eisenmenger, G., 47, Ekman. O.. 96. Eliot, C. W., 201. Eliot. .!.. 526, 611. Ellenberger, W., 476, 565. Ellett, W. B., 373, 540. EUey, 366. Elliott, C. G., 286, 287, 482. Elliott, T. H., 922. Elliott, W. J., 472. Ellis, A. C, 790. Ellis, W. T., 111. Ellms, .1. W., 530. Elmassian. M., 877. Elschner, C, 724. Elwes, H. J., 1052, 11.34. Emerson, P.. 491. Emerson, R. A.. 144, 238, 635, 889, 1041, 1062. Enders, 879. Endicott, H. B., 530. Engel, 208. Engelhardt, F. E., 219. Engels,-0., 108. England, .T. W., 369. Engler, A., 742. Engstrom, N., 888. Ercole, S., 649. Erf, O., 76, 671, 673, 988. Ergates, 841. Eriksson, J., 347, 644, 649. Erlandsen. A., 1067. Erhvein, G., 916, 1028. Erman, A., 612. Erman, W., 612. Ernest, A., 322, 428, 1024. Ernst, W., 88. Erwin, A. T., 1053. Es, L. van, 1084. Esch, J. J., 693. Escherieh, K., 559. Eshleman, J. M., 686. Essary, S. H., 448, 843. Esten, W. M., 94, 979. Eury, M. J., 672. Eustace, H. J., 52, 96. Evans, E. A., 611. Evans, G. H., 585. Evans, I. B. P., 150, 527, 723. Evans. J. D., 1146. Evans, W., 655. Evans, W. M., 336. Everard, N. T., 1088. Everett, H. D., 740. Everett, W. II., 243. Evers, 181. Evvard, .T. M., 1097. Ewart, A. J., 25, 825. Ewing, J., 679. Eyde, S., 723. Faber, F. C. von, 948. Fabre, J., 763. Faes, H., 153, 161, 356. Fagundes, L., 900. Faideau, F., 358. Failyer, G. H.. 532. Fain, J. R., 977, 1098, 1153. Fairbank. D., 586. Fairchild, H. L., 211. Fairise. 285. Falck, R., 449. Fallada, O., 953. Falta, W., 1152. Farcy, J., 214. Farneti, R., 150, 946. Farnsteiner, K., 1107. Farrand, T. A., 37. Farrer, W., 32. Farrington, E. II., 277. Fascetti, G., 13. Fasquelle, 1089. Fassig, O. L., 111. Fauchfere, A., 738. Faure, L., 288. Faust, E. S., 455. Pauvel, P., 360, 1067. Pavre, P., 1169. Fawcett, H. S., 746. Fay, S. S., 597. Feilitzen, H. von, 19, 123, 209, 232, 261, 320. 716. Fellows, A. L., 286. Fellows, G. E., 411. 1012. 1015. INDEX OF NAMES. 1185 Felt, E. P., 157, 354, 45G. Fenton, H. .T. li., 809, 1108. Ferguson, .1.. 1052. Ferguson. .1. J., 983. Ferguson, M., 155. Ferle, F. R., 236. Fermi, C, 1162. Fern. M., 608. Fernald. (". H., 250. Fernald. II. T., 2.50, 954, 955. Fernald, M. E., 59. Fernow, B. E.. 692, 741, 895, 1052. Ferraris, T., 150. Ferris, E. P.., 435, 1115. 1127. Feruglio. D., 219. Fetzer. L. W.. 794. Feuvre. U. F. le. 73G. FickiMKley. E.. 120.610. Fiiicke, H.. 1020. Findlay, A., 1108. Fingerling, G.. 171. Finlv, (f. II., 859. Finlow, R. S., 033. Fischer. Eduard. 842. Fischer. Emil. 000. Fischer. II.. 720, 722. Fischer. M.. 545. Fischer, P.. 184. 1080. Fish, I'. A., 98. Fisher. (". A.. 113. Fisher. I., 962, 1152. Fi-sher, M. L., 235, 631, 1038. Fisher. R. W., .39,441. Fitz Gerald, W. G., 668. Fixter. .T., 64, 158. Flahult, C, 299. 1099. Flatten, W., 774. Fleig, C. 1072. Fleming, B. P., 797, 894. Fletcher, F., 631, 638. Fletcher, .T.. 129, 158, 792. Fletcher. R., 614. Fletcher, S. W., 40, 140, 492, 710. Fleurent. E., 563. Fleutiaux, E., 558. Flpxner. S.. 178. Flint. P. W.. 795- 89,5. FlintofF, T., 178. Floyd, B. F.. 152. Fliigge. C. 675. Flynn. C. W.. jr., 750. Foaden. G. P., 546. Foorster, F.. 5.35. Folger. A. F.. 478. Folin. O., 106, 167, 661, 758, 812. 1100. Foord. .1. A., 890. Forhos. A. C. 798. Forhes. E. B.. 795. Forbes, R. II.. 427. 1107. Forbes, S. A.. 160. 161. 956, 1143. Forbush, E. II., 1143. Ford, W. W., 820. Forgeot. 678. Formenti. ('., 564. Forsbcrg, N. L., 888. Forster, 121. Forster, J., 84. Fortier, S., 386, 482, 1087. Fortier, V., 365. Fortin, E. F., 693. Fosalba, R, .1., 738. Foster, M., 799. Foth. 184. Fourton. L., 44. Fox, .7. W.. 297. Fracastoro, G., 814. Fraenkol. C., 876. France, N. E., 655. Franco. M., 988. Frandson. .T. II., 997. Frank, A., 18, 19, 53i">. Frank, B., 748, 948. Frank, H., 430. Franke, E., 462. Frankenfield, H. C. 210. Franklin, H. J., 652, 894, 954. Fraps, G. S., 522. 015, 709. 726, 960, 968. Eraser, S., 937. Fraser, W. .1., 173, 870. Fraunberger, G., 312. Frear, W., 211, 217, 234, 200, 327, 398, 1176. Free, E. E., 94, 1090. Freeman, E. M., 946. Freeman, G. F., 935, 1123. Freger, 480. Fremont, M., 1058. French, A., 937. French, Cecil, 988. French, Charles, 557. French, H. T., 413, 1015, 1018. Frese, H., 918, 919. 920. Fresenius, W., 421. Freudenreich, E. von, 75, 100, 177, 981. Freund. E., 963. Freund, E. (Cologne), 290. Freybe, O., 10. Friedrich, (J. C. H., 589. Frierson, L. S., 353. Fries. .T. A., 701, 972. F'riis, v., 77. Frissell, II. B., 887. Froehner, R.. 282. Froggatt, W. W., 61, 152, 161, 358,457, .557, 1144. Frohner, E.. 774. Fromberg. 078. Fromherz. K., 610. Fron, A., 341. Fron. G., 023. Friilich, G., 33. Frost, I.. 673. . Frost, .T.. 593. Frothingbam, L., 87. Fruwirth, C, 36, 298, 332, 924, 1122. Fry, W. R., 587. Fujitani, .1. von, 566. Fuller, C, 58, .353, 456. Fuller, F. D., 572. Fuller, .T. G., 266, 267, 1075, 1088. Fuller, M. L., 315, 1109. Fulmer, II. L., 8.53. Funk, .T. I).. 699, 930. Funkquist, 11., 88. Furet, L.. 560. Fursenko. B. V., 281, 1085. Furstenberg, A., 602, 004. Fusehini, C, 535. Fynn. E.. 1100. Gage, A. T., 600. Gage, S. DeM., 212. Gager, C. S., 825. Gahan, A. B., 255, 752. Gail, de, 1146. Gallagher, R., 318. Gallaud, I., 55, 743. Gallier, 182. Galli-Valerlo, B., 64, 357, 780, 1003. Gallois, R., 809. Galloway, B. T., 437. Galtier, V.. 280, 1163. Galton, F., 694. Gamble, W. P., 09. Gandara, G., 156, 651, 846, Gannett, H., 211. Ganong. W. F., 242. Garcia, A., .308. Garcia, F., 38, 441, 44.3. Gardner. F. D., 12. Gardner, R., 744. Gardner. V. R., 997. Garman, H., 31, 37, 450, 935, 1018. Garner, W. W., 35. Garnett, F. W.. 108.3. Garnier, M., 40. Garrard, W. C, 1171. Garrett. .1. B., 894. Garriott, E. B., 312, 612, 1109. Garrison, W. D., 229. Gasklll. A.. 147. Gasperini, 1147. Gassner. G., 552, 842. Gastine, G., 248, 912. Gauducheau, A., 715. Gauss, R., 933. Gautier, A., 463. Gautier, C, 558, 810, 911, 958. Gautier, L., 88. Gay, C. W., 695. Gay on, L. U., 1105. Gebauer. 182. Geerligs, H. C. P., .373, 476, 610, 750. Gellerson, R. C, 1090. 1186 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Gendot, G., 1146. Genet, P., 337. Genham, E. B., 787. Gennys, R. H., 71, 363. Georgeson, C. C, 209, 214, 224, 236, 295. Gerald, W. J., 66. Gerlach, M., 429, 430, 781. Gerrett, F., 894. Gheury, M. E. T., 814. Giard, A., 354, 556. Gibboney, J. B., 398. Giesler, A., 45. Gfilbert, A. G., 170, 365, 792. Gilchrist, D. A., 629, 931. Gile, P. L., 998. Giles. J. M., 483. Gill, W.. 839. Gillette, C. P., 161, 1059. Gillette, H. P.. 784. Gillleron-Duboux, P., 293. Gilman, A. W., 983. Gilmore, J. W., 933, 1176. Gilruth, .7. A., 982. Ginestous, G., 10. Girard, A., 248. Girard, C. 76. Giraud. E., 1146. Gitting.s, E. B., jr., 1109. Given, G. C, 693. Glage, P., 481. Glaister, J., 368. Glasson, E. J., 797. Glenn, L. C, 424. Glimm, E., 437. Glover, A. J., 699. Glover, G. II., 81, 183, 1079. Gmelner, H. P., 779. Gobert, P., 1107. Godard, P., 930. Godd, E. S., 464. ' Godlnot, L., 459. Goebel, O., 780. Goessmann, C. A., 220, 921, 1096, 1101. Going, C. B., 992. Goitien, S., 861. Goldberger, 381. Goldschmidt, L., 326. Golf, A.. 387. Gonnard, R., 1090. Good, E. S., 195, .391. Goodall, T. B., 780. Goode, .1. P., 311. Goodling, C. L., 1176. Gore, H. C. 443. Gori, A., 993. Gorini, C, 979, 1073. Gortner, R. A., 615. Goss, A., 22, 792, 1073. Gossard, H. A., 557, 652, 753, 850. Gottstein, E., 777. Gouirand, G., 248. Gould, C. N.. 113. Gould, S. W., 1096. Gourlay, W. R., 392. Gowell, G. M., 469. 471. Gracey, F. M., 1097. Graffunder, 478. Graftiau, J., 417, 909. Graham, C. K., 975. Graham, J. J. T., 794. Graham, W. R., 468. Grain, R. F. de. 111. Gramberg, 589. Grandeau, L., 122, 317, 322, 325, 431, 536, 538, 623. Grangeon, 755. Grant, W. W., 771. Grantham, A. E., 998, 1121. Graves, H. S., 340. Gray, C. Earl, 76, 710. Gray, Charles E., 774. Gray, D. T., 1096. Gray, . I. P., 1108. Grazia, S. de, 633, 920. 1025. Graziani, M., 312. (ireathouse. C. II., 361. Greefif, II. de, 948. Green, E. C, 736, 895. Green, E. E., 60, 949, 957, 1059. Green. J. R., 24, 711. Green, S. B., 339, 551, 1012, 1093. Green, W. J., 143, 450, 633, 890, 1045. Greene, L., 396. Gregoire, A., 207. Gregory, A. N., 195. Gregory, H. E., 816. Greig, R. B., ,34, 137, 139. Grelot, P., 911, 1019. Greshoff, M., 729, 1032. Crete, A., 136. Griffith, E. M., 839. Griffiths, D., 568. Griffiths, W. H., 396. Griffon, E., 797. Grimme, G. L., 567. Grimmer, W., 1069. Grimsley, G. P., 124. Grindley, H. S., 794, 812. Grinnell, H., 243. Gripenberg, R., 79. Grips, W., 583. Grisdale, J. H., 129, 168, 169, 173, 792. Grissom, W. M., 889. Grist, A., 982. Groff, H. H., 698. Grohmann, 422, 813, 1023. Gronberg, G., 652. Grosse-Bohle, H.. 421. Grossenbacher, J. G., 1097. Grover, N. C, 483. Gruber, M., 675. Gruber, T., 175, 474, 769, 771. Griiner, E., 811, 1066. Gueguen, P., T49. Guenther, R.. 943. Guerin, C, 376, 377, 1082. Guerry, E., 107, 308. Guignard, L.. 126, 330, 626. Guillemaud, A., 374. Guillin, R., 1113. Guillon, J. M., 248, 346, 554, 941. Gulewitsch, W., 67, 1067. Gulley, A. G., 40. Gunn, W. D., 982. Guntner, C, 91. Guntz, J. II., 992. Giissow, II. T., 151, 554, 646. Guthe, K. E., 311. Guthrie, P. B., 400, 635, 835, 916. Guthrie, J. C, 395. Gutmann, A., 912. Gutzeit, E., 120. 522. Gu.ve, P. A., 218, 723. G.vSrffis, .!., 436. Haack, 147. Haake, 878. Haan, J. de, 986. Haan, P., 676. Haas, B., 874. Haberland, M., 527. Hadle.y, A. T., 204. Hadley, H., 894. Hadle.y, H. O., 798. Haecker, A. L., 871. Haga, 183. Haggard, H. R., 391. Hailer, 673. Hale, H. M., 447, 448, 642, 745, 944. Halenke, A., 168. Hall, A. A., 769. Hall, A. D., 109, 125, 319, 323, 426, 921. Hall, B., 1043. Hall, C. J. J. van, 348, 638. Hall, F. H., 53, 654, 821, 955, 957. Hall, H. F., 298. Hall, J. G., 196. Hall, M., 111. Hall, M. R., 483. Hall, W. T., 674. Halle, E. von, 687. Halliburton, W. D., 1108. Halligan, C. P., 894. Halligan, .1. E., 540, 571. Hallock, E. v., 294. Hallowell, E. F., 491. Halpin, J. G., 975. •Hals, S., 1019. Halsted, B. D., 38, 50, 56, 836. Halsted, .!., 489. Hamilliiinen. .!.. 1071. Hamberg, H. E., 527. Hamby, C. C, 195. Hamill, J. M., 67. Hamilton. D. J., 85, 381. Hamilton, J., 492, 791, 796. Hammond, H. S., 96. INDEX OF NAMES. 1187 Hammond, R. L., 1123. Hamner, N. C, 210, 693. Hand, W. P., 1115. Hann, J., 527. Hanna, P. W., 483. Hanna, W., 1164. Hannig, E., 842. Ilannon, P. J., 593. Hansen, C, 760. Hansen, E. C, 600. Hansen, P., 335. Hansen, J., 765, 766, 1073. Hansen, N. E., 294, 698, 9 lo. Hansson, N., 79, 888. Hanus, .1., 811, 859. Hanus, P. II., 95. Hanzlik, S., 310. Ilareourt. R., 21, 368, 398, 460, 821, 853. Hardenberg, C. B., 1047. Hardin, M. B., 726. Harding. H. A., 820. Hardt, B., 823. Hardy, M., 290. Hare, R. P., 9. Haring, C. M., 386. Harlot, P., 650. Ilarker, G., 420. Harper, C, 458. Harries, 1052. Harrington, C, 473. Harrington, H. H., 1015. Harris, A. W., 1100. Harris, C. D., 1097. Harris, P., 700. Harris, P. W., 524. Harris, I. P., 910. Harris, J., 327. Harris, J. N., 786. Harris, N. M., 1161. Harris, W., 551, 837. Harrison, C. S., 43, 639. Harrison, P. C, 64, 79, 646. Harrison, H. G., 109. Harrison. J. B. P., 9. Harsiiberger, J. W., 842. Hart, B. R., 1175. Hart, C. A., 651. Hart. E. B., 568, 759, 1160. Hart, .1. H., 474. Hart, J. W., 197. Hart, W. R., 998. Hartley, C. P., 930. Hartman, E. T., 798. Hartwell, B. L., 399, 619, 1108, 1113. Jlartwloh. C, 859. Ilaselhoff, E., 124, 429, 1067. Haselwood, .1. A., 294. Hasenbaumer, J., 108. Haskell, S. B., 226, 268, 1097. Ilaskins, H. D. (Mass.), 220, 241. 1097. Hasklns, H. U. (Ohio), 661. Haskins, L. P., 239. llasliick, P. N., 164. Hassall, A., 351. Ilasselbrlng, H., 748. Ilasselman, L. S., 94. Hastings, E. G., 277, 1038, 1079, 1080. liatcb, K. L., 294, 791. Hatt, W. K., 447, 486, 640, 641, 744. Haugbs, D., 1050. Haupt, H., 110, 419, 1108. Hausler, J., 799. Havelock, W. B., 148. Hawes, A. P., 339. Hawkins, H. V., 218, 976. Ilawley, R. C, 45 Ilayashi, N., 735, 739. Ilayman, J. M., 449, 723, 750, 815. Hays, W. M., 394, 397, 488, 686, 694, 698, 727, 889, 915, 973. Hayward, II., 94. Haywood, J. K., 398, 853. Haywood, W. G., 1097. Hazen, J. S., 814. Ileadden, W. P., 32, 33. Heald, P. I)., 149, 155, 244, 246, 248. Hebert, A., 426, 532. Ilechler, C. II., 894. Heck, G. J., 526. Hecke, E. van, 948. Heqq, L., 650. Hedgcock, G. G., 54, 443, 453. Hedley, M., 579. Heen, P. de, 624. Hefter, G., 577. Hegner, R. W., 891. Heimann, E., 522. Heime, €., 948. Heine, P., 832. Heinemann, P. G., 672, 979. Heinrich, R., 527. Ileinze, B., 533, 722, 1027. Heller, O.. 481. Hellmann, G., 423, 528. Hellriegel, II., 734, 1105. Hellsten, A. P., 1153. Ilelme, N., 1110. Ilelme, W., 1071. Helyar, P. G., 196, 297. Hemenway, H. D., 97, 491. Hempel, A., 61, 354, 357. Hempel, E.. 861. Henderson, L. P., 1046, 1061, 1063. Hendrick, J.,, 19, 137, 139, 235, 1149. Henkel, T., 70. Henneberg, H., 1124. Henri, V., 1165. Henriekson. H. C, 142, 236, 495, 1044. 1045. Honriijues, V., 760. Henry, A., 1134. Henry, A. J., 11, 112, 311, 610, 814, 815. Henry, E., 18, 550, 942. Henry, L., 1092. Henry, T. A., 330, 544, 729, 1032. Henry, \Y. A., 266, 408, 605, 896, 1008, 1010, 1015, 1074. Henry, Y., 443. Ilenseval, M., 362. Hensler, 845. Hepburn, W. K., 297. Hepner, A., 366. Hepner, P. E., 229, 262. Ilerculais, J. K. d', 954. Herrera, A. L., 558, 560. Herrick, G. W., 1144. Ilerrick, S. M., 96, 495, 909. Herrmann, C. F. von, 814, 1109. Herrmann, P. C, 1086. llerse. P., 737. Hersey, E., 540. Hertel, H., 1171. Herter, W., 1057. Hertwig, O., 651. Herzog, R. O., 659. Hess, E., 182. Hess, W., 893. Hesse, A., 176, 309. Hessegiistrow, A., 576. Heuss, 1081. Ileuze, L. G., 1100. Hewitt, C. G., 754. Hewitt, .7. T., 1108. Hewlett, R. T., 871. Heymans, .1. P., 279. Higley, H. A., 1158. Hlldebrandt, P., 75. Hllgard, E. W., 12, 315, 426. Hilgermann, R., 425. Hill, A., 683. Hill, E. S., 491. Hill, G. W., 596. Hill, H. H., 598. Hill, J. A., 598, 1098. Hill, J. J., 101,402. Hill, S. C, 361. Ilillman, P. H., 438. Hills, P. O., 612. Hills, .1. L., 124, 413, 414, 415, 968, 1009, 1015, 1030. Hiltner, L., 17. Ilinderlider, M. C, 483. Hinds, W. E., 251, 751. nine, J. P., 694. Hine, J. S., 256. Ilinks, E., 1107. Hirsch, R., 964. llissink, 0. W., 613. Ilissink, D. .7.. 427. Hitchings, E. P., 1145. Hite, B. H., 726. Ilittclier, K., 472. Hixon, A. H., 491. 11 88 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hladik, J., 461. Hoag. W. R., 286. Hobstetter, 381. Hoch, J., 1089. . Hodge, C. F., 891, 1093. Hodgetts, P. W., 4.-)9, 1129. Hodgkiss, H. E., 653, 955. Hodgson, T. R., 911. Ilodson, E. R., 745. Ilofer. 213. Hoffman, C, 896, 1161. Hoffman, I. F., 456. Hoffmann, C, 196, 275, 276, 575, 1026. Hoffmann, J., 43. Hoffmann. W., 176, 473. Hofman-Bang, O.. 717. Iloft, H., 418. Hogenson, J. C, 44, 44.'.. Hogild, J., 378. Hogstrom, K. A., 66!). • Hohl, J., 372, 723. Holden, P. G., 94, 299, 31)4, 395, 546. Holland, E. B., 278, 1097. Holley, C. D.. 209. Hollister. G. B., 999. Hollmann. 673. Hollrung. M., 3.50, 746. Holmes, E. M., 739. Holmes, G. K., 291, 391. Holmes, J. D. E., 63. Holmgren, N.. 357. Holroyd, H. B., 446. Holt, H. B., 894. Holterbach, II., 776, 77.S, 878. Holtermann, C, 922. Holtschmidt, W., 208. Iloltsmark, G., 318, 436. Iloltz, W., 448. Iloltzclaw, R. C, 297. Hommell, R., 358. Hoogkamer, L. .!., 986. Hook, J. M. van, 342, S45, 1098. Hooker, W. A., 1060. Hopfner, P., 312, 31.3. Hopkins, A. D., 159, 255, 852. Hopkins, C. G., 394, 397. 412, 415, 432, 607, 915. Hopkins, F. G., 760. Hopper, H. A., 172. Ilori, S., 153. Ilornberger, R., 643. Home, W. D., 398. Home, W. T., 900. Ilorsfall, F., 443. Horsford, G. W., 298. Ilorsnalll, W. O., 883. Ilorton, E. G., 576. Horton, H. E., 124. Horton, R. E.. 286, 483, 484, 1109, 1167. Hostelet, G., 724. Hotchkiss, W. S., 736. Hotter, E., 143. Houdet, 900. Hougardy, A., 1160. Houghton, C. O., 1058. Hoiiser, J. S., 652, 753. 8.50. 1176. Howard, A., 734. Howard, B. J., 164, 443, 626. Howard, C. D., 286, 397, 564, 565. Howard, C. W., 355, 556. Howard, L. O., 254, 355, 457, 655, 751, 850. Howard, W. L., 196. Howe, E. D., 798. Howell, A. H., 56, 555. Howitt, J. E., 39. Hoy berg, H. M., 383. Iloyt, .1. C, 483. Huart, E. d', 418. Hubbard, P., 717. Hubert, P., 638, 738, 939. Hudig, J., 322, 323. Hudson, G. V., 352. Hudson, T. G., 619. Iluergo, J. M., 356. Hughes, C. E., 895. Hughes, D. A., 982. Hughes, P., 324. Ilugounenq, L., 247, 910. Ungues, C, 1131. Hult, R.,421. Humbert, E., 94. IPime, H. H., 337, 339, 737. Hummel, J. A., 969, 971. Humphrey, G. C, 263, 264, 266, 271, 273, 1074, 1075, 1076. Humphries, A. E., 835. Hunt, H. A., 311, 914. Hunt, T. P., 192, 303, 396, 895, 1008. 1176. Huntemiiller, O., 080. Hunter, A. F.. 170. Hunter, B., 229, 027, 831. Hunziker, O. F., 771. Hurd. W. D., 798. Hurley, P. A., 587. Hurst, C. B.. 565. Huss, H., 372, 474. Hutchinson, A., 1108. Hutchinson. C. M., 337. Hutchinson. H. B.. 429. Hutchinson, W. I., 47. Hutt, H. L., 1129. Hutt, W. N., 95, 494, 740, 1097. Hutyra, P., 282, 773. Huyge, C, 75, 673. Hyde, D. D., 869. Hyslop, R. E., 1098. Iches, L., 353. Ihlder, ,1., 741. Ihssen, G., 852. Immendorff, H., 121, 1028. Imms, A. D., 63. Inagaki, C, 1071. Inamura, R., 123. Inda, .1. R., 557, 655, 1061. Ingalls, W. R., 726. Ingle, H., 11, 527, 665, 723. lorns, M. J., 38, 495. Isaac, J., 848. Isaachsen, II., 977, 978. Issajeff, T., 1079. Jablonowski, J., 60. Jackson, H., 24. Jackson, II. M., 1169. Jacob, L., 461. Jacob, M., 137, 185. Jacobj, C, 565. Jacobstahl, E., 181. Jacquet, M., 307. Jaczewski, A. de, 298. Jaeger, A., 85, 86. Jaffa, M. E., 94. Jaffe, M., 759. James, E. J., 1008. Jamieson, T., 125. Janin, F., 1166. Janka, G., 341. Jannasch, P., 522. .lanse, J. M., 453. Jansen, II., 379. Jardine, W. M.. 495. Jarnagin. M. P.. 1098. Jaross, K., 1107. Jarvis, C. D., 1061. Jarvis, E. M., 382. Jarvis, T. D., 349, 353, 355, 358. Jefferies, J. II., 1097. Jefferson, J. S., 1145. Jelinek, J., 322, 428. Jenkins, E. H., 618, 862. Jenkins, W. H., 1047. Jenne, E. L., 253. Jennings, E., 458. Jennings, H., 298. .Jennings, T. B., 814. Jensen, C. O., 582. Jensen, G. H., 625. Jensen, H., 100. Jensen, O., 177, 371, 872, 899, 981. Jentsch, 840. Jesse, R. H., 1015. Jewell, C. II., 99. . Jewell, J. R., 690. Jochimsen, 1023. Joest, E., 582, 879. Joffrion, A. B., 597. Johan-Olsen, O., 372. Johannsen, 199. Johnson, B. L., 315. Johnson, J. M., 692. Johnson, L. C. 315. Johnson. R. H., 695. 1144. Johnson, S. A., 161. Johnson, T., 552. Johnson, T. C, 196, 1177. Johnson, W. A., 965. INDEX OF NAMES. 1189 Johnston, C. M., 58, 251, 282, 350, 681, 750. Johnston, F. S., 895. JoUes, A., 308, 360. Jollivette, H. D. M., 890. Joly, J., 825. Jonos, B. J., 849. Jones, C. B.. 870. Jones, C. IL, 124. li'M. OOS, 1030. Jones. C. J.. 694. Jones, E. R., 684, 10:!4. Jones, P. W., 1135. Jones, J., 148. Jones, J. L., 765. Jones, J. W., 395. Jones. L. R., 798, 948, 1030, 1050. Jones, W. J., jr., 22, 1073. Jordan, D. S., 204, 797. Jordan, E. O., 729. Jordan, H.. 692. Jordan, W. II., 410, 413, 415, 510, 568, 759, 797, 90:!, 996, 1004, 1008, 1011, 1014, 1015. • Jores, 443. Jorgensen. G.. 207. •Torissen, W. P., 211, 815. Jowett, W., 773. Judson, L. B., 145, 196. 1046. Juhlin-Dannfelt, II., 888. Jumeau. P., 22, 432. Junack, M., 184, 1082. Jungner, J. R., 354, 645. Jnritz, C. F., 65, 261, 317. Kadgien, .V., 117. Kahn, 182. Kalhach, L. A., 411. Kalmann, A. J., 567. Kambersky, O., 900. Kampen, G. B. van, 522. Happen. H., 1028. Karwacki, L., 281. 776. Kasdorf, O., 1078. Kaserer, II., 534, 1028. Katayama, T.. 4.34. 961. Kauffman. C. II., 347. Kayser, B.. 373. Kearney, T. H., 549, 1030. Kebler, L. F., 398, 399, 421. Keeling, B. F. E., 111. KelTer, C. A., 1173. Kelhofer, W., 1137. Kellerman, K. F., 324, 425, 533, 715, 716. Kellerman, W. A., 50, 452. Kelleter, P. D., 1136. Kellner, O., 862, 972. Kellogg, J. W., 999. Kellogg, R. S., 642, 944, 1133. 1134. Kellogg. V. L., 651. Kelly, J., 682. Kendall, A. I., 655. Kendall, J. C, 893. Kennedy, P. B., 243, 831. Kennedy, R. G., 588, 682, 684, 881. Kennedy, W. J., 973. Kennelly, A. E., 764. Keiiiiey, F. ('., 998. Kent, F. L., 770. Kern, F. D., 945. Kern, O. J., 889. Kerner, F. von, 533. Kerr, A. P., 597. Kerr, J. W., 43. Kerr. W. J., 796, 999. Kerrick, L. II., 893. Kershaw, j; B. C, 724. Kettler, 124. Keyser, A., 938. Kiessliug, L., 135. Kilgore. B. W., 23, 220, 233, 398, 1097. Kimball, H. H., 311. Kimberly, C. H., 259. Kirabrough, J. M., 195, 828, 829. King, C. J., 374. King, C. M., 937, 1038. King, F. G., 998. King. F. H., 213. King, J. B. S., 1066. King, M. L., 94. Kinkels, E., 912. Kinley, D.. 789. Kinman, C. F., 1096. Kinsella. J. A., 372. .394. Kirk, T. W., 745, 754. Kirkham, V. H., 1116. Kirkness, .1. M., 671. Kitt. T., 577. Klaiuly, 535. Klebahn, II.. 347, 847. Kleberger, 1113. Klein, L. A., 281. Kleinheinz, F., 263, 264, 1074. Klercker, K. O. af, 759, 1070. Klimmer, M., 178. Klinck, L. S., 699. Kling, M., 108, 168. Klocker, A., 577. Klut, 308. Klykken, O. B., 1019. Knapp, G. N., 290, 291. Knapp, S. A., 498. Knauer, F.. 559. Knierim, W. von, 536. Knight, C 1098. Knight. II. G., 229, 262. Knight, II. L., 464. Knight, J. B.. 653. Knisely, A. L., 398, 717. Knoche. E., 852. Kno.\, A. A., 825. Knuth. P., 128. Kobus, J. n., 634. Koch, A., 16, 219, 577, 674. Koch, E., 964. Koch, R., 178, 278. Koch, W., 925. Koester, F., 388. Kohler, B., 900. Kfihler, E. J.. 317. Kohler, F., 83. Kolle. \V., 75. Koller. T., 123. Kouek, F. von, 109, 418. Konig, H., 527. Konig, J., 421, 524, 664, 961, 1069. Koppen, W., 421. Korentschewski, W., 858. Koske, F.. 282, 283, 583. Kossel, II., 775. Kossilowski, G. de K., 993. Kossovich, P., 119, 818. Kossowicz, A., 66. Kosutany, T., 1099. Kotinsky, J., 59, 63, 353,559. Kowalewsky, .T., 83. Kraemer. H., 249, 454. Krafft, G., 800. Krasnogorsky, 1069. Kraus, R., 675. Krauss, L., 614. Kreider, J: L., 420. Kreinberg, A., 378. Kretschmer, F.. 622. Kreiitzer, M., 875. Krin\l)erg. R., 761, 960. Krische, P., 208, 430. Krober, E., 219. Krogh, A., 760. Kroning, 87. Krueger, 877. Kriiger, E., 572, 681. Kriiger. F., 810, 911. Kriiger, W., 617. Kruijff, E. de, 361, 826. Kruijs, M. J. van't, 909. Krnll, F.. 67. Kuhn; G., 875. Kiihne, G., 390. Kukiiljevic, J. von, 585. Kulagin, N., 560. Kull, 1S5. Kunath. 237. Kiinis, W., 886. Kure, B., 1090. Knrosawa, K., 848. Kutscher, F., 563, 760, 857. Kiittner, S.. 1072. Kyle, C. II., 1039, 1176. Kyle, E. .7., 491, 637. Labbe, II., 566, 658. Labbe, M., 658. Lacroix, A., 915. Ladd, E. F., 9, 10, 209, 2.59, 310, 361, 397, 657 1022, 1025, 1065. Lafont, F., 753. Lahille, F., 163, 653, 1165. , Laine, E., 323, 430, 809, 1023. Laing, A., 64. 1190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOHD. Lair, M., 992. Lake, H., 127. Lallemant, E., 623. Laloue, G., 924, 1033. Laloy, L., 454. LambI, J. B.. 788. Lambling, 566. Lamborn, L. L., 476. Lampe, E., 714. Lampert, K., 358. Landls, D. S., 311. Landouzy, L., 658. Landreth, B., 142, 593. Landsteiner, K., 680. Lane, C. B., 77, 367, 767, 1159. Lane-Claypon, J. E., 75. Lange, E., 646. Lange, J. C. E., 1080. Langworthy, C. P., 259, 961. Lantz. D. E., 1.56, 250. Larkin, R. R., 894. Larsen, B. R., 320, 429, 436. Larue, P., 725. Latham, B., 915. Latta, W. C, 1015, 1173. Laubert, R., 650. Lauck, 1067. Lauder, A., 768. Laughlin, E. O., 311. Laughlin, .1. L., 90. Lauman, O. N.. 91. Laurie, D. F., 076. Lavollee, P., 993. Law, J., 100. La Wall, C. H., 166. Lawford, C. E., 91. Lawrence, H. S., 849. Lawrence, W. H., 246. Lawrence, W. T., 763. Lawson. II. W., 473. Laylin, T. C, 795. Leach, A. E., 397. Leake, H. M., 13. Leather, J. W., 212, 216, 544. Leathes, .7. B., 861. Le Blanc. M., 535, 708. Le Bosquet, M., 958. Lecaillon, A., 163, 2.56. Leek, J. van der, 769. Leclainche, E., 583, 777. 985. LeClerc, J. A., 660. Ledien, F., 444. Ledoux, L., 207. Lee, F. E., 218. Lee, F. S., 567. Lee, J. G., 894. ■ Lee, M. E., 888. Lee, W. T., 483, 1110. Leenhoff, .1. van. 100. ^ Leenhoff, .1. W. van, 240, 1049, 1050, 1060. Le Feuvre, R. F., 736. •Lefevre, J., 26, 68, 862. Lefroy, H. M., 60, 62, 354, 558, 734, 1060. L6gier, E., 688. Legrand, J., 309. Lehmann, C, 761. Lehmann, P., 912. Lehnkering. P., 421. Leighton, M. O., 715, 716. Leighty, C. E., 195. Leithiiuser, G., 536. Lemarie. C, 439. Lempfort, R. G. K., 614. Lenton, W., 195. Lentz, 1085. Lepel, F. von, 20. Leroux, E., 1000. Lesieur, C, 988. Letulle, 962. Leufven, G., 888. Levaditi, C, 385. Levasseur, E., 943. Lever, A. F., 693. Leverett, F., 816. Levites, S., 1152. Levy, E., 773, 1162. Lewis, A. C, 552. Lewis, C. I., 44, 840. Lewis, L. L., 257. Lewis, P. A., 1165. Lewis, S. .1., 314. Liehtenthaler, R. A., 895. Lichti. E. I., 95. Liebreich, O., 965. Liechti, H., 147. Lienau, D., 633. Liggett, W. M., 1097. Lignieres. .1., 580, 878, 880, 1081, 1082, 1083. Ligot, O., 621, 1029, 1113. Lilienthal, 916. Liljhagen. G., 888. Lindblad, R. C, 423. Linde, Van der, 84. Lindet, L., 79, 173, 1079. Lindinger, L., 1060. Lindner, F., 299. Lindsey, J. B.. 200. 233, 261, 272, 274, 967, 1097. Lindstriim, H., 96. Linfield, F. B., 69, 70, 71, 264, 471. Lingard, A., 458, 879. Lipman, J. G., 14, 15, 18, 1105. Lipp, C. C., 864. Lippmann, E. O. von, 874. Lipschitz, 472. Little, W. L., 279. Livingston. B. E.. 328. Livingstone, W. W.. 491. Lloyd, E. R., 297, 466, 467. Lloyd, F. .!., 78, 474, 475. Lloyd, J. S., 473. Lobeck, O., 1069. Lochhead. W., 349, 498, 1033. Lock, R. H., 336, 1143. Lockyer, N., 711.' Lockyer, W. J. S., 711. Lode, A.. 1166. Lodge, O., 11. Loeb, J., 958. Loevenhart, A. S., 963. Loew. F. A., 128. Loew, O., 17, 432, 999. Loewenthal, J., 714. Lohleln, 675. Lohmann, A., 760. Lohnis, F., 538, 720, 979. Loir, A., 99, 166. Loisel, 424. Lonay, A., 1092. London, E. S., 67. Long, J. H., 525, 772, 910, 965. Longanecker, E. W., 291. Lonnqvist, B., 962. Loomis, II. M., 397. Loos, C, 1145. Loosley, J. S., 364. Lord, N. W., 821. Lote, J. von, 679. Lotsy, J. P., 1099. Loud, F. H., 209. Lounsbury, C. P., 61, 84, 252, 344, 346, 352, 357, 358, 557, 653. Loverdo, J. de, 80, 1150. Lovett, A. E., 288. Low, AV. H., 419. Lowe, F., 309. Lowe, W. H., 98. Lowenstein, E., 1081. Lowey, R., 64. Lowry, G. A., 390. Lubarsch, O., 375. Lubimenko, W., 127, 541. Luc, M., 6.38. Luciani, L.. 1009. Lucke, C. E., 882. Ludewig, 1083. Ludwig, A., 754. Ludwig, W., 419, 523. 1108. Luhrig, H., 524, 564, 809, 858, 1149. Lummis, G. M., 395. Lupi, D. H., 400. Lusk, G.. 67. 656. Liithje. II., 760. Lyle, J., 714. Lyman, C. A., 1157. Lyman, R. P., 100. Lyon Bros. Co., 39. Lyon, T. L., 437. Lyons, H. G., 424. Lythgoe, H. C, 397. McAlpine. D.. 149. McBryde, J. M., 298. McCabe, G. P., 856. 897. McCall, A. G., 890. McCall, C. A., 890. McCall, J. M., 381. McCallum, W. B., 94. McCandless, J. M., 398, 399, 619. McClellan, F. C, 900. McClelland, C. K., 893. INDEX OF NAMES. 1191 McCoIlum, E. v., 1098. McCornick, W. S., 895. McCourt, W. E., 822. McCready, S. B., 890, 891. McCreary, O., 1097. McCue. C. A., 53, 794. MeCulloch, M. E., 94. McCune, Mrs. A. W., 890. McDonald. M., 74.3. McDonald. W. P., 96. McDonnell, C. C, 796. McDonnell. II. B., 327. McDowell. M. S., 1176. McFarland, J., 674. McGaw, v., 492. McGill, A., .398, 462. Mclntire, W. H., 693. Mcintosh, S., 847. ' - McKay, G. L., 76. McKeown, G. M.. 974. McLaughlin, W. W., 115, 1166. McLean, .1. A.. 94. 195. McLeod, A. F., 196, 1025. McLeod, C. H., 813. McLin, B. E., 1090. McMillan, D., 195. McMullen, R. H., 1165. McXab, R., 993. McNabb, C. A., 888. McNeil, J. H., 299. McNeill, J., 593. McNess, G. T., 2.35, 834. McPherson, A., 588. McPherson, W., 1147. Maa.s, H., 137, 831. MacConkey, A., 175. MacDonald, M. B., 494. Macdonald, W., 198. MacDougal, D. T.. 624, 726. Macdoiigall, R. S., 158, 559. MacFadden. A. W. .7., 1149. Macfarlane, .1. .J., 292. Macfarlane, T., 2.3, 167, 460, 461, 564, 960. 961. MacFayden, A., 800. Mach, F., 823. Macias. C, 3.50. Mack. W. B., 495. Mackay, A., Ill, 129, 140, 1.50. 169, 170. Mackenzie, D., 485. MacLaurin, R. D.. 1097. MacNider, G. M.. 1097. Macoun, W. T., Ill, 129, 140, 548, 792. Macpherson, M. C, 889. Macy. E. .1., 893. Maddocks. W. H., 771. Madsen, T., 676. Maercker, M., 320, 822. Magdanz. .\. F., 495. Magen, 764. Magnus, P., 452. Magnus-Levy, A., 166. Mahin, E. G., 418. 5871— No. 12—07 Maiden, ,T. II.. 40, 364. Maige, A., 925. Mairs, T. I., 472, 574, 663, 1176. MaiziSres, 1112. Maki, S., 14. Malcolm, J., 769. Malde. O. G., 239, 10.47. Malkoff, K., 044. Mallet, 80. Mallette. E. A.. 1177. Mallevre. A., 762. .Mally. ('. W., 352. Malpeaux, L., 762. Mangin, L., 6.50. Mangold, E., 861. Mann, E. A.. 310, 426, 586. Mann, H. H., 42, 43, 337, 338, 452, 558. Manns, T. F., 1098. Manouelian, 385. Mansell, R. E., 836. Maquenne, L., 215, 1105. Marcas, L., 75, 673. Marchal, E., 244, 298, 842, 1061. Marchal, P., 654, 953. Marchet, .!., 744. Marchis. L., 883. Marcone, G., 1083. Marcy, W. L., 830. Marek. J.. 773. Mares, R.. 884. Marescalchi, A., 870, 941. Markiel. F., 580. Markworth, O. S., 1148. Marlatt, C. L., 653. Marmorek, A., 281, 478. Marmu, N., 109. Marr, T., 915. Marre. E.. 647, 1077. Marriott. W., 311 Marriott, W. McK., 523. Marsais. P., 649. Marsh, F. M., 491. Marsh, H.. 781. Marshall, C. J., 98. Marshall, F. II. A., 671. Marshall. F. R., 667, 865. Marshall, W. E.. 872. Marston. B. W.. 353. Martel, H.. 80, 780. Martens, 479. Martin. A., 013. Martin. G. D., 284. Martin. G. II.. 798. Martin. L.. 770. Martin. R.. 692. Martinotti, <;.. 1163. Marvin, C. F., 310, 311, 525, 1109. Marxer, A., 181. Mason, .1., 97. Mason, .7. F., 96. 599. Mason, S. C, 800. Mason, W, P., 7. Masoni, G., 7. Massee, G., 343, 345, 554, 748, 944. Masters, M. T., 1100. Mathews, F. S., 68. Mathewson, E. H., 235. Mathewson, W. E., 95, 109, 524. 997. Matthes. II.. 421, 523. Matzat. II., 595. Man jean. .\.. 501. Maule, W. M.. 243. Maurel. E.. 260. Maw, P., 900. Maxwell, W., 833. May, 984. May, D. W., 190, 220, 295, 1033. Ma.ver, Adolf, 119, 135, 320. Mayer, August, 478. Mayer, C, 874. Mayer, P., 455. Mayet, V., 350. 852. Ma.vo, N. S., 987. Mayo, W. L., 1109. Mayr. II., 45. Maze, P.. 873. Meacham, F. T., 1097. Mead, E., 287, 482. Mead, P. J., 815, 1172. Mearns, E. A., 1143. Medd, .1. C, 1091. Meehan, W. E.. 809. Mehner, II., 540. Mehrtens. G., 525. Meier, K., 61.3. Meinardus, W.. 814. Meissner. O., 813. Meitzen. A., 487. Melander. A. L., 253, 255. Melick, C. W.. 95. Meline, .1., 786. 1098. Melvin. A. D., 257, 755. Mena, 94.3. Mendel. G.. .336, 800. Mendel, L. B.. 660, 759. Mendoza. A., 838. Menozzi, A.. 1066. Mensik. E.. 558. Meraz, A.. 50. 1144. Mercier. A.. 116. Mercier, M. .7., 738. Merillat. L. A., 100. Merkel. F.. 574. Merle. C, 647. 844. Merriam, C. H., 156. Merrill. E. D., 1178. Merrill, G. P., 615. Merrill, L. H., 657, 662, 1096. Merritt, E., 1040. Merritt, M. L., 740. Merz, A. R., 895. Mesnil. F.. 4S1. 678. Mesnil. M.. S73. Metalnikoff, S., 180, 378, 1192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Metcalf, II., 244. Metcalf, V. H., 459. Metchnikoff, E., 862, 961. Mettam, A. E., 85, 676. Mette, P., 779. Metzner, H., 6.'50. Mey. 1'., 566. Meyer, D., 918, 919, 920. Meyer, G. C, f)09. SIcyer, L., 82' Meyer, R., 525. Michael, L. G., 96.-., 966. Micheels, H., 25, 222, 624. Michel, 959. Michelet. E. J., 117, 317. Michels, .T., 276, 872. Michels, M.. 896. Micko. K., 856. Middleton, T. H., 400, 898, 1100. Migula, W., 1027. Milan, CM., 1131. Milch. L.. 531. Milham, W. I.. 526. Mill. II. R.. 423. Millar, J. II., 609. Miller Bro.s., 1045, 1046. Miller, C. H., 390. Miller, E. H., 8, .309. Miller. P. G., 640, 1175. Miller, F. J., 64. Miller, L. C, 46. Miller, L. II., 890. Miller. L. K.. 491. Miller, M. P., 1119. Miller, N. H. .7., 109, 116. 323, 720. Miller, W., 37, 44. 444. Mills, G. P., 597. Mills, .T. W., 837. Milner, R. D., 459, 461, 1151. Milward. .1. G., 53, 896, 1056. Minchin, E. A., 458. Minkler. P. C, 894. Mitchell, C. A., 600. Mitchell, P. C, 814. Mitchell, II., 875. IMitchell, W. A., 768. Mitscherlich, E. A., 417. IMiyajima, M., 877. Mohler, J. R., 181, 282, 379, 981. Mohr, L.. 862, 964. Mole, M., 384. Molinarl, M. de, 621, 1029, 1113. Mollereai], H., 1084. Molliard, M., 25, 127. Molon, G., 1049, 1145. Molz, E., 648. Monaco, E., 540. Monahan, N. P., 221, 1097. Moncure, W. A. P., 373, 999. Monnier, A., 923. Monod, O., 911. Monroe. C. J.. 904. Monsarrat, W. T., 100, Montauiui. C, 539, 724. Monteith, N., 788. Montemartini, L., IS, 222, 550. Montet. M., 1145. Montgomery, E. G., 732. Montgomery, R. E., 284. Montini. G., 168. Monvoisin, A., 368, 1077. Moody, W. II., 999. Mooers, C. A., 114. Moore. J. C., 148. Moore. .1. G., 896, 1046, 1059. Moore. J. S., 1159. Moore. N. J., 1135. Moore. R. A., 227, 232, 234, 1033, 1034, 1038, 1042, 1055. Moore, V. A., 99, 180. Moorhouse, L. A., 96, 136 Mooring, D. C, 297. Morant, R. L., 166. Moreau, I... 374. Morel. A., 810.910,911. Moreland, W. li., 450. Moretti, G. P., 1083. Morgan, A. C, 751, 953. Morgan, C. II., 982. Morgan, II. A., 137. Morgan, T. II.. 950. Morgen. A., 171, 978, 1159. Morgenstern, P. von, 812. Morison, C. G. T., 5. Morochowetz. L.. 174. Morrill. A. W.. 952. 956. Morris, D., 734. Morse. W. J.. 1140. Morton, G. E., 262, 598, 893. Morton, J. .1., 974. Moseley, E. L., 876. Mosher, M. L., 395. Mosny, E., 874. Mosselman, G., 183. Mott, F. W., 481. Moulton, D., 952. Moiilie, E.. 840. Moussu, G., 278, 776. Mowry, J. B., 300. Moxness, D., 1030. Alueh, H., 368. Mueller, E., 1107. Miihlbach, E., 70. Miihlemann, C, 885. Muir, P., 652. Mulberry. G. P.. 65. Muldrew, W. H., 891. Mullens, B. T., 594. Miiller. A., 10. 364. Miiller, P., 421. 52.3. Miiller, II.. 128. Miiller, L.. 769. Miiller, :M.. 281, 863, 959. Miiller. Oscar. 644. Miiller, Otto. 200, 278. Miiller. R.. 3S5. 675. Miiller, W., 842, 1072. Miiller - Thurgau, H., 356, 374. Mumford, H. W., 391, 414, 415, 464, 465. Munroe, C. E., 397. Munson, T. V., 146, 941. Munson, W. M., 636, 1096, 1129. Miintz, A., 65, 288, 323, 430, 809, 1023, 1105. Miinzinger, 536. Muratet, L., 988. Murdfield, R., 664. Murdock, P. P., 97. Murev, C, 5b6. Murillo, P.. 581. Murphy, E. C, 315. Murphy, M., 688. Miissemeier. 775. Musson. C. T., 645. Myrick, II., 789. Nakayainn. II.. 83. 479. Namikawa, S., 32, 117, 124, 1068. Nannes, G.. 208, 318. Nauot. J.. 24. Nathansohn, 915. Neal, J. W., 494. Neale, A. T., 1040, 1072, 1074. Needham, J. G., 795. Neisser, M., 368. Nelson, A., 229, 848, 948, 1128. Nelson, J., 73, 74. Nelson, K., 498, 1009. Nelson. M., 297. Nelson, R. J., 832. Nelson, S. B., 285. Nernst, W.. 535. Netolitzky, P., 68. Neuberg, C, 566. Neuburger, A., 324. Neumann, C 886. Neumann, G., 876. Neumann, L. G., 780. Neumann, M. P.. 862. Neumann. I'.. 1019. Neumann, R. O., 421, 757, 1068. Neumann, W'., 83. Newell, P. II.. 90. Newell, W., 351, 353, 987, 1090. 1144. Newell Arber. E. A., 1099. Newman, C. L., 233, 729, 731. Newman, .1. S., 400. Newman, L. .1., 354. Newstead, R., 655. Newton, A., 1100. Newton, P. A., 522. Nicholle, P., 214. Nicholle. M., 481. 584. Nicholls, A. G.. 397. Nichols, E. R., 1015. INDEX OF NAMES. 1198 Nicholson, J. S., 786. Nickles, A. G., 259. Nicolas, J., 185, 078, 1082. Nielsen, N. O.. 83. Nierenstein, M., 82(5. Nihoul, E., 310. Nilson, L. F., 10. Nilsson, N. H., 727, 888. Nitsch, R., 880. Nobbs, E. A., 36, 568. Nolan, D., 64. Noble, T. A., 483. Nomblot, A., 637. Norgaard, V. A.. 578, 1162. Norman, A. J., 1096. Normau, J. L., 140. Normann, W., 912. Norris, G. W., 835. Non-is, J. H., 778. Northrop, R. S., 936. Norton, A. P., 463. Norton, F. A., 859. Norton, H. W., jr.. 865. 1070. Norton, J. B., 097, 698, 1170. Norton, J. B. S., 51. Nostrand, van, 813. Novilv. I". M., 95. Novotny, K., 708. Novy, F. G., 987. Nowell, H. T., 1040. Nowotny, R.. 1053. Nugent, C. E., 999. Niisslin, O., 852. Oakley, R. A., 439. Oberholser, H. C, 349. Oberholzer, G. A., 311. Oberlin, 1131. O'Callaghan. M. A., 1078. Ocock, C. A., 890, 1088. Ogden, A. W.. 397. O'llehir, C. J., 770. Ohler. 586. Oldenberg, K., 992. Olin, W. H.. 28, 34. Olive, E. W., 1177. Oliver. G. W., 038. Ollivier, H., 1024. Olry, M. R., 188. Olsen. J. C, 813. Olson, G. A., 220, 261, 398, 969. Olsson-SeEfer, I'., 896. Omelianski, W., 607. Ondracek. F., 984. Onslow, Earl of, 1090. Onuki. S., 160. Opalka, L.. 1081. Opoix. O.. 837. Orchard, R., 212. Orr, H. B., 648. Orr, T. E.. 573. Orton, W. A., 948, 1121. Osborn, H., 158. Osborn, FI. F.. 305. Osborne, T. B.. 910. Osmun, A. V., 222. Ost, IT.. 22. Ostertag. It., si. isl. I's:;. 375, 385, 480, 880, 1085. Ostrander, J. E., Ill, 209. 423, 612, 814, 1022. Ostwald, W., 1113. Oswald, E., 960. Otis, D. H., 896, 1074. Ototzky, P. v., 942. Otto, R., 18. Outran), T. S., 814. Outwater, R., 7!)4. Oven, E. von, 246. Owen, B. J.. 38, 50, 56. Overland, E., 1052. I'aal, C, 525. Packard. S. B., 1148. Pacottet, P., 152, 346, 347. Paddock. W., 49, 553. Paige. .T. B., 981. Paine, A. E., 1170. Paine, R., 183. Paisant, R., 1089. I'ajetta, R., 608. I'aladino. R., 757. Palmer. T. L., 699. Palmer, T. S., 157, 250, 455. Palmer, W. J., 636. Pammel, L. H., 450, 1038. I'anisset, L.. 185, 980. Panormow, A., 661. I'aparozzi, G., 845. I'arde, L., 943. Pardy. A.. 35. Paris, L., 1081. I'ark, P. C, 1090. Parke, Davis & Co., 1008. Parker, E. C. 080. Parker, .T. C, 594. Parker, T. B.. 1097. Parloa, M., 165. Parmelee. C. W., 822. Parow, E., 364, 662. Parr, A. E., 720, 1100. Parrott, P. .T., 6.53. 955. I'arsons, H. A., 196. Parsons, H. G.. 492, 899. Parville, II. de. 1130. Passerini, N., 247, 417, 470. Pastrana, M. E., 013, Patch, E. M., 652. Pate. W. F.. 195. Pa ton, I). N., 00. Patrick, G. E., 419. Patten, A. .!„ 568, 759. 1030, Patten. C. G., 037. Patten, H. E., 532. Patten, .T. P... 75s. Patterson, II. .1., 718, 919. Patterson, .1. K., 40S. Patterson, W, II., 336. Pattin, H. C, 368. I'atton, C. A., 012. Paul). L. F., 195. Panlmier, F. C, 350. Pavarino. L., 347. I'avy, F. W., 661. Payne, A., 1100. I'ayne, .T. E.. 297. Peacock, R. W., 364. Pearl, R., 894, 1175. Pearson. A. N., 35. Pearson, II. C, 743, 1052. Pearson, L., 875. Pearson, R. S., 942. Peart, A. W., 336. Pease. II. T.. 879. Pechmann, L., 824. I'echoutre, F., 922. I'eck, S. S., 373. Pegllon. v.. 215. I'ekar, .!.. 779. Pellerin, G., 525. Pellet. II,, 308, 746, 909, I'ember, F, R., 495. Penning, C. A.. 582. Penny, C. L., 162, 1035, 1073. Pepper, C. M.. 823. Perkin, F. M., 430. Perkins, G. II., 816. Perkins. R. C. L., 750. Perkins. S. O., 1097. Perkins, W. R., 1121. Pernter, J. M., 526. Perotti, R., 218, 537, 545, 623, 1023. Perret, A, IL, 738. Perret, M.. 959. Perrier, G., 757, 859, 1130. Perrier. L., 1160, Perrot, E., 374. Pescheck. E., 608. Patch, T., 945, 949. Peter, A.. 371, Peter, A. M., 114, 913. Peters. A., 100. Peters. A. T.. 99, 184, 285, 395. Peters, .1. G., 243. Peters, L., 344, 746. Petersen. A., 1085. Petersen. C. 700. Peterson, E. (J., 252. Peterson, .!., 564. Pethick, W. II,. 982. Petit, A., 1133. Petkow, N.. 709. Petri, L., 049, Petry, E,. 475, 073. Pettersson, M,, 674- Pettis, C. R., 896. Pettit, .1. H., 119, 398. Pettit, R. II., 849. Pew. W. II., 894. I'feiffer, R.. 075. Pfeiffer, T.. 21. 121, 366, 617. Pfcrsdorff, F„ 181. Pflanz, 382. I'fliiger. E., 420. Phelps, E. B., 1111. Phelps. G., 782. I'honix, G. P., 995. 1194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Phillips, B. F., 5G1, OoT. Phillips, F. J.. 1133, 117r>. Phillips, J. L., 251. 654. Pickel, .1. M., 1097. Pickrell, W., 268. Picliering. S. U., 200, 752. Picoilo, L.. 1162. Pierandrei, G., 810. Pierce, H. C, 94. Pierce, N. B., 444. Pierce, W. D., 751, 952. Pieters, A. J., 100, 230, 1030. Pillaud, H., 192. Pillsbiiry, J. P., 41, 239. Pilon, 921. Pinchot, G., 797, 1008. Pincot, R.. 561, 854. Pingree, M. H., 895. Piper, C. v., 328, 931, 1063'. Pipers, P., 724. Pirocchi, A., 763, 973, 1165. Pizarro, M. T., 653. ■ Place, F. E., 282. Plagemann, A., 623. Plate, E., 677. Plattner, E., 177. Ploek, C, 540. Plumb, C. S., 695, 762. Plummer, A., 375. Podbielski, von, 500. Poe, C. H., 194. Poels, J., 180. Pollaci, G., 925. Pollock, J. B., 154, 155, 156. Pomeroy, A. C, 339. Pomeroy, C. S., 794. Pompilian, 962. Pope, W. J., 1108. Porcher, C, 671, 810, 987. Porchet, F., 153. Porter, A. E., 362. Poskin, J., 1061. Post, A. L., 96. Post, T. von, 96. Potts, W. A., 360. Powell, G. H., 239. Powell, G. T., 41. Pozzi-Escot, E., 674. Pozzoli, A., 19. Pratt, E. A., 92. Pratt, F. C, 952, 953. Pratt, T. M., 9. Prentice, D. S.. 579. Prescher, J., 310. Pretre, C, 787. Prettner, M., 184, 383. Prianishnikov, D. N., 22 124, 320, 539, 621. Price, H., 937. Price, H. C, 413, 888, 1015. Price, H. L., 336, 914. Price, O. W., 1050. Pricolo, A., 285, 780. Pridham, .T. T., 1140. Priestley. .1. H., 540. Pringle. C. G., 896. Pringsheim, H., 324. I'ritchett, II. S., 807. I'rivat-Deschanel, P., 782. I'robst, 1083. Procter. II. R.. 813. Proctor, F. W., 1109. Profe, C, 777, 879. Proost, A., 298, 531. Proulx, E. G., 794. Prout, W. J., 862. Prowazek, S. von, 681. Prucha, M. J., 820. Prylewsky, F., 1078. Pupin. R., 546. Purrington, W. P., 96, 693, 796. Putney, F. S., 895. Putz, R., 1085. Puxley, H. L., 471. Quaintance, A. L., 254, 955, 1062. Quartaroli, \.. 7, 208. Quayle, H. .1., 255, 395. Quiun, G., 352, 355, 548, 888. Quintanilla. G.. 307. Quiroga. M., 900. Qvam, O., 332. Raamot, J., 577. Rabagliat, A., 1152. Rabate, E., 746, 950. Rabinowitsch, L., 179. Rabinowitsch, M., 580. Rabus, 185. 677, 877. Raby, H., 976. Raciborski, 610. Radclifife. L. G., 771. Raebiger, II., 182. Ragan, E. T., 421. Ragondet, G. L., 723. Ralph. G. A., 286. Ramsay. W.. 12, 122. Randall. E. W., 1097. Rane. F. W., 96. 298, 300. Ranger. W. E., 97. Rankin, F. II., 689, 890, 1016. Ranney. P. C, 277. Rano.iewid, N., 644. Ransom. B. H., 278, 380, 987. Rasmussen, F.. 894. Rasquin, M., 869, 974. Rassau, E., 380. Ratcliff, F. D., 913, 1069. Raudnitz, R. W., 873. Rausch, M. F., 395. Ranter, G., 711. Ravaz, L., 54, 649. Ravenell, M. P., 1098. Ravenstein, E. G., 421. Raw, N., 179. Rawson, H. E., 527. Redding, R. J., 195. 206, 220, 297, 828. 829. Redfleld, S. P., 563. Reed, G. M., 244, 896, 1055. Reed, H. C, 398. Reed, H. S., 152, 925. Reed, W. F., jr.. 111. Reel, E., 491. Regel, K., 108. Regensburger, P., 929. Reh, L., 957. Rehfeld, 591. Reichard, C, 208. Reid, A. G., 588. Reid, F. R., 693. Reid, G., 1023. Reijst, 812. Reimer, F. C, 337. Reischauer, 88. Reiss, E., 758. Reiss, F., 371. Reitmair, 0., 630, 731. Reitz, A., 176. Remeaud, O., 462. Remlinger, P., 185, 678, 1085. Remy, T., 720, 823, 916, 1026, 1119. Renouf, E., 121. Rettger, L. F., 530. Renter, 377. Renter, E., 58. Revis, C, 811, 1160. Rew, R. H., 200, 1170. Reynolds, M. II., 864. Rheinboldt, 1069. Rhodin, S., 319, 333. Ribancourt, E. de, 533. Rice-Oxley, A. J., 463. Richards, E. II., 563, 564, 596, 888. Richards, T. W., 1107. Richards, W. B., 867. Richardson, A. W., 597. Richardson, F. W., 610, 709. Richardson, G. A., 894. Richardson, G. B., 189. Riche, A., 853. Richet, C, 572. Richmond, H. D., 8, 309, 574, 811. 1100. Richter, F., 4.39. Richter, .!., 81, 279. Rideal. S., 109, 212. Ridley, II. N., 348. Riegler, P., 283. Ries, J. N., 584. Rindell, A., 920. Ringelmanu, M., 191, 386, 390, 918. Ringer, W. E., 816. Ritzmann, E. G., 1155. Rivas, D., 614. Riviere, G., 40. Roaf, II. E., 676. Rohbins, E. T., 94. Robert, J. C, 476. Roberts, C. H.. 298. Roberts, D., 463. Roberts. G., 327. Roberts, G. H., 278. INDEX OF NAMES. 1195 Roberts, H., 39, 237. Roberts, H. F... 732, 93.^., 1123. Roberts. J.. 1157, 11.">S. Robertson, .T. W., 88S, 1177. Robertson, R.. 111. 129. 1()9. 170, 173. Robertson, T. B., 87.3. Robertson, W., .58(5. Robin, L., 419, 709. Robinson, J. H., 73. 8(!9. Robinson. T. R.. '>:'>:'>. Robinson. W.. 7.">9. Roc'baz-de .Tongli, .T., 04, 3.'')7. 1063. Rockafellow, B. F., 893. Rocques, X., G.j. Rodella, A.. 772. Rodet, A., 284, 481. Roger, .T., 776. Rogers. A. J., jr., 1098. Rogers, L. A., 370. Rohm, K., 107. Rijhrig, A., 8.'57, 8.58. Rolfe, G. W., 674. Rolfs. F. M., .50, 451, 646. Rolfs, P. H., 239, 1015. Romer. P. H., 368, 790. Rommel, G. M., 267. 299. 696, 975, 1157. Rona, P.. 67, 1072. Roncali, F., 420. Roos, L., 54. Roosevelt, T., 297, 900, 1008. Root, E. T., 798. Roper, D. C, 92, 632. Rordam, K.. 208, 430. Rcirig, G., 847. Ros, v., 1063. Rose, P. S.. 1176. Rose, R. E., 1030. Rosenbaum Brothers. 599. Rosenfeld, G., 361. Rosenfeld. L.. 911. Rosengren, L. F.. 277, 888. Rosenheim, O., 911. Rosenthal. E.. 195. Rosenthal, G., 1165. Ross, B. B., 399. Ross. D. W., 483. Ross, P. II.. 1039. Ross, W. II.. 1096. Rossi, R. P., 89. Rossi-Ferrini. TT.. 451. Rossignol, 984. Rossler. II.. 900. Rothe, W., 523, 566. Rothenbach. F.. 772. Rothkugel, M., 1051. Rothschild (Lord), 497. Rottke, (i78. Ronget, .1., 678. Rougier, L.. 949. Rousseau, E.. 872. Rousseanx. E., 1126. Roux, 1082. Roux, P., 993. Royco. C. C, 441. Royle, .T. .T., 424. Rubinow, I. M., 393. Rul)ner. M.. 75. Ruddick, .T. A., 670. Riihl, A.. 102.3. Ruhland. W., 947. Riihm, 479. Ruhm, .1., jr., 22. Ruijter de Wildt, .1. <". de. 325, 532. Rukhlyadev, N. P., 984. Rullmann. W.. 47.!. Rumsey, W. E., 2.54. Rupp. E.. 809. Rusche, F., 309, 980. Rushton, .7. C, 928. Russ. V. K.. 1085. Russell, E. J., 17, 21, 531, 720. Russell, II. L.. 2:!2. 275, 276, 575, 770, 896. 1078, 1080, 1161. Russell, I. C, 715. Russell, .1. E., 897. Russell, I'. A., 1097. Ruth, W. A., 1147. Rutherford, .T. G., 99, 100, 578, 583. Rutherford, W. .T., 94. Ruwet. E., 207. Rydberg, P. A., 433. Sabraz&s, .1., 988. Sacharov, S., 426, 818. Sachs, H., 80. Saeland, .J., 490. Saiki, T., 1068. Saito, A.. 585. Saland, .T.. 978. Salecker, P., 759. Salmon, D. E., 281, 477. S(i(i. Salmon, E. E., 1141. Salmon, E. S., 151. :.'(mi. 451, 452, 649, 650. Salter. C. 772, Sammis. .T. L.. 1098. Sampson. I). L., 795. Sampson, H. O., 97, loit. 888. Samson, G., 872. Sanborn, C. E., 951. Sanders, A. H., 885. Sanders, .1. G., 59. Sanderson. E. D.. 59. 75(i. 751, 999. Sands, W. N.. 1024. Sandsten. E. P.. 53. 2.!7. 2:',.s. 260, 1041, 1042. 1(»49. 1056. Sanfelico. F., 675. Sanford. F. H., 597. Sartori. .\., 1149. Saunders. C. E., 792, 828. Saunders, E. R.. 199. Saunders, W., 129, 792, 828. Saunders. W. U., 370, 978. Sauton, E., 9, 609, 87:!. Savage, W. G.. 817. Sawamura, S., 64, 434. Sawer, E. R., 252. Saw.ialow, W., 566. Saylor, C. F., 34. Scala, A., 812. Scalia, G., 852. Schaer, E., 421. Schaffnit, E., 1149. Schalk, 550. Schardt, II., 614. Scharf, E., 715, 1109. Scheck, U., 242. Scheffer, T. II.. 491, 739, 117.3. Scheibel, A., 1082. Schellenberg. H. ('.. 650. Scheller. R.. 675. Schenkl. 85. Scherer. R., 772. Scherflius, W. II., 697. Scheunort. \.. 73, 565. Schiffel, A.. 1052. Schikorra, (J.. 645. Schilbersky. ('.. 298. Schilfifarth, 677. Schiller-Tietz, 97.3. Schipp, C, 380. Schittenhelm. A., 572. Sch.jorning. II.. 165. Schlegel, M., 384. Schleh, 935. Schleichert. F., 728. Schlich. W., 1053. Schlicht. A.. 708. Schliebs, G., 108. Schloeslng, T., jr., 208. 1029, ^ 1105. Schlossmann. II.. 965. Schmeck, A.. 1159. Schmelck. L.. 259. Schmidt. F.. .'JGl. Schmidt, II.. 478. Schmidt. .!.. 178, 778. Schmidt, O.. 123. Schmidt-Nielsen. S.. 576. Schmitz. B.. 308. Schmoeger. M., 539, 824. Schmuck. 879. Schnabel, E., 766. Schneebeli, M., 672. Schneider, C, 168. Schneider, .J., 585. Schneider, O., 842. Schneider. P., 720. 722. Schneider. W.. 366. Schneidewind. W.. 918. 919, 920. 1029. Schniirer. .7.. 186. 987. Schoene, W. .7., 955. 957. Schollander. E. G.. 1033. Schonbein. ('. F.. 17. Schotte. G.. 47. Schreber. K., 590. Schreiber, ('.. 1024. Scbreiner, O., 827. ii9r. EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Schrenk, II. von, 54, 559. Schribaux, E., 24, 932. Schroeder, C, 197. Schroeder. E. C, 82. 379. G96, 775, 1164. Schroeff. II. J. van der. 87S. Schryver, S. B.. 67, 166, 1068. Schuberg, C, 1052. Scbucht, L., 7. 22, 417. Schuler, C, 1090. Schulte, J. I.. 227. Schulz, A., 524. Schulz. F. N., 861. Schulze. r... 1028. Schulze. C. 542. Scbulze, E., 223, 609. Scbulze, P., 308. Sehurman, J. G., 895. Schiitte, O., 1072. Scbiitz, W.. 179. Schwappach. A., 341. Schwartz. M.. 847. Sehweikert, 285, 480. Schwenkenbecher, A.. 1072. Scipiotti, A., 564. Scoble, II. T., 919. Scott. A. C, 789. Scott, E. H., 97. Scott, F. II., 610. Scott, H. D., 1099. Scott, J. M., 288. 494, 567. Scott, R. W., 1097. Scott, W. M.. 53. 1062. Scott-Elliot, G. F., 742. Scott-Monci-ieff, ^Y. I).. 1023. Scovell, M. A., 23, 412, 413. 694, 1008. Seaman, L. L., 464. Searle, A., 612. Sears, F. C, 1097. Seaver, T. W., 989. Sebelien, J., 117. 124. 368, 429. Sedgwick, T. F., 634. Sedgwick, W. T., 212. See, T. J. J., 612. Seelhorst, C. von, 121, 137, 318, 538, 617, 629, 881. Segin, A., 565, 857, 858. Seibert, H., 418. Seifert, W., 772. Selby, A. D., 554, 627. 64.S. 696, 845. Sellards, E. H., 57, 1096. Selter, H., 382. Semon, R., 1058. Sergent. E., 1064. Sergent, Edmond. 2S5. Sergent, Etienne, 285. Serger, H., 361. Seright, W. E., 311. Seward, A. C, 500. Sewell. C. V. V., 146. Shamel. A. I).. 35. 231. 696. 1042. Shankernath, P., 340. Sharp, I)., 250, 1058. Sharp, I'. F., 893. Sharpe, H. G., 563. Sharpe, T. A.. 111. 129. 140. Shaw, A., 490. Shaw. C. F., 692. Shaw, E. L., 795. Shaw, G. W., 734. 1116. Shaw, J. K., 38, 50, 56. Shaw, L. M., 459. Shaw, R. II., 163, 196, 460. Shaw, R. S., 72, 172, 865, 867, 868, 1076. Shaw, T., 33, 394. Shaw, W. N., 313, 614, 713. Shealy, A. S., 981. Shear, C. L., 54, 248, 648, 842, 946, 1062, 1141. Sheldon, J. L., 223, 247, 1098. Shelton, L., 43. Shenton. II. C. II., 716. Shepard, .1. II., 3:t5. Shepherd, E. T., 729. Shepperd, J. H., 29, 73, 867. Sherman, F., jr., 64, 956. 1097. Sherman, H. C 574. liiTT. Sherrington, C. S.. 67(i. Shibayama, G., 877. Shingler. G. I'.. 960. Shinn, .1. R.. 997. Shiv(y, F. S., 872. Shoemilker, N. D., 698. Shoesmith. V. M., 95. 332. Sholl, L. II.. loni. Shorey. E. C. 213, 494. Show, .1. II., 597. Shrewsbury. II. S.. 709. Shull, G. II.. 697. Shutt, F. T., 64. 112, 117, 120, 121, 129, 1(J2. 167, 537, 609, 792. Sibbald, H. G., 64. Sidenbladh. E., 1168. Sidersky. I)., 609, 874. Siegfeld, M., 172, 366, 575, 872, 1019, 11.59. Sigmond, A. de, 397. Sikes, A. W., 418, 474. Sillem, C, 559. Silvester. R. W.. 492. Sim, T. R., 41. Simader, 383. Simon, .1. M., 636. Simpson, C. B., 58, 352. Simpson, Q. I., 365, 696. Sinclair, S. W., 48. Sinnatt, F. S., 608. Sipe. S. B.. 1093. Sirrine, F. A., 52, 653. Siven, V. O.. 964. Sjollema, B., 19, 322, 323. 325. Sjostrom. .1. A.. 888. Skalweit. B.. 237. 1170. Skinner, H. G., 261. Skinner, .1. II., 665. Skinner,.!. .1., 1176. Skinner, W. W., 398. Slack, F. H., 1161. Slade, .1. G., 1070. Sladen, F. W. L., 754. Slater, H. N., 94. Slaughter, J. P., 210. Slichter, C. S.. 187. 188, 1110. Slingerland, M. V., 1017. Slocum, R. R., 1158. Slowtzoff, B., 673. Smalakies, 715. Smeliansky, C, 475. Smets, G., 618; Smidt, II., 174, 368. Smith, Alexander, 492^ Smith, Archibald. 467. 472. Smith, A. M., 923. Smith, B. H., 208. Smith, C. B., 796. Smith, C. D., 394, 698. 1091. Smith, C. O., 453. Smith, E. F., 50, 950. Smith, E. H., .344. Smith, F. (Great Britain), 584. Smith, F. (India), 628. Smith, G. E. P., 94, 1167'. Smith, II. G.. 943. Smith. II. R., 362. Smith, J. B., 57, 849. Smith, .T. G., 225, 295. Smith, ,T. R., 698. Smith, .1. \Y., 612. 712. Smith, L. .!., 196. . Smith, L. M., 1097. Smith, L. S., 189. Smith, N., 17. 233, 261, 274, 152, 344, 944, Smith. P. H. 278, 1097. Smith, R. E. 1046. Smith, R. 08. GOO, 0:!ti. Spire. A.. 644. Spire, C, 644. Spiro, K.. 475. Spissu. P.. 470. Spitta, 1072. Splendore. A.. 6:U, 934. Spoon, W. L., 485. Spooner, W., 360. Spoor, J. A., 298. Spragg, F. A., 1175. Spring, S. N., 445. Springefeldt, 2S0. Sprinkmeyer, 11.. 662. Stabilini, C, 877. Stabler, H., 425. 1110. Stadie. A.. 3S0. 3S3, 1085. Stadlinger. II.. 012. Staehler, A., 1107.' Stafford, W. V.. 686. Stager, R., 1055. Stiibelin, R., 050. Stallings, R. E., 2.50, 657. Stanek, V., 032. Starling. E. H., 75, 360. Starnes, II. N., 220. 254. Stayner, G. E., .395. Stazzi, 1082. Stazzi, P., 379. Stearn.s, P. M., 692. Stebbing. E. P.. 356, 6- 852. Stebler. F. (i.. 14. i:!0. Steelier, R., 662. Stedman. .T. M., 804. 1145. Steel. M.. IIOS. Stefan. .1., 545. Steglic-h. B.. 4.30. .Steinegger. R., 8. Steiner. H. L., 03. Steinbaus, F.. 1162. Stenberg. 10. (J.. 302. Stene, A. E., 354, 798, 887. Stening. K., 141. Sterling, E. A.. 14S. 242. Sternberg, W., 567. Steuart. \V. M., 92. Steusloff, U., 540. Stevens, P. L., 950. Stevens, W. LeC, 111. Stevenson, W. II.. 716. Stewart, A. II., 175. Stewart, C. 312. Stewart, E., 46. Stewart, F. ('., 52. 747. 1017. Stewart, .T. B.. SIO. Stewart. .T. II., 20. i:ni, 2C.o, 270, 271. 72(i. Stewart. .1. P.. :!'.»(>, S05, 1176. Stewart, .T. S.. 203. 500, 602. Stewart. .T. T., 286. Stieglitz, .1.. 712. Stift, A.. 734, 740. Stiles, C. W., 351. Stiles, P. G., 758. Stimson, R. W.. 412. 1007. 1015. Stockberger, W. W., 435. Stoekdale, F. A., 032, 1057. Stocking, W. A., jr., 75. 94. 174. 422, 473, 767, 970. Stoddart, O. W.. 213. 821. 1024. 1025. Stoklasa, J., 17, 19. 67, 215. 322, 428, 499, 534, 622. 714, 917, 1024, 1104. StoU, P. H., 880. Stone, A. 11., 192. Stone, A. L., 227, 2.34. 1034, 1042, 1055. Stone. G. E., 221, 1018. 1046. Stone, M. E., 97. Stone. W. E., 413, 1008. 1013,1015. Stoner, M. A., 1098. Stordy, R. .!.. 584. Storer, F. II., 1000. Stfirmer. K.. 17. Storms, A. B., 299. Stout, O. V. P.. 395. Stober, A. P.. 186. 386. Strakosch, S., 4.33, 932. Strange, W. L., 387. Strasburger, E.. 1099. Straughn. M. N.. 794. Strauss, H.. 862. Street, .T. P.. 23. 398, 300. 433. 458. 703. 821. 021. Stringfellow. II. M.. 638. Stroh. G., 585. Strohmer, F.. 10. Strunk. L., 146. 337. Strusiezwicz. B. von. 3()4. Stuart. D.. 77. Stiibel. IT.. 861. Stiiber, W.. 564. sr>7. Stuckey. II. P., 007. Stnblmann. P.. 03. Sluparb, R. F., 1100. Sturdevant. L. B., 285, 405. Stiirtzbecher, 880. Stutzer, A., 168. 324, 320. 431, 523, 500. 01 S, 0:i3. 724, 750, 1122. Stygles, C. 1... 300. Siicbting, M., 550. Summers. .1. X.. 804. Siimmers. W. L.. 327. 390, 1022. Sundstrom, S.. 1000. Supan. A., 421. Suplee, II. IT., 002. Surface, F. M., 1175. Surface, G. T., 913. Surface, II. A., 59, 157, 351. 556, 651, 854, 1058. Sutherst, W. F.. 662. Sutton, A. W., 916. Sutton, G. L., 32, 1140. Suzuki, S., 14, 3.".. Suzuki, S. K., lOO.s. Svensson. .T., 888. Svoboda, II., 812. Svolinsky, M., 311. Swanson, C. O., 04, 05. Swavlng. A. .1.. 807. Sweeney. Jl. P.. 795. Sweirstra. .1.. 775. Swendsen. (i. I>.. 483. Swenk. M. II.. 1059. Swingle, D. B.. 95. Sy, A. P., 525. Sykes, W. J., 600.. Syme, W. A., 196. Symes, J. O.. 860. Symons, T. B.. 255, 751, 752. Tabard, 311. Taber, W. C, 608. Tacke, B., 123, 539. Taggart, W. G., 597. Taliaferro, W. T. L., 95. Talman. (". F.. 311.526. Tangl, F., 68, 80. 874. Tanaka. S.. 14. Tarcbanow, .1. R.. 961. Tasker. H. K., 178. Taubenhaus, J.. 938. Tavares, .J. S., 357. Ta.vlor, E. P., 951. ]0.-,'.i. Taylor, F. W., 567. Taylor, IT., 1083. Taylor, II. W.. 907. Taylor, (). M.. 41. Taylor. T. P.. 4s:!. Taylor, W. A.. 238. Taylor. W. .!., 00. Tedin, H.. 828. Teele, R. P., 287. Tempany, 11. A.. 524. Temple, .1. ('.. 100. Ten Eyck. A. M.. 3.!. Thach, C. C, 412. 1198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Thackara, A. M., 211. Thaer, A., 1010. Thaer, A. K., 500. Thamm, R., 859. Thatcher, C. J., 991. Thatcher, R. W., 257, 436, 471, 1098. Thayer, E. R., 891. Thays, C, 143. Theiler. A., 283. 375. 774, 983. Theobald, F. V.. 200, 352. 455, 854, 952, 1061. Thery, E., 1090. Thierry, E., 1076. Thiry, L., 11. Thorn, C, 1161. Thomas, 11., 893. Thompson, B. R., 494. Thompson, J. A., 1177. Thompson. .1. B.. 396. Thompson, R. .1., 302. Thompson, R. R., 999. Thompson. S. P., 122. Thorns. II.. 1132. Thomsen, I'.. 915. Thoni, J., 177. Thornber, J. J., 33, 1123, 11.39. Thorne. C. E., 121, 138, 413. 1015. Thornton. T.. 332. Thorp, F. II., 813. Thresh. .1. C, 361. Thurston, W. B., 894. Thurtell, H., 483. Tibbies, W., 958. Tiemann, II. D., 743. Tigerstedt, R., 962. Tillier, L., 358. Timberg, G., 888. Tinsley, J. D., 395, 611. Tizzoni. G., 679. Tobler, C, 451. Tobey, E. N., 585. Tobler, F., 1052. Todd, F. H., 943. Toepfer, G., 963. Tollens, B., 616, 617. Tolman, L. M., 110, 397, 420. Tolsky, A., 942. Tompson, H. P., 597. Tonnelier, A. C, 353. Torka, V., 356. Tottingham, W. E., 96. Tourgee, C. H., 195. Toussaint, E., 107, 308. Towar, .1. D.. 1098. Tower, G. E., 998. Tower, W. L., 849. Tower, W. V., 1056, 10.59. Townsend, C. O., 51. 697, 950. Toyama, K., 560, 755. Trabert, W., 814. Trabut, L., 62, 298, 852, 884. Tracy, J. E. W.. 697. Tracy, S. M., 698. Tracy, W. W., 38, 1008. Trafford, F., 942. Tralboux, 737. Tranzschel, W., 842. Traphagen, F. W., 361. Trescot, T. C, 420. Treub, M., 1032. Treutlein, A.. 84. Trillat. A., 9, 609. 873. Tromsdorf, R., 473. 675. Troop. J., 956. Trotter, A. M.. 579. Trouessart. E. L.. 1064. Trowbridge, E. A.. 196. True, A. C 294. 407, 409, 413, 488, 498. 797. 905, 1010. 1015, 1016. 1099. True, G. H., 134, 173. True. R. H., 241. Truelle, M., 11.30. Trueman, .1. M.. 494. Tschermak. E.. 231, 800. Tschirch. A., 743. Tubergen, C. G. van, 241. Tubeuf, K. von, 1142. Tuck, C. H., 298. Tuero. F. L., 942. Tulaykov, N., 818. Tunnicliffe, F. W., 359. Turner, G., 479. Turner. W. I\, 774. Turpi n. G. M., 999. Turton, E., 980. Tutt, .1. W., 1144. Twitchell, G. M., 798. Uehling, Q.. 277. ITjhelyi, E., 173. Ulander, A., 36. ITlbricht, R..218. Ulrich. R.. 819. Underbill. F. I'., 759. Upton, W., 111. Urban. J., 932. Uribe, R. U., 841. Urizar, R.. 877. Usher. F. L.. 540. Usher. S.. 562, 958, 1173. Ustyantzev, V. P., 863. Utz, 913. Uyeda. Y.. 151, 648. Uzal, C. M., 937. Uzel, H., 750. Vacher, 985. Vagedes, K., 876. Vageler. P.. 326. 334. Vailliant, L., 84. V^illee, H., 179, 180, 377 984, 1082, 1084. Vallet,G., 284. 481. Vamos. E.. 1081. Vanatter, P. O., 927, 109S. Van Biervliet, P., 884. Van Bijlert, A., 426. Van Daalen, C. K., 522. Van Dam, U., 708. Van der Bruggen, 490. Van der Burg, W., 986. Van der Leek, .1., 769. Van der Linde, 84. Vanderlinden. E., 11, 529. Van der Schroeff, H. J., 878. Van der Zande, 725. Vandevelde, A. J. .1., 362, 980. Van Dine, D. L., 61, 250, 355, 652. Van Es, L., 1084. Van Hall, C. .1. J., 348, 638. Van Hecke, E., 948. Van Hise, C. R., 606. Van Hook, J. M., 342, 845, 1098. Van Kampen, G. B.. 522. Van Leenhoffi, .1., 100. Van Leenhoff. .1. W., 240, 1049, 1056, 1060. Van Nostrand, 813. Van Slyke. L. L.. 7, 1160. Van't Kruijs, M. J., 909. Van Tubergen. C. G., 241. Vasiliu, H., 863. Vassal. .1. J., 87. Vasseux, 536. Vassilliere, L., 594. Vaudremer, A., 776. Veateh, A. C, 11, 112, 817. Veitch, F. P., 427, 913. Velasco, S. F. de, 772. Vennerholm, J., 877. Vercier, .1., 654. Vernet, L.. 346. Verney, F. A., 1084. Vernon, J. J., 29, 70, 74, 288, 567. Verstraete, 322. . Viala, P., 152, 347. Vidal, D.. 451. Vieil, P., 755. Vieweg, W.. 813. Vilbouchevitch. J., 799. Villard. 814. Villasenor, F. F., 616. Villemoes, N., 163. Vilmorin, M. de, 199. Vilmorin, P. de, 298. Vincenheller, W. G., 777. Vincent. J., 111. Vincey, P., 1082. Vinson, A. E., 33. Vitek, E.. 215. 917. Vivarelli, L.. 1144. Vivet, E., 1131. Vivien. A.. 762. Voelcker. .1. A., 23. 28. 1108. Vogel, I.. 429. Voges, E.. 1142. Voglino, P., 150, 845. INDEX OF NAMES, 1199 Vogt. II., 359. Voigt, A., 980. Volck, W. H., 851. Volhard, J., 763. Volkart, A., 139, 449. Voorhees, E. B., 14, 18, 104, 1015. Voorhees, J. A., 38. 1097. Votchal. 321. Vries, H. de, 430, 727. Vries, J. de. 1082. Vries, .7. J. O. de, 577. Vuyst, P. de, 486, 1094. Vye, J. A., 93. Wagner, 575. Wagner, H. W., 608. Wagner, P., 320, 621, 622. 929. Wahl, B., 953. Waid. (". W., 4.50, 633, 697, 1045. Waite. M. B.. 152, 949. Walbaum. 11., 565. Waldron, C. B., 1016. Waldron, L. R., 836. Waldrop. C. S., 195. Walker, E., 957. Walker, G. K., 62. Walker, P. H., 398, 1020. Wall, C. II. la, 166. Wallace, R., 1012, 1016. Wallin, A., 277. Walta, v., 439. Wangnick. H., 523, 566. Wantig, P.. 859. Warburg. E.. 536. Warbiirton. C, 59. Ward. A. R., 75. Ward, C. W.. 698, 699. Ward, II. B., .395. Ward, II. M., 100, 500. Ward, R. de C, 421, 422. Ward. S. H.. 99, 578. Warfield, S. W., 318. Warfield. W.. 600. Warington, R., 807. 1105. Warmbold, H., 16, 617. Warren, G. P.. 37, 442. Warth, H., 431. Wartman. E. L.. 1175. Washburn. F. L., 749, 954. Washburn, II. .!.. 282. Washington. B. T., 490. Wassermann. A., 83, 280, 675. Waters. II. .7.. 413. Watkins. E. J., 258. Watkins. II. R., 96. Watson. 71 .7., (La.), 735. Watson. E. .7.(8. C), 884. Watson, G. C, 232, 546, 895. Watson, J. D., 327. Watt, A., 308. Watt. R. D., 771. Watts, P., 33, 35, 524. Watts, R. L., 836. Waugh, F. A., 236, 441, 491, 1097. Wauters. .7.. 873. Way, II. O., 1077. Wayman, H. S., 196. Weathers, .7., 43. Webb, .7. L., 254. Webb, W. M., 559. Webber, F. C, 398. Webber. II. J., 237, 396, 700.924. 1120. Weber, F., 444. Weber. .7.. 473. Weber. S. E.. 100. Webster, E. S.. 111. Webster, F. M., 251, 556. Wechsberg, F.. 368. Weeks, H. C, 1167. Weguelin, H. W., 146. WeibuU, M.. 9, 309, 321, 325, 333, 822, 888. Weigmann, H., 474. Weigt, G., 197. Weil, B., 83, 86. Wein, E., 730. Weinberg, 585, 1080. Weinberg, R., 375. Weir, R. E., 875. Weiser, S.. 68. Weisman. A., 1058. Weisweiller, G., 871. Weitz, M., 320. Welbel, B. M., 314. Welch, W. H., 201. Weld, I. C, 495. Weldon, G. P., 95. Welker, W. H., 825. Wellington, C, 1097. Wells, H. G., 675. Wells, L., 277. Wells, S., 600. Welsh, J. P., 796. Welton, F. A., 1176. Wengler, J., 758. Wentling, J. P., 1136. Wery, (i.. 316, 358, 736. West. C. S., 490. Wester, P. .7., 914. Westgate, .7. M., 929. Westhausser, F., 417, 978, 1029, 1159. Wetzl. .7., 780. Wheeler, B. I., 902. :I07, 1008. Wheeler. C. P.. 1008. Wheeler, H. J.. 261, .303. 437, 619, 798, 822, 1015, 1113. Wheeler, M. I., 894. Wheeler, W. A., 133, 294, 1177. Wheeler, W. M.. 163. Wheler, E. G.. 256, 381. Whetzel, H. H., 51, 453. Whipple, G. C, 314. Whipple, L. F., 796. Whipple. O. B., 54, 936. Whistler. J. T.. 483. White, E. A., 795, 1097. White. G. F.. 5(>1. White. G. R., 100. White. II. (\. 407. 409. 413, 1007. lOOS. 1009, 1015, 1016. White. T. II., 937. Whitford, H. N., 740. Whiting, C. A., 869. Whitley. C. F., 670. Whitman. R. 0.. 76. Whitney. I. P.. 770. Whitney, M., 119, 915. Whitson, A. R., 213, 239, 684, 821, 1024, 1025, 1034, 1047. Wiancko, A. T., 235, 631, 925, 1038. Wicks. W. II., 298. Wickson. E. 7.. 14.-^, 637, 689, 836. Widtsoe. .7. A.. 796. Wiechmann, F. G., 709. Wi.isman, U. P., 812. Wilcox. E. M., 245. Wilcox, E. v., 455, 665. Wildt, J. C. de Ruijter de, 325, 532. Wiley, H. W.. 110. 2.59, 398, .399, 462, 565, 607, 684, 685, 832, 856, 897, 1064. Wilfarth, H.. 1105. Wilhoit, A. D.. 297. Wilkinson, W. P., 400. Willard. .7. T.. 656, 756. Willaume-Jantzen, V., 210, Willcock. E. G.. 760. Willey, 7). A.. 93. 191, 713. Williams, C. B., 1098. Williams, C. G.. 696, 1039. Williams. G. S.. 715. Williams. R. W.. jr.. 455. Williiims, T.. 940. Williams. W. L.. 100. Willis. B., 147. Willis, J. C. 700, 841. Willoughby. C. L.. 692. Wilson, A. D.. 140. Wilson. E. T.. 685. WiLson, F. W.. 1157. Wilson. J.. 157, 459, 791, 902. 1007. 1008. Wilson. 7. A.. 1000. Wilson. 7. W.. 261. 294. Wilson, N. E., 96, 495, 831. Winberg. H., 888. Windisch. R.. 1149. Wing. n. r.. 233. Wing, 7. E., 394. Winogradski. S., 323, 324, 429, 1105. Winslow. C. E. A.. 66, 1111. Winters, R. Y., 395. 1200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. AVintersteln, H.. 166. Wintgen, M., 360, 421. Winton. A. L., 420, 618. 793, 854, 862. Wissell, L. von, 824. Withycombe, J., 11T6. Witt, O. N., 121, 53.5. Wittmack, L., 199, 739. Woglum. R. S., 64, 159. Wohlgemuth, J., 963. Wohltmann. F., 137, 720. Wolbring. W., 812. Wolf, C. G. L., 523. Wolff. 769. Wolff, H. C, 1110. Woll, P. W., 220, 234, 261. 271, 273, -274, 398, 969, 1076. Wolstenholme, .T. B., 980. Wollers, W., 724. Wood, A. K., 946, 1141. Wood, R. W., 520. Wood, T. B., 1066, 1100. Woodbury, C. G., 956. Woodford, S. L., 895. AVoodhead. G. S., 76S. Woodman, A. G., 900. Woodruff, C. E., 698. Woodruff. F. O., 397. Woods, C. D., 303, 471, 619, 755, 756, 1015, 1115, 1123, 11.53. Woods, H., 39. Woods, H. S., 812, 1176. Woodward, C. M., 501. Woodward. S. M., 882. Woodworth, C. W., 458, 853. Wooldridge, G. H., 478. Woollatt, S. B., 777. Woolvertou. L.. 1129. Working. T». W., 1177. Wortley, E. .1.. 491. Wortmann, .T., 476, 1000. Wrede. W.. 766. Wright, C. D., 797. Wright. F. B., 674. Wright, H., 148. 841, 1051. Wright, n. R., 1148. Wright, R. r., 139. Wright, W.. 474. Wright, W. r., 200, 742. Wrightson, J.. 498. Wucherer. II., 5S4. Wulff. G., 9S0. Wulff, T.. 64 7. Wygodzinski, W., 687. Wyssmann, E., 677. Wythes, G., 39. Yakimov, V. L., 1084. Yerburgh, R. A., 786. Yermakov, W. W., 223. Yoder, P. A., 796. Young. D., 138. Ystgard, A., 995. Yun, T. II., 1177. Zacharewicz, E.. 40. Zaitschek, A., 69. Zande, van der, 725. Zanoni, U., 854. Zavitz, C. A., 27. Zavitz, E. J., 942. Zederhauer. E., 147. Zehl, 182. Zeisel, S., 724. Zerban, F., 297. Zielstorff, W.,711, 813, 1029. Zimmermann, A., 858. Zimmermann, H., 645. Zintheo, C. J., 486, 785. Zolla, D., 885. Zon. R., 45. Zwick, 875. o INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note.— The abljrcviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass," etc., after entries refer to the publications of the respective experiment stations; "Alaska," "Hawaii," and "P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; -'Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada, and " U.S.D.A." to those of this Department. Page. Abattoirs, construction 80 ii;spection and administration. . . 80 Abomasum, bacteriological studies 177 Abortion — contagious, immunization 581 in cows 580 Kans 194 prevalence in Norway 580 Pennsylvania 875 Rhodesia 580 Abscesses of spleen 774 Absinthe, essential oil in 924 Abutilon striatum, immunity to chlorosis. .. 048 A cacia decurrens, tannin content 310 Acanthorhynchus, new genus, notes 048 Acer spp., notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Acetates, effect on plants 434 Acetic-acid bacteria, use of pure cultures in vinegar making 1079 production from milk sugar 373 Acetylene light, effect on plant growth 38 Acid iron wastes, pollution of streams by ... 1110 phosphate. (See Superphosphate.) Acidimetry, standardizing material for 809 Acids, formation in fasting 964 free, determination in superphos- phates 7 mineral, detection in vinegar 913 determination in vinegar... 610 organic, effect on denitrification 917 Acridium purpuri/erum, coutTol in Natal, U.S.D.A 450 notes 252 succinctum, notes 62, 849 Acrostalagmus vilmorlnii, n. sp., description 749 A ctinella richardsonii, notes, Colo 81 Actinomyces asteroides, inoculation experi- ments 479 spp. in butter 176 Actinomycosis— control 580 notes, U.S.D.A " 281 prevalence in Ohio 1080 Pennsylvania 875 Western Australia 1162 transmission to guinea pigs 479 Adams Act, appropriations under -107,412 notes, La 990 relation to agricultural research 301 work under 413 Page. Adams, n. C, memorial addresses on 408,693 Adoneta bicaudata, life history 654 Adulterants for canned products, composi- tion 461 microscopical examination .... 66 uEcidium punctatum, relation to plum rust. . 50 Mgilops ovata, notes 231 Aerial research station in Oermany, U.S.D.A 111 Aero clubs and meteorology, U.S.D.A 311 Afforestation in southwestern France 840 of moor lands 147 African coast fever- blood parasite of 84 notes 777, 876 prevalence in .lava 582 Orange River Colony . . . 178, 982 Rhodesia 580 South Africa 375 ticks, life history, U.S.D.A 381 transmission 84 Agalactia, contagious, immunization 382 prevalence in Italy. . 579 Agar-agar, food value 857 Agaricus campestris, effect on plant growth, N. Y.Cornell 827 mcUeus, notes 154 muscarius, poisoning of cows by. . 183 Agave americana, disease of 452 rigida sisalana, notes 730 Agaves, culture and use 730 Age, effect on calcium content of blood 567 Agricultural- Bacteriological Institute of Gottingen. . 16 bookkeeping, basis of 788 treatise 93, 789 capital, economic relations 292 charts, preparation 531 clubs in the Y. M. C. A 899 college in Hawaii 897 Madras 396 colleges- administration 413 as depositories of public documents. 693, 1009 engineering education in 1013 exhibit at live-stock exposition 496 extension work by 401,410,1010,1016 U.S.D.A 791 forestry courses in 1012 higher education in 406. 1201 1202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Agricultural— Continued. Page, colleges— continued. increase of funds for 1009 laws and rulings concerning, U.S. D.A 688 organization lists, U.S. D.A 1093 relations 411, 413 retention of teachers in 1015 short courses in 413, 1016 significance to education 902 State aid for 1015 statistics, U.S.D. A 488, 492 {See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) colonies in South Australia 90 Carolina 884 report on 391 colonists in New Zealand, financial aid . 687 conditions in Chile 1089 Denmark 1171 Lombardy 993 Mexico 1089 Porto Rico, U.S.D. A 226 conference in New England 798 cooperation in Algeria 884 Assam 787 Belgium 1169 Bombay Presidency .... 593 Brazil 786 Cape Colony 593 Ceylon 787 Denmark 392,1170 England and Wales 786 France 1089 Germany 886 GreatBritain 92 Ireland 993,1088 Italy 884 Portugal 880 international 1089 cooperative societies 888 loans to 885 courses for farmers 888 credit in Bavaria, history 687 Bengal 392 Cape Colony 1170 France 1089 various countries 293 Western Australia 1089 development in Belgium 486 Prussia 487 Wiesbaden 488 directory, U.S.D. A 295 education — address on 293, 594, 789, 888 U.S.D. A ,.... 889 American system of 595 appropriations for 412 at American Institute of Instruc- tion 97 Hampton 490 National Educational Associa- tion 407,1009 benefits of 689 broad conception of 906 development 1012 discussion 1016 elementary 198 Agricultural— Continued. Page, education— continued. for farm boys 689, 789 historical notes 1010 in Austria 899 Chile 898 Denmark 302, 490, 899 England 798, 1091 Florida 1030 Great Britain 898 Hungary 299 New Zealand 898 Queensland 899 Scandinavia 995 Sweden 490 Switzerland 899 the Netherlands 593 South 498 United Kingdom 1012 increased Federal aid for 705 papers on 97 plant physiology in 1092 progress in, Cal 689 U.S.D. A 488 {See also Agricultural instruction.) emigration, British, suggestions 392 experiment stations. {See Experiment stations.) exports of New Zealand 993 extension work in Rhode Island '. 887 organization 403 paper on 1016 {See also Agricultural colleges.) features of Roswell area. New Mexico. . . 114 fire insurance in France 994 fraternity in Ohio State University 600 high school at Petersham, Mass 97 in Marinette Co., Wis 97 schools in Georgia 97 Maryland 97, 400 rural districts 694 holdings in European countries 1089 Great Britain 885, 1090 Western Australia 1090 immigration in South Carolina 884 implements, Chaldean and Assyrian 386 description and use, U.S.D.A 230 in Bengal 394 investigations, U.S.D.A. . . 486 tests 390 imports of the United Kingdom 1171 incomes in Switzerland . . . : 884 instruction— for teachers 503, 690, 790, 888, 1016 in Belgium 490 Birmingham University 499 Brazil 197 Cambridge University 797 Canada 1177 elementary schools 293, 294, 489, 491, 498, 689, 690, 789, 889, 1173 England and Wales 994, 1172 Great Britain 898 high schools 98, 198,499,690,780,791,1172,1177 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1203 Agricultural— Continued . Page. i nstruction— continued . in Ireland 199 Macdonald College 888 Nebraska 1172, 1173 normal schools 690, 1173 Oklahoma 790 Prussia 1172 rural schools. . . 300, 490, 491, .^rio, 789. 889 U.S.D.A 294 Scotland 1016 summer schools 595, 999 Texas 790 problems in 501 report on 409, 1010 investigations, duplication of work in . . 1018 in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, U.S.D.A.. 29.5 judging contests f)98 laborers, contract, in Canton of Vaud. . 1169 foreign, in France 992 in California 686 Hawaii 594 the United Kingdom 1170 States 885 Uruguay 1171 loans to, in Denmark 299 scarcity of, in Germany 992 wages of, in Ireland 788 Japan 1090 Ohio 1171 Ontario 788 Russia, U.S.D.A.. 393 WesternAustralia 392 lands in New Zealand 688 settlement, N. Dak 836 legislation in England 1170 literature in Germany 996 machinery, accidents caused by. Wis. . . 291 care and use, Wis 1088 effect in time saving 90 in Uruguay 1172 index 992 investigations, U.S.D.A 480 tests 390 use 888 mechanics, international congress 798 Organization Society, report 786 organizations in Germany 688 the Netherlands .WS phosphate. (See Phosphate, insoluble.) population of Bengal 394 practices and morals, manual 491 products, analyses 209 Irish, marketing 192 of Mexico, U.S.D.A 688 prices in Servia 1171 reconnaissance of Uinta Indian Reser- vation, Utah 115 research, definition, U.S.D.A 526 editorial on ; 1 in the United States 411 need of men in 1001, 1011, 1014 organization and policy in. 797, 1011 relation to Adams Act 301,413 status of 1014 scholarships, .\rmour 298. 390 Agricultural—Continued. Page. school at Cawnporc 500 St. Lawrence University 797 in Korea 1 177 schools, consolidation in Canada 995 farm mechanics in 1092 ih Austria, -statistics 995 England and Wales 1172 European countries 1092 France 1092 Georgia 293, 598 Ireland 199 Prussia 1172 Servia 898 theSouth 490 United States 595 science and practice, progress 202 settlements, scheme for 391 statistics 192,292 U.S.D.A 295 of Argentina 1091 Belgium 994, 1091 Bengal 394 Bern 884, 885 Bombay Presidency and Sind 1172 California 638 European countries 788 Florida 1090 France 594 Great Britain 293, .392, 688 Illinois 1171 India 788 Ireland 788,1091 Japan 1090 Kansas H"! Louisiana 1090 Martinique and Guadalupe. 688 Natal 594 New Zealand 088 Ohio 1171 Ontario 788 South Australia 1091 the United Kingdom 1170 States 1090 Uruguay 1171 various countries 687 WesternAustralia 392 students at German universities 898 teachers, courses for 888 Agriculture- adaptability for schools 489 American, cyclopedia of 1088 bills before Congi-ess relating to. . . 498, 599, 797 book on 1043 college courses in, U.S.D.A 689 Congressional legislation concerning 797 credits in, at Columbia University 897 department of, in Buenos Ayres 897 (See also United States Department of Agri- culture.) duty of chemistry to 397 111 607 educational value 293 cli'inontary, in Winnel>ago County 889 lessons in 890 1204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Agriculture— Continued. elementary, outline 489 teaching 489 text-book 294 experimental, in Canada, Can 792 farmers' reading course in 200 fundamental principles 1091 government aid to 92 graduate school 409, 797, 1010 history and economics of 786 improved methods in, U.S.D.A 227 in Algeria, treatise 884 Ceylon 700 Denmark 392 diflerent countries 394 Egypt in ancient times 386 France 594 Germany 688 Great Britain 499 Hawaii 594 Ireland 1088 Italy 884 Japan 1090 legislation concerning 1090 Java, treatise 922 Lombardy 993 New Zealand 688, 993 Northern Norway 320 Russia, U.S.D.A 393 South Carolina 884 the South, U.S.D.A 230 United Kingdom 116S States 101,292 international congress of 1098 institute of 897 methods of teaching 412,1009 practical, books on 729 problems in 486 progress in 593 U.S.D.A 295 qualifications for teaching 888 relation to natural sciences, U.S.D..\ . . . 689 scientific, books on 407 training of investigators in 1003,1011,1014 transition in Great Britain 92 tropical, notes 197 use of alcohol motors in 990 electricity in 142,388,593 steam in 389, 593 Agrilus chrysoderes rubicola, notes 654 spp. , notes 852 Agronomy, courses in 409,1010 U.S.D.A 689 Agropijron violaceum, notes, Wyo 229 Agroslis hyemalis, notes, Wyo 229 Agrotechny, courses in, U.S.D..\ 689 Air and vapor mixtures, problems in, U.S.D.A 1109 liquefaction 430 sanitation of 613 unsaturated, growth of fog in, U.S.D.A. 1109 (See also Atmosphere.) Alabama argillacea, notes, U.S.D..A 226 Alabama- College, notes 793,1096 Station, financial statement 892 notes 195, 793, 1096 Page. Alabama— Continued. College Station, publications, index 194 report of director 892 Tuskegee Institute, notes 1096 Station, notes 1096 Alanin, assimilation by plants 26 Alaska Stations, notes 494, 1175 report, U.S.D.A 295 Albizzia moluccana, effect on tobacco soils.. 734 stipulata, culture . 338 Albuminoids in plants as affected by light. . . 222 Albumins in duck eggs . . 661 Alcohol- denatured 991 sources, U.S.D.A 684 use 591 in Germany and Franc". . 388 uses and statistics, U.S.D.A.. 685 denaturing 591 U.S.D.A 684 agents 190 in France 291 distillation and denaturing, handbook. . 67^ effect on wheat 625 ejigines, cost of operation 191 f uol value 190 in broad 259 industry in France and Germany 191 law, American, relation to industry 191 manufacture and use 191 production in Germany 293 t roatiso 991 use in farm engines, U.S.D.A 882 gasoline engines 291 Aldehydes, determination in whisky 420 in cheese 873 v,^ine 476 Alder blight, notes. Me 652 Alectra braziliensis, analyses 813 Aletia xylina, notes 353 A leuriles triloba nut, notes 361 Alfalfa- analyses, Ky 913 anthracnose, description 448 as a cover crop, Del 1035 bacterial blight, new, Colo 553 breeding experiments 929 S. Dak 133 composition as affected by manures, Minn 1037 culture, Colo 32, 33 Mo 1119 Nebr 1037 Okla 136 S. C 229 U.S.D.A 230 experiments 437 Can 133 Mass 227 Miss 435 Ohio 1039 Pa 232,546 Wis 228 in America 394 Brazil 197 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 the eastern States, U.S.D.A. 892 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1205 Page. Alfalfa— Continued. feeds, analyses, Vt 968 mixed, analyses, Iowa 965 fertilization, N. Dak 1054 fertilizer experiments 28, 197 N.J 31 Ohio 1039 Pa 232,546 for pigs. Miss 467 germination tests, Iowa 1038 growth as affected by irrigation sedi- ments, Ariz 428 hay, analyses. Wash 436 digestibility 68 Minn 971 Wyo 262 feeding value, Nebr 362 for cows, N. Mex 74 pigs, Kans 194 Mont 71 sheep, Ariz 1157 steers, N. Mex 70,568 inoculation experiments 428 Can 120, 133 Ky 31 Ohio 1039 Pa 332 Tex 617 W. Va 223 Wis 232,1038 liming experiments, N.J 31 • meal, analyses, Mass 967 Me 1153 N.Y. State 261 R.I 261 Tex 968 and molasses, analyses, fe. I 261 feeding value, U.S.D.A 194 for cows, Pa 574 notes, Pa 663 northern limits in Asia •. . 698 notes, Colo 93 N.J 30 root galls, notes 151 rot, notes 56 studies, Ariz 1139 tubercles 545 seed, adulteration, Ky 37 Ohio 627,691 U.S.D.A 293,437 examination, Ariz 1123 Iowa 1038 Kans 1123 Tex 630 germination tests, Colo 32 production, Kans 33 selection, Minn 1037 seeding, Kans 33, 1123 treatise 730 varieties, N. Dak 30 S. Dak 133 water requirements, Nov . . . .' 134 winterkilling, Wis 1035 Alfllaria, analyses, .\riz 33 as a forage plant, Ariz 33 U.S.D.A 596 AlgiB as atTected by cojjper sulphate 128 Page, AlgiB, destruction by dilorin 212 coppi-r sulphate 212,529 Mass. 222 fixation of nitrogim by 533, 1027 growth as affected by acid salts 434 nutrient solu- tions 626 Japanese, food value 857, 1068 Alinit, fixation of nitrogen by 1027 Alkali, accumulation in soils, U.S.D.A 118 black, removal by leaching 5;?2 carbonates, causticizing by lime 708 compounds, insoluble, in humus 215 deposits, studies, U.S.D.A 117 soils. (See Soils, alkali.) Alkalimitry, standardizing material for 809' Alkaline compounds, formation in leaves, soils, and humus 427 Alligator pears. (See Avocados.) Allium fistulosum, notes 937 scorodoprasum, culture and use 39 Alliums, forcing with ether 44 Allspice, analyses, Me 756 ash constituents ! 062, 859 water content 662 Almond disease, notes 342 spot disease, notes 845 Almonds, varieties 240 Alopecurus fulvus, notes, Wyo 229 Alpine hay, digestibiUty 08 Alternaria sp., notes. Conn. State 1138 studies 453 Altitude, effect on vegetation 727 Aluminum, determination in phosphate rock 398 phosphate deposits on St. Thomas Island . 915 fertilizing value. . . 219 utilization liy plants 1108 Amanita phalloides, poisons of 826 Amblyomma hebrxum, life history 357 A mbrosia trifida, analyses, Ky 913 American — Association of Farmers' Institute Work- ers, U.S.D.A 492, 791 Breeders' Association 601, 693 Institute of Instruction, convention 97 Poultry Association, constitution and by-laws 73 Veterinary Medical Association 98, 981 Amids, assimilation by plants 26 nutritive value 364 Amino acids, excretion in fasting 964 importance in metabolism 760 Ammonia as a refrigerating medium 192 condenser, description, Del 1020 crude, agricultural uses 325 analyses 1029 fertilizing value 621 determination in water ()09, 809 evaporation from soils 916 formation in soils 215 in eruption products of Vesu- vius 714 milk 473 development 1077 manufacture from city refuse ... 1113 1206 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Ammonia, oxidation 123 production from waste products. 123 recovery from gas liquor 431 Ammonium^ chlorid, effect on germination of seeds . . 127 production from waste prod- ucts 123 citrate solution, neutralization 398 nitrate, effect on algse ti2(J sulphate. {See Sulphate of anamonia.) Amylase, formation in germinating seeds . . 126 Analytical methods, official, revision 399 U.S.D.A. 110 results, unification of terms . . . 399, 415 Anatin and anatinin, properties of 662 Anchovy, analyses 8.57 Anemia, pernicious, in horses 584, 878, 1084 Anemometer, self-registering 915 Anesthetics. (Sec Ether and Chloroform.) Aneurism, verminous, in horses 584 Angina, menilsranous, in dogs 679 Anhj'dro-oxymethylene-diphosphoric acid, physiological effects 759 Anilin colors, reagents 100 Animal— body, hippuric acid in 863 breeding, cooperation in 098 education in 694 in Europe 973 the United States 973 investigations 727 relation to disease 696 report on 698 carcasses, incineration, apparatus for . . 1080 decomposition products, effect on an- thrax bacilli 380 diseases- common to man 874 in Canada 579 foreign countries, U.S.D.A 1162 Gennany 774 Ireland, control 579 Italy 579 Ohio 1080 Orange River Colony 178,982 Saxony 579 Sudan 477 Western Australia 1 162 infectious, descriptions 074 laws concerning 774, 875 in West Virginia. . . 404 national control 59 _ notes, Ind 278 relation to breeding. 096 remedies 888 transmission by food 1162 treatise 773 treatment 80, 404 (See also specific diseases.) dynamics, negative work in 862 growth, law 67 heat, measurement 68 industry, importance of 509 in Hawaii 578 the United States 375 meal, analyses, R. 1 261 Page. Animal— Continued. metabolism, problems in 801 mimicry, discussion 454 nutrition institute in Pennsylvania 1012 problems in 414,508, 888 review of investigations 813 studies 166 parasites, studies 1106 transmission, U .S .D . A 278 treatise 454 pathology, text-book 577 poisons, treatise 455,674 production, courses in 1010 statistics, U.S.D.A 1158 products, exports from Italy 579 imports of Italy 579 quarantine in Hawaii 1162 regulations in Canada 1080 Animals — acquired characters, inheritance of 1058 digestion experiments. Mass 281 domestic, improvement in Cuba 987 suppuration in 875 treatise 674 tumors in 1080 farm, feeding 865 rations for. La 363 text-book 762 treatise 665 feeding, congress 762 herbivorous, wheat straw for 863 immunization against rabies 481 tuberculosis . . 676, 1082. inbreeding, U.S.D.A 231 injurious to sugar beets 60 jndging 695 lime requirements 178 maintenance requirements 515 marine, composition of l)ody fluids 977 poisoning by plants 982 production and fixation of new breeds. . 695 transportation in Ireland 579 tulierculous, condemnation as food 377 young, as affected by raw meat 572 (See also Live stock. Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Anopheles, studies 357 Ant heaps, analyses 310,822 New Orleans, studies 1144 Anthocyan, formation in barley plants 33 Anthomyia brassicse, notes 845 cilicrura as a parasite 955 Anthonomus seneotinctus, notes, U.S.D.A... 953 grandis. (See Cotton-boll wee- vil.) spp., notes, U.S.D.A 751 Antkostomella bahiensis, description 949 Anthracnoses, appressoria of 748 Anthrax— Ijacillus as affected by animal decompo- sition products .". . - 380 demonstration 84 destruction by turpentine 280 organism resembling 284 sporulation 1080 control in Ireland 579 Pennsylvania 875 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1207 Page. Anthrax— Continued. control in Prus.sia 777 South America 181 diagnosis 181,984 di.stribution hy forage pla nts 479 immunity in 675 immunization .380, .580, .')81 , 876 in frogs .581 notes 580 Miss 476 prevalence in Germany 774 Italy 579 New Zealand 982 Norway 580 Ohio 1080 South Africa 375 the Transvaal 983 serum, agglutinating action 777 eflectiveness 984 studies 281 transmission 777 by food 11C2 hides 1104 treatment 80. 280 Anticyclones, horizontal convection in, U.S.D.A 814 Antirabies vaccine, course in animal body. . 185 Antirrhinum majus, cut, preservation 44 Antituberculin, formation 83 in tuberculous organs 280 Ants, remedies 351 treatises 559 tropical, in the United States 163 white. (See White ants.) Apate spp., notes 852 Aphanomyces Ixvis, notes 344, 746 Aphis gossypii, remedies, U.S.D.A 557 mali. {See Apple aphis.) maUfolix, notes, U.S.D.A 955 medicaginis, notes 1 165 papal eris, notes 60 pruni, remedies 952 Aphis, green, notes 952 woolly, control 1017 destruction by lady beetles. . 355 distribution 353 notes 849, 1061 Ark -. 750 Can 158 Colo 951 Miss 1144 remedies 952, 1145 Wis 1059 Apiaries, out, notes 64 Apiculture, elementary, teaching 489 (See also Bees.) Apiomerus spissipes, studies, U.S.D.A 751 Apion nigrum, notes 356 A pios apios. value in plant breeding 637 tuberosa, culture and use 39 Apoplexy, parturient. (See Milk fever.) ' Apple — aphides, notes, U.S.D.A 955 aphis, notes, Colo 951 bacterial disease, notes 947 bitter rot, appressoria of 748 I investigations. Ill 939 Page. Apple— Continued. bitter rot, notes, U.S.D.A 596 trciitrinmt, Del 754 U.S.D.A .53 black rot, effect on cellulose production . 728 notes, Nebr 246 .studies 648 l)light, treatment, N. Dak 24 Wis \ 1059 borer, flat-headed, notes, Ark 750 canker, notes. Wis 254 catsup, analyses 960 crown gall, investigations, U.S.D.A .... 54 curculio, investigations. 111 9.39 disease, notes 554 Conn. State 11.38 diseases, description and treatment 1142 general review 1061 notes, N.J 37 treatment, N. Dak 1054 U.S.D.A 53.1062 fruit speck, notes. Conn. State 48 grafts, wrapping, U.S.D.A 54 leaf aphis, remedies 1145 blister' mite, notes, N. Y. State 955 hopper, notes. Wis 254 miner, notes 158 Conn. Storrs 1061 maggot, control 1017 not(iS 466 Can 158 Conn. State 57 Me 652 must, sterilization 1130 psylla, remedies 952 scab, notes 352, 842, 1142 treatment, Del 754 Idaho 1061 U.S.D.A 53 Wash 246 twig borer, notes, Ark 750 girdle, notes 149 Apples — analyses 1130 artificial feeding 636 as affected by dipping, Del 1044 blossoming period. Wis 238 breeding experiments 548, 637, 940 Me 637 cider, culture in France... 1130 cold storage 548 crab, varieties for lowA 940 culture experiments. Me 1129 Ohio., 143 in Lake Superior region. Wis. . . 1049 dried, analyses 662 drjdng and packing 41 exports from Canada 336 fertilizer experiments, Del 1044 Me 1129 N.J 38 for cows. Can 173 grafting experiments iO Can 141 hardiness as related to early maturity, Nelir 238 har\-osting and marketing, Idaho 145 1208 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Apples— Continued. insects aflecting 456, 655, 1061 Ind 956 N.J.; 37 irrigation experiments, N.J 38 mulching experiments. Me -■ . 1129 orcliard renewal, Ohio 938 preservation 838, 1130 Del 1044 pruning. Me 1129 ripeness for cider making 475 root forcing, Del 1043 system as affected by culture, Ohio 144 Rouge de Treves, culture in France 1130 russeting due to spraying, Mich 37 seedless, description 737 seedling varieties. Mo. Fruit 938 Wis 1049 shipping experiments. Can 141 sprayed, analysis. 111 160 spraying experiments. 111 160. 939 Nebr 1062 sterilization 1130 stocks for grafting 636 thinning experiments, Colo 936 Mont 441 top-grafting, Me 1129 varieties 143, 548 Can 140,141 Mich 37 N.J 38 P. R 1045 for cider making 476 Iowa 940 new, U.S.D.A 238 on the Pacific Slope 637 waste, utilization 41 winter spraying 654 winterkilling 548 Apricot rust, description and treatment ... 1142 Apricots, breeding experiments 940 preservation 838 varieties 143 on the Pacific Slope 637 wild, notes 146 Arseocerus fasciculatus, notes 957 Araucaria disease, notes 156 Arbor Day, suggestions for, U.S.D.A 1174 vitise as affected by bag worms 559 culture, Iowa 1053 Arboriculture, elementary, teaching 489 Arbutin as a color reagent 208 Arecolin hydrobromid, properties of 98 Argas persicus, life history 357 notes 1064 reflcxus, notes 357 Argasinae in Great Britain 257 Argyresthia conjugella, notes '. 59 Arithmetic, agricultural, problems . ^ 294 Arizona Station, financial statement 1174 notes 94, 997, 1096 report of director 1174 University, notes - 997 Arkansas Station, financial statement 296 notes 195 report of director 296 University, notes 195 Page. Armadillidium vulgare, notes, U.S.D.A 952 Armillaria mellea, notes 154, 452, 747 Army rations, preparation 503 training schools at Fort Riley 375, 490 worm, notes 750 Mass 251 outbreaks in New York 456 Arnica, notes. Wash 285 Arsenate of lead, analyses, Cal 853 notes 358 preparation, Ala. College. . 1059 new method . 1146' .Vrsenic as an insecticide 853 determination in London purple . . . 418 Arsenicals, preparation and use, U.S.D.A. . . 455 Artemisia absinthium, essential oil in 924 Artesian wells in Australia 782 Arthritis in horses, notes 583 Arthropods, marine, composition of body fluids 977 toxins in 4.55 Artichokes, canning 662 ^ for work horses 764 monograph 736 varieties 736 Asbestos, use 421 A schersonia aleyrodes, notes, Fla 850 Havo-citrina, notes, Fla 850 Ascobacterium luteurn, notes 6.50 Ascochyta phaseolorum, notes. Conn. State. 48 pisi, notes 347, 644 Ohio 342 sp., notes 950 vicix, notes. Conn. State 1138 Ash, determination 109, 418 green, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 mountain, analyses 1-13 white, notes, U.S.D.A 1 133 Ashes, alkalinity, determination 1107 analyses. Mass 220 flue, analyses, Can 121 leached, fertilizing value 539 lime, analyses, Mass 220 R.I 1108 soft-coal, fertilizing value, Md 718 straw, phosphoric acid in 22 volcanic, effect on crops 1024 ' wood. {See Wood ashes.) Asio otus, foodprllecs, studies 847 Asparagin, assimilation by plants 223 effect on milk secretion 366 iiitrogen metabolism . . 761 protein spaiing action of 863 .\ sparagus beetle, notes 59 remedies 59, 351 culture in France 1126 diseases, notes 1126 N.J ; 37 fertilizer experiments 1 126 Miss 1128 N J 38 insects aflecting 1126 N.J 37 irrigation experiments, N.J 38 marketing, Miss 1128 nitrate of soda for, Del 1043 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1209 Pago. Asparagus rust, investigations, Cal 945 notes, Colo 50 Miss U28 troatmfint. Mass 221 TT.S.D.A. , 194 varieties, N.J 38 waste, analyses ;i64 A spergillus— ' fumigatus, toxin produced by 88 glaucus, effect on mosquito larvfB 64 notes 357 m'firer, effect on insoluble pliosphates. . . 920 mosquito larvEP G4 fixation of nitrogen by 1027 notes 357 relations of phospliorus in 925 Asperula, cut, preservation 44 Asperula odorata, cut, preservation 44 A spidiotus destructor, remedies 00, 558 perniciosus. (Sfe San Jos6 scale.) Association of — American Agricultural Colleges — and Experiment Stations. . . . 400, 598, 1007 La 990 U.S.D.A . 492 Economic Entomologists, U.S.D.A 455 German Food Chemists 421 Official Agricultural Chemists — of Australasia 399 proceedings 390, 1098 U.S.D.A 110,711 referees, U.S.D.A 711 revision of methods 399 U.S.D.A: 110 Aster sclerotium disease, deseriptior 749 A stilbe japonira. forcing with ether 39 A slragalu." crassicarpiis, value in breeding. . 037 mollissimus, poisoning of stock by, Colo 81 Astronomical observations, atmospheric effects in, U.S.D.A Ill Astronomy, relation to meteorology, U.S.D.A 526 Ataxia crypta, notes, U.S.D.A 953 Atelectasis, relation to swine plague 383 Atherton, George W., memorial address . .. 408 Atmosphere — cosmic relations, U.S.D.A HI diurnal periods, U.S.D.A 10 effect on soils, U.S.D.A 612 height of, U.S.D.A 612 in the Tropics 914 movements of, treatise 014 physics of, Chicago memoirs, U.S.D..\.. HI problems of 712 thermodynamics of, U.S.D.A Ill, 311,525,526,012,813,814 upper, investigations 11 Atmospheric — currents, studies 313 electricity, relation to droughtjU.S.D. A. Ill moisture, absorption by desert shrubs. . 328 temperatures, studic^s 727 A triplex spp. for sheep 304 A ulacophora hilaris, notes 101 A ularches miliar is, notes 957 Page. Aurora, theory of, U.S.D.A 814 Avocado disease, description 342 Avocados, culture, Ariz 1174 ' P. R 1044 U.S.D.A 239 at Pomona, Cal 737 new variety, U.S.D.A 2.38 Azalea mollis, forcing with ether 039 Azaleas, color as affected by different sub- stances 44 inagn(>sium sulphate for 445 Azotohacter — chroococcum, assimilation of atmos- pheric nitrogen bj' 721 distribution in soils 720 spp., studies 722 -N.J 15 Azotobacter, fixation of nitrogen by . 533, 534, 1027 in the Bay of Naples 915 Azoturia in horses, notes 583 Babcock apparatus, inspection. Conn. State. 76 milk test bottle, new 70 Babesia bovis, notes 104 Baboons, destruction 350 Bacillus — aeruginosus, notes 344 alvei, investigations, U.S.D.A .561 amijlovorus, notes 947, 949 aromaticus, studies 769 azotofluorescens n. sp., description . . 534, 1028 casei c, notes 372 cepivorus, notes 745 cholerx suis, notes, U.S.D.A 985 chorex paralyticx ovis, notes 381 coli communis — as affected liy earljon dioxid, U.S.D.A 425 coagulation of milk by 770 destruction by copper 530 in butter 176 coli lymphaticus aerogenes as a cause of emphysema 86 denitrificans fluorescens y, studies 723 hartlcbi, notes 215 irritans n. sp., description , 947 larrx, investigations, U.S.D.A 501 leguminiperdus n. sp., studies 246 maculicola, notes 344 mesentericus as a cause of ropiness in flour 258 nicotianx n. sp., studies 152 nitrator n. sp., description 534, 1028 phytophthorus, notes 149, 551, 745 prodigiosus, use in water examination.. 425 pyocyaneus, studies 583 pyogenes suis, studiesl 283 radicicola, classification 545 solaniperda, notes 149 solanisaprus, studies 040 spongiosus, description 947, 1057 spp., gas-proclucing, in milk 175 pathogenic to silkworms 65 production of lactic acid by 979 studies 210, 917 subtilis, notes 827 organisms related to, Del 1027 1210 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Bacillus^Conti nued . suipestifer, notes 184, 282, 1085 suisepticus, studies 283 surgeri n. sp., description 979 Bacteria — acid and rennet producing, in milk 979 aroma-producing, in milk 7fj9 as affected by carbon dioxid, U.S.D. A. . 425 soil sterilization. Mass . . . 222 attenuation investigations 773 classification 979 Conn. Storrs 979 denitrifying, fonnation of crystals by. . 429 new species 723 studies 917 destruction by copper sulphate 530 Mass ... 222 U.S.D. A. 425 effect on phosphates in soils 17 entrance and movement in plants 50 gas-producing, in milk 175 in milk, soils, water, etc. {See Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) nitrogen fixing 16, 915, 1028 studies 17,534,722 N.J 15 pathogenic, review of literature .'. 80 text-book 674 to silkworms 64 transmission by worms 1080 rennet-producing 372 Bacteriological laboratory at Rothamsted. . 96 Bacteriology, international catalogue 129 Bacterium caseifusci as a cause of discolora- tion in cheese 474 iirites 771 giinthcri, studios 769 hartlebi, studies 535 phaseoli, notes, N. Y. Cornell ... 51 prodigiosum in butter 176 radicicola, development and ac- tivity 545 scabiegenum n. sp., description.. 948 solanacearum. notes 50 spp., studies 917 synxanthum, studies 372 tumefaciens n. sp., description.. . 9.50 Bagging, effect on composition of fruits 40 Bagrada hilaris, notes 5,8, 251 remedies 556 Bagworms, constriction of twigs by 559 Bakers, army training school for 563 Baking powder, adulteration, U.S.D. A 164 analyses. Conn. State 855 Me 756 methods of analysis 397 Balance for weighing soil pots, N. J 15 Balbiania gigantea, notes 1166 Balbiania in sheep, studies 1166 Balloons,pilot,use inmeteorology,U.S.D.A. 612 use in meteorology 11 Balsam for pulp manufacture, statistics, U.S.D. A .- 448 Bamboo smut, notes 153 Bamboos, cutting experiments 643 of British India, treatise ..... 550 Page. Bamboos, uses 841 Banana diseases, notes, P. R 1056, 1060 flour, analyses 146, 858 stalks, analyses 813 Bananas, drying experiments 146 for poultry 573 in Costa Rica 443 French Guinea 443 insects affecting, P. R 1060 treatise 939 Bardana, notes 937 Barium chlorid, poisonous properties, W.Va 286 oxid, fertilizing value, Md 718 Bark beetles, generations 852 notes 849, 852 bread, food value 460 fuel value 191 louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell bark-louse.) Barley- analyses 572 blossoming 332 breeding experiments 730, 1119 by-products, digestibility 763 chop, analyses 167 composition as affected by potash 730 culture, S. C 229 experiments 437 Can 131 Va 927 Wis 1033,1034 iu Alaska, U.S.D. A 224,225 embryos, culture experiments 727 feeds, analyses 572 Wis 969 fertiUzer experiments 19, 20, 28, 32, 121, 123, 124,429,539,630,717,731, 823, 916, 1028, 1029, 1113 N. Mex 29 Wis 213,228 for pigs, Mont 71 sheep, Mont 70 steers, Mont 69 N. Dak 867 formation of anthocyan in 33 protein in 165 fungus growth on, as affected by drying. 135 germination — as affected by drying 135 formaldehyde. Wis .. . 228 growth as affected by — acid salts 434 calcium fluorid 434 colloidal substances 222 different salts 28 electricity 142 irrigation sediments, Ariz 428 manganese and iron sulphates 434 hay for sheep, .\riz 1157 hulls, analyses. Wis 969 improvement 730 judging 929 lime and magnesia for 14 liming 218 ■ meal, analyses 167 N.y. State.. 261 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1211 rage. Biirley -Coutinuod. meal for pigs, Wis 2()" micro-photographs of grains rich and poor in protein lOtiT nitrogen content, determination 437 migration during germination. 728 protein content (130, 828 respiration 332 rust, relation to weather 450 rusts, studies 449 screenings, analyses. Wis 969 seed coat, permeability 727 examination, Ariz 1123 smut, investigations 449 treatment 150, 552, 842 Can 150 Wis 228,1055 statistics 193, 886 varieties 27, 332, 437, 629, 828, 928, 929, 933 Cal 1117 Can 131 Colo 29 Nebr 1036 S. Dak 134 U.S.D.A 230 Va 927 Wis 227, 1034 water requirements 629,781,881 Can 1037 U.S.D.A 1087 wild, destruction, Minn 140 seed tests, U.S.D.A 225 value in plant breeding 637 yield as affected by injuries 630 Haniyard — grass, fertilizer experiments, K. 1 619 manure- addition of nitrog(iuti) 21 analyses 23 application, Mass -'27 and care ... >vSS composition, value, and use, Va 540 effect on composition of crops, Minn. 1037 potatoes 334 fermentation, studies 325 fertilizing value .325, 537 Mass 226, 227 management 618 preservation .325, 918 residual effects 314,928 Barograph, precision, new form, U.S.D.A. . 525 Barometric- curve at Washington, D. C, U.S.D..\ .. 814 pressure — diurnal variation, U.S.D.A Ill in Indian monsoon area, l".S.D..\ . . HI relations of velocity progressions, U.S.D.A 310 Basic slag. {See Phosphatic slag.) Basketry and horticultural school in Franco 999 Bas.iia lali folia gum, analyses 340 tapping experiments 340 Basswood for packing boxes, stati.stics, U.S.D.A 1136 notes, U.S.D.A 742 But guano, analyses. N. Mex 10 Ti'x 7J(.; I'age. Baths, effect on excretion of water vapor. . . 567 Batnichians in the Illinois and Mississippi Uivor valleys 651 toxins in 455 Bean anthracnosc, notes 842 Fla 746 N. Y. Cornell 51 treatment 342 bacterial blight, notes, N. Y. Cornell. . 51 disease, studies 246 blight, notes. Conn. State 48 leaf scorch, notes, Conn. State 1138 mildew, studies. Conn. State 49 rust, notes, N. Y. Cornell 51 weevils, notes 158, 251 wilt, notes, Fla 746 Beans as a green manure .3.38, 918 breeding experiments, N.J 38 canning. La 736 cull, as food for stock, Mich 868 culture, S. C 229 cyanogenesis in 544 fertilizer experiments 5.37, 717, 730 Miss 1128 R.I 619 forcing by acetylene light 39 growth as affected by mushrooms, N. Y. Cornell .-. 827 hydrocyanic acid in 626, 663, 729 Lima, poisoning of animals liy 183 Maraamas, analyses 1148 potash n^quirements 137 root tul)crcles 545 seed selection, Minn 1037 varieties 27 Miss 1128 Bear fat, analyses 168 Beckmannia erucseformis, notes, Wyo 229 I?ce liacteria, investigations, U.S.D..\ 561 diseases, investigations, U.S.D..V 561 notes 655, 854 industry in Ceylon 1059 New Zealand 754 Keepers' .Vssociation of Ontario 64, 1146 Pennsylvania. 854 keeping appliances, treatise 164 in Canada and Jamaica 64 Hawaii, U.S.D.A 250 Ireland, statistics 788 Western Australia 392 notes 1146 papers on ? 64 treatise 358 moth, immiuiity to tuberculosis 180,378 notes. Can 158 scales, description 164 stings, treatment 455 Beech bark, nutritive value C9 for packing boxes, statistics, U.S. D. A 1136 yield of lumber, U.S.D.A 446 lk'<"f, baby, production, Kans 194 S. Dak 261 U.S.D.A 1155 canned, toxic properties 960 carcasses, commercial cuts of 973 essence as affected by canning 1068 1212 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Beef, freshly slaughtered, digestibility 4(il organic bases, physiological effects . . . 7G0 production, methods, Can 168, 169 scraps, analyses. La 571 Mass 220 Me 1153 lor poultry, Can 469 suet, digestibility 1152 Beehives, evaporation from, at night 561 Beer, methods of analysis 397 U.S.D.A 912 statistics, U.S.D.A 1040 of Argentina 1132 Bees, attraction of flowers for 358 1 ireeding 957 experiments 754 Caucasian, tests 456 classification and biology 1146 comb foundation 561 enemies of 561 foul brood 655, 754, 854, 1146 - U.S.D.A 561, 655 legislation f-4 habits and improvement 854 handbook 754 improvement 655 length of tongues 560 managemenx. Can 158 number in colonies 560 queen, rearing ". 1146 ■ relation to horticulture 854 respiratory organs 560 swarming 560, 655 prevention 64 variation in 651 water requirements 561, 1 146 wintering, Can 164 Beeswax, bleaching 64 Beet blight, investigations, Cal 945 canker, notes /. 343 deep scab, notes 948 diseases, notes 343 heart rot, notes 343, 844 leaves, dried, feeding value 766 pulp. {See Sugar-beet pulp and Mo- lasses-beet pulp.) root maggot, notes 59 rot, notes 56, 84 4 sugar industry in Europe, U.S.D.A .. . 688 Kansas 439 the United States, U.S.D.A 34,488 manufacture, progress in 874 treatise 674 production in the United States and Canada, U.S.D.A 92 tops and leaves, effect on butter fat. . . 1159 feeding value 761 as a green manure 918 Beetles, chrysomelid, evolution in 849 Beets, culture. Miss 1 128 effect on soil moisture 318 ensiling experiments 762 fertilizer experiments-. 20, 432 R.I 619 fodder, barnyard manure for 325 Page. Beets, fodder, correlation 831 culture experiments 33, 929 on sewage fields 436 fertilizer experiments. . . 21, 217, 731 seed production 1119 sugar content 137 varieties 137,831,929, 1119 growth as affected by nitrite 431 nitrate of soda for 724 notes, Colo 93 pentosans in 223 potash requirements 137 sugar. (See Sugar beets.) sulphate of ammonia for 431 Beggar weed, culture in Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 Florida, culture, S. C 229 Bengalia depressa, notes 58 Bent grass, Canada, notes, Wyo 229 Benzidin colors, effect on trypanosomes 481 Benzoic acid as a meat preservative 565 Berberin as a color reagent 208 Bergstrand, C. E., biographical sketch 10 Bermuda grass, culture experiments, Okla . 230 hardy, notes, Okla 296 U.S.D.A 1095 notes, Miss 436 Berseem, culture, S. C 229 Berthelot, P. E. M., biographical sketch . . . 705 Beverages, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 alcoholic, trade practices, U.S. D.A 856 carbonated, saponin In 421 examination, N. Dak 1065 Bezold, W . von, liiographical sketch 799 U.S.D.A 1109 Bibliography of— actinomyces 479 agaves 730 agricultural development 847 literature in Germany 996 agriculture 192 elementary 295, 489 anatomy of mammary gland 871 animal poisons 455 apple black rot, Nebr,. 247 artichokes 736 bacteria in butter 176 bacteriology 129 bag worms as affecting arbor vitae 559 bean mildew. Conn. State 49 bees 1146 botany 435, 922 agricultural 623 buntersandstcin soils 532 calcium sulphate, U.S.D.A 117 carbon bisulphid treatment of soils 533 cassava 738 cataracts in horses 779 cattle tick morphology 163 cliemistry .525,711,813, 1108 agricultural 421 chicken pox 89 Ala. CoUege 680 Coccinellidae -, C52 distomatosis 85 drainage investigations 117 INDEX or SUBJECTS. 1213 Bibliography of— Continued. untoiiiology 1,>S Canadian 1000 Hawaiian, U.S. D.A 250 Ephydridffi 849 Erysiphe graminis 244 European currant rust, N. Y. State 748 farm animals 763 ferineniat ions 577 flora of Washington 328 flower pollination 128 food and its adulteration 5(i4 foods and nutrition 362, .502 fruit bacterial diseases 947 galls of Portugal 357 gastric juice secretion 903 geology and hydrography of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois 425 gooseberry mildew 347 grange, movement 1170 grape curculio, W. Va 62 grapes 837, 1049 halisterisis 178 llcmileia disease of coffee 345 hog cholera 583 hydrocyanic acid in plants 126 insect wing veins 458 insects inj urious to cacao beans 957 investigations of E. von Freudenreich.. 981 iron sulphate 124 lactic-acid bacteria 979 Leucaspis 1060 locust borer, U.S.D.A 159 meteorology, U.S.D.A Ill milk preservatives 76 nature study 295, 891 with birds 891 Negri corpuscles 88 Nile physiography 424 nitrogen assimilation by Azotobacter . . 722 fixation 533 osteomalacia 178 ox warble flj' 63 paheozoic fossil plants 1099 pathogenic micro-organisms 80 pathologj' 375 pecans 339 physical properties of sands 317 pineapples, Fla '. 737 plant breeding 36, 336, 1122 culture 546 diseases 746 structures as affected by climate . . 922 publications of chemical laboratory of Swedish Royal Agricultural .Vcademy . 10 rabies 185, 481 rainfall in Germany 529 rhubarb culture 237 rice diseases, S. C 245 rubber 044 rural depopulation in England 1170 rusts of Australia 149 sewage disposal 1111 skim milk as a feeding stuff 973 sodium salt deposits in Egypt 324 surgical diseases of the dog 988 13781—07 3 I'age. Bibliography of-Contimied. t)trawl)erriea 1113 sweet potato diseases, Ala. College 246 swine plague 583 tannins 728 tobacco diseases 344 root rot. Conn. State 1139 toxic salts and poisons 625 tuberculosis 83, 200 underground waters 315 veterinary medicine 476 water examination 818 white ants 357 wood lice ,559 zoology 50, 250, 455, 051, 848, 1058 Bile, effect on hydrolysis of esters by pan- creatic juice 963 neutrahzation of rabies virus by 988 Bindweed, destruction, Wis 1043 Biographical sketch of — Adams, Henry CuUcn 408 Atherton, George W 408 Bergstrand, C. E 10 Berthelot, Pierre Eugene Marcellin 705 Bezold, William von 799 U.S.D.A 1109 Brandis, Dietrich HOC Dzierzon, Johann 600 Erman, Adolf, U.S.D.A 612 Foster, Michael 799 Goessmann, Charles A Hoi Grain, R. F. de, U.S.D.A ill Heck, George J., U.S.D.A 526 Heuz6, Louis Gustave lioo MacFayden, Allen 800 Miiller, A 10 Nilson, L. F 10 Outram, T. S., U.S.D.A '. 814 Soderbaum, H. G 10 Sykes, Walter J 600 Vilbouchevitch, J 799 Warington, Robert 807 Biological Survey, publications, U.S.D.A. . 157 Biology, experimental, treatise 958 general, treatise 651 Birch canker, notes '. 154 for packing boxes, statistics, U.S.D.A 1136 secdhng disease, notes 050 ycUow, yield of lumber, U.S.D.A 446 Birds, anatomy and physiology 454 as att'ected by poisoned locusts . . . 252, 1060 forest conservators 350 attacking wheat 1144 beneficial, protection 951 carnivorous, feeding habits 847 color in, factors affecting 366 eating cotton-boll weevil, U.S.D.A . . 56 feeding habits 891 grain-eating, destruction 350 of Illinois 1143 Orange River Colony 251 protection, officials and organiza- tions concerned in, U.S.D.A 157,250 relation to agriculture 58 studies for elementary schools 891 useful, treatise 1143 1214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Birds, wild, breeding G99 importation 699 Biscuits, analyses. Conn. State 855 bacteriological study 1067 Black cherry, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 currant gall mite, remedies 753 fiy , notes 557 knot, notes. Miss 1144 Blackberries, breeding experiments. Me 637 canning experiments 41 culture, N. y . State 41 fertilizer experiments. Mass . . 226 N.J... 38 improvement 444 insects affecting, Ind 956 irrigation experiments, N. J.. 38 varieties, Mich 37 N.J 38' N. Y. State 41 Pa 41,239 Blackberry crown borer, notes, Ark 750 Blackbirds, notes 1061 Blackleg, imnuinization 580,581, 1082 notes 983 Miss 476 prevalence in Germany 774 Italy 579 Norway 580 Orange River Col- ony 982 vaccine, notes, Okla 296 Bladder worms, notes • 1162 Blast lamp, notes 421 Blastomycetes, pathogenic action 675 Blood, calcium content as affected by age.. . 567 diseases, protozoan 84 dried. (See Dried blood.) meal, analyses, Iowa 965 Tex 968 Wis 969 decomposition in soils, Wis . . . 1026 molasses, feeding value 168 serum of hogs, bacteriolytic power, U.S.D.A..'. 985 inoculated rabbits, studios 1162 opsonic power : 980 Blue grass, English, description, Kans 935 Nevada, notes, Wyo 229 rust, wintering 1054 seed, examination, Kans 935 Kentucky , adulteration, Ky 37 tongue in sheep 3S2 Body, animal, chemical processes in 659 fluids of marine animals, composi- tion 977 human, volume and specific gravity 758 Boga-medeloa, culture on tea plantations. . 338 Boletus bellini, notes 1149 Boll weevil. {See Cotton boll weevil.) Bollwomi. (See Cotton bollworm.) Bomb calorimeter, investigations, U.S.D.A. 972 Bombyx spp., notes 652 Bone, analyses, R. 1 619, 1108 ash, analyses 922 burned, analyses, Mass 220 dissolved, analyses, Mass 220 Page. Bone, dissolved, fertilizing value, R. 1 620 fertilizing value 540 finely ground, fertilizing value, R. I . . 620 ground, analyses, Conn. State 862 Mass 220 N.J 821 Tex 968 effect on strength of bones, Nebr 571 meal, analyses, La 540 Mass 967 decomposition in soils. Wis 1026 fertilizing value 539, 919 for pigs, U.S.D..V 892 sterilized, analyses 922 steamed, analyses 23 waste, analyses. Mass 220 Boncblack, dissolved, analyses, Mass 220 fertilizing value, R. I. 619 Bones, utilization 123 Books, new insect pest of 63 Books on^ abattoirs 80 agricultural credit 293 development in Prussia 487 organizations 593 agriculture 1043 American 1088 and allied sciences 407 elementary 294 in Great Britain 92 air currents 614 alcohol 674, 991 alfalfa 730 Algeria 884 animal and human diseases 874 diseases 773 metabolism 861 poisons 455 animals injurious to sugar beets 60 ants 559 apiculture 358 artichokes 736 bacteriology 874 bananas ' 939 barley, protein content 437 bee-keeping appliances 164 bees 754 beet sugar manufacture 674 biology 651 birds 454, 1143 body dynamics 1152 borax and boric acid experiments 965 botany 623 agricultural 24 and agriculture in Java 922 cacao culture 738 cannmg 374 carbohydrate metabolism 661 carnations, picotees, and pinks 146 casein 772 cement, limes, and plasters 592 chemistry 813 agricultural 607 household 9 of food 525 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1215 rage. Jlooks on — ('ontiniied. chemistry, physiological 420 sanitary and applied 711 clovers 33 cocoanuts 038, 738 coffee and coflce surrogates 4G2 cookery, hay-box 563 in the Tropics , 65 cooking 361 German 960 Mexican OtiO corn culture ; 546 cotton 194, 488, 546 dairy farming 79, 471 test associations 79 diet and dietetics 463 di(!tary studies in Paris 658 domestic animals 674 science movement 958, 1173 dwarf fruit trees 441 dynamics of living matter 958 economics 193, 687 agricultural 78(> enemies of agriculture 753 evolution in beetles 849 farm accounts 93, 789 animals 665, 762 management .- 992 science 394 selection 192 farmhouses, healthful 596 farming, practical 729 fats and oils, technology of 577 feeding stuffs 761, 862 fermentation organisms 577 fertilizer industry 22 flower gardens 43 pollination 128 food adulteration 711 and dietetics 1066 hygiene 958 preservatives 310, 361 preservation 65 foods (i56 and food adulteration 564, 1064 nutrition 562 forest mensuration 340 forestry 45, 340 frogs 73, 350 fruit culture 730 gardens 146 recipes.... 959 fungi 551,944 gai-dening 1043 gardens 146, 739 gipsy and brown tail moths 100 glanders 384 grain trade 886 grapes 1049 hail 715 hops 137 horses 583 Arab 764 horseshoeing 87 horticulture. American 37 hydraulics 882 Page. Books on- Continued. hygiene 958 and sanitation 862 immunity '. 80 industrial by-products 374 insects 951 irrigation I86 lawns 444 lepidoptera, IJritish 1144 market gardening 237 Martinique and Guadalupe 688 meat inspection S74 meteorology 813 methods of analysis 208 microscopy 66 milk analysis 1107 and milk adulteration 980 cream, butter, and cheese 1079 testing 7 mineral industry in 1905 726 metabolism 566 nature studies 1173 nitrate of soda .623 nitrogen oxidation 121 nutrition 656 parasitism and mutualism • 454 pathogenic bacteria 674 pathology, veterinary 577 peasant indebtedness in Bavaria 687 pecans 339 phlox culture 43 phosphoric acid determination 207 physiography of the Nile 424 physiology of taste 567 pig diseases 86 plant breeding and testing 36 culture 545 food 327 nutrition 618 stnietures as affected by climate. 922 poppy culture and opium production... 1132 poultry 73 keeping 869 preserved food products 462 rabies 481 rainfall in Germany 528 rations 168 refrigeration 883 refrigerator car service 193 resinous secretions and resin ducts 743 rocks and soils 615 roses 43 rubber 448, 644, 841 rural repopulation In France 786 rusts of Australia 149 seed growing 36 soaps, candles, and glycerin 476 social role of the farmer's wife 1094 soils 315, 316, 615, 716 sugar beet heart rot 647 making 772 surgical diseases of the dog 988 swine plague and liog cholera 582 the Tropics 743 threshing 192 timber production 744 1216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Books on— Continued. tobacco WO seed 934 topography 586 toxins and venoms 674 tree and slirub culture 742 trees of Great Britain and Ireland 1134 India 550 tuberculin 83 tuberculosis 774 variation, heredity, and evolution. . ; . . . 1143 vegetable products in feces 68 vegetables 39,937 veterinary service in the United States . 375 vinegar 772 water, bacterial examination of 817 examination 7 softening and treatment 530 weather 10, 211, 311 wind-breaks and shelter-belts 551 wine making 874 woodlice 559 zoology, experimental 950 Boophilus annulatus, notes 164, 1064 bovis. (See Cattle tick.) spp., life history 357 Borax, effect on human system 965 Bordeaux mixture, preparation and use 156 with Paris green 64 powder, preparation, Mo 156 Boric acid as a meat preservative 565 determination 310, 419 inmiUc 709 effect on human system 965 sterilizing value, Kans 671 use in treatment of wounds 774 , Boring apparatus, liydraulic-ram 989 Borings, deep, method of surveying 388 Botanic gardens in Ceylon, work ' 700 Botanical garden at Buitenzorg, Java 922 laboratory, desert, at Tucson, Ariz 727 station at Chiapas, Mexico 896 Botany — agricultural, treatise 24, 623 applied, international congress 298 economic, experiment station in Sweden 96 international catalogue 435 new journal of 1099 of Java, treatise 922 palaeozoic, present position of 1099 review of 922 Botfly, horse, notes 87,585 notes 1144 sheep, deposition of eggs and larva;. . 63 Botryodiplodia elasticse, notes 945, 949 sp., notes 1057 Botrytis cinerea. (See Grape gray rot.) parasitica, notes ^ 847 patula, notes. Conn. State 49 Bottle-washing machine, tests. Wis 276 Bouteloua oligostachya, notes, Wyo 229 Bovine uncinariasis, notes, Fla : 877 Box elder, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Boxes, packing, strength of, U.S.D.A 041 woods for, U.S.D.A 1136 Page. Boys' Experiment Club 889 Bran and middlings, analyses 572 chops, analyses 167 decomposition in soils. Wis 1026 for pigs, Mont 71 {See also Wheat, Rye, etc.) Brandis, Dietrich, biograghical note 1100 Brandy, analyses, N. Dak 259 Brassica chinensis, fertilizer experiments. .. 123 oleracea, germination as affected by drying 136 Braxy, immunization 582 nature and treatment 85, 381 studies 282 Bread, alcohol in 259 analyses 66 Conn. State 855 Me 658 bacteriological study 1007 bark, food value 460 effect on urine 1067 fruit disease, description 342 making, use of malted grain in 360 microscopic examination 1067 nutritive value 460, 1067 ropiness in 258 Breakfast foods. (See Cereal foods.) Breeders' Association, American 601,693 Breeding. (See Animal breeding and Plant breeding.) Brewers' grains — analyses, La 571 Me 1153 R.I 261 dried, analyses, Conn. State 862 Mass 967 N.Y. State... 260 Vt.. 968 effect on milk 870 poisoning of cattle by 677 wet, analyses. Wis 969 Brewery bj'-products, analyses 572 Brome grass, culture, Nebr 1037 description, Kans 935 notes, Wyo 229 seed, examination, Kans 935 Bromus inermis, notes, Kans 194 scoa from different sources, S. Dak 133 marginatus, notes, Wyo 229 porteri, notes, Wyo 229 Bronchitis, infectious catarrhal, in cattle. . . 479 Broom corn, culture on sewage fields 436 rapes, notes, N.J 56 Brown rot, description and treatment 1142 tail moth — ■ book on 160 control, N. H 751 U.S.D.A 457 history and parasites, U.S.D.A . 254 in California 848 Rhode Island 354 notes 158,354 Me 652 N.J 57 remedies 59 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1217 Page. Brush areas in the United Stat(>s, U.S.n.A. 113(i Buckwheat- bran, analyses, Wis. %"J culture, U.S.D.A 590 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 224,225 fertilizer experiments. ... 20, 539,823, 1028, 1113 flour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 1()5 growth as affected by — colloidal substances 25,222 mushrooms, N. Y. Cornell. : 827 soil sterilization 542 middlings, analyses. Conn. State 862 nutritive value. Pa 663 varieties 27 Can 132 BufT.iIo berry, value in plant l)reeding 637 tn'(> hopper, notes 158 Ark 750 BulTaloes, preservation '. 694 Biill)s, forcing 738 with ether 44 harvesting and storing 7.38, 1132 hybrids 241 Bimsen burner, description, Del 1020 Burdock, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Bursattee, treatment 282 Butter- analyses 77,474,050 Conn. State 855 Ky 913 as affected Iiy bacteria in wash water, Kans 370 bog, analyses ■. . . . 771 boxes, paraffining 372 classification 1078 and standards 472 cold storage 372 competitions in Ireland 299 decomposition products 1 107 East Prussian, volatile fatty acids in. . . 980 exports from Denmark 77,981 New Zealand 372 lecture on 888 fat. (See Fat and Milk fat.) fishy flavor in 1078 flavor as affected by lactic-acid bacteria, Wis 270 grading, Kans 70 imports into Denmark 77 keeping quality as affected l)y hydrogen peroxid 576 studies, U.S.D.A 76 laboratory in Tlango, Finland 672 laetose-fennenting yeasts in, Wis 1079 making experiments 77 S. C 872 U.S.D.A 70 Utah 274 overrun in 576 pasteurization in 372,576,673 principles and practice of 1079 progress in ' 888 methods of analysis 1107 mottled, notes 372 nut, analyses, Conn. State 855 pathogenic bacilli in 176 Page. Butter— Continued. powders, tests 371 practical experiments 890 quality as affected by salt impurities. . . 177 refractive index 672 renovated, historj', U.S.D..\ 277 salting 77,372 scoring, U.S.D.A 77 .storage, U.S.D.A 76 trade in Denmark 073 France 073 Great Britain .371 Holland 073 tnlis, prevention of molds in, U.S.D.A.. 370 volatile fatty acids in 072 water content 372,073,873 Wis 277 whey, manufacture, Wis 277 Butterfly, mourning-cloak, notes. Mo 1174 ButjTo-refractometer, temperature correc- tions - sil Butyrospermum parkii, fat of 1 1 49 Calibage- aphis, notes 101,251,352 club root, notes 045 diseases, treatment, N. Y. Cornell 937 drop di.sease, studies 844 leaf spot, treatment 844 maggot, notes 59,845 remedies, N.J 849 studies 749 Minn 954 moth, diamond-back, notes... 1.58,161,2.51,352 stem canker, studies 844 weevil, remedies 158 Cal)l)ag<^s— artificial feeding 036 culture, N. Y. Cornell 937 fertilizer experiments, R. 1 019 for live stock, N. Y. Cornell 937 inoculation experiments 319 insects affecting 654 N.Y. Cornell 9,37 si^ed production, N. Y. Cornell 937 storing, N. Y. Cornell 937 varieties, N. Y. Cornell .'. 937 Cacao, animal enemies in St. Thomas 1145 as affected by volcanic ash 1024 beans, insects affecting 9.57 culture, importance of shade in 638 in Ceylon 1051 . French Congo 638 Java *. 922 diseases, notes 342,452,945, 1057 treatment 556 fertilizer experiments 146,549 pod disease, description 55 notes, P. R 1045 soils of Africa, analyses 532 treatise 738 tree fungi, descriptions 949 varieties, P. R 1045 witches' broom disease 348 Cncacia argyrospila, notes. Mo 1 1 45 Cacti, singed, for forage, U.S.D.A 194 Caflein in coffee 859 1218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Caffetannic acid, determination 397 Cajanus indicus, wilt disease ! 154 Calaviagrostis canadensis, notes, Wyo 229 langsdorffii, Tiotes, Alaska.. . 1039 seed tests, U.S. D.A 225 Calandra oryzx, notes 953 Calcimeter, description 417 Calciinn — carbonate, detennination in marls 909 fertilizing value, Md 718 ohlorid, antiseptic properties, W. Va. .. 286 effect on germination of seeds . . 130 cyanamid — analyses 922 apparatus for making 530 decomposition • 19 by bacteria 537 insoils 1028 effect on soils 823 efficiency as affected by method of application 1029 fertilizing value 18, 19, 122, 123, 217, .3.33, 429, 430, 530, ,537, 635, 724, 823,910, 917, 923, 1028, 1029, 1109 manufacture 536 and use 430, 916, 917 apparatus for 1028 new method 1113 toxic effects 917 use in agriculture 723 cyanamidocarl)oxylate, effect on genni- nation of seeds 537 effect on assimilation of nitrogen by plants 223 fluorid, effect on plants 434 hypochlorite, effect on germination of seeds 127 in human milk 474 metabolism 861 nitrate — artificial production 724 basic, fertilizing value 1029 fertilizing value 19, 122. 217, 333, 429, 430, 431, 724, 916, 917, 1029, 1109 manufacture 122,910 and use 430,917 in India 823 nitrite, fertilizing value 431,917, 1029 oxalate in eucalyptus barks 943 phosphate, composition 432 fertilizing value, Md 718 for cows 473 in Algeria 621 salts, effect on milk 1078 pancreatic juice 6.59 equilibrium to atmospheric car- bon dioxid 712 sulphate. (See Gypsum.) Calf meal, analyses 167 Mass 967 Vt .■ 968 Caliephialtes messer, notes 848 California Station, notes 793, 1096 University, notes 94, 793, 1096 Callas, forcing with ether 44 Page. Callidium castaneum, notes 356 Calorimeter — bomb, investigations, U.S. D.A 972 respiration, description 962 U.S.D.A 1151 special f onn 68 Calospora f dahiensis n. sp., description 949 Calves as affected by acid milk 1165 digestion experiments. Conn. Storrs. 972 feeding experiments 70, 973. 1073, 1078 Can 168 S. Dak 261 for baby beef, U.S.D.A 11.55 immunization against — anthrax ,3.ho septic pneimionia 381, 479 Texas fever 478 tuberculosis 984 pasturing on wheat. Miss 467 profits in raising, Del 1074 rearing, cost. Miss 466, 1 1.59 sucking, fat content of milk for 973 Calyptospora gcepperliana, notes 748 Camas, death, notes, Colo 81 Camnula pellucida, remedies 558 rapunculus, culture and use 39 Camphor, notes '. 841 production in Japan 1090 Canal, underflow, at Ogalalla, Nebr 187 Canals, absorption losses on 682 construction in the United States. . 681 designs, value of Kutter's " N " in. . 684 irrigation, construction 387 ofBengal 589 St rengthening 589 loss from, by seepage 588 U.S.D.A 187 (See also Ditches.) Candies, examination .565 Conn. State 854 N. Dak 1065 Candle-nut oil, notes 361 Candles, manufacture, manual 476 Cane molasses, constitution 756 fermentation 420 organic constituents 398 sirup, analyses, U.S.D.A 833 canning. La 736 food value, U.S.D.A 259 manufacture, U.S.D.A 259,833 in the South 1030 sugar, detection in milk and cream . . . 912 polarization as affected l)y lead precipitate 610 Cankerworm, notes 351 spring, remedies, Ohio 850 Canned goods, bacteria in 960 examination 756 Mont 361 Tex 960 storing, U.S.D.A 1095 trade practices, U.S.D.A 8.56 use of sugar in, U.S.D.A. . . . 1065 Canning industry in the South 839 methods, U.S.D.A 493 outfit, description. La 736 i;ndex of subjects. 1219 Page. Canning outfit, use, U.S.D.A 194 treatise ^^74 Cantaloupes. (See Muskmelons.) Caoutchoug. {See Kubber.) Capillarity, investigations 1024 Capnodium sp. , notes 451 Capons and caponizing, U.S.D.A 1158 Caprinia conchylalis, remedies 1059 Capsicums, culture 635 Curadrina exigua affecting indigo 558 notes 556 Caramel, detection in vinegar 397,610 Carbohydrates, color reactions 809 combustion in animal body 67 effect on denitrification 917 metabolism, lectures on 661 polysacoharid, digestibility 106S Carbon- assimilation by plants 540,541 bisulphid, effect on soil bacteria 533 yield of crops 17 fumigation, Coim. State 848 determination in soils 109 dioxid — as a milk preservative 176 refrigerating medimn 192 assimilation by plants 127 atmospheric, equilibrium to calcium salts 712 determination 208 inair 809 baking powder 397 carbonates 418 water 208 effect on assimilation of amids by plants 26 bacteria, U.S.D.A 425 in water 176 evolution in churning 771 in soils 1024 solvent action on soils 319 toxic properties, U.S.D.A 1151 Carbonates, absorption by soils ,. . 215 formation in the animal body . 1072 Carbureters, description 190 Cardamom , ash constituents 8.59 Cardoon, notes 73C. Carex spp., notes, Wyo 292 Carnation l)ud rot, notes 155 leaf spot, notes, Conn. State 1138 Carnations, breeding experiments 697 culture 146 on sterilized .soil, R. I. . . 1125 Carnegie Institution, nutrition investiga- tions by 505, 799 Carnitin, chemical constitution 761 in meat extract 761,960 Carnosin in meat extract 761 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) sp., notes 58 Ca rrot tly , remedies 158 root rot, notes 56 rustfly, notes. Can 158 Carrots, culture experiments. Can 132 fertilizer experiments. ... 31, 430, 823, 1028 Can 132 insects affecting 850 Page. Carrots, varieties 27 Can 132 Cars, cattle, disinfection with formaldehyde 186 Cascara sagrada, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Casein as affected by rennet 475 chemical properties 873 determination 9 in cheese 609 fermentations 772 food value 673 hydrolysis, increa.se of weight in 910 peptic digestion 771 preparation and use 772 utilization 874 Caseoplasteins, hydrolytic cli^avago prod- ucts 911 Cassava, culture, ,\riz 1174 and u.se 738 in Hawaii, U.S.D.A 226 hydrocyanic acid in 126, 544 notes. Miss 436 phaseolunatin in 330 starch, methods of separation 361 Cassia, analyses. Me 756 Castanea dentata, notes, U.S.D..\ 742 Castilloa elaslica, culture in Dominica 148 tapping experiments 148 Castor bean by-products, notes 168 beans, germination 24 insects affecting 952 notes 168 pomace, analyses 922 Catalo, breeding experiments 694 Catalpa bignonioides, hardiness 548 speciosa, bending tests 46 notes, U.S.D.A 1133' Catalpa, hardy, insects affecting 356 notes, U.S.D.A 1133 plantations in Illinois, U.S.D.A. . . 745 seed, examination 40 sphinx, notes 351 trees, pruning, Ohio 1051 Cataracts in horses, pathology of 779 Catarrh, infectious, in horses 185 intestinal, in pigs, diagnosis 184 Catarrhal fever, contagious, in goats 178 in sheep 382 malignant, in cattle 778 prevalence in Norway 580 Catawisa onion, notes 937 Caterpillar, red-humped, notes, Vm 1174 slug, affecting te.i 558 spiny-elm, notes. Conn. State. . 848 yellow-neeked, notes, Me 1174 Caterpillars affecting indigo 558 in India 354 leaf-eating, remedies 558, 752 notes 60 surface, remedies 1060 Catorama mexicava, remedies 63 Cats, metabolism experiments 964 Catsup, analyses 960 Mont 361 Cattle- breeders' association in Switzerland 366 breeding 694, 699 in Ohio 694 1220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ■^age. Cattle— Continued. breeding in Saxony 579 dipping 578 Okia 257 disease in Sudan 477 Wexford County, Ireland... 85,778 Pictou, cause 579,982 exports, U.S.D.A 92 fairs in Madras 982 feedjCondimental, analyses, Conn. State. 862 feeding barn and lots for 666 experimental plant for, 111 . . . 391, 464 experiments 666 Mich 865 for high-priced cuts 973 in Nortli Carolina 666 the South, U.S.D.A 194 immunization against — blackleg 1082 rinderpest 479 tuberculosis 279, 676, 983, 984, 1082 U.S.D.A 477 imports into Great Britain 193 improvement, Mich 867 in Belgium 1074 European countries 788 mange, control 99 prevalence in Canada 578 plague. (See Rinderpest.) poisoning by brevi^ers' grains 677 fertilizers 585 grape leaves 586 horse-radish 586 Lima beans 183 plants, Colo 183 sprayed plants 62, 586 quarantine regulations in Canada 1080 railroad disease 778 sanitary board of New Mexico, report . . 578 spraying machine for 99 stomach diseases 778 ticks, anatomy 163 destruction 578 effect on animals, U.S.D.A 1164 eradication 100, 987, 1144 Ark 777 U.S.D.A 257,479 in North Carolina 778 Tennessee 98 in Argentina 163 the South, U.S.D.A 478 life history, U.S.D.A 1164 notes ' 351 remedies, Okla 257 transmission of — African coast fever by 84 Texas fever by, U.S.D.A 1165 {See also Ticks.) tumors in 983 Welsh black, U.S.D.A 1157 Cauliflower black rot, notes, Conn. State 1138 Cauliflowers, artificial feeding 636 culture under tent shade, R. I. 1126 Cecidomyia catalpx, notes 356 destructor. (See Hessian fly.) sp., notes 750 Page. Cecropia moth, notes 356 Me '.. 1174 Cedar, insects affecting 356 red, notes, U.S.D.A 742 timber, tests of strength 447 Celery, culture 1047 U.S.D.A ." 1047 diseases, notes, U.S.D.A 1047 fertilizer experiments 620 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 1047 pithiness, N. Mex 38 planter, homemade, description 1047 rust, notes, Fla 746 storing and mnrketing, U.S.D.A 1047 varieties 1047 U.S.D.A 1047 Cell, ontogeny of 1099 walls, chemistry and physiology of 664 Cellulose — chejiiistry of 610, 813 determination 421, 1020 in cocoa products 523 crude fiber 524 feeding value 863 in pepper and cocoa 1020 wood, studies 543 investigations 664 production as affected by apple black rot 728 Celtis occidentalis, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Cement mortars, preparation and use 390 treatise 592 Centigrade and Fahrenheit degrees, inter- conver.sion, U.S.D.A 1109 Centipedes, notes 161 Century plant disease, description 452 Ceratitis capitata , notes 354 Ceratomia catalpx, notes 356 Ceratopogon guttipennis, notes, U.S.D.A 9.52 Ceratostomella spp., descriptions 454 Cercosporo. concors, notes 948 longipes, notes 451 • //tea?, notes 94.1 Cercosporella alho-maculans , notes. Conn. State 113S Cereal food by-products for cows. Can 173 foods, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 cooking investigations 65 nutritive value 400 nutrition as affected by silica 125 porridge for young animals 1076 products, methods of annlysis 398 rusts, relation to weather 450 treatment 842 wintering 1054 smuts, propagation and treatment. . 552 treatment 842 Cereals as affected by sewage 625 breeding 699 experiments 231 Cal 1116 pedigree register 36 composition as affected by frost 1118 culture 394 experiments 31 S. Dak 134 INDEX or SUBJECTS. 1221 Page. Cereals, culture in Alaska , U.S.D. A 224 estimating yield 17 fertilizer experiments 331,917 U.S.D. A 224 growth as aflected by electricity. . . 142 pentosans in 223 potash requirements 137 production in France 594 seed selection, S. Dak 134 statistics 087. 880 sulphate of ammonia for 431 winterkilling, investigations 1118 {See also specific kinds.) Cerebro-spinal meningitis, infectious 878 Ccrimans. culture, U.S.D. A 239 Ceroplasles rusci, parasite of 3.55 Ceutorhynchidius terminntus, notes 8.50 Ccutorhyr) ch us spp. , notes 1.58 Channels, automatic puddling 781 Chaparral in southern California 46 Charxas graniinis, notes 59 Charcoal, experiments 427 Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.) Cheat, description, Kans 935 Cheese — aldehydes in . . * 873 analyses 79, 177 bacteriological investigations 474 brown-red coloration, cause 771 Camembert, manufacture. Conn. Storrs. 1079 canning, Utah 274 casein in 009 Cheddar, bacteria in '. 79 classification and standards 472 cold curing 472 storage, U.S.D.A 596 experiments, U.S.D.A 77,78 curing rooms, management 472 decomposition products 1107 Edam, ripening 472,577 Emmenthal, as affected by salting 371 lactic fermentation 371 propionic fermentation ... .177 exports from New Zealand 372 factories in Wisconsin, Wis 770 plans for 472 gassy fermentation 372 Grana, analy.ses 475 lactose-fermenting yeasts in. Wis 1079 Lancashire, manufacture 78 Limhurg, ripening as affected by pepsin. 673 making experiments, Utah 274 investigations 372 notes. Miss 472 principles and practice of 1079 progress in 888 methods of analysis 177,1107 paraffining 277, 472 U.S.D.A 77, 78 proteids, separation 398 I'rovolftni, analyses 475 ripening experiments, Utah 274 investigations 79, 371 , 475, 981 Schabzieger, butyric fermentation 177 soft, as affected by temperature 873 salting 873 Page. Cheese— Continued. soft, studies in Europe, U.S.D.A 1161 soy-bean, manufacture in China 857 Swiss, gassy fermentation, Wis 277 vegetable, manufacture 961 micro-organisms in 434 whey, acidity in 373 Chemical- control station at Trondhjem, report . . 10 elements, ran;, effect on seedlings 825 laboratory of Swedish Moor Culture Society i'OO reagents, testing .■i1, 1070 origin in animal body T/iO Croatinin, chemistry and biochemistry of... 758 determination in meat 812 excretion in animals 759 men 759 metabolism . .• 6(il, 1070 Creepers as forest conservators 350 Creosot(>— coal-tar, fractional distillation, U.S.D. A. 1108 effect on timber, U.S.D.A 447 extraction and analysis, l'.S.D..\. 1136 oils, absorption by timl)er 148 of preserved timber, U.S.D.A 1135 stati.stics, I'.S.D.A 1135 Cre pidodera rufipcs, notes 35() Crimson clover. (See Clover, crimson.) Cronartium qucrcuum. notes 248 ribicola, notes, N. Y. State 747 Crop contests in Kansas 799 Crop reports, U.S.D..\ 92, 293, 488, 688, 787, 887, 994, 1090, 1170 rotations. (See Rotation.) Crops, culture in the South, Ga 220 on alkali soils, U.S.D.A 118 disease resistant, U.S.D.A 194 fertilizer requirements 921 irrigated, cost and profit, N. Mex 288 sunburning, cause, Ariz 428 yield in relation to weather 712 Crotalaria striata as a green manure 338 Crown gall, notes, Miss 1144 treatment, Wis 1059 Crows, digestion studies 847 economic relations 350 Crude fiber. (See Cellulose.) oil, tests, N. Mex 91 petroleimi. (See Petroleum.) Cryptorhynchus lapathi, remedies, N. Y. State 957 m<7n^j/er«, notes, Hawaii. 355 Cuckoos as forest conservators 350 Cucumber beetle, notes, Can 158 blight, notes. Mass ". 221 treatment. Conn. Storrs.. ,52 diseases, treatment, U.S.D..V 142 mildew, notes, Fla 746 Cucumbers, culture, U.S.D.A 142 in North Carolina 736 fertilizer experiments 635 forcing, U.S.D.A 142 experiments, Wis 1046 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 142 Cucurbits, digestibility 69 Culcx. (See Mosciuitoes.) Culcx pipiens, number of eggs 5.58 Culture media as aflected by plant metabo- lic products 827 for tubercle bacilli 84 'Currant bud mite, notes 59 gall mite, remedies 753 root aphis, notes, U.S. D..\. 455 rust, European, notes, N. Y. State 747 sawfly, remedies 849 Currants, fertilizer experiments, N. J 38 13781—07 4 Page. Currants, hydrocyanic acid in... 126 insects affecting, Colo 161 irrigation experiments, N. J .33 varieties, Mich 37 N.J 33 Pa 41,239 Wis 1049 new. Can 141 Cuscutn curopxa, occurrence on sugar beets. 734 Cutin, determination in crude fiber 524 in p(!ppcr and cocoa 1020 investigations 664 Cutworm, variegated, notes, Can 158 Cutworms, notes 750,849,953, 1144 Can 158 Conn. Stat(! 57, 848 Mass 251 Mich 849 remedies 59, 106O Okla 296 Cyanamido-carbonato of lime, decomposi- tion in soils 1028 Cyanamids, synthetic production 4:^0 Cyanogenesis— in plants 330, 544 chemical aspects 1032 physiological significance 1033 Cycloconium oleaginu m , t reatment 451 Cyclones, horizontal convection in,U.S.D..\. . 814 tropical, prediction, U.S.D.A Ill Cyclopia gcnixtoidcs, analysis 65 Cylinders of alcohol engines, cooling 389 Cymatophora sulphurea, notes 652 Cynara cardunculus, notes 736 scolymus, notes 7.36 Cj-perus, culture and use 632 Cypress, culture, Iowa 1053 Cysticerci, toxicity of fluids 879 Cysticercus ccllulosae, detection in hogs 585 tenui colli s, notas 879 Cystitis, treatment 779 Cytospora pinastri, description 650 sacchari, notes 450 Dacus cucurbitre, notes 61 Dadap, culture on tea plantations 338 Daffodil bulbs, harvesting and storing. ..... 1 132 Dairy bdcteria, classification, Conn. Storrs. . 979 bacteriology, investigations 888 cleanliness in, U.S.D.A 792 congress; international 897 farming, profitable 576 treatise 79, 471 farms- tenant, profitalileness, U.S.D..V . . 977 unsanitary, relation to typhoid fever 7I6 feed, Bibby, feeding value. Mass 272 feeds, analyses. Mass 967 R.I 261 Wis 909 notes, Miss 1159 glassware, inspection, Mass 209 herd records...' 472,871 Can 173 Conn. Storrs 472 1230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Dairy hcrcl records, 1 11 172, 870 Mich 172 Miss 472 Mont 472 Nev 173 Pa 472 Wis • 273,1070 in New Zealand 372 keeping, Miss 1159 N.J 74 value, Ohio 1070 U.S.D.A 1159 herds, iiuprovenient, N.J 74 testing 372 industry in Canada 472, 959 Iloom 472 Ireland, statistics 788 Portugal 1079 the United States 375 Wisconsin, Wis 770, 1078 keeping accounts in 888 inspection in Massachusetts 473 institute at Kleinhof-Tapiau 472 I'roskau, report 373 officials, associations, and institu- tions. U.S.D.A 373 products, adulteration, U.S.D.A 104 analyses 10, 750 Conn. State 854 Mass 278 N. Dak 259 methods of analysis 397, 398 school at Riitti-Zollikof en, report 372 show at Chicago, milk and cream ex- hibit, U.S.D.A 307 test associations in Finland 79 Sweden 79 methods of book- keeping 888 Dairying and dairy arithmetic 673 in different countries 394 New Zealand 372 Western Australia 392 literature of 873 national congress of 673 notes. 394 S.C 270 profits of 173 pure cultures in 472 science and profit in 570 use of paraiTm in, U.S.D.A 792 Daisies, breeding experiments, N.J 38 destruction. Wis 1043 Dams, earthen, notes 083 for small reservoirs, construction, U.S.D.A 1080 Darnel, fungus-free, studies 842 poisonous properties 310 Date palms, culture, Ariz 1174 in India 638 Tunis, U.S.D.A 549 Dates, culture in South Australia ' 840 varieties, U.S.D..V 540 Death camas, notes, Colo 81, 183 Deforestation in northern Chii^a 147 Degeneration, prevention 098 Dehorning, effect on milk secretion. Wis 273 Delaware College, notes 94, 793 Station, financial statement 1094 notes 94, 494, 793 Delphinium menziesii, notes. Wash 285 spp., poisoning Of stock by, Colo 81 Demonstration plats, arrangement 888 Dcndroctonus brei'icoviis, notes, U.S.D.A. . . 254 Denitriflcation in soils. . 215, 322, 429, 022, 1025, 1108 as affected by car- bon bisulphid 17 investigations 120, 917 Department of Agriculture. (See United States Department of Agriculture.) Desert Botanical Laboratory at Tucson, Ariz 727 Destructor refuse as a fertilizer 21 Deutzia gracilis, forcing with ether 639 Dew, composition 815 nitrogen content 212, 216 Dewberries, varieties. Pa 41 Dextrin, assimilation by plants 25 Dextrose, determination 398 Diabetic. foods, analyses, Conn. State 855 Diamond-back moth, notes 158, 101, 251, 352 Me 652 Diarrhea in calves and lambs, treatment. . . 878 Diaspis pentagona, parasites of 355 Diastases in cocoanuts 826 Diatrcea sacchari, notes 953 Dicalcium phosphate, decomposition by water 920 Dicyanamid, decomposition in soils 1028 Dicyandiamid, formation in calcium cyana- mid 218 Didymaria perforans n. sp.. description 740 Didymium clilorid, effect on plants 326 Diet, discussion 562 effect on nitrogen excretion 001 for invalids 361 in boarding schools 860 warm climates 562 insufficient, effect on metabolism 801 mixed, studies 503 of laborers in South Africa 166 precibiculturists 562 weU-to-do classes 562 purin-f ree, discussion 360 treatise 463 vegetarian, f ijUacies 360 studies 60, 503 Dietary- studies, Conn. Storrs 404 at Yale University 962 in Paris 058 with animals 461 children 860 'Finnish students and la- borers 1066 university students 861 Dietetics, accuracy in 463 book on 1066 principles of 564 treatise 463 Diets, vegetarian and meat, comparison 959 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1231 Digestion — artificial, jKjpsin solution for 52:5 energy requirements 5(iti experiments, iirtificiiil 500, 901) ■with animals. Mass 2t)l calves, Conn. Storrs. 972 cows, Conn. Storrs . . 972 dogs . . 07, 359, 959, lOtiS, 1152 horses 68, 73, 1009 men 359,400, 461,658,757,858,1008 Conn. Storrs 401 Me 657,002 U.S.D.A 462,565 pigs 09 Conn. Storrs 972 rabbits 500 sheep t«,69,763,972 Mass 272 Minn 971 Wyo 262 steers 68, 09 Minn 909 gastric, mechanism of 505 ixjptic, studios 500 physiology of 300 salivary, as affected by neutral salts 758 Digestive tract, testing functions of 058 Dikkop, gcel, notes 183, 982 Diphtheria bacilli in milk 872 immunization, transmission to offspring 675 transmission by milk •. 576 Diplodia cacaoicola, description 55 notes 450 cpicocos, notes 1057 maydis, notes 149 perseana n. sp., description 342 zcbrina, notes 945 Dips for live stock, U.S.D.A 892 Disalbumoses, effect on protein 700 Diseases of animals. (See Animal diseases.) plants. {See Plant diseases.) l^istemp(^r in dogs, studies 988 goats, notes 178 Distillation, wood used in, U.S.D.A 642 Distillers' grains— analyses, Can 108 Me 1153 K. 1 261 dried, analyses, Conn. State 862 Mass 907 Vt 968 feeding value 000 nutritive value, I'a 663 1 )istillery by-products, analyses 572 for cows, Can 173 industry, statistics, U.S.D.A 685 products, analyses 374 refuse, disposal 426 slop, analyses, Ky 913 Distomatosis, pathology 85 I) i St o mum he pat i cum, distribution 585 Ditches, irrigation, construction, U.S.D.A.. 482 lining 386 sand trap for 188 (See also Canals.) Page-. Diuretics, effect on nitrogen excretion 661 Dock, yellow, culture, U.S.D.A 241 destruction, Wis 1043 Dodd(!r, occurrence on sugar beets 734 Dog (lis(!ascs in Hawaii 1 103 surgery of 988 distemper, studies 880,988 mange, treatment 079 Dogs as affected by raw meat 572 digestion experiments. 67,359,959,1068,1152 m(;tabolism as affected by insufficient diet , . . 861 experiments 07,660,759,1152 stray, relation to rabies 780 DoUchos lablab, cyanogenesis in 544 notes 421 Domestic science — address on 889 building at California Polytechnic School 97 contests in Kansas 799 course in 299 in rural schools 889 simimer schools : 999 instruction in 499 movement in the United States 958,1173 schools in France , 1092 Dothichiza populea, notes 748 studies 551 Dourine — chronic, pathological conditions 481 disease resembling 879 notes 585,987 prevalence in Canada 578 studies 578 susceptibility of ruminants and apes to.. 678 treatment 1084 Drainpipes, cement 587 Drainage- arterial, in Ireland 1087 conference, international 286 districts, assessment of 587 from soils 617,881 in France 882 Italy 1167 Wisconsin, Wis 084 index 992 investigations. 111 939 U.S.D.A 482 Utah 1166 law, amendments, Utah 1167 laws. Wis 684 pajiers on 286 reclamation of land by 287 surveys, instruments used in. Wis 684 tile, studies 286 water, analyses 918 chlorih content 116 composition 815 investigations at Rothamsted. 116,720 nitrogen content. . . 116, 216, 314, 322, 323 Hawaii 719 Dried blood, analyses. Mass 220 R.I 1108 fertilizing value 21 Mass 226,227 Drop seed, notes, Wyo 229 1232 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. Drought, relation to atmospheric electricity, U.S.D.A Ill Drug and food inspection, board of 897 law, N. Dak 310 of Indiana 1148 legislation, U.S.D.A 421 plants, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Drugs, application with electricity 80 examination 65 N. Dalf 259, 1065 inspection in Canada 6G microscopical examination 60 report on 398 Dry farming congress at Denver 700 discussion, U.S.D.A 287 methods of culture in 729 notes, U.S.D.A 493 requirements of, Nebr 1036 Duclc, roast, digestibility, Conn. Storrs 401 Ducks of North America, U.S.D.A 349 raising. Can 305 in America 573 standard for judging 73 Dunes, sand, of the desert of Islay 716 Dung fly parasites in Hawaii 559 Dust and vapor, Krakatoa, U.S.D.A Ill haze, colors, U.S.D.A Ill road, prevention 289, 290 Duty of water. (See Water, duty.) Dynamics, animal, negative work in 862 Dysdercus cingulatus, notes 60 superstUiosus, notes 556 suturellus, notes, U.S.D.A 22C Dziorzon, Johann, biographical note 600 Eagles, economic relations, U.S.D.A 349 Earias fabia, notes 60 insulana, notes 60, 556, 849 Earthquake at Kingston, U.S.D.A 1109 Earths, edible, nutritive value 1149 Earthworms, changes in soils due to 533 East coast fever. {See African coast fever.) Eating, rate of 68 Ecdytolopha insiticiana, notes 356 Echinococci, relation to pseudotuberculosis in sheep 382 toxicity of fluids 879 Echinoderms, toxins in 455 Eclampsia, puerperal. {See Milk fever.) Economic conditions in Martinique and Guadalupe 088 development of Bern 885 Economics, home. (See Domestic science.) rural. {See Rural economics.) manual of 087 yearbook 193 Edema, inflammatory, in cows 677 Education, agricultural. (See Agricultural education.) Bureau of, relation to land- grant colleges 411 for fanners 789 science of 501 Egg-laying contests, Kans 194 production of virgin fowls, N.J 74 yolk, preservation 65 Eggplants, breeding experiments, N.J 38 Eggs, brown or tinted, production 74 ^ chemistry of 1066 color, U.S.D.A 493 composition 11.50 fertility. Me 470 goose, composition 857 grading and packing 192 infertile, keeping quality 608 loss of weight in incubation 809 marketing 573 in Berlin 574 ■ preservation 05 Can 408 U.S.D.A 792 Wash 471 by cold 1150 preserved, composition 1149 production as affected by snow, Conn. Storrs 975 in America ' 573 Victoria 976 winter. Can 408 Einkorn, varieties, Cal 1117 Elderberries, analyses 143, 564 hydrocyanic acid m 126 Electric plants, installation of windmills for. 883 Electricity- atmospheric, relation to drought, U. S. D.A Ill effect on plant growth 142 generation by wind power 590 therapeutic use 80 use in agriculture 142,388,593 nitrogen oxidation 430 plowing 91 Electrode, water-cooled, description 723 Elenchus tenuicornis, notes, Hawaii 652 Eleocharis palusiris, notes, Wyo 229 Elephant beetle on apple trees 1144 Elfvingia megaloma, notes, Nebr 248 Elm bark louse, remedies, Wash 255 leaf beetle, notes 351,356 Conn. State 57 N.J 57 remedies, Conn. State 1062 curl, notes, Me •. 1174 louse, remedies, Wash 255 slippery, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 white, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Elymus condensatus, notes, Wyo 229 curopxus, notes 231 Emigration, British, suggestions 392 Enimcr and spelt, crossing 830 culture, Nebr 1036 digestibility, Minn 971 varieties 27 Cal 1117 Can 130 S. Dak 134 Emphysema, Intestinal, in pigs 86 Empusa acridii, notes 653 Energy, body, source of 1152 expenditure on different diets 1152 measurement 1071 muscular, source of, U.S.D.A 1151 requirements of man 260 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1233 Engino, wind, for pumping 782 Engineer, State, relation to irrigation, U.S. D. A 287 Engineering education in the land-grant colleges 1013 index 992 municipal, progress in 915 rural, courses in, U.S.D.-\ 689 in Chaldea and Assyria . 386 Engines, alcohol, cost of opferation 191 farm, portable 390 gasoline, cost of operation I'.tl use of alcohol in 2ill steam, use in agriculture 389 Enteritis, p.seudotuberculous, in cattle 777 Entomological service of New Yorlv 158 Entomology, bibliography 158 Bureau of, publications, U.S. D.A 556 Canadian, bibliography 1060 economic, in the Philippines.. 750 outline of 848 Entomosporium maculatum, notes 949 Enzyniol, effect on milk production 766 Enzyms, bacterial, studies 729 Kph rsl in dutella, notes 957 Ephialtes (arbonarius, notes 61 Ephydridsc, catalogue of 849 F.phrjdrid»- spp., new, descriptions 849 Epithelioma, contagious, in fowls 681 Epitrimerus pyri, notes, N. Y. State 955 Epizootic lymphangitis, control, in Ireland. 579 Equisetum arrense, poisoning of horses by, Nebr 285 Ergot, determination in flour 525 sclerotia, germination tests 645 Ergots, inoculation experiments 1055 Eriophycs spp., notes, N. Y. State 955 Ennan, Adolf, biographical sketch, U.S. D.A 612 Erodium cicutarium as a forage plant, Ariz. 33 Erysiphe communis, notes, Ohio 342 graminis, culture experiments 151, 244,1055 notes 645 Erythrina disease, new, studies 453 Erythrina lilhosperma, culture 338 Esters, determination in whisky 420 hydrolysis by pancreatic juice as affected by bile 963 Ether, effect on germination of seeds 44 extract of antitetanus serum, action. 1165 forcing of flower bulbs l)y 44 hyacinths by 44,938 ■ lilacs by 39,444,639 plants by 39,639 Ethyl alcohol, denaturing agents 190 Eucalyptus barks, calcium oxalate m 943 tannin content 310 Eucalyptus marginata, use for railroad ties. 1135 spp., notes, U.S. D.A 742 Eucoila impatiens In Hawaii 559 studies 1059 Eudemis vacciniana, remeoies, N.J 57 I'-ugenics, paper on 09S Eupcilorium ageratoides, poisonous to stock . 876 Euthrips ntcoiioTwe n. sp., description, U.S. D.A lOGO Page. Evaporating plant, description 41 Evaporation from soils 617, 881 water surface, relation to meteorology 423 Evaporimetcrs, notes, U.S. D.A Ill Evergreens, culture 639 Iowa 10.53 leaf scorch, notes, Mass 221 Evolution, book on 1143 in chrysomelid beetles 849 Exoaxcux deformans, notes 644 Exobasidium vexans, notes 4.52 Exosporium palmivorum, notes 342 Experiment- farms in Western Australia, report 628 station— at Grignon 797 Kleinhof-Tapiau 472 Peradeniya, report 1051 Ploti, report 314 work 1895-1904 >. . 93 Rothamsted 599 Suwon, Korea 1099 Zurich 836 Burdwan, report 027 Cut cack, report 028 Dumraon, report 628 for cereal culture in Italy 1178 cheese making at Lodi 475 economic botany in Sweden 96 in the French Kongo 798 publications, U.S. D.A 1095 Record, usefulness 1012 sugar, in Peru C34 work, influence on agricultural meth- ods, U.S. D.A 227 , systemization S06 stations — exhibit at live-stock exposition 496 fruit, in Ontario, Can 1129 in Ceylon, work 700 Madras 197 Missouri, plan for 896 laws, and rulings concerning, U.S. D.A 688 organization and function 1099 policy 301,411,1011 U.S.D.A.... 691 lists, U.S.D.A 1093 relation to Department of Agricul- ture, U.S.D.A 295 statistics, U.S.D.A 488,492 sugar, in Queensland, report 833 summary of investigations 801 work and expenditures, U.S.D.A 492 in nutrition, U.S.D..\ 459 sanitary milk production, U.S.D.A 473 stock feeding 510 with insecticides, U.S.D.A 455 (See also Alabama, .\laska, etc.) Experimental- evolution laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y ; 727 farm at Piracicaba, Brazil 197 farms, Canada, report 792 field in China 197 1234 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Page. Extension work. (See Agricultural colleges and Agricultural extension work.) Eye disease, infectious, in poultry 185 Fahrenheit and centigrade degrees, inter- conversion, U.S.D.A 1109 Fallowing, bare 319 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farm architecture, improvement 595 areas in the United States, U.S.D.A . 1136 crops, course of study in 890 in the United States, U.S.D.A. 688 forestry, notes, Ohio 691 homes, modern conveniences for, U.S.D.A 685 machinery. (See Agricultural ma- chinery.) management, treatise 992 mechanics, discussion 1099 instruction in 1092,1099 products — cost of hauling, U.S.D.A 886 production, Minn 686 U.S.D.A 686 exports, U.S.D.A 293,392,393 imports, U.S.D.A 293, 392, 393 of Alaska, U.S.D.A 295 trade statistics, U.S.D.A 787 sanitation in Lombardy 1066 settlement in Zululand 594 values, causes affecting, U.S.D.A . . . 291, 391 woodlot, management 740 Can 942 notes, U.S.D.A 892 Farmer's wife, social role of 1094 Farmers' — bulletins, index, U.S.D.A 596 Institute Workers, Association, U.S.D.A 492,791 institutes — Nev 194 attendance at, Colo 1059 in Florida = - 1030 Michigan, history 887 • Ohio, Ohio 791 the United States, U.S.D.A 791 report, U.S.D.A 492 reading courses 200, 492 Farmers, colored, in the South 192 United States 487 education of 789 indebtedness in Bavaria 687 Germany 688 small, traveling fees for 888 social welfare of 486 State aid for 1008 Fannhouses, arrangement and care 596 Farming on shares 885 in Fiji, Hawaii, and Mau- ritius 1169 Tuscany 993 (See also Agriculture.) Farms, demonstration, N. Dak 1033 of different size, competitiveability. 1089 selection •. 192 small, in Sweden 1168 prizes for 888 Page. Farms, typical, in different countries 192 Farmyard manure. (See Barnyard manure.) Fasting, effect on excretion of nitrogen and amino acids 964 Fat, determination in cheese 9, 110,309,812 condensed milk 1019 cream 1019 feces 525 homogenized milk ... 8 milk 9,309,709,1107 Utah 275 powder 110 digestibility 1152 extraction apparatus, description 709 fonnation and utilization in animal body 68 in sorghum seed 858 Fatigue, physiology of 567 relation to speed in racing contests. 764 Fats, analyses 913 Conn. State 854,855 animal, analyses 108 cloud test, U.S.D.A 110 cold test 397 U.S.D.A 110 constants of 609 determination of molecular weight. .. 912 of schi and illipe fruit 1149 physiology and chemistry of 360 review of literature 813 technology of 577 titertest, U.S.D.A 110 Fatty acids, refraction 1019 volatile, determination 309 Feather waste, analyses 23 as a fertilizer 21 Feathers as a fertilizer 21 utilization 123 Feces, determination of specific gravity 862 fat and lecithin in 525 content 965 phosphorus content 965 soluble proteids in 965 vegetable products in 68 Feed lots, notes, U.S.D.A 493 Feeding standards. Miss 1159 Feeding stuffs— analyses 10, 167. 572, 1030 Ky 913 Wis 264, 273, 1075, 1076 composition 1148 Miss 1159 condimental, analyses 167 . Can 168 Iowa 966 Pa 200 composition 1148 La 572 effect on milk secretion. . 172, 766 digestibility 512 N. II 567 discussion, Pa 663 effect on health of cows 699 milk 171,574,699,978,1159 strength of bones, Nebr 571 facility of digestion as a factor in feed- ing, Conn. Storrs 972 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1235 Pagi!. Feeding stuffs-Contlnucd. fiber (ictenuinations, La 571 grinding, Pa ***'3 handbook 761 hydrocyanic acid in *>*'£ inspection— and analyses, Can 167 Conn. State 862 Iowa 965 La 571 Mass 967 Me 1153 N. Y. State 260 R.I 261 Tex 968 Vt 968 Wis 261.969 in Canada 69, 167 Florida 10^0 Pennsylvania 572 the United States 921 law, Ind 1073 Wis 1094 in Great Britain 433,922 methods of analysis 208, 398 mixed, analyses 167,572 Can 167 Conn. State 862 La 571 N. Y. State 260 R.I 1108 Tex 968 Vt 968 nutritive value 511 La :i6:i proprietary, analyses 572 Conn. State 8f)2 La 571 Me 115:? N. Dak 9 R.I 261 feeding value, Mass 272 starchy, analyses. Mass 967 Me 1153 substitute nutritive values 863 trade values in Great Britain 726 transmission of diseases by 1162 treatise 862 (See also specific kinds.) Feeds. (See Feeding stuffs.) Feldspar as a source of potash, U.S.D.A. .. 717 decomposition, studies, U.S.D.A.. 717 Fence post plantations, managemi^nt, U.S. D.A 745 Fennel, effect on milk secretion 574 Ferini-nt. Bulgarian, etf'-el on milk 871 Fermentation products, analyses 374 putrefactive, intestinal ...'..- 862 review of literature 813 studies, Va 373 treatise 577 Fermentations, l)ibliography of 577 Fennents, digestive, as affected by lecithin. 1072 in milk 871 lactic, effect on cheese 371 Page. Fertilizer- experiments — HI 9.39 cooperative, in Sweden 217 in Germany 539 methods of conducting 888 Can 821 notes 822 on sandy soils 929 {Sec also special crops.) formulas, Ga 220 industry in Florida 10.30 the United States 726 progress in 327 law, Ind 22 Tex 726 Wis H)94 in Georgia 619 Great Britain 433 administration . . . 922 Tennessee 23 Victoria 218 national 398 requirements of soils. {See Soils.) trade in South .Vustralia 327 various cities 922 FortiUzers— analyses 10, 23, 209, 220, 327, 619, 821, 888, 922,1030 S.C 194 unification of terms for 415 application -•- - - 888 composition, value, and use, Va 540 effect on reaction of soils 427 electro-chemical manufacture 4.30 from residues from sugar, making 623 homo mixing 921 Va.. 540 imports into .Tapan I'KH) in .lapan 618 inspection — and iina ly SOS, Cal 327, 1 115 Conn. State 618 Ind 22 Ky 23 La 540 Mass 220,921 Me 619,1115 Mich 1030 Miss 1115 N. .1 23,433,821 N. Y. State 921 R. 1 619 S. C 220,726 Tex 726 Vt 124,10,30 W. Va 720 Wis 220 in Canada 23, 66 Florida 1030 Georgia 399,619 Maryland 327 North Carolina 23,220 Ohio 821 rennsylvania 327 1236 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fertilizers— Continued, inspection — continued. in Tennessee 23 the United States 921 manufacture from lye waste 123 use of water power in 1112 methods of analysis 22, 208 mixed, analyses, Comi. State 619 Mass 220 nature and use 218, 921 Can 821 nitrogenous. (Sec Nitrogenous ferti- lizers.) phosphatic. {See Phosphates.) plan for soil test. Pa 217 poisoning of animals by 585 pot experiments 320 potash. {See Potash.) review of literature 813 selection and use 326 sources and use 921 map 622 spreading machine 592 statistics 327 Ind 23 trade values in Great Britain 726 treatise 22 use 121,. 326, 539, 837, 921 U.S.D.A - 394 in Belgium 23 {See also specific materials.) Fescue, King, notes, Wyo 229 meadow, culture, U.S.D.A 230, 439 notes, Kans 194 tall, culture in Alaska, U.S.D.A. ... 225 Fesluca kingii, notes, Wyo , 229 Fiber, crude. {See Cellulose.) e.xtracting machinery, description. . . 234 plants — culture in Porto Rico, P. R 1033 U.S.D.A.. 226 Ficaria ranunculoides, cut, preservation ... 44 Ficus elastica, culture 743 in Assam 148 Ceylon 448 Field crops, culture experiments, Nev 194 in New Zealand 629 the Yukon, Can 133 Western Australia. . 628 fertilizer experiments 327 for California, Cal 836 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 251 notes. Miss 1116 production 472 {See also special crops.) ■ experiments, diminishing errors in . . . 436 peas. {See Peas.) Fig bacterial disease, investigations 649 curculio, notes 58 Figs, Capri, introduction into Cape Colony. 352 improvement 444 Filaria as a cause of horse disease 879 Filaria clava in pigeons 780 Filter, sand, description 614 Finger-and-toe disease, treatment 1 28,928 Fir, culture, Iowa 1053 Page. Fir, disease, notes 650 for packing bo.xes, statistics, U.S.D.A. . 1136 inoculation experiments 650 Fish, acidulated, analyses, R. 1 1108 analyses, N. Dak 259 as a fertilizer in Alaska 725 canning and preserving 374 composition of body fluids 977 destruction by copper sulphate 530 digestibility, U.S.D.A 892 dry ground, analyses. Mass 220 examination. Conn. State 854,855 fertilizers, notes 918 guano industry of Norway 1112 industry of Japan 1090 manures, analyses 922 nutritive value 361 protein, loss in cooking 361 toxins in 455 waste as a fertilizer 21 Flavoring extracts, adulteration, U.S.D.A. 164 analyses 565, 756 Conn. State . . . 854 N. Dak 259 Tex 900 Flax, culture, U.S.D.A 830 and handling 439 experiments. Can 132 in different countries, N. Dak. 632 diseases, resistance to, N. Dak 1053 fertilizer experiments 20,830 handling, N. Dak 032 hydrocyanic acid in 126,544 lime and magnesia for 32,117 phaseolunatin in 330 rust, resistance to, N. Dak 24 treatment, N. Dak 1053 scutching tests 830 spinning, new method 374 statistics, U.S.D.A 887 sulphocyanid for 623 varieties 836 Can 132 wilt, resistance to, N. Dak 24 Flaxseed from different sources 830,836 meal, analyses 572 production in Argentina, U.S.D.A. 787 Flea beetles, notes. Conn. State 848 Fleas, destruction by fumigation 59 relation to coffee disease 59 Flesh, composition, studies 959 Flies, flagellate parasite of 458 protection of cows from, U.S.D..V 596 remedies 351 transmission of trypanosomiasis by. . 63 warble, remedies 163 Floats. {See Phosphate rock, finely ground.) Floods in the United States 315 Flora of Cagliari, studies 825 Colorado, Colo 433 Martinique and Guadalupe 088 Mexican boundary of the United States 1143 Washington 328 Floriculture, elementary, teaching 489 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1237 Page. Florida Station, financial statement 93,791 notes 94,395, 494,092,893,997,1090,1175 report of director 93,791 University, notes.... 94,395,997,1090,1175 Flour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 analyses (i(i, 107, 572,756 Conn. State 855 l)aking quality as affected by soluble nitrogenous compounds 1072 lileachcd. detection 750 investigations, N. Dak 057 method of examination ... 460 bleaching 563 chemical test for strength 1000 examination 913 middlings, analyses, Iowa 965 moth, Mediterranean, notes, Mich. . . 849 phosphorus content, N. Y. State 570 red dog, analyses, Iowa 965 ropiness in 258 Flower bulbs, forcing and harvesting 738 with ether 44 Flowers, attraction for bees 358 l>looming period in Iowa 937 color as affected by different sub- stances 44 culture 43 expcrimen ts, Can 140 in .\laska, U.S.D.A 236 cut, preservation 44 by cold storage. . 739 imports into England 839 improvement 444 production in France 594 respiration, investigations 925 structure and pollination 128 wild, culture 44 Flue ashes, analyses. Can 121 Fluieworms in cattle 85 Fluorin, utilization by plants 1108 Fly, black, notes .557 vi\iparous, notes 954 white. {See White fly.) Fodder, dry, preparation from yeast 1073 plants, notes 663 Fodders, analyses. Can 167 Mass 278 Wash 436 coarse, feeding value 863 energy value, Minn 971 Fog, growth in unsaturated air, U.S.D..\ . . 1109 on the Newfoundland Banks, U.S.D.A. 1109 Fames semitostus, notes 945, 949 sp., notes 555 Food adulteration, Mont 361 detection 362, 397, 564, 71 1 U.S.D.A 164 treatise 1064 and drug inspection, board of 897 Drugs .\ct, enforcement, U.S.D..\ 459 hygiene, treatise 958 charts 1069 control, discussion 421 functions in the body 1152 Page. Food inspection — decisions, U.S.D.A 1064 in Canada 66 Connecticut, Conn. State 854 Kansas 756 Maine, Me 755, 756 New Hampshire 565 North Dakota, N. Dak.. 259,.361,1005 Ohio 1147 Saxony 565 Texas, Tex 900 law. Me 755 N. Dak 310 in Florida, need of 10.30 Georgia 619 Indiana 1148 laws, Tex 960 national 1064 legi.slation, U.S.D..V 301,856 nutritive value, indicating 1152 of Lombardy peasants 1066 natives of India 859 proletarians in America 860 preservatives. (See Preservatives.) products, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 preserved, handbook 462 smoked, formalin in S-W standards for 398 U.S.D.A 4.59 requirements for growth 67 of man 464, 962 Foods, African, notes 166 analyses 10, 65, 566, 656 Mont 361 and dietetics, text-book 463 book on 1066 canned, use of sugar in, U.S.D.A 1065 coloring matter in 397 diabetic, analyses. Conn. State 855 examination, progress in 913 formalin in 757, 8.59 literature in 1905 362 methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 110 microscopical examination 66 notes 663 nutritive value, calculation 463 preservation 65 preserved, bacteria in 960 prices in the United States 393 review of literature 813 text-book 562 transmissionof diseases by .360,1162 treatise 564, 1064 Foot-and-mouth disease — control 59, 877 disease resembling 281 hoof disease in cases of: 85 in the V illette market 985 law concerning 877 prevalence in Germany 774 Italy 579 Madras 982 Orange River Colony... 178,982 South .\frica 375 various countries 985 1238 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. Page. Foot rot in sheep 1080 U.S.D.A 282 Forage — crops, composition, Minn 1037 containing hydrocyanic acid 762 culture experiments 31 Can 133 Nebr 1036 P. R 1033 S. C 229 in Porto Rico, U.S.D.A. . 226 in the Northwest, Oreg 831 U.S.D.A 229,627 notes, Ind 1039 production in France 594 protein content, Minn 1037 tests, Colo 28 {Sec also special crops.) plants, analyses, Ky 913 Nev 831 Wash 436 in Wyoming, Wyo 229 notes, Nev 194 transmission of anthrax by 479 Forest- areas in the United States, U.S.D.A 1136 conditions in Pennsylvania, U.S.D..\... 445 the United States 839 fire law, paper on 148 fires in Wisconsin 839 laws concerning 342 notes 341 protection from 1051 U.S.D.A 1136 insects, U.S.D.A 255 control 1017 notes 356, 652 law in Vermont, Vt 10.50 Wisconsin 839 laws, notes 1135 mensuration, text-book 340 nurseries, fertilizer experiments 550 plantations in semiarid regions, U.S. D.A 741 thinning, U.S.D.A 1133 planting, Vt 1051 in eastern Nebraska, U.S.D.A. C40 Illinois, U.S.D.A 1133 western Pennsylvania, U.S. D.A 445 leaflets, U.S.D.A 742, 1133 products — U.S.D.A 944 exports, U.S.D A 293, 392, 393 from the Philippines 741 imports, U.S.D.A 293,392,.393 into the Philippines 741 in France 594 trade statistics, U.S.D.A 787 regulations in British Columbia 1135 Reserve, Pikes Peak 147 reserves in New Mexico 1133 the United States, Alaska, and Porto Rico, U.S.D.A.. 1134 seed testing station at Eberswalde 341 Service of the United States 1050 Page. Forest— Continued. soils, humus in 916 tracts, public, in the Philippines 740 trees. (See Trees.) types, determination 45 Forestry — Association, Michigan, purpose 741 black wattle, in South Africa 448 conditions in Canada 242 course at Oxford 299 excursions 396 farm, notes, Ohio 691 handbook 340 in Bombay Presidency 241 British India 840 Burma 241 Canada 46 China 45, 147 Hawaii 1050, 1051 Ireland, statistics 788 Japan 45 Korea 45 Mexico 45 North America 45 Prussia 741 U.S.D.A 1135 Saxony 741 U.S.D.A 1135 Siberia 45 South Australia 839 Tavistock Woods 1053 the Andamans 942 East Africa Protectorate 46 Philippines 740, 741 Wisconsin 839 journal, new.. 798 legislation in Massachusetts 1000 school at Avondale, Ireland 1178 in North Dakota 999 Washington 1099 schools in Austria, statistics 995 Prussia 1172 station at Avondale, I reland 1178 Forests — as affected by coal mining, U.S.D.A 445 chilgoza, of Zhob and Takht-I-Suliinan. 043 effect on water level 942 supply 643 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 295 Brazil 922 Java 922 New Brunswick 242 Sweden 147 the United States, U.S.D.A 1134 Western Australia 1135 pine, litter experiments 47 management 1051 roleofUghtin 45 Formaldehyde — analyses, U.S.D.A 208 as a disinfectant for stalls 987 fruit preservative 1130 meat preservative 565 smut preventive, Can 163 an insecticide 358 detection in milk 419 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1239 Page. Formaldehyde— Continued. detection in plants 925 determin;ition in niilk 709 disinfection with 186 effect on digestibility of protein 760 germination of barley. Wis 228 milk 75 Staphylococcus pyogenes au- reus 1 163 tubercle l)acilli. . . , 1163 in foods 757, 859 milk, Ilehnertest 911 law, N. Dak 310 sterilizing value, Kans 071 use, U.S.D.A 208 Formalin. {See Formaldehyde.) Formates, effect on plants 434 Fossil plants, palaeozoic, bibliography 1099 Foster, Michael, biographical sketch 799 Foul brood of bees 655,754,854,1146 U.S.D.A 561,655 legislation 64 Fowl cholera, immunization 680, 1085 investigations 385 serum tests on pigeons 880 symptoms and treatment 988 plague, immunization 1085 organism, Inology 11G6 studies 880, 1086 \-irus, stutiies 680, 1085 tick, notes 357 Fowls as affected by poison(!d locusts 252 sanitary management, Ala. College.. 680 Foxes in South Australia 847 Foxglove, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Foxtail, marsh, notes, Wyo 229 Fragaria spp., history and clas.sification 1131 Fraxinui americana, notes, U.S.D..V 1133 lanceolata, notvs, U.S.D..\. 1133 Freeze of December 20, 1906, in Florida 914 Freudenrcich, E. von, investigations of 981 Frit fly, notes, Nebr 1059 Frog tumor in cows 077 Frogs, economic relations 350 raising 73, 809 Frost, effect on cereals 1118 trees and shrubs 338, 1052 protection of fruits from 211 Frosts in North Dakota, N. Dak 1033 the United States, U.S.D.A 312 spring and fall, studies 11 in Pennsylvania, notes 59 Fruit boxes, standard sizes 737 colors, reagents 166 diseases, description and treatment.. 1142 treatment 146 Colo..., 936 experiment stations in Ontario, Can. 1129 fly, Brazil, parasite 01 distribution 353 in Queensland 457 Mediterranean, notes 58 natural enemies 352 notes 59,352,354,1145 parasites 58, 354 remedies 954 l^ige. Fruit growers' associations, Idaho 145 convention of California 848 union of Hood River, Idaho 145 growing, course for movable schools, U.S.D.A 1093 industry in Germany, statistics 146 inspection in Natal 58 juices, examination 421 fermentation, Va 373 law and inspection in Canada 143 Marks .\ct, Canadian, Idaho 145 products, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 methods of analysis 397 recipes 959 root diseases, notes, Utah 937 sirup and pulp, making 838 tree bark beetle, notes 158 U.S.D.A 254 gummosis, treatment 948 leaf diseases, lU 939 roller, studies, Mo 1145 Fruits — acidity of, studies 662 American, inspection at Hamburg 849 blooming period in Iowa 937 canned, discoloration 859 canning, La 736 and preserving 374 experiments 41 cold storage 548 composition as affected by bagging 40 ' culture 142, 729 experiments. Can 140 La 735 in California 848 England 839 Japan ; 735 New Zealand 636 dried, examination 565 dwarf, culture 441 exhibition, notes 146 exports from the United States 336 fertilizer experiments, La 736 fertilizers for 837 food value, U.S.D.A 259 grading and packing 192 grafting, new method 940 growth as allected by electricity 142 handling for transportation, U.S.D.A.. 239 hardy, breeding experiments 637 harvesting and storing 146 imports into England 839 Hawaii 352 in Hawaii 442 in.sects affecting 59, 146, 557, 951 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 2.37,238 oily, morphology 374 orchard — analyses 143 Mass 241 as affected by paint, Del 1044 blossoming period, Wis 238 breeding experiments 940 culture 140 in Al.iska, U.S.D.A 236 France 736 1240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fruits — Continued. orchard— continued. culture in Lali:e Superior region, Wis 1049 hardiness, U.S.D.A 596 notes, Miss 1127 Nev.. 194 Ohio 143 planting, Colo 936 production in Canada 336 pruning 737 Del 1044 root forcing, Del 1043 statistics 146 varieties 737 Can 1129 Mo. Fruit 938 Utah 936,937 for Virginia, Va 336 preparation for exhibition, Kans 194 preservation 838, 1130 Del 1044 production in France 594 protection from frost 211 seedling varieties. Can 140 small, analyses 143 Mass 241 culture 146 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 236 notes. Miss 436 Nev 194 Ohio 143 Okla 237,296 preservation 838 production in Canada 336 varieties. Can. ' 1129 Utah 937 for Iowa 940 Virginia, \'a 336 Wyoming 1129 storage experiments. 111 939 varieties. La 736 for California 143 different regions 40 on the Pacific Slope 637 vegetable, ink prints; N.J 38 Fuel for motors, cost 990 Fumaria borei, cut, preservation 44 Fumigation- apparatus, description 655 of dwelling houses 59 Conn. State 848 greenhouses. Mass 251 nursery stock 161,351 orchards 162 with carbon bisulphid, Conn. State 848 hydrocyanic-acid gas 251, 358, 887 Can 163 Conn. State. 848 Fungi as related to weather, N.J 50 assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by 722 chromogenic, studies 453 fixation of nitrogen by 1027 growth as affected by certain chem- icals 542 of cultivated plants, treatise 551 parasitic, monograph of 645 Page. Fungi, pathogenic, review of literature 80 text-book 944 Fungicides- copper, adherence 248, 1137 effect on germination of wheat 1140 notes, Okla 296 preparation 351, 1030, 1061 Ind 956 and use 59, 358, 849, 950, 1129 Ark 957 Can 162,349,853 Fla 50 Idaho 1063 Iowa 1063 Okla 258 Tenn 161 U.S.D..A. 1062 Wash 246 Funfumia elastica, culture in Dominica 148 in Jamaica 551 Furf urol, determination in whisky 420 Furnaces for utilizing vegetalile fuels 191 Fusarium lycopersici, notes 152 oxysporum, notes 450 roseum, description 645 sp., description ;. . . 454 notes 155 tahacivorum, notes. 344 vasinfectum pisi, notes 645 Fusicladium dendriticum. {See Apple scab.) spp., notes 1142 Fusicoccum amijgdah n. sp., notes 342 betulinum n. sp., description... 651 Galactophoritis, sporadic, pathology 84 Gall insects, descriptions 456 of Portugal 357 Galleria mellonella, immunity to tuberculo- sis 180 GaUic acid, role in cork formation 826 Galls, insect, of New York 456 Galziekte, notes 987 Game laws for 1906, U.S.D.A 455 protection in the United States, U.S. •D.A 250 officials and organizations concerned in, U.S.D.A. 157, 250 Gangrene in cattle in Paraguay 877 Ganoderma sessile, notes 155 Gapes in fowls, treatment 680 Gapeworms in pigeons 89 Garden crops for California, Cal 836 insects affecting 161,456 Tex 951 study, outline 491 Gardening, books on 1043 course in 890 landscape, notes 551 market, instructions in 836 Gardens, book on 739 community, suggestions for 1093 home, papers on 142 treatise 146 planting plans 739 school. {See School gardens.) vegetable, U.S.D.A 142 wild, description 44 Garget. {See Mammitis.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1241 rage. Garlic bulblots, romoviil from wheat, U.S. D.A 35 Gas engine and producer, tests 190 improvcnient 590 generator, di!Scription 189 liquor, fertilizing value 621 utilization 123 plants, suction, efficiency 389 trials at Derby 783 producer, test.s 190, 591 Gases, intestinal, of man 761 Gasoline electriu-Ught plant, test 590 engines, cost of operation 191 use of alcohol in 291 tests, N. Mex 91 use in farm engines, U .8. D.A 882 Gastric juice— chlorin content as affected by salt 9b3 secretion as affected by condiments .... 1009 investigations 962 Gastritis in cattle 586 parasitic, in live stock 983 sheep 4y plants 223 variations in 609 Gluten feed, analyses, Conn. State 862 Iowa 965 Mass 967 Me 1153 N.Y. State 2C0 R.I 261 Vt 968 Wis 969 nutritive value, Pa 664 flour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 165 meal, analyses 167, 572 Can 168 Me 1153 N. Y. State 260 R.I 261 Vt 968 biscuit, analyses, Conn. State . 855 Glycerin, assimilation by plants 26 manufacture, manual 476 Glycine, tuberous, culture and use 39 Glycocoll, assimilation by plants 26 Glycogen, determination 420 Glycyphagus spinipes, notes 852 Glyphodes ocellata, notes 556 Gnats, notes, U.S.D.A 952 Gnomonia reneta, notes 347 Goat distemper, notes 178 moth, notes 158 Goats- feeding experiments 1159 immunization against— contagious abortion 581 agalactia 382 milk of, composition and utilization 1160 for infants 474 milking trials 75 nonnal temperature of 869 raising in Saxony 579 Gol)o, notes 937 Goi'Ssmann,Charles A., liiographical sketch. 1101 (idldcn seal, culture, U.S.D.A 241 ( iolf links, grass mixtures for, R. 1 1125 Goniozus antipodum, notes 61 Good King Henry, culture and use 39 Goose eggs, composition 857 Gooseberries — acidity of, studies 662 fertilizer experiments, N.J 38 insects affecting, Colo 161 Ind 9.56 irrigation experiments, N.J 38 preservation with foniialin 41 varieties, Mich 37 Page. Gooseberries — Continued. varieties, N.J 38 Pa 41,239 Wis 1049 (ioosel)erry — mildew, description and treatment 1142 in Europe 347, 649, 1057 Sweden 649 treatment 451 notes 248, 451, 452, 645 sawfly, notes 352 Gophers, pocket, destruction, U.S.D.A 156 Graduate School of Agriculture 409, 797, 1010 study at Washington 411 Grafting, new method 940 waxes, preparation, R. 1 1125 Grain aphis, notes : 251 crops of Alberta and Saskatchewan, U.S.D.A 92 insects affecting 456 malted, use in l>read making 360 plant louse, notes, Nebr 1059 production in 1906 594 treatise 880 R. F. de, biogi-aphical sketch, U.S.D..\ 111 rations for cows, N.J , 74 sheep, Mont 70 Wis 263 pigs, Mont 71 Utah 264 poultry. Can 469 steers, Mont 69 rust fungi, vegetative Ufe 645 shortage in Russia, U.S.D.A 688 smuts, treatment 644 transportation rates, U.S.D.A 688 weevil, notes 60, 158, 1144 remedies 159, 351, 456 Grains — energy value, Minn 971 fertilizer experiments 217 germination as affected liy drying 135 improvement 444 undigested residues, composition, Mich. 865 varieties. Can 828 {See also Cereals and. special crops.) Gram as a stock feed 762 inoculation experiments 723 Grama grass, lilue, value in plant lireeding. 637 notes, Wyo 229 Graminea3, fertilizer experiments 124 Granges in Illinois 1170 Granite, cementmg value 485 powdered, fcrtiUzing value 822 rock, fertilizing value 432 Grape acariosis, notes 852 remedies 356 anthracnose, investigations 152 treatment 346 berry moth, notes 351 worm, remedies, Ohio 753 bitter rot, notes. Conn. State 1138 black rot in Loire, treatment 949 crown gall, discussion, N. Mex 443 curculio, remedies, W. Va 62 studies, W. Va CI diseases, description and treatment. 1142 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1243 rage. Grape diseases, iiivestigatioiis 352 notes 1)49 treatment, U.S.D. A 10(12 downy mildew, notes 842, 1018 studies 347 treatment 153, 247, 341), (144,845 flea beetles, remedies 62 folletage, notes 649 gi-ay rot, formation of aldeiiydes by. 470 investigations 340 studies 554 industry in Argentina 1132 leaves, poisonous to cattle 580 marc, feeding value 762 mildew, notes, Colo 50 mite disease, remedies 350 pomace, feeding value 870 powdery nuldew, notes 340, 045 treatment 247,340 Cal 1142 roncet, notes 049 rootwonn, remedies 157, 450 rougeot, notes 54 shelling disease, notes, Conn. State. . 1138 stem blight, notes, Ohio 845 stocl;: disease, notes 452 trellis, improvement 140 Grapes, analyses. Mass 241 artificial feeding 636 bagging 837 breeding 940 experiments. Me 637 canning experiments 41 Cinsaut, culture in California • 837 composition as affected by bagging. 40 culture, Colo 936 N. Mex 443 P. R 1044 economics of 941 in Algeria 1131 Brazil 197 Canada 336 Charente, France 941 Jamaica 837 New Zealand 337 Texas, Tex 941 principles of 1131 exports from France 1131 fertilizer experiments 40, 240, 1029 improvement 444 insects affecting 852 Ind 956 U.S.D. A 1062 irrigation, .Vriz 1 167 pruning experiments, Utah 930 resistance to phylloxera, Utah 930 resistant varieties, C:il 549 training experiments, Utah 930 treatise 1049 varieties : 143, 837, 1049, 1 131 Mich 37 Mo. Fruit 938 N.Mex 443 Tex 941 Utah 936 Pagft (i rapes, varii^ties for France 1131 Iowa 940 on the Pacific Slope 037 wild, value in plant breeding 037 Graphiuin spp., deseription 454 Grass, fertilizing value 549 lands, improvement, U.S.D. A 892 top-dressing 028 mulch for orchards, U.S.I)..\ 596 peas, varieties 27 seed, examination 149 Kans 1124 germination as affected by tem- perature and humidity 1030 mixtures for lawns 444 webwornis, notes 450 (irasses — analyses 813 composition as affected by manures, Minn 1037 culture experiments, Can 133 in Alaska, U.S.D. A 224,225 fertilizer experiments 34, 124, 029 Mass 227 II. 1 1125 Wis 213 growtli as affected by soil sterilization. - 542 improvement 444 infection experiments 244 moor, fertilizer experiments 725 phosphatic fertilizers for, Md 920 quality as affected by fertilizers 136 varieties, R. 1 1125 S. Dak 133 {See also upecific kinds.) Grasshoppers. (Sec Locusts.) Grazing, effect on yield of wheat. Miss 467 G reaves as a fertilizer 21 Green manures, discussion 120 manuring, crops for, U.S.D..\. '. . . 931 experiments.. 17,20.337,538,918 S. Dak 331 importance of 888 investigations 1108 Greenhouse insects, control 1017 leaf tyer, notes, Mich 849 Greenhouses, fumigation, Mass 251 ■Griserin for the treatment of tul)erculosis.- 280 Ground nuts, value in jilain lireeding 037 squirrels of the Mexican boundary. 1143 G rowth, chemical studies on 660 law 67 Grubs in cattle, Kans .• 194 white, notes 356, 456,750 Me 1174 Guano, analyses 310 Mass 220 R.I 1108 l)at, analyses, N. Mex 10 fish, industry of Norway 1112 Peruvian, analyses. Mass 220 fertilizing value 21 utilization 123 Guava ripe rot, studies, W. Va 247 Guuvas. culture, U.S.D..\ 239 Ouignardia sp., notes , 648 1244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Guinea fowls, notes, U.S.D.A 493 raising in Jamaica 573 white, raising 365 Guinea pigs- immunization against glanders 584 hog cholera 383 tuberculosis... 181,773 susceptibility to tuberculosis, U.S.D.A. 82 tuberculous, reaction to tuberculin 379 Gulf Stream, eflect on weather of New York, U.S.D.A 612 Gum, Bassia lalifolia, analyses 340 notes 421 red, for veneer, statistics, U.S.D.A.. . 642 value as box material, U.S.D.A.. 641 solutions, viscosity of 421 species, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Gutta-percha, chemistry of 644 notes 148 Gymnocladus dioica, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Gymno sporangium sabinx, notes 554 Gypsum, analyses, Can 121 fertilizing value, Md 718 solubility 608 U.S.D.A 117 statistics 726 use in the recovery of ammonia. . . 431 Hackberry, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Hadena pisi, notes 59 Hxmogregarina balfouri, notes 477 Uxmonchus contortus in sheep, U.S.D.A 987 Hail, book on 715 effect on crops, U.S.D.A 1109 yield of grains 630 losses from, in France 424 nature and origin 424 prevention by cannonading. '311, 424,613,914 Hailstones, structure, U.S.D.A 111,311 suggestions to observers, U. S. D.A 311 Hailstorm at Pensacola, Fla., U.S.D.A HI in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S.D.A. . 311 Hailstonns, origin and destructiveness 424 Hair as a fertilizer 21 grass, rough, notes, Wyo 229 Halisterisis in animals 178 Halos in England, U.S.D..V 814 of March 1-4, 1906, U.S.D.A Ill Haltica oleracea, notes ■. 60 sp., notes 953 Ham, formalin in 757 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Insti- tute, report 887 llardpan, formation in Java soils 915 Hawaii Federal Station, notes 494 report, U.S.D.A... 295 Sugar Station, report 791 Hawk, night, feeding habits 56 Hawthorn, delayed germination 433 wild, value in plant breeding. . . 637 Hay, Alpine, digestibility 68 analyses. Wash 436 barley, for sheep, Ariz _ 1157 box cooker. (See Cooker, hay-box.) composition as affected by manure, Minn 1037 Page. Hay, cost of hauling, U.S.D.A 886 digestibility 68 extract, notes 472 fertilizer experiments 1029 making at Kenai Station, Alaska 1039 notes 394 meadow, digestibility. . : 68 mixed, for live stock, Conn. Storrs.. 972 native, digestibility, Wyo 262 oat and pea, cost of production, N. J. . 31 for sheep, Ariz 1157 prairie, composition, Minn 1037 feeding value, Nebr 362 tea for young animals 1076 {See also Alfalfa, Clover, and Timo- thy.) Hazel mildew, description and treatment.. . 1142 Hazelnut Sclerotinia disease, description. . . 650 Heat, solar, utilization 91 Heck, G. J., biographical sketch, U.S.D.A.. 526 Heliocopris hamadryas, notes 58 Heliothis armigcr, notes 152 obsoleta, notes, U.S.D . A 226 Heliothrips hxmorrhoidaUs, notes 557 Heliotrope, growth as affected by repotting. 1133 Helminthosporium hevex, notes 945 ori/z«, studies 947 turcicum , studies 947 Hemerocampa vetusta, notes, Cal 851 Hemileia, revision 345 Hemileia vaslatrix, notes 345 woodii, notes 345 Hemiptera, description 351 Hemlock, culture, Iowa 1053 for packing boxes, statistics, U.S. D.A 641,1136 pulp manufacture, statistics, U.S.D.A 448 Hemoglobin— in the treatment of hematuria 181 Texas fever 478 Hemorrhagic hepatitis in antitoxin horses. . 1165 meningitis in hogs 583 septicemia. (Sec Septicemia.) Hemp, culture on sewage fields 436 fertilizer experiments 123, 725 fiber, development as affected by light 439 residues, analyses 822 Hen manure, analyses 922 Henry, W. A., retirement 605 Hens, skim milk for, W. Va 270 Hepatitis, licmorrhagic, in antitoxin horses. 1165 Herbs, medicinal, use in England 740 notes 937 Heredity, book on 1143 discussion of acquired characters . 1058 research in 699 Hessian fly , distribution 353 notes 1144 Can 158 remedies, Kans 194 Nebr 1059 Ohio 652 Iletero-albiunosos, effect on protein 760 Heterodera radicicola, notes 154, 647, 846 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1245 TIelerosporium variabile, notes, Conn. State 49 Heterusia cingala affecting tea 558 Ilcuz^, Louis Gustavo, biographical note. .. 1100 Ilcvca brasiliensis. (See Rubber, Para.) Ilovea seeds, packing for exportation 48 Hickory nuts, varieties 43 shagbark, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Hicoria ovata, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Hide powders, preparation 813 Hieroglyphus furcifcr, notes O.'iS Highways. (See Roads.) Hippuric acid in the animal body 863 Histidin, formation from camosin 1067 Hoc for root crops 90 Hog cholera- bacilli, studies SO, 282 control in Ireland 579 Kansas 98 Sweden 1085 diagnosis 184 etiology 282 immunization 184, 282, 383, 879 investigations 583 monograph 5S2 prevalence in Canada o7S Orange River Colony. .. 178.982 South Africa 283, 774 susceptibility of pigs to r)9() treatment with copper sulphate, Ncbr... 282 virus, filtration 283,1085 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Hollies, culture 444 Holly blight, notes 949 Home economics. (See Domestic science.) science. (See Domestic science.) Homesteads in Alaska, U.S.D.A 295 Hominy chop, nutritive value. Pa 603 digestibility Me 657 feed, analyses. Conn. State 862 Iowa 965 Mo 11.53 N. Y. State 260 Vt 968 meal, analyses, Mass 967 R.I 261 Uoney, analyses, Conn. State 854 comb foundation 854 production 64 examination 564 extraction 3.58 granulation 64 locust, hardiness as related to early maturity, Nebr 238 notes, U.S.D.A 742 marketing 64 plants, notes 854 poisonous, investigations 754 production and marketing 1146 strained, analyses, N. Dak 361 vinegar, notes, U.S.D.A 892 Honeydew, notes (i4 Hood River Fruit Growers' Union, Idaho.. 145 Hoof disease, treatment 85 meal, preparatior 822 Hoofs and horns as r lertilizer 21 Hop aphis, notes ,,..,,,,,,, 1061 13781—07 5 Page. Iloplocerambyx spinicornis, lite history. ... .3.56 Hops, culinary use 39 culture 39 movement of prices, U.S.D.A 488 statistics, U.S.D.A 688,1040 treatise 137 Hordeum nodosum, notes, Wyo 229 spp., notes 231 Hormiscium sp., description 454 IJormodcndron cladosporioides, notes 156 spp., description 454 Horn fly, natural enemies 10.59 transmission of sheep scab by 578 waste, analyses. Mass 220 Horns and hoofs as a fertilizer 21 utilization 123 Ilomworms, notes. Conn. State 848 Horse beans, culture in Porto Rico.U.S.D.A. 226 water requirements, U.S.D.A. 1087 botfly, notes 87 disease, Gambian, notes 987 resembhng dourinc 879 glanders 284 diseases, symptoms and treatment. . 376 feeds, analyses, R. 1 261 Wis 969 mange, jjrevalence in Ohio 1080 South Africa.. 774 recurrent, notes .584. 780 parasite, notes, Kans ". 194 radish, poisoning of cattle by .586 sickness, notes 375 prevalence in Orange River Colony 178 Rhodesia 580 symptoms and treatment.. 780 typhoid, notes, Colo 1079 weed, analyses, Ky 913 Horseflies in Louisiana 256 Sudan 477 notes 351 U.S.D.A 256 Horses — American harness, breeding 695 -Vrab, book on 764 artichokes for 764 as affected by botflies '. . 585 breeding, Okla 296 Wis 764, 1076 in Japan 600 laws. Wis 268 care and management 376 carriage, breeding experiments 975 corn silage for 969 digestion as affected by work 73 experiments 68, 1069 dipping, Okla 257 notes 468 feeding experiments 364 Can 168 government encouragement of imported brwds, U.S.D.A 1157 immunization against glanders 773 in Helgium 1074 infectious scratches in 584 inflammation of spinal cord in 185, 384 1246 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Horses— Continued. intermittent lameness mercuric poisoning nail wounds in feet of, U.S.D.A. Page. .. 774 .. 774 .. 194 origin and history 365 poisoning by alsike clover, Tenn 185 horsetail weed, Nebr 285 U.S.D.A.. 792 loco,Colo 81 plants, Colo 183 quarantine regulations in Canada 1080 score cards for, Wis 764 silage for 467 stomach staggers in 983 treatises 583 Horseshoeing, army, treatise 87,376 Horsetail weed — poisoning of horses by, Nebr 285 U.S.D.A 792 Horticultural— and basketry school in France 999 exposition at Mannheim, Germany 199 instruction in public schools 294 law in Wyoming 848, 1128 Horticulture, American, cyclopedia 37 at Mustiala Institute 141 cold storage in 738 elementary, teaching 489 in Japan 735 Wyoming 1128 problems in. Ill 939 relation of bees to 854 to medicine 739 Hotbeds, construction, Colo 40 U.S.D.A 142 House flies, life history 754 remedies 1064 transmission of diseases by 1064 Household insects, notes 750 Houses, fumigation 59 Conn. State 848 Humidity, atmospheric, as affected by tent shelter, U.S.D.A..'. 819 effect on germination of seeds.. 1030 Humus acids, determination in soils 522 alkaline compounds in 427 analyses 117 determination in soils, Ky 114 water 308 formation 14 in soils, N. Mex 29 in forest soils, classification 916 soils, maintenance, R.I 437 insoluble alkali compounds in 215 pentosans in jv 317 relation to soil nitrification 323 Hunger, location and ca use 1069 Ilurricanesinthe West Indies, U.S.D.A 612 Hyacinth bulbs, harvesting and storing 1132 Hyacinths, forcing with ether 44,938 Hyalopteruti pruni, remedies 952 Hybridization, international conference 199 laws of " 695 of wild plants 624 rejuvenation by 696 (See also Plant breeding.) Page. Hydatids, prevalence in Western Australia. 1162 Hydraulics, rural and urban, treatise 882 Hydrellia ranunculi, notes 850 Hydrochloric acid, effect on com seedlings. . 128 milk 1078 Hydrocyanic acid — detection in plants 627 gas, fumigation 251,358,887 Can 163 Conn. State 848 preparation and use, U.S.D.A 455 in beans 626, 663, 729 feeding stuffs 663 plants 126, 3.30, 544, 728, 729, 762, 826, 1032 vetches 126, 925 Hydrogen pero.xid — as a milk preservative 75, 176, 980 determination 109 effect on butter 576 milk 75, 980 for sterilizing milk 872 Hydrography of Alaska 1023 Hydrometer, new, description 421 Hydrophobia. {See Rabies.) Hydrosphere, problems of 712 Hygiene, elementary lessons on 862 " of the intestines 862 personal, text-book 958 Hylemyia coarcatata, notes 645 Hylobius spp. , notes 652 Hymenochsete sp., notes 945 Hypoderma bovis, life history 63, 480 desmazierii, notes, Conn. State. 1138 lineatn, life history 63 Hyponomeuta malinella, notes 354 Hyposulphites, detennination in food 912 Hysteriopsis hrasiliensis eg. and n.sp.. de- scription 949 Ice, analyses 656 anchor, formation, U.S.D.A 612 cream, analyses 656 manufacture 474 thickening substance, analyses . 656 effect on stream flow 1167 evaporation, U.S.D.A 814 Icing materials, examination 1066 Idaho Station, financial statement 1094 notes 997 report of director 1094 University, notes 395,997 Idolothrips spectrum, notes 557 Ignotin, physiological effects 760 Ilex, culture 444 Ilex Paraguay e.nsis, germination tests 143 Illinois College of Agriculture, work 689 Station, financial statement 691 notes 195,794,893 University, notes 794, 893 lUipe fruit and products, identification 1149 Immunity, articles on 80 problems in 675 role of leucocytes in 674 studies 675 transmission to offspring 675 Incubation experiments 869 notes, Can 365 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1247 Page. Incubator, bacteriological, Wis 1080 India rubl)pr. {See Rubber.) Indian meal motli, notes, Conn. State 57 Del 10.58 Reservation, Uinta, agricultural re- connaissance, Utah 1 15 Indiana Station building 792 financial statement 691 notes 94,494,794,893 report of director 691 Indigo, culture in Java 921.' Indigofera bovipcrda, poisonous properties . 310 Industrial by-products, use in agriculture. . 374 Infants, assimilation of iron by 1069 goats' milk for 474 perhydrase milk for 474 rational feeding 959 Inflammation, infectious, of spinal cord in horses 384 Influenza in horses in Manchester 986 Injuries, treatment with boric acid 774 Insect galls of New York 456 larva-, destruction in trees 7.53 parasites, introduction into Western Australia 458 pest, new, of books and leather 63 trap, homemade, description .... 1 146 Insecticide law, Cal 8.53 Insecticides — analyses, Mass 241 arsenical, use in agriculture 1063 experiment station work with, U.S.D.A. 455 notes 157, 162 Conn. State 57 Okla 296 preparation 58, 354, 558, 1030, 1061, 1062 Ind 956 U.S.D.A 955 Wash 255 and use 59, 251, 351, 358,753,849,851,1129 Ark 957 Can 162,349,853 Colo 161 Idaho 1063 Iowa 1063 Md 753 Okla 258 Tenn .' 161 Tex 955 U.S.b.A 1062 proprietary, tests, N.J .58 W. Va 254 tests, Idaho 1063 111 160,161 (See also specific forms.) Insects— as food of squirrels ... 847 beneficial, distribution, Hawaii 7.50 importation into Hawaii ia')9 collection, Conn. State 57 destruction by formaldehyde 358 hydrocyanic acid .i58 squirrels 847 economic, collection, Colo 1059 gall, descriptions 456 Page. Insects— Continued. gall, of Portugal ;5.57 household, notes 7.50 in the Illinois and Mississippi River val- leys 651 injurious- control 1017 distril)Ution by cold storage 353 commerce 352, 951 in California. 848 ICngland 59 Finland • 58 Georgia 456 German Kast Africa 952 Hawaii 6.52, 1059 U.S.D.A 250 Illinois 161 Ireland 351 Mexico 1144 Minnesota 749 New York 157 Ohio 351 Orange River Colony 58,251,750 Pennsylvania 556, 651 Scotland 158 Servia 644 Sudan ■ 477 Wyoming 1129 laws concerning 854 U.S.D.A 655 national control 59 nomenclature, U.S.D.A 455 notes 141, 652 Ark 957 Colo 161, 952, 1059 Conn. State 57 Mass 250 Me 652 Mich 849 Minn 954 N.J 37,57 Wis 254 remedies 162, 351 , 358, 753, 853, 887, 1043, 1058 Ala. College 1059 Conn. State 848 Iowa 1063 to apples 655, 1061 asparagus 1126 bananas, P. R 1060 cabbages, N. Y. Cornell 937 new 654 cacao 1145 beans 957 carrots 850 castor beans 952 celery, U.S.D.A.' 1047 cocoanut palms 00 cocoanuts 159 coffee, r. R 1060 U.S.D.A... 240 cotton 353,556,952, 1059 in India 60 cranljcrries 652 Mass 954 cucumtors, U.S.D.A 142 1248 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOED. Page. Insects— Continued. injurious— continued. to currants, Colo 161 field crops, control, U.S.D.A 251 forests 652 U.S.D.A 255 fruits 59, 146, 557, 951 Ind 956 garden crops 161, 456 Tex 951 gooseberries, Colo 161 grain 456 grapes 852 U.S.D.A 1062 oranges 351 p. R 1059 orchards 849, 952 peaclies, U.S.D.A 254 pine 148 pineapples, P. R 1060 potatoes, Colo 931 Me 652 raspberries 654 Ind 956 rice 953 rubber 556, 949, 1059 shade trees, control, N. .1 57 sugar beets 60,750,953 <;ane 734 P. R 1060 timber 11^5 tobacco. Conn. State 57, 848 tomatoes 152 trees 59, 356, 456, 1146 U.S.D.A 446 vegetables, Can 349 water cress 850 wheat, Nebr 1059 parthenogenetic, variation in 651 swarming on mountain tops 352 transmission of diseases by 99, 100 treatise 951 , wing veins, studies 458 {Sec also specific insects.) Instruction and investigation, relation 204 International — catalogue of bacteriology 129 botany 435 chemistry 711 j^oology 56, 848 Conference on Hybridization and Plant B reeding 199 Congress of Agricultural Mechanics .... 798 Agriculture 1098 Applied Botany 298 Dairy Congress 897 Drainage Conference 286 Geographic Congress, U.S.D.A Ill Institute of .Vgriculturc 897 Live Stock Exposition 496 prizes at 599 Seismologlcal Association, U.S.D.A 526 Intestinal gases of man 761 Intestines, hygiene of 862 putrefactive fermentation in 862 Investigation and instruction, relation 204 Page lodin, utilization by plants 1108 Iowa College, notes 94, 395, 597, 997, 1096 Station, notes 94, 395 Iridomyrmex humilis, notes 163 Iris, cut, preserv'ation 44 Iris germanica, cut, preservation 44 Iron, assimilation by infants 1069 chlorid, effect on wheat 625 compounds, use in sugar clarification. 476 determination 523 in phosphate rock 398 in spinach 361 nitrate, effect on wheat 625 sulphate, bibUography 124 effect on barley 434 for treating water supplies . 530 Irrigation- canals. (See Canals and Ditches. ) congress in Idaho 682 national 682, 897 duty of water in 588 N. Mex 288 effect on alkali soils 819 evaporation losses in, U.S.D.A 1087 farming, monograph 186 from artesian weUs 587 Murray River, Australia 89 in Bengal 589 Bombay Presidency and Sind 1172 British South Africa 387 Egj'pt in ancient times 386 France - 288 Germany 781 India 386, 788 Jauja 881 Montana, U.S.D.A 386 Nevada, Nev 194 New South Wales 499 North Atlantic States, U.S.D.A 187 northeastern Texas 113 Oregon, U.S.D.A 186 the Transvaal 587 United States 387,681 Vosges, France 188 Western Australia 392 Wyoming 989 Index 992 information for beginners, U.S.D..V 482 investigations, Nev 134 Utah 1166 laws, history, U.S.D.A 288 plant, description, -Ariz 1167 preparation of land for, U.S.D.A 187, 482 reading courses in, Cal 482 relation to dry farming, U.S.D..\. 287 sediments, effect on barley, .Vriz 428 water, analyses 833 Tex 615 application 588 Ariz 1167 U.S.D.A 482,1087 composition 815 measurement 588, 881 pubUc control, U.S.D.A 287 sediments, effect on crops, Ariz . 427 in, U.S.D.A 1095 ( INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1249 Page. Irrigation— Continued. water, storage and regulation 989 studies, Ariz 427 waste in application 387 (See also Water.) Ithyphallus comlloides n. sp., description, Uawaii 84.3 Ixodes hexagonus, notes 582 pilosus, life history 357 ricinus, notes 582, 1004 spp., notes 655 Ixodidae in Argentina 163 Great Britain 257 Jackals, destruction 350 Jams, analyses, Mont 361 examination, N. Dale 259, 1065 making 374 preparation, Wis 260 Jarrah, use for railroad ties 1135 Jassidse of New York 158 Jatropha tepiquensis, notes 743 Jellies, examination 421 Mont 361 N. Dak 259,1005 Tex 960 making 374 moss, food value 857 preparation. Wis 260 Jimson weed, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Johnson grass, extermination, U.S.D.A 936 Joint ill, treatment 986 worm, notes. Can 158 Juglans nigra, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Juncus longistylis, notes, Wyo 229 June beetles, notes. Me 1174 Juniper, culture, Iowa 1053 Juniperus communis, insects affecting 356 virginiana, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Jute, culture experiments 628 in India 633 India, price of, U.S.D.A 787 varieties : . . 628 Juvee in sheep and goats 878 Kafir com, analyses, Tex 968 culture experiments, N. J 31 Nebr 10.36 meal for pigs, Kans 194 notes, U.S.D.A 230 Kainit, fertilizing value. Mass 226 Kale, culture, U.S.D.A 230 in Porto Rico, U.S.D..V 226 on sewage fields 436 Kansas College, notes. . 95, 195, 297, 597, 794, 893, 997 Station, notes. 95,195,297,494,794,893,997 Kenai Station, report, U.S.D.A 225 Kentucky College, notes 997, 1175 Station, financial statements . . . 9% notes 195,997,1175 reports of director 996 Kerosene, determination in kerosene emul- sions 398 effect on nursery stock, Del 1044 emulsion, preparation. Can 141 engmes, cost of operation 191 tests, N. Mex 91 Kidneys, relation to metabolism 964 Page. Kilns, lumVjcr, construction, U.S.D.A 642 Kinase in milk 1160 Kites, use in meteorology 11 U.S.D.A Ill Kaleria cristata, notes, Wyo 229 Kohl-rabi, culture. Miss 1 1128 Krakatoa eruption, green sun of, U.S.D.A.. 612 Kutter's " N," value of, in canal designs 684 Laborers, diet of, in South .Vfrica 166 farm. (See Agricultural labor- ers.) Lacquer, production in Japan 1090 Lactic acid — bacteria, classification 979 effect on \ )arnyard manure .... 918 group characteristics 1161 relation to butter flavor, Wis. 276 studies 769 effect on germination of seeds 127 production from milk sugar 373 of different kinds 979 Lactometer readings, correction, Wis 277 Lactose, determination ; 398 in chocolate 1020 milk 810 origin in milk 671 Lactoses, comparison 575 Lady beetles, ,\siatic, notes, N.J 57 distribution 58, 251 larvae, value 851 notes 355,1144 swarming on mountain tops.. 352 Lambs. (See Sheep.) Lameness, intermittent, in horses 774 Land, effect on direction of wind, U.S.D.A. 612 grant colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges.) plaster. (See Gypsum.) preparation for irrigation, U.S.D..\. 187, 482 reclamation, Nev 194 in India 199 settlement in Western Australia 392 system of New Zealand 687,993 tenure in Denmark 392 Russia, U.S.D.A 393 transfers in Germany 688 waste, in the United States, U.S.D.. v.. 1136 Landolphia capensis, notes 146 dawci, description 48 lurbinala, description 48 Lands, agricultural, in New Zealand 688 fertilization with silt 882 marsh, reclamation, U.S.D.A 483 moor, afforestation 147 public, securing title to 192 swamp, reclamation by drainage. . . 287 Lappa major edulis, notes 937 Larch case liearer, notes. Me 652 culture, Iowa 1053 disease, treatment 155 European, notes, U.S.D..V 742 growth 47 sawfly, notes. Can 158 remedies 559 Lard, addition to milk 76 analj'ses, Conn. State 855 1250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Lard , digestibility 1152 examination, N. Dak 1065 Tex 960 Larder beetle, notes 158 Larix europa, notes, U.S.D.A 742 laricina, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Larkspur, poisoning of stock by, Colo 81, 183 notes, Colo 183 Lasiocampa pint, remedies 1063 Lasiodiplodia sp., notes 453, 1057 Latendrea bahiensis n. sp., description 949 Laths, production in 1905, U.S.D.A / 643 Latitude, changes of, U.S.D.A 814 Laurel disease, notes 650 Lavatera arborea, immunity to chlorosis 648 Lawns, grass mixtures for, R. 1 1125 making and care 444 Lead acetate, effect on sugar solutions 912 and arsenic in food ingredients 1149 nitrate, effect on wheat 625 Leaf blight, description and treatment 1142 respiration as affected by Peronospora 347 Leather, new insect pest ' 63 refuse, analyses, Mass 220 utilization 123 Leaves as affected by organic substances. . . 25 dead, alkaline compounds in 427 disinfected, effect on silkworms 854 fertilizing value 549 fixation of nitrogen by 18, .550, 643 Lecithin, assimilation by plants 223 effect on digestive ferments 1072 in feces 525 Le«ks, forcing by acetylene light 39 Leguminous plants — as green manures, U.S.D.A 931 assimilation of nitrogen by 125, 428, 916 bacterial disease, studies 246 conservation of soil nitrogen by 121 cross inoculation 1031 feeding value '232 fertilizer experiments 331, 1113 inoculation 428, 723, 916 Ky 31 N. Dak: 24 N.J 30 N. Y. State 820, 821 Pa 332 U.S.D.A • 533 W. Va 223 methods, Wis 1038 liming 218 mineral requirements, N.J 14 notes, Cal 836 potash requirements 137 root tubercles. {See Root tubercles.) Leis conformis, notes 355 Lemon brown rot, investigations 344 Cal 945 grass, notes 841 Lemonade, carbonated, examination 421 Lemons, varieties -143 Lentils, notes 421 Lepargyrxa argentea, value In plant breed- ing 637 Lepidoptera, British, natural history 1144 Page. Lepidoptera of Keene Valley, New York.. . 158 Lepisma saccJiarina, feeding habits, U.S.D.A 456 Leptlnotarsa, evolution in 849 Leptosphxria coniothyrium, notes, Conn. State 49, 1138 sacchari, notes 451 tritici, notes 149 Lettuce, culture on sterilized soil, R. 1 1125 disease, notes 746 drop, notes, Ohio 1046 germination tests 142 mulching experiments, Ohio 1045 rosette, treatment, Ohio 648 watering, Wis 1046 wild, destruction. Wis 1043 Leucaspis, notes 1060 Leucin, assimilation by plants 26 Leuclns, studies 910 Leucite, fertilizing value 540 Leucocytes, effect on tubercle bacilli 1081 In mUk 473, 575, 1161 relation to tubercle bacilli 83 role in preventing disease 674 Levulose, assimilation by plants 25 Libraries, traveling, in rural districts 889 Lice, remedies, Okla 257 Light, colored, effect on plants 128 wheat 624 effect on germination of seeds 1052 hemp fiber 439 perhydrase m.lk 368 plants 222,527 sugar beets 433, 932 zodiacal, notes, U.S.D.A 612 Lightning conductors, erection, U.S.D.A. . . 11 Lignin, determination In crude fiber 524 in pepper and cocoa 1020 investigations 664 of wood, studies 643 Lilacs, forcing with ether 39, 444, 639 Lilies, forcing with acetylene light 39 ether 44 Lily of the valley, color as affected by differ- ent substances 44 forcing and harvesting . . 738 with ether 639 Lime, analyses 23, 310 Mass 220 and magnesia, ratio for barley 14 plants 32, 117,432,532 in soils 1108 sulphur dip, chemistry of 163 as a manure preservative 325 ashes, analyses. Mass 220 cake refuse, fertilizing value, Colo 138 caustic, for treating water supplies. . . 530 composition, Md 718 compounds, analyses. Mass 220 effect on soils, Hawaii . . . 719 concretions, absorptive properties 1024 analyses 1024 content of soils and plants, relation . . 117 determination 417 effect on composition of potatoes 334 germination of seeds 136, 036 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1251 Lime, effect on nitrogen content of soils G22 phosphates 1029 fertilizing value, Md 718 hyclrated, analyses, R. 1 1108 industry of West Virginia 124 methods of application, U.S.D. A 1095 mortars, preparation and use 390 niter. (See Calcium nitrate.) nitrogen. (See Calcium cyanamid.) spreading, U.S.D.A 194 sterilizing value, Kans 671 sulphur-salt wash- preparation and use, U.S.D.A 455 studies, U.S.D.A 853 sulphur washes- composition, U.S.D.A 853 fonnulas for 1062 preparation 456 Ala. College 1059 Wash 257 and use 251, 851 Md 753 Tex 955 tests 157, 557, 054 Idaho '. 1Q63 treatise 592 use in agriculture 822 water, effect on germination of seeds. . 126 weight per bushel, U.S.D.A 191 Limes, varieties, new, U.S.D.A 237 Limestone, cementing value 485 composition, Md 718 ground, analyses, R. 1 1108 industry of West Virginia 124 notes 421 statistics 726 Liming acid soils, Oreg 718 effect on soil fertility 420 experiments 218, 822 R.I 619 in England 629 Russia 321 marsh soils 822 review of investigations 822 soils 117,217 Md 718 N.J 31 Linamarin in plants 330 Linseed cake, analyses, Can 168 feeding value 666 meal, analyses 572 Can • 168 Conn. State 862 Iowa 965 Mass 220,907 Me 1153 N.Y. State 200 R.I 261 Vt 968 Wis 909 Liquors, distilled, methods of analysis 397 Liriodcndron tuUpifera, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 LUa oceUalella, notes 556, 953 Live slock — cahbagos for, N. Y. Cornell 937 care of 729 Page. Live stock— Continued. course in judging 299 dips for, U.S.D.A 892 exposition at Chicago 496 prizes at 599 feeding, N. n..' 567 feeding and management 464 experiment station work in 510 problems in 508 imports into Great Britain 193 in Bengal 394 Bombay Presidency and Sind 1172 Denmark 392 Great Britain 688,1012 Illinois 1171 Ireland 788 Kansas 1171 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 296 Soutii Australia 1091 the Balkan States 763 Western Australia 392 industry in New Zealand 688 Saxony 579 market value as affected by disease 983 notes. Miss 436 parasites of 987 poisoning by barium chlorid, W. Va 286 prices, U.S.D.A 1158 registered, U.S.D.A 1158 registration, paper on 698 sanitary board in Minnesota, report 578 shipments, U.S.D.A 1158 statistics 687 U.S.D.A ,787 text-book 762 {See also Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Liver, cirrhosis due to Senecio jacobxa. . . 579,982 spp 586 fluke, distribution 585 synthesis of protein by 963 Lixus musculus, notes, U.S.D.A 751 Loco, poisoning of stock by, Colo 81 weeds, notes, Colo 1079 Locomotives, road, description 389 Locust, black, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Bombay, studies 62 liorer, notes 356 studies, U.S.D.A 159,852 carpenter moth, notes .356 honey, hardiness as related to early maturity, Nebr 238 notes, U.S.D.A 742 mite, notes ...'. 353 sawfly, notes 356 spotted, notes 957 trees, culture in Hungary 147 pruning, Ohio 1051 Locusts, control in the Transvaal 352 food and fertilizing value 665 in Bombay 849 Natal> U.S.D.A 456 Rhodesia, control 1060 Sudan 477 notes 58, 952 Colo 1059 Conn. State 848 1252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Locusts, poisoned, effect on birds 252, 1060 remedies 58, 62, 251, 252, 352, 353, 558, 653, 750 Can 158 Colo 62 Kans 194 Ohio 691 Okla... 296 Lolium temulentum, poisoning properties... 310 studies 842 Loquat, new variety, U.S.D.A 238 Lotus americanus, value in plant breeding.. 037 Lotus, hydrocyanic acid in 126 Louisiana — Stations, exhibit at State fair 996 financial statement 996 notes 195, 297, 597, 794, 893, 997 University, notes 794, 997 Louping ill, immunization 382 nature and treatment 85 symptoms and treatment 381 Lucern. (See Alfalfa.) Lumber, grading, U.S.D.A 745 hard-wood, kiln-drying, U.S.D.A. 641 industry in British Columbia 1135 the Philippines 744 kilns, construction, U.S.D.A 642 production in 1905, U.S.D.A 642 yields from various trees, U.S.D.A. 446 (See also Timber and Wood.) Lumbering in California, U.S.D.A 242 the Adirondacks, U.S.D.A. . . 447 Philippines 740 Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.) ^ Lunches for school children 563 Lupine bacterial disease, studies 246 wilt, notes 645 Lupines, analyses .'. . 762 culture in Porto Rico, U.S.D..-V... 226. feeding value 762 fertilizer experiments 539 hydrocyanic acid in 126 liming 218 notes, Colo 183 Lupinus ornatus, notes, Wash . . .' 285 Lye waste, utilization 123 Lymphangitis, epizootic, in the Transvaal.. 983 notes 774 prevalence in Ha- waii 1163 Lymphatic glands, tuberculosis of 180 Lymphosarcoma, infectious, in dogs 679 Lynchia maura, parasite of 1064 Lynx fat, analyses 168 Lysimeter investigations 314 Hawaii 718 Macaroni, analyses. Conn. State 655 wheat. (See Wheat, macaroni.) Macdonald College, agriculture in 888 announcement 1177 notes 198 MacFayden, Allen, biographical sketch . 800 Machinery. (See Agricultural machinery.) Macrodactylus mexicanus, remedies 557 Macrophoma abietis Ji. sp., description 650 sp., notes, Conn. State 1138 Page. Macrosporiu m sarcinula, studies 554 solani, notes 149, 343 studies 553 tomato, notes 152 studies 553 Maggots, notes. 60 Magnesia and lime, ratio for barley 14 plants 32, 117,432,532 in soils 1108 dstennination 207,417 effect on phosphates 1029 Magnesium carbonate, analyses, Mass 220 citrate, effect on milk 1078 metabolism 861 sulphate, effect on algge 626 seedlings 825 fertilizing value 445 Magnetic observations at Manila 528 Maguey, culture in the Philippines 234 fiber, extraction 234 Maine Station, financial statement 1174 notes 297, 894, 1096, 1 175 University, notes 297,794,998,1096 Maize. (See Corn.) Mai de caderas, notes 585 Malaria in horses 185, 584, 1084 Nebr 184 Mallein, diagnostic value 184,384,986 in treatment of glanders 986, 1163 use 580 Mallow chlorosis, investigations 453, 648 Malt, fonnation of amylase in 126 sprouts, analyses, Conn. State 862 Mass 967 N. Y. State 260 R.I 261 Wis 969 nutritive value. Pa 063 Maltose, determination 398 Malus ioensis, value in plant breeding 037 Mammals of Mexican boundary 1143 preparation of skins, U.S.D.A. . . 15C toxins in 455 Mammary gland, anatomy and physiology. 871 growth and activity 75 Mammitis, acute, notes 10S3 contagious, in cows 580 treatment 982 epizootic gangrenous, in sheep. . 677 in cows, control -580 notes, Kans 194 Man, digestion experiments ^ 359, 460, 461, 658, 757, &58, 1068 Conn. Storrs ... 461 Me 657,662 U.S.D.A 462,565 diseases of, in Sudan.. 477 energy requirements 260 metabolism experiments 67,661,759,964 U.S.D.A 1151 Mandarins as affected by sirocco winds 337 Manganese, determination in water 809 effect on germination of wheat. 624 sulphate, effect on barley 434 utilization by plants 1108 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1253 I'll ere. Mange, control in New Mexico 578 parasitic, control in I reland 579 prevalence in Germany 774 Orange River Colony. 982 recurrcnl, in horses 584 studies 578 {See also Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Mangel canker, notes 343 diseases, notes 343 heart rot, notes 343 root rot, notes 56 Mangels, analyses 1116 culture, S. C 229 experiments. Can 132 fertilizer experiments 27, 217,928,929,1116 Can 132 R.I 1114 varieties 27, 629, 928, 1116 Can 132 Mangers, concrete, construction, N.J 74 Manginia ampelina, stns. 95, 195. 297, 597, 794, 894, 998, 1096 report of director 296 Mastitis. {See Mammitis.) Mats, germination tests 143 May beetles, notes, P. R 1060 Meadow barley, notes, Wyo 229 culture school in Austria 299 fescue, culture. U.S.D.A 230 notes, Kans 194 hay, digestibility 68 Meadows, fertilizer experiments 136, 217, 928 W. Va 136 improvement 124 Meals, analyses. Conn. State 855 Mealy bug, notes 4.57 Measle worms, detection in hogs 585 1254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Measures, tables of 044 Meat, analyses 756 N. Dak 259 and bone meal analyses, Mass 967 Vt 968 broth for young animals 1076 canned, examination 565 inspcfition in Canada 461 canning and preserving .374 chemistry of 1066 consumption, U.S.D.A 1158 essence as affected by camiing 1068 old toxic properties 10(>8 examination 913 Conn. State &55 extract, carnitin in 761, 960 carnosin in 761 hydrolysis 856 investigations 856 methlyguanidin in 67,761 physiological action 1070 studies 563 freshly slaughtered, digestibility 461 imports into Great Britain 193 inspection, album guide to 874 in Canada 578 Glasgow 579 Minnesota 578 New Zealand 982 North Dakota, N. Dak.. 361 Norway 580 the United States 981 Western Australia 1162 law, U.S.D.A 856 in Germany 377 regulations in Germany... 774 trade labels, U.S.D.A 755 meal, analyses, Iowa 965 N.Y. State 260 Tex 968 Wis 969 deodorized, for pigs, Kans 194 methods of cutting 656 potted, adulteration 461 powders for poultry 366 preparations, adulteration, U.S.D.A. 164 preservatives, tests 565 production, feeding for 415 products, examination 913 N. Dak 1065 smoked, formaldehyde in.. 859 proteids, investigations 398 raw, effect on young animals 572 scraps, analyses. Conn. State 862 Mass 967 sulphurous acid in 1148 Mechanical colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges.) Mechanics, agricultural. {See Agricultural mechanics.) Medicago saliva, germination as affected by drying 136 Medical science and practice, progress 201 Medicinal herbs, use in England 740 plants, culture 739 U.S.D.A 241 Page. Medicinal plants , report on 398 Medicines, examination, N. Dak 259,1065 Medlar, Japanese, prussic acid in 544 Medlars, analyses 143 Melam psora lini, notes, N. Dak 24 Melanosis, prevalence in Western Australia . 1162 Melolontha spp. , notes 652 Melon aphis, remedies, Tex 951 U.S.D.A, 557 blight, notes. Mass 221 disease, notes 554 fly, notes 61 hybrid, notes 948 leaf disease, notes 342 louse, notes, Colo 1059 Melons, Cassaba, in California 441 culture in Central Asia 142 varieties 142 Meningitis, hemorrhagic, in hogs 583 Menoidea abietis n. g., description 650 Mercury, utilization by plants 1108 Merulius lacrymans, parasitism of 650 studies. Conn. State. . . 1139 Mesembrianthemum cristallinum, nitrogen and phosphoric acid in 329 Mespilus japonica, prussic acid in 544 Metabolism — animal, proVilems in 861 as affected by insufficient diet 861 equilibrium in 964 experiments 758 with cats 964 cows 668 N. Y. State.... 568 dogs 67,660,759,1152 men 67,661,759,964 U.S.D.A 1151 rabbits 660,759 sheep 763 in health and disease 665 mineral, handbook 566 of calcium and magnesium 861 carbohydrates, lectures on 661 creatin and creatinin 661, 1070 nitrogen 160, 660, 661, 761, 763, 964 phosphorus 660, 964 protein 67, 359, 566, 1071 purin 964 theories of, discussion 464 Metatyges turritus, notes 58 Meteorological — apparatus, description 714 chart of the Great Lakes, U.S.D.A 112 council in Great Britain, report 313 institute of Saxony, U.S.D.A 311 lectures in England, U.S.D.A 612 observations — Can Ill Conn. Storrs 422 Del 1022 Ky 914 Mass Ill, 209, 423, 612, 814, 1022 Me 1110 Mich 814 Mont •- 423 N. Dak 10,1022 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1255 Mctporo'logical— Continued. I'agc. observations -continued. N.J 50 NY. State 814 Nev 209 Ohio 612 Pa 210 R.I 1110 U.S.D.A.... 111,310,525,611,813,1020,1109 Va 914 at Bern 814 Innsbnick 814 Manila 528 Montpellier 914 Paramaribo 423 Ploti 311 Tsukubasan 914 Verona 814 Wiesbaden "14 Wisley 714 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 209 A Igeria 714 Antigua 423 Brazil 714 Cape Colony 914 China, U.S.D.A 311 Colorado 209 Cuba '. 714 Europe 714 Florida 1090 France 714 Germany 527,813,914 Great Britain 313,1171 India 526,713 Island of Peel 714 Mauritius 311 Mexico 528 New Zealand 613 Ontario 714 Orange River Colony 714 Peru 613 ■porto Rico, U.S.D.A. . .•. 526 Spitzbergen, U .S.D.A 1109 Sweden 527 Tunis 10 (See aUo Climate, Rain, Weather, etc.) observatory. Mount Rose, U.S.D.A .. 311,529 optics, notes, U.S.D.A 526 publications, style, U.S.D.A Ill records, mountain, in Hawaii, U.S.D.A. 311 of Haiti U.S.D.A Ill service in Mexico 613 North Germany 311 Switzerland 10 Meteorology— and aero clubs, U.S.D.A 311 bibliography. U.S.D.A Ill courses in German universities, U.S.D.A 311 higher, researches in 613 in Australia, U.S.D.A 311,526 Austria, U.S.D.A 814 Denmark 210 Egypt, U.S.D.A Ill Europe. noteS: U.S.D.A 1109 Nevada, Nev 194 international, U.S.D.A 1109 Meteorology— Continued. Page. international symbols, U.S.D.A 520 ocean 313 of India 914 practical studios, U.S.D.A 526 proljlems in, U.S.D.A 814,1109 province of Monthly Weather Review. U.S.D.A Ill relation to astronomy, U.S.D.A 526 reprints of works on, U.S.D.A 612 review of articles 914 teaching, U.S.D.A... 612 text-book 813 use of balloons and kites in H U.S.D.A.. 111.612 lantern in teaching, U.S.D.A 311 Methan in urine, calculation 69 Methylene blue, reduction by milk 174 Methj'lguanidin in meat extract 67,761 Metoponorthus pruinosus, life history, U.S.D.A 952 Metritis in cows, control 580 Mice, field, destruction 350 immunization against hog cholera 383 injuries to trees by, Ohio 691 meadow, relation to agriculture, U.S.D.A 250 of Mexican boundary of the United States 1143 suitability for testing fowl cholera serum 880 transmission of rallies by 780, 1162 Michigan College, hLstory 887 notes 196,297,597 semicentennial 901 Station, financial statement 892 history 887 notes 1175 report of director 892 Microbiology , free society for 675 MicTocera parlatorix, n. sp., notes 852 Micrococcus lanceolatus, production of lac- tic acid by 979 populi, n. sp., notes 745 studies 551 pyogenes aureus pathogenic to silkworms 65 Micro-organisms, effect on insoluble phos- phates 920 flagellate, studies 458 identification 175 in wine as affected by sul- phurous acid •. .. 772 pathogenic, handbook . . . 874 review of lit- erature 80 (See also Bacteria.) Micro-photographs of barley grains 1067 Microscope, u.se in botanical studies 623 Microscopy, applied, text-book 66 Micros phsera grossularix, notes 451 Microtus spp., relation to agriculture, U.S.D.A 250 Middlings, analyses 167 and bran, analyses 572 {See also Wheat, Rye, etc.) 1256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Milk, abnormal properties 472 acid coagulation of 1160 effect on calves 1165 addition of foreign fats to 76 adulteration, detection 810 aldeiiyde numlier 8 analyses 65, 1 76, 373, 418, 575, 656, 813, 913 Conn. State 854 Mass 274 as affected by brewers' grains 870 Bulgarian ferment 871 silage, U.S.D.A 596 ass s, fat content 575 bacteria in 769, 1077 Mass 274 as affected by dairy prac- tices. Conn. Storrs 174 bacterial contamination 473 test 174 bacteriology of 175 bitter 75 bacteriological investigations. . 474 care of, Utah 274 cellular elements in 1160 certified, examination 175 of Philadelphia 175 chemistry of 1066 citrated, investigations 369 clean, U.S.D.A 792 coagulation by — Bacillus coli communis 770 rennet 475, 576, 673 as affected liy various substances 475, 1078 color reaction 810,911 composition 1079, 1160 as affected by — cleaning and feeding. 472 fqpd 171,11.59 homogenization 672 proteids 1159 variations in 173, 373,574,57.5,669,768 condensed — analyses 369 Conn. State 854 detection of vegetable milk in 961 manufacture 369 statistics, U.S.D.A 994 vegetable, food value 961 contamination, prevention 473 cooling 673 cost of production and handling, N. J.. 74 creaming quality as affected by food . . 978 cryoseopic examination 811 cultures, dry, preparation 576 decomposition products 1 107 diphtheria bacilli in 872 dried, methods of analysis 8 notes 421 effect on pancreatic juice 1160 ewes' , composition and value 978 in Corsica, analyses ". 276 exhibit at Chicago 576 U.S.D.A 367 fat as affected by cocoanut cake 172 Page. Milk, fat determination in milk chocolate .. 1019 human, Baudouin reaction 208 refraction 1019 (See also Fat.) fennentation 769 ferments in 871 fever, etiology 1082 notes 182 Miss 476 U.S.D.A 194 prevalence in Norway 580 recurrence 182 studies 984 treatment 779, 877 apparatus for 677 for calves 1078 fat content 973 pigs, Utah 265 from tuberculous cows 278, 581 infectiousness. 983 gas-producing bacteria in 175 goats', composition and utilization... 1160 for infants 474 granulated, analyses. Mass 967 heat value as a test of quality 769 heated, injurious substances in 473 human, calcium and phosphorus in.. . 474 cellular elements in 1160 proteids in 418 inspection in Chicago 98 Denmark 980 Massachusetts 98 Minnesota 578 New Zealand 982 the United States 375 needs and methods 1077 notes 1077 kinase in 1160 lactometer readings. Wis 277 lactose-fermenting yeasts in, Wis 1079 leucocytes in 473, 575, 1161 literature of 873 manual 980 market, discussion. Mass 274 studies. Conn. Storrs 473 methods of analysis 309, 418, 1079, 1107 examination 473 microscopic studies 1160 nitrates in 75 nutritive value 1078 of different breeds, fat content 978 opsonins in 768,980 oxidation index 8,872 oxydases in 872 pasteurization 83 studies, Wis 275 pasteurized, Ijacteria in. Wis 275 taints in. Wis 275 perhydrase, as affected by light 368 for infants 474 injurious properties 369 preparation 368 powder, destruction of tubercle bacilli in 473 digestibility 67 practical experiments 890 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1257 Page. Milk, preservation — with carbon dioxid 17t) formaldehyde 75 hydrogen peroxid 75, 176, 980 production — as affected by roots, Wis 1077 weather, Miss 472 feeding for 415,576 products, methods of analysis 1107 testing 7 proteids, determination 173, 419 review of literature 174 proteolysis in 1077 pus cells in 473, 575, 1161 quality as aflcctcd by food 699 raw V. boiled, for animals 473 reducing power 1108 reductases in 368, 872 refractometric examination 1019 rooms, construction, N.J 74 ropy, investigations 672 new micro-organism in 979 samples, preservation 911, 1019 sampling and testing 670 sanitary control in the United States. 980 production, U.S. D.A 473 scoring contest, U.S. D.A 367 secretion as affected by— asparagin 366 breast girth 766 cleaning and feeding 472 condiments 172, 574 dehorning and tuberculin test. Wis 273 Enzymol 766 food 574, 670, 978 proteids 1159 roots. Wis 1077 starch 1159 secretion, physiology of 75 sickness, investigations 876 skimmed. (See Skim milk.) skimming and churning apparatus. . . 1078 solids, determination 1107 sour, food value 961 souring, heat production during 75 standard for in Boston 1161 sterilization 980 with hydrogen peroxid . . 872 streptococci in 473,672,1161 sugar, determination 368 supplies, discussion 367 supply of Amherst and Northampton, Mass 274 cities 100 Khartoum 421 London 871 New York City 980 terms, explanation, U.S. D.A 1095 test bottle, new 76 Storch method 872 testing 7,372, 418 Miss 1159 transmission of diseases by .OT) tu1)erculosis by 278,775 tuberculous, composition 368 Page. Milk, tuberculous, infectiousness, U.S.D. A.. 82 watered, detection 811 Milking, hygiene in relation to bacteria 979 machine, new, description 1077 machines, notes 372 studies, Kans 671 U.S. D.A 766 methods 70 Millet as a cover crop, Nebr 145 breeding experiments, S. Dak 133 cat-tail, culture, S. C 229 composition, Minn 1037 culture experiments, Ariz 1122 on sewage fields 436 fertilizer experiments 539 R.I 619 for calves, S. Dak 261 improvement 444 notes 421 seed production, S. Dak 133 selection, Minn 1037 smut, investigations 449 varieties 27 Ariz 1122 Can 133 Nebr 1037 S. Dak 133 Milling industry in Ireland, statistics 788 Milo maize, analyses, Tex 968 culture experiments, Nebr 1036 Mince meats, making 374 Mine props, preservation 745 tailings, studies, Ariz 427 Mineral industry, treatise 726* metabolism, handbook 566 substances, assimilation by plants. 923 Minerals, analyses 1030 Mines, use of timber in, U.S. D.A 642 Minnesota Station, financial statement 492 notes 297,1097 report of director 492 University, notes 1097 Mississippi — College, notes 297 McNeill Branch Station, report 492,1115 Station, financial statement 492 notes 297 report of director 492 Missouri Station, notes 19('), 494, 894, 998 University, notes... 196,494,804,998,1097 Mites, destruction by hydrocyanic acid gas. 358 harvest, remedies, U.S.D..\ 559 notes 60 of the United States, U.S. D.A 457 Moisture. (See Water.) Molasses- analyses 66,308 Hawaii 373 as food for stock, Tex 865 l)eet, notes, U.S. D.A 493 pulp, analyses. Wis 969 dried, analyses, N. Y. State. 261 for cows, W is r . 271 {See also Sugar-beet pulp.) cane, constitution 756 fermentation, 420 1258 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. i*age. Molasses— Continued. cane, organic constituents 398 examination, Tex 960 feeding value, La 363 feeds, analyses. La 571 Mass 967 Me 1153 Vt 968 Wis 969 methods of analysis 308 Hawaii 373 recovery of nitrogen from 536 Molds, fixation of nitrogen by 1027 on butter 176 prevention in butter tubs, U.S.D. A . 370 Mole crickets, notes 1144 Moles, notes, Kans 194 Mollusks, marine, composition of body fluids 977 toxins in 455 Moneys, value of 644 Monilia frucfigena, notes, Nebr 246 Monomorium destructor, notes 163 Monsoon, Indian, forecasting, U.S.D. A. . . . 1100 Montana College, notes 95, 395, 795 Station, financial statement 493 notes 95, 795 report of director 493 Monthly Weather Review, province of, U.S.D. A Ill Moon, eliect on thtmderstorms 613 Moon's phases, effect on bamboos 643 Moor soils. (See Soils, moor.) Morbus maculosus in horses, treatment 986 Morning glories, breeding experiments, N. J. 38 Mortgages, chattel, of Ontario 788 Morus alba tatarica, notes, U.S.D. A 1133 Mosquito larvae, infection with molds 64 Mosquitoes, disease carrying, remedies 1064 in California, Cal 255 Florida, Fla 57 Hawaii, U.S.D. A 250 Maryland, Md 255 New Jersey, N. J 58 New York 158, 456 Orange River Colony 58 Sudan 477 investigations 1063 natural enemies 357 Cal 256 notes 58 Conn. State 57 remedies 357, 560 Cal 255 Md 255 studies 357 ..'■ transmission of diseases by 99 variation in 651 Moss, destruction 752 jellies, food value 857 litter, value 618 reindeer, analyses 978 for cows 978 Moths on cranberry marshes. Wis 1047 Motors, agricultural, descriptions 290 Page. Motors, alcohol, use in agriculture 990 electric, use in agriculture 388 Moulee, analyses 167 Moimtain ash, analyses 143 timothy, notes, Wyo 229 Mucor stolonifer, fixation of nitrogen by . . . 1027 Mud, lake, analyses 209 marsh, analyses. Can 121 Mulberries, analyses 143 culture 258 N.C 337 in Indo-China 755 notes, U.S.D. A 892 pruning, Ohio 1051 varieties 755 Mulberry bacterial disease, notes 644 disease, notes 846 leaves, disinfection 854 Russian, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 umbrella, breeding 146 Mulching experiments with apples, Me 1129 potatoes, Nebr. 1041 vegetables, Ohio 1045 orchards, U.S.D.A 596 Mule disease in Sudan 477 Mules, poisoning by alsike clover, Tenn 185 quarantine regulations in Canada. . . 1080 raising and use 765 Miiller, A., biographical sketch 10 Muriate of potash, analyses, R. 1 1108 effect on composition of rye 633 fertilizing value, Mass. 226,227 Muscle extract, physiological action 1070 Muscles, development as affected by train- ing 1153 proteids in 359 striated, lecithin content 1067 Mushroom maggot, notes, Del 1058 Mushrooms, edible, notes 1149 eflect on plant growth, N. Y. CorneU 827 ■^ poisoning of cows by 183 Muskmelon industry at Rockyford, Colo. . . 39 leaf blight, notes, Fla 746 Muskmelons, new variety, description 635 notes, Colo 93 Must as afleeted by silica 1131 defecation of, Cal 674 Mustard- analyses, Me 756 as a green manure 17,338 barnyard manure for 325 cake, analyses 23 decomposition 66 fertilizer experiments 20, 430, 539, 717, 724, 725, 823, 918, 1028, 1029 ground, analyses 66 growth as affected by soil sterilization... 542 varieties 628 wild, destruction 1124 Minn 140 R.I 1124 Wis 1042 eflect on nit ri fication in soils 120 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1259 Page, Mustiala Institute, report of horticultiiriil division HI Mutation theory in plant breeding ()97 Mutualism in nature, treatise 454 Mycorrhiza, octotrophic, fungi causing 347 Mycosphxrella sir iat if or mans n. sp., descrip- tion, Hawaii 844 Myialges anchora n. g. and n. sp., descrip- tion 1064 Myocardium, lecithin content 1007 Myochrous sqvbamosus, notes, Colo 952 Myosotis alpestris, cut, preservation 44 Myriapods, notes (iO Mytilaspis pomorum. (See Oyster-shell bark-louse.) Myxomycete, grass-destroying G47 "N" fertilizer, fertilizing value 20 Nagana in poultry 780 notes 987 studies 284 Narcissus- color as affected by different substances 44 disease, notes 135 forcing with ether 44 Narcissus poeticus, cut, preservation 44 National- Creamery Buttonnakers' Association... 576 dairy farmers' convention 576 Dairy Show— milk and cream exhibit 570 U.S.D.A... 307 Irrigation Congress 082,897 university at Washington 411,1009 Natto, micro-organisms in 434 Nature study— at James Allen's Girls' School 891 book on 117S chemical experiments 295 collections in high schools. Can 891 course in 890 in elementary schools 294, 891 public schools 690,789 Can 891 rural schools 491,595 summer schools 999 instruction in 492 principles of 1093 progress in California 690 use of birds in 891 insects in 891 Nebraska- North Platte Substation, report 1036 Station, financial statement 290, 1094 notes 196,297, 494,597,998, 1175 report of director 296 University, notes 196,297,395,595,998, 1175 Necrosis, autoly tic changes in 675 fatty, prevalence in Western Aus- tralia 1162 Nectria coccinea, description 155 ditissima, notes 845 diver sis pora, notes 945 solani, notes _ 149, 1050 spp., notes 154 Page. Negri corpuscles, diagnostic value 88,99, 385,678,880,1085 niieroscopie study 1085 Negro fanners in the South 192 United States 487 Nematode root gall, notes, U.S.D.A 254 Nematodes, destruction 282 new species, descriptions, Hawaii 844 notes.... 154,352,647,750,846,953,1144 relation to cotton wilt 553 remedies, Ohio 648 Ncmatus crichsoni, remedies 559 Neorosmospora vasinfccta — nivea, resistance of watermelon to 948 studies 152 treatment 552 Neosin, physiological effect 760 Nephology, new review journal, U.S.D.A.. . Ill Nephritis, chronic, notes 774 Nests, trap, construction 869 use. Can 468 Nettles, culture and use .39 Nevada Station, financial statement 194 notes 96, 495 report of director 194 University, notes 96 New Hampshire — College, notes 96, 298, 495, 795, 894, 998 Station, notes. ... 96,298,495,795,894,998,1175 New Jersey College, notes 894 Stations, financial statement . . 93 notes 894,999,1097 report of director 93 Mexico College, notes 894 Station, financial statement.. 93,493 notes 395,894 report of director 93, 493 New York- Cornell Station, cooperative experi- ments for 1907 996 notes 298, 396, 495, 1176 State Association of School Commis- sioners and Superintendents 300 ' Station, financial statement 892 notes 90,795,1097 report of director 996 Nickel nitrate,effcct on wheat 625 Night hawk, feeding habits 56 soil as a fertilizer 21 Nilson, L. F., biographical sketch 10 Nitrate deposits, Chilean, formation 430 treatise 623 in Death Valley, Cal 430 of lime. {See Calcium nitrate.) of potash, anal j^ses. Mass 220 fertilizing value, Mass. . 226 Nitrate of soda- analyses, Mass 220 R. 1 1108 artificial preparation 323,324 deposits in Egypt 324 effect on composition of rye 633 sugar beets . . 733, 734 1260 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, Nitrate of soda — Continued. Page. fall application 724 fertilizing value 18, 19, 123, 217, 219, 320, 322, 333, 429, 431, 537, 021, 622, 724, 910, 917, 918, 923, 929, 1028, 1029, 1109, 1113, 1122 Mass 220, 227 N.J 31 for asparagus, Del 1043 industry in Chile 430, 1113 manufacture 1113 methods of analysis 208, 418 residual effect 320 statistics 823 Nitrates- determination 7, 008 excretion in milk 75 formation in the soil 916 manufacture 121, 122, 123, 324, 530 production from peat 430 in soil 17 supply 724 synthesis 535 use in agriculture 723 Nitric acid- color reactions 2US detection (i08, 708 determination in soils 522 water 7 effect of growth of fungi 542 in soils as affected by bacteria 215, 428 manufacture 121, 122, 536 from ammonia 1113 new reagent for 608 synthesis 535 synthetic production 430 Nitrification in soils 120, 215, 314, 322, 323, 429, 537, 1108 Tex 010 investigations 323, 324, 722 Wis 1026 of sewage 12, 1023 Nitrites, determination 7 fertilizing value 431,1122 production in soil 17 use in agriculture 723 Nitrogen- ammonia, fertilizing value 21,021 oxidation by bacteria 534, 1028 as a nutrient for barley 727 assimilation— by Clostridium americanum n. sp. . . 324 micro-organisms 1027 plants 428, 910, 1108 weeds, Minn 1037 investigations 120 atmospheric- apparatus for utilizing 324 fixation 122, 218, 533, 535, 530, 723, 724, 910,921, 1027, 1108, 1113 hy Azotobacter chroococcum. 721 bacteria .534, 917 N.J 15 fungi " 722 leaves 18, 550, 643 plants 125 Nitrogen— Continued. atmospheric - continued . oxidation by electricity 430 utilization 18, 121, 324, 535, 723 available, determination, Va 909 detennination 398, 008 in molasses 398 nitrate of soda 708 effect on phosphatic fertilizers 031 protein content of barley 031 sugar beets 832 equilibrium in animal body 760 studies 1071 excretion in fasting 904 through the skin 1072 fertilizing value 539 fixation by micro-organisms 1108 molds and yeasts 1027 investigations 429, 617, 721, 722 review of literature 813 fixing bacteria in sea water 915 soils 16,1023 studies 17,534,722 free, expiration 760 in fertilizers, sources and functions 921 plant juices, variations in 329 wheat as affected by colored light 624 lime, fertilizing value 19, 823 use and value 430, 536 loss from soils ; 322,622 Minn 119 U.S.D.A 792 in drainage water 116, 322 Hawaii 719 metabolism 166, 660, 763, 964 as affected by diet and diu- retics 661 experiments 67 in plants 223 role of asparagin in 761 migration in malting barley 728 nitrate, assimilation by plants 223 nitric, fertilizing value 621 of green manures, loss in sandy soils 538 soils, conservation 121 organic, assimilation by plants 223 oxidation, monograph 121 recovery from sugar wastes 536 Nitrogenous- compounds, manufacture 536, 711 soluble, effect on flour 1072 statistics 536 supply 724 fertilizers- availability of nitrogen in, N. J 18 comparison 217, 219, 333, 431, 538, 623, 917, 918, 923, 1029 Mass 226,227 effect on composition of potatoes. . . 334 lime content of soils, Ha- waii 719 protein content of wheat, Minn 140 field experiments 325, 538 manufacture and use 430 new, comparison 429 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1261 Page. Nitrogenous— Continued, fertilizers— continued. new, fertilizing value 723 substances, decomposition in soils 1108 in plants as affected by light 222 Nitron, description 608 Nitrous acid, detection 608 oxidation 7 oxids, detection in bleached flour N.Dak 657 Nodular disease in sheep. La 677 U.S.D.A 1095 prevalence in Ohio 1080 Noogoora bur, feeding value 364 North Carolina College, notes 196, 895 Stations, notes 196, 895, 1097 North Dakota — College, notes 990, 1176 Drainage League, report 286 Station, financial statement 93, 10<,)4 index to bulletins 691 notes 795, 999 report of director 93, 1094 Nostoc, fixation of nitrogen by 1027 Novain, physiological effects 760 Nun moth, destruction by spiders 1145 remedies 652 Nursery — inspection, Colo 1059 Comi. State 56, 848 Fla 57 Wis 254, 1059 in Canada 459 Cape of Good Hope 352 Hawaii 352, 1058 Louisiana 351,1090,1144 Ohio 351,951 Orange River Colonj' 58 Pennsylvania 651 Virginia 251 Wyoming 848, 1128 laws 749 U.S.D.A 250 practices, notes 551 stock as affected by dipping, Del 1044 fumigation 161, 351 Nut butter, analyses. Conn. State 855 Nutrient, new, for plants 21 Nutrients, effect on algsc 626 Nutrition- animal, problems in 414, 508, 888 experiment station work on, U.S.D.A.. 459 investigations by Carnegie Institu- tion 505, 799 continuance of 1012 progress in 961 physiological economy in 166, 962 principles of, determination 517 text-lx)0k 562 treatise 656 (See also Digestion, Food, Metabolism, etc.) Nuts, cultivated, improvement 698 culture in Japan 735 marula, analyses ,,,..,, 663,1148 13781—07 6, Page. Nuts, varieties, Mich 37 Utah 936 Nysius vinitor, notes 152, 161 Oak as a stock for chestnuts 47 bur, notes, U.S.D.A 742 disease, notes 248 growth as affected by acid salts 434 leaves, solubility of coloriing matter. . . 558 red, notes, U.S.D.A 742 white, for veneer, statistics, U.S.D.A.. 642 Oat and pea hay, cost of production, N.J... 31 bran, analyses, Iowa 965 by-products, analyses 572 N. Y. State 261 disease, notes. Conn. State 1138 feeds, analyses. Mass 967 Me 1153 R.I 261 Vt 9G8 flour, analyses, Iowa 965 grass, tall meadow, culture, U.S.D..V .. 439 hay for sheep, Ariz 1157 middlings, analyses, Iowa 965 rust, wintering 1054 shorts, analyses, Iowa 965 smut, investigations 449 treatment 150, 552, 842 Can 150 straw, analyses 138 feeding value 666 Ind 665 Oatmeal, analyses 460 nutritive value 460 Oats, adulteration, Ohio 627 analyses '. 138, 261, 923, 1067 Ky 913 Wis 969 ash constituents in relation to lodg- ing 633 breeding 698 Cape Colony, studies 663 cost of hauling, U.S.D.A 886 crushed, analj'ses, R. 1 261 culture experiments, Ala. College 547 Can 130 Miss 1115 S.C 730 Wis 1033,1034 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 224, 225 the South, U.S.D.A 892 effect on soil moisture 318 feeding value 666 fertilizer experiments. . 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 124, 217, 429, 537, 539, 620, . 621,725,730,918,929, 1024, 1028, 1029, 1113 Ala. College 547 Mass 226 N.J 18 N. Mex 29 N. Y. Cornell. . 934 R.I 619 Wis 213,228,1034 forcalves, S. Dak 261 sheep, Mont 70 1262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page Oats for steers. Mont 69 germination as affected by passage through alimentary tract, Mich 865 ground, analyses, Coim. State 862 •Tex 968 growth as affected by-^ colloidal substances 25, 222 soil sterilization 542 irrigation experiments, Nev 135 lime for, on sandy soils 622 liming 218 mineral requirements, N.J ^ 14 nematode disease, notes 645 nitrate of soda for 724 nitrogenous fertilizers for 923 phosphatic fertilizers for 725, 919, 920 Red Texas, study 732 seed coat, permeability 727 examination, Ariz 1123 statistics 193, 886 sulphocyanid for 623 varieties 27,137^439,629,928 Ala. College 547 Cal 1117 Can 130,131 Colo 29 Ind 927 Nebr 1036 S. Dak 134 U.S.D.A 230 Va 927 Wis 228, 1034 water requirements 781 Can 1037 Nev 135 wild, destruction, Minn 140 winterkilling, prevention, Ala. College 547 yield as affected by injuries 630 Oblitin, physiological effects 760 Ochlerotatus lativittatus, notes, Cal 255 Ocneria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.) Odontota dorsalis, notes 356 (Edomyces, relation to Chrysophlyctis 149 CEstrus ovis, deposition of eggs and larvae. . 63 Ohio Station, financial statement 691 notes 597, 795, 1098, 1176 report of director 691 work in 1906 691 University, notes 495, 1098 O'idium lacHs, notes 1078 tuckeri, notes 645 Oil cakes, damaged, as a fertilizer 21 source, composition, and use 374 eandle-nut, notes 361 meal, analyses 167 feeding value, Nebr 363 palms, culture in Kamerun 337 soy-bean, studies 858 Oils, analyses 913 Conn. State 854 cloud test, U.S.D.A 110 cold test 397 U.S.D.A 110 constants of 609 determination of molecular weight 912 for road improvement 290 Page. Oils, for road improvement, JCans 990 U.S.D.A.. 289 miscible, tests 654 N. Y. State 653 review of literature 813 soluble, proprietary, tests, Ohio 557 technology of 577 titertest, U.S.D.A 110 Oklahoma College, notes 96, 795 Station, financial statement 296 notes 96, 495 report of director 296 Okra wilt, notes. Conn. State 48 Oleander bacterial diseases, notes 453, 650 disease, notes 342 Oleomargarine, detection in butter 419, 709 Olive bacterial diseases, notes . . . ; 650 disease, treatment 451 fly, remedies 954, 1145 fumagine, treatment 451 oil, analyses. Conn. State 855 Tex 960 copper in 247 industry in Portugal 1079 Olives, cultu,re 443 Ariz 1174 in Portugal 1079 food value, Cal 637 improvement 444 pickling, Cal 637 varieties, Cal 638 Onion bacterial disease, notes 745 treatment 551 brittle, notes. Conn. State 48 treatment. Conn. State 1138 catawisa, notes 937 maggot, notes. Conn. State 57 remedies, N. J 849 Onions, culture, N. Mex 38 experiments, Mont 39 in Ohio 937 fertilizer experiments 32,121,(135 growth as affected by acid salts 434 varieties 937 Mont 39 Oospora saccardiana n. sp., description 355 scabies. (See Potato scab.) Ophiobolus graminis, notes 947 Ophiusa catella, notes 58 Ophthalmia, enzootic, in sheep 1083 in horses, notes 583 Opium, production in north Germany 1132 Opsonins in milk 768, 980 Orange, navel, notes, U.S.D.A 230 scale, fungus parasite 852 tree butterfly, notes 355 Oranges as affected by sirocco winds 337 culture in Texas 638 the Khasi hills, India 145 hardy, lireeding 146 new variety, U.S.D.A 237 insects affecting 351 P. R 1059 seedless, notes, P. R 1045 stocks for 337 varieties ----- r - .1^? INDEX or SUBJECTS. 1263 Fage. Orchard- conditions in Mesa County, Colo 936 grass, eiUture, U.S.D.A 230,439 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 225 seed, adulteration, Ky 37 inspection. {See Nursery inspection.) Orchards — conservation of soil moisture in. Can 117 cover crops for, Del 1043 Me 1129 Mich 37 Nebr 144 fumigation Iti2 grass mulch for, U.S.D.A 59() insects affecting 849, 952 irrigation, Ariz 1107 in the Transvaal 989 management. Me 1129 Mo. Fruit 938 causes of failure in 939 planting, Va 337 renewal, Ohio 938 Orchids, germination 1031 Ordinate, vertical, computations, U.S.D..\. 311 Oregon College, notes 298,396,999,1170 Station, notes 298, 1176 Organic matter, determination in water 308 Oriental moth, notes, Mass 954 Ornamental plants, insects affecting 59 shrubs, descriptions, Nev 243 notes, Minn 339 varieties for Wyoming. 1129 trees, notes, Minn 339 Ornithodorus moubata, notes 1064 Orobanche minor, notes 647 N.J 56 ramosa, notes, N.J 56 Orography, relation to climate, U.S.D.A... Ill Oronis spinosa as a cause of disease in cattle. 281 Orthoris crotchii, notes, U.S.D..\ 751 Oryctes rhinoceros, notes 159 Osage orange, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 pruning, Ohio 1051 Osteomalacia in animals 178 prevalence in Hawaii 578,1163 Osteoporosis, prevalence in Hawaii 1163 Orange River Colony 178 Ostrich farming in Arizona, U.S.D.,\ 268 the Transvaal 668 industry, notes 765 Ostriches, caponizing 366 Otiorrhynchus ovatus, notes. Can 158 Outram, T. S., biographical sketch, U.S.D.A 814 Owls, food pellets, studies 847 Ox warbl(! fly, life history 63 Oxalis crenata, cult ure and use 39 Oxamid, assimilation by plants 26 Oxybenzoic acids, r61e in cork formation . . . 820 Oxydases in milk, origin 872 Oxygen, storage in body 166 Oxylobium parviforum, poisonous proper- ties 310, m\ Oyster beds, bacterial contamination, pre- vention 716 liquor, analyses 1150 shell bark-louse, notes 352, 355, 1061 Page. Oyster shell bark-louse, notes, Colo 1059 Del 1058 N.J 57 remedies. 161,351,752,952 Md 751 ^ Wis 1059 lime, analyses, Mass 220 shells, fertilizing value, Md 718 Oysters, copper in 1065 examination. Conn. State 854,855 notes 1068 propagation, N.J 73 Ozone, effect on germination of wheat 624 purification of water by 614 Pachnxus distans, notes, Fla 57 Pachytylus sulcicolUs, notes 252 Packing boxes, strength of, U.S.D.A 641 woods for, U.S.D.A 1136 house products. (See Animal prod- ucts.) Padas, formation in Java soils 915 Paddy. (See Rice.) Padraona chrysozona, notes 60 Paint, effect on fruit trees, Del 1044 law, N. Dak 310 Paints and paint products, inspection, N. Dak 209 Pak-choi, notes, N.J 837 Palm diseases, notes 342, 555, 645 wax, new, production 443 Palms, date. {See Date palms.) of British India, treatise 550 oil, culture in Kamerun 337 Pancreatic Juice — activity as affected by calcium salts 659 as affected by milk 1160 hydrolytic action on esters as affected by bile 963 Pangium edule, hydrocyanic acid in 1032 Panicularia americana, notes, Wyo 229 nervata, notes, Wyo 229 Panicum crus-galli, fertilizer experiments, R.I 619 Paper, examination, U.S.D.A 913 Papilio demoleus, notes 355 Paprika, ash content 1149 Para rubber. (See Rubber.) Paraffin, use in dairying, U.S.D.A 792 Paralysis, parturient. {See Milk fever.) Parasites. (See Animal parasites, Insect parasites, etc.) Parasitism in nature, "treatise 454 Parasitologj', agricultural, Mexican com- mission 1 144 Paresis, parturient. (See Milk fever.) Paris green, analyses, Cal 853 La 540 N. Dak g N.J 458 effect on cotton 353 law, N. Dak 310 preparation, Ala. College 1059 with Bordeaux mixture 64 Parisemus spp. , notes 61 Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or paresis. {See Milk fever.) 1264 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Pasteurella canis, notes 880 Pasteurellosis in horses 285 Pasteurization in butter making 372,576,673 of milk 83 studies, Wis 275 Pasteurizing apparatus, tests ,^ 474 Pasture for pigs, Can 169. 170 Pastures, fertilizer experiments 217 improvem.ent 629 nitrate of soda for 320 notes, Miss 1159 Pathology, review of literature 375 Patience, culture and use 39 Pea and oat hay, cost of production, N. J . . 31 anthracnose, notes 153 treatment 342 bacterial disease, studies 246 blight, studies, Ohio 342 Fusarium disease, notes 645 louse, notes 158 pods, analyses 364 powdery mildew, treatment, Ohio 342 weevil, notes 158 worm, remedies, Can 159 Peach aphis, black, notes 352 U.S.D.A 254 remerilization 542 inoculation experiments 428 seed selection, Minn 1037 varieties, Can 132 water requirements 781 Can 1037 Peat, analyses 10, 209, 822 decomposition in soils, Wis 1020 deposits of Rederang and Moorsee basins 540 detection in fertilizers 398 effect on digestibilitj' of protein 759 feeding value 261 fuel value ,191 litter, analyses 10, 209 purification of sewage waters by 1023 soils, reclamation 214 studies. Wis 213 technology and use 822 treatment to increase nitrogen.con- tent 916 utilization in nitrate production 430 Pecans, insects affecting 456 treatise 339 varieties, new, U.S.D.A 238 Pegomyia fusciceps, notes, Fla 57 hyoscyami,. notes (iO Pelargoniums, broom rape affecting, N. .J . . 56 Pellicularin koleroga, notes 55 Penicillium brevic.aule, effect on insoluble ' phosphates 920 glaucum, effect on insoluble phosphates 920 fixation of nitrogen by 1027 sp., description 454 Pennsylvania- College, notes 396, 662, 790, 895, 1176 Station, financial statement 296 notes 396, 692, 895, 1176 report of direxitor 290 PenUitoma ligata, notes, U.S.D..\ 952 Pentosans, determination 308 in humus 317 in plants 223 Peony root rot, notes. Conn. State < . . . 1138 Pepper, analyses. Me 756 I'ase. Pepper, cellulose in 1020 cutin in 1020 diseases, notes 645 lignin in 1020 notes 859 water and ash constituents of 662 wec\il, notes, U.S.D.A 953 wilt, notes 154 Peppers, chilli, cost of production, N. Mex. . 441 culture 635 culture, U.S.D.A 241 varieties 639 Pepsin, effect on cheese ripening 673 solution for determining digestible protein 523 Peptones, decomposition 120 vegetable, effect on germination of seeds 127 Pcridermium acicolum, studies 946 cerebrum, notes 248 Peronospora, effect on leaf respiration 347 Peronospora sparsa, notes 645 viticola, tnjatment 845 Perry making, sulphurous acid in 374 Persimmons, improvement 444 ripening 443, 626 tannin in 626 Pestalozzia — guepini, notes 945 hartigii betulx n. var., description 651 palmarum, treatment 846 sp., notes 1057 Petroleum — analyses, Ky 913 crude, effect on nursery stock, Del 1044 emulsions, preparation, Del 162 oils, preparation and use, U.S.D.A 455 Pe-tsai, notes, N. J 837 Phaseolunatin in plants 330 Phaseolus — ' lunatus, hydrocyanic acid in.. 544,626,663,729 poisoning of animals by 183 mungo as a green manure 338 spp., hj'drocyanic acid in 126 vulgaris nanus, potash requirements 137 Phenol, effect on wheat 625 role in cork formation 826 Phenology, study, U.S.D.A 311 Philadclphus coronarius, cut, preservation. . 44 Phleum alpinum, notes, Wyo 229 pratense, notes, Wyo 229 Phla-osinus thujx, notes 356 Phlox, culture 43 Phoma betx, fixation of nitrogen by 1027 notes 344,647, 746,844 oleandrina, n. sp., notes 342 olcracea, description 845 subcircinata, notes. Conn. State 48 tahifica, notes 647, 844 Phonolith waste, utilization 540 Phosphate — deposits in New Zealand 326 of Mona Island 326 I St. Thomas Island 915 statistics 432 industry' in Tennessee, history 22 1266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Phosphate— Continued. Page. insoluble, fertilizing vulae 432, 620, 621, 824 manuring, relation to phosphoric acid content of soils 919 of aluminum, fertilizing value 219 lime. (See Calcium phosphate.) rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.) finely ground, fertilizing value, R. 1 619 Florida, analyses 22 statistics 432, 726 Wolters, fertilizing value 724 Phosphates — analyses, Mass 220 as affected by bacteria in soils 17 lime and magnesia 1029 nitrogenous fertilizers ... 631 assimilability, factors affecting 539 availability in soils 1108 comparison 219, .538, 539, 725, 919, 920, 1113 Md 919 R.I 619 crude, rendering soluble the phosphoric acid in 522 effect on germination of seeds 126 factors affecting fertilizing value 124 fertilizing value 539 importation into Nantes 326 information concerning, Md 920 insoluble, as affected by micro-organisms 920 notes, U.S.D.A 1095 natural, detection in phosphatic slag. . . 207 notes, U.S.D.A 493 of iron and aluminum, method of increas- ing solubility 921 residual effects 326 {See also Superphosphates.) Phosphatic slag — analyses 23,207,922 Mass 220 R.I 1108 fertilizing value 124, 219, 539 620. 621 . 725, 824, 919, 920, 1113 R.I 620 history and use 539 production in Belgium 23 Phospho-humic compounds of soils 531 Phosphomolybdic acid as a reagent for po- tassium 708 Phosphoreted hydrogen, poisoning by 421 Phosphoric acid — availability 208,320 in ashes 22 soils 522,717 determination 417,522 as ammonium phospho- molybdate. 909 magnesium - ammoni- lun phosphate 207 magnesium pyro- phosphate 308 in fertilizers 207,307 phosphates 107,207,308 phosphatic slag 107, 108,207,398 superphosphates 107 Phosphoric acid— Continued. effect on composition of potatoes 334 root development 21 equilibrium of bases in presence of 208 excretion as affected by bread 1067 in Belgian sul)soils, fertilizing value 1024 fertilizers, sources and functions 921 plant juices, variations in 329 soluble compounds, preparation 724 solubility as affected by soil bacteria. . . 219 volatilization 522 Phosphorite, fertilizing value 539 Phosphorus- compounds, assimilation by children . . . 359 nutritivevalue,N.Y. State. 568 determination in plants 398 in feces 905 heated milk 474 human milk 474 liberation from nuclein compounds 610 metabolism 660, 964 relations in A spergillus niger 925 Phosphotungstic acid as a reagent for pot- ash description, Kans 935 nevadensis, notes, Wyo 229 pratensis seed, description, Kans 935 Podapoiipux berlesei, description 6.53 Poison baits, preparation, Ala. College 10.59 bush, poisonous properties 310 Poisons, animal, treatise 455 Poke, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Poles, telegraph, preser\'ation 10.53 telephone, preservation, U.S.D..\ 243 Polo grounds, grass mixtures for, R. 1 1125 Polonium, eflect on plants 126 Polyporus igniarius, notes 649 squamosus, biology 348 Polysulphids, alkaline, effect on spraying apparatus 10.58 1270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Pomelos as aflected by siroc(?o winds 337 Ponies, breeding 982 Pontentilla elata, notes, Cal 836 Popcorn, varieties, N.J 38 Poplar- bacterial disease, notes 745 studies 551 borer, remedies, N. Y. State 957 Carolina, fungus disease 551, 748 for packing boxes, statistics, U.S.D.A. . 1136 pulp manufacture, statistics, U.S. D.A 448 yellow, for veneer, statistics, U.S.D.A. . 642 notes, U.S.D.A 1133 yield of lumber, U.S.D.A 446 Poppies, culture experiments 1132 on sewage fields 436 varieties 1132 Poppy, Asiatic, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Populus deltoides, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 PorcelHo Isevis, life history, U.S.D.A 952 Porta vincia, notes 945 Pork scraps for poultry. Can 469 Porto Rico Station, notes 196,495,999 report, U.S.D.A 295 Potash — assimilation by plants 322, 1108 availability in fertilizers 321 soils 322 determination 108, 398, 608, 708 effect on composition of barley 730 potatoes 334 extraction from feldspar, U.S.D.A 717 fertilizers, comparison 440 Mass 226,227 field experiments 538 for Colocasia antiquorum 124 use 219 fertilizing value 137, 539 for barley 730 in fertilizers, sources and functions 921 minerals, utilization 540 recovery from sugar wastes 536 recpjirements of Deli tobacco soils 119 salts, mining and use 540 Potassium — and sodium, relation in soils 321 atomic weight 1107 carbonate, analyses, Mass 220 R.I 1108 fertilizing value, Mass 226 chlorid, use 219 compounds, fertilizing value 32, 123 cyanamidocarboxylate, effect on germi- nation of seeds 537 cyanid, fumigation. Can 163 manufacture 536 mining, crisis 432 phosphate, eflect on milk 1078 reagent for 909 salts, effect on plants, R. 1 1115 statistics 726 Potato — bacterial diseases, notes 149, 551, 745 rot, studies 646 beetle, distribution 3;53, 849 Page. Potato— Continued. beetle, notes, Fla 57 black shank, studies 646 blight, notes 1018 resistance to, Can 132 treatment, Mich 53 Wis : 53 Wyo 948 canker, notes 149,343 diseases, descriptive guide to 64G notes 450 Colo 931 Md 51 resistance to 138 N. Dak 24,1053 downy mildew, notes. Conn. State 49 early blight, notes 149 treatment, Ohio 450 industry in Colorado, Colo 931 late blight, treatment. Conn. Storrs 51 Ohio 450 leaf blotch, notes 943 curl, investigations 343, 553 maggot, notes, Fla 57 moth, description and remedies 557 notes 161, 251, 344 Rhizoctonia disease, notes 646 treatment, Wyo... 948 root rot, notes 56 rot, investigations 343 notes 1018 Conn. Storrs 52 Mass 221 Ohio 691 treatment. Wis 53 Wyo 948 scab, notes 59, 149, 151, 646 Me 1174 treatment. Me - 1140 Wyo 948 scurf, notes 151 tuber moth, notes 750 wart disease, notes 149 winter rot, treatment 1056 Potatoes — analyses. Mass 241 artificial feeding 630 barnyard manure for 325 black Congo, culture and use 33 composition, studies 334 cooking quality 65 cost of hauling, U.S.D.A 886 culture 929 Colo 931 experiments 27, 439, 832, 928, 931 Miss 1128 Nebr 1041 in northern Norway 320 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A... 226 Sweden 333 on sewage fields 436 dried, feeding value 364 drying in Germany 364 effect on soil moisture 318 evaporating plant, description 591 fertilizer experiments 20, 28, 217, 325, 333, 334,431, 629, 928, 929, 1029 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1271 Page. Potatoes — Continued . fertilizer experiments, Miss 1 128 R.I 019 Wis 1034,1041 fir apple, culture and use 39 for cows 977 hybridization 138 injury by ants, Fla 57 inoculation experiments 319 insects affecting, Colo 931 Mc 652 irrigation experiments, Colo 931 lime nitrogen for 122 liming 218 manuring. 138 mulching experiments, Nebr 1041 nitrate of soda for 724 nitrogenous fertilizers for 623 potash requirements 137 seed, notes 931 selection 697 Ohio 633 sprouting, effect on yield 931 solanin content 360, 421 spraying 138 exi)eriments 629, 843 Can 132 N. Y. State 52,53 Ohio 633 Wis 1050 starch content as affected by fertili- zers 334 statistics 138 storage, loss of weight in 832 rotting in, U.S.D.A 792 varieties 27, G.'j, 333, 634, 832, 928, 931 Can 132,828 Colo 931 Mich 37 Miss 1128 N. Mex 38 Ohio 633 U.S.D.A 226 Va 928 water requirements 629, 881 Nev 134 Poudrette as a fertilizer 21 Poultry- animal food for 765 Association, American, constitution and by-laws 73 at Grootvlei Experimental Farm 976 breeding experiments 271 principles of 695 care and management, U.S.D.A 1158 cold storage, discussion, N. Dak 1065 investigations 976, 1158 color in, factors affecting 366 crate feeding, Can 469 crates, construction. Can ' 468 digestibility, U.S.D.A 892 diseases in Germany 774 notes 681 treatment, Can 366 dressing and shipping, Can 468 dry rations for 170 experiments. Can 170, 468 Page. Poultry - Continued. experiments. Conn. Storrs 975 Mass 268 Me 469 U.S.D.A 471 W.Va 270 eye disease, notes 185 feed, animal, analysis 366 feeding experiments. Can 170, 469 papers on 170 feeds, analyses, Conn. State 862 La 571 Mass 967 R.I 261 Vt 968 mixed, analyses, N. Y. State 261 Tex 968 Wis 969 proprietary, analyses 572 grading and paclving 192 houses, description, Mont 471 notes. Can 365 portable, construction 976 industry in Amerita 573 New South Wales 366 Zealand 869 Ontario 365 inheritance of pedigree V) reeding in 695 injuries, treatment. Can 366 inspection work 573 Institute of Ontario, report 170 manure, analyses 23,725,1112 notes 218, 725 production and use 1111 marketing . .] 573 notes, Mont 471 N. Dak 73 raising 73, 365 Can 365 Mich 975 in Jamaica 573 Pennsylvania 573 Western Australia 392 lessons in 869 standard for judging 73 stations in South Australia 976 terms, technical, glossary 73 trap nests for 869 Can 468 {See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Powder-post beetles, notes, Mich 849 Prairie apple, value in plant breeding 637 dogs, destruction, Kans 194 hay, composition, Minn 1037 feeding value, Nebr 362 June grass, notes, Wyo 229 Precipitation in Africa 312 Indian Territory, Okla 210 North Germany 423 Oklahoma, Okla 210 Roswell area. New Mexico. 114 the United States, U.S.D.A 111 influence of ocean on, U.S.D.A 111 nitrogen content 314 (See also Rainfall, Snowfall, etc.) Prenolepis longicornis, notes 163 1272 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. Page Preservatives, detection 310 examination 913 food 3G1. 462 determination.U.S.D.A. 110 meat, tests 565 use 372 Preserves, analyses, N. Dak 259, 361, 1065 Tex 960 preparation. Wis 260 storing, U.S.D.A 1095 Prickly pear as food for stock, U.S.D.A 568 notes 568 Primrose, evening, culture and use 39 Primroses, breeding experiments, N.J 38 cut, preservation 44 Priophorus acericaulis, notes 559 Prodenia ornithogalli, notes 353 Proletarians in America, food of 860 Prospalta berlesei n. sp., description 355 Proteids — assimilation 359 in animal body 67 cheese, separation 398 classification » 609 cleavage products 67 determination in foods 524 milk 9,173,418,419 effect on excretion of uric acid xanthin compounds 566 milk secretion 1159 hydrolysis, investigation 711 in muscle 359 peanuts 1148 meat, investigations 398 milk, review of literature 174 soluble, in feces 965 synthesis 963 in animal body 760 wheat, analyses 910 properties of , 756 studies 910 Protein — assimilation by plants 223 chemical mechanism of 1071 energy due to 1071 cleavage 760 rapidity of 1152 digestibl"^, determination in feeding stuffs 523 digestibility 1009 as affected Ity various fac- tors 759 digestion, studies 566 fish, loss in cooking 361 formation in barley 165 metabolism 67, 359, 1071 experiments 566 requirements by cows 668 Proteins, nomenclature of 909 Proteus spp., pathogenic to silkworms 65 vulgaris, studies 917 zenkeri, studies 917 Protozoa, pathogenic 84 review of literature. . . 80 Provender, analyses 167 R.I 261 Page. Provender, analyses, Vt 968 Prune bacterial disease, notes 947 industry of Gorz 40 Prunes, dried, analyses 602 sulphuring 40 varieties 143 on the Pacific Slope 637 Priming, notes, Kans 194 Prunus besseyi, value in plant breeding 637 deviissa, value in plant breeding 637 serotina, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Prussic acid. (See Hydrocyanic acid.) Pseudoleukemia in pigs 678 Pseudomonas campestris, notes, Conn. State 1138 juglandis, notes, Cal 945 Pseudopeziza ribis n. sp., description 347 Pseudotuberculosis in sheep, studies 382 Psilorybe henningsii n. sp., description 645 Psilura spp., notes 652 PsyUiodes chrysocephala, notes 654 Pterorrwlus spp., notes 61 Ptomaines in cold-storage poultry 976 Public lands, securing title to 192 Puccinia asparagi. {See Asparagus rust.) glumarum hordei, culture experi- ments 150 pruni-spinosx, culture experi- ments 50 sorghi, culture experiments 50 spp., studies 449 Puerperal eclampsia. (See Milk fever.) Pulmonary disease in rabbits 382 PuMnaria innumerabilis, number of eggs. . 558 Pumping, air-lift method 589 for irrigation, cost 90 plants, construction 90, 1110 cost 90 Pumpkin catsup, analyses 960 Pumpkins, digestibility '. . . . 69 Pumps, centrifugal tests 589 turbine, notes 189 Punkies, notes, U.S.D.A 952 Purdue University, notes 395 Purin bodies in urine of 11 ve stock 572 investigations 660 metabolism 964 Pus ceUs, effect on tubercle bacilli 1081 in milk. 473, 575, 1161 Pyknometer, description 862 Pythiacystis citrophthora n. g. and n. sp., studies 345 Cal 945 Pythium debaryanum, notes 344, 746 sp., notes 555 treatment, Ohio 554 Pythium, studies 1142 Quack grass, destruction, Minn 140 Quarantine regulations in Canada 1080 Quebracho extract, production, U.S.D.A. . . 448 Quercus macrocarpa, notes, U.S.D.A 742 pedunculata as a stock for chestnuts 47 rubra, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Quinces, preservation. 838 varieties, Mich 37 Quinoa, culture and usr 39 Rabbit flick as a fertihzer 21 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1273 Page. Rabbits- destruction 350, (iSl in Australia 455 New Zealand 982 digestion experiments 566 immunization — against fowl cholera 1085 hemorrhagic septicemia 1085 hog cholera 383 swine plague 1085 injuries to trees by, Ohio 691 inoculated, toxic products in lilood serum 1162 metabolism experiments 660, 759 poisoning by fertilizers 585 pulmonary disease of 382 Strongylus sirigosus in 983 wheat straw for 863 Rabies, diagnosis 87, 88, 99, 185, 385, 678, 1085 in laboratories 1085 etiology 1085 immunization 481, 880 ' in rats and mice 780, 1162 notes. 579 Kans 194 prevalence in Canada 579 Connecticut 98 France 780 Germany 774 Italy 579 Pennsylvania 875 Rhodesia 580 studies 578, 880 treatment with heat 678 radium 679 urology of 987 virulence of saliva in 185 virus as affected by radium 679 course in animal body 185 maximum dilution of 1162 neutraUzation 988 transference to frogs 679 Rachitis in pigs, treatment 678 Radioactivity, progress in 1906 1108 Radiobactcr, fixation of nitrogen by 534 Radiotellurium, effect on plants 125 Radishes — assimilation of organic substances by.. . 127 culture on sterilized soil, R. 1 1125 gennination tests 142 growth as affected by — mushrooms, N. Y. Cornell 827 organic solutions 25 soda and potash 322 varieties. Wis 1046 Radium, effect on plants 125, 825 rabies virus 679 Ragweed, destruction. Wis 1043 Railroad ties— as affected by preservatives, U.S.C.V . . . 447 holding force, U.S.D.A 640 jarrah for 1135 production, U.S.D.A 447 Rain, composition 8W storms, intensity tn Western States, U.S.D.A 1086 Page. Rain water, ehlorin content 211, 815 nitrogen content 11, 116,212,216,314,1108 Rainbow, lunar, at Tampa, Fla., U.S.D.A.. 814 theory, U.S.D.A m Rainfall — autumn effect on yield of wheat... 313,314,713 effect on growth of trees 211 soil impoverishment 317 yield of sugar cane 423 in Africa 312 Barbados, composition 815 Bombay Presidency 815, 1172 England, relation to trade winds 314 Germany 423, 528 Great Britain and Ireland 423 Indian monsoon area, U.S.D.A Ill Kansas, U.S.D.A 1109 New South Wales 914 Nile Basin 424 North Dakota, N. Dale 1033 Panama, U.S.D.A 1109 Scotland in May, 1906 914 Sind 1172 South Daliota, S. Dak 133 the Adirondacks, U.S.D.A 1109 Chagres Valley, U.S.D.A 1109 Southwest, U.S.D.A 814,815 Virginia 913 phenomenal, at Guinea, Va., U.S.D.A.. 611 relation to cereal rusts 450 cirrus clouds 529 corn culture, Del 1040 simspots 528 yield of crops 423, 781 (See also Precipitation.) Rampart Station, report, U.S.D..\ 225 Rampion, culture and use 39 Eamularianardssin. sp., description 156 Rann of Cutch, reclamation 199 Ranula, inflammatory, in cows 677 Rape as a cover crop, Del 1035 composition as affected by manures, Minn 1037 culture, S. C 229 U.S.D.A 230 experiments 628 hming 218 protein content, Minn 1037 seed meal, analyses. Conn. State 862 varieties 27 Raspberries, breeding experiments 940 canning experiments 41 culture, N. Y. State 41 fertilizer experiments, N.J... 38 improvement 444 insects affecting 654 Ind 956 irrigation experiments, N. J . . 38 score card for, R. 1 1125 varieties, Mich 37 N.J 38 N. Y. State 41 Pa 41,239 Raspberry blight, notes 645 cane wilt, notes, Conn. State .... 49 1274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Raspberry gray mold, notes, Conn. State ... 49 jiiice, examination 1069 T\ilt, notes, Conn. State 1138 yellows, notes, Colo 50 Rations, calculated v. determined nutrients, Mimi 9(59 calculation 108 Miss 1159 emergency, preparation 56.3 for British sailors 3(iO farm animals, La 303 live stock, N. 11 567 soldiers 464 nutritive value, calculation 463 table for mixing. Mass 968 Rats, crossing, investigations 695 destruction 580, 11 40 infields 350 transmission of rabies by 780, 1102 Ravenelia, monograph of 645 Reading courses for farmers 200, 492 in irrigation, Cal 482 Red clover. (See Clover, red.) Red .girni for veneer, statistics, U. S. D. A 642 value as box material, U.S.D.A... 641 spider, remedies 351, 849 Redding, R. J., retirement 206 Rodonditc, fertilizing value, R.I 619, 620 Reducing agents, determination 109 Reductases in milk 368, 872 Redwater. (See Texas fever.) Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) Reed meadow grass, notes, Wyo 229 Reforestation in Aube, France 943 Michigan 741 Refractometers, scales for 309 Refrigerating apparatus, description 192 Refrigeration, treatise 883 Refrigerator car service, American 193 Refuse substances, analyses, Mass 220 Reindeer moss, analyses 978 for cows 978 Rennet, action as affected by preservatives. . 75 bacteriological studies 177 effect on casein 475 cheese ripening 673 milk 475, 570, 673, 1078 preparation 178, 373 production by bacteria 372 Reptiles in the Illinois and Mississippi River valleys 651 toxins in 4.55 Rescue grass, culture, S. C 229 Reservoir sites in the Rio Grande Valley 1110 Reservoirs, construction in the United States 681 small, in the Western States, U.S.D.A 1086 Resin, treatise 743 Respiration — apparatus at Helsingf ors 962 calorimeter, description ' 962 U.S.D.A 1151 experiments with animals 512 Restaurants, inspection in England , 1066 Page. Retinia austriajia n. sp., notes 457 Rheum rfiaponticum, use in medicine 636 Rhinitis in hogs 583 Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, notes 1064 sanguineus, notes 880 spp., life history 357 notes 876 transmission of African coast fever by 84 Rhizobium leguminosarum, formation of slime by 1031 structure of . . 1032 Rhizoctonia solani, notes 151, 646 sp., treatment, Ohio 5.54, 648 violacea, notes 56, 151, 646 Rhizosphse.ra abietis n. g., description 650 Rhode Island— College, agricultural extension work by. 887 notes 796 Station, financial statement 1174 notes 96, 495, 597, 693, 796, 999, 1177 report of director 1174 Rhodesian redwater. (See African coast fever.) Rhododendrons, color as affected by differ- ent substances 44 magnesium sulphate for. . 445 Rhubarb, analyses 237 blight, notes 58 culture in England 237 Gennany 237 fertilizer experiments. Mass 226 preparation for the table 237 use in medicine 636 Rhus trilobata, value in plant breeding 637 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, notes 159 Rihcs spp., hydrocyanic acid in 126 Rice blast, investigations, S. C 244 bran, analyses, La 571 Tex 968 l)rusone, investigations 450, 1055 loss of resistance to 946 notes 150 treatment 947 consumption, U.S.D.A 488 cracked, analyses, Tex 968 culture experiments .^. . 628 Ark 832 P. R 1033 in Brazil • 197 Java 922 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 Tonkin 633 detection in wheat flour 912 diseases, notes, S. C 244 fertilizer experiments 32, 121, 123, 628 food value. Ark 832 for poultry. Mass 269 grasshopper, notes 653 hulls, analyses, Tex 968 detection in bran 912 insects affecting 953 irrigation 628 Japanese, notes, U.S.D.A 230 meal, analyses. Can 168 plant, analyses, Tex...,..., 615 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1275 Page. Rice polish, analyses, Tex 968 porridge for young animals 1076 production in the Philippines, U.S.D.A 488 products, analyses 475 rough, for steers, Tex 866 smut, notes 150 statistics 633 ' varieties 628, 633 Ark 832 weevil, notes CO, 352, 953 Kiciiiin, assimilation by plants 223 Rinderxxsst, control in the Philippines 981 disease resembling 878 in Egypt 582 Madras 982 South Africa 479 the Philippines 1165 vaccination 380 Ringbone, notes, Kans 194 Road drag, description 388 material, cementing value 484 Roads, construction, U.S.D.A 485 economics of 784 in New Jersey 990 relation to tires 388 dragging , 388 improvement 289, 290, 485 U.S.D.A 289 at Jackson, Tenn., U.S. D.A 289 use of oil in. Kans 990 in Mississippi 882 Rhode Island 388 mileage and expenditures in 1904, U.S.D.A 289, 1168 tarred, in France 592 tarring machine 592 Roaring, surgery of 100 Robinia, fertilizer experiments .539 Robinia pseudacacia, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Rocambole, culture and use 39 Rock dusts, mixed, cementing value 485 phosphate,. (See Phosphate.) Rocks, alkaline, of East Africa 915 leucitic, fertilizing value 540 treatise 615 volcanic, transformation into alumi- num phosphate 915 weathering, treatise 615 Rodents, destruction, Kans 194 of the Adirondacks 350 Root crops, analyses. Wash 436 culture, U.S.D.A 230 experiments 31 in northern Norway.. . 320 fertilizer experiments 217, 629 forcing by acetylene light 39 hoe and transplanter for 90 Sclerotinia disease of 647 varieties. Can 828 hairs, investigations 728 tubercle bacteria — culture experiments 324 fixation of nitrogen by 1027 tubercles, investigations 545 Page. Roots, effect on milk production, Wis 1077 galvanotropic irritabiUty 25 solvent action 319 Ropes, tests 741 Rose beetle, notes 456 canker, description 1143 chafer, notes. Can 158 N.J 57 diseases, notes, Cal 945 leaf mildew, notes 645 mildew, notes 650 treatment 249, 454 of Sharon, breeding experiments, N.J. 38 Roses, culture 43 fertilizer experiments 444 pruning 43 Rotation experiments, Cal .- 1117 Ind ■ 236 Md 718 Miss 435 N.J 30 R.I 1125 S. Dak 331 of crops, changes in systems 888 Rottbocllia exaUata, analyses 813 Roup, etiology of 675 in fowls, studies 385 treatment with diphtheria antitoxin. 1086 Rubber, Castilloa, coagulation 48 notes 148 Ceara, in Brazil 841 notes 148 chemistry of 644 creeper, description. 48 culture 743 in Assam 148 Ceylon 448,1051 Dominica: 148 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A ... 236 the Philippines 47 diseases, lecture on 949 notes 342,945 exhibition Ln Ceylon 841 Hevea, packing seeds for exporta- tion. 48 in Singapore 922 industry in the Tropics 743 various countries ...... 943 phases of. 1052 insects affecting 556, 949, 1059 laboratory at Chiapas, Mexico 8^6 Lagos silk, in Jamaica .551 Manizoba, in Brazil 841 Para, culture 148,841 notes 148 root disease 348, 949 plants in Cuba 1052 Jamaica 551 notes 1052 Colo : 81,183 preparation 148 statistics, U.S.D.A 1170 tapping experiments '. 148, 340 treatise 644,841 trees, fertilizer requirements 743 1276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Rum, analyses 813 industry in Martinique and Guade- lupe 688 Jamaica, analyses 374 manufacture 35, 374 Rumcx patientia, culture and use 39 Rural depopulation in England 786, 1170 economics, courses in, U.S.D.A 689 eeonomy, notes 91 engineering, courses in, U.S.D.A 689 in Chaldea and Assyria . 386 repopulation in France 786 Rushes, notes, Wyo 229 Rusks, analyses, Conn. State 855 Rust fungi, culture experiments 50,149 Rusts of Australia, monograph 149 (See also Com, Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. (Sec Swedes.) Rutherglen bug, notes 152 Rye as a cover crop, Del 1036 R.I 437 breeding experiments 231 composition as affected by fertilizers . 633 culture, S. C 229 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 224,225 disease, new, notes 645 effect on soil moisture 318 feed, analyses, Conn. State 862 Mass 967 meal, digestibility 972 fertilizer experiments 19,20,217,432,724, 725,929,1029,1113 W. Va 20 fodder, composition, Minn 1037 germination as affected by fungicides. 450 experiments 231 gliadin, analyses ; 910 grass, culture, U.S.D.xV 230 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 225 fertilizer experiments 620 giant, notes, Wyo 229 sewage sludge for 328 wild, culture experiments, S. Dak 134 liming '....; 218 nitrate of soda for 320, 724 N.J 31 notes, N.J 30 phosphatic fertilizers for 725, 920 production in Russia, U.S.D.A 393 rust, wintering 1054 seed eoat, permeability 727 e.xamination, Ariz 1123 sewage sludge for 328 sprouts, analyses. Wis 969 statistics 193, 886 stinking smut, treatment 449 sulphate of ammonia for 431 varieties 3.35, 933 Cal 1117 Can 131 S. Dak - 134 Va 927 water requirements 629, 781, 881 wild, seed tests, U.S.D.A 225 winterkilling, investigations 1118 Page. Rye, yield as affected by injuries 630 Saccharomyces canis, pathogenic action 675 equi, notes 1083 memhranogenes , notes .'. 1162 neoformans, pathogenic ac- tion 675 spp. in butter 176 Saccharomycosis in horses 1083 Saccharose, assimilation by plants 25 Sailors, British, rations for 360 Sainfoin, varieties 28 Sakoa, description and use 737 Sal Bordeaux, analyses, Ky 913 trees, insects affecting 357 Salicylates, effect on digestion, U.S.D.A.. 462,565 Salicylic acid as a meat preservative 565 determination 397 in canned goods 419 wine 912 effectondigestion,U.S.D.A. 462,.565 Saliva of rabid animals, virulence 185 Salixalba, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Salmon, canned, digestibility, Conn. Storrs . 461 toxic properties 960 canneries, wastes at : 725 Salsify, breeding experiments, N. J 38 Salt, analyses 176, 961 as a preventive of gummosis 948 barium chlorid in, W. Va 286 deposits, notes 219 effect on algse 626 cheese 371 chlorin content of gastric juice 963 sugar beets 929 excretion through the skin 1072 for cows 472 lU 465 Wis 272 industry of Syracuse, N. Y 220 notes 421 sickness, notes, Fla 877 Saltbushes for sheep . .* 364 Salton Sea, formation, U.S.D.A 814,815 Saltpeter, Chile. {See Nitrate of soda.) deposits in Chile, formation 430 Death Valley, Cal. ... 430 determination in meat 525 industry of Norway 324 preparation 217 waste, analyses, Mass 220 Salts, effect on plants 825 neutral, effect on salivary digestion... 758 refuse, analyses, Mass 220 Sambucus spp., hydrocyanic acid in 126 Sambunigrin, properties 126 Samia cecropia, number of eggs 558 San Jose scale — control 251,1017 legislation concerning 1062 notes 59, 157, 351, 356, 459, 752 Ala. Tuskegee 653 Ark 750 Can 158 Kans 194 251 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1277 San Jose scale— Continued. notes, Miss 1144 U.S.D.A 254, 653 Wis 254 remedies 157, 351, 45(1, 557, 054, 851, 95(i, 1058, 1062 Ala. College 457 Conn. State 57, 848 Del 1058 Idaho 1063 111 160,101 Ind 956 Mass 955 Md 752 Mich 37 N.J ■ 57 N. Y. State 053,654 Nev 194 Ohio 557 Tex 9.55 U.S.D.A 1095 W. Va 254 Sand cherry, breeding experiments 940 value in plant breeding 637 dunes of the desert of Islay 716 reclamation in France 840 trap for Irrigation ditches 188 use in road construction, U.S.D.A 485 Sandal tree spike disease, investigations... 1178 Sandalwood, root parasitism 348 Sands, drift, reclamation 214 physical properties 317 Sanitation, elementary lessons on 862 farm, in Lombardy 1006 lessons in 888 of air 613 relation to degeneration 098 Santalum album, root parasitism 348 Sap, osmotic strength 127, 824 Saponidas manatensis utilis, notes 840 saponaria, notes 840 Saponui, use in carbonated beverages 421 Sarcocyslis tenella, notes 1 106 spore structure 1166 Sarcosporidia in sheep, studies 1160 Sardine paste, analyses 857 Sardines, canned, toxic properties 960 preparation in France, U.S.D.A.. 856 use as fertilizer 618 Sassafras sprouts, destruction, U.S.D.A 1005 Saturnia yavia-mai silk, coloring matter.. 5.58,958 Sau tree, culture on tea plantations 3.38 Sauces, condimental, adulteration, U.S.D.A. 104 Sausage, bologna, adulteration 401 examination, Conn. State 854 N. Dak 259 Tex 900 formaldehyde in 757 water content 1149 Sawdust, fuel value 191 Scabies. (See Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Scale, bee, description 104 cottony cushion, notes, Fla 57 insects, distribution 3.53 notes 58, 251 parasite of 355 13781—07 7 Scale insects, remedies . . Page. 3.51, .558, 849 Conn. State 57 Ohio 557 U.S.D.A 493 W. Va 254 red, notes 251 San Jos^. (See San Jose scale.) scurfy, notes 456 remedies 101, 251, 351 Schi fruit and products, identification 1149 Schistocerca americana , parasite of 955 Schizoneurafodiens, r\otos, T'.S.D..\. 4.55 Imiigera, notes, T'.S.D..\ 9.55 Schizophyllum commune, notes 149 School buildings, improvement 889 children, lunches for 563 underfed, care of 166 for meadow culture in Austria 299 garden, planting and managing 492 work in Baltimore 492 Cleveland 491 outline 491 gardening, notes 690 Can 890 gardens in California 691 Massachusetts 491 New York City 899 Philadelphia 490 the District of Columbia. 1000 United States 690 Winnebago County 889 suggestions for 889, 1093 value 491 grounds, improvement 889 suggestions for 7.39, 889, 1173 Schools — agricultural. (See .Vgricultural schools.) army training, at Fort Riley 375, 490 boarding, diet in 860 common, agriculture in 293, 294, 889 consolidated, manual training in 596 domestic science, in France 1092 elementary, agriculture in 294 bird studies for 891 nature study in 294, 891 for domestic science and mechanic arts in cities 094 high, agriculture in 090,789,791,1172,1177 at Prague, agriculture in 499 St. Louis, Mich., agriculture in. 98 nature collections in. Can 891 normal training in 1172 of Ohio, agriculture in 198 movable, course in fruit growing for, U.S.D..\. 1093 for home economics, in France 1092 normal, agriculture in 690, 1173 primary, agriculture in 089 public, agriculture in 293, 489,491,498,090.789,1173 horticulture in 294 nature study in 690, 789 Can 891 of Jamaica, manual for 491 rural, agriculture in . . .300. 490, 491, 595, 789, 889 U.S.D.A 294 1278 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. rage. Schools — Continued . rural, consolidation 595, 689, 694, 889 course of study for, U.S.D.A 488 domestic science in 889 manual training in 889 nature study in 491, 595 statistics. /. 889 summer, agriculture in 595, 999 domestic science in 999 nature study in 999 teaching cooking in 491 Science, authority of, address on 1014 Sciences, natural, relation to agriculture, U.S.D.A 089 Scion and stock, interrelation 037 as affected by stock 40 Sclerocarya caffra nut, analysis 063 Sclerostomum didentatum, studies 481 edentatum, studies 481 Sclerotinia coryli n. sp. , notes 650 fructigena, notes, Ncbr 246 studies 648 fuckeliana, studies 554 Ubertiana, notes 647 sp., notes, Ohio 1046 trifoliorum, treatment 1116 Sclerotium tuliparum, notes 847 Scolytus rugulosus, notes 747 spp., notes 652 Score card for com, Kans 332 Ohio 546 horses, Wis 764 raspl)erries, R.I 1 125 Scours in calves, U.S.D.A 792 treatment, S. C 281 Scratches, infectious, in horses 584 Scurvy grass, culture and use ,39 Scutellista cyanea, notes 59 Sea, eflect on climate 527,814 fowl excreta, effect on volcanic rocks . . 915 water, eflect on germination of seeds . . 1031 nitrogen-fixing bacteria in 915 nitrogenous compoimds and sil- ica in 816 Seal fat, analyses 168 Seaweed, decayed, analyses. Can 121 Secale spp., notes 231 Sedges, notes, Wyo 229 Sediments, irrigation, eflect on crops, Ariz. . 427 Seed adulteration, notes, Ky 37 beds, construction, U.S.D.A 142 coats, permeability 727 role in germination 433 control, notes 341 station at Zurich 836 law, Ky 935 N. Dak 1054 testing station at Eberswalde 341 Seeding, methods 394 Seedlings, growth as affected by- magnesium sulphate 825 rare elements 825 Seeds, analyses ' 10 apparatus for hot-water treatment. . 842 delayed germination 433 distribution, Cal 836 Seeds, distrilmtion , N. J 836 P. R 1045 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 236 India 628 effect of size on germination and growth 47 examination, Ariz 1123 formation of amylase in 126 germination — as affected by — chemicals .' 126 cyanamid compounds 537 different salts 28 ether 44 humidity 1030 inoculation, W. Va 223 light 222, 1052 lime 636 nitrite 431 plant food solutions 935 radium 125 sea water 1031 sewage sludge 328 soil aeration, Mass 221 moisture 329 sterilization, Mass 221 temperature 1030, 1052 experiments 231 • methods 1052 tests, Ariz 1123 Mass 221 importation, U.S.D.A 1030 impurities in, Iowa 1038 inspection, Kans 1124 Ky 935 Me 1123 introduction and distribution, U. S. D.A ., 230 oily, morphology 374 packing for the Tropics 336 preservation, N.J 38 production 36 as affected by inclosing plants 924 respiration 332 soaking, eflect on yield 935 testing, apparatus for, Ariz 1123 methods 208 vitality 142, 330 weed, description, Tex 630 weight per bushel, U.S.D.A 194 Seepage from canals 588 U.S.D.A 187 prevention 387 Seiche, mechanical explanation, U. S. D. A . . 311 Seismographs, improvements in, U. S. D. A . 310 Seismological Association, International, U.S.D..\ 526 Seius pomin. sp., description, N. Y. State. . . 955 Selenium cells, photoelectric properties, U.S.D.A 311 Senecio burchelli, notes . , 586 iacohxa, notes 579,982 latif alius, notes 586 Separator. {See Cream separator.) Septicemia, hemorrhagic, immunization. . 86, 1085 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1279 I'age. Septicemia, hemorrliagic, in elephants 585 studies 578 in pigs 779 Septoria ampelina, notes 649 cucurbilacearum, notes 342 exotica, notes 555 Itjcopersicx, notes 152 sp., notes 342 Septosporium fuckelii, notes 649 Sericulture. {See Silk.) Seringal, cut, preservation 44 Serradella, liming 218 Sesame bacterial disease, notes 644 fertilizer experiments 12:5 Sesbania cannabina as a green manm-e :i:'S Sewage, bacterial treatment 102:5 disposal in Boston 1111 Brunswick 918 farm homes, U S.D. A . . 686 Massachusetts 529 Ohio 716 methods 12 notes 121,882 Kans 988 progress in 915 septic tank method 327 effect on plants 625 irrigation farm, Brunswick 918 field of Arad 436 land treatment 919 nitrification in 12,1023 purification 21 6, 716, 1023 studies 12 sludge as a fertilizer 21 experiments 328 treatment 716 use in vegetable culture 1112 water, analj'ses 918 Sewerage, progress in 915 Shade tree insects, control, N. J 57 trees, culture, Nev 243 varieties for Wyoming 1129 Shadow bands, observations, U.S.D.A 311 Sheep, bod}- as affected by shearing 71 botfly, deposition of eggs and larva. 63 breeding. .' 364 exi)erunents 71 , 694, 763, 974 Ariz 1157 Wis........ 26,3,1074 diseases, problems in 878 digestion experiments (58, 69, 763, 972 Mass 272 Minn 971 Wyo 262 dipping 382,982 vat, description 774 exercise ; . confinement for. Wis 264 feeding experiments 364, 6(')6, 1159 Ariz 1157,1174 Mont 70 Ohio 974 Wis 263,264,1074 for cheese production 1077 poisonous plants to, Wash. . 285 foot rot, notes, U.S.D.A 282 prevalence in Ohio 1080 Page. Sheep, inmiunization against — anthrax 380 blackleg 1082 contagious abortion 681 agalactia 382 louping ill and braxy 382 imports into Great Britain 193 in Belgium 1074 European countries ' 788 Karakul, milk production 978 manure, analyses. Mass 220 metabolism experiments 763 nodular disease. La 677 U.S.D.A 1095 parasites, studies 1166 poisoning by fertilizers 585 plants, Colo 183 pox, prevalence in Kulm 878 scab, control 375 in Ireland 579 Orange River Colony. 582 the Transvaal 983 eradication in Orange River Colony 982 mite, distribution 353 notes 282, 375, 578 prevalence in Hawaii 1163 Ohio 1080 South .\frica 774 skin parasite, new 983 sorrel, destruction. Wis 1043 stomach worms, U.S.D.A 987 wheat straw for S63 wintering, Miss 467 Shelter belts, formation, U.S.D..\. 1133 uses 551 Shingles, production in 1905, U.S.D.A 643 Shoddy as a fertilizer 21 Shorts, analyses 167 effect on strength of bones, Nebr. . . 571 Shot -hole fungus, description and treat- ment 1142 Shrew, notes 891 Shrubs as affected by frosts 1052 culture, annual 742 desert, absorption of atmospheric moisture by 328 hardiness in relation to ripening 548 of British India, treatise 550 ornamental, descriptions, Nov 243 notes, Minn 339 varieties for Wyoming. 1129 Sida corrugata inchopoda, feeding value 364 Silage, analyses. Wash 436 bacteriological studies 1073 crops, cost of production, N.J 31 notes, Can 133 effect on milk, U.S.D.A 596 for horses 467 {See also Com, Clover, etc.) Silene pcndula, cut, preservation 44 Silica as a plant food 813 effect (m nutrition of plants 125 wine 1131 Silicate of potash, fertilizing value, Mass.. . 226 Silicates, solution in soils 12 1280 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Silicic acid, soluble compounds, preparation 724 Sills culture in California 848 Ceylon 1059 Hawaii, U.S. D.A 250 Indo-China 755 Shillong, India 957 industry in France 459 Japan 1090 various countries 258 of Saturnia yama-mai, coloring mat- ter 558, 958 Silljm'orm diseases, notes 755 eggs, preservation, U.S.D.A 250 flaccidity, treatment 1147 flacherie, cause 64 nurseries, disinfection, new method 1147 Silkworms as aflected by disinfected leaves. 854 breeding experiments 560 care of 258 in Madagascar 755 polygamous habit of 755 raising. 459 studies 560 Silos, filling, cost, U.S.D.A... 785 in Wisconsin, Wis 290 reenforced-concrete 785 Silt, canal, composition 217 Silver fish, feeding habits, U.S.D.A 456 leaf disease, description and treat- ment 1142 nitrate, effect on wheat 625 utilization by plants 1108 SimuHum spp., in Sudan 477 Siphanta acuta, notes 59 Siphocoryne avense, notes, U.S.D.A 955 Siphonophora fodiens, notes 59 Sirup, cane. (See Cane sirup.) examination 565 maple, examination, Conn. State 8.54 N. Dak 1065 manufacture and food value, U.S.D.A 259 Sirups, manufacture and food value, U.S.D.A 259 Sisal, culture in Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 Sitophylus granarius, notes . . : 1144 Sitta, composition 217 Sium sisarum, culture and use 39 Skim milk for calves 973 hens, W. Va 270 pigs - - - . 475 Mont 71 Utah 264 poultry. Can 469 Skirret, culture and use 39 Skunks, re^asion of genus Spilogale, U.S.D.A 555 Slag. {See Phosphatic slag.) Slaughterhouse refuse as a fertilizer 21 Slaughterhouses, construction 80 inspection and adminis- tration 80 Sleeping sickness, notes 987 Slime mold, grass-killing, notes 842 Slippery elm, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Slough grass, notes, Wyo 229 Page. Sludge from filter beds, analyses. Mass 220 Slugs, injurious, destruction 651 notes 161, 352 Smut, treatment with formaldehyde, Can.. 163 {See also Barley smut, Com smut, etc.) Snails, injurious, destruction 651 notes 59, 161 Snake bites, treatment 455 Snakeroot, Seneca, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Snakes, importation into Hawaii, U.S.D.A . 157 of Pennsylvania 651 Snapdragon, cut, preservation 44 Snow, effect on egg production, Conn. Storrs 975 rollers, notes, U.S.D.A 525,526,1109 Snowballs, forcing with ether 639 Snowfall in the British Isles 914 Virginia 913 Soap trees in Florida 840 notes 943 Soaps, manufacture, manual 476 preparation and use, U.S.D.A 455 Soda, assimilation by plants 322, 1108 Soderbaum, H. G., biographical sketch 10 Sodium — and potassium, relation in soils 321 benzoate as a meat preservative 565 bicarbonate, efiect on nitrogen excretion 661 chlorid. (See salt.) citrate, effect on milk 369 nitrogen excretion 661 fluorid, efiect on plants 434 nitrate. (See Nitrate of soda.) nitrite, determination 109 fertilizing value 923 salt deposits in Egypt 324 salts, agricultui'al value, R.I 1113 effect on milk 1078 plants, R. 1 1115 silicate, analyses 1150 sulphite as a meat preservative 565 thiosulphate as a meat preservative 565 Soil amendments, analyses 10 analysis, value of 321 bacteria — as affected by carbon bisulphid 533 effect on nitrogenous decomposi- tion, AVis 1026 soluliility of phosphoric acid 219 constituents, availability 1108 fertility — as affected by continuous cropping, Wis 213 crop rotation. S. Dak. 331 liming 426 discussion 397 experiments, N. J 15 maintenance 119, 123, .509 Tex 615 Wis 821 note-.s 394 problems 103 recent investigations, U.S. D..\ 119 relation to atmosphere, U.S. D..\.. 612 improvement 119. 121, 729 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1281 Page. Soil improvement, C'lui 120 Wis 1034 inoculation — experiments 319, .534, 916 Ky 31 N.J 30 U.S.D.A o33 foralfuUa, Ohio 1039 Tex 617 leguminous plants 723, 916 Can 120 N.Y. State 820,821 Wis 232,1038 soy beans 1122 vetch, Miss 435 notes, Okla 29G investigations, wire-basket method, U.S.D.A 12 moisture — as affected by cover crops, Nebr. . . 145 crops 318 tent shelter, Pa 211 U.S.D.A 819 conservation 318, 426, 781 Can 117 U.S.D.A 532 determinations, Del 1036 N. Dak 1033 discussion 11 effect on gennination of seeds 329 protein content of wheat, N. Mex 10 relation to tillage. Can 1037 studies 13 U.S.D.A 820 pots, balance for weighing, N. J 15 sterilization — Ohio 648 R. 1 1125 U.S.D.A 194 effect on bacterial content, Mass . . 222 gennination of seeds. Mass 221 plants 542 wheat, N. Dak 1054 survey field book, U.S.D.A 317 in Louisiana, La 996 temperatures in Alaska. I'.S.D.A 214 Norway..... 318 Prologh Mountains... 533 studies 727 test with fertilizers, plan, Pa 217 Soiling crops cost of production, N. .7 31 feeding value 232 for cows. Miss 1159 N.J 30 notes, Ind 1039 U.S.D.A 230 Soils, absorption of alkaline carbonates by. 215 absorptive properties as affected by lime concretions 1024 acid, determination .327 fertilizer requirements. Wis .... 1024 improvement, Oreg 718 tests, Oreg 717 Page. Soils, aeration, relation to gennination (if seeds. Mass 221 alkali, effect of flooding on 819 investigations 532 of India. r(>clamation 214 Po Valley 215 the United States, U.S.D.A. 317 reclamation, U.S.D.A 118 treatment 186, 216 alkaline compounds in 427 analyses 10, 40. 139, 146, 317, 10.30 Can 120 Ky 114,913 Mass 220 N. Mex - 10 W. Va 20 Wis 213, 1025 unification of terms for 415 as affected by cover crops, Nebr 145 irrigation sediments, \t\7, 428 lime nitrogen 823 sii It water 427 bacteria in 16, 1028 Del 1027 bacteriological — investigations 1023 methods 120,720 review of 1104 banana, of Jamaica, analj'ses 13 bare, nitrogen content 16 buntersandstein, studies 532 Bureau of, report on statements rela- tive to, U.S.D.A 915 cacao, of Africa, analyses 532 carbon bisulphid treatment ,533 dioxid in 1024 changes in, due to earthworms 533 charting in Italy 13 clay, as affected by colloids 616 cultivated, mineral constituents 12 denitriflcation in. . 215, 322, 429, 622, 1025, 1108 differences in 53? effect of bacteria on nitric acid in . . . 215, 428 esparcet, lime content 14 evaporation and drainage from .... 617,881 of ammonia from 916 extraction 116 fallow, investigations 819 fertilizer requirements .321, 921 N.J 14 for greenhouses, drying, Ohio 1046 forest, humus in 916 formation 12. 186, .531 impoverishment by rainfall 317 irrigated, rise of alkali in, U.S.D. .V . . . 483 lime content as affected by nitroge- nous fertilizers, Ila- waii 719 effect on lime in plants. 117 liming 117.217 Md 718 X. .T 31 loss of nitrogen from 322, 622 Minn 119 1282 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Soils, loss of nitrogen from, U.S.D.A 792 management, course in 888 marsh , fertilizer experiments on 730 liming and marl ing 822 reclamation 882 Wis 1034 mechanical analyses 114, 139 W. Va 20 methods of analysis 208, 317, 417, 607 Ky 114 AVis 213 microbiology of 533 moor, analyses 209 culture experiments on 320, 710 fertilizer experiments on 320 liming experiment s on 320 nitrification in 120, 215, 314, 322, 323, 429, 537, 1108 Tex fil6 nitrogen content — as affected by farming. Wis 1025 lime 622 nitrogenous decomposition in. Wis. . . 1026 of Alabama, analyses, U.S.D.A ,8.34 Belgium, potash in 322 Egypt, analyses 324 reclamation 215 Florida, studies, Fla 818 French Guiana, analyses 426 Hawaii, studies, U.S.D.A 213 India , studies 21 6 Iowa 716 Java, formation of hardpan in 915 studies 426,922 Me.xico, analyses 616 New Zealand, analyses 818 Sweden, analyses 208 hygroscopicity 318 Tennessee 114 erosion 318 improvement 318 the department of Yonne, composi- tion 1126 Ganges Valley, physical prop- erties 13 Great Plains, analyses 531, 615 Mugank steppe, studies 420, 818 South, improvement, U.S.D.A. 230 Uinta Reservation, Utah 115 Vermont, discussion, Vt 125 Victoria, analyses 13 Western Australia, analyses 426 phosphoric acid and potash in . 310 Wisconsin, studies, Wis 213 overlimed, regeneration 14 oxidation, investigations 531 peat, reclamation 214 studies, Wis 213 phospho-humic compounds of 531 phosphoric acid content, relation to phosphate manuring 919 putrefactive capacity 720 reaction as affected by fertilizers 427 relation of soda and potash in 321 report on 398 Page. Soils, rice, analyses, Tex 615 sandy, fertilizer experiments on 929 solubility as affected by plants 319 suggestions for experiments 890 swamp, fertilizer experiments on 21 tobacco, of Deli, potash requirements. 119 Hawaii, U.S.D.A 225 treatise , 315, 316, 615, 716 unproductive, studies 720 Solanin in potatoes 360, 421 Solanum triflorum, value in plant breeding. 637 Solar heat, utilization 91 physics oljscrvatory at Kodaikdnal, India, U.S.D.A 311 Soldiers, rations for 464 Solenopsis geminataxyloni, notes, U.S.D.A. 751 Soot, analyses 23 Sore mouth in domestic animals, Va 985 Sorghum cernuum, fat in seed of 858 Sorghum — analyses, Ky 913 cane as a cover crop, Nel.ir 145 culture, S. C 229 experiments, Nelir 1036 S. C 7.30 hay for cows, U.S.D.A 568 hydrocyanic acid in 126, 544 moth borer, notes 60 notes 421 U.S.D.A 230 seed, fat in 858 meal for pigs, Kans 194 seedlings, growtli as affected by acid salts 434 sirup, manufacture and food value, U.S.D.A 259 varieties, S. Dak 134 Sorrel, culture and use 39 Souma, prevalence in Sudan 284 Soups, canned, examination 565 canning and preserving 374 South Carolina Station- financial statement 194. 792 notes 796 report of director 792 vice-director 194 South Dakota Highmore Substation, de- scription 133 Station, notes 196, 597, 796, 1177 Sowbugs, economic importance, U.S.D.A... 952 monograph 559 Soy bean bacterial lilight, notes 149 biscuit, analyses, Conn. State 855 cheese, manufacture in China 857 meal for pigs, Kans 194 Wis 1075 oil, studies 858 beans as a catch crop, Okla 230. 296 cover crop, Del 1035 composition. Pa 234 culinary use 39 culture 39 U.S.D.A 627 experiments, Ind 10.39 Wis 10.33 with corn for silage, Wis. 228 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1283 I'agc. Soy boans, feeding value, U.S.D. A 627 fertilizer experiments 1122 Mass 22(i R.I ni9 Wis 228 for pigs, Wis 200 sheep, Wis 264 germination as affected by nitrite 1122 inoculation experiments 1122 Ky 31 I'a..... 332 Wis.... 228, 232, 1038 notes, Ind '. 1038 varieties 27 Can 133 Ind 927,1039 N.J 31 l>a 234 U.S.D. .\ ....'.... 1122 Va 928 Wis 228 Sparrow, English, notes 58 Spavin, notes, Kans 194 Speed, racing; relation to fatigue 764 Spelt and emmer, crossing 830 for calves, S. Dak 261 varieties 27 Cal 1117 Can 130 Sphaceloma ampelinum, studies 153 Sphxrella brassicxcola, treatment 844 tahifica, notes 343, 844 Sphxronxma adiposum, notes 450 album, notes 945 Sphxropsis malorum, effect on cellulose pro- duction 728 notes, Conn. State. .. 1138 Nebr........... 246 Sphxrostilbe coccophila, notes, Fla 850 Sphxrotheca morx-m-^. notes 248, 347, 451, 452, 645, 649, 1057 treatment 451 pannosa, notes 650 Sphagnum moss, feeding value 261 Sphinx, white-lined morning, notes, Mont.. 351 Spices, ash alkalinity 859 composition of sugars in 859 examination. 421,565 Conn. State 854 Me 756 mixtures, making 374 Spider, red, remedies 351, 849 Spiders, destruction by formaldehyde 3.58 of nun moth by 1145 Spigdia marilandica, studies, U.S.D. A 435 Spikes, railroad, holding force in ties, U.S.D. .V 640 Spilogale, revision of genus, U.S.D. A 555 Spinach, iron in 361 leaf mold, notes. Conn. State 49 lime and magnesia for 32. 117 Spirillosis in fowls 385, 681. 1160 horses 584 Spirillum gallinarum, notes 385 parvum, notes 1166 Page, Spirochxta anodontx n. sp., description 681 sp. as a cause of disease in pigs . 678 Spleen, abscesses of 774 Spondylocladium atrorircns, notes 450 Spores, chemical action of 827 Sporobolus brcvifolius, notes, Wyo 229 Sporodesmium cavernarum n. sp., descrip- tion . .• 051 Spraying apparatus as affected by alkaline p;)lysulphids 10.58 description 550 calendar 358 Iowa 1063 dust V. liquid, Del 754 111 9.39 experiments, Mich 37 Mo. Fruit 938 machine for cattle 99 notes : .56, 162,351,7.50 Okla 296 P. R 142 pumps, notes. Ark 957 Spruce, culture, Iowa 1053 Engelmann, natural pruning 147 for packing boxes, statistics, U.S.D.A 1136 pulp manufacture, statistics, U.S.D.A..... 448 gall louse, notes. Can 1.58 Norway, notes, U.S.D.A 742 seeds, germination experiments 47 value as box material, U.S.D. .4. ()41,1130 western, value for box material, U.S.D.A 541 Spurry, fertilizer experiments 1028 Squashes, breeding experiments, N.J , .38 fertilizer experiments, U. 1 619 Squirrel tail grass, slender, notes, Wyo 229 Squirrels, destruction of insects by 847 of the -Vdirondacks 350 Stables, disinfection, Cal .380 U.S.D.A 792 ventilation, Minn 864 Stakes, marking, N. J 38 Stalk borer, notes 7.50 Can 158 Nelir 1059 Stallions in Orange River Colony 178 Stalls, disinf(;ction with formaldehyde 987 Staphylococcus— pyogenes aureus as affected by formal- dehyde 1163 notes 1160 spp., notes 875 Starch, analyses, Conn. State 854 cassava, methods of separation .361 effect on milk secretion 1159 production as affected h\ apple lilack rot 728 saccharified, feeding value 1073 Starches, composition and heat of combus- tion 912 microscopical examination 66 Starters, preparation and value 576 Statistics, Bureau of, report, U.S.D..\ fi88 Stave, pipes, wooden, durability 784 1284 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Page Steam plant, portable, description 390 use in agriculture 389, 593 Steers, corn silage for, Kans 194 digestion experiments 68, 69 Miim 969 feeding experiments 666 Can 168,169 Ind 665 Miss 466,467 Mont 69 N. Dak 867 N. Mex 70,567 Nebr 362,363 S. Dak 261 Tex 865 U.S.D.A 568 Va 1153 pasture for. Miss 466 poisoning by loco, Colo 81 raising, cost. Miss 466 stable V. open yard for, Miss 467 stall feeding v. grazing, Va 1153 Stellaire, cut, preservation 44 Stellaria holostea, cut, preservation 44 Stereopticon lantern, use in teaching mete- orology, U.S.D.A 311 Sterility in cows, control 580 Sterilizing machine, bacteriological test. Wis 276 Stilbella flavida, notes 650 Stilbum flavidum, notes, P. R 1056 Stock and scion, interrelation 637 effect on scion 40 foods. {See Feeding stuffs, condimen- tal and proprietary.) {See Live stock.) Stomach diseases in cattle 778 staggers in horses 983 wonns in calves and lambs, treat- ment 878 sheep, U.S.D.A 987 Stomatitis in domestic animals, Va 985 necrotic, studies 578 Stomoxys calcitrans, life history ... 1 655 Stone gathering machine, notes 390 Stonn, destructive, near Paris, 111., U.S.D.A. 311 insurance in the West Indies, U.S. D.A Ill Storms, energy of, U.S.D.A 311 sonora, of California, U.S.D.A 612 trajectories of, treatise 61 4 Straw ashes, phosphoric acid in 22 fertilizing value 538 fuel value .' 191 Strawberries, breeding experiments. Me 636 fertilizer experiments 549 Miss... 1127 forcing experiments 549 history and classification 1131 insects affecting, Ind 956 marketing. Miss 1127 preservation with formalde- hyde 41 seedlingvarieties, Mo. Fruit.. 938 varieties, Can 141 Mich 37 Strawberries, varieties. Miss 1127 Ohio 940 Pa 41,239 Wis 1049 Strawberry — leaf blight, notes, Colo 50 spot, description and treatment 1142 luose, notes, Mich 849 Miss 1144 mildew, description and treatment 1142 root louse, notes. Wis 254 worm, notes, Mich 849 weevil in the Southern States, U.S.D.A. 956 notes. Ark 750 Can 158 Del 1058 Mich 849 Stream measurements 483 in winter 1167 sediments, studies, Ariz 427 Streams- bacterial contamination, prevention . . . 716 flow as affected by weather, U.S.D.A. .. 611 pollution by acid-iron wastes 1110 in Michigan 716 Ohio 716 prevention 425 Streptococci in milk 473, 672, 1161 Streptococcus — agalactix, studies 769 lacticus, pathogenicity 672 production of lactic acid by 979 melanogenes, notes 384 pyogenes in butter 176 pathogenicity 672 production of lactic acid by. . . 979 Strongylosis in cattle 677 goats and sheep 981 StrongylUs armatus, notes, Colo 1079 cervicornis as a cause of para- sitic gastritis 983 contortus in sheep 1083 gracilis in cattle ■ 778 spp. in cattle 85 strigosus in rabbits 983 Stysanus stemonitis, notes 450 Subsoils, Belgian, fertilizing value of phos- phoric acid in 1024 Succotash as a soiling crop, U.S.D.A 892 Sucrose, determination 709 in chocolate 1020 inversion by acid mercuric nitrate. 1020 Suet, beef, digestibility 1125 Sugar, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 analyses. Conn. State 854 apples, culture, U.S.D.A 239 as affected Isy cooking 662 beet curly top, notes 51 • U.S.D.A 34 diseases, notes 750,953 heart rot, book on 647 leaf spot, treatment, U.S.D.A.. 34 molasses, notes, U.S.D.A 493 pulp, dried, analyses 572 N.Y. State . 261 R.I 261 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1285 Page. Sugar beet pulp, dried, for cows. Wis 271 lambs, Wis 1074 ensiling experiments 702 notes, U.S.D.A 493 (See also Molasses beet piUp.) Rhizoctonia disease,notes,Colo. 50 root diseases, notes 740 rot, notes 344 seed production, U.S.D.A 35 single-germ, U.S.D.A 34 standard 932 slump, utilization 22 webwonn, notes, Can 158 beets- analyses 734, 832 Ky 913 Mass 241 U.S.D.A •. 34 Wis 234 breeding experiments 697 composition as affected by — disease 746 nitrate of soda 733, 734 culture — Colo 34 U.S.D.A 34 experiments. Can 132 Wis 1033 ' in Kansas 439 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 the United Kingdom 1169 on alkali soils, U.S.D.A 596 sewage fields 436 fertilizer experiments 19, 31 , 331,539,929,1029 Can 132 Colo 138 Wis 228,234 requirements 932, 1120 for pigs, Mont 71 germination as affected by fer- tilizers, Colo 138 growth as affected by light 433, 932 insects affecting 60, 750, 953 investigations, Colo 29 method of analysis 308 occurrence of dodder on 734 quality as affected by nitrogen content 832 varieties 27, 1 116, 1119 Can 132 Wis 234 by-i)roducts, drying 623 cane, analyses 35 U.S.D.A 833 as affected by volcanic ash 1024 breeding experiments 634 culture- experiments 628, 833 Hawaii 33.5,834 in Porto Rico, P. H 1033 U.S.D.A.... 226 lectures on 734 on shares in Fiji, Hawaii, and Mauritius 1169 Page. Sugar cane diseases, address on, Hawaii... 843 in Bengal 450 investigations, Hawaii 843 notes 645, 734, 834 P. R 1060 fertilizer- experiments 35, 439, 628, 833 U.S.D.A 832 requirements 1030 fiber, composition 610 ginnming 451 history 734 impleme n t s, description, Hawaii 834 improvement 697, 9.32 insects affecting 734 P. R lOfiO irrigation experiments 833 juice, inorganic constituents . . . 476 leaf hopper parasites, Hawaii. . 6.'j2 moth borer, notes 60 notes, Miss 436 plantations in Peni ^. 634 products, methods of analysis . ' 308 red rot, treatment 451 root diseases in Hawaii 451 seed bearing, notes, Hawaii 734 germination tests, Hawaii. 734 production 634 seedlings, notes 834 production, Hawaii . 734 soil requirements 1030 stalks, fuel value 191 stripping, Hawaii 138 top rot investigations 344 varieties ,35, 628, 833, 834, 931 Hawaii 335 yield as related to rainfall 423 denatured, as a stock feed 702 determination in honey 912 experiment station in Peru 034 stations in Quccn.sland .. 833 feed, analyses, Me 1153 R.I 201 feeding value 974 for cows 574 industry in Brazil ,394 Hawaii 594 Martinique and Guada- lupe 088 Natal 35 progress in 1900 1109 invert, determination 398 manufacture, hook on 772 iu the United Kingdom 1109 progress in 772 maple, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 yields of lumber, U.S.D..V 440 methods of analysis .398 Muscovado, fermentation in 524 plantations, inspection, Hawaii 7.50 planters, lectures to 734 production, statistics 087 review of literature 813 solutions, clarification 912 1286 EXPEBIMENT STATION KECOED. Page. Sugar statistics, U.S.D.A 34 (.See also Beet sugar ond Caue sugar.) Sugars, clarification with iron compounds. . 476 in chestnut flour, composition 757 spices, composition 859 reducing, detc^rmination 398, 709 unification of methods — 1020 Sulphate of aiiunonia — analyses. Mass 220 R.I 1108 apparatus for making 536 determination 109 effect on composition of rye 033 fertilizing value 19, 123, 217, 219, 333, 429, 431, 537, 622, 916, 923, 1028, 1029, 1109, 1113 Mass 226, 227 manufacture 536 apparatus lor 1028 in Belgium 32.5 production in Italy 724 the United Kingdom 431 Sulphate of potash- analyses, Mass 220 R.I IIOS and magnesia, analyses. Mass 220 effect on composition of rye 6.33 f ertiUzing value, Mass 226, 227 notes 219 Sulphites, determination in sirups 398 Sulphoeyanid, fertiUzing value 623 Sulphur as an insecticide 59 determination in plants 398 dioxid as a refrigerating medium .. 192 effect on tea f ohage 1059 fineness, determination 56 fumes, use in must defecation, Cal. 674 washes. (See I-imo-sulphur washes.) Sulphuric acid as a fungicide 249, 454 determination in vinegar 010 effect on germination of seeds 136 growth of fungi 542 in heated :nilk 474 Sulphurous acid, determination in meats. . . 1148 effect on digestion 565 organisms in wine 772 in wine making 374, 772 Sumach, low, value in plant breeding 637 Sunflowers, culture in Russia 439 on sewage fields 436 growth as affected by mush- rooms, N. Y. Cornell 827 Sunlight, effect on plant growth 527 Sunshine in the British Isles 914 Sunspots, relation to rainfall 528 Superphosphate — ammoniated, fertilizing value 21 analyses, La 540 Mass 220 R.I 1108 changes in soils 539 effect on protein content of barley 630 fertilizing value 124, 219, 539, 725, 919,-928 R. 1 619,620 free acids in 7 manufacture 22, 724 Page. Superphosphate— Continued. methods of analysis 108, 307 residual effects 326 Suppm-ation in domestic animals 875 Surra, notes 585 prevalence in Africa 584 Swamp fever in horses, N. Dak 1084 studies 578 soils, fertilizer experiments on 21 Swans of North America, U.S.D . A 349 Swede fliiger-and- too disease, treatment 28 Swedes, culture 929 Miss 1128 fertilizer experiments 27 improvement 235 varieties 27, 928 Swedish Royal Agricultural Academy, chemical laboratory 10 Sweet cicely, cultm-e and use 39 clover for pigs 1157 corn, breeding experiments, N. J 38, 836 canning, 'La 736 seed selection, R. 1 631 varieties 27 peas, cross inoculation 1031 forcing by acetylene light 39 potato diseases, notes, Ala. College .. 245 potatoes, canning, La 736 harvesting, Ala. Tuskegee . 634 storing, Ala. Tuskegee 634 Okla 237,296 U.S.D.A 792 Swine diseases, infectious, prevalence in Italy 579 erysipelas, chronic, lesions of 779 control in Sweden 1085 method of vaccination 382 prevalence in Norway 580 Orange Riv- er Colony. 178 transmission to man 879 plague, control in Sweden 1085 diagnosis 184 etiology 282, 383 immunization 86, 879, 1085 in South Africa 283 monograph 582 jjcctoral form 879 relation to atelectasis 383 studies ■- 283 virus, filterability 283, 1085 (Sec also Pigs.) Sycamore antlu-acnose, studies 347_ leaf blight, notes' 347 Sykes, Walter J., biographical note 600 Syngamus trachealis in pigeons 89 TabanidsE-, biology of 163 Tabanus atratus, notes 256 quadrinolatus, notes 163 quatuornotatus, life history 256 spp., notes 284 U.S.D.A 256 Tachina rustica parasitic on silkwonns 560 Tamarack, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Tamarind pulps, analyses 462 Tanbark, statistics, U.S.D.A 448 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1287 PaRO. Taniers, culture, Ariz 1171 Tankage, analyses, Iowa 905 La 540 Mass 220 R. I 619,1108 Tex 968 effect on strength of bones, Nebr. 571 for pigs, Micii 72 Ncbr 570 U.S.D.A 892 Tannery refu.se as a fertilizer 21 Tannic acid, fertilizing value 240 role in cork formation 826 Tannin, determination 310,397,813 report on 398 Tanning materials, preparation . 813 Tannin.s, botany and physiology 728 Tapeworms in pheasants 681 Tar for road iniproveinent 289,290 U.S.D.A -289 smudge for frost protection 211 Tares, cross inoculation 1031 inoculation experiments 428 Taros, culture, Ariz 1174 Tarsoncmus spp., notes 59 Tartaric acid, lead and arsenic in 1149 Taste, physiology of 567 Tea, adulteration, U.S.D.A 164 as affected by moisture 43 blister blight in Upper Assam 452 Cape Bush, analysis 65 culture in India 337 Java 922 diseases, notes 945 fermentation 42 foliage as affected by sulphur 1059 methods of analysis 397 mites, remedies 1059 Paraguay, germination tests 143 plantations, rejuvenation 338 renovation 43, 338 tannin content 42 varieties 41 Teak, reproduction in Burma 241 Temperature — abnormal, in New South Wales, U.S.D.A. 311 atmospheric — as affected by tent shelter. Pa 211 U.S.D.A. 819 variations in 117 effect on germination of seeds 1030,1052 growth of trees 211 soft cheese 873 wines 476 ■fluctuation, U.S.D.A Ill forecasting, method, U.S.D.A 813 of December, 1905, U.S.D.A Ill records, U.S.D.A 813 variations in 312,313 over limited area, U.S.D.A. . 52f> Tennessee Station, financial statement 194 notes 796 report of director 194 I'niversity, notes 796 relations to State . . . 1093 Tent caterpillar, notes. Me 1174 Page. Tent shade, effect on temperature and .soil moisture. Pa 211 Teosinte. culture, S. C 229 I'ephrosia Candida, culture 338 Termes gcslroi, life history 8.52 Termites, South American, studies.'. 357 Tetanus — bacillus, measurement of ana-robiosis of 11G5- following enteritis 878 in horses, notes 774 investigations 676 reaction of toxin and antitoxin 676 toxin as affected by ether extract of antitetanus serum 1165 treatment 87,384,676 Tetranyclms silvestrii as a cause of thrush in horses 1165 Texas College, notes 895 fever, blood parasite in 84 control 375 U.S.D.A 181 immunization 478, 580 in cattle 1103 notes 478 Miss '. .. 476 parasite, biology 478 notes 164 persistence, U.S.D.A. 1104 prevalence in Java 582 South Africa . . 375, 380 Western Austra- lia 1162 susceptibility of cattle to 696 ticks, host relations, U.S.D.A. 380 Hfe history, U.S.D.A. . . . 1164 (See also Cattle ticks.) transmission, U.S.D..V 478,1105 treatment with hemoglobin... 478 Station, notes 895 Thein, determination . .'. 397 Thclephora lacinata, description 55 Therina somniaria, notes. Can 158 Thermodynamics of atmosphere, U.S.D.A. 311, 813,814 Thermomi'ter reathngs, Glaishcr's factors and Ferrel's formula, U.S.D.A 310 Thermojisis diraricarpa, notes, Wyo 229 Thiclaria hasicola, notes. Conn. State... 1138,1139 Thielaviopsis elhacciicua, description, Ha- waii 844 notes 450 Thistle butterfly, notes. Conn. State 57 Thistles, Canada, law in Kentucky, Ky 37 Thomas-ammonium-phosphate — decomposition 124 fertilizing value 725 notes 124 stability ; 539,824 Thomas slag. {See Phosphatic slag.) Tliosca cincrcamarginata, notes 60 Threshing machinery, treatise 192 Thrips, notes 557 of California, U.S.D.A 952 Thrips tabaci, notes 557 Thrush in horses 1 105 Thunderstorms, relation to moon phases.. . iil3 1288 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Thysanoptera of California, U.S.D.A 952 Tick disease in sheep 878 fever. {See Texas fever.) Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) Ticks in Great Britain, studies 256 life history and habits 357 notes 58,251,655,750,875 remedies 352 transmission of diseases by 99,352,1064 (See also Cattle ticks.) Ties, railroad — as affected by preservatives, U.S.D.A . . 447 holding force, U.S.D.A 640 jarrah for 1135 production, U.S.D.A 447 Tile drainage, studies 286 drains, construction, Wis 684 Tilia am ericana, notes, U.S.D.A 742 Tillage in relation to soil moisture, Can 1037 Tilletia leiis, treatment 842 tritici, treatment 842 Timber — as affected by preservatives, U.S.D.A . . 447 commercial, in New South Wales 46 creosoted, durability, U.S.D.A 1135 destruction by ants, prevention 741 dry rot, notes 1135 studies. Conn. State 1139 exports from Western Australia 1135 insects affecting 1135 lands, burnt, seeding, U.S.D.A 230 measuring 341 of India, mechanical tests 243 Western Australia, strength of 1135 preservation 745 with creosote 148 prices, movement, U.S.D.A 1134 resources of Western Australia 1135 shipping ports 1135 statistics 744 structure of, studies 623 supply of the United States 944 U.S.D.A... 1134 tests, manual for engineers, U.S.D.A . . 486 use in mines, U.S.D.A 642 (See also Lumber and Wood.) Timothy — culture, U.S.D.A 230 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 225 fertilizer experiments 20 Md 718 N.Y.Cornell 933 germination tests, Iowa 1038 hay, analyses. Wash 436 composition as affected by manures, Minn 1037 notes, Wyo 229 seed, adulteration, Ohio 627 examination, Iowa 1038 ■\vild, notes, S. Dak 133 Tin, colloidal, effect on plants 25, 624 Tipula parva, notes 160 Tires, relation to road construction 388 Titmice as forest conservators 350 Toads, economic relations 350 Page. Tobacco- analyses, Ky 913 Mass 241 as an insecticide 655 bacterial wilt, studies 151 bed rot, treatment, Ohio 554 black root, treatment, Ohio 554 breeding, U.S.D.A 1042 experiments 696 Conn. State 35 Wis 1042 in Kentucky 697 Ohio 696 records, keeping, U.S.D.A ... 1042 burning quality, testing, U.S.D.A 35 composition as affected by fertilizers . . . 440 cost of hauling, U«S.D.A 886 cover crops for, Wis 1042 crop reports, U.S.D.A 293,787 Cuban seed, culture in Alabama, U.S. D.A 834 culture, Ariz 1174 experiments 634, 635 P. R 1033 in Florida 1030 Hawaii, U.S.D.A 225 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 the United Kingdom 1169 Virginia 93 U.S.D.A 235 on soils reforested ^fnth Albizzia moluccana 734 curing shed, description. Wis 1042 damping off, notes. Conn. State 49, 1138 treatment, Ohio 554 diseases in France, investigations 344 fertilizer experiments 440, 539, 697 Ohio 138 U.S.D.A 235 Wis 1042 growth as affected by shade, U.S.D.A . . 819 inbreeding, U.S.D.A 231 insects affecting, Conn. State 57, 848 notes 841 plant beds, notes, Ohio 691 productionin 1906, U.S.D.A 488 root rot, investigations. Conn. State. . . 1139 seeds, descriptions 934 species, treatise 440 splitworm in Hawaii 353 thrips, remedies 1144 studies, U.S.D.A 1060 varieties 634, 635, 697 Can 133 descriptions, U.S.D.A 1042 wilt, notes 344 Tomato bacterial blight, notes, Colo 50 black rot, notes 152 blight, notes 648 treatment, Idaho 1047 catsup, analj'ses 960 diseases in California, Cal 945 notes 342 Fla 746 downy mildew, notes, Mass 221 leaf blight, notes 152 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1289 Page. Tomato leaf curl, studies 553 rust, notes 152 spot, treatment, Conn. Storrs. 52 pimply rot, notes 152 products, analyses 564 rosette, notes 152 treatment, Ohio 648 sleepy disease, notes 152 Tomatoes—. analyses 564 breeding experiments, N. J 38,836 broom rape affecting, N.J 56 canning. La 736 experiments 41 in Maryland 839 culture 152 experiments, Md 937 in greenhouses Wis 1046 effects of excessive feeding. Wis 237 fertilizer experiments, Idaho 1046 R.I 1125 Tox 736 forcing by acetylene light 39 insects affecting 152 mulching experiments, Ohio 1045 pruning, Idaho 1046 experiments. Can 141 spraying experiments, Md 937 Miss 1128 varieties, Idaho 1046 Md 937 Tex 736 yield as affected by pinching back. Can . 141 Tomicus dispar on apple trees 852 spp., notes 652 typographus, generations 852 Topography of northeastern Texas 113 treatise 586 Tornado at Meridian, Miss., U.S.D..\ Ill Stafford, Kans., U.S.D..\ 311 in .\ustralia, U.S.D.A 311 Minnesota, U.S.D.A 814 Wisconsin, U.S.D.A.. 311,814 Toxins in sterilized tuberculous products... 1163 treatise 674 Toxylon pomiferum, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Trade winds, relation to rainfall in England. 314 Trans-Missouri Dry Farming Congress 700 Transplanter for root crops 90 Tree branches, fuel value 191 cricket, snowy, notes, Del 1058 crickets, notes 852 diseases, treatment, internal, N. Dak.. 24 hopper, buffalo, notes 158 Ark 750 root rot, description and treatment. .. 1142 notes 154 seedlings, management, U.S.D..\ 242 seeds, germination experiments 47 tests 341 preparation for planting, U.S. D.A 242 strangling fungus, description 55 wounds, treatment 754 Ohio 939 Trees, artificial feeding, X. Dak 1054 Page. Trees, as affected by frost 338 assimilation of carbon dioxid by 127 coniferous, insects affecting 114G culture, Iowa 1053 for fence posts, U.S.D.A 745 manual 742 determination of financial increment . 1052 exotic in Europe ir-, for wind-breaks and shelter-belts 551 growth as affected by — cultivation, Ohio 1051 rainfall and temperature 211 hardiness in relation to ripening 548 Nel)r. 238 hardwood, as affected by frost 1052 improvement 444 injuries by mice and rabbits, Ohio. . . 691 insects affecting 59, 356, 4.56, 1146 N.J 57 U.S.D.A 446 larvae in, destruction 753 mensuration 341 nursery, f(!rtilizer experiments 550 of British India, treatise 550 Great Britain and Ireland, book. 1134 Ontario, Can 942 the Transvaal 943 Western Australia 1135 ornamental, notes, Minn 339 packing and shipping, U.S. D..V 742 planting, Okla 237,296 in Massachusetts 45 relation to climate 1052 on the farm. Can 942 protection, notes 551 pruning, Ohio 1051 seed selection 742 shade, culture, Nev 243 ' soap, in Florida 840 notes 943 sun scald, notes. Mass 221 transplanting, U.S.D..V 742 varieties for fann wood lots 740 Wyoming 1129 winter killing. Mass 221 Trembles in live stock, cause • 876 Treponema pallidum, notes 385 Trichinae in rats 585, 879 intestinal, transmission 383 Trichogramma pretiosa, notes 01 Trichosphxria sacchari, description, Ha- waii 844 Trifolium pratense foUosum n. sp., U.S.D..V. 438 Triton cristatus, notes 357 muticellus, notes 357 Trombidium locustarum, notes 353 Trout, introduction into Natal 594 Truffles, culture 40 Trypanosoma brucei, destruction 481 studies 284, 481 eguiperdum. notes 879 evansi, notes 879 Trypanosome— disease in animals 481 horses 87 transmission by flies 63 1290 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Trypanosome— Continued. disease, transmission by Olossina pal- jjalis 10G4 diseases in Barbary 285 German East Africa 84 Sudan 284, 477 investigations 585 review of literature 375 studies 879 of nagana 284 Tr\T)anosomes — as aflected by Ijenzidixa colors 481 investigations 585 notes 987 Trj'psin, hydrolysis of casein by 873 Tsetse flies, anatomy and physiology 63 breeding habits 458 in Sudan 477 remedies 458 transmission of diseases by. 99 Tubercle bacilli- agglutination 776 as affected by formaldehyde 1163 pus cells 1081 attenuation investigations 773 chemical constitution 1081 culture media for 84 dead, as affected by light 379 resorption by animals 478 destruction by turpentine 280 fat-free, inoculation experiments 377 fish, cultures 770 homogenization. 281 hiunan and bovine, differentiation. 1103 experiments with animals 278 virulence 870 in lymphatic glands of tuberculous ani- mals 180, 775 milk, demonstration 875 infectiousness, U.S.D. A 82 powder : 473 of different origin, reaction 1104 studies 580,1104 virulence 82,870 low virulence 377 relation to fiif ection 675 leucocytes 83 resistance to acids ; 281 virulence 281 Tubercles, root. {See Root tubercles.) Tuberculase, preparation 370 Tuberculin— as affected by light 379 effect on tuberculous tissue 83 in tuberculous organs 280 reaction, studies 280, 379, 1081 test, application to pigs, U.S.D. A 378 effect on mUk secretion. Wis 273 notes 83 U.S.D.A 477 reliability 279 tests in Ohio 1080 Wisconsin, Wis 1081 use 580, 983 value 83 Tuberculosis — abdominal zooglcic, in birds 770 Page. Tuberculosis— Continued . and pneumonia in horses 774 as a cause of immobility in cattle 776 avian, investigations 180 notes 1163 bovine — clinical diagnosis, mask for 1081 control 378 in Saxony 81 diagnosis 180 in Maine 983 Wisconsin, Wis 1080 notes 99, 581 origin of 179 transmission 279, 1081 to anthropoid apes . . . 478 fowls 180 pigs, U.S.D.A 379 tubercles in 279 cereljral, in cattle and horses 378 control 375 U.S.D.A 477 in Pennsylvania. 875 discussion 982 eradication, discussion 696 experimental, recovery from 776 human — and animal, relation, U.S.D.A 477 lio vine, relation 179, 775, 875 transmission to anthropoid apes . . . 478 cattle 179,278 fowls 180 treatment 376 immunity of l)ee moth to 180, 378 immunization 98, 178, 181, 279, 378, 076, 773, 876, 983, 984, 1082 U.S.D.A 477 in animals 477 captive wild animals 1163 horses 180 pigs 83, 99, 1082 sources of infection, U.S.D..\ 379 investigations, summary of results 376 mammary, origin 278 methods of infection, U.S.D.A 775 new abstract journal 200 notes 580, 076, 983 nutrition of animals in 179 of esophageal musculature in cattle 984 male genital organs in cattle 83 on sewage farms 1082 origin and extinction 774 pathogenesis of 179 pathology, U.S.D.A 477 phagocytosis in 84 prevalence in — Canada 578 Europe, U.S.D.A 477 Germany 774 Italy 579 Minnesota 578 New Jersey 875 Norway 580 Orange River Colony 178 the Transvaal 983 United States, U.S.D.A 477 Western Australia 875, 1162 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1291 Page. Tuberculosis— Continued. primary, of tlic larynx 776 problems in 1081 properties of serum in G75 pulmonary, origin 376, 377 retrogressive infection 378 review of literature 375 sources of infection 477, 580 statistics 983 transmission Isy food 1162 insects 100 millc 278,775 hereditary 279 treatment, von Behring method 799 with griserin 280 tubercfilin and antituberculin in 280 vaccination and serotherapy for 776 virulence of lymphatic glands in 180 Tuberculous products, sterilized, toxic prop- erties 1163 sputum, desiccated, harmful- ness 1081 tissue, antituberculin in 83 Tulip bulbs, ha rvcsting and storing 1132 disease, treatment 847 Tulips, forcing with ether 44 Tumors in cattle 983 domestic animals 1080 notes 1162 review of literature 375 Tupelo, utilization, U.S.D.A 446 Turkeys, breeding 699 raising. Can 365 in America 573 standard for judging 73 Turnip catsup, analyses 960 flea beetle, notes 158 weevil, remedies 158 white spot, notes, Conn. State 1138 Turnips, analyses 139 cow-horn, as a cover crop, Del 1035 culture. Miss 1128 experiments. Can 132 in Northern Norway 320 Porto Rico, U.S.D.A. . 226 on sterilized soil, R. I 1125 feeding value 666 fertilizer experiments 139, 929 Can 132 R.I 619 for cows ; 977 improvement 235 nitrogenous fertilizers for 139 varieties 27 Can 132 Turpentine as a disinfectant 280 Turtle industry in the West Indies 668 Tu.skcgce Agricultural Institute, work 490 Tussock moth, notes 158 Cal 851 Can 158 Conn. State .57 Me 1174 N.J .57 Twig girdlers, notes. Ark 7,50 Tylemhus dcvastatrix, notes 645, 648 Tympanites, chronic, in cattle 778 Page. Tympanites in cattle, treatment 877 Typhoid bacilli as affected by carljon di- oxid, U.S.D.A 425 destruction l)y copper 530 in butter 176 fever, transmission liy milk 576 Tyroglyphidaj of the United States, U.S. D.A 457 Tyroglyphus longior, notes 358 Tyrosin, assimilation by plants 26 Udder, bacteria in 75 infection with tubercle bacilli 82 Uinta Reservation, agricultural reconnais- sance, Utah 115 Ulcer, tuberculous, as a oause of hemorrhage 677 XJlmus americana, notes, U.S.D.A 742 puhcscens, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Uncinula spiralis. (See Grape powdery mil- dew.) Underground water.. (See Water.) United States Department of .Vgrieulturo— appropriations 1907-8 701 Biological Survey, publications 157 Bureau of— Animal Indu.stry, publications 1174 report 1174 Entomology, pul)lications 556 Statistics, report 088 Farmers' Bulletin suliject index 596 LiV)rary, accessions 20(i, 1095 new building 497 OfTice of Experiment Stations — publications 691 report 492 work 1011 relation to experiment stations 295 report of Secretary 295, 791 on statements relative to Bureau of Soils 915 reports 1094 seed and plant introduction and distri- bution 230 Weather Bureau. (See Weather Bu- reau.) Urea, excretion as affected by bread 1067 Uredinere, culture experiments 50 hoteroecism and specialization. . . 842 Uric-acid excretion — as affected by bread 1067 chocolate and coffee 360 fish 361 Urine, analyses 68, 69 as affected by bread 1067 bloody, in animals, treatment 181 live stock, purin bodies in 572 Uromyces appendiculatus, notes, N. Y. Cor- nell 51 Uropoda obnoxia, notes 59 Urothlyclis alfalfx, notes 151 UsHlago rnaydis on corn roots 1141 sacchari, notes 450 shiraiana, description 154 spp., treatment 552, 842 Utah College, notes 495, 796, 895, 999 Station, financial statement 691 notes 495, 796, 895, 999 report of director 691 1292 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Utah Substations, reports 996 Vaginitis, contagious, in cows 480 treatment 182 gangrenous, in cows 182 ^'anessa id, production of golden pupse 558 urticx, production of golden pupae. 558 Vanilla, notes 942 Vapor and air mixtures, problems in, U.S. D.A 1109 dust, Krakatoa, U.S.D.A Ill Variation, book on 1143 Veal loaf, examination 1147 Vetch, nitrate of soda for, N.J 31 winter, notes, N.-J 30 Vegetable — colors, reagents 166 fruits, ink prints, N.J 38 gardens, U.S.D.A 142 Growers' Association, Ontario 142 physiolog}', progress in 190G 1108 products, identification in feces 68 proteids. {See Proteids.) Vegetables — analyses. Mass 241 canned, adulteration, U.S.D.A. 164 discoloration 859 examination 565 N. Dak 259,1065 canning. La ■. 736 Wis 260 and preserving 374 Chinese, notes, N. J 837 cooking, U.S.D.A 165 culture 142 Miss 1128 experiments, Can 140 La 735 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 236 Brazil 197 England 839 Japan 735 New Zealand 636 Porto Rico, P. R 142, 1045 U.S.D.A 236 on sewage farms 436. 1112 fertihzers for 1030 growth as affected by electricity 142 imports into England 839 Hawaii 352 improvement 444 insects affecting. Can 349 notes. Miss 436 planting table lor, U.S.D.A 142 preservation 838 production in France 594 treatise 39, 937 varieties, La 735 descriptions 38 for Ontario, Can 1130 {See also specific kinds.) Vegetarian diet, fallacies 3G0 Vegetation of Texas 824 Velvet beans as a green manure 120 culture in Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 226 notes 197 grass, culture, U.S.D.A 230 Page. Veneer, wood used for, U.S.D.A 642 Venoms, animal, treatise 674 Verbena triphylla, translocation of essential oils in 1033 Vermont Station, notes _ 396,496,896 University, notes 396,896 Veronica disease, new, notes 555 Vetch as a catch crop 139 cover crop, Del 1036 green manure 918 Fusarium disease, notes 645 hairy, as a cover crop for tobacco. Wis 1042 culture, S. C 229 experiments. Miss 435 leaf spot, notes, Conn. State 1138 seed, feeding value 762 Vetches, culture, U.S.D.A 230 experiments 139 in Porto Rico.;U.S.D.A... 226 fertilizer experiments 124 hydrocyanic acid in 126, 925 inoculation, Miss 435 experiments. Pa 332 liming 218 varieties 27, 139, 836 Veterinary — apparatus for intravenous injections.. . 774 association in Kentucky 98 clinic at New Haven, Conn 100 college and physiological laboratory, new • 498 education in Illinois 98 the United States 98, 375 hospitals, educational value 98 in Madras 982 instruction in Belgium 490 investigations, notes 580 Medical Association 98, 981 medicine, literature in 1905 476 papers on 98 pathology, re\-iew of Uterature 375 text-book 577 remedies 472 schools in Prussia 1172 ■ the United States 375 ser\-ice in Cuba 98 Hawaii 98 Italy 579 New Zealand 982 Norway 580 Saxony 579 the United States 375 .\rmy 99 work in Glasgow 579 Vilirio, immunity to 675 Vicia angusti/olia seed, hydrocyanic acid in 925 pannonica, notes 836 Vicianin in vetch seed 925 Vigna sinensis, notes 421 Vilbouche%itch, J., biographical sketch 799 Vinasse, recovery of nitrogen from 536 Vinegar, analyses 65, 1069 Conn. State 854 Me 756 caramel in 397 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1293 rage. Vinegar, pxamination, Tex 9G0 honey, notes, U.S.D.A 892 making with pure cultures 1079 malt, analyses 960 treatise 772 Vineyards. (See Grapes.) Viola odorata, cut, preservation 44 Violet anthracnose, notes, Conn. State 1138 sawfly, notes 158 Violets, cut, preservation 44 \'irginia College, notes 298, 598, 796, 999, 1098 Station, financial statement 996 notes ... 96,298,598,796,999,1098 report of director 996 Viticulture, economics of 941 Wages, farm, in California 686 Ireland 788 Japan 1090 Ohio 1171 Ontario 788 Russia, U.S.D.A 393 Western Australia 392 Wah disease resembling rinderpest 878 Walnut blight, investigations, Cal 945 leaf blotch, description and treat- ment 1142 Walnuts, black, hardiness in relation to ripening, Nebr 238 notes, U.S.D.A 1133 culture in Oregon, Oreg 840 EngUsh, culture in New York 339 Franquette, culture in Oregon ... 743 improvement > 444 varieties, Oreg 840 Warble fUes, control 480 remedies 163 Warblers as forest conservators 350 Warbles in cattle, Kans 194 Warington, Robert, biographical sketch. . . 807 Washington College, notes 790, 1098 Station, notes 96, 796, 1098 Wasp larvse, destruction by formaldehyde . 358 Waste products, analyses, Coim. State 618 as fertilizers 21 utilization 123 Water- air-lift pumping 589 analyses 615, 656, 813, 1030 application in irrigation 387, 588 Ariz 1107 U.S.D.A 1087 artesian, use in irrigation 587 as plant food 618 bacteria in 212 Kans 370 prevention 176 bacteriological examination 212 composition 815 cress, insects affecting 850 determination in butter 419 U.S.D.A 710 fats 419 foods 398 grain, U.S.D.A 1122 tea 397 drainage. (See Drainage water.) 13781—07 8 Page. Water— Continued. duty of, in irrigation 588 N. Mex 288 effect on direction of wind, U.S.D.A 612 wood, U.S.D.A 743 evaporation from soils 881 relation to meteorology . . . 423 examination 7,913 use of Bacillus prodigiosus in 425 filter, description 614 filtration as affected by copper sul- phate treatment, U.S.D.A 425 fortable use, U.S.D.A 493 glass, analyses 1150 hemlock, notes, Colo 81, 183 hygiene of 715 Investigations, progress in 614 irrigation, sediments in, U.S.D.A 1095 level as affected by forests 942 losses from canals, prevention 387 measurement of, in irrigation 588 measuring devices, description 588 methods of analysis 418 Nile River, analyses 421 power, use in manufacture of fertil- izers 430, 1112 powers in northern Wisconsin 189 Norway 122 purification by ozone 614 methods 614 purity, discussion 421 rain. (See Rain water.) resources of northeastern Texas 113 Owens Valley, California. . 483 the Rio Grande Valley 1110 rights, acquirement of, U.S.D.A 482 in Wyoming 989 role in soU fertilization 11 saline, effect on soils 427 sanitary analysis, value of 715 sea, nitrogenous compounds and sUica in 816 self-purification 213 sewage, analyses 918 softening 715 and treatment 530 apparatus, description 424 spring, analyses 918 from limestone regions 614 storage and regulation for irrigation 989 suppUes — as affected by forests 643 bacterial examination 817 engineering features in 1906 915 filtration 715 for farm homes, U.S.D.A 685 in Bombay Presidency and Sind . . . 1172 Connecticut 816 Massachusetts 529 Ohio, examination 716 RosweU area. New Mexico 113 southern Michigan 816 the Upper Ohio River basin 314 notes 882 on farms, Kans 988 sources 715 1294 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Water— Continued . supplies— continued . treatment for algse 212 with copper 529,530,715 iron sulphate 530 lime 530 supply of Erie, Pa 314 Uinta Reservation, Utah 115 pure, value 314 temperatures, variation 117 underground- bibliography 315 in Arkansas Valley 188, 817 different States 424 eastern Colorado 817 Jordan River Valley 189 Long Island, New York 11 Mississippi 315 northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas 817 Roswell area, New Mexico 113 South Platte Valley 1110 Utah Lake VaUey 189 papers on 315 sanitary relations 915 vapor excretion as affected by various factors 567 well, analyses, Can 112 composition 216 ' duty of, in irrigation, N. Mex 288 fluctuations in 112 raising l)y compressed air 682 relation to typhoid fever 71 6 wheels, turbine, tests 484 Watennelon, hybrid, notes 948 wilt, resistance to 948 Waters, mineral, analyses 566 Ky 913 of western Kentucky 425 muddy, purification 715 of Vermont, analyses 816 potable, of Lodi 475 Watersheds, chaparral cover in California. . 46 Waterspout near Cottage City, U.S.D.A . . . 525, 526,612,813 Tarrytown, N. Y., U.S. D.A 311 winter, U.S.D.A 1109 Waterspouts in Maryland, U.S.D.A 1109 Wattle, black, industry in South Africa 448 Wax from rafia palm 443 Waxes, grafting, preparation, R. 1 1125 technology of 577 Wealth , distribution in Bern 885 Weather — abnormal, in southern Texas, U.S.D.A. 612 Bureau — duty of, U.S.D.A Ill men as instructors, U.S.D.A Ill, 311,. 526, 612, 814, 1109 observers, instructions for,I^.S.D.A. 10 predictions, relation to transporta- tion 422 report of chief, U.S.D.A Ill, 1020 river and flood service, U.S.D.A 210 stations in the United States, U.S.D.A Ill Page. Weather — Continued. cablegrams, international, U.S.D.A 612 chart of the West Indies, U.S.D.A 311 charts and reports, utility in India 713 conditions in Alaska, U.S.D.A 295 effect on protein content of barley 630 yield of milk. Miss 472 forecasting — U.S.D.A 111,814 from synoptic charts 311 mountain stations for, U.S.D.A 814 notes 713 utilization in agriculture 1023 forecasts — in Great Britain 313 South Africa, U.S.D.A 1109 weighting. U.S.D.A 311 guide 211 in the British Isles 311 investigations 611 maps from China, U.S.D.A 526 of the German weather service. . . 1023 preparation 713 observations, notes 613 of New York as affected by Gulf Stream, U.S.D.A 612 problems, discussion 711 relation to cereal rusts 450 crops 712 stream flow, U.S.D.A 611 service of Germany 422 opportunities, U.S.D.A Ill treatise 10 Webworm, fall, notes 158,356 Kans 194 remedies 351 garden, notes, Kans 194 grass, life history 456 notes 60 Weed law, N. Dak 1054 manual, Ohio 627 seeds, descriptions, Tex 630 Weeds, analyses 813 Minn 1037 assimilation of nitrogen by, Minn . . 1037 control 251 destruction, Mimi 140 Wis 1043 dry, fuel value 191 effect on nitrification in soils 120 in Prince Edward Island 1033 injurious, notes 58 legislation in Natal 58 notes 149 Ky 37 on acid soils, Oreg 718 relative aggressiveness, N. J 38 {See also specific plants.) Weevils related to cotton boll weevil, U.S.D.A 751 Weights and measures, tables of 644 Weir, CipoUetti, description, Ariz 1167 Wells, artesian, in Australia 782 boring apparatus, description 989 drilling 425 in southern Michigan 816 West Virginia Station, notes 96, 196, 796, 1098 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1295 Page. West Virginia University, notes. 1%, 896, 1098, 1177 Whale refuse, analyses 922 Wheat, analyses, Can 168 N. Dak 867 animal enemies 1144 Australian, milling qualities 835 barnyard manure for .325 bran, analyses .572 Conn. State 862 La .571 Mass 967 R.I 261 Tex 968 Wis 969 for cows, Mass 272 Pa 574 horses. Can 168 notes, U.S.D.A 792 phosphorus content, N. Y. State .570 ■breeding experiments 2.31 for drought resistance 933 methods : 933 chops, analyses, Tex 968 composition as afTected by time of cutting, Gal 1117 cost of hauling, U.S.D.A 886 culture. Can 133 Ind '. 236 S.C 229 experiments. Can 130 Nebr 1036 Okla 296 S.C 730 S. Dak 331 Va 927 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 224,225 damaged, analyses, Wis 969 disease, new, notes 645 diseases, resistance to 946' N. Dak 1054 durum, baking tests, Colo 29 exports, U.S.D.A 293 notes, U.S.D.A 230 studies, S. Dak 335 varieties 635 Cal 8.36,1117 Can 129,130 Nebr 10.36 S. Dak 134 effect on soil moisture 318 exports, U.S.D.A 787 from Russia, U.S.D.A 393 factors determining quality 440 feed, mixed, analyses, Conn. State. . 862 Iowa 965 Mass 967 R.I 261 fertilizer experiments 20, 28, 219, 028, 717,731,1029,1113 Cal 1117 Can 1,30 Ind 236 Md 718 Minn 1.39 N. Mex 29 Page. Wheat, fertilizer e.xpcriment.s, Ohio 691 W. Va 20 flinty, notes 236 flour. (See Flour.) for sheep, Mont 70 steers, Mont 69 N. Dak 867 garlicky, U.S.D.A 35 germination— as aflfected by— colloidal substances 624 fungicides 450, 1140 ozone 624 experiments 231 grass, mountain, notes, Wyo 229 slender, culture experiments, S. Dak 134 grasses, notes, S. Dak 133 wild, value in plant breed- ing 6.37 growth as affected by — colloidal tin 25 different salts 28 substances 625 electricity 142 irrigation sediments, Ariz 428 mushrooms, N. Y. Cornell 827 soda and potash 321 hybrids, variation in 933 improvement in England 835 insects affecting, Nebr 1059 irrigation experiments 387 Nev 135 jointworm, notes, Mich 849 leaf blight, notes 149 fungus, notes 149 macaroni, studies, S. Dak 335 water requirements, Nev. 135 meal, analyses, Conn. State 862 middlings, analyses 572 Conn. State 862 Iowa 965 Ma.ss 967 R.I 261 Wis 969 for pigs. Wis 266. 267, 1075 nutritive value. Pa 663 phosphorus content, N. Y. State 570 midge, notes 1144 Can 158 Mich 849 Nebr 1059 Ohio 691 mildew, notes 645 milling tests, Colo 29 nitrate of soda for 724 N.J 31 nitrogen content as affected by col- ored light 624 notes 421 N.J 30 U.S.D.A 493 oflals, analyses 572 Me 1153 N. Y. State 260 1296 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Wheat offals, analyses, Vt 968 pasturing, Okla 230,290 U.S.D.A 792 phosphatic fertilizers for, Md 920 phosphorus content, N. Y. State... 570 plowing experiments 32 productionin Argentina, U.S.D.A. . 787 Australasia, U.S.D.A 488 Russia, U.S.D.A 393 proteids, analyses 910 properties of 7.56 studies 910 protein content — Va 927 as affected by fertilizers, Minn. 140 soil moisture, N. Mex 10 Rietti, origin 36 rust in Australia 149 notes, Colo 29 outbreaks in India 842 relation to weather 450 resistance to, Cal 1117 N. Dak 24 treatment 946 wintering •. . . . 1054 N. Dak 24 rusts, studies 449 screenings, analyses, Wis 969 for sheep, Mont 70 seed coat, permeability 727 examination, Ariz 1123 selection, Cal 734 Can 130 Va 927 seeding experiments, Colo 29 shorts, analyses, Tex 968 smut, investigations 449 reinfection tests 1141 susceptibility of varieties to. 644 treatment 150, 552, 946, 1141 Can 150 smuts, treatment 842 statistics 193, 886 U.S.D.A 887 stem maggot, notes, Nebr •. . . 1059 sawfly, notes. Can 158 stinking smut, treatment 449 straw, feeding value 863 worms, notes, Nebr 1059 strength in 1109 sulphocyanid for 623 takeall, notes 947 varieties 27, 28, 36, 331, 440, 628, 629, 635, 835, 928, 933, 1116 Cal 836,1117 Can 129,130,133 Colo 29 Ind 235,926 Kajis 194 N. Mex 29 Nebr 1036 Okla 230 S. Dak 134 U.S.D.A ;.. 230 Va 927 Page. Wheat, varieties , Wis 228 water requirements 629, 781, 881 Can 1037 Nev 135 U.S.D.A 1087 winterkilling, investigations 1118 yield as affected by — autumn rainfall 313, 314, 713 colored light 624 grazing, Miss 467 injuries 630 soil sterilization, N. Dak 1054 Whey, bacteriological studies 177 butter, manufacture, Wis 277 cheese, acidity in 373 for pigs, Utah 264 poultry. Can 469 lactose-fermenting yeasts in. Wis. . . 1079 Whirlwinds, convection theory, U.S.D.A . . Ill Whisky, analyses, N. Dak 259 labeling, U.S.D.A 1065 White ants, destruction 1146 notes 356,655, 849,852 remedies 352 studies 357 fly, eradication 1144 fungus parasites of, Fla 746 notes, Fla 57, 850 remedies, Del 1058 grubs, notes . .• 356, 456, 750 Me 1174 snake root, poisonous to stock 876 Willow borer, remedies, N. Y. State 957 weevil, imported, notes. Wis 254, 1059 white, notes, U.S.D.A 1133 Willows, sexuality 923 Wind-breaks, uses 551 movement as affected by tent shelter, U.S.D.A 819 records in Kansas and Nebraska, U.S.D.A 1110 Windmill electric plant, requirements 883 Windmills as a farm power 590 improvement 91 in B ritish South Africa 387 tests 589 use in agriculture 387 electric lighting 590 rural conuiiunities 782 Winds as affected by land and water, U.S.D.A 612 land and sea, U.S.D.A 612 sirocco, effect on citrus fruit trees. . 337 velocity equivalents 313 Wine, analyses 65, 374 as affected by silica 1131 casse, notes 347 determination of solids in 420 examination 913 filtration 374 industry in Argentina 1132 Judging 421 lees, dried, nutritive value 68 legislation , , 421 making, handbook 874 in Tunis 874 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1297 Page. Wine making, new methods 874 pure ycii.sts in, Cal 673 sulphurous acid in 374, 772 methods of analysis 710 microscopical examination 1079 Mosel, investigations 421 sulphurous acid compounds in 565 white, purification, Cal 674 Wineberrles, Japanese, analyses 143 Wines, aldehydes in 476 Austrian, analyses 874 quality as affected by temperature.. 476 Tuscany, aldehydes in 476 Wing veins of insects, studies 458 Winnebago County Schools, report 889 Wireworms in pastures 1144 notes 59,60,352,953,1144 Conn. State 848 Wisconsin Station, financial statement.. 296,1094 notes 196,896,1098 report of director 296, 1094 University, notes 196, 896, 1098 Woburn field experiments 28 pot-culture experiments 28 Wolves, economic relations, U.S.D.A 749 Wood as affected by moisture, U.S.D.A 743 ashes, analyses 922 Ky 913 Mass 220 phosphoric acid in 22 for distillation, statistics, U.S.D.A. . 642 packing boxes, U.S.D.A 041,1136 telegraph poles, preservation 1053 veneer, statistics, U.S.D..\ 642 fuel value 191 gas for power purposes 591 hardness, tests 341 heart rot, description and treatment. 1142 preservation 944 preserved, analyses, U.S.D.A 1136 pulp, production, U.S.D.A 448 (,See also Liunber and Timber.) Woodlice, monograph ; 559 Woodlot, farm, management 740 Can 942 notes, U.S.D.A 892 thinning 242 Woodlots, financial returns from 149 improvement. Conn. State 339 Woodpeckers as forest conservators 350 I'age. Woods, Pliilippine, properties and uses 744 Wool, cost of hauling, U.S.D.A 886 international trade, U.S.D.A 92 utilization 123 Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.) Work, effect on digestion in horses 73 excretion of water vapor. . . 567 muscular, effect on protein cleavage. §66 Worms, palisade, in horses 481 to.vins in 455 transmission of pathogenic bacte- ria by -. 1080 Wormsoed, American, culture, U.S.D.A 241 Wounds, treatment with boric acid 774 Wyoming Station, notes 598, 796, 1098 University, notes 598, 796, 999, 1098 Xanthin bodies, excretion as affected by bread 1067 excretion as affwted liy proteids. . 566 Xylol, effect on germination of seeds 127 Yearbook of chemistry 525 economics 193 Gennan .Vgricultural Associa- tion 892 zoology 455 Yeast, fertilizing value 929 gas-forming, in Swiss cheese, Wis . . . 277 pathogenic, new 1162 pure, use in wine making, Cal 673 use in cheese making 372 waste, utilization 1073 Yeasts, fixation of nitrogen by 1027 investigations, Va 373 lactose-fermenting, in dairy prod- ucts. Wis 1079 testing 66 Yellow thick head, notes 183, 982 Yuca, culture and use 738 Zea mays prsecor, notes 732 pseudo-androgyna, notes 732 Zinc chlorid, effect on timber, U.S.D.A 447 sulphate, effect on wheat 625 Zodiacal light, U.S.D.A Ill Zoology, experimental, treatise 950 international catalogue 56, 848 medical and veterinary, index-cat- alogue, U.S.D.A 351 record 250, 1058 yearbook 455 Zootechny, courses in, U.S.D..\ 689 Zygadenus venenosus, notes, Wash 285 o U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. r, TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XVIII NIARCH, 1907 No. 7 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON governm'ent printing office 1907 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scient'ifir Bureaus coid Dii'isions. Weather Bureau — AVillis L. INloore, Chief. BUKEAU OF Animal Industry — A. D. ^Jelvin, Chief. Bureau op Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — Gifford Pinchot, Fore.'iter. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemhi. Bureau of Statistics — ^V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Eidomologist. Bureau op Biological Survey — C. Hart Merriara, Chief. Office of Public Eoads — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — X. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— Colk'ge Station: Anbiini; J. K. Daggar. f! Cauebrake Station: Viuovtou-v; J. M. Rifhe- son. f> Tuskegee Station: Tuskepce: (.i. W. Carver. « Alaska— S«7A-r(; C. C. Georgeson. c Arizona— Tuc^oji: E. H. Forbes. •/ Arkansas — FayetteviUe: W. G. "S'jni-enhfller. ti CALIFORNIA^Bf?*^?^'/.- E. .T. U'ickson. d Colorado— -FVwi Collin^: T.. >;. rarpentcr.n Connecticut— State Station: iVfw iiflrf;i; K. If. Jenkins." Storrs Station: Siorrs; L. A. Climon.'i Delaware — Newark: H. HaywarJ. " Florida— GoMiest'irtf.- P. H.RoK.s.a Georgia — E.tperiment: Martin V. f'iilvin." Hawaii— Fed end Station: Honolvlu: .1. G. Sniith. '• Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F. Eckart. c IKAHO— jl/oscotv; H. T. French. " Illinois— Urhana: E. Davenport, f Indiana— ia/aj/c/^c-' A. Goss. " \o\\.\. — Ames: C. F. CurtLss. a K A y:SA.s— Manhattan : C. W. Burkett. n KKSTVCKY—Lexiiigton: M. A. Scovell. n LorisiANA- Stflte Station: Sugar Station: .\pw Orleans Nortli La. Station: CaJhoiin:}- M AiNE— Ori5/if7.- C. D. "Woods. Assistant director. • Special agent in charge.